;■*•*& nm ii\m w% 11 %U, t^asou** l*of> ADDRESS ON THE BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES. W * AN ADDRESS ON THE BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES, BEtlVERED BEFORE THE SOCIETY FOB THE PROMOTION OF USEFUL ARTS, AT THE CAPITOL, IN THE CITY OF ALBANY, ON THE 9TH DAY OF FEBRUARY, 1814. To which is added, A CATALOGUE OF PLANTS INDIGENOUS TO THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. WVVWVW \ jf By JACOB GREEN, A. M. One of the Counsellors of the Society, and Member of the Linnxan Society of Philadelphia. vwvww*. Fortunatus et ille, Deos qui novit agresles, Panaq; Sylvanumq; senem, Nymphasque sorores. Virg. ALBANY: PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKINNERS. WX.VW 1814. ON THE BOTANY OF THE UNITED STATES. ■* 00® 00 OB JLN every country an accurate knowledge of its internal resources, forms an object of political importance. But a description of its natural productions is connected with the interest of society at large, and eminently calculated to il- lustrate those indications of goodness and intelligence, which may be traced in every form of matter, from a particle of earth to the wonderful construction of an organized and sentient being."* These sentiments should be felt by every well wisher of science; and every enterprising and well disposed citizen, will be willing to contribute, as far as he is able, to the in- formation here contemplated. Under this conviction, I have determined to address you this evening on the Botany of the United States. A subject which, considering our peculiar and important advantages for its cultivation, has been, I conceive, much neglected. I propose, first of all, to call your attention to some of the advantages which we possess for the study and improvement of Botany. A country can scarcely be said to exist till the period of its civilization. The savage, with a mind uninformed by knowledge,and affected by no desires or emotions, but those of immediate preservation and enjoyment, passes, with little regard, the most important productions of nature. Even those which by their novelty or usefulness have engaged his attention to-day, will often be forgotten in the hurry of to- morrow. Of Botany, he knows nothing. He has a slight and imperfect acquaintance only with a few medicinal and * Edinburgh Review. d nutritive plants, and of these indeed, he has scarcely more knowledge than that which is possessed by his wild associ- ates, the beasts of the forest. Nature to him is a blank— All her endless varieties exist in vain. It is civilization alone which opens the stores and discloses the mysteries of creation, and enables man to appropriate to himself Whatev- er is necessary, useful and ornamental. Till the discovery of America, therefore, by civilized Europe, the advantages of our country for the study of Natural history in general, and of Botany in particular, could not be appreciated. These advantages, I have affirmed, are peculiar and important — They are so, because in a new country all vegetation, being in its original state, the Botanist is not perplexed in his in- vestigations and discoveries, by those changes in the quali- ties and the appearance of plants, which the culture and the innovations of art always occasion. Add to this, the im- portant circumstance, that the greater portion of our coun- try is placed in that happy temperature of climate, where vegetation is neither wholly checked by the severity of northern blasts, nor its sources dried up by the too ardent rays of the sun. It is true indeed that hybridous productions are every where to be found,* and that a doubt may be sug- gested whether all the s/iecies filantarum are not the effect of changes produced by time ; and that the genera alone were the immediate productions of the Creaior. Be this as it may, it is still certain, that a newly discovered country affords far less varieties of this kind, than are found in re- gions where the improvements of cultivation have been introduced. The moisture of the ground and the state of the atmos* phere is not so much varied in America by a difference in latitude as in the countries of the old world. From this cause probably we witness that general and remarkable abundance of herbs, shrubs and trees which distinguish the different parts of this continent. There is certainly a lux- * See Wildenow's Principles of Botany—and also a Dissertation on the Sexes cf Plants by Linnseus. T urianee in the vegatation of North and South America which is unequalled by any other portion of the globe. And as one extremity of the United States is influenced by the severity of polar cold and the other powerfully affected by equa- torial heat, while the far greater part, as already remarked* is found under temperate latitudes, we should expect what we know to be the fact, that the variety of our plants would be peculiarly great. But that we may the more clearly dis- cover the advantages enjoyed in the United States for the study and improvement of Botany, allow me to present you with a sketch, a little more distinct, of the face of the coun- try, and of its soil and dirtiate ; with a cursory notice of some of the plants already known. That vast chain of mountains which extends in a north and south direction, across the United States, is the most striking feature of the country. This great ridge is inter- sected by many others, which, though comparatively small, are, when separately taken, by no means inconsiderable.— These mountains are generally of the/irimitive formation. The rivers which descend from these mountains, are an- other striking characteristic. The St. Lawrence, the Hud- son, the Susquehanna, Ohio, and Missisippi; whether we consider the length of their course, or the quantity of their water, may vie with any in the old world. Our lakes are no less conspicuous and peculiar than our rivers and mountains. Huron and Superior, Ontario and Erie, are without rivals, and almost without resemblance, in any other part of the globe. Now it is to be remembered that the banks of rivers, the bases of mountains, and the margin of lakes, are always sought after by the Botanist, as particularly favorable to his researches. The soil at the base of our mountains towards the Atlan- tic, is generally composed of a rich mould, from two to four feet in depth. Nearer the ocean a clay soil, mixed with loom seems to predominate.* * Rush's Medical Enquiries and Observations—also Proud's Histo- ry of Pennsylvania. 8 That portion of land, which forms the soil of most of the -states included between the sea and the ridge of hills which extends westerly from the southern part of the state of New- York, round the rivers Patapsco and James, to the Roanoak in South-Carolina, is generally loose in its texture and rich in its composition. It was perhaps formed later than most of the other country, being in many places manifestly allu- vial, from the surrounding heights. This region of ground is intersected by numerous streams of water, on the banks of which a multitude of herbs and shrubs are found, that were thought to grow only in the upland country. In other parts of this tract, plants are seen which were supposed na- tives only of the southern states. Thus in the lower parts of New-Jersey, Euphorbia Ipecacuanha has lately been dis- covered. My purpose does not require a particular description of the nature of the soil in every portion of the country. It is, sufficient to state that it is generally fertile. Take now, in connexion with the statement just made, an extract from Wildenow's Principles of Botany and Vegetable Physiology. " We find (says he) that mountainous coun- tries are richer in plants than flat countries, and that in prim- itive mountains the number of plants exceeds that of the floetz mountains. A country of primitive rocks has plants, which other mountainous countries do not possess. In all plains of the same latitude, however far they may extend, the same plants always occur; only with some little varieties dependant on difference of soil. In primitive rocks, and at their foot, we again meet with all the plants of flat countries. Whenever primitive rocks surround a flat country, we find all the plants of this at their root, and even at their summits ; but after ascending, and descending on their opposite side, we find a different vegetation, which again extends as far as the next mountainous chain. Now, who will doubt that all the plants of flat countries which were found at a later peri- od, came from the high mountains ; and that the primitive mountains of our globe, were the chief sources, as it were, of 9 tlic floras of the different countries. Hence America is so full of plants, because from the North Pole to the South' high mountaineous chains, with numberless intermediate branches, intersect it. Hence Canada produces different plants from Pennsylvania, this again from Virginia, and this again produces different from Carolina. Hence the North- west coast of North America produces plants which totally differ from those of the North-East coast."* The influence of mountains, lakes and extensive forests, on the climate of a country, is well ascertained ; and since we are peculiar in all these respects, our climate will of course be peculiar also. But it is impracticable to give a description of all the peculiarities of our climate, produc- ed by local circumstances. The general prevalence of cold, however must not be unnoticed. Its power on the Western continent is not confined by the limits of the frigid, or the temperate zone. It even mitigates, by its influence, the ex- cessive heat of the torrid zone. In the same parallels of latitude, on the Eastern continent, winter is scarcely felt, while in America its rigor is extreme. On the contrary, the sultry plains of Asia, and the burning sands of the African desert, have no counterparts in America. Our summer months indeed are frequently warm,t but their warmth, like the cold of winter, is not lasting, t This influence of cold on the American continent, with the frequency and violence of our thunder storms,and the sudden change of air after them, may be the causes why we abound more in biennial and pe- rennial plants, than any other part of the globe. It is at least the general opinion,§ that the weather of the United States is more changeable, and less severe, than for- merly ; occasioned by the diminution of forests, the drain- ing of swamps, and the improvements of agriculture. If the * Wildenow's Botany, &c. page 382—the English translation. f In July 1812, lat. 42 1-2, Far. Thermometer stood at 96°. $ See some interesting notices on this subject in vol. 2d of Robert- son's Historv of America, and Pinkerton's Geog. § I am well informed that the late Dr. Rittenhouse (a high author- ity certainly) was decidedly opposed to this opinion. 10 fact be so, it will have at least a gradual influence on the vegetation of the country.* As the plants of this country, which are generally known, may be found in catalogues formed on purpose to embrace them, I shall notice them but slightly and imperfectly, in mentioning some vegetable productions for the illustration of the point before us. The forest trees in North America are almost beyond number. Those which are already arranged and classified, amount to more than one hundred and fifty species, while in all Europe, botanists reckon but forty.f The Chesnut, the Walnut, the Hickory and Gum, here grow to an enormous bulk, and are nearly of every species. The Elm, the Pop- lar, the Beech, the Maple and the mountain Ash, are very common ; and both for size and beauty are no where ex- celled. Many varieties of the Oak are here profusely plant- ed by the hand of nature. Our sandy tracts, unlike the wastes of Zaara or Arabia, are quite productive. Here flourishes the Pine in all its varieties, the Hemlock, Spruce and Juniper, the Cedar, the Fir, and a species of the Larch. Among the smaller plants may be found the Geranium, Ceanthus,Gulth2eria procumbens, Monarda, Cunillaand Soli- dago Odoria, most of which are frequently substituted for tea. The Lobelia cardinalis, the Aster, Syringa, and many beautiful species of the Lonicera or Honeysuckle, which spread their flowery garlands from tree to tree—The Phlc- um, Avena Elatior, Myosotis, Sinosurus, Aira, Briza, Draba, and the far famed Agrostis—The Galium, the Sanguisorba, the ■Quercitron Oak, the Sophora, and the Rhus Toxicoden- dron, may be mentioned as some of our vegetable dyes. * The number of swamps in the United States, and which frequently occupy a large and valuable extent of country, might ea- sily be converted into productive soil, by strewing lime over them— The putrid effluvia which they exhale is destroyed by this process, and the decaying vegetable matter, is reduced to a solid fertile mould. Linnxus first suggested this plan, and in England many of the fens and bogs are made to yield abundantly. The practice is the liming of swamps. f Michaux—Med. Repos. 11 In the Southern States we find the lofty Palmetto, the Papaw Fig, the great Magnolia, and the Mangrove tree, the only shrubby plant that can flourish in salt water. Mr. Pinkerton, when speaking of the Botany of this coun- try, observes perhaps with more elegance than correctness, that" the glories of the American Flora are principally con- fined to Virginia and the Southern States. It is here that the unfading verdure of the wide savannas, the solemn mag- nificence of primeval forests, and the wild luxuriance of the steaming swamps, offer to the astonished admiration of the Botanist, every thing that by colour, by fragrance, or by form, can delight the senses or fix the attention." In this part of the country on the level of plains by the sides of the rivers, grow " the Magnolia glauca or Beaver tree, American Olive, and Gordonia Lasianthus, silvered over with fragrant blos- soms, with numerous species of Azalias, Kalmias, Rhodo- dendrons, arranged by the hand of nature into thickets and -shrubberies, entwined and overarched by the crimson Grana- dillasand the fantastic Clitoria,here display their inimitable beauties in full perfection. The sides of the pools and the shallow plashes, are adorned by the bright ccerulian flowers of the Axia, the golden blossoms of the Canna Lutea or the rosy tufts of the Hydrangia, while the edges of the grove* and the dubious boundaries of the savannas, rising imper- ceptibly towards the forests, are fringed by innumerable gay varieties of the Phlox, by the shrinking Sensitive plant, the irritable Dionsea, the glowing Amarillis Atamasco and the impenetrable ranks pf the Royal Palmetto. The Botanist will find that many of the plants mentioned by this florid writer, are met with in most of the other states. Our mountainous ridges and our sea coast, are very pro- lific in Cryptogamic vegetables. The Equisinum, the Os- munda, Polypodium, Adianthum, Onoclea and Bryum, are some of the ferns and mosses. The Lichen, Tremella, with many species of Jungermania and Marchantia, are the sea weeds or Algae, and the Boletus, Clavaria, and Lycoperdon, are the Mushrooms or Fungi. 12 But in addition to advantages which are peculiarly our own, we have many in common with Europe. The affinity, in some particulars of our climates, to those of Europe, gives us most of their productions. It is owing, indeed, to this circumstance, and to the easy and continual intercourse be- tween the two continents, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish those plants, which are indigenous to our soil, from those which are only naturalized, and which grow spon- taneously after their adoption. The fact is worth observa- tion, that some vegetables grow with more luxuriance, and arrive at a greater apparent perfection, when removed to a soil and climate, differing considerably from that in which they were formed in their native state. Thus the potatoc (Solanum tuberosum) in the year 1565, was first introduced from this country into Ireland, and thence, by a fortunate shipwreck, into Lancashire in England, in both of which pla- ces it thrives better than in America.* If the agriculturist would take advantage of such facts, many articles which at present are imported might probably be made staple com- modities. Having now pointed your attention to some of the pecul- iar advantages which we possess for botanical enquiries and improvements,and noticed a little,the variety and abundance of our vegetable productions, the remainder of this address will be employed in remarks, more appropriate to this occa- sion : on a number of plants in our country, which claim par- ticular attention from the agriculturist, the manufacturer, the artist, and the physician. And you will please to re- member that as practical utility, more than recondite sci- ence, is the leading object of our society, I ought not to hesitate to throw out a number of observations, and to in- dulge in some diffuseness, which might otherwise be im- proper. As there are are many vegetable productions, which seem * Those who wish to investigate this subject will find much infor- mation in the Medical Repository, and in Dr. Muhlenberg's commu- nication to the American Philosophical Society. 13 naturally adapted to our country, and which have as yet re- ceived but little attention, the labour of the farmer would certainly be employed to the best advantage in the cultiva- tion of them. Of these I shall notice a few. The Sinapis or Mustard is a plant, which might yield no trifling profit to the American cultivator. Small clusters of it are seen growing in our fields and gardens ; but whether it is a native of the country, or merely the fruit of chance, I am not able to determine. In some catalogues, however, it is marked as an exotic ; but our climate is congenial to its habit, and almost every soil is adapted to its growth. A gen- tleman from Orange county, in this state, has informed me, that he collected from half an acre of but tolerable land, four- teen bushels of the seed, which he believed equal in quality to that of the Sinapis Arvcnsis, commonly known by the name of Durham mustard. There are many species of this herb, but it would be well for the cultivator to confine his attention to the one just mentioned, the seed of which is more abundant and of a better quality than in the other kinds. The high price given for imported mustard, and the facility with which it can be raised, induce a belief that farmers general- ly might find their account in making it an article of culture and traffic. The curious and beautiful Candle Berry Myrtle (Myrica Caerifera) is very abundan£in many parts of the United States. The wax which this tree yields would amply compensate the trouble of obtaining it. In Maryland, on the shores of the Chesapeake, and near most of the streams which flow in- to that bay, it is found in large quantities. It is also scat- tered over this state growing in a wet soil, and very rarely exceeding five or six feet in height. The plant, however, is not confined to marshy grounds. I have seen it on up- land in Connecticut, rising to the height of 10 or 12 feet. This species indeed is rarely seen, and the berries are not so abundant in this as in the other kinds.* In Louisiana there * I rather think the Connecticut Myrtle wax tree is only a variety of the species which is found in a wet soil. 14 is another species of this tree as large as the Cherry, bear- ing pointed leaves* (Myrica Cserifera Angustifolia); those of the other being broader and more obtuse (Myrica Cserifera Latifolia.)f In France the Myrtle is cultivated for its wax,J which is prepared by simply boiling the berries in water; the wax rising to the top of the vessel. It is apt to be of a pale green colour, which is not reckoned handsome. This however may probably be remedied by throwing some alkali into the boiling water, which will convert the wax into a deep green. The experiment indeed I have not at- tempted, but there can be n6 doubt of its success. By chemical agents it is probable that almost any colour may be given to this wax. From four pounds of the berries, one pound of wax is obtained, superior in quality, and applica- ble to all the purposes of bee's wax. Candles made of it afford a clear white flame ; and if burned newly made, they emit an agreeable, and it is said a salubrious odour.— Should the Myrtle wax excite proper attention it might be highly advantageous to medicine as well as to the arts § The Papaver or PoppyH for the variety of its species and the richness of its colours is not exceeded by any of the garden flowers. The petals both of the single and double kind are ornamented with every shade of crimson, yellow and purple ; and hence we find it prized in this country more for its beauty than its inherent virtues. It begins however to receive some attention for its medicinal qualities in many parts of the country—In our neighborhood, at * Medical Repos. vol. 12, p. 191. -j- Two varieties of this tree are found at the Cape of pood Hope. Barrow's Tour in Africa, p. 18, Am. ed. * Medical Repos. vol. 12, p. 192. § For the medicinal qualities of the Myrtle wax, see Barton's Col- lections, part 2, p. 4—and for experiments on its analysis, Dr. Bos- tick's Memoir in Nicholson's Journal, March, 1803—and for the mode of propagating die tree and manufacturing the wax, C. L. Ca- det's Account, Nicholson's Jour. vol. 4th. U This article might perhaps with more propriety be inserted in the list of medical plants, bnt as an important agricultural object I have thought proper to place it here. 15 Niskeuna and Lebanon, the Society of Shakers raise the Papavcr Somniferum; and they have supplied this city, for a short time, with opium, some of which was little inferior in quality to that imported from the Levant or the East-In- dies. Dr. Rickertson, of Dutchess county in this state, also cultivated the Poppy to advantage. From one plant he procured seven grains of opium. A particular account of his success will be found in the first volume of our Transactions.* As far north as New-Hampshire, Dr. Spald- ing, prepared this gum from the true Opium Poppy (Papaver Album) and also from the common Poppy of the garden.f These experiments are sufficient to prove the readiness with which this plant may be raised, in almost any part of the country, and the valuable addition it would make to our domestic resources will not be ques- tioned. Opium, which is the inspissated juice of the Poppy, is gathered from the capsules, before, or at the time they are fully ripe, by making four or five longitudinal incisions in them, from the stalk of the plant upwards—Care must be taken not to penetrate the cavity of the seed vessels.__ Opium may also be obtained by pounding the dried leaves, stems and capsules, boiling them, when pulverised, in wa- ter, and then evaporating and cleansing the mixture.i Opium has also been extracted from the common Let- tuce, (Lactuca Sativa) simply by evaporating the juice of the plant. Eight heads of full grown Lettuce yielded, in one instance, seven drachms of Opium. Hops also contain a large quantity of the narcotic principle, and the extract of Hops is now in use in some places as an anodyne. In- deed we abound in every specie* of anodyne plants, and the country physician, with a little care, might supply himself with opiates from his own garden. * Agricultural Transactions, vol. 1st, p. 264. f Med. Repos. vol. 13, p 193 Archives, vol 2. p. 177. i For a particular account of this method of extracting Opium see Archives of Knowledge, vol. 2nd, page 169. 16 But I must observe that the Opium of the Poppy is not the only benefit which its cultivation would afford—From the seeds an oil may be extracted as salubrious and agree- able as the finest Florence oil—The quantity of this oil which is consumed, and the frequent difficulties which attend its importation, would make the extraction of it from the Poppy a lucrative employment.* I am glad to state that in Pennsylvania some acres of ground are planted with the Poppy for this purpose. As the quality of the Olive oil is much affected by the acidity or richness of the soil in which the plant grows, it would be well to notice these circumstances in the cultivation of the Papaver.j- It is hardly necessary to add that the opium and the oil may both be extracted from the same plant. Large quantities of Sugar are annually extracted from the Maple tree, (Acer Sacharinum) in many parts of the Uni- ted States ; and the subject has already received the atten- tion of some writers.^ I shall therefore in this place notice only the Sugar Cane, (Sacharum Officinarum) this was * There have been many doubts suggested respecting the whole- some qualities of this oil—but the question that it is not deleterious is now settled—See the Abbe Hosier's experiments, quoted in Ar- chives, vol. 2, p. 176. + At Harmony, half a day's ride from Pittsburgh, (both places objects of very great interest) the settlers, use oil expressed from the poppy seed, exclusively, in lieu of olive oil for sallads, 8cc. It is nearly, if not quite equally good. This oil is becoming common in Europe as a substitute for olive oil. The poppy seed, may be eaten with impunity when ripe. I do not see why its use should be con- fined to the settlement of Harmony. The Ben, Bene, or Benni Seed common in the Carolinas, can furnish, as I am informed, oil enough to supply the United States at a cheap rate I have eaten the oil of the Ben or Behen nut in England, and I find no difference between it, and the olive oil. Why should this last be imported? But I doubt whether the Ben or Behen nac be the same with the Bjuni seed. I suspect this last to be the Seaamum ; but I have never seen it. The Behen nut, Glans unguentarius, Balenos muvepsiki, is the fruit of the Gnilandina Moringa. The oil is prepared in the Levant, in Egypt, in Syria, and in Italy, by expression. It is valuable for its purity, and its freedom from smell and taste, and for its property of remain- ing long without alteration or rancidity, which makes it extremely valuable in pharmaceutical preparations. Bees' Encyclopedia. $ See American Philo. Trans, for an important paper on the Maple tree—By Dr. B. Rush. 17 introduced into Georgia a few years since and has been found to grow there in great perfection.* The sacharine matter of the Georgia cane is quite as rich and plentiful as that from the cane of the West-Indies. It is supposed that most of the land in that state near the coast, south of Sunbury, may be converted into sugar plantations ; and since it is pretty well ascertained that more cotton is raised. than the manufactories of that article consume, the sugar cane might be advantageously substituted for it-t The interests of humanity, however, would not be advanced by the exchange, as they employ more slaves to make the sugar than to cultivate the cotton. The Fiorin Grass, or Agrostis Stolonifera, is a native of the United States.^ Our fellow member, Charles Whitlow, first discovered it in Sussex county, New-Jersey, and after- wards on the margin of the Genesee river—It grows also in great profusion on the island below this city.§ Dr. Mease mentions that he found it on the commons of Philadelphia. This I believe to be incorrect. It is the Agros- tis Capillaris,1T and not the Stolonifera, which is seen in that place. The Fiorin Grass has excited much attention in this country, since the introduction of Merino Sheep; these animals being remarkably fond of it, and the grass, from its succulent qualities, being well adapted for their fodder- Indeed most cattle prefer it as food to the other grasses ; and it is particularly proper for cows, as it is said to increase the quantity and to improve the quality of their milk. The advantages in agriculture of the Agrostis are of no * Medical Repos. vol. 12, p. 192. f Dr. Mease recommends the raising of the papaver in room ot Uie °% There are six species of the Agrostis mentioned by Dr. Muhlen- berg as natives of this country, two of these are new species—the Capillaris is among the number but not the Stolonifera—See Muh- lenberg's Florse Lancastriensis in American Philoso. Trans, vol. 3, P § On this island is found the Avena elatior and in the small com- pass of 6 feet I have seen 6 or 8 different species of grass. IT Archives of Useful Knowledge, vol. 2, p. 278. C 18 recent date. There is a species of it called Durva, grow- ing in the North of India, which for a long time has been very greatly prized. Sir William Jones in his catalogue of Indian plants, when speaking of this, observes " its flowers in their perfect state are among the loveliest objects in the vegetable world, and appear through a lens like mi- nute rubies and emeralds, in constant motion from the least breath of air—It is the sweetest and most nutritious pas- ture for cattle, and its usefulness, added to its beauty, induced the Hindus in their earliest ages, to believe it the mansion of a benevolent nymph. Even the Veda (or holy and immortal book) celebrates it in the following text from the Athervana.* " May Durva which rose from the water of life, which has a hundred roots and a hundred stems, efface a hundred of my sins and prolong my existence on earth a hundred years."t Among the many superior qualities of the Fiorin Grass are the following—Its active principle of life, which is not destroyed by the operations of nature fatal to other grasses —It thrives equally well in a moist, a dry, and a shallow soil—It appears little affected by the influence of the sun— Hence it may be found growing near the north side of a wall—It is regardless alike of the severe cold of winter, and the intense heat of summer—.Its crops are enormous and double, both crops, in one instance, amounted to nearly eight tons and a half per acre,!: and in another ten tons were gathered.^. The propagation, culture and properties of the Fiorin Grass have been unhappily exaggerated by the lovers of new improvements; who> not satisfied with advantages which are really peculiar, attribute to this herb every fan- cied desideratum—Yet, after making sufficient allowances on this score, the Fiorin Grass has unquestionably many * The fourth great division of the Veda. ■}• Quarterly Review, vol. 1st, p. 307. * Archives of Know ledge, vol. 2, p. 273. § See Edinburgh Farmer's Magazine. 19 excellencies, which ought to give it the highest standing in this class of vegetables. The sea weeds which are seen in such quantities along our coasts, might be turned to great account; and this por- tion of our territory which has been resigned to hofieless sterility, may thus be rendered productive * Every rock and island near the Atlantic is covered with the Cryptogamia Algae, which by calcination is converted into kelp a salt es- teemed at a much higher rate than the pearl ash in its pur- est form.t Kelp is employed in the manufacture of glass, alum and hard soap. The only use made of the sea weed at present is for manure, which is scattered loosely over the ground, just in the state in which it is taken from the sea shore after a storm. Barrilla which is made in the same manner as kelp, and employed for the same purposes, is procured from the Cryp- togamia Filices or ferns,which grow not only along the coast but in the upland country. The state of New-Jersey is noted for the production of them. Kelp and Barrilla are made by burning the plants in kilns, so that no air can approach them during their calcination.}: It is somewhat singular that these articles have not been made the subject of commerce by the enterprising people of New-England. The Urtica Whitlowi, discovered in the year IS 10, by Mr. Whitlow, promises to be a better and more lucrative production than hemp or flax. Dr. Muhlenberg gave this important plant its present name in compliment to the dis- coverer. It is found in great abundance on the island be- low this city—a place perhaps more fertile in plants, than any other, of equal dimensions, in the United States. The fact is now well established, that the culture of hemp offers a greater profit to the farmer, than if he should em- ploy his time, his labour, and his field in any other manner *See National Arithmetic, or Observations on the Finances of Massachusetts, chap. 5th. + Tucker on Commerce. i Chambers on Glass and Soap Making. 20 heretofore known—but if the Urtica has a finer and strong- er fibre, and will produce more on a given portion of land? it will eventually supercede the hemp. The soil best adapted to the Urtica is wet meadow land ; and it will thrive in ground covered with water many months in the year. It grows also to advantage in a rich, moist> upland loom. It can be raised from the seed or root, as it is a hardy perennial. The seed should be planted in the spring, and the roots in the fall months. If the fibre is wanted for the finest fabrics, the plant should be cut while in full flower ; but if only for common use, it will yield more by standing till completely ripe. After being cradled> which is the most proper way to cut it, the stalk should be suffered to lie on the ground some days, as the stinging quality which is peculiar to the growing nettle, is thus re- moved. The Urtica is rotted in the same manner as hemp, only it requires a longer time for the purpose : But it is not affected by the inclemency of the weather. The legislature of this state at their last session incorpo- rated a company for the manufacture of this plant, and the United States have granted a patent to Mr. Whitlow for its discovery.* While on the subject of vegetable fibre, it is proper to mention the Asclepiasf and the Apocynum Cannabi- num, both of which grow very luxuriantly on the isl- and in our neighborhood, already mentioned. The fibres of these plants are very strong and very numerous ; and may, with little trouble, be converted to many domestic purposes. For coarse cordage or family cloth it can be used almost in the state in which it is taken from the stalk. The common Asclepias, or Milkweed, may be employed for * For many interesting particulars respecting the cultivation of this valuable nettle, examine a paper published by the corporation of the city of New-York, and the Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Ly- ceum. ■J- Two new species of Asclepias were discovered in this state last summer by Mr. Whitlow, and a patent has been taken from the office for the manufacture of the staple. 2i the purposes just mentioned ; but there is a newly discov- ered species having much smaller leaves than the other, and growing nearly in the same plenty, which will be found to answer better.* The silk or cotton taken from the pods of the Asclepias when ripe, has been manufactured into hats, and has also been spun into yarn of which cloth has been made, which vies with silk in lustre.f The advantages of introducing into this country the culti- vation of the Vine have been frequently and strikingly ex- hibited. I shall only mention that a colony of enterprising Swiss, who settled in the Indiana Territory, have plant- ed vineyards of the Bordeaux, Madeira and other grapes ; and they have sent from their wine presses last season large quantities of claret, not inferior to that imported from France. By an advertisement in a newspaper published at Cincinna- ti, in the state of Ohio, it appears that a merchant of that place has a large supply of this red wine for sale ; and that a quantity of Madeira is expected from the vineyards to which I have referred-! § Though not critically proper in a discussion on botany, I may be allowed the liberty of introducing in this place a few observations on some colouring vegetables. The late discovery of the Zanthorrhiza tincloria in the United States promises to be extensively useful. This shrub is found on the Alleghany ridge from Virginia to Georgia, and it prob- ably may be found on most of the upland country. The ex- tract or even decoction of the whole plant, forms a fine yel- low dye, which may be varied by saturation or dilution, from the brightest straw colour to the deepest orange. In com- bination with indigo or most other blues, all the different shades of green may be produced. The stain which it makes on cloth is not apt to fade or wear off, and it may * This Asclepias has been sent to Dr. Muhlenberg for a name. f In France this cotton is known by the name of Virginia silk, and coverlets, stockings and gloves are made of it. ± See Columbian, by Albany Register, July 18th, 1813. § A new species of cluster gooseberry grows on the Alleghany ridge, which yields a wine nearly equal to that from the grape. 22 also be applied without using any mordant. Specimens of cloth dyed with the Zanthorrhiza were shewn to the society last winter. This plant also possesses many medical vir- tues.* Isatis Tinctoria, or Woad, is well known as a blue, and still better as the basis of black. The colouring matter is obtained from the leaves. This plant can be raised here with little trouble, and in great abundance. In the neigh- borhood of this city there are some fields planted with it. The Isatis, in conjunction with the Zanthorrhiza, gives us the three principal dyes in colour making. The Galium Tinctorium is also one of our native plants. It flourishes most in places sheltered from the sun, and where the ground is rather moist. This plant so nearly re- sembles the Madder (Rubia Tinctorium) in its botanical character, as well as in its colouring properties, that some writers have given it the name of Rubia Americana. The Galium is employed by the inhabitants of Jura, one of the Hebrides,! as a red dye, and it is perhaps equal to the rich red of the Rubia itself. Upon turning over the pages of our transactions, I find that the Galium has already received your attention and patronage.! The true Rubia was raised last summer at Pittsfield by Mr. E. Watson, who will, I un- derstand, read you in the course of the winter a paper on this article. The Rubia has for a long time been raised in Connecticut, but only in gardens. I understand the Sha- kers have also planted it.§ * See Barton's Collections, part 2, pi. 11, 12, and 13. f Encyclopedia Britannica, article Jura. i Agricultural Trans, vol. 1st, p. 367. § The following directions for raising Madder, may be useful, they are copied from the Emporium of Arts, vol. 4th, No. 2, p. 325. " This plant may be propogated either by offsets or seeds ; if the latter method is preferred, the seed should be of the true Turkish kind, which is called lizari in the Levant. On a light thin soil the culture cannot be carried on to any degree of profit, that soil in which the plant delights is a rich sandy loam, being 23 The Cochineal plant (Cactus Cochinelifer) has been dis- covered in South-Carolina, where it can be cultivated to any extent. We may therefore reasonably hope that the invaluable dye extracted from the insect which gives this plant its name, and which always accompanies it, will speed- ily be numbered among our staple productions.! The juice of the common Pokcberry (Phytolacca Decan- dra) has lately been added to the list of permanent vegeta- ble dyes. Dr. Adam Seybert of Philadelphia, was the first who succeeded in fixing this colour, which can be changed from the brightest crimson to a red little inferior to scarlet. It is expected from the further discoveries which are likely three feet or more in depth. The ground being first made smooth is divided into beds four feet wide, with alternate alleys, half as wide again as the beds ; the reason of this extraordinary breadth of the alleys will appear presently. In each alley is to be a shal- low channel for the convenience 'of irrigating the whole field, &c. that part of the alley which is not otherwise occupied may be sown with legumes. " The Madder seed is sown broad cast in the proportion of from 25 to 30 lbs. per acre, about the end of April. In a fort- night or three weeks the young plants begin to appear, and from this time to the month of September, care must be taken to keep the ground well watered and free from weeds ; if the plants are examined in autumn they will be found surrounded with small yellow offsets, at the depth of two inches; and early in Septem- ber the earth from the alleys is to be dug out, and laid over the plants of madder to the heights of two or three feet, with this the Urst year's operation finishes. The 6econd year's work be- gins in May, with giving the beds a thorough weeding, and care must be taken to supply them with plenty of water during the summer; in September the first crop of seed will be ripe, at which time the stems of the plants may be mown down, and the roots covered a few inches with earth taken as before out of the alleys. The weeding should take place as early as possible in the spring of the third year, and the crop, instead of being left for seed, may be cut three times during summer for green fod- der, all kinds of cattle being remarkably fond of it. In Octo- ber the roots are taken up, the offsets carefully separated and immediately used to form a new plantation, and the roots, after being dried, are sold, either without further preparation, or ground to a coarse powder and sprinkled with an alkaline ley. The roots lose four-fifths of their weight in drying, and the pro- duce of an acre is about two thousand pounds weight of dry sale- able madder." f Archives of Knowl. vol. 1st, 257. 24 to be made on this colour, that the Cochineal which is so cx-» pensive, may be generally dispensed with.* The Quercitron, a species of Oak, and native of this coun- try only, has long been esteemed for producing a yellow dye. Dr. Bancroft, who first carried it to Europe, received a patent from the English government for its introduction there, and acquired a large fortune by the enterprise. The pulverised bark was the state in which the Quercitron was imported and used—But works are now erected at Fitch- burgh, in Massachusetts, for obtaining the extract of the Quercitron, by a new process; which contains the virtues of the bark in substance in a very condensed state. One pound of this extract affords as much colouring matter as fif- teen or twenty pounds of the pulverised bark.f As we abound in Cryptogamic plants, I must not pass them wholly unnoticed when speaking of dyes. Both moss- es and mushrooms have been made to produce, in union with other substances, beautiful colours of red and of violet hues. In Sweden they stain woollen cloth with their moss- es.J In France the mountains of Auvergne supply a moss containing a colour little inferior to the splendid purple ex- tracted from the Archil or Roella of the Canary Islands ;§ and in the Highlands! of Scotland there are mosses found which yield the same beautiful tinctures. These examples ought to stimulate us to inquiries and investigations on these subjects, which probably would be rewarded with complete success. The art of dyeing is in its second infancy ; but we may hope that, like the fabled eagle of the ancients, this renewed youth will be only the precursor of a more vigorous maturi- ty. The attention of a few scientific men to the subject would bid fair to realize the prospect. The ancients held * See Aurora, October 5th, 1813. f See Literary and Philos. Repos. for Nov. and Decern. 1812, p. 14& i Kalm. § Encyclop. Britannica— Archil and Colour making, No. 49. f Ibid, with Archil, 25 this art in the greatest estimation, and it is to be lamented that although we have increased the variety of colours, we are yet unable to give them that durability which they are known to have once possessed, and which forms their prin- cipal value. The mode of making the Tyrian dye or ancient royal purple, has been long lost. But if the cloth coloured by it could have been preserved, and what is told of it be true, the stain might have been as lasting as the story of its discovery. The medicinal qualities of plants is an important and in- teresting subject of investigation, and it is surprising that the spirit of research and discovery, so remarkable in our countrymen, should not have been more operative on this subject. The flower which is now heedlessly trampled un- der foot, may possess virtues for the relief of many maladies, which, from our ignorance of its properties, we are unable to cure :—And when it is recollected that plants which dif- fer widely from each other in habits of life, and in internal structure, have been found to produce the same results,* it may be confidently expected that a period will arrive when our own country will furnish us, with most of the medicines which are now imported. Already many plants which were noticed as desiderata for American cultivation, andf which twenty years ago were esteemed exotics, are now found growing in our fields and forests. The new and rapid im- provements which are making in the Materia Medica, flatter us with a hope that Pharmacy will soon banish from her list, most of her mineral applications, those banes, too often, of the health and constitution, which like the Vampyresof Java? eventually destroy the blood, while they lull, in present se- curity, the unsuspecting victim. In this place I shall mention a few native medicinal plants, some of which have not been publicly noticed. The Aristolochia Serpentaria, or Virginia Snake Root, to- * Homberg produced the same principle from Cabbage as from Hemlock. Edin. Rev. No. 13. t American Philos. Trans, vol. p. 325 to 380. 26 gethdV with many of the same species, have been long known among us as astringents and tonics. But a new plant, which may be called Serpentaria Alba, or white Snake Root, is much to be preferred to the others ; as it possesses all their virtues in the highest degree. The farmers of New- Jersey esteem it greatly as a cure for the ague ; and it abounds most in the vicinity of marshes, where the miasma which occasions this complaint prevails. But it is remark- able that a dry soil is required for its peculiar habit. The efficacy of the Serpentaria is said to be superior to the Cin- chona, or Peruvian Bark in its febrifuge qualities. I cannot forbear just to notice here a witticism on this subject by Voltaire, whose reputation stands higher in matters of fan- cy, than in matters of fact, and who is commonly unhappy when he touches on a moral subject. He takes occasion in speaking of the Peruvian bark, to combat the idea that the bounty of Providence is apparent in providing a remedy for diseases in the neighborhoods which produce them. He observes, in his Philosophical Dictionary, that the Peruvian Bark is found, in one quarter of the globe, while the disease which it cures is discovered in another. But as the bark is used in many complaints, his remark is wholly irrelavent, unless he could have shewn that it was of no special benefit where discovered. Now if general and uncontradicted tra- dition is to be believed, the medical qualities of the Cincho- na were first learned by observing certain animals, affected by intermittents, instinctively led to the plant itself, or to ponds of water impregnated with its juice.* Be this howev- er as it may, we certainly find in the Serpentaria a new proof of the old doctrine, that the remedy is usually found on the spot which produces the disease. The Maculata Virginiensis, a newly discovered plant, has been found a most efficacious remedy in epileptic affections, and for this purpose it is much employed by the Indians. The Maranta Arundinacea, or Arrow Root, (called so by * Darwin's Botanic Garden, P. 2, p. 60. 57 the Indians, who heal with its juice wounds inflicted by poi- sonous arrows) was formerly thought a native only of South America. But it is now discovered in the West-Indies and I believe in Georgia. It is highly valued as an antidote to animal poison. The bite of the Scolopendra or Centum Pes, which is almost as venomous as the sting of a scorpion, has often been cured by the application of the Maranta, which flourishes most where these noxious insects abound. It also effectually counteracts the fatal effects of the deadly nightshade (Atropa Belladona) which is perhaps the most powerful of the vegetable venoms. Six slaves in the West Indies swallowed some spirits from a bottle which had been stopped with the leaves of the deadly nightshade.— Four of them died shortly after, by the effects of the poison. The remaining two were saved by applying liberally the juice of the Maranta Arundinaceu. The efficacy of this plant in removing the baneful consequences of the animal and vegetable poison, seems to indicate that the malignan- cy of mineral poison might also be opposed by its adminis- tration. The experiment is certainly worth a trial. The juice of the young plant is the antidote. The ferenaceous qualities of the arrow root when mature, are sufficiently known. The bark of the White Walnut, or Butternut, has been used for the cure of bites from venomous serpents ;* and an extract from it, made by simple boiling, is known to be among the best cathartic medicines. The Scutellaria, or Skull Cap, has lately obtained much reputation as a remedy, or preventure, of cannine madness. The authority on which many of the cures are believed to be real, cannot be ques- tioned ; and the frequent occurrence of the hydrophobia, during the summer months, entitle such a specific to much attention—The Sutellaria grows plentifully in this state, and it flowers in July and August. The Scneka snake root (Polygala Senega) is found in the ♦Barton's Collec. vol. 2, p. ?o. 28 highlands between this place and Schoharie. The Indians are said to cure the bite of the Rattlesnake with this root, and they were perhaps first induced to use it, by the striking resemblance which it bears to the rattles of this dreadful animal. There is a great demand for it in medicine, and its discovery in our neighbourhood will be important. The Delphinium Consolida, or common Larkspur, has been found to possess many useful qualities, and it may be used in some instances for the Digitalis Purpuria, or Foxglove,* a medicine in some cases indispensable; and the effects of which notwithstanding, on the vision, are equally distressing and wonderful. The imagination of the patient, also, both in his sleeping and wakeful hours, is powerfully affected by it. The headlong precipice that thwarts the flight, The trackless desert, the cold starless night, And stern-eyed Murder with his knife behind, In dread succession sgonize the mind. To relieve us from these consequences of the Digitalis, we have a hope in the Delphinium. A tincture made of the bruised seeds has been the mode of its preparation.t The Columbo root was discovered in the western part of this state last summer, by Mr. Whitlow. Willdenow sup- poses it to belong to a species of the Bryonia. This how- ever is doubtful. A technical name, it is known, will short- ly be given to the plant. Its present appellation is from Co- lumbo, a town in Ceylon from whence all India is supplied. It grows also in Africa,^ and forms an important article of commerce with the Portuguese at Mozambique. Its use and importance in medicine is fully established, and it has hitherto been the subject of regret, that the irregularity at- tending its importation, has obliged practitioners often to exhibit it in a decayed state, owing to long keeping. * See Medical Repos. Hex. Ill, vol. 2. p. 232, for a particular ac- count of this important plant. + See Dr. A. Blanchard's communication to the New-England Med. and Surg. Journal, vol. 2, p. 248. t Duncan's Dispensatory, p. 203. 29 The Actaea Spicata, marked as peculiar to Britain in Donn's Catalogue, is found at the base of Schooley's moun- tain, and in many other places. The Actaea Racemosa and Alba are frequently met with. The berries of the Actaea Spicata are poisonous. Toads are said to resort to this plant, owing to some congenial effluvia they exhale from it. The vulgar antipathy to these animals may have arisen from this circumstance. The root of Actaea is the medicine.* This short list of medicinal plants might be greatly en- larged ; but neither the limits nor the design of this address permit me farther to expatiate. I understand that Mr. Frederick Pursh, the botanist, who made one of the expedi- tion up the Missouri under the command of the unfortunate Lewis, is about publishing in London, under a liberal pat- ronage, a full account of the valuable and extensive addi- tions which were then made to the Materia Medica. Anoth- er work, comprising the discoveries since that period, is contemplated in this country. These, with Dr. Barton's Collections, will furnish us with a tolerable view of the sub- ject. Respecting ornamental flowers, the properties of which have not yet been developed, I shall only say, that the florist would find, in many of our wild plants, colours richer and more numerous, and fragrance more delightful,than in many which have already been introduced into the hot house and garden. I conclude with recommending the employment of a skilful botanist to explore the unfrequented parts of our state, and particularly those portions of it considered un- healthy ; as a greater number of plants, and those of the most useful kind, are found in such places, than elsewhere. Tours of this nature are by no means unfrequent, and while Americans have neglected the botanical examination of their country, foreigners have immortalised themselves by doing it. From England we have had Raleigh and Catesby, Fra- * Doim's Hortus Cuntabrigiensis, p. 100. 30 sier, Squibb, Lewis, and Walter; from Sweden, Professor Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus and collector for him ; from Ger- many, Fursling and Pursh ; France has sent us Michaux and Volney, and Prussia, Baron Humboldt and King. To these indeed many other names might be added ; but among them all there is not one of our own countrymen—no one who has received our patronage or encouragement. If you are unwilling to engage a botanist for this purpose, let eve- ry member who is at all acquainted with the subject, en- gage to occupy himself in multiplying the number of local Floras; and we may thus, perhaps, obtain the vegetable contents of the state. Should this plan be adopted, each in- dividual engaging should undertake to survey a district con- tiguous to his residence, with special and minute investiga- tion. The nomenclature and classification of the vegetable tribes are now reduced to such a systematic form, that any discovery may be registered with the greatest ease and pre- cision. If this method should be pursued with industry and skill, we might soon reverse, in regard to this region of our country, the position of the poet, and say Not " many a flower is born to blush unseen, And waste its sweetness on the desert air." Catalogue of Plants INDIGENOUS TO THE STATE OF NEW-YORK Communicated to the Society, February 23d, 1814. PREFACE. 1. HE following Catalogue includes only the plants, which have been collected by Messrs. Le Conte, Pursh, Eddy, Whitlow, Eclmonston, Beck, and myself—it might have been enlarged by the addition of some other genera and species which have been naturalized and now grow spontaneously —but I thought it would be more proper to confine the list to those which are indigenous. It will be found that but a very few of the Cryptogamous tribes are here in- serted—on some future occasion it is proposed to treat of this class more at large. Where I have been unable to find in the lists already pub- lished, an English name for the Latin Systematick name, I have supplied it. Many inaccuracies will no doubt be found in the present catalogue, but it is hoped they are such as may be easily rectified by the botanist. JACOB GREEN. E ABBREVIATIONS. 000~.>000**^— Ail. Aiton. Lmk. Lamarck. Auct. Auctores I'Her. l'Heritier. Bartr. Bartram. Lys. Lyons. Curt. Curtis. Mich. Michaux. Cav. Cavinille. Micluf. Michaux filius. Desf. Desfontaines. Mcench. Moenchausen. Don. Donn. Muhl. Muhlenberg. Ehrt. Ehrhardt. Pers. Persoon. Ed. Eddy. Sal. Salisbury. Eras. Fraser. Swz. Swartz. Frcel. Froelich Walt. Walter. Gtert. Gxrtner. Waug. Waugenheim. Hedw. Hedwig. mud. Willdenow. H. P. Hortus Parisiensis. N. S. New Species. Le Con. Le Conte. Far. Variety. L. Linnxus. 1 CATALOGUE, §c. »00©00« fame. English Name. Scientific ACER 1 coccineum 2 dasycarpum Ehrt. 3 flavum. N. S. 4 montanum 5 negundo 6 rubrum 7 saccharinum 8 striatum 9 do. Var. ACHILLEA millefolium ACORUS calamus ACTAEA sl americana JV. S. 2 ------alba. 3 coerulea 4 racemosa 5 rubra 6 spicata ADIANTUM pedatum ADONIS autumnalis AGARICUS campestris AGRIMONIA eupatoria Var. AGROSTEMMA githago githagoscgetum Desf. MAPLE 1 scarlet 2 silver leaved (white) 3 yellow 4 mountain 5 ash leaved (box elder) 6 scarlet, white, red, soft 7 sugar maple 8 striped maple > moose-wood 5 YARROW milfoil SWEET FLAG common > aromatic, calamus $ BANE BERRY 1 American 2 white 3 blue 4 black snake root 5 red 6 common, coral and fiearl MAIDEN HAIR Canadian ADONIS autumnal > pheasant's eye y AGARICUS AGRIMONY common ROSE CAMPION corn cockle AGROSTIS 1 decumbens 2 filiformis 3 stricta 4 stolonifera AIRA 1 melicoides Mich. 2 obtusata Mich. ALETRIS 1 iarinosa ? alba Mich. \ 2 aurea Mich. AL1SMA plantago ALLIUM 1 canadense 2 cernuum 3 tricoccum ALNUS 1 incana (glauca) 2 scrrulata ALS'NE media AMARANTHUS I lividus 2 oleraceus AMPELOPSIS 1 hirsuta Lys. 2 quinquefolia hedera quinquefolia.L cissus hederacea/'er*. ANAGALUS arvensis ANCHUSA 1 canescens > batschia Mich. $ 2 Yirginica ANDROMEDA 1 calyculata Var. 2 fenuginea 3 mariana Var. 4 paniculata Var. 5 polifolia Var. 6 salicifolia A". 5. 7 suigosa .V. S. BENT GRASS I creeping; 2 thread-form 3 upright 4 fiorin grass IIAIR GRASS 1 inelic like 2 blunt ALETRIS 1 mealy; Devil's bit, star } grass ) 2 yellow flowered WATER PLANTAIN common ONION GARLICK I wild, or American 2 mountain garlick 3 broad leavcd,threeseeded ALDER I hoary leaved (glaucous) 2 common American CH1CKWEED common AMARANTH, orCock's comb 1 lead coloured 2 cultivated FALSE GRAPE, or Amer- ican joy . 1 hairy 2 five leaved wild ivy PIMPERNEL, or Chick-weed common BUGLOSS 1 soft 2 smooth ANDROMEDA I box leaved 2 ferrugineo.us o oval leaved 4 panicled 5 rosemary leaved 6 willow leaved 7 slender 37 8 racemosa ANDROPOGON 1 scoparium Mich. 2 virginicum. ANDRYALA sinuata ANEMONE 1 dichotoma 2 hepatica, obtusa. 3 parviflora 4 pennsylvanica 5 quinquefolia 6 thalictroides thalictrum anemonoides Mich. 7 virginiana ANETHUxM fceniculum ANGELICA 1 atropurpurea 2 hirsuta triquinata ANTHEMIS cotula ANTHOXANTHUM odoratum ANTIRRHINUM 1 canadcnse 2 linaria vulgaris APOCYNUM 1 androsaemifolium 2 cannabinum 3 hypericifolium AQUILEGIA canadensis ARABIS 1 bulbosa 2 canadensis ? falcata Mich. $ 3 hispida 4 lyrata 5 spathulata 6 thaliana ARALIA I hispida 2 nudicaulis S racemosa 8 cluster flowered, sweet scented BEARD GRASS 1 broom 2 yellow broom grass ANDRYALA crooked ANEMONE 1 wolf's bane leaved 2 hepatica, liver wort 3 small flowered 4 Pennsylvanian 5 five leaved 6 meadow-rue leaved 7 Virginian FENNEL sweet ANGELICA 1 purple 2 downy CHAMOMILE stinking—May weed VERNAL GRASS sweet scented SNAP DRAGON 1 Canadian 2 common toad flax DOG'S BANE 1 tutsan leaved 2 Indian hemp 3 hypericum leaved COLUMBINE scarlet or wild WALL CRESS,or turkey fiod 1 tuberous 2 Canadian or sickle pod- ded. 3 hispid or Welch 4 lyre leaved 5 palm leaved 6 common or mouse ear ARALIA 1 bristly 2 wild sarsaparilla 3 berry bearing spikenard * sa ARBUTUS uva ursi Amer. ARCTIUM lappa ARENARIA 1 divaricata Mich. 2 lateriflora 3 rubra canadensis Pert. 4 stricta ARETHUSA Var. Purfi. bulbosa nutans ophioglossoides pendula stellata verticillata ARGOLASIA aurea A". S. heritiera tinct. ARISTOLOCHIA 1 serpentaria 2 sipho ARUM triphyllum ARUNDO epigejos ASARUM canadense ASCLEPIAS 1 amoena 2 cinera Walt. S debilis Mich. Aff. Nivea Dill 4 exaltata acuminata grandiflorum incarnata longifolia obtusifolia pulchra purpurascens quadrifolia syriaca tuberosa } decumbens 5 A*. S. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 .1 STRAWBERRY TREE bearbcrry 6URDOCK common SANDWORT 1 severed 2 lateral flowered 3 red or field 4 upright ARETHUSA 1 bulbous 2 nodding 3 adder's tongue leaved 4 pendant 5 starry 6 whorl leaved LOOKING GLASS PLANT shining BIRTH WORT, snake root 1 Virginian 2 broad leaved INDIAN TURNEP three leaved REED GRASS small SNAKE ROOT white—wild ginger SWALLOW WORT, milk I oval leaved [weed 2 artichoke leaved 3 white 4 poke leaved 5 large flowering 6 flesh coloured 7 long leaved 8 obtuse leaved 9 hairy, river 10 purple 11 four leaved 12 common silk plant 13 pleurisy root—butterfly weed 39 14 variegata A". S. ? 15 verticillata ASCYRUM 1 amplexicaule 2 crux andreae 3 hypericoides 4 multicaule Mich. 5 stans Mich. ASPARAGUS officinalis ASP1DIUM I acrotichoides 2 ebenum 3 filix faemina 4 marginale 5 tenue ASPLENIUM I ebenum 2 melanocaulon 3 rhizophyllum 4 ruta muraria L. 5 trichomanes 6 trichomanoides. Mich. ASTER I amplexicaulis 2 conyzoides 3 cordifolius 4 corymbosus 5 infirmis Mich. 7 cornifolius WHtd. $ 6 latifolius 7 linarifolius 8 miser 9 novae anglise 10 novi belgii 11 paniculatus N. S. 12 rigidus . 13 salsuginosus A*. 5. 14 silphioides A*. vulgaris L. $ BETULA 1 glandulosa Mich. 2 lutea Mich. 3 nigra (rubra 7 lanulosa) Mich. J 4 pumila 5 tremula BIDENS 1 cernua 2 connata Mich. 3 chrysanthemoides Mich. BLITUM 1 capitatum 2 virgatum BCEHMERIA cylindrica BOLETUS tuberosus BARTRAMIA BARTSIA 1 scarlet yellow 2 pale BERBERRY Canadian or common American BIRCH 1 glandulous 2 yellow 3 sweet scented, red beech 4 dwarf hairy 5 quivering MARYGOLD 1 nodding burr 2 marsh 3 large flowered STRAWBERRY BLITE I common 2 slender stalked BCEHMERIA cylindrical BOLETUS tuberous 41 BOTRYPUS lunaroides A". S. BRIZA maxima BROMUS I canadensis Mich. 1 mollis BRACHYSTEMUM virginicum Mich. linifolium Willd. BUPHTHALMUM helianthoides I'Her. helianthus lsevis L. heliopsis lsevis Pers, BUCHNERA americana CACTUS opuntia CALENDULA officinalis CALLA palustris N. S. Var. ' denticulata CALLICARPA americana CALTHA 1 dentata 2 palustris CAMPANULA 1 acuminata 2 americana 3 nitida 4 perfoliata amplexicaulis Mich. 5 rotundifolia CARDAMINE 1 hirsuta 2 pennsylvanica 3 virginica CARDUUS l horridulus 2 marianus 3 pectinatus } HEMLOCK FERN kidney leaved QUAKING GRASS large BROME GRASS L Canadian 2 soft BRACHYSTEMUM flax leaved or Virginian OX-EYE smooth BUCHNERA American INDIAN FIG, Cactus common POT MARYGOLD common CALLA marsh Var. notched CALLICARPA sage leaved MARSH MARYGOLD 1 gaged 2 common BELL FLOWER 1 pointed 2 American 3 shining 4 perfoliate 5 round leaved LADY'S SMOCK I hairy 2 Pennsylvania water cress 3 Virginian THISTLE 1 thorny 2 milk 3 pectinated 42 CAREX 1 crinata 2 hystericina 3 leporina 4 muricata 5 pedunculata 6 rostrata 7 vulpina CARP1NUS 1 americana Willd. 2 ostrya CASSIA 1 chamae crista 2 discolor Don. 3 fasciculata . Mich. 4 marilandica 5 nictitans C ASTANEA vesca. americana G 3 purpureus 4 repens 5 sagitifolius Mich. 6 sepium 7 spithameus CONYZA marilandica Mich erigeron camphora turn L. COREOPSIS 1 alternifolia 2 verticillata CORNUS 1 alba 2 alternifolia 5 canadensis 4 circinata C Her. C tomentulosa Mich. \ 5 florida 6 paniculata THISTLE Canada COLLINSONIA common (horse balm) COMPTONIA 1 whitish 2 sweet fern HEMLOCK common SOLOMON'S SEAL 1 two leaved, small 2 common lily of the valley 3 many flowered 4 common 5 hairy 6 cluster flowered 7 star flowered 8 three leaved 9 umbelliferous BIND WEED I small (field corn) 2 fiddle leaved (wild fiota- toe) 3 great purple 4 creeping 5 arrow leaved 6 hedge (great bearbind) 7 dwarf FLEA BANE marsh SUN FLOWER 1 alternate leaved tick seed 2 whorl leaved DOG WOOD 1 white berry 2 alternate leaved 3 Canadian 4 hairy 5 common 6 paniculated 45 7 sanguinea 8 sericea I'Her. ccerulea Lmk. 9 stolonifera VHer. 10 stricta VHer. 11 N. S. CORYDALIS 1 fungosa 2 rosea CORYLUS I americana 2 avellana 3 humilis 4 rostrata 5 N. S. Catskill. CRATAEGUS 1 coccinea 2 cor data Ait. 3 crus gali 4 eliptica 5 flava 6 glaudulosa 7 parvifolia 8 punctata leucophleos Munch. 9 pyrifolia Ait. 10 sphathulata 11 viridis CROTOLARIA 1 parviflora 2 sagitalis CUCUBALUS stellatus CUNILA 1 mariana 2 pulegioides hedeoma pulegioides Pers. CUPRESSUS thuyoides CUSCUTA americana CYCLAMEN americanum 7 bloody 8 blue berried 9 creeping 10 upright 11 CORYDALIS I spungy flowered 2 rose coloured HAZLE NUT 1 American common (fil- bert) 2 European common 3 dwarf 4 cuckold hazle 5 -------- HAWTHORN 1 scarlet fruited 2 maple leaved 3 cock spur 4 oval leaved 5 yellow fruited 6 hollow leaved 7 small leaved 8 large fruited 9 pear leaved 10 spatula leaved 11 green fruited CROTOLARIA 1 small flowered 2 arrow leaved CAMPION four leaved CUNILA 1 mint leaved 2 penny royal leaved CYPRESS TREE white cedar DODDER American CYCLAMEN, or sow bread American 46 CYMBIDIUM 1 odontorrhyzon 2 pulchellum Willd, angustifolium CYNOGLOSbUM officinale CYPERUS 1 compressus 2 flavescens 3 mflexus 4 parviflorus 5 phymatodes A. S. 6 strigosus CYPRIPEDIUM 1 acaule Ait. ? humile Mich. $ 2 candidum 3 parviflorum 4 pubescens Mich. 5 spec labile Sal. canadense Mich album Ait. 6 A. 5. DALIBARDA 1 fragarioides 2 repens DATURA 1 stramonium 2 tatula DENTARIA 1 diphylla 2 laciniata DIAPENSIA lapponica DIERViLLA 1 americana A. 5. 2 humilis 3 lutea 4 montana ? A. 5. 5 canadensis 6 A. 5. DIO^COREA pan icu lata Mich. villosa L. } CYMBIDIUM 1 large tooth rooted 2 beautiful tuberous HOUND'S TONGUE common CYPERUS GALINGALE 1 flat stemmed (sedge) 2 yellow , 3 fragrant 4 small flowered 5 tuberous 6 rough bristle spiked LADY'S SLIPPER 1 stemless dwarf 2 white 3 small flowered 4 hairy American yellow 5 shewy tall white flowered, 6 A. S. DALIBARDA 1 three leaved 2 heart leaved THORN APPLE 1 common (Jamestown weed) 2 blue TOOTH WORT 1 two leaved (coral wort) 2 jagged leaved DIAPENSIA northern DIERVILLA 1 American 2 dwarf 3 marsh 4 mountain 5 yellow flowered 6 A. 5. YAM American 47 DIPSACUS sylvestris DIRCA palustris DOLICHOS 2 sphserosphermus > phaseolus L. 3 DRABA verna DRACCENA borealis DRACONTIUM foetidum DROSERA 1 americana Willd. 2 filiformis A. -S. 3 rotundifolia 4 spathulata A". S. ECH1UM 1 americanum A*. S. 2 vulgare ELYMUS canadensis EPIG^A repens EPILOBIUM 1 coloratum 2 laevigatum 3 lineare oliganthum Mich 4 spicatum L7nk. 5 strictum ERIGERON 1 bellidifolium Mich. ~) pulchellum Mich. 3 2 canadense 3 heterophyllum Muhl aster aunnus L 4 philadelphicum do. purpureum 5 strigosum ERIOCAULON gnaphalioides Mich. uhl.\ TEASEL wild LEATHER WOOD marsh (moose wood) DOLICHOS 1 purple 2 round seeded WHITLOW GRASS spring DRACAENA oval leaved DRAGON skunk weed SUN DEW l American long leaved 2 hairy 3 round leaved 4 spathulated BUGLOSS 1 American vipers 2 common LIME GRASS Canadian EPIGjEA creeping (fiigeon berry) WILLOW HERB 1 coloured 2 smooth 3 linear leaved 4 narrow leaved 5 upright (soft) ERIGERON (flea bane) 1 Robert's plantain 2 annual 3 various leaved 4 Philadelphia!! 5 bristled PIPE WORT short leaved 48 ERIOPHORUM 1 angustifolium 2 hudson^anum 3 polystachion 4 virginicum ERYTHRON1UM 1 americanum ") luteum et album 5 2 dens canis EUONYMUS atropurpurcus Ait. EUPATORIUM 1 agcratoides Willd. 2 ceanothifolium 3 cselestinum 4 coronopifolium Willd. 5 hyssopifolium 6 lanceolatum 7 maculatum 8 melissoides 9 perfoliatum 10 pubescens 11 purpureum 12 punctatum 13 rotundifolum 14 sessilifolium 15 trifoliatum 16 verticillatum Muhl. trifoliatum L. EUPHORBIA 1 ipecacuanha 2 maculata 3 polygonifolia FAGUS 1 carpinifolia 2 ferruginea 3 sylvestris FESTUCA clandestina FRAGARIA 1 palustus 2 vesca 3 virginiana Ehrt. FRASERA 1 verticillata COTTON GRASS 1 narrow leaved 2 Hudson's Bay 3 common many headed 4 Virginian DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET 1 American yellow and white 2 common SPINDLE TREE purple EUPATORIUM 1 nettle \caxcd(hemfi seed) 2 ccanothus leaved 3 blue flowered 4 buck's horn leaved 5 hyssop leaved 6 spear leaved 7 spotted stalked 8 balm leaved 9 boncscttf thorough wort) 10 hairy 11 purple stalked 12 dotted 13 round leaved 14 sessile leaved 15 three leaved 16 whorl leaved SPURGE 1 ipecacuanha 2 spotted 3 knotgrass leaved BEECH I hornbeam leaved 2 rusty leaved 3 common FESCUE GRASS hidden flowered STRAWBERRY 1 marsh 2 common garden 3 wild FRASERA I pyramid flowered 49 2 waltheri FRAXINUS 1 concolor 2 discolor A. americana B. juglandifolia 3 platyacarpa Mich. 4 pubescens 5 sambucifolia Mich. FUCUS vesiculosus FUMARIA 1 glauca Curt. sempervirens L. ' corydalis sempervi- j rens Mich.) formosa A. 5. 2 Walter's ASH 1 red green 2 two coloured white walnut leaved 3 Carolinian broad fruited 4 hairy 5 black elder leaved FuCUS vesiculosus FUMITORY 1 glaucous GALACTIA ervum volubile Walt. gabella Mich. GALEGA virginica GALIUM 1 aparine 2 bermudianum 3 brachiatum circaezans Mich 4 cuspidatum 5 pennsylvanicum Willd. 6 pilosum > puncticulosum Mich. 3 7 tinctorium 8 trifidum ~> claytoni Mich. $ GAULTHERIA 1 hispidula 2 procumbens GENTIANA 1 amarelloides Mich quinqueflora L 2 angustifolia Mich. 3 crinita Frxl. 4 saponaria L. *} 2 beautiful 3 A. 5. GALACTIA smooth GOAT'S RUE Virginia two coloured LADIES' BED STRAW 1 common 2 Bermudian 3 cross branched 4 spit pointed 5 Pennsylvanian 6 hairy 7 dyer's 8 trifid GAULTHERIA 1 hispia 2 mountain tea winter green GENTIAN 1 five leaved 2 narrow leaved 3 fringe flowered 4 soap wort 50 5 ochroleuca saponaria Mich. 6 linearis 7 villosa GERANIUM 1 carolinianum Var. album Var. incarnatum 2 ccntaurcum Var. hirsutum " columbinum 4 maculatum 5 pusiilum 6 robertianum GERARDIA 1 erecta 2 flava 3 glauca Ed. 4 pedicularia 5 purpurea 6 tenuifolia 7 villosa > heterophylla y GEUM 1 album 2 florid um 3 hirsutum 4 rivale 5 strictum Ait. 6 virginian um GLECHOMA hederacea GLYCINE 1 apios 2 comosa monoica Var. alba Var. caereulea 4 umbellata GNAPHALIUM I dioicum 2 margaritaceum 3 plantagineum 4 uliginosum GRATIOLA virginica 5 pale white 6 linear leaved 7 villous GERANIUM (crane's bill) I Carolina white flowered red flowered 2 centaury rough 3 long stalked 4 spotted (crowfoot) 5 small flowered 6 herb Robert . GIERARDIA 1 upright 2 yellow 3 glaucous 4 louse wort leaved 5 purple 6 fine leaved 7 hairy AVENS (herb Bennet) 1 white 2 flowery 3 rough hairy 4 water 5 upright 6 Virginian GROUND IVY common GLYCINE 1 tuberous 2 close flowered 3 pea vine white flowered blue flowered 4 umbelled CUDWEED (mouse ear) 1 dioicous 2 pearly everlasting 3 plantain leaved 4 bundled HYSSOP Virginian hedge 51 Mich. 5 } HAMAMELIS virginica HEDYSARUM 1 canadense 2 canescens 3 cuspidatum bracteosum 4 divergens 5 frutescens lespedeza capitata Mich 6 glabellum 7 glutinosum 8 hirtum ? polystachia Mick. $ 9 nudicaulis 10 obtusum 11 marilandicum 12 nudiflorum 13 paniculatum 14 prostratum ? procumbens Mich. 5 15 reticulatum sessilifolium Mich 16 rotundifolium Mich. > canescens Willd. $ 17 violaceum 18 viridifolium 19 ----- N. S. HELEN1UM autumn ale HELIANTHUS 1 altissimus 2 angustifolius 3 decapetalus 4 divaricatus 5 frondosus 6 giganteus 7 mollis 8 multiflorus HELLEBORUS 1 fsetidus 2 trifoliatus 3 viridis Ait. HELONIAS 1 angustifolia WITCH HAZEL common HEDYSARUM 1 Canadian 2 rough leaved 3 sharp pointed 4 spreading r 5 shrubby 6 bare 7 clammy 8 many spiked 9 naked stalked 10 blunt leaved 11 Maryland 12 naked flowered 13 panicled 14 trailing 15 nettled leaved 16 round leaved 17 violet flowered 18 green flowered 19 A. 5. HELENIUM smooth SUN FLOWER 1 tall 2 narrow leaved 3 ten petaled 4 branching 5 leafy 6 gigantick 7 soft 8 many flowered HELLEBORE 1 bear's foot 2 three leaved, gold thread 3 green HELONIAS 1 narrow leaved 52 4 2 asphodcloides ? xerophyllum Mich. 5 HEUCHERA americana ? cortusa Mich. $ HUBISCUS 1 manihot 2 moscheutos 3 palustis 4 riparius Per*. militaris Cav. 5 virginicus Wia/f. HIERACIUM 1 gronovii 2 marianum irtV/rf.") scabrum Mich. 5 3 paniculatum 4 venosum 5 ----- A. 5. HIPPOPHAjE canadensis HIPPURIS vulgaris HOLOSTEUM succulentum HOTTONIA palustris HOUSTONIA 1 ccerulea 2 longifolia 3 purpurea HUDSONIA ericoides HYDRASTIS canadensis HYDNUM imbricatum HYDROPELTIS purpurea Mich. HYDROPHYLLUM 1 scabrum Muhl. 2 virginicum HYPERICUM 1 ascyroides macrocar^on Mich. bartramicum 2 grass leaved HEUCHERA purple flowered HIBISCUS I pal mated 2 pophir leaved 3 marsh 4 smooth 5 river HAWK WEED I Gronovius* 2 rough 3 panicled 4 veiny leaved 5 N.S. SEA BUCKTHORN Canada, oval leaved! MARE'S TAIL common CHICKWEED succulent WATER VIOLET marsh HOUSTONIA 1 blue 2 long leaved 3 red HUDSONIA heath YELLOW ROOT Canada HYDRIUM imbricated HYDROPELTIS purple WATER LEAF 1 rough 2 Virginian JOHN'S WORT 1 large capsuled } 53 2 canadense 3 elatum Ait. 4 perforatum 5 procumbens 6 denticulalum Walt. 7 pyrimidatum } amplexicaule Lmk. $ 8 rosmarinifolium ? Lmk. S 9 virginicum 10 ----- A. S. HYPOXIS 1 erecta 2 juncea ILEX 1 aquifolium 2 canadensis Mich. ~) prunifolia $ 3 opaca Ait. IMBRICARIA convexicaulis IMPATIENS 1 maculata 2 noli tangere INULA 1 helenrum 2 linearis A. S. IRIS I cristata 2 versicolor 3 Var. Major. 4 virginica ") \ersico\orAuct. } 5 ----- A. 5. --- 6 -----■ A. S. LeCon. IVA frutescens JUGLANS 1 alba ? tomentosa Mich. $ 2 amara A/i'cA. 3 compressa Gxrt. alba Mich. squamosa AficA. f. - 2 Canadian 3 tall 4 common, perforated 5 procumbent 6 notched 7 stem clasping 9 Virginian 10 A. 5 STAR-FLOWER 1 upright bastard 2 rush leaved HOLLY 1 common 2 Canadian 3 Carolinian IMBRICARIA - convex stalked BALSAM 1 spotted 2 touch me not ELECAMPANE 1 common 2 linear FLAG (flower de luce) 1 crested 2 many coloured 3 large 4 Virginian 5 N.S. 6 A. S. IVA (bastard Jesuit's bark) shrubby WALNUT or hickory 1 white heart 2 bitter L 3 shell bark 54 4 Sfiec. microcarpa 5 cinerea ------ } cathartica Mich. f. \ 6 hybrida A. S. 7 nigra 8 Sfiec. oblonga "1 glabra Muhl. J. 9 porcina Mich.f.j 10 rcgia JUNCUS 1 effusus 2 bulbosus 3 marginatus 4 melanocarpus 5 echinatus "J polycephalus Mich.J 6 nodosus 7 setaceus 8 squarrosus 9 sylvaticus JUNIPERUS 1 communis ) repens Don. 5 2 prostrata 3 virginiana KALMIA 1 angustifolia 2 ---------- Var. 3 glauca Ait. 4 lad folia 5 rosmarinifolia A*. S. LACTUCA elongata Muhl. LAMIUM 1 amplexicaule 2 purpureum LAURUS 1 benzoin 2 diospyros 3 sassafras LECHEA 1 major Mich. 2 minor L. 3 racemulosa Mich. 4 common 5 butternut (white) 6 hybrid 7 black 8 oblong 9 pignut 10 common, royal RUSH GRASS 1 soft 2 bulbous, round fruited 3 marginated 4 black fruited 5 many headed 6 knotty 7 bristly 8 moss or goose corn 9 wood JUNIPER or cedar 1 common 2 creeping 3 red KALMIA or laurel 1 narrow leaved 2 ------ 3 glaucous 4 broad leaved 5 rosemary leaved LETTUCE narrow leaved NETTLE (Henbit) 1 common dead 2 purple BAY TREE or laurel 1 wild alspice, fever bush 2 persimmon 3 sassafras LECHEA 1 large 2 small 3 bunch flowered 55 LEDUM 1 Labrador tea 2 marsh 3 thyme leaved MOTHER WORT common j..J LESPEDEZA ,>**. 1 capitated 2 linear 3 many spiked 4 trailing LIATRIS I rough 2 blue blazing star, long guted 3 hairy 4 ragged cupped 5 rough headed LICHEN LEDUM 1 latifolium 2 palustre 3 thymifolium Lmk. LEONURUS cardiaca LESPEDEZA 1 capitata Mich. 2 linearis A. 5. 3 polystachya Mich. 4 procumbens Mich. LIATRIS 1 aspera spicata Willd. 2 macrostachya Mich 3 pilosa Ait. 4 scanota 5 squarrosa LICHEN frucata LIGUSTICUM actaeifolium 3 cicuta maculata L. y LIGUSTRUM vnlgare LILIUM 1 canadense > coccineum $ 2 pennsylvanicum 3 philadelphicum 4 superbum LIMODORUM unifolium LIN ARIA vulgaris LINN^A borealis rubra. LINUM usitatissimum LIQU1DAMBAR styraciflua LIRIODENDRON tulipifera LITHOSPERMUM 1 arvense LOVAGE actaea leaved PRIVET or Prim common LILY 1 Canadian Don. 2 Pennsylvaman 3 Philadelphian 4 superb golden martagon LIMODORUM one leaved LOAD FLAX common LINN.EA two flowered (northern) FLAX common SWEET GUM maple leaved TULIP TREE white poplar GROMWELL l corn 56 .1 hispi } :} 2 officinale latifolium Mich 3 Virginian um s,* onosmodium dum. Mich. LOBELIA 1 cardinalis 2 claytonia Mich. 3 inflata 4 kalmii 5 pallida goodenoides Willd 6 puberula 7 syphilitica LONICERA 1 caprifoliuin bracteo- sum Mich. dioica parviflora Per*. glauca Eras. 2 grata 3 sempervirens 4 ciliata 5 diervilla > diervilla lutea Desf.\ 6 A. S. Le Con. LUDWIGIA 1 macrocarpa Mich. > alternifoli y 2 hirsuta Walt. 3 nitida Mich. 1 isnardia palustris L.\ LUPINUS perennis LYCIUM carolinianum Mich. sal sum Bartr. LYCHNIS chalcedonica LYCOPODIUM 1 complanatum 2 dendroideum 3 rupestre LYCOPUS I americanus 2 uniflorus 2 officinal 3 hispid LOBELIA I cardinal floweF, scarlet 2 Claytons 3 inflated 4 Kalm's 5 pale 6 hairy 7 blue HONEYSUCKLE > 1 glaucous 2 evergreen 3 trumpet 4 fainged 5 yellow 6 A*. S. LUDWIGIA 1 alternate leaved 2 hairy 3 shining LUPINE perennial BOX THORN samphire LYCHNIS scarlet CLUB MOSS 1 arbor vitae leaved 2-------- 3 rock WATER HOREHOUND 1 American 2 little 57 3 virginicus LYSIMACHIA 1 angustifolia Willd. 2 ciliata > covdata 5 3 quadrifolia 4 heterophylla 5 hirsuta Mich. 6 racemosa Mich. "J stricta Ait. L bulbifera Curt.J 7 thyrsiflora MAGNOLIA 1 acuminata 2 glauca Var. MALAXIS ■£ liliifolia Swz. } Ophrys liliifolia > MALVA 1 americana 2 caroliniana 3 rotundifolia 4 sylvestris MEDICAGO lupulina MELAMPYRUM lineare americanum Mich. MELILOTUS i^ 1 alba 2 vulgaris MENISPERMUM 1 Canadense 2 Virginicum MENTHA 1 canadensis ? borealis Mich. $ 2 gracilis ,„ 3 piperita. 4 pulegium MENYANTHES 1 trachysperma Mich. 3 Virginian LYSIMACHIA 1 narrow leaved 2 ciliated, heart leaved 3 four leaved 4 various leaved 5 hairy 6 bulb bearing 7 cluster flowered, tufted MAGNOLIA 1 cucumber tree,blue flow- ered 2 swamp, white bay, sweet MALAXIS lily leaved MALLOW 1 American 2 Carolina, creeping 3 round leaved 4 common MELICK black, none such COW WHEAT American MELILOT 1 white 2 common MOON SEED I Canadian 2 Virginian MINT 1 northern 2 slender 3 pepper 4 pennyroyal BUCK BEAN 1 pitted 58 2 trifoliata MESPILUS montana A. 6\ MIKANIA scandens Willd. Eupatorium scandens Auct. MIMULUS 1 alatus Ait. 2 ringens MITCHELLA repens MITELLA diphylla MNIUM 1 cuspidatum 2 rosaceum MONARDA 1 fistulosa 2 oblongata > moilis Willd. $ 3 punctata 4 rugosa MONOTROPA uniflora MORUS rubra MUCOR 1 cespitosus 2 mucedo MYOSOTIS 1 lappula 2 scorpioides * 3 virginica MYRICA 1 cerifera 2 gale 3 pennsylvanica Muhl. MYRRHIS scandix NARTHECIUM 1 glutinosum Mich. 2 ilvense A. S. 2 marsh trefoil, 3 leaved MEDLAR mountain MIKANIA climbing MONKEY FLOWER 1 winged stemmed 2 gaping flowered MITCHELLA creeping CANICLE two leaved,bastard Ame- rican MNIUM 1------ 2------ MOUNTAIN MINT 1 Robin run-away 2 long leaved, soft, . 3 dotted, horse mint 4. wrinkled, white BIRD'S NEST one flowered,broom rape MULBERRY red MUCOR 1------ 2------ SCORPION GRASS 1 prickly seeded 2 marsh 3 Virginian CANDLE BERRY MYRTLE 1 wax bearing 2 sweet, common 3 Pennsylvania!! CICELY sweet rooted NARTHECIUM 1 clammy 2------ 59 NEOTTIA 1 aestivalis Ophrys aestivalis Mich 2 cernua Willd O. cernua 3 pubescens Willd S&tyrium repens Mich NEPETA cataria NEPHRODIUM Mich. \ POLYPODIUM Auc.\ 1 acrostichoides Mich 2 cristatum Mich. 3 filix foemina Mich. 4 marginale 5 noveboracense 6 tenue Mich. 7 thelypteroides Mich. NICOTIANA 1 paniculata 3 rustica NIGELLA damascena NYMPHjEA 1 advena Ait. 2 alba 3 lutea 4 minima 5 odorata Ait. 6 rosea 7 A. 5. NYSSA 1 aquatica biflora Mich. integrifolia Ait 2 villosa Mich. } triflora Wang. 5 CENOTHERA 1 biennis 2 fruticosa 3 grandiflora Ait. 4 longiflora 5 muricata } NEOTTIA I summer 2 drooping, ladies traces 3 variegated CATMINT, or catnefi common SHIELD FERN JZfi- 1 terminal 2 crested 3 female 4 marginal 5 New-York 6 slender 7 marsh TOBACCO 1 panicled 2 Common FENNEL FLOWER common WATER LILY 1 striped flowered 2 white flowered 3 yellow flowered 4 small 5 sweet scented 6 rose like 7 A. 5. TUPELO TREE 1 water—sour gum 2 rough—Pefifieridge TREE PRIMROSE 1 common 2 perennial 3 large flowered 4 long flowered 5 prickly stalked nana Mich. 5 t 3 yellow flowered 4 paucifolia 4 evergreen snakeroot 5 rubella \ polygama Walt 5 polygamous ' 6 sanguinea 6 bloody 7 senega 7. Senega snakeroot 8 verticillata 8 whorled leaved KNOT WEED POLYGONUM 1 arifolium 1 halbert leaved 2 aviciflare 2 knot grass 3% coccineum * 3 scarlet 4 fagopyrum 4 buck wheat 5 hydropiper 5 water pepper 6 lapa^hifolium Ait. 6 pale flowered 7 pennsylvanicum Curt. 7 Pennsylvanian 8 persicaria 8 spotted 9 sagitatum 9 arrow leaved 10 scandens ** 10 climbing 11 virginianum > rostratum $ 11 Virginian POLYPODIUM POLYPODY 1 hexagonopterum 1 2 virginicum 2 Virginian 3 vulgare 3 common POLYTRICHUM POLYTRICHUM 1 ambiguum 1 ambiguous 2 pennsvlvanicum 2 Pennsylvanian PONTEDERIA PONTEDERIA cordata heart leaved POPULUS POPLAR TREE I angulata Ait. I 1 angular—Cotton tree angulosa Mich. 2 balsamifera 2 Tacamahac—Balsam fiofilar 3 candicans 3 heart leaved 4 grandidentata Mich. £ 4 Canada trepida Muhl. 5 heterophylla 5 various leaved 6 monilifera 6------- 7 tremuloides Mich. PORTULACA 7 smooth—isfien PURSLAIN oleracea common POTENTILLA CINQUEFOIL 1 anserina 1 wild tansy 64 2 canadensis 3 fruticosa 4 floribunda A* '(;- 5 hirsuta 6 pennsylvanica 7 N. S. affin. Pcnn. 8 recta 9 rcptans 10 sarmfptosa Willd. 11 simplex POTHOS 1 foetida Ait. Dracontium fcetidum PRENANTHES 1 a\ba 2 altissima 3 cordata 4 muralis 5 spicata Walt. 6 virgata seu rubicunda PRIMULA 1 farinosa 2 mistasinica PRINUS 1 glaber 2 do. Var. 3 lanceolatus Don. 4 Ixvigatus 5 montanus A. S. 6 padifolius 7 verticillatus PRUNELLA 1 mariana • 2 pennsylvanica Wilid. ovata 17. i*. 3 vulgaris PRUNUS 1 americana 2 canadensis 3 m on tana A. S. f 4 pennsylvanica Ait. ~> borealis Mich. 5 5 nigra (americana) 6 pumila 7 serotina 8 virginiana 2 Canada 3 shrubby 4 many flowered 5 hairy 6 Pennsylvanian 7-------- 8 upright 9 creeping 10 running 11 simple POTHOS skunk cabbage PRENANTHES 1 white flowered 2 tall 3 heart leaved 4 wall 5 spiked 6 red flowered PRIMROSE 1 birds' eye 2 Canadian WINTER BERRY 1 evergreen—Ink berry 2 ----'■---- 3 spear leaved 4 smooth 5 mountain 6 broad leaved 7 whorled SELF HEAL 1 sea } 2 Pennsylvanian 3 common CHERRY TREE 1 American 2 Canadian 3 mountain 4 upright 5 yellow plumb 6 dwarf plumb 7 wild cherry 8 choke cherry 65 PTERIS 1 aquilina 2 atropurpurea PULMONARIA 1 sibirica 2 virginica PYCNANTHEMUM 1 canescens Mich. 2 incanum Mich. PYROLA 1 asarifolia 2 maculata 3 minor 4 rotundifolia 5 sccunda 6 umbellata 7 uniflora PYXIDANTHERA barbulata Mich. PYRUS 1 botryapium Willd. 2 cydonia 3 erythrocarpa 4 melanocarpa 5 ovalis QUERCUS 1 alba 2 bicolor 3 castanea 4 coccinea Mich. 5 falcata 6 filiformis 7 ilicifolia Willd. \ banisteri Mich. $ 8 macrocarpa Mich. 9 m on tan a W Hid. prinus monticolaAf/cA. 10 monticola 11 olivasformis 12 heterophylla 13 nigra > ferruginea 5 14 obtusiloba Mich.} stellata Willd. $ 15 palustris Mich.} Var. humilis 5 BRAKE 1 common 2 purple LUNG WORT 1 Siberian 2 Virginian MOUNTAIN MINT 1 white 2 hoary WINTER GREEN I kidney leaved 2 variegated leaved 3 small 4 round leaved 5 notched leaved 6 umbelled 7 one flowered PYXIDANTHERA bearded PEAR OR APPLE 1 blue fruited 2 common quince 3 red fruited 4 black fruited 5 oval leaved OAK 1 common white 2 swamp 3 yellow, chesnut 4 scarlet 5 Spanish, downy, red 6 long stalked 7 scrub or barren 8 large fruited 9 rock chesnut 10 rock oak 11 mossy cup 12 various leaved 13 black jack 14 post white 15 pin 66 16 prinus prinus palustris Mich. 17 maritima 18 prinoides 19 rubra 20 tinctoria 21 triloba QUERIA canadensis Anychia dichotoma Mich. RANUNCULUS 1 acris 2 bulbosus 3 hirsutus A. 5. 4 flammula 5 marilandicus 6 pennsylvanicus 7 saniculaeformis 8 sceleratus 9 recurvatus 10 trifoliatus RAPHANISTRUM luteum RHAMNUS catharticus RHEXIA 1 virginica 2 fungosa A*. S. 3 ----- A. S, RHINANTHUS virginicus RHODODENDRON maximum RHODORA canadensis RHUS 1 copallinum ~) aestivale 3 2 glabrum 3 foetans 4 radicans 5 toxicodendron 6 typhinum 7 vernix 16 chesnut white 17 sea willow 18 chinquapin 19 red 20 black, dyers' 21 downy black QUERIA forked CROWFOOT 1 upright 2 bulbous 3 hairy 4 small Spear wort 5 Maryland 6 Pennsylvanian 7 6anicle leaved 8 celery leaved 9 bent 10 three leaved RAPHANISTRUM marsh BUCK THORN purging RHEXIA 1 common 2 fungous A*. S. 3 ----- A*. S. YELLOW RATTLE Virginian ROSE BAY mountain laurel RHODORA Canada SUMACH 1 copal 2 common, smooth 3 stinking 4 climbing poison vine 5 trailing poison oak 6 woolly 7 varnish tree 67 RIBES 1 atropurpureum 2 cynosbate 3 floridum Willd. 4 glandulosum 5 gracile Mich. 6 rigens Mich. 7 A. 5. fruct. alba. 8 A. 5. Cattskill ROBINIA 1 pseud-acacia 2 viscosa 5 glutinosa Curt. \ ROSA 1 caroliniana > parviflora Muhl. 5 2 canina 3 corymbosa 4 gemella 5 lucida Ehrt. 6 rubiginosa RUBUS 1 hispidus 2 lucidus A. 5. 3 occidentalis 4 odoratus 5 parvifolius Walt. 6 plicatus A. S. 7 procumbens 8 strigosus Mich. 9 villosus Ait. "> vulpinus Desf.$ 10 ----- A. S. 11 ------ A. S. Cattskill RUDBECKIA 1 aspera 2 digitata S laciniata 4 triloba RUMEX 1 acetosella 2 acutus 3 aquaticus 4 crispatulus 5 persicarioides CURRANT 1 dark red 2 prickly fruited 3 large fruited 4 glanulous, procumbent 5 slender, two flowered 6 upright, red fruited 7 N. S. 8 A. S. ROBINIA Locust tree 1 false acassia 2 clammy ROSE 1 Pennsylvania 2 dog rose 3 swamp 4 twin flowered 5 shining leaved 6 sweet briar BRAMBLE 1 strawberry leaved 2 shining 3 American raspberry 4 flowering raspberry 5 small leaved blackberry 6-------- 7 dewberry 8 mountain 9 American blackberry 10 A. S. 11 N.S. RUDBECKIA 1 rough 2 digitated 3 jagged leaved 4 three lobed DOCK I sheep sorrel 2 sharp pointed 3 water 4 curled 5 arsesmart leaved 68 6 sanguineus 7 verticillatus SAGITTARIA 1 graminifolia 2 heterophylla 3 latifolia Willd. 4 obtusa Muhl. 7 simplex Pers. y 5 pubescens 6 sagittifolia SALICORNIA 1 ambigua 2 herbacea 3 virginica SALIX I caroliniana 2 conifer a Willd longirostris Mich. 3 discolor 4 incana Mich. 5 myricoides Muhl. 6 nigra Muhl. 7 palustris A. S, 8 ----- A. S. SALSOLA 1 kali 2 soda SALVIA 1 lyrata 2 officinalis SAMBUCUS 1 canadensis > atropurpureay 2 pubescens Mich.} rubra 5 SANGU1NARIA • canadensis SANGUISORBA 1 canadensis 2 media SANICULA 1 canadensis 2 marilandica SAPONARIA officinalis 6 bloody 7 whorled ARROW-HEAD 1 grass leaved 2 various leaved 3 broad leaved 4 blunt leaved 5 hairy 6 pointed leaved GLASS WORT 1 doubtful 2 marsh 3 Virginian WILLOW 1 Carolina 2 cone bearing 3 red rooted 4 hoary 5 gale leaved 6 black 7 marsh 8 A. S. SALT WORT 1 prickly 2 long leaved SAGE 1 lyre leaved 2 officinal or common ELDER 1 Canadian black berried 2 red berried BLOOD ROOT American—Puccoon BURNET SAXIFRAGE 1 long spiked 2 short spiked SANICLE 1 Canadian 2 Maryland, black snake root SOAP WORT common 69 SARRACENIA l purpurea 2 do. Var. SAURURUS cernuus SAXIFRAGA 1 nivalis (vernalis) 2 pennsylvanica 3 virginica Mich. SCHEUCHZERIA palustris SCHCENUS 1 albus 2 ciliaris 3 glomeratus 4 fuscus 5 setaceus 6 sparsus SCIRPUS 1 capitatus 2 lacustris 3 macrostachius Mich. 4 sylvaticus 5 triqueter Mich. americanus. Pers. SCUTELLARIA 1 galericulata 2 hyssopifolia 3 integrifolia 4 lateriflora 5 ovalifolia Pers.} eliptica $ 6 parviflora SELINUM canadense SENECIO I aureus 2 balsamitae 3 canadensis 4 hieracifolius 5 obovatus SILENE pennsylvanica Mich. SINAPIS nigra SIDE SADDLE FLOWER 1 purple 2 ---.--- LIZARD'S TAIL nodding SAXIFRAGE I early 2 common American 3 Virginian SCHEUCHZERIA marsh DOG RUSH 1 white 2 fringed 3 round headed 4 brown 5 bristly 6 spreading CLUB RUSH 1 headed 2 bulrush 3 large spiked 4 wood 5 three sided SCULL CAP 1 common 2 hyssop leaved 3 entire leaved 4 lateral flowered 5 oval leaved 6 small flowered MILK PARSLEY Canadian GROUNDSEL 1 golden, heart leaved 2 balsamita like 3 Canadian 4 hawk weed leaved 5 obovate leaved CATCH FLY Pennsylvanian MUSTARD black 70 SISYMBRIUM nasturtium SISYRINCHIUM 1 anceps. Lmk gramineum Curt 2 mucronatum Mich. SMILAX 1 caduca 2 glauca Mich. } sarsaparilla $ 3 herbacea 4 hispida 5 laurifolia 6 peduncularis 7 quadrangularis Muhl. 8 rotundifolia SMYRNIUM 1 aureum 2 barbinode 3 integerimum 4 trifoliatum thapsia L. SOL\NUM 1 dulcamara 2 nigrum SOLIDAGO 1 arguta 2 axillaris A*. 5. 3 aspera 4 canadensis 5 ciliaris 6 flexicaulis 7 gigantea 8 lanceolata Ait. spec, graminifolia \ 9 latifolia 10 noveboracensis 11 nemoralis Ait. 12 odora Ait. 13 patula 14 rigida 15 rugosa 16 scabra 17 squarrosa 18 sempervirens 19 ulmifolia SISYMBRIUM water cress SISYRINCHIUM £ 1 grass leaved 2 blue eyed grass SMILAX 1 deciduous 2 medicinal 3 herbaceous 4 hispid 5 laurel leaved 6 long stslked 7 square stalked 8 round leaved ALEXANDERS 1 golden 2 bearded 3 entire leaved 4 heart leaved NIGHTSHADE 1 bitter sweet 2 common GOLDEN ROD 1 sharp notched 2------- 3 rough leaved 4 Canadian 5 ciliated 6 bent stalked 7 gigantic 8 spear leaved 9 broad leaved 10 New-York 11 wood 12 sweet scented 13 open branched 14 hard leaved 15 wrinkled leaved 16 rough 17 scurfy 18 narrow leaved 19 elm leaved 71 20 virga aurea 21 A. S. 22 A. S. 23 A. S. aff. virga. aurea. 24 A. 5. aff. concolor 25 A. 5. Cattskill 26 petiolaris SONCHUS 1 alpinus 2 acuminatus 3 arvensis 4 floridanus 5 leucophleus 6 oleraceus } Var. asper 5 7 pallid us Willd. 8 palustris 9 macrophyllus SORBUS montana A. S. SPARGANIUM erectum SPARTINA 1 glabra 2 polystachia Trachynotia Mich. SPARGANOPHORUS verticillatus Mich. SPARTIUM scoparium SPHAGNUM vulgare Mich. } latifolium Hed. 3 SPIR.EA 1 alba 2 aruncus 3 crenata 4 corymbosa carpinifolia Willd. 5 hypericifolia 6 lobata 7 montana 8 opulifolia 9 stipulata 10 tomentosa 20 common 21 N. S. 22 A. 5. 23 ------- 24------- 25 -----—- 26 late flowered SOW THISTLE 1 Alpine Canadian 2 pointed 3 corn 4 large flowered 5 white flowered 6 common 7 pale 8 marsh 9 large leaved SERVICE TREE mountain BURR REED upright ROUGH GRASS 1 smooth 2 many spiked SPARGANOPHORUS whorled BROOM common SPHAGNUM, Peat Moss broad leaved SPIRAEA 1 white flowered 2 goats' beard 3 crenated 4 broad leaved 5 St. Johns wort leaved 6 lobe leaved 7 mountain 8 snow ball leaved 9 large stipuled 10 downy leaved 72 \ 11 trifoliata Gillenia trifoliata Mcench.j STACHYS 1 aspera Mich. 2 tenuifolia Muhl. STAPHYLEA 1 pinnata Var. 2 trifoliata STATICE limonium TEUCRIUM l canadense 2 virginicum THALICTRUM 1 rugosum Ait. 2 ------ affin. THESIUM umbellatum THLAPSI 1 arvense 2 bursa pastoris 3 campestre THUYA occidentalis THYMUS virginicus TIARELLA cordifolia TILIA 1 americana 2 glabra 3 pubescens TRICHOSTEMMA 1 dichotoma 2 lineare TRIEN TALIS euro pea TRIF^LIUM 1 arvense 2 pennsylvanicum 3 repens TRILLIUM 1 erectum atropurpureum Curt.^ 11 Indian physic, ipecacu- anha HEDGE NETTLE 1 rough 2 thin leaved BLADDER NUT 1 pinnated 2 three leaved THRIFT marsh rosemary GERMANDER 1 nettle leaved 2 Virginian MEADOW RUE 1 rough leaved 2------- BASTARD TOAD FLAX umbelled BASTARD CRESS 1 penny cress 2 shepherd's purse 3 mithridate mustard ARBOR VITtE American—White cedar THYME Virginian TIARELLA heart leaved LIME OR LINDEN TREE 1 bass wood 2 smooth, bass wood. 3 white wood—hairy TRICHOSTEMMA 1 branched 2 linear leaved WINTER GREEN chick weed CLOVER OR TREFOIL 1 hare's foot 2 Pennsylvanian 3 white clover TRILLIUM 1 upright flowered 73 2 erythrocarpon Mich. } undulatum 3 3 grandiflorum 4 luteum 5 pendulum 6 pictum 7 pusillum 8 sessile atropurpureum 9 umbellatum TRIOSTEUM perfoliatum > majus Mich. 5 TROLLIUS americanus Muhl. TURRITIS 1 hirsuta 2 laevigata TYPHA 1 angustifolia 2 latifolia 2 red fruited 3 tulip 4 yellow 5 pendent 6 dotted 7 dwarf 8 sessile 9 umbellated FEVER WORT perfoliate GLOBE FLOWER American TOWER MUSTARD 1 hairy 2 American smooth CAT'S TAIL or Reed Mace 1 narrow leaved 2 broad leaved ..I ULMUS 1 americana 2 aspera fulva Mich UNIOLA spicata Festuca distichophylla UMBIL1CARIA 1 pustulata 2 vellea URTICA 1 canadensis 2 divaricata 3 gracilis 4 procera 5 pumila 6 urens 7 whitlowi Muhl. ELM TREE 1 common weeping 2 slippery, red SPIKE GRASS common UMBILICARIA 1 blistered 2------- NETTLE Canadian divaricated slender stalked tall dwarf lesser Whitlow's* * Dr. Muhlenberg''s Description of the Urtica Whitlowi. Caule. 5 angulo, simplici, orgyali, urente. Foliis alternis, cordato-ovatis, acutis, serratis, trinerviis, punctatis, petiolatis, supremis oppositis. Stipula bifida.— K 74 ich.) ,.} URTICULARIA ceratophylla UVULARIA 1 langiinosa 2 lanceolata 3 perforata 4 rosea 5 scssilifolia VACCINIUM 1 album 2 cespitosum 3 corymbosnm L. amoenum Ait. disomorphum Mi, 4 frondosum glaucum Mich 5 ligustrinum Mich. 6 macrocarpon Ait. 7 oxycoccus 8 pennsylvanicum Mich. 9 resinosum Ait. 10 myrtilloides 11 stamineum 12 tenellum 13 venustum 14 virgatum pennsylvani [cum Mich VALERIANA pauciflora VERATRUM 1 luteum 2 viride Ait. VERBASCUM 1 blattaria 2 thapsus VERBENA I hsstatu 2 urticifulla HOODED MILFOIL horn leaved BELLWORT ii-> h.$ woolly spear leaved perfoliate rose coloured sessile leaved WHORTLE BERRY 1 white 2 dwarf 3 broad leaved—bilberry 4 bushy 5 privet leaved 6 American cranberry 7 common 8 sugar 9 clammy 10 bluets 1i green wooded 12 gale leaved 13 red twigged 14 blue huckle berry VALERIAN three leaved SWAMP HELLEBORE 1 nodding (blazing star) 2 green flowered MULLEIN 1 moth 2 great VERVAIN 1 halbert leaved 2 nettle leaved Paniculis pedunculatis, axillaribus, dichotomis,hirsutis,petiololongi- oribus masculis, et terminalibus foemineis— Capsula orbicularis, compressa, mucronata, proxime divaricata et can- densin. Radix pevennis, tuberosa. 75 VERNONIA noveboracensis Mich. VERONICA 1 anagallis 2 beccaburga 3 officinalis 4 serpyllifolia 5 virginica VIBURNUM 1 acerifolium 2 arboreum Bart.} pyrifolium y 3 cassinoides 4 cyaneum VHer. 5 dentatum 6 lasvigatum 7 lantanoides Mich. 8 lentago 9 luteum 10 molle 11 nitidum 12 nudum Var. squammatum 13 opuloides 14 pimina Mich. 15 prunifolium VICIA 1 americana 2 cracca 3 parviflora 4 pusila VINCA minor VIOLA 1 cucullata Ait. 2 lanceolata 3 pallida Muhl. 4 palmata Ait. 5 pedata 6 primulifolia 7 pubescens Ait. pennsylvanica Mich. 8 obliqua Ait. 9 rostrata A. S. 10 sagittata 11 ----- A. S. VERNONIA common SPEEDWELL I pimpernel or water 2 brooklime 3 officinal 4 smooth—-Paul's betony 5 Virginian VIBURNUM 1 maple leaved "2 tall 3 thick leaved 4-------- 5 tooth leaved 6 smooth 7 hobble bush 8 pear leaved 9-------- 10 woolly 11 shining 12 naked, oval leaved 13 shrub cranberry 14-------- 15 plum leaved, black hued VETCH 1 American 2 tufted 3 small flowered 4 small PERIWINKLE small VIOLET I hollow leaved 2 spear leaved 3 pale 4 palmated 5 multifid 6 prim rose leaved 7 yellow flowered 8 oblique flowered 9 beak flowered 10 arrow leaved 11 A. S. VITIS 1 hirsuta A. 5. 2 labrusca } taurina Walt. $ 3 riparia Mich. 4 vulpina V cordifolia Mich. XANTHIUM orientate XYRIS 1 anceps Pers. } jupicai Mich. 5 2 brevifolia ZANTHOXYLUM fraxineum Willd.} americanum 5 76 VINE or GRAPE 1 hairy 2 fox 3 river or sand 4 winter or chicken XANTHIUM eastern XYRIS 1 two edged 2 shorth leaved TOOTIJ ACHE TREE common ;' -P :■■■■•'''''' '«;&;'",-;'