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THE
Gentleman's, Farmers 8c Travellers




     POCKET COMPANION:



           CONTAININO MANY


    VALUABLE PREVENTATIVES


           INCIDENT TO



 HORSES, CATTLE AND SHEEP:



              ALSO,



        MANY RECEIPTS,


                        -ft
For the cure of the  same tvher diseased.



       BY HENRY C. H'CKS,


   OF DORCHESTER CO rNTV, MARYLAND;
csxnsv
          v"*^alons■,
BALTIMORE: °
PXINTED FOR THE AVfBOR. 
                District of Mary/and, to wit :
 T>E it remembered,  that on  ilii*, twenty-fifth
 ■"  day of February, in the  thirty fifth year of
 the Independence of the United States ol  Ame-
 rica, Henry C  Hicks, of the sa"d District, hath
 deposited in this Oihce the Title of a  Book, the
 right whereof he claims as Author, in the words
 and  figures following, to wit:,—"  The Gentle-
 man's Farmer's and Traveller's  Pocket Compan-
 ion : containing many  valuable  preventatives in-
 cident to Horses, Cattle, and Sheep : also, many
receipts for the cure of the same when diseased.
 By  Henry C   Hicks,  of Dorchester County,
 Maryland."  In  conformity  to the Act oi the
 Congress of  the  United States, entitled " An
 A-t for the encouragement of Learning by secu-
 rin^the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books to
 the A.thof and Proprietors of  such Copies du-
 ring  the time therein mentioned."   And also to
 the Act enroled, " An Act supplementary to the
 Act  entitle i<« An Act for the encouragement of
 Learning by ^curing  the  Copies  of  Maps,
 Charts  and BooVg to the Authors and Proprie!
 tors  of such  Cop,** during  the times ^

 rj,l0jj'fannd  "tiding the benefits thereof
 o the Arts oi Designing, Engraving, and Etch-
 iuj Historical and other Prints.

             rt' i  c  }'UUAP MOORE,
             Clerk of the .District of Maryland. 
PREFACE.
   I  WAS born in the State of Mary-
land;' but not possessing those advanta-
ges which result from a liberal education,
will, I presume,  be a sufficient apology
for the plainness of my composition, in
this attempt to present myself to the pub-
lic in the character of an  author.  As I
have travelled through the various coun-
ties appertaining to several states,and hav-
ing made  that " noble animal," the horse,
the object of my peculiar solicitude in
acquainting myself with what results to
his benefit,  and what  is  detrimental to
his comfort,  a desire arose within me to
disseminate the knowledge I had obtain-
ed in that manner which " cometh up to
the level of every man's understanding,"
leaving to their judgements to applaud or
condemn  as  my  several disquisitions
might merit.   It is  therefore hoped, triat
when this book falls into the hands of the
learned, they  will not indignantly cast it
off as an  innovator upon  their more va-
luable researches; that they will peruse
       a 2                          it, 
' iv
Preface.
it, and after separating the chaff from the
wheat, allow that  the defects of the au-
thor are more  tfyin counterbalanced  by
the knowledge.he diffuses.   Or  should
the fastidious be  inclined to show  no
mercy,  let them  recollect,  that  in the
midst of dross, gold aboundeth, and that
the man who " can make two  ears  of
corn grow where  only one grew  before,
deserves more  of his country, than  all
the dogmas of philosophy put together."
  The hints  that I have thrown  out re-
lative to  the  improvement  of  horses;
the care and attention that should be paid
them in  consequence, of their usefullness
to mankind ; and the  several remedies
prescribed for their relief when labour-
ing under the diseases  inseparable  with
their nature,  are  deduced from actual
knowledge and experience;  and as the
field is wide enough to extend enquiries,
I shall deem myself fortunate if I  have
paved the way to a perfection in anatom-
ical knowledge.
  The respectable subscriber's names at-
tached to this book, shows the willing-
ness of our citizens to cultivate native
genius : 
               Preface.              v

genius; which, though reared amidst the
brambles and  thistles of untoward fate,
now and then blossoms forth in all the fol-
iage of persevering industry.   Our coun-
try has been too long indebted to foreign
aid for the most ordinary benefits of  life.
Books without number are daily  multi-
plying among us, and none more so than
on  the subjects I have dilated upon.  It
must be evident, then, that one written to
suit our climate;  that devotes itself to its
fluctuations, and to the different harvests
of the husbandman, must have a superi-
ority over those written to suit a climate
nearly the reverse of ours.
  And here I  beg that my readers  will
pardon me for the digression I am now
now about entering into.
   It  pleased  Almighty Providence to
emancipate us from the shackles of ty-
ranny, and by his  overruling hand are
now brought to that prosperity and hap-
piness we  now enjoy.   In our struggle it
was demonstrated that  " the race is not
to the swift, nor the battle to the strong."
He did not gratify the ambitious views of
men whose desires pointed not to justice;
       a 3                         and 
VI
Preface.
and the result  needs no farther verifica-
tion.  The  bad advisers of the  mother
countrv are alone blameable for the cala-
mi ties which the  children of this under-
went; but as good  arises from evil, so
are  we  enviably happy  in our  present
condition, and are almost led to assent to
the  maxim, that " whatever is, is right."
This separation is no more than what is
observable in human nature ; for no soon-
er does the  offspring arrive  to  m= lure
age, than they think and  act for them-
selves ;  the  parents  leave  them  '.o  the
guidance of their reasoning powers, and
are no  longer  responsible tor the course.  \
of conduct they may pursue. Then, since
the blessings of peace h^ve  n turned to
our land, lit all animosities cease and all
offences be  buried in oblivion.   The le-
gislators of all countries are considered
as  the  fathers of the  people ; to their
wisdom in enacting laws for our mutual
benefit,  arises that unanimity  towards,
 and confidence reposed in them. But still
 we should  watch over our conduct; be
 tenacious of our  rights and privileges;
 and indignantly frown at the first attempt
                                     to 
Preface.              vii
to disorgonize our confederative system.
The old soldier, " tired of war's alarms,"
reposes in  happy prospective, and  con-
templates past scenes with emotions that
only can be felt by those who have aven-
ged a  country's  wrongs.   But  clouds
again  u lower in our horizon"—the per-
fidy and bad faith of the two prominent
belligerents,  has  rendered  it necessary
that we " watch at our posts."   Parents
shudder at  the renewal of scenes that
their  children  may  pass through; the
ordeal is in preparation, and their passage
with safety,  or their destruction in the
attempt, excite alternate emotions. May
God, in his infinite mercy, give them the
armour of resolution, the  shield of pru-
dence, and the helmet of'wisdonwin these
(probable) trying scenes.  Then shall pos-
terity  bless their manes, their  country
flourish amidst  peace  and  plenty,  and
their land become the asylum of perse-
cuted patriots throughout the world.
   Which are the  wishes pf, Gentlemen,
your most humble and obedient servant,

              HENRY  C> HICKS.
       a4 
vviii           Preface.
   P. S. I humbly beg  the  attention of
the Farmer and all interested in the  im-
provement of horses, while I add a  few
more profaratory  remarks.  In  the  pe-*
rusal of this book, I entreat that they
will not read it as a mere song; for as the
safety of their stock is my principal aim,
so my observations ought to be treasured
up as pearls  of  great  price,  and they
should recollect the proverb,that a stitch
in time saves nine—that forty complaints
had  better be warded off from  the beast
before he is sick, than to suffer one to re-
main a long time.  My  receipts to cure
the in, if applied to in time, are valuable,
and  it would be  well if your memories
were  well stored with them. You should
always fotaw the source of the complaints,
and then you.  have the better chance of
curing them.   You should recollect that
the passage of the horse is  very long,
and when the coating thereof is thick, it
follows a feverish and bad habit of body;
and when the  passage of  the horse is ob-,
atructed by this habit of body, the force
of the medicine will be greatly destroyed.
To prevent this, the  bowels ought to be
                              cleansed 
Preface.              ix
 cleansed before the medicine is given, and
 to do which in a proper manner, ample
 directions are given in this book.   The
 bowels  of the beast are from  thirty  to
 forty yards in length,  and if you should
 not  be enabled to effect a cure  in conse-
 quence  of your ignorance of the  com-
 plaint, don't damn the book and the au-
 thor, but  read, and read it again  until
 you have satisfied  yourself.   Keep the
 book at home, and give it as good a name
 as you can ; cause all  your neighbours to
 purchase it, and you will be the instrument
 of doing much good—be careful in lend-
 ing it out, as an accident may happen  in
 its absence,  and when your stock become
 sick you may want it in vain.  *m
  Friends and Fellow-Citizens—I hope
 you will not think that I have  not  had
 sufficient practice  and study  fbr  the
 all-important task of writing on the com-
 plaints of your  stock.  To those  who
 know me, I refer, and I  may with pro-
 priety assert, that I have devoted myself
twenty-five years to their benefit, during
which time 1 have practised Upon between
eight and nine hundred head, and have
      A 5                       been 
X
Preface.
been successful ev.n to the most sanguine
wishes of mv employers.   The  Inhabi-
tants of  Dorchester  County, Maryland,
(my native place) can testily to the truth
of this assertion, as also those  of Caro-
line and  Talbot  Counties,  and  Sussex
County, State of Delaware.  Certificates
can be produced on application, of many
great and extraordinary curjs I have per-
formed.
  The chief pursuits  of my  life  have
been in advising my fellow-beings of any
thing  advantageous  to them.    Should
this, the first American  production on
the diseases  of horses, be acceptable, I
shall deem  myself sufficiently remunera-
ted if ^iiprovements take place thereon
to you^satisfaction and to the  safety of
your stock.

             HENRY  C.  HICKS.

    Dorchester County, February, 1811. 
The Gentleman's, Farmer's and Traveller's

   POCKET  COMPANION, &c,
   IF a  man should undertake to set
 forth his experience or knowledge in hi s
 own native land, no doubt some would
 contradict or ridicule him; but if his
 study or experience,  or  search upon the
 many complaints which  the weak consti-
 tution  of horses in these wet and  un-
 wholesome years, be of any advantage to
 his neighbours,  the reproach be his so
 the advantage be theirs. And as some
 thoughts have crossed my mind^ I hope
 the reader will  not be  impatiJR in the
 perusal of them, when they are to the
 advantage of persons who own, or  may
 own horses—those valuable creatures,
 the next of God's creation, in my opinion
 to man. I have seen^ in my travels, some
 men whoowhed from six to  twenty head
 of horses, and as great strangers to their
 complaints as the servant who  fed an$
curried them. And  I hope the reader
      A 6                        will 
 12   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 will not be offended if I say, when a horse
 becomes sick, they send for some old ne-
 gro who has some little knowledge from
 feeding and working his master's horses,
 for a longer time than you may live. But
 living and learning is different, for expe-
 rience is the great teacher.   How can it
 be thought that the system of nature and
 complaints of the horse can be  so easily
learned, when the man who is to find out
the  nature, the system, and complaints
of man, must  have from  five  to seven
years schooling,  and the same length of
 time and study under some  physician of
 the first skill; and likewise the assistance
 of the  patient, to inform him where and
 how his^pmplaint lies—but still the Ethi-
 opian can find out that of the dumb beast.
 Under these circumstances, we lose for
 want of seeking after what is held out for
 every  rational man to find ; for  we have
 the  word  of truth in  our  favour, for
 Scripture sayeth, Seek and ye shall find :
 and by wanting to know wnat to do  for
 a horse, the farmer may lose his crop, or
 run in debt, so his crop will not clear him.
 Ihe traveller lose his journey, and often
                              brought 
     Travellers Pocket Companion.   13

brought  into trouble and fatigue.  The
young man lose a fortune for w;>nt of a
horse to  seek for it, and farther counts
himself a debtor  to  adversity, and will
try the life of the horse no more, and so
contents  himself with low circumstances
in life for want of this knowledge. When
the horse is sick  and the owner's mind
confused, he  feels willing that! any person
should try their skill;  when some harsh
drench is mixed, and the head hoisted so
high as to cause him to lose command of
the pallate, which shuts the  windpipe and
keeps the drench  out of the lites, and
consequently destroys  many in a shorter
or  longer time.  But it is possible for
men to  learn the art of curing almost
every complaint that comes by nature ;
but those that are brought on by hard
use or over riding, when not in a- good
condition,*may be considered not of na-
ture.
  But do not be discouraged if necessity
should make  you  ride  to excess, for  by
some  trouble you  may keep  back many
disorders that follow,  and  damage  may
ensue, if not the loss of  life be the conse-
quence,        a 7                 And 
 14  The Gentleman'.v, Farmer's and

   And now, worthy reader-, I have tried
 to shew the worth  of a little trouble to
 procure yourself  knowledge  and  infor-
 nvition on  the nature of things attend-
 ant on horses, and  shall endeavor to lay
 down some hints relative  to  their com-
 plaints, and also remedies which ought to
 be well attended to ; and how to hinder
 some  complaints, if exertion  be made in
 time ; but if proper attention  is not paid
 all the medical aid in the world will have
 no good effect, but prove injurious.  As
most men are fond of  knowing the age of
 horses, I shall try to  shew how to find out
 most of them, and  then proceed to give
 you my opinion concerning the Perfect
 Horse. *

 Some helps for the hindrance of the Blind
  Staggers.—as also the complaint term-
  ed the Yellow Waters.
  From the source that one breed from,
is nearly the same with the other, for the
 blood is the source of the former and lat-
 ter complaints :   thus  the  blood being
 corrupted by feeding in watery ground,
 and with the grass  lick up the water,
                                which 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   15

 which thins the blood, that it is not able
 to fill up the office for which it is ^tend-
 ed by nature, and  when the water that is
 in the blood passeth through the flesh and,
 is received in the open part of the system^
 and leaves the blood putrified, and death
 is the event.  Wet  weather or heavy dews
 have the  same effect to breed disorders,
 for the dew being  of some peculiar taste
 to the beast, causes him to eat many un-
 wholesome weeds, as well as to lick up the
 webs and poisonous bugs and worms;
 as also the dew which falls on the horse
 may soak  into the flesh, and then the blood
 must have some part, and  thus it begins
 to pass slowly on the surcus which leaves
 its disordered  dregs.  By the congeal-
 ment of jelly where the brain is consider-
ed to be;  and by leaving the above dregs
 and pestering the head with pain, brings
on the blind staggers, or the mad and
 frenzy fits, which  may generally be pre-
 vented by some care; as thus,inrainy wea-
ther, keep up and feed, as also your spare
horses and colts every night, and likewise
in the morning, until the dew shall be off;
then curry, and give them  if it  be but
      A 8                        one 
16   The Gentleman's,Farmer's and

one year of corn, or an handful of fodder
or hav; for the currycomb and hard food
will cause the blood to fly quick and wash
up the  above mentioned dregs that are in
the blood already.  Once a month cause
them to have- one large table spoonful of
spirits  of turpentine, ihe same of sulphur,
and as much  antimony as will lie on an
half dollar, also a spoonful of clean sifted
lime—you 'may give which  you  choose
first, but separate ; be careful of cold wa-
ter and rain, but give aired water or se  ld-
ed bran and water together ; and bleed
every fall and spring.  This attended  to
will bar against  the staggers,  and the
yellow water, so called, and all other dis-
orders of .the same nature.  '
   All  men  know the  bowels of  a beast
must have a coating, thick  or thin,  and
th- matter in hand is to keep it to  the
proper standard.  You may  know it by
your beast's hair ; it will stand  upright
and feel harsh ; the  skin sticks tight  to
the flesh, and the horse will not thrive,
although you feed him to nearly  an  ex-
cess ;  an 1 when  you see signs, like or si-
milar  to these, your horse is in danger of
                                 many 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.   17
many inward disorders, proceeding from
the above signs.   This habit of body is
the consequence of bad management in
food, and intemperate abuse of the horse;
bringing on fevers,and causing the coating
of the bowels to be so very thick that the
substance of the food cannot pass through,
and all the feeding you can give will not
make the beast look well, except the con-
stitution be stout enough for nature to
become her pwn physician. The method
I employ to thin the coating of the bow-
els, and  make the beast thrive, the hair
feel and look  well, and give him a free
vent of his wind : take  of  clean-sifted
lime two spoonsful, four mornings out of
eight, fasting, in bran or the like, and the
miss-mornings from lime,  take salt-petre
and rosin, an ounce of each, pound them
well and mix them in a quart of' scalded
.^ax-seed, with a little bran in lieu of lime;
hickory ashes will'answer for lime,  the
ashes will eat off the slime or thick rheu-
matic humour, and the salt-petre and ro-
sin  will heal all the pits of the lime or
ashes, and cleanse the urine and bladder,
and cool.the blood, so as to drive off the
       A 9                      fever ; 
 18   The Gentleman s, Farmer's and

fever ; after these,  prepare the stomach
and  bowels, by repairing  the blood with
calomel, antimony, or the  wind lime wa-
ter, or the  like of oats and honey, well
rubbed together.

      For a Cough, or Phthtjsick.
  Take a  large handful  of  moss, that
grows on the roofs of old houses, and one
quart of  new  milk, boil them  together,
slowly, to a pint, strain out the  milk, put
in it half a pint oi old honey or  moh-sses,
raise vmo  hors-.'s  head a little  higher
than his  bcdy, and r^ive it him warm ;
then ride him  hah  a mile slowly, and at
jour retnrn cloathc the body and  rub the
lfgs hard for half an hour—this done for
six or eight mornings, and a cure  will be
«; fleeted.
  >•• B.  In the cuve,  the food must  be
<oit, and the drink bran and water mixed.

              The Spavin,
comes  from, various causes, such as be-
ing over.stiuir.cd by son.c sudden wrench,
which  opens the joint and starts the pe-
nostrum, or thin skin, that lies between
                                   the 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   19

the flesh and the bone,  and gives room
for the joint water to leave its place and
settle below the hock joint, or ham, on
the lower part  of the joint between  the
inside  and front part of the  hind leg.
It often  comes by the beast's stamping
at the flies on  plank,  or  brick, or other
hard places, without  litter or  bedding.
When it makes its first  appearance, you
will find  nothing more  than  a blub  of
jelly, or blood.  By examining with your
finger  and  thumb  at this stage of  it^
your beast will not limp; but when  the
jelly stands some length of  time you
will find a  congealment of gristle.--^-
The pain  cometh from  the  gristle, and
an  enlargement of the  knot  as well  as
pain ; and nature will never be her own
physician unless you remove  them by
some method or other ;  but  it will  be
pain to the beast, and a very great eyesore
to the  owner, if you-should run or heat
your horse, when you think there be dan-
ger, rub and wash his legs, and take no-
tice of the above signs, and if you find
the soft blub, lay it open  length-ways  of
the leg, to miss  the vein, and bear out all 
■2Q   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

the jellv, blood and wind, then have some
Soap, honey and unslacked lime, stone or
shed, well  beaten,  and  searched ; mix
them as a salve, put some in, and at  the
hole lay on  a plaister of good pitch, made
warm and  spread on soft leather, twice
as large as the hole, and  so let  the horse
stand or gently move about for two days ;
then warm  the outside of the plaister to
soften the pitch, so that it may come off
without drawing the hair;  then be as
quick as possible in cleansing and scrap-
ing off the salve and matter, if any; don't
wash it,, and if it should be flat, put on
a. fresh plaister of pitch, but  if i^js swell-
ed, apply as at first, and  so continue  for
two  or three times, and then let the pitch
wear off, and the part will be sound. But
if the jelly  should be cemented, not to a
hone4, but a  gristle, take  two plaisters of
strong Spanish  flies,  somewhat larger
than the grievance, lay it on thick,  bind
it very secure, and when  you take off the
second,  prepare  the  above-mentioned
plaister  of  pitch, lay it on hot, and so let
it wear off, and the cure is certain.   The
beast must  stand in a clean bedded stable,
                                  and, 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   21

and, if in season for the flies, have some
fish', 6r other  stinking oil and  tar mix-
ed together, and  then rub the hind parts
and legs  and  feet  well.    This  being
done to farm and travelling horses in the
time of flies,  will prevent some misfor-
tune, such as the spavin, ring-bone, wind-
gall, and strains in the coffin joint, which
lie  hidden  in the hoof.  If the  spavin
should  run so  long as to  cement  the
gristle to  a bone, in appearance, by  a
skilfull  hand  prepare  some nice shell
lime,  and a little blue stone, or vitriol,
well sifted,  to  stop the blood and joint
water; this being ready, take your horse
to a stooping  smooth barked tree; east
him ;  then bind the  three well legs fast
together;  dig a hole at the  root  of the
tree at the rising side; then  put  hrm in
the hole and fill the dirt in on both sides
so as to keep him from hurting himself,
or straining any part of his hip or thigh ;
then bind the  spavined leg fast  to the
tree, and quarter the fomented part thro'
the skin, as you would an orange, but.
rather farther  than  the swelling ;■ then
skin, and with strong knives work under
                                   the 
22   The Gentleman'sy Farmer's and

the edge of the growth  or spavin.  Be
careful  of the joint,  the water thereof,
and  the vein.  If you  chance to cut a
small one you need not mind, as bleeding
will  help it; but  if you cut the large
vein, you must secure it with your needle
and silk, and if your knives be not suffi-
cient to remove  it,  take a  thin  sharp
chizzle, and apply the bazil next to the
leg.  After  being  cut around  with the.
knife, clap your chissel under the midst,
strike gently, and  it will fly off; then put
in your  lime  and blue stone,  close down
the  skin as  close as  possible;  pass  a
strong lining, as broad as your two hands,
three times round, and then help him up,
and, as before-mentioned, let him stand a
little longer, and with more attention use
the preceding directions.  Unskilfull per-
sons in those and  other cases, had better
try experiments on horses of  low  statue.
1 he bandage may stand two days in sum-
mer, and three in winter, loosened.   If
it should swell much at the end of that
time, take off the bandage, and cleanse the
wound  with old  soap and urine ; apply
some ointment, a receipt for which  you
                                   will 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   23

will find in this book, and if you can get
two bandages, it will  be better,  for they
must be kept clean ;  after putting on a
large coat of the ointment, clap on soft
tow, and bind as before ; renew it rwice
in three days if you find it watering too
much;  stop  the  ointing  once in three
days, and when cleansed, wash with sharp
water, and then fill the wound with clean
shell lime;  leave  off the bandage if in
moderate weather; if  cold,  keep him
warm and anoint him, and the cure will
be  certain.   In this  and other cases of
the spavin, splint,  ring-bone or the like,
the leg or legs must be kept well greased
with trotter's oil of sheep legs, which is
best, for want of goose oil.

            The Ringbone,
sometimes grows at the top (of the hoof,
at others on  the footlock joint, proceed
from one and the same cause, of which
the stop, or  commander of the joint is
similar  to  the  knee-pan of the  human
species, and  it stops  aud commands all
joints to which it belongs.   This stop
being broken from both bones is  kept by
                              nothing 
24   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

nothing but a very small piece of gristle,
which, when broken, loosen from both
ends.  Sometimes the upper only  settles
down on the outside of the joint, and
then the pain  and eye-sore both take
place.  If newly done,  take a roller of
strong linen, sew it fast below the griev-
ance at the bottom, and then fill  as you
sew up the  bandage with well beat tin-
slacked lime stone, or shell, to the amount
of a pint, and mind to have the beast by
some clear or running water for the space
of half an hour, and let the  foot be under
water.  When you take him to the stable
and find the lime sufficiently cold, take it
off and put the lime in running  water as
quick as possible; rub the part  with red
flannel and sharp vinegar;  likewise rub
and twist all from the joint, and spread
hot with  a knife the charge of soap and
brandy, which is laid down in this book.
■—>\ hen  you have put on the charge, get
an iron and heat it well; then wrap it up
with flannel boiled in sharp vinegar ;  let
him stand in a well-bedded stable  a day
and a night; afterwards loosen and rub
well,'then  bathe in the vinegar;  spread
                                   the 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  25

the charge of soap  and brandy hot;  rub
in well with your  hand,  and heat with
your iron; this being done twice or thrice,
if the  complaint has  not stood too long,
will effect a cure.  If you find it to be of
too long standing, and the joint cast to be
affected, cast and bind, cut,  dress  and
manage as before directed for the spavin,
and the horse will be sound.  If his hoof
should turn  up like  a  jack  or jenney,
you must saw off the toe,  and when he
shall come to walk flatfooted it will come
to the  right shape again.

     The pain in the Coffin foint
comes  from foundering or straining the
joint which lies in the hoof about  half
way.  This pain causes the beast  to be
lame" ;  if the lameness is in one  foot, he
will  favour it and often lift it up ;  if in
the  two four  feet, as is common, he
will  lift first one and then  the other foot,
as if hurt by the pebbles.   There  is #no
swelling about the  joint, except the pain
and  grievance be very bad and cause  a
fever;  this you will find out by feeling
round  the joint, and in squeezing he  will
                                 flinch 
26   The C~ :'-man's, Farmer's and

flinch if it  be the  pebbles, but  if only
warm and  of a long standing, you will
know the pain to be in the coffin joint.'—
He will refuse travelling in water or on
hard ground; when you see these and the
like signs, first, with a crooked knife or a
gouge, shave out the bottom of the foot
very thin from the frog; then with pin-
cers  and knife loosen  the  front of the
frog  and draw some blood, which will
come forth very black.    (I  have  cut
through the bottom of the foot, just for-
ward  of the frog, and  made a cure.)—
When you have drawn the blood,  have a
large poultice of tar and tallow, one fourth
tallow;  thicken it with wheat  grudgins,
pr shorts, apply it very  warm,  and bind
it on with strong linen and &yarn string,
above the  hoof and the  bottom  of the
hoof; stop  it full about the heel; let him
stand or move slowly for one  day, then
renew your poultice as before, and" so re-
peat  for four,  five, or six days ; then
cleanse  the  foot,  take some well  boiled
pitch, fill the bottom of the foot with it
very warm, put in tow, arid some tough
flat sticks, slip them  under the shoe,  and
                                when 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   27

when it  wears  out behind, renew the
same,  and the  pain will cease, and the
cure will be effected.
  N. B. The foot or feet must have a
shoe or shoes upon it or them, during the
operation  of the cure; the foot or feet
must not be strained, and if it is in the
season for flies,, anoint the belly and legs
with stinking oil & tar, and grease them to
prevent stamping from the bites of flies,
otherwise the cure will not be effected.

           For the Pebbles.
  What T denominate the pebbles, pro-
ceeds from foundering and repeated  fe-
vers, which causes the foot and ancle, or
pastron joint to swell, and the hoof to be
very ridgy and dry.  When standing, the
horse will lift up first one,  and then the
other of his feet.  When intended to  be
rode, he will refuse to go, and in water or
hard ground he is  still obstinate.  The
cure is, to soak in warm water and bleed
at the edge of the hoof on each side, one
inch from the centre.  Scrape  and rasp
the hoof well on the Outside,  trim the
bottom with a crooked knife nearly to the
                                 quick 
 28  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 quick, frog and all.  Then take soft tur-
 pentine for want of tar, and dog's grease
 in lieu of fresh butter, half the quantity
 that you have of tar ;  boil these well to-
 gether, then thicken them with rye shorts
 for want of  wheat grudgins ; when well
 soaked and bled, fill the bottom of the foot
 and wrap the poultice  up to  the pastern
joint, and then lay on the  bandage with
 yarn  or list strings.  The horse must
 stand in a clean bedded stable  one day,
 the poultice to be renewed, and great care
 taken that it does not slip or cause the
joint to swell by pressure of the bandage.
■—If the place appear very bad you may
 poultice it  with cow litter and new milk
 boiled together; and anoint the legs with
 ncet's or hog's foot oil, before you apply
 the latter poultice.   If these will not do,
 you must apply the  fever-drawing poul-
 tice of turpentine  and dog's grease, or
 butter.

         The Haw and Hooks
 by some are considered as of one and the
 same kind ;  but I  find them to be differ-
 ent, although both breed in the eye ; the
                                  haws 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   29

 haws being more speedv to bring on the
 lock-jaw than the hooks, the haw seldom
 appears  but the lock-jaw follows.  The
 hooks will be some time in breeding, and
 may kill the  beast without a, lock-jaw at
 all ; the creesfall will follow  and i may
 sink the neck quite down and leave the
 shape of the beast very bad: if it were to
 be stopt here, death must follow.   You
 may  easily discern the different ways ;
 the first is, you find the haw to come from
 a'hurt in the hinder  part of  the horse,
 such as a snag or the  like in the foot or
 body, sudden or hard  strains, or  an ulcer
 which discharges much matter; these
will sometimes bring on the haw ;  on their
 first  appearance the horse will be very
stiff in the hind  legs,  and straddle as he
stands or walks; his tail will stand straight
and he will tremble much ; the skin tight
and  the flesh  hard, with weakness and
blundering, and  shortness of breath.—
The following is the cure.  If you  find
those symptoms in the hinder part of the
horse, before it passes  the hips,  by a care*
ful hand cord,  snatch tight your horse,
and on both sides his  tail or back bone
                              forward 
 30  The Ge.itleman's, Farmers and

 forward of the hard flesh, cutlengthways
 of the back one or  two inches through
 the skin, and  work on  both sides of the
 slit you first cut, and feel for the tightest
 sinew or two and cut them ; this done on
 both sides of the back  at the hips or we-
 thers,  or at  the top  of the head, then
 bathe the back well.with spirits of tur-
 pentine and sharp vinegar, or good spirits,
 half and half,  made hot, rub it well with
 flannel, have  a warm  flat  iron, not hot
 enough to burn, and slip it from head to
 tail ten or twelve times  on each side of the
 back bone ; when you have rubbed the hot
 bath,  then rub every part and joint well,
 clothe warm and give purgative medicine
to cool the fevers, but rub well, and keep
the body open, and repeat the warm bath of
turpentine and v inegar every morning until
you find the flesh and sinews relaxed. The
hooks proceed from various causes : such
as docking or cutting before a cool spell of
 weather, and being neglected,  and  from
 ulcers or hurts before  or behind, on the
body or legs, or feet, or a sore back from
 being over-rode in cold weather,  when all
 the pores of the body are open, then cool-
                                   ing 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   31

ing in the open air without being cloathed,
rubbed or  stirred at all.  Thuo,  caution
ought  to be taken  with respect  to both
these complaints :  first  to  the  hind part
more than the front, for  this reason-
front the hind foot to the end" of the nose
are all the sinews and leaders connected,
and lead from and to the great pack wax
and whitleather of the back and neck ;
and the forefoot and leg has  no commu-
nication with these great parts; because of
this reason, the fore part has  not the dan-
ger m heing pricked or snagged  in  the
hind foot.   When you  find  your horse
has  stuck any thing in the foot,  first, be
sure you have the nail, the  rust, scales
or splinters, or whatever it may be, clean
and cut off all the outside  of the torn or
bruised L-jof and rich, it will give you the
better chance of cleaning and keeping open
the wound, then have a poultice of tar and
tallow, one third of the tallow to be melt-
ed  and  thickened with  wheat grudgings,
fill  the bottom and  heel full, and bind it
in with strong lining,  and a yarn string-
round  the pastfon joint; bathe the limb
with bitter herbs ;  soak the foot in weak
                                    lye 
 32   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 lye and cleanse the wound once per day,
 when it will fester between a white and a
 yellow colour.  For two  days you may
 tent  with the foot ointment, which you
 will find in this book.  Continue the poul-
 tice more or less until the cure is made ;
 get some well boiled pitch, tack on a shoe,
 fill the  hollow of the foot, then  put  in
 some tow and slips of wood to  keep  in
 the tow when it shall wear out behind ;
 renew  it again, and the cure  is  made.
 If any of the  fleshy parts of the horse is
 rent,  lay them open ; if needed, search
 to the bottom with a probe made of a
 Umber stick wrapped over with flax ; and
 by moving it slowly up and down you may
 feel it, which you must have out.  If it
 should bleed, lime will stop it.  If at any
 time  the wound should  discharge too
 much matter,  fill it with lime,  for an in-
 flux of  matter is dangerous, and brings
 on the haw or hooks.  If either  should
 appear in the eye, mind to lift the head
 with,  your left hand  under  the  jaw,
pretty high.up, strike with your right,
and if the haw or hooks be in the eye,
will find them to fly back as vou strike.
                                Then 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.    So
 Then cord  with a  strong  rope over the
 back, between the front legs and over the
 neck, and make fast on the side ; run a
 stick through the rope and  twist it rdund
 until the power of the horse  is gone.—«
 Then ring by the  ears, and  with your
 hook and sharp knife fit for the purpose,
 catch the part, and be careful  to  follow
 the gristle close, and leave all the parts you
 can that belong to the eye ;  especially the
 fat, for that is the support of the eye and
 causes it  to look nearly the same  as be-
 fore ; but you must have out all the gris-
 tle, or it may rise  again.  Then double
 up  the ear and cut the  middle gristle of
 the ear; feel the middle of  the nose with
 your  finger and thumb, thus  in pulling
 the skin,  you  find the leader to fly from
 between your finger and thumb, this lead-
 er you must hold, splitting the  skin half
 an inch; with your hook take out a piece
 of the leader : when you have cut  and
 cleansed the blood well out of  the eyes,
 then have some  fine salt and hogs lard
 mixt  well together made warm ;  anoint
the eyes and use the hot bath of turpen-
tine and vinegar, having the flat warmed 
 34  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 and used as before directed.  If you find
 the jaws grow stiff, anoint the communi-
 on of the neck and head with limber oil;
 if very  stiff and  the horse  is  valuable,
 with hot water,  and blankets rung out as
 hot as it can be done ; rap on two or, three
 of them once a day and  be careful of
 cold in such  cases.   When the  warm
 bath  is  off, clothe with warm blankets
 until the parts be relaxed, and if his jaws
 should lock, give gruel and opening me-
 dicine, and the mouth well cleansed with
 sharp  vinegar and salt, and  if you can
 keep life and strength for eight days, his
jaws will come loose, and the beast  will
 recruit if well managed.
   N. B.  The source  from which the
 complaint springs must be kept running,
 whether  it may  be in the body or limbs.
 The horse  must be well rubbed, warm,
 and stabled; his belly must be kept open,
 and  fevers under ; his drink to be warm
 bran water.

 To stop or  drive  back  the  Pole-evil or
                Fistula.
   This  disease  springs from the front
                                   part 
     Traveller's  Pocket Companion.  35

part (hereafter mentioned).   The  pole
evil is  on the top of the head,  and rising
from the  whitleather of the  neck' and
leaders of the ears being bruised or mash-
ed ;  thus it  comes by gradual swelling.
The fistula, cometh  from  three parts—
first,  from the gristle of the  shoulder-
blade ;  second,  from the gristle of the
back bone;  and thirdly,  from  the pack
wax or whitleather; these parts then be-
ing affected, the shoulder  or  shoulders
begins to swell, and as the moon enlarges
so will  the swelling of these  complaints
increase.  When you first discover the
swelling you may stop it by a cold bath
in pouring on a quantity of cold water
from, some height ; then have  a blanket
doubled and laid on the  grievance  until
something like dew will arise on the out-
side of the blanket; then have some spi-
rit of turpentine and sharp vinegar hot
and bathe it well in it, and have a dutch
oven lead warmed and held over the head
or shoulder to drive in the bath:  repeat this
nine mornings,  and if it hath not  been
too  long standing, the  cure  is  made—
And again ; take of the true arsemart,
                                which 
 36   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 Which will bite your tongue, and boil it
 in  chamber lye, lay it on  the  grievance
 warm, but not hot,  and let it lie till the
 sweat appear, then have a hole dug.m
 the  ground and cast in  the  poultice of
 arsemart liquor and all, cover up and try
 this five mornings.   You must  not work
 or ride the horse if it be a  fistula—but if
 risen and matter formed, lay open  and
 eat it out with arsenick,  corrose of sub-
 liment, black  ash lye, or the like,  and
 cure up with the green ointment which
 I  have laid  down  in this book—work
 out  all the strings, and if at  any time it
 should matter too much, then cast in some
 clean lime which will dry up the humor
 and heal  very much,  and  is very good
 eitherjfor the out or inside of the horse, ■
  N. B.  If you find  the swelling to stand
 after you  have tried to drive it back, so
that you find  matter to be formed, but
somewhat soft  in the  swelling, rowel a
little below with a piece of hard leather
the size of  a  French crown, cut in the
form of a ring, and wrapt with  flax well
soaked in turpentine  and hogs lard, split
the skin  up and down,  skin round as
                                 large 
      Traveller's  Pocket  Companion.  37

 large as will receive your rowel, then dou-
 ble up your rowel and thrust it in, spread
 it open and turn it with your finger once
 evety day ; renew once  in two days un-
 til the swelling be reduced and the veins
 shew again—'if you work you must have
 a breast plate.

 A Decoction, made of Bitters, for repair-
   ing the stomach of the  Horse, when he
   refuses to eat.
   When the horse is  thus situated, his
 hair stands upright and looks dead on the
 skin, and cleaves close  to the flesh  or
 bone; take one single handful of rue, the
 same of sage, and as much  wormwood;
 the same of tanzey, all green or dry, but
 if dry, a small  handful of yellow poplar
 root bark; pound them well together, and
 boil it over a slow fire in three quarts of
 well-worked  cyder or strong beer ; boil
 half away, then strain the liquor off, and
 add to it one pint of clarified honev or
 molasses ;  keep  him to  the empty  rack
 the night before ;  give one half one morn-
 ing, and the other the next ;  and if you
see cause, repeat  ; move' th? beast before
               B                 and 
 38  The Gentleman's Farmer's and

 and after the drench ; be very careful of
 raising the head too high, and forcing the
 drench too fast; and  if,  at any time, ne-
 cessity should cause you  to drench, if
 you see him near strangling, let down his
 head although you lose part of the dose*
   N. B.  You should  always allow some
for loss—after this you should use scalded
bran water for his drink, and the bran to
cat; rye and  flaxseed,  two measures of
the first to one of the latter boiled toge-
ther until they shall burst, leave a plenty
of liquor for his drink, and give the boiled
seeds with bran for three or four days ;
in the mean time you must have a strong
smooth stick and a man  on each side—
rub him well from the fore legs to the hin-
der, bearing hard against his belly to-
ward his flank,  to stir the sand or other
filth, as there is but one place in the bow-
els that contain the sand, which lies just
forward of the sheath, underneath the two
hip bones, at the bottom of the belly, and
is shaped like  the elbow  of a man when
shrinking his arm down  to his side—by
holding  his nose with your finger  and
thumb, and then rubbing his belly with a
                               smooth 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   39

smooth stick you may often break it loose;
if once broke, the juice of the rye and flax-
seed will purge  it out and loosen the skin,
and cause the horse to shed his hair and
thrive ;  then you should give him one
spoonful of clean lime for three mornings
together,  to cleanse the bowels and  dry
up the acid of the stomach, and prepare
the horse for thriving ; then give salt-
petre and rosin one spoonful of the com-
pound the night following; the lime after
this for two nights ; give  him as  much
antimony  as will lay  on  a dollar, and stir
the horse.  The next morning give warm
bran  water and  the bran to eat—keep
warm and dry and from cold water.  In
taking the antimony this well attended to
is of great service.

   What a decoction  is, for a Glister.
  A  Decoction is a btoth made of divers
herbs ;  as malloes, camomile, and  some-
time white lily roots, or  such like things;
which  you boil in water to a third part
—or, instead of herbs and water, take the
fat of beef or sheep's broth, or whey will
answer.
       b 2                        For 
40  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

     For Pursick or Broken Wind.
   Take  two ounces liquorice ball, dis-
solve it in a gallon of spring or running
water, give  the  horse one  pint thereof
every morning, and take wheat or rye,
and cause it to begin to grow until you
see the sprout appear, then give him two
quarts at a time.   If you mix some good
beer with your liquorice  water it will be
well—be sure you give him moist food.

     An approved cure for a Fistula.
   Take two large handsful of the right
kind of arsesmart;  pound it, steep it in
water all night, or as long ; and lay it on
the fistula or  pole  evil, then clap  your
hand on it and keep it there till you find
the warmth to come to your hand ; then
take the arsesmart  and  bury it;  throw
the water you steeped it in on the  place,
and as the arsesmart rots the malady or
swelling will shrink, which has often been
proved—you must do it several times.
  Note. The right kind of arsesmart has
a red stalk  and bears a white flower—by
tasting is hot On the tongue.
To 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   41

     To judge of the age of a Horse.
  There are seven outward characters by
which to know the age of any horse ; as
namely,  his teeth, his hoofs, his tail, his
eyes,  his skin, his hair, and the  bars of
his mouth.
   1st. If you want to know his age by his
teeth, you must know  that a horse  has
just forty teeth ; that is to say, six great
wedge teeth above and six below on one
side,  and as many on the other, which
makes twenty-four, and  are  called his
grinders—then six above  and six below
in the forepart of his mouth, which are
called gatherers, and make thirty six—
then four tushes, one above and one be-
low on each side, which is  just forty.—
Now  the first year he has his  foal teeth,
which are only grinders and  gatherers,
but no tushes,  and they are small, white
and bright—the second year he changes
his four  foremost teeth, and they appear
browner and bigger than the  others—at
three years old he changes his teeth next
to  them, and  leaves no  apparent foal's
teeth  before,  except two  on each  side
.above and below, which are also bright
       b 3                         and 
42  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

and small—at four years old  he changes
the teeth next to them and leaves no more
foal's teeth but one on each side, above
and below>—at five years old his foremost
teeth will all be changed, but then he has
his tushes on each side complete, and the
last foal's teeth which  he  cast ;  those
which come, in their places Will be hollow ^
and have a little black speck in the midst,
which  is called the mark in the  horse's
mouth,  and continues until he  is eight
years old-^—at six years old  he putteth up
his new tushes, near about which you will
see  growing a  little circle of new and
3'oung  flesh at the bottom  of the tush;
besides,  his tush  will be  white, small,
short, and sharp—at seven  years old  all
his teeth will have their  perfect growth;
and the mark in the horse's mouth, before
spoken of, will be plainly seen—at eight
years old all his teeth will be full, smooth,
and plain;  the black speck  or mark be-
ing hardly  discernable,  and  his tushes
will be yellower than ordinary—at nine
years his  foremost teeth will  be longer,
yellower,  and  fouler than at  younger
years, and his tushes will be bluntish—at
                                   ten 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   43

ten years, in the inside of his upper tush-
es there will be no holes at all that can be
felt  with your  fingers,  and which,  till
that age, can always be felt;  besides,  the
temples  of  his  head  will begin  to  be
crooked and hollow—at eleven years of
age, his teeth will be  exceedingly long,
very yellow, black and foul, only he will
cut even, and his teeth will stand directly
opposite, one against the other—at twelve
years old his teeth will be long, yellow,
black, and foul, but then his upper teeth
will over reach and bang over his nether
teeth—at thirteen years  old his tushes
will be worn somewhat close to his chops,
if he be a much ridden horse, otherwise
they will be  black, foul, and long.
  2d.  If a horse's hoof be rugged, and,
as it were, seamed  one seam over the o-
ther, and manged, and if they be dry, foul,
and rusty, it is a sign of very old age ;  as,
on the contrary, a smooth, moist, hollow,
and well rounding hoof, is a sign of his  be-
ing young,
  3d.  If  with  your finger  and thumb
you take your horse by the stern  of  the
tail close at the setting on by his buttock,
     B 4                            and 
 44  The Gentleman's Farmer's and

 and feeling it hard there, and also, if you
 feel betwixt your fingers and thumb, on
 each  side of  his tail, a joint  stick out
 more than any other joint, of the bigness
 of an hazle-nut,  then you may presume
 the horse is under ten years  of age ; but
 if his joints be all  plain, and no  such
 thing be, felt, then he is  above ten,  and
 may be fifteen.
   4th. If a horse's  eyes  be  round, full,
 and staring  from his head; if the-  pits
 over his eyes be filled, smooth and  even
 with his temples, and no wrinkles either
 about his brow, or binder his eyes, then
 the horse is young; if otherwise you see
 the contrary, it is a sign of old age.
  5th. If you  take up a horse's skin on
 any part of his body, betwixt your finger
 and thumb, and plucking it from the flesh,
 then letting it go again, it should suddenly
 return to the  place from whence it came
 and be smooth  and plain, wichout wrink-
ling, then the horse is young  and full of
strength; but if being pulled up, it stands,
and does not return to its former  place,
then he is very old,  and  his strength is
Wasted.
                                  6th. 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   45.

   6th. If a horse, that is  of any dark
colour, shall grow grizly only above  his
eye-brows, or underneath his mane; or
any  horse of a whitish Colour  shall be
mingled with  either black or red  hairs
all over his body, then both are infallible
6igns of extreme old age.
   7th." If the bars in his mouth be great,
deep, and handle rough and hard, then is
the horse  very old; but if they be soft,
shallow, and handle gently and tenderly,
then is the horse young and full of vigor.
   So much for the age of the horse.

   The Shape of the  Perfect Horse.
   Head and legs like a stag; the ears and
tail of a fox ; the eyes of a vulture ; the
neck of a  swan ; shoulders like the blade
of a knife ; the back and breast of a lion;
the buttocks of a «Mf% and the feet of
an ass.

To make  Hair  smooth, sleek,  and soft.
   If you  would make your horse's coat
smooth, sleek, and soft and shining, keep
him warm at the heart, for the least in-
ward cold will mcke  the  hair  stare—
       b 5                      Cause 
 46   The Gentlemans, Farmers and

 Cause him to sweat  often, for that will
 raise up the dust and filth which makes
 his coat foul and hard; then, when the
 horse is in the greatest sweat, with an old
 sword blade, or scythe blade, turning the
 edge towards the hair, scrape away all the
 white foam, sweat and filth, which will be
 raised up, and that will lay his coat  and
 make it smooth; and when you let  him
 blood, rub him all over with  some of it,
 and let it remain two or three days ; then
 curry and dress  him  well, and this  will
 make the coat shine like glass.

 For the Bite of a Mad Dog, or the Bite
         or Sting of Serpents.
  Take raw onions with green  rue, a
little salt, and some of the powder of the
root of elecampane, sothern wood, worm-
wood, some clov<^£garlick and allum;
beat them together in  a mortar, and mix
them well.  Apply it to the wound plais-
ter-ways, and renew it as occasion  may
require.

          For Brittle Hoofs.
  Take hog's grease,  dog's grease, and
                               tarpen- 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.' 47

 turpentine; mix  them together, and a-
 noint the hoofs therewith ; dog's grease
 is an excellent thing for a brittle hoof.

 A perfect drier of a green wound, or any
               other sore.
   Take  soap and  unslacked lime, and
 mix them well together ; but before you
 lay it on, wash the wound or sore with
 sharp water;  apply  it plaister-ways or
 anoint the sore.  A marrow bone burnt
 and made into powder and strewed on a
 sore or wound, is a  good drier.

 For a Horse that hath gotten a stroke on
                the eye.
   Take a little honey with a little grated
 ginger, mix them together, and put it into
 the horse's  eye with a feather.  Do this
 five or six mornings together.

   How to take out and cure the Splint.
   This disease comes on the front leg,
«nd  on the  inside of the leg, from  some
 sudden strain or wrench, and causes a"
 small scale  to fly off from the bone, be-
 tween the knee and the pastern joint—
       b 6                      Again, 
•48  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

Again,  this  splint  foments  and grows
to be large enough to be in the way of the
other foot's passing.  You must cast your
horse and  bind the three well legs toge«
ther, and put him in a hole prepared for
his  shape, by  the  root of some small
peach or apple tree ;  bind  the  lame leg
fast  to the tree, and  with your  knives,
for one will not do, dissect the bone ; and
when you  have taken out all the bone as
flat as you  can, put in the wound some
blue   stone powdered  fine,  mixed with
lime, to stop  the blood.  Cleanse out the
fractured bone  and mangled flesh; then
have a strong linen roller wrapped  well
around the leg, and sewed fast; let it
stay  on three  days in cold weather ; two
will  do in the warm season.  When you
take  off the roller, cleanse all the bones
and flesh  thar  are affected, and with your
tow  and ointment laid on the wound, put
on the roller as before directed.  "NY hen
you dress the second time, use the decoc-
tion  of poke-root and chamber lye, and
so continue until the cure is effected.__
You  may leave  off the  roller if  it should
not heal  well.  I have  taken off thirteen
pieces 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   49

pieces of bone at one time, and made the
leg sound, when before, the horse was
very  lame,  and  with much  difficulty
walked at all.

             To kill Worms.
  Take of urine half a pint, of rum one
and an half gills, pepper and gun powder
of each a large spoonful, shake all well
together,  and teem it down his  throat
drench.wise.  I have heard it to be an ab-
solute cure.

Observations relative  to  sundry  acci-
                dents.
  1. There is no unreasonable creature of
pleasure  subject to so  many  disastrous
chances of fortune as the  horse, and  es-
pecially the running horse,  both by rea-
son of the multiplicity of diseases belong-
ing unto them, as also the violence of their
exercise, and therefore it behoveth every
keeper to be armed with such observati-
ons as may  discern mischiefs and those
helps whicji may amend them when they
happen.
b 7 
 50   The Gentleman's,  Farmers and

  2.  Observations for sickness and health*
   The first observation therefore that I
 would arm  your keeper with, is to dis-
 cern sickness from  health ; as thus—If
 you find your horse in heaviness of coun-
 tenance,  extreme  looseness, or  costive-
 nesss, shortness of breath, abhorring food,
 or dry  cough, staring hair, yellowness
 of the eyes and skin, feint or cold sweat,
 lying down  or beating or looking back at
 bis  body, no shedding his coat, leanness,
 hidebound, and  the like.—All  these are
 apparent signs of distemperature or sick-
 ness.

     3. Observations from the dung.
   It is necessary that our keeper observe
 the horse's dung, for it is the best criteri-
 on to judge of an  horsers inward parts,
 yet he must not judge it by a general opi-
 nion, but a private discourse with himself,
 how the horse has been fed, because food
 is the only thing ; as thus;—If the dung
 be clear  and of a pale  whitish  yellow
 complexion,  hanging  together  without
separation more than as the weight breaks
it  in falling,  being  neither so thin as to
run 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion,   51

run, nor so thick but it will flatten on the
ground; both in favour  and substance
resembling a sound man ordure; then is
the horse well fed.   But if it  be well
coloured, yet fall from  him in  round
knots, or pelts, and all his dung be alike,
then it is a sign of foul food, and he hath
either too much fodder, or has taken too
much  litter and too  little corn.   If his
dung be in round pelts and  blackish or
brown, it shews inward heat in the body.

     4. Observations from the Urine.
  As the  keeper hath  thus  a principal
respect to the horse's dung,  so he  shall
take some notes from the urine also ; and
though they be not altogether so  materi-
al as the other, because urine  is  a de-
ceiver, yet  it hath some true faces; as
thus—The urine which is of a pale yel-
lowish colour, rather thick than thin,  of
strong smell, is a healthful urine ; but if
you find any note or complexion, contrary
to these, then in the horse is some im-
perfection ; as thus—If the  urine be  of
an high and ruddy complexion, like blood,
or inclining to it, then hath the horse either
       b 8                         had 
52  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

had  too sore heats, or been over-ridden.
If the urine be of an high complexion,
like  old beer,  then the horse is inflamed
in his body and has  taken some surfeit.
If the urine carry a white foam on the
top,  it shews a weak back  and consump-
tion of strength.   A green urine shews a
consumption of the  body.  Urine, with
bloody  streaks, shews  an ulcer in the
kidneys.  And a black thick cloudy urine,
shews death and mortality.

       5.  Observation in Feeding.
  Again ; your keeper must observe that
if there be any food, or drink,  or other
nourishment, which  he knows to be good
for the horse,  if the horse  refuse to take
it, he  shall not violently thrust  it upon
him, but by gentle degrees and cunning
enticements, in process of time, win him
thereunto.  When he is most hungry or
thirstv, if he get but a bit  or a cup full
at a time it may increase to greater quan-
tities.

  6. Observation from the privy parts.
  \t  is good  that your keeper observe
                                   his. 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   S3

his horse's testacies, if he be a stud ; for
if they hang down  long from his body,
then is  the horse out of lust and heart;
and is either sick of grease  or other foul
humours;  but  if they be close  couched
up and lie hid in a very small space,  then
is the horse in health and good plight.

    7. Observations from Sweating.
  Your  keeper must pay special regard
in all his airing, heating, and all manner
of exercise  and motion whatsoever, to
the sweating of his horse, and to the oc-
casions  of his sweating.—As, if a horse
sweat upon little or no occasion,  as walk-
ing, foot pace, or  standing still in the
stable, or the like,  it is then apparent the
horse is feint, foul  fed, and  wants exer-
cise; Hut if upon good occasion, as strong
heats and the like he sweats, and if his
sweat is white, frothy, and like soap suds,
then is the horse inwardly foul, and is in
want  of exercise ; but if the sweat be
black, and, asit were, only water thrown
upon him, then is the horse  in good con-
dition.
                                    A
b 9 
54   The Gentlema?iys, Farmer's and

A  medicine for  a Cold that is not  the
               Glanders.
   Take two  spoonsful of pepper well
beaten,  two spoonsful  of  mustard* four
spoonsful  fresh butter, four roasted oni-
ons, very soft, and cut very small; then
take two spoonsful of elecampane  made
into fine powder ; mingle  all these toge-
ther, and make them into balls with fresh
butter, and give the horse three balls at a
time—nine balls given at three times will
cure him  so as to  enable you to  travel
with him.

An excellent Receipt for  the   Botts  or
                Worms.
  Take the soft  downy hair that grows
in the ears of the horse, which you  clip
away when you  trim  him, and a good
quantity of the short tuft  that grows on
the top  of his forehead, underneath the
foretop, mix them well with two quarts of
good oats, give them to the horse to  eat,
and there  is not any thing that will  kill
worms more assuredly.
An 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   55

 An infallible help for the Stone, or Pain
               of Urine.
  Make a strong decoction of clean peeled
 onions and parsley boiled in a quantity of
 water, three times over,  to a half pint;
 add a large spoonful of molasses, and a
 spoonful  of powder of  egg-shells  well
 searched, and give it to the horse to drink,
 and repeat  for several mornings if the
 complaint be severe.

          For a violent Cold.
  Take half a pint  of good sharp vine-
 gar, and as much  fresh butter, stew them
 together, and add to it an ounce and a
 half of brown sugar in fine powder ;  give
 it the horse, and stir him a little after-
 wards, which is exceedingly good.

 An excellent Scouring xvhen others fail.
  Take four ounces  of sweet butter, two
 ounces of castile soap, beat them well to-
 gether,  then add to  them two spoonsful
 of hemp seed, bruised, and one spoonful
 of annised bruised; an ounce  of sugar
candy, and a spoonful of rosin finely pow-
dered ; work all these into a kind of paste,
                                   and 
 56  The Qentleman's, Farmer's and

 and give it the horse in the form of pills,
 immediately after he is rode, or stirred, or
 is warmed, in order that the grease or
 foulness within him be stirred up.

 A Water very precious for  Sore  Eyes.
   Take a pint of snow, or spring water,
 and dissolve into it half an ounce of white
 vitriol; wash  the horse's eyes  three or
 four times, and the effect will be great.

       A perfect cure for a Strain.
   Take a live cat, wild or tame, and cut
 off her head and tail; split her open, and
 clap her  hot bowels  and all upon the
 strained part,  and remove it not for forty
 eight hours, and the effect will be  great.

 An approved  cure for the  Scratches, or
        any  thing of that nature.
   Take eight ounces of hog's lard; brim-
stone,  lime, and  gunpowder,  of each
three ounces ; eight ounces of soft soap,
and of soot as  much  as will suffice to
bring the  rest to a  salve ; boil  the  lard
and soap together, pound the others to  a
powder, and mix all together to make  a
                                 black 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   57

black ointment, and anoint the sores once
a day after they  are cleansed and made
raw.

For a Farcy or Mange, Scab or Leprosy
      in the Mane, or other-wise.
  First, let blood, then take a quart of
urine, or vinegar; rub  in it four ounces
of good tobacco, then set  it on embers
where it may simper, but not boil, and
let it stew for twelve hours ; strain it out,
and  with this  water wash the infected
place, wheresoever, it may be, and it is a
certain remedy.

         To cure the Scratches,
  Take soft soap and salt and mix  them
well together;  apply  it to his feet and
keep them  dry ; bind a cloth about them,
and it will  cure.

         Another for the same.
  Take a small quantity of verdigrease,
the same of red lead,  as also of soap ;
mix these together, and apply it plaister-
wise, keeping it on three days and nights.
You must, cut  the  hair close, and  keep
the feet dry.                    Another 
 58   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

          Another for the same.
   Take veidigrease and burnt allum,
 mix  them together  and apply it—keep
 the horse dry.

       For a ITorse  that is mangy.
   Take a gallon of strong well worked
 cyder, a pound of tobacco stalks, half a
 pound of allum, a pint of salt, and a little
 mercury, (boil it well, and then put the
 mercury in;) the day before, bleed the
 horse and curry him well down,  then
 dress  him and  wash the manger  with
 scalding water,  and smoke  the  saddle
 with allum or brimstone, burnt hay, or
 straw.

 How to  lay a wound, open, qnd how to
              miss veins.
  When you cut open a sore, lay it drain-
 ing at the bottom, a little lower ; be sure
 always to miss the master vein;  if it be
 lengthways of the body, cut under the
vein; if it be a  sore upon the leg, and
lies over the vein, then cut it sideways of
the vein right up  and down.  If the sore
happens to be hollow a great  length, cut
                                a hole 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.   59
 a hole at the lowest place, put your finger
 in under the vein, and When it is past the
 vein, upwards, as far as it will go, cut at
 your finger's end another hole, and if you
 see occasion,  turn your finger to another
 place, and at your finger's end cut again ;
 if you chance  to cut a vein, put in a piece
 of hare's skin  with the wool, as this will
 stop the bleeding.

 For a Stub, or any other hurt in or about
                the foot.
   Take bees  wax,  pitch, hog's grease,
 (and turpentine  a little before you take
 it off the fire) boil  them  in an  earthen
 pot, and stir them well together;  make
 the wound clean, and pour it in hot;
 stuff the place  with tow  dipped  in  this
 mixture, and it will heal in a short time.

    To cleanse any wound, old or new.
   Take elder roots, beat them to pieces,
 and boil them with honey.  It is  good to
 cleanse any old  or new sore; but tafce
 this for a general rule, that before you
 dress any wound about a horse, wash it
 clean with vinegar, and then dress it with
your salve. Approved.               To, 
 60   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

       To stop bleeding at the Nose.   „
   The chief cause thereof is the thinness
 of the vein in  the head.  Bleed him in
 both plate veins, then wind a twisted band
 of wet hay about his  neck from the ears
 to the breast,  lightly, and throw water
 thereon  until you see the blood stopped
 or staunched.

 For a  Horse soal-beatcdby going without
                  Shoes.
   First, pare him close towards the toe
 of his  hoof, and with a penknife cut a hole
 through the bottom of it, half  an inch
 from the toes,  right over the vein, and
 let it bleed one fourth of a pint,  then st;
 on his shoes hollow within the feet; boil
 tar,  tallow and turpentine together, and
 pour it into his foot or feet hot, and stuff
 wool or tow after it. To make it stay in,
 you may put flat sticks between his shoes
 and his hoof, and it will quickly cure.

 For a  swelling under the jaws when a
       Horse hath a strangling.
   For a swelling of this sort,  take no-
thing else but bacon  grease, and anoint it;
                                   if it 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   61

 if it be hard, it will suddenly soften it by
 twice  anointing,  and when it is full ripe
 let it out.  Some burn the swelling with
 a candle before they anoint, which causes
 it to break the sooner.  Let it out with a
 penknife ;  when it is clean out put white
 salt in it; lay it draining with all advan-
 tages, as much as you can.  If there be a
 sore in any other place, rot it with bacon
 grease, and open it and heal it  up with
 green ointment, the method  for making
 which you have laid down in this book.
 You must be careful of the veins, and a
cure will soon be effected.

   For a Film in the Eye of a Horse.
  Take a piece of very salt beef, dry it
in an oven, and beat it to a powder. Take
as much liquorice stick, dry them well,
beat them to a fine powder, and searse it
through a cloth, blow the powder into his
eye or eyes once a day, and it will  take
off the film after being tried three or four
times.   If a rheum or humour attend the
eye at the same time, dip a little flax into
some melted rosin, and  lay  it into the
hole of the horse's eye, when it will  be
                             removed. 
 62  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 I have  been told that this is very good,
 but never tried it.

 4. true Scouring for a hide-bound Horse.
   If the skin  of the horse cleave  to his
 ribs, we say he is hide-bound; and if th«
 hair stand staring upright, and will not lie
 smooth, and does not fill well, it is then
judged  he is surfeited,  foul, and out of
 health.   To cure all these at one or two
 trials, and to make your beast thrive, givq
 him the following scouring medicine :—
 Take one ounce of aloes, and beat them
 to a powder ;  put it into a pint of butter
 made into four or five balls; roll the balls
 into as  much  of  the powder of jalap as
 will lie  upon them; wash down the balls
 with a pint and a half of strong beer, of
 well worked  cyder  made blood warm,
and let him  fast four or five hours after;
 then give a mask of bursted or scalded
 oats and warm water to drink*  For two
or three days use him moderate, and keep
 dry in-the meantime.

          For the Ringbone.
  Take quick or unpacked  lime  newly
                                 from 
     Traveller's  Pocket Companion.   63

from the kiln, and well burnt. This you
may know by its lightness.  Beat it into
a fine powder, and lay it a good thickness
all over the swelled part; bind it on fast
with a strong linen cloth made fast about
the foot with a yarn string;  then put the
horse immediately on his feet for some
time, as has  been mentioned, and take
him out and unbind .his foot, and the ring-
bone will be killed with the burning of
the lime in the  water; then manage as
before directed, and it will heal it up.

For Fretting or Griping in a.  Horse's
                 Belly.
   This disease  makes the horse tumble
and wallow with  all  four feet upwards,
and he has  a griping wind in the gut;
some  will swell as though  they  would
burst, and endangers the breaking of their
bladder—in this case they  cannot dung.
To  remedy this, take a quart of cold
beef brine or pork, put it in a horn, and
give it cold; afterwards, anoint your arm
and hand with fresh butter, and rake him
. to give.al^Jthe ease you can.  Then take
a large onion, and peel and cut into many
                                  slits. 
64   The Gentleman's,  Farmers and
 slits, thin it well in salt; make a ball of
 butter to contain the onion within,  and
 anoint your hand and arm with the but-
 ter, and run up the onion, butter and all;
 there leave  it; then tie his tail as close up
 to his rump as you can with a cord ; then
 between his hind legs to a girth to keep
 the onion and butter within.   Lead him
 about for half  an hour, untie his tail that
 all may purge  out freely, prick him in the
 mouth the  first thing  you do  the  next
 morning, and  give him this comfortable
 drink, viz.  one ounce of aloes, a quarter
 of a pint of wine vinegar with a pint and a
 half of strong beer, or well worked cyder
 mixed together, and  made blood warm;
 (to be taken fasting) afterwards food him
 with scalded oats, or the like, and warm
 water for two days, or the day he takes
 the medicine.

 To heal a navel gall, sore back or setfast.
   Take one fourth of  a pint of fish oil,
 and as much verdigrease as half  a wal-.
 nut, beat it well, and put it away for your
use, it will heal navel gall, setfast or sore
back, suddenly—flies  keep at a distance
from this ointment.                   A 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.   65
           A scouring drink.
  When you let a hoi se blood, save the
blood, put it in salt and stir it together
that it may not clod, and give it him as a
drench, fasting, give him warm  water
once after—blood of another horse will do.

           For Brittle Hoofs.
  Anoint them with an equal  portion of
dog's grease,  tar and turpentine, stewed
together ; the turpentine put in, just be-
fore taken off the fire—-it will make them
tough and strong.

To  cure the Kernels under an horse's
           throat suddenly.
  First sear them with a candle, then take
some  butter, and lay a piece of red cloth,
rub it well in, and not long after the knot
or knots will be gone ; if his nose run it
will stop; at the loss of the kernels anoint
the  knots once a day, for a week—in time
of his cure, if it be in summer, let him go
out, if in winter keep up.

For an horse or cow that make redzoater.
  Take a red herring, well dried, with a
                                  hard 
 66   "The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 hard roe, by some termed the rose of a
 fish; cut it as small as you can and steep
 it in a  quart of well-worked cyder or
 strong beer ; give it the beast lukewarm,
 drench ways—repeat if needful.

 How to boil the charge of Soap and Bran-
              dy to a salve.

   This charge you must boil slowlv until
 it appears  like  a white  salve ; then lay
 it on hot with a flat stick.   It will make
 a horse swell much, but in a few days the
 swelling will assuage. In five or six days
 take one gill of brandy to a small quanti-
 ty of the best  kind of soap,  for a horse
 much bruised  or swelled  in the head or
 body with  beating himself, or the like-
 let blood  in this  case,  in  those  veins
 where you  see  most most cause,  and
 as discretion shall teach ; then  apply the
 charge of  soap and  brandv, warm,  all
over  the swelling, with a  flat stick, and
heat it well in  with a hot  iron—let him
stand in the stable at the time of cure.
To 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  67

  To cure the Glanders, running at the
         nose, colds, rheum, &c.
   First, observe this always, when you
 give him oats, rub them clean and mix
 some honey with them ; continue to do
 this till he leaves off running at the nose.
 This is an excellent cordial to disperse the
 phlegm  ; and also purge the head and
 brain ; and  purify the blood ; it vents
 evil hunors ; causes a good digestion, and
 frees the horse  from  glanders or  run-
 ning at the nose, &c.

 Of the diseases in the eyes—watery, blood
    shot, cr dim ; imfiamations, web
                or haw.
   There are many diseases which belong
 to the eyes, all of which have their signs
 and names  ;  as  touching that which is
 watery, blood-shotten, dim, moon strick-
 en or inflamed.   They have all one cure,
 which is ; take  Wormwood and  the gall
,of a bull, beat it in a mortar, strain it,
 and anoint the horse's eyes therewith—it
 is an approved remedy.   But for a wart,
 pearl,  pin or web,  which are evils that
 grow in or about the eyes; to take them
                                    off 
 68  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 off take the juce of the herb wood ditney,
 wash his eyes therewith, and it will waste
 the disorder away.

 A cure for a Cough, Cold,'or Wheezing,
            in man or beast.
   Take onions, bake them in their skins
 until they are quite soft, then take the
 insides of them and add fresh butter and
 fine salt,  give it for five or six mornings
 fasting, rolled up in balls—a man. may
 take it, fasting, in way of food; it is said
 to good for hoarseness.

       Another for a Dry Cough.
  Take forty grains of black pepper, four
 or five roots of horse radish, six heads of
 common garlic, pound them together with
 five ounces new butter, work all altogether
and make them into balls ; give one every
morning, fasting, until the cure is  made,
and wash them down with beer or cyder.
 Give no food for some time after.

A good medicine for a Wind Gall± Sinew
    Strain, Blood Spavin, or Splint.
  First shave off the hair, then have one
                                eighth 
      Traveller's Pocket Companion.   69

 eighth of an ounce of Spanish flies mixed
 with any thing proper;  spread  it on the
 grieved part and hitch up the horse eight
 or ten hours  until it  is done working;
 next morning squeeze the sore, but take
 care not to break the skin.  If you think
 one dressing  not sufficient, dress again
 with another ; supply, and do as before
 directed.  Lay it then on the grievance;
 two or three days after anoint with fresh
 butter or neats' foot oil.

   How to make the Powder of Honey.
   Take as  much unslacked lime as you
 think fit, pound it into powder, and take
 as much honey as will mix it well toge-
 ther like stiff paste ; then make it into a
 thick paste, put it into  a hot oven or fire, -
 and let it abide there until it be baked  or
 burnt  red; take  it out, and  when cold
 pound it to fine powder, and use it as oc-
 casion may require—this will dry, heal,
 or skin, to admiration.

     For the Founder in the Body.
  First, if you find him lame, bleed in all
four of his  feet,  and give this drench—
                                  One 
 70   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 One ounce of aloes, boil them in  three
 pints of spring or running  water  until
 it comes to a quart, then add one gill of
 molasses,  as much soft soap, and half a
 gill of yeast; stir them well together,
 and give it the horse blood warm ; ride
 or drive him  a  mile  out, then give him
 the powder of elecampane, two ounces of
 flour of brimstone,  roll them  up into a
 ball with  butter and honey, wash  them
 down  with  good beer, or well  worked
 cyder until he  is fully recovered.  Let
 his food be clean and comfortable; give
 him cordials  made of wine  and honey,
 and he will recover remarkably.

 An exceeding good Drench for Botts or
      Worms, or a Foul Stomach.
  Take an earthen pot and make a hole
 in the bottom;  stop  it with a spile and
 put a little straw in  it; take five or six
 lumps  of the white dung of a hen,  three
 pints of good ashes, and as much chim-
 ney soot; put these into the pot with two
 quarts of hot water;  cover it up and  let
it stand one hour ; take out the spile and
draw off the liquor; take a pint with one
                                  gill 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   71

gill of hog's lard,  give it to the horse
blood warm—this  will cleanse  the sto-
mach and kill the worms,  and cause him
to rope at the mouth abundantly.   This
receipt is not for a general drench, but for
extreme cases.

How to make  Black Ash Ley for curing
     Ulcers, Pole-evils, Fistulas, &?c.
  Take the bark and tops of black ash,
and burn them on a clean place to ashes ;
put them into some vessel with a hole and
spile in it; put a little straw in the vessel
and the ashes upon it;  pour on hot wa-
ter, cover it up, and let it stand for three
or four hours,  then draw it off;  if it be
not  very  slippery, put it on the ashes
again.   You may  either  boil or  let it
stand some time, then dra.v it off and put
it away  in  a  bottle for use.  This ley
made warm and put into an  ulcer or fis-
tula,will search, cleanse and heal it to ad-
miration.

          For Botts or Worms.
  Take as  much red  percipitate as will
lay on the edge of a dollar;  work it up
                                   into/ 
 72   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 into pills with sweet butter, and give it to
 the horse.  This will have a good effect.

             For the Stone.
   Take a quart of clear  strong cyder
 and set it over the  fire, then take two
 onions, cut them small and put them in j
 let it boil awhile, then take and strain it
 out;  give  it the horse blood warm.  Do
 this as often as occasion may require, and
 it will cure.

         For the Bloody Flux.
   Take the herb called Shepherd's Purse,
 tanner's bark  and  fennel  seed', (which
 may be had at  the  apothecary's) bruise
 them well and boil them in a quart of old
 cyder  or wine.   Give these to the horse
 blood warm, and repeat if required.

 Another for the Stone, or for a Horse that
               Can't J>iss
   Take strong beer  and put it in a  half
gallon vessel; then get some horse radish
 and wash and bruise it well; put it all  in
the vessel and cover it up sO that nothing
 can penetrate, for twenty-iour hours, then
                               squeeze 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   73

squeeze and stra'n it out, and give it the
horse blood warm.  Repeat  for several
mornings if required.

     For a Horse that pisses blood.
  Take a quart of new milk and put into
liquorice, anniseed, garlic, butter,  and
honey, of each one ounce, well bruised
together, and give them to the horse as a
sovereign help.   Boil honey to  a thick
salve, and  it is an  excellent remedy for
many inward diseases.  Box-tree  leaves
and hemp  seed  beaten to powder, and
sulphur  of brimstone mixed with oats,
is an exceeding  good thing  to  give  a
horse for the digestion of humours, keep-
ing him clean, and from worms.

           For the Mad Itch.
   First bleed in the neck, then take strong
lie and vinegar, and boil them ; add gun-
powder  and copperas, and make it very
strong;  then tie  a doth to  a stick and
wash the horse.   This is said never  to
fail  in  curing.   A wash of sour butter,
milk and chimney  soot mix^d together,
hits  erred. 
 74   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

          For the Strangling.
   Take a quart of new milk and put a
 quarter of a pound of sugar into it; give
 it your horse six  mornings, and let his
 food  be warm and comfortable, such as
 scalded oats, or a mixture  of meal and
 bran scalded,  and give him warm water
 to drink.

 For Sinews  that are stiff' and much
                bruised.
  Take a pint pf soft soap and put it in a
 quart of strong ale or beer, and' stew it
until it becomes as thick as a salve ;  then
reserve it, and when you see cause anoint
the sinews and joints therewith.

            For Sore Eyes.
  The juice of onions is excellent to wash
sore eyes  with; it takes away dimness,
mists, clouds and  spots, if used in the
beginning.  If dropped in the ears it is
good against deafness, noise,  or ringing
in them;  the  juice mixed with oil and
the juice of penny royal is good against
all burr.'ngs with  fire and gun-powder,
and heals wounds made by gun shot. 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   75

          How to burn Salt.
  Take a good quantity of fine salt and
lap it up hard in a wet cloth ; then put it
in a hot fire and burn it to a red coal;
take it  out and open it,  and there will be
in the middle a white core; beat that core
to powder and put it in some clear cyder;
shake,  and let it settle again ; pour off the
clear, and wash the eye once a day;  after
washed, put some of the thick into the
corners of the eye, and it is a certain re-
medy for a pearl-pin or spot.   The pow-
der of flint  finely searched, and blowed
through a quill, or the powder of oyster
shells, is good.

       For the Canker in the Eye.
  First bleed  in  the  temple vein, then
take burnt allum and green copperas, and
bake them together on some stone or iron;
powder them, and add as much honey as
will bring them to an ointment, and anoint
the sore with  a feather, and it will kill
the canker.   N.  B. The  yolks of eggs
and  good vinegar thickened with  wheat
or rye  meal, is an extraordinary cure for
any  wound  in the foot or elsewhere.— 
 76  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 W hite oak acorn cups dryed and beat to
 a powder,' and given  in bran, will stop
 running humours in the  belly; or wet
 bran with allum water will have the same
 effect.

           To cure Blindness.
   Take the shells of six eggs, clean them
 from the  inward thin skin, lay them  be-
 tween two  Clean  smooth  stones on  hot
 embers, cover up the  stones very  close,
 let them lie till the  shells are well dried,
 and  beat the shells to a fine  powder;
 searse it  well  through a  fine  lawn rag,
 and, with a quill, blow it in  the eye that
 has the pin web or film, or any thickness,
 or foulness.  Do this morning or even-
 ing, as occasion may require.

            For the Tetter.
   A tetter is a filthy  kind of ulcer, similar
 to a canker, only  it  is more knotty and
 does not  spread, but remains  mostly in
one place, and often it remains between
the skin and the flesh like a knotted farcy,
and will not break.  The cure, according
rq,,the opinion  of ancient  farriers, is to
                                  irrakr 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   7-7

make a strong lie of old urine, good
ashes, and green copperas, and bathe the
knots therewith.

         For a Sinew Strain.
  Take a quart of milk, set it on the fire,
and when it boils, put as much  salt  in it
*s will turn it to a hard curd; then  clap
it on hot to the strain, and bind it; renew
it in twelve hours^ and repeat  as occasion
requires.   Wash or bathe the  strain  in
warm vinegar before you put on the curd.

To cure a wound made with shot, gun-
        powder, lime, or fire.
  Take warm urine, or olive oil,  and
bathe and wash the sore; and to kill the
flies, take cream and olive oil beaten to-
gether and anoint the sore; when it is raw,
spread upon the wound cream and chim-
ney soot mixed together, and dust on some
of the powder of honey  and lime—re-
peat until the  wound be healed up sound.
Turpentine, eggs, and saffron beaten to-
gether will make a fine  salve.   Shoema-
ker's wax, yolks of eggs, and flower and
                                honey
       C 3 
 78   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 honey mixed together, is a good plaister
 for a wound.

          For bones out of joint.
   First swim your horse in deep water;
 if that does not bring the joint in place,
 cast your horse on his back, and put some
 soft ropes below his footlocks, then draw
 him up by  his legs so that his back just
 touches the ground; draw the grieved
 leg higher than the rest till the weight of
 his  body makes  the joint shoot  right
 again, which will  be known by the crack
 it makes.   Then  gently loosen him and
 help  him up, and let blood in the plate
 vein, or master vein, in the inside of the
 thigh.  Anoint the grievance  with oint-
 ment for broken bones, or with the oil of
 mandrakes, or the oil of swallows ;  each
 of which are of great virtue.

     Of gelding Colts or Old Horses.
   Gelding is so common a practice, that
 there appears no great occasion to enlarge
 thereon.  .1  would advise no unskilful
 hand to undertake any thing of the kind,
lest he bring disgrace to himself, and kill
                                   the 
     Traveller's  Pocket Companion.  79

the horse.  To skilful practitioners I re-
commend the use of the true and genu-
ine British oil, to be poured into the holes
as soon as the castration is  performed,
and more especially for aged horses; and
use  train oil to  supple the  cods.   By
thus  using, you may cut any age without
danger.  The dregs of the oil is best.

       For costiveness in the body.
  Take rye straw, cut  it fine, and scald
it well with hot water j mix it well with
rye meal or bran, and let the  horse eat it
as hot as he can—this is a speedy remedy.

  How to make the Oil of Red Cedar.
  Get the heart of  red cedar and split it
mto very small splints; put them into a
pot as full as it can be stowed, then take a
board and bore it full of holes, and put it
over the pot;  get a vessel and put it into
the ground as large as the mouth of the
pot; turn the pot upside down with the
board  between the  two, upon the vessel
that  is set in  the  earth.; bank it well all
around and make a fire at the bottom of
the pot, and so continue it until the cedar
       c4                         be 
80   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

burnt to a cinder, or coal; the oil will
drop through the holes of the board into
the vessel which is set in the earth. This
oil being heated well in  with a hot iron,
drives back any swelling, such as  fistu-
las ;  and it is good for strains when mix-
ed with other molifying or weaker oik,
heated in as  above directed.

Of Diseases incident to Mares, find of the
       Barrenness of the Womb.
  The only disease incident to the womb
of mares, as  far as our farriers can judge,
is barrenness, which may proceed from
divers causes, as through intemperance of
the matrix;  being too hot  and fiery, or
too cool and moist, or too dry;  or else too
short or too  narrow, or having the  neck
thei-eof turned awry, or by means of some
obstruction or stoppage in the matrix ; or
that  the mare is too fat or too lean, and
divers other  similar causes.   Now, the
sure thereof,  according to old farriers, is
ro take a gOod handful of leeks and beat
them in a mortar with five or six spoons-
full  of good  wine  ;  then put to it twelve
Spanish flies, or blister flies; strain them
                                    all 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  81

all together with a  sufficient quantity  of
water*", and serve the mare therewith for
two days together by pouring the same
into her nature with a glyster pipe, made
for that purpose, and at the end of three
days next following, offer the horse to hei
that  should cover  her, and  after she is
covered, wash her nature twice with cold
water.

           For Broken Bones.
  First sling your horse so that he may
hang and scarcely bear any weight on his
limb that is broken.  Always have him
the highest at the lame end,  so  that he
may m?t most upon the sound  end or
members.  When he is  thus  slung, set
the bone in its right place, and when done
bathe it well in warm vinegar, or with
spirits of wine, and wrap it close about
with unwashed wool pulled directly from
the sheep's back,  binding it   on  with  a
good linen roller  first soaked in oil and
vinegar  See that your roller be  smooth
and plain ;  lay upon it more wool dipped
"in oil and vinegar, then'splint  with three
lira ad  splints bound  at both  ends with
      t: 5                       strong 
82  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

strong twine; in that case, keep the horse
for forty days, and do not move it above
three  times in twenty days, unless  it
shrinks and needs fresh dressing.  Always
keep it as  straight as possible, and pour
oil and vinegar once a day  through the
splints.  At the end of  forty days, if you
find the bones to be knitt, loosen him that
he may bear a litde  on the lame leg;  if
he tread firm, let him  quite loose, and
anoint the  sore with soft grease.

             For  a Farcy.
   Take three quarts of strong beer and
dissolve it  in eight ounces  of. stone or
shell lime ; give it the horse in two drinks,
one half thereof at a time in two days.

            For a Ringbone.
   The  description of this disease is given
in the preceding pages,  and the remedies
are laid down for its cure, although some
grossly en' in saying that there is no cure,
If the calamity of a ring bone does not
spread itself below the cronet of the hpqf,
and is  hard and bony, you  may  then
take it  out by applying a caustic thus;
                                 shave 
      Traveller's Pocket Companion.  83

 shave off the half clOs   then apply the
 caustic made of stone time  or shell, and
 soft soap, and let it lie  on not more than
 twenty-four hours; in that, or less time,
 if the caustic be good,  it will penetrate
 to the root of the  ring bone, and come
 clean out in fifteen or sixteen days.  In
 the mean time keep  some  of your sup-
 plirrg and drawing salve to it;  also keep it
 clean from fiHh  and dirt, and when the
 ringbone is out still  apply  your healing
 salves',  and wash the wound with  soap
 suds, or lime, or  allum water,  dressing it
 once in twenty-four  hours.   If you see
 proud flesh arise, as  it will, scald it off
 with butter, and salt or burnt allum, or
uny  of your eating powders.   Thus do
 with  care,  and there is no doubt  of a
cure.  A ring bone at first coming is ea-
sily cured, sometimes by a blister only.—
 If it should continue to grow, then fire
gently and apply a blister plaister or two.;
when they are dry, make a plaister of rye
or oatmeal, poultice-ways, with neat's foot
oil and vinegar, bind  it on secure with a
yarn string, and it will cure.
         c 6                        A 
84   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

        A Remedy for Fevers.
  I have been credibly  informed,  that
bark of the white asp tree, boiled well in
running water, and given as a drench, is
a remedy to stop feyera.

   Thoughts on the system of a Horse.
  As I have been  asked  concerning the
anatomy of a  horse, I give  every  man
his choice to call the joints and veins by
what  name he thinks proper,  because
many  wiser  men have wrote  on this
subject, and have given different names,
because every  man understands his  own
language best.   But I  have thought that
the horse is made of different materials
to what some people think, from  the
usage they give  them—for  it  is plain
they are neither brass nor steel—sugar
nor salt.  On  the  one hand, some do
not give exercise necessary—but on the
other, they  abuse  them  as  though  they
were  neither  flesh  nor  bone.   Let me
admonish you reader to advise tempe-
rance in  usage,  and  in  feeding;  when
you exercise be careful, for there is great
danger in overcharging the stomach, and
                                   bv 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  88

by that means stop the great  missionary
of the  whole frame, which opens  the
great door of destruction—for the frame
of the horse is certainly, next  to man,
one of the  most  stupendous works of
Omnipotence.  Anatomy discovers  in
it ten thousand marks of wisdom  and
gdodness towards man, which I  have no
room to mention here, nor  indeed is it
possible for any finite being  to  describe
the geometrical accuracy with which the
author of nature has formed  every part
of its fabriek.  However, as I  sincere-
ly wish, that all  who are honored  with
these curious and  wonderful wrought
frames, may possess them in health and
pleasure ;  and long experience haying
demonstrated that this cannot be attained
without temperance  and right exercise,
for I consider the frame as  a system of
tubes and glands,  or in a more  rustick
manner of phrase,  a large  bundle  of
pipes and strainers ; every  part of the
frame,  all the bowels, muscles,  tendons
and ligaments are composed by  a con-
junction of countless numbers  of  the
pipes and   strainers;  i.  e.  of  arteries,
       c, 7                       vtins 
 86   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 veins, nerves and  glands.   These innu-
 merable vessels disposed in proper order
 and filled with suitable food  or juices,
 are by divine appointment to  maintain
 while life lasts, a continual .action and
 motion;  the stomach  and' bowels are
 continually labouring  to   digest;  i. e.
 grind or reduce the food into a kind of
 mith called chyle-—this carried by num-
 bers of little pipes into the blood vessels
 is there, by the unceasing of the heart and
 arteries,  converted  into blood  and cir-
 culated through all the parts of the bo-
 dy, to repair the constantly wealing so-
 lids,  to recruit the  ever wasting fluids,
 and to furnish a  seasonable and friendly
 supply to the ceaseless consumption of
 nature.  From this  sketch of  the  body
 and its great and noble powers,  it plain-
 ly appears that two things are principally
 and  plainly  necessary  and essential to
 good health,  and sufficient strength of
the vessels and a free  circulation of the
fluids; the vessels must have  strength
sufficient  to convert the food into whole-
some blood,  and urge it on with vigour,
and the blood must  have a proper con-
                                sistence 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.   87
sistence to yield to the action of the ves-
sels, and circulate freely to preserve the
body in this natural and  healthy  state,
is an important task indeed,  and which
infinite  wisdom has confined chiefly  to
temperance and moderate exercise; the
one allows us to give such food  only  as
is wholesome to supply the  demands  of
nature ; the other gives such firmness to
the fibres as to enable them to digest, and
change the food into fit nourishment and
convey  it into different parts of  the bo-
dy, so inconceivably numerous and com-
plicated, though they  be  very minute
and delicate, so wonderful  is the wis-
dom and goodness of God  in the  dispo-
sition of them,  that they would seldom
be disordered were we but  duly tempe-
rate and attentive, to have  a proper  re-
gard to those great duties, without which
the most  sovereign medicines in  nature
will not have virtue sufficient to preserve
them  in  health  any length  of time.
 There  are proper  measures in feeding
 and exercise that must be attended to, if
 you would wish  to have  your  horses
 healthy, sound and oi long hie j  for 1
        n o                        nave 
88   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

have  found moderate exercise and re-
gularity  in  feeding  to be a great phy-
sician.  Attend well to the order of your
horse's body  in travelling or severe ex-
ercise, for if the before mentioned parts
have not their proper motion, your beast
is in danger, and cannot perforni the pro-
per services  which  naturs has qualified
him for.   As also  observe the dung and
urine,  as laid  down in this book, and  it
you find them to tally with  the descrip-
tions, moderate exercise will not harm
your beast.  I have found that soaking or
wet food is very fine for keeping the body
open;  and  nitre  and saltpetre  for the
urine.  These two parts  well attended to
are of great use. But, alas! must I mourn
that the poor horse is so often torn with
whips and spurs, and stripes, so unmer-
cifully ?  And you, poor man, who neither
thinks  nor cares  for this nbuse,  know
that you  must appear before the Lord  to
answer for this usage.  Give ear  ye lofty
mils and  towering mountains!  and some
lawIYJ witness  make. Ye flinty rocks pour
forth  y-nur so«ows  for the poor horse's
sake, for it wquld make the hardest heart
moan 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   81*

moan to hear the postilion's curses and the
crack of  his  whip—the  waggoner  too
will exercise his lash and frequently use
the jack screw.   I have thought the fol-
lowing lines not to be. inapplicable to my
present subject:
Cry out ye hills and dales without remorse,
To see the turf preparing for the horse;
Some barb'rous lashes, and the heat so long.
In sight of God  these must be wrong.
To sec them whipped from the start,
Which causes some to break their heart;
Your folly you will see at last,
When the horse is dead and your day is pas*.
O, ye wretched hard hearted men, behold,
The  horse's value is i;ke fine gold;
Although the fox you oft' times chase,
It tends to shorten the horse's days.
You  farmers too, I'd wish to give a sketch,
You  care not what he suffers so yougetrich.
Tho' the poor creatures speak not to you,
You  may understand—-you are cruel too.
   But to  proceed.   I have  sometimes
lamented  the vast sufferings in this and
other part:-, by  the  generality of people
letting those  advanced in age starve to
death,  and by often  giving dam to son c
etuel person because they are oi 1 o us- .
       c 9                       Those 
90   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

Those persons more than starve them to
death,  for their cruelty will not permit
them to  lie  long enough to die, before
they help them up,  and ride or  work
them above their strength.   Do not be
offended with me if I should say, that it
is a mercy of  God that he does not rise
in judgment and deprive such of their
middle aged horses;  nor take umbrage at
what I have concluded might be pleasing
in the sight of the Deity.  If the beef of
the horse was as much use to us for food,
in this part of the-world, as it is in some
others, it would be productive of better
attendance.  In the  first  place it  would
prevent  a deal of sufferings,  and  afford
relief to the hungry.   I hope you  do not
think that I am a fool, that  I would  eat
my horse after he has travelled so long,
my burthen borne, and my abuse receiv-
ed.  True, sir; but look at your ox and
milch cow; they, perhaps have received
abuse which ought to put you to the blush,
and yet you have subsisted on them and
paraiken of their flesh,  and indulged
your elf with  butter derived  from  the
milk  of the cow;  and yet you can  eat
                             unmindfu1 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   91

unmindful of conscience,  because  they
part in the hoof and chew their cud.  But,
sirs, if you stand upon that part of the
commandment,  recollect those which in-
cline to mercy,  and then your horse will
not suffer by abuse.  If it were customa-
ry to eat horse beef, we might have b tter
beef than we now eat; for I have been
informed by those who have used it, that
it is sweeter and more juicy than  other
kind.  Pardon me for being thus free in
my thoughts, as I am sure that when you
take them into  consideration, I will  be
thought perfectly justifiable.

         A Thought on  Worms.
   There are different kinds of worms.—
That which I call the truncheon or bott
worm, appears  of no importance,  but it
 is  as hard to kill as the roots of  pride.
The signs are—first look under the upper
 lip, and there you will perceive their ap-
 pearance.  If they  are  at a  degree of
 height, the  lip next to  the teeth will be
 very lumpy and puffy.  If very dange-
 rous, the lumps will look angry as though
 stuff were  fn  them, and the  horse  will
                             sometimevs 
92  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

sometimes turn up his lip* similar to the
stud when smelting the seent of the fe-
male ; and at times have a  dry cough,
beat his belly with his hind feet  or legs,
switch his tail, and stamp when not inter-
rupted by the  flies; looking back at his
side, and sometimes rubbing his breach
or tail close up, and frequently  wallow-
ing on the  ground.  Thus much for the
symptoms of worms in the horse. There
are various kinds of worms other than
the before-mentioned,such as the stomach
worm  and taper worm, by  some called
the grub worm ; and  the black headed
rnd gut worm. The latter kind of worms
are nothing more than plagues that pre-
vent the horse from thriving.  The trun-
cheon  >seldom  hinders the horse  from
thriving, but the fatter he is, the  more
clanger, especially when over exercised
and heated within;  because the  trun-
cheon finds the climate too hot for his re-
sidence, and begins to cut to get cool,  or
to press his way up to the swallow and
then choke him.  The signs are different;
they sometimes die without much, if any
complaint; at others, stop short in tra-
                               velling 
      'Traveller's Pocket Companion  93

veiling, lie  down and beat themselves,
striving to lie on the back  with the feet
upwards,  turn  up  the  lip, sometimes
scouring in the belly, and stinking breath
with  food working  out of the nostrils ;
death, in such  cases,  is  inevitable.—
When these and the like symptoms ap-
pear, the first thing you  should do is to
bleed in the mouth, and if he lick  up his  -
blood it may be of service, while you
prepare a pint of molasses or honey with
a quart of new milk just from the cow;
warm them both together, pour the mix-
ture down his belly, and gently walk him
fifteen minutes, then give him a pint of
raw linseed oil, (raw oil is best, but boiled
will do) and with a pint more  anoint the
horse's body, all over, from the shoulders
to the fundament, rubbing  well in with
the hand, and walk him about gently,  if
vou can.  These directions, made use of
in time, will save the horse,—they will
not kill, but will expell  the worm from
its intention to suck the sweet substance,
and the oil will purge them out, or move
them from their dangerous station to some
other; for there is no remedy for killing
                                  these 
94   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

these horrid creatures in the  beast.  If
men world use right steps in time, da-
mage of this kind might be greatly hin-
dered by forcing colts from the first year
old to drink meat liquor, or the washing
of meat, fish soaking water, hard cyder,
or swill, having the whole of them mixed
together in a  tub or  barrel; as their
greasy substance and sour nature  has a
tendency on the bowels to keep them from
securing their hold, or breeding so exten-
sively as to eat, or to harm the bowels, or
choke the horse, as they often do.

A thought on the origin or breed of Worms,
  As the truncheon, or botts, has, and
ever will  have the uppermost dread on
my mind, I shall give my thoughts about
the breeding of them, as I have not seen
any thing written upon them in the differ-
ent books I have perused, though I have
heard them disputed upon. Some say the
horse has a small issue under  the throat,
where the fly lays the knit to hat- h, & when
it does, it  creeps into the throat and the
beast swallows it down, and from thence
it becomes a worm or worms. Others, that
                                   the 
      Taveller's Pocket Companion.    95

 the horse, by nipping his legs, gathers the
 knits in his mouth & swallows them down,
 and the knit hatching in his bowels produ-
 ces the worm or worms.  These, and the
 like, are the opinions of some  wise men;
 but I am about to give a sketch of my
 own, although  I have not the  wisdom of
 the learned.  I will  say,  in  answer to
 their thoughts,  that the issue of the throat
 is not to be found by the most minute
 eye, or the keenest glass;  and that of the
 knit being eaten by the beast, may be ea-
 sily contradicted by looking at the num-
 ber of horses that die with the truncheons
 who have  never had a fly to  lay a knit
 upon them, for the fly will not resort the
 stable ;  and you will find such horses to
 be more subject to death by truncheons
 than the horse that is exposed to the field
 and  fly both.  It is certain, that the fat
 horse is in  more danger than the lean;
 and when the  fat  horse is exercised  to
 raise heat in his body, then it is that the
 worm wants air, or a cooler climate.  I
find the colt to be  foaled with them  as
with other worms.  It is most certain that
the truncheons  turn to the fly, for when
                                  the 
 96  The Gentleinau's, Farmer'^ and

 the horse dies by them,  or any death
 whatever, they have more or less of the
 venomous worm  in their system, and the
 beast often  dungs them when in health;
 thus they work like a muck, or by  some
 called a rich worm, into the ground, and
 there they hatch as other insects do. The
 fly makes the knit, and  a certain some-
 thing hatches out of it,  but I have not
 been  so fortunate as to  find it out yet,
 but think I  shall.  If the fly only do da-
 mage under the  throat,  tar and stinking
 oil will keep them from that part; if the
 legs, the same will do. You might scrape
 or clear the nits from them, or the  other
 parts  of the horse, and  thus frequently
 save his  life; but of this I leave you to
judge.   I have found that some are mis-
taken in the truncheon in another  way,
 that is, when the  gall overflows and  has a
 tendency on the caul fat, and often on the
 paunch of the beast, and eat it, like the
 truncheon, almost up.  When this  com-
plaint takes place, death is inevitable. But
I think, by using  medicine to cleanse the
stomach, and bleeding in proper time, and
 taking notice of the blood more than  ordi-
nary' 
    ..Traveller's Pocket Companidn.   Off

nary for the symptoms of the gall, trying
theblocd,in a glass, from thence you may
see what state the blood is in, by the cool-
ness of the weather,  if it stands twenty
or thirty minutes, for it must be cool be-
fore you can judge, and thus  you  may
find the water and blood to separate.—
For your judgment, if  you  find more
than from one half  to twa-thirds. to be
water, the blood then wants bracing or
repairing with calomel, antimony, barks,
bitters, sulphur,  rosin, and some lime,
which is very good.   If you find consi-
derable of the yellow and greenish  eyes
standing round the  glass on die blood,
then there is a fulness of the  gall.   To
remove this, bleed,  and  give  aloes,  red
pepper, sulphur, saltpetre, or  nitre, yel-
low poplar root bark, sassafras root bark,
dried  and  powdered well, burnt oyster
shells put in water for their  drink, some
wormwood, southern wood, some  rue,
mint, horse radish,  and  the like of the
same nature.   To judge of  the quantity
for the simples, you must be acquainted
with them and the nature of  the beast, so
fhat he does not eat enough  to hurt him- 
98   The Gentleman's, Farrier's and

And the quantity 6f medicine to be given,
you  may judge from the  dose  to suit
yourself—as much as is common to make
three or five doses for a man, give in one
to the horse; and when you buy the drugs
or medicine from the apothecary,  it is  is
business  to inform you of the hecesspfy
quantity  to make  a dose, and to show
you  the danger, if an)', and how to ad-
minister  the same.  J»ut if you find the
settled blood at the bottom  of the glass,
more than the above-mentioned quantity,
and it be very black and thick, then is tne
blood too strong, and the beast In danger
of the humour which  may brealc out  df
the blood—such as the button, or poclfy
farcy, or mange, leprosy, mad Itch, fferl'
zy fits, blindness,  or  the like ; thus you
must reverse the thing, and thin away the
blood as quick  as you can with glailber
salts, allum, pumpkins, or water  nielloti,
or the seeds of either of them  boiled,
elecampane root, horse radish, boiled flax-
seed, and feed with them in bran of rye,
and bleed freely.  If  you find the blbod
to have much water on the top, of a clou-
dy chocolate colotir,  death will  shortly
                                follow. 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   99

follow.   Mind to acquaint yourself well
with the nature of bleeding, for in some
cases the observations of the  blood is
your  chief guide to find out the com-
plaint ;  for sometimes 1 have been called
upon to see a horse when I have had no
knowledge  of the  symptoms, for  the
whole  frame was alike,  and the  horse
would show no signs of sickness or p'ain
in one part more than another; then the
blood  drawn  in the  glass, and making
close observations,  is of great use  in
these cases, and cannot be done  well
without.

An Indian  Cure for old  Ulcerous sore
       legs  of Men  and Beasts.
  Take sassafras leaves,  either green or
dry, in winter or summer, and lay them
on the sores, also make a  poultice there-
of with  milk and hog's lard,  and apply it
to the wound,  renewing it  as occasion
may require. Remember when the poul-
tice  is  off,  to apply the leaves,  which
will be an easy cure.  Report  says, the
Indians by this remedy have performed
remarkable cures.
                                  The 
 100   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

         The Traveller's Guide.
   If you have it in your power to  make
 choice of  horses, you may choose a
 horse  with a  large eye and small ear,
 with a large  mouth  and  small funda-
 .riient,  a slim leg and large  foot, a
 round body, strong built before, with the
 hind parts  not too heavy,  with neither
 spavin nor splint, nor windgall, but with
 a clean bony leg, or set of legs,  and be-
 ing put in order with hard solid  food;
 mind to have him, for several days before
 you set out on your journey,  exercised,
 with his feet  well trimmed and  shod,
 with your  harness or saddle to set easy;
 when saddled, and your left foot  in the
 stirrup, your left hand hold  of the  bridle
 lying  on the  neck, and the right  hand
 hold of the cantle of your   saddle, then
 with a pretty spring, not pulling yourself
 up by your hand, as to stagger vour horse
 several feet from the place whereon he
 stood, nor springing without judgment^ to
fall too heavy on your saddle as to strain
 the back or legs of your  horse ; thus,
being mounted, ride steady, bearing the
weight on each stirrup alike, with the toe
                                    of 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   101

of your shoe in the stirrup ; when your
horse's  feet are most  on the ground give
yourself an easy motion, to raise him in
a slow trot, rack or pace, then proceeid on
your journey.   Pay particular attention
to your horse's dung and urine, to see if
they tally with the observation laid down
in this book, and if net, then with your
little stock of salt-petre or nitre, rosin, an-
timony, munger chop and poplar root bark
powder, give him a little, as you see oc-
casion.—the direction  for which are laid
down in  this  book.   ?f you alight to
make water you may spill  it on his fore
legs,  which require the most attention
paid to  them.  If all men that  ride or
work an horse would follow this practice,
much lameness would be prevented, for
the strength of the urine has that tenden-
cy on the legs and feet as to  prevent or
kill humours, and strengthen the sinews.
Atways choose the best track of rode to
travel on ; don't feed too heavy, or water
too much ;  the first day or two, rub all
his  joints well, and wash his legs twice a
day with cold water  in warm weather,
and warm water in cold weather, rubbing
                                  them 
 102  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 them till dry, for this is of great service;
 and if you find your horse's feet to be fe-
 verish, every night fill the hollow of the
 foot with tar and cow litter, for want of
 tar the other will do, and if the saddle or
 harness appear to gald or fret your horse's
 skin, you must bathe the place with cold
 water as often as occasion may require;
 if you can, always let your horse wallow
 every  night on  some soft  ground, and
 let him stand in such stable or stall as he
 can lie down to rest.
   N. B. Never gallop or flirt your travel-
 ling ; nor ride  first on one  thigh and
 then  on  the  other,  but ride  true and
 straight on your saddle ; when you come
 within a mile of your lodging or feeding
 place, slack your pace and ride more gen-
 tle to let your horse slowly cool as you
 ride, and if he should be very warm have
 him led about for fifteen minutes or vnore,
 and  not tvrned  short at all ; you must
 water very light and not feed with grain
 when  warm.   Do not  let  him get we*
with rain, if it can be prevented, for the
beast is subject to take cold.
                                  Now 
      Traveller's Pocket Companion.  103

 ^ow, my friendly traveller, I have simply
     tried,
 To give a friendly and a lawful guide,
 And humbly wish you to  keep it by  your
     side,
 And think upon it as you ride-—.
 For fear you should chance
 To lose the horse that us'd to prance.

 For Wens in or on any part of the body.
   First sear them  with  a hot iron,  then
heal them with powder  of honey  and
 lime, which is a perfect cure.

      To  stop bleeding at the nose.
   Take two small cords and tie them ve-
 ry tight just below  his kness,  on  his fore
 legs, then get wet cloths and lay them on
 the pole or top of the head, and repeat the
 wetting,  and it will stop  or staunch the
 blood.

   For a  running humour in the feet.
   Take cow's litter, tar and hog's  fat, and
 make a poultice, lay it round the feet hot
without scalding, binding  it fast on.
A 
 104  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

         A hint  to the Farmer.
   1st.  Attend  to  the  order of your-
 horse in the  body  to find out his state
 of health; and if in  fall or winter you
 find his health be  not good,  that is to
 say, the hair looks arid  stands  bad,  \k
 does not thrive well with what he eal$5
 sometimes  the  skin sticks  close to the
 flesh and  bone,  the colour  of the  coat
 changed and feels harsh, then your beast
 is unfit for hard labour, and  want* bleed-
 ing  and cleansing.   For putting ybttf
 beast to labour,   when not in  cohditiielt'
 if nature  has not  strength to work its
 own  physician,   you  scandalize your
 farm, and often  meet  with the  toss of
 your horse, or horses;  and on the other
 hand, you have to feed more to such a
 horse, than is riecesssary, arid weakness
often  brings  on  disorders  of different
 kinds ; to cleanse the bowels, you have
instructions laid  down  in this book.—
 You may first give for four or five morn-
 ings fasting, a large  spobnfoi  of clean
sifted lime  in bran meal,  or whatever
your horse likes best to  eat,  and  follow
it with the same quantity, and same num-
                                   ber 
Traveller's Pocket Companion. 105
frer of mornings with rosin and salt pe-
jtre,  mixed  half and  half; boil rye for
want; wheat, two measures, and one of
.flaxseed, until both be well bursted; and
if your beast wont eat freely of it, make
it palatable with bran,  meal or the  like,
adding salt, of which  you should give
your horse about a peck in the course of
die year, which is a small  allowance—
and   follow  the above-mentioned pre-
scriptions with two doses of  antimony
as much for each dose as will lay on half
a  dollar,  well  heaped  and packed.—
.Here you must  be careful of cold water
or rain ; give scalded bran water, or thin
gruel, for one day.  Yellow poplar root
bark or the decoction of bitters, is very
fine  in this case and many others.  The
decoctiqn you have laid,  down, in  the
foregoing part of this book.
  Now  farmers ; when you gear your
horses, match them regular, not putting
the  weak and strong together, nor the
hearty and sick ; but if necessity  should
force you to do it, give the weak the ad-
vantage  of the  main swingle  tree, and
mind tbat your horses be fed separate, or
                                 such 
 106  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 such as eat alike fast; for you will find
 like every thing else-, some eat fast and
 some slow ; and the master ones will get
 the best share.  Mind and never let your
 horses  be  rode fast  to  or from  their
 work, nor  such as  have weak tender
 backs be rode at all.   Never let  your
 horses drink very cold water, when warm,
 nor near as much as they will, before
 they shall eat ; but  after eating, water
 freely.    Soaking  corn  for your  work
 horses in the summer, will pay you great
 interest for your trouble.
   When your crop is ended,  take care
 that you attend to your horses better than
 to  let them run at large in your rank-
 weed pasture for a week at a time, both
 day and night, wet and dry, and neither
 feed nor curry them, and depend on the
 great quantity of grass you have in your
 pasture.   But keep  them up in  rainy
 weather and heavy dews, feed some with
 hard food and curry them, and salt them
 once  or twice a  week; mind  the weak
 ones, and give them  messes very often.
 Winter coming on, pay attention to the
dyeing of your grass with  respect to your
                                 mnrcs 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion. 107

 mares with foal, for this is the time they
 loose them.   Now prepare your  horses
 for raising in flesh, rather than falling off,
 for it is easier to keep a fdt horse than a
 poor one.  Have stables and good shel-
 ters from the rain and frost;  they are
 better than one third of their food.  Look
 at your horse after standing out all night,
 and you will observe him to be disorder-
 ed by the shaking of his frame.  Every
 horse yard or pound ought to have some
 soft, loose, and well-broken ground for
 all work and rode horses, especially when
 wet with sweat, for the wallowing in the
 loose earth stops the pores of the body,
 and keeps out much cold, as well as loos-
 ens  up  the hair from  the fetters  of the
 sweat, and gives the Wood fresh motion ;
 then follow it when dry with the curry-
 comb and cloth.
 Now my worthy farmer mind what I say,
 And your horses may be good another day.
And oft' times without serious thought,
Loose the best bargain you have bought,
Keep these lines well in your mind,
And to your harmless stock be kind,
And often on these lines do think,
And your farm will not so often stink 
108 The Gentleman's, Farmers and

       For the Sweaney,pr Palsy,
   This comes by a strain or  hurt, and
causes the shoulder to shrink and wither,
and brings on much pain or  lameness.—
Sometimes  the  legs  shrinks within the
shoulder, as also the flesh perishes; at
others  it runs from head to tail on one
side of the  beast only ; and care ought
to  be  used  in lameness,  qr  the  sweany
will follow  the complaint.   At its first
appearance, you must take die oil of vi-
triol, which you may obtain at the apo-
thecary's or doctor's  shop, and will cost
but  little.   All persons  having  a  large
stock  of horses, ought to keep  this oil
and British oil by them—one measure of
the latter, and three  of the  former, and
then add to it the measure of  both toge-
ther of wine,  for want, good old brandy
will do ; shake them well together in a
bottle or seal ; every time you wash tb
part, if the sun shine warm, this will do;
but if in cold weather, a dutch oven lead
heated  and  held so near as to  warm the
ointment and drive it in, but not to burft
Before you  put on this  mixture you may
wash it well in sharp vinegar  made warm, 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.  109
put it on with red fbinnel.  This mixture
is fine for many swellings of a long stan-
ding  nature, when nothing else has pre-
vailed.

          A Lenitive Clyster.
   Take  the decoction of  mallows,  or
white  lilies that grow in  gardens,  and
put to them either four ounces of fresh
butter, or half a pint of sweet oil, and
give them plaister-ways, blood  warm.—
This is the  most gentle clyster of. any
theretofore prescribed ; for it is both  a
loosener and a cooler of the bodv, and
igreatly eases pain.   It is  also  good for
.convulsions and cramps, and most singu-
larly  so against costiveness  proceeding
gfroni any sickness or surfeit by provender
far foundering in the body.
t
c              For Worms.
c   Make a decoction of sa. in and nitre,
|tt)r salt petre; dissolve it well and sweeten
,t with honey, and give it drench-ways.
.'this  deserves  to be ranked with the best
' >f medicines for botts and worms, and
'ts very safe to clear children  of worms.
       D                            A 
 HO   The Gentlemanrs, Farmer's and

 A d  ccct.on of savin and hickory ashes
 mixed with their food,  will both prevent
 the breeding of, and kill the worms.

   An excellent Receipt  for the Gravel
   Take of nitre,, or salt  petre, half an
 ounce, and a sizeable root of horse ra-
 dish, scrape the root fine and steep it in a
 quart of wine, or old cyder, to which you
 ma'-  add the shells of  five or six  eggs
 fi   \\-powdered, let it steep twenty-four
 h. _;.ro, give it your horse sooner if requi-
 red, strained off clear.

 For the Itch in  the tail,  or Scab, or Mm
           giness, or Farcy.
   For any of these diseases  take  fresh
 grease  and  yellow  arsenic,  and  some
 unction, mix them together, and rub well
 the mangy afflicted part  with the  oint-
 ment.  If it be  the farcy,  then with a
 knife slit all the knots, hard or soft, and
then  rub in  the medicine;  which  done,
 tie up the  horse so that he cannot  come
at the place.  After  he has stood an hour
 c  two, take old urine,  or piss,  and salt
 boiled together;  with it wash away the
                               ointrawl 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   Hi

ointment and put  him to food; do this
two or three days together; observe al-
ways to take a smart quantity of blood
from him, as also to scour or purge him
well each morning with the scouring laid
down in this book, and it will cure.

For a Consumptive Cough, laying on the
            Lights or Liver.
  This cough may be  known  by  the
straining of the beast and ratling of the
pipes,  which are  visibly worse when he
takes  cold.   The cure is,  take  a large
handful of  hoarhound and  beat it in  a
coarse strong cloth; then  have  a half
pint of water and  dip the cloth of hoar-
hound; wring it  very hard,  and dip a-
gain, and wring as before until it becomes
very thick  and strong; then have a pint
of  new  milk and  three spoonsful  of
brown sugar; mix them with the milk ;
pour down the bitter and the sweet, fast-
ing, for  nine  mornings together, and  it
will cure the most violent cough proceed-
ing from the above mentioned parts.—
Two large, well roasted onions,  for nine
mornings, fasting, are very good for an
       D 2                   ..     old 
 112    The Gentleman's, Farmr's and

 old cold or cough.  Be careful not to let
 the beast take cold, for the cold lying In
 the head  of the beast will breed the glan-
 ders ; and if it lies on the lungs, it will
 be mortal if not removed in time.

 To rowel the  head for many complaints
     that  belong to the eyes and head.
   You will find, in many cases, the beast
 appears very dull and heavy headed; eyes
 looking glossy and wild, and sometimes
 twinkling; snatching the head with pain;
 frequently appearing not to have sense
 enough to eat the  weeds or dry litter.—
 When you see these, or the like signs ap-
 pear, you must rowel between the eyes
 about the curl of the forehead, and when
 you have cut through  the  skin of the
 head, true right up and down, skin round
 two inches, but be very careful  of the
 thin skin  which lies next to the bone.
 When you have done this, take a piece
 of red dock root,  the size of your little
 finger; when made clean, split it open,
lay the flat parts to the head, turn both
pieces crossways the slit, then take some
good  pitch, spread it on thin leather as
                                  large 
   Traveller's Pocket Companion.   113

large  as the  palm of your hand, lay it
warm to the  forehead,  and renewing it
once in -two days you will find much filthy
matter to follow, and the horse to receive
great  benefit.  The rowel  is good for
blindness, and prevents fits, staggers, and
the like.  When you find it has dischar-
ged matter enough,  leave out the dock
root and lap on the pitch, leaving it open
at the bottom, so  as  it  may  run out the
matter,  and the place will soon be cured.

    To put in a Seeton under the jaw.
   A seeton is nothing more than a large
needle  haired with  a  whisp of hair as
large  as a pipe  stem  :  with a pair of
pincers  take up the skin on any part of
the jaw from  the communion of the  neck
and head down to three inches of the lip,
and after pinching  it  pretty  hard,  slip
back  your pincers, run  through  your
needle, and tye the hair fast, leaving room
enough  to run two of your fingers thro'
the circumference  of  the  ring.   This
done on both sides  of the jaw, fill the
rings  of hair  full of turpentine  and tal-
low, or lard, mixed together, and turned
       d 3                       every 
 114 The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 every  day  for eight days  or more, if
 you find cause;  for  you" must mind
 that it raises a discharge of matter to
 stop the source of the humour  for five
 or six  days.   The intention of the seeton
 is to stop running at the nose.  When the
 distemper  has run too long,  and from
 cold has brought a running issue in the
 head,  which sometimes runs at both nos-
 trils,  at others but onj,  if  the splint
 glander  has not been standing too  long
 these seetons will cure it, but  they must
 stay in longer..  These are also very good
 for watry or dim eyes, or mattering of
 the same.
  N. B. You  may put these seetons in
 with a pen knife and tow, or thread, or
 leather string, but I think the hair best
 When you take out your seeton, have some
 ointment and anoint  them, and the place
 or places will soon cure up.
  Now my worthy reader think and try,
  Or experience you may never buy.

     For Warts of different kinds.
  There are different methods used by
different men ; but my method is, |o cut
                                   seed 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  115

seed and  all out  together, if they be
where it can be done ; if not, cut what
can  be, and  apply  arsenick,  by  some
called ratsbane, once or twice,  and  it
will  kill the flesh and  seeds  so as you
may cut all out without the horse's feeling
the effect of the knife, if you are careful
to follow the dead flesh ;  then you must
have some  ointment applied; and such
wounds as these, and many others, must
he kept bathed in a  decoction of Indian
physic,  or  polk root boiled  in chamber-
lye.  This  Indian physic grows on poor
sandy land, and has a  small spreading
top ; some are of a green, some of a blue,
and  others  of a reddish cast  about  the
stalk, the leaf of which somewhat resem-
bles  the pea leaf;  the  root in common
grows straight downwards from  eight to
twelve inches in the earth, and is of a
milky nature, as also the stalk, leaf,  and
root ; and the whole of them are very
fine  for ulcers or humours in any part of
the  horse, or to drive  back swellings,
such as pole-evil, fistula, or the like.—
But to  return to  the wart.   If  at  any
tjme you find it should  matter too  much
     ' pA                         vdu 
116  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

you must fill the sore with lime, and this
will  stop  the mattering and add to the
cure of the wound.   You may cord and
tong some, but others you must cast and
confine, especially when the wart is about
the legs or belly.  A  small wart cut in
time  is easy cured ; but you  will find
some to grow large and troublesome so
as to interfere with veins ; then you must
have a needle and silk to tack them  up,
and thus you find a stitch in time saves
nine.

 How to make Ointment to heal wounds.
   First  have  brandy,  soap and  honey
and fresh butter, of each a like quantity,
more or less ; boil all well together until
the soap shall  melt after being cut fine;
then  take it off the  fire, add a little tar
and as much linseed oil as- brandy,  and
some sulphur and  verdigrease and cop-
peras alike, well powdered, and the same
quantity of gun powder and saltpetre and
rosin.   All hard simples must be pow-
dered fine and put  in after  the rest shall
be cool and well stirred, until quite cold,
to keep the stuff from sinking to the  boti
                                   torn 
Traveller's Pocket Companion, 117
torn.  This ointment will  keep good for
twelve months or more,  if ic be  well
stopped up ; if you  warm it over,  be
careful  not to burn it.   Less of the a-
bove mentioned simples will answer, but
all is best.

  For the Cholic in its different ways.
 ' This complaint runs in many parts of
the body.   First in the trunk,  which li-
eth in  the breast of the horse,  and con-
tains nothing more, than the lights  and
heart ;  these  are the  vessels  of  blood,
wind and air, separated by a rim from all
other bowels ; the lights being the great
parts, which receive  and discharge the
wind; the nerves  and muscles   of the
heart  being burdened with  the  wind,
stops the proper motion of the blood, and
this still foments the lights, and then fol-
lows  much pain, but not much swelling
to be seen.  The cure is, first, bleed in
the mouth or neck, take from  half a pint
to a pint of French brandy, gin, whiskey
qr  rum made into  strong toddy, and as
much opium or laudanum as you  would
give a  man at three  times ;  this  being
       D/5                        well 
118 The Gentleman's Farmer's and

well mixed and warmed, teem it down
the  throat without loss, or  strangling;
wash it  down with warm water  ; move
him gendy- about, with cloathing of some
kind.    If  the  pain continues for two
hours, give him a purgative dose, such
as  one quart  of his  own  blood, or the
blood of another horse, stirred while run-
ning from the beast,  with a  spoonful of
salt to keep it from clodding,  mix to it
half a pint of molasses, some fresh but-
ter or hog's lard, and what simples you
please.    Again.  This complaint comes
in the great bag guts,  and then much
swelling and pain makes its appearance}
rolling and tumbling, smelling to his side
and flank,  like  unto that of the belly-
ache, so  called ; but the bottom of the
belly, in the griping or belly-ache, is \t-
ry hard.   For this cholic, you  must give
some speedy relief, such as a purge. You
may give spirit,  laudanum, castor oil,
and sweet-oil; the boughs of peach-tree in
summer,  and roots in winter, boiled very
strong and sweetened with molasses, and
give him a quart of the  decoction ; and
if necessary, in two hours  time moving
                                  him 
      Traveller's Pocket Companion. 119

 him about, repeat with a pint more, and
 clister with some salt and  fat beef soup,
 which you may have prepared in a short
 time.   When you have put in  from one
 to two  quarts, lash down his  tail and
 fasten it to a surcingle for one hour; then
 loose his tail and stir him  smartly, and
 give  him  warm  water.  Again.  You
 may  peel an onion, bruise it  some, and
 roll it in fresh butter, then roll  it in fine
 salt,  and with a small hand and arm run
 it into the horse up to the elbow, then tie
 the  tail as before directed, and at the
 same time move him, and give him warm
 bran and marsh, and I think it will effect
 a cure.                            ,

 Tor the Gravel and Cholic in the Kidneys.
   This  complaint comes,  like all other
 internal complaints, with pain and fever;
 the sign is, the beasts will show symp-
 toms of the cholic or belly-ache, lie down
 and stretch on the ground, and also when
 standing often stretch  themselves and
strain to make water, and seldom  make
much, which is very thick.  This disor-
der comes chiefly from being over-strain-
        d6                        ed 
 120   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 ed and heated, and from costiveness and
 a feverish habit of body, when the heat of
 the urine shrinks up the bladder; and if
 the stone is in the bladder,  the shrinking
 of the bladder drives the stone up in the
 neck  of the same ; and this gives  pain,
 and  will kill  if not  prevented  in time;
 and  one defence made in time is  better
 than  two if made when the complaint has
 hold already ; for here you must observe,
 you have a long way to shoot at the com-
 plaint.   Your charge must be very hea-
 vy and well aimed, for the efretick of the
 kidney is apt to follow.  You must have
 some  mungo chop, which you ought to
 have by you  winter and summer, for it
 is  best dry and fine, to beat up for horses
 all the year;  this and ellecampane, and
 horse  radish  used freely  in a stock  of
 horses might stop  many disorders of this
 nature.
  The mungo chop is known, I presume,
 by most  men to grow  from knee high to
 waist high, with a stiff stalk, and bears
 yellow blossoms, and  is famous  for fliei
 of  almost all kinds.  But to return to the
before-mentioned dose—You must have
                                     a 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  121

 a large handful of mungo chop,  and if
 you can get it, the like quantity of ele-
 campane  roots, water mellon, pumpkin,
 or cymbline seeds, and horse radish of
 the  size of your  finger,  and two large
 red  onions;  boil  these in three  quarts
 down to one, strain out your  liquor, add
 to it one spoonful of saltpetre, one gill of
 spirits, forty  drops of Harlaem- oil, by
 some called medicamentum, and is to be
 found in stores, and shops of druggists,
 in very small vials.  When your dose is
 ready, if the beast is not  accustomed to
 drenching, first try with warm water, and
 when  gentle,  nut  raising  the head too
 high, very savingly pour  down  the de-
 coc ion.
   Note.—It is best to close the Harlaem
 oil in a small ball of dough made  of flour,
 and wash it down with the above decoc-
 tion. This being done, clothe warm, and
rub the belly well with the handspike, and
 move for two hours; then wash the mouth
 with vinegar and  salt with a mop,  and
give scalded bran and oats ;  sprinkle the
hay  or fodder with salt water,  and rub
well every part of the beast.   If you se« 
 122  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 cause, repeat the second day or before—
 if bad, castile soap mixed with the above
 mentioned  decoction, or worked up in
 balls the size of an egg, and washed down
 with warm water for several  mornings,
 fasting, is very good for this complaint.
 Mind, in all such cases, to keep the bow-
 els open and  the fevers under, for it is
 one long step, and a very sure one to-
 wards effecting the cure.  You must first
 find  out the  complaint lying in those
 parts before you apply this.

            For the Lampers.
  I have found many men of good judg-
 ment to be under mistaken ideas relative
 to  this complaint  in young  horseo.—
 While shedding  their teeth, the roof of
 the mouth  will be very much fomented
 and swelled;  thus, some  apply to  the
 smith to have  the swelled part burnt out,
 and by that means hurt the young teeth,
 as well as prevents the horse from eating.
 You will find that all colts, until they are
 done shedding, will have the roof of the
mouth much swelled, but bleeding in the
mouth will reduce it.  In common, mind
                                   not 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  123

 not to cut above the third of the ridge of
 the mouth, and be cautious of the middle
 seam which  lies  up and down.   I think
 die mouth to  be the best place to let
 blood in many cases ; for when the beast
 drinks the blood, some part of the strength
 returns to the source from whence  it
 came, and it proves purgative to the bow-
 els.  But  to return to the lampers—:
 When aged horses slobber, or eat filthy,
 and have the bars of the month much
 swelled, and  you find cutting and salting
 will not remedy it, then burn light, but
 not burn the  teeth.  Let this be done by
 a careful hand.

        For  the Colt distemper.
   I have found that this cemplaint rims
 no farther than the colts and young horses
 that have not had it before.  I have also
 found  it to come  from cold and breed of
 nature,  without  having  the chance  of
 catching it at alL   No colt  or horse will
 take this complaint the second time, and
 it is not mortal with all ; but care ought
to  be taken to prevent danger; for I have
 known  this distemper to  go through  the
       D 8                         colt 
124  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

colt and break at the pasiern joint of  the
hind foot ;  again to run many  months,
also to follow  the back bone,  and break
with such a large swelling just by the fun-
dament as to  stop  the passage.   I have
found that exercise is the way  to brtak
the disorder in the head of anv beast, if
you take it in time ; such as hauling m
geers. riding,  jumping  fences, &c ;  but
before this is done,  you must  have some
sharp vinegar, and a surrenge,  or wash
well up the nostrils, with a mop made of
a limber twig, run it up nine  or ten inch-
es in the organs of the head, and then
start tht m ;  you may dog the colt, and if
his head should swell much, rub it  well
with goose, turkey or neet's foot  oil, from
the top of his head to the end of his nose.
Give a purgative medicine, and opening
food ;   rub and curry well;  keep warm,
and from cold ; bleed in the first coming;
make them  snort or whicker, and cough,
if possible ; if  it  should  break  in any
part, then clease the part, and heal from
the inside ;  first make  the cure  sound ;
let no ulcer of this  kind stand long, for it
sometimes turns to  the splint glanders, or
                                   the 
     Traveller's  Pocket Companion. 125

the running glanders, which will be hard
to stop^ and very likely run through your
stock of horses.
  The splint  glanders is of this nature,
that in some part of the front of the head
there comes a small issue which breedeth
from the organs  of the head, and is hard
to stop.   Distempers in aged horses may
be  treated in the same way,  but always
mind to keep warm, the body open, and
fevers under ; bleed at the first coming
of the complaint, then tar your mangers
and racks, and tar and oil of any sort rub
on his nose.  This done once a week will
prevent the rest  of  your stock of horses
from taking the  complaint, if not already
taken.

     How to prevent the Distempers.
   Have some stiff tar and cloves of gar-
lick sewed round the bit  with a  piece  of
strong linen.  This is very fine for health,
and one  wlapping, well put on, will last
for three or four weeks ; I have  had stud
horses to travel  seven years, and be with
many mares that had the  distemper, and
never had my studs hurt  with it.   Stud
       d 9                       mcr' 
126  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

merchants  and travellers ought  to mind
and pave their way with security.

How to judge the Stud to be a sure horse
          for getting foals.
  First notice his  cods, and if they be
large and well set,  it is a main  mark of
his being sure;  and the yard being very
short and small is also a very sure mark.
You may contradict if you will, but first
recollect if ever you knew a large over-
yarded horse to be a sure horse for a
foal; I will answer for myself, 1 never
did, and 1  xi ill give you my reason for it
By studying the conception  of the marc,
I find the parts for discharging her nature
to be but  a short  distance from the en-
trance of the bearing, and  the passage
being in  general small,  and the stud's
yard long and large, his discharge passes
by the discharge of the mare, and when
the stud comes off the  mare, the yard
draws out all of the mare's  nature, and
the discharge of both is not mixed, and
for the want of  that mixture of nature
the colt is not conceived, for there must
be some from hox\ or there is no breed,
                                     as 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   127

as the mixture of the mettle is the source
of breeding.  I  hope  you will pardon
me for making use  of language so un-
couth, but long  experience  has taught
me the same, and in conveying my ideas
I could not use other language.

         For Breeding Colts.
  If you  would have  a  horse  colt, put
your mare to the horse on or about the
ful). moon,  as  then you have the best
chance for horse  colts,  and on the de-
crease for mare colts, the signs being the
bowels.  If you would  take my advice,
cross  their  ages by putting the young
mare  to the  old horse, and the old mare
to the young horse ; cross the strain and
colour; never breed from the same strain,
or  breed from  or by  sickly horses or
mares.  If your mare should be hard to
stand, bleed her in the mouth at the time
of covering, and wet her by- leading or
riding her in the water up to the tail, or
throw cold water under the tail,  and stir-
ring pretty close.  Let your mare run to
grass for several days,  having neither
colts  nor horses with proud strings to
                                plague 
      128   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

      plague them, for this keeps the passions
      too high, and causes them to destroy by
      lust what is  or may be conceived; and
      you should mind to take your mare to the
      horse as she  goes out of heat, and  then
      have  a well-coloured, handsome horse
      standing before her.  If you would have
      particular marks, after the stud has teaz-
      ed her, walk her to the beast before her;
\      and,  after covering, if convenient, let
'.<      them  run together.   I have thought that
      work  mares  ought to be bred in the fall,
      and that it would be proper for them to
      foal while the grass is somewhat green,
      or to have a good lot for them to run in, to
      fill their udders with milk,  as well as to
      open the colt in the bowels, which ought
^     to be done with bran or soaked food be-
      fore and after foaling;   for many  colts
      are lost by this neglect, and  many others
      fall off and their growth is stopped for
      some  months.  But to return to  the fall
      colt—The mare has not  to labour so hard
      when she suckles the colt;  and thus the
      mare is fed with string food through the
      winter, and the milk must be richer, and
 \.     by a  little trouble you  may keep  both
ft     marc and colt in open order in the bowels. 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   129

If you notice horses that are raised in the
fall, vou will observe them to be more
hardy and  durable than the spring  Colt.
The colt will be fit for weaning, and the
mare for service by  the spring,  By ven-   *
turing and trying what I have advanced,
good experience may be bought.

How  to order in foaling and while with
                foal.
  While with foal you must mind in the
fall and summer ; observe, that from two
weeks after conceiving, there is danger of
Casting,  although at first inconceivable;
and for some  months  nothing  more
than  that of the  seanette, or the like.—
Caution ought to be used not to  over-
ride nor overstrain them, for these pror
duce  blindness, and sometimes one disas*
ter and sometimes another follows. When
in foal such mares as are gende in ger.rs,
it is very good for them to be so exercised,
as it opens  the parts, and you will find
such  mares to have quick relief, and  the
colts  to be  larger.  You should mind the
dieing of, the grass, for that is their weak
time,  and they are apt to cast their foals. 
 130  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 In winter time you must separate your
 breeding mares from such as  fight,  and
 feed them  well to  enable them to fetch
 forth their  colts with  life and  vigour.
 Let them  run at large, but  have  them
 stables or  good shelters to retire into at
 their leisure from the frost and rain.  A
 short time before  your mare is about
 foaling, feed her with boiled rye, and for
 want of it, wheat;  two  measures of rye
 or wheat, and one of flaxseed, boiled till
 it bursts;  mix these with  bran  husks,
 meal, or the fike, and to make them eat
 it, scalded bran is good, and then let them
 run on a  green grazing.  These are to
 help the dam and the colt both in different
 ways; and at the time  when your mare
 is about foaling, you should notice the
 teats for milk; for  one  day and a night
 there will be milk  and  not water—then
 watch  for fear of an   accident  taking
 place, such as hardness in  foaling, the
 colt's getting smothered, and the colt bag
coming down;  to avoid this, you must
cleanse it first with milk warm water and
a litde salt; then  have one  quart of new
 milk, add to  it as much fine allum as a
                                 spoon 
    Traveller's Poeket Companion.   131

spoon will hold, stir this up and add as
much vinegar as will turn it to curds and
whey;  strain out the whey, put one large
tea spoonfull ofthe flower of pepper, when
warm,  wash as before and likewise all
the parts; then put it up  carefully and
with a large  needle  and  single thread
doubled very often, take a stitch or two
across the bearing to keep  it up, and if it
should come down and will not stay up
by any means, then you  must find the
neck as you can, and  cut it off close up,
and the balance will return and cure, but
the mare will not breed  again, though
she will be serviceable to you.  This ap-
pears to be too incredible  to be believed,
but  by  calling on William  Kelly, of
Fowlen Creek, Caroline County, State of
Maryland, you will be satisfactorily in-
formed  as to  its  reality.  When your
mare has foaled, keep her open, and she
will be safe.   For want  of this I have
have known many colts die.

To raise Colts and break them to the sad-
            dle or harness.
  You must not work your mare if you
                                 wish 
 132 The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 wish to raise a  fine large colt, but force
 from the start and so continue.   But if
 you would wish to raise one for service,
 you must not force it for  the two first
 years, but the third; then take up and
 feed for light handling.  Here you must
 be  cautious, least  you should 'founder,
 which likely may injure your colt when
 size  and strength renders  it fit  for use.
 You must handle with care, such as rub-
 bing the  limbs,.haltering, and letting
 stand  in  the  stable ; then learn  him to
 stand tied to the rack ; then lead  out and
 circle ;  then learn him to stand bridled in
 the stable, and saddled"; then to  lead bv
 the  bridle and to circle'right  and left;
 then let some active boy or small man
 back him, and gently learn him  to walk
 fast, then to trot slow and fast,  then  to
canter right  foot  foremost.  When all
this is  done, and age  will admit, then
prepare him for seasoning, that is to say,
not too  fat nor too lean, too sweatty nor
too dry. Attend  to the bowels, and force
him into exercise by degrees—and mind
not to distress him, but feed, curry, and
rub well the joints.   If in warm weather
                                 bathe 
    Traveller's ^Pocket  Companion.  133

bathe in cold water, in cold weather warm
water;  for I must tell you that I think
no horse is fit for service until he is sea-
soned by some means or other for the
harness.  If you want him for the car-
riage, first teach him to ride in the blind
bridle for some days,  and teach him to
walk and then to trot with  the harness,
first tight, and then slack, and when you
find he travels well by the side of a gehde
horse, then try him with an old  carriage
or cart, which will  not rattle so as to
scare him,  teaching him first to walk,
then to trot, minding that your harness is
strong and fits well,  and be careful that
nothing  shall frighten or alarm  him so.
that he may have the advantage of run-
ning away or getting loose from the car-
riage ;  for many horses are spoilt in this
way, and when one  once runs away and
gets loose from the carriage, it is a long
time before he  can be depended upon.—
When you have the advantage of having
the horse well geared, and a good road to
try him, stamp pretty rapid on the floor
of the  carriage with  both feet, or run a
limber  stick through the spokes of the
                                wheel, 
 134   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 wheel, taking care to be well guarded in
 such cases,  and look a-head for such
 objects as he  will start, at,  and gendy
 use him without much whipping.   In all
 cases  in  breaking, never  whip at first
 while  in the harness,  but  ;et that alone
 for the last thing;  and in every instance,
 when you find your horse must and will
 halt in consequence of draft, or bad har-
 ness, bid him wo ! and this will encourage
 him to start  again better than whipping
 will.   If the saddle  or harness  should
 gall, bathe in hold water.

 The way to make Sharp Water for Sore
   Eyes, or to kill a humour in aores.
  Take a piece  of verdigrease, (which
 may be had  at the painter's hatter's, or
druggist's  shop,) of the size of a com-
 mon peach stone, to a  mustard bottle of
sharp vinegar, and when dissolved mix a
little white  vitriol in  it;  for  want of
which blue-stone  will do, and when used
put in more vinegar.   This preparation
is very fine for running at  the eyes and
to kill  humours  in ulcers, or in green
wounds.
                                    To 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   135

    To effectually  cure all Wind Galls.
  The signs of these I need not men-
tion ; but when you  find them to take,
the best  way that I ever found to treat
them, is to  take  your lancet or phlegm
and prick them middling deep, and then
put in a piece of blue-stone, the size of a
grain of  corn, and with good pitch spread
on soft leather, somewhat larger than the
grievance, lay ,t on hot, and press it hard
with your hand.   Let  this stand three
days, then draw off the plaister, and you
will find the blubber to follow it; but if
a string should keep it in, lay the second
plaister on,  and when you have got out
the blubb of flesh, which  must follow
the plaister, fill the hole with ointment,
and lay on your plaister of pitch.  One
or two dressings  will perfectly cure the
sore, and it will never return again.
  Note.'—-Rubbing and rest will lay them,
exercise  will cause them to return again.

A Poultice to draw out a Fever and ripen
             the  Swelling.
   First, have  white lily roots, which
grow in gardens,  and which have a root
                                  like 
 136  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 like the onion; these roots, well boiled in
 new  milk, and thickened with wheat or
 rye grudgeons, or shorts, is very fine for
 this purpose.  The river dock roots used
 in the same, are also good.   These, by
 some, are called marsh pumpkins; the
 roots are very large, and shaped like the
 callamas  root; this, by some,  is called
 snake root.   And   again: sage, dry ov
 green, in the same way, and in the feet or
 legs,  cow turd boiled in new milk—thick-
 en it with grudgeons, and rub some neat's
 foot oil on your poultice ; also, red  oak,
 or sassafras bark, well beat and boiled in
 water, and thickened with  grudgeons or
 shorts.   This poultice  must  be renewed
 once  a day,  and when you renew, clean
 off all that may stick to  the swelling, that
 the new one may have the  greater im-
 pression ;  and when the fever is properly
subdued, leave off the poultice and anoint
 with neat's foot oil and linseed oil mixed
together.   If you find that  matter has
formed, (to know which you  must judge
 by  the softness of one place more than
another) you must lay open  to miss the
 vein, and drain the  wound, still keeping
                                 your, 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   137

your poultice on to draw out the matter,
and then tent with flax or tow dipped in
ointment.  To heal the wound, cleanse
it  with Indian physick, or poke  root,
boiled in chamber ley, as it keeps the hu-
mours  under, and reduces the swelling—
it  is also a great healer of wounds  or
sores.

Of the diseases of the Gall, and especially
            of the Tellows.
   From the  overflowing of  the  gall,
which  is the  vessel  of  colour, springs
many mortal diseases, especially the yel*
lows, which  is an extremly fainty and
mortal sickness if not prevented in time.
The signs are, yellowness  of the  eyes
and skin, and chiefly underneath the up-
per lip next  to the  foreteeth;  a sudden
faint, falling down on the high way, or in
the stable, and an universal sweat over all
the body.  The cure is—first bleed the
horse in the neck  or mouth, or under the
eyes ; then take two  spoonsful of saffron,
(which may be had at the apothecary's, and
it is raised in gardens, for it is a herb with
the blossoms of which women often dye
                               yellow) 
 138   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 yellow.)  which  being dried  and  made
 into nne  powder, mix it with sweet but-
 ter in  the  manner  of a  pill; give it in
 balls  to the horse three  mornings toge-
 ther ; let his drink be warm, and his hay
 or fodder sprinkled with salt  and  water.

               Or Again,
   Take a quart of milk,  a pint of cyder
 and a small -piece of allum ; beat these
 well together until they become curds and
 whey, then strain out the curd, take three
 or  four ounces of casteel soap,  slice it
 small and boil it a quarter of an hour;
 when luke warm  give it to the horse to
 drink; then take his back and ride a gen-
 tle pace for an hour; clothe and keep him
 warm in all such cases.   This has often
 been tried upon human species as well as
horses—the taking and walking, or stir-
ring upon it, an hour or more, and taking
it but two mornings together, never failed
of curing those  that  have been  so far
spent  as to be given  over by the  physi-
cians.   For the  human species a lesser
quantity than for a horse. 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.    139

 For Truncheons, or Botts*—by H. Pratt,
        of §>ueen-Ann's county.
   First, drench with new milk and mo-
 lasses, a pint or more of each made warm;
 then  have one quart of the decoction of
 tobacco boiled very strong, add to  it a
 piece  of blue stone, the  size of two grains
 of corn, melted in it, and  two spoonsful
 of hog's lard or fresh butter—fifteen  mi-
 nutes must  be given  between the  two
 drenches ; then stir  the beast for half an
 hour, and rub the belly well with a hand-
 spike ;  then glister every half hour until
 you find him to purge freely.  You must
judge for yourself, for I have not yet had
■an opportunity of trying it ; but if I do,
 I shall try the second drench, with a  pint
 of raw linseed oil, for want boil'd will do,
 which may answer  to purge out the poi-
 sonous  worms, and to heal the bowels^—
 some  salt petre and rosin must follow the
 latter for many purposes ;  also of feeding
 your horses on well ground apples before
 the cyder is pressed out, and then give ex-
 ercise, which will purge the more by the
 worms  letting go their hold to suck the
 sweet substance of the new cyder, and by 
 140  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 that means they wifl be purged out of the
 beast.  This was found out by a gentle-
 man of Queen  Ann's county, by accident,
 having a press  of  cyder ground over
 night, and his horses getting to the trough
 and eating at their leisure  what they
 would; next  morning being  put on the
 wheat yard, when the straw  was cull'd
 from the wheat and chaff, the truncheons
 which were found gave rise to the above
 direction; and I have always found expe-
 rience to be the best teacher of mankind,

      How to make the Oil of Oats.
  Take two gallons milk, warm it on the
 fire, and put into  it a quarter of a poind
 of burnt allum, which will make it run
 into a curd; then take out the curd, strain
 the whey  through a coarse cloth, into a
 clean vessel; take a quarter of a  peck of
 clean husked oats, that were never dryed,
 put them into the whey and set them on
the fire; let it boil until the oats burst and
be soft, then put them  in a cullender that
 has holes in it,  so that the whey  may go
gently from them without pressure, for
vou must keep the oats as  moist as possi-
                                   ble 
     Taveller's Pocket Companion.   14t»

ble.  This done, put the oats in a frying
pan and set them over the fire,  stirring
them continually till you see the vapour
not to ascend upwards, but, as it were,
run about the pan, then suddenly take it off
and put them into a press, and press them
exceedingly hard; what comes from them
is the oil only, which you must save in a
close  glass.   There are  other ways to
distil and extract this oil, but this is of all
others the most easy and sure.  This oil
of oats is of all medicines  and simples
whatsoever, the most excellent and sove-
reign for a horse's body, as being extract-
ed from  the most  wholesome and  best
food which belongs to ahorse.  By giving
four or five spoonsful of this oil at a time
in a pint of sweet wine or a quart of cy-
der, or seme of the  whey, poured into the
horse's nostrils,  cures the glanders before
all  other  medicine.  It is also given in
the same  manner as the  best of purga-
tives, for it  purges away all  the  veno-
mous and filthv humours that feed the
most incurable Farcy whatsoever.
For 
 142   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

           For the Navel Gall,
   Which comes on the joint of the back-
 bone, just over the navel, and from bad
 saddles and repeated hurts from the  sad-
 dle.  After they have got their growth
 some will be be as large as half an apple,
 which is very much in the way, and as
 long as the horse is rode, with saddle or
 bag, it will grow worse.  The cure is,
 when they first come, to apply a cold bath
 of water, then have  some oil of vitriol,
 and spirits of brandy or rum, and sharp
 vinegar, mix all  these  together, a like
 quantity in a vial, and just wet the griev*
 ance with a feather; this done once a day
 fot five or six days, will lay it flat.   The
 above mentioned mixture I have latterly
 proved to be very fine for any swelling,
 such as  the  fistula, pole-evil,  swelled
 hams, knots on the fore hock, or elbow
joint, which comes   by lying on  plank
 floors, and I think it would be good for
 splint, spavin, ring-bone, or wind-gall.—
 When this mixture is applied, you must
 tie the horse up to the rack or limb.  You
will  find the oil of vitriol at the druggist's
shop, and  it costs but trifling.  If the
                                 navel 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion*   143

navel gall has been a long time standing,
you must lay it open length ways of the
back, and you  will find a round sub-
stance which grows on the back bone, and
no where else; this round substance  is
very tough; you must split it open and
put in  a little arsenick, by some called
rat's bane  (which may be had at the
druggist's) ; you must be very careful of
this poison, and  after you have put in
the latter, for two or three days you must
take your hook and knife anil cut out
all around the substance as much as you
can; if you can get it all out, then mix
some lime  and  arsenick; twice as much
of the lime as the arsenick, and. in the a-
bove mentioned you must, as before di-
rected,  cut and clean the gristle all out,
and  when it is out, then apply  the oint-
ment ; if it should run too much, fill the
wound with lime once in two  days; then
wash it clean  with good old soap and
urine ;  then use your ointment again, and
it will heal  up quite flat, and  never rise
again.
   Note.—The  ointment you have laid
down in this book.
                              Txventy 
 144  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 Twenty minutes advice to the Purchaser.
   As it is so customary for men to lie
 and cheat in the sale  and  swapping of
 horses,  that I would wish to give some
 simple advice to the purchaser, because
 the seller has generally the  advantage of
 him.   When you go to  buy, insist for a
 few days trial to see if the  seller will al-
 low it ;  and if you find  him willing,
 you may think better of  it;  then in some
 cases you may insist for such a price,
 more or less,  to  be reduced  for every
 year the beast shall be found older  than
 the selling age ; and if you find him wil-
 ling to  such proposals,  you may think
 something of the trade,  for  if  the seller
 knows his horse not to be sound,  and is
 older than he sells or trades him for, he
 will seldom consent to such requirement,
 if he  came by him honest and wishes to
 See you again.  When you have a mind
 to trade, and have satisfied yourself  with
 the shape of tfu* horse,  mount his  back
 and try his gaits, then ride him half speed
for half a mile, alight suddenly and  hold
his nostrils with your hand to stop his
wind for half a minute; this is to try him 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   145

 for  distempers,  and to  know  how his
 Wind is.  If he should breathe clear and
 snort strong, and nothing like matter fol-
 low, nor distress- of limbs, mount and
 gallop back  the  half mile again,  then
 alight and tie him, for holding is not a fair
 way to judge his limbs,  and if  you find
 him to stand firm on every leg, bearing
 an equal part of  the weight of his  bodv
 on each, so standing for some time, and
 holding up his head, will give you reason
 to believe his wind and limbs to be sound.
 But if,  on the contrary,  you find him to  ,
 breathe  hard and  snort inwardly  and
 weakly, it shows  the beast is not sound;
 and if he should stand shackling, first fa-
 vouring  one leg1 and then another, you
 may see his limbs are not sound; and if
 all stands clear,  smell the breath, and if
 sweet, look underneath the upper lip for
 the symptoms of the truncheons, and if
 you find the lip lumpy, and the lumps ap-
 pear angry, red or yellow, you may know-
there is clanger of the worms.'  As to the
 sight of the eye, you must try b  waver-
 ing your hand, and then  stand right be-
 fore'the hnr>-.- and U^k  exactly through 
 146  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 the  eyes,  as then  you  may see all the
 parts of the eye.   As I have now  given
 you some hints to guide you in the pur-
 chase of horses, I hope you will profit by
 them; and should you shortly  try, you
 will be better  guarded against  the dro-
 vers who  frequently  pass through the
 state, and who make a deal of money in
 consequence of the ignorance of our ci-
 tizens relative to the good or bad qualities
 of their  horses.   Should,  however, my
 directions  be  not  sufficient,  I  may  be
 blamed,  although I have given the best
 information I possess.

 Of Sickness in Horses~-such as Fevers.
   Sickness, in general, is of two sorts-
 one, offending the whole body, the  other,
 a particular member.   The first of thtm
 is not  visible,  the other is apparent.—
 The demonstrations  of the first are  fe-
 vers of all sorts, such as the quotedian,
 tertian quartern, and hectick fevers, pes-
 tilential  fevers,  accidental,  or general
 plague, and are known by  the following
 signs :—much trembling, panting, sweat-
ing,  and  sad  countenance; hot breath,
                               faintness 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   147

faintness in labour, decay in the stomach,
costiveness in  the body; any, or all  of
which when perceived, to stop their pro-
gress, you must first let the horse blood,
and then take a large handful of white lily
roots and tops, as much  wormwood, the
same of rue,  somewhat less of sage, and
six or eight cloves of garlick, wash them
clean, beat them all in a mortar together,
when done, boil them in three pints of well
worked cyder down to one  quart, then
strain it, add some liquorice, (which may
be had  of the doctors  or apothecaries)
and add thereunto half a pound of sweet
butter;  which, being hike warm, give it
by way  of a drench.   Mungochop roots,
elecampane roots, which grow  in gar-
dens,  green or dried, boiled and powder-
ed, and fed with husks,  bran, or the like,
is very good for fevers.   Again : the in-
side bark of the quivering asp tree, dried
and powdered, or boiled green, and wet
food,  are good for fevers;   and horse
radish beat and fed with, or steeped in vi-
negar, with their food wet, is also an ex-
cellent remedy for fevers.
p 2                  Directions 
 148   The Gentleman's, Farmers and

 Directions for Docking Horses and Colts.
   Dock your colt the first fall after it is
 foaled, for the weight of a heavy  tail
 will, in common, cause the rump to turn
 down  and hurt the shape  of the colt.—
 At nine days  old  it is not a bad time to
 dock, but if this time is neglected, mind
 in the  fall after when  the flies are pretty
 well over, for it is bad that the colt  should
 be switching his tail, because it is  injuri-
 ous  to the curing up of the tail.   Mind,
 you must not let the weather be  cold, for
 many fine colts and horses have lost their
 lives by the haw and hooks, which have
 originated from budding the tail or dock-
 ing, and the weather being cold, and be-
 ing neglected, and not kept stabled and
 warm.  When you find the season  will
 admit  of  docking, have some  strong
thread, just lain together, and when  you
have parted the hair for the length of the
tail, cast your string around once or twice,
and let it be loose;  stand right behind
the colt or horse, and hold your hand un-
derneath the tail, keeping the tail straight
up with the body, and mind when the tail
is in no motion  for pulling down,  and
                                 when 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  149

 when the beast stands easy and lets the
 tail lie still in your hand, then draw the
 string tight,  wrapping it several  times
 around and tie it, minding to save string
 enough to  tie very secure on both sides
 of the tail  some hair, which you must
 take from  the upper  part of the tail on
 both sides; also,, give the tail some little
 turn up to make it stand handsome, tying
 and  notting those small  twists of hair
 brought down from the upper part of the
 tail.   Now, with your sharp wide chisel
and  block, cut off the tail just bolow the
 wrapping,  anoint the end of the tail with
 healing ointment, and  keep  the beast
 from cold  or rain, watching the eyes for
 the hooks.   After a day and  a  night, or
 longer, you may take off the  string, and
 very little  nursing will effect  the cure.—
 For some  weeks notice  the  eye for the
 hook or haw.

 How to order your Stud for  the Season.
  In the first place,  you must mind to
have your  horse in nice solid order, with
•good hard food, such as sound yellow
 corn, some ground,  boiled  and salted,
       i: 3                         but 
150 The Gentleman's, Farmers anil

but not much of the homony in February.
Have homony ground fine, and feed with
one mess of it, one of corn, and one of
oats.  Have your fodder sprinkled with
salt and water,  and fodder and hay both
sweet.  Bran is very good  for opening
the bowels, but you must not feed much
with it.   Mind the order of the body,
keep it open, the  fevers under,  and feed
regular.   If your horse be in bad order,
bleed and purge  him  for  fear of the
scratches, or the mange  in the tail; when
in proper order give exercise every day
for some time before you start  out with
your stud, and mind to  start  in time,  a6
this is a great advantage, for if you should
not meet with such encouragement as you
think you can find elsewhere, you have a
chance to try for the better, and it serves
to keep other stud horses off.  Feed well
and travel slow, keep the body  open, the
fevers well under, and the urine free.—
When your stud first  begins  to cover
mares, pay some attention to the growth
of the moon, as that planet has great in-
fluence in regard to that duty or practice
on the human and brutal creation, and fix
                                    if 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   151

it so as to be at your full stand as much as
possible.  You may, on  the  increase of
the moon,  give saltpetre  very often, and
messes  of scalded meal,  homony, bran,
oats, rye, and  some green wheat, grass,
or clover, cut fine in it.  When the grass
comes plenty, feed with  it, but do not
make too free, for it will take away the
horse's appetite from the  other food. On
the days he covers feed somewhat light,
and water  very little, as the belly and
bladder must not be burthened, for these
will make the horse slack.  As often as
you find the yard  foul, carefully cleanse
it  with  warm  water, soap, and a cloth,
and grease  it well with hog's lard,  or
fresh  butter—mind  to handle the  part
very  careful,  for you may cause it to
swell.

At what age you shouldhandle and cover.
   You must handle very lightly at three
years old, and that by some careful hand.
Learn the colt the command of the bridlle
and to understand as much the words of
the groom as  is necessary, for this is a
great thing for the stud to know, and  he
        s 4                          is 
 152   Tlie Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 is easily taught before the colt is suffered
 to  cover mares.  The colt  must hot be
 rode much in the fourth year, if you wish
 him to have good feet and legs, and clear
 of  wind galls, as using of young horses
 hard,  the  hoofs and sinews, and bones
 and joints being young and  tender, cau-
 ses many young horses to  be stiff with
 hardships before old age  conies on, and
 disfigures  them  with many  eye-sores,
 such, as the spavin, wind gall, splint, ring-
 bone,  and the like.   But to return to the
 stud colt.  You must not let him  cross a
 mare until the spring he is four years old,
 and then but few, and  those of the best
 brood  mares you can get  to him, and
 for such men as will try  to raise  the
 colts well, for covering colts young will
 spoil their shape, and especially the neck,
 which is a bad member to be spoiled*—
 It likewise makes the horse slack in cov-
 ering,  and will be very apt to wind gall
 his  hind feet.  It may appear hard to lay
 out the use of your colt four years, and
 be  at  the expence of  raising him until
 that time, but by following my instruc-
tions, and having luck on your side, you
                                   will 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.  -143

will soon double your interest, and add to
the principal.

       Directions in many cases.
  In the first place,  men must acquaint
themselves with the nature and virtue of
simple, medicines—such  as  salts of the
different kinds ; calomel; jallup ; lauda-
num ; opium ; assafoedita ;  oil of vitriol:
castor oil; rheubarb ; aloes ; essence of
peppermint ;  antimony,  and antimonia!
wine ;  sugar candy ; anniseed ; percipi -
tate ; red and yellow quick silver $ sweet
oil, and ail kinds of purgative medicines.
Such as is good for  the human species
is good for the brutal creation in the same
complaints, and springing from the same
causes or misfortunes ; as a cold bringing
on a cold or cough, phthisic, or any thing
of  that kind; such as overcharging  the
stomach, and then the exercise being such
as to bring on the  cholic, or  cause  the
beast to loose his appetite ; and in almost
all cases  the self same simples that will
cure the man will also help the beast—but
the dose must be from three  to five timer.
) V quantity for fire horse as for the mars 
 154  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 In extreme cases you must enlarge your
 dose, but the larger the dose  the greater
 caution must be used ;  never drench
 whilst you can help, and you may  reme-
 dy a great deal of drenching ; by inclos-
 ing your medicine in balls of dough, made
 of flour, and putting the balls down to the
 root of the tongue with your ball iron or
 long spoon, and then washing them down
 with warm water,  you may give several.
 In such cases, if one ball will not contain
 the simples in this way, you Avill not loose
 much of the dose, and by washing down
 the dose with warm water the danger of
 the dose getting into the  wind-pipe, and
 from thence to the lites, which is the ves-
 sel of  wind ;  and. if your dregs should
 lodge in the pipes and lites you cannot get
 any helps to that part, as these parts is for
 nothing but the ..wind to pass backwards
 and forwards. In the bad management of
 drenching many horses loose their  lives ;
 therefore, I have ever been  prejudiced
 against that of harsh drenching ; if you
 must drench, you must not have a dose
 so very strong as to strangle the beast—
but haye the more in quantity, and mind
                                  not 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  155

 not to raise the head too high.   That of
 sweating is very fine for the brute as well
 as the human ; and that of  keeping the
 horse to a small and opening diet, which
 is very  fine for reducing fevers.
   You must pay great regard to this one
 point: of a feverish habit of  body, barks
 and bitters is  very fine,  for the stomach
 must be kept in proper order, for the acid
 which lies  on the  stomach in a feverish
 habit of body,  must be removed  before
 the cure can be made.   Many directions
 for fevers  have been  laid down in this'
 book.   The white asp tree is mentioned
 before,  but not properly explained, and  I
 believe  very  scarce in  this part of the
 world ;  but there are a few, and commonly
 called by the name of the quivering asp ;
 because, in  the greatest  calm,  while the
 leaves  are on  the tree,  they are always
 trembling and  quivering ;  and as for the
 direction of many doses, I have prescri-
bed 'as  little as you need  to give,  as I
 wish all unskilful persons to practise with
 caution, and when such persons shall ac-
 quaint themselves  with small quantities
then they may enlarge  their doses—anti-
       e 6                        mony 
156  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

mony in particular, for this is one great
medicine, and  in some cases you may
give double or treble the portion I have
laid  down ; but the  larger the dose the
more care  you must take, for there  is
more danger in lessening any dose of me-
dicine  than in  enlarging it, if you are
cautious and take proper steps to work it
off;  one particular point is, to give good
exercise and opening  drink ; keep the
beast warm and clear from wet weather
or dews.

      To stop a Lax, or Scchiring.
   You will find this complaint to be very
apparent and very injurious to the beast.
It comes from heats, colds, and the like,
and  sometimes from the  stomach being
weak, preventing him from grinding and
digesting his food in the proper order of
the passage, and the food passing through
the bowels, and not being refined in good
order for the  passage, but very rough,
and in  that rough  and  wearing  state,
strips off the coating of the bowrels, and
the danger is great if you let it run long.
But to stop this complaint, yoa may first
                                  pletl
1 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  157

bleed a little, and  then  give purgative
medicines, such as  nine table spoonsful
of castor oil, and work it off with scald-
ing water poured in bran, and let it stand
until  it becomes  somewhat cool, then
strain it out  and  give it to the beast to
drink, and one day after follow it with a
dose  ol antimony,  of which you may
give one table spoonful, and work it off
with  sassafras root, boiled ;  cause them
to drink  of the  water; first wesken it
with water when the beast will drink it,
and then you must make it strong, and
you will find  the beast to have a very
great drouth.  When you have  worked
off the antimony follow it with  a spoon-
ful of saltpetre and rosin, half  and half,
and so continue for several days.  You
may stop  this complaint with antimony,
bv following it with a table spoon even-
full of salt petre, and the same ci" rosir.,
with the like  quantity of clean lime ;  and
if the coating should be quite off, and you
cant stop  the scouring, then  take  the
volks of six  new eggs,  and beat then
well up, a qurrt of new milk, and boil i ,
ar.d then half a pint of bees-wax mad :
         e 7                       hot, 
 158   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 hot, and poured  into the milk;  stir the
 milk and wax well together,  and when
 cool enongh to give the horse,  put in the
 eggs,  stirring  all 4well together, and so
 give it to the beast, fasting, and continue
 so to do  for several mornings.  In fol-
 lowing these  directions, you must keep
 the  beast from  cold water,  the  body
 warm, stable well bedded, and the horse
 well rubbed and curried.

      To  help Cattle in many cases.
   Cattle  and sheep, in my mind, are va<
 luable animals, and I  frequently  think
 that most men  do not take sufficient care
 of them.   I have to lament, for my own
 part, one thing—the suffering of my young
 cactle by the coldness of winter and rainy-
 weather, producing shiverings, and their
bodies apparently drawn up, although I
 often provide shelters for them, and in
 such weather have  them corned and well
 fed, and I seldom give the tanners a mur-
ri.in hide in six years.  By some trouble,
I save my young ones, but when 1 see
great farmers loosing their cattle in win-
ter, spring, summer, and1 fall, with the
                                hollow 
Traveller's Pocket Companion  159
hollow horn, I make tip my mind,  that
it is too often the case that the poor cattle
have been suffering with the complaint of
the hollow belly and  cold back, which
breed many mortal complaints, and often
terminates  with the loss of  your cattle,
to your sorrow, and I may say, to your
shame.  But pardon me if I should make
you angry; dont damn the fool, and say
I'll read no more.  But when your cattle
begin to be more than ordinary wet, and
have a running at the nose and eyes, and
look heavy-headed,  feel the  horns  and
sound them with a  small stick ;  if they
feel cold and sound hollow, then with a
small gimblet bore  in the top side of the
horn half way of it, and if it be  hollow,
bore with a larger gimblet to pour in the
stuff.   Take  sharp vinegar,  and half as
much spirits  of turpentine, some honey
and brandy, and some fine ground black
pepper ; shake all these well together and
team  in the hole made  with  the gimblet,
and if it should run out at the nose, dont
be discouraged, but  repeat twice every
day ;  stop the hole in the horn, and  feed
well with ground and boiled food,and keep
       r. 8                          k 
1G0  The Gentleman's, Fanner's and

it warm in  cold  weather.  Such  cattle
you had better make beef of the first op-
portunity you have, as although they ap-
pear to be very sound, they are apt to
fall off again.    Several  oi' the above-
mentioned simples of themselves wi.l an-
swer for  the complaint,  but all, in ex-
treme cases,- is best. Unskilful hands may
try by  the horns of the other cattle. The
salting of cattle often is very fine to pre-
vent this disorder, as well as many others.
You will find that the teeth will get very
foul by feeding on the grass, and the salt
has a  tendency to  cieanse them, and to
purge the bowels  and blood. To prevent
the cattle  from  laying on the cold and wet^
ground in the winter, put a little straw or
litter in small flat heaps for their beds in
the field, or feed yards, and you will find
them to rest on them, and no where else
when they find  them  out.  Lay out beds
for all, or the  master ones will have all.

 To enlarge the breed of Cattle, and''to
             increase Milk.
   You must not keep a bull of your own
breed  oi  cattle, for this is one reason, I
                                 think,
i 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   16»

Mnk, why our cattle depreciate, and arc
so weakly that the cold Weather soon over-
powers them. When the bull of the same
eow gets his dam with calf,  how  can
you look for any stock but what wall pe-
rish and dwindle  away? Also, the bro-
ther and sister breeding from each other   v \
is equally bad ;  and letting young heifers
run with the bull, and before the heifer is
half grown, in  common they  get  with
.:alf, and then the growth  is  generally
spoiled, and the calf has not milk to rais.e.
it,  for if it was to have all, the young-
heifer would have to graze on  common
pastures.   This, and  the  hints  before-
mentioned, is the  reason why we  have
such small and weak cattle, and so little
of  milk, butter, cheese, Sec.  But if we
would keep the bull from jumping the
cow until he  had pretty  well got  his
growth, and the heifers  likewise, and put
heifers with aged  bulls, and young bulls
with aged cows ;  and if you have large.
well made and well marked'stears,  that
will, jump your  cows for lr.tlf a day be-
fore'you let the bull  to the cow,  your
 •rdves will, in onnmon. hnvc the likeness
       ct 9                          -rvi 
162   The Gentleman'*, Farmer's ana

of the stear, although like begets like;
and if you think so,  you must mind to
let your breeding kind get their growth,
and they must be of the best stamp.—
When your cow is likely to calve in win-
ter, feed with slops, Irish potatoes, and
turnips boiled and thickened with husks,
and^salt it—Pumpkins are also x-cry good.
This  done before and after calving -vvill
fill the udders with milk, and when once
filled, you may more handily  keep them
full. But if a you. gcow calves in winter,
and has  nothing to fill  the milk vessels
with,  you will  find them  never to have
large  bags with that calf, and if the bag is
small the milk  cannot be very plenty.

For Cows, when misfortunes happen in
               Calving.
   Sometimes y:>u will find a hardness to
calve, then you must have a quart of cy-
der, mulled with eggs, and a good quan-
tity of ginger and butter;  sweeten it with
molasses, to strengthen and  nourish the
cow ; if they are lying down, raise them
up and  move them some little :  you
may sometimes find, abeut an inch within
                                    the
1 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.  163

the  bareing, a  string which  draws the
bareing  and keeps the calf back, which
string you must cut, above and below, so
that the calf may come forth ; you may
then draw it away from the  cow easily :
—be sure that you take no more of  the
cleaning away  than  is loose, least you
do harm, as perhaps the remainder will
follow ; then take rosin, finely powdered,
and dust it well upon the calf bag, and
what remains  of the  cleaning put it up
again;  if it should  again come down,
you must have a large needle and a single
thread doubled  very  often; then take  a
stitch, or more, if it requires it, and if it
will not stay, you must take the skin of
the back over the first, second,  cr third
joint, forward  of the joining cf the hips,
double up  the skin,  and stick a large
 shoe-maker's awl through the skin, and
 let it stick ; this is to make the cow draw-
 up her back and tighten her bearing. If
 you find it will not stay up, you may,with
 safety, cut off the calf bag, and the  cow
 will do well, but she will not breed again.
 You had better lose the breeding than the
 cow and breeding both. Y'ou must mind
                                 tb cut 
164  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

the calf bag close to the neck of the bag,
which you may know by the small part
and the hardness  of the  part more than
the other parts.   You  may think hard
and dispute the authority of the forego-
ing facts, but I can prove it by creditable
witnesses, and if  it is tried  in time, and
with some little judgment, I will bear the
blame on its failure, barring accidents or
other disorders.  In this,  and all other
cases  of the kind, you  must feed well
with nourishing food, but not much corn,
and have it sound and boiled, but ground
is  best—boiled flax seed is very  fine—
you must use salt with the food.
r

   Things good to breed Milk in Kine.
  If your cow's milk, after  she has calv-
ed, comes not down, take some corrian-
der and anniseed, (for  want of anniseed
fennel seed will  do) what quantity you
please ; pound the  seeds very  fine, ar.u
put them  into a  quart  of good mulled
cyder, and give her a quart two or three
mornings  together.  Those seeds must
he  steeped  or boiled, ;,,, ;:s to get the
                              <;-!vngth 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.   165

strength out of them.   This will cause
the milk to spring and come down.

       To  know if Cattle be \stfund.
   Grip them on the  back with  your
hand,  behind the fore  shoulder, and  if
not sound, they will skrink back ; on the
contrary, if  sound, they will not shrink
in the  least.
                     *
For diseases in the guts of Cattle, such as
         the Flux, Cholic, &?c.
  If at any  time  your beasts be troubled
with the cholic, or belly-ache, or a gnaw-
ing of  the guts, the signs will  be  appa-
rent.   It  will speedily  give ease if you
boil a good  quantity of sweet oil in the
water they driak.  For the bloody flux,
g ve the beast some powder of the  wild
rose bush  seeds, dried and well bruised,
steeped in a quart of well worked cyder,
and it will effect a cure.

   For Cattle that have lost their Cud.
  The cattle, thus  situated, will moan,
and cannot eat, for they cant digest  what
they have  already eaten.   Tak« part of
                               another 
166   The Gentleman1,si Farmer's and

cow's cud, and ctiuse them to eat it; mind
to take a cow for a cow, an ox for an ox,
and every kind to its kind.  Take dough
made of rye-flower,  (for want of which
wheat will answer)  and make the beast
swallow it, and wash it down with cyder.
Others have taken very salt beef, and put
a piece thereof down with the  cyder.—
Some take what is  called  cow's  reed,
(whicftVis a part of the entrails of the cow)
which they dry to make milk in a proper
curd for cheese ;  this salt and dry, and
make them eat several pieces of the for-
mer  and  latter.   Rub  the  tongue and
mouth well with  salt and vinegar, and a
small mop.

For Cattle sxvelled by eating green corn,
      wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c.
  Rake them well to clean the passage,
and give them a  plenty of exercise, such
as jumping fences, walking and trotting;
let them have but little  water,  and thin
gruel sweatened  With molasses is  very
fine.  If you find them very bad, bleed
in the neck vein  like you would bleed  a
horse, and catch  about half a gallon of the
                                 blood 
   Traveller's Pocket Companion,   167

blood in some vessel, with a handful of
fine salt therein, and all the time the
blood is running stir it well to  keep it
from clodding; pin up the vein  to stop
the blood, then drench the beast with the
half gallon of blood you have drawn, and
then give a plenty of gruel—and this  is
a very fine  purge for horses and cattle.

         For Worms in Cattle.
  The signs are, they look wild and run
to and  fro, and bellow, and sometimes
run at people.  Their veins are large and
full,  which  demonstrates it to be  the
worms.  The cure is, to bleed and save
the blood as* above  directed,  and add
about half  a pound of hog's lard melted,
and a pint of molasses; stir all  well to-
gether,  and drench the beast;  two hours
after  the drench has been taken, take a
gill of rum or brandy,  (French is best)
one  heaped  spoonful  of  gun-powder,
shake  and stir  them well together, and
team it slowly down the throat, and stir
the beast.
For 
 For a  Cow that dont clean well after
                calving.
  I have, found those cows that are low in
 flesh, and not properly in strength to fetch
 forth their calves with  quick dispatch,
 to be most subject to  many disorders.
 One week before the cow is to calve you
 must feed  well  with  boiled stuff, or
 ground food, some rye and flax seed well
 boiled and thickened with bran, and salt-
 ed slops,  wash, and the like ; but if the
 cow should not clean well, you may first
 try this :  take  a large handful of tar;zy
 roots, well  washed and boiled in spring
 water, pretty strong,  then have three or
 four egg shelis well beaten together, add
-a handful of soot, and three spoonsful of
 ginger, beat these well together, then have
 the liquor of the tansey warm, mingle all
 well together, sweaten it with mohsses,
 and give it as a dreneh.  Others  boil sa-
 vin and wet bran, or husks, cho; t corn,
 meal, or the like with the  decoction of
 savin, and say it is very good.   Some
 roast corn in the fire,  and when  roasted
 and cold, bore out the pt:tb, and put in
 some gunpowder, and give  it to the cow
                                    to 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  160-

to eat, but^youjiad better nurse your cow
some little time before she calves, for in
common, our rule is  to let the cow feed
on  dry and  harsh food until  she calves,
which in bringing forth  her calf,  opens
the the joints and part of the cow, and
very much weakens the dam ; then feed
plentifully with food not nourishing,which
fills the dam with fevers, and often caus-
es them to  lose the use  of their limbs ;
the  fevers dries up  the milk, and  of-
ten binds the calf in the  body, so that it
cannot thrive-—by these means both are
injured.

            To break Oxen.
  The  best way  I  have yet found  to
break steers of age and size, is to have
them roped with some strong rope, which
will not draw tight on the head so as to
make the head swell, and fasten them to
some strong house,  such as  log houses
are   best, and there let them stand, not
giving them rope enough to hobble them-
selves, until they will eat, and suffer you
to  handle them  and take corn out  of
your hand ; handle  them often, which
                                  you 
1 TO    The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

you may do in two or three days time,
sometimes  less ; then have a long yoke
made for three oxen to be yoked in,  and
then put the young one in the middle be-
tween  two gentle steers ; fasten in  your
middle bow  with  two  keys; this is to
learn  him to walk, and when you  have
learnt him to walk  gently about the  field
or road, suffer him by no  means to  run
:away.   Then take a short yoke and one
of your old oxen,  putting the young one
on the hand you mean for  him to  haul
on, and yoke them, and gently  putting
the cart on them, with a strong hand and
large rope to the young  one, walk  them
awhile with the empty cart,and then light-
ly load it and learn him to haul.   W hen
you  find by  the weight of  the  draught
that your steers must stop, bid them  woe,
and this  will encourage them to take the
draught  again.   Mind and never  have
your steers beat by any means, until you
find nothing else will do.  Strive first to
exercise patience  and  pity, and likely
in this time your steers will learn  to be
witty.  But  let me  advise  you m one
thing, that is, to handle vour steers when
                               young; 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  171

young;  for I have had some handled
when but very young and small, which
have made the most fleet and best oxen.
When you  undertake them in this way,
have yokes made to answer  the sizes,
and your little boys will be very dextrous
in handling  and feeding, and this will
gentle them and cause them to grow ;
when once  made gentle,  and let run at
large for a whole  season, handle them
again and  you will  find, them to yield
quick. Bend the bough whilst it is young
and it is hot so apt to break.

To kill Lice, or Wolves,  or  Warbles in
               Cattle.
  The  former and  the latter are  both
very bad companions for cattle. The for-
mer, I  judge,  the most of farmers is
too well acquainted with not to know
them,without description ; and you have
found it  likely that when your cattle car-
ry many of them about them,  that they
are not burdened with much flesh.  The
best way you can get rid of them is, to
have some mercurial  ointment, whieh
you can get at the  druggist's shop—and
                                   an 
- !f&  The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

  an  elevenpenny box will kill the lice oir
  ten or twelve head, by stirring it well in
  a spoonful or two of limber oil, and rub-
  bing it  in the hair with your finger or
  some thin paddle Where the lice  most
  frequent, which in common is about the
  head and neck and flanks, and wherever
  you may find them.   This you may do
  with safety  to your cattle.   As to the
  wolve,  or warble, you will find them on
  the back of catde,  between the  skin and
  flesh, and they are very injurious to the
  cattle, and to the leather when  the hide
  comes  to be tanned.   You may find on
  the back a lump  where the insect lies,
  and in the lump a small hole where you
  may force them out at by pinching up the
  skin.  You may also run a shoemaker's
  awl through the hole and prick the wolve
  and so kill it.

       To make a Cow  take  the bull.
    Give her, for three mornings together,
  three pints of milk each, warm from any
  cow that is a bulling ;  put into the milk a
  handful  of rye  meal; let the bull go
  with her, and she will soon take him.
                                    The 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion. 173

The way to enlarge your Sheep and in-
          crease your stock.
  These  valuable and inoffensive  crea-
tures being in general easy raised, and
but little expence, they are too often neg-
lected in  winter, for shelters, feed, and
salting. The winter coming on, we ought
to separate the young and weakly ones
first, and put them to some good  graiz-
ing, and then the ewes which are with
lamb to be separated from the  rams and
weathers, for the latter will beat the for-
mer and cheat them in  eating. If you
cannot have shelter for them all, be sure
to have for the weak and ewes in  lamb,
for to shelter them from  the  frost and
rain ; and have your narrow troughs, and
with chopped corn or hursts, and fine cut
turnips or Irish potatoes mixed, and some (
fine  salt,  feed them in good weather
twice a week with this  or some pease or
beans and good hay or blades sprinkled
with water, and sometimes salt your wa-
ter ;  and in snowy and  rainy weather
vou should feed every day more or less.
And when your lambs are dropping  in
bad weather, let the ewes have your fod- 
 174 The Gentleman's, Parmer's and  ,

 der houses for shelter, and give them a
 plenty  of  moist and opening  food, and
 salt their water ;  and such as carry two
 lambs,  you  should  save for  breeders^
 both male and female.   And  if you
 would  have  black  lambs,  keep such
 rambs as have spotted tongues, but you
 had better always get your  ram from
 other  good flocks of  sheep,  and never
 let them run with  any ewes the first
 year,  and shift  your  ewes  once in a
 while.  Never let  hogs run with ewes
 in  the  season  of  dropping lambs,  nor
 geese at any time  of the year  if you
 can help it, for geese are poisonous to
 sheep.  Shift your  sheep in  fresh pas-
 tures as often as you can.  I have thought
 that if two adjoining neighbours would
 take the pains to jhift their sheep once or
 twice a year, that is to say,  you drive
 your sheep into my  pasture, and I will
 drive mine into yours, and we will be
 well paid for the trouble.   Salt more in
 the winter, and the rot will seldom take.
 You should  not  give  them  too much
sound  corn for it will purge them  and
 cause them to shed their wool, and in a
                                shorter 
     Traveller's Pocket Companion.  175

shorer or longer time  will injure them.
If you would have your corn chopped in
a hand mill or a water mill, you would
find benefit from  it, but if you will feed
with corn, mix some peas or beans with
it.  Peas or beans in the hull is fine food
for  sheep.   If at any time of the year
you  find your sheep  to  be disordered,
you must attend to them and separate the
coughing and snotty ones  from the stock.
Attend to the rotten sheep by often  giv-
ing them balls made of tar, fine salt, and
rye flour mixed well together; give them
the contents of a large spoonful for se-
veral mornings together,  and continue it
until you find them to amend.  You ought
to give your sound sheep this mixture
several times in  the  course of the year.
If you will give them several pills, and
then put  your mixture  in the troughs,
the sheep will of themselves  eat it, al-
though it is bitter and unpalatable.  Mr.
C. Varlo, the great writer on  husbandry,
says, the monkey, will eat jallap, although
it makes them sick, to  preserve life ; and
in the same way the sheep will eat tar,
salt and flower,  for  I  have experienced 
176   Thai1 Gentleman's, Farmer's afu!

this  and reap the benefit of my labour
with much satisfaction.  Although 1 have
not been so careful as I would wish you
to be, vet I  have, with some pains,  en-
larged my little flock  both in size  and
number, and in my weak way I haye
tried to lay  down the  method which I
have found to be advantageous to sheep.

How to manage your Sheep in Shearing.
   The first thing I would hint at is that
of clipping your  sheep in cold weather;
as our climate is subject to cold north-
east  and north-west winds in the shearing
season, I have found the lives of many
sheep to be lost.  Washing and clipping
are operations too, very dangerous  for
their weakly constitution to  labour  and
struggle  under,  without death or some
infection  that lodges  in the frame or
bowels, which breed many mortal disor-
ders and deprives you of your flock  and
fleece ever after.   In the first place, con-
sider that the sheep will struggle, in ge-
neral, when  you get hold of them to the
last, and by exerting their powers, which
are very wreak, will soon have their open 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   177

aud spungy skins very much fomented,
and all that frothy substance that lies be-
tween the skin and flesh, and the pores of
the bodyr being  open with the fluids
thereof,  receive much cold ;  and  the
fleece containing much water,and the skin
being of such a nature that, when best tan-
ned it will not turn the water long in  this
state ;  your sheep  stand  many hours,
and the water all the while  soaking  into
the pores of the  body,  being expanded
wide from struggling with its opponent,
the wrasher.  And now I have  tried to
reason with you, you must reason with
yourself; but I would wish you to take
weak nature in with you, and let us all
reason together, and then return to shear-
ing, and see if caution must be used in
that.   Behold, the  same  struggle  will
take place, and opens all the tender parts
of the frame again, and when all the ten-
der parts are open,  and those warm  flee-
ces stripped off with many  bruises,  and
much mangled flesh, and let them run in
the open  air.   If you house your sheep
to catch them before shearing, you had
better return them again, and the heat of 
 178 Tiic Gentleman's, Farmer's and

the flock standing together, will help the
shorn sheep.  Consider man your being
thrown by struggling into a deep perspi-
ration, stripped to your buff, and standing
in the open air until you are cool, how it
will affect your frame, and be likely to
throw you into a heavy sickness. Pardon
me, reader,  for comparing you with the
brute creation, as I only do it so far as
relates to the machinery of the body, and
the soul has nothing to do with flesh and
blood.  In the two creations  1 am cer-
tain that  this position  is  correct—that
what will disorder the one will affect the
other in some degree, according to the
strength and the constitution.   Now to
return to the shearing:  You ought to
have your stock of sheep as gently carri-
ed into the house  or pen as you can,  and
let them stand  and  cool a little before
your shearers begin, then having some
tar and fine  salt mixed well and beat to-
gether ; add some rye flour, and have
for each sheep the contents of two spoons-
ful of the mixture, and give your shear-
ers great caution  to give  one spoonful
when he first tics  the shorp, and he must
                                hawUe' 
    Traveller's Pocket Companion.   179

handle very easily, and not beat them
against the planks that the sheep lies on,
for this will hurt the poor beast.  I have
thought that by having a couple of sheep
skins  laid under the  poor sheep when
laying on the planks would help them
very much.  When stripped of the fleece
you must give the second  spoonful, and
so continue, and a small thin  paddle is
the best thing you can give this mixture
with.   Open  the mouth and pour in the
mixture which will stick to the paddle,
and shut their mouth upon the paddle;
slip out the paddle, and leave the  stuff
behind.   Be sure you search out all that
have  any disorders ; and  the  old  ones,
which have their teeth worn out parted
from your sound sheep, for old age brings
on many infirmities, and the infirm sheep
will very often disorder the sound flock,
and such sheep will fatten very well  with
little  care, and  feeding with  meal wet
and salted, some corn bruised  in a mill
or mortar, and boiled, will fatten them.
This done twice a week in good pasture
will give you good mutton to  eat, while
your dogs will get their share sometimes,
                                    r: 
180 The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

if  you should neglect  them quite.  But
to return to the flock which stands strip-
ped to the buff, and see if housing for se-
veral nights in your stables  is not a sure
Way to stop disorders ; and be assured,
my readers,  that it is much  better and
safer to  prevent  a hundred sheep  from
falling into a disorder, than to  cure one
already disordered.

    Directions to fatten Old Cattle.
   Put up your old cow or stear early in
the fall, and in some good grazing; bleed
freely in  the neck as you would a horse;
curry once a  week very well, and water
very light, and so bring them down in
the course of  a month to a quart, which
will "satisfy them very well, and  from
that to live without any.  This is to give
more room  in the bowels for the food,
which  will b?  washed away with large
draughts of water ;  but you had better
begin to feed such cattle whilst the grass
is  plenty  and the weather warm, for then
they will fatten faster  than in cold  wea-
ther ; you  must feed  with  opening and
eooling food,  and  change the food very
                                  often 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.  181
often, such as-one feed of pumpkin,  and
one of chopped corn, one of boiled corn,
and one of hay, or good blades, sprinkled
with salt and water, and  salt  their food
very often—also, Irish potatoes are very
good, raw or boiled ; you may cut them
fine and  mix salt and meal  with them.
To learn your cattle to eat them, oats are
very fine to  feed with.   Curry very of-
ten,  and  feed much with  sound  corn
ground  and boiled, when winter comes
on, and by following these directions
with  attention, and feeding such  beef
when you go to slaughter it  to tender it
and  butcher it nice,  you will have fine
beef for your table, and  a good market
for what you have to spare, and tallow to
make candles to illuminate  your houses
in dark nights.   Some silver-mouthed
gentlemen fatten their nice beef with the
corn  dipped and  soaked in  linseed oil,
but this  beef is too dear for the farmer
that lives on rented land.

   A Compound, to help in many  cases.
  First  h ive your similes powdered fine,
then take one  large teaspoonful of cl  an
       F                        sifted 
 182   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 sifted lime, stone or shell; add the same
 of salt petre ; the same of rosin, and as
 much flower  of brimstone ;  the like of
 allum, and the same of copperas ; if the
 beast has not got a very good stomach,
 you had better mix it with as much wheat
 or rye flower  as will make it stick toge-
 ther, and make it in two or three balls ;
 haul out his tongue, and with your ball
 iron or long spoon, put it down to the
 root of the tongue ; then wash it down
 with a bottle of warm  water ; this  give
 two mornings fasting,  and  follow  it at
 night with a large spoonful of antimony;
 give for his drink all the while, scalded
 bran  water or a decoction of sassafras
 root,  boiled very strong, and give exer-
 cise ; be careful of  rain, or letting  him
 drink cold water.  This is fine for clean-
 sing the  bowels,  and  taking the  acid
 away from the stomach and adding to
 the appetite; it will also loosen the skin,
 and cause the beast  to shed and thrive;
 it will  reduce fevers,  and cleanse  the
urine,  and  by repeating  this twice or
thrice  a year, you will keep off many
mortal disorders.
                               Having 
    Traveller'^ Pocket Companion.   183

   Having a few minutes to spare, I wish
to relate some experimental knowledge
concerning the farming part of my life.
First I shall direct you to a cheap way
to clean or scour out ditches—And that
is, to plough  them first, putting in  one
horse ; and first run one furrow in the
middle  of the  ditch, and then" turning
the bar of the plough to the wall of the
ditch on both sides, which will throw up
a list in the middle of the ditch;  and if
your ditch should  be wide you  must
plough more than three  furrows,  and
when you have broke the ground fully up
to the wall, then with the shovel  throw
out all the loose earth,  and if your ditch
is not deep enough you must plough a-
gain;  and in  this way  of managing you
may  clean out more  ditches  With two
hands, than four hands can possibly do in
the same  time*—and it can be done with
more ease.

To save Wheat cheap, without binding
               or waste.
  'This way  is best to house or barrack,
but you may stack  it by binding one
       I 2                      course 
 184  The Gentleman's Farmer's and

 course for the outside of the foundation,
 and with the same hands you may bind
 up your  wheat, cart it in, and house it
 all safe;  and you  will  save the cost of
 your  binders again,  in the  wheat you
 would loose by binding  first.  You must
 observe to have two  handers for a cart,
 and one small boy on each side of it to
 gather up the wheat  from one hand and
 lay them on the other, then the cart need
 not  stop often ; the handers can take it
 up as sheaved from the  ground, and  by
 this  wray  you will carry four swaths at
 one  passage.   To make those handers
 you  must have a  small  tough piece of
 wood something longer than your wheat^
 and  have four fingers  one size  larger
 than , that of a scythe finger, and  some*-
 what crooked at the points  fixed  in  the
 beforementioned piece of wood to slip
 under the wheat ;  these fingers must be
 two feet rix inches long, and three a size
 smaller and shorter than the first,  and in
the same shape ; these three you will find
is  fixed upon the  upper square of the
head to keep the wheat  from falling out
when you raise it up to the cartsman ;
                                 your 
   Traveller's Pocket Companion.   185

your handle must be from five to seven
feet long ;  mortis it in the head which
your finger is fastened in, that you may
stand  straight when you run the  fingers
under the wheat,  and so hand it  up to
the carter in any part of the cart;  iand by
turning over, the hander drops the wheat
in the  place wanted,  or the carter may as
the cart passes along take it out with his
hands, and not move off his knees.  And
if you will start  your carts the second
dux after the scythes, you may haul in
with three hands and three boys and two
carts, after eight  or ten scythes and keep
up with them  within one days cutting,
if your  wheat  is dry enough, and one
cosi'.mon hand and some little tackles can
house it.  As for the danger of rain, be
careful to sheave it out of the scythe with
the head some little down the descent of
the land, which will leave the head drip-
ping ; and  from  these- calculations you
will  save all expences  of binding and
carting, and you  will find the gaining by
the wheat not being scattered for every
sheave which you have  bound  and \ ou.
will shorten  your harvest also  the  time
       f 3                         oi 
 186 The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 of carting and housing.  This may ap-
 pear hard at first,  but  if you  would get
 underway* you will find the advantage,
 and shorten your harvest.

 The best way yet found out to Brake
   rough and tough ground, such as mea-
   dows or ground that hath been a /o;?g
   time without tending.
   You must scatter corn middling thick
' before it is ploughed, and notplough ve-
 ry much at a time, nor  very deep. When
 you have done ploughing let your hogs
 run upon the ploughed ground, and  in
 rooting after the corn they will pulverize
 the ground very fine,  and you will not
 loose your corn,  for you need not feed
 the hogs while they are rooting.  I have
 broke  ground  better at once  ploughing
 this way, than I have had it done  at
 three  ploughings  and  two  harrowings
 that was drawn by three horses.

 To Enrich fat Ground, such  as you  do
           not sow in  wheat.
   You will observe in common such land
 is left from the harrow, and perhaps lies
                                    so 
   Traveller's Pocket Companion.   187

so for three years, and by these means it
can gather no mold, but still will loose
strength ;  but if we would  plough such
ground  reasonably deep as soon as the
corn will  admit of it, and although no-
thing be sown in it, you will find the wa-
ter will not kill the land,  and the plough-
ing to enrich it.  By^ raising a mold  in
this way I have improved such land very
much.  You will find necessity the mo-
ther of inventions,  which caused me to
find them out.
11 
 188   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 AX APOLOGY FOR IGNORANCE.

   I must now stop short with my book.
 Not being acquainted w ith the expences
 of printing and binding 1 took my manu-
 script to the printer, and was amazed at
 the sum required;  however, as I consi-
 dered that it was by the  intercessions of
 friends,  (whom I  have ever respected
 next  to  myself,)  that I should publish a
 work of the kind, I cb\>e to run the risk,
 fondly hoping that the amount of sub-
 scriptions would  be commensurate  with
 the expences incurred.  And in order to
 insure a  sufficiency I have placed  the
term  of  subscription so low,  that I  am
 satisfied  no reasonable man will complain
of extortion,   but  candidly  confess  the
 labourer to, be worthy of his hire.
  Although I may plead a want of learn-
ing suffieient  for the important  task I
have  undertaken, yet I may be justified
on the ground that men of talents either
think  the subject too degrading to write.
upon, or are  satisfied that the practical
pitrt  may still be  held in reversion   by
those who have made it their occupation,
                               whilst 
   Traveller's Pocket Companion.    189

whilst the theoretical is  carefully' locked
within themselves.  But I have  thought
a course of conduct of this  kind  to be
reprehensible;—It is  evident that when
a practitioner upon  the human species
is called on to visit a patient, he has the
advantages of being told where the com-
plaint lies,  how  acute the pain is, &c.
and he  prescribes accordingly.  Not so
with the brute creation.  It is  only by
imperfect signs they  show the place of
their complaint,  and hence  it requires
more penetration  to add to  their relief
than it  does  to the human species, and
thus it  should be inferred that a doctor
for the brute creation should possess the
advantages of a scholastic education, and
be well  versed in natural philosophy.
  Myr  course of education  was limited
to the short space of three years  and a
half, and of the advantages tq be derived
from that circumscribed space I did not
avail myself in an eminent degree, which
has frequently been a cause of self re-
proach,  and my felly becomes more ap-
parent as 1  advance in  years.   What is
laid down in this book is the product of
       T •,-                        much 
 190   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

 much hard study and self-denial, as my
 hours of meditation were generally from
 midnight to day break.  During this se-
 dentary occupation I had to combat the
 cares of a numerous family, which to
 men  accustomed to put their thinking
 powers into action is no pleasant  zest to
 spur them on with vigour.   But as I al-
 ways thought that God  made every man
 to be of some use to himself, family, or
 neighbour, or the land wherein he dwelt,
 I wished to extend my duty towards each
 by disseminating my knowledge relative
 to the amelioration of  the sufferings of
 the brute creation.
   Should  some able person undertake a
 w7ork of this kind, let me recommend to
 him a plainness of language to  suit the
 capacities  of the illiterate portion of his
 fellow-citizens;  for a book of this kind,
 embellished with all the intricacies of lan-
 guage, may be gratifying to the reader
 who has a taste formed by the superior
 endowments of education, but the plain
 spoken man, whose opportunities of fram-
ing knowledge have been limited, will be
as much benefited as if a treatise were
pre- 
Traveller's Pocket Companion.  191
presented him in Latin.  I know that my
qualifications in the line of composition
will excite the riscibility of many of my
readers, yet their smiles will be  quickly
dissipated when they call into recollec-
tion that my language is appropriate with
the ideas of a great majority.
  In the preceeding part of this Apology
I have mentioned the Doctors, but I hope
nothing that has been  said will  be con-
strued into a disrespect for them.   For
my parts, I never trouble those gentlemen,
because in all cases of sickness I  invaria-
bly prescribe for myself.   Of their use-
fulness to  mankind no one is more per-
fectly convinced than myself; and it would
be the height of foliy in me to derogate
from  their pretensions,  when  my sub-
scription list is graced with the names of
some of the most respectabie, and I may
add, the most eminent of their professh >n.
   I conceive it to be useless to  reiterate
the  claims I have to ignorance in shield-
ing  me from the animadv rsio s of those
whom I may have unintentionally offend-
 ed.   I shake hands with all  mankind  in
 the  fellowship of friendship, and 
192   The Gentleman's, Farmer's and

My God I love and I adore,
But souls that love know the more ;
Whilst I forever hide and stand,
Behind the labour'of his hand :
His hand unseen sustains the poles,
Or, which this huge creation rolls ;
The starry arch proclaim his power,
His pencils glow in every flower ;
In a thousand shapes and colours rise,
His painted wonders to our eyes ;
Whilstbeastsandbirds withlab'ring throats,
Teach us a God in thousand's notes.
The meanest pin in nature's frame,
Marks out some letter of his name,
Where sense can  reach, and fancy rove,
From hill to hill, from field to grove,
Across the waves, around the  sky,
There's not a spot, deep or high,
Where the Creator has not trod,
And left the footsteps of a God. 
INDEX.
                                PAGE.
Preface,                            3
Observations on Horses,             11
Some helps for the hindrance of the
  Blind Staggers—as also the com-
  plaint termed the Yellow Waters,  14
For a Cough or P^hthysic,           18
The Spavin,                        ib.
The Ring-bone,                    23
The pain in the Coffin-joint,         25
For the Pebbles,                    27
The Haw and Hooks,               28
To stop or drive back the Pole-evil
  or Fistula,                       34
A Decoction, made of Bitters,for re-
  pairing the stomach of the horse
  when he refuses to eat,      ,     37
What a Decoction is, for a Clyster,   39
For Pursick or Broken Wind,    <■  40
An approved cure for a Fistula,      ib.
To judge the age of  a Horse,        41
The shape of the Perfect Horse,      45
To make hair, smooth, sleek and soft,  ib.
/For the bite of a mad dog, or the bite
  or sting of serpents,               46
                                 For 
194
Index.
                                 PACK.
For Brittle Hoofs,                  ib.
A perfect drier of a green wound, or
   any other sore,                    47
For a horse that hath gotten a stroke
   on the eye,                       ib.
How to take out and cure the splint,  ib.
To kill Worms,                     49
Observations relative to sundry acci-
   dents,                            ib.
Observations for sickness and health,  ib.
Observations from the dung,         ib.
Observations from the urine,         51
Observations in feeding,             52
Observations from the private parts,  ib.
Observations rom Sweating,        53
A medicine  for a Cold that is not
   the glanders,                     54
An excellent receipt for the Botts or
   Worms,                          ib.
An infallible help for the Stone, or
   pain of urine,                     55
For a violent Cold,                  ib.
An excellent Scouring, when others
   fail,                              ib.
A water very precious for Sore eyes,  56
A perfect cure for a Strain,          ib. 
Index.             195
                                PAGE.
 An approved cure for the Scratches,
   or any thing of that nature,        56
 For a Farcy or Mange, Scab or Le-
   prosy, in mane or otherwise,       51
 To cure the Scratches,              ib.
 Another for the same,               ib.
 Another for the same,               58
 For a horse that is  Mangy,          ib.
 How to lay a wound open, and how
   to miss veins,                    ib.
 For a Stub, or any  other hurt, in or
   about the foot,                    59
 To cleanse any wound, old or new,   ib.
 To stop bleeding at the nose,         60
 For a horse soal-beated  by  going
   without shoes,                    ib.
 For a swelling under the jaw, &c.    ib.
 For a film on the eye of a horse,     61
 A true Scouring for a hide-bound
  horse,                           62
 For the Ring-bone,                  ib.
 For Fretting or Griping in a horse's
  belly,                            63
To heal a Navel Gall, Sore back or
  Setfast,                          64
A Scouring Drink,                  65
                                 For 
196            Index.
                              PAGE.
For BritUe Hoofs,                 65
To cure the kernel under an horse's
  throat,                         ib.
For  an horse  or cow that maketh
  red water,                      **•
How to boil the charge of soap and
  brandy to a salve,               66
To cure the Glanders or running at
  the nose, &c.                   67
Of the diseases in the eyes, as wate-
  ry, bloodshot or dim,            *£•
A cure for a Cough, Cold or Whee-
  zing in man or beast,            68
Another for a dry Cough,          ib.
A good medicine for a Wind-Gall,
  Sinew Strain,  Blood Spavin,  or
   Splint,                         **•
How to make the Powder of Honey,  69
For  a Founder in the body,         ib.
An exceeding good Drench for Botts
  or Worms, or a Foul Stomach,    70
How to make  Black  Ash Ley, to
  cure ulcers,
For Botts or Worms,
For the Stone,
For the Bloody Flux,
                             Another 
Index.         «  197
                               page.
Another for the Stone,  or an horse
  that cannot piss,                  72
For an horse that pisses Blood,      73
For the Mad Itch,                  ib.
For the Strangling,                 74
For a Sinew that is stiff and much
  bruised,                         ib.
For Sore Eyes,                    ib.
How to burn Salt,                  75
For the Canker in the eye,           ib.
To cure Blindness,                 76
For the Tetter,                    ib.
For the Sinew Strain,               '77
To  cure a Wound made with shot
  gun-powder, lime or fire,          ib.
For bones out of joint,              78
Of Gelding colts or old horses,      ib.
For Costiveness in the body,        79
How to make the Oil of Red Cedar,  ib.
Of diseases  incident to Mares, and
  of the Barrenness of the Womb,   80
For Broken Bones,                 81
For a Farcy,                      82
For a Ring-bone,                  ib.
A Remedy for Fevers,              84
Thoughts on the System of a Horse,  ib.
                                  A 
198             Index.
                               PAGE.
A thought on Worms,              91
A thought on the origin and breed of
   Worms,                         94
An Indian cure for old Ulcerous sore
   legs of men and beasts,           99
The Traveller's Guide,
For  Wens in or on  any part of the
   body,
To stop Bleeding at the Nose,
For a Running Humour in the feet,
A Hint to the Farmer,
For  the Sweany or Palsy,
A Lenitive Clyster
For  the Worms,
An excellent Receipt for the Gravel,
For  the Itch in the tail, or  Scab, or
   Manginess. or Farcy,
For  a Consumptive Cough lying on
   the lites or liver,
To Rowel the head for many  com-
   plaints that belong to the head and
   eyes,
To put in a Seeton under the jaw,
For Warts of different kinds, ,
How to make Ointment to heal
   wounds, 
Index.              19$
                               PAGE.
For the Cholic in its different ways, 117
For  the Gravel  and Cholic in the
  Kidney s$                       119
For the Lampers,                 122
For the Colts Distemper,           123
How to prevent the Distempers,    125
How to judge the Stud to be a sure
  horse for getting foals,           126
For Breeding Colts,               127
How to order in foaling, and while
  with foal,                      129
To raise colts and break them to the
  saddle or harness,               131
The  way to make sharp water for
  sore eyes, or to kill a humour  in
  sores,                          134
To effectually cure all Wind-Galls, 135
A Poultice to draw  out a fever and
  ripen the swelling,               ib.
Of the diseases of the  Gaul, and es -
  pecially of the Yellows,          137
Or again,  for the same,           138
For Truncheons or Botts,         139
How to make  the Oil of Oats,     140
For the Navel Gall,              142
                              Twenty
      O 
*
 200             Index.

                                PAGE.
 Twenty miuutes  advice to the pur-
   chaser,                         144
 Of sickness in horses,—such as Fe-
   vers,                           146
 Directions for Docking Horses and
   Colts,                          148
 How to order your Stud for the sea-
   son,                            149
 At what age you  should handle and
   cover,                          151
 Directions in many cases,          153
 To stop a Lax or Scouring,        156
 To help Cattle in  many  complaints,  158
 To enlarge the breed of  Cattle,  and
   increase Milk,                   160
 For Cows, when misfortunes hap-
   pen in Calving,                  162
 Things good to breed milk in Kinej 164
 To know if Cattle be sound,        165
For diseases in the guts of Cattle,
   such as the Flux, Cholic, &c.      ib.
 For cattle that have lost their  Cud,   ib.
 For Cattle swelled by eating  green
   corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, &c  166
For Worms in Cattle,              167
                                  For 
Index.           20
                              PAGE.
For a Cow that don't clean well after
  calving,                        168
To break Oxen,                   169
To kill Lice or Wolves, or Warbles
  in Cattle,                       171
To make a Cow take the Bull,      172
The way to enlarge your Sheep, and
  increase your Stock,             173
How  to manage  your Sheep in
  Shearing,                       176
Directions to fatten old cattle,       180
A Compound to help in many cases, 181
To save Wheat cheap, without bind-"
  ing or waste,                    183
The best way yet found out to break
  rough and tough ground, such as
  meadows or ground that hath been
  along time  without tending,      186
To enrich flat ground, such as  you
  do not sow Wheat in,             ib.
An Apology  for Ignorance,         188
SUB- 
SUBSCRIBER'S NAMES.
John Lyneh, Esq.
Thomas F. Hill,
Robert Wallace,
Jno. Smoot, Esq. 2
Capt. Levin Walter,
Jos. R. Hayward,
Dr. Wm. Jackson,
A. S.  Standford,
Michael Fitchet, 3
Dr. S. Griffith.
Henry Clift,
Hooper Rauleigh,
Thomas Beard,
Elisha Medford,
Henry Bradly,
James Smyth,
Samuel Cook,
Dr. Jos. Nicols,
Jas. Thompson.,
Capt.  Fr's. Webb,
John Dawson,
Isaac  Charles,
Clement Sulivan,
Henry King,
H. Haskins, Esq.
Henry Hooper,
Capt, Wm. Newton,
James Steal,
James Trippe,
Dr. H. P, Wagga-
  man,
John Nash,
R'd. Tootle, Esq.
Robert Rauleigh,
Denwood Barrow,
Robert Travers,
Dr. D. Sulivan,
Jos. E, Sulivan,
Samuel Corkran,
WTm. Rauleigh,
John W.  Henry,
Capt. Jos. Dodson,
Dr. Clem. Stanford,
Wm, Orum,
Sam. Collins, Esq.
Robt. Dougherty,
Isham Shonahan,
Capt. T.  Ennols,
John Williss,
Mat. Hardcastle,
Lott Warfield,
James Kemp,
John Keys,
Denwood Hicks, 
Subscriber>$ Names.      203
Wm. Akers,
Capt. P. Elliott,
Aaron Hook,
Clinton Handly,
Edward Morris,
J. H. Barnett,
W. L. Windors,
II. C. Elbert,
Jos.  Bastbruge,
John Wadson,
Levi Craft,
George Piercy,
Levin Lake, Esq.
Col. E. Richardson,
Capt. W. Egleston,
Capt, W. Craft,
M. Russum, Esq.
Robertson Corkin,
John Huffington,
Thos. Hicks, Jr.
John Vinson,
Joseph Twilly,
Willis Vinson,
Thomas Ford,
S. Coleston, Jr.
Sutha  Rew,
Thomas Mears,
Capt. J. II. Shento
Ichabod Dashield,
F. J. Henry,
James Shonahorn,
Samuel Hurley,
Joseph Elliott, Jr.
Levin Smyth,
Reuben Tall,
John Aaron,
Thomas Sterr,
Richard Phillips,
WTm. Starky,
Amasa Leonard,
Thomas Abbot,
Richard Hayward,
 Dr. Jos. Muse,
 Thomas Lockman,
 Ben. Lecompt,
 Henry Nichols,
 Peter Edmondson,
 Charles Jones,
 Wm. Kelly,
 Julius Jackson,
 Wm. Webster,
 Robt. Williams,
 Maj. Thomas Pitt,
 John Satchel,
  Cyrus Bell,
i,  John Newton. 
   A number of Subscribers have not
come to hand, whose names are not in-
serted in the above list.
FINIS. 
Subscriber's Names.
Joseph Trigo,      J. Williams, Esq.
R. B. Coleman,    Robert Hart,
Isaac Nicols,       Capt. W.Patterson,
W. C. Ridgaway,  R. Goldsboroiigh,
Wm. Ryder,       Levin White,
James Vinson,     E. Treadway,     ^
Levy Brown,      E. Lewis,
J, Ennalls, Sh'ff,   Charles Waters,


              ERRATA.
 P. 25, 6 /. instead of joint cast, read afl«
      pears*to be affected.
   34, 10 /. for warm blankets, read dry.
   86, 10 1. for mith, read milk.
  J08, 20 /. for seal, read glass.
  109, 20 /. for filastcr-vf&ys,  read clyster-
       ways.
  110, 5 /. for nitre or, read and.
  112, 13 1. for enough, read and,
  135, 13 I. for blubber, read blub.
  J 84, 9 I. for hand, read land.
  192, 2 /. after love, insert wouldx
     12 I. after in, insert a.
   Mote. In the list of Subscriber's names,
 after Mr. Kemp's name  " D. D." should
 have been  inserted, but was  omitted by
.the compositor. 
 

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