.-^.. ,<•■■**; ""*^A-V^, V-% ■ m 9H IS ■ ■ ^* BBHfl H W&m&m sH ■ ■ ■ Hrsk s^HI BOS Hlft 6 BsClil ***: ■ B"B"BB r:^si X :■:■• %i .,•«»*. Vk ' **•»*: s«r 4 Surffeon General's 0ffic3 *»fc 'a I '(ft 1 J; THE ANATOMIST'S V ADE-ME CUM: \ •"'■'^ CONTAINING THE . ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN BODT. Bv ROBERT HOOPER, ■OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, M. D. F. 1. S. Itfc, Nifi utile eft quod facimus, ftulta eft gloria. FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE THIRD LONDON, EDITION* ^ t fiT' V TV «-s BOSTON: tv Lllm-A^/n- - A [U '\ - PRINTED BY BAVW CARLISLE, {, J, . .' ,,♦ *Sf;r •»- A For THOMAS & ANDREWS, WEST fif GREENLEAFj JOHN WEST, and CALEB BINGHAM. 1801. i C 3 ) 1NTR 0 DUCTION. XT is the intention of the writer, in the fol- lowing Compendium, to prefent to the ftu- dent a ufeful anatomical confpectus, or pock- et manual of anatomy and phyfiology ; giv- ing a fhort but accurate deicription of the dif- ferent parts of the human body and their functions ; with a gloflary, or explanation o£ the principal terms ufed in that fcience. The utility of fuch a performance will be generally acknowledged, efpecially when it h confidered that there is no iuch work written upon a fimilar plan. The motive that induced the author to form and collect together, in one fmall pocket vol- ume, this elementary produ&ion, was his hav- ing himfelf experienced the want of fuch an afliftant when applying to that branch of phi- Iofophy. He, therefore, folicits permiffion to recommend it to fludents, not as a work wherein any thing new is to be met with, but merely as their occafional companion in the profecution of their fludies. St. Marylebone. Infirmary, September 23, 1800. ( 5 ) CONTENTS. I Page NTRODUCTI0N - 3 Anatomy, Divijion of - - - 9 Osteology -.---»<. Table of the Bones - - - - H Bones of the Cranium - - - J 3- Face - - - - - a 6. Cavities of the Face - - - 3l .Bo/im c/fie TA»4 35 -----------Gty? 37 ————— Loins - - • 3^ . upper Extremity - - 40 ————— loiver Extremity - - - 44 Periosteum - - - 47 Cartillages - - - *'/>. Osteogeny - - - - - 48 Connexion of Bones - - - 50 Syndesmology - - 5* Myology - - - - - 58 Mufcles of the Cranium - - - - 60 . ---Eyelids • lb. ,------------Eyeball - - 61 ■ ----JVo/tf «;/* - _ jCh Ear . . Ifi3 «N# : s 164 .&&*/* ( 7 ) Mouth Pbyftology of Majlication Tongue Faucet Pharynx Oefophagus Pbyftology of Deglutition Larynx - Pbyftology of the Voice Speech Ventrilonuifnt Trachea Breajh Pleura Diaphragm Lungr Pbyfiology of Refpiration Pericardium Heart Circulation of the Blood Of the Abdomen and its'Vifcera Peritoneum — Omentum Stomach — Digeflion, or"Chymiftcathn Jntejlines Chyliftcation - Expulftn of the Faces Mefentery Liver - Gall-bladder Spleen Pancreas LaBcats Kidneys Excretion of the Urine Supra-renal Capfule Of the Pelvis Urinary Bladder Male Organs of Generation Penis Tejtieles Secretion and Excretion of the Semen Veftcula feminales Female Organs of Generation Vagina Uterus Pbyfiology of Menf.ruaiim ( « ) Pack Pl^iohgy of Conception - ■ *96 Of the gravid Uterus - * *97 Placenta - - ib' Funiculus umbilicalis • » *9^ Membranous Ovum of the Fatus - ib. Liquor Amnii - *•• Fatus - - - 199 Peculiarities in the arterial and venal Syftem of the Fetus - -■ 'b. Circulation of tbe Blood in the Fatus - SOO Hygrology * • - *b. The Blood - . - 201 The Lymph - - 202 Tbe Vapour of the Sheaths of the Nerves. - ib. Fluids in tbe Cavity of tbe Cranium - l&. ------——— .. . Noftrils - 203 -.,.-■ ------ Mouth - ib. Fauces . - ib. jEyes - - ib. Ears -. aoj Neck - a. Thorax - 206 ---Breafts - ib. —— Abdqplcn - 207 —— Parts of Generation in Men - 208 Women 109 ——"~——— Articulations f. 2IO, —.———— Bones - ib, .---- of the compion Integuments - ib. A Glosiarx - « 31,3 ANATOMY/ ANATOMY, ./\ SCIENCE which explains the ftru&ure and ufe of every part of the human body. The examination of brute animals, fHhes, reptiles, plants, polypi, &c. in order to illuf- trate more clearly, or to demonftrate by anal- ogy the ftructure and functions of man, is called Comparative Anatomy. Anatomy is divided into nine parts—namely, Ofteology, Syndefmology, Myology, Burfalogy, Angiology, Neurology, Adenology, Splanchnology, Hygrology, o o u O r Bones. Ligaments. * Mufcles. Burfae mucofe. Veffels. •Nerves. Glands. Vifcera. Fluids. OSTEOLOGY, or DOCTRINE OF TrfE BONES. Bones are hard fubftances compofed of animal earth and gluten, which fupport and form ( io 3 form the ftature of the body, defend its vif- cera, and give adhefion to its mufcles. Sub- stance. Compatl, as in the bodies of the long bones ; Jpongy, as in the extremities of the long bones; and reticular, called alfo the cancelli of bones, as in the cavities of bones which have marrow. Colour. Whitifn. Fig- ure. Various. Division. Long and irregular fhaped bones are divided into a body and ex- tremities ; and flat bones into body and mar- gins. Bones are varioufly named ; fome from their fituation, as the frontal, parietal, occipi- tal, naial, malar, &c. ; others* from their fig- ure, as the ethmoid bone,clavicle, os cuboides naviculare, tibia, &c. ; and fom'e from their ufe, as the fphamoid bone, the maxillary bone, the femur, &c. The procejfes and cavities of bones are named after their figure, as the ace- tabulum of the os innominatum, the odontoid procefs of the fecond cervical vertebra, the coracoid procefs of the fcapula, &c. ; or from their ufe, as the trochanters of the thigh bone; or from their fituation, as the nafal, palatine, orbitar procefles, &c. &c. When the bones are deprived of their foft parts, and hung together, in their natural fitu- ation, by means of wire, the whole is termed an artificial Jkeleton : but when they are kept together by means of their ligaments, it is call- ed a natural Jkeleton. A Table # ( « 5 A Table of the Bones. r The bones of the cranium, qrjiull The bones face of the ' Os frontis Ofla parietalia Os occipitis Ofla temporalia Os ethmoides _—- fphsenoides ' Ofla maxillaria fup. -----jugalia' ----nafalia ——— lachrymalia - ----palatina ----fpongiofa infer. Os vomer — maxillare infer. C Incifores Pentet, or teeth. \ Cufpidati r Bicufpides Molares Sapientiap Bone of the tongue, or Os hyoides Bones of the internal rMalleus ear, fituated with-J Incus in the temporal | Stapes bone The^/. The thorax „ The pehis (_Os orbiculare {f Cervical Vertebra < Dorfal (. Lumbar Sacrum Os coccygis C" Sternum I Ribs Ofla innominata No i z I 2 I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 I t 8 4 8 8 4 i 2 2 2 2 7 12 % I 1 t 24 Bone* 4 ( I* ) No. H W •B a o •5 s o The fhcitlder The arm The fore-arm The /W 'The^A The fcj Thefeet Carpus, or wW/? < Metacarpus Phalanges X Clavicuh. "£ Scapula Os humeri J" Ulna (_ Radius " Os naviculare lunare cuneiforme orbiculare trapezium trapezoides 2 magnum 2 uncifbrme 2 io j Metatarfus l. Phalanges Os femoris ("Patella 4 Tibia I. Fibula Os calcis aftragalus cuboides naviculare cuneiformia 28 2 2 2 2 2 Z Z 2 6 IO 28 240 Ssfamoii bones of the thumb and great toe, occa-1 « fionally found j Total 248 The fkeieton is divided into head, trunk, and extremi- ties. Ctf ( i3 ) OF THE HEAD. The head is divided into the cranium and face. OF THE CRANIUM, OR SKULL. Shape. Various, according to the cufloms of different nations, the bones of the child be- ing fo tender as to be moulded into almoft any form. It is composed of eight bones—viz. one os frontis, which forms the forehead ; two ofla parietalia, fituated at the upper part and fides of the head ; two ofla temporum, placed below the parietal bones ; one occipital, form- ing the back part of the head j one fphaenoidal, placed in the middle of the bails of the crani- um ; and one ethmoid, fituated behind the root of the nofe. "■ Upon viewing the fuperior part of a fkull ex- ternally, feveral zigzag lines are obfer\j^ble : that which extends from one temple acrofs over the head to the other temple is term- ed the coronal Juture; it unites the frontal bone to the two parietal: that which proceeds from behind one ear upwards acrofs to the oth- er is the occipital or IambdoidalJuture ; it unites the occipital bone to the two parietal : and the future which extends upon the crown of the head, from the lambdoidal to the coro- nal, uniting the two parietal bones, is call- ed the Jagittal. They are fometimes termed the true fixtures, to diftinguiih them from B two c u ) twofipurious orJquamous, which are found, one on each fide of the cranium, extending from the temple backwards, in the form of an arch, and uniting part of the temporal bone to the parietal. There are, fometimes, one or mere triangular fhaped bones obferved in the .courfe of fome of the futures ; thefe are called cjftcula triquetral iriangularia, or Wcrmiana. Befides thefe futures, there are feveral promi- nences upon the upper part of the cranium; two in the frontal bone, one immediately over each eye between it and the future j one in the middle of each parietal bone; and one in the middle of the occipital : thefe eminences point out the centre of oflification of thole bones. Upon the internal furface of the upper part of the cranium there are a number of grooves, in an arborefcent form ; they are made by the fpinous artery of the dura mater. The fu- tures are here feen in the form of a line, not dove-tailed, and the whole furface appears more poliflied than the external. The bones forming the upper part of the fkujl, or, us it is fometimes called, the calvaria, are compofcd of an external and an internal iubL\ which are of a compact flrufture, and of a fpongy intervening fubftance, called the mcJilttliiiiiK, or diploe. The internal furface of the bafis of the cranium is divided r.aturallyintoeight confidcT- able dcpnjj'kns, adapted to the lobes of the brain and cerebellum. The two anterior ara- immediatcly ( 15 ) immediately over the orbits, and are feparatecl from each other by an obvious eminence, above the root of the nofe, called crifia galli. Immediately before this eminence is a final 1 hole, called the foramen r^cum ; and on each fide of it are a number of perforations, which tranfmit the olfactory nerves into the no^ ; they are called the foramina cribroja. Pading backwards, there arc two round hole.s, near each other, one going to the bottom of each or- bit ; thefe are for the paflage of the optie nerves, and are cdMedforamina optica : beyond thefe holes there is a fmall cavity, which wii! admit the end of one's little fiv.p-er, fur- rounded by four precede?, two of which are anterior and two pofierior ; thefe are termed clinoidprocejfes, and the cavity in their middle, which contains the pituitary gland, the Jella turcica. Under each anterior clinoid procefs is a confiderable fiflure, the foramen laccrum orbitale Juperius, which communicates with- the orbit, and tranfmits the third, fourth, the firft branch of the fifth, and the fixth pair of nerves, and the ophthalmic artery. Be- yond this fiflure, proceeding backwards, there is a round and then an oval hole j the nrft is the Joramen rotundum, through which the fccond branch of the fifth pair of nerves partes ; the other, the Joramen ovale, for the paflage of the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves. Contiguous to the foramen, ovale is a final! hole, the foramen fipinofium, through which the fpinous artery of tht^ dura ( Ifi ) dura mater enters. Between the foramen ovale arid the pofterior clinoid procefs, on each fide of the fella turcica, there is a con- siderable ragged aperture, the carotid canal, which is partly filled up with cartillage in the irefli fubject, and is for the entrance of the carotid artery and the exit of the great inter- coftal nerve. A projecting portion of bone next prefents itfelf, called the petrous portion of < he temporal bone : it has upon its pofterior furface an oval opening, the meatus auditorius internus, through which the nerve for the organ of hearing, and the facial nerve, enter. Immediately below this is an irregular oval opening, formed by the junction of the oc- cipital with the temporal bone ; this is the Jo- ramen lacerum in baft cranii: through the ante- rior parts partes the eighth pair of nerves, and the pofterior part tranfmits the blood from the lateral finus of the dura mater, Vv hofe courfe is marked by a deep groove 'lead- ing to the foramen lacerum, into the jugular vein. The portion of bone which proceeds backwards from the pofterior clinoid proc- efles, between the petrous portions of the- temporal bone, is the cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone; it is fomewhat hollowed for the reception of the medulla oblongata, which lies upon it. At the bottom of this procefs of bone is a confiderable opening, called the foramen magnum occipitale ; it tranfmits the fpinal marrow, the vertebral arteries, and the acceflbry nerves of Willis, and a procefs of C 17 3 of die fecond vertebra of the neck lies in its anterior part. Between this opening and the foramen lacerum in bafi cranii is the foramen condyloideum anterius, which gives paflage to the Ungual pair of nerves. Beyond the great occipital foramen is a crucial emi- nence, to which procefles of the dura mater are attached ; the horizontal eminence fepa- rates the two fiuperior occipital cavities from the two inferior. FRONTAL BONE. Situated in the anterior part of the fkull, forming the forehead and upper part of the or- bits. Figure like a cockle-fhelk Processes. Two frontal eminences, which mark the centres of oflification ; two frontal tuberofiitics, which are fituated over the frontal finufes; two fiuper- ciliary ridges or arches, which give origin to the frontal mufcles, and whofe extremities are called the angular or orbitar procefles ; an ex- ternal Jrontaljpine, upon which the ofla nafi reft; an internal frontal Jp'me, to which the dura mater adheres ; and two orbitar plates, which feparate the orbits from the cavity of the cra- nium. Cavitif -. The cerebral cavity which contains the anterior portions of the hemif- pheres of the brain : a large notch between the orbitar plates for the fituation of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone ; two Jrontal ox pitui- tary Jim fies within the bone, above the root of the nofe} two orbital cavities, in which are two B 2 dtyreflions C 18 ) depreflions for the fituation of the lachrymal gland ; a notch in each fuperciliary ridge for the trochlea of the fuperior oblique mufcle ; ?, Juperciliary Joramen, through which pafles the frontal artery and nerve ; the Joramen cacum, fituated below the beginning of the internal frontal fpine. Connexion. The frontal bone is connected with the two parietal by means of the coronal future ; with the two oflanafi, the two fuperior maxillary bones and the two lach- rymal bones, by means of what is called the tranjverjeJuture ; with the fphsenoid bone by; means of harmony, called harmonia Jphanoid- alls ; with the ethmoid bone by harmonia eth- moidals, and with the os jugale, by means of future. The use of the frontal bone is to conftitute the forehead, pituitary finufes, part of the orbit, and to contain and defend the anterior lobes of the brain. parietal bones. Situation. One on each fide of the fupe- rior part of the cranium. Figure. Arched, and fomewhat quadrangular. Division. Into an external and an internal Jurjace and four an- gles, viz. the Jrontal,Jphanoidal, called alfo the Jpinous procejs, the occipital and mafioid. Cavi- ties. AJemicircular ridge, from which the tem- poral mufcle originates ; and the Joramen pari- elalc, which is near the fagittal future, and tranfmits an artery and a vein of the dura ma- ter. Upon its internal furface are the grooves '4 C '5 > ojthejpinous artery ; and when the two bonerf are united, there is a deep cavity extending a- long the fagittal future, for the longitudinal finus of the dura mater. Each parietal bone is connected with its fellow by means of the fagittal future ; with the frontal bone by the coronal future ; with the occipital by the lamb- doidal future ; and with the temporal by the fquamous future. The use of thefe bones is, to form the fuperior part of the cranium.— Synonims. Ofla verticis, fyncipitis, verticalia vel bregmatis. OCCIPITAL BONE. Situation. In the pofterior part of the cra- nium. Figure. Quadrate oblong. Exter- nal processes. The occipital tubercle, in the middle of the bone to which the ligamentum nuchse adheres ; a tranjverje Jpine, proceed- ing from each fide of the tubercle, to which the trapezius and complexus mufcles are at- tached ; a leffer tranfiverfie fipine, below the former, for the infertion of the recli mufcles ; a prominent ridge running downwards from the occipital tubercle, and forming, with the a- bove-mentioned ridges, a crucial fipine ; the cuneiform or bafilary procejs, fituated before the great foramen ; two condyloid procejfes or con- dyles, which are united to the firft vertebra of the neck. Internal processes. An inter- nal crucial fipine; the fuperior branch gives adhefion to the longitudinal finus of the dura mater. C *>. ) mater, the two lateral, to the lateral finufes and the inferior to the feptum cerebelli. Cavities. The foramen magnum occipitale, through which the fpinal marrow proceeds into the fpine, and the vertebral arteries and acceflbry fpinal nerves into the cranium ; two anterior condyloid foramina, for the paf- fage of the lingual pair of nerves ; two pofitcrior condyloidJoramina (which are fometimes want- ing), for the paflage of the occipital vein into the lateral finus ; two notches, which, with two correfponding notches of the temporal bones, form thejoramina lacera in bafi cranii, for the paflage of the blood from the lateral finufes into the jugular vein and the exit of the par vagum ', a confiderable groove leading to the above notches, in which the lateral finufes are fituated. The internal furface has alfo four confiderable deprefifions formed by the crucial fpine ; the two fuperior con- tain the pofterior lobes of the brain, and the two inferior, the two lobes of the cerebellum. Connexion. The occipital bone is connected by the cuneiform procefs to thefphsenoid bone, in the adult by fyn- oftofis ; hence Profeflbr Soemmering de- fcribes them as one bone, os occipito-fiphanoi- dale ; but in youth by fynchondrofis ; with the two parietal and two temporal bones by the lambdoidal future ; with the firft vertebra of the neck by ginglymus, and with the fecond by fyndefmofis. The use of the oc- cipital bone is to conititute the pofterior and ( « ) and inferior part of the cranium ; to contain the pofterior lobes of the brain, the cerebel- lum and me dulla oblongata, and' to ferve for (he articulation of the head with the fpine. Svnonims. Os bafilare, os memorise, and os nervofum. SPHENOID BONE. Situated in the middle of the bafis of the cranium, extending underneath from one temple acrofs to the other. Figure. Irregu- lar, compared to a bat with its wings extend- ed. External processes. Two ales ma- jores, whofe anterior part forms a portion of the orbit; the inner furface has lying upon it a portion of the middle lobe of the brain, and the whole external furface is covered by the temporal mufcle. Two fipimus procejfes, a narrow point projecting behind each foramen fpinofum. The Jphamidal Jpine, or azygous prci-cjs, upon which the bafis of the vomer lies. Two pterygoid procejfes, each of which is diftinguifhed into a root and two extended plates, or wi?i.gs ; one external, which gives origin on its external furface to the pterygo- ideus externus mufcle, and on its internal furface to the ptervgoideus internus mufcle ; and the other-internal. Two hamular or hook- lib*procejfies, one on the end of the internal wing of each pterygoid procefs,' over which the tendon of the circumflexus or tenfor palati mufcle turns. Internal processes* ( « ) Tv/o aide mi litres, which form the upper part of the fuperior orbital fimires. Four clinoid procefics, two anterior and two pof- terior. External cavities. The fiphesno- idal pituitary fiinus, which is in the middle of the bone, has a communication with the nof- trils, and is divided by an intermediate feptum. Two pterygoid deprefijions, one between each > greater and lefler wing, for the reception of a A part of the palate bone. Two Joramina, each leading to a canal, called the pterygoid or Vi- duan canal, in the root of the pterygoid proe- . efs, through which the recurrent or Viduan f branch of the fifth pair of nerves partes into the cranium. Internal cavities. TheJel- I laturcica, or ephippium, which is furrounded by the four clinoid procefles, and contains the pit- uitary gland. Two Joramina optica, one be- fore each anterior clinoid procefs, which tranf- mit the optic nerves. Two grooves, one on each fide of the fella turcica, between the ante- rior and pofterior clinoid procefles, formed by the pulfation of the carotid arteries. Two Jo- ramina lacera orbit alia Juperior a, between each greater and lefler wing, through which the | third, fourth, firft branch of the fifth, and the j fixth pair of nerves, and the ophthalmic artery pafs out of the cranium. Two Jorainina ro- tunda, for the paflage of the fecond branch of the fifth pair of nerves. Two Joramina ovalia, for the third branch of the fifth pair. Two Joramina Jpinoja, through which the fpinous4 ^rtery of the dura mater enters the cranium. The ( *3 ) Theiphgenoid bone is connected with all the bones of the cranium ; with the frontal, the ethmoid, the two parietal, and the two temporal by harmony, and with the occipital by fynoftofis: it is alfo united to the two cheek hones, the two fuperior maxillary bones, and the two palate bones, by harmony, and to the vomer by gomphofis. Its use is to form the bafis of the cranium, to concur in forming the orbits, the pituitary finufes of the nofe, the temples, &c. and to contain the middle lobes of the brain.—Synonims.— ''Os multiforme, os cuneiforme, os'ptery- goideum. TEMPORAL BONES. Situation. At the fides and inferior part of the cranium. Figure. Irregular. Division. Into a fquamous portion, which is flat, and fonns the fquamous future ; and a petrous portion, which is very irregular, and is fituated in the bafis of the fkull. Processes. The zygomatic procefis, which, with a procefs of the os jugale, forms the zygoma, yoke, or arch of the temples, un- derneath which the temporal mufcle moves, and from whofe lower edge feveral mufcles of iTie face arife, particularly the mafleter and zygomatic. The majhid or mammary procejs, which projects from under the ear, and has inferted into its anterior part the fterno>- cleido-irualtfiJcus ( 24 ) tleido-maftoideus mufcle, and into its pofte- rior part the complexus, the obliquus and trachelo-maftoideus. TheJlyloidprocejs, which is long and pointed, and gives origin to a ligament of the os hyoides, alfo to the ftylo- hyoideus, ftylo-pharyngeus, and ftylo-gloffus I mufcles. The vaginal procejs, which fur-,, rounds the root of the ftyloid. The auditory I procejs, or outer bony circle of the auditory J paffage, to which the membrana tympani and cartilage of the ear are fixed. Cavities. The meatus auditorius externus, which leads to the cavity of the organ of hearing. The < meatus auditorius internus, which begins on the internal and pofterior furface of the petrous portion, and tranfmits the feventh pair of nerves ; it has immediately within it the internaH>pening of the aqueduct of Fal- < lopius. Each temporal bone is connected j with the parietal by the fquamous future ; with the occipital by the lambdoidal future ; with the fphaenoid and jugal bones by har- mony, and with the lower jaw by arthrodia. Substance. The fquamous portion confifts of two tables and a diploe* ; the mammary j procefs of cells which communicate with the i cavity of the organ of hearing ; and the pe- M trous portion is very hard and compact. [ Use. To contain the middle lobes of the brain, and the organ of hearing ; and to con- cur informing the temples and the bafis of the cranium. ETHMo.iJ ( *5 ) ethmoid bone. Situation. In the anterior part of the bafts of the cranium, above the root of the nofe and between the orbits. Figure. Cube- like. Processes. A cerebral or cribriform plr.'.c, which lies horizontally above the root of the nofe within the cavity of the cranium : it is every where perforated by a number of. fmall foramina, through which the olfactory nerves pafs into the cavity of the noftrils. The crifta galli, a procefs fomewhat like a ■cock's comb, which proceeds upwards from the middle of the cribriform plate, and has •attached to itfthe falciform procefs of the dura mater. Two o-rbitar plates, called alfo offa plana, and plana papyfikea, which are very fmooth externally, and form the ifmer fide of the orbits* The Jeptum ethmoidale, nafial plate, azygous procejs, or perpendicular lamina, a confiderable procefs, defcending di- rectly under the crifta galli into the cavity of the nofe, and forming with the vomer the feptum narium. Two cavernous Jidjianccs, which are curled, like a piece of parchment, one on each fide of the feptum, called the fuperior turbinated, or fpongy bones. Cavi- ties. A number of cribrijorm Jorami.uda, fituated on each fide of the crifta galli. Two Joramina orbitalia nafi, one fituated in the line of union between the frontal bone and orbitar .plate of the ethmcid, for the paflage of the C nafai ( 26 ) fiafal branch of the orbital nerve. A num- ber of cells, which compofe the internal part of the bone, and form the pituitary finufes of the ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone is connected with the os frontis, the two nafal bones, the two fuperior maxillary, the two palatine, the fphamoid bone, and the vomer by harmony. Use. To form an ex- » ^enfive furface for the organ of fmell, to conftitute part of the nofe, orbits, and cra- nium. OF THE FACE. The bones of the face ^ire fourteen in. number, and are • divided into thofe of the upper and urirftr jaw. The upper jaw is forTned of thirteen bones, viz. two fuperior maxillary, two nafal, two palatine, two jugal, or malar, two inferior fpongy, two lachrymal, and the vomer,, which are united to the cranium, and with one another, by harmony. The under jaw confiits of one bone. There is an obvious line, beginning at the external angle of the orbit, where the frontal bone is united to the cheek bone, which leads to the inferior opening in the orbit, proceeds upwards to the nofe, whole root it erodes, and then traveries the other orbit to the ex- ^rnal afegle : this is called the tranjuerfe future. £ The other harmonies of the face are nanied after the bones which they unite, as the ■zygomatic, najal, palatine harmonies, &c. superior <. 27 ; SUPERIOR MAXILLARY BONES. Situ \ted in the anterior and middle part of the faf e.T Figure. Irregular. Process- es. The nafal procefs, which forms the fide of the nofe. The orbitar procejs, or plate, which forms part of the orbit. The malar procejs, by which it is united to the cheek- bone. The alveolar procejs, in which the teeth are fituated. The palate procejs, which forms the palate. A J fine, formed by the union of each palate portion, upon which the vomer refts. The -n-i-itat :vargin. Cavities. The antrum maxillare, called alfo, antr:,.> ferior extremity. Cavity, the glenoid cavity. Use, to affift in forming the fore-arm, and to ferve for flexion, fupination and pronation. The radius is connected to the humerus by ginglymus, to the cubit by an interofleous ligament and trochoides ; and to the carpua by arthrodia. CLARPUS, OR WRIST. Composed of 8 bones, which lie clofe to> * OSTEOGENS, OR. DOCTRINE OF THE FORMATION AND "GROWTH OF BONES. Ossification is a fpecific action of fmall- arteries, by which oflific matter is feparated from the blood, and depofited where it is required. The firft thing obfervable in the embryo, where bone is to be formed, is a tranfpar* ent jelly, which becomes gradually firmer, and is formed into cartilage. The cartilage grad- ually increafes to a certain fize, and when the procefs of oflification commences, vanifhes as it advances. Cartilages previous to the oflific- action are folid, and without any cavity ; but when the oflific action of the arteries is about to commence, the abforbents become very ac* tive, and form njmall cavity in which the bony matter is depofited ; bone continues to be fep- arated, and the abforbents model the mafs into its required fhape. The procefs of ofiification is extremely rap* id in utero: it advances flowly after birth, and is not completed in the human body till about the twentieth year. OfSfication in the flat bones, as thofe of the Ikull, always begins from the central points, and ( 49 ) and the radiated fibres meet the radii of other oflifying points or the edges of the adjoining bone. In long bones, as thofe of the arm and leg, the clavicle, metacarpal and metatarfal bones, a central ring is formed in the body of the bone, the head and extremities being cartilage, in the centre of which oflification afterwards begins. The central ring of the body flioots its bony fibres towards the head and extremi- ties, which extend towards the body of the bone. The head and extremities at length come fo clofe to the body as to be merely feparated by a cartilage, which becomes grad- ual ly thinner until the twentieth year. Thick and round bones, as thofe of the tarfus, carpus, fternum and patella are at fir'J: all cartilage ; oflification begins in the centre of each. At birth the eones of the fostus are 'Very imperfeeh The extremities and procefles of almoit all the long bones are connected to the body of the bone by cartilage. Thefe portions of bone are called epiphyses. T^e cranium has no futures ; its bones are con- nected together by a firm and almoft cartil- aginous membrane. On the anterior part of the cranium, between the parietal bones and the frontal, is a confiderable membranous fpace, called the anterior frontanel, and a iimilar but fmaller one between the parietal bones and the occipital, termed the posteri- or frontanel. The frontal bone confifts E of ( 56 ) of two bones, and the occipital of four. The* teeth are partly formed, efpecially the enamel, and are placed in a double feries. The ex- ternal auditory foramen is furrounded by a bony circle, in which there is a groove for the attachment of the membrana tympani. This circle gradually elongates into the meatus au- ditorius. The articular cavities of all the bones are much more fhallow than in the adult. The os innominatum confifts of three bones, the ilium, ifchium, and pubis, which are connected together by very firm cartilage; The bodies of the vertebras and its procefles are united by cartilages. bF THE CONNEXION OF BONES; Bones are connected with one another, fo as to admit of motion, and this kind of union is termed diatthrofis ; ox fo as to ad- mit of no motion, which is termed fiynarthro- fis ; and when connected with one another by an intervening fubftance, the union is term- ed fymphyfis. Diarthrofis, fynarthrofis, and fymphyfis, are to be confidered as the genera only of articulations, each genus comprehend- ing feveral fpecies, which are arranged as f'-fiion.'s. DlARTHROSIS} ( 5< ) GENERA.. SPECIES. " Enarthrofs, when the round head of one bonr is received into the deep cavity of another, fo as to admit of motion in every direction ; as the head of the os femoris with the acetabulum of the os innominatum. Arthrodia, when the round head of a bone is received into a kiperficial cavity cf another, fo as to admit of motion in every direction ; as the head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the fcapula. Ginglymus, when the motion is only flexir:i and extenfion ; thus the tibia is articulated with the os femoris $ and the cubit and radius with theos humeri. Trochoidc-, when one bone rotates uv n another; as the firft cervical vertebrae upon the odontoid procefs of the fecond, and the rae.us upon the ulna, or cubit. Amph'iarthrcjis, when there is motion, but t\,:J very obfcure ; as the motion of the metacarpal and metatarfal bones. "" Suture, when the union is by means of dentiform margins ; as in the bones of the cranium: hence the fagittal, lumbdoAlal, or oc-€ cipital and coronal futures. rt C5 J Harmony, when the connexion is by means [5 £§ | of rough margins, not dentiform ; as in the bones of the face. Gomphofis, when one bone is fixed within another, like a nail in a board ; as the teeth L in the alveoli of the jaws. c3 03 v O p4 Symphysis, ( 5* ) *ENERA. SPECIES... Synchondrqfs, when a bone is united with, another by means of an intervening cartilage ; as the vertebrae and bones of the pubis. Syffcrcofis, when a bone is connected with another by means of an intervening mufcle ; as the or. hyoides with the Itemum. &y,Lti,;ofts, when a bone is united to another by an inteivcning membrane; as the bones of the head of the foetus. Syndefmofis, when a bone is connected to anoth- er by means of an intervening ligament ; as the radius with the ulna.* &c. Synofiofis, when two bones, originally fepa- rated, are united to one another by bony mat-. ter. o to SYNDESMOLOGT, OR DOCTRINE OF THE LIGAMENTS. Ligaments are elaftic and ftrong mem- branes connecting the extremities of the move- able bones. Division, into capjular, which furround joints like a bag, and connccling liga- ments. Use. The capfular ligaments con- nect the extremities of the moveable bones, and prevent the efflux of fynovia ; the exter- nal and internal connecting ligaments ftrength- en the extremities of the moveable bones. Ligaments C 53 ) Ligaments of the lower jaw. The condyles of the lower iaw are connected with the articular finufes of the temporal bone by two ligaments, the capfular and lateral ligament. Ligaments of the occipital bone, AJ^D VERTEBRA OF THE NECK. The COn- djles of the occipital bone are united with the articular depreflions of the firft vertebras by the capfular, broad, anterior, and pofterior ligaments, the ligaments of the odontoid proc- efs, and ligamentum nuchas.. Ligaments of the vertebra. The vertebrae are connected together by means of their bodies and oblique procefles. The bod- ies by a foft cartilaginous fubftance, and the procefles by ligaments, viz. the tranfverfe lig- ament of the firft vertebrae ; the anterior and pofterior common ; the interfpinous; the intertranfverfe ; the intervertebral ligaments ; the capfular ligaments of the oblique procefl- es ; and the ligaments of the laft vertebra; of the loins with the os facrum.. Ligaments of the rib?. The pofterior extremity of the ribs is united with the vertex- bras ; the anterior with the item urn. The ligaments of the pofterior extremity are, the* capfular ligaments of the greater and lefler heads ; the internal and external ligaments of the neck of the ribs ; and a ligament peculiar to the laft rib. The ligaments of the anteri- or extremity are, the capfular ligaments of E z the; ( 54 ) the cartilages of the true ribs, and the liga- ments of the ribs inter Je. Ligaments of the sternum. The lig- aments connecting the three portions of the fternum to the ribs are, the membrana propria of the fternum; and the ligaments of the en- fiform cartilage. Ligaments of the pelvis. The liga- ments which connect the ofla innominata with the os facrum are, three ligamenta ileo-facra ; two facro-ifchiatic ligaments; two tranfverfe ligaments of the pelvis; the ligamentum ob- turans of the foramen ovale, and the ligamen- tum Poupartii, or inguinale. *;, Ligaments of the os coccygis. The bafis of the os coccygis is connected to the a- pex of the os facrum, by the capfular and lon- gitudinal ligaments.. Ligaments of the clavicle. The an- terior extremity is connected with the fternum and firft rib ; and the pofterior extremity with the acromion of the fcapula, by the interclav- icular, the capfular ligament, the ligamentum rhomboide un, and in the pofterior extremity, the capfular ligament. Ligaments of the scapula. The prop- er ligaments v/hich connect the fcapula with the pofterior extremity of the clavicle are the conoid and trapezoid ligaments. 1*1 G AMENTS ( 55 ) Ligaments of the humerus. The heacT of the humerus is connected with the glenoid cavity of the fcapula by the capfular ligament. Ligaments of the articulation of The cubit. The elbow joint is formed by the inferior extremity of the humerus, and fu- perior extremities of the ulna and radius. The ligaments connecting thefe bones are, the capfular, the brachio-cubital, and the brachio*- radial ligaments. Ligaments of the radius. The radiusr: is affixed to the humerus, cubit, and carpus, by peculiar ligaments, namely, the fuperior* inferior, oblique, and interofleous ligaments. Ligaments of the carpus. The liga- ments which connect the eight bones of the wrift together, and with the fore-arm and metacarpus, are, the capfular ligament of the carpus ; the firft and fecond tranfverfe liga- ment ; the oblique ligament; and the capfular- ligament proper to the bones of the carpus., Ligaments of the metacarpus. The bones of the metacarpus are in part connect- ed with the fecond row of bones of the car- pus, and in part together, by the articular and: interofleous ligaments. Ligaments of the fingers. The fin- gers and phalanges are connected together, and with the metacarpus ; and the thumb with the carpus, by the lateral ligaments of the -fingers, and ligament of the thumb with the os trapezium of the carpus. Ligaments ( 56 ) Ligaments which keep the tendons Of the muscles of the hand in their proper place. The ligaments which keep the tendons of the mufcles of the hand in their place, are fituated partly in the palm, and partly on the back of the hand. In the back of the hand are, the external tranfverfe liga- ment of the carpus, the vaginal, and the tranf- verfe ligaments of the extenfor tendons. In the palm of the hand are, the internal tranf- verfe ligament of the carpus, the vaginal or crucial ligaments of the flexor tendons of tha halanges, and the acceflbry ligaments of the expr tendons., Ligaments of the articulation op the femur. The head of the os femoris is ftrongly annexed to the acetabulum of the os innominatum, by two very ftrong ligaments, the capfular ligament, and ligamentum teres,, or reftraining ligament. Ligaments of the articulation of the knee. The knee joint is formed by the condyles of the os femoris, head of the tibia and the patella.. The ligaments are the cap- fular, the pofterior, the external arid internal lateral ligaments, the crucial and the alar liga- ments, the ligaments of the femilunar cartilag- es, and ligaments of the patella. Ligaments of the fibula. The fibula is connected with the tibia by means of the capfular ligament of the fuperior extremity, the ( SI I the interofleous ligament, and the ligaments of the, inferior extremity. Ligaments of the articulation of the tarsus. The inferior extremity of the libia and fibula forms the cavity into which the aftragalus of the tarfus is received. This articulation is effected by the anterior, middle, and pofterior ligament of the fibula, the liga*. mentum tibiae deitoides, the capfular ligament, and the ligaments proper to the bones of the tarfus. Ligaments of the metatarsus. The bones of the metatarfus are connected in part togetlier, and in part with the tarfus, by means of the capfular ligament, the articular liga- ments, the tranfverfe ligaments in the back and fole of the foot, and the interofleous liga- ments of the metatarfus. Ligaments of the toes. The phalan- ges of the toes are united partly together, and partly with the metatarfus, by the capfular and lateral ligamerus. Ligaments which retain the ten- dons of the muscles of the foot in their proper place. Thefe ligaments are found partly in the back and partly in the fole of the foot. They are the vaginal ligament of the tibia, the tranfverfe or crucial ligaments of the tarfus, the ligaments of the tendons of the peronei mufcles, the lacinated ligament, the vaginal ligament of the extenfor mufcle C 58 5 and flexor pollicis, the vaginal ligaments of the flexor tendons, the acceflbry ligaments of the flexor tendons, and the tranfverfe liga- ments of the extenfor tendons, MYOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE MUSCLES. A muscle is a fibrous body. Division", into head, bell)'', and tail. Adhesion, the head and tail are firmly attached to the bones ; the place of attachment of the former is called its origin ; it is ufually that part neareft the trunk of the body : the latter is termed the injertion, which is more remote from the trunk of the body, and is implanted into the part to be moved. The body adheres laxly to other parts, by means of the cellular membrane, in order that it may fwell when the mufcle acts. Substance, flefhy in the belly, ten- dinous in the extremities. The former is com- pofed of flefhy fibres, which are irritable and fenfible ; the latter of white fibres, which are neither fenfible nor irritable. , When the ten- dinous extremity of a mufcle is rounded, it is called a tendon ; when broad and expanded, aponeurofis, and fometimes fafcia. Mufcles are variouflyNAMED,according to the arrangement of their fibres, or from their action ; or from their origin and infertion 5 or from their figure or ( 59 *) r,r fituation: thus when the fibres go to tfrd fame direction, it is faid to be zfimple mufcle £ when they are in rays, a radiated mufcle ; when arranged like the plume of a feather, a pcnniform mufcle ; and when two penniform mufcles are contiguous, a compound penniform* Mufcles fometimes fur round certain cavities 1 of the body, forming a thin lamina, as in the inteftinal canal, bladder, &c. ^ When they are fituated around any opening, fo as to fliut or open it, they are termed fiphinclers. There are many mufcles named from their action, as the flexors, extenfors, depreflbrs, levators, corrugatores fupercilii, &c. The mufcles which receive names from their origin and infertion are very numerous ; a$ the fterno-cleido-maftoideus, ftylo-hyoideus, ftylo-gloflus, Sec. The deltoid, pedineus, pyramidalis. &c. are named from their figure, and the" pectoral is, lingualis, temporalis, ptery- goideus, kc. from their fituation. Mufcles that concur in producing the fame action, are called congeners ; but thofe that act con- trary to each other antagoniftcc. Vessels. Arteries, veins, and abforbents, abound in the flefhy part; but very few indeed in the ten- dinous. Nerves or mufcles are alfo numer- ous in the flefhy parts, and wanting in the tendinous. Use. Mufcles are the organs Vrf motion. Muscle? MUSCLES OF THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE CRANltfltf. Name. Occipho-frontalis*. Corrugator fuper- Ar'fes from The upper ridge of the occipital bone ; its aponeuroiis covers the upper part of the head. Above the root of the nofe. Inferted into The fkin of the eye- brows and root of the nofe. The inner part of the occipitc-frotitalis. Ufe. To pull the fkin cf the head backwards-— raife the eyebrows and fkin of the forehead. To wrinkle tlic eye- brows. Orbicularis palpebra- rum. Levator pa/pebra fuperlaris. MUSCLES OF THE EYELIDS, Around the edge of The inner corner of To fhut the eye. the orbit. the eyes. The bottom of the The cartilage of the To open the eye, by orbit, near the optic tarfus of the upper eye- raifing the upper eye- foramen, lid. lid. f The reader will be pleafed to obferve, that although all the mufcles (a few only excepted, which arc jnarkci &u**) ar>; in pairs, mention is made here only of the mufcles of urn: fide. MUSCLES OF THE EYEBALL, 'rJ Reel us fuperior.~\ Rellus inferior. I Retlus ir.ijrru.s. C Retlus externus. j Obliquus fuperior feu Trocklearis. Obliquus inferior.' Around the optic foramen of the fplue- noid bone, at the bot- tom of the orbit. Near the optic fora- men, and pafles through a trochlea in the inter- nal canthus of the eye, and is reflected to be The ductus naialis, and is inferted The anterior part cf the tunica fclcrotica, oppofite to each other. The pofterior part cf the bulb, between the retlus and the en- trance of the optic nerve. Oppofite to the for- mer. To raife it upwards^ To pull it downwards To turn it to the nofe. To move it outwards. To roll the eye, and turn the pupil down- wards and outwards. To roll the eye. MUSCLES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH. Ltvohr lalii f/pe- rioris alaque naff. The nafal procefs of The upper lip and It raife". the upper the fuperior maxillary ala of the nofe. lip, and dilates the bone. noilvib. Levator lalii fupe- The upper jaw, un- The middle of the To pull the upper rhris proprittt. der the orbit, upper lip. lip directly upwards. L^jior Oi Name. Levator anguli oris. Zygomaticus major. Zygomaticus minor. Buccinator. Depreffor- anguli oris. Depreffor lalii in- ferioris. Arifes from The orbitar foramen ofthe fup. max. bone. The os jugale, near the zygomatic future, and runs downwards. Above the zygomat- icus major. The fockets of the laft molares, and the coronoid procefs of'the. lower jaw. The lower edge of the under jaw, near the chin. The inferior part of the lower jaw, next the chin. Inferted into The orbicularis, at the angle of the mouth. The angle of the mouth, with the de- prefTor ofthe lip. The angle of the mouth. The angle of the mouth, and is perfo- rated by the duel: of the parotid gland. The angle ef the mouth. The middle of the under lip. To raife the comet*- of the mouth. To inflate the cheek and raife the angle of the mouth. To raife the angle of the mouth outwards. To contract the mouth, and draw the angle of it outwards and backwards. To draw the corner of the mouth down- wards. To draw the under lip downwards and outwards. This mufcle furrounds the lips, and is in a great meafure formed by the buccinator, zygo- matici, and others, which move the lip. The fockets of the The root of the ala upper incifor teeth. nafi and upper lip. The root of one goes acrofs to the other. wing of the nofe, and The lower jaw, at The /kin in the cen- the root of the incif- ire of the chin. ors. MUSCLES OF TH2 EXTERNAL EAR. Orbicularis oris*. Dtpreffir labii fupe- ricris aUque naji. Confiritlor tiaf. Levator mtnti vel labii inferioris. Superior auris, or attottens auretn. Anterior auris. Poflerior auris, or retrahens auris. The tendon of the occipito-frontalis, above the ear. Near the back part of the zygoma. The maftoid proc- efs, by two and fome- times three fafciculi. The root of the car- tilaginous tube of the ear. The eminence be- hind the helix. The feptum that di- vides the fcaphu and c^cha. To (hut the mouth, by contracting the lips. To pull the ala nafi and upper lip down. To comprefs the wir.gs ofthe nu'e. To raife the under lip and fkin of the chin. To draw the ear up- wards, and make it tenie. To raife this emi- nence forwards. To draw the ear back, and icrctcii the concha. Helicis Name. Helicis major. Helicis minor. Tragicus. Antitragus. Tranfverfus auris. Ar\f: from The upper, ante- rior, and acute part of the helix. The inferior and anterior part of the he- hx. The outer and .mid- dle part of the concha, near the tragus. From the root af the inner part of the helix. The upper part of the concha. Inferted Info The cartilage of the helix, a little above the tragus. The crus of the he- lix. Ufe. To deprefs the up- per part of the helix. To contract the fif- fure. The upper the tragus. The upper the antitragus. The inner the helix. art of To deprefs the con- cha, and pull the tragus a little outwards. part of To dilate the moutlv of the concha. part of To draw thefe parts towards each other. .? MUSCLES OF. THE INTERNAL EAR, bvtator tympani. The fpinous procefs The long procefs of To draw the malleus of the fphaenoid bone. the malleus. obliquely forwards, to* wards its origin. Tenfor tympanu Stapedius. ^ Temporalis. The cartilaginous extremity of the Eu- ftachian tube. A little cavern in the petrous portion, near the cells of the maf- toid procefs. The handle of the malleus. The pofterior part of the head of the ftapes. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER Jx\W. The lower part of the parietal bone and os frontis; fquam- mous part of the tem- poral bone ; back part ofthe os jugale $ the temporal procefs of the fphsenoid bone, and the aponeurofis which cov- ers it. The coronoid proc- efs of the lower jaw, its fibres- being bun- dled together and prefix- ed into a fmall com- pafs, fo as to pafs under thejugum, or zygoma. To pull the malleul and membrane of the tympanum towards the petrous portion. To draw the ftapes obliquely upwards to- wards the cavern. To move the lower jaw upwards. Majfcttr. Name. Maffeter. ArfeS from The iup. max. bone, near the os jugale ; and from the anterior part of the zygoma. Pterygcideus MS. Pterygoideus nus. inter-cxter- The internal ptery-goid procefs of the fphsnoid bone. The external ptery-goid procefs. Inferted into The angle of the lower jaw upwards to the balls of the coro- noid procefs. The lower jaw, on its inner fide, and near its angle. The condyloid proc- efs of the lower jaw and capfular ligament. Ufe. To raife and move the jaw a little for- wards and backwards. To raife the lower jaw, and draw it a lit- tle to one fide, To move the jaw, and to prevent the lig- ament of the jaw from being pinched. MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK. Platyfma myoides. ileus. Sierno-pleido-maftoi* The cellular mem- brane covering the pec- toral and deltoid muf- cles. The upper part of the fternum, and fore part of the clavicle. The fide of the chin and integuments of the cheek. The maftoid proc- efs, and as far back as the occipital future, To draw the cheeks and flcin of the face downwards, To move the head to, one fide and bend \% forwards. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES. Digajlricus. Afoffaattherootof The lower and ante- To draw the lower the mafloid procefs. rior part of the chin. jaw downwards. Mylo-kyoideus. The inner furface of The bails of the os To move the oshr- „ . . ., the jaw-bone. hyoides. oides upwards. Gemo-hyotdeus, The infide of the The bafis of the os To move the os hy- „ . , _ cnm- hyoides. oides upwards. Gemo-ghJusK The inude of the The tongue, form- To move the tongne c*un- ing part of its fub- in various directions. ftance. Uyo-ghffus. The horn, bafis, and Into the tongue la. To draw the tongue ^* cartillage ofthe os hy- terally. downwards and V oides. wards Lingualis. The root of the The extremity of To'fhorten and draw tongue laterally. the tongue. the tongue backwards. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS HYOIDES AND TRUNK. Sterno-hyoidcus. The fternum and The bafis cf the os To draw the os hy. clavicle, hyoides. oides downwards. Qtxqs i N Name. ^Oma-hyoideus. Stemo-tbyroideuj. Thyreo-hyoideus, or Uyo-thyroideus. Crico-thyroideus. Arifes from Near the coracoid procefs ofthe fcapula. The upper and inner part of the fternum. Part of the bafis and horn of the os hyoides. The fide of the cri- coid cartilage, Inferted into The bafis of the os hyoides. The thyroid cartil- age. The fide of the thy- roid cartilage. The inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. Vfi. To draw the os hy* oides downwards. To pull the thyroid cartilage downwards. To raife the cartil- age, and deprefs the bone. To pull the thyroid cartilage towards the cricoid. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES, LATERALLY. Stylo-gloffus. Stylo-hyoideu*. The apex of the fty- loid procefs. The bafis, and about the middle of the fty- loid procefs. The fide of the root of the tongue. The bafis of the os hyoides. To pull the tongue backwards. To draw the os hy* oides upwards.. 01 09 Stylo-pharyngeus. Cirrumfiexus, feu Tenfor palati. Us. Levator palati The root of the fty- loid procefs. Near the Euftachian tube,and paffes through the hamulus of the pte- rygoid procefs, to be The point of the os petrofum, the Eufta- chian tube, and fphae- noid bone. The edge ofthe pha- rynx, and b?ck of the thyroid cartilage. The velum pendu- lum palati. The velum pendu- lum palati, being ex- panded upon it. To dilate the pha- rynx, and raife the car- tilage. To draw the velum pendulum palati ob- liquely downwards, and ftretch it. To pull the velum pendulum backwards and upward?. MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY OF THE FAUCES. Confriflor ifi hmfu/. eium. Near the root of the tongue, on each fide, ?:id goes round, to be The middle of the velum pendulum palati, near the uvula. To raife the toncjlic, and draw the velum to- wards it. Palate* Name. Palato-pharyngeust Azygos uvula.* Arifes from The middle of the foft palate, goes round the entry of the fauces, the tendon of the cir- ^umflexus palati, and velum pendulum palati, to be The commiffure of the ofla palati. Inferted into The upper and pof- terior part of the thy- roid cartilage. The extremity the uvula. of Uje. To contract the arch of the fauces, To fliorten and raife the u\ula. /~N o MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE PHARYNX. Conflridor pharyngis inferior. Conflriclor pharyngis siedius. The cricoid and thy- roid cartilages. The horns, and ap- pendix of the os hy- oides, The middle of the pharynx. The ambit of the pharynx, To comprefs part cf the pharynx. To comprefs the pharynx, and draw th^ os hyoides upwards. ConflriSor pharyn- git fuperior. The pterygoid proc- efs, the lower jaw, and the cuneiform procefs of the os occipitis. The middle of pharynx. the To move the pha- rynx upwards and for- wards, and to com- prefs its upper part. MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS. Crico-arytanoideus poflicus. Crico-arytanoideus lateralis, or obliquus. Thyreo-arytanoi- deus. Arytanoideus obli- quus*. Arytanoideus tranf- •vtrfus*. 1'hyreo-cpiglottideus. The cricoid cartil- age pofteriorly. The fide ofthe cri- coid cartilage. The back of the thy- roid cartilage. The root of one arytenoid cartilage. One of the aryte- noid cartilages. The thyroid cartil- age. The back ofthe ary- tenoid cartilage. The fide ofthe ary- tenoid cartilage. The fore part of the arytenoid cartilage. The extremity of the other. The other arytenoid cartilage. The fide of the epi- glottis. To open the glottis. Ta open the glottis. To draw the aryte- noid cartilage fi" waid. To draw them to- wards each other. To ftiut the glottis. To pull the epiglot- tis obliquely down- wards. AryU/iO' Name. AryLzno-ep'iglotl'uleus. Arifes from The upper part of the arytenoid cartilage laterally. Inferted Into The fide of the epi- glottis. Ufe. To move the glottis outwards. epi- MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ABDOMEN. Obliquus defendant Obliquus afcendcns in- termts. The lower edges of the eight inferior ribs near their cartilages. The fpinous proc- efles of the three laft lumbar vertebre, back ofthe facrum, and fpine of the ilium. The linea albaf, ofla pubis, and fpine of the iliumj. The cartilages of all the falfe ribs, linea al- ba, and pubis, and fternum, by a flat ten- don. To comprefs abdomen. To comprefs abdomen. the the f^^7u:'^mSC^ni[°n'Which ^ fr°m the «***» «*fcn»» of the ftern^dowa to the middle of the pubis. j. In this courl'e it forms Poapart's ligament. Tranfocrfalis dominis* ah Retlus abdominis. Pyramidalis. The cartilages of the feven lower ribs, Bad the tranfverfe proc- efles of the four lower lumbar vertebrae and Jpine of the ilium. .The outfide of the ft'erhum and xyphbid cartilage. The anterior upper part of the pubis. The linea alba, throughout its whole length, and into the enfiform cartilage* The fide of the fym- phyfis of the pubis. The linea alba, be- low the umbilicus. To comprefs tke ab^ dominal vifcera. To comprefs the abdomen, and bend the trunk. To aflift the lower portion of the rectus. MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. Darto*. By fome faid to be a mufcle : appears, however, to be no more than a con- denfation of cellular membrane lining the fcrotum> which admits of being corrugated and relaxed. Grtmafter. The inguinal ring, The tunica vaginalis To draw up the and Poapart*s liga- of the tefticte. tcfticle. »ient. Ertffor Name.7 EreSor penis. Accelerator urintt feu Ejaculatorfeminis. Tranfverjvs peri- Sphincter ani*. Arifes front The tuberofity of the ifchium, embraces one crus of the penis. The fphincter of the anus, and above the bulb of the urethra. The fatty membrane covering the tuberofity of the ifchium. Inferted into A ftrong tendinous membrane, that covers the corpora cavernofa. The line in the mid- dle of the bulb* The accelerator uri- ne, and fphincter anr. MUSCLES OF THE ANUS. *, Ufe' To comprefs urethra. To comprefs urethra. To dilate the ofthe urethraf. the the bulb The flcin and fat furrounding the. amis on both fides. The perineum, ao To fhut the paflage celeratores urine, and ^ through the anus into tranfverfus perinei. the rectum. f There is often another mufcle behind this, called Tranfverfus ■perinai alter. It affifts the former* Levator ani*. The internal furface of the pubis, ilium, and ifchium, of both fides, in a radiated manner. The fphincter ani, acceleratores urine, & os coccygis; and fur- rounds the rectum, neck of the bladder, &c. like a funnel. 4B To draw the rectum up after the dejection of the feces, and to afiift in fhutting it MUSCLES OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. Erector clitoridis. Sphincter vagina. Obturator internus. The cms of the if- The upn»- part of To draw the clitoris chium internally. the cms and body of downwards, and make the clitoris. it tenfe. The fphincter ani, The union of the To contract the and fide of the vagina crura clitoridis. mouth of the vagina. which it furrounds. MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS. The foramen ovale obturator ligament, ili- um, ifchium, and pu- bis. A large pit between the trochanters of the femur. To roll the ferr obliquely outwards. Coccygeus. to Name. Ppeeygeus. Arifes from Inferted inta Ufe* The fpinous procefs The extremity of the To move the coe? ofthe ifchium. facrum and os coccy- cyx forwards and in- gis. wards. MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN. Diaphragma*. Quadratus lumbo- rum. Pfoas parvus. Pfoas mpgnut, Iliacus intcrnus. The ftudent will finddefcribed in Splanchnology. The pofterior part The tranfverfe apo- To fupport the fpine of the fpine of the phyfes of the loins and and draw it to one ilium. laft fpurious rib. fide. The tranfverfe proc- The brim of the To bend the loins efs of the laft dorfal pelvis, near the place forwards. vertebre. of the acetabulum. The bodies andproc* The os femoris, a To bend the thigh. efles of the laft dorfal little below the tro- forwards. and all the lumbar chanter, minor. vertebre. The internal furface The femur in com? To affifl; the pfoas of the fpine of the rnon with the pfoas. magnus. ijium, magnus. >& MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE THORAX. Pectoralis major. Subelavius. Pectoralis minor. o Serratus ticus. major an- The clavicle, fter- num and feven true ribs. The cartilage of the firft rib. The third, fourth, and fifth ribs. The eight fuperior ribs. furface The upper and in- ner part of the hume- rus. The under of the clavicle. The coracoid proc- efs of the fcapula. The bafis of the fcapula. To draw the arm forwards, or obliquely forwards. To move the clavi- cle downwards. To roll the fcapula. To bring the fca- pula forwards. MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS AND WITHIN THE THORAX. Intercoflales externi. Intercoflales interni. Ibtiangularis SHrno-cof.alis, The lower edge of The fuperior edge To elevate the ribs. each upper rib. of each lower rib. Like the former, their fibres are directed from behind forwards. The middle and in- The cartilages of the ' To deprefs the car- fenor part of the fter- five laft true ribs. tilages ofthe ribs. num. MUSCLES MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK, CLOSB TO THE VERTEBRAE. Name. Loagus c«HK ReGtt? phis major. iitkrnns- ea» Re&us interms ca- pitis minor. Reftus. capitis later- alis. Arifes- from The bodies of the three upper dorfal and tranfverfe procefles of the four laft cervical. The tranfv«rfe proc efTes of the five laft cervical vertebre. The fore part of the atlas. The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas. Inferfe-d into The anterior tuber-! cJLe of the dentatus. The cuneiform proc-. efs of the os occipi- tis. The os occipitis, near the condyloid procefs. The os occipitis»near the maftoid procefs. Ufe. To pull the neck to one fide. To bend the head forwards, /""x To aflrft the former. ©? To move the head w to one fide. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE TRUNK. Trapezius feu Cucullaris. The os occipitis and The clavicle* part the fpinous procefles of of the acromion, and all the vertebre of the the fpine of the fcap- neck and back. jilg,. To mpve the fcapun la, bend the neck, and pull the head back* wai-ds. Latifftmus dorfi. Serratut po/hcus ivfe- r'w. Rhomboideus. ftfwffi The fpine of the ill— pm, fpinous procefles of the facrum, lumbar and inferior dorfal ver- tebre ; adheres to the fcapula and inferior falfe ribs. The fpinous proceff- es of the two laft dor- fal and three lumbar vertebre. The fpinous proceff- es of the three laft cer- vical, and four firft dorr fal vertebre. The fpines of the four laft cervical, and four fuperior dorfal vcr- Jebre. The os humeri, be- tween its two tuberofi- ties in the edge of the groove for the tendon of the biceps mufcle. The lower edge of the three or four low- erraoft ribs, near their- cartilages. The bafis of the fca- pula, at its upper and lower part. The two firft cervical vertebre, and the fide of the 09 occipitis, To draw-the os hu. smi backwards, and to roll it vpon its axis. To draw the ribs out- .^ wards, downwards, and backwards, sA vff To move the fcapula *—* upwards and back- wards. To move the head backwards, and alfo to one fide, Serrattu* Name. Serratus fuperior pef- ticu*. Spinalis dor/i, Arifes from Inferted into Ufi. The fpinous procefT- The fecond, third, To expand the tho- es of the three laft cer, and fourth ribs,by three rax, by elevating the vical, and two fuperior neat flefhy tongues. ribs, dorfal vertebre. Two fpinous procefl- es of the loins, and three lower of the back. All the fpinous proc- efles of the back, exT cept the firft. To extend the verte- bre, Levatores eojlarum, or Supra-coftala?. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the laft cervical and the dorfal vertebre. The angles of the ribs. To lift the ribs up. war^s. co O Saero-lumbalis. The facram, fpine of the ilium, and the fpin- ous and tranfverfe proc- efles of the lumbar ver- tebre. The lower edge of each rib, by a flat tendon. To draw the ribf downwards, to move the body upon its axis, to aflrft the long, dorfi, and to turn the neck back} or to one fide. J t-ongiffmus dorfu Complexus. r Trachclo-mafloideus. Levator fcapula. Semi-fpinalis dorfi. The fame parts as the former, and by one common broad tendon. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the four inferi- or cervical, and feven fuperior dorfal verte- bra. The tvanfverfe proc- efles of the five lower cervical and three up- per dorfal vertebre. The tranfverfe proc* efies of the four fuperi- or cervical vertebre. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the 7th, 8th, 9th, and icth dorfal vertebre. The tranrVerfe proc- efles of all the dorfal and one cervical verte- bre. The middle of the os occipitis, at its tu- bercle. The os occiptis, be- hind the maftoid proc- efs of the temporal bone. The upper angle of the fcapula, The fpinous proceff- es of the four fuperior dorfal and the kit cer- vical vertebra. To ftretch the ver- tebra of the back, and keep the trunk erect. To draw the head backwards. To draw the h«4 backwards. To move the' fcapu,-: la forwards and up- wards. To extend the fpine obliquely backwards. Oft Multj/rA/j Name. Multifidus fpina.. Semi-fpinalis colli, or ^ Spinalis cervicis. Tranfverfalis colli. Mettus capitis poflicus major. Rectus capitis poflicus minor. Obliquus capitis fupe- rioq, Arifes from The facrum, ilium, pblique and tranfverfe procefles of the lumbar, the tranfverfe of the dorfal, and four cervical vertebre. The tranfverfe proc* efles of the fix upper dorfal vertebre. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the five upper dorfal vertebre. The tranfverfe proc- efs of the fecond cervi- cal vertebre. The firft vertebre of the neck. The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas. Inferted inl8 The fpinous proceff- es of the lumbar, dor- fal, and cervical verte- bre, except the atlas. The fpinous procefi"? es of the five middle cervical. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the cervical ver- tebre. The lower ridge of the os occipitis. The os occipitis at its tubercle. The end of the low- er pccipital ridge, Ufe. To extend the bacfc£ and draw it backwards or to one fide, and pre- vent the fpine from be- ing too much bent for- wards. To ftretch the neck obliquely backwards, To turn the neck ob- liquely backwards, and to one fide. To extend the head, and draw it backwards. To affift the rectus major. To draw the head backwards. Obliquus capitis infe- rior. Scalenus. Interfpinales. IxUer-tranfvcrfalcs. The fpmous procefs ofthe dentatus. The upper furface of the firft and fecond rib. Between the fpinous procefles of the fix in- ferior cervical vertebre. The tranfverfe proc- efs of the atlas. The tranfverfe proc- efles of the cervical ver- tebre. The fpinous proceff- es of the vertebre a- bove. To draw the face to one fide. £ To move the neck forwards, or to one fide. To draw the fpinous procefles towards each other. Between the tranf- The tranfverfe proc- To draw the tranf verfe procefles of the efles of the vertebre a- verfe procefles towards oo vertebre. bove. each other. Supra-fpinatut. Infraspinatus MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. To raife the arm. The bafis, fpine, and A large tuberofity at upper edge of the fcap. the head of the os hu- ula. meri. The cavity below the The upper part of fpine of the fcapula. the fame tuberofity. To roll the os hume- ri outwards. Tern Name." Teres minor. Teres major. Deltoides. Cotaeo-brachiatis. Subfcapularis. Arifes from Inferted into ■ The inferior edge of The greater tuberof- thtf fcapula. ity of the hilmerUs. Ufe. To aflift the former^ , The inferior angle The fide of the To aflift in rotating am} edge of the fcapula. groove for the long ten- the arm. don of the biceps. The clavicle, and the The anterior and acromion and fpine of middle part of the os the fcapula. humeri. To raife the arm. The coracoid proc- The middle and in- To roll the arm for- efs of the fcapula. her fide of the os hu- wards and upwards. meri. The bafis, fupertoi' The protuberance at To roll the arm in« and inferior edge ofthe the head of the os hu- wards* fcapula. merit m /-s MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERt. Biceps flexor cubiti. Srachialis internus. Two heads, one from the coracoid procefs, the other, caUed the long head, from the edge of the glenoid cav- ity of the fcapula. The os humeri at each fide of the tendon of the deltoides. The tuberofity at the upper end of the ra- dius, at its fore part, and a little below its neck. The coronoid proc- efs of the ulna. To bend the fore- arm, which it does with great ftrength, and to aflill the fupinators To aflift in bending co the fore-arm. %^x liti. Triteps extenfor cu- The neck of the fcapula, and the neck and middle of the hu- • The upper and out- er part of the olecranon. To extend the forc- Anconeus. The external con- dyle of thfe humerus. The back part ridge of the ulna. To aflift in extending the fore-arm. MUSCLES MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE FORE-ARM, Name. Supinator radii Ion- gus. Extenfor carpi radia- Ks longior. Extenfor carpi radia- lis brevior. Extenfor digitorum communis. Extenfor minimi digiti. Extenfor carpi ulna- ris. Flexor carpi ulnaris. Arifes from The external con- dyle of the humerus. The external con- dyle of the humems. The external con- dyle of the humerus. The external con- dyle of the os humeri. The outer condyle of the humerus. The outer condyle of (he os humeri. The inner condyle of the humems and olecra- non. Inferted into The radius, near the ftyloid procefs. The metacarpal bone ofthe fore-finger. The metacarpal bone of the middle finger. The back of all the bones of the fingers. The fecond joint of the little finger. The metacarpal bone of the little finger. The os pififormc, at its fore-part. Ufe. To aflift in turning up the palm of the hand. To extend the wrift. To aflift the former. To extend the fin- ^ gers. c* To aflift in extending the fingers. To aflift in extending the wrift. To aflift in bending fhe hand. li. Piilit).ir\s longm. Flexor carpi radia- Pronator radii teres. Supinator radii bre- Extenfor offis meta- carpi pollicis manus. Extenfor primi hlcr- UoJii. The internal condyle of the os humeri. The internal condyle of the os humeri. The internal condyle of the humerus and coronoid procefs of the ulna. The outer condyle of the humerus, and edge of the ulna. The middle of the ulna, iKtcroflcoiif, liga- ment, and radius. Near the middle of the ulna, interofleous Lgar..c:.t, and radius. The annular ligament of the wrift, and there forms the aponeurofis of the hand. The metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. The outer ridge of the radius, about the middle of its length. The anterior, inner, and upper part of the radius. The os trapezium, and firft bone of the thumb. The convex part of-' the fecund buie of the thumb. To bend the hanch To bend the hand. To roll the hand in- wards. To roll the radius outwards, and aflift the ^t anconeus. To ftrctch the firft ^ bone of the thumb out- wards. To extend the fccond bone ofthe thumb out- wards. Extcvfrr Name, Extenfor fecundi inter- nodii. Indicator. Flexor digitorum fuh- limis. Flexor digitorum pro- fundus velperforans. Flexor longus pollicis. Pronator radii quad- ratus. Ar'tfis from The back ofthe uh:a and interofleous liga- ment. The middle ofthe ul- na. The inner condyle of the os humeri, coronoid procefs of the ulna, u.nd upper part of the ra- dius. The upper part of the ulna, and intcrof- feous ligament. The upper and fore part of the radius. The inner and lower part of die ulna. Inferted into The third and laft bone of the thumb. The metacarpal bone of the fore-finger. The fecond bone of each finger, after being perforated by the ten- dons ofthe profundus, The fore part of the laft bone of each of the fingers. The laft joint of the thumb. The radius oppofite to its origin. Ufe. To ftretch the thumb obliquely backwards. To extend the fore. finger. To bend the fecond joint ofthe fingers up- on the firft, and the firft upon the metacarpal bones. 09 To bend the laft 00 joint of the fingers. To bend the laft joint ofthe thumb. To roll the radius in- wards". MUSCLES SITUATED CHIEFLY ON THE HAND. /Imbricates. Flexor brevis pollicis manus. Qpponens pollicis. ^> Abductor pollicis ma- nus. Abductor pollicis ma- nus. Abductor indicis ma- nus. Palmarit brevis, The tendons of the flexor profundus. The os trapezoides, ligament of the wrift, and the os magnum. The os fcaphoides and ligament of the wrift. The annular liga- ment, and os trapezium. The metacarpal bone of the middle finger. The firft bone of the thumb, and os trapeT zium. The annular liga- ment, and palmar apo- peuroiis. The tendons of the extenfor digitorum com- munis. The ofla fefamoidea and fecond bone ofthe thumb. The firft bone of the thumb. The root of the firft bone ofthe thumb. To bend the firft and extend the fecund pha- lanx. To bend the fecond joint of the thumb. To bend the thumb. To draw the thumb from the fingers. The root of the firft bone of the thumb. The firft bone of the fore finger pofteriorly. The metacarpal bone and flcin of the little finger. To pull the thumb towards the fingers. To move the fore- finger towards the thumb. To contract the palm ofthe hand. Abduilar Name. Arifes from Inferted into Ufe. Abductor minimi digiti The annular liga- The firft bone of the To draw the little ment and os pififorme. little finger. finger from the reft. planus Abductor minimi digiti, The os cuneiforme The metacarpal bone To move-that bone and carpal ligament. of the little finger.' towards the reft. Flexor parvus minimi The annular liga- The firft bdne of the To draw the little digiti. ment and os cuneiforme, little finger. finger from the reft. Interoffe^ i„terni J ^^ ^^ ^ %Q ^ ^ of f J^ot tl!em t Interoffei extcrni. \ which ^ are *ttaghed' (.wards the thumb. MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. Pedinalis. The anterior edge of The Upper part of To bend the thigh. the os pubis. the linea afpera of the femur. I1 AdduSor longiu femoris. Adductor brevis femoris. AdduSor magnus femoris. Obturator externus, Gluteus maximus. Gluteus medius. The upper and fore part 0/ the pubis. The fore part and ramus of the os pubis. The lower and fore part of the ramus of the pubis. The obturator Irga* ment, and half of the thyroid hole. The fpine of the il- ium, pofterior facroif- chiatic ligaments, and os facrum. The fpine and fupe- rior furface of the ili- um, The middle and back part of the linea afpe- ia. ( The inner and upper part of the linea afpe- ra. The whole length of th? linea afpera. The femur near the root of the great tro- chanter. The upper part of the linea afpera of the femur, The great trochan- ter of the os femoris. To bend the thigh. To bend the thigh, and move it inwards. To move the thigh inwards and ufiift in bending it. To pull forwards,and /^ rotate the thigh. so To extend the thigh, and aflift in it:, rotatory ^ motion. To aflift the gluteus paximus. Chten Name. Gluteus minimus. Pyriformis. Gemini. ^uadratus femoris. rts. Arifes from The outer furface of the ilium and border of its great notch. The anterior part of the os facrum. The fpine and tube- rofity of the ifchium. The tuberofity ofthe ifchium. Inferted into The root of the great trochanter. A cavity at the root of the great trochanter. The fame cavity as the^pyriformis. A ridge between the two trochanters. Ufe. To aflift the former. twa To roll outwards. To roll outwards. To move outwards. the thigh the thigh the thigh MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH. Facialis, or Tenfor vaginas femo- r. Sartorius. Gracilis, The upper fpinous procefs ofthe ilium. The upper fpinous procefs of the ilium. The fore part of the ifchium and pubis. The inner fide of the membranous fafcia which covers the thigh. The upper and inner part of the tibia. The upper and inner part of the tibia. To ftretch the fafcia. To bend the leg in« wards. To bend the leg. Rectus femoris, vel Rectus cruris. Vaflus externus. Vaflus internus. Cruralis, or Cruraus. Semi-tendinofus. Semi-membranofus. Bicepsfiexor cruris. The lower fpinous procefs of the ilium, & edge of the acetabu- lum. The root ofthe great trochanter, and linea afpera. The trochanter mi- nor, 5c the linea afpera. The anterior part of the lefltr trochanter. The tuberofity o*the ifchium. The tuberofity ofthe ifchium. The tuberofity ofthe ifchium. The upper and fore part of the patella. The upper and lat- eral part of the patel- la. The upper and inner part of the patella. The upper part of the patella. The upper and inner part of the tibia. The back part of the head of the tibia. The ripper and back part of the tibia, form- ing the outer kamflring. To extend the leg. To extend the leg. To extend the leg. To extend the leg. To bend and draw the leg inwards. To bend the leg. To bend the leg. Pobliteuss Name, Popliteus. Gajlrocncmius exter- nus, or Gemellus, Gaflrocncmius infer~ nus, or Soleus. Plantaris. Tibialis anticus. Tibialis poflicus. Arifes from The external condyle of the thigh bone. Inferted into The upper and inner part of the tibia. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE LEG. The internal and ex- ternal condyle of the femur. The head of the fib- ula, and back part of the head of the tibia. The outer condyle ofthe os femoris and capfular ligament. The,upper and fore part of the tibia. The back part of the tibia, interofleous ligament, and adjacent part of the fibula. The os calcis, with the tendon of the fole- us. The os calcis, by a common tendon, which is called tendo Achillis. The os calcis, near the tendo Achillis. The os cuneiforme. internum. The middle cunei- form bone, and upper part of the os navicu- lare. To aflift in bending the leg. To extend the foot. To extend the foot. To aflift in extend- ing the foot. To bend the foot. To move the foot in* wards. Peroneus longus. Peroneus brevis. Extenfor longus digi- torum pedis. Extenfor pollicis pedis. proprius The head of the ti- bia, and upper and out- er part of the fibuhi. The outer and fore part of the fibula. The upper part of the tibia, interofleous ligament, and inner edge of the fibula. The upper and fore part of the tibia. Flexor longus digito- The upper and inner rum pedis,\ profundus, part of the tibia. perforans. The metatarfal bone of the great toe. The metatarfal bone of the little toe. The firft joint of the fmaller toes by four tendons. The convex furface ofthe bones ofthe great toe. The laft bones of all the toes, except the great toe, by four ten- dons. To move outwards. the foot To a Aid the perone- us longus. To extend the toes, and feparate them from one another. To extend the great toe. To bend the laft joint of the toes. + The tendons of this mufcle pafs through the perforations in thofe of the flexor digitorum brevis. There is, about the middle of the foot, a flefliy mafs, which unites with this mufcle, called after Jacobus Sylvius, who firft dtferibed The involuntary motions of mufcles are thofe which are performed by organs, feenv ingly of their own accord, without arly atten- tion of the mind or confeioufnefs of its a&ive power ; as the contraction and dilatation of the heart, arteries, veins, abforbents, ftomachj inteftines, &c. The mixed motions are thofe which are in part under the control of the will, but which ordinarily a& without our being confeious of their acting ; as is perceiv- ed in the mufcles of refpiration, the inter- coftals, the abdominal mufcles, and the diaphragm. When a mufcle a&s$ it becomes fhorter and thicker ; both its origin and inferrion are drawn towards its middle. The fphincter mufcles are always in attion ; and fo likewife are antagonift mufcles, even when they feem at reft. When two antagonift mufcles move with equal force, the part which they are der figned to move remains at reft ; but if one <>'£ kite antagonift mufcles remains at reft, while the C 99 ) the other acts, the part u moved towards t:i* centre of morion. All the mufcles of living animals are con- ftantly endeavouring to fhorten themfelves. When a mufcle is divide J, it contracts. If a mufcle be ftretched to a certain extent, it con- tracts, and endeavours to acquire its former dimenfions, as foen n°> the firctching caufe is removed : this takes place in the dead body ; in mufcles' cut out of the body, and alio in parts not mufcular, and is called bv the immortal Halle r vis mortita, and by fome vis claftica. ft is greater in living than in dead bodies, and is called the tone of the ihufcles. »When a mufcle is wounded, touched, of othervvife irritated, it contracts indep^iide.:.: - f fhe will ; this power is called irritability } and by Haller vis infiita ; it is a property pc j culiar to and inherent in the mufcles. Thej parts of our hody which pofTefs this property are called irritable, as the heart, arteries, mufj clcs, &c. to diftinguifh them from thofe pen.i which have no mufcular fibres. With regarJ to the degree of this property peculiar to varij ous parts, the heart is the moft irritable, thei$ the ftomach and inteftines ; the diaphragm^ the arteries, veins, abforbents, and at length], the various mufcles follow ; but the degree of irritability depends upon the age, fex, temper- ament, mode of living, climate, ftate of healthy idiofyncrafy, and likev; tie upon the nature (>" the ftimulus. Whe C I0° .) When a mufcle is ftimulated,either through. the medium of the will or any foreign body, it contracts, and its contraction is greater or lefs in proportion as the ftimulus applied is greater or lefs. The contraction of mufcles is different according to the purpofe to be ferved by their contraction : thus, the heart contracts with a jerk ; the urinary bladder, Ilowly and uniformly ; puncture a mufcle, and its fibres vibrate ; and the abdominal mufclet act flowiy in expelling the contents ofthe rec- tum. Relaxation generally fucceeds the con- traction of mufcles, and alternates with it. The use of this property is very confider* able ; for upon it depends all mufcular mo- tion, and the function of every vifcus, except that of the nerves.. BURSALOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE BURS.E MUCOSilL Bursas: mucofse are mucous bags, compof- cd of a proper membrane, containing a kind of mufcous fat, formed by the exhaling arte- ries of their internal furface. They are of different sizes and firmness, and are con- nected here and thereby cellular membrane, with the capfular ligaments of cavities, ten- dons,, bones, or ligaments. Their internal furface- ( ioi ) Jurjace is highly vafcular, fmooth, and fhiningJ> Situation. Various, Division, into vagi- nal and veficular. Use. To lubricate the mufcles and tendons, which are very frequents ly in motion. BURSJIi MUCOSiE OF THE HEAD. I. A burja of the Juperior oblique mujcle of the eye fituated behind its trochlea in the or- bit. 2. The burja of the a'igaflricus, fituated in the internal furface of its tendon. 3. A burja oj the circumftcxus, or tenfor palati, fitu- ated between the hooklike procefs ofthe fpha> noid bone and the tendon of that mufcle. 4.. A burja oj the Jlemo hyoideus mujcle, fituated between the os hyoideus and larynx. ■ BURSJE MUCOSAE, SITUATED ABOUT THE SHOULDER JOINT. 1. The external acromial, fituated under the acromion, between the coracoid procefs, del- toid mufcle, and capfular ligament. 2. Tbe internal acromial, fituated above the tendon of the infra-fpinatus and teres major : it often communicates with the former. • 3. The cora- coid burja, fituated near the root ofthe cora- coid procefs : it is fometimes double, and fometimes triple. 4. The clavicular burja, found where the clavicle touches the coracoid procefs. 5. Tbe Jubclavian burja, between the tendon of the fubclavicularis mufcle and the firft rib. 6. Tbe coraco-brachial, placed between the common origin of this mufcle and 12 the- C io2 > rhe biceps and the capfular ligament. 7. Tht burja oj the pecloralis jnajor, fituated under the head of the humerus, between the internal furface of the tendon of that mufcle and an- other burfa placed on the long hea'd of the biceps. 8. An external burja of the teres ma- jor, under the head of the os humeri, betweea ii and the tendon of the teres major. 9. An internal barfia oj the teres major, found within the mufcle where the fibres of its tendon di- verge. 1 o. A burja of the latfifimus dorfi, be- tween the tendon of this mufcle and the os humeri. 11, Tbe humero-bicipital burja, in the vagina of the tendon ofthe biceps. There are other burfas mucofae about the humerus,. but their fituation is uncertain*. BURSiE MUC.O^iE, SITUATED NEAR THE EL- BOW JOINT- 1. The radlo-bicipital, fituated between the: Sendon of the biceps, brachialis, and anterior tubercle of the radius.. i~ The cubito-radial,. between the tendon of the biceps, fupihator brevis, and the ligament common to tbe radi- us and ulna. 3. The anconeal burja, between the olecranon and tendon of the anconeus mufcle. 4. The capitulo-radial burja, be- tween the tendon common to the extenfor car- pi radielis brevisr and extenfer communis digitorum and round head of the radius. There are other burfse, but as their fituation varies, they are omitted. £URSJE C i<>3 7 ftURSiE OF THE INFERIOR PART. OF THS FORE-ARM AND HAND. On the Infiide ofthe Wrift and Hand'. 1. A very large burja, for the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus. 2. Four fhort burfiat on the fore part of the tendons of the flexor fublimis. 3. A large burja behind the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus, between it and the fore part of the radius, capfular ligament of the wrift, and os trapezium. 4. A large burja behind the tendons of the flexor digito- rum profundus and on the fore part of the end of the radius, and fore part of the capfu- lar ligament of the wrift. In fome fubje&s it communicates with the former. 5. An oblong burja, between the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis and os trapezium. 6. A very Jmalt burja between the tendon of the flexor carpi- ulnaris and os pififorme.. On tbe back Part of the Wrift and Handi 7. A burja between the tendon of the abduc- tor pollicis longus and the radius. 8. A large burja between the two extenfores carpi ram- ales. 9. Another below it, common to the extenfores carpi radiales. 1 o. A burja, at the infertion of the tendon of the extenfor carpi radialis. 11. An oblong burja, for the tendon ofthe extenfor pollicis longus, and which com- municates ( *04 ) munlcates with 9. 12. A burja for the ten- don ofthe extenfor pollicis longus, between it and the metacarpal bone of the thumb. 13, A burja between the tendons of the extenfor" of the fore, middle, and ring fingers. 14. A burja for the extenfors of the little finger. 15. A burja between the tendon of the exten- I fbr carpi ulnaris and ligament of the wrift:. There are alfo burfae mucofae between the mufculi lumbrkales and interoffeL- »URS7E SITUATED NEAR-THE HIP JOINT. On the fore Part ofthe "Joint. 1". The ileo-puberal, fituated betweea the iliacus internus, pfoas magnus, and the capfu- lar ligament ofthe head ofthe femur. 2. The pectineal, between the tendon of the pectineus and the thigh-bone. 3.- A fmall burja of the' gluteus medius mufcle, fituated between it and the great trochanter, before the- infertion of the pyriformis. 4. A burja of the gluteus' minimus mufcle between its tendon and the great trochanter. - 5. The gluteo-jajcial, be- tween the gluteus maximus and vaftus ex- ternus. • On the pofterior Fart oj the Hip Joint. 6. The tubero-ifehiatic burfia, fituated between the obturator internus mufcle, the pofterior fpine of the ifchium, and its tuberofity. 7. The tbturatory burfia, which i$ oblong, and found between ( io5 1 between the obturator internus and gemlnr mufcles and the capfular ligament. 8. A bur- ja of tbe femi-membranofius, under its origin and the long head of the biceps femoris. 9. The gluteo-trochanteral burja, fituated between the tendon of the pfoas mufcle and the root of the great trochanter. 10. Tivo glutco-Jemoral burja, fituated between the tendon of the gluteus maximus and os femoris. 11. A burja ofthe quadratus femoris, fituated between it and the little trochanter. 12. The iliac burfaj. fituated between the tendon of the iliacus in- ternus and the little trochanter. BURSJE MUCOSJE, SITUATED NEAR THB. KNEE JOINT. r. The Jupra-genual, which adheres to the tendons of the vaflus and cruralis and the fore part of the thigh bone. 2. The infra- genual burja, fituated under the ligament of the patella, and often communicates- with the above. 3. The anterior genual, placed be- tween the tendon of the fartorius gracilis and fcmitendinofus and internal and lateral liga- ment of the knee. 4. The pfierior genual, which is fometimes double, arid is fituated be- tween the tendons of the femi-membranofus, the internal head of the gaftrocnemius, the capfular ligament, and internal condyle. 5. The popliteal, confpicuous between the ten- don of that mufcle, the external condyle of the femur, the femilunar cartilage, and exter- ( 106* ) nal condyle of the tibia. 6. The burfia of the biceps, cruris, between the external part of the tendon, the biceps cruris, and the external lateral ligament of the knee. BURS^E MUCOSiE, SITUATED IN THE FOOT. On the Back, Side, and hind Part ofthe Foot. i. A burfia of the tibia lis anticus, betweeil its tendon, the lower part of the tibia, and, capfular ligament of the ankle, i. A burfa between the, tendon of the extenfor policis pediis longus, the tibia and capfular ligament of the ankle. 3. A burfia of the extenfor digitorum communis, between its tendons, tne tibia and ligament of the ankle. 4. A large burfia, common to the tendons of the peronei mufcles. 5. A burfia of the peroneus brevis^ proper to its tendon. 6. The calcaneal burfa^ between the tendo Achiliis and os calcis. In the Sole ofthe Fooh 1. A burfia for the tendon of the* Jefonms hngus. 2. A burfia common- to the tendon of the flexor pollicis pedis longus, and the tendon of the flexor digitorum pedis communis lon- gus profundus. 3. A .burfia of the tibialis poflicus, between its tendon, the tibia, and aftragalus. 4. Five burja for the flexor ten- dons, which begin a little above the firft joint of each toe, and extend to the root ofthe third jphalanx or infertion of the tendons.. ANGIOLOGY, { io7 y ANGIOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE VESSELS. Vessels are long, membranous canals, which carry blood, lymph, or chyle. Divis- ion, into arteries, veins and abforbents. Situation. Except the epidermis, membrana arachnoidea, and nails, every part of the body has veflels, which injections demonftrate. OF ARTERIES. Arteries are elaftic membranous canals, which pulfate : they always become narrower as they proceed from the heart towards the extremities. Origin, from the ventricles of the heart ; namely, the pulmonary artery from the right, and the aorta from the left, ventricle : fo that there are only two arteries, of which the reft are branches. Termina- tion, in veins, exhaling veflels, or they anaf- tomofe with one another. Co imposed of three membranes, called coats ; an external one, a middle coat, which is mufcular, and an irner one, which is fmooth. Use, to convey blood from the heart to the different parts of the body, for nutrition ; prefervation of life; generation of heat j and the fecretion of dif- ferent fluids. OF {■ io8 ) OF THE AORTA. The aorta arifes from the left ventricle of the heart, forms an arch towards the dorfal vertebras, then deficends through the opening ofthe diaphragm into the abdomen, in which it proceeds by the left fide of the fpine to the laft vertebra ofthe loins, where it divides into the two iliac arteries. In this courfe it gives off, juft above its origin, two coronary arteriei to the heart, and then forms air arch. The arch of the aorta, gives off three branches, which fupply the head, neck, and arms,'with blood ; thefe are, I. Arteria innominata, which divides into the .right carotid and right fubclavian arteries. II. TliE LEFT CAROTID. III. The left subclavian. The carotid arteries, having emerged from the cheft, run up along the neck one on each fide ofthe trachea, to the angle of the lower jaw, where they divide into external and internal. The external carotid gives off eight branches to the neck and face. i. Arteria Tbyrcidea, which is very tortu- ous, fupplies the thyroid gland, and gives off branches to feveral adjacent mufcles. i. A Linguaiis, v.hich lies flat upon the fide of the tongue, and gives off the ramus hy- oideus, dorfialis linguafiublingualis, and ranina. 3- * ( 109 ) 3. A. Labialis, called alfo the external max- illary, the angular, and facial artery : it gives off the palatina injerior, the Jubmentalis, and the coronary ofthe lips. 4. A. Pharyngea inferior, which fends a number of fmall twigs about the fauces and bafis of the cranium. 5. A. Occipitalis, from which the foflerkv temporalarifes. 6. A. Pofterior auris, which furnifhes the parts about the cartilages of the ear with blood, and tranfmits the arteria tympani and Jiylo-maftoidea. 7. A. Maxillaris Interna, which is extreme- ly tortuous, and gives off—-the Jpinous artery to the dura mater—the lower maxillary artery, which is included in the lower jaw, and fup- plies the teeth and face—-the pterygoid arteries, which nourifh the pterygoid mufcles—two deep temporal arteries, which lie wider than the tem- poral mufcle. The internal maxillary then gives off a branch, which almoft immediately divides into the alveolar and injra-orbital; then an artery to the palate, the Juperior pala* tine ; the upper pharyngeal, which plays about the fphrcnoid finus ; and, laftly, the najal ar- tery, which is tranfmitted through the fphas- no-palatine foramen to the cavity of the nof- trils. 8. A. Temporalis, which perforates the pa- rotid gland, and fends off the tranfiverfiaiis fa- ciei, which inofculates with the arteries of the K face j ( no ) face ; and feveral branches which go to the ear, forehead, and about the temples. The internal carotid leaves the exter*' nal at the angle of the jaw, and proceeds by the par vagum and intercoftal nerve to the ca- rotid canal in the petrous portion of the tem- poral bone, where it is fhaped like the letter^ and enters the cranium at the fide of the fella turcica, having given off two very fmall twigs to the pituitary gland, and 3d, 4th, and 5th pair of nerves ; and when it has reached the anterior clinoid procefs, it fends off— 1. Arteria Opthalmica, which is diftributed on the eye. 2. A. Anterior cerebri, which proceeds he. fore the fella turcica, unites with its' fel- low, and forms the circle of Willis, from which a branch proceeds to . the third ventri- cle, feptum lucidum and the arteria corporis callofiu 3. A. Media cerebri, which runs between the anterior and middle lobes of the brain, gives off the artery of the choroid plexus, and, is loft on the middle lobe of the brain. 4. A. Communicans, which proceeds back- wards, and foon inofculates with the vertebral. The subclavian artery arifes on the rightfide from the arteria innorninata, and on the left from the arch ofthe aorta. Each fubcla- vian gives off five branches, 1. The internal mammary, from which arife the A. thymic.a, A. comes phrenici, the pe- ricardiac, and the pbrcnico-pcricardiac. 2. The ( III > 2. The inferior thyroid* from which arife the ramus thyroideus, the tracheal arteries, the afcending thyroid, and the tranfverfalis hu- meri. 3. A. Veriebralis, which proceeds into the vertebral foramina, to afcend into the cavi- ty of the cranium, where it unites upon tiie cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone with its fellow of the other in.]-, and forms the ba- st lary artery, which immediately gives off the pofterior artery of the cerebellum ; it then proceeds upon the tuberculum annulare, to give off four branches, two to the right, and two to the left, which conftitute the A. anterior cercbelli, which branch to the cur:; cerebelli, the cerebellum, vermis, cura cere- bri, corpora quadrigemm?., pineal gland, and fourth ventricle ; and the A. pofterior cere- bri, which is joined by the communicans, and fupplv the thalmi nervorum opticorum, the centrum geminum, infundibulum, and crura fornicis, and the pofterior lobes of the brain, inofculating with feveral arteries. 4. A. Cervicalis projunda. 5. A. Cervicalis Juperficialis, both of which are diftributed about the mufcles of the neck. 6. A. latercoftalis fuperior, which lies be- tween the two upper ribs. 7. A. Supraficapularis, which fometimes arifes from the A. thyrodea, when it is called the tranfverfalis humeri. A&. C »* ) As foon as the fubclavian has arrived in the axilla, it is called the axillary artery, which runs into the arm, where it is termed the brachial. The axillary artery gives off, i. The four mammary arteries, called thora* cica fuperior ; thoracica longier; thoracica humcriana, and thoracica alaris or axillaris^ which fupply blood to the mufcles about the breaft. 2. The Jub-Jcapularis, which fupplies the lower furface ofthe fcapula. 3. The circumfiexa pofterior. 4. Circumfiexa anterior, which ramify about , the joint. The brachial or humeral artery gives off, 1. Many lateral vejfels. 2. A. Profunda humeri fuperior. 3. A. Profunda humeri inferior. 4. Ramus anaftomoticus magnus, which an- aftomofes round the elbow joint. The brachial then becomes the ulnar, and gives off the radial. The ulnar or cubital artery fends off, 1. The recurrent branches, which anafto- mofe with the ramus anaftomoticus mag- nus. 2. A. Interojfea communis. It then fends fmall branches to the adjacent mufcles, as it proceeds down to the wrift j juft before it ar- rives ( "3 ) rives here, it gives off A. dorjalis ulnar is, which goes round to the back of the little fin- ger. At the wrift it gives off A. palmarispro- funda ; then forms a great arterial arch, call- ed the fiuperfieial palmer arch, which fupplies branches to the fingers. The radial gives off the radial recurrent, proceeds to the wrift, where the pulfeis felt, and gives off the Jupcrficialis vola, and then divides into the A. dorjalis pollicis, A. radialis indicis, A. magna pollicis, and A. palmaris pro- funda. The descending aorta gives off in tbe breaft, i. The bronchial, which nourifli the lungs. 2. The ajophageal, which go to the sefophagus. 3. The intcrcoftals, between the ribs.. 4. Tbe inferior diaphragmatic. Within the abdomen, it gives off eight branches. 1. The cocliac, which divides into three branches. 1. Arteria Ilepatica, which, gives off, «. A. Duodeno-gajlrica, which fends off tbe right gajlro-epiploic and the pancreatico-duode- nalis. The latter tranfmits the pilorica injeri- or and the tranfverfe pancreatic. Q. A. pilorica fuperior hepatic a. The hepatic artery then ramifies through. the liver. 2, A. Cm>r.ari.i venlrieidi, or Gaftri.a, K 2. which. C 114 ) which gives off the Juperior coronary and/v^. rior piloric arteries. 3. A. Splenica, from which arife the pan** creatica magna and pancreatica parva, the pof- terior gaftric arteries, the left gaftro-cpiphic ar- tery, and the vaja brevia. 1. Tbe fuperior mefenteric, or mejeraic, of which the colica media, colica dextra, and the ileo-colica are branches. 3. The renal arteries, or- emulgents, which are fhort, and divide into three or four branches in the pelvis of the kidney. ' 4. The Jpermatic arteries, which are very fmall and long, and proceed with the fpermat- ic cord to the tefticles. 5. The injerior mejeraic, from which arifes the left colic arteryand the internal hamorrhoidaL 6. The lumbar arteries, which nourifh the mufcles and vertebrae of the loins. 7. The middle Jacral artery, which is dif- tributed about the facrum. The aorta then bifurcates, and becomes the iliac arteries. The iliacs foon divide into internal and ex- ternal. Each internal iliac or hypogastric artery gives off five branches : 1. The lateral Jacral arteries, three or four in number. 2. The gluteal, which ramify upon the back of the haunch bone, and fupply the gluteal mufcles. 3. The ijchiatic, which turns downwards along ( "5 ) along the hip, and gives off the coccygeal ar- tery. 4. Arteria pudica communis, which is fome- times a branch of the fciatic artery; it pro- ceeds out of the pelvis, through the fciatic notch, returns into the pelvis, and runs towards the fymphyfis (j't the pubis. In this eourfe it- gives off branches to the veficulas feminales and pro ft rate gland ; and the lower or external hamorrhoidal artery to the anas, and then forms the A. perinei, the A. penis,-which proceed one on each fide ; and a branch which plung- es deep into the fubftance of the penis. 5. Tbe obturatory, which paffes through the oval foramen, and is diftributed on the thick mufcles in the centre of the thigh. Each external iliac gives off, 1. The epigaftric, which is reflected from- Poupart's ligament upwards, along the abdo- men. 2. A. Circumftexa iliaca, which runs back- wards along the crifta ilii. The external iliac then paffes under Poupart's ligament, becomes the femoral or crural artery, and is continued along the thigh into the popliteal. In this eourfe it gives off near the groin, 1. The profunda fie mr'u, which gives off the A. perjorans prima ; the A. perfiorans fecunda magna ; the A. perfiorans tertia ; the A. perfio- rans quart a, which nourifh the mufcles of the thigh. The femoral artery then makes a fpi- ral turn round the os femoris, and fends off fmall ( 1.6 > fmall branches of no importance to adjacent.t\ mufcles. About two hands breadth from the knee it gives out, 2. The Ramus anaftomoticus magnus, which ramifies about the knee joint. ■ The femoral artery having reached the ham is called the popliteal, which gives off fev- eral fmall branches about the joint, and di- vides below the ham into the tibialis antica and tibialis poftica. a The Tibialis antica foon perforates the interofleous ligament^ and paffes along the tih- j ia over the bones of the tarfus, and jjien inof- i culates with the back arteries.. In this eourfe. | it gives off;. i i. The recurrent;, which inofculates with \ the articular branches of the popliteal: it then fends off fmall branches to neighbouring muf- cles, as it paffes down the leg. 2. A. Malleolar is interna, about the inner- ankle., 3. A. Malleolaris externa, about the outer ankle. * 4. A. Tarjea, which lies upon the bones of the tarfus. 5. A. Metatarjea, to the tendons of the pe- ronei mufcles. 6. Dorjalis externa halucis, which runs a- long the metatarfal hone of the.great toe. The Tibialis postica paffes along the back part of the tibia, goes round the inner ankle, and divides at the heel into the two plantar arteries. In this eourfe it fends off, ( >'7 ) f. A. Nutritia tibia, which gives branches to the popliteus, foleus and tibialis anticus mufcles, before it enters the bone. 1. Many Jmall branches, as it paffes down- wards. 3. A. Plantaris interna, which runs along the inner edge of the fole of the foot, and fends off Jour branches about the foot. 4. A. Plantaris interna, which forms an arch and inofculates with the anterior tibial artery, and gives off the digital branches to the toes. pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery arifes from the right ventricle of the heart, and conveys the blood into the lungs, that is returned to the heart by the veins ; not for their nutrition, but to receive from the air in the lungs a certain principle, neceffary for the continuance of life, and which the arterial blood diftributes to every part of the body. It foon divides into a right and left, the right going to the right lung and the left to the left lung, where they divide in- to innumerable ramifications, and form a beautiful net-work, or plexus of vcjfels, upon the air veficles, and then terminate in the pul- monary veins. THE ACTION OF THE ARTERIES. The arteries, by the impulfe of the blood from the ventricles of the heart, are dilated and ( »8 ) and irritated, and by means of their mufcular coat contract upon the blood, and thus propel if to the glands, mufcles, bones, membranes, and every part of the body for their nutrition and the various fecretions, and then into the veins. This dilatation and contraction is called the pulse, which is perceptible in the trunks and branches of the arteries, but not in the capillary veffels, except when inflamma- tion is going on. ' OF VEINS. Veins are membranous canals which do not pulfate : they gradually become larger as they advance tawards the heart, in which they terminate, and bring back the blood from the arteries. Origin. From the extremities of the arteries by anaftomofis. Termi- nation of all the veins is into the auri- cles of the heart. Division, into trunks, branches, ramuli, &c. Situation. They run by the fides of arteries, but more fuper- ficially. Composed like arteries of three membranes, but which are femi-tranfparent and more delicate. Valves are thin femi- lunar membranous folds, which prevent the return ofthe blood in the vein. The blood is returned from every part of the body into the right auricle:—the vena cava fuperior receives it from the head, neck, thorax, and fuperior extremities :—the vena cava inferior from the abdomen and inferior extremities j ( "9 ) extremities ;-^and the coronary vein receives it from the coronary arteries of the heart. the vena cava superior. This vein terminates in the fuperior part of the right auricle, into which it evacuates the blood, from The right and left fiubclavian veins and the vena az\;.::s. The riiht and left fubclavian veins receive the blood from the head and upper extremi- ties, in the following manner. The veins ofthe fingers, called digitals, re- ceive their blood from the digital arteries, and empty it into, i. The cephalic ofthe thumb, which runs on the back of the hand along the thumb, and evacuates itfelf into the external radial. 2. The falvatclla, which runs along the little finger, unites with the former, and emp- ties Its blood into the internal and external i-uhit:d wins. At the bend ofthe fore-arm are three veins, called the great cephalic, the bafilic, and the median. The great cephalic runs along the fuperior part ofthe fore-arm, and receives the bbpd from the external radial. tv The basilic afcends on the under fide, and receives the blood from the external and internal cubital veins, and fome branches which accompany the brachial artery, called vena fiitellitum. Ths ( 120 ) The median is fituated in the middle of the fore-arm, and arifes from the union of feveral branches. Thefe three veins all unite above the bend of the arm, and form The brachial vein, which receives all their blood, and is continued into the axilla, svhere it is called The axillary vein. This riceives alfo the blood from the fcapula, and fuperior and inferior parts of the cheft, by the Juperior and injerior thoracic vein, the vena mujcularis, and the ficapularis. The axillary vein then paffes under the clav- icle, where it is called the subclavian, which unites with the external and internal jugular veins, and the vertebral vein which brings the blood from the vertebral finufes ; it receives alfo the blood from the mcdiaftinal, pericardiac, diaphragmatic, thymic, internal matnmary and laryngeal veins, and then unites with its fellow, to form the vena cava fuperior, or, as it is fometimes called, vena cava de- ficendens. The blood from the external and internal parts of the head and face is returned in the following manner into the external and inter- nal jugulars, which terminate inthefubclavians. The frontal, angular, temporal, auricular, Jublingual, and occipital veins receive the blood from the parts after which they are named ; thefe all converge to each fide of the neck, and form a trunk, called the externai jugular vein. IT ( «I ) 'The blood from the brain, cerebellum, me- dulla oblongata, and membranes of thefe parts, is received into the lateral finufes, or veins of the dura mater, one of which empties its blood through the foramen lacerum in bafi cranii into the internal jugular, which defcends in the neck by the carotid arteries, receives the blood from the tbyroideal and in- ternal maxillary veins, and empties itfelf into the fubclavians within the thorax. The vena azygos receives the blood from the bronchial, Juperior esophageal, vertebral and rntercoftal veins, and empties it into the fupe- rior cava. VENA CAVA INFERIOR, The vena cava inferior is the trunk of all the abdominal veins and thofe of the lower -extremities, from which parts the blood is returned in the following manner. The veins ofthe toes, called the digital veins, receive the blood from the digital arteries, and form on the back of the foot three branches, one on the great toe called the cephalic, another which runs along the little toe, called the venajaphc- ?ia, and one on the back of the foot, vena dor- jalis pedis ; and on. the fole ofthe foot'they evacuate themfelves into the plantar veins. The three veins on the upper part of the foot coming together above the ankle, form the anterior tibial ; and the plantar veins with a branch from the calf of the leg, called the ftttral vein, form the p-fierior tibial : a branch ( 122 ) alfo afcends in the direction of the fibula, called the peroneal vein. Thefe three branch- es unite before the ham, into one branch, the fiub-popliteal vein, which afcends through the ham, carrying all the blood from the foot : it then proceeds upon the anterior part of the thigh, where it is termed the crural ox femoral vein, receives feveral mufcular branches, and paffes under Poupart's ligament into the cavi- ty ofthe pelvis, where it is called the exter* NAL ILIAC. The arteries which are diftributed about the pelvis evacuate their blood into the external hamorrhoidal veins, the hypogaftric veins, the internal pudendal, the vena magna ipfiius penis, and obturatory veins, all of which unite in the pelvis, and form the internal iliac vein. The external iliac vein receives the blood from the external pudendal veins, and then unites with the internal iliac at the laft vertebra of the loins, and form the vena cava in- ferior, or ascendens, which afcends on the right fide of the fpine, receiving the blood from theJacral lumbar, right Jpermatic veins, and the vena cava hepatica ; and having ar- rived at the diaphragm, it paffes through the right .foramen, and enters the right auricle of the heart, into which it evacuates all the blocd from the abdominal vifcera and lower extremities, vena ( **i ) VENA CAVA HEPATICA/ This vein ramifies in the fubftance of the liver, and brings the blood into the vena cava inferior from the branches of the vena port je, a great vein which carries the blood from the abdominal vifcera into the fubftance of the liver. The trunk of this vein, about1 the fiflure of the liver in which it is fituated, is divided into the hepatic and abdominal por- tions. The abdominal portion is compofed of Jplenic,mejeraic and internal hamorrhoidal veins. Thefe three venous branches carry all the blood from the ftomach, fpleen, pancreas, omentum, mefentery, gall-bladder, and the- fmall and large inteftines, into the Jinus of the vena portae. The hepatic portion of the vena portas enters the fubftance of the liver, divides into innumerable ramifications, which fecrete the bile, and the fuperfluous blood paffes into correfponding branches ofthe vena cava hepa» tica. THE ACTION OF THE VEINS. Veins do not pulfate ; the blood which they receive from the arteries flows through them. very ilowly, and is conveyed to the right au- ricle of the heart, by the contractility of their coats, the preffure of the blood from the arte- ries, called the vis a tergo, the contraction of ( iU ) the mufcles, and refpiration ; and it is pre> vented from going backwards in the vein by the valves, of which there are a great number* OF THE absorbents; Absorbents are very thin and pellucid vef- fels, which carry the lymph from every part of the body ; fubftances applied to the furface of dbe body, and the chyle from the inteftines j into the thoracic duef. Division, into lac- teals and lymphatics. They are called lacleah in tjie inteftines and mefentery, and lymphatics in every other part. Figure, branching, be- coming broader as they proceed towards their termination. Valves, numerous, giving them a knotted appearance. Situation. It is. fuppofe.d that they exift in every part of the body, although they have not been as yet de- tected in fome, as the brain, £:c. Origin- The cellular membrane, the vifcera, the excre- tory ducts of the vifcera, the external furface, and every part of the body. Termination, in the thoracic duel:, or fubclavian veins. Lym- phatic or conglobate glands are fitua- ted every where in the eourfe of the lymphat- ics. Substance. They confift of tender, pellucid, ftrong tunics. The use oj the abfior- bents is to carry back the lymph from differ- ent parts ; to convey the chyle from the intef- tines to the thoracic duel:, where they become mixed and diluted j and to abforb fubftances from ( >*5 ) from furfaces and parts on which they origin- ate. absorbents of the head and neck. Abforbents are found on the fcalp and a- bout the vifcera ofthe neck, which unite into a confiderable branch that accompanies the ju- gular vein. Abforbents have not been detect- ed in the human brain -y yet there can be no doubt of there being fuch veffels: it is probable that they pafs out of the cranium through the canalis caroticus and foramen lacerum in bafi cranii, on each fide, and join the above jugular branch, which paffes through fome glands as it proceeds into the cheft to the angle of the fubclavian and jugular vein. absorbents of the upper extremities. The abforbents of the upper extremities are divided into fuperficial and deep-feated. The Juperficial abfiorbents afcend under the fkin in every direction to the wrift, from whence a branch proceeds upon the pofterior furface of the fore-arm to the head of the radius, over the internal condyle ofthe humerus* up to the axilla, receiving feveral branches as it proceeds. Another branch proceeds from.the wrift along. the interior part of the fore-arm, and forms ;i" ?iet-work with a branch coming over the ulna from the pofterior part, and afcends on the in- fide of the humerus to the glands of the axilla. The deep-feated abfiorbents accompany the larger blood-veffels, and pafs through two o, . k ^ z glands ( 126 y glands about the middle of the humerus, and afcend to the glands of the axilla. The fu- perficial and deep-feated abforbents having 'paiffed through the axillary glands, form two tjswifa, which unite into one, to be inferted with me jugular abforbents into the thoracic duc>, at the angle formed by the union of the fub- clavian with the jugular vein. ABSORBENTS OF THE INFERIOR EXTREM- ITIES. Thefe are alfo fuperficial and deep-feated^ The Juperficial ones lie between the fkin and mufcles. Thofe of the toes and foot form a branch which afcends upon the back of the foot over the tendon of the crurseus amicus, forms with other branches a plexus above the ankles, then proceeds along the tibia over the knee, fometimes paffes through a gland, and proceeds up the infide of the thigh to thei fubinguinal glands. The deepfieated. abforbents follow the eourfe ofthe arteries, and accompany the femoral ar- tery, in which eourfe they pafs through fome glands in the leg and above the knee, and then proceed to fome deep-feated fubinguinal glands. The abforbents from about the external. "■parts of the pubis, as the penis, perineum, and: from the external parts of the pelvis, in gener- al proceed to the inguinal glands. The fub- inguinal and inguinal glands fend forth feverat branches, which pafs through the abdominal ring into the cavity of the abdomen. ABSORBENTS C ™7 ) ABSORBENTS OF THE ABDOMINAL AND TH&» RACIC VISCERA. The abforbents of the lower extremities ac- company the external iliac artery, where they are joined by many branches from the uterus,, urinary bladder, Jpermatic chord, and fome,, branches accompanying the internal iliac ar- tery : they then -e ..end to the facrum, where they form a plexus, which proceeds over the pfoas mufcles, and meeting with the lacteals of the mefentery form the thoracic duel:, or trunk of the abforbents, which is of a ferpen- tine form,, about the fize of a crow-quill, and runs up the dorfal vertebras, through the pof- terior opening of the diaphragm, between the aorta and vena azygos, to the angle formed by the union of the fubclavian and jugular veins. In this eourfe it receives The abfiorbents. of the kidneys, which are fu- perficial and deep-feated, and unite as they proceed towards the thoracic du£t. The abfiorbents of the fipleen, which are upon its peritoneal coat, and unite with thofe of the pancreas. A branch from a plexus of veffels paffing above and below the duodenum, and formed by the abforbents of the ftomach, which come from the leffer and greater curvature, and are united about the pylorus with thofe ofthe pan- creas and liver, which converge from the ex- ternal fwface and iaternaJ parts towards the portse C ™* ) portas of the liver, and alfo by feveral branch- es from the gall-bladder. PHYSIOLOGY-OF ABSORPTION. f Abforption is the taking up of fubftance9 which are applied to the mouths of abforbing veffels ; thus the chyle is abforbed from the inteftinal tube by the lacleals, the vapour of circumfcribed cavities, and ofthe cells of the cellular membrane by the lymphatics of thofe parts ; and thus mercury and other fuftanceSi are taken, into the. fyftem, when rubbed on the fkin. The principle by which this abforption? takes place is a power inherent in the. mouths of abforbing veffels, a vis infita,. dependent on the high degree of irritability of their internal membrane by which the veffels contract and propel the fluid forwards. Hence the ufe of this function appears to be of the utmoft impor- tance, viz. to fupply the blood with chyle ; to remove the fuperfluous vapours of circum- fcrifted cavities, otherwife dropfies, as hydro- cephalus, hydrothorax, hydrocordis, afcites, hydrocele, &e. would conftantly be taking place ; to remove the fuperfluous vapour from the cells of the cellular membrane dif- perfed throughout every part of the body, that anafarca may not take place ; to remove the hard and. foft parts of the body ; and t^ convey C "9 5 convey into the fyftem medicines which are ap* plied to the furface of the body. SANGUIFICATION. Sanguification appears to be nothing more than the mixing, by the action of the blood- veffels, of the chyle with the blood ; for as it paffes from the fubclavian vein, it changes its colour, and when it has reached the heart,. cannot be diftinguimed from the mafs of cir- culating blood. NEUROLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE NERVES. Nerves are long whitifh cords, compofcd; of bundles or fafciculi of fibres, which ferve for fenfation. Origin. The cerebrum, cer- ebellum, medulla oblongata, and medulla fpi- nalis. Termination. The organs of fenfe ; vifcera; veffels j mufcles ; bones, &c Fig- ure, branched. Divided into trunks, branches, ramuli, capillary fibres, papillae, nervous plexufes, and ganglions, or knots. Substance, pulpy. Division, into cerebral and fpinal. Number, thirty-nine pair; nine pair of cerebral nerves, and thirty pair of fpin- aj. The nine pair oj cerebral nerves are, i» The C 13° ) x. The olfactory. 2. The optic. 3. Ocufo-- rum motorii. 4. The pathetic, or trochlea- tores. 5. The trigemini, or divifi. 6. The abducent. 7. The auditory and facial. 8. The par vagum, or great fympathetic nerves. 9. The lingual pair. The thirty pair of fpinal nerves are divided into eight pair of cervical,- twelve pair of dorfal, five pair of lumbar, and five pair of facral nerves. Use, for fenfation in fenfible parts, for the five external fenfes, as touch, fight, hearing, fmelling, and tafte > and for the motion of mufcles. OF THE NERVES OF THE BRAIN„ The first pair, or Olfaclory nerves, arife from the" corpora ftraita,. pafs forwards over the fphsenoid and frontal bones, one to each fide of the crifta galli, where they fend off a number of branches, which go through the cribriform foramina of the ethmoid bone, to be diftributed on the pituitary membrane of the nofe. Use, for fmelling. The second pair, or Optic nerves, arife from the thalmi nervorum opticorum, decuf- fate each other, then pafs through the forami- na optica, and perforate the bulb of the eye, and in it form the retina, which is the organ ©f vifion. The third pair, or Ocukrum motorii, a- rife ( >3« ) rife from the crura cerebri, near the pons Va- rolii, pafs forward towards the top of the pe- trous portion of the temporal bone, where they perforate the dura mater, and proceed to the orbital fiffure, to be inferted into the mufcles of the bulb of the eye, which. they move. The fourth pair, or The Pathetic nerves, arife from the crura of the cerebellum lateral- ly, pafs forward, and pierce the dura mater below the third pair, and proceed with them through the orbital fiffure, to be inferted into the trochlearis mufcle of the eye. The fifth pair, or Trigemini, arife from the anterior part of the crura of the cerebel- lum, and are divided within the cavity of the cranium into three branches, viz. the opthal- mic or orbital, and the fuperior and inferior maxillary. The orbital nerve gives off a branch, near its origin, which unites with a branch of the fixth pair, to form the great intercoftal nerve : it then divides into three branches, the frontal, which goes through the fuperciliary foramen to the mufcles and integuments of the fore- head ;" the lachrymal, which goes to the lach- rvmal gland ; and the nafal, which goes for- ward to the inner canthus of the eye, where it gives off a branch or two, then returns into the cranium, and paffes through the cribri- form plate of the ethmoid bone, and is diftrib- uted on the pituitary membrane. ( r32 ) Thefupericr maxillary nerve goes through the foramen rotundum, is divided into iff; thejphano-palatine, which goes through the fphamo-palatine foramen, fends twigs to the internal pterygoid mufcle, then enters the cav- ity of the noftrils, and is loft on the Euftachi- :an tube, foft palate, and pituitary finus of the fphamoid bone; 2d. the pofterior alveolar branch, which defcends through the foramen by the laft grinder, and is diftributed to the ■molares; 3d. the infra-orbital nerve, which goes through the infra orbital foramen, .and is diftributed on the mufcles of the cheek, nofe, lips, and communicates with the facial nerve. The injerior maxillary goes -out of the cra- nium, through the foramen ovale, giving branches to the mufcles and glands in its eourfe, and to the facial nerve, and divides as it paffes over the pterygoid mufcle, into, 1 ft. the internal Ungual, which is connected with the chorda tympani, and fupplies the fublin- gual glands and contiguous mufcles, but more efpecially the tongue: 2d. the more proper injerior maxillary, which goes into the canalis mentalis of the lower jaw, and gives a branch to each tooth, and comes out again to fupply the lower lip and chin. The sixth pair, or Abducent .nerves, a- rife from the pofterior part ofthe pons Varo- lii, proceed forwards, perforates the dura mater, and fend off fome branches near the fella C 133 ) fella turcica, which unite with branches ofthe ophthalmic nerve of the fifth pair, to form the great intercoftal nerve ; they then accompany the third and fourth pair through the orbital fiffure, and are diftributed on the recti extend mufcles of the bulb of the eye. The sfventh pair, or Auditory nerves, as they are commonly called, originate on each fide by two branches, the portio dura and port is mollis. The portio dura is, in facl, a nerve o£ the face, and is therefore, with more propriety, called the Facial nerve: it arifes from the fourth ventricle of the brain, paffes through the petrous portion ofthe temporal bone, where it gives off the chorda tympani, proceeds through the ftylo-maftoid foramen, perforates the parotid gland, and then divides into feven or eight branches, which conftitute the pes an- Jcrinus, and fupply the ear, parotid gland, and mufcles of the face, and communicate with the branches of the fifth pair on the face. The portio mollis arifes from the medulla ob- longata and the fourth ventricle, enters the in- ternal auditory paflage, and is diftributed by innumerable branches on the membrane of the cochlea., veftibulum, forming the immediate organ of hearing. The eighth pair, or Par v.igum, arife by feveral branches, partly from the medulla ob- longata and partly from the fourth ventricle behind the pons Varolii. It is connected at its origin with the aeccfiory nerves of Willis, which M afcend ( 134 ) afcend through the great occipital foramen from the fifth cervical nerve : thefe nerves pro- ceed together through the foramen lacerum in bafi cranii. The acceflbry nerves then fepa- rate from the par vagum, and vanifh in the fter- no-clido maftoideus and cucullaris mufcles : the par vagum then gives off branches in the neck to the tongue, larynx, and thyroid gland, from which parts they acquire names, and then defcends into the cavity of the thorax, where it gives off, i ft. The right and lefit recurrent; the for- mer arifes on the right fide, near the fubcla- vian artery, which it furrounds, and then re- turns upwards to the thyroid gland: the latter arifes under the arch ofthe aorta, which it fur- rounds, and then afcends to the oefophagus. Both nerves are loft in the mufcles of the la- rynx and pharnyx. 2dly. Several branches which proceed to the fuperior part of the pericardium, to form with other nerves the cardiac plexus, which fends branches to the heart. 3dly. The par vagum then extends on the pofterior furface of the lungs, on each fide, and gives off fome branches, which, with oth- ers from the cardiac plexus and recurrent nerves, form a right and left pulmonic plexus, which fupplies the lungs and trachea. 4thly. Both trunks of the par vagum then defcend with the oefophagus, and give off many ramifications, v/hich form the afiophageal plexus, ( t3J ) plexus, from which the oefophagus and adjoin- ing parts are fupplied. 5thly. Having paffed the diaphragm with the oefophagus, they form, about the cardia, two ftomachic plexujes : the anterior is expand- ed over the anterior furface of the ftomach and its greater curvature ; the pofterior over the pofterior furface and leffer curvature, and it tranfmits alfo branches to the liver, pancre- as, and diaphragm. 6thly. The par vagum alfo fends fome branches to unite with the great intercoftal, and thus concurs in forming the hepatic, Jplcn- ic, and renal plexujes. The ninth, or Lingual pair of nerve?, arife from the medulla oblongata, between the corpora olivaria and pyramidalia, pafs out of the fkull through the foramina condyloide.i anteriora, and communicate with the par vag- um and firft pair of cervical nerves : they then proceed forwards between the jugular Vein and carotid artery, to be diftributed on the mufcles of the tongue and os hyoides. Thus it appears that the olfactory, ophthal- mic, and ocuiorum motorii arife from the ce- rebrum ; the trochleatores and trigemini from the cerebellum ; and the auditory, par vag- um, and lingualcs, from the medulla oblonga- ta. OF ( »3« ) ———MNXwK— OF THE NERVES OF THE MEDUL- LA SPINALIS. Thofe nerves are called spinal which pafs out through the lateral or intervertebral for* amina of the fpine. They are divided into cervical, dorfialy lum* bar, and fiacral nerves. CERVICAL NERVES. The cervical nerves are eight pairs. The firft are called the occipital ; they arife from the beginning of the fpinal marrow, pafs out between the margin of the occipital foramen and atlas, form a ganglion on its tranfverfe procefs, and are diftributed about the occiput and neck. The Jecond pair of cervical nerves fend a branch to the acceflbry nerve of Willis, and proceed to the parotid gland and external ear. The third cervical pair fupply the integu- ments of the fcapula, cucullaris, and triangu- laris mufcles, and fend a branch to the dia- phragmatic nerve. The Jourth, fifth, f\-Kth,Jeventh, and eighth pair all converge to form the brachial plexus, from which arife the fix following NERVES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. i. The axillary nerve, which fometimes arifes from the radial nerve. It runs back- wards and outwards around the neck of the humerus, ( »37 ) humerus, and ramifies in the mufcles of the fcapula. * i. The .external cutaneal, which perforates the coraco-brachialis mufcle to the bend of the arm, where it accompanies the median vein as far as the thumb, and it is loft in its integuments. 3. The internal cutaneal, which de- fcends on the infide of the arm, where it bi- furcates. From the bend of the arm, the an- terior branch accompanies the bafiiic vein, to be inferted into, the fkin of the palm of the hand ; the pofterior branch runs down the internal part ofthe rbre-arm, to vanifh in the fkin. of the little finger.. 4. The median nerve, which accompanies the brachial artery to the cubit, then paffes be- tween the brachialis internus, pronator rotun- dus, and the perforatus and pc.forans, under the ligament of the wriit to the palm of the hand, where it fends off branches in every di- rection, to the mufcles ofthe hand, and then fupplies the digital nerves, which go to the ex- tremities of the thumb, fore and middle fin- gers. The ulnar nerve, which defcends between the brachial artery and bafiiic vein, between the internal condyle of the humerus, and the olecranon, and divides in the fore-arm into an intt rnal and an external branch. The former paffes over the ligament of the wri't and fefa- moid. bone to the hand, wncre it divides into M 2 three ( *3* ) three branches, two of which go to the ring and little finger, and the third forms an arch towards the thumb in the palm of the hand, and is loft in the contiguous mufcles. The latter paffes over the tendon of the extenfor carpi ulnaris and back of the hand, to fupply alio the two laft fingers. 6. The radial nerve, which fometimes gives off the axillary nerve. It paffes back- wards, about the os humeri, defcends on the outfide of the arm between the brachialis ex- ternus and mternus mufcles to the cubit - then proeeeds between the fupinator longus and brevis to the fuperior extremity of the ra- dius, giving off various branches to adjacent mufcles. At this place it divides into two- branches : one goes along the radius, between the fupinator longus and radialis internus to the back of the hand, and terminates in the in- terofleous mufcles, the thumb and three firft. fingers:—the other paffes between the fupina- tor brevis and head of the radius, and is loft in the mufcles of the fore-arm. DORSAL NERVES. The dorsal nerves are twelve pairs fit number. The firft pair gives off a branch to the brachial plexus.. All the dorfal nerves are diftributed to the mufcles of the back, inter- ccftals, ferrati, pectoral, abdominal mufcles and diaphragm. The five inferior pairs go to the cartilages of the ribs, and are called coftaL. LUMB.AP*. C *39 } LUMBAR nerves. The five pair of lumbar nerves are be* flowed about the loins and mufcles, and fkhv of the abdomen and loins, fcrotum, ovaria, and diaphragm. The fecond, third, and fifth pair unite and form the obturator nerve, which defcends over the pfoas mufcle into the pel- vis, and paffes through the foramen thyroide- um to the obturator mufcle, triceps, pectine- us, &c. The third and fourth, with fome branches: of the fecond pair, form the crural nerve^ which paffes under Poupart's ligament with the femoral artery, fends off branches to the adjacent parts, and defcends in the direction ofthe fartorius mufcle to the internal condyle of the femur, from whence it accompanies the fophena vein to the internal ankle, to be loft in the fkin of the great toe. The fifth pair are joined to the firft pair of the facral nerves.. SACRAL NERVES. There are five pair of sacral nerves, alt of which arife from the cauda equina, or ter- mination of the medulla fpinalis ; fo called from the nerves refembling the tail of a horfe. The four firft pair give oft branches to the pel- vic vifcera, and are afterwards united to the laft lumbar, to form a large plexus, which gives oft* the ijchiatic nerve, the largeft in the body. The ifchiatic nerve immediately at its origin fends { H- ) 0 ferds off branches to the bladder, rectum, and parts of generation ; proceeds from the cavity of the pelvis through the ifchiatic notch, be- tween the tuberofity of the ifchium and. gseat trochanter, to the ham, where it is called the popliteal nerve. In the ham it divides into two branches, i. The peroneal, wrhich defcends on the fibula, and diftiibutes many branches to the mufcles of the kg and back of the foot. 2. The tibial, which penetrates, the gaftrocne- mii mufcles to the internal ankle, paffes through a notch in the os calcis to the fole of the foot, where it divides into an internal and external plantarnerve, which fupply the muf- cles and. aponeurotic ofthe foot and the toes. OF THE GREAT INTERCOSTAL OR SYMPA- THETIC NERVES. The great- intercoftal nerve arifes in the cav- ity ofthe cranium from the union of a branch ofthe fixth with a recurrent branch ofthe fifth pair, called the Viduan nerve. It paffes out cf the cranium through the carotid canal, and de- fcends on the fides of the cervical, dorfal, and, lumbar vertebrre and facrum, in which eourfe it is joined by filaments from all the fpinal nerves, forming fmall ganglions at their junc- tions. In the neck it forms only three cervical ganglions, from which arife the cardiac nerves and pulmonic plexujes, which fend nerves to the heart, and lungs. In the thorax there arifa five branches from the third, fifth, feventh, eighth,, ( '41 ) eighth, and ninth ganglions, which defcend is the eourfe ofthe vertebrae, and pafs through the diaphragm, where they unite on each fide into one trunk, the fplanchnic or anterior intercoftal nerve, which foon unite together, and form the GREAT SEMILUNAR GANGLION, from which nerves are given off to all the abdominal vif- cera, forming ten plexufes, which communi- cate with one another, and are named after the adjacent vifcera, viz. the caliac plexus, fit- uated near the cceliac artery, and fupplying the ftomach ; thefiplenic, near the fpleen ; the he- patic, near the portae ofthe liver ; the Juperiorr middle, and injerior mefenteric plexus; two renal and twojpennatic plexufes. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Nerves are the organs of our fenfes. Bodies applied to certain parts of our fyftem produce changes in thofe parts, which changes are con- veyed in an unknown manner to the brain by means of the nerves only, and sensation is produced ; fo that fenfation is a property pecu- liar to the nervous fibre, as irritability is to the mufcular fibre : and hence all fentient parts are fupplied with nerves, although they cannot be detected by the eye. The fenfes are diftinguifhed into internal and external, ( 1.42 ) The internal senses are ideas which the fenforium commune, or mind, forms to it- felf, and may be produced from the external fenfes, or they may be excited fpontaneoufly ; fuch are, memory, imagination, confidence, the pajfions of the mind, and reafoning, by the fu- perior excellence of which, man differs fo em- inently from the brute. The external senses are, fmelling, fee- ing, hearing, tailing, and touching. of smelling. Smelling is a fenfation by which we per- ceive the fmell of fubftances. The organ of fmell is the nervous papillae of the olfactory or firft pair of nerves, which are diftributed on every part of the pituitary membrane of the nofe. of seeing. Seeing is a fenfation by which we perceive bodies around us, and their vifible qualities. The organ of fight is the retina, an expanfion of the optic or fecond pair of nerves. The ob- jecl of fight is the rays of light which pene- trate the bulb ofthe eye and ftimulate the ret- ina. Light is a fubtile and folid material, which emanates from the fun or any lucid body with a very rapid motion, in right lines, which are called rays of light, and penetrate to the retina in the following manner : the rays of hght fall on the pellucid and convex cornea of the eye, by whofe denfity and convexity they * are ( '43 ) arc united into a focus, which paffes the aque- ous humour and pupil of the eye, to be more condenfed by the cryftaline lens. The rays of li<;ht thus concentrated, penetrate the vitre- ous humour, to ftimulate the retina, upon which they imprefs the image of external ob- jects to be reprefented to the mind through the medium of the optic nerves. OF HEARING. Hearing is a fenfation by which we per- ceive the found of any fonorous body. Sound is a tremulous motion of the air ex- cited by ftriking any fonorous body. Sound is conveyed to an enormous diftance in the at- mofphere, in ftraight lines, which are called fonorous rays. Soft bodies diminifti or ftifle t found ; elaftic ones increafe it. The organ of hearing is the portio mollis of the feventh pair of nerves, whofe pulp is beautifully dif- tributed in the veftibulum,^ femicircular ca- nals, and cochlea of the ear." Hearing is pcr-^ Jormcd in the following manner: the rays of found emanating from a fonorous body ar- rive at the ear, w hich by its elafticity and pe- culiar formation, concentrates them, that they may pafs along the external auditory foramen, to the membrana tympani, which they caufe to vibrate. The trembling tympanum com- municates its vibrations to the malleus, which U in contact wit!; it: the malleus conveys them to the incus, the incus to the os orbicu- lare, and the os orbiculare to the ftapes. The ftapes ( »44 ) ftapes adhering to the feneftra ovalis caufes it to vibrate. The trembling feneftra ovalis com- municates its vibrations to the water contained in the veftibulum and femicircular canals, and caufes very gentle motions of the nervous ex- panfion contained therein, which rranfmit them to the fenforium commune, where the mind is informed of the prefence of found, and judges of its difference. Gravity and ac- cutenefs of found depend upon the number of vibrations given at the fame time. of tasting. Tailing is a fenfation by which we diftin- guifh the qualities of bitter, fweet, four, &c. fubftances. The nervous papillae of the ninth or lingual pair of nerves, which are fituated in the apex and margins of the tongue, are the chief organs of tafte. The parts fubfervi- ent to tafte are—The tongue, which gives a convenient fituation to the nervous papillae, and by its extenfive motion applies them to the fubftance to be tafted—The epidermis of the tongue, which moderates any exceffive flimuli—The Jaliva and mucus of the mouth, which aflift the organ of tafte when it is nec- effary that die fubftances fhould be diffolved in order to be tafted, and which alfo keep the nervous papillae moift. OF* TOUCHING. Touching is a fenfation by which we dif* tinguifll t HS ) tmguifh the qualities of hardnefs, formed, heat and cold, &c. of fubftances, and by which we perceive any fubftance that comes in contact with the fkin, particularly at the points of the fingers. The organs of touch are the nervous papillae of the fkin, which are extremely numerous and fenfible at the points of the fingers. Too great a fenfation is moderated by the epidermis, which alfo defends the papillae from being dried by the air. ADENOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE GLANDS. A gland is a fmall round body, which ferves for the fecretion or alteration of a fluid. Division, into folliculofe, globate, glomerate, and conglomerate ; they are alfo divided from the liquid they fecrete or change, into febace- ous, muciparous, lymphatic, lachrymal, fali- val, bilious, lacteal, &c: A folliculofe gland confifts of an hollow vaf- cular membrane, having an excretory duct ; as the muciparous and febaceous glands. A globate gland confifts of a glomer of lym- phatic veflels, connected together by cellular membrane, and has no cavity nor excretory duct, as the lymphatic glands of the lymphat- ic veflels. A glomerate gland is formed of a glomer of N fanguineous ( U6 ) fanguineous veffels ; has no cavity, but is fur- nifhed with an excretory duct, as the lachry- mal and mammary glands. A conglomerate gland is a gland compofed of many glomerate glands, whofe excretory ducts unite, and form one large canal, or duct. The pancreas and falival glands be- long to this clafs. The excretory dud of glands is a thin ca- nal, which goes out of the gland, and excerns the fecreted fluid, by the contractility of its coats. The nerves and veffels of glands are numer- ous, and come from the neighbouring parts. Glands are connected with other parts by cellular membrane. They are larger in in- fants than in adults. Use, to fecrete or change a fluid. Glands of the skin. The fubcutaneous glands are febaceous, and fituated under the inferior furface of the fkin, which they perfo- rate by their excretory ducts. • Glands in the cavity of the crani- um, i. Glands cf the dura mater, called alfo, after their difcoverer, Bacchonian, are fituated near the fuperior longitudinal finus ofthe du- ra mater, in peculiar foveolas of the os fron- ds and parietal bones. They appear to be globate. 2. Glands of the choroid plexus are globate, and fituated in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles of the brain. 3. The pituitary gland, fituated in a duplicature of the dura mater, in the fella turcica of the fphas- noid ( 147 ) noid bone. The infundibulum of the brairi terminates in this gland* Glands of the eyes. i. Meibomius's glands. Thefe are fmall and numerous feba- ceous glands,fituated under the fkin of the eye- lids, near their margins. Their excretory ducts open on the margins of the tarfi, and are called punela ciliaria. 2. The lachrymal gland, which is glomerate, and fituated above the external angle of the orbit, in a peculiar depreflion of the os frontis. This gland has fix or eight excretory canals, through which the tears are conveyed, and which open upon the internal furface of the upper eyelids. 3. The cariincula lachrymalis, a fmall and red prominence, obvious in the internal angle of the eye, between the tarfi of the eyelids. It confifts of fmall febaceous glands, which fe- crete a fteculent humour. Glands of the nostrils. The pituita- ry membrane lining the noftrils and its finuf- es, is every where furnifhed with muciparous glands, which fecrete the mucus of the nofe. Glands of the ear. The ceruminous glands are fituated under the flcin of the mea- tus auditorius externus, and fecrete the wax of the ears. Glands of the mouth. The glands of the mouth, which fecrete the faliva, are called fialival, arfd are, 1. The parotid, two large conglomerate glands, fituated under the ear betw een the mamillary procefs of the tempo- ral bones and angle of the lower jaw. The. excretory- C '48 >' excretory canal of this gland opens in the mouth, and is called, from its difcoverer, the Stenonian duct. 2. The maxillary, which arc conglomerate glands, fituated under the angles of the lower jaw. The excretory ducts of thefe glands are alfo called, after their difcov- erer, Warthonian. 3. The fiublingual glands, fituated under the tongue. 4. The glands of the cheek, fituated on the internal furface' ofthe cheeks. 5. The labial glands, on the internal furface of the lips, under the common mem- brane ofthe mouth. 6. The molar glands, fit- uated on each fide of the mouth, between the maffeter and buccinator mufcles, and whofe excretory ducts open near the laft dens molaris. External glands of the neck. r. The jugular glands, which are globate, and found under the fkin ofthe neck about the ex- ternal jugular veins: they are in general about' 20 in number. 2. The Jubmaxillary glands, alfo globate, and fituated in the fat under the jaw. 3. The cervical, found under the cutis in the fat about the neck. 4. The thyfbid, a large gland lying upon the cricoid cartilage, trachea, and horns of the thyroid Cartilage. It is uncertain whether it be globate or con- glomerate. Its excretory duct has never been detected, and its life is unknown. Glands of the fauces. . Thejdands fit- uated under the membrane which Tines this cavity, are muciparous, arid divided, from their fituation, into palatine, uvular, tonfiil, lingual, laryngeal, and pharyngeal.. GLANDS: C H9 > Glands of the breasts. The mamma- ry, or lacleal glands, are fituated under the fat of the breafts. Their excretory ducts are call- ed tubuli laeliferi, tabuli galacloferi, and run from them to the nipple, in which they open. Glands of the thorax, i. The thymus, a large gland, peculiar to the fcetus, and which difappears foon after birth : it is fituated in the anterior duplicature or fpace of the mediafti- num, under the fuperior part ofthe fternum, and above the pericardium. An excretory duct has not been as yet detected, but lymphatics are fcen going from this gland to the thoracic duct. 2, The bronchial, which are large blackifli glands near the end of the trachea, and beginning of the bronchia, and which fe- crete a blackifh mucus. 3-. The afiophageal glands, found under the internal membrane of the oefophagus, and which fecrete the mucus of that canal. 4. The dorfal glands, fituated up- on the 4th or 5th vertebra of the back, be- tween them and the pofterior furface of the oefophagus. They have no excretory ducts. Glands of the abdomen, i. The gafi- iric glands, which are muciparous, and fituated under the external membrane of the ftomach. 2. The inteftinalglands, which are alfo mucip- arous, and found under the internal mem- brane of the inteftiives, efpecially the large. 3 The mefenteric glands, fituated here and there in the cellular membrane cf the mefentery. The -chyle from the int-Jtincs pailU through thefe glands to the thoracic di.ct. .;. The hepatic* N 2 iUr.dsx E *s° ) glands, alfo called acini biliofit, which form the fubftance of the liver, and feparate the bile in- to fmall ducts, which, at length, terminate in the duelus hepaticus. 5. The cyftic glands, which are muciparous, and found under the internal membrane of the gall-bladder, efpe- cially about its neck. 6. The pancreatic glands, which conftitute the pancreas ; a fmall duct a- rifes from each gland, which unite to form the duelus pancreaticus. See Splanchnology; 7. The epiploic, or omental glands, which are globate, and fituated in the omentum. Glands of the loins, i. Thefiupra- renal glands, fituated in the adipofe membrane, one above each kidney. An excretory duct has never been detected, and their ufe is un- known. 2. The kidneys. See Splanchnolo- gy. 3. The lumbar glands, which are glo- bate, and fituated about the beginning of the thoracic duct. 4. The iliac glands, found a- bout the beginning of the iliac veffels. 5. The Jaeral, which are globate glands, and adhere to the os facrum. Glands of the organs of genera- tion of man. 1. The odoriferous glands of the glans penis, which are febaceous, and fitu- ated around the corona glandis. 2. The mu- cous glands of the urethra, fituated under the internal ir.embrane ofthe urethra. The mouths of their excretory ducts are called lacuna.. 3. Ccwper's glands (fo called from their inventor) are three large muciparous glands, two or Y-hich are fituated before the proftrate gland under t rSi ) Wider the acceleratores urinae, and the third more forward before the bulb of the urethra, 4. The proftrcete, a very large, heart-like, firm gland, fituated between the neck of the urina- ry bladder and bulbous part of the urethra. It fecretes a lacteal fluid, which is emitted into the urethra by ten or twelve ducts near the veru- montanum, during coition. Glands of the female organs of generation. 1. The odoriferous glands of the labia majora and nympha, which are feba- ceous, and fituated under the fkin of thofe parts. 2. The odoriferous glands of the clitoris, which are numerous, fituated about the bafis of the clitoris, and are of the fame nature as the former. 3. The mucous glands of the ure- thra, fituated under the internal membrane of the female urethra. 4. The mucous glands of the vagina, fituated under the internal mem- brane of the vagina.. Glands of the extremities; The glands in the groin, or inguinal glands, are glo- bate, or lymphatic, are fituated in great num- bers in the cellular membrane of the inguinal region, and receive the lymphatic veffels from the glans penis, and lower extremities. The fubaxillary glands are alfo globate, and are fit- uated in the cellular membrane of the arm- pit : they arc alfo numerous, and receive the lymphatic veffels from the breafts and fupe- rior extremities. Glands of the joints. The fma'' fat- like maffes, fituated within the moveable joints, ( *5* ? fere erroneOufly called fiynovial glands : their ftructure is not glandular, they are compofed of adeps and an arrangement of the internal vafcular membrane of the joint, which gives them a fimbriated appearance. By thefe little maffes the fynovia is feparated from the blood for the eafy motion of the joint. physiology of secretion. Secretion is a particular function in an ani- mal body, by which a fluid is feparated from the blood, different in its properties from the blood. The. organs which fecrete the various hu- mours are the glands. The proximate or im- mediate caufie of fecretion is a fpecific action of the arteries of the glands ; for every fecretion is formed from the extremities of arteries (the fecretion of the.bile is no exception to this law, for the vena portae. takes upon itfelf the func- tion of an artery); thus the mucous glands fe- crete mucus, the falival glands faliva; the acini ofthe liver, bile ; the penicelli ofthe kidnies,, urine, Sec. The fecreted fluids are the proper ftimuli to the receptacles and ducts through which the fecretion is to pafs to its place of deftination ; fiuhat the fecretions move along the excre- tory C i55: ) tory ducts by means of the contractility of the coats of the ducts and the affiftance of neighbouring moving powers. SPLANCHNOLOGY, OR DOCTRINE OF THE VISCERA, Body, divided externally into head, trunk, and extremities. Head, divided into face, and hairy part. Hairy part, into vertex,, or crown, finciput, or the fore part, occiput, or hinder part, and fides. Face, into fore- head, temples, nofe, eyes, mouth, cheeks, chin, and ears. Trunk, divided into neck, thorax, and abdomen. Neck, into anterior and pofterior part. Thorax, into anterior and pofterior part and fides. Abdomen, in- to anterior, pofterior, and lateral regions. Anterior region, fubdivided into three regions, i. the epigaftric, which lies over the ftomach, and whofe fides are termed the hyp- ochondriac regions ; i. the umbilical, furround- ing the navel, and whofe fides are called the flanks ; 3. the hypogaftric, which lies over the urinary bladder, and whofe fides are call- ed groins. The pubes is the hairy part un- der the abdomen, between the groins. Un- der the pubes are the parts of generation— in ( '54 ) in men, the fcrotum and penis—in women, the labia and rima vulvae. The fpace between the genitals and anus is called the perinaum. Extremities, divided into fuperior and in- ferior. Superior extremity, into top of the humerus, brachium, fore arm, and hand. Hand, into carpus, metacarpus, and fingers. Fingers, into pollex, index, digitus medius, digitus annularis, digitus auricularis. Infe- rior extremity, divided into femur, or thigh, crus, or leg, and extremity of the foot. Foot, into tarfus, metatarfus, and toes. Internal division of the body, into' three cavities, viz. cavity of the cranium, tho- rax, and abdomen. COMMON INTEGUMENTS. Thefe are fo called, becaufe they are the common coverings as it were to the body ; they confift of epidermis,, rete nucofum, cu- tis, and membrana adipofa. epidermis, ok scarf-skin, A thin, pellucrd, infenfible membrane, cov- ering the external furface of the body. Con- nexion, with the cutis, hairs, exhaling and inhaling veffels. Colour, white. Use, to cover the fenfible cutaneous papillas. RETE ( *5S ) rete mucosum. A mucous fubftance, difpofed in a net-like form, between the epidermis and cutis. Col- our, white in Europeans, black in Ethiopi- ans, &c. Sec. Use, to cover the fenfible cu- taneous papillae, to connect the epidermis with the cutis, and give the colour to the body, Synonims. Mucus Malpighianus. cutis, or true skin. A thick membrane between the rete muco- fum and adipofe membrane, covering the whole body. Substance, fibrous, vafcular, and nervous. Use, for the fituation of the organ of touch, exhalation, and abforption. See pages 128 and 144. physiology of perspiration. Perfpiration is a fpecies of fecretion by which the blood is freed of a quantity of aqueous flu- id by the exhalent arteries of the fkin. It is divided into injenfible and fen/ible perfpiration : The former is continually going on, by which means the furface of the body is kept fmooth and moift, and may be detected by placing any part of the fkin near a looking-glafs, which will become foiled. The latter commonly termed fiweat, is obferved only occafionally. ungues, or nails, Are horny laminx, fituated in the extremi- ties t »5« ) tfies of the fingers and toes. Use, to defend : the nervous papillae from contufion. pili, or hairs. Thin, elaftic, dry filaments, growing out from the fkin. Colour and situation, various. Called capilli on the head ; fu- percilia, or eye-brows, above the eyes ; .cilia, or eyelafhes, on the margin of the eyelids; vibriffae in the noftrils; pili auriculares in the meatus auditorius ; myftax on the upper lip j foarba on the lower jaw, &c. &c. ADIPOSE AND CELLULAR MEMBRANE. A. membrane formed of fmall membranpus cells, which are fometimes diftended with fat. Situation, under the cutis, and in fome foft parts. Use, to cover and defend the mufcles; to unite the foft parts ; and to render the muf- cular fibres flexile. When without fat, it is called tela celluloja, or cellular membrane, which forms the fubftance of almoft all the membranes, and connects various parts to* gether. OF THE HEAD. The parts which form the head, are divid- ed into external and internal. The external parts are the common integuments ; hair ; a tendinous expanfion ; three pair of mufcles ; pericranium j and cranium itfelf. The inter- ( *57 ) nal parts are, the dura mater ; membrana a- rachnoidea ; pia mater ; cerebrum ; cerebel- lum ; medulla oblongata ; nine pair of nerves •, four arteries, and twenty-two venous finufes. DURA MATER. A thick membrane, which ftrongly adheres to the internal furface of the cranium, efpe- cially about the futures. Processes. The filcifirm procefs, which divides the hemifpheres of the brain ;~ tcrtorium cerebelli, which fcpa- .rales the brain from the cerebellum ; and fiep- tum cerebelli, which feparates the two lobes of the cerebellum. Composed of two ftrong membranous layers adhering together by# fi- brous texture. Arteries. Meningea anterior, media and pofterior. Veins are called ve- nous finufes; in number they are twenty-two, the principal of which are the Jupcrior longitu- dinal, lateral, and injerior longitudinal; all of which evacuate their blood through the fora- men lacerum in bafi cranii, into the internal j-igular veins. Nerves, none. Glands, fit- i : a! about the longitudinal finus, are calleu Bacchonian. Use, to form the internal pe- riofteumof the cranium, and to contain and defend the cerebrum and internal parts of the "brain from compreftion. MEMBRANA ARACHNOIDEA, A v.ry delicate and tranfparent ner.brar.e, aitljated between the dura and pia mater, furrou; .lir^ hecerebrum..cerebellum,m^d'-dla O oblongata, ( i5« ) oblongata, and medulla fpinalis. Substance, very thin and filamentous, and apparently with- out veflels and nerves. Use, not known, PJA MATER. A thin membrane, firmly accreted to the convolutions ofthe cerebrum, cerebellum, me- dulla oblongata and fpinalis. Substance, al- moft wholly vafcular. Use, to diftribute the veffels to, and contain the fubftance of, the cerebrum. CEREBRUM, OR BRAIN. A great vifcusm the cavity ofthe cranium. Figure, oval. Size, larger in man, in pro- portion to his fize, than in any other animal. Substance, cortical and medullary. Divi- ded into two hcmijpberes, right and left. Each hemifphere fubdivided on its inferior furface into three lobes, an anterior, middle, and pof- terior. Principal cavities, two anterior or lateral ventricles, in each of w hich are fev- eral eminencies and a loofe vafcular production of the pia mater, called the plexus choroides ; a third andJourth ventricle. Principal parts; corpus callojum, feen when the hemifpheres are feparated from each other ; fieptum pellucidum, which divides the lateral ventricles ; the Jor- i,ix ; the digital procejfes ; pedes hippocampi; corporaftriaia, and thalami nervorum opticorum, which are found in the lateral ventrick s; val- vula magna cerebri; ccmtnijjura anterior et pof- terior ; corpora quadrigemind, i. e. nates and teftes j ( 159 ) icites ; glandula pinealis ; glandula pituitaria ; emincntiiZ candicantcs, and the crura cerebri, all of which can only be learnt upon the fubject. Arteries, branches of the internal carotids and vcrtebrals. Nerves, none, but emits nine pair. Veins, return from the cortex of the cerebrum, and evacuate themfelves into twenty-two venous finufes of the dura mata*. tJsE. It is the organ of all the fenfes. cerebellum, or little brain. A fmall brain fituated under the tentorium in the inferior occipital depreftion. Figure, round. Division, into a right andleft lobe. ^i:2STance, externally cortical; internally medullary. Eminences, two crura cerebelli ; an anterior and pofterior vermijorm procejs, and the arbor vita. Cavities, none. Ves- sels, common with the cerebrum. Use, the fame as the cerebrum. medulla oblongata. A medullary part lying upon the bafilary or cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone, formed by the connexion of the crura of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Eminences, pons varolii ; corpora pyramidalia ; and corpora oli- Maria. Us e, the fame as the cerebrum. MEDULLA SPINALIS. A continuation of the medulla oblongata, which defcends into the fpecus vertebralis,trom the foramen magnum occipitale to the third vertebra ( i6o ) vertebra of the loins, in which eourfe it trans- mits between the vertebrae thirty pair of nerves. Figure, cylindrical. Terminates, in va- rious nerves, which form the cauda equina. Integuments, the dura mater ; tunica arach- noidea ; and pia mater. Substance, exter- nally medullary; internally cortical. Arte- ries, anterior fpinal. Use, to emit thirty pair of nerves, called fpinal. OF THE ACTION OF THE CEREBRUM, CERE- BELLUM, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, AND' MEDULLA SPINALIS. The moft important functions of an animal body are thofe of the brain. In order to ex- plain thefe accurately, it is neceffary to men- tion a few experiments which have been made upon animals. Upon dividing, comprefling, or tying a nerve, the mufcles to which the nerve goes be- come paralytic. If the nerve thus divided, compreffed, or tied, had any particular fen- fation, that fenfation no longer exifts; but up- on untying or removing the compreffion, it3 peculiar fenfe returns. If the cerebrum, cerebellum, or medulla ob- longata, be irritated, dreadful convulfions take place all over the body. If any part of the brain be compreffed, that part ofthe body is deprived of motion which has nerves from the compreffed part. From thefe phenomena, it is evident that the C id ) the caufe of every fenfation and motion hi aa animal body arifes from the brain and fpinal marrow, and that from thefe parts it is con- veyed to every fentient part through the me- dium of the nerves. Hence it follows, that the nerves are the organs by which the vari- ous fenfaiions are produced. The manner, however, in which the nerves exercife fenfe and motion ; hov/ the will is conveyed from the brain to the different parts, and how, from the different parts fenfations are conveyed to the brain, remains involved in obfeurity ; fev- ' eral hypothefes have been deduced to explain it, but none appear to be fatisfactory. See alfo page 141. EYE. The parts which form the eye are divided* into external and internal. The external parts are the fupercilia, or eyebrows ; the palpebral, or eyelids ; the cilia, or eyelafhes ; the lachrymal gland ; the lachrymal caruncle, a fmall flefhy fubftance at the inner angle of the eye ; the puncta lachrymalia, two' fm/all openings on nut nafal extremity of each eye- lam ; the canalis lachrymalis, formed by the union of the ducts leading from the puncta lachrymalia, which meet and conhitute it at the internal angle of the eye ; the faccus lach- rymalis, a dilatation of the canalis lachryma- lis, and which ends in the ductus nafalis, a continuation of the fame canal, which con- O 2 veys ( I to ) veys the tears into the nofe ; the mufcles of the eyelids ; the'mufcles pf the bulb of the eye, and the fat ofthe orbit. The bulb of the eye confifts of eight membranes, two chambers, and three humours. The bulb is covered anteriorly by an exquifitely fenfible and dJicate membrane, which begins from the edge of the eyelafli, and is reflected over the eye to the edge of the other eyelafh. This membrane is the feat of inflammations of the eye, and is called the tunica conjuncliva. Membranes. i. The Jclerotic, which is white, and the ourermoft. 2. The choroid, which is highly vafcular, and whofe veffels are called, from their direction, the vaja vor- ticofa. 3. The retina, which is the innermoft ; and, 4. The hyaloid, or arachnoid, which in- cludes the vitreous humour. In the anterior n-rt are* 5. The cornea tranfiparens; which is a part of the fclerctic. 6. The iris, a part of the choroid : it is of various colours ; hence white, black, blue eyes, &c 7. The uvea, whleh is the pofterior part of the iris ; and, 8. Mhe eapfule cf tbe cryflalline lens. The chambers of the eye are diftinguifhed into anterior and pofterior. The anterior is the fpace between the tranfparent cornea and the fere part of the it is ; the pojlericr the fpace between the uvea and eapfule of the cryftal- hne lens. The humours are the aqueous, the cryftalhne lens, and the vitreous. See Hydrology. Connexion of the bulb. An- teriorly, it is connected with the membrana conjunctiva ^ ( ««J ) conjunctiva ; pofteriorly, with the orbit, by means of mufcles and the optic nerve. Ar- teries, orbitalis interna, the central, and the optic. Veins, empty temfelves into the ex- ternal jugulars.—Nerves. The*.optic, or firft pair, and branches from the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth pair. Use. It is the organ of vilion. See Pbyfiology oJVtfion, page 142,. ear,. The foft parts which form the ear are di- vided into external and internal. The ex- ternal soft parts are, the auricula, in which are various prominences and finufes, as the helix, antihclix. tragus, antitragus, concha auriculae, fcapha, feu foffa navicularis, and lobulus ; the meatus auditorius externus, and membrana tympani. The internal soft parts are the-periolTaim, a proper mem- brane, which lines every part of the internal ear, and the Euftachian tube, which begins by a large opening in the fauces, and gradually diminifhes as it paffes along its bony canal in- to the ear. Arteries, auditoria interna and externa. Veins, empty themfelvcs into the external jugular. Nerves of the external ear arc, branches of the feventh pair, or ner- vus auditorius durus ; and thofe of the inter- nal part are branches alfo of the feventh pair, but of the portio mollis. Use. It is the or- gan of hearing. See Pbyfiology ofi Hearing, NOSE, ( 164 ) NOSE. A prominence of the face between the eyes and mouth. Division, into root, back, apex, and alas, Soft parts. Common integuments, mufcles, cavtiilages, periofteuin, perichondri- um. Soft parts of the nostrils. A pi- tuitary membrane, which lines the internal furface of the nofe and all its cavities, contains the mucous glands, and has diftributed on it the olfactory nerves; and the periofteum. Ar- teries, branches of the internal maxillary. Veins, empty themfeIves into the internal ju- gulars. Nerves, branches of the olfactory, ©pthalmic, and fuperior maxillary. Mucip- arous glands, fituated every where in the pituitary membrane. Use, for fmelling, ref- piration and fpeech. See Pbyfiology of JmelU- ing, page 142. cavity of the mouth. The parts which form this cavity are exter- nal and internal. The external are the lips, the philtrurn, the chin, and the cheeks. Composition, common integuments and the mufcles of the upper and under jaw. Arte- ries of the external part are branches of the infra-orbital, inferior alveolar, and facial. Veins, empty themfelves into the external ju- gular. Nerves, from the fifth and feventh pair. The internal parts of the mouth are the palate, two alveolar arches, the gums, tongue, cavity of the cheeks, and three pair of faiival falival glands. Use, for maftication, fpeech, refpiration, deglutition, fuction, and tafte. PHYSIOLOGY OF MASTICATION. Maftication is the comminution of the food between the teeth, effected by the jaws, the tongue, cheeks, and lips. The powers which move thefe parts are their various mufcles, by which the lower jaw is pulled from the upper and again brought to it, whilft the tongue per- petually puts the food between the teeth, and the cheecks and lips impede it, when maftica- ted, from falling out ofthe mouth. By this procefs, the food is divided, lacerated, and, as it were, ground, and mixed with the faliva and mucus ofthe mouth and the atmofpherical air,, and thus rendered fit to be fwallowed and di- gefted; fo that maftication is in fact an incip-r ient digeftion. TONGUE. A mufcular body, moveable in every direc- tion, fituated in the cavity of the mouth. Di- vision, into bafis, body, fides, apex. Con- nexion, with the os hyoides, bottom of the infra-lingual cavity, and lower jaw. The ner- vous papillae, which are fituated at the apex of the tongue, are pyrimidal, fungiform, or conoid. Substance, flefhy, covered by cu- ticle, rete mucofum, cutis, and cellulur mem- brane. Lingual arteries, branches of the external carotid. Veins, empty themfelves into the external jugulars. Nerves, from. ( io~6 ) the fifth, eighth, and ninth pair. Glands are muciparous. Use, for fpeech, maftication, de- glutition, fuction, and tafte. See page 144. OF THE NECK.- The parts which form the neck are divided into external and internal. The external parts are the common integuments; the mufcles of the neck; eight pair of cervical' nerves; two carotid arteries; two vertebral arteries ; two external jugular veins; two in- terna! jugular veins; the jugular glands ; the thyroid gland; the eighth pair of nerves ofthe' cerebrum; and the great intercoftal. The internal parts are, the fauces; pharynx$; oefophagus; larynx, and the trachea. FAUCES. The cavity behind the tongue and the cur- fain of the palate, or velum palatinum. Soft parts, common integuments and muciparous glands. Arteries, branches of the external carotid. Veins, empty themfelves into the internal jugular.- Muscles, fee Myology, Nerves, from the fifth and eighth pair. Use, for deglutition, refpiration, fpeech, and hear- ing. pharynx. A mufcular fac, like a funnel, fituated be- hind the larynx, adhering to the fauces, and terminating ( 167 ) terminating in the oefophagus. Connected, by means of mufcles, with the cranium ; ver- tebrae ; and os hyoides. Use, to receive the mafticated food, and convey it into the oefoph- agus. ccsophagus. A membranous mufcular tube, defcending from the pharynx to the ftomach. Composed of three membranes, viz. a common, mufcular, and villous. Arteries, branches of the aorta. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena azygos. Nerves, from the eighth pair and great in- tercoftal. Muciparous glands,every where. Use, for deglutition. physiology of deglutition. Deglutition is the conveying of the mafti- cated food from the cavity of the mouth into the fauces, and from the fauces through the oefophagus into the ftomach. This is per- formed by the jaws fhutting, fo as to prevent the food from falling out of the mouth ; the tongue is then applied to the palate, by which the food lying upon the back of the tongue is prefled into the cavity of the fauces, where it is received by the dilated pharynx. The pharynx then is irritated to contract, by which the food is expelled into the oeibphagus, by the contraction of whole mufcular fibres it is conveyed through the cardia into the ftom- ach. The pharynx is dilated by its dilatatory mufcles, and by the root of the tongue, os hveideS; t *«8 ) hyoides, and larynx being drawn forwards and backwards by their proper mufcles. The food is prevented during the act of fwallowing from palling into the pofterior opening ofthe noftrils, the Euftacian tube, and larynx, by the velum pendulum palati and uvula being preffed againft the former, and the epiglottis being bent backwards over the glottis. When a fluid is to be drank, the head in- clines backwards, the fame actions take place, and the fluid paffes on each fide of the epiglot- tis. During deglutition the food is covered •with the mucus of the fauces and oefopha- gus. LARYNX. A cartilaginous cavity, fituated behind the tongue in the anterior part of the fauces. Composed of five cartilages ; various muf- cles ; and an internal nervous membrane. Cartilages, the epiglottis, at the root of the tongue ; the tljyroid, or Jcutijorm, which is the largeft, and two arytanoid cartilages ; and the cricoid cartilage, which is below the thyroid. A very fienfiible membrane covers their internal furface^ The fuperior opening of the larynx, through which the air paffes, is called the glot- tis. Arteries, branches of the external car- otid. Veins, empty themfelves into the ex- ternal jugular. Nerves, branches of the eighth ( i*9 ) eighth pair. Glands, the thyroid. Usr. It is the organ of the voice, and ferves alfo for refpiration. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE. The voice is caufed by the found of the air propelled through the glottis; fo that the or- gan of the voice is the larynx and its mufcles. The fhrillnefs and roughnefs of the voice depends on the diametre of the glottis, its ciafticity, mobility, and lubricity, and the force with which the air is expelled : thus when the diameter is increafed, the voice is more bafs, and vice verfia. SPEECH Is the modification of the voice in the cavity ofthe mouth and noftrils. VENTRILOQUISM Confifts in the motion of the uvula, epiglot- tis, and fauces, by which the founds are modu- lated without the lips, teeth, or palate. The mouth being nearly fliut, and the voice re- founding between the larynx and cavity of the nofe, the found is returned as if emitted by fome one at a diftance. TRACHEA. A tube, compofed of cartilaginous rings ' continued from the larynx, and fituated before the oefophagus. It defcends to the fternum, and there divides into two branches called P bronchia, ( 170 ) bronchia. The bronchia, entering the fub- ftance of the lungs, divide into innumerable little branches, which terminate in the veficu- la pulmonales, or air-cells. The cartilaginoui rings of the trachea and bronchia are not completely cartilaginous, but flefhy on the back part. The internal furface is lined by a very fenfible membrane continued from the larynx. Vessels and nerves, common with the larynx. Use, for refpiration and fpeech* OF THE THORAX. The cavity fituated between the neck and abdomen is called the thorax, or breaft. The external parts are, the common integu- ments ; the mammae., or breafts ; various mufcles and bones. The internal parts are, the pleura ; lungs ; heart ; thymus gland ; oefophagus ; thoracic dud ; the arch of the aorta $ branches of the vena cava ; the vena azygos ; the eight pair of nerves, and part of the great intercoftal nerve. MAMMAE, OR BREASTS, Two foft hemifpheres adhering to the an- terior and lateral region of the thorax, moft confpicuous in females. On the middle of the external furface is the papilla, around which is the coloured orb or difc of the pa- pilla, ( '71- ) J>Ula, called areola. Substance, commoa integuments ; adipofe fubftance ; lacteal glands and veffels. Arteries, external and internal mammary. Veins, empty themfelves into the axillary and fubclavian vein. Nerves, branches of the coftalis fuperior. Lymphat- ics, empty themfelves into the fubaxillary glands. Use, to fuckle new-born infants. pleura. A membrane lining the internal furface of the thorax, and covering its vifcera. It forms a great procefs, called the mediaftinum, which is a membranous fcptum to the cavity of the thorax, dividing it perpendicularly into two cavities, arifing from the duplicature of the pleura. It is connected with the ribs, muf- cles, fternum, bodies of the dorfal vertebra?, pericardium, and diaphragm. Substance, fibrous and va fcular. Arteries, from the intercoftals. Veins, empty themfelves into the intercoftals. Nerves, very few. Use, to divide the thorax into two cavities, and render the furface moift by the vapour it exhales, and to give a membrane to the lungs and pericar- dium. diaphragm. A flefhy and tendinous divifion, feparating the cavity of the thorax from the cavity of the abdomen. Adfiesion, anteriorly with the fternum and ribs, pofteriorly with the verte- bra. Su^tance, in the centre, tendinous ? ia ( *7* ) m the ambit, flefhy ; its fuperior furface is cov- ered by the pleura ; its inferior by the perito- neum. Apertures, a right Joramen, through which the vena cava afcendens paffes to the right auricle of the heart, a left foramen* through which the oefophagus and the par va- gum pafs into the cavity ofthe abdomen, and a pofterior opening, which tranfmits the aorta into the abdomen, and the thoracic duct and . vena azygos, into the thorax. Arteries, from the descending aorta. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena azygos. Nerves. The diaphragmatic, or phrenic nerves, arife from the fpinal nerves of the neck. Use, for refpiration, fituation of the heart, expulfion of faeces, and parturition. lungs. Two vifcera, fituated in the cavities of the thorax, by which we breathe. Division, in- to right and left lung ; the right has three lobes, the left only two. Connexion, with the neck and heart. Substance, veficular, vafcular, and bronchial, connected together by a parenchymatous fubftance. It has an external membrane from the pleura. Ves- sels, pulmonary and bronchial. Nerves, from the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Lymphatics, are to be feen on its external furface. Glands, called bronchial. Use, for refpiration, fanguification, and voice. physiology ( l73 ) rilYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION. Refpiration confifts of injpiration, or the in- grels of the air into the lungs, and expiration, or the egrefs of the air from the lungs. During fleep, refpiration is performed with- out our knowledge,, and therefore termed Jpontaneous ; but when it can be augmented or diminifhed according to our will, it is termed voluntary. The exciting cauje of infpiration is the air rufhing into the lungs and irritating its nerves, which irritation is by confent of parts communicated to the diaphragm and intercof- tal mufcles, and compels them to contract. The contraction of the intercoftal mufcles and diaphragm, and, the preffure of the elaftic air, therefore dilate the cheft. The air being deprived of its ftimulus,. the intercoftal muf- cles and diaphragm become relaxed, the car- tilages of the ribs and abdominal mufcles, before expanded, return to their former ftate^ and thus the air is expelled from the lungs. The fmall branches of the pulmonary artery form a beautiful net-work of veffels on the in- ternal membrane ofthe air veficles.. During expiration, the air-veffels are collapfed; con- fequentlyktheblood-veffelsbecometortuous,and the blood is prevented palling. In hifpiration then,the air veficles being dilated,the tortuous veffels are elongated, and a free paflage afford- ed to the blood: the very delicate coats of thefe veflels are alfo rendered fo thin as to fuf- fer a d'i. mUai aftion to take place between the P 2 a* ( *74 ) air in the veficle6 and the blood in the veffels. This conftitutes the primary ufe of refpiration; viz. the blood abforbing the oxygen from the atmofpheric air, by which the nervous energy is increafed, and it is generally believed, heat generated; but this fubject is yet undeter- mined. PERICARDIUM. A membranous fac furrounding the heart,. Adeiesion, with the diaphragm, pleura, fter* num, cartilages of the ribs, oefophagus, aorta defcendens, and the veins and great arteries going to and from the heart. Arteries, branches ofthe internal mammary and medi- aftinal. Veins, empty themfelves into the internal mammary. Nerves, from the fu- perficial cardiacs. Use, to contain the heart, and to feparate a fluid, which may lubricate and preferve it from concretion with the peri- cardium. HEART. A mufcular vifcus fituated in the cavity of the pericardium, which ferves for the motion of the blood. Division, externally into bafe, furfaces, and margins ; internally, into auri- cles and ventricles.. Situation, oblique, not tranfverfe. The cavities of the heart are called auricles and ventricles. The auri- cles are fituated upon the bafe of the heart, and are fo named from their refemblance to dogs' ears. They are compofed of mufcular fibres,, C i7S ) fibres, which are very delicate, ana are lined by an extremely fenfible and contractile mem- brane. They furround the origin of the aor- ta and pulmonary arteries, when diftended, and are feparated from each other by the fiep* tum auricularum. The right auricle has opening into it, at its upper part, the vena cava fuperior, at its lower part the vena cava inferior, and at one fide the large coronary vein; fo that its office is that of receiving the blood from every part of the body. Befides thefe openings, it has one much larger, communicating with the right ventricle, from the margin of which there hangs into the right ventricle, connected with the chordae tendineae, a valve, called,from its fhape, the tricufipid, or triglochine valves. The left auricle is compofed of the- fame materials as the right; it has opening in- to it the four pulmonary veins ; fo that the blood of the pulmonary artery paffes through the lungs into the left auricle. Befides the openings of the four pulmonary veins, the left auricle has a communication with the left ven- tricle, and from the margin of this opening there hangs into the left ventricle a valve,. which, from its refemblance to a bifhop's mi- tre, is termed the mitral valve* It is alfo con- nected to the chordae tendineae ofthe ventricle. The ventricles are fituated in the fubftance of the heart, and are divided from each other by a thick mufcular feptum, called fieptum cor- dis. The pai ietes of the ventricles are very thick^ ( i7« ) mick, and compofed of ftrong mufcular fibres. In'the ventricles are a number of flefhy cords, running in various directions ; thefe are called €arnea columna, and many of them are con- nected with the valves of the auricular open- ings by tendinous cords, termed chorda tendU nea. The ventricles are lined by a fimilar membrane to that which lines the auricles. The right ventricle has a communi- cation with the right auricle, as before men- tioned, in-order to receive its blood ; it has alfo an opening into the pulmonary artery, which arifes from it, and through which or- gan the blood is expelled from the ventricle. At the origin ofthe artery three large valves are placed, called, from their fhape, fiemilunar valves-. The left ventricle is much ftronger than the right: befides the opening for the en- trance of the blood from the left auricle, it has alfo an opening through which it tranfmits its blood, and this is into the aorta, which ariles from it, and has, like the pulmonary artery* three fiemilunar valves placed at is origin. Vessels are common and proper ; the com- mon are the aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, and the vena cavas ; the proper are the coro- nary arteries and veins. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Use. It is the primary organ of the motion of the circulation: ( l77 ) circulation of the blood. The blood is continually in motion, palling from the auricles of the heart into the ven- tricles ; from the ventricles into all the arte~ ries of the body, and from the arteries into the veins, which return it again to the au- ricles. The blood is brought from every part of the body to the heart by the two venae ca- va (the fuperior bringing it from the head, upper extremities, and thorax, and the inferi- or from the abdomen and inferior extremities,) which terminate in the right auricle. The right auricle, when diftended with blood, con- tracts, and empties itfelf into the right ven- tricle ; the right ventricle then contracts, and propels the blood into the pulmonary artery, the opening between the ventricle and auricle being fhut by the tricufpid valves. The pul- monary artery conveys the blood by its nu- merous ramifications into the fmall branches of the air-cells of the lungs, where it under- goes a change, and paffes into the veins which bring it by four trunks into the left auricle of the heart. It is prevented returning from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, by the three femilunar valves which are placed at its origin. The blood having thus pafled through the lungs, and become of a florid colour, diftends the left auricle, which is then ftimulated to contract, and pours the blood into ( i7« ) into the left ventricle. The left ventricle next contracts, and propels the blood through the aorta, to be conveyed by its branches to every part of the body. The mitral valves, which are placed at the auricular opening in- to the left ventricle, prevent the blood from returning, when the ventricle contracts, into the auricle : and left the blood fhould be prevented by any impediment palling immedi- ately along the aorta, the three femilunar valves placed at its origin prevent its regurgi- tating into the ventricle. From the numerous arteries of the aorta the blood is conveyed in- to the veins, where it lofes its florid colour, and becomes darker, to be returned, in the way above mentioned, to the right auricle. Thus the blood of the right auricle and ven- tricle, and of the pulmonary arteries, is of a dark colour ; and that of the pulmonary veins, left auricle, ventricle, and all the arte- ries (except the pulmonary,) of a florid hue. From what has been faid, it is evident that the action of the heart confifts in the alternate contraction and dilatation of its auricles and ventricles. The dilatation of the heart is termed diaj- tol'e, and the contraction Jyftole. The excef-- five fenfibility of the membrane which lines the auricles and ventricles difpofes them to contraction, which is effected by the irritation of the ftimulus of the blood, and by that of the diftenfion of its cavities, OF ( *79 ) OF THE ABDOMEN. A cavity fituated between the thorax and pelvis. Divided into feveral regions, as has already been mentioned. The external parts are the common integuments, five pair of abdominal mufcles, and the peritoneum. The internal parts, or viscera, are the omentum, ftomach, fmall and large inteftines, liver, gall-bladder, mefentery, lacteal veffels, fpleen, pancreas, kidneys, fupra-renal glands, aorta defcendens, and vena cava afcendens. peritoneum. A membrane lining the internal furface of the abdomen, and covering all its vifcera, Connected, by means of cellular membrane, with the diaphragm, abdominal mufcles, ver- tebrae of the loins, bones of the pelvis, urina- ry bladder, uterus, inteftinum rectum, and all the vifcera of the abdomen. Vessels of thb / peritoneum, from the adjoining parts. Use, to contain and ftrengthen the abdominal vif- cera, and to exhale a vapour to lubricate them. omentum, or'epiploon. An adipofe membrane, a production of the peritoneum, attached to the ftomach, and ly- W on the anterior furface of the inteftines. ° Division, C »8o ) Division, into large and Jmall omentum. The Jormer hangs pendulous from the great curvature of the ftomach. The fmall omen- tum fills up the fpace between the fmall cur- vature of the ftomach, liver, &c. Immediate- ly behind the biliary ducts there is an opening which will admit the finger, called the fora- men of Winflow. Arteries, branches of the cceiiac. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Use, to lubricate the intek tines; keep them warm; and to preferve them from concretion. stomach. A membranous receptacle, which receives the ingefta from the oefophagus. Situates in the epigaftric region. Divided, when emp- ty, into an anterior and a pofterior furface ; a great and little curvature ; the cardia, or fu- perioropening ; and the pylorus, or inferior opeumg. Connexion, with the cefophaguo, duodenu*a, omentum, and pancreas. Com- posed of three membranes, or coats, viz. a common, mufcular, and villous coat. Ar- teries, branches of the cceiiac—the corona- ria, which goes to the fmall curvature—the gaftrica finiftra, which is diftributed to the great and arifes from the fplenic artery.~gaf- trica ..dextra, which paffes to the great curva- ture, and the pylorica, fupplying the pylorus ; all of wdiich unite with each other, and form a net-work of blood-veffels. Gastric veins smpty themfelves into the vena portae, corref- ponding C »»' ) ponding with the trunks of the- arteries. Nerves, branches of the par vagum. J9&- sorbents, thofe of the fmall curvature ter- minate in thoracic duct, where the cceiiac ar- tery is given off, and thofe palTing along the great curvature join with the abforbents ofthe fpleen. Glands, muciparous, under the in- ternal tunic. Use, to receive the ingefta from the oefophagus, and to retain, mix, digeft, and expel it into thejduodenum. DIGESTION, OR CHYMIFICATION. 'Digeftion, or chymification, is the change which food undergoes in the ftomach, by which it is converted into chyme. The circumftances neceflary to effect a healthy digeftion of the food are— i. A certain degree of heat of the ftomach, 2. A free mixture of faliva with the food in the mouth. 3. A certain quantity of healthy gaftric juice. 4. The natural periftaltic mcLn of the ftomach. 5. The preffure of the contraction and re- laxation of the abdominal mufcles and dir- phragm. From thefe circumftances, the par- ticles of the food are foftened, diifolved, dilut- ed, and intimately mixed into a foft pap, call- ed chyme, which paffes through the pylorus of the ftomach into the duodenum. Q intestines. ( rSfi 9 INTESTINES. The membranous tube, fix times longer than the body, in the cavity of the abdomen, varioufly contorted from the pylorus of the ftomach to the anus, is fo called. Division, into iinall and large. The small are the duodenum, which begins at the pylorus of the ftomach, and is refleded over the fpine under the peritoneum. It is about twelve fingers breadth in length, and has an oblique perfora- tion near its middle, which is the common opening to the pancreatic duct and ductus communis choledochus. The jejunum and ileum conrpofe the remainder of the fmall in- teftines. They ajways ;hang from the mefen- tery into the cavity .of the pelvis. There is no'alteratiqn of ftructure in any part of the iinali inteftines, the termination ofthe one and beginning of the other is imaginary. The je- junum conftitutes the firft half from the duo- denum, the other half is ileum. The fmall inteftines have internally a number of anular folds, which augment the furface for the fitua- tion of the lacteal and other veffels ; thefe are called valvula conniventes. They are peculiar to the fmall inteftines. The large inteftines are divided into the caecum, colon, and rec- tum. The cozcum lies upon the right hip over the iliacus internus mufcle, to which it is at- tached by cellular membrane : it is a large eul dejac : the fmall inteftinc opens obliquely iiito it, in fuch a manner as to form a valve to impede ( i«3 ) impede the return of the fasces; and nearly oppofite to this valve there arifes from t^e caecum a fmall vermiform canal, imperforated at its extremity, called the appendieula each verifiormis. The inteftine is now called colon; it afcends towards the liver, and is called the afcending portion of the colon, and having reach- ed the liver, forms a tranfivere arch acrofs to the other fide. The colon then defcends, forming what is termed its fiigmoid flexure into the pelvis, where the gut is termed the rectum, which terminates in the anus.. The large in- teftines are tabulated, have fometimes little fat portions adhering to them called appendie- ula epiploica, and alfo three longitudinal bands upon'their external" furface. Composed of three membranes j or coats, one common, a mufcular one, and the third villous. Con- nexion, with the mefentery, kidnies, os coccygis, and urinary bladder, and in women with the vagina. Arteries, branches ofthe fuperior and inferior mefenteric, duodenal, arfd' internal hsemorrhoidal. Veins, run into the meferaic. Their nerves are, productions ofthe eighth pair and intercoftals. Lacteal vessels. Thefe arife from the fmall intef- tines, and run into the mefenteric glands. Glands, muciparous, under the villous coat. Use, to receive the chyme, and retain it for a time ; to mix it with the enteric juice and bile ; to feparate and propel the chyle into the lacteal veffels; and to eliminate the faeces. chylification. ( >S+ > CHYLIFICATION. This is the change of the chyme in the fmall inteftines into chyle. The chyme in the duodenum is mixed with the pancreatic juice, the bile, and enteric juice ; from which mix- ture, effeded by the continual periftaltic mo- tion of the inteftines, a milk-like fluid is fepa- rated, which is termed chyle, and is abforbed by the pendulous opening of the ladeals, and conveyed through the mefentery into the tho- racic dud, to be fent into and mixed with the blood, to form new blood. Chylification is performed quicker than chymification, and both ure effeded within three hours. The cxcrementious particles of the food, e a LI j<1 the feces, are propelled into the cae- cum, through the colon, and where they ac- quire a peculiar fmell, into the redum, to be expelled. expulsion of the faeces. The irritation of the faeces in the rectum induces it to contrad, the fphinder relaxes, and the faeces are protruded through the ap- erture of the anus, by the preffure of the ab- dominal mufcles, and the anus clofed again by the contra&ion of its fphinder and levator mufcles. MESENTERY. A membranous duplicature, formed of a jprod udion of the peritoneum, to which the inteftines ( >8J ) inteftines adhere. Division, into mefentery, to which the inteftines adhere, and mefocolon, to which the colon adheres. Connexion, with the lumbar vertebrae. Arteries, infe- rior and fuperior, mefenteric, branches oMie aorta defcendens. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and intercoftals. The glands, which are fituated in the mefentery, are called mefenteric glands. The ladeals proceed to the glands,and from them to the thoracic dud. Use, to ftrengthen the inteftines, and afford a fituation to the ladeal veffels, glands, and nerves, bloodrveffels, &c. of the inteftines., LIVER. The largeft of the abdominal vifcera, placed in the right hypochondriac region, and fome- what in the epigaftric. Division, into three lobes; the great, fmall, and a lefs one, called the Spigelian. Connexion, with the dia- phragm, by means of the fufpenfory and other ligaments. Substance, vafcular. The glands which compofe the fubftance of the liver are called acini biliofi.. The excretory ducts.of the glands are termed porfcbili- ari: They arife from the acini of the liver, form larger trunks, called duelus hepatici, which converge together, and conftitute a common canal, the duelus hepaticus, which • unites with the cyftic dud, and forms the ductus communis choledochus. Use, to fe- crete bile. O 2 call-bladder,. C i« 1 GALL-BLADDER. An oblong membranous receptacle, fituated under the liver, in the right hypochondrium. Division, into bottom, body, and neck, which terminates rh the dudus cyfticus. The ^duelus cyfticus arifes from the gall-bladder, proceeds to the duodenum, and unites with the duelus hepaticus, to form the duelus com- munis choledochus, which perforates the duode- num, and conveys the bile into the inteftines. The o-all-bladder is composed of three mem- o branes, a common, fibrous, or mufcular and villous. Arteries, branches ofthe hepatic. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. Aesorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from the eighth pair and intercoftals. Glands, muciparous. Use, to retain the gall, which regurgitates from the hepatic dud, there to become thicker, more bitter, and acrid. SPLEEN. A fpongy vifcus, fituated in the left hypo- chondrium, near the fundus of the ftomach, under the ribs. Figure, oval. Connex- ion, with the omentum, diaphragm, pancreas, and colon. Arteries, the fplenic artery is a branch ofthe cceiiac. Veins, empty them- felves into the vena portae. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from the par va- gum and great intercoftal. Use, unknown. pancreas.. ( >8; ) PANCREAS. A glandular body, of a long figure, com- pared to a dog's tongue, fituated in the epi- gaftric region, under the ftomach. Compos- ed of innumerable fmall glandj, the excreto- ry duds of which unite and form the pancre- atic dud. Its external membrane is from the rhefocolon. Arteries, from the neighbour- ing parts and fplenic artery. Veins, evacu- ate themfelves into the fplenic. The pancre- atic duel perforates the duodenum with the dudus communis choledochus, and conveys its fecretion into the inteftines. Use, to fe- crete a humour fimilar to faliva, and carry it into the duodenum, LACTEAL VESSELS. The abforbing veffels of the mefentery are fo termed, becaufe they convey the chyle, a milk-like fluid, from the inteftines into the thoracic dud* Origin, from the furface of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Ter- mination, in the thoracic dud, or trunk of. the abforbents, which runs, near the aorta on the fpine, and empties its contents into the jugular vein. As they, run through the mef- entery, they pafs through a number of glands, in which the chyle is altered, and then pro- ceed to their trunk. Use. To carry the chyle from the inteftines into the blood. See the Pbyfiology of Abforption and tbe Abforbents, pages 124. 128, SIDNEYS, C 188 3 KIDNEYS. Two vifcera, which fecrete the urine. Sit- uated behind the fac of the peritoneum, near the bodies of the fuperior lumbar vertebrae. Substance, of three kinds ; cortical, tubu- lar, and papillous. Integuments^ or cov- erings, adipofe membrane, and a membrana propria. The renal arteries, or emul- gents, are branches ofthe aorta defcendens.. The veins empty themfelves into the cava in- ferior.-. The nerves of the kidneys are branches of the eighth pair and intercoftal. The excretory duds of the kidneys are called the ureters, canals which convey the urine: from the kidneys into the bladder. Use, to fecrete urine.. excretion of the urine. The urine is feparated from the blood by the extremities of the renal arteries, which: open in the fubftance of the kidney into the tubuli uriniferi, from whence it is received in-. to the pelvis of the kidney, and paffes along the ureter into the urinary bladder guttatim, where it. ufually, remains a. few hours, in con- fequence ofthe fphincter of the bladder, being- contraded. It is prevented returning into*. the ureters by their entrance being oblique' and valvular. The urine having remained a. few hours in the bladder, excites a defire to, void it, by which ftimulus the fphinder be^ comes ( i89 ; comes relaxed, the mufcular ftructure of the bladder contrads, and by the aftiftance ofthe abdominal mufcles and the acceleratores urinae the urine is propelled along the urethra. SUPRA-RENAL GLANDS. Two triangular flat bodies, situated, one above each kidney. Use, not known. OF THE PELVIS. The pelvis is a cavity below the abdomen and under the pubes, containing the urinary bladder, redum, and organs of generation. urinary bladder. A membranous fac under the peritoneum, in the cavity of the pelvis. Situation, in men, between the pubes and redum ; in wom- en, between the pubes and uterus. Divis- ion, into fundus, body, and neck. Compos- ed of three membranes, like the inteftines.. Arteries, brandies of the hvpogaftric and haemorrhoidal. Veins, empty themfelvesinto the hvpogaftric. Nerves, branches from the intercoftal and facral nerves. Glands, mucip- arous. Use, to receive, retain, and expel the urine. THE (. i"9° y THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. Thefe are, the penis, tefticles, and veficulce feminales. PENIS. Alfo called membrum virile, of yard, is that cylindrical part which hangs under the mons Veneris, before the fcrotum. Division, into root, body, and head, called glans. The hairy prominence, which covers the pubes, is called mons Veneris. Substance. It confifts of common integuments, two corpora c'avernofa ; the corpus fpongiofum'urethras-;' and the ure- thra. The corpora caverriofa, which form the chief bulk of the penis, are compofed of a cel- lular and very elaftic fubftance, and arife by two-crura, one from eacrr afcending ramus of the ifchium. The corpusJpongiojurn begins before the proftrate gland, and furrounds the: urethra. At its beginning it forms the bul-" hous part'of the urethra, and then proceeds forwards, to-be expanded at the extremity of the penis into a very vafcular fubftance,' call-1 od glans f#nis, which is naturally covered by' a*-fold of the fkin, called the prepuce. The nrethr* is a membranous canal, which pro- ceeds from the bladder through the corpus fpongiofum urethras to the meatus or opening in the glans pern?. It is endowed with a high degree of fenfibility and contradility. The verumontanum, ( 19' ) %erumontanum, or caput gallinaginis, is a cuta- neous eminence in the uretha, before the neck of the bladder. Glands, muciparous ; odo- riferous*; Cowper's glands ; and the proftrate. SeeAdenology.' The penis is connected with the uretha, pubes, and ifchium. Arteries are branches of the hypogaftric and ifchiatic. The dorsal vein of the penis, called vena magna ipjius penis, empties itfelf into the vena hypo- gaftrica. Absorbents, run under the com- mon integuments, to the inguinal glands. Nerves, branches of the facral nerves and ifchiatic. Use, for eredion, coition, effufiott of femen, and of urine. testicles. Two oval bodies contained in the cavity of the ferotum. The epididymis is an hard vafcular fubftance, formed of convoluted vas deferens, lying on the tefticle. Integuments of the tefticle are, the ferotum ; tunica albu- ginea, which is fmooth, and adheres very firm- ly to the body of the tefticle ; and the tunica vaginalis, which defcends with the fpermatic chord, and furrounds the tefticle, as the peri- cardium does the heart. Composed of white flender canals, which terminate in the epididy- mis, and form into one great canal, the vas deferens, which proceeds from the tefticle in- to the abdomen, over the os pubis, and then defcends * C IQ2 ) ,defcends into the pelvis, to be inferted into the veficulas feminales. Spermatic arte- ries, are branches ofthe aorta. Spermatic veins, empty themfelves into the vena cava, and left vena renalis. Nerves, branches of the lumbar and great intercoftal. Absor- bents, afcend from the tefticle through the chord. The Juniculus Jpcr?naticus, or fper- matic chord, confifts of the vas deferens, fper- matic, artery and vein, fpermatic nerves, ab- forbent veflels, and tunica vaginalis, which the cremafter mufcle furrounds. Use, to fe- crete and prepare femen. SECRETION AND EXCRETION OF THE SEMEN. The femen is fecreted by minute branches of the fpermatic arteries, that depofit it into correfponding feminal veffels, which compofe the greateft part of the body of the tefticle. The femen is the proper ftimulus to thefe vef- fels, which are therefore ftimulated to con- tract, and by a very flow motion convey it in- to the epididymis and vas deferens, by which it is carried through the inguinal ring into the pelvis, to be depofited hi the vcficulae femi- nales, where it excites a defire to emit it. The .cells of the corpora cavernofa penis are diin- tended with blood by the venereal ftimulus ; hence the penis fwells, and is inclii.ed for co- ition, during which adieu, at the time of the ajlruni venereum, the veficulae fcioii.ales con- trad, C 193 ) trad, and the femen is thrown with an immenfe force, through the ejaculatory duds, opening into the urethra, where it is mixed with the fecretion from the proftrate gland, which is expelled at the fame moment, and paffes with it along the urethra, to be propelled by the contraction of the ejaculatory mufcles into the cavity of the uterus. VESICUL/E SEMINALES. Two membranous receptacles, which re* ceive and contain the femen from the vafa def- erent ia. They are situated on the back part of the bladder, above its neck. Sub- stance, membranous, white, and covered with a fibrous fubftance. The ejaculatory duels are fome lines long, and enter the cavity of the urethra from each veficle, by a pecu- liar orifice at the top of the verumontanum. Vessels and nerves, from the neighbouring parts. Absorbent vessels, arife from the veficulae feminales, and run to the lymphatic glands about the loins. Use, to contain, re- tain, infpiffate, and excern the femen into the urethra. THE ORGANS OF GENERATION 117 WOMEN. The parts which ferve for generation in women are divided into external and internal. R Th^ C *94 ) Tlie external parts are the mons Veneris; the labia majora, two cutaneous folds, fituat- ed externally ; the labia minora, or ?iympha, alfo two cutaneous folds, like a cockVcomb, placed at the fides of the vagina ; the clitoris, a fmall glandiform body, like a penis in mini- ature, placed under the fuperior commiffure of the nymphae ; and the hymen, a membrane for the moft part femHunar, fituated at the entrance of the virgin vagina. The inter- nal parts are the vagina ; uterus ; Fallo- pian tubes ; ovaria ; broad and round liga- ments of the uterus ; and the urethra, VAGINA, An elaftic canal leading from the external opening of the vulva to the uterus. Com- posed of three membranes ; the outermoft is cellular, the middle mufcular, and the in- ternal rugous. Glands, mucous ; fituated under the internal membrane. Use to re- ceive the penis, and for the paflage ofthe child in deliyery. UTERUS, OR WOMB. A fpongy receptable, like a flattened pear ; fituated in the pelyis between the urinary blad- der and redum. Division, into fundus, body, neck, and orifice, called os tinea. Sub- stance of the uterus, fpongy, interwoven with mufcular fibres. Arteries, the fper- matic which are branches of the aorta ; and the uterine, which are from the hypogaftric and c 195 ; and hemorrhoidal. Uterine veins are without valves, and empty themfelves into the fpermatic, hypogaftric, and external haemor- rhoidal veins. Absorbents run into the iliac glands. NerVis are branches of the facral and ifchiatic. Glands, mucous. Use, for Conception, nutrition of the fcetus, parturi- tion, and menftruation. physiology of menstruation/.- By a law of nature women menfti'uate in Hhis climate from about the age of fifteen to forty-five. Menftruation is the' efHux (by fome thought to be a fecretion) of blood from veffels opening into the cavity cf the uterus. During pregnancy, the catamenia, or menjes, for fo the difcharge is called, flop, except in fome few inftances, where it is fupplied by the veffels of the vagina. The nature of menftrUal blood, if women be healthy, differs only from other blood in its not coagulating, which may be caufed by its flow exit, and its mixture with the fecretions of the uterus and vagina.- ft differs, however* in quantity, the period of its firft appearance, its duration, and the fymptoms which precede and accompany it, according to the age, tem- perament, habit of body, climate, feafon of the year, mode of living, and other circum- ftances. Women are faid to be moft fufceptible of the ( '95 ) adion ofthe vivifying principle of the femen during the period of menftruation. PHYSIOLOGY OF CONCEPTION^ / The congrefs between man and woman is called coition, which is fo well known as to require no defcription. During coition the nymphae and clitoris are tumid with blood, and the fimbriae ofthe Fal- lopian tubes, by a power inherent in them, are ftretched out, and applied over the furface of an ovum in the ovarium. The pleafure which women experience dur- ing coition is very great, and a quantity of mu- cus is fuddenly emitted from the glands of the vagina, during the venereal orgafm, which in -former times was erroneoufly fuppofed to be the femen of the female, but now it is the o- pinkm of phyfiologifts that women have no femen, as anatomy cannot deted any organ by which it can be fecreted. In order that a Woman may conceive, it is req- uifite that fhe fhall have menftruated ; that the ovum in the ovarium fhall have arrived at a ftate of maturity, and that the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube fhall be ftretched around fhe mature ovum, fo as to let the cavity of the Fallopian tube come immediately over it. In this ftate, the male femen is emitted into the uterus, and its vivifying part, which is ex- tremely fubtile, and called the aura fieminis, flies ( »97 ) flies through the cavity of the uterus along the Fallopian tube to the mature ovum, to which it imparts a principle by which it begins to circulate its fluids and is animated. The ovum being thus vivified, enlarges and rup- tures the flender tunic of the ovarium, in which it was enclolei1. At the time of its rupturing, the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube embrace it, and it is relied, by the periftaltic motion of the latter, into the cavity of the u- terus, there to be perfeded; and at the expira- tion of nine months to be fent into the world. OF THE GRAVID UTERUS: The parts of the gravid uterus are, the u- ferine placenta, the umbilical chord, the mem- branous ovum ofthe fcetus, the liquor amnii,, and the foetus. UTERINE PLACENTA. A fpongy mafs, like a cake, generally adher- ing to the fundus of the gravid uterus, com- pofed of a net-work of very numerous veffels. Substance, cellular, like afponge filled vrith veffels. Absorbents have been lately dif- covered. Nerves, nine. Use, to receive and prepare the blood from the uterus for the fcetus, and give ofi" branches to the umbilical vein. R 2 FUNICULUS; ( '93 ) FUNICULUS UBILICAL1S, OR UMBILICAL CHORD. A chord of an inteftinal form, which run;? from the navel of the fcetus to the centre of the placenta. Length, moftly about half a yard. Composed of a cutaneous vagina, or fheath,a cellular fubftance, one umbilical vein, and two umbilical arteries. Use. The um- bilical vein of the fcetus conveys the blood from the placenta to the fcetus, and the two umbilical arteries return it from the fcetus to the placenta. MEMBRANOUS OVUM OF THE FCeTUS- The fcetus is inclofed in a membranous ovum or bag within the cavity of the uterus. The ovum confifts of three membranes ; an outer, or* filamentous, called decidua ; a mid- dle one, called the chorion ; and an inner one, termed the amnion. Use, to include the liq- uor aranii, to prevent its flowing into the uterus, and at the commencement of parturi- tion, to aflift in dilating the os uteri. LIQUOR AMNII,OR LIQUOR OF THE AMNION. A lymphatic liquid, enclofed in the cavity of the ovum furrounding the fcetus, fecreted by the exhaling arteries of the membranes of the ovum. Quantity, about the time of parturition, two or three pounds. Proper- ty3 ( *99 ) ty, gelatinous, like turbid ferum of milk. Use, to defend the fcetus from the preffure of the uterus, to give it nourifhment, to dilate the orifice of the uterus in labour, and to lubri- cate the vagina. FceTus. During the firft month of pregnancy, the ovum is about the fize of a pigeon's egg ; the fcetus fwims in the middle of the liquor amnii, and represents a little cloud, which gradually enlarges, and its parts become more finn and perfed. The parts of the fcetus at birth dif- fer from the adult, in having a.Joramen ovale,. a canalis arteriojus, and a canalis venojus. The lungs are black, collapfed, and fink in water. The liver is large. All the fmall glands are alfo proportionately large, and the large intef- tines are tilled with meconium. All the can- als and veffels peculiar to the fcetus are oblite- rated after birth, and become ligaments. PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTERIAL AND VENAL SYSTEM OF THE FCCTUS. The fcetus has—an umbilical vein, which goes to the liver, and two umbilical arteries which arife from the internal iliac—a canalis venofius, or veirt, v/hich proceeds from the finus of the vena portae into the vena cava in- ferior—an opening in the feptum of the auri- cles, called the foramen ornate, and a canalis ar- teriofius, or artery which arifes from the pul- monary ( froo ) rnonary artery, and paffes obliquely into the aorta. After birth thefe veffels gradually be- come impervious, and at length are removed by the-abforbents. CIRCULATION OF TEIE BLOOD IN THE FCCTU3, The foetus receives its blood from the moth- er through the umbilical vein of the funis, which tranfmits it along the dudus ..uofus -into the vena cava; to be carried tu the fight auricle ofthe heart ; from the right auricle it paffes partly throurh the foramen ovale into the left auricle, ?.r: <: oartly into the li^ht ven- tricle. From the rhjii. ventricle it is propell- ed into the pulmonary artery, which fends a very fmail proportion through the lungs and the remainder through the canalis arteriofus into the aorta. The blood is returned from the fcetus by the two umbilical arteries, along the chord, to the mother.. HYGROLOGY,. OR". DOCTRINE OF THE FLUIDS. The fhiids of the body are divided into crude, as the chyle ; Janguineous, as the blood ; lymphatic as the lymph of the lymphatic vef- fels ; Jecreted, or thofe feparated from the blood; and excrement itious, as urine3 fasces, The ( 201 ) The fecreted fluids arc fubdivided into foe* teal, as the juice of the proftrate gland; a- qeous, as the aqueous humour of the eye ; mu- cous, as the mucus of the noftrils; albuminous, as the ferum of the blood ; oleous, as the oil of the adipofe membrane ; and bilious, as the bile. Fluids are alfo divided, from their motion, into circulatory, which continually circulate in the veffels ; commorartt, which circulate with a flow motion, as the femen, oil of the adipofe membrane ; ftagna?rt, which remain for a cer- tain time in any receptacle, as cyftic bile, &e* FLUIDS COMMON TO THE WHOLE BODY. THE BLOOD. A red fluid, which circulates in the cavities ofthe heart, arteries, and veins. Colour, in the arteries, of a florid hue ; in the veins darker, except in the pulmonary veins, in which it is of a lighter caft. Blood expofed to the atmofphere fpontaneoufly feparates by degrees into two parts, viz. the Jerum a yel- low and fomewhat greenifh fluid ; and a cakey called alfo the cruor, or craffamentum, which; refembles a red mafs fwimming like an ifland in* the ferum. Use, to ftimulate the cavities of the heart and veffels to contradion j to gen- erate t loi ) State the heat of the body, and propagate- it to every part; to nourifh every part; and to fupply all the fecretions, they being all fepa- rated from the blood. THE LYMPH OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS. A taftelefs cryftalline liquid, contained in the lymphatic veffels. Absorbed from the furface; tela cellulofa ;. vifcera ; and cavities of the vifcera of the whole body ; and con- veyed into the thoracic dud. Use, to re- turn the fuperfluous nutritious fluid, the va- pours of cavities, and fubftances applied to the fkin, to the thoracic dud. THE VAPOUR OF THE SHEATHS OF THS - NERVES. The aqueous vapour contained in the vag- inae and between the fibrils of the nerves. Se- cretory organ, the arteries ofthe fheath* Use, to moiften the nervous fibrils. FLUIDS PROPER TO EACH PART. in the cavity of the cranium. The vapour in teie ventricles of the brain. A thin vapour contained in the cavity of the ventricles of the brain, and se- creted by the exhaling arteries of the cho- roid plexus. Use, to prevent the concre- tion* ( 203 ) tion of the ventricles, and keep the medulla moift. IN THE CAVITY OF THE NOSTRILS. The mucus of the nostrils. The mu- cus secreted by the muciparous glands of the pituitary membrane, lining the feptum and conchae of the noftrils. Use, to preferve the nervous papillas of the olfadory nerves moift, and to moderate exceflive fenfibility. in the cavity of the mouth. The saliva. A fluid fecreted by the fal- ivary glands into the mouth. The secre- tory organ is compofed of the parotid ; fub-maxillary ; and nib-lingual glands. Use, to augment the tafte of the food ; to mix with, diffolve, and refolve the food into its principles ; and to moderate thirft. in the cavity of the fauces, » The mucus of the fauces. A mucus fecreted by the muciparous glands of the ton- fils, pharynx, &c. Use, to lubricate the fau- ces, IN THE EYES, iTliE AQUEOUS HUMOUR OF THE EYE, The very limpid water which fills the anterior and pofterior chambers of the eye. Secretory organ, the floating veflels of the corpus cili- are, and exhaling veflels of the iris. Use', to diitend the cornea y retain the crjftalline lens ( 20# ) and vitreous humour in their places ; and to tranfmit the focus of the rays of light to the cry ftalline lens. The crystalline lens. A lentiform, pellucid, cellular body, diftcnded by a very limpid aqueous fluid, enclofed in a membra- nous caplule, and fituated in a deprefiion in the anterior furface of the vitreous humour. Use, to tranfmit and refrad the focus of the rays of light to the vitreous humour. Teie vitreous humour. The pellucid vitriform body, which fills the whole bulb of the eye behind the cryftalline lens. Compos- ed of fmall cells diftended with a limpid wa- ter. Use, to expand the bulb, and tranfmit .and moderately augment the focus of the rfys of light from the cryftalline lens to the Tctina. The water in the capsule of the crystalline lens. Secreted by the pel- lucid branches of the artery of the cryftalline lens. Use, to prevent the concretion of the cryftalline lens with its eapfule. The pigment of teie iris. The colour- ed mucus, which covers the anterior and pof- terior furface of the iris. Use, to refled the rays of light. The pigment of the choroid mem- brane. The black or brownifh mucus, which covers the anterior furface of the choroid membrane, and the interior of the corpus cili* &%' ' T113 I 2°5 ) The tears. A limpid fluid fecreted by the lachrymal gland, and flowing on the fur- face ofthe eye. Use, to moiften the furface of the eye and eyelids. The juice of Meibomius's glands. The unduous humour fecreted by the febace- ous glands of Meibomius, and lubricating the tarfi of the eyelids. Use, to lubricate the tarfi of the eyelids, and involve the faline ac- ridity of the tears. in the cavity of the ears. The cerumen, or wax of the ears. The bitter ceraceous fluid fecreted by the ce- ruminous glands of the meatus auditorius ex- ternus. Use, to lubricate the fenfible mem- brane of that canal, and to prevent infeds from entering. The water of the labyrinth. An in- fipid water contained in the cavity ofthe tym- panum. Use, to preferve the nervous fib- rils of the auditory nerve foft and moift, and to moderate the tremors of founds* in the neck. The juice of the thyroid gland. Of a yellowifh white colour, efpecially in infants. Use, not known. The mucus of'the "oesoPHAcus. Secret- ed by the muciparous glands, fituated in the cellular membrane. Use, to lubricate the cavity of the oefophagus, and prevent the con- *cretiott of its fides. S in ( 2oo" 0 in the cavity of the thorax. The mucus lining the internal furface of the trachea, bronchia, and veficula pulmonales. Secretory organ, the muciparous glands fituated under the internal membrane of thofe parts. Use, to prevent the furface of the trachea, bronchia, and veficulas pulmonales from becoming dry by the continual palling of the air. The vapour in the cavity of the thorax. A vapour which exhales from the exhaling veffels of the pleura of the lungs and ribs, into the cavity of the thorax. Use, to preferve the pleura foft, moift, and flexile ; and to defend and prevent it from the fridion of, and concretion with, the lungs. The vapour or liquor pericardii. Secreted by the arterious exhaling veffel^ which open upon the external furface of the heart and internal of the pericardium. Use, to prevent the concretion of the heart with the pleura ; to diminifti the fridion ; and pre- ferve the parts foft. The juice of the thymus gland. A milky juice fecreted by the arteries opening into the cells of this gland. Use, not known. IN THE BREASTS. The milk of the breasts. A white, fweetifh fluid, fecreted by the glandplar fab- ric ( ?«7 > rio of the breafts of women. Use, to be ai aiiment to new-born children. IN TEIE ABDOMEN.' The gastric juice. A limpid colourlef; fluid, fecreted by the exhaling veffels of the very numerous arteries, which bedew every part ofthe ftomach. Use, to digeft the food. The pancreatic juice. The limpid juice fecreted by this gland, and conveyed through its excretory dud into the duode- num. Use, to aflift in the formation of chyle. Bile. A yellowifh-green bitter juice, fe- creted by the glandular fubftance of the liver, and conveyed by the biliary duds, in part, ::.- to the duodenum,, and in part into the gall- bladder : hence cyftic and hepatic byle. U.e, to extricate the chyle from the digefted mafs of food ; to ftimulate the inteftines ; and to prevent the abundance of mucus and acidity in the prirme viae. Chyle. A white fluid, feparated from the food in the primae vi ae, and obferved fome hours after eating in the lacteal veffels of the mefentery, and in the thoracic dud. Use, to form the blood. The enteric juice. A limpid liquor, fecreted by the exhaling arteries in the whole eourfe of the fmall and large inteftines. Use, to aflift in digeftion j and to cleanfe and moif- ten the inteftines, The C 208 > The mucus of the primal vim. Secret- ed by the muciparous glands fituated under the villous coat of the primae vise. Use, to lubricate that canaL The vapour or fluid in the cavity oe the abdomen. An aqueous vapour, fe- eerned by the exhaling arteries ofthe perito- neum. Use, to preferve moift and prevent the concretion of the abdominal vifcera. Urine, A faline liquid, of a citrine colour,. fecreted in the kidneys, and dropping down from them guttatim through the ureters into the cavity of the urinary bladder. Use, to lib- erate the body from the fuperfluous wa- ter, &c. The mucus of the bladder. Secreted by the muciparous glands fituated under the iunermoft membrane. Use, to lubricate and defend the internal and very fenfible furface. of the urinary bladder. in the parts of generation in men* The mucus of the urethra. Secreted- by the muciparous glands fituated under the internal membrane. Use, to lubricate and defend the very fenfible furface of the urethra. againft the acridity of the urine. The smegma of the glans penis. An unduous humour, fecreted by the febaceous, follicles on the furface of the glans and pre- puce ( 209^) puce. Use, to lubricate and defend the fen- fible furface of the glans, and prevent its con- cretion with the prepuce. The vapour of the tunica vaginalis testis. The aqueous vapour,which exhales from the arteries into the cavity of the tunica- vaginalis teftis. Use, to prevent the concre- tion of the teftes with the tunica vaginalis, and preferve them moift. The liquor of the prostate gland. A milky juice, feparated by the arteries of the proftate gland, and fent through its dn&.s,Jub coitu, into the urethra with the femen. Use, to ferve as a vehicle to the femen. The semen. The prolific liquor fecreted in the teftes, and carried through the epididy- mis and vas deferens into the veficulae femina- les. Use, to be emitted, fiub coitu, into the female vagina, and there, by its aura, to pene- trate to, and impregnate, the oyulum in the female ovarium. in the parts of generation in women.. The smegna of the labia and vulva. The unduous juice fecreted by the febaceous glands, and covering the internal furface ofthe labia and nymphae. Use, to lubricate their fenfible furface, and prevent any irritation poft miclum. The mucus of the vagina. Secreted by the muciparous glands under the internal membrane. Use, to lubricate the vagina, left. S 2 it C no ) it be pained by fridion, Jitb coitu, and to pre- vent the concretion of its fides. The liquor of the cavity of the ute- rus. Secreted into it by the exhaling arteri- ous veffels. Consistence, in the virgin ute- rus, ferous and turbid ; in the gravid, milky. Use, to moiften the cavity, and prevent its concretion. in the articulations. Teie synovia. An unctuous fluid, fecrefc. ed by the internal membrane of the capfular ligaments furrounding the articulations of the bones. Use, to lubricate the cartilaginous furfaces of the articulatory bones, and facili- tate their motions. The juice of the bursje mucosae. An/ unduou3 and fomewhat mucilaginous juke, fecreted by the veflels of the internal mem- brane of the burfae mucofae. Use, to lubrj?. cate the tendons for motion*. m the bones. The marrow, op bones. The oily fub- ftance fecreted by the arteries of the internal periofteum, and contained in the medullary cavities of the long bones, and fpongy. fub- ftance of others. fluids of the common integuments. The mucus of Malpighi, or rete mu* cosum. The mucus fituated between the epidermis ( 211 ) epidermis and cutis of the whole body, and fecreted by the arterious veffels of the fkin* Use, to conglutinate the epidermis to the cutis ; to moderate the fenfe of touch; to moiften the nervous cutaneous papillae ; and give the external colour to the body ; hence it is white in Europeans, black in iEthiopians,&c. The oil of the adipose membrane. Se- creted by the arteries of the cellular mem- brane. Use, to facilitate mufcular motion. Sweat. The aqueous perfpirable matter excreted through the exhaling arteries of the (kin. Use, to. keep the fkin moift.. A glossary, OR EXPLANATION 09 ANATOMICAL TERMS. A. AbDOMEN. The cavity of the My ; from ahdo to hide, as including die inteftines and'other vifcera. Acetabulum. The cavity which receives the head of lie thigh bone ; from acetutn vinegar i fo called, becaufa it reprefents the acetabulum or faucer of the ancients, in which vinegar was held for the ufe of the table. Acini. The glands of the liver ; from acinus a grape* Acromion. A procefs of the fcapula ; from <**g«s ex- tremity, and »fto( the fhoulder. Adenology. The doilrine of the glands ; from a.$r./ a gland, and Aoy»$ a difcourfe. Amnion. A membrane, that farrounds the fcetus t nuhkh is fefi and fhaggy ; from xfunos a lamb's fkin. Amphyarthrofis. Afpecies of connexion of bane r, ivhicb admits of an obfcure motion ; from «cp?« both> and upturn an articulation. Anaftomdfis. The communication of veffels ivith one- another i from *v* through, and ry** a mouth' Anatomy. C 2I4 ) Anatomy. The diffeclion of the human lody ; ftoilL^ and rip™ to dijTecl. Ancon. The elbow ; from etytceov, from ayKx^ttxt to embrace, «tto ra ctyxn to keep ; becaufe the ancients fuppofed, that only air was contained' in them. Arthrodia: A fpecies of connexion of lines'; from' xQfyoa to articulate, Arytsenoides. The name of two cartilages of the la- ryfix ;' alfo applied to fome mufcles of the hrynx p from ei^vrctivu. a funnel, and tide; fhape. VlMgalus. ,A hone ofthe tarfus ; fo called, from it* refemblance to a die, ufed in ancient games, from eti-guyaXos a cockal or die. Atl3SV P/f?* Tte?ra ofthe ncck' fo called, be- caufe it futtains the head ; from the fable of Atlas being, ( 2*5 ') 'being fuppofed to have fupported the world ; or from ttrXecu to fuftain, becaufe it fuftains the head. Azygos. A term applied to parts without a fellow j from « priv. and £vyej a yoke, becaufe it has no fellow. B. BrachTum. The arm ; hence os Irachii, hrachialis ex- ternus, &c. from fizct%vi fhort, becaufe in a well- proportioned man it is fhcrter from the fhoulder to the hands than from the hip to the feet. Bronchia. The ramifitcitkns cf the trachea, or wind' pipe ; from fi^zu to Pour» becaufe the ancients be- lieved, th.it the fluids were conveyed into the itom- ach by the bronchia. Bur fa. A bag ; from /iv^x : generally applied to the burfa; mucofse. Bursalogy. The doclrine of tbe burfe mitcofc ,■ from fiv^a-x a bag, and Aoy«? a difcourfe. C. Calvana. The top of the cranium ; from calvus bald. Cancelli. Lattice work ; generally applied to the re- ticular fubftance in bones. Cardla. The fuperior opening of the ftomach ; from K.x£Cix the heart, becaufe it is fituated near it. Carotid. The name of fome arteries of the neck, ani head ; from kx^cm to caufe to flecp ; for, if tied with .a ligature, the animal becomes comatofe, or has the appearance of being afleep. Carpus. Kx£7ros i the wrifl. Chorion. The extc- r.A membrane of the fcetus in utcro. X«gi9/i*, from x«g»* to eic.'ipj, becaufe it always ef- capes from the uterus v. ilh the foetus. Choroid m.-vfirar.e and plexus ; from x'.''c,»v tne chori- on, and u$X»h quafi koiXov, from xoi refemblance, it being fhaped like the beak of a crow. Coronary. From corona a crown. The veffels of the heart, ftomach, &c. are fo called, becaufe they fur- round the parts in the manner of a crown. Coronoid. A procefs, fo called, from xegawj a crow, and uooi likenefs, from its refemblance to a crow's beak. •Cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum, which receives the head of the thigh bone ; from kcjv\a the name of an old meafure, and uo*oq refemblance. Cranium. The Jkull; xg^wov, quafi xxqxnw, from xxqx the head. Cremafier. A mufle, fo called ; from *.gp.ua to fuf- pend, becanfe it fufpends the tefticle. Cribriform, or ethmoid bom of the Jkull; from cribrum a fieve, it being perforated like a fieve. Cricoid. Annular, round, like a ring ; from xg#K«s a .ring, and uhi likerufs. Crura, ( »i7 ) Crura. The plural of crus, a leg or root ; applied to fome parts of the body, from their refemblance to a leg or root, as crura cerebelli, 2cc. 'Cubdldes. A bone of the foot; from xv«e? a cube, and ti5o; likenefs ; becaufe it refembles a cube. ^Cuneiform. Some hones are fo called ; from cuneus a wedge, and forma likenefs ; being fhaped like a, wedge. D. Dartos. A mufcle of the ferotum ; from &g« to ex- coriate. Deltoid. A mufcle refevihling the Greek letter A ; from A, and e^«,- refemblance. Diaphragm. The mufcle which feparates the theras from the abdomen j from ^ix^pgxilai to divide. Diarthrofis. A moveable connexion of bones; from ttix^oai to articulate. Digaftric mufcle ; from 2«ee a band. Falciform. Shaped like a fry the ; from falx a fcythe. Fafcicuius. A little bundle,. Fauces, 'the plural of faux, the top of die throat G. Galactophorous duds •/ the kreafts of women ; from y*A« milk, and o, n-x^x re us yn* nvuv, be- caufe by it the body is bent towards the earth. Ginglymus. An articulation ; from yiyyXvpos a hinge. Glenoid cavity ; from y.Xm a cavity,, and nhs refem- blance, Glomer. A convoluted bundle of veffels ; generally ap- plied to the lymphatic glands. Gloffb. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, from their being attached to the tongue ; as GlolTo-pharyngeus—Glolfo-ftaphylinus, &c. from yMro-x tlie tongue. Glottis. The fuperior opening of the larynx at the hot- tow* of the- tongue ; from yhu-r\x the tongue. Gluteus. The name of a mufcle ; from yAaraj the buttocks. Gomphofis. T»p$a- v: vagina ; from iuv hymeB. Hy©. ( "O 7 flyo. Names compounded with this word belong t}£ the ftomach. r. Ileum. A portion of the fmall inteftines ; from %i\ua to turn ; being always convoluted. Ilium. Part of the os innominatum, fo called, becaufe. it fupports the uxux or fmall inteftines. Ifchium. The part cftheos innominatum upon which we- fit j from nr%va to fuftain. L. Lacuna. The excretory duel of the glands ef the urethr* and vagina ; from lacus a channel. Lamoidal future ; fo called, becaufe it is fhaped like the letter A ; from a, and iihts refemblance. Larynx. The fuperior part of the windpipe ; A«gt/yf the larynx. M. Mafseter. A mufcle of the face, which ajfifts in the ac- tion of chewing ; from pxro-xefixt to chew. Maftoid procefs ; fo called, from f««r<)j a breaft, and e*3«5 likenefs, being fhaped like a nipple or breaft. Mediaflinum. The produtlion of the pleura, which di- vides the thorax into two cavities ; from medium the middle, quafi in medio flare. Mefentery, ( 221 ) ,Mcfentcry. The memhranes to which the inteftines an attached ; from (twos the fiddle, and svt«£»v an in- teftine, becaufe it is in the middle of the inteftines. Mefocolon. That part of the mefentery in t':e middle of the colon ; from fevrcs the middle, anil y-oAey the colon. Metacarpus. That part of the hand between the carpur and fingers ; from pitx after, and r.x%xoi the wrift. Metatarfus. That part of the foot between the tarf.it and toes ; from farx after, and rxero; the tarlus. Mylo. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, which are attached near the grinders ; as mxlo-hyoides ; mylo-pbaryngt:u, &.c. ; from pvM a grinder tooth.. Myology. The doclrine of the mufcles ; from ffjs a mufcle, and A«y»$ a difcourfe. N." Neurology. The doclrine of the nerves ; from hv^o-j a nerve, and Aoy«j a difcourfe. 0. Odontoid, or forth-lib procefs ; from ohs a tooth, and i<3»s refemblance. Oefophagus. The canal leading from the pharynx to the ftomach ; from ««*> to carry, and Qxyot to eat ; becaufe it carries the food into the ftomach. Olecranon. The elbow.or head of the ulna ; from aX-vA the cubit, and x^xyov the head. Omentum. An abdominal vifcus ; fo called, from- omen a guefs ; becaufe the foothfayers prophefied from the infpeclion of this part. Omo. Names compounded.with this word belong to mufcles which are attached to the fcapula ; as omo- hyoideus, &c. from aifies the fhoulder. Omoplata. The fcapnla, or fhoulder blade ; from «•»* the lhouldcr, and *-a«tv$ broad. T2 Orgafm., ( -3,1-Z ) Orgafrn. A violent filacioufnefs, attended with turgip' cencein the parts ; from o^yxeo to defire vehemently. Ofteology. The doclrine cf the bonss ; from erwv a bone, and A«yos a difcourfe. P. Pancreas. A v'ifcus of the abdomen ; fo called, from its flefhy confiftence ; from -xxt all, and x^ixs flefli. Parenchyma. The fubftance connecling together the vef- fels, Sec. of the lungs, is fo called, from irxpyxvu to pour through. Parotid gland; from ttxqx near, and ws the ear ; be- caufe it is fituated near the ear. Pelvis. A br.ny cavity fhaped like a bafon-; from ttiXvs a bafon. Pericardi u m. The wemerane which fnrrounds the heart.; from r.-:gi aiounJ, and -<.x£ix the heart. Pci".cranium. The membrane which covers, the bones of tlie fkull; iioni srsg* around, and x^amey the cranium or head. P:noIteum. The nwm'-rme which furrota.ds the bones ; from 5rs^ around, and »nov a hour. P::iftaltic motion of the inteftines ; from ^-;g«rsAA» to contract. Peritoneum. The tnembrane lining the abdomen, and covering its vifcera ; from m^runu to extend around. Phalanx. The bones of the fingers and tost are called rh:.lanxes,from their regular fituation, like :\(' ih.e aclior.s and funtlions of an animated boWy ; ;ron ,uce, or fortfkin of the penis ; from prxpulo, to. cut off before,, becaufe the eaftern nations ufually. cut it off. Pfoas. A mufcle, fo called ; from- 4™" the loin, being-- fituated in the loins. Pterygoid procefs ; from srligt/g a pen, or v.ing, and: no\>s likenefs ; fo called, from, its likenefs to a pen,, or wing. Pylorus. The lower orifice of the ftomach, which opens, into the iniftines ; from nvhou to guard an entrance, becaufe it guards, as it were, the entrance of the. bowels. R, Raphe. A future. »r«pn, from px-Aa to few. Renes. The kidneys, xko t« pin, becaufe through:. them the urine flows. Retina. The net-like expanfion of'the optic nerve, on the inner furface cf the eye ; from rete a net. Rhomboides. A mufcle, fo called from its fhape ; from ptp&ts a geometrical figure, whofe fides are equal but not right-angled, and t«S«j a likenefs. Rotiila. The knee pan ; a dim. of rota a wheel, from its lhape. S. Sacrum. A hne, ft called; from facer facred, be- caufe it was ouce offered in facrifices. Salvatella, I 224 } Salvatella. A vein of the foot; fo called, becaufe it was thought the opening it preferved health, and cured melancholy ; from faJvo to preferve. Sanguis. The blood; xxe rn cxnv yvix, becaufe it pre- ferves the body. Sartonus. A mufcle, fo called, becaufe taylors croft their legs with it j from far tor a taylor. Seapha. The depreffwn of the outer ear before the anti- heli\ ; from nxf* a little boat or fkiff; from muuflm to dig* becaufe fluffs .were formerly only trees made hollow.. Scaphoides. Atone ofthe carpus, fo called, from its refemblance to a fkiff; from c**^ a fkiff, and «*« a hkenels. Sclerotic. A term applied to the ontermoft or hardA membrane of the eye ; from SrtUre ar°™d ^M *7 «rrsAA« to contract.. T. Tendon. From nuv to extendi Theca. The fpinal canal is called Ibeea ifertelralis / from Swtii from Shfit to put. Thorax. 0«g«|. The breaft or cheft ; from Saga to- leap, becaufe in it the heart beats. Thyro. Names compounded with this word belong to mufcles, which are attached to the thyroid car- tilage. Thyroid cartilage ; from Sv^so? a fhield, and ildos like- nefs, becaufe it is fhaped like a fhield. Trachea. The wind-pipe ; fo called, from its rough- nefs, from rpxy^s rough. Trapezoid bones of the carpus ; from T-x?ri?ui> a four- fided figure, and £(£«? likenefs. Trochanter. A procefs of the thigh /'•;;..•, fo called, from rp\%» to run, becaufe the mufcles inferted in thefe parts perform, the office of running. Trochlea. A kind of cartilaginous pulley, througk which the tendon of one of the mufcles of the eye paffes ; from rpi%a to run. Trochoides. A fpecies of articulation of bones ; from Tgo#o« a wheel, and tilt; likenefs ; becaufe one bone moves round upon another, like a wheel upon its, axle-tree. Ulaa. ( 226 J U. Ulna. A name for the cubit; from uten the cubit. Ureter. The canal which conveys the urine from the kid- ney to the bladder t from vpv> urine. Urethra. The paffage through which the urine paffes from the bladder ; from Bga» the urine. Uvea. The pofterior lamina of the iris, fo called, be- caufe in beafts (which the ancients chiefly differed) it is of the colour of unripe grapes--; from uva aa unripe grape. Uvula. The glandular fubftance which hangs dow*i from the middle of the foft palate ; fo called, from its refemblance to a grape. A dim. of uva a grape. V. Valves. Little membranes, that prevent the return of the blood in the veins and arteries ; from valvte fold- ing doors. Vertebra:. The bones of the fpine are fo called, from verto to turn. Vomer. A bone of the nofe, fo called, from its refem- blance to a ploughfhare ; from vomo to turn up. X. Xiphoid cartilage, fo called, from its refemblance to a (word ; from g*pos a fvvord, and u2»s likenefs. 2. Zygoma. The cavity under the zygomatic procefs of the temporal bone ; from thpyos a yoke, becaufe it tranf- mits the tendon of the temporal mufcle like unt» a yoke. THE END, Nki.H.st. WZ V7o KrT '-'ST: V/*1* ■•w< if *VA