\ Surgeon fl&MKs Office ^ K&^m'l fa T N*--mJ iQOOjQGOQtu aC C OX NGK y" Botanical Terminology. BOTANICAL TERMINO A POCKET COMPANION FOR STUDENTS OF BOTANY: BEING A CONCISE EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS EMPLOYED IN THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF .THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. 4 BY JOHN EBERLE, M. D. tfh PHILADELPHIA .•. PUBLISHED BY M. CAREY AND SON, SOUTH-EAST CORNER OF CHESNCT AND FOURTH STREETS. LTDIA R. BAILEY, PRINTER. 1818. V v. r. * \ <* TO W. P. C. BABTON, M. D. HOSPITAL SURGEON IN THE NAYY OF THE UNITED STATES ; AND PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. Dear Sir, Suffer me to inscribe this little volume to you, as a mark of my great personal esteem for you, as well as of the high respect I entertain for your talents and acquirements. JOHN EBERLE. ADVERTISEMENT. There is no convenient pocket vo- lume, in the English language, which contains a concise explanation of the va- rious terms employed in the classifica- tion and description of plants. Believ- ing that such a book will be useful to the Botanical Student, I offer the following pages to the public, in the hope that it may answer the purpose for which it is intended. The plan of arrangement I have adopted, is nearly that of Forster's Enchiridion Historia Naturalis. I have been studiously concise, in the explana- tion of the terms, in order that the vo- lume might not become too bulky. The Index, which is affixed to it, will make the reference convenient. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1. RADIX, the root; the organ nourishing the plant. In duration, it is 2. Annua, annual; living only one year or summer. Q 3. Biennis, biennial; living two years only, produc- ing flowers and fruit the second summer. % 4. Perennis, perennial; living and blossoming through many succeeding seasons. If. In form, the root is 5. Fibrosa, fibrous; consisting entirely of radical fibres. 6. Ramosa,branched; subdivided into lateral branches. 7. Fusiformis, spindle-shaped ; thick above, and ta- pering downwards. 8. Prcemorsa, bitten or abrupt root; ending bluntly, as if it were bitten off. 9. Repens, creeping; branching off horizontally, put- ting forth fibres. 10. Articulata, jointed ; intercepted with joints. 11. Ventata, moniliform; formed out of a number of knobs or joints, strung together like beads. 12. Globosa, globular; roundish, with lateral fibres. 13. Tuberosa, tuberous, knobbed ; fleshy knobs, collect- ed into a bunch ; as the potatoe. 14. Fascicularis, fasciculated ; fleshy parts connected by sessile bases into a bunch. 15. Palmata, palmate; fleshy, and irregularlylobed. 16. Bidbosa, bulbous; a round root, either solid, or composed of concentric layers. B 2 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. In its direction, the root is 17. Horizontalis, horizontal; extending itself under the surface of the ground horizontally. 18. Perpendicularis, perpendicular; running directly downwards. 19. TRUNCUS, the stem or trunk; supporting the leaves and fructification. The species of trunks are 20. Caulis, stem or stalk, supporting branches, leaves, and fructification. 21. Culmus, culm, or straw; astern peculiar to the grasses. 22. Scapus, scape; a stem elevating the flowers, but not the leaves. 23. Stipes, stipe; a stem that passes into a leaf; the base of a frons. In duration, the stem is 24. Herbaceus, herbaceous; annual; not ligneous. 25. Suffruticosus, the base of the stem persisting, the branches dying off annually. 26. Fruticosus, shrubby; consisting of many perennial stems. 27. Jlrboreus, one single perennial trunk. 28. Solidus, solid ; compact, or solid internally. 29. Inanis, containing a spungy medulla. SO. Fistulosus, fistulous or hollow. "With respect to direction, the stem is 31. Erectus, upright; rising nearly perpendicularly. 32. Strictus, straight; perfectly perpendicular, with- out flexure. 33. Rigidus, rigid or inflexible; incapable of bein<* bent. 34. La.vus, flexile ; easily bent. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 3 35. Incurvatus, incurved ; nodding inwards. 36. Obliquus, oblique; receding from a horizontal or perpendicular line. 37. Jidscendens, adscending; the base procumbent, the top bending in an arch upwards. 38. Declinatus, declining in an arch, so as to have the convex side above. 39. Nutans, nodding; reflected outwards, or towards the horizon at the top. 40. Diffusus, spreading; the branches extended loosely. 41. Procumbens, procumbent; prostrate, or leaning up- on the earth. 42. Stoloniferous, shoots springing up from roots or stumps. 43. Sarmentosus, trailing; a creeping stem, with radi- cating joints. 44. Repens, creeping; resting upon the earth, and giv- ing out radical fibres. 45. Radicans, climbing; climbing up objects by means of lateral radicules. 46. Geniculatus, jointed ; intercepted with joints. 47. Flexuosus, zig-zag; forming angles alternately from right to left, and from left to right. 48. Scandens, climbing ; supporting itself by other bo- dies, either with tendrils or adhesive fibres. 49. Volubilis, winding; ascending spirally around some other body. 50. Volubilis dextrorsum, ( J>) winding from right to left. 51. Volubilis sinistrosum, (C) winding from left to right. In shape, the stem is 52. Teres, round; destitute of angles. 53. Semiteres, roundish ; irregularly round. 54. Compressus, flattened on two opposite sides. 4 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 55. Anceps, two-edged; two acute angles opposite. 56. Angulatus, angular; a stem of more than two an- gles, the sides being longitudinally excavated. 57. 3-6 gonus, 3-6 angular, from 3-6 prominent longi- tudinal angles. 58. 3-5 queter, 3-5 sided, from 3-5 flattened sides, the angles acute. 59. Alatus, winged; the angles extended into flat leafy boarders. 60. Sulcatus, furrowed ; grooved with parallel furrows. 61. Nodosus, with protuberant joints. 62. Geniculatus, with joints not protuberant. 63. Articulatus, with contracted joints. In regard to covering or vestiture, the stem is 64. Nudus, naked ; destitute of leaves, scales, &c. 65. Aphyllus, leafless; destitute of leaves. 66. Foliatus, leafy; furnished with leaves. 67. Vaginatus, sheathed; surrounded with the sheaths of leaves. 68. Squamosus, scaly; covered with scales. 69. Impricatus, tiled ; covered with scales, as if tiled. The surface of the stem is 70. Suberosus, suberous or corky; covered with a corky substance. 71. Rimosus, cleft; fissures produced spontaneously in the external bark. 72. Tunicatus, tunicated ; surrounded with a membra- neous covering. 73. Lcevis, smooth and even, opposed to all roughness and inequality whatever. 74. JYitidus, polished, smooth and shining. 75. Striatus, striated; marked with fine parallel lines. 76. Sulcatus, furrowed, with deeper lines. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 5 77. Glaber, smooth; opposed to all kinds of hairiness or pubescence. 78. Scaber, rough to the touch, from small rigid ine- qualities. 79. Muricatus, covered with a great number of awl- shaped points, not rigid. 80. Tomentosus, downy; covered with interwoven hairs, scarcely conspicuous. 81. Villosus, shaggy ; covered with soft hairs. 82. Hispidus, bristly; covered with short rigid hairs. 83. Aculeatus, prickly; armed with sharp scales or prickles. 84. Spinosus, thorny; armed with thorns. 85. Urens, covered with very minute stings, as in the nettle, (urtia dioica.J 86. Stipulatus, armed with scales or stipulse. 87. Membranaceus, "membranous; made even or flat in the manner of a leaf. 88. Bulbiferus, bearing protuberances. 89. Viscidus, viscid; covered with a clammy juice. 90. Papillosus, papillose; covered with soft tubercles. 91. Verrucosus, warty. 92. Hirtus, s. pilosus, hairy, as Salvia pratensis. 93. Lanaius, woolly; as in common Mullein, (verbas- cum thapsus.J 94. Incanus, hoary; sometimes from close silky hairs, and sometimes from a scaly mealiness. 95. Glaucus, covered with a sea-green mealiness, which is easily rubbed off. 96. Maculatus, spotted. In structure or composition, the stem is 97. Simplicissimus, very simple, with scarcely any branches. B 2 6 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 98. Simplex, simple, extended in a continued series to the top. 99. Articulatus, jointed, as in the Indian figs, (cactui.) 100. Prolifer, emitting branches only out of the centre of the top. 101. Dichotomus, regularly and repeatedly divided into pairs. 102. Brachiatus, the branches spreading in four differ- ent directions, crossing each other alternately. 103. Subramosus, with but few lateral branches. 104. Ramosus, branched ; having many lateral branches. 105. Ramosissimus, many branches issuing without order from the trunk. 106. Virgatus, twiggy; with unequal slender twigs or branches. 107. Paniculatus, panicled ; the branches divided vari- ously without order. 108. Fastigatus, fastigate; branches of equal altitude, forming a flat summit. J 09. Patens, spreading; branches forming acute angles with the stem. 110. Divaricatus, divaricate; stem forming an obtuse angle with the branches. 111. Determinate ramosus, abruptly branched, each branch after flowering producing fresh shoots in a circular order, just below the origin of the flowers. 112. RAMI, the branches; parts of the stem. In point of arrangement among themselves, they are 113. Alterni, alternately branched. 114. Distichi, two-ranked, the branches spreading in two horizontal directions. 115. Sparsi, situated without any regular order. 116. Conferti, many branches, closely pressed to°-ether, so as almost to hide the stem. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY, 7 117. Oppositi, placed oppositely by pairs. 118. Verticilali, many branches surrounding the stem at a joint in the form of a whirl. 119. Erecti, rising almost perpendicularly. 120. Coarctati, pressing together at the top. 121. Divergentes, diverging from the trunk in a right angle. 122. Divaricati, issuing from the stem, under an acute angle. 123. Deflexi, declining in an arch. 124. Rejlexi, hanging perpendicularly. 125. Retrojlexi, bent in various directions, in a zig-zag manner, (horsum vorsum.J 126. Fulcrati, furnished with props or fulcri. In height, the stem is 127. Longus, long. 128. Brevis, short. 129. Patens, spreading. 130. FOLIA, the leaves; the organs of motion and re- spiration of plants. Leaves with respect to the place of the plant to which they are connected, are 131. Seminole, seminal; the first leaves of a plant, (de- nominated, on their first appearance, cotyledons,) arising immediately from the seeds. 132. Radicale, radical; arising immediately from the root. 133. Caulinum, caulinej stem-leaves, growing on the stem. 134. Rameum, branch-leaves ; frequently differing from, those of the stem. 135. Axilare, growing out from under the base of a branch. 136. Florale, floral leaf, next the flower. 8 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. In respect to position among themselves, leaves are 137. Alterna, alternate leaves, standing solitarily on the stem and branches. 138. Disticha, two ranked ; the branches spreading in two horizontal directions. 139. Bifaria, leaves inserted into two opposite sides of a branch only. 140. Sparsa, disposed on the branch or stem irregu- larly. 141. Conferta, many leaves, so as almost wholly to hide the branch or stem. 142. Imbricata, one leaf overlapping another about half its length. 143. Fasciculata, many leaves inserted into the same point, so as to form a bunch or tassel. 144. Bina, Terna, Qjtaterna, Qjnina, Sena, &c. express- ing the number of leaves inserted at one knobj joint, or spot of a branch. 145. Conjiuentia, united to each other at the base. 146. Approximata, bending upwards, so as to approach each other closely. 147. Remota, separated, by considerable distances, from each other. 148. Opposita, placed oppositely, by pairs. 149. Decussata, decussated ; alternately crossing each other by pairs. 150. Secunda, unilateral, leaning all towards one side. 151. Stellata, sive verticillata, whorled j several leaves growing in a circle around the stem. In direction, the leaf is 152. Erectum, upright, forming a very acute angle with the stem. 153. Strictum, entirely perpendicular, without flexure, 154. Rigidum, rigid j not bending easily. BOTANIOAL TERMINOLOGY. 9 155. Adpressum, close-pressed to the stem. 156. Patens, spreading, forming a moderately acute an- gle with the stem. 157. Horizontale sive patentissima, spreading out hori- zontally. 158. Assurgens, bent upwards in an arch. 159. Reclinatum, inclining in an arch, so that the arch is lower than the base of a leaf, the point rising a little higher. 160. Revolutum, rolled into a curl. 161. Recurvatum, curved backwards, so that the arch turns upwards. 162. Dependens, pointing directly to the earth. 163. Obliquum, twisted, so that part of the leaf is verti- cal, the other horizontal. 164. Adversum, turning the upper surface to the sun. 165. Verticale, perpendicular; both sides at right angles with the horizon. 166. Resupinatum, reversed; the upper surface being turned downward. 167. Submersum, plunged under water. 168. Nutans, floating on the surface of the water. 169. Emersa, raised above the water, as the leaves ac- companying the flowers. 170. Radicans, radicating, or giving out roots. 171. Depressa, radical leaves pressed close to the ground. In regard to insertion, the leaf is 172. Petiolatum, leaves on foot-stalks; petiole inserted into the base of the leaf. 173. Peltatum, peltate, petiole inserted into one of the surfaces of the leaf. 174. Sessile, sessile, a leaf inserted immediately into the stein, &c. without a foot-stalk. 10 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 175. Adnatum, the upper surface of the leaf connected with the stem. 176. Coadunata, many leaves conate with each other, (145.) 177. Decurrens, decurrent, running down the stem in a leafy border, or wing. 178. Amplexicaule, stem-clasping; surrounding the stem with the base. 179. Connata, connate, united at their base. 180. Perfoliatum, perfoliate; when the stem runs through the leaf. 181. Vaginatum, sheathing the stem, with the base of the leaf. 182. Equitantia, equitant; disposed in two opposite rows, and clasping each other. 183. Floriferum, flower-bearing; when flowers grow out of the disc of the leaf. With regard to form, the leaf is 184. Subrotundum, roundish. 185. Orbiculatum, a circular leaf, equal in breadth and length, with an even circular circumference. 186. Ovatum, egg-shaped, ovate, the base rounded and broader than the apex. 187. Obovatum, obovate; of the same figure, with the broader end uppermost. 188. Ovale, elliptical, oblong round, both extremities rounded by equal segments of a circle. 189. Oblongum, oblong, three or four times as lon°- as broad. 190. Cuneiforme, wedge-shaped, gradually taperin<* to- wards the base, the summit abrupt. 191. Spatulatum, spatulate; roundish, taperin* into an oblong base. 192. Rotundatum, free from angles. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 11 193. Lanceolatum, lanceolate; narrow and oblong, taper- ing towards each end. 194. Lineare, linear; narrow, and of equal breadth throughout. 195. Acerosum, needle-shaped; linear, acute and rigid ; evergreen. In respect to the angles, the leaf is 196. Integrum, entire; undivided, free from all indenta- tions or fissures. 197. Triangulare, triangular; having three prominent angles. 198. Qjiadrangulare, four angular; with four prominent angles. 199. Qiiinquangulare, with five angles. 200. Deltoideum, trowel-shaped or deltoid, having three angles, of which the terminal is much further from the base than the lateral ones. 201. Rhombeum, rhomboid, or diamond-shaped. 202. Trapeziforme, in the form of a trapezium. In respect to the Sinuses, the leaf is 203. Cordatum, heart-shaped ; ovate, hollowed out at the base. 204. Reniforme, kidney-shaped; a short, broad, roundish leaf, whose base is hollowed. 205. Lunatum, crescent-shaped, like a half moon, whe- ther the points are directed towards the stalk, or from it. 206. Sagittatum, arrow-shaped, triangular, hollowed out very much at the base. 207. Hastatum, halberd-shaped ; triangular, hollowed at base, and sides bulging out. 208. Runcinatum, runcinate ; cut into transverse seg- ments, pointing backwards. 4* BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 209. Panduriforme, fiddle-shaped; oblong, the sides be- ing contracted near the base. 210. Fissum, cloven, divided by fissures whose margins are straight. 211. Lobatum, lobed, divided into rounded segments. 212. Bifidum, trifidum, bi-cleft, tri-cleft. 213. Partitum, divided nearly to the base. 214. Palmatum, palmate; cut in several oblong, nearly equal segments. 215. Lyratum, lyrate, cut into several transverse seg- ments, gradually larger towards the extremity of the leaf, which is rounded. 216. Pinnatifidum, pinnatified; cut transversely into parallel segments. 217. Sinuatum, sinuated; cut into wide rounded sinuo- sities. 218. Laciniatum', Cut into various indeterminate parts. 219. Squarrosum, divided into elevated segments, not parallel to the surface. 220. Pectinatum, pinnate, with segments remarkably narrow and parallel, like the teeth of a comb. 221. Incequale, unequal, sometimes called oblique, the two halves of the leaf being unequal in dimen- sions, and their bases not parallel. 222. Bipinnatifidum, doubly pinnatified. 223. Incisum, cut; nearly synonymous with laciniatum. The leaf, in respect to its margin, is 224. Integerrimum, an entire leaf, the margin bein°- an even line. 225. Crenatum, notched or crenate; the teeth bein"- rounded, and not directed towards either end. 226. Serratum, serrated ; the teeth sharp, pointiiv to- wards the extremity. 227. Ciliatum, fringed; bordered with parallel hairs, BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 13 228. Dentatum, toothed, margin beset with spreading pointed teeth. 229. Spinosum, spinous, beset with prickles. 230. Cartilaginosum, cartilaginous, margin hard and horny. 231. Repandum, wavy, bordered with minute angles and small segments of circles, though even. 232. Lacerum, margin cut into irregular segments, exhi- biting a lacerated appearance. 233. Erosum, jagged, irregularly cut or notched. 234. Inerme, unarmed; opposed to spinous. 235. Serrulatum, minutely serrated, the teeth being very fine. 236. Revolutum, revolute ; the margin rolled backward. 237. Involutum, involute; the reverse of the preceding. 238. Conduplicatum, folded ; the margins being brought together in a parallel direction. In point of termination, the leaf is 239. Folium Truncatum, an abrupt leaf, terminated by a transverse line. 240. Emarginatum, emarginate, having a notch at the summit of the leaf. 241. Retusum, retuse, terminating in an obtuse notch. 242. Prazmorsum, jagged-pointed, blunt with many ir- regular notches. 243. Acutum, sharp, ending in an acute angle. 244. Acuminatum, ending in an awl-shaped point. 245. Cuspidatum, ending in a sharp pointing prickle. 246. Mucronatum, tipped with a rigid spine or thorn. 247. Cirrhosum, tipped with a tendril. The surface of the leaf is 248. Nudum, destitute of hairs or bristle3. 249. Glabrum, smooth. C 14 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 250. Nitidum, shining with smoothness. 251. Lucidum, lucid, semi-transparent. 252. Coloratum, coloured, of any other colour than green. 253. Neruosum, ribbed, when they extend in simple lines from the base to the point. 254. Trinerve, three-ribbed, having three ribs, all dis- tinct from the base, and unconnected with the margin. 255. Triplinerve, triply-ribbed, three ribs branching off from the main one above the base. 256. Variegatum, irregularly blotched with different colours. 257. Enerve, wanting nerves. 258. Lineatum, with depressed nerves. 259. Striatum, lightly furrowed with parallel lines. 260. Sulcatum, with deeply furrowed lines. 261. Venosum, veiny; the nourishing vessels forming a kind of net-work. 262. Rugosum, rugged; when the veins are tighter than the surface between them, causing the latter to swell into inequalities. 263. Bullatum, blistery ; this is only a greater degree of the last. 264. Lacunosum, the surface depressed between the veins. 265. Avene, veinless; having no veins. 266. Papillosum, covered with little fleshy tubercles. 267. Papulosum, covered with little vesicles. 268. Viscidum, smeared over with a viscid humour. 269. Villosum, covered with soft hairs. 270. Tomentosum, covered with interwoven hairs, not conspicuous. 271. Sericeum, covered with a soft silky hair. 272. Lanatum, woolly, as in Mullein, (verbascum tha- psus.) BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 15 ^73. Barbatum, bearded, covered with small parallel hairs. .974. Pilosum, hairy, covered with distinct long hairs. 275. Scabrum, rough, from many small rigid prominences. 276. Hisbidum, bristly, covered with rigid bristles. 277. Aculeatum, armed with thorns or prickles. 278. Strigosum, with lanceolate rigid thorns. The leaf, in regard to its expansion or superficies, is 279. Planum, the surface being evenly expanded. 280. Canaliculatum, channelled, having a longitudinal furrow on its upper side. 281. Concavum, concave, depressed along the middle of the leaf. 282. Conveuum, convex, the upper surface longitudinally convex. 283. Cucullatum, the margins of the leaf doubled up, so as to meet at the base, but spreading at the point, (hooded.) 284. Plicatum, folded ; the disc of the leaf folded into acute plaits. 285. Undatum, waved; the disc curved into obtuse plaits. 286. Crispum, curled ; the margin being expanded more than the disc, giving the leaf an elegantly curled and twisted appearance. 287. Appendiculatum, furnished with an appendage not essential to the leaf, (Dionsea.) With regard to substance, the leaf is 288. Membranaceum, membranous, of a thin and pliable texture. 289. Scariosum, scariose, of a hard, thin, and dry sub- stance, like parchment. 290. Gibbum, gibbous, convex on one or both sides. 291. Teres, cylindrical. 16 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 292. Depressum, depressed, the disc being more flatten- ed than the sides. 293. Compressum, pulpy, the sides being more flattened than the disc. 294. Carinatum, keeled, the back being longitudinally prominent. 295. Compactum, consisting of solid substance. 296. Tubulosum, concave, or empty internally. 297. Pulposum, internally composed of a pulpy or tena- cious substance. 298. Carnosum, fleshy, composed of a fleshy and solid substance. 299. Triquetrum, a three-sided awl-shaped leaf. 300. Anceps, two-edged. 301. Lingulatum, linear, fleshy, convex, infeiiorly. 302. Ensiforme, two-edged, tapering gradually to the point, slightly convex on both surfaces. 303. Subulatum, awl-shaped; linear at the base, and tapering to the point. 304. Acinaciforme, scimitar-shaped, compressed, with one thick and straight edge, the other thin and • convex. 305. Dolabriforme, hatchet-shaped, compressed, with a very prominent dilated keel, and a cylindrical base. In measure, the leaf is 306. Brevissima, very short. 307. Longissima, very long, in proportion to the stem or a joint. In point of duration, the leaf is 308. Deciduum, deciduous, falling off at the end of summer. 309. Caducum, caducaus, falling soon, before the ap- proach of winter. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 17 310. Persistens, persisting, not falling after the expira- tion of summer. 311. Perenne, perennial, remaining green for some years. 312. Sempervirens, evergreen, remaining green through many years. With regard to composition, a leaf is 313. Compositum, compound leaf, consisting of two or more leaflets, connected by a common foot-stalk. 314. Articulatum, a jointed leaf, one leaflet growing out of the summit of another. 315. Digitatum, digitate or fingered, petiole simple, uniting many leaflets at the top. 316. Congugatum, yoked, pinnate, with two lateral leaflets. 317. Binatum, binate, with only two terminal leaflets. 318. Pedatum, pedate, petiole divided, the insides of which alone connect many leaflets. 319. Pinnatum, pinnate, several leaflets proceeding la- terally from one foot-stalk. 320. Bigeminatum, twice paired, and Tergeminatumt thrice paired. 321. Ternatum, ternate, with three leaflets. 322. Cum impari pinnatum, pinnate? with an odd or terminal leaflet. 323. Abrupte pinnatum, abruptly pinnate, without either a terminal leaf or tendril. 324. Cirrhosum, ending with a tendril instead of an odd leaflet. 325. Apposite pinnatum, when the leaflets are oppositer or in pairs. 326. Interrupt^ pinnatum, the principal leaflets ranged alternately, with an intermediate series of smaller ones, (as, potentilla anserina.J C.2. IS BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 327. Articulate pinnatum, jointly, with joints in the common foot-stalk. 328. Decursive, decurrent, the leaflets running down along the foot-stalk. 329. Lyrato pinnatum, in a lyrate manner, having the terminal leaflet largest, and the rest gradually smaller, as they approach the base. 330. Auriculatum, an eared leaf, furnished at its base with a pair of leaflets, sometimes distinct, and sometimes united with it. 331. Pinnatum verticilato, verticilate pinnate, the leaf- lets forming a whorl. In regard to the different degrees of composition, the leaf is 332. Compositum, simply compound. 333. Decompositum, doubly compound. 334. Supradecompositum, thrice compound or more. 335. Biternatum, doubly ternate. 336. Bipinnatum, doubly pinnate. 337. FULCRA, or props, for the more convenient sup- port of the plant, are, 338. Petiolus, foot-stalk; the support of the leaf. 339. Stipida, a scale placed at the base of the young petiole. 340. Cirrhus, thread-like spiral bands, by which the plant supports itself on other bodies. 341. Pubes, all roughness on the plant. 342. Arma, thorns or prickles, which prevent animals from feeding on them. 343. Bractea, leaf next the flower, generally differing from the other leaves. 344. Pedunculus, flower-stalk, a partial stem, elevating the flowers, not the leaves. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 19 345. PETIOLUS, or leaf-stalk. In shape, it is - 346. Linearis, linear. 347. Alatus, winged, the sides being edged with a thin and flat border. 348. Clavatus, club-shaped, gradually becoming thicker towards the apex. 349. Membranaceus, flattened into a thin lamina. 350. Teres, cylindrical. 351. Semiteres, roundish, or irregularly cylindrical. 352. Triqueter, three-sided. 353. Canaliculatus, channelled, having a longitudinal groove on the upper side. 354. Cirrhifer, bearing tendrils, as in the common pea. 355. Scandens, climbing, performing the office of a ten- dril, as in the Clematis Virgin. In point of size, the petiole is 356. Brevissimus, very short, bearing but a small pro- portion to the length of the leaf. 357. Brevis, short, not quite as long as the leaf. 358. Mediocris, being as long as the leaf. 359. Longus, long, exceeding the length of the leaf. 360. Longissimus, very long, being much longer than the leaf. With regard to its insertion, the petiole is 361. Insertus, arising perpendicularly from the branch, or stem. 362. Decurrens, decurrent, running down the stem or branch with its base. 363. Amplexicaulis, stem-clasping, surrounding the branch with its base. 364. Appendiculatis, haying little leafy appendages at the base. 20 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. The direction of the petiole is 365. Erectus, (152.) 366. Patens, (156.) 367. Assurgens, (158.) 368. Recurvatus, (161.) The surface of the petiole is 369. Glaber, smooth, (249.) 370. Aculeatus, armed with prickles, (277.) 371. Nudus, destitute of hairs or bristles, (248.) 372. Articulatus, jointed, (99.) 373. Spinescens, growing hard and prickly. 374. STIPULJE, the stipulse, or leafy appendages com- monly at the base of the foot-stalk, are 375. Geminm, two and two, by pairs. 376. Solitaries, simple and scattered. 377. Nulla?, when they are wanting. 378. Laterales, inserted by the sides. 379. Extrqfoliacce, situated below the leaf. 380. Intrafoliacce, situated above the leaf. 381. Oppositifolice, fixed into the side of a stem, oppo- site to a leaf. 382. Caducce, falling at the approach of winter. 383. Persistentes, remaining after the leaves have fallen off. 384. Spinescens, hard and pointed. 385. Sessiles, sessile, fixed to the stem immediately by the base. 386. Adnata, the upper surface connected to the base of a branch. S87. Decurrentes, running down the stem. 388. Vaginantes, sheathing. 389. Subidatce, awl-shaped. 390. Lanceolatce, lance-shaped, lanceolate, BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 21 391. Sagittatce, arrow-shaped, sagitate. 392. Lunatce, lunate. 393. Erectce, erect. 394. Patens, spreading, forming rather acute angles with the petiole. 395. Refiexce, hanging down perpendicularly. 396. Integerrimm, whole, not divided. 397. Serratce, serrated or toothed. 398. Ciliatm, ciliated or fringed, bordered with soft hairs. 399. Dentatce, large teeth. 400. Fissce, cleft, divided by deep and straight incisions. 401. Brevissimce, much shorter than the petiole. 402. Mediocres, of the length of the petiole. 403. Longce, exceeding the petiole in length. 404. CIRRHUS, the tendril; it is 405. A:viRnvie, axiliarj, growing out either from between a branch and the stem, or from between a petiole and the stem. 406. Foliaris, rising from a leaf. 407. Petiolaris, growing out of a petiole. 408. Peduncularis, growing out of a peduncle. 409. Simplex, undivided, simple. 410. Trifidus, divided into three parts. 411. Multifidus, divided many times. 412. Convolutus, twisted into rings or curls. 413. Revolutus, the spiral twisted backwards, from the middle part of it. 414. PUBES, pubescence, consists of 415. Pili, bristly excretory ducts of the plant; hairs. 416. Lana, closely seated, dense hairs, wool. 417. Barba, distinct parallel hairs, 22 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 418. Tomentum, hairs, scarcely conspicuous, interwoven with each other. 419. Strigce, rigid and somewhat flattened hairs. 420. Setce, rigid cylindrical hairs. 421. Simplices, simple, extending without division or curve. 422. Hamosce, barbed, so as to stick readily to animals or cloths. 423. Ramosce, subdivided, as it were, into branches. 424. Plumosce, feathery. 425. Stellatm, placed cross-wise. 426. Hami, prickles with curved points. 427. Glochides, prickles, the summits of which have ma- ny little teeth, pointing backwards. 428. Glandules, a little tumor discharging a fluid. 429. Utriculus, little vesicles filled with a secreted liquor. 4.30. These two last are either Foliacce, Petiolares, Pe- dunculares, Stipulares, or Calycinm, according to the place of their Insertion. 431. Viscositas, of the quality of a viscid humour. 432. Glutinositas, of the quality of a lubricating humour. 433. ARMA, the arms; they are, 434. Aculei, sharp points or prickles, adhering to the bark of the plant only. They are—Recti, straight —Incurvi,bent inwards—Recurvi, bentoutwards. 435. Furca, a prickle of the last kind, divided into ma- ny points or prickles. 436. Spina, a prickle, being a production from the wood of the plant. 437. The spine is Terminalis, fixed to the summit of the plant; Axilaris, Calycina, Foliaris, Simplex, ac- cording to the place of insertion. 438. Stimuli, little prickles, producing considerable ir- ritation in the skin, as in the Urtica Dioica, or common nettle. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 23 439. BRACTEM, leaves. 440. Colorata, coloured; being of any other colour than green. 441. Caducce, falling off before the end of the summer. 442. Persistens, persistent; remaining after the summer is over. 446. Unce, one ; duce, two ; plures, many. 444. Coma, bracteee, terminating the stem ; very large. 445. PEDUNCULUS, peduncle, or flower-stalk. 446. Partialis, partial, bearing a few flowers on a com- mon foot-stalk. 447. Communis, common to many flowers. 448. Pedicellus, peculiar to the flowers, united in a common peduncle. In regard to insertion, the peduncle is 449. Radicalis, arising from the root. 450. Caulinus, cauline, inserted into the stem. 451. Rameus, inserted into a limb or branch. 452. Petiolaris, inserted into a leaf-stalk. 453. Cirrhiferus, arising from a tendril. 454. Terminalis, inserted into the top of a plant. 455. Axilaris, inserted into the fork, formed by a branch with the trunk. 456. Oppositi folius, inserted opposite to a leaf. 457. Lateri florus, flowers arising from one side of the peduncle only. 458. Supra foliaceus, placed in the surface of a leaf. In position, the peduncle is 459. Alternas, alternate. 460. Sparsus, placed without order. 461. Oppositus, opposite, placed by pairs oppositely. 24 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 462. Verticillatus, verticilate, forming a whorl around the branch or stem. In point of number, the peduncle is 463. Solitarius, solitary. 464. Geminatus, double. 465. Umbellula sessilis, many peduncles, arising out of the same centre, of equal length. In direction, the peduncle is 466. Adpressus, pressed close to the stem. 467. Erectus, erect, rising almost perpendicularly. 468. Patens, forming an acute angle with the stem. 469. Cernuus, drooping, the top pointing towards the earth. 470. Nutans, nodding, the top bending downwards. 471. Flacidus, weak, so as to hang down, from the weight of the flower. 472. Strictus, straignt, without flexure. 473. Flexuosus, bent from flower to flower. 474. Retrofractus, bent downwards as with force. In measure, the peduncle is 475. Brevis, short. 476. Brevissimus, very short. 477. Longus, long. 478. Longissimus, very long. In structure, the peduncle is 479. Teres, round. 480. Triqueter, three-sided. 481. Tetragonus, four angular. 482. Filiformis, thread-like; of equal thickness through- out. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 25 483. Attenuatus, gradually becoming thinner towards the top. 484. Clavatus, growing thicker towards the top. 485. Squamosus, covered with scales. 486. Nudus, naked. 487. Foliatus, leafy, furnished with leaves. 488. Bracteatus, furnished with bractese. 489. Geniculatus, intercepted with knobs. 490. Articulatus, the same as the foregoing. 491. INFLORESCENTIA is the mode in which the flower is fixed to the plant by means of the pe- duncle. 492. SPADIX, the receptacle of palms, and some other plants, proceeding from that species of Calyx which is called Spatha, or Spath; it is either branched (ramosus) as in palms; or simple (sim- plex) as in (arum triphyllum.) 493. CYMA, or Cyme, an aggregate flower, composed of several florets sitting on a receptacle, producing all the primary peduncles from the same point, the partial peduncles being scattered; all fastigate or forming a flat surface at the top. 494. UMBELLA, or Umbel; a receptacle stretched out into filiform proportionate peduncles from the same centre. 495. SP1CA, alternate sessile flowers, inserted into a common simple peduncle. 496. AMENTUM, Ament, or Catkin, consists of a great number of chaffy scales, dispersed along a slender thread or receptacle. 497. STROBILUS, or strobile, formed out of an Ament, by the induration of its scales. D 26 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 498. CORYMBUS, Corymb—." made up of a spike, whilst each flower is furnished with its proper foot-stalk or peduncle, in an elevated proportion- ed situation." 499. RACEMUS, Raceme, a peduncle furnished with lateral branches. 500. PANICULA, panicle, flowers scattered on pedun- cles variously divided. 501. THYRSUS, a thyrse, a panicle contracted into an ovate form. 502. FASCICULUS, collecting together, several up- right, parallel, fastigate approximating flowers. 503. CAPITULUM, or head; many flowers gathered into the shape of a ball. 504. VERTICILLUS, many flowers surrounding the stem, in the manner of a ring. 505. LATERIFLORA, many flowers inserted into the same side of a stem. 506. The VERTICILLUS is 507. Sessilis, without any manifest pedicles. 508. Pedunculatus, flowers supported by peduncles. 509. Involucratus, furnished with an involucrum. 510. Bracteatus, furnished with bractese. 511. CAPITULUM, the capital or head, is 512. Subrotundum, almost globular. 513. Globosum, perfectly globular. 514. Dimidiatum, round on one side, and flat on the other. 515. Foliosum, leaves intermixed with flowers. 516. Nudum, having neither leaves nor^prickles. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 27 517. SPICA, the spike, is 518. Simplex, undivided. 519. Composita, many small spikes inserted into a pe- duncle. 520. Ventricosa, the sides bulging out. 521. Cylindrica, cylindrical. 522. Interrupta, small alternate spikes placed at some distance from each other on a peduncle. 523. Imbricata, tiled ; formed as it were of scales over- lapping each other. 524. Articulata, jointed. 525. Ramosa, variously divided. 526. Linearis, linear. 527. Ciliata, edged with fine hairs. 528. Foliacea, separated by leaves. 529. Comosa, terminated with leaflets. 530. CORYMB US, the corymb, is - 531. Simplex, when each flower is furnished with its own peduncle. 532. Compositus, when each flower is elevated by its own pedicelus, or partial foot-stalk, and all in- serted into a common peduncle. 533. THYRSUS, the thyrse, is 534. Nudus, naked. 535. Foliatus, clothed with leaves. 536. RACEMUS, the raceme, is 537. Nudus, naked. 538. Compositus, divided into many racemes. 539. Unilateralis, all the flowers inserted into one side. 540. Secundus, all the flowers leaning to one side. 541. Simplex, simple, undivided. 542. Foliatus, leafy. 28 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 543. Conjugata, two racemes originating from the same point. 544. Dependens, hanging downwards. 545. Erectus, upright. 546. FRUCTIFICATIO, the fructification, " the tem- porary parts of vegetables, dedicated to the busi- ness of generation." It is 547. Simplex, simple, consisting of few flowers. 548. Composita, compound; many little flowers running together. 549. The fructification consists of the following seven parts: Calyx, Corolla, Stamen, Pistillum, Peri- carpium, Semen, Receptaculum. 550. CALYX, the flower cup, is defined by Linnseus, " the outer bark present in the fructification." 551. The species of calyx are seven. Periantkium, Involucrum, Amentum, Spatha, Gluma, Calyptra, Volva. 552. PERIANTHIUM, a calyx, contiguous to the flower. Its species are 553. Perianthium Fructijicationis, including the sta- mens and germ. 554. P. Floris, containing the stamens, but not the germ. 555. P. Fructis, including the germ, but not the stamens. 556. P. PROPRIUM, peculiar to one flower. The perianthium, with respect to the number of the leaves, is 557. Monophyllum, composed only of one 1-gaf. 558. Polyphyllum, consisting of many leaves. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 29 559. Diphyllum, Triphyllum, Tetraphyllum, &c. two, three, or four leaved. The border of the perianth, is either 560. SL-Sfidum, 2 to 5 cleft. 561. 2-5 partitum, 2 to 5 parted. 562. Integrum, entire, that is, undivided. In figure, the perianth is 563. Tubulosum, tubular. 564. Patens, spreading. 565. Reflexum, the leaves or edges reflected backwards. 566. Inflatum, hollow, like a little bladder. 567. Globosum, approaching to the figure of a globe. 568. Clavatum, club-shaped, thicker towards the top. 569. Erectum, upright. In regard to proportion, the perianth is 570. Abreviatum, abreviated; shorter than the tube of the corolla. 571. Longum, long; longer than the tube of the corolla. 572. Mediocre, middle-sized; about the length of the tube of the corolla. At the top, the perianth is 573. Obtusum, obtuse. 574. Acutum, acute. 575. Spinosum, spinous or thorny. 576. Aculeatum, prickly. 577. Acuminatum, acuminate. In regard to equality, the perianth is 578. JEquale, equal; the segments being of the same size. 579. Inoequale, unequal; some of the segments smaller than others. D 2 30 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 580. Lacinies alternis brevioribus; segments alternately shorter and longer. 581. Labiatum, lipped; segments irregular, formed into two lips. With respect to margin, the perianth is 582. Integerrimum, very entire. 583. Serratum, serrated. 584. Ciliatum, ciliated, or edged with small hairs. In situation, with respect to the germen, the perianth is 585. Superum, superior; when the germen is under the perianth. 586. Inferum, inferior; the germen being above the base of the perianth. In duration, the perianth is 587. Caducum, caducous; falling as soon as the flower begins to open. 588. Deciduum, deciduous; falling oft" with the flower. 589. Persistens, permanent; not falling until the fruit has attained to maturity. In respect to composition, the perianth is 590. Imbricatum, imbricate. 591. Squarrosum, squarrose, the scales spreading, and not closely laid over each other. 592. Turbinatum, top-shaped; inversely conical. 593. Calyculatum, a calyx, surrounded at the base with another smaller calyx; caliculate, or increased calyx. 594. Scariosum, tough, thin, and semi-transparent. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 31 The perianth is also 595. COMMUNE, common, containing many congre- gated flowrets, as in the syngenesious plants. 596. The INVOLUCRUM, a species of calyx, remote from the flowers, chiefly restricted to the umbeli- ferous flowers. It is 597. Universale, universal; placed under the universal umbel. 598. Partiale, partial; placed under the partial or small- er umbel. 599. Proprium, proper; placed under some one flower. In regard to number of leaves, the involucrum is 600. Monophyllum, Diphyllum, Triphyllum, &c. one leaved, two leaved, &c. 601. The GLUMA, the calyx of grasses; formed of valves embracing the seeds. It is 602. Unijlora, a one flowered glume. 603. Bijlora, two flowered. 604. Trijlora, Multijlora, three, &c. flowered. In respect to the number of valves, the glume is 605. Univalvis, Bivalvis, Multivalvis, &c. one, two, or many valved. The glume is also 606. Colorata, coloured; of any colour but green. 607. Glabra, smooth. 608. Hispida, hispid. 609. The ARISTA, of the glume, is a sharp point is- suing from the glume of many grasses. The glume, in this respect, is 610. Mutica, awnless, without any point at the end. 32 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 611. Terminalis, an awn terminating the glume. 612. Dorsalis, placed on the back, or outside of the glume. 613. Recta, straight; rising perpendicularly from the glume. 614. Tortilis, twisted like a rope, coiled. 615. Geniculata, bent like the knee-joint. 616. Recurvata, recurved, or bent back. 617. AMENTUM, the catkin, is either 618. Squamosum, scaly. 619. Nudum, not scaly, naked. 620. SPATHA, a calyx, that opens or bursts longitudi- nally, like a sheath. Its valves are 621. Univalvis, opening on one side only. 622. Bivalvis, opening on two sides. 623. Dimidiata, uncovering the fructification only at its lower side. 624. CALYPTRA, a species of calyx, peculiar to the mosses, covering the anthers, like a hood, or ex- tinguisher. It is 625. Recta, straight; equal on every side. 626. Obliqua, oblique; bent on one side. 627. VOLVA, the calyx of the Fungi; it is membrana- ceus. It is 628. Approximata, placed near the cap or head of the fungus. 629. Remota, distant from the cap of the fungus. 630. COROLLA, the coral or blossom, «the inner bark present in the flower." BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 33 631. PETALA, "the leaves of the flower," the differ- ent parts of which are 632. Tubus, tube; the inferior tubular part of a mono- petallous corolla. 633. Unguis, the claw; the lower part of a petal, united to the receptaculum. 634. Limbus, the limb; the superior dilated part or edge of a monopetallous corolla. 635. Lamina, the superior spreading parts of a polype- tallous flower. In respect to the number of petals, the flower is 636. Monopetala, dipetala, Tri—• Polypetala, one, two, many petallous, &c. In regard to equality, the corolla is 637. JEqualis, the petals being equal in size and figure. 638. Regularis, equal in the size, proportion, and figure of iha parts* 639. Irregularis, when the parts of the limb differ in size, figure, and proportion. 640. Incequalis, unequal, the parts corresponding in pro- portion, not in-size. 641. Difformis, anomalous. * In respect to figure, the corolla is 642. Globosa, resembling a globe; globular, spherical. 643. Campanulata, bell-shaped; bellying out, without a tube. 644. Infundibuliformis, funnel-shaped; conical, arising from a tube. 645. Hyporcrateriformis, salver-shaped, rising from a tube, with a flat border. 646. Rotata, wheel-shaped; spreading flat, without any tube. 34 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 647. Cyathiformis, cup-shaped, cylindrical, widening a little at the top. 648. Urceolata, pitcher-shaped, bellying out in the mid- dle, the top nearly closed. 649. Ringens, ringent, gaping with two distinct irregu- lar lips. 650. Galea ringentes, the superior lip of a ringent co- rolla. 651. Labium, the inferior lip of a ringent corolla. 652. FA UX, or faucis, the opening of a monopetallous corolla, in that part of it where the tube termi- nates exteriorly. 653. The Faux, or faucis, is either 654. Clausa, closed, by little scales, meeting so as to form a kind of convex vault over the mouth of the tube. 655. Courctatt»9 narrow1 iliaU tile iv»be. 656. Coronaia, straightened by small projecting points or tubercles. 657. Nuda, equal or wider than the tube, and open. 658. Rictus, is the opening between two lips. ■ 659. Personata, ringent, but closed between the lips by the palate. 660. Cruciata, cruciform, four equal petals, spreading out in the form of a cross. 661. Patens, the claw, or lower part of the petal inserted under an acute angle into the receptaculum. 662. Papilionacea, irregular, butter-fly shaped; the in- ferior petal is cymbiforme, keel-shaped, called (carina) the upper petal rises upwards, (vexil- lum;) the two lateral petals (Aim) or wings, stand singly, being separated by the keel. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 35 663. Rocacia, rose-like; four or more concave petals, disposed upon the receptacle in a ring; as in the wild rose. 664. Undulata, waved; the surface falling and rising, obtusely, in waves. 665. Plicata, plaited; folded like a fan. 666. Revoluta, revolute, rolled back or downwards. 667. Torta, twisted. In respect to margin, the corolla is 668. Crenata, crenate; serrata, serrated; ciliata, ciliate. In respect to surface, the corolla is 669. Villosa (269,) Tomentosa (270,) Sericea (271,) Pi- losa (274,) &c. 670. Cristata, Barbata, &c. In regard to proportion, the corolla is 671. Longissima, several times longer than the calyx. 672. Brevissima, not as long as the calyx. In respect to situation, the corolla is 673. Supera, superior; having its base above the germ. 674. Infera, inferior ; having the base below the germ. In duration, the corolla is 675. Caduca, caducous; falling off as soon as it is ex- panded. 676. Decidua, deciduous; when the petals fall off with the rest of the flower. 677. Persistens, permanent; continuing till the fruit has attained maturity. 678. Marcescens, withering on the stalk without drop- ping off. 36 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. In respect to composition, the corolla is 679. Composita, compound; several florets in a common perianth, and sitting on the same receptacle. 680. Ligulata, ligulate or strap-shaped; the corollets of the flower flat at the exterior end, and tubular only at the base. 681. Tubulosa, the corollets of the flower tubular. 682. Radiata, the corollets of the disc tubulous,and the ray or circumference ligulate. In regard to colour, the corolla is 683. Alba, white ; purpurea, purple j violacea, violet; viridis, green ; lutea, pale yellow ; aurantia, orange yellow; coccinia, scarlet; fusca, brown ; and their varieties. 684. NECTARIUM, «the meliferous part of the vege- table peculiar to the flower." It is 685. Proprium, proper; distinct from the petals, and the other parts of the flower. 686. Calcaratum, spur-shaped; a bent tube or horn, end- ing in a closed apex. 687. Singulare, differing in structure from the other parts of the flower. 688. Coronans, forming a leafy crown in the corolla. 689. Petalinum, petaline ; inserted into the petals. 690. Calycinum, calycine; situated upon the calyx. 691. Stamineum, situated upon the stamens or anthers. 692. Pistillaceum inserted into the germen or pistil. 693. Receptaculum, inserted into the receptacle. 694. STAMEN, the organ designed for the preparation of the pollen. 695. FILAMENTUM, the parts elevating the anthers, or male genital organs. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 37 In figure, the filamenta, or filaments, are 696. Capillare, capillary; very slender, of the thickness of a hair. 697. Planum, flat; with parallel equal surfaces. 698. Cuneiforme, wedge-shaped. 699. Spirale, spiral; ascending in a spiral line. 700. Subulatum, awl-shaped. 701. Emarginatum, emarginate. 702. Rejlexum, reflected ; bent backwards. 703. Laciniatum, laciniated; cut into 2, 3, or 9 irregular lappets or jags. 704. Dentatum, with small teeth; toothed. 705. Mutilatum, mutilated ; with only the rudiment of a filament. 706. Castratum, castrated; elevating a barren anther, or having none at all. In point of insertion, the filaments are 707. Calyciopposita, opposite to the segments or leaflets of the calyx. 708. Alterna, alternate with the leaflets of the calyx. 709. Corollce inserta (Corollina) inserted into the co- rolla. 710. Calyci inserta (Calycina) inserted into the calyx. 711. Receptaculo inserta (receptaadacea) inserted into the receptacle. 712. Nectario inserta (nectarina) nectarine; inserted into the nectary. 713. Stilo inserta (Gynandra) inserted into the stile, as of the class Gynandria. In point of proportion, the filaments are 714. JEqualia, equal; all of the same length. 715. Inmqualia, unequal; some larger than others. 716. Conata, conate; united into one body. E 38 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 717. Longissima, very long; exceeding tne corolla in length. 718. Brevissima, very short; much shorter than the co- rolla. 719. Longitudine corollw, of the same length as the co- rolla. 720. Longitudine calycis, of the same length as the calyx. In respect to its surface, the filament is 721. Pilosum, hairy; villosum, villous; hirsutum, hir- sute, &c. 722. Nectariferum, nectariferous; having nectaries af- fixed to it. 723. Membranaceus, membranous. In respect to direction, the filament is 724. Erectum, upright. 725. Patens, spreading. 726. Patentiusculum, somewhat spreading 727. Arcuatum, bowed; bent into a bow. 728. Conivens, converging; the top approaching the other filaments. 729. Rejlexum, reflected. 730. Declinatum, declined. 731. Flaccidum, flaccid. 732. Assurgens, assurgent; bent upwards in a bow. 733. Recurvum, recurved; bent so as to have the arch downward. 734. Incurvum, incurved ; bending inwards, &c. 725. ANTHERA, the part of the flower, big with pollen or farina, which when ripe it emits. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 39 In regard to the number of anthers attached to a fila- ment, they are 736. Unica, one only to each filament. ------■ one only to three filaments. ------• one only to five filaments. 737. Duas, two to each filament. 738. Tres, three to each filament. 739. Qjtinque, five to each filament. , five to every three filaments. In relation to figure, the anther is 740. Oblonga, oblong. 741. Globosa, globular. 742. Sagittata, arrow-shaped. 743. Angulata, angular. 744. Cornuta, horned, or in the form of a horn. 745. Bicornis, having two horns. 746. Linearis, linear; like a line. 747. Acuta, acute; terminated with an acute angle. 748. Acutiuscula, rather acute. 749. Cordata, heart-shaped. 750. Ovata, ovate, egg-shaped. 751. Hastata, hastate; like an arrow, with the sides bulging out. 752. Biloba, two-lobed. 753. Reniformis, kidney-shaped. 754. Bifida, bifid ; two-cleft. 755. Bipartita, two-parted ; divided nearly to the base. 756. Aristata, awned; ending in an awn, or sharp rigid point. 757. Setifer, bristle-bearing; ending in a bristle. 758. Rostrata, rostrate, or beaked ; ending in a thread- like beak. 40 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 759. Truncata, truncated ; cut off abruptly and trans- versely. 760. Obtusa, obtuse; blunt. 761. Emarginata, emarginate; terminated with a noth. 762. Acuminata, acuminate ; terminating in an awl- shaped point. 763. Furca, forked; divided at the end, the divisions diverging. In point of direction, the anther is 764. Erecta, erect. 765. Rigida, rigid. 766. Patens, spreading. 767. Assurgens, assurgent; rising upwards, in a bow. 768. Injlexa, inflected. 769. Nutans, nodding. 770. Declinata, declined. 771. Pendula, pendulous; hanging down. 772. Incurva, incurved; bent inwards. 773. Conivens, converging; the anthers leaning towards each other. 774. Spiraliter contorta, twisted spirally. In regard to insertion, the anther is 775. Sessilis, sessile; connected immediately with the filament, without a pedicle. 776. Versatilis, incumbens ; incumbent, but freely move- able. 777. Adnata, adnate; connected to the stamen by the upper surface. 778. Distincta, distinct; not cohering with other anthers. 779. Connatce, connate; several anthers joined into one. 780. Cylindracece, cylindrical; formed into a cylinder or equal tubes. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 41 781. Tubulatce, tubular; coalescing so as to form a tube. 782. Cohcerentes, cohering at the base, apex, &c. 783. Incumbens, fixed by the middle upon the filament. 784. Lateralis, lateral; connected by the whole side to the filament. In respect to substance, the anther is 785. Membranacea, membranous. 786. Depressa, depressed ; pulpy, the disc more flatten- ed than the sides. 787. Compressa, compressed; pulpy, the sides more com- pressed than the disc. 788. Convexa, convex. 789. Plana, flat. 790. Sulcata, furrowed. 791. Transversim sulcata, transversely furrowed. 792. Longitudinaliter sulcata, longitudinally furrowed. 793. Subulata, subulate; leaner at the base, and attenu- ated towards the top. 794. Bilamellata, with two membranous plates. In respect to measure, the anther is 795. Filamentis brevior, shorter than the filament. 796. Corolla brevior, shorter than the corolla. 797. Longitudine filamenti, of the same length as the filament. 798. Longior filamentis, longer than the filament. 799. JEquales, equal; of the same size as the others. 800. Longissima, very long; much longer than the fila- ment. 801. Brevissima, very short; much shorter than the filament K2 42 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. In respect to place, the anther is 802. Tecta, covered ; concealed by a scale of the arch. 803. Inclusa, enclosed; situated within the throat of the corolla. 804. Nuda, naked; neither covered nor enclosed. In respect to the cells and apertures of the anther, it is 805. Unilocularis, one-celled. 806. Bilocularis, two-celled. 807. Trilocularis, three-celled. 808. Bivalvis, two-valved. 809. Didyma, didymous; gibbous outwardly, with two protuberances. 810. Sterilis, barren ; not forming pollen. 811. Deflorata, deflorate ; having ejected the pollen. 812. Fwcunda, fertile, with pollen. 813. Apice dehiscens, opening at the top. 814. Latere dehiscens, opening at the side. In respect to situation, the anthers are placed 815. Upon the top, sides, or base of the filaments; or upon the corolla, nectary, pistil or receptaculum. 816. POLEN, is the farina or powder of the flower, contained in the anthers, which moistened bursts, throwing out an imperceptible fecundating powder. 817. PISTILLUM, pistil; an organ connected to the fruit, for the reception of the fecundating pollen. 818. GERMEN, the germ, ovary, or seed-bud, is the rudiment of the abryotic fruit. In number, it varies from one to many. In point of figure, the germ is 819. Subrotundum, roundish. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY-. 43 820. Ovatum, ovate. 821. Oblongum, oblong. 822. Turbinatum, turbinate. 823. Conicum, in the form of a cone. 824. Lineare, linear. 825. Cordatum, heart-shaped. 826. Globosum, globular. 827. Fissum, cleft; bifidum, two-cleft; trifidum, three- cleft. 828. Partitum, divided almost to the base. 829. Angulatum, angular. 830. Didymum, gibbous, outwardly with two protube- rances. 831. Compressum, compressed; sides more flattened than the disc. 832. Acutum, acute; terminated by an acute angle. 833. Rostratum, rostrate ; ending in a thread-like bill. 834. Subulatum, awl-shaped; gradually growing thinner towards the point. In respect to surface, the germ is 835. Scabrum, rough. 836. Villosum, villous; covered with soft hairs. 837. Imbricatum, imbricated; covered with scales, as if tiled. In regard to its place, the germ is 838. Superum, superior; included in the corolla. 839. Inferum, inferior; placed beneath the corolla. In respect to its insertion, the germ is 840. Sessile, having no pedicle to rest on. 841. Pedicellatum, pedicelled ; standing on a pedicel. 842. Setce insidens, sitting on a bristle. 44 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. In regard to its measure, the germ is 843. Minimum, in proportion to the corolla. 844. Longitudine staminum, of the same length as the stamens. 845. Longitudine calycis, of the same length as the calyx. 846.-----------nectarii, of the same length as the nectarium. 847. STYLUS, the part of the pistil which elevates the stigma from the germ. It varies in number. In point of proportion, the style is 848. Longissimus, very long, in respect to the stamens. 849. Brevissimus, very short. 850. Longitudine staminum, as long as the stamens. 851. Crassitie staminum, of the thickness of the stamens. 852. Crassus, thick; tenuis, thin ; in respect to the stamina. With regard to its division, the style is 853. Simplex, Bifidus, 4fidus, 5fidus, (212.) 854. Dichotomus, continually divided into two parts, (101.) In respect to figure, the style is 855; Teres, columnar. 856. Filiformis, thread-like. 857. Cylindricus, cylindrical. 858. Capillaris, capillary; fine, like a hair. 859. Clavatus, club-shaped; thicker at the upper end. 860. Subulatus, subulate. 861. Alatus, winged. 862. Tetragpnus, four-cornered, {57.) 863. Ensiformis, sword-shaped, (302.) 864. Pubescens, covered with pubescence. 865. Villosus, villous. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 45 In respect to situation, the style is 866. In apice germinis, placed at the top of the germ. 867. Ad latus germinis, at* the side of the germ. In duration, the style is 868. Persistens, permanent; remaining until the fruit is ripe. 869. Deciduus, deciduous; falling with the other parts of the flower. 870. STIGMA, the summit of the pistil, moistened with a humour, destined to receive the pollen, and to transmit its influence to the germ. The number is Unicum, Duo, Tria, Qjiatuor, &c. In respect to division, the stigma is 871. Simplex, simple. 872. Fissum, cleft; bifidum, two-cleft; trifidum, three- cleft, &c. 873. Partitum, divided deeply. 874. Lobatum, lobed ; bilobum, bilobed. In point of figure, the stigma is 875. Capitatum, approaching in form to the figure of a globe. 876. Globosum, globular. 877. Conicum, conical. 878. Ovatum, ovate. 879. Obtusum, obtuse. 880. Truncatum, truncated. 881. Oblique depressum, obliquely depressed. 882. Emarginatum, emarginate. 883. Planum, flat. 884. Reniforme, kidney-shaped. 885. Orbiculatum, orbicular. 46 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 886. Peltatum, peltate. 887. Coroniforme, horn-shaped. 888. Cruciforme, cruciform j in the form of a cross. 889. Stellatum, stellated. 890. Uncinatum, the top furnished with a claw. 891. Canaliculatum, grooved. 892. Concavum, concave. 893. Umbilicatum, concavely orbicular. 894. Plicatum, folded or plaited. 895. Radiatum, marked with striated rays, diverging from the centre. 896. Angulatum, angular. 897. Striatum, striated or streaked. 898. Plumosum, feathery. 899. Pubescens, covered with pubescens, or hairs. 900. Filiforme, thread-like. 901. Capillare, capillary; very slender. 902. Convolutum, coiled or twisted. 903. Revolutum, revolute. 904. Flexum sinistrorsum, bent to the left. 905. Flexum dextrorsum, bent to the right. 906. Barbatum, bearded. 907. Imberbe, beardless. In respect to measure, the stigma is 908. Longitudine styli, as long as the style. In respect to expansion, the stigma is 909. Fimbriato-crispum, fimbriate curled ; fringed, (286.) 910. Foliaceum, foliaceous, leafy, (406.) 911. Cucullatum, cowled, (283.) BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 47 In respect to duration, the stigma is 912. Persistens, permanent; remaining until the fruit is ripe. 913. Marcescens, withering; remaining, but becoming withered. 914. PERICARPIUM, a viscus, or organ, gravid with seeds, which it discharges when they are ripe; called the seed-vessel or pericarp, by the English botanists. 915. CAPSULA, a membranaceous hollow pericarp, or seed-vessel, which opens spontaneously in some determinate way, or different in different vege- tables. In respect to figure, the capsula is 916. Turbinata, turbinate. 917. Injlata, inflated. 918. Globosa, globular. 919. Didyma, twin or didymous. 920. Scrotiformis, purse-like; elevated with two pro- tuberances. 921. Cylindrica, cylindrical. 922. Columnaris, columnar ; cylindrical and capitate. 923. Ovata, ovate. 924. Subrotunda, roundish. 925. Oblonga, oblong. 926. Obcordata, obcordate ; inversely cordate. 927. Obtusa, obtuse. 928. Acuminata, acuminate. 929. Ventricosa, ventricose ; oblong and convex. 930. Compressa, compressed. 931. Membranacea, membranous, 932. Elastica, elastic. 48 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 933. Triquetra, tetragona, &c. 934. Trisulca, 4-sulca, &c. three-furrowed, four-fur- rowed, &c. 935. Qjiinquedentata, five-toothed. 936. Coronaia, crowned ; the extremity furnished with leaflets, digested into the form of a crown. 937. Circumscissa, cut round ; bursting all round hori- zontally. 938. Articulata, jointed ; intercepted by joints. 939. Coriacea, coriaceous ; resembling leather. 940. Camosa, fleshy. 941. Lignosa, woody. 942. VALVULA, the outer coat or shell of a capsule, or any other species of pericarp, divide into one or more parts; these parts are called valves j and According to the number of valves, the capsule is 943. Bivalvis, two-valved ; splitting into two pieces. 944. Trivalvis, three-valved; opening with three valves or pieces. 945. Qjiadrivalvis, 5-valvis, &c. 4, 5, &c. valved. 946. LOCUMENTA, the chambers or hollows in the capsule, for the reception of the seeds. In respect to the number of these chambers, or cells, the capsule is 947. 1-locularis, 2-locularis, 3-locularis, Sfc. one-celled, two-celled, &c. 948. DISSEPIMENTUM, the partition, or side, which divides the capsule internally into cells. It is either 949. Dissepimentum parallelum, parallel; or 950. Dissepimentum contrarium, not parallel. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 49 951. COLUMELLA, or little pillar; it is the central pillar in a capsule, which connects the several internal partitions, or dissepimenta with the seed. 952. SILIQUA, that species of seed-vessel or pericarp called pod ; it is always two-valved, having the seeds fixed along both sutures. In figure, the pod or silique is 9£g. Compressa, compressed or flat. 95*4. Torosa, torose; swelling out into knobs, like veins and muscles. 955. Torulosa, swelling as the preceding, but in a small- er degree. 956. Articulata, jointed ; intercepted with tight joints. 957. DISSEPIMENTUM, or partition of the pod, is either 958. Parallelum, parallel; approaching the valves in their breadth and transverse diameter. 959. Transversum angustius, narrower than the valves. 960. LEGUMEN, legume; a pericarp of two valves, in which the seeds are fixed along one of the sutures only. In regard to figure and substance, the legume is 961. Subrotundum, roundish. 962. Ovatum, ovate. 963, Oblongum, oblong. 964. Lineare, linear. 965. Rhombeum, rhomboid. 966. Rhomboidale, in the form of a rhomboid. 967. Lunulatum, crescent-shaped. 968. Muticum, without a point, awnless. 969. Obtusum, obtuse. F 50 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 970. Acuminatum, acuminate. 971. Spina mucronatum, mucronate, with a thorn. 972. Venoso-reiiculatum, veins disposed into net-work. 973. Venoso-varicosum, venose-varicose; veins dilated into varices. 974. Striatum, striated. 975. Villosum, villous. 976. Tuberculatum, tubercled; covered with cartilagi- nous points. 977. Scabrum, rough. * 978. Planum, flat. 979. Membranaceum, membranous. 980. Foliaceum, leafy. 981. Diaphanum, diaphanous. 982. Coriaceum, coriaceous. 983. Gibbum, gibbous. 984. Teres, columnar. 985. Cylindricum, cylindrical. 986. Alatum, winged. 987. Angulis membranaceus, with membranous angles. 988. Compressum, compressed. 989. Nodosum, knotty; elevated in knots. 990. Inflatum, inflated. 991. Turgidum, turgid; " somewhat in shape and form like a blown bladder." 992. Torosum, or moniliforma, torose ; gibbous, with protuberances placed linearly. 993. Farctum, stuffed ; full of a pulpy substance. 994. Pulposum, pulpy; filled with pulp. 995. Carnosum, fleshy; filled with a fleshy substance. 996. Lignosum, woody. 997. Subulatum, subulate. 998. Falcatum, sickle-shaped. 999. Sessile, sessile. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 51 1000. Pedicellatum, elevated on a pedicel. 1001. Rectum, straight; without a bent. 1002. Strictum, stiff and straight. 1003. Adscendens, adscending with the point. 1004. Incurvatum, incurved. 1005. Arcuatum, bowed; bent like a bow. 1006. Injlexum, inflected. 1007. Refiexum, reflected. 1008. Revolutum, revolute. In regard to its measure, the legume is 1009. Longissimum, very long, with respect to the co- rolla. 1010. Longum, long. 1011. Maximum, very large. 1012. Minimum, very small. 1013. Latissimum, very broad. In regard to its structure, the legume is 1014. Articulatum, jointed. 1015. Uniloculare, biloculare, Sfc. unilocular, bilocular, (947.) 1016. Loculis intus longitudinaliter digestis, the cells digested longitudinally within. 1017. Evalvis, having no valves. 1018. Isthmus interceptum, divided transversely within into different cells. 1019. FOLLICULUS, "or follicle, a one-valved seed- vessel or pericarp, opening longitudinally only on one side, and having its seeds loose within; that is, not fixed to the suture." The contortos are chiefly furnished with this species of pericarp. 52 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1020. DRUPA, or drupe, a valveless pericarp, contain- ing a nut, in which there is a kernel. It is 1021. Succulenta, containing a humour; or succulent as the cherry. 1022. Sicca, dry, as in the almond. 1023. POMUM, or apple, a filled-up valveless pericarp, containing a capsule. In figure, the pomum is 1024. Oblongum, oblong; ovatum, ovate; subrotundum, roundish, &c. With respect to the cells, this species of pericarp is 1025. 3-9 locularis, from three to nine-celled, &c. 1026. BACCA, or berry, a succulent or pulpy pericarp, without valves, containing naked seeds. 1027. Nidulantia, the seeds scattered through the pulp. According to the number of seeds in each berry, it is 1028. Monosperma, one-seeded; disperma, two-seeded, &c. 1029. STROBILUS, a pericarp formed from the Ament by the induration of the scales. 1030. The THECA "is a double involucre of the seed, the exterior covering bursting open ; the interior one, which is either pulpy, membranaceous, hairy or woolly, involving the seed." 1031, The GRANATUM, "orgranate, is also a double involucre, one of the covers being of a corky or coriaceous texture, the other succulent." 1032. The CYSTA, « or cyst, consists of three covers, one of which is membranaceous, another succu- BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 53 lent or fleshy, and the third and most interior also membranaceous or brittle." 1033. The SCRINUM, " or serine, is also composed of three covers, viz. an exterior one, which is of a woody texture, and does not split at all; a mid- dle one, which is pulpy ; and an interior one, membranaceous, enveloping the seed." 1034. SEMEN, the seed; the rudiment of the new plant. 1035. HILUM, the external cicatrice of the seed, or the scar of the umbelical chord of some seeds, where they adhere to the pericarp. 1036. CORCULUM, the embryo of the new plant in the seed. 1037. Plumula, the scaly part of the corculum rising up- wards. 1038. Rostellum, radicula or radicle; the simple de- scending part of the corculum. The accessary parts of the fruits and seeds are 1039. PAPPUS, or Aigrette, a feathery or hairy crown, with which some seeds are furnished, for the pur- pose of being more readily dispersed. The pappus is either 1040. Sessilis, sessile ; when the down is placed imme- diately on the seed. 1041. Slipitatus, stipitate; supported on a thread called stipe, and elevated considerably above the seed, The species of pappus are 1042. Capillaris, capillary; the hairs of the pappus be- ing undivided. F2 54 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1043. Plumosus, feathery; branched like a feather. 1044. Aristatus, awned; having one or more short rigid rays. 1045. Stellatus, stellate, consisting of five filiform spread- ing rays. 1046. Spinosus, thorny; having pungent rays. 1047. Setaceus, differing from the capillary, in being more rigid. 1048. Ciliatus, ciliate ; between setaceous and feathery. 1049. Lanatus, woolly, in which the vertex of the seed is crowned with a white ring, formed of dense short wool, In regard to duration, the pappus is 1050. Persistens, permanent; continuing with the seed. 1051. Caducus, s.fiuxilis, remaining on the seed but a short time. 1052. CAUDA, the tail; a slender stipe or thread, pro- ceeding from the vertex of the seed. 1053. Ala, or wing, a membranous expansion, fixed to the seed. Seeds furnished with wings are 1054. Unialata, one-winged ; trialata, three-winged; quadrulata, four-winged. 1055. The Cresta, or crest, is another appendage of some seeds. It is narrower, and less flexible than the wing, and always placed on the back of seeds or fruits. Besides the semen or seed properly so called, there are two other terms referred to this head, Nux and Propago: 1056. Nux, nut, a seed covered with a shell. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 55 In regard to its integuments, the nut is 1057. Nuda, naked. 1058. Glabra, smooth. 1059. Splendens, shining. 1060. Rugosa, wrinkled. 1061. Subpubescens, somewhat pubescent. 1062. Corticata, covered with a rind. 1063. Involucrata, involucred ; as chestnut, hazel, &c. In regard to number of cells, the nut is 1064. Unilocularis, bilocularis, one-celled, two-celled, 1065. PROPAGO is the name of the seed of mosses. 1066. RECEPTACULUM, or receptacle, is the base by which the different parts of the fructification are connected. The following are the species of receptacle : 1067. Receptaculum proprium, proper or peculiar recep- tacle, belonging to one fructification only. 1068. Receptaculum fructificationis, common both to the flower and fruit. 1069. Receptaculum fioris, supporting the parts of the flower only, without the germ7 1070. Receptaculum fructus, receptacle of the fruit, (as in Oenothera.) 1071. Receptaculum seminum, receptacle of the seed; the base to which the seeds are fastened. 1072. Receptaculum commune, connecting several dis- tinct flowers. The receptacle is 1073. Punctatum, dotted ; sprinkled with hollow points. 1074. Pilosum, hairy; having hairs between the florets, (carduus.) 56 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1075. Paleaceum, chaffy; the florets separated by inter- mediate scales. 1076. Nudum, naked; destitute of dots, hairs, or scales. 1077. Planum, flat. 1078. Convexum, convex. 1079. Conicum, conical. 1080. Subulatum, subulate, or awl-shaped. 1081. Alveolatum, alveolate, or honey-combed. 1082. COMPOSITUS Flos, with an expanded entire receptacle, the florets being sessile. 1083. AGGREGATUSFlos, with a dilated receptacle; the florets being sub-sessile. 1084. UMBELLA, a receptacle elongated into filiform proportionate peduncles from the same centre. The umbel is either 1085. Simplex, simple, undivided. 1086. Composita, compound; each peduncle bearing another little umbel. 1087. Prolifera, proliferous ; super-decompound. 1088. Cohcava, concave at the top. 1089. Fastigata, fastigate; rising gradually, like the roof of a house. 1090. Convexa, convex. 1091. Erecta, erect. 1092. Nutans, nodding. 1093. Terminalis, terminal. 1094. Axillaris, axillary. 1095. Oppositifolia, opposite to a leaf. 1096. Nutans, nodding. 1097. CYMA, or Cyme, (493.) The cyme is 1098. Bracteata, bracteate; furnished with bractes, 1099. Nuda, naked; without bractes. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 57 1100. RACHIS, a filiform receptacle, connecting the flowrets into a spike. 1101. SPADIX, the receptacle of palms, and other plants proceeding from that species of calyx call- ed Spath. The spadix is, according to the number of flowers, 1102. Uniflorus, one-flowered ; bijlorus, two-flowered j multijlorus, many-flowered. In point of division, it is 1103. Ramosus, branched. 1104. Simplex, simple, undivided. 1105. GEMMATIO is the miniature form of the plant, elevated above the root, before it is evolved. 1106. BULBUS, the hybernaculum, or winter-quarters of the infant plant. In composition, it is 1107. Solidus, solid and fleshy, undivided within. 1108. Tunicatus, consisting of concentric layers or coats. 1109. Squamatus, tiled with scales. 1110. Caulinus, fixed upon the stem. 1111. GEMMA, or bud, a hybernaculum, sitting upon the stem and branches, including the epitome of the future leaves of the plant. In regard to the contents of the bud, it is 1112. Foliaris, including leaves only. 1113. Floralis, including flowers only. 1114. Communis, including both the leaves and flowers. 58 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1115. VERNATIO, the manner in which the leaves are disposed among the buds. 1116. PLACENTATIO, the disposition of the cotyle- dons, during the germination of the seed. 1117. COTYLEDON, the first leaf of the germinating seed. In point of number of cotyledons, seeds or plants are 1118. Acotyledones, having no cotyledons. 1119. Monocotyledones, having one seminal leaf. 1120. Dicotyledones, having two cotyledons, or seminal leaves. 1121. Polycotyledones, those seeds which have more than two cotyledons. 1122. GERMINATIO, the time when soeds, placed in a proper medium, produce their cotyledons. 1123. FRONDESCENTIA, the time when each spe- cies of plants puts forth its young leaves. Character of the classes, and their orders, according to the sexual method of Linnseus. 1124. MONANDRIA, this class embraces those plants which have hermaphrodite flowers, with only one stamen or anther. Its orders are two : 1. Monogynia, one female organ or style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 1125. DIANDRIA, two males in a hermaphrodite flow- er. This class has three orders. 1. Monogynia, one female organ or style. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 59 2. Digynia, two female organs. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 1126. TRIANDRIA, the third class, has three males in a hermaphrodite flower. It has three orders: 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 1127. TETRANDRIA, fourth class, four equal stamens in a hermaphrodite flower. It has three orders : 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 1128. PENTANDRIA, fifth class, five equal stamens in a hermaphrodite flower. It has six orders : 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 5. Pentagynia, five styles. 6. Polygynia, many stiles. 1129. HEXANDRIA, sixth class; it has six equal sta- mens in a hermaphrodite flower. Its orders are five in number: 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Dygynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 5. Polygynia, many styles. 60 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1130. HEPTANDRIA, seventh class, seven equal sta- mens in a hermaphrodite flower. It has four orders: 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Tetragynia, four styles. 4. Heptagynia, seven styles. 1131. OCTANDRIA, eighth class, eight equal stamens in a hermaphrodite flower. It has four orders : 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 1132. ENNEANDRIA, ninth class, nine equal stamens in a hermaphrodite flower. It has three orders : I. Monogynia, one style. 2. Trigynia, three styles. 3. Hexagynia, six styles. 1133. DECANDRIA, tenth class, ten equal males in a hermaphrodite flower. It has six orders : 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three s'tyles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 5. Pentagynia, five styles. 6. Decagynia, ten styles. 1134. DODECANDRIA, eleventh class ; has from twelve to nineteen stamens in a hermaphrodite flower, and is subdivided into five orders. 1. Monogynia, one style. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 61 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 4. Pentagynia, five styles. 5. Dodecagynia, from twelve to nineteen styles. 1135. ICOSANDRIA, twelfth class; commonly twenty, but often more stamens, inserted into the sides of the calyx of a hermaphrodite flower. Its orders are five : 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three, styles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 5. Polygynia, many styles. 1136. POLYANDRIA, thirteenth class ; from twenty to a thousand stamens inserted into the recepta- culum of a hermaphrodite flower. It is subdi- vided into seven orders: 1. Monogynia, one style. 2. Digynia, two styles. 3. Trigynia, three styles. 4. Tetragynia, four styles. 5. Pentagynia, five styles, s 6. Hexagynia, six styles. 7. Polygynia, many styles. 1137. DIDYNAMIA, fourteenth class; four stamens, of which two are long, and two short, in a herma- phrodite ringent flower. It has two orders : 1. Gymnospermia, with naked seeds. 2. An^ibspermia, with seeds inclosed in a seed- vessel, or pericarp. G 62 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 1138. TETRADYNAMIA, fifteenth class: six stamens, of which four are long, and two opposite ones short, in a cruciate hermaphrodite flower, the pericarp or seed-vessel being a silique, or silicle, and the nectarium generally seated on short fila- ments. It is divided into two orders : 1. Siliculosa, the pericarp being a little roundish pouch or pod. 2. Siliquosa, a long thin pericarp, as in mustard. 1139. MONODELPHIA, sixteenth class, or class of one brotherhood ; the stamens or male organs, in a pentapetalous flower, united into one body by their filaments, the receptacle being commonly columnar, and the seeds kidney-shaped. It is subdivided into nine orders, founded upon the number of stamens or anthers: 1. Triandria, three stamens or anthers. 2. Pentandria, five stamens or anthers. 5. Heptandria, seven stamens or anthers. 4. Octandria, eight stamens or anthers. 5. Enneandria, nine stamens or anthers. 6. Decandria, ten stamens or anthers. 7. Endecandria, eleven stamens or anthers. 8. Dodecandria, twelve stamens or anthers. 9. Polyandria, many stamens or anthers. 1140. DIADELPHIA, class two brotherhoods, or se- venteenth class ; " This class contains those her- maphrodite flowers, which have their stamens united below into two sets of cylindrical fila- ments." It is subdivided into four orders, found- ed on the number of the stamens, considered as distinct: BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 63 1. Pentandria, five males. 2. Hexandria, six males. 3. Octandria, eight males. 4. Decandria, ten males. 1141. POLYDELPHIA, eighteenth class, or class of many brotherhoods; the stamens collected by their filaments into three or more distinct bun- dles. It has four orders : 1. Pentandria, five males. 2. Dodecandria, twelve males. 3. Icosandria, twenty males. 4. Polyandria, many males. 1142. SYNGENESIA, confederate males; nineteenth class ; the anthers in this class are united into a cylinder in a compound flower, whilst the fila- ments by which they are supported are separate and distinct. It is subdivided into the following five orders: 1. Polygamia cequales, here the florets are all her- maphrodite, that is, furnished with both stamens and style. 2. Polygamia Spuria vel Superjlua, the florets in the centre or disc are hermaphrodite, whilst those of the ray or circumference are simply female flowers. 3. Polygamia frustranea, " here the hollow florets in the disc or centre of the flower are supplied with both stamens and style, while the flat flo- rets in the radius Or circumference are neuter, that is, destitute of stamens and style." 4 Polygamia necessaria, the florets of the disc be- ing furnished with male organs, whilst those ot the ray contain the female organs. 64 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 5. Polygamia segregata, many hermaphrodite flo- rets, each furnished with its own calyx, con- tained in one common perianth or calyx. 1143. GYNANDRIA, twentieth class; feminine males; the stamens in this class are inserted into the style, and not into the receptaculum. The orders are founded upon the number of stamens t 1. Diandria, two males. 2. Triandria, three males. 3. Tetrandria, four males. 4. Pentandria, five males. 5. Hexandria, six males. 6. Octandria, eight males. 7. Decandria, ten males. 8. Dodecandria, twelve to nineteen males. 9. Polyandria, many males. 1144. MONCECIA, twenty-first class ; one house ; the female and male organs seated upon the same plant, but in different flowers. The following are ^» the orders: 1. Monandria, one male. 2. Diandria, two males. 3. Triandria, three males. 4. Tetrandria, four males. 5. Pentandria, five males. 6. Hexandria, six males. 7. Heptandria, seven males. 8. Polyandria, many males. 9. Monodelphia, one brotherhood. 10. Syngenesia, confederated males. 11. Gynandria, feminine males. BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. 65 1145. DIQ2CIA, two houses : twenty-second class ; the male and female flowers seated on distinct indi- viduals of the same species. It has the following orders: 1. Monandria, one male. 2. Diandria, two males. 3. Triandria, three males. 4. Tetrandria, four males. 5. Pentandria, five males. 6. Hexandria, six males. 7. Octandria, eight males. 8. Enneandria, nine males. 9. Decandria, ten males. 10. Dodecandria, twelve to nineteen males 11. Icosandria, inserted into the calyx. 12. Polyandria, many males. 13. Monodelphia, one brotherhood. 14. Syngenesia, confederated males. 15. Gynandria, feminine males. 1146. POLYGAMIA, twenty-third class; this class embraces those plants, the different individuals of which bear hermaphrodite flowers, and likewise male or female flowers, or both. It is divided into three orders : 1. Monoecia. 2. Dicecia. 3. Trioecia. 1147. CRYVTOGAMIA, twenty-fourth class, or class of clandestine marriages ; it embraces those ve- getables in which the parts of fructification are concealed, either from their minuteness or pecu- G 2 66 BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY. liar situation. It is subdivided by Linnseus into these four orders: 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Algce. 4. Fungi. THE END. ERRATA. No. 69. For impricatus, read, imbricatus. No. 138. For the branches, read, the leaves. No. 319. For laterally from one footstalk, read, from both sides of a common foot-stalk. INDEX. A Capitu lum 503 Articulata 10 dimidiatum . 514 Amplexicaulis . . 178, 363 foliarum 515 Adnatus 174, 386 nudum 516 Arma 433 Corymbus . 498, 532 Aculeus 435 simplex 531 Amentum 496 compositus 532 Arista 609 Calyx 550 terminalis 611 Calypl ra 624 dorsalis 612 recta 625 recta 613 Obliqua 626 tortilis 614 Corolla 630 geniculata 615 tubus 632 recurvata 616 limbus 634 Amentum 617 lamina 635 Anthera 735 aequalis 637 in figure, from 740 to 763 irregularis 639 in direction 764 to 774 diffoimis 641 in insertion 775 to 784 campanulata 643 in substance 785 to 794 infundi buliformis 644 in measure 795 to 801 hyper crateriforrr tis 645 in cells and apertu res rotata 646 805 to 814 cyathiformis 647 Ala . 1053 urceolata 648 Aggregatus flos 1083 ringens galea ringentes 649 . 650 B labium 651 Biennis 3 personata 659 Barba 417 cruciata 660 Bractex 439 patens 661 Bacca 1026 papilionacea 662 Bulbus 1106 rocacia 663 C undulata 664 Cirrhus , 404 plicata 665 axillaris 405 revoluta 666 convolutus 412 torta 667 foliaris . 406 supera 673 petiolaris 407 infera 674 peduncularis 408 marcescens 678 trifidus 410 composita 679 revolutus • 413 ligulata 680 68 INDEX. tubulosa 681 bina, terna, &c. . 144 radiata 682 bifaria 139 Capsula 915 caulinum 133 its figure, 916, 941 conferta 141 Columella 951 confluentia 145 Cysta 1032 coadunata 176 Corculum 1036 connata 179 Cauda • cordatum 203 Cresta (semenis) 1055 crenatum 225 Compositus flos 1082 ciliatum 227 Cyma 493, 1097 carlilaginosum 230 Cotyledon 1117 conduplicatum 238 Cryptogamia 1147 cuspidatum 245 D cirrhosum 247 Deciduum 308 canaliculatum 280 Dissepimentum 948,957 concavum 281 Drupa 1020 convexum 282 Diandria 1125 cucullatum 283 Decandria 1133 crrspum 286 Dodecandria 1134 compressum 293 Didynamia 1137 carinatum 294 Diadelphia 1140 compactum 296 Dioecia 1145 carnosum 293 E caducum 309 Enneandria 1132 compositum 313 F conjugatum 316 Folium 103 cirrhosum 324 axillare 135 distichi 138 adpressum 155 decussata 149 assurgens 158 dependens 162 adversum 164 depressa 171 amplexicaule 178 decurrens 177 acerosum 194 deltoideum 200 acuminatum 244 dentatum 228 avene 265 depressum 292 appendiculatum . 287 dolabri forme 305 anceps 300 digitatum 315 acinaciforme 304 decursive 328 articulatum 314 decompositum oncV abrupte pinnat urn 323 erectum 152 articulate pinnatum 327 emersa 169 auriculatum 330 equitantia 182 biternatum 335 erosum 233 bipinnatum 336 emarginatum 240 bigeminatum 320 enerve 257 binatum 317 ensiforme 303 barbatum 273 florale 136 bullatum 263 fasciculata 143 bifidum 212 floriferum 183 INDEX. 69 fissum 210 pedatum . 318 gibbum 290 pinnatum . 319 hastatum 270 pmnatumverticillato 331 hisbidum 276 radicale 132 imbricata 142 rameum 134 integrum 196 rigidum 154 inxquale 221 reclinatum 159 incisum 223 revolutum 161 integerrimum . 224 resupinatum 166 inerme 234 radicans 170 involutum 237 rotundatum 192 interrupte pinnatum 326 rhombeum 201 lanceolatum 193 reniforme 204 lineare 194 runcinatum 208 lunatum 205 repandum 231 lobatum 211 revolutum 236 lyratum 215 retusum 241 laciniatum 218 rugosum 262 lacerum 232 seminale 131 lucidum 251 sparsa 140 lineatum . 258 secunda 150 lacunosum 264 stellata 151 lanatum . ' 272 strictum . 153 lingulatum 301 submersum 167 ryrato pinnatum 329 sessile 174 mucronatum 244 subrotundum 184 membranaceum . 288 spatulatum 191 natans 168 sagittatum 206 nudum 248 sinuatum * 217 neurosum 253 squarrosum 219 obliquum 163 serratum . 226 orbiculatum 185 spinosum 229 ovatum 186 serrulatum 235 obovatum 187 sericeum . 271 ovale 188 scabrum 275 oblongum 189 strigosum 278 petiolatum 172 scariosum 289 peltatum . 173 subulatum 303 perfoliatum 180 supradecomposi turn 334 panduriforme 209 triangulare 197 partitum 213 trapeziforme 202 palmatum 214 trinerve 254 pinnatifidum 216 triplinerve 255 pectinatum 220 tubulosum 297 papulosum 266 triquetrum 299 pilosum 274 ternate 321 planum 279 undatum . 285 plicatum . .r 284 verticale 165 pulposum 297 vaginatum 181 variegatum . 256 venosum . 261 viscidum . 268 villosum . 269 Fulcra . . . 337 Furca . . . 435 Fasciculus . . . 502 Fructificatio . . 546 Faux . 652 clausa . . 654 coarctata . 655 nuda . . 657 rictus . . 658 Filamentum . . 695 alterna . 708 sequalia . 714 arcualum . 727 capillare . 696 castratum . 706 calyciopposita 707 conata . 716 Folliculus . . . 1019 Frondescentia . . 1123 G Glaber . Glandulae Go chides Gluma Germen its figure surface insertion Granatum Gemmatio Gemma Germinatio Gynandria . H Hami . . . 426 Hilum . . . 1035 Hexandria . . 1129 Heptandria . . 1130 I Inflorescentia . . 491 Involucrum . . 596 universale . 597 partiale . 598 proprium . 599 Icosandria . 1135 77, 249, 607 428 427 601 818 819 to 834 835 to 837 840 to 842 1031 1105 1111 1122 1143 Lana Lateriflora Limbus Lamina Lobium Locumenta Legumen 416 505 634 635 651 946 960 in substance 961 to 1008 its measure 1009 to 1013 its structure 1014 to 1018 Mutica Monandria Monodelphia Monoecia M N 610 1124 1139 1144 Nitidus . . 74,250 Nectarium . . 684 calycinum . 690 coronans . 688 calcaratum 686 petalinum . 689 pistillaceum . 692 receptaculum 693 singulare 687 Nux . . 1056 its integuments 1057-1063 O Octandria . . 1131 P Perennis . * 4, 311 Patens . 109, 156, 394 Praemorsus . . 8, 242 Papillosus . . 90, 266 Persistens . . 310 Petiolus . . 338, 345 alatus . 347 brevis . 357 clavatus . 348 cirrhifer . 354 decurrens . 362 appendiculatis . 364 Pubes ... 414 Pedunculus . . 445 attenuatus . 483 bracteatus . 488 caulinus . 450 INDEX. 71 cernuus 469 Papp us ' 1039 cirrhiferus 453 sessilis 1040 clavauis 483 stipitatus 1041 communis 447 capillar is 1042 foliatus 487 ciliauis 1048 flaccidus 471 fluxilis 1051 flexuosus 473 plumosus 1043 gemmatus 464 aristatus 1044 penicillatus 489 stellatus 1045 lateri florus . 457 spinosus 1046 nudus 486 setaceus 1047 oppositi folius 456 lanatus 1049 petiolaris 452 Placentatio 1116 pedicellus 448 Pentandria 1128 partialis 446 Propago 1056 radicalis 449 Polya idria 1136 rameus 451 Polydelphia . 1141 retrofractus . 474 Polyg amia 1146 supra foliaceus 458 R tetragonus 481 Kadis 1 teres 479 articulata 10 triqueter 480 bulbosa 16 terminalis 454 dentata 11 Panicula 500 fusiformis 7 Perianthium 552 fibrosa 5 fructificationis 553 fascicularis 14 floris 554 globosa 12 fructis 555 horizontalis 17 proprium 556 palmata 15 patens 564' perpendicular is . 18 reflexum 565 ramosa 6 inflatum 566 repens 9 clavatum 569 Rami 112 aequale 578 alterni 113 inxquale 579 conferti 116 superum 585 coarctati 120 inferum 586 distichi 114 imbricatum 590 divergentes 121 squarrosum 591 divaricati 122 turbinatum 592 deflexi 124 calyculatum . 593 erecti 119 scariosum 594 fulcrati 126 commune 595 oppositi 117 Petala 631 reflexi 124 Polen 816 retroflexi 125 Pistillum 817 sparsi 115 Pericarpium 914 verticilati 118 Pomum 1023 Radicale 132 72 INDEX. Rameum . i 134 Racemus . . 499 conjugata . 543 compositus . 538 foliatus . 542 dependens . 544 simplex . 541 secundus . 54 Rictus . . . 658 Receptaculum . . 1066 proprium . 1067 commune . 1072 fioris . 1069 fructus . 1070 fructificationis 1068 seminum . 1071 paleaceum . 1075 alveolatum . 1081 1100 S Rachis Striatus 77, 259 Sulcatus 60, 260 Stipuls 374 ciliatx 398 decurrentes 387 dentatse 399 extrafoliacse 379 fissae 400 geminae 375 intrafoliacae 380 integerrimx 396 laterales 378 lunatse 392 mediocres 402 oppositi folise 381 persistentes 383 solitariae 376 reflexx 395 Spina . 436 Stimuli 438 Spadix 442 Strobilus 497 Spica 495 articulata 524 comosa 529 ciliata 527 composita 529 foliacea 528 imbricata ventricosa Spatha Stamen Stylus Stigma Siliqua Strobilus Spinescens Scrinum Semen Spadix Syngenesia Truncus arborens adscendens anceps alatus aphyllus aculeatus brachiatus bulbiferus compressus declinatus difl'usus dichotomus divaricatus determinate fistulosis fruticosus foliatus fastigatus geniculatus glaucus herbaceus hisbidus hirtus inanis incurvatus imbricatus incanus laxus laevis lanatus maculatus nutans nodosus 523 520 620 694 847 870 952 1029 373, 384 1033 1034 1101 1142 19 28 37 55 59 65 83 102 88 54 38 40 101 110 ramosa 111 30 26 66 108 46 95 24 84 92 29 35 69 94 34 73 93 96 39 61 INDEX. 73 nudus 64 verrucosus 91 procumbens . 41 Teres 55, -291 prolifer 100 Thyrsus 501 paniculatus . 107 foliatus 535 rigidus 33 Tubus . 632 repens 44 Theca . 1030 radicans 45 Triandria 1126 rimosus 71 Tetrandria 1127 ramosus 105 Tetradynamia 1138 suffruticosus 26 U strictus 32 Umbella 494, 1084 stoloniferus 52 composita 1086 scandens 48 nutans 1096 semiteres 53 fastigata 1089 squamosus 68 prolifera 1087 suberosus 70 Unguis . • . 633 scaber 78 V spinosus 84 Verticillus 504 stipulatus 86 sessilis 507 semiteres 53 pedunculatus 508 tunicatus 72 involucratus 509 tomentosus 80 Volva 627 urens 85 approximata 628 volubilis 49 remota 629 vaginatus 67 Valvula 942 villosus 81 Vernatio 1115 viscidus 89 II £"lkb ''I >p **,T '«;