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     No..ji../...fr.//..^. 
 
 
                         AN

       INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

                         ON

  MEDICAL EDUCATION;

DELIVERED AT THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE ANNUAL COURSE 0*
                     LECTURES ON

BOTANY AND THE MATERIA MEDIC A.
PUBLISHED AT THE REQUEST OF THE STVDEXTS OF MEDICINE.

                      V.
        By DAVID HOSACK,  M. D.
Professor of Botany and the Materia Mcdica in Columbia College.
  Qui earn vult discere scientiam, debet bonam sequi methodum, bonos
legere authores, qui viam dant ad hanc scientiam acquirendam, nihil
admittere debet, quod non faciat ad illam, et nihil omittere quod ncces-
sarium est, ut acquiratur ilia scientia.
                   Boerhaave, Methodus. Discendi Mcdicinam.
                NEW-YORK:
Printed by T. and J. Swords, Printers to the Faculty of Physic
        of Columbia College, No. 99 Pearl-street.
I80I. 
 
ERRATA.
In page 10, line 16, for « D'Azvz" read D'Azyr.
       13,     *5>    " purefa<ftive" read Putrefa<ftive-
       ao'     ao,    " D'Azyz" read D'Azyr.
       a,     IO>    « opinions" read operations.
       40,      a,    " minerals" read animals.
f 
 
LECTURE,  &c.
JVlANKIND, in the early ages of society^
when their  diet,  dress, and modes of life,
were simple, and their wants were those of
nature,  instead  of  the  artificial  appetites
which are suggested by fashion and caprice,
were subject to but few diseases,  except such
as proceeded from external accidents.  Con-
sequently, medicine was in so little demand,'
that it was not of sufficient importance to be
constituted the object of aseparate profession;
and the remedies which were employed in
the  cure of diseases were few and simple.
Hence we learn  that this  branch  of  know-
ledge was, at first, chiefly confined to  the fa-
thers or  heads of  families.*  But society ad-
vancing in arts,  also advanced in luxuries;
the  catalogue of  diseases became  enlarged;

  * See l'Origine des Loix, des Arts, et des Sciences, torn. II. lib. iii. p. 9.
Les peres avoient soin d'enseigner a leurs enfans ce qu'ils pouvoient eir
•cavoir. Cest ceque nous apprennent les  plus anciennes traditions.*—
Diod. lib. i. p. 30. 
4
new observations  were made, and remedies
proportionably increased in number.   This
kind of knowledge, at length, not only prov-
ed too burthensome to those who were occu-
pied with concerns of a different nature,  but
also involved those duties which such as were
pursuing the ordinary avocations of life could
not discharge.
   Accordingly, the art of healing was after-
wards transferred  to their priests and philoso-
phers, as being more nearly allied, in  its na-
ture,  to the subjects of their professions.
   The priests took upon themselves the cure
of diseases, from  the consideration that they
were punishments  inflicted  upon mankind
for their crimes,  and  that many  of them
were only to be relieved by  their axts and in-
vocations.*  Medicine,  also,  claimed some
notice as a part of the study of  nature,^ and
thus fell to the attention of their wise men,
or philosophers.   In proof of  this, it is re-
lated of that'celebrated philosopher of anti-
quity, Pythagoras,  that he travelled from
place to place, not so much to teacli the pe-
culiar doctrines of his philosophy as to prac-
  * Morbos vero ad iram Deorum immortalium telttos ct ab iisdem
ppcm posci aoliturn.  See Celsus, lib. i. in prxf.
  -j- Ita ut morriorum curatio et rerum neturf (onttxtfUtit, sub iistlsm
jvutonbus nata ait.  Celsus, lib. i. in prsf. 
5
iice physic.  Such was the Unsettled state of
medicine,  until Hippocrates separated it
from  the religion,  the philosophy and  spe-
culative  learning of his time; and, by en-
riching it with his own extensive  and valua-
ble observations upon the nature and cure of
diseases, gave it the form and stability of a dis-
tinct science, and worthy to be pursued as the
exclusive business of a man's lite.  Thus  con-
stituted a separate and liberal profession, it
has deservedly ever been respected and cul-
tivated as among the most important of hu-
man inquiries.
   Such of you, Gentlemen, as are now pre-
paring yourselves as candidates for the prac-
tice of this  profession, are, no doubt,  fully
apprised of  its important nature—having for
its objects the preservation of health, and the
cure of diseases. You are also unquestionably
impressed with a sense of  the duties you are
necessarily to  take upon  yourselves, when
you may enter upon the administration of me-
dicines, in the  treatment of the numerous
and complicated diseases  to which the hu-
man frame is exposed.
   Under this impression of duty, I am  per-
suaded you will not willingly forego any op-
portunity by which  you can either add to the 
6
general cultivation of your minds, or render
yourselves better qualified for this important
undertaking.  But, from  a want of proper
guidance and instruction, I have observed
some among you  betrayed into  habits of in-
attention, which,  if they do not lead to the
loss of reputation,  will never qualify you be-
yond the mere mechanical exercise of your
profession.   Others I have seen seduced, by
the natural  bias of the imagination, into a
fondness for the more amusing branches of
medical study, to the exclusion  of those
which  are more essentially important.—Hav-
ing frequently witnessed this sacrifice both
of time and talents, I have thought it might
be  useful  to submit to your  consideration
a few remarks upon  the different objects of
your attention as  students  of medicine, and
the order in which they should be pursued.
  I presume the  greater  part of you have
entered upon the  study of physic,  prepared
with the knowledge of the usual  prelimi-
nary branches of classical education;  that
you are acquainted  with those Languages
which are employed as the common vehicles
of learning at the present time—the Greek,
the Latin, French and German languages;
that you are acquainted with Belks-Lctlres> 
7
'Geography, the elements of Mathematics, and
Natural Philosophy, together with an outline
of the faculties of the mind, and of the history
of human society.   But to  those of you who
have not yet had opportunities of a regular
course of  collegiate  education,  and, from
your time of life,  are still desirous of enter-
ing immediately upon medical study, I must
recommend,  so  to  divide your time that
you may appropriate a portion of it to  the
several  subjects I have enumerated, under
the direction either of private teachers or of
the professors of  the college,  as far  as your
circumstances and several situations  will ad-
mit.  Curiosity as well as duty  will  lead
you to subjects of this nature,  by which you
may not only become better acquainted with
your profession, by which you may not only
learn the numerous improvements medicine
has received, and is  daily receiving, in dif-
ferent parts of the  world—but  by which you
will also add to the natural strength of your
understandings, and thus furnish your minds
with resources to meet the numerous difficul-
ties you are to expect in the practice  of phy-
sic;  and, be assured,  that  in the prosecution
of those subjects, whether you are engaged
in the  study of language, the demoiibtra- 
8
tioiis of geometry, or in examining the prin-
ciples of philosophy, either of mind or mat-
ter, you cannot spend an useless hour.  The
mind,  capable of observation and  improve-
ment, will find in these preparatory branches
of learning,  not  only  subjects of  gratifica-
tion, but of real use.
   With this ground-work of classical learn-
ing you are prepared to enter upon the study
of the several branches of medical education
necessary to the practice of medicine.
   The first of these is Anatomy, or the struc-
ture of the human body, as unfolded by the
artificial separature or  dissection of its com-
ponent parts.   This is the foundation of all
true knowledge in medicine,  and is indispen-
sibly necessary both to the physician and the
surgeon.  By the study of anatomy you will
learn the figure, structure, connection, relative
situation, and uses of all the different parts of
the human frame:  you will learn the various
contents of the head, chest and belly, and their
relative situations;  which is of the first im-
portance to the physician, in  ascertaining the
seat and nature of the numerous diseases to
which those  parts of the .body are exposed.
   You will  learn,  by dissection, the course
of the  blood-vessels, and the distribution of 
9
 those which are most essential to life.   This
 knowledge is especially necessary to the sur-
 geon,  both as his guide in the treatment of
 wounds,  and  to   direct  his knife in  the
 several operations  he may have occasion to
 perform.   Without this direction, his patient
 may fall a victim  to  his rashness and his ig-
 norance.
   Anatomy also teaches the source, direc-
 tion and situation of the several nerves—their
 connection with one another, and with the
 different parts of the  body upon which they
 are severally distributed.
   This knowledge will unfold many other-
 wise mysterious circumstances in the history
 of diseases: for, by the connection and com-
 munication which take place between nerves
 of distant parts of the body,  we learn to ac-
 count for symptoms attending some of its dis-
 eases, which, without this clew, would mislead
 us in our inquiries for the source of the evil,
 and  thus would  unavoidably lead to errors of
 practice destructive in  their consequences.
 The study of this part  of anatomy, and of the
 laws which more  immediately govern the
 nervous system,  should  claim your especial
 notice.  I must add, that this part of the hu-
man body, as  connected with the symptoms
                    B 
10
and cure of diseases, is, at present, too much
neglected, and has been so since the days of
the learned Dr. Whytt, whose works deserve
a distinguished place in your libraries.
   The works best calculated to instruct you
in the anatomy of the human body, are those
of Keil, Heister, Cheselden, Simmons,
Winslow,  Douglas, the Monros,  the
Edinburgh System of Anatomy, the Pralec-
tiones of Leber, the Anatomical Writings of
John Bell, the Anatomical Dissections by
Charles Bell, and a Compendium of Ana-
tomy, lately published at Edinburgh, by Mr.
Fyfe; to  which we may add,  the Engrav-
ings  of Albinus,  and  the  coloured Plates of
M. Jadelot and Vicq. D'Azyz.
   The next  subject of your attention, when
you  have acquired the necessary knowledge
of the structure and composition of the body,
is Physiology;  by which you are  to under-
stand that branch of medical science which
teaches the operation or  office of its several
component parts, and  their relative import-
ance in the preservation of life and health.__
In this view it comprises,
   1.  An inquiry into the  operation and in-
fluence of the brain and nervous system; their
influence as the medium of communication 
11
between  mind and body,  with their mutual
operations upon  each other; their  influence
as the medium  of communication with the
several objects with which we are surrounded;
their influence upon muscular motion—upon
the digestion and absorption of our food; its
conversion into blood, together with its circu-
lation and distribution through the different
parts of our system,  for the great purpose of
nutrition; their  influence upon the secretion
and separation of such parts of the fluids as
are redundant,  or which, if retained, would
prove injurious to the body; and, lastly, their
influence upon the process of respiration, and
those organs by which the species is conti-
nued .
   This inquiry, you perceive, is  of consi-
derable extent, and constitutes an  important
part of  the  knowledge preparatory  to  the
study of the nature of diseases, and the prin-
ciples to be pursued in their prevention and
cure.
   Upon this subject you will do well to con-
sult the  Elementa Physiologic  of  Haller-,
Whytt on the Nerves,  Dr. Monro's work
upon the Nervous System, his  late Treatises
upon the Brain, Eye and Ear, Creighton
on Mental Derangement (in which the  laws 
12
of the nervous system are detailed in a very
perspicuous and instructive manner), the in-
troductory chapters of the  Elementa Medi-
cine of Dr. Brown, the works of Girtan-
ner and Thornton.   And in the Zoonomia
of Dr. Darwin,  you will find a large col-
lection of facts illustrative of the operations
of the nervous system: but you will recollect,
when I  recommend to you the works  of
Brown, Darwin, Girtanner and Thorn-
ton, it is for the express purpose of acquiring
a knowledge of the most important facts re-
lative to the principles of life, and the general
influence or operation of the brain and  ner-
vous system upon  the different parts of the
human  body.   I  do not recommend them
to your attention for the inferences their au-
thors have deduced from those facts, and the
application they have made of them to the
practice of physic.
  Upon this subject I must entreat you  to
suspend all attachment to any particular theo-
ry,  doctrine or system,  until you shall have
stored  your minds with an accurate know-
ledge of the obvious  causes, symptoms,  and
cure of diseases, as they are detailed  in the
best practical writers.
  2. Physiology comprises an inquiry  into 
13
the phenomena attendant on the digestion of
food.  It brings to view the different agents
or powers concerned in that process, and the
general principles  upon which they operate;
it examines the qualities of the several fluids
of the stomach and intestines, as manifested by
their sensible properties—as unfolded by a che-
mical analysis—and as ascertained by a series
of well directed experiments upon their solvent
powers;  it also examines the powers of  the
stomach as a muscular  organ acting mechani-
cally upon its contents, and directs our atten-
tion to the general laws of fermentation and
tnixture,  as occurring in the several changes
which take place  in the purefactive process
of animal  and vegetable  matters out of  the
body,  and, by the joint influence of these
agents, unfolds the principle of digestion.—
This knowledge becomes of great importance
in the treatment of diseases,  and, therefore,
will claim your attention in a course of  me-
dical study.  For this purpose I must recom-
mend to your patient  and attentive perusal,
Barry on Digestion, the Dissertations of Spal-
lanzani, Stevens onDigestion, John Hun-
ter's observations  upon this subject,  and a
Treatise on  Food,  lately published by  Dr.
Fordyce. 
14
  3. Physiology, in like manner, makes us
acquainted with the principles connected with
the absorption of our food when digested, and
the circumstances necessary to the healthy
action of those vessels whose particular func-
tion it  is to convey it from the intestinal
canal into the blood-vessels, and  to convert
it into that bland and healthy fluid the blood,
upon which the nourishment, life and growth
of  the  different parts  of the  body depend.
As  these organs are not unfrequently the seat
of  dangerous diseases, it becomes necessary
that you acquire a knowledge of the circum-
stances which are indicative of their healthy
condition, that you may afterwards be ena-
bled to know the changes which they un-
dergo by disease, the  causes producing the
evil, and the principles upon which  the re-
medy is to be prescribed.  But you will also
extend  your researches to  the absorbent sys-
tem in  general, as.it is distributed over the
several surfaces of the body, internally as well
as externally. You will learn the several of-
fices the absorbents are calculated to perform;
the general laws  or  principles which  govern
their operation;  and thence will be  led to
form correct notions of the diseases which 
15
are induced by  any deviation  from  their
healthy action.
   Upon this subject, the works  of Monro,
Hunter, Hewson, Sheldon, and Cruik-
shank, will furnish  you with much useful
information.
   4.  Physiology will also instruct you in the
nature of the circulation of the blood; the com-
ponent parts of that fluid,  both  as to qua-
lity and quantity; the powers upon which its
circulation  depends,  as derived from the
state of the brain and nerVes—as dependant
upon the qualities and temperature of the air
we breathe—and as connected with the  other
functions of the system.  The circulation of
the blood is one of  the first functions which
manifests itself in the living body, and it is one
of those which is of primary importance as
necessary to its existence.  It is also intimately
connected with health, inasmuch as no one
part of the constitution  can be  severely in-
jured or affected without producing a cor-
responding derangement of the circulation
of the blood; nor can this function be in the
smallest degree deranged, without producing
a general disorder in almost every other part
of the animal economy.
  An acquaintance, therefore,  with the laws 
16
 of the circulation of the blood is inseparably
 connected with the nature and cure of dis-
 eases.
   The writings upon this subject are so nu-
 merous,  that I shall only direct your atten-
 tion more particularly to the first lings of Hal-
 ler, Hunter on the Blood, John Bell's
 work upon the Heart and Blood-vessels, Hew-
 son oh the Blood, the System of Physiology by
 Blumenbach, Robinson on theAnimal'Eco-
 nomy, and a late  work by Dr. Falconar,
 entitled,  Observations on the Pulse, Kc.
   5. A fifth important branch of Physiology
 is Respiration.—In your inquiries upon this
 subject, you will learn the nature of the prin-
 ciples we imbibe from the atmosphere by in-
 spiration,  and the  noxious qualities of those
 which escape from the  blood in expiration.
 You will become acquainted with the agents
 concerned in this function; the circumstances!
 which are necessary  to their  vigorous and
 healthy action; the connection  between re-
 spiration  and the circulation of the  blood;
 its mechanical  influence  upon the  process
 of digestion,  and its connection with  the
other functions  of  the system.
   Seeing, then, that respiration is insepara-
bly connected with life, and that the several 
                    17

 crgans employed in that process are the sub-
 jects of disease,  which, from their seat, must
 necessarily be dangerous to  the constitution,
 you will perceive this  inquiry to  be an im-
 portant part of medical education.  Those
 works which will be most instructive to you
 upon this subject are, the Physiology of Hal-
 ler, Crawford on Animal Heat, Good-
 win's Dissertation on  Respiration,  an Essay,
 by Dr. Menzies,  and a late tract by Dr.
 Thornton, with coloured  plates, to illus-
 trate the changes produced upon  the blood
 by respiration.   You will also find it amply
 treated of in many  of  the elementary writ-
 ings  of  modern chemists,  especially  those
 of Lavoisier, Fourcroy,  Chaptal  and
 Priestley.
   6.  Another object of your attention, in the
 study of the animal  economy,  is the separa-
 tion or secretion from the blood of such fluids
 as are calculated for different offices in the hu-
 man body connected with lite and health, and
 the excretion of such as are to be rejected from
 the constitution, as superfluous and of noxi-
 ous qualities: thus the saliva, gastric juice, the
 bile, the pancreatic fluid, and mucus of the intes-
tinal canal, are all separated from the blood, for
the purpose of digestion; and the several or-
                    c 
IS
gans. concerned in this process are all moisten-
ed with a mild, soft fluid, that they may readily
move upon one another, without injury.
   The  heart  is surrounded  with a liquor,
which enables it to perform its constant duty
in the circulation of the blood.  The lungs,
in like manner, are supplied  with a fluid for
the purpose of facilitating iheir  motions in
respiration.  The tears are prepared as neces-
sary to  remove extraneous substances from
the eyes, and as subservient to distinct vi-
sion.   The ear is  supplied with wax, to de-
fend the tender organ of hearing.  The joints
are furnished with an oily  fluid, that  the
hones may move freely upon  one another.
   To these we may add the semen, which  is
secreted  for the purpose of generation;—the
liquor amniiy or that fluid with  which  the
womb is supplied for the preservation of the
tender foetus ;<—and the milk, secreted for its
nourishment after birth.
   As the organs concerned in the secretion of
the several fluids we have enumerated  arc"
subjects of disease, and, consequently, attend-
ed either with a depraved condition of those
fluids, a total interruption to  their secretion,
or a morbid accumulation of them; the na-
ture of  those diseases, the  investigation of 
l&
their  causes, their  mode  of treatment, all
demand  an acquaintance  not only with the
structure of those organs, but also with  the1
general principles or laws which are connect-
ed with the secretion of fluids.
  As connected with the practice of physic,
you will find it no less  necessary to inform
yourselves of the nature of  the excretions as
well as the secretions.   They are the urine,
faces,, and perspiration.
  You will learn their several properties and
characters, and the circumstances in which
they are connected with life and health:—
From this knowledge you will deduce some
important inferences which admit of general
application, not only in the treatment of dis*
eases immediately connected with the excre-
tory organs, but  in  the  treatment of the
greater part of the diseases to which the
body is liable.
  For information upon these subjects I must
refer you to the physiological works already
enumerated; to which must be  added the
writings of  Sanctorius,  De Gorter,  Dr.
Hales, Mr. Cruikshank, a late work upon
the Nature and Properties of the Perspirable
Matter by Mr. Abernethy, Wilson's Ex-
perimental Treatise  on the Gravel, Austin on 
20
the Stone, and a work lately published under
the title of a Treatise upon the Gravel and
Gout.  These last productions contain much
useful  and practical  information relative  to
the secretions and excretions.   Such are the
leading objects of your attention in the study
of Anatomy and  Physiology.
   But  as the human body, in  its structure
and functions, bears some resemblance  to
other animals, and is governed by the gene-
ral laws which pervade  the animated parts
of nature,  the study of Zoology and Natural
History, as connected with this subject, must
be particularly instructive and interesting, and
cannot but reflect much light upon the more
abstruse parts of the human physiology.
   With this view permit me to direct your
attention  to the Philosophy of Natural  His-
tory, by  Smellie;  the Comparative  Ana-
tomy  and  Physiology, by Vicq. D'Azyz,
of which you will find a large abstract in the
Encyclopaedia; Dr. Monro's Comparative
Anatomy, with his celebrated work on Fishes;
Dr. Tyson's Anatomy of the Orang Outang;
and White on Gradation.
   Another remark occurs to  me as  worthy
of your notice—that, in your inquiries into
the laws  which  govern the  human body, 
'21
you will also  derive much  advantage from
a knowledge of the  principles which influ-
ence  the  inanimate as well  as the animated
parts of nature,  as unfolded by the sciences
of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy.
  Chemistry,  whose express object it is to
illustrate the nature  and component princi-
ples of bodies, will be found of great use in
your inquiries into the nature and functions
of the human body.  The  numerous com-
binations which take place in the  conversion
of the  various  kinds  of  food into blood;
the changes which are wrought upon  that
fluid  by the action of the air, in its passage
through the lungs, during the process of re-
spiration; the changes which  it  afterwards
undergoes in its circulation through the body;
the production of animal  heat;  the  new
combinations  which  are  produced  by the
processes of nutrition and  secretion—are all,
exclusively, the subjects of chemical investi-
gation, and will, accordingly, demand a por-
tion of your attention.
  Natural Philosophy, in its various branches,
will be no less useful in unfolding the laws
of the other parts of the  animal  economy.
Mechanics, Hydraulics, Optics, Acoustics and 
                   22

Pneumatics, are all necessary, and admit of ex-
tensive application in explaining the pheno-
mena of muscular motion, the circulation of
our fluids, the senses of  vision and hearing,
together with the influence of the atmosphere
upon our bodies, especially as it regards its
sensible properties of gravity, heat and moisture.
  To this end it is, with me, a constant rule
to advise every student of medicine under my
immediate direction,  who has not had the
advantages of classical education, to attend
one or  more courses of lectures on Natural
Philosophy, as taught in our  College.  It
will occupy but a small portion of your time,
and will, undoubtedly, compensate you with
one of the most interesting subjects of hu-
man learning.
  When  you have become thus acquainted
with the structure of the  human frame—
with the uses of its various component parts
—their operation,  as subservient  to life and
the healthy condition of  the body—you are
prepared  for  the study of the  more imme-
diate objects of your profession, the History
qf Diseases, comprehending their symptoms
—the various causes which produce them,
and the general principles upon which to 
25
proceed in their prevention and cure,  and a
knowledge of the means by which they are
accomplished.
   Under this head I embrace the Theory and
Practice of Physic, Surgery, Midwifery and
the Materia Mtdica, including Botany and
Pharmacy.
   By the theory of medicine is understood,
an explanation of the  various phenomena
which the body exhibits in a state of disease,
and the deduction of those  principles upon
which the prevention and  cure of diseases
are to be conducted, which constitute the
practice of physic.
   Seeing the intimate connection that exists
between these two departments of medicine,
it will become a question of the greatest im-
portance, in your first entrance upon diis sub-
ject—How far does our art supply such a
theory, or system of general principles, cal-
culated to direct the  practice of physic ?
   When we  inquire into  the success which
has attended  the investigation of the various
other branches of science, we shall, in some
degree, be enabled to judge, a priori, what
may be expected in the  science of medicine,
which has always deservedly held a  distin-
guished place as a branch of human  learn- 
24
ing.  But when we are told that, excepting
the mathematics and mechanics, all the other
departments of philosophy rest  upon hypo-
thesis; when we are informed that metaphy-
sics, chemistry,  the physiology of animals and
XKgetables, are still vibrating between the dif-
ferent hypotheses which have been invented
to unfold the great principles by which they
are governed; and when we are told that
even  the system of  gravitation, which was
supposed to be  established upon a basis firm
as the earth  itself, at this  time has its op- -
ponents; and that many of  the supposed
principles of hydraulics and pneumatics are
yet unsettled, we ought  not to be surprised
that the  laws which  influence  the  no less
complex machinery of the human body in
a state of health, should be but imperfectly
understood; and,  consequently,  that, in a
state  of  disease,  its  operations  should  be
equally mysterious.
   A cursory view of the various systems of
medicine, as they are improperly denomi-
nated, which have appeared at different pe-
riods of the world, to explain  the nature of
disease,  and to direct the practice of physic,
cannot fail  to impress  your minds with just
ideas  of their instability, and,  in some in- 
25
stances, their fatal tendency, in as far as they
are founded in conjecture, and thereby incul-
cate an  uncertain  mode of practice.  This
review will also serve to caution you against
that undue attachment to particular opinions
and doctrines which is so natural to the mind,
especially in youth, when the imagination
is' most susceptible  of impressions, and  the
judgment has the least influence in controul-
ing its opinions.
   I should not have ventured thus freely to
have expressed myself upon this subject, if
you were engaged  in the study of medicine
merely as  a subject of  curiosity and specu-
lative learning; but I consider you as can-
didates for the practice of a profession which
necessarily involves many sacred duties.  I
therefore must  advise you to distrust the va-
rious doctrines  you are  to meet with in  the
course of your reading, as unsatisfactory at
the bed-side, and not unfrequently calculate
ed  to  mislead  you into an uncertain and
dangerous mode  of practice.
   Remember that period of superstition,  in
which it was supposed that diseases were in-
flicted by  evil  spirits, and were only to be
cured by charms and incantations.   Remem-
ber the fate which befel the elements, ihecer
                    D 
2ff
'iesti'al causes, the attractions and antipathies of
Hippocrates.  Bear in mind the Peripatetic
doctrines of Galen, which were the guide
of physicians until the beginning of the six-
teenth century; the Corpuscularian doctrines
of Asclepiades, and  as revived  by Gas-
sendi; the chemical reveries of Paracel-
sus and Van Helmont, which succeeded;
the  concoctions  and ebullitions of  Syden-
ham; the  mathematical calculations of Pit-
cairn and Keil;  the mechanico~chemkal
doctrines of Willis^ Baglivy and Hoff-
man; the jtnima medica of Stahl, of Ger-
many—Perrault, in France-^-GAUBiusr
in Holland-^-PoRTERFiELD and Simson, in
Scotland—and Nichols and Mead, in Eng-
land; the humoral pathology of Boerhaave;
the  magnetism of Messmer; the electrical
system of Shaw.  They are all forgotten.-—
In like manner, the doctrines of Cullen;
the  excitement of Brown;  the irritability ot
Girtanner; the absorbent  system of Dr.
Darwin;  and the  present revived Paracel-
siannotions of Thornton, To wnshend and
Beddoes,  may possibly, in a short time, be
also consigned to oblivion.
   At the same time that I thus endeavour to
impress your minds with the danger of being 
27
misled by those doctrines  which have been
enumerated, I also wish  to  annex to them
their true value.   Each of them I consider
as true to a certain extent; but their authors,
pleased with the  success of the first appli-
cation of them in unfolding some of the phe-
nomena of disease, like parents amused with
the  first essays of their offspring,  very soon
became blind  even to their faults.  Hence
the enthusiasm and zeal manifest in the writ-
ings of every inventor of a new system.   By
recollecting the strong propensity of the hu-
man mind to be enamoured of itself and its
productions, they are to be forgiven; but let
us profit from their faults;  and although Pa-
racelsus  ordered the works of his predeces-
sors to be publicly burned, with great solem*
nity, let us preserve even Ms reveries from
the funeral pile, for the  sake of the small
portion of  truth which they may contain.—
However fanciful and enthusiastic the various
systems in physic  may appear  in  many of
those writers I have enumerated,  they will be
found the  best  guides in leading  you  to a
knowledge of the  fundamental principles
which must govern you in practice, when,
by your discernment, you may separate their
fancies from their facts. 
23
    The faithful history and description of dis*
 eases, the enumeration of the causes which
 produce them, and the most successful modes
 of treatment, as they are detailed in the Writ-
 ings of Hippocrates, Galen, Sydenham,
 Baglivy, Hoffman, Boerhaave, Cullen
 and  Darwin, you will find mdispensibly
 necessary for your, knowledge of those sub-
 jects; and remember, in the course of your
 reading upon the practice  of physic, to add
 to this catalogue the valuable  writings  of
 Whytt, Pringle, Blane, Huxham, the
 tWO LlNDS, FOTHERGILL, LETTSOM, DuN-
 can,  the  Gregorys,  Cleghorn,  Saun-
 ders, Jackson, Grant, Chisholm, and
 our countryman, Dr. Rush.
    Upon this part of our subject,  suffer me
* to call your attention to the necessity of pe-
 rusing the works of the anciait writers in
 medicine, as  well as the more fashionable
 productions of modern times.  Within a few
 years they have not held the  same  place
 which they formerly occupied in the estima-
 tion of medical men.   This I  can  readily
 ascribe to the  boasted  philosophy lately in-
 troduced into  the  theory and  practice of
 physic: for remember there is  a sort of fa-
 shion in  medicine  as well as in' dress, and 
29
many valuable works are at present thrown
aside, as not suiting the prevailing opinions
of the time; but, like many garments of an-
cient date,  although their  manner may not
be adapted to the fashion of the day, they
are frequently made up of materials  infi-
nitely more valuable than die  tinsel of mo-
dern discovery.  But in this country, I trust,
another reason may be  given for this inatten-
tion to the works of antiquity—that our li-
braries  do not supply the  pupil with  the
means of obtaining an acquaintance  with
them.   I rejoice to inform you,  that in this
city, this last difficulty has been, in some de-
gree, removed by the  late  accession to die
Medical Library of the New-York Hospital,
and that the original works of Hippocrates,
Galen, Celsus, Vesalius,  Eustachius,
Vieussen, Riverius,  Bqnetus, Albinus,
Baglivy, Hoffman,  and many others, are
now to  be found in that valuable repository
of medical learning.  I cannot pass by this cir-
cumstance without bearing  testimony to the
liberality of the gentlemen who.compose die
Board of Governors of that institution. Enter-
taining  a due sense of the importance of that
establishment, as a place of instruction to die
student of medicine, diey have not only em- 
30
braced every opportunity, but they have ea-
gerly sought for  occasions by which they
could render it most profitable to the pupils
who attend the practice  of  the  house,  as
well as a comfortable asylum to the sick who
are the objects of  its charity.   Actuated by
this principle, in the year 1797 they founded
the present Medical Library,  to which the
Faculty of Physic of Columbia College also
liberally contributed, not only  by their atten-
tion in the management and regulation of it,
but by pecuniary aid, and the contribution of
6uch volumes as they could spare from their
own private libraries.   Within a few months*
an  addition has  been made, by  the  Go-
vernors, of some hundred  volumes, consist-
ing of many of the most respectable writings,
both of ancient and modern  times.  Ano-
ther contributor tp this valuable collection
must be remembered with  grateful  acknow-
ledgments,—Dr. Lettsom,  of London—
whose benevolence and learning entitle him
to the esteem and  respect of every  friend  to
virtue and science.
  Remember, at  the  same time  that you
are perusing the  works which have been
enumerated, that, however celebrated their
authors,  whether  ancient or  modern, they 
31
are but copies taken from the original, wkh
which you should also become acquainted.
   The sick-room is an indispensibly neces-
sary place  of study for the  medical pupil.
The infinite  number of changes which the
body undergoes, by the numerous varieties of
disease, can only be acquired by a close and
watchful observance at the bed-side of the
sick.  In addition,  therefore, to books, let
me recommend to you a punctual and con-
stant attention to this  source of  practical,
knowledge.  In the New-York Hospital you
have an ample opportunity of becoming ac-
quainted with a great variety of diseases, espe-
cially those which most frequently occur in
this  climate and country.  Do not, therefore,
forego so valuable a  source of practical  in-
formation.  Make frequent visits to the sick:
record their  age, their sex, their occupation,
their temperament, their general external ap-
pearances:  patiently listen  to the history of
their complaints: trace their commencement,
their progress, and  the  changes they may
have undergone previous to  their admission
into the hospital, as well as their conditions
at the time of your visit:  inquire into the
state of their various functions as influenced by
the  disease:  remark the season  of the year, 
32
 the prevailing diseases,  and the state of the
 weather.  These inquiries satisfied, record the
 medicines,  the diet, and the regimen which
 may  be prescribed by the physician, and,
 when you have returned to your closet,, con-
 sult the best practical writers upon those dis-
 eases  which  you  may  have witnessed.  By
 comparing their opinions  and prescriptions,
 you will  acquire  not only a knowledge of
 the most successful modes and principles o£
 practice, but also a facility in distinguishing
 diseases, which,  by the  careless observer, are
 frequently confounded.
  The next subject of your attention is Sur-
gery.
  Such is the present state  of society in this
 country, the profession  of physic has not hit
 therto called for, nor does  it admit of, those
 distinctions that have been made in the more
populous  and wealthy cities of  Europe-^
Hence the Practice of Physic, Surgery, and
the Obstetric Art, are frequently united  in
the same person: accordingly, you will find
it necessary to devote a  portion, of your time
and attention to those last-mentioned branches
of medicine.
  By surgery is generally understood  the me-
chanical application of  remedies to wounds,; 
33
 and other accidents or diseases  incident to
 the human body;  or, as  Celsus defines it,
 medicina pars est qua manu curat.   But this
 definition conveys but a very imperfect idea
 of the importance and extent of this branch
 of the healing art.   The mechanical opera-
 tions of surgery, the dressing of wounds, the
 reduction of fractures and dislocations, in my
 opinion, constitute the smallest part of  sur-
 gery, and would be executed with more ad-
 dress and  skill  by the mechanic,  than by
 many of those who call themselves operators.
   Such  is  the  constitution  of the  human
 frame,  that when one part of the body be-
 comes the seat of disease,  the whole system
 partakes of the affection, and, in  its turn,
 re-acts  upon the  part diseased,  producing
 changes corresponding with the general con-
 dition of the body at  the  time of the acci-
 dent, or as  induced by the first operation of
 the disease itself.   Hence, in every accident
 or  disorder  which falls within the province
 of surgery,  it is the business of the surgeon
 to notice the changes produced upon  the
 general health of the system, and the subse-
 quent effect of those changes upon the seat
and origin of the disease.  It is, therefore,
no less necessary to feel the pulse of  the pa-
                    E 
3*
ticnt in the treatment of a fractured limb,
(Joan it is in the management of a violent
and dangerous fever.  You will then readily
perceive the connection between the practice
of physic and surgery, and the necessity of
attending to the former as subservient to the
latter.   In  a word, every surgeon must be
first a physician.
   These remarks  will suggest to you some
hints  relative to the prosecution of this part
of your medical studies.   They point out to
you  the importance of an accurate know-
ledge of the structure of the body, and an
intimate acquaintance with  the laws which
govern and influence its various functions*,
as preparatory to the more immediate objects
of surgery.   They will also serve to impress
your  minds with the necessity of attending
not only to the detail of  the various steps of
an operation, and a description of the instru-
ments with which it is to be conducted,  but
also to the nature and extent of the disease;
the circumstances  which are  to determine
whether an operation be required for the re-
moval of it;  the general condition of the pa-
tient;  the  season  in  which  it can be done
witii  the greatest prospect of benefit; and
the, preparatory measures to be pursued to 
35
give it all possible advantage.   Such are the
objects of your inquiries,  when engaged in
this branch of medical education.
   The  writings upon  surgery, which  yon
will  peruse with  most advantage, are,  a
Treatise  on  Surgery,  by Mr. Kirkland;
the works of Mr. Pott; the System of  Sur-
gery,  by Benjamin Bell;  John Bell's
Treatise on Wounds; the Dissections ofCh arles
Bell, which contain many valuable observa*
tions  relative  to the  practice of  surgery;'
O'Halloran on the Diseases of the Head;
Earle on the Stone, Hydrocele, and Curvature
qf the Spine; Shelden on the Fracture of the
Patella;  Russel's Treatise on Necrosis; the
works of Mr. Abernethy;  the Chirurgkal
Transactions, lately published in London; the
surgkal writings of Professor Richter, of
Gottingen, and Bohn, of Amsterdam.   Nor
must we forget, in this catalogue, the many
valuable  tracts contained in the Transactions
of the Academy of Surgery at  Paris, and the
Ghimrgical Journal of Dessault.
   The last branch of practice which will call
for your attention is Midwifery.
 -  This department of medical knowledge
has for its objects not only the delivery of wo-
men in child-bed, and the diseases moreim- 
36
mediately attendant  upon parturition;  but
also  those  disorders  which  are peculiar  to
pregnancy, those which succeed to delivery,
and  are connected with  the puerperal state,
and the diseases of early infancy.
   Before you proceed to these subjects, you
will  find i  necessary to make yourselves well
acquainted with the anatomy of the female
pelvis, of the gravis uterus, and other  parts
which are concerned  in  the process of par-
turition, or which become the seat of disease.
You will be enabled to understand the influ-
 ence of those organs upon  the constitution,
 the  changes which  are wrought by preg-
 nancy, and the diseases  peculiar to that con-
 dition.
   Your next object in  this inquiry will be
 the process of parturition—its effects  upon
 the system, and  die diseases  which it occa-
 sionally produces—the  circumstances which
 distinguish  natural labour, which is to be left
 to the operations of nature, from that which
  is preternatural, and requires the interference
  of  art.
    You will next learn  the various kinds of
  preternatural  labour, the characteristic cir-
  cumstances of each, and  the peculiar treat-
   ment which each  demands. 
37
  I do not know, in the whole course of me-
dical practice, any situation in  which your
talents and professional knowledge are more
required,  or in which  your sensibility is
more  excited, than  in the treatment of the
various accidents and difficulties which  at-
tend the  practice of  midwifery.   Remem-
ber,  in many instances, both the lives of the
mother and child depend upon your know-
ledge of this subject,  and an error of judg-
ment, or  ignorance of the mode of  treating
the particular circumstances of the case be-
fore you,  may prove  not only fatal to them,
but also destructive to your  reputation as a
practitioner.   Your responsibility,  therefore,
in situations thus interesting, must necessa-
rily call for your attention to this subject in
proportion to its importance.
   The regimen, or  management of women in
child-bed,  as preventive of the  diseases inci-
dent  to that state,  as well as the peculiar
treatment of the diseases to  which they are
then  exposed, will also become subjects of
your especial notice and inquiry.
   For your information upon those subjects,
I must refer you  to  the works of Mauri-
ceau, LaMotte, Gifford, Smellie, Per-
fect,  Spence, White, Leake, Dr. W:l- 
38
 liam Hunter, Plenck, Clark*,  Den-
 man, the Hamiltons, Bland and Rigby,
 as the best writers upon midwifery.   Upon
 the diseases of children you will do well to
 consult the writings of  Sparman,  Moss,
 Harris, Smith and Underwood,  which
 are expressly upon that subject.
   But the best writings upon midwifery are
 insufficient to instruct you in this art.  They
 are essentially necessary to make you ac-
 quainted with the  principles  of it;  but obr
 servation at the bed-side can alone convey to
 you just ideas of  the practical application
 of those principles.
   The Lying-in  Hospital of this city, which
 originated in the benevolent subscription of
 the citizens of  New-York, and  was  esta-
 blished in 1798,  will afford to the diligent
 and attentive student of midwifery, abundant
 opportunities of  practical instruction upon
 this subject.
   The remaining subject of inquiry, to qua«»
lify you for the Practice of Physic, is the
 Materia Medica.
   The Materia Medica,  taking the  term in
 its fullest latitude,  embraces  for its objects
all those matters which enter into the medi-
 cal treatment or cure of diseases; or, in other 
words, it treats of medicines, diet and regi-
men.
  As the greater part of the articles employed
in the practice of physic are derived from
the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms,
you will find it necessary to know the place
they severally hold in the systems of Zoologyt
Botany,  and Mineralogy:  but as these sub-
jects are included under that of Natural His-
tory,  already recommended to  your atten-
tion, I shall only, in this place, take occasion
to remark, that you will  find  the science
of  Botany, including  the  philosophy of
vegetation, particularly useful,  as connected
with  the general principles of  physiology,
and  as subservient to a knowledge of the
properties of those  plants  which  are  em-
ployed as  articles of  the  materia  medica:
for between the botanical characters of plants,
and their medicinal virtues, there is frequently
an intimate connection, with which the phy-
sician should become acquainted.
  To those who wish to acquire a knowledge
of the profession of physic as a branch of
philosophy, as well as the doses of medicine,
or the formula of prescriptions, the study of
the vegetable kingdom must prove a source
of much useful information.  The anatomi- 
40
 cal structure of plants, the nature of the rela-
 tion they bear to minerals,  in  their origin,
 life, growth, manner of receiving nourishment;
 their different kinds of food, propagation of
 their species, diseases, natural decomposition;
 their elementary principles, as afforded  by a
 chemical analysis, and the different changes
 they produce upon our atmosphere,  are cer-
 tainly subjects of great value  and importance
 to the physician as well as to the philosopher.
 As they are  subjects  calculated  to illustrate
 the general principles of  physiology, and as
 connected  with health and the  cure of dis-
 eases, they cannot  be thrown aside as mere
 matter of  speculative  inquiry.   Considered
 in this view, as they have been by a Hales,
 an Ingenhouz, and a Priestley, we can-
 not pass them by as objects either useless or
 indifferent.   If, then, the structure and  phy-
 siology  of  vegetables be of importance  to
 a physician, in enabling  him to become bet-
 ter acquainted with the  structure and  phy-
 siology of the human body,  a knowledge of
which is the  only true guide of  his practice
 in alleviating and  curing its diseases, and
which forms a line of distinction between
 the enlightened physician and the empiric,
 it is certainly of. no less importance,  that he 
41
should have a knowledge of those plants
which are employed in the practice of phy-
sic, more especially if it be his lot to reside
in the country, where many of them are the
spontaneous produce of his own neighbour-
hood.  But it is more especially necessary for
him to become familiarly acquainted  with
those plants that are of a poisonous nature,
which, though comparatively few in number,
are scattered wild over our fields and pastures,
and oftentimes mix with the culinary produce
of our gardens.  How degrading, then, must
it be to the Physician not to know his food
from his poison* and can mistake a Hemlock
for a Parsley, or the leaves of Foxglove for
those of Mullein !
   As it is, therefore, one of the great objects
of  Botany to teach us  the natural  history of
those vegetables which are employed in the
cure of diseases;  and as the virtues of medi-
cines are, in many instances, connected with
their botanical characters; it has been thought
expedient to unite these two branches of me-
dical learning in the same professorship.  But
there are several other arguments which may
be adduced for the cultivation of botanical
science,  especially in the United States.
   The only works  which supply any useful
                    F 
42
information relative to the native vegetable
productions of this vast country* as far as has
fallen to my observation, are those of Shoeft^j
Wangenheim,  Kalm,  Catesby* Clay-
ton,  Jefferson, Marshall,  Muhlen-
berg,  Bartram, Colden,  Cutler, and
Belknap; to which may be added the ac-i
cidental observations of travellers.  And it is
to be observed that those works,  except the
travels of Professor Kalm, the writings of
Wangenheim,  and the. Arbustrum Ame^
ricanum  of Marshall,  only relate to the
productions of some particular States,  espe-»
cially the Carolinae, Virginia, Pennsylvania,
New-York and  Massachusetts.   Many  of
those, again,  contain  but the description ol
the plants of  particular districts or townships
in those States.   Much, then, remains to be
done in this western part of the globe.  Many
accessions are still necessary, from the im-
mense treasures of America, to complete the
voftime of botanical science.   And for those
wfeose taste and  circumstances may lead  to
this extensive arid important  inquiry in the
natural history of our country, great reputa-
tion is reserved to reward their labours.
   The Peruvian  Bark, the Ipecacuanha, the
Seneka and Virginia Snake-root, the Carolina 
43
Pink-root,  the Sassafras, the Dogwood,  the
Butternut, the Chamomile, the Foxglove,  the
Thoroughwort, the jPofoi the Stramonium,  and
the Toxicodendron,  are but q small part of
the medicinal productions of America:  and
when we consider the fertility and diversity
of our soils, the  great variety of our climate,
and especially when we recollect that Ame-
rica has already furnished the  world with
many of the most valuable articles, both of
fbod and  medicine, there can be no hesita-
tion to believe that we may here meet with
almost every vegetable  production of the
earth, whether for food, for medicine, or as
useful'in the arts and manufactures.
  The works best calculated to instruct you in
this interesting branch o£ medicine, are those
of Tournefort, Linn^us, Smith, Wood-
ville,  Curtis, Dickson, Martyn, Wi*
thering, Lightfoot, Hudson, Murray,
Gilibert, Lamarck, L'Heritier, Bulli-
ard, Jussieit, Milne, Lee, and Hull.*
   But, gentlemen,  it  must naturally  occur
to you,  that an abstract account of die prin-
ciples of this science, even though illustrated
by figures, however elegantly coloured, or

  * For a more Cull account of fhe most esteemed botanical wprlts, 9e«
my Syllabus of botanical Ledures, published in 170J. 
u
by dried plants, however carefully they may
be preserved, must be necessarily very imper-
fect, when compared with the examination
of living plants, growing in  their proper
soifc,- with the advantages of culture.  I sin-
cerely regret, both on your account and the
reputation of our college,  that the want of a
Botanic Garden renders this part of our sys-
tem of medical education incomplete.   But
such  an establishment  is  not to be accom-
plished by the exertions of the individual.   It
calls for the countenance and attention of our
Legislature.  It is in this  way so much has
been accomplished in exploring the different
countries of Europe.   It is to public establish-
ments, and endowments, of this sort, they are
indebted for the rapid progress  they have
made  in the knowledge of natural  history,
in the principles of agriculture, and,  I may
add, as connected with these, the general dif-
fusion of philosophical learning, and its prac-
tical application to the different purposes of
human life.   But such has been the munifi-
cence of the Legislature of New-York, in the
patronage  of our Hospital and Colleges—
such has been their liberality in the support of
 the other departments of medical learning in
 Columbia  College, we have every reason to 
45
expect that the establishment of a Botanic
Garden, as far as shall be subservient to the
great purposes of  medicine and agriculture,
will also,  in a short  time, meet with  their
general design  of protecting useful know-
ledge, and those arts which are most essenti-
ally connected with human happiness.
  There are also many articles of the Materia
Medica which are derived  from  the fossil
kingdom,  and which undergo many artificial
changes before they become the subjects of
medical prescription.   Such are those known
under the title of  chemical medicines.   An-
other important science here presents itself to
your view, as  necessary to  the Physician.
Chemistry has already been  noticed, as an
art highly useful  in unfolding many of the
phenomena and  functions of  the human
body.   But it is of no less importance in en-
abling you to understand the  nature of many
of the medicines you will have occasion to
prescribe, and  the pharmaceutical changes
they have undergone in acquiring their medi-
cal properties.  The writings of Black, La-
voisier, Chaptal,Fourcroy, Cavendish,
Berthollet, Gren, Jacquin,  Priestley,
Nicholson, and those of our learned Pro-
fessor of Chemistry, Dr. Mitchill, will sup-
ply you with a knowledge of this subject. 
45
   When ydU have thus acquired a knowledge
 of the natural history of the medicines which
 Compose the Materia Medica, and the artifi*
 cial changes they undergo to render them fit
 for use,  you will be prepared  to investigate
 their virtues,  and mode of operation in the
 cure of  diseases.
   I shall Conclude this discourse with a pros-
 pectus of the plan I propose to observe in
 the ensuing course of Lectures; which will,
 at the same time, convey to you some  idea
 of the extent and value of this branch of me-
 dical education.
   As this  subject divides itself  under  the
 three great heads of Medicine, Diet,  and Re-
gimen, I propose,
   1st. To distribute all the articles of medi*
 cine into a certain number of classes, accord-
 ing to their effects or operation upon the hu*
man body:  and,  as our knowledge of  me-
dicines is only useful as it directs us in  the
cure of  diseases, I shall,  as  far as is practi-
cable,  preserve  a connection  between  the
classes of medicine and the  general nature
of the diseases in which they are chiefly to
be employed.  I am  aware  that this is  not
always to be accomplished, as the same me-
dicine is frequently exhibited in diseases of a
very opposite nature. 
47
  2d. I shall endeavour to explain the gene^
ral  principles upon which  those classes of
medicines operate upon  the  system in  pro-
ducing  their effects, laying  before you the
different theories which  have been adopted
by  different writers in accounting  for their
manner of operation.
  3d. It will be my intention to point out the
diseases, and particular circumstances, in
which they are severally to be exhibited.
  4th. I shall proceed to describe the parti*
cular medicines belonging  to  each class;
their natural history; the changes or artificial
processes they undergo to render them fit for
use; the doses or quantities of each to be ad*
ministered;  and  other circumstances which
may govern their exhibition.
  Under die head of Diet I shall offer you
some general observations upon the different
kinds of food;  their effects upon the system
in  health and  disease;  with some  general
rules to be observed in the diet of the sick,
according to the nature of their diseases.
  The third division of our subject takes in
a view of the circumstances necessary to be
attended to in the treatment of  the sick,
which  are  not  enumerated  under the two
former heads.   These are, Climate, Air, Ex- 
48
crcise, Sleep, and Cloathing, constituting what
practical writers have denominated Regimen.
  For the most part, writers upon the Materia
Medica confine themselves  to the consider-
ation of medicines and diet only, excluding
regimen, which, in many  instances, espe-
cially in the treatment  of chronic diseases,
appears to  be as necessary an object of the
Physician's notice and  prescription as either
medicine or diet.   I have, therefore, thought
proper to introduce it as a part of our course,
not only as it strictly belongs to the Materia
Medica, but especially with a view to  call
your attention to a subject which is too much
neglected,  both by the pupil and the practi-
tioner of medicine.
  In  prosecuting this branch of  your medi-
cal studies,  I must recommend to you a care-
ful perusal  of the second volume of the Con-
spectus Medicine of Dr.  Gregory, the Ap-
paratus Medicaminum of  Professor  Murray,
Dr. Cullen's System of the Materia Medica,
the Therapeutics of Dr. Duncan, and the
valuable Lectures  upon  Diet  and  Regimen
lately published by Dr. Willich.
the end, 
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