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FOUNDED  1836
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A
        SHORT DESCRIPTION

                OF THE


     HUMAN  MUSCLES,


ARRANGED AS THEY APPEAR ON DISSECTION.

             TOGETHER WITH

       THEIR  SEVERAL  USES,

-~              AND THE

SYNONYMA OF THE BEST AUTHORS.



           BY JOHN INNES.



  From the seventh London Edition, revised and corrected by
        Alexander Monro, jun. M. D. F. R. S.

JLUTSTKATED WITH SEVENTEEN PLATES DESCRIP

      TIVE OP THE BONES AND MUSCLES.






             JI3eto gorfe:

PRINTED AND SOLD BY COLLINS &. CO. NO. 189, PEARL-
                STREET.
1818. 
i/ *s 
                  TO
    ALEXANDER MONRO, M. D.
 PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND MEDICINE IN
    THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH.

    SIR,
  HAVING  been repeatedly  solicited,
 for  several years past,  by many of your
 Pupils, to  publish a short Description of
 the Muscles, as they appear upon Dis-
 section of the Human Body, I  have at
 last ventured to comply with  their re-
 quest.   Your anxiety to  promote  the
 Science of Anatomy,  and  to encourage
 every thing that  may be  useful to  the
 Gentlemen who attend your Theatre, was
 the  principal motive which induced me to
undertake this task.  I have no know-
ledge of the subject but what  I  derived
from you.  If, therefore, this  Treatise,
r;j if\ 
IV           DEDICATION.
which you have never seen till T now pre-
sent it to you, should communicate any
advantage to the Gentlemen under your
care, it is to you alone they are indebted
for the obligation.  I am,
         SIR,
       With respect,
         Gratitude, and esteem,
           Your much  obliged,
       And very humble Servant,
                   JOHN 1NNE&
  Edindurgh,
     1776. 
PREFACE.
  SEVERAL full and accurate descriptions of
the Muscles have already been published.  But
their size and prolixity have rendered them of
less value to the dissector than the small Trea-
tise of Dr. Douglas, which was first published
about the beginning of this century, and, since
that time, has  undergone various  impressions,
without receiving any improvement,  excepting
the addition of the  synonyma from  Albinus.
It is  therefore presumed,   that  a simple and
concise desoription of the muscles, which should
contain all the improvements  of the moderns,
is still wanting.

  To class the muscles  according to their uses,
may do very well in a large  work, or in de-
scribing  their compound actions ;  but  this
method can never answer the  purposes  of dig*1
                 A  2 
Vl               PREFACE.
section.   To  remedy  this inconvenience,  the
muscles in the fallowing  treatise are Hescribed
chiefly as they appear in dissecting the human
body.

   The describing of the muscles according to
their origins and insertions prevents much  cir-
cumlocution.  This is  the method  pursued by
J)r. Douglas; and  wherever his  descriptions
Beemed tolerably  accurate, they have been fol-
lowed  with little alteration.   But Dr. Douglas's
book is peculiarly d- fective with regard to the
muscles  of the abdo  en,   ack, and  neck: in
describing these,  therefore, the method of Albi-
nus has  been  preferred.

   Thos,e who have  not opportunity, or  are
avers"  from undergoing the  labour  of dissect-
ing, may derive  considerable advantages from
comparing the descriptions How given with the
beautiful  and  correct  tables of Albinus;  and,
to facilitate still more the study of these intri-
cate organs,  I have  caused  to be published
eight of Albinus's tables,  with concise explana-
tions on a. small scale adapted for the pocket. 
PREFACE.
vii
  For the benefit of those  who wish  to exa-
mine the history of  the muscles more minutely,
the synonyma of the  best authors  are added ;
and, for the sake of brevity,  the  compound
action of the muscles, and the origin and inser-
tion of several inconsiderable fibres, are omit-
ted.

  The reader  will observe, that, in general,
the muscles  of one side only  are described;
because all the muscles of (he body, with very
few exceptions, have correspondent ones on the
opposite side. 
                   A

SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR,

                 AND OF

            HIS WRITINGS.
  Mr. JOHN INNES, author of the following
Treatise, was born at Collart, an  obscure vil-
lage  in the  Highlands of Scotland.  He came
to Edinburgh at an early period of life, where
he obtained the patronage and protection  of
Dr. Alexander Monro, professor of Anatomy;
who instructed  him in the  knowledge  of  the
haman body,  and in the  art  of dissection.
When about the age of eighteen years, Dr.
Monro appointed him dissector to the  Anato-
mical Theatre.  The functions of this impor-
tant and difficult office he continued to perform
with  much reputation for near twenty years.
  But his  abilities were not confined to  the 
ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, &C.    ix
dexterity of dissecting the most minute parts of
the human frame.  He described the various
organs with ease and  with perspicuity.   This
happy  talent  attracted the  notice of the stu-
dents ;  and,  at  their solicitation,  and by the
approbation of Dr. Monro, he opened an even-
ing course of anatomical demonstrations.

   The number of pupils who annually attended
these demonstrations afforded the best evidence
of his  abilities,  and of the advantages derived
from his labours.   During his last  course, he
was attended  by  near two hundred students.

   For  some time  before  his death,  he  was
troubled with an affection of the lungs,  which
terminated in a  phthisis pulmonalis, and proved
fatal to him on the 12th of January,  1777.

   On the 15th of the same month, the following
account of him appeared in the public papers:

   " Mr.  John  Tnnes, at  an early period of
life, had been educated in the dissecting art: he
made a rapid  progress i. fis profession, and his
genius and industry  were rewarded with the 
 X    ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR, &C.
 privilege  of giving private lectures for his own
 emolument.   The utility of his lessons  was
 soon perceived.   Numbers of students resorted
 to him for instruction ; and all of them acknow-
 ledged the advantages  they had received.   At
 that stage of life when men are most capable of
 benefiting themselves, and of being useful to the
 public,  death hurried him out of the  world.
 He has given two small specimens of what was
to be expected from his anatomical  skill.  The
 year before his death, he published A Short
 Description of the Human Muscles as they ap-
pear on Dissection, together with their  several
Uses, and the Synonyma  of the  best Authors.
 The merit  of this work was  universally ac-
knowledged.  Some months after,  lie publish-
ed, as a vade mecum for  students,  eight anato-
mical tables, containing the principal parts of
the skeleton and  muscles represented  in the
large Tables of Albinus, with accurate explana-
tions.   These are  all the monuments  he has
left by which the public is to judge of his abili-
ty.   To  his numerous friends  and acquaint-
ance, it is unnecessary to mention  the warmth
 of his heart, or the integrity of his disposition." 
ADVERTISEMENT.
  DURING the illness of which Mr. In-
nes died,  he put into my hands the first
edition of his Description of the Muscles,
with a few, chiefly  verbal,  corrections
of it.

  On perusing  that Work lately, at the
request of the Bookseller, I have found
it necessary to make a very considerable
number of alterations in what relates to
the description, as well as to the uses, of
the Muscles.
                  ALEX. MONRO.
  Edinburgh,
    Jan. 1813. 
.V
r
L 
               A

     DESCRIPTION

             OF THE

HUMAN  MUSCLES.
                 CHAP. I.

    MUSCLES OF THE TEGUMENTS OF THE
                 CRANIUM.

   THE sldn that covers the cranium is moved
by a single broad digastric muscle, and one small
pair.

           1. OCC1PITO-FRONTAMS,

   Arises  fleshy from the  transverse protube-
rant ridge near the middle of the os occipitis
laterally,  where  it  joins  with the temporal
bone; and tendinous from the rest  of  that ridge
backwards, opposite  to the lateral  sinus;  it
arises after the same manner on the other side ;
from  thence  it comes  straight forwards, by a
broad thin tendon, which covers the upper part
of the cranium at each side, as low down as the
attolens  aurem, to which it is connected, as  al-
                    B 
2              DESCRIPTION OF

so  to  the  zygoma,  and covers  a part of the
aponeurosis of the temporal  muscle;  when  it
comes as far forwards as near the hair of the front,
it  becomes fleshy, and  descends with straight
fibres.
  Inserted into the orbicularis palpebrarum  of
each side,  and  into  the skin of the eye-brows,
sending down a fleshy slip between them, as far
as the compressor naris and levator labii superio-
ris alasquenasi.
  Use.   Pulls the skin of the head backwards;
raises the eye-brows upwards; and, at the same
time, it draws up and  wrinkles the skin of the
forehead.
  Ep:cram'us, Albinus.
 Frontalis  et occipitalis, Winslow.

         2. CORRUGATOR SUPERC1LU,

  Arises fleshy from the internal angular pro-
cess of the os  frontis, above the  joining of the
os nasi, and nasal process  of  the superior maxil-
lary bone;  from  thence it  runs  outwards, and
a little upwards.
  Inserted into the inner  and inferior fleshy part
of the occipito-frontalis muscle,  where it joins
with the orbicularis palpebrarum,  and extends
outwards as far as the  middle  of  the supercilia-
ry ridge.
  Use.   To draw the eye-brow of that  side to- 
THE MUSCLES.                3
wards the other, and make it project over the in-
ner canthus of the eye: when both act, they pull
down the skin of the forehead, and make it wrin-
kle, particularly between the eye-brows.
  Musculus superci/ii, Winslow.
  Musculus  frontalis  verus,  scu   Corn/gator,
     Douglas. 
1
DESCRIPTION OF
                 CHAP. II.

     OF THE MUSCLES OF THE  EAR.

  The muscles of the ear may be divided into
three classes, viz. the common, proper, and inter-
nal.  The common may move  the whole ear:
the proper  only  affect the particular parts to
which they are connected; and the internal, the
small bones within the tympanum.

  The common muscles are,

            1. ATTOLENS AUREM,

  Arises thin, broad, and tendinous, from  the
tendon of the occipito-frontalis, from which it is
almost  inseparable, where it  covers the aponeu-
rosis of the temporal muscle.
  Inserted into the upper part of the ear, oppo-
site to the antihelix.
  Use.   To  draw the ear upwards, and make the
parts into which it is inserted tense.
 Superior auris, Winslow.

            2. ANTERIOR  AURIS,

  Arises thin and membraneous near the poste-
rior part of the zygoma. 
THE  MUSCLES.
5
    Inserted into  a small eminence on the  back
 of the helix, opposite to the concha.
    Use.   To draw this eminence a little forwards
 and upwards.


           3  RETRAHENTES AURIS,

   Arises, sometimes, by three, but always by
 two  distinct  small  muscles,  from the external
 and  posterior part  of the  root of the  mastoid
 process, immediately above the insertion of the
 sterno-cleido mastoid muscle.
   Inserted into that part of the back of the ear
 which  is  opposite to the  septum that  divides
 the scapha and concha.
   Use.   To draw the ear back, and stretch the
 concha.
   Posterior amis, Winslow.

   The proper muscles are,


              1.  HEL1CI3 MAJOK,

   Arises  from the upper and  acute part of the
helix anteriorly.
   Inserted into its cartilage  a  little above the
tragus.
   Use.  To depress that part from which it ari-
ses a little downwards and forwards.
                 B  2 
 <>             DESCRIPTION OF

               2.  HELIC1S MINOR,
   Arises from the inferior and anterior part of
 the helix.
   Inserted into the crus of the helix,  near the
 fissure in the cartilage opposite to the concha.
   Use.  To contract the fissure.

                  S.  TRAG1CUS,
   Arises from the middle and outer part of the
 concha, at the root  of the tragus,  along which
 it runs.
   Inserted into the point of the tragus.
   Use.   Pulls the  point of the tragus a  little
 forwards.

               4.  ANTITRAGICUS,
   Arises from the internal part of the cartilage
 that  supports  the antitragus; and, running up-
wards, is
   Inserted into the tip of the antitragus, as far
 as the inferior part of the antihelix, where there
 is a fissure in the cartilage.
   Use.  Turns the  tip of the antitragus a little
 outwards,  and depresses the extremity of the
 antihelix towards it.

             5. TRANSVERSUS AURIS,
   Arises from the prominent part of the concha
 on  the  dorsum  of  the ear; the  fibres not  so
 fleshy  as in the former. 
THE MUSCLES.
r
  Inserted opposite to the outer side of the an-
tihelix.
  Use.  Draws the parts to which it is connect-
ed towards each other, and stretdhes the scapha
and concha.

  The muscles of the internal ear are three :
            1. LAXATOR TFMPANI,


  Arises by a small beginning  from the extre-
mity of  the spinous  process  of the sphenoid
bone, behind the entry of the artery of the dura
mater;  then running backwards, and  a little
upwards, along  with the nerve  called chorda
tympani,  in a fissure of the os temporis near the
fossa that lodges the condyle of the lower jaw.
  Inserted into the long process of  the malleus,
within the tympanum, where  it  rests upon the
edge  of  the fissure between the  pars squamosa
and petrosa.
  Use.   To draw  the  malleus obliquely  for-
wards  towards  its  origin,  consequently  the
membrana  tympani, by which that membrane
is made less concave, or is relaxed.
  Bxternus mallei. Albinus.
  Anterior mallei, Winslow.
  Obliquus auris, Douglas. 
8
DESCRIPTION OF
             2.  TENSOR  TfMPANI,
   Arises, by a very small beginning, from the
 cartilaginous extremity of the Eustachian tube,
just  where  it begins to be covered by the pars
 petrosa, and spinous process of the sphenoid
 bone,  near  the  entry of the  artery of the dura
 mater ; from thence running backwards near
 the  osseous part of the Eustachian  tube,  forms
 a very distinct fleshy belly, below a thin osseous
plate,  between  the pars squamosa and  laby-
rinth ;  and  sends off a slender tendon, which
makes a turn into the tympanum along with the
nerve called chorda tympani.
   Inserted into  the posterior part of the  handle
of the malleus, a little lower than the root of its
long process.
   Use.  To pull  the malleus and membrana
tympani inwards towards  the  pars  petrosa, by
which  the membrane  is  made more  concave
and tense.
   Interims mallei, Winslow.
   Internus auri, Douglas.

                3.  STAPEDIUS,
  Arises,  by a small fleshy belly, from  a little
cavern in  the pars petrosa, near the  cells of the
mastoid process,  before the inferior part  of the
passage for  the  portio  dura  of the auditory
nerve;  i*s  t noon   passes  straight through a
small round  hole in the same cavern, enters the
anterior part  oi the tympanum, and is 
THE MUSCLES.
9
  Inserted into the posterior part of the head of
the stapes.
   Use.   To draw the stapes obliquely upwards
towards  the  cavern,  by  which the posterior
part of its base is moved inwards,  and the  an-
terior part outwards.
   Musculis stapedis,  Winslow.
   Stapidaeus, Douglas. 
10
DESCRIPTION  OF
                CHAP.  III.

   OF  THE  MUSCLES OF  THE EYE-LIDS.

  The paipebrae,  or eye-lids,  have one muscle
common to  both,  and the upper  eye-lid one
proper to itself.

        1. ORBICULARIS PALPEBRARUM,

  Arises,  by a number of fleshy fibres, from the
outer edge of the orbitar process of the superior
maxillary  bone, and  from a  tendon near the
inner angle of the eye ; these run a little down-
wards,  then  outwards, over  the upper part of
the cheek, below the  orbit, covering the under
eye-lid, and surround the external angle, being
loosely connected only to the  skin and fat; run
over the superciliary  ridge of the  os  frontis,
towards the inner canthus, where  they intermix
with those of the occipito-frontalis and corruga-
tor supercilii; then covering the  upper  eyelid,
descend to the inner angle opposite to the infe-
rior  origin  of this muscle, firmly adhering to
the internal  angular process of the os  frontis,
and to the short round tendon which serves to
fix  the palpebrse and muscular  fibres  arising
from it.
  Inserted,  by the short round tendon, into the
nasal process of the  superior maxillary bone,
covering the anterior  and upper part of the la- 
THE .MUSCLE3.
11
chrymal sac; which tendon can be easily felt at
the inner canthus of the eye.
   Use.   To shut the eye, by drawing both lids
close  together,  the fibres contracting from the
outer angle towards the inner,  press  the eye-
ball, squeeze the lachrymal gland,  and convey
the tears towards the puncta lachrymalia.
   The ciliaris of some authors is only a part of
this muscle, covering the cartilages of the eye-
lids, called cilia or tarsi.
   There is often a small fleshy slip which runs
down from the outer and inferior part of this
muscle above the zygomaticus minor, and joins
with the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.

     2.   LEVATOR PALPEBR.E  SUPERIORIS,

   Arises  from  the upper part of the  foramen
opticum of the sphenoid  bone, through  which
the optic nerve passes, above the levator oculi,
near the trochlearis muscle.
   Inserted, by a  broad  thin  tendon, into the
cartilage that supports the upper eye-lid, named
tarsus.
   Use.   To open the eye, by drawing the eye-
lid upwards; which it does completely, by being
fixed to the tarsus, pulling it below the eye-
brow, and within the orbit.
   Aperiens palpebram rectus, Douglas. 
12
DESCRIPTION  OF
                 CHAP. IV.

       MUSCLBS OF THE EYE-BALL.

  The muscles which  move  the  globe of the
eye, are six, viz.
  Four straight and two oblique.
  The four straight muscles very much resemble
each other;  all
  Arising,  by a narrow beginning, a little ten-
dinous and fleshy, from the bottom of the orbit
around the foramen  opticum  of the sphenoid
bone, where the optic nerve enters, so that they
may be taken out adhering to this nerve  ; and
all having strong fleshy bellies.
  Inserted at the fore part of the  globe of the
eye, into the anterior part  of the  tunica sclero-
tica, and under  the  tunica adnata, at opposite
sides,  which  indicates both their names and
Use ; so that they scarcely require any further
description, but to name them singly.

            1.   LEVATOR OCULI,

  Arises from the upper part of  the foramen op-
ticum of the sphenoid bone,  below  the levator
palpebrae superioris;  and runs forwards to be
  Inserted into the superior and fore-part of th«
tunica sclerotica, by a broad thin tendon. 
THE MUSCLES.
13
   Use.  To raise up the globe of the eye.
   Attolens, Albinus.
   Elevator, Douglas.

             2.  DEPRESSOR OCULI.

   Arises from the inferior part of the foramen
 optieum.
   Inserted opposite to the former.
   Use.  To pull the globe of the eye  down.
   Deprimens, Albinus.

             3. ADDUCTOR OCULI,

   Arises, as  the former, between  the obliquus
superior and  depressor, being, from its situation,
the shortest.
   Inserted opposite to the inner angle.
   Use.  To turn the eye towards the nose.

             4. ABDUCTOR OCULI,
   Arises from the bony  partition between the
foramen opticum and  lacerum, being the longest
from its situation ; and is
   Inserted into the globe opposite to the  outer
canthus.
   Use.  To move the globe outwards.
   The oblique muscles are two :

   1. OBLIQ.UUS SUPERIOR, SEU TROCH LEARIS,
   Arises, like  the straight muscles,  from the
edge of the foramen opticum, at the bottom  of
                     C 
14
DESCRIPTION OP
the orbit,  between  the  levator  and adductor
oculi; from hence runs straight along the  pars
plana of the  ethmoid bone to the upper part of
the orbit, where a cartilaginous trochlea is fixed
to the inside of the  internal  angular process  of
the os frontis, through which  its tendon passes,
and runs a  little downwards,  and  outwards, in-
closed i  >    ose membraneous sheath.
  Inserted, by a broad thin tendon, into the tu-
nica sclerotica, about  halfway between the in-
sertion of the attolens oculi and optic nerve.
  Use.  To roll the  globe of the eye, and to turn
the pupil downwards and outwards,  so that the
upper  side  of the globe is turned inwards, and
the inferior part to the outside of the orbit,  and
the whole  globe drawn  forwards towards the
inner canthus.
  Obliquus  major, Winslow.

           2.  OBLIQ.UUS INFERIOR,

  Arises, by a narrow beginning,  from the outer
edge of the orbitar  process of the superior max-
illary  bone, near its juncture with the os unguis;
and, running obliquely outwards, is
  Inserted  into the sclerotica, in  the space be-
tween the abductor and optic nerve, by a broad
thin tendon.
  Use.  To draw the globe of the eye forwards,
inwards, and down wards, and, contrary to the
superior, to  turn the  pupil  upwards, towards 
THE MUSCLES.              1.)
the inner extremity of the eyebrow; at the same
time, the external part of the globe is turned to-
wards the inferior Side, and the internal rolls to-
wards the upper part.
   Obliquus minor, Winslow. 
16
DESCRIPTION OF
                 CHAP. V.

       OF THE MUSCLE OF THE NOSE.

   There is only one muscle on each side  that
can be called proper to the nose, though it is af-
fected by several muscles of the face.

              COMPRESSOR NARIS,
   Arises, by a narrow beginning, from the root
of the ala nasi externally, where part of the le-
vator labii superioris alaeque nasi is connected to
it j it spreads into a number of thin disgregated
fibres, which  run up along the  cartilage in an
oblique manner, towards the dorsum of the nose,
ivhere it joins  with its fellow, and is
   Inserted  slightly into the anterior extremity
of the os nasi  and nasal process of the  superior
maxillary bone, where it meets with some of the
fibres descending from   the   occipito-frontalis
muscle.
   Use.  To compress the ala towards the septum
nasi, particularly when we want to smell acute-
ly ; but, if the  fibres of the frontal muscle which
adhere to it act, the upper part of this thin mus-
cle assists to pull  the ala outwards.   It also cor-
rugates  the  skin  of the nose, and assists in ex-
pressing certain passions.
  Rinctus, vel nasalis,  Douglas. 
THE MUSCLES.
ir
                CHAP. VI.

    MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH AND  LIPS.

  The  mouth has nine pair of  muscles, which
are inserted  into the lips, and a common one
formed  by the  termination  of these, viz. three
above, three below, three outwards, and the com
mon muscle surrounds the mouth.

  The three above are,

          1.  LEVATOR ANGULI ORIS,

  Arises, thin and fleshy, from the hollow of the
superior maxillary bone, between the root of the
socket of the first dens molaris and the foramen
infra-orbitarium.
  Inserted into the angle of the mouth and un-
der-lip,  where it joins with its antagonist.
  Use.   To draw the  corner  of the mouth up-
wards, and  make that part of the cheek opposite
to the chin prominent, as in smiling.
  Elevator labiorum  communis, Douglas.
  Caninus,  Winslow.

    2. LEVATOR  LABII  SUPERIORIS  ALSQ.UE
                    NASI,

  Arises by two distinct origins; the first broad
and fleshy, from the external part of the orbitar
('■  2 
18
17ESCRIPTION  OF
 process of  the  superior maxillary bone which
 forms  the lower part of the  orbit  immediately
 above the foramen infra-orbitarium; the second
 portion arises from the nasal process of the supe-
 rior maxillary bone, where it joins the os frontis
 at the inner canthus  descending along the edge
 of the groove for the lachrymal sac.  The first
 and shortest portion is
   Inserted into the upper lip and orbicularis la-
 biorum ; the second and longest, into the  upper
 lip and outer part of the  ala nasi.
    Use.  To raise the upper lip towards the orbit
 and a little outwards; the second portion serves
 to  draw the skin of the nose upwards and out-
 wards, by which the nostril is dilated!
   Elevator labii superioris proprius, Douglas.
   Incisivus  lateralis, First portion;  Pyramida-
      lis, Second portion; Winslow.

     3.  DEPRESSOR LABII SUPERIORIS ALJEQ.UE
                      NASI,
   Arises, thin and  fleshy, from  the os maxillare
 superius, immediately above the joining of the
 gums  with the two dentes incisivi, and the dens
 caninus; from thence it  runs up under part of the
 levator labii superioris alasque nasi.
   Inserted into the upper lip and root of the ala
nasi.
   Use. To draw the upper lip and ala nasi down-
 wards and backwards.
   Depressor ales nasi, Albinus. 
THE  MUSCLES.
19
   Incisivus medius, Winslow.
   Depressor labii superioris proprius, Douglas.

   The three below are,

          1. DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS,
   Arises, broad and fleshy, from the lower edge
of the maxilla inferior, at the side  of the chin,
being firmly  connected  to that part of the pla.
tysma myoides, which runs  over the maxilla to
the angle of the mouth, to the depressor labii in-
ferioris within, and to the skin and  fat without,
gradually turning narrower ;  and is
   Inserted into the  angle of the  mouth, joining
with the  zygoraaticus major and levator anguli
oris.
   Use.  To pull down the corner of the mouth.
   Triangularis, Winslow.
   Depressor labiorwn communis, Douglas.

        2. DEPRESSOR LABII 1NBERIORIS,

   Arises, broad and fleshy, intermixed with fat,
from the inferior part of the lower jaw next the
chin ;  runs obliquely upwards; and is
   Inserted into the edge of the  under-lip,  ex-
tends along one half of the  lip, and  is lost in its
red part.
  Use.   To pull the under.lip and the skin of the
side  of the chin downwards, and  a little out-
wards. 
20^            DESCRIPTION Of
  Quadratus, Winslow.
  Depressor labii inferioris proprius, Douglas.

        3.  LEVATOR LABII INFERIORIS,

  Arises, from the lower jaw, at the roots of the
alveoli of  two dentes incisivi and of the caninus;
is
  Inserted into  the  under-lip  and skin of the
chin.
  Use. To pull the parts into which it is inserted
upwards.
  Levator menti, Albinus.
  Incisivus inferior, Winslow.
  Elevator labii inferioris proprius, Douglas.

  The three outward are,

               1.  BUCCINATOR,
  Arises,  tendinous and fleshy, from the lower
jaw, as far back as the last  dens molaris and
forepart  of the root of the  coronoid  process;
fleshy from the  upper jaw, between the last dens
molaris and  pterygoid  process  of  the  sphe-
noid  bone ; from  the  extremity of  which  it
arises tendinous, being  continued  between both
jaws fo the  constrictor pharyngis  superior, with
which it  joins; from  therce  proceeding with
straight fibres,  and adhering close to the mem-
brane that lines the mouth, it is
 Inserted  into the angle of the mouth within the
orbicularis oris. 
THE MUSCLES.
21
   Use. To draw the angle of the  mouth back-
wards and outwards, and  to contract its cavity,
by pressing the cheek  inwards, by  which the
food is thrust between the teeth.
   Retractor anguii oris,  Albinus.

           2.  ZVGOMATICDS MAJOR,

   Arises, fleshy, from the os malae, near the zy-
gomatic suture.
   Inserted into the angle of the mouth, appear-
ing to be lost in the depressor anguii  oris and
orbicularis oris.
   Use. To draw  the  corner of the mouth and
under-lip towards the origin of the muscle, and
make the cheek prominent, as in laughing.
   Zygomaticus, Douglas.

           3. ZVGOMATICUS MINOR,

   Arises from the  upper prominent part of the
os malse, above the origin of the former muscle ;
and, descending obliquely downwards  and  for-
wards, is
   Inserted into the upper-lip, near the corner of
the mouth, along with the levator anguii oris.
   Use. To  draw the corner of the mouth ob-
liquely outwards, and upwards, towards the ex-
ternal canthus of the eye.
   This muscle is frequently wanting.
   The common muscle is the 
22
DESCRIPTION OF
             ORBICULARIS ORIS.

  This muscle is, in a great measure, formed by
the muscles that move the lips: the fibres of the
superior descending, those of the inferior ascend-
ing, and decussating each other about the corner
of the mouth,  run  along the  lip to join those of
the opposite side, so that the fleshy fibres  appear
to surround the mouth like a sphincter.
   Use. To shut the mouth, by contracting  and
drawing both lips together, and to counteract all
the muscles that assist in forming it.
   Sphincter foi>iorum, Douglas.
   Semi orbicularis, Winslow.
   Constrictor oris, Cowper.
   There is another  small muscle described by
 Albinus, which he calls Nasalis labii superioris ;
 but it seems to be  only some  fibres of the former
 connected to the septum na^i. 
THE MUSCLEB.             23
                CHAP.  VII.

      MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW.

  The lower jaw has four pair of muscles for
its elevation or lateral  motions, viz. two, which
are  seen on the side of the face, and two  con-
cealed by the angle of the jaw.

               1.  TEMPORALIS,
  Arises, fleshy, from a semicircular ridge of the
lower and lateral part  of the parietal bone, from
all the pars squamosa of the temporal bone, from
the external  angular  process of the os frontis,
from the temporal process of the sphenoid bone,
and from an aponeurosis  which covers it:  from
these  different origins the fibres descend like
radii towards the jugum, under which they pass;
and are
  Inserted, by a strong tendon, into  the upper
part of the coronoid process  of the lower jaw;
in the duplicature of which tendon  this process
is inclosed  as in a sheath, being continued down
all its fore  part to near the last dens molaris.
  Use. To pull the lower jaw  upwards, and press
it against the upper, at the same time drawing it
a little backwards.
  N.  B.  This muscle is covered by a  tendinous
membrane, called  its  aponeurosis, which arises 
24
DESCRIPTION OF
from the bones that give origin to the upper and
semicircular part of the muscle; and, descending
over  it,  is inserted into  all the jugum, and the
adjoining part of the os frontis.
  The use of this membrane is, to give room for
the origin of a greater number of fleshy fibres,
to fortify the muscle in its action, and to  serve
as a defence to it.
  Crotaphite muscle, Winslow.

                2.  MASSETER,

  Arises, by strong, tendinous, and fleshy fibres,
which run in different directions, from the su-
perior maxillary bone, where it joins the os malae,
and from the  inferior and interior part of the
zygoma,  its whole length, as far back as the tu-
bercle before the socket  for the condyle of the
lower jaw; the external fibres  slanting back-
wards, and the internal forwards.
  Inserted into the  angle of the lower jaw, and
from that upwards to near the top of its ccronoid
process.
  Use. To pull the lower to the upper jar*, and,
by means of its oblique decussation, a little for-
wards and backwards.

         3.  PTERYGOIDEUS 1NTERNU8,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from  the  inner
and upper part of the internal plate of the ptery-
goid process,  filling all the space between the 
THE MUSCLES.             25
two plates;  and from  the pterygoid process of
the os palati between these plates.
  Inserted into the  angle of the lower jaw  in-
ternally.
  Use. To draw the jaw upwards, and obliquely
towards the opposite side.
  Pterygoideus major, Winslow.

         4.  PTERYGOIDEUS EXTERNUS,

   .4 rises from the outer side of the  external
plate of the pterygoid  process of the sphenoid
bone, from part of the tuberosity of the os max-
illare adjoining to it, and from  the root of  the
temporal process of the sphenoid bone.
  Inserted into a cavity in the neck of  the con*
dyloid process of the lower jaw ; some of its fi
bres are inserted into the ligament that  connects
the moveable cartilage and that process to eacfe
other.
  Use.  To pull the lower jaw forwards, and to
the opposite side; and to pull the ligament from
the joint, that it may not be pinched during these
motions: when both external pterygoid muscles
act, the foreteeth of the under jaw are pushed
beyond those of the upper jaw.
  Pterygoideus minor, Winslow.
D 
26
DESCRIPTION OF
                CHAP. VIII.

THE MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE AN-
        TERIOR PART OF THE NECK.
   On the side of the neck  are  two muscles or
 layers.
            1.  MUSCULUS CUTANEUS,
                     VCLGO,
              PLATTSMA MYOIDES,
   Arises, by a number of slender disgregated
 fleshy fibres, from the  cellular  substance that
 covers  the upper parts of the deltoid and pecto-
 ral  muscles;  in their  ascent they all unite  to
 form a  thin muscle,  which  runs obliquely up-
 wards  along the  side of the neck, adhering  to
 the skin.
   Inserted into the lower jaw, between its angle
 and the origin of the depressor  anguii  oris,  to
 which  it  is firmly connected, and but slightly to
 the skin that covers the inferior part of the mas-
 seter muscle and parotid glands.
   Use.  To assist the depressor anguii oris  in
 drawing  the skin of the cheek downwards; and,
 when the mouth is shut, it draws all that part of
 the skin,  to which  it is connected,  below the
 lower jaw, upwards.
    Platysma myoides, Galen.
   Musculus cutaneus, Winslow.
   Quadratus genas, vel Latissimus colli, Douglas.
    Latissimus colli, Albinus. 
THE MUSCLES.
27
        2.  STERN0-CLEID0 MASTOIDEUS,

   Arises by two distinct origins; the anterior,
 tendinous and a little fleshy, from the top of the
 sternum near its junction with the clavicle •  the
 posterior,  fleshy,  from  the  upper and  anterior
 part of the clavicle;  both  unite a little above
 the anterior articulation of the clavicle, to form
/one muscle, which runs obliquely upwards  and
 outwards,  to be
   Inserted, by a thick strong tendon, into  the
 mastoid process,  which it surrounds; and, gra-
 dual ly turning thinner, is inserted as far back as
 the lambdoid suture.
   Use. To turn the head to one side, and bend
 it forwards.
   Sterno-mastoideus and Cleido-mastoideus,  Al-
 binus.
   Mastoideus, Douglas. 
•2H
DESCRIPTION OF
                 CHAP.  IX.

MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW
              AND OS HYOIDES.

   There are four layers  before, and two mus-
 cles at the side;

   The four layers are,

                1. DIGASTRICUS,

   Arises, by a fleshy belly, intermixed with ten-
 dinous fibres, from the fossa at the root of the
 mastoid process of the temporal bone, and soon
 becomes tendinous; runs downwards  and  for-
 wards : the tendon passes  generally through the
 stylo hyoideus muscle; then it is fixed by a liga-
 ment to the os hyoides;  and, having  received
 from that bone an addition of tendinous and mus-
 cular fibres, runs obliquely forwards, turns fleshy
 again, and is
   Inserted, by this  anterior  belly, into a rough
 sinuosity at the inferior and interior edge of that
 part of the lower jaw called the chin.
  Use. To open the mouth, by pulling the lower
 jaw downwards and backwards; and when the
 jaws are shut, to raise the larynx, and consequent-
 ly the pharynx, upwards, as  in deglutition,
   Biventer maxilla inferioris, Albinus. 
THE  MUSCLES.
29
              2.  MYLO-HYOIDES,
  Arises, fleshy, from all the inside of the lower
jaw between the  last dens molaris and the mid-
dle of the chin, where it joins with its fellow.
  Inserted into the lower edge of the basis of
the os hyoides, and joins with its fellow.
   Use.   To pull the os hyoides forwards,  up-
wards, and to a side.
             3. GENIO-HVOIDEUS.
   Arises, tendinous, from a rough protuberance
in the middle of the  lower jaw internally, or in-
side of the chin.
   Inserted into the basis of the os hyoides.
   Use. To draw this bone forwards to the chin.

            4. GENIO-HYO-GLOSSUS,
   Arises, tendinous, from a rough  protuberance
in the inside of the middle of the lower jaw;  its
fibres run, like a fan,  forwards, upwards, and
backwards; and are
   Inserted  into the tip, middle, and root of the
tongue,  and base  of the  os  hyoides, near its
cornu.
   Use.   According to the direction of its fibres,
to draw  the tip  of the tongue backwards into
the mouth, the  middle downwards, and to render
its dorsum concave; to draw its root and os hy-
oides forwards, and to thrust the tongue out of
the mouth.
   The two muscles at the sides are,
                    D2 
30
DESCRIPTION  OF
              1. HTO-GLOSSU8,

  Arises, broad and fleshy, from  the  base, cor-
nu, and appendix of  the  os hyoides ;  the fibres
run upwards and outwards, to be
  Inserted into the side of the tongue near  the
stylo-glossus.
  Use.  To pull the tongue inwards and down-
wards.
  Basio cerato-chondro-glossus, Albinus.
  Cerato-glossus, Douglas.

                2. LINGUALIS,

  Arises from the root of the tongue laterally ;
runs forwards between the hyo-glossus and  ge-
nio-glossus, to be
  Inserted into the tip of the tongue, along with
part of the stylo-glossus.
  Use.  To contract the substance of the tongue,
and bring it backwards. 
THE MUSCLES.             31
                 CHAP.  X.

MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE  OS HY-
            OIDES AND TRUNK.

  These may be divided into two layers.
  The first layer consists of two muscles.

             1.  STERNO-HYOIDEUS,
  Arises, thin and fleshy, from the cartilaginous
extremity of the first rib, the upper and  inner
part of the sternum, and from the clavicle where
it joins with the sternum.
  Inserted into the base of the os hyoides.
  Use.   To pull the os hyoides downwards.

              2. OMO-HfOIDEUS,

  Arises, broad, thin  and  fleshy, from the supe-
rior costa of the scapula, near the semilunar
nitch, and from the ligament that runs across it;
thence ascending obliquely, it becomes  tendi-
nous  below the sterno-cleido-mastoid  muscle;
and, growing fleshy again, is
  Inserted into  the base  of the os hyoides be-
tween its cornu and the insertion of the sterno-
byoideus.
  Use.  To  pull the os hyoides obliquely down-
wards.
   Coraco hyoideus, Albinus and Douglas. 
32
DESCRIPTION OF
   The second layer consists of three muscles.

            1. STERNO-THYROIDEDS,

   Arises, fleshy, from  the whole edge of the up-
 permost bone of the sternum internally, opposite
 to the cartilage of the first rib, from which it re-
 ceives a small part of its origin.
   Inserted into  the surface of the rough line at
 the  external part of the inferior edge of the thy-
roid cartilage.
   Use.  To draw the larynx downwards.

             2. THYREO-HYOlDEUS,

   Inserted into  part of the basis, and almost all
 the cornu of the os hyoides.
  Arises from the rough  line, opposite to the
 former.
   Use.   To pull  the  os hyoides downwards, or
 the thyroid cartilage upwards.
   Thyro-hyoideus,  vel Ilyothyrotdeus,   Win-
 slow.

             3.  CRICO-THTROIDEUS,
   Arises from the side and fore part of the cri-
 coid cartilage, running obliquely upwards.
   Inserted  by two portions; the first, into the
 lower part of the thyroid cartilage; the second,
 into its inferior cornu.
   Use.   To  pull forwards and depress the thy-
 roid, or to elevate and draw  backwards the cri-
 coid cartilage. 
THE  MUSCLES.
33
                 CHAP. XI.

 MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER
     JAW AND OS HYOIDES LATERALLY;

  They are five in number.   Three  proceed
from the styloid process of the temporal bone,
from which they have  half their  names;  and
two from the pterygoid  process of  the sphenoid
bone.

  The three from the styloid process are,

             1.  STYLO-GLOSSUS,

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the stylo
process,  and from a ligament that connects that
process to the angle of the lower jaw.
  Inserted into the root of the tongue, runs a-
long its side, and is insensiby lost near its tip.
  Use.  To draw the tongue laterally and back-
wards.

             2.  STYL0-HY01DEUS,

  Arises, by a round tendon,  from the middle
and inferior part of the styloid process.
  Inserted into the os hyoides at the junction of
the base and cornu.
  Use. To pull the os hyoides to one side,  and
a little upwards. 
34
DESCRIPTION OF
  N. B.   Its fleshy belly is generally perfora-
ted by the tendon of the  digastric  muscle, on
one or both sides.   There  is often another ac-
companying it,  called stylo-hyoideus alter ; and
has the same origin, insertion and use.
           3.   STYLO-PHARYNGEUS.
  Arises,  fleshy, from the root of the  styloid
process.
  Inserted into the side of the  pharynx and
back part of the thyroid cartilage.
  Use.  To dilate and raise  the  pharynx and
thyroid cartilage upwards.
  The two from the pterygoid process are,
    1.  CIRCUMFLEXUS, OR TENSOR PALATI,
  Arises from the  spinous process of the sphe-
noid bone,  behind the  foramen ovale,  which
transmits  the  third branch of the fifth  pair of
nerves ; /rom the  Eustachian tube, not far from
its osseous part: it then  runs  down along the
pterygoides internus,  passes over  the hook of
the internal plate of the pterygoid process by a
round  tendon,  which soon spreads into a broad
membrane.
  Inserted into the the velum pendulum palati,
and  the  semilunar edge  of the os  palati,  and
extends as far as the suture which  joins the two
bones.  Generally some of its posterior fibres
join with the  constrictor pharyngis  superior,
and the palato-pharyngeus.
   Use.  To stretch the velum, to draw it down 
THE MUSCLEjS.              35
wards, and to a side towards the hook.  It has
little effect upon the tube, being chiefly connect-
ed to its osseous part.
  CircumJJexus palati, Albinus.
  Spheno-salpingo-itapifUinus, seu StdpMlinus e.v-
     ternus, Winslow.        {....
  Musculus tubce novus, Valsalva ; ,vel PalatO'Sal-
    pingeus, Douglas.

             2.   LEVATOR PALATI,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the extre-
 mity  of the  pars  petrosa of the temporal bone,
 where it is perforated by the  Eustachian tube,
 and also from the membranous part of the same
 tube.
  Inserted into the whole length of the velum
 pendulum palati, as far as the  root of the uvula,
 and unites  with its fellow.
   Use.  To draw the velum upwards and back-
 wards, so as to shut the passage from  the fauces
 into the mouth and nose.
  Levator palati mollis, Albinus.
  Petro salpingo-staphilinus, vel Salpingo staphi-
     linus internus, Winslow.
   Salpingo-staphilinus, Valsalva.   Pterygo sta-
     philinus externus, vulgo, Douglas.
   Spheno staphilinus, Cowper.
   Previous  to the description  of the muscles si-
 tuated about the passage into the throat, it will
 be necessary to mention the principal  parts to
 which they are connected. 
36
DESCRIPTION  OF
   Upon looking into any person's mouth, when
 wide opened, we see a  soft curtain hanging
 from the palate-bones, named  velum pendulum
palati.  In  the middle of which, we likewise
 observe a  papilla projecting  from the velum,
 named uvula, or pap  of the throat.  From  each
 Fide of the uvula,  at its root, two arches,  or co-
 lumns, are sent down ; the anterior to  the root of
 the tongue,  the posterior  to the  pharynx.   Be-
 tween  these arches,  on each side, the cellular
glands called amygdalae, or almonds of the ears,^
are situated.
  The common opening between the anterior
arch may be named fauces, or top of the throat,
from which there are six passages, viz. two up-
wards, being one  to  each nostril; two  at the
sides, or one to each  ear, called  the Eustachian
tubes ;  two downwards; the anterior is the pas-
sage through the  glottis  and  larynx, into the
trachea, which terminates in the  lungs; the pos-
terior is the largest,  named pharynx, or top of
the oesophagus, which leads to the stomach.
* Tonsils. 
THE  MUSCLES.
3?
                CHAP.  XII.

MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY TO
               THE FAUCES.

  There are two on each side, and a single one
in the middle.

  The two on each side are,

       1. CONSTRICTOR ISTHMI  FAUCIUM,

  Arises, by a slender beginning, from the side
of the tongue, near its root; from thence run-
ning upwards,  within the anterior  arch, before
the amygdala,  it is
  Inserted into the middle of the velum pendu-
lum palati, at  the root of the uvula anteriorly,
being connected  with  its fellow, and with the
beginning of the palato pharyngeus.
  Use.  Draws the velum towards the root of the'
tongue,  which it raises  at the same time, and,
with its  fellow, contracts the passage between
the two arches, by which it shuts  the opening
into the fauces.
  Glosso-staphilinus, Winslow and Douglas.

           2.  PALATO-PHARrSGEUS,

  Arises, by a broad beginning, from the middle
of the velum pendulum palati, at the root of the
                      E 
38
DESCRIPTION OF
 uvula posteriorly, from the tendinous expansion
 of the circumflexus palati, and from the cartila-
 ginous extremity of the Eustachian tube.   The
 fibres are collected within the posterior arch, be-
 hind the amygdala, and run backwards to the top
 and lateral part of the pharynx, where the fibres
 are scattered, and mix with those of the  stylo-
 pharyngeus.
  Inserted into the edge of  the upper  and back
 part of the thyroid cartilage ; some of  its fibres
 being lost between the membrane of the  pha-
 rynx and the two inferior constrictors.
  Use.  Draws the uvula and velum  downwards
 and backwards; and at the same time  pulls  the
 thyroid cartilage and  pharynx   upwards,  and
 shortens it; with the  constrictor superior and
 tongue, it assists in shutting  the passage into the
nostrils; in swallowing, it thrusts the food from
 the fauces into the pharynx, and dilates the mouth
 of the Eustachian tube.
  Tht/ro-staphilinus, Douglas.
  Thyro-pharyngo-staphilinus, Winslow.
  The one in the middle is the

               AZYGOS UVULiE,
  Arises, fleshy, from the extremity of the suture
 which  joins  the  palate-bones, rin s down the
 whole length of the velum and uvula, resembling
a small earth worm, and adhering to the tendons
of the circumflexi. 
THE MUSCLES.
39
  Inserted into the tip of the uvula.
 Use.  Raises the uvula upwards and forwards,
and shortens it.
  Palato-staphilinus, Douglas.
  Staphilinus, or Epistaphilinus, Winslow. 
40
DESCRIPTION  OF
               CHAP. XIII.

MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART
             OF THE PHARYNX.

  Of these there are three pair.

    1. CONbTRlCTOR PHARYNGIS INFERIOR,

  Arises from the side of the thyroid cartilage,
near the attachment of the sterno-hyoideus and
thyreo-hyoirieus muscles; and from the cricoid
cartilage, near the crico-thyroideus.  This mus-
cle is the largest of  the three, and is
  Inserted into the white line,  where it  joins
with its fellow ; the superior  fibres running ob-
liquely upwards, covering nearly  one half of the
middle constrictor, and terminating in a point;
the inferior fibres  run  more transversely, and
cover the beginning of the oesophagus.
   Use. To compress that part o?  the  pharynx
which it covers, and to raise it with the larynx a
little upwards.
   Thyro-pharyngeus, Crico-pharyngeus, Douglas.

     2. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIb MEDIUS,
   Arises from the appendix of the os  hyoides,
from the cornu of that bone, and from the liga-
ment which connects it to the thyroid cartilage;
the fibres of the superior part running obliquely 
THE MUSCLES.
41
upwards, and covering a considerable part of the
superior constrictor, terminate in a point
  Inserted into the middle of the cuneiform pro-
cess of the os occipitis, before the foramen mag-
num, and joined to its fellow at a white line in
the middle back part of  the pharynx. The fibres
at the middle part run  more transversely than
those above or below.
  Use.   To  compress that part of the  pharynx
which it  covers,  and to draw it  and the os
hyoides upwards.
  Hyo-pharyngeus, Syndesmo-pharyngeus, Doug-
las.
     3. CONSTRICTOR PHARYNGIS SUPERIOR,
  Arises, above, from the cuneiform process of
the os occipitis,  before the foramen magnum, near
the holes where the ninth pair  of nerves passes
out;  lower down, from the pterygoid process of
the sphenoid bone;  from the upper  and  under
jaw, near the roots of the last  dentes molares;
and between the  jaws, it is continued  with  the
buccinator muscle, and with some fibres from the
root of the tongue and from the palate.
  Inserted into a white line in the middle of the
pharynx, where it joins with its fellow, and is -
covered by the constrictor medius.
  Use.   To compress the upper part of the pha-
rynx, and draw it forwards and upwards.
  Cephalo-pharyngeus, Pterygo-pharyngeus,
  Myio-pharyngeus, Glosso-pharyngeus, Douglas. .
                     E2 
42
DESCRIPTION OF
                CHAP. XIV.

 MtTSCLES  SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS.

  They consist generally of  four pair of small
muscles, and a single one.

      1. CRICO-ARYTJENOlDEUS POSTICUS,

 Arises, fleshy, from the back-part of the cricoid
cartilage, and is
 Inserted into the  posterior part  of the  base of
the arytenoid cartilage.
  Use.  To open  the rima glottidis a little ; and
by  pulling  back  the  arytenoid  cartilage,  to
stretch the ligament so as to make it tense.

      2. CRICO-ARYTJENOIDEU8 LATERALIS,

  Arises, fleshy, from the cricoid cartilage, late-
rally, where it is covered by part of the thyroid,
and is
  Inserted into the side of the base  of the  ary-
tenoid cartilage near the former.
  Use.   To open  the  rima glottidis, by pulling
the ligaments from each other.

         3. THYREO-ARYT^NOIDEUS,

  Arises from the under and back part of the
diddle of the thyroid  cartilage; and, running 
THE MUSCLES.
43
backwards and a little upwards, along the side of
the glottis, is
  Inserted into the arytenoid cartilage, higher up
and farther forwards than the crico arytsenojdeus
lateralis.
  Use.  To pull the arytenoid cartilage forwards
nearer to the middle of the thyroid,  and conse-
quently to shorten and relax the ligament of the
larynx or glottis vera.

          4. ARVTiENOIDEUS OBLIQUUS.

 Arises from the base of one arytenoid cartilage;
and, crossing its fellow, is
  Inserted near the tip of the other arytenoid
cartilage.
  Use.   When both act, they pull the arytenoid
cartilages towards each other.
  N. B.  Very often one of these is  wanting.
   Arytomoideus minor, Douglas.

   The single muscle is the

          AR1T.KNOIDEUS TRANSfERSUS,

  Arises from the side of the one arytenoid car-
tilage,  from  near its articulation with  the cri-
coid  to near its  tip.  The  fibres run  straight
across; and are
  Inserted, in the same manner, into the other
arytenoid cartilage.
   Use.   To shut the rima  glottidis, by bringing 
44
DESCRIPTION OF
these two cartilages, with the ligaments, nearer
one another.
   Arytcenoideus major, Douglas.

   Besides these, there are a  few  disgregated
muscular fibres on each side ;  which, from their
general direction, are named,

         1. THYREO-EP1GLOTT1DEUS,

   Arises, by a few  pale disgregated fibres, from
the thyroid cartilage; and is
   Inserted into the epiglottis laterally.
   Use.  To  draw the epiglottis obliquely down-
wards, or, when both  act, directly downwards;
and, at the  same time, it expands that soft carti-
lage.

         2.  ARYT-ENO-EPIGLOTTIDEUS,

   Arises, by a number of small fibres, from the
lateral and upper part of the arytenoid cartilage;
and, running along the outer side of the external
rima, is
   Inserted  into the epiglottis along with  the
former.
   Use. To pull that side of the epiglottis towards
the external rima;  or, when both act, to pull H
close upon the glottis.   It is counteracted by the
elasticity of the epiglottis. 
THE MUSCLES.               45
                r CHAP. XV.

MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART
              OF  THE ABDOMEN.

  They consist of  three broad layers on each
side of the belly; always a long one, and gene-
rally also a short  one, on each  side of the linea
alba.

  The three layers are,
      1. OBLIQJJUS DKSCKNDENB  EXTERNUS,
  Arises, by eight heads, rrom the lower edges
of an  equal number of inferior ribs, at a little
distance from their  cartilages: it always inter-
mixes, in a serrated manner, with  portions of the
serratus major anticus; and generally coheres to
the  pectoralis major, intercostals, and  latissimus
dorsi; which last covers the edge of a portion of
it extended from  the  last rib to the spine of the
os ilium. From these origins,t'te fi'»res run down
obliquely forwards, and terminate in a thin broad
tendon, whose  fibres are continued  in the same
direction.
  Inserted into the whole length of the linea alba,*

  *  The linea alba is formed by the tendinous fibres of the two
oblique and transverse muscles, interlaced with those of the oppo-
site side, the whole way from the  cartilage ensiformis to the os
pubis; so that some think they should be called three digastric
muscles, with a broad  middle tendon and  two fleshy bellies. 
46              DESCRIPTION OF
  becomes thicker towards the lower part of the
  abdomen, and is perforated in the middle by the
  umbilicus.* On the outside of the rectus muscle,
  the tendon  of  the  external  oblique appears
  whiter than elsewhere, by  its being there  con-
  nected with the tendons of the internal oblique
  and transverse  muscles ;  so that this  part has
  been called Linea semilunaris, from  its curved
  shape.   The under part of the  tendon  divides
  into  two columns, which  leaves an oval space
  between them,  named the ring of the  external
  oblique muscle, for the passage of the spermatic
  cord in  the  male, or round ligament of the
  womb :  the anterior  superior  column passes
  over the carti'age between the ossa  pubis,  and
  is fixed to  the  opposite os pubis ;  the other is
  fixed to  the  os pubis  of the  same  side.   It is
  also  inserted, tendinous  and  fleshy,  into the
  middle of the spine of the ilium.
    From  that part, which is  named its anterior
  superior spinous process, it is stretched tendinous
  to the os pubis, and is named Poup art's  or Fal-
  lopiusys ligament.f  From this  ligament, it sends

   * The umbilicus was originally the passage for the vessels that
 connected the feetus to the secundines; and is really a hole through
 the teguments and tendons filled only by a cellular substance, and
 covered within by the peritoneum.
   f Poupart's, or Fallopius's ligament, is the inferior part of the ten-
 don of the external oblique, extending from the anterior superior
[ spinous process of the ilium to the os pubis, where it is thickest, ia 
THE  MUSCLES.
47
 a tendinous layer,  which is  lost  in the  mem-
 branous fascia of the thigh.
   Use.   Supports  and compresses  the  perito-
 neum  and  abdomen;  assists  the  evacuations
 of feces and urine,  and likewise in the  exclu-
 sion of the foetus ;  thrusts  the  diaphragm up-
 wards, and draws down the ribs in expiration ;
 bends the  body obliquely when  the ribs are
 fixed,  and raises the pelvis obliquely.
   Obliquus externus abdominis, Albinus.
   Obliquus descendens, Douglas.


       2.  OBLIQUUS ASCENDENS INTERNUS,


   Arises from the spine of the ilium,  the %vhole
 length  between the  posterior and  superior an-


order to strengthen the  inferior part of the abdomen : here it
passes over the blood vessels of the inferior extremity: and in
women,  from the greater size of the pelvis, is longer and looser.
by which they are more subject to crural  hernix; but, by the
size of the spermatic cord, men are more liable to the inguinal.
  This ligament splits into  three fasci*, two superior and one in-
ferior.  The first passes behind the transversalis muscle, and has
been called by Mr. Astley Cooper, the fascia transversalis; the
second, which has been described by Gembernot, passes upon the
iliacus internus muscle;  and the  th'rr!   orming, is the anterior
part of the fascia lata of the thigh. Through the fascia transversalis '.
passes the spermatic cord from the abdomen, the cor J being united
to the edgt of the aperture, by a thinner fascia than that of the
transversalis. Thus, then, the cord passes through the fascia trans-
versalis and through the ring of the external oblique muscle. 
48
DESCRIPTION OF
terior spinous process; from the os sacrum and
the  three undermost  lumbar vertebrae,  by   a
tendon common to it and to the serratus posticus
inferior muscle ; from Poupart's ligament, at the
middle of which it  sends off the  beginning of
the  cremaster muscle; and  the spermatic cord
in  the male,  or round ligament  of the  womb
passes under its  thin edge,  except a  few de-
tached  fibres.
   Inserted into  the  cartilage  ensiformis,  into
the cartilages  of the seventh and  those  of all
the  false  ribs ; but, at the upper part, it is ex-
tremely thin,  resembling  a cellular membrane,
and only becomes  fleshy  at the cartilage of the
tenth rib.  Here  its  tendon divides  into  two
layers ;# the anterior layer,  with a great portion
of the inferior  part of the posterior layer, joins
the  tendon of the  external oblique,  and  runs
over the rectus to  be  inserted  into the  whole
length  of the  linea alba.   The posterior layer
joins the  tendon of the transversalis  muscle as

  * To obtain a proper view of the two layers of the tendon of
the internal oblique muscle, both the oblique mu.cle* should be
raised as far forwards as their joining  near the linea semilunaris j
then the tendon before the rectus must be cut parallel to the linea
alba, and turned outward* as far as the outer edge oi the rectus;
by which the whole of the rectus is brought  into view, and  the
tendons are preserved. But Douglas direcs to cut the posterior
layer of the internal oblique, where it joins with the transversalis:
by this method the rectus is laid bare; bur the stricture of the
tendinous sheath, which encloses it, is destroyed 
THE MUSCLES.
49
low as half-way between the umbilicus and os
pubis ; but, below this place, only a few fibres
of the posterior layer are  seen, and the rest of
it passes before the rectus muscle, and is inserted
into the linea alba ; so that the whole tendon of
the external oblique muscle, with the  anterior
layer of the  internal oblique, passes before the
rectus muscle; and the whole posterior layer of
the internal oblique,  together with  the whole
tendon  of the transversalis muscle,  excepting
at the inferior part, pass behind the rectus,  and
are inserted into the  linea alba.  At  its under-
most part it  is inserted into the linea part of
the os pubis.
   Use.   To assist the former; but it bends the
trunk in the reverse direction.
  Obliquus internum abdominis, Albinus and Wins-
     low.
   Obliquus ascendens,  Douglas.
              3.  TRANSVERSALIS,
   Arises tendinous, but soon becoming fleshy
irom the inner or back part of the cartilages of
the seven lower  ribs, where some of its fibres
are continued  with those of  the diaphragm and
the intercostal muscles, by a broad thin tendon,
connected to  the transverse processes of the last
vertebra  of the back and the four superior ver-
tebrae of the  loins;   fleshy,  from  the  whole
spine of the os  ilium internally, and from the
tendon of the external  oblique muscle, where
                      F
vgJjOktWCAL 
50
DESCRIPTION OF
it intermixes  with some  fibres of the internal
oblique.
  Inserted into the cartilago  ensiformis, into
the linea alba, and into the pubis.
  Use.   To  support and  compress  the  abdo-
minal bowels ;  and  it is so particularly well
adapted for the latter purpose,  that it might be
called the proper constrictor of the abdomen.
  Transversus abdominis, Albinus.

  The long muscle in the middle is named,

              RECTUS ABDOMINIS,
  Arises, by two heads,  from the ligament of
the cartilage which joins the two ossa pubis to
each  other ;  runs upwards the whole length of,
and parallel to, the linea alba,  growing broader
and thinner as it ascends.
   Inserted into the cartilages of the three infe-
rior true ribs,  and often intermixes with some
fibres of the pectoral muscle.
   It is generally divided by three tendinous in-
tersections ;  the first  is at  the  umbilicus,  the
second where it runs over the cartilage  of  the
seventh  rib,  the third in the middle between
these ; and there is commonly a half intersection
below  the umbilicus :  these  seldom penetrate
through the whole thickness of the muscle; they
adhere firmly to the anterior part of the  sheath,
but very slightly to the posterior layer.
   Use.  To compress the fore-part, but more 
THE .MUSCLES.
51
particularly the  lower part of  the  belly; to
bend the trunk forwards,  or to raise  the pelvis.
By its  tendinous  intersections, it is enabled to
contract at any of the intermediate spaces; and,
by its  connection with the tendons of the other
muscles, it  is  prevented  from changing place,
and from rising into a prominent form when in
action.
   A principal use of the tendinous intersections
of this  muscle is to prevent its fibres being  sepa-
rated by the pressure of the viscera.

 ^ The short muscle in the middle is named

                 PYRAMIDALIS,

  Arises along with the rectus; and running
upwards within the same sheath, is
  Inserted, by an acute termination,  near  half-
way between  the os pubis and umbilicus, into
the linea alba  and inner edge of the rectus  mus-
cle.
  As it  is frequently wanting in  both  sides,
without any inconvenience, its
   Use  seems to be,  to assist the inferior part of
the rectus. 
52
DESCRIPTION OF
                CHAP. XVI.

   MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF
                GENERATION

   The testicles are said to have a thin muscle
 common to both, and have one proper to each.

   The supposed common muscle is called the


                   dartos.

   This appears  commonly to be no  more than
 a  condensation of the cellular membrane lining
 the  scrotum; yet the  skin  here is capable of
 being corrugated and relaxed in a greater de-
 gree than in other places, and in some subjects,
 muscular fibres can be seen.

   The muscle proper to each testicle is the


                 CREMASTER,

   Arises from the  internal oblique, where a
 few  fibres  of  that  muscle  intermix  with  the
 transversalis, near the junction of the os ilium
and  pubis,  over which  part   it  passes, after
having pierced the ring of the external oblique ;
and then it  descends upon the spermatic cord. 
THE MUSCLES.
53
  Inserted into the tunica vaginalis of the testicle,
upon which it spreads, and is insensibly lost.
  Use.  To  suspend and  draw  up the testicle,
and to compress it in the act of coition.
  The penis has three pair of muscles.
              1. ERECTOR PENIS,
  Arises, tendinous and  fleshy,  from the tube-
rosity of the os ischium, and runs upwards, em-
bracing the whole crus of the penis.
  Inserted into  the strong tendinous membrane
that covers the corpora cavernosa penis, near as
far up as the union of these bodies.
   Use.  To compress  the crus penis, by which
the blood is pushed from it into the fore-part of
the corpora cavernosa ; and  the penis is by that
means more completely distended.   The erec-
tores seem likewise to keep the penis in its pro-
per direction.
  Ischio cavernosus, Winslow.

2, ACCELERATOR URIN.2E SEU EJACULATOR SEMINIS,
  Arises, fleshy, from the sphincter ani and mem-
branous part of  the urethra;  and tendinous  from
the crus, near as far forwards as the beginning of
the corpus cavernosum penis; the inferior fibres
run  more transversely, and the superior descend
in an oblique  direction.
 l Inserted into  a line in the middle of the  bulb,
where it joins with its fellow, by which the bulb
is completely  enclosed.
                      F2 
!,4
DESCRIPTION ©I
   Use.  To drive  the urine or semen forwards,
and, by grasping the bulb of the urethra, to push
the blood towards  its corpus cavernosum and the
glans, by which they are distended.
   Bulbo-cavernosus, Winslow.

            TRANSVERSUS PERIMEI,
   Arises from the tough fatty membrane that
covers the tuberosity  of the os ischium;  from
thence it runs transversely inwards, and is
   Inserted into the accelerator urina, and into
that part of the sphincter ani  which covers the
bulb.
   Use.  To dilate the  bulb, and draw the peri-
neum and  verge of the anus a little  outwards
and backwards.
   Transversalis urethra, Winslow.
   Transversus perinei, Albinos.
   Levator parvus,  seu externus, Douglas.

   There is often a fourth muscle, named

         TRANSVERSUS PERINEI ALTER,
   Arises behind the former, runs more obliquely
forwards, and is
   Inserted  into that part of the accelerator urina
which covers the  anterior  part of the bulb o!
the urethra.
   Use. To assist the former.
   Inferior prostate, Winslow.
   Transversus perinei alter, Albinus. 
THE MUSCLES.
55
               CHAP.  XVII.

          MUSCLES OF THE ANUS.

  The anus has a single muscle, and one pair.

 The single muscle is

               SPHINCTER ANI,

  Arises from the  skin and fat that surround the
verge of the  anus  on  both sides, near as far out
as the tuber  of the  os ichium ; the fibres  are
gradually collected into an oval form,  and sur-
round the extremity of the rectum.
  Inserted, before, by a narrow point, into the
perineum,  acceleratores unrinas, and transversi
perinei; behind, by an acute termination, into
the extremity of the os coccygis.
   Use. Shuts the  passage through the anus into
the rectum;  pulls  down the bulb of the urethra,
by which it assists  in ejecting the  urine  and
semen/.
   Sphincter extemus, Albinus and Douglas.
   Sphincter cutaneus, Winslow.
   N. B.  The sphincter internus of Albinus and
 Douglas, is only that part of the circular fibres
 of the muscular coat of the rectum which sur-
 rounds its extremity. 
56
DESCRIPTION OF
                LEVATOR ANI,

  Arises from the os pubis within the pelvis, as
far up as the upper edge of the foramen thyroi-
deum and joining of the os  pubis with the  os
ischium;  from the thin  tendinous  membrane
that covers the obturator internus and coccygeus
muscles;  from the spinous  process of the  os
ischium; and its fibres run down like rays from a
circumference to a centre.
  Inserted into the sphincter ani, accelerators
urinse, and anterior part of the two  last bones
of the coccygis; surrounds the extremity of the
rectum, neck of the bladder, prostate gland, and
part of the vesiculas seminales; so that its fibres
behind and below the os coccygis joining it with
its fellow, they,  together, very much resemble
the shape of  a funnel.
   Use.  To draw the rectum upwards  after the
evacuation of the fasces, and to assist in shutting-
it, to sustain  the contents of  the  pelvis, and to
help in ejecting the semen, urine,  and contents
of the rectum ;  and, perhaps, by pressing upon
the veins, to contribute greatly to the erection
of the penis. 
THE MUSCLES.
57
               CHAP. XVIII.

    MUSCLES  OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF
                GENERATION.

   The clitoris has one pair.

             ERECTOR CL1TORIDIS,

   Arises from the crus of the os ischium  inter-
nally,  and in its  ascent covers the crus of the
clitoris as far up as the os pubis.
   Inserted into the upper part of  the crus and
body of the clitoris.
   Use.   Draws  the clitoris  downwards  and
backwards ; and may serve to make the body of
the clitoris more tense, by squeezing the blood
into it from its crus.
   First muscle of the clitoris, Douglas.
   The vagina has one pair.

              SPHINCTER VAGINJE,

   Arises from the sphincter ani, and from the
posterior side of the vagina, near the perineum ;
from thence it runs up the side of the  vagina,
near its external orifice, opposite to the nymphas,
and covers the corpus cavernosum vaginae.
   Inserted into the crus and body,  or union of
the crura clitoridis. 
58
DESCRIPTION  OF
  Use.   Contracts the mouth of the  vagina,
and compresses its corpus cavernosum.
  Constrictor cunni, Albinus.
  Second muscle of the clitoris, Douglas.

  The perineum has one pair.

            TRANSVERSUS PElllNEI,

  Arises, as in the male, from the fatty cellular
membrane  which  covers  the  tuberosity of the
os ischium.
  Inserted  into the upper part of the sphincter
ani, and into a white,  hardish, tough substance
in the perineum, between the lower part of the
pudendum and anus.
   Use.  To sustain and keep the perineum in
its proper place.

   The anus, as in the male, has a single muscle,
and one pair.

               SPHINCTER ANI,

   Arises, as in the male, from the skin and fat
surrounding the extremity of the rectum.
   Inserted, above, into the  white tough  sub-
stance of the perineum ; and, below,  into the
point of the os coccygis.
  Use.   To shut the  passage  into the rectum;
and, by pulling down the perineum,  to assist in
contracting the mouth of the vagina. 
THE MUSCLES.
59
  Arises, as in the male,  within the pelvis, and
descends along the  inferior part of the vagina
and rectum.
  Inserted  into  the perineum,  sphincter ani,
extremity of the vagina, and rectum.
  Use.   To raise the extremity of  the  rectum
upwards,  to  contract  the inferior part of the
rectum, and to assist  in  contracting  and sup.
porting the vagina; and, perhaps,  by pressing
on the veins,  to contribute to the distention of
the cells of the clitoris and corpus cavernosum
of the vagina. 
60
DESCRIPTION  OF
                CHAP. XIX.

 MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS.

  Of these there are two pair.

          1.   OBTURATOR INTERNUS,

  Arises from more  than  one half of the in
ternal circumference   of the foramen thyroi-
deum,  formed by the  os  pubis and  ischium; its
inside is covered  by a portion  of the levator
ani; and appears to be divided into a number
of fasciculi, which unite and form a  roundish
tendon,  that passes  out of  the pelvis,  between
the posterior  sacro-ischiatic ligament and tube-
rosity of the  os  ischium,  where it passes over
the capsular ligament of the thigh bone : it is
enclosed, as in a sheath, by the gemini  muscles.
   Inserted,  by a round tendon, into the large
fossa at the root of the trochanter major.
   Use.   To roll the  os femoris obliquely out
wards.
   Marsupialis, seu Obturator internus, Douglas.
   N. B.  The insertion of  this  muscle should
not be  prosecuted, until the muscles  of  the
thigh,  to which it belongs, are dissected.   Vid.
Chap. xxix. 
THE muscles.
61
               2. coccxoeus.

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the spinous
process of the os ischium, and covers the inside
of the posterior sacro-ischiatic  ligament; from
this narrow  beginning, it gradually increases, to
form a thin fleshy belly, interspersed with tendi-
nous fibres.
  Inserted into the extremity of the os sacrum,
and near the  whole  length of the os coccygis
laterally.
  Use.  To  support  and move the os coccygis
forwards, and to tie it more firmly to the sacrum.
G 
62
DESCRIPTION OF
                CHAP. XX.

MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF
              THE ABDOMEN.

  These  consist of a  single  muscle, and four
pair.

                DIAPIIRAGMA.

  This broad  thin muscle, which makes a com-
plete septum between the thorax and abdomen,
is concave below and convex above; the middle
of it on each side reaching as high within the
thorax of the skeleton  as  the  fourth rib, and is
commonly divided into two portions.
        i. The Superior or Greater Muscle of the

                 DIAPHRAGM,
  Arises, by distinct fleshy fibres, from the carti-
tilago ensiformis, from the cartilages of the se-
venth, and of  all the inferior ribs on both sides.
The fibres from the cartilago  ensiformis, and
from the seventh and  eight ribs, run obliquely
upwards and  backwards; from  the ninth  and
tenth,  transversely inwards  and  upwards; and
from the  eleventh and  twelfth, obliquely up-
wards.   From these different origins the  fibres
run, like  radii from the  circumference to the
centre of a circle; and are 
thej-muscles.
63
  Inserted into a cordiform tendon, of a consi-
derable breadth, which is situated in the middle
of the diaphragm ;  and in which, therefore, the
fibres from  opposite sides are interlaced.  To-
wards the right side the tendon is perforated by
a triangular hole, for  the passage of the vena
cava inferior; and to the  upper convex part of
it the pericardium  and  mediastinum are  con-
nected.
    a. The Inferior, Lesser Muscle, or Appendix of the
                 DIAPHRAGM,
  Arises from the second, third, and fourth lum-
bar vetebrae, by eight  heads; of which two in
the middle, commonly called its crura, are the
longest, and begin tendinous. Between the crura,
the aorta and thoracic duct pass ; and on the out-
side of these,  the great sympathetic nerves and
branches of the vena azygos perforate the shorter
heads.  The muscular  fibres run obliquely up-
wards and forwards, and form in the middle two
fleshy columns, which decussate and  leave  an
oval space between them for the  passage of the
oesophagus and eighth pair of nerves.
  Inserted, by strong fleshy fibres, into the pos-
terior part of the middle tendon.
  Use.  The diaphragm is the principal agent in
respiration, particularly in inspiration; for when
it is in action, the fibres, from their different at-
tachments, endeavour to bring themselves into a
plane towards the middle tendon, by which the 
64
DESCRIPTION OF
cavity of the thorax is enlarged, particularly at
the sides, where the lungs  are chiefly situated;
and as the lungs must always  be contiguous to
the inside of the thorax and  upper side of the
diaphragm, the air rushes into them, in order to
fill up the increased space.  This muscle is assist-
ed by the two rows of intercostals,  which  ele-
vate the ribs, and the cavity of the thorax is more
enlarged.  In time of violent exercise, or what-
ever cause drives the blood with unusual celerity
towards the lungs, the pectoral muscles, the ser-
rati antici majores, the serrati postici superiores,
and scaleni muscles, are brought into action.
And in laborious inspiration, the muscles which
arise  from  the  upper part of the thorax, when
the parts into which they are inserted are fixed,
likewise assist.  In expiration, the diaphragm is
relaxed and pushed up by the pressure of the
abdominal muscles upon the viscera of the abdo-
men ; and at the same time that they press it up-
wards, they also, together  with the sterno costa-
les and serrati  postici inferiores, pull down the
ribs,  and are assisted in a powerful manner by
the elasticity of the cartilages that join the  ribs
to the sternum; by which the cavity of the thorax
is diminished, and the air suddenly pushed out of
the lungs: and, in laborious expiration, the quad-
rati  lumborum,  sacrolumbal, and longissimi
dorsi, concur in pulling down the ribs.
   The four pair are, 
               THE MUSCLES.               Q&

          1. QUADRATUS LUMBORUM,
   Arises, pretty broad,  tendinous and  fleshy,
from the posterior part of the spine of the  os
ilium.
   Inserted into the transverse processes  of the
vertebrae of the loins,  into the last rib near the
spine, and by a small tendon into the side of the
last vertebra of the back.
   Use.   To  move the  loins to one side, pull
down the last rib, and,  when both act, to bend
the loins forwards.
   Quadratus, seu Lumbaris externus, Winslow.
               2. PSOAS PARVUS,
   Arises, fleshy, from the sides of the two up-
per vertebras of the loins, and sends ofTa small
long tendon  which ends thin and flat, and is
   Inserted into the  brim of  the pelvis,  at the
junction of the os ilium and pubis.
   Use.   To assist the psoas magnus  in bending
the loins forwards ; and, in certain  positions,
to assist in raising the  pelvis.
   N. B. This muscle is very  often wanted.
               3. PSOAS MAGNUS,
   Arises, fleshy, from the side of the body, and
transverse  process of  the last vertebrae of the
back ;  and,  in the same manner, from all those
of the loins,  by as many distinct slips.
   Inserted,  tendinous, into the trochanter minor
of the os femoris ;  and fleshy into that bone, a
.little below the same trochanter.
                    G 2 
66
DESCRIPTION OF
   Use.   To bend the thigh forwards;  or, when
the inferior extremity is fixed, to assist in bend-
ing the body.
   Psoas, seu Lumbaris internus, Winslow.

            4. ILIACDS IMTERNUS,

   Arises, fleshy,  from the transverse process of
the last vertebra of the loins, from all the inner
lip of the spine of the os ilium, from the edge of
that bone between  its  anterior superior spinous
process and the acetabulum, and from most of
the hollow part of the ilium.  It joins with the
psoas magnus,  where it begins to become tendi-
nous ; and is
   Inserted along  with it.
   Use.  To assist the psoas in bending the thigh,
and to bring it directly forwards.

   N. B.  The insertion of the two last muscles
should  not be prosecuted till the muscles of the
thigh are dissected. 
THE MUSCLES.            67
               CHAP. XXI.

  MUSCLES  SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR
          PART OF THE THORAX.

  These may be divided into two layers.  The
first layer consists of one muscle, named

             PECTORAL1S MAJOR,

  Arises from the cartilaginous extremity of the
fifth and sixth ribs, where it always intermixes
with the external oblique  muscle of the abdo-
men ; from almost the whole  length of the ster-
num, and from near half of the anterior part of
the  clavicle : The fibres run towards the axilla
in a folding manner.
  Inserted, by two broad tendons,  which cross
each other at the upper and inner part of the os
homeri, above the insertion of the deltoid mus-
cle, and outer side of the groove for lodging the
tendon of the long head of the biceps.
  Use.  To move the arm forwards and oblique-
ly upwards, towards the sternum.
  Pectoralis, Albinus.

  The second layer consists of three muscles; 
68              DESCRIPTION OF
               1. SUBCLAVIUS,

  Arises, tendinous, from the cartilage that joins
the first rib to the sternum.
  Inserted, after becoming fleshy, into the infe-
rior part of the clavicle, which it occupies from
within an inch or so of the sternum,  as far  out-
wards as to its connection, by ligament, with the
coracoid process of the scapula.
   Use.  To pull  the  clavicle downwards and
forwards.

            2. PECTORALIS MINOR,

   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper
 edge of the  third, fourth  and fifth ribs,  near
 where they join with  their cartilages.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the coracoid process
 of the scapula; but soon grows fleshy and broad.
   Use. To  bring the scapula   forwards and
 downwards, or to raise the ribs upwards.
   Serratus anticus, Albinus.
   Serratus minor anticus, Douglas.

              3. SERRATUS MAGNUS) .

   Arises from the nine  superior ribs, by  an
 equal  number of fleshy digitations, resembling
 the teeth of a saw.
   Inserted, fleshy, into the whole base of the
 scapula internally,  between the insertion of the 
THE MUSCLES.
69
rhomboid and the  origin of the subscapularis
muscles, being folded about the two angles of
the scapula.
   Use.   To  move  the scapula forwards; and,
when the scapula is  forcibly raised, to draw up-
wards the ribs.
  Serratus major anticus, Douglas. 
70
DESCRIPTION OF
               CHAP. XXII.

  MUSCLES STIUATED BETWEEN THE RIBSr
        AND WITHIN THE THORAX.

  Between the ribs, on  each side,  there  are
eleven double rows of muscles, which are there-
fore named intercostals.   These decussate each
other  like the strokes of the letter X.
  Arise from the inferior acute edges of each
superior  rib, and run obliquely  forwards, the
whole length from the spine to near the joining
of the ribs with  their cartilages;  from which,
to  the 6ternum,  there is  only a thin membrane
covering the internal intercostals.
  Inserted into the upper obtuse edge of each
inferior rib, as far back as the spine, into which
the posterior portion is fixed.

           INTERCOSTALES  INTERNI,

  Arise in the  same manner as the external;
but they begin at the sternum, and run obliquely
backwards, as far as the angle of the rib;  and
from  that to the spine they are wanting.
  Inserted in the same manner as the external.
  Use.  By means of these  muscles, the  ribs
are equally raised  upwards  during inspiration.
Their fibres being oblique, give them a greater
power of bringing the ribs near each other, than 
THEJVIUSCLES.              71
could be performed by straight ones.    But,  by
the obliquity of the  fibres,  they are almost
brought contiguous ;  and, as the fixed points of
the ribs are before and behind, if the  external
had been continued  forwards  to the  sternum,
and the  internal backwards to  the  spine,  it
would have hindered  their motion,  which is
greatest in the middle, though  the  obliquity of
the ribs renders it less perceptible ;  and, instead
of raising the fibres fixed to the sternum  and
spine, would have depressed the ribs.
   N. B.  The portions of the external  intercos-
tals which  arise from the transverse processes
of the  vertebrae, where the ribs are  fixed to
them,  and other portions that pass over one  rib
and terminate in the next  below it, Albinus calls
Levatores costarum longiores et breviores.
   The  portions  of the  internal  that pass over
one rib,  and are inserted into the next below it,
Douglas calls Costarum depressores proprii Cow-
perii.
   Supra-costales, and Infra-costalcs, Winslow.
   The muscles  within the  thorax are one pair,
viz.
      TRIANGULARIS, OR  STERNO  C0STAL1S,
   Arises,  fleshy and  a little tendinous,  from all
the length of the cartilago  ensiformis laterally,
and from the edge of the lower half of the mid-
dle bone of the sternum,  from whence  its fibres
ascend obliquely upwards and outwards. 
72
DESCRIPTION OF
   Inserted, generally by three triangular termi-
nations, into the lower edge of the cartilages of
the third,  fourth and fifth ribs, near where these
join with the ribs.
   Use.   To depress these cartilages,  and the ex-
tremities of the ribs; and consequently to assist
in contracting the cavity of the thorax.
   This  muscle often varies; and is  sometimes
inserted into the cartilage of the second rib,
sometimes into the cartilage of the sixth rib. 
THE  MUSCLES,
?3
                CHAP. XXIII.

 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART
  OF THE NECK CLOSE TO THE VERTEBRiE.

   These consist of one layer, formed by four
 musoles.

               1.  LONGUS COLLI.

   Arisres, tendinous and fleshy,  from the bodies
 of the three superior vertebrae of the back late-
 rally ; and from the transverse processes of the
 third, fourth,  fifth,  and sixth  vertebras of the
 neck, near their roots.
   Inserted into the fore part of the  bodies of all
 the vertebrae of the neck, by as many small ten-
 dons, which are covered with  flesh.
   Use.  To bend  the neck gradually forwards,
and to one side.

     2. RECTUS CAPITIS INTERNUS MAJOR,

  Arises, from the anterior  points of the trans-
verse processes of the  third,  fourth, fifth, and
sixth vertebrae of the neck, by four distinct  be-
ginnings.
  Inserted into the cuneiform process of the os
occipitis, a little before the condyloid process.
   Use.  To bend the head forwards.
  Rectus anterior longus, Winslow.
                     H 
74
DESCRIPTION OF
     3. RECTUS CAPITIS INTBRNUS MINOR.

  Arises., fleshy, from the fore-part of the body,
of the first vertebra of the neck, opposite to the
superior oblique process.
  Inserted near the root of the  condyloid  pro-
cess of the os occipitis, under, and.a little fartherj
outwards than the former muscle.
   Use. To  nod the head forwards.
  Rectus anterior brevis, Winslow.

        4.  Rectus capitis lateralis,
   Arises, fleshy,  from  the  anterior  part of the
point of the transverse process of the first verte-
bra of the neck.
   Inserted into the os occipitis,  opposite to the
foramen stylo-mastoideum  of the temporal bone.
   Use. To bend the head a little to one side.
   Transversalis anticus primus, Winslow.

   On the side of the  neck,

            1. SCALENUS ANTICUS,

   Arises, from the fourth,  fifth, and sixth trans-
verse processes of the first  vertebra of the neck,
by as many tendons.
   Inserted,  tendinous and  fleshy, into the upper
side of the first rib, near its cartilage.
  Scalenus prior, Albinus.
   Anterior portion of the first scalenus, Winslow.
  First scalenus, Douglas. 
THE MUSCLES.
75
             2.  SCALENUS MEDIUS,

  Arises, from all the transverse processes of the
vertebras ef the neck by as many strong tendons;
the nerves to the superior extremity pass between
it and the former.
  Inserted into the upper and outer part of the
first rib, from its  root, to within the distance of
an inch from its cartilage.
  Posterior portion of the first scalenus,Winslow.
  Second scalenus, Douglas.

            3.  SCALENUS POSTICUS,

  Arises from the fifth and sixth transverse pro-
cesses of  the vertebrae of the neck.
  Inserted into the upper edge of the second rib,
not far from the spine.
  Posterior portion of the second scalenus, Win-
slow.
  Third scalenus, Douglas.
  Use of the three scaleni: to bend the  neck to
one side ; or, when the neck is fixed, to elevate
the ribs, and  to dilate the thorax. 
76
DESCRIPTION OF
              CHAP. XXIV.

 MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE  POSTERIOR
           PART OF  THE TRUNK.

  The following muscles are described as they
appear on dissection.

        1.  TRAPEZIUS, SEU CUCULARIS,

  Arises, by a strong round tendon, from the
lower part of the protuberance in the middle of
the os occipitis behind ; and, by a thin membra-
nous tendon,  which covers part  of the splenius
and complexus muscles, from the rough curved
line that extends from the  protuberance towards
the mastoid process of the temporal bone; runs
down along the nape of the neck, where it seems
to arise from its fellow, and covers the spinous
processes of the superior vertebrae of the neck;
but arises from the spinous processes  of the two
inferior, and from the  spinous processes of all the
vertebrae of the  back; adhering, tendinous, to
its fellow, the whole length of its origin.
  Inserted, fleshy, into the posterior half of the
clavicle; tendinous and fleshy, into the acromion,
and into almost all the spine of the scapula.
 Use. Moves the scapula according to the three
different directions of its  fibres; for the upper
descending fibres draw it obliquely upwards, the 
THE MUSCLES.
77
 middle transverse straight fibres draw it directly
 backwards,  and the  inferior ascending fibres
 draw it obliquely downwards and backwards.
   N. B. Where it is inseparably  united to its
? fellow in  the nape of the neck, it is named Zi-
 gamentum Nucha, or Colli.
              2.  LATISSIMUS DORSI,
   Arises, by a broad thin tendon, from the  pos-
 terior part  of the spine of the os ilium, from all
 the spinous processes of the os sacrum and ver-
 tebras of the loins,  and from the  seven inferior
 ones  of the  vertebrae of the back ; also,  ten-
 dinous  and fleshy,  from the extremities of the
 three or four inferior ribs,  a  little beyond their
 cartilages,  by as many distinct slips.  The infe-
 rior fibres ascend obliquely, and  the superior
 run transversely, over the inferior angle of the
 scapula, towards the axilla,  where they are all
 collected, twisted, and folded.
   Inserted, by  a strong thin tendon, into  the
 inner edge of the groove for lodging the tendon
 of the long head of the biceps.
   Use.  To  pull the arm backwards and down-
 wards, and  to roll the os humeri.
   N. B.  The insertion of this muscle  should
 not be prosecuted till the muscles of the os  hu-
 meri, to which it belongs, is dissected.
        3. SERRATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR,
   Arises,  by a broad thin  tendon,  in  common
 ivfth that of the latissimus dorsi, from the spinal
                      H2 
78
DESCRIPTION OF
processes* of the two  inferior vertebrae of the
back, and from the three superior of the loins.
  Inserted into the lower edges of the four infe-
rior ribs, at a little distance from their cartilages,
by as many  distinct fleshy slips.
  Use.   To depress the ribs into which  it is in-
serted
              4.  rhomboidecs.
  This muscle is divided into two portions.
   1.  Rhomboideus  major,  arises,   tendinous,
from the spinous processes  of the  five superior
vertebrae of the back.
   Inserted into all the basis of the scapula below
its spine.
   Use.   To draw the  scapula obliquely upwards
and directly inwards.
  2.  Rhomboideus  minor,  arises,   tendinous,
from the spinous processes of the  three inferior
vertebra? of the neck, and from the ligamentum
nuchas.
   Inserted  into the base of the scapula, opposite
to its spine.
   Use.   To assist the former.
       5.  SERRATUS  SUPERIOR POSTICUS,
   Arises, by a broad  thin tendon,  from  the spi-
nous processes  of the three last vertebrae of the
neck, and the two uppermost of the back.
  Inserted into the second, third, fourth and fifth
ribs, by  as many fleshy slips.
   Use.   To elevate  the  ribs,  and  dilate  the
thorax. 
THE muscles.
79
            6.   LEVATOR  SCAPULJE,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy,  from the trans-
verse processes of the five superior vertebrae of
the neck,  by as many distinct slips, which soon
unite to form a muscle that runs downwards and
outwards.
  Inserted, fleshy, into the superior angle of the
scapula.
   Use.   To pull the scapula upwards, and a lit-
tle  forwards.
  Angularis, vulgo Levator proprius,  Winslow.
  Elevator, seu Musculus patient ice, Douglas.
   On the neck,
                 1.  SPLENIUS,
  Arises, tendinous, from the four superior  spi-
nous processes of the vertebrae of the back ; ten-
dinous and  fleshy,  from the five inferior of the
neck, and adheres firmly to the ligamentum  nu-
chae.  At the third vertebra of  the  neck,  the
splenii recede from each other, so that part of
the complexus muscle is seen.
   Inserted,  by  as  many  tendons, into the five
superior  transverse processes of  the vertebrae of
the neck;  and  tendinous and fleshy, into  the
posterior part of the mastoid process, and into
the os occipitis,  where  it joins with the root ol"
that process.
   Use.  To bring the head and upper vertebra
of the neck  backwards laterally; and when both
act, to pull  the head directly backwards* 
80
DESCRIPTION OF
  N. B.  Albinus divides this muscle into two ;
viz.  That portion which arises from the five in-
ferior spinous processes of the neck, and is in-
serted into the mastoid process and os occipitis,
he calls Splenius Capitis;  and  that  portion
which arises from the third  and  fourth of the
back,  and  is inserted  into  the  five superior
transverse  processes of the neck, is called by
him, Splenius Colli.

               2.  complexus,
  Arises  from the transverse  processes of the
seven superior vertebrae of  the back, and four
inferior of the neck,  by as many  distinct tendi-
nous origins; in its  ascent  it receives a fleshy
slip from  the spinous process of the first verte-
bra of the back :  from these different origins it
runs upwards, and  is every  where intermixed
with tendinous fibres.
  Inserted,  tendinous and fleshy,  into the infe-
rior  edge  of the protuberance in the middle of
the os occipitis,  and into a part of  the curved
line that runs forwards from that protuberance.
  Use.  To draw the head  backwards, and to
one side;  and, when both act, to draw the head
directly backwards.
  N. B.  The long portion of  this muscle, that
is situated next the spinous processes, lies more
loose,  and has a roundish  tendon  in the middle
of it; for which reason AJbinus calls it Biventer
ceroids* 
THE MUSCLES.
81
          3. TRACHELO-MASTOIDEUS,

  Arises from the transverse  processes of the
three uppermost vertebra; of the back, and from
the five lowermost of the neck, where it is con-
nected to the transversalis cervicis, by as many
thin tendons, which unite into  a belly, and run
up under the splenius.
  Inserted into the middle of the posterior side
of the mastoid process, by a thin tendon.
   Use.  To assist the complexus ; but it pulls the
head more to a side.
   Complexus minor, seu  Mastoideus lateralis,
Winslow.
   Trachelo-mastoideus, seu  Capitis par  tertium
Fallopii, Douglas.

           4. TRANSVERSALIS COLLI,
   Arises from the  transverse  processes  of the
five uppermost vertebrae of the  back, by as many
tendinous and fleshy origins;  runs between the
trachelo-mastoideus  and splenius colli and cervi-
calis descendens.
   Inserted into the transverse processes of all the
cervical vertebrae, except the first and the last,
   Use. To turn the neck obliquely backward,
and a little to one side.

      5.  RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MAJOR,
   Arises, fleshy,  from  the external part of the
spinous process of the  second vertebra of the 
82
DESCRIPTION OF
neck;  and grows broader in its ascent, which is
not straight, but obliquely outwards.
  Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os occi-
pitis, near the rectus capitis lateralis, and the in-
sertion of the obliquus capitis superior.
  Use.  To pull the head backwards, and to as-
sist a little in its rotation.
  Rectus major, Winslow and Douglas.

      6. RECTUS CAPITIS POSTICUS MINOR,

  Arises, by a narrow beginning,  close by its
fellow, from a little protuberance in the middle
of the back part of the first vertebra of the neck,
its outer edge being covered by the rectus major.
  Inserted, pretty broad, into the sides of a dim-
ple in the occipitis, near its foramen magnum.
   Use. To assist the rectus major in moving the
head backwards.
   Obliquus minor, Winslow and Douglas.

        7. OBLIQUUS CAPITIS SUPERIOR,

   Arises from the transverse process of the first
vertebra of the neck.
   Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the os oc-
cipitis behind the back part of  the  mastoid  pro-
cess of the temporal bone, and under  the inser-
tion of the complexus muscle.
   Use.  To draw the head backward.
   Obliquus major, Winslow.
   Obliquus superior, Douglas. 
THE MUSCLES.
83
        8.  OBLIQUUS CAPITIS INFERIOR,

  Arises, fleshy, from the spinous process of the
second vertebra of  the neck, its  whole length;
and, forming a thick fleshy belly, is
  Inserted into the transverse process of the first
vertebra of the neck.
  Use.  To give a rotatory motion to the head.

  On the back, near to the spine,

             1. SACRO-LUMBALIS,

  Arises in common with the longissimus dorsi.
  Inserted into all  the ribs, where they begin to
be  curved forwards,  by as many long and thin
tendons; and,
  From the upper part of the six or eight lower
ribs, arise as many bundles of thin fleshy fibres,
which soon terminate in the  inner-side of this
muscle, and are named  Musculi ad Sacrolumba-
lem Accessorii.
   Use.  To pull the ribs down, and assist to erect
the trunk of the body.
  N. B. There is a fleshy slip which  runs from
the* upper part of this muscle into the fourth, fifth,
and sixth transverse processes of the vertebrae of
the neck, by three  distinct tendons; it is named
Cervicalis  Descendens ; and its use is to turn the
neck obliquely backwards, and to one side. 
84
DESCRIPTION OF
            2. LONGISSIMUS DORSI,

   Arises, tendinous without, and fleshy within,
from the side,and all the spinous processes of the
os sacrum; from the posterior spine of the os ili-
um ; from all the spinous processes; and from
the roots of the transverse processes of the ver-
tebra of the loins.
   Inserted into all the transverse processes of the
vertebrae of the back,  chiefly by small double
tendons; also, by a tendinous and fleshy  slip, into
the lower edge of all the ribs, except the two in-
ferior, at a little distance from their tubercles.
   Use. To extend the vertebras, and to raise and
keep the trunk of the body erect.
  N. B. From the upper  part of this  muscle
there runs up a round fleshy portion which joins
with the cervicalis descendens.

              3.  SPINALIS DORSI,

   Arises from the  spinous processes of the two
uppermost vertebrae of the loins, and the three
inferior of the back, by as many tendons.
   Inserted into  the spinous   processes   of the
nine uppermost vertebrae of the back, except the
first, by as many tendons.
   Use.  To erect and fix, the vertebrae, and to
assist in raising the spine. 
THE MUSCLES.
8£
           4.   SEMI-SPINALIS DORSI,
  Arises, from the transverse processes of the
seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth  vertebrae of the
back, by as many distinct tendons, which soon
grow fleshy, and then become tendinous again ;
and are
  Inserted into the spinous  processes of all the
vertebras of the back above  the eighth, and into
the two lowermost of the neck, by as many ten-
dons.
  Use.   To extend the spine obliquely back-
wards.
  Semi-spinalis externus,  seu Transverso-spina-
     lis dor si,  Winslow.
  On the neck,
           1.   SEMI-SPINALIS COLLI,
  Arises, from the transverse processes of the
uppermost six vertebras of the back, by as many
distinct tendons,  ascending  obliquely under the
complexus.
   Inserted into the spinous  processes of all the
vertebrae of the  neck,  except the first and the
last.
   Use.   To extend the neck  Obliquely back-
wards.
   Semi-spinalis,  sive Transverso-spinalis  colli,
     Winslow.
            2.  MULTIFIDUS SPINJE,
   Arises, from the side and spinous processes of
the os sacrum, and from the posterior part of
                     I 
86
DESCRIPTION OF
the os ilium,  where it  joins with the sacrum ;
from all the oblique and transverse processes of
the vertebra; of the loins ;  from  all the trans-
verse processes of the vertebrae of the back, and
from  those of  the  neck, except the  three first,
by as many distinct tendons, which soon grow
fleshy, run in an oblique direction, and are
  Inserted, by  distinct tendons, into all  the spi-
nous  processes of the vertebrae of the loins,  of
the back and of the neck, except the first.
  Use.   When  the different portions  of  this
muscle act on one side,  they extend  the  back
obliquely, or move it laterally;  but if they act
together on both sides, they extend the vertebras
backwards.
  Transverso-spinalis lumborum, veterib.  Saccr.
  Semi-spinalis,  internus sive  Transverso-spina-
     lis dorsi.
  Semi-spinalis,  sive Transverso-spinalis  colli,
     Pars interna, Winslow.
  Transversalis lumborum, vulgo Sacer.
  Transversalis dorsi.
  Transversalis colli, Douglas.
  There are a number of small muscles situated
between the spinous and transverse processes of
contiguous vertebrae,  which  are accordingly
named,
          1.  INTERSP1NALES COLLI.
  The space between the spinous processes of
the vertebrae of the neck, most of which are bi-
furcated, is filled up with fleshy portions; which 
THE MUSCLES.
87
   Arise, double, from the spinous process of the
inferior vertebras of the neck ;  and ascend to be
   Inserted, in the same mariner, into the spinous
process of the  superior  vertebrae.    They are
five in number.
   Use.  To draw these processes nearer to each
other.
       2.  INTERTRANSVERSALES COLLI.
   They begin from the  transverse process of the
first vertebra of the  back, and  fill up the spaces
between the transverse processes of the vertebras
of the neck, which are likewise bifurcated ; and,
consequently, there are six distinct double mus-
cles, which
  Arise  from the inferior transverse process of
each vertebra of the  neck, and  first of  the back,
and are
   Inserted into the superior transverse processes.
   Use.  To  draw these processes towards each
other, and turn the neck a little to one side.
3, 4,  5.   INTERSPINALES DORSI ET LUMBORUM,
    AND  THE INTERTRANSVERSALES DORSI,
  Are rather small tendons than muscles, serving
to connect the spinal and transverse processes.

     6.  INTERTRANSVERSALES  LUMBORUM,
  Are four distinct small bundles of flesh which
fill up the spaces between the transverse proces-
ses of the vertebrae of the, loins, and serve to draw
them towards each other. 
86
DESCRIPTION  OF
               CHAP. XXV.

MUSCLES OF  THE  SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES-

  These may be divided into the muscles  that
are situated on the scapula, on the  os humeri,
on the cubit or fore  arm, and on the hand.
  Muscles situated on the scapula.
  These are called  muscles of the  os humeri ;
and are three behind, one along its inferior cos-
ta, two before, and one beneath it.
  Behind,
             1.   SUPRASPINATUS,
  Arises, fleshy, from all that part  of the base
of the scapula that is above its spine ;  also from
the spine and superior  costa ; passes under the
acromion, and adheres to the capsular ligment
of the os humeri.
  Inserted, tendinous, into that part of the large
protuberance on the head of the os humeri that
is next the groove for lodging the tendon of the
long head of the biceps.
  Use.   To raise the arm upwards.
              2.  INFRASPINATUS,
  Arises, fleshy,  from all that part  of the  base
of the scapula that is between its  spine and in-
ferior angle; from the spine, as far as the cervix
of the scapula.  The fibres ascend and descend 
THE MUSCLES.
89
obliquely towards a tendon in the middle of the
muscle, which runs forwards, and adheres to the
capsular ligament.
  Inserted, by a thick and  short tendon,  into
the upper and  middle part  of the large protu-
berance on the head of the os humeri.
  Use.   To roll the humerus  outwards;  to
assist in raising, and in supporting it  when
raised.
  N. B.   These two muscles are covered with
a tendinous membrane, from which a number of
their fleshy fibres arise.    It serves  besides to
strengthen  their actions,  and  keeps them from
swelling too much outwardly when in action.
             3.  teres  minor,
  Arises, fleshy, from all the round edge  of the
inferior costa  of the scapula, and runs forwards
along  the  inferior  edge of the infraspinatus
muscle, and adheres to the ligament.
  Inserted, tendinous, into the back part of the
large protuberance on the head of the os humeri,
a little behind and below the termination of the
last-named muscle.
  Use.  To roll the humerus outwards, and to
draw the humerus backwards.
  Along the inferior costa of the scapula,
                 TERES MAJOR,
  Arises, fleshy, from the inferior angle of the
scapula, and from all that portion of its inferior
                    I 2 
90
DESCRIPTION OF
 costa that is rough and thicker than the rest; its-
fleshy fibres  are continued over part of the  in-
fraspinatus muscle, to which they firmly adhere.
  Inserted, by a broad, short, and thin tendon,
into the ridge at the inner side of the groove for
lodging the tendon of the  long head of the bi-
ceps, along with the latissimus dorsi.
  Use.  To  roll the  humerus inwards, and to
draw it backwards and downwards.
  The two_before the scapula,
                1.  deltoides.
  Arises, fleshy,  from all  the posterior part of
the clavicle  that the  pectoralis major does not
 possess:  tendinous  and fleshy, from the acromi-
 on, and lower margin of almost the whole spine
 of  the scapula opposite to  the insertion  of the
 cucularis  muscle;  from these origins, it runs in
 three different  directions, i. e. from the clavicle
 outwards and downwards;  from the spine of the
 scapula outwards, forwards, and downwards; and
 from the acromion straight downwards; and is
 composed of a number of fasciculi, which form
 a strong  fleshy muscle that covers the anterior
 part of the joint of the os humeri.
   Inserted,  tendinous, into  a  rough protube-
 rance in the outer side of the os humeri, near its
 middle, where the fibres of this muscle intermix
 with some part of the brachialis externus.
    Use.  To pull the arm directly outwards and 
THE MUSCLES.
91
upwards, and a little forwards or backwards, ac-
cording to the different directions of its fibres.

           2. CORACO BRACHIALIS,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the forepart
of the coracoid process of the scapula; adhering,
in its descent, to the short head of the biceps.
  Inserted tendinous and fleshy, about the mid-
dle of the internal part of the os humeri, near
the origin of the third  head of the triceps, called
brachialis externus, where it sends down a thin
tendinous expansion to the  internal condyle of
the os humeri.  .
  Use.  To raise the arm upwards and forwards.
  N. B. There passes  a nerve through this mus-
cle, called Musculo-cutaneus.
  The one beneath the scapula,
              SUBSCAPULARIS,
  Arises, fleshy, from  all the base of the scapula
internally, and from  its  superior and inferior
costae, being composed of a number of tendinous
and fleshy fasciculi, which make prints on the
bone; they all join together, fill up the hollow
of the scapula, and pass over the joint, adhering
to the capsular ligament.
  Inserted,  tendinous, into  the  upper part of
the  internal  protuberance at the  head of the os
humeri.
  Use.  To  roll the humerus inwards, and to
draw it to the side of the body. 
92
DESCRIPTION OF
               CHAP. XXVI.

  MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI,

  These are called

  Muscles of the Cubit or Fore-arm.

  They consist of two before, and two behind.

  Before,

          I.  BICEPS FLEXOR CUB1TI,
  Arises, by two heads.   The first and  outer-
most, called  longus, begins tendinous from the
upper edge of the glenoid cavity of the scapula;
passes over the head of the os humeri within the
joint;  and, in its descent without the joint, is en-
closed in a groove near the head of the os hume-
ri, by a membranous ligament that proceeds from
the capsular ligament and adjacent tendons.  The
second, or innermost head, called  brevis, arises,
tendinous and fleshy, from the coracoid process
of the scapula,  in  common with the coraco bra-
chialis muscle.  A little below the  middle of the
fore part of the os humeri, these heads unite.
  Inserted, by a  strong  roundish tendon, into
the tubercle  on the upper end of  the radius in-
ternally.
   Use.  To turn  the  hand supine, and to bend
the fore arm. 
THE MUSCLES.
93
 N. B.   At the  bending of the  elbow, where
it begins to grow tendinous, it sends off an apo-
neurosis, which covers all the muscles on the
inside  of the fore-arm, and joins with another
tendinous membrane, which is sent off from the
triceps extensor  cubiti, and covers all the mus-
cles on the outside of the forearm; and a num-
ber of the fibres, from opposite fibres, decussate
each other.  It  serves to strengthen the muscles,
by keeping them from swelling too much out-
wardly, when in action ; and a number of their
fleshy fibres take their origin from it.
  Biceps brachii, Albinus.
  Coraco-radialis, seu biceps, Winslow.
  Biceps internus, Douglas.
          2.  BRACHIALIS  INTERNUS,
  Arises,  fleshy, from the middle of the os hu-
meri, at each side of the insertion of the deltoid
muscle, covering all the inferior and  fore-part
of  this bone, runs over the joint,  and adheres
firmly  to the ligament.
  Inserted, by  a strong short tendon,  into the
coronoid process of the ulna.
   Use.  To bend the fore-arm.
  Brachialis, Winslow.
  Behind,
        1.  TRICEPS  EXTENSOR  CUBITI,
  Arises, by three heads; the first caleld longus,
pretty broad and tendinous, from  the inferior
costa of  the scapula, near its cervix.   The se- 
94
DESCRIPTION OF
cond head, called brevis, arises by an acute, ten-
dinous, and fleshy beginning, from the back part
of the os humeri, a little below its head, outward-
ly.  The third, called brachialis externus, arises
by an acute beginning, from the back part of the
os humeri.  These three heads unite lower than
the insertion of the teres major, and cover  the
whole posterior part of the humerus, from which
they receive addition in their descent.
  Inserted into the  upper and external part of
the process of the ulna, called olecranon, and
partly into the condyles of the os humeri, adhe-
ring firmly to the ligament.
   Use.   To extend the fore-arm.
  Anconeus major, Anconeus externus,  and An-
    coneus internus,  Winslow.
  Biceps  externus,  and  Brachialis externus,
    Douglas.
                3.   ANCONEUS,
  Arises, tendinous, from the  posterior part of
the external condyle of the os humeri ;  it soon
grows fleshy, and is continued from the third
head of the triceps.
  Inserted, fleshy and thin, into a ridge on  the
outer and posterior edge of the ulna, being con-
tinued some way beloAv the olecranon,  and co-
vered with a tendinous membrane.
   Use.   To assist in extending the fore-arm.
  Anconeus minor, Winslow.
  Anconeus vel Cubitalis Riolani, Douglas, 
THE MUSCLES.
95
                CHAP. XXVII.

   MUSCLES SITUATED ON  THE  CUBIT  OR
                  FORE-ARM.*

   These may be divided into three classes: first,
flexors and extensors of the whole hand;  second,
flexors and extensors of the fingers ; and, third,
supinators and pronators,  or  those that roll the
radius on the ulna.
   First class consists of three flexors,  and three
extensors.

   Flexors:

             1.  PALMARIS LONGUS,

   Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle  of
the os humeri, soon  grows fleshy,  and, after  a
short  progress, sends off a long slender tendon.
   Inserted into the  ligamentum carpi annulare,
and into a tendinous  membrane that is expanded

  * In the following description, the arm is supposed to hang by
the side, with the palm turned forwards ; so that the radius and
thumb are upon its outer  side, and the ulna and little finger
upon its inner side ; whereas, when the muscles  are described
in the less straining posture of pronation, as has been generally
done by authors,  the utmost confusion is necessarily introdu-
ced in the application of the terms outer and inner, from the
decussation of the radius and ulna. 
96
description  of
on the palm of the band, named aponeurosis pal-
maris; which, above, begins at the transverse or
annular ligament of the wrist, and, below, is fix-
ed to the roots of the fingers.
  Use.  To bend the hand, and to stretch the
membrane that is expanded on the palm.
  Ulnaris gracilis, Winslow.
  N.  B. This muscle is sometimes wanting ; bu
the aponeurosis palmaris is always to be found.

        2.   FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the internal
condyle of the os humeri, and from  the anterior
part of the upper end of the ulna, where it firmly
adheres to the pronator radii teres.
  Inserted, by a flat tendon,  into the fore and
upper part of the metacarpal bone that sustains
the fore-finger, after running through a fossa in
the os trapezium.
   Use.  To bend the hand, and to assist in its
pronation.
   Radialis internus, Albinus and Winslow.

         3.  FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIP,
   Arises, tendinous, from the internal condyle
of the os humeri.  It has likewise a small fleshy
beginning from the outer side of the olecranon ;
between which  and the condyle, the ulna nerve
passes to the fore-arm ; and a number of its fleshy
fibres arise from the tendinous membrane which
covers the fore-arm. 
THE muscles.
97
   Inserted,  by a  short strong tendon,  into the
os pisiforme ; at a little distance from its inser-
tion,  a small ligament is sent off to the metacar-
pal bone that sustains the little finger.
   Use. To assist the former in bending the hand.
   Ulnaris internus, Albinus and Winslow.
   Extensors dj^*
   1.   EXTENSOR  CARPI RADIALIS LONGIOR,
   Arises, broad, thin,  and fleshy, immediately
below the supinator radii longus, from the low-
er part of the external ridge of the  os  humeri,
above its external condyle.
   Inserted, by a round tendon, into the posterior
and upper part of the metacarpal bone that sus-
tains the fore-finger.
   Use.  To extend and bring the hand back-
wards.
   Radialis externus longior, Albinus.
   Radialis externus primus, Winslow.
   2.   EXTENSOR  CARPI RADIALIS BREVI0R,
   Arises,  tendinous,  from the external condyle
of the os  humeri,  and  from the ligament that
connects the radius to it, and  runs along the out-
side of the radius.
   Inserted,  by a round  tendon,  into the upper
and back part of the metacarpal bone that sus-
tains the middle finger.
   Use.  To assist the last-mentioned muscle.
  Radialis externus brevior, Albinus.
  Radialis secundus, Winslow.
                     K 
98             description of
        3.  extensor carpi ulnaris,

   Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle
 of the  os humeri; and, in its progress, fleshy
 from the middle of the ulna, where it passes over
 it.   Its  round tendon is enclosed by a membra-
 nous sheath, in a groove which is situated at the
 extremity of the ulna.
   Inserted, by its round tendon, into the poste-
 rior and upper part of the metacarpal bone that
 sustains the little finger.
   Use.  To assist the former in extending  the
 hand.
   Ulnaris externus, Albinus and Winslow.

               palmaris  brevis,

   Arises, from the  ligamentum carpi  annulare,
 and  tendinous  membrane that  is expanded on
 the palm of the hand.
   Inserted,  by small bundles of fleshy fibres,
 into the skin and  fat that covers the abductor
 minimi digiti, and into the os pisiforme.
   Use.  To assist in contracting the palm of the
 hand.
   Palmaris cutaneus, Winslow.

                Second Class.

   The flexors  and extensors of the four fingers
are,  two long, and one small  flexor to each
finger, and one extensor. 
THE MUSCLES.              99
      1.   FLEXOR SUBLIMUS PERFORATUS,
   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inter-
nal condyle of the os  humeri; tendinous from
the coronoid process of the ulna, near the edge
of the cavity that receives the head of the radius ;
fleshy from the tubercle of the radius; and mem-
branous and fleshy from the middle of the fore-
part of the radius, where the flexor pollicis lon-
gus arises.  Its fleshy belly sends off four round
tendons before  it passes under the ligament of
the wrist.
   Inserted into  the anterior and upper part of
the second bone of each finger, being, near the
extremity of the first bone, divided for the pas-
sage of the perforans.
   Use.  To bend the second joint or  phalanx of
the fingers.
   Sublimis, Albinus.
   Perforates, Douglas

      2.   FLEXOR PROFUNDUS PERFORANS,

   Arises, fleshy, from the external side and up-
per  part of the ulna, for some way downwards,
and from a large share of the interosseous liga-
ment.  It splits into four tendons, a little before
it passes uuder the ligamentum carpi  annulare ;
and these pass through the slits in the tendons of
the flexor sublimis.
   Inserted into the fore and  upper part of the
third or last bone of all the four fingers. 
200
DESCRIPTION  OF
   Use.  To bend the last joint of the finger.
   Profundus,  Albinus.
   Perforans, Douglas.

   The four small flexors are named

                LUMBRICALES,

   Arise, thin and fleshy, from the outside of the
tendons of the flexor profundus, a little above
the lower edge of the ligamentum carpi annulare.
   Inserted, by  long slender tendons, into the
outer sides of the broad tendons of the interros-
sei muscles, about the middle of the first joint.
   Use.   To increase the flexion of the fingers
while the long flexors are in full action.
   Extensors :

       EXTENSOR DIGITORUM COMMUNIS,

   Arises, by an acute, tendinous and fleshy be-
ginning, from the external condyle of the os hu-
meri, where it  adheres to the  supinator radii
brevis.   Before  it passes under the ligamentum
carpi annulare externum,  it splits into four ten-
dons ; some of which may be divided into seve-
ral smaller; and about the fore part of the me-
tacarpal bones they remit tendinous filaments to
each other.
  Inserted into the posterior part of all the bones
of the four fingers, by a tendinous expansion.
   Use.   To extend all the joints of the fingers. 
THE  MUSCLES.            101
                 Third Class.

  Consists of four muscles, viz. two  supinators,
and two pronators.

         1.  SUPINATOR RADII LONGUS,

  Arises, by an acute and fleshy origin, from
the external ridge of the os  humeri, above the
external  condyle, near as far up as the middle of
that bone.
  Inserted into the outer side of the inferior ex-
tremity of the radius.
  Use.  To roll the radius outwards, and  conse-
quently the  palm of the hand upwards.
  Supinator  longus,  Albinus, Winslow,  and
Douglas.

         2.  SUPINATOR RADII BREVIS,

  Arises, tendinous, from the external condyle
of the os humeri; tendinous and fleshy, from the
external  and upper part of the ulna, and adheres
firmly to the ligament that joins these two bones.
  Inserted into the head, neck, and tubercle of
the radius, near the insertion  of the biceps, and
ridge running  from that downwards and out-
wards.
  Use. To roll the radius outwards, and so bring
the hand supine.
K2 
(02
DESCRIPTION OF
  Pronators:

          1.  PRONATOR RADII TERES,

  Arises, fleshy, from the internal condyle of the
os humeri, and tendinous from the coronoid pro-
cess of the ulna.
  Inserted, thin, tendinous, and fleshy, into the
middle of the posterior part of the radius.
  Use.  To roll  the radius,  together with the
hand, inwards.

       2. PRONATOR RADII Q.UADRATUS,

  Arises, broad, tendinous, and fleshy, from the
lower and inner part of the ulna; the fibres run
transversely,  to be inserted into  the lower and
anterior part  of the radius, opposite its origin.
  Use.  To  turn  the radius, together with the
hand, inwards, 
THE MUSCLES.
103;
              CHAP.  XXVIII.

MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE HAND CHIEFLY.

  These may be divided into four classes, viz,
muscles of the thumb, fore finger, little finger,
and metacarpal bones.

            Muscles of the Thumb.

  These consist of three flexors, three extensor s^
one abductor, and one adductor.

  Flexors:

      1.  FLEXOR LONGUS POLLICIS MANUS, ,

  Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the
upper part of  the radius, immediately below its
tubercle, and  is  continued  down for some space
on the fore part  of this bone.  It has likewise
generally another origin from the internal  con-
dyle of the os humeri, which  forms a  distinct
fleshy slip that terminates near the upper part of
the origin from the radius.
  Inserted into the  last joint of the thumb after
having  passed its tendon under the ligament of
the wrist.
   Use.  To  bend the last joint of  the thumb.
  Flexor tertii viternodii, Douglas. 
104
DESCRIPTION OF
      2. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS MANUS, '

  Arises, from the os trapezoides, magnum, and
unciforme of the carpus, and is divided into two
portions  by the  tendon of the  flexor  pollicis
longus.
  Inserted into the ossa sesamoidea and first bone
of the thumb.
  Use.  To bend the first joint of the thumb.
  Flexor secundi internodii, Douglas.


 3,  FLEXOR OSSIS MBTACARPI POLLICIS, OR OPPO-
               NENS POLLICIS,

  Arises, fleshy, from the os trapezium and liga-
mentum carpi annulare, lying under the abductor
pollicis.
  Inserted, tendinous and fleshy, into the under
and anterior part of the metacarpal  bone of the
thumb.
  Use.   To  bring the thumb inwards, opposite
to the other fingers.
  Flexorprimi internodii, Douglas.

  Extensors:

 1.  EXTENSOR OSSIS METACARPI POLLICIS MANUS,

  Arises, fleshy,  from the middle and posterior
part of the ulna, immediately below  the inser- 
THE  MUSCLES.
105
tion of the anconasus muscle, from the posterior
part of the middle of the radius, and from the in-
terosseous ligament.
   Inserted, generally by two tendons, into the
os trapezium, and upper back part of the meta-
carpal bone of the thumb,  and often  joins with
the abductor pollicis.
   Use.  To extend  the metacarpal bone of the
thumb outwardly.
   Abductor longus pollicis manus, Albinus.
   Extensor primi internodii, Douglas.

       2.  EXTENSOR PRIMI INTERNODII,

   Arises,  fleshy, from the posterior part of the
ulna near the former muscle, and from the inter-
osseous ligament.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of
the first bone of the thumb ; and part of it may
be traced as far as the second bone.
   Use.  To  extend the first bone of the thumb
obliquely outwards.
   Extensor minor pollicis manus, Albinus.
   This and the preceding muscle is called
  Extensor pollicis primus, Winslow
   Extensor secundi internodii, Douglas.

     3.   EXTENSOR  SECUNDI INTERNODII,

   Arises, by an  acute, tendinous, and fleshy be-
ginning, from the middle back part of the ulna,
and from the interosseous  ligament; its tendon 
106
DESCRIPTION  OF
runs through a small  groove  at the inner and
back part of the lower end of the radius.
  Inserted into the last bone of the thumb.
  Use.   To extend the  last  joint of the thumb
obliquely backwards.
  Extensor major pollicis manus, Albinus.
  Extensor pollicis secundus, Winslow.
  Extensor tertii internodii, Douglas.


         ABDUCTOR POLLICIS  MANUS,

  Arises, by a broad, tendinous and fleshy be-
ginning,  from the ligamentum carpi annulare,
and from the os trapezium.
  Inserted, tendinous, into the outer side of the
root of the first bone of the thumb.
  Use.   To draw the thumb from the fingers.
  N. B.  Albinus  names the  inner portion of
this muscle, abductor brevis alter.
  Abductor, Thenar Riolani, Douglas.


         ADDUCTOR POLLICIS  MANU3y,

  Arises, fleshy,  from almost the whole length
of the metacarpal bone that sustains the middle
finger ; from thence its fibres are collected to-
gether.
   nserted, tendinous, into the inner part of the
root of the first bone.
  Use.   To pull the thumb towards the fingers; 
THE MUSCLES.
107
  Fore-finger,
                 INDICATOR,

  Arism, by an acute fleshy beginning, from the
middle of the posterior part of the ulna; its ten-
don passes  under the same ligament with the ex-
tensor digitorum communis, with part of which
it is
  Inserted  into the posterior part of the fore-fin-
ger.
 . Adductor ad minimum digitum, Douglas.
  Extensor secundi internodii  indicis proprius,
     vulgo  Indicator, Douglas.

           ABDUCTOR  INDICIS MANUS,
  Arises from the os trapezium, and from the su-
perior part and inner side of the metacarpal bone
of the thumb.
  Inserted, by a short tendon, into the outer and
back part of the first bone of the fore-finger.
  Use.   To bring the  fore-finger towards the
thumb.
  Semi-interosseus, Winslow.
  Little finger,

       ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS,
  Arises,  fleshy, from the os  pisiforme,  and
from that part of the ligamentum carpi annulare
next it=
  Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side of the
upper end  of the first bone of the little finger. 
108
DESCRIPTION OF
   Use.   To draw this finger from the rest.
   Hypothenar minor,  Winslow.
   Extensor tertii internodii  minimi  digiti,
    Douglas.

   ADDUCTOR METACARPI  MINIMI DIGITI MANUS,

   Arises, fleshy, from  the thin edge of  the os
unciforme, and from that part of the ligament of
the wrist next it.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the inner side and an-
terior part of the metacarpal bone of this finger.
   Use.  To bend and bring the metacarpal bone
of this finger towards the rest.
   Flexor primi internodii minimi digiti, Douglas.
  Metacarpus, Winslow.

         FLEXOR PARVUS MINIMI DIGITI,

   Arises, fleshy, from the  outer side of the os
unciforme, and from the ligament of the wrist
which joins with that  bone.
   Inserted, by a roundish tendon, into the inner
and anterior  part  of the upper  end of the first
bone of this finger.
   Use.  To bend the little finger,  and  assist the
adductor.
   Abductor minimi digiti, Hypothenar  Riolani,
    Douglas.
   Between the metacarpal bones, there are four
internal and three external muscles, named inter-
ossei. 
THE MUSCLES*
109
  Interossei interni:

              1.  PRIOR INDICIS,

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the upper
and outer part of the metacarpal bone that sus-
tains the fore finger.
  Inserted into  the outside of that part of the
tendinous expansion from the extensor digitorum
communis, which covers the posterior part of the
fore finger.
  Use.   To draw  the  fore-finger inwards to-
wards the thumb, and extend it obliquely.
  Extensor tertii internodii indicis, Douglas.

            2. POSTERIOR INDICIS,

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the  root
and inner part of the metacarpal bone that sus-
tains the fore finger.
  Inserted into  the inner side of the tendinous
expansion which is sent off from the extensor
digitorum communis, along the posterior part of
the fore finger.
  Use.  To extend the fore finger obliquely, and
to draw it outwards.
  First interosseus,  Douglas.

             3.  PRIOR ANNULARIS,

  Arises, from  the root of  the outside of the
metacarpal bone that sustains the ring finger.
                     L 
110
DESCRIPTION OF
  Inserted into the outside of the tendinous ex-
pansion of  the extensor digitorum communis
which covers the ring finger.
  Use.  To  extend and pull  the ring finger to-
wards the thumb.
  Fourth interosseus, Douglas.
        4.   INTEROSSEUS AUR1CULARIS,
  Arises,  from  the  root  and outer side of the
metacarpal bone of the little  finger ; and is
  Inserted -into the outside of the tendinous ex-
pansion of  the extensor digitorum communis,
which covers the posterior part of the little fin-
ger.
   Use. To  extend and draw the little finger out
wards.
  Sixth interosseus, Douglas.
   Interossei externi, seu bicipites:
                1. PRIOR MEDII,
   Arises, by two origins,  from the roots of the
metacarpal  bones that sustain the  fore and mid-
dle fingers externally,  and next each other: run9
along the outside of the middle finger ; and, be-
ing conspicuous on both sides of the hand, is
   Inserted  into the outside of the tendinous ex-
pansion from the extensor digitorum communis,
which covers  the  posterior part  of the middle
finger.
   Use. To  extend and draw the  middle  finger
inwards.
   Second interosseus, Douglas. 
THE MUSCLES.
Hi
             2.  POSTERIOR MED1I,

  Arises, by two origins,  from the roots of the
metacarpal bones, next each other, that sustain
the middle and ring fingers.
  Inserted into  the  inside of the tendinous ex-
pansion from the extensor digitorum communis,
which runs along the posterior part of the  mid-
dle finger.
  Use.  To extend and  draw the middle finger
outwards.
   Third interosseus,  Douglas.

          3.  POSTERIOR ANNULARIS,

  Arises, by  two origins, from the roots of the
metacarpal bones that sustain the ring and little
fingers next each other.
  Inserted into the inside of the tendinous ex-
pansion of the  extensor  digitorum  communis,
which runs along the posterior part of the ring-
finger.
   Use. To extend and draw the  ring  finger in-
wards.
  Fifth interosseus, Douglas.

  N. B. The internal interossei are  only con-
spicuous on the palm of the  hand; but the exter-
nal are apparent  on  both the palm and back of
the hand. 
112            DESCRIPTION OF
               CHAP. XXIX.

 MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES.

  These  may be divided into the muscles situ-
ated on the outside of the pelvis, on the thigh, on
the leg, and on the foot.

  Muscles on the outside of the pelvis, which
are called muscles of the thigh.

  These are composed of one  layer before and
three layers behind.

  The layer before consists of five muscles.

  1. PSOAS MAGNUS.     ~i
                        >  These were formerly de-
  2. ILIACUS INTERNUS. 3       scribed.
        Fid. p. 65, 66.

                3.  PECTINALIS,

  Arises, broad and fleshy, from the upper and
anterior part of the os pubis or  pectinis, imme-
diately above the foramen thyroideum.
  Inserted into the anterior and upper part of
the linea aspera of the os femoris, a little below
the trochanter minor, by a flat and short tendon.
   Use. To bring the thigh upwards and inwards,
and to give it a degree of rotation outwards.
  Pectineus, Albinus.
\  -* 
THE MUSCLES.
113
       4. TRICEPS  ADDUCTOR FEMORIS.

  Under  this appellation   are  comprehended
three distinct muscles,

       1.  ADDUCTOR LONGUS FEMORIS,
  Arises, by a pretty  strong roundish tendon,
from the upper and anterior part of the os pubis,
and ligament of its synchondrosis, on the inner-
side of the pectinalis.
  Inserted,  tendinous,  near the middle of the
posterior part of the linea aspera, being continu-
ed for some way down.
  Adductor femoris primus, Douglas;
   Triceps minus, Winslow.
        2. ADDUCTOR BREVIS FEMORIS,

  Arises, tendinous, from the os pubis near its
joining with the opposite os pubis below and be-
hind the former.
   Inserted,  tendinous and fleshy, into the inner
and upper part of the linea aspera, from a little
below the trochanter minor, to the beginning of
the insertion of the adductor longus.
   Adductor femoris secundus, Douglas.
   Triceps secundus, Winslow.-

        3. ADDUCTOR  MAGNUS FEMORIS,

    Arises, a little lower down than  the  former,
 near the symphysis of the ossa pubis:  tendinous
                      L 2 
114
DESCRIPTION OF
and fleshy, from the tuberosity of the os ischium ,
the fibres run outwards and downwards.
  Inserted  into almost the whole length of the
linea aspera; into a ridge above  the  internal
condyle of the os femoris ; and, by a roundish
long tendon, into  the upper part of that condyle,
a  little above which the femoral artery takes a
spiral  turn towards  the  ham, passing between
this muscle and the bone.
   Use of these   three muscles or triceps.  To
bring the thigh inwards and upwards, according
to the different directions of their fibres; and, in
some  degree, to roll the thigh outwards.
   Adductor femoris tertius, and
   Adductor femoris quartus, Douglas.
   Triceps tertius, Winslow.
          5. OBTURATOR  EXTERNUS,
   Arises, fleshy, from the  lower fore part of the
os pubis, and fore part of  the  inner crus of the
ischium ;  surrounds the foramen thyroideura ; a
number of its fibres, arising from the membrane
which fills up that  foramen, are collected  like
rays towards a centre, and pass outwards around
the root of the baek part of the cervix of the  os
femoris.
   Inserted, by a strong  tendon, into the cavity
at the inner and back part  of the  root of the
trochanter major,  adhering in its course to the
capsular ligament of the thigh-bone.
   Use.   To roll  the thigh-bone obliquely out-
wards. 
THE MUSCLES.
115
  Behind:

                 First Layer.

              GLUTEUS MAXIMUS,

  Arises, fleshy, from  the  posterior part of the
spine of  the os ilium, a little  higher up than the
joining of the ilium with the os sacrum, from the
whole  external side of  the os sacrum, below the
posterior spinous process of the os ilium ; from
the posterior sacro-ischiatic  ligament, over which
part of the inferior edge of this muscle hangs in
a folded  manner, from  the os coccygis.  All the
fleshy  fibres run obliquely  forwards, and a little
downwards, to form a thick broad muscle which
is divided into a number of strong fasciculi. The
upper  part of  it covers almost the whole of the
trochanter major, between which and the tendon
of this  muscle there is a large bursa  mucosa, and
where it is inseparably joined to the broad ten-
don  of the tensor vaginae femoris.
  Inserted, by a strong, thick, and broad tendon
into the  upper and outer part of the  linea aspera,
which is continued  from the trochanter  major,
for some way downwards.
  Use. To extend  the thigh, by pulling it di
rectly  backwards, and  a little outwards.
  Gluteus magnus, Albinus.
  Gluteus major, Cowper. 
116
DESCRIPTION OF
                Second Layer.
              GLUTEUS MED1U8,
  Arises, fleshy, from  the anterior superior spi-
nous process of the os  ilium, and from all the
outer edge of the spine of the ilium, except the
posterior part, where it arises from the  dorsum
of that bone.
  Inserted, by a broad tendon, into the outer
and posterior part of the trochanter major.
  Use.  To draw  the thigh-bone outwards, and
a little  backward ;  to roll the thigh-bone out-
wards, especially when it is bended.
  N.  B.   The anterior and uper part  of  this
muscle is covered by a tendinous  membrane,
from which a number  of its fleshy fibres arise,
and which joins with the broad tendons  of the
gluteus  maximus,  tensor vaginas  femoris,  and
latissimus dorsi.
      Third Layer consists of four muscles.
             1. GLUTEUS MINIMUS.
  Arises, fleshy, from a ridge that is continued
from the  superior anterior spinous process of the
os ilium, and from the  middle of the dorsum of
that bone, as far back as its great nitch.
  Inserted, by a strong tendon, into the fore and
upper part of the trochanter  major.
  Use. To assist the former  in pulling the thigh
outwards and backwards, and in rolling it*
  Gluteus minor, Albinus. 
THE MUSCLES.
117
                2. PYRIFORMIS,
  Arises, within the pelvis, by three tendinous
and fleshy origins, from the second, third, and
fourth pieces of the  os sacrum; from  thence
growing gradully narrower,  it passes  out  of
the pelvis along with the posterior crural nerve,
below the nitch in the posterior part  of  the  os
ilium, where it receives a few fleshy fibres.
  Inserted,  by a roundish tendon, into the up-
per part of  the cavity at the inner side  of the
root of the trochanter major.
   Use.  To move the thigh a little upwards, and
roll it outwards.
   Pyriformis,  seu iliacus externus, Douglas.

                  3. GEMINI,
  Arise by two distinct origins ;  the superior
from  the spinous process,  and the inferior from
the tuberosity of the os ischium; also, from the
posterior sacro-ischiatic  ligament.   They  are
both  united by  a  tendinous  and fleshy mem-
brane,  and  form a purse  for the tendon of the
obturator internus muscle,  which  was formerly
described.
   Inserted,  tendinous and fleshy, into the cavi-
ty at the inner side of the root of the trochanter
major, on each side of the tendon of the obtura-
tor internus, to which they firmly adhere.
   Use.  To roll the thigh outwards, and to pre-
serve the tendon of the obturator internus from
being hurt by the hardness of that part  of the 
118
DESCRIPTION OF
ischium over which it passes;  also, to hinder it
from starting out of its place,  while the muscle
is in action.
  Gemelli, Winslow.

            4. Q.UADRATUS FEMORIS,

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the out-
side of the  tuberosity of the os ischium ; and
running transversely, is
  Inserted,  fleshy, into  a rough ridge, conti-
nued from the root of the large trochanter to the
root of the small one.
   Use. To roll the thigh outwards. 
THE MUSCLES.             119
                CHAP. XXX.

    MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH.

   These are called muscles of the leg; and con-
sist of one on the outside; two on  the inside ;
four before;  and four behind.
   Previous  to  the description  of the muscles
that are situated on the thigh and  leg, it  is ne-
 cessary  to take notice of  a broad  tendinous
 fascia or sheath,  which is sent off from the back
 and from the tendons of the glutei and adjacent
 muscles.
   It is a  strong thick membrane on the outside
of the thigh and leg:  but, towards the inside of
 both, it gradually turns thinner, and has rather
 the  appearance of cellular substance,  than a
 tendinous membrane.   A little below  the tro-
 chanter  major, it  is  firmly fixed to the linea
 aspera ; and, farther down, to that part of the
 head of the tibia  that is next the fibula;  where
 it sends off the tendinous expansion along the
 outside of the leg.
    It serves to strengthen the action of the mus-
 cles by keeping them firm in their proper places
 while in  action,  particularly the tendons that
 pass over  the  joints, where this  membrane is
 thickest,  and it gives origin to a number of the
 fleshy fibres of the muscles. 
120
DESCRIPTION OF
   Outside:
           TENSOR VAGINJS FEMORIS,

   Arises, by a narrow, tendinous, and fleshy be-
ginning  from the external  part of the anterior
superior spinous process of the os ilium.
   Inserted, a little below  the trochanter major,
into the inner side of the membranous fascia,
which covers the outside of the thigh.
   Use. To stretch  the membranous  fascia, to
assist in the abduction of the thigh, and some-
what in its rotation inwards.
   Musculus  aponeurosis, vel  Fascice lata;, Win-
slow.

   Inside:
                1.  SARTORIUS,
   Arises, tendinous, from the  anterior superior
spinous  process  of  the os ilium,  soon grows
fleshy, runs down for some space upon the  rec-
tus, and going obliquely inwards, it passes over
the vastus internus, and about the middle of the
os femoris, over part of the triceps, it runs down
further between the tendon of the adductor mag-
nus, and that of the gracilis muscle.
   Inserted, by a broad and thin tendon, into the
inner side of the  tibia,  near the inferior part of
its tubercle.
   Use. To bend  the leg obliquely inwards, or to
bring one leg across the other. 
THE MUSCLES.
121
                2.  GRACILIS,
  Arises, by a thin tendon, from the os pubis,
near the symphysis of these two bones;  soon
grows fleshy; and, descending by the inside of
the thigh, is
  Inserted,  tendinous, into the  tibia under the
sartorius.
  Use.   To assist the sartorius.
  Gracilis internus,  sive Rectus internus, Wins-
     low.
  Before:
                 1.  RECTUS,
  Arises, fleshy, from the inferior anterior spi-
nous process of the  os ilium,  and  tendinous
from the dorsum of the ilium, a little above the
acetabulum  ; runs down over the anterior part
of the  cervix  of the os femoris, the fibres not
being straight,  but running down like the plu-
mage of a  feather  obliquely outwards and in-
wards, from a tendon in the middle.
  Inserted,  tendinous,  into  the upper part of
the  patella, from which  a thin tendon  runs
down,  on the  fore-part of this bone,  to termi-
nate in  a thick strong ligament,  which is sent
off from the inferior part of the patella, and in-
serted into the tubercle of the tibia.
  Use.   To extend the leg, and, in a powerful
manner, by the intervention of the patella, like
a pulley.
  Rectus, sive Gracilis anterior, Winslow,
                   M 
122            DESCRIPTION OF
           2.  VASTUS EXTERNUS,
  Arises, broad, tendinous and fleshy, from the
root of the trochanter major, and upper part of
the linea aspera, its origin being continued from
near the insertion of the gluteus  minimus, the
whole length of the linea aspera, by fleshy fibres
which  run obliquely forwards to a middle ten-
don, where they terminate.
  Inserted into a large share of the upper part
of the patella ; and part of it ends in  an aponeu-
rosis, which is continued down to the leg, and,
in its passage,  is firmly fixed to the head of  the
tibia.
  Use.  To extend the leg.
           3.  VASTUS INTERNUS,
  Arises,  tendinous  and fleshy,  from between
the fore-part of the os femoris, and root of  the
trochanter  minor,  and from almost all the in-
side of the linea aspera, by  fibres running ob-
liquely forwards and downwards.
  Inserted, tendinous,  into the upper and inside
of the patella,  continuing fleshy lower than  the
vastus externus.  Part  of it likewise ends in an
aponeurosis continued down to the leg,  and  fix-
ed in its passage to the  upper part of the tibia.
   Use.  To extend the leg.

                4.   CRURAL1S,
  Arises,  fleshy,  from  between  the two tro-
chanters of the os femoris, but nearer the minor, 
                THE MUSCLES.            123

and firmly adhering to most of the fore-parf of
the os femoris, and connected to both vasti mus-
cles.
  Inserted, tendinous, into the upper part of the
patella, behind the rectus.
  Use. To assist in the extension of the leg.
     Cruralis, Albinus.
  N. B.   These four muscles before, being in-
serted into the patella, have the same effect upon
the leg, as if they were immediately inserted in-
to it, by means of the strong tendon, or rather
ligament, which is sent off from the inferior part
of the patella to the tibia.
  Behind:
             1.   SEM1TEND1NOSUS,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, in common with
the long head of the  biceps,  from the posterior
part of the  tuberosity of the os ischium; and
sending down a long roundish tendon, which ends
flat, is
  Inserted into  the  inside of the ridge of  the
tibia, a little below its tubercle.
  Use.   To bend the leg backwards, and a little
inwards.
  Seminervosus, Winslow and Douglas.
            2.  SEMIMEMBRANOSUS,
  Arises, tendinous, from the upper and posteri-
or part of the tuberosity of the os ischium, sends
down a broad flat tendon,  which ends in a fleshy
belly, and, in its descent, runs at first on the fore- 
124
DESCRIPTION  OF
 part of the biceps,  and,  lower, between it and
 the semitendinosus.
   Inserted, tendinous,  into  the inner and back
 part of the head of the tibia.
   Use.  To bend the leg, and bring it directly
 backwards.

   N. B.  The two last form what  is called the
 inner ham-string.

          3.  BICEPS FLEXOR CRURIS,

   Arises, by two distinct heads.  The first, cal-
 led longus, arises, in common with the semitendi-
 nosus, from the upper and posterior part of the
 tuberosity of the os ischium.  The second, called
 brevis, arises from the linea aspera, a little below
 the  termination of the  gluteus maximus,  by a
 fleshy, acute beginning, which soon grows broa-
 der as it descends to join with the  first head, a
 little  above the external condyle of the os  fe-
 moris.
   Inserted,  by a strong tendon, into the upper
 part of the head of the fibula.
   Use.   To bend the leg.
   Biceps cruris, Albinus.
   Biceps, Winslow and Douglas.

   N. B.  This muscle forms  what is called  the
outer ham-string;  and between it and the inner,
the nervus popliteus,  and arteria and vena pop-
litea are situated. 
THE MUSCLES.
125
                4.  POPLITEUS,

  Arises, by a  round tendon, from the lower
and back part of the external condyle of the os
femoris; then runs over  the  ligament that in-
volves the joint, firmly adhering to it, and part
of the semilunar cartilage.  As it runs over the '
joint, it becomes fleshy, and the fibres run ob-
liquely inwards,  being covered with a thin tendi-
nous membrane.
  Inserted, broad, thin, and fleshy, into a ridge
at the upper and internal edge of the tibia, a
little below its head.
  Use. To assist in bending the leg; roll it in-
wards when bent, and prevent the capsular liga-
ment from being pinched.
M-2 
126
DESCRIPTION OF
               CHAP. XXXI.


     MUSCLES  SITUATED  ON THE LEG.

  These are called Muscles of the Foot; and
may be divided into two classes,  viz. Extensors
and Flexors of the Foot.  2.  Common Extensors
and Flexors of  the Toes.

                 First Class.

  Extensors.

  These consist of three:

 1. GASTROCNEMIUS EXTERNUS, SEU GEMELLUS.

  Arises by two  distinct heads.  The first head
arises from the  upper and  back part of the in-
ternal condyle of the os femoris, and from that
bone, a little above  its condyle, by two distinct
tendinous origins.  The second  head arises ten-
dinous from  the upper and back part of the ex-
ternal condyle of the os femoris. A little below
the joint, their fleshy bellies unite in a middle
tendon;  and, below  the middle of the  tibia, it
sends off a broad thin tendon, which joins a lit-
tle above the extremity of the tibia with the ten-
don of the following. 
THE MUSCLES.
127
   2. SOLEUS, 8EU GASTROCNEMIUS INTERNUS,
  Arises by two origins.  The first is from the
upper and  back part of the head of the fibula,
continuing to receive many of its fleshy fibres
from the posterior part of that bone  ibr  some
space below its head.  The other origin begins
from the posterior and upper part of the middle
of the tibia; and runs inwards along the inferior
edge of the popliteus, towards the inner part of
the tibia, from which it receives fleshy fibres for
some  way down.  The flesh of this muscle, co-
vered by the tendon of the gemellus, runs down
near as far as the extremity of the tibia: a little
above which the tendons, of both gastrocnemii
unite,  and form a strong round chord, which is
called tendo Achillis.
   Inserted into the upper and posterior part of
the os  calcis; by the projection of which the
tendo Achillis is at a considerable distance from
the tibia.
   Use.  To extend the foot, by raising the heel,  j
   Gemellus and Soleus, Albinus.
   Gastrocnemii and Soleus, Winslow.
   Extensor tarsi suralis,  vel Extensor magnus,
Douglas.
               3. PLANTARIS,
   Arises, thin and fleshy, from the upper and
back part of the root of the external condyle of
the os femoris, near the inferior extremity of that
bone, adhering to the ligament that involves the 
128            DESCRIPTION OF
joint in its descent.   It passes along the second
origin of the soleus, and  under the gemellus,
where it  sends off a long, slender, thin tendon,
which comes from between the great extensors,
where they join tendons ; then runs down by the
inside of the tendo Achillis.
   Inserted into the inside of the posterior part of
the os calcis, below the tendo Achillis.
   Use. To assist  the former.   It seems likewise
to assist in rolling the foot inwards;  and to pull
the capular ligament from between the bones.
   Tibialis gracilis, vulgo Plantaris,  Winslow.
   Extensor tarsi minor, vulgo Plantaris, Doug-
las.
   N. B.  This muscle, though seldom, has been.
found wanting on both sides.
   Flexors:
   These  consist of four; two that belong to the
tibia, and two to the fibula.

             1. TIBIALIS ANTICUS,
   Arises, tendinous and  fleshy, from the  middle
of that process of the tibia,  to which the fibula
is connected above,  then it runs down fleshy on
the outside of the tibia; from which, and  the
upper part of the interosseus ligament, it receives
a  number of distinct fleshy fibres ; near the ex-
tremity of the tibia, it sends  off a strong round
tendon, which passes under part of the ligamen-
tum tarsi annulare near the malleolus internus. 
THE  MUSCLES.
129
  Inserted, tendinous,  into the inside of the os
cuneiforme internum, and base of the metatarsal
bone that sustains the great toe.
  Use. To bend the foot, by drawing it upwards,
and, at the same time, to turn the toes inwards.
           2.  TIBIALIS POSTICUS,
  Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the
fore and upper  part of the tibia, just under the
process which joins it to the  fibula;  then pas-
sing through a perforation in  the upper part of
the interosseus ligament,  it continues its origin
from the back part of the fibula nest the tibia,
and from near one half of the  upper part of the
last-named bone ;  as also, from the interosseus
ligament,  the fibres running  towards  a middle
tendon, which sends off a round one that passes
in a groove behind the malleolus internus.
  Inserted, tendinous, into the upper and inner
part of the os naviculare, being further continu-
ed to the os cuneiforme internum and medium ;
besides, it gives some tendinous filaments to the
os calcis, os cuboides, and to the root of the me-
tatarsal bone that sustains  the middle toe.
  Use. To extend the foot, turn the toes inwards,
and the outer edge of the foot  downwards.
            3.   PERONEUS LONGD8,
  Arises,  tendinous and fleshy, from  the  fore
part of the head of the perone, or fibula, the
fibres  running  straight down ; also  from the
upper and external part of the fibula,  where it 
130
DESCRIPTION OF
begins to rise into a round edge;  as also, from
the hollow between that and  its anterior edge,
as far down as to reach within a hand-breadth of
the ankle, by a number of  fleshy fibres, which
run outwards towards a tendon, that sends off a
long round one, which passes through a channel
at the outer ankle, in the back part of the inferi-
or extremity of the fibula; then, being reflected
to the sinuosity of the os calcis, it runs along a
groove in the os cuboides, above  the muscles in
the sole of the foot.
  Inserted, tendinous, into the outside of the root
of the metatarsal bone that sustains the great toe,
and by some tendinous fibres in  the os cunei-
forme internum.
   Use.   To  move the foot outwards, and to ex-
tend it a little.
  Peroneus maximus, vulgo Peroneus posterior,
     Winslow.
   Peroneus primus, seu Posticus,  Douglas.
            4.   PERONEUS  BREVIS,
  Arises, by an acute fleshy beginning,  from
above the middle of the external part of the fibu-
la ; from the outer side of  the anterior spine of
this bone; as also, from its round  edge external-
ly, the fibres running obliquely outwards towards
a tendon on its external side: it sends off a round
tendon which passes through the groove at the
outer ankle, being there included under the same
ligament with that of the preceding muscle; and a
little further, it runs through a particular one of
lis own. 
THE MUSCLES.              131
  Inserted, tendinous, into the root and external
part of the metatarsal bone that sustains the little
toe.
   Use.  To assist the former in pulling the foot
outwards, and extending it a little.
   Peroneus medius, vulgo Peroneus anticus, Win-
slow.
   Peroneus secundus, seu Anticus, Douglas.

                 Second Class.
   Common Extensors.
   These consist of two:
    1. EXTENSOR LONGUS DIGITORUM PEDIS,
   Arises, tendinous and fleshy,  from the upper
and outer part of the head of the tibia, and from
the head of the fibula where it  joins with  the
tibia, and from the interosseus ligament; also from
the tendinous fascia, which covers the upper and
outside of the leg by a number of fleshy fibres;
and tendinous and fleshy, from the anterior spine
 of the fibula, almost its whole length, where  it is
inseparable from the peroneus tertius.   It splits
into four round  tendons, under  the ligamentum
tarsi annulare.
    Inserted, by a flat tendon, into the root of the
 first joint of each of the four small  toes, and is
 expanded over the upper side of the toes, as far
 as the root of the last joint.
    Use.  To extend all the joints of the four small
 toes. 
182
DESCRIPTION OF
   Extensor longus, Douglas.
   N. B.  A portion of this muscle, which
   Arises from the middle of the fibula, continues
 down to near its inferior extremity, and sends its
 fleshy fibres forwards to a tendon, which passes
 under the annular ligament, and is
   Inserted  into the root of the metatarsal bone
 that sustains the little  toe:  it is called  by Albi-
, nus, Peroneus tertius ; and by others, the Nonus
 Vesalii.
   Use.  To assist in bending the foot.

     2.  EXTENSOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS,

   Arises, fleshy and tendinous, from the fore and
 upper part  of the os  calcis; and soon  forms a
 fleshy  belly, divisible into four portions, which
 sends off an  equal number of tendons that pass
 over  the upper part of the foot, under the ten-
 dons of the former.
   Inserted, by four  slender  tendons, into the
 tendinous expansion  from  the extensor longus,
 which covers  the small toes, except the little
 one ; also into the tendinous expansion from the
 extensor pollicis,  that covers the upper part of
 the great toe.
    Use.  To extend the toes.
   Extensor brevis, Douglas.

   Flexors.

   These may be reckoned  three. 
THE MUSCLES.
133
 l. FLEXOR BREVIS DIGITORUM PEDIS, PERFORA-
               TUM, OR SUBLIMIS,
  Arises, by a narrow fleshy beginning, from the
 inferior and posterior part of a protuberance of
 the os calcis, between the abductors of the great
 and  little toes;  and soon  forms a thick fleshy
 belly, which sends off four tendons that split for
 the passage of the flexor longus.
  Inserted into the second  phalanx of the four
 lesser toes.  The tendon of the little toe is often
 wanting.
  Use.  To bend the second joint of the toes.
  Perforates, seu Sublimis, Douglas.
 2. FLEXOR  LONGUS  DIGITORUM PEDIS, PROFUN-
              DUS, OR PERFORANS,
  Arises, by an acute tendon,  which soon be-
 comes fleshy, from  the  back part of the tibia,
 some way below its head, near the entry of the
 medullary artery; which beginning, is continued
 down the inner edge of this bone by short fleshy
 fibres, ending in  its  tendon; also, by tendinous
 and fleshy fibres, from the outer edge of the tibia:
 and between this double order of fibres the tibia-
lis posticus muscle lies enclosed.   Having passed
under  two  annular ligaments,  it  then passes
through a sinuosity at the inside of the os calcis;
and, about the middle of the sole of the  foot, di-
vides into four tendons, which pass through  the
 slits of the perforatus ; and, just before its divi-
sion, it receives a considerable tendon from that
of the flexor pollicis longus.
                      N 
w
DESCRIPTION OF
  Inserted into the base of the third phalanx of
the four lesser toes.
  Use.  To bend the last joint of the toes.
  This muscle is assisted by the

 FLEXOR DIGITORUM ACCESSOR1US, SEU  MA8BA
            CARNEA JACOB! SYLVII,

   Arises, by a thin fleshy origin, from most part
of the  sinuosity  at  the inside of the os calcis,
which is  continued forwards for some space on
the same  bone; also, by a thin tendinous begin-
ning, from before the tuberosity of  the os calcis
externally ; and, soon becoming all  fleshy, is
   Inserted into the  tendon of  the flexor longus,
just at its  division into four tendons.
   Use. To assist  the flexor longus.

            3. LUMBRICALES PEDIS,

   Arise,by four tendinous and fleshy beginnings,
 from the tendon of the flexor profundus, just be-
 fore its division, near  the insertion of the massa
 carnea.
   Inserted, by four slender tendons, into the in-
 side of the first joint of the four lesser toes, and
 are lost in the tendinous expansion that  is sent
 from the extensors to cover the upper parr of the
 toes.
    Use. To increase the flexion of the toes, and
 to draw  them inwards 
THE MUSCLES.
135
              CHAP, xxxir.

MUSCLES  WHICH ARE CHIEFLY  SITUATED
              ON THE FOOT.

  These may be  divided into the muscles of
the great toe, of the little toe, and of the  meta-
tarsal bones.

  Muscles of the great toe.

  These are five:

    1. EXTENSOR PROPRIUS POLLICIS PEDIS,
   Arises, by  an acute, tendinous, and  fleshy
beginning, some way below the head and ante-
rior part of the fibula, along which it runs to
near  its lower  extremity, connected to it by a
number of fleshy  fibres,  which   descend ob-
liquely towards  a tendon.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the posterior part of
the first and last joint of the great toe.
   Use.  To extend the great toe.
   Extensor longus, Douglas.

      2. FLEXOR LONGUS  POLLICIS PEDIS,
   Arises,  by an acute,  tendinous,  and  fleshy
 beginning, from the  posterior part of the fibula,
 some way below its head, being continued down
 the same  bone, almost to its inferior extremity, 
136
DESCRIPTON OF
 by a double order of oblique  fleshy fibres ; its
 tendon passes under an annular ligament at the
 inner ankle.
   Inserted, into the  last joint  of the great toe
 and generally  sends a  small  tendon to the os
 calcis.
   Use.  To bend the last joint of this toe.
   Flexor Longus, Douglas.
       3. FLEXOR BREVIS POLLICIS PEDIS,
   Arises,  tendinous, from the under and fore
 part of the os calcis, where it joins with the og
 cuboides from  the os cuneiforme externum, and
 is inseparably  united with the  abduetor and
 adductor pollicis.
   Inserted into the external os  sesamoideum
 and root of the first joint of the great toe.
   Use.  To bend the first joint.
         4. ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PKDIS,
   Arises, fleshy, from the inside of the  root of
 the protuberance of the os calcis, where it forms
 the  heel; and tendinous from the  same bone,
where it  joins with the os naviculare.
  Inserted, tendinous, into  the internal  os sesa-
moideum, and root of the first joint of the great
 toe.
   Use.  To pull the great toe from the rest.
   Thenar, Winslow.
        5. ADDU6TOR POLLICIS PEDIS,
  Arises  by a long thin tendon, from the os
calcis, from the os cuboides, from  the os cunei- 
THE MSa
forme externum, and from the root of the raeta
sal bone of the second toe.
  Inserted into the external os sesamoideum and
root of the metatarsal bone of the great toe.
  Use.  To bring this toe nearer the rest.
  Antithenar,  Winslow.
  Muscles of the little toe.
  These, besides the common extensors and flex-
ors, are two, viz.
     1.   ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS,
  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the semicir-
cular edge of a cavity on the inferior part of the
protuberance  of the os calcis, and from the root
of the  metatarsal bone of the little toe.
   Inserted into the root  of the first joint of the
little toe externally.
   Use.  To draw the little toe outwards from
the rest.
  Parathenar major, and Matatarseus, Winslow,
   2.  FLEXOR BREVIS MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS,
   Arises, tendinous, from the os cuboides, near
the  sulcus or furrow  for lodging the tendon of
the peroneus longus;  fleshy from the outside of
the metatarsal bone that sustains this toe, below
its protuberant part.
   Inserted  into the anterior extremity of the
metetarsal bone, and root of the first joint of this
toe.
   Use.  To bend this toe.
   Parathenar minor, Winslow.,
                    N 2. 
              i.^„RirXION OF

  The muscle which brings the extremities of the
metatarsal bones towards each other, is named
            TRANSVERSALIS PEDI8,
  Arises, tendinous, from the under part of the
anterior  extremity of the metatarsal bone of the
great toe, and from the internal os sesamoideum
of the first joint, adhering to the adductor pollicis.
  Inserted,  tendinous,  into the under and outer
part of the anterior extremity of the metatarsal
bone of the little  toe,  and  ligament of the next
toe.
   Use.  To  contract the  foot, by bringing the
great toe and the two  outermost toes nearer
each other.
   N. B.  The muscles situated on the  sole of
the foot  are covered by a strong tendinous apo-
neurosis, which is extended from the os calcis
to the first joints of all the  toes, and serves to
preserve the subjacent  parts from being  com-
pressed in standing and walking.
   Muscles from the metatarsal bones.
   These are four external and three internal in-
terossei, and one muscle  which is common to all
the metatarsal bones.

      Interossei Pedis externi, Bicipites.

         1.   ABDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS,
   Arises, tendinous and fleshy,  by two origins,
from the root of the inside of the  metatarsal 
THE MUSCLES.
139
bone o  the fore-toe, from the outside of the root
of the metatarsal bone of the great-toe, and from
the os cuneiforme internum.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the  inside of the root
of the first joint of the fore-toe.
   Use.   To pull the fore-toe  inwards from the
rest of the small toes.

         2.  ADDUCTOR INDICIS PEDIS,

   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from  the  roots
of the metatarsal bones of the fore and second
toes.
   Inserted, tendinous, into the  outside of the
root of the first joint of the fore-toe.
   Use.   To pull the fore-toe outwards towards
the rest.

     3.   ADDUCTOR MEDII DIGITI  PEDIS,

   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of
the metatarsal bones of the second and third toes.
   Inserted,  tendinous, into, the  outside of the
root of the first joint of the second toe.
   Use.   To pull the second toe outwards.

     4.    ADDUCTOR TERTII DIGITI PEDIS,
   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the roots of
the metatarsal bones of the third and little toes.
   Inserted,  tendinous,  into the putside of the
root of the first joint of the third toe.
   Use.   To pull the third toe outwards. 
140      DESCRIPTION OF  THE  MUSCLES.

           Interossei Pedis interni.

      1.   ABDUCTOR  MEDII DIGITI  PEDIS,

  Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside
of the root of the metatarsal bone of the middle
toe internally.
  Inserted, tendinous,  into  the  inside of the
root of the first joint of the midlde toe.
   Use.  To pull the middle toe inwards.

      2.   ABDUCTOR TERTII  DIGITI PEDIS,

   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from  the inside
 and  inferior part of the  root of the metatarsal
 bone of the third toe.
   Inserted,  tendinous, into the inside of  the
 root of the first joint of the third toe.
   Use.   To  pull the third toe inwards.

      3.  ADDUCTOR MINIMI  DIGITI  PEDIS,

   Arises, tendinous and fleshy, from the inside of
 the root of the metatarsal bone of the  little toe.
   Inserted, tendinous,  into the inside of the root
 of the first joint of the little toe.
    Use.  To pull the little toe inwards, 
INDEX.
                     A.
                                       Page
  ABDOMEN, muscles situated  on the an-
      teirior part of it,     -               45
            within its cavity,     -     -     62
Abductor indicis manus,    -     -        107
         indicis pedis,       -     -    -    138
         minimi digiti  manus,     -    -    107
         minimi digiti pedis,      -    -    137
         oculi,   -----    13
         pollicis manus,    -     -    -   106
         pollicis pedis,     -     -    -   136
         medii digiti pedis,       -    -   140
         tertii digiti pedis,       -    -   140
Accelerator urinse,     -         -    -    53
Adductor brevis femoris,    -     -    -   113
         indicis pedis,      -     -    -   139
         longus femoris,    -     -    -   113
         medii digiti pedis,       -    -   139
         magnus femoris,   -     -    -   113
         metacarpi minimi digiti manus,    108
         minimi digiti pedis,      -    -   140
         oculi,        -    -     -    -    13
         pollicis manus,    -     -    -   106
         pollicis pedis,     -     -    -   136
          tertii digiti pedis,       -    -   139
 Amygdalae,      -----    36
 Anconeus,      -----    94 
INDEX.
Angularis,
Ani sphincter,
    levator,     -     -    «-
Anterior auris,        *•
Antithenar,                 +
Antitragicus,
Anus, muscles of the,
Arytenoideus minor,
             obliquus,       -
             transversus,
Arytasno-epiglottideus,
Attolens aurem,
         oculi,   -
Auris anterior,   -
      retrahentes,     -    -•
      posterior,
      internus,   -
      transversus,
      obliquus,   -
Azygos uvulae,
                       B
Basio cerato-chondro glossus,
Biceps brachii,
       flexor cubiti,
       flexor cruris,
       internus,
       externus,
Biventer maxillae inferioris,
Brachii is internus,
Buccinator,      -
Bulbo cavernosus, 
                  INDEX.

                      C
Capitis obliquus superior,
       obliquus inferior,
       partertium,    -
       rectus,    ►
       posticus,       -
C ephalo-phary ngeus,
Cerato glossus,   -
Cervicalis descendens,
Circumflexus, or Tensor palati,
Clitoridis erector,     -
Coccygeus,      -
Colli latissimus,       -
      longus,    -
      transversalis,    -
      semispinalis,    -
      interspinales,    -
      intertransversales,
Complexus,      -    -
           minor,
Compressor  naris,     -
Constrictor oris,        -
           isthmi faucium,  -
           pharyngis,   -
Coracho-brachialis,     -
         hyoideus,
         radialis,
Corrugator supercilii,
Cranium, muscles of its teguments,
 Cremaster,       -
 Crico-arytenoideus lateralis, 
                  INDEX.
                                         Page
Crico-arytenoideus posticus,                 42
      thyroideus,                           32
      pharyngeus,                          40
Crotaphyte muscle,                         24
Cruralis,......122
Cubit, or fore arm, muscles of,          *    95
Cucularis,                                  76
Cutaneus,        -----    26
                      D
Dartos,     ------    52
Deltoides,  ------    90
Depressor anguii oris,                       19
           labii inferioris,   -    -     -     19
           labii superioris alasque nasi,       IS
           labiorum communis,   -     -     19
           oculi,       -    -    -     -    13
Diaphragma,           ...     -    62
Digastricus,      -     -   -    -     -    28
Dorsi interspinalis,      -    -    -     -     8f
       latissimus,       -    -    -     -    77
       spinalis,     -----     84
       longissimus,      -    ...     84
       semispinalis,      ....     85
                      E
Ear, muscles of the,    -                     4
Elevator oculi,   -    -    -    -     -     13
          labii superioris,    -     -     -     17
          labii  inferioris,                    20
 Epicranius,.....2
 Epistaphilinus,   -----     39
 Erector clitoridis,       -     -     -     -     57 
                   INDEX.
                                        Page
Erector penis,    -----     53
Extensor brevis digitorum pedis,   -     -    132
        carpi radialis brevior,               97
        carpi radialis longior,               97
        carpi ulnaris,                       98
        digitorum communis,     -     -    100
        longus digitorum pedis,   -     -    131
        ossis metacarpi pollicis manus,  -    104
        primi internodii pollicis manus,     105
        proprius pollicis pedis,    -     -    135
        secundi internodii pollicis manus,   105
        major pollicis manus,     -     -    106
        pollicis secundus,    -              106
        tertii internodii,     -     -    106,  108
        tarsi suralis,    -     -     -         127
        tarsi minor,   -     -     -         128
Extremities, superior, muscles of,  -     -     88
           inferior, muscles of,   -         112
Eye-ball, muscles of,  -     -     -     -     12
Eye-lids, muscles of,    -     -     -     -     10
                      F
Fallopii capitis par tertium,                 81
Fauces, muscles about the,                  37
Faucium isthmi constrictor,                 37
Flexor accessorius digitorum pedis,     -    134
       brevis digitorum pedis,    -     -    133
       brevis minimi digiti pedis,       -    137
       brevis pollicis manus,      -     -    104
       brevis pollicis pedis,       -     -    136
       longus digitorum pedis,    -     -    133
       primi  internodii,     -     -     -104
       tertii  internodii,      -     -     -    103
                        O 
                  INDEX.
                                       Page
Flexor secundi internodii,  -     -     -   104
       carpi radialis,   -    -     -     »    95
       carpi ulnaris,   -                    96
       longus pollicis manus,     -     -   103
       longus pollicis pedis,      -    -   135
       ossis metacarpi pollicis,    -     -   104
       parvus minimi digiti manus,    -    108
       profundus perforans,                99
       sublimis perforatus,                 99
Foot, muscles on the,       -             135
Frontalis,   ------      1
                      G
Gastrocnemius externus,    -    -     -   126
               internus,     -    -     -   127
Gemellus,  -    -    -     -    -     -    126
Gemini,    -    -    -    -    -     -117
Genae quadra* us,                          26
Generation, organs of; muscles about them 52,57
 Genio hyo-glossus,    -     -     -    -     28
 Genio hyoideus,                           29
 Glosso-st'aphilinus,    ...    -     37
        pharyngeus,   -     -     -    -     41
 Glottis,  muscles situated about it, -    -     42
 Gluteus maximus,     -     -     -         115
         mediu?,     -    -     -     -    116
         minimus,     -     -     -    -   116
 Gracilis,......121
                      H
 Hand, muscles of the,       -    -    -   103
 Helicis  major,    -----     5
         minor,   -----      6 
INDEX.
			Page
Humeri os, muscles situated on,	-	-	92
Hyoides os, muscles about it,	- 28	, 31, 33	
Hyo-glossus, -	-	-	30
Hyo-pharyngeus,	-	-	41
Hyo-thyroideus,	-	-	32
Hypothenar minor,	-	-	108
Riolani, I Jaw, lower, muscles of,	-	-	108
	_	.	23
muscles about it and the os'.	hyoides	28,31,33	
Iliacus internum -	-	-	66
Inchivus inferior,	-	-	20
lateralis,	-	-	18
medius,	-	-	18
Indicator, -	-	-	107
Infra spinatus,	-	-	88
costales, -		-	71
Intercostales externi,	-	-	70
interni, -	-	-	70
Interosseus auricularis,	-	-	110
pedis externi, -	-	-	138
pedis interni,	-	-	140
Interspinals colli,	-	-	85
dorsi et lumborum.	i	-	87
Intertransversales colli,	-	-	87
dorsi,	-	-	87
lumborum,	-	-	87
Ischio - cavernosus,	-		53
Isthmi faucium constrictor, -	-	-	37
L			
Labii inferioris depressor,	-	-	19
< 
INDEX.
Labii inferioris levator,
      superioris alseque nasi levator,
      elevator,   -
      depressor,  -    -     -     -
Labiorum communis depressor,
          sphincter,
Latissimus colli,
          dorsi,       -
Laxator tympani,      -
Leg, muscles situated on,
Levatores costarum,
Levator anguii oris,
        ani, -     -    -     -     -
        ani feminse,
        labii inferioris,
        labii superioris alaeque nasi,
        menti,   -
        oculi,   -
        palati,   -
        palpebrae superioris,
        parvus,       ...
        proprius,      ...
        scapulae,      -
Lingualis,        -
Lips, muscles of,      -
Longissimus dorsi,
Longus colli,     -
 Lumbaris externus,
          internus,    -
Lumborum intertransversales,
            quadra tus, 
INDEX.
				Page
Lumbricales manus,	-	-	-	- 100
pedis,	M	-		- 134
Mallei anterior,	-	-	-	7
externus,	-	-	-	7
internus, -	-	-	-	8
Massa carnea Jacobi Sylvii,			-	- 134
Masseter,	-	-	-	24
Mf-nti levator,	-	-	-	20
Marsupialis,	-	-	-	60
Mastoideus,	-	-	-■	■ 27, 81
Metacarpus,	-	-	-	- 108
Metatarsus,	-	-	-	- 137
Mouth, muscles of,	-	-	-	17
Multifidus spinas,	-	-	-	85
Musculus cutaneus,	-	-	-	26
Mylo hyoideus,	-	-	-	29
pharyngeus,	N	-	-	41
Nasalis,	-	-	-	16
labii superioris	h	-	-	22
Naris compressor,	-	-	-	16
Nasi alas levator,	-	-	-	17
depressor,	-	-	-	18
Neck, muscles about its anterior part,				- 26, 73
Nonus Vesalii,	-	-	-	132
Nose, muscle of,	0	-	-	16
Obliquus ascendens internus		>	-	47
capitis inferior,		-	-	83
capitis superior,		-	-	82
	0 2			
 
INDEX.
Obliquus descendens,
         descendens externus,
         externus abdominis,
         internus abdominis,
         inferior oculi,
         superior seu trochlearis,
Obturator internus,
          externus,
Occipito-frotalis,
Oculi abductor,
      adductor,
      attolens,   -
      depressor,
      deprimens,
      elevator,
      levator,    -
      obliquus inferior,
      obliquus superior,
      obliquus  major,
      obliquus minor,
 Omo-hyoideus,
 Opponens pollicis,
 Orbicularis oris,
            palpebrarum,
 Oris anguii depressor,
      anguii retractor,
      constrictor,
      levator anguii,
      orbicularis,
                       P
 Falati circumflexus,
       levator,   - 
INDEX.
Palati tensor,	-	.	.	34
Palato-pharyngeus,	-	-	-	37
salpingeus,	-	-	-	35
staphilinus,	-	-	-	39
Palmaris brevis,	-	-	-	98
cutaneus,	-	-	-	98
longus,	-	-	-	95
Palpebral superioris levator	>	-	-	11
Palpebram aperiens rectus,		-	-	11
Palpebrarum orbicularis,	-	-	-	10
Patintire musculus,	-	.	-	79
Parathenar major,	-	■	-	137
minor,	-	-	•	137
Pectinalis,	-	-	.	112
Pectineus,	-	--	-	112
Pectoralis major,	■«	-	-	67
minor,	-	-	-.	68
Pedis interossei externi,	»	-	-	138
interossei interni,	-■	-	-	140
Pelvis, muscles about it,	-	-	-	60
Penis erector,	-	.	-	53
Perforans,	-	-	100,	, 133
Perforatus,	-	-	99.	133
Perinei transversus,	-	-	-	54
Peroneus brevis,	-	-	-	130
longus,	-	-	-	129
maximus,	-	-	-	130
medius,	-	-	-	131
primus,	-	-	-	130
secundus,	-	•>	-	131
tertius,	-	•	-	132
Pharynx, muscles on the posterior part			of it,	40
 
INDEX.
Pharynx constrictor,  -
Plantaris,  -     -     -
Platysma myoides,
Popliteus,
Posterior annularis,
         auris,
         indicis,
         medii,
Prior annularis,
      indi is,
      medii,
Pronator radii quadratus,
               teres,
Prostate inferior,
Psoas magnus,
      parvus,
Pterygoideus externus,
              internus,
              major,   -
               minor,
 Pterygo-pharyngeus,
 Pyramidalis,
 Pyriformis,
                       Q
 Quadratus,
           femoris,
           genae,
           lumborum,
                       R
 Radialis externus longior,
         externus brevior,
         primus,  -
         internus, 
INDEX.
Radialis secundus,
Rectus,
       abdominis,
       capitis internus major,
             internus minor,
             lateralis,
             posticus major,
             posticus minor,
Retractor anguii oris,
Retrahentes auris,
Rhomboideus,
Rinreus,                -
                     S
Sacer,                 -
Sacro-lumbalis,
Salpingo-staphilinus,
Sartorius,
Scalenus anticus,
         medius,
         posticus,
         prior,
Scapulas levator,
Semi-interosseus,
Semi-nervosus,
Semi-orbiculari6,
Semimembranosus,
Semispinalis colli,
            dorsi,
Semitendinosus,
Seminis ejaculator,
Serratus aniens- 
INDEX.
Serratus magnus,
        posticus inferior,
        posticus superior,
Soleus,      -
Spheno-salpi ngo-staphilinus,
Sphincter ani,
          cutaneus,
          externus,
          labiorum,
Sphincter vaginas,
Spinalis dorsi,
Spinas multifidus,
Splenius,
         capitis,
         colli,
Stapedius,
Staphilinus,
Sterno cleido-mastoideus,
Sterno-costalis,
Sterno-hyoideus,
Sterno-thyroideus,
Stylo-glossus,
Stylo-hyoideus,
Stylo phary ngeus,
Subclavius,
Sublimis,
Subscapularis,
Supercilii corrugator,
Supinator radii brevis,
           longus,
 Supra costales, 
                  INDEX.
                                       Page
Supra spinatus,                             88
Sylvii Jacobii massa carnea,       -     -    134
Syndesmo-pharyngeus,       -     -     -     41
                     T
Temporalis,     -----     23
Tensor tympani,       -                     8
       palati,                             34
        vagina? femoris,     -     -         120
Teres major,     -----     89
      minor,.....89
Thenar Kiolani,       -                   136
        Winslow,      -     -     -     -    136
Thorax, muscles situated about its anteriorpart 67
        between it and the ribs,            70
Thigh, muscles situated on,       -     -    119
Thumb, muscles of,    -     -     -     -    103
Thyreo-arytenoirieus,                      42
Thyreo-epiglottideus,                      44
Thyro-pharyngeus,    -     -     -     -     40
Thyro-hvoideus,                          32
Thyro-pi;aryngo staphilinus,     .     -     38
Thyro-stapiilinus,     .     ...     38
Tibialis amicus,       -     -     -     -    128
        gracilis,       -                   128
        posticus,      -                   129
Trachelo mastoideus,                      81
Tragicus,   ------      6
Transversalis,         -     -     -     -     49
             anticus,                      74
             colli,          ...     81
             lumborum,                    86
             pedis,    -     •■     -         138 
                  INDEX.
                                        Page
Transversalis urethrae,                      54
Transverso-spinalis,                         85
Transversus dorsi,                           85
           abdominis,                      49
           auris,      -                     6
           perinei,    -                54,58
Trapezius, seu Cucularis,                   76
Triangularis,    -    -    -     -     -     19
            or Sterno-costalis,    -     -     71
Triceps adductor femoris,   -     -     -    113
        extensor cubiti,                    93
        minus,       -    -    -     -    113
        secundus,    -    -    -     -    113
        tertius,  -    -    -     -     -    114
Trochlearis,      -     -    -     -     -     13
Trunk, muscles situated on its posterior part, 76
Tympani laxator,      -          -     -      7
          tensor,      -    -     -     -      8
                    V, U
Vaginae sphincter,                          57
Vastus externus,        -     -     -     -    122
       internus,       -                   122
Ulnaris externus,                           98
        gracilis,                            96
        internus,      -    -     -     -     97
Urethras transversalis,                      54
Urinae accelerator,                         53
Uvula azygos,    -     -    - •    -     -     38
                      Z
Zygomaticus major,                        21
             minor,                        21 
i 
FUte  1.
A/oyetrider I/el.
JZJfornrrA kjlarmd Sc. 
  In this plate are exhibited the outermost of the
muscles, as they are situated behind the common
integuments, on the anterior part of the body.
             PLATE I.

  A. Platysma myoides.
  B. Deltoides.
  C. Biceps brachii.
  D. Pronator radii teres.
  E. Supinator radii longus.
  F. Flexor carpi radialis.
  G. Palmaris longus.
  H. Flexor carpi ulnaris.
  I. Pectoralis major.
  K. Obliquus descendens externus.
  L. Linea semilunaris.
  M.  Linea alba.
  N.  Poupart's or Fallopius's ligament.
O.O.  Sartorius.
  P. Tensor Vaginae femoris.
  Q.  Gracilis.
  R.  Iliacus internus.
  S. Pectinalis.
  T.  Triceps adductor femoris.
  U.  Psoas magnus.
  V.  Vastas externus.
  W. Rectus.
  X.  Vastus internus.
                  P 
  Some of the external muscles contained in the
first  table being removed, the next order are
brought into view in this plate.
           PLATE  II.


A. Sterno cleido ma6toideus.
B. Sterno hyoideus.
C. Biceps brachii.
D. Flexor sublimis perforatus.
E; Pectoralis minor.
F. Serratus magnus.
G. Obliquus ascendens internus.
H.  Pyramidalis.
I. Rectus abdominis.
K.  Iliacus internus.
L. Psoas magnus.
M. Peetinalis.
N. Triceps adductor femoris.
O. Gracilis.
P.  Vastus externus.
Q. Cruralis.
R. Vastus internus.
S.  Ligamentum patella. 
Plate   i.
J&afHlrtt/ar Hel.
J'.Afavmcfr b Dwa/td. Sc. 
Plate  3.
Mfydridyc- 7/el.
HJfarerick ILOvrand Sc. 
  Most of the parts in the preceding plate being
removed, the thirchorder of muscles are exhibited
in this plate.
          PLATE III.


A. Thyroid cartilage.
B. Sterno thyroideus.
C. Coracho brachialis.
D. Brachialis internus.
E. Brachialis externus.
F. Transversus abdominis.
G. Posterior Lamellae of the Aponeuro-
     ses of the internal oblique muscles,
     spread  over the Aponeuroses of the
     transverse muscles.
H. Peritoneum.
I. Gluteus maximus.
K. Flexor profundus perforans.
L. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
M. Iliacus internus.
N. Triceps adductor femoris*
O. Gracilis. 
  The fourth order of muscles, with the bones
and ligaments.
            PLATE IV.


A. A. Subscapularis.
   B. Pronator radii quadratus.
O. C. Diaphragma.
   D. Psoas magnus.
   E. Iliacus internus.
   F* Triceps adductor femoris. 
Plate  -4..
Afoydrr'ifyc //>/
J'Jfcivjrrt'ri IrJJumnJ Sc. 
Plate   A-
Afffrf/rtf
TM<n,rr><*  IC JJurcinUSc. 
  In this plate some of the external muscles on
the back part of the body are exposed.
          PLATE V.

V. A. Trapezius, seu cucularis.
  B. Latissimus dorsi.
  C. Deltoides.
  D.  Triceps extensor  cubitu
  E.  Gluteus maximus.
  F. Biceps flexor cruris.
  G.  Semitendinosus.
  H.  Semimembranosus.
  I.  Gastrocnemius  externus.
P 2 
  In this plate are expressed the second order
of muscles on the back part of the body.
          PLATE VI.

A. Levator scapulae.
B. Supra spinatus.
C. Infra spinatus.
D.  Rhomboideus minor.
E. Rhomboideus major.
F.  Triceps extensor cubiti.
G.  Serratus posticus inferior.
H.  Gluteus medius.
I.  Obliquus ascendens internum
K.  Biceps flexor cruris.
L.  Semitendinosus.
M. Semimembranosus.
N. Plantaris.
0. Gastrocnemius internus.
 P. Serratus superior posticus 
Plate 6
JLMavericA Ac fliawid j 
Plat
»'  7
»  1
I
JlifavericA A?2>unm</ ec. 
  In this plate the third order of muscles on the
back part of the body are brought into view.
          PLATE  VII.

A. Trachelo mastoideus.
B. Teres major.
C. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
D.  Extensor carpi radiaiis brevior,
E. Sacro lumbalis.
F. Longissimus dorsi.
G. Transversus abdominis.
H.  Gluteus minimus.
I. Trochanter major.
K.  Obturator externus.  '
L. Obturator internus.
M. Semimembranosus.
N.  Gracilis.
6.  Popliteus.
P.  Biceps  flexor cruris  brevis,  or short
         head. 
  In this plate  the  innermost layer of muscles
on the back part of the body, together with some
of the bones and ligaments, are exposed.
           PLATE VIII.

  A. Scaleni.
B.B. Spins; multifidus.
  C. Supinator radii brevis.
  D. Obturator externus.
E. E. Tibialis posticus,
  F. Peroneus brevis.
G.G. Ossa perietalia.
  H. Os occipitis.
   I. Clavicula,
   K. Scapula.
  L. Os humeri.
  M. Ulna.
   N. Radius.
   O. Carpus.
   P. Olecranon,
   Q,. Os ilium.
   R. Os innominatum..
   S. Trochanter major.
   T. Ischium  tuberosity.
   U. Os femoris.
   V. Os femoris condyles.
   W. Semilunar cartilages.
   X. Fibula.
   Y. Tibia.
   Z. Os calcif.
   &. Tarsu?. 
Plate 8
l—fi
'Jiiivert'rfi (('AW J 
Plate 9
!l
JiMavcrit* S:J)unind tc. 
  In this plate is represented a side view of the
external muscles.
           PLATE IX.


A.  Deltoides.
B.  Biceps brachii.
C.  Brachialis internus.
D.  Supinator radii longus.
E.  Triceps extensor cubiti.
F.  Trapezius seu cucularis.
G.  Latissimus dorsi.
H.  Serratus magnus.
I.  Obliquus descendens externus.
K.  Gluteus maximus.
L.  Gluteus medius.
M. Sartorius.
N.  Vastus internus.
O.  Vastus externus.
P.  Rectus.
Q.  Tendon of the biceps muscle, forming
     the outer ham-string.
R.  Tendons  of  the  semimembranosus,
     and semitendinosus muscles, forming
     the inner ham-string.
S, Gastrocnemius externus. 
  In this plate some of  the external muscles on
the face, hands, and feet, are exposed.
                 PLATE X.
                   FIG. I.
 A. Occipito-frontalis.
 B. Attolens aurem.
 C. Anterior auris.
 D. Orbicularis palpebrarum.
 E. Compressor naris.
 F. Levator anguii oris.
 G. Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi.
 H. Zygomaticus major.
 I.  Zygomaticus minor.
 K. Masseter.
 L. Depressor anguii oris.
 M. Sterno cleido mastoideus.
 N. Platysma myoides.
 O. Depressor labii inferioris.
 P. Orbicularis oris.
                   FIG II.
 A. Supinator radii longus.
 B. Flexor carpi radialis.
 C. Palmaris longus.
 D. Aponeurosis palmaris.
 E. Abductor pollicis manus.
 F. Palmaris brevis.
 G. Flexor sublimis perforatus.
                   FIG. in.
 A. Extensor digitorum communis.
 B. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
 G. Extensor carpii radialis brevior.
 D. Abductor indicis manus.
                   FIG. IV.
 A. Tibialis anticus.
 B. Extensor longus digitorum pedis.
 C. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis.
                    FIG. v.
 A. Tibialis anticus.
 B. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis,
 C. Malleolus internus.
JiJfctveric* KMurand sc 
Plate 10
J'.Jtaverrd &J/uratu{ jc 
Plate 11
F   l2
UMaveru* XrDumruf ft 
  Ill this plate the second order of the muscles on
the face, hands and feet, are brought into view.

                PLATE XI.
                   FIG.  I.
      A. Corrugator supercilii.
      B. Temporalis.
      C. Masseter.
      D. Buccinator.
      E. Orbicularis oris.
      F. Depressor labii inferioris.
      G.  Levator anguii oris.
      H.  Sterno cleido maistoideus.
                   FlG. II.
      A. Flexor sublimus perforatus.
      B. Lumbricales.
      C. Flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis.
      D.  Abductor minimi digiti manus.
      E. Flexor parvus minimi digiti.
                    FIG. III.
       A. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus.
       B.  Extensor primi internodii.
       C.  Extensor secundi internodii.
      D. Indicator*
      E. Abductor indicis manus.
                 FIG. IV.  and  v-
     A.A. Extensor proprius pollicis pedis.
     B.B.  Extensor longus digitorum pedis.
     C.C.  Malleolus internus. 
  The third order of muscles on the face, hands
and feet exposed.
           PLATE XII.

               FIG. I.
  A. Orbicularis oris.
  B. Buccinator.
  C. Thyro-hyoideus.
  D. Sterno-thyroideus.
  E. Scalenus anticus.
  F. Scalenus medius.
  G. Thyroid cartilage.
  H. Os hyoides.
               fig. u.
  A. Adductor metacarpi minimi  digiti ma-
         nus.
  B. Lumbricales.
  C. Flexor brevis pollicis manus.
               FIG. III.
  A. Extensor carpi radialis.
  B. Extensor carpi radialis longior.
  C. Adductor pollicis manus.
            FUG. IV. AND V.
A.A. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis. 
JT.I.
J^Maycrt'ci &T-Z)ura"<£ *c. 
Plate 13
1?. 2
JiJttxreru* &J>nmnJ jv 
  In this plate the fourth order of muscles on the
face and hands are exposed.
          PLATE XIII.


              FIG. I.
A. Levator oculi.
B. Adductor oculi.
C. Abductor oculi.
D. Depressor oculi.
E. Longus colli.
            .FIG. II.
A. Pronator radii quadratus.
B. Flexor brevis pollicis manus.
             FIG. III.
A. Adductor pollicis manus.
Q 
  In this plate some of the external muscles on
the back part of the head, on the hands, and on
the feet, are exposed.
           PLATE XIV.


               FIG. I.
 A.  Occipito frontalis.
 B.  Temporalis.
 C.  Trapezius seu cucularis.
 D.  Sterno cleido mastoideus.
               FIG. II.
 A.  Extensor digitorum communis.
               FIG. III.
 A.  Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis ma-
      nus.
 B.  Extensor primi internodii.
 C.  Extensor secundi internodii.
 D.  Extensor digitorum communis,
           FIG. IV. AND V.
A.A. Peroneus brevis.
B.B.  Peroneus longus.
C.C.  Tendo achillis. 
Plate   14.
F.^i
F.S.
F. 7
F. 3
^"^ria^ie  Ue?.
/.'JKawu-A kJ/a/und Sc
I 
Plate  15
F. 1.
A/.'./,/r,;/-/c J/fl.
HAf.ivcricA k //ur*n,i JV 
  The  second order of  muscles on the back
part of the neck, with some on  the  hands and
feet, brought into view.
            PLATE XV.

                FIG. I.
  A.  Temporalis.
  B.  Complexus.
  C.  Splenius.
               FIG. n. .
  A.  Extensor primi internodii.
  B.  Extensor secundi internodii.
  C.  Indicator.
           FIG. III. AND IV.
A.A.  Gastrocnemius internus.
B.B.  Gastrocnemius externus, part cut off.
C,C. Tendo achillis.
MeyHn'jtee Uci.
F.Maven<1t Irl/aranciSc. 
  In this plate some of the deep-seated muscles
on the back part of the neck, on the hands, and
on the feet, are exposed.
            PLATE XVI.

                FIG. I.
  A.  Complexus.
  B.  Trachelo-mastoideus.
                FIG. II.
  A. Extensor carpi radialis brevior.
  B.  Extensor carpi radialis longior.
           FIG. III. AND IV.
A.A.  Flexor longus digitorum  pedis, pro-
         fundus perforans.
B.B. Flexor longus pollicis pedis.
C.C.  Peroneus longus.
D.D. Peroneus brevis.
E.E.  Os calcis,
M.y./ntlyc JUL
I'.Af.n-.rtcA &//urancf JV 
Plate    10.     F  3                           T^
AfiaydricZpe  //ri.
Z*.Mavcrzs/c t- DuranriSc. 
Plate 17
F. -,
M*ffJrieU?f JJfl
^JtAfaver-ic/t k Huftzncf Sc.
H 
  In this plate some muscles on the side of the
head and neck,  and some on the arms and feet,
are exposed.
            PLATE XVII.

               FIG. I.
  A. Temporalis.
  B. Occipito-frontalis.
  C. Platysma myoides.
  D. Sterno cleido mastoideus.
  E. Trachelo-mastoideus.
  F. Splenius.
               FIG. ZI.
A.A. Peroneus brevis.
  B. Extensor iongus digitorum pedis.
  C. Extensor brevis digitorum pedis.
               FIG. III.
  A. Plantaris.
  B. Gastrocnemius.
  C. Tendo achillis.
               FIG. IV.
  A. Flexor carpi radialis.
  B. Supinator radii longus.
  C. Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis manus.
  D. Extensor primi internodii.
  E. Extensor secundi internodii. 
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