:;;."n.-;:-; FV- rf-v......■ iKv'u-"-';"- ifi-2r^-?r-: ■■ »•*-*« •—A •»•■ S'.fZv';"v MANUAL OF SB ® IP & ST^a FOR THE NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES OF AMERICA. CONTAINING GENERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INDIGENOUS PLANTS AND COMMON CULTIVATED EXOTICS, GROWING NORTH OF VIRGINIA. TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED, THE NATURAL AXD ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AXD ORDERS OF LINNEUS; AND THE NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSTEU, WITH THE MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF EACH ORDER. BY AMOS EATON, A. M. **** Professor of Botany and Chemistry in the Vermont Medical Institution, which i» con- nected with Middlebury College, and Lecturer in the Troy Lyceum; Member of the American Geological Society; Corresponding Member of the New-York Lyceum of Natural History, and Honorary Member of the Hudson Lyceum. A /, i ~\ * '.{, ________________" <(A v '// !: THAT EXISTENCE IS SURELY CONTEMPTIBLE, WHICH REGARDS OS- " LT TnE GRATIFICATION OF INSTINCTIVE WANTS, AXD THE PRESER- *• VATION OF A BODT, MADE TO PERISH:" LinneuS. THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. ALBANY: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BT WEBSTEIIS AND SKINNERS. 1822. A mm ex DoTAKfV FORTHERX DISTRICT OF NEW.YORK, ss. BE TT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of Mav, in the forty-first rear of the Independence of the United States of America, WEBSTERS <$• SKINNERS, of the said district, have deposited in this office the title of a booh, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "A Manual of Botany for the Northern and Middle States. Part. I. Containing Ge- neric Descriptions of the Plants to the North of Virginia, with references to the Natu- " ral Orders of Linna-us and Jussieu. Part II. Containing Specific Descriptions of " the Indigenous Planrs, which are well defined and established ; and of the Cultivated " Exotics. By Ames Eaton, A. M. Lecturer on Botany, Mineralogy ;ind Chemistry ; « Corresponding Member of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. Second " edition, corrected and enlarged." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " an act for the encouragement of learning, by si-curing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,"' and aUo to an act entitled " an act supplementary to an act entitled an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of mans, charts, andbonKs, to the authors and pro- prietors of such copie-, during tlis limes therein mentioned, and extending the benefits hereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." RICHARD R. LANSING, Clerk of the X. D'strict of Few-York. TO THE THIRD EDITION The plan of this Manual having received the public sanction, which has been manifested by the rapid sale of the last edition, no material alterations are now made. Though synonyms and authorities are given, they are so economically introduced, by abbreviations and mar- ginal notes, that the simplicity o^tho work is not affect- ed by them. The localities are greatly improved. There has been more done in regird to the correct location of plants, in- digenous to our Northern and Middle States, since the second edition of this work was prepared for the press, than ever before. We are now enabled to assume a gen- eral character for our mountainous or highly elevated districts, and perhaps very nearly to settle the true lim- its to our omnibus locis character.* Particular localities may now almost be classified ; and it is to be hoped two years more will enable us to adopt a set of characters more satisfactory than those which refer to artificial districts.! The plants at Boston and New-Haven are so nearly * Seepage 151. tl mean characters analagous to those on page 151, which represent mountainous and maritime districts. The following are some of the resources to which I am indebted for improvements in the localities of plants :-Dr. Torrey, Mr. Cooper, and others, have nu- nutely examined the plants in the vicinity of New-York Those growing in the ricmity of Philadelphia have been attentively examined by Dr. W. P. C Barton,.Z.Collins, Esq and Mr NuttaU. Near Newburgh and Poughkeepsie, by the botanical classes of Mr. P. Dudgeon-near Hudson and Catskill, by my class at Hudson, and the Hudson and Cats- kil. Lyceums-near Trov, Albany, Schenectady and Watcrford, by Mr. Tracy, and Drs. Jame* Beck, Hale, Robbins, Marvin and Watl.ins-that part of Vermont, and of this G PREFACE. similar, that I have left out the abbi'c\ iated character for Boston ; but have given the name in full, when a refer- ence to the latter place was necessary. In the preface to the second edition it was observed, that the cryptogamous part, beyond the Ferns, was very defective. That part of the science was then in such a state of fluctuation and uncertainty, that the editors of the'Edinburgh Encyclopoedia declared, they could find nothing on that subject which it would be prudent to adopt. The present edition of this Manual happens at the precise time to be first in presenting to American botanists a correct system of the Cryptogamia. Acharius has given his latest improvements in the or- der Lichenes. Bridel has completed his arrangement of the Musci; and Agardh has closed his excellent system of Algae. By adding the Kepaticae from De Lamarck and De Candolle, and the Fungi from Persoon's Synop- sis methodica Fungornm, together with a few later im- provements, a vety satisfactory system is obtained. AH these, as far as they are known to apply to our district, I have translated into familiar English, to correspond with the Phenogamous part of this work. The localities of Cryptogamous plants beyond Filices, state which lies between the foot of the Green Mountains and the river Hudson and Lake Champlain, including the counties of Washington, Essex and Rutland, by Dr. M. Stevenson, the students of the Vermont Medical Institution, and my botanical class at Rutland—near Middlebury College, by Professor Hall and Dr. Edwin James—near Williams College, by Professor Dewey—near Connecticut river, between Nortliamp- ton,Mass. and Brattleborough, Vt. by Drs. Cooley, Williams and Allen, and the Rev. E. Hitchcock—the mountain range in Plainfield, Hawley and Cummington, Miss, by Dr Porter—in the middle and southern part of Berkshire county, by Dr. Emmons, and my classes in Pittsfield, Lenox, Stockbridge and G. Barrington—near N. Haven, by Dr. .Mun- son—in the vicinity of Litchfield, Con. by Mr. Brace—in various parts of New-Hamp- shire and the eastern part of Vermont, by the classes of Dr. Locke—in the vicinity of Hartford, Con. by the pupils of Dr. Sumner. I have examined several collections, made by my own pupils in the western part of the state of New-York, and about the shores of Lakes Eiie,Huron, StClair, &c. I have, however, derived more benefit from those re- ceived by Dr. Torrey, than from those received by myself. PREFACE. 7 are not given. All the species described here, have been found in our district. Most of them have been sent to the greatest Cryptogamists in Europe, and their names returned. But particular localities have not yet been sufficiently explored to furnish an useful guide to students in that particular. Let them search for all they find described in this work, in all parts of our district. A considerable number of species and a few genera, described in the second edition, have been rejected from this ; and many additional ones introduced. This was to be expected in a progressive science, which depends on continued research and the accurate examination of such a multitude of individuals. Here I might leave the reader with a sufficient view of the improvements attempted ,• and with an impres- sion favorable to my industry. But I am compelled to acknowledge, that though I have done all in my power, I can claim as my own, but a small proportion of the improvements, excepting as it respects localities. Dr. Torrey of New-York, suggested the most valuable corrections and improvements to be found in this edition. And I believe I may encourage the reader with the hope, that the extensive collection of materials in his posses- sion will, very soon, appear before the public in the form of an enlarged system of the Botany of the Northern States. Such an extended view of the subject would be an invaluable treasure to all lecturers, private teachers, and to all others, who are disposed to enter deeply into the study.* It would require more room than it would be expedi- ent to occupy in a preface, to express separately the ob- ligations I am under to individual botanists in our dis- trict. They will please to accept my thanks in behalf of * Dr. Torrey has almost completed the materials for his first number. 8 PREFACE. those who. through the aid of theManual,study this king- dom of nature. To Professor Dewey, however, I am under such particular obligations, that I owe him more than an ordinary acknowledgment. The Natural Orders of Jussieu are considered of high importance in the study of vegetable materia medica, as well as in the study of botanical affinities as a science. I have therefore given a translation of their characters, as far as they apply to our district. I have introduced many improvements from De Lamarck and De Candolle, and some from the reflections of Nuttall, Ives and Rafincsque. But 1 have retained the original numbers for the conven- ience of reference. Though the properties of the Natural Orders are giv- en in few words, the student in vegetable materia medi- ca will derive great advantages from an arrangement of his materials according to Jussieu. The short historical account subjoined to some of ihe most important natural orders were derived chiefly from Parkinson, published in the year 1640, in English ; and Tragus, published in 1551, in German. The language throughout this work is strictly my own. I acknowledge there is a kind of quaintncss in the style, calculated to furnish a good subject for our liliputian re- viewers. This is absolutely necessary in pursuance of my design. And 1 profess to have saved the student more than three fourths of the labor of learning our fright- ful terminology, by adopting an uniform set of expres- sions.* Elliott, Torrey, Barton and others, among our most distinguished botanists,seem inclined to adopt Nutt- all's genera as a standard for American plants. I confess I follow on with considerable reluctance. He is certainly * All the echnical terms employed in this work are familiarly explained in the small Botanical Dictionary, published at New-Haven, by Howe and Spalding, price 1 dollar. PREFACE. 9 too fond of innovation.* The first maxim in theLinnean creed, " let the genus give the character," seems to he too little regarded in his otherwise excellent work. I have followed him servilely through the Umbelliferae and Orchideae; excepting that I havearrangcd the form- er by sections upon a plan of my own. I have made free use of all the approved authorities within my reach. And I have not thought proper to bur- den the work with such a multitude of references as in- dividual credits would require. I have consulted Mi- chaux, (the elder and younger,) Pursh and Nuttall more than any other authors.f Dr. Hosack's letter, which I published in the second edition, has been so highly approbated by the readers of the Manual, that I again take the liberty to publish it. Few-York, Avgvst SOtA, 1810. Dtar Sir, I received yours of the 8th instant, and am happy to be informed of the progress of the Botanical Institution at Catskill under your direction. You have set an example that, I do not doubt, will be followed by many, if not most, of the academies through- out the state. I am satisfied, there is no study so well calculated to occupy the young miiid,as the study of natural history. It affords an agreeable exercise to the memory, at the same time it teaches us the habit of attentively observing those objects which otherwise we pass by with careless indifference. We acquire by this study a habit of analysis, or investigation, that cannot be attained by those pursuits, that are usually made the objects of education at this early age. * He proposes IS newg«nera for our district, without pretending to have founded but one on a new discovery. t The following authors I had before m.°, in addition to the above, while preparing this edition. Persoon's Synopsis P antarum and Fnngorum, Turton's Linneus, Muhlenburg's Catalogue and Grasses, Tcrrey's Catalogue of Ntu -York plants, Carton's Flora of Phil- adelphia, Billow's Boston Flora, De Lamarck and De Candolle's French Flora, Phelps' British plants, Hosack's Catalogue, pari of the numbers of Elliott's Fotany, Sprengel's Cryptogaraia, Bridel's Mosses, Agaruh'g Algae, Arh.iriu's Lichens MS. from Hedwig's Mosses, Rafinesque's Flora Ludoviciana, Smith in Ree's Cyclopoedia, Barton's and Bi- gelow's Medical Botany. Several periodical worl.s w<-»e consulted also—as Silliman's Journal of Scienc, New-York monthly Magazine. Journal cf the Academy of Natural Science, kc. u.'■. 10 PREFACE. Since my acquaintance with the principles upon which the subject* of natural history are arranged, I certainly look with very different eyes upon every object that falls un- der my view, whether it be the production of nature or of art. In early life, before our external senses are completely evolved ; when we arc, in truth, endeavoring to bring them into exercise and use : it has always appeared to me a very absurd practice in our schools, to occupy children with studies of an abstract nature, and which require faculties to comprehend them, that are no yet unfolded. You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of education; and very properly address yourself to the senses and to the memory, instead of the faculties of judgment and of reason, which are comparatively of slow growth. By this system of instruction their minds will be stored with truths, that cannot fail to prove useful : not only as they exercise their faculties in acquiring them ; but from the information which they al- so thereby receive upon a very interesting subject of human learning. But this is not all. In proportion as the mind attaches itself to subjects of this sort, it is diverted from those vicious propensities and pursuits, which otherwise attract atten- tion at this early period of life. Studies of this nature too are no less calculated to im- prove the morals of youth ; inasmueh as the mind is naturally led from the contempla- tion of the beauties of creation to that intelligence and power which gave them birth. Thereby improving their virtue, as well as their wisdom ; which should always be kept in view, inasmuch as happiness is the great end of all our pursuits. Lord Kaimes, in his Elements of Criticism, has very properly observed, that " among " the many branches of education, that, which tends to make deep impressions of virtue) " ought to be a fundamental object in a well regulated government. For depravity of a manners will rendpr ineffectual the most salutary laws; and in the midst of opulence) " what other means to prevent such depravity, but early and virtuous discipline." Such is the system you are pursuing, independent of the wide field to which you will hereafter lead your pupils, wherein they will learn the uses of plants as articles of med- icine, of agriculture, and of the arts. At the same time they will acquire a knowledge of the native productions of our own soil and country, which are yet unexplored. The state of New-York having passed an act for the purchase of the Botanic garden in the neighborhood of this city, I hope to see among its fruits the establishment of many similar institutions throughout the state ; as so many scions from this parent stock. By the diffusion of botanical knowledge, I anticipate the discovery of many valuable plants ; which are this moment trodden under foot as unworthy of regard. To your pupils and their teacher, as first in the field, much praise is due. I doubt not they will reap both pleasure and profit, as the reward of their enterprise. If I can con- tribute t» either, I shall be happy to do it, in any manner that you may suggest. You have stated to me, that it is the intention of the trustees of your academy to set apart two or three acres for the cultivation of plants, to be made the subjecis of instruc- tion ; and to erect a green-house for the more valuable exotics. If these be effected, I shall have it in my powerto su-jply you with the necessary plants from theBotanic gar- de:, here. Its produce will be sufficient in a short time to furnish plants for a small gar- den, connected with every academy throughout the state. I sincerely wish your example may be followed. Nothing could so effectually tend tq the investigation of the native products of cur country. I am yours, respectfully, „ D. HOSACK. Amos Eaton, Esq, PREFACE. 11 The recommendation of the study of botany to the at- tention of ladies, subscribed by the late governor Strong of Massachusetts, and others, which was published in the second edition, is unnecessary at this day : for I believe more than half the botanists in New-England and New- York are ladies. Troy, (New-York,J Jan. \7th, 1822. »>'--« «-^ -- ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. IS ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 1. Moxandhia, 1 stamen in a flower, 2. Dia-.-dria, 2 s aniens. 3. Triajtdria, 3 stamens. 4. Tetraxdria, 4 stamens. 5- Pentasdria, 5 stamens. 6. Hexandkia, 6 stamens. 7. Hlptandria, 7 stamens, 3 Octaxdria. 8 stamens. 9. Enneandhia, 9 stamens. 10 Decandria, 10 stamens. 11. Dodecandria, 12 to 19 stamens. 12 Icosandeta, about 20 or more, standing; on the calyx. 13. Poltandria, ahvaj s 20 or more, on the receptacle, 14. Didtnamia, 4 siamens, 2 of them the longest. 15. Tetradtnamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them the longest. 16 Vioxadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in one set, an- thers remaining separate. 17. Diad-lphia, stamens unite! by their filaments in two sets (some? times in one set, with papilionaceous corols ) 18. Syxgenesia, stamens 5, united by their anthers in one set, flow* ers compound. 79. GysAs-DitrA, stamens stand on some part of the pistil, separate from the base of the calyx and corol. 20. Moxoecia, stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant. 21. Dioecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 22. Cbyptogat-iia, stamens and pistils too minute for inspection.--' This class is composed of six natural families. 14 ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. S3 o OS o 11 OB PL a. E3 = h ' d branches, one-celled capsules, opening at the top, where t! ey are covered by a peculiar lid. 2. Hepqiicae, (liverworts) which bear, TEiE. Plants which bear shell-fruit; as Caperbush. Detergent and Antiscorbutic. 26. Mui.Tisir.iquE. Having several pod-form cap- sules to each flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, Rue, American cowslip. Cathartic, narcotic and Caustic. 27. Rhgbades. Plants with caducous calyxes, and capsules or siliques; as Poppy, Bloodroot, Celandyne. Anodyne and Antiscorbutic. 2?.. Lurid^e. Corols lurid, mostly monopetahus;-~ flowers Pentandrous, or Didynamous with capsules; 31 20 NATURAL Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Nightshade, Foxglove. Narco- tic and Antiscorbutic. 29. Campanacea- Having bell-form corols, or those Whose general aspect is somewhat bell-form ; as Morning glory, Bell-flower, Violet, Cardinal flower. Cathartics and Secernant Stimulants. 30. Contorts. Corols twisted or contorted; as Milk-weed, Periwinkle, Choak-dog. Cathartics and Antiscorbutics. 31. Veprecul.e. Having monophyllous calyxes, col- oured like corols ; as Leatherwood, Thes^um. Antiscor- butic and Emetic. 32. Papilionacee. Having papilionaceous flowers ; as Peas, Beans, Locust tree, Clover. Emollient, Diuret- ic, Nutrientic. 33. LomentacKjE. Having legumes or loments, but not perfect papilionaceous flowers with united filaments; as Cassia, Sensitive plant. Emollient, Astringent, Ca- thartic. 34. "Cucurbitace.®. Fruit pumpkin-like, anthers mostly united; as Melons, Cucumbers, Passion-flower. Cathartic and Refrigerant. 35. Senticos^e. Prickly or hairy, with polypetalous corols and a number of seeds either naked or slightly covered ; as Rose, Raspberry, Strawberry. Astringent and Refrigerant 36. Pomaces. Having many stamens on the calyx, and drupaceous or pomaceous fruit; as Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach. Refrigerants. 37. Colum>tiferje. Stamens united in the form of a column ; as Holly hoc, Mallows, Cotton. Emollient. 38. Tricocc^e. Having 3-celled capsules ; as Castor- oil plant, Spurge, Box. Cathartic. 39. Siliqtjos.e. Having silique pods; as Cabbage, Mustard, Shephard-purse. Diuretic, Antiscorbutic, Nu- trientic. 40. Personatje. Having personate corols; as Snap- dragon, Mon key-flower. D'obstruents and Cathartics. 41. Asperifoli^. Corols m Miopetalous. with 5 sta- mens, seeds 5, naked, leaves rough ; as Comfrey, Stone- seed lithospermum.) Astringents and Deobstruents. 42. Verticillata. Having Labiate flowers; as Sage Thyme, Catmint, Motherwort. Stomachics and Astringents. ORDERS. 21 43. Dttmosa. Bushy pithy plants with small flowers, peals in 4 or 5 divisions; as Sumach, Elder, Holly.— Tonic and Cathartic. 44. Sepiaria. Having mostly tubular divided corols with few stamens; being ornamental shrubs; as Lilac, Jasmine. Astringent. 45. Umbeiiat.e. Flowers in umbels with 5-petalled eorois stamens 5, styles 2, ami 2 naked seeds ; as Fen- nel, Dill, Carrot, Poison-hemlock. Stomachic and Nar- cotic. 4 -. Hederace.e. Corols 5-cleft, stamens 5 to 10, fruit berry-like on a compound raceme ; as Grape, Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics and Refrigerants. 47. Stellate. Corols 4-cleft, stamens 4, seeds 2, naked, leaves mostly whorled; as Bedstraw, Dogwood, Venus' pride. Tonics and Deobstruents. 48. Aggregate. Having aggregate flowers; as Buttonbush, Marsh-rosemary. T'onics and Secernant Stimulants. 49. Composite. All the compound flowers; as Sun- flower, Boneset, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics and Secernant Stimulants. 50. Amentace.e. Bearing pendant aments; as Hazle, Oak, Cliesnut, v\ illow. Astringents. 51. Conifers. Bearing strobiles; as Pine, Juniper, Cedar. Tonics and Stomachics- 52. Coadunate. Several berry-like pericarps, which areadnate; as Tulip-tree, Magnolia. Tonics. 53. St vbride. Leaves rough, flowers destitute of beauty ; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astringents. 54 Miscellanea. Plants not arranged by any par- titular character; as Pond-lily, Poke weed, Amaranth. Their qualities aiv various ; but see Jussieu's orders. 55. Filices All ferns; as Brakes, Maidenhair- Se- cernant SV mutants. 56. Mcsci. All mosses; as Polytrichum. Cathar- tics and Secernant Stimulants o7. Alga. All Liverworts, Lichens and Sea-weeds; as Jungei■:iiunnia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics. 58. i o:-jt;i. All fungusses; as Mushroom, Toadstool, Puiiuali, I'euchwood, Mould. Tonics and Cathartics, 22 NATURAL NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIE0. First Division. ACOTYLEDONS, OR plants with gongylous seeds. Order I. Fungi. Plants of this order are never strictly aquatic, though some of them grow in water and in both damp and dry places indifferently. They never exhibit the verdure of g\ een herbage : but are generally corky, fleshy or mould- like. They vary much in form and colour : being spher- ical, hemispheric, columnar, clavate, filamentous, la- mellar, capsular, pulverulent; white, yellow, red, black, gteenish, &c The fruit of some is external, of others internal, of others its place can hardly be demonstrated. No plant of this order gives off oxygen gas by the action of light. Generic names. Sphaeria, Stilbospora, Hysterium, Xylome, Naemaspora, Tubercularia, Sclerotium, Tuber, Geastrum, Bovisla, Tulostoma, Lycoperdon, Scleroder- ma, Lycogala, Fuligo, Phvsarum, Trichia, Arcyria, Stemonitis, Tubulina, Mucor, Onygena, Aecitlium, Ure- do, Puccinia, Trichoderma, Conoplea, Cyathus, Phallus, Amanita, Agaiicus, Meruiius. Dedalius, Boletus, Sisto- fcrema, Hydnum, Thelephora, Merisma, Clavaria, Geo- glossum, Spathularia, Leotia. llelvella, Morchella, Tre- ni ila, Peziza, Aeg,>rita, Isaria, Monilia, Dematium, Erh'.etun, Racodium, Himantia, Mescnterica. Properties. Tonics if dry or corky, cathartics and nar- cotics if juicy. An alkaline juice exudes from some. Order II. Algae. First division. The proper algae are mostly aquatics. They are filamentous or membranous and nearly similar in all their parts. They absorb circulating fluids through their immersed parts only, which are not transfused th'">ugh other parts. They are generally green or red- dish, and give off oxygen gas from the parts under water whit h are exposed to the sun. Generic mines. Fucus, Chordaria, Lamfnaria, De- ks&ena, Sphaerococwis> Haiymenia, Ulva, Vauche- ORDERS, 1, 2, 3. 23 ria. Hutchinsia, Ceraminm, Lemania, Conferva, Zygon- ema. Osrillatoria, Batrachospermum, Rivularia, Nostoc. Second Division. The proper lichens are various in texture, form and colour.. They are leathery, woody, lamellated, leaf-like, filamentous, white, yellow, greenish, black, &c. Often they appear like green herbage, espe- cially if wet. Some appear like leprous spots on stones and trees, speckled with black, white, or yellow dots- Others in greenish or bluish patches on old fences and walls ; and others iu strong light green filaments, sus- pended from branches of trees, which are falsely called mosses. They absorb circulating fluids, which are transfused through every part of their substance. Their fructifica- tion is in the form of clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons, tu- bercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, orbs, or knobs. Generic names. Spiloma, Arthonia, Gyalecta, Leci- dea, Calicium, Gyrophora, Opegrapha, Graphis, Vcrru- caria. End>rarpon, Porina, Pyrenula, Variolaria, Ur- ceolaria, Lecanora, Parmelia, Borrera, Cetraria, Sticta, Peltidea, Nephroma, Evernia, Cenomyce, Baemyees, Isioium, Stereocaulon, Rhizomorpha, Alectoria, Rama- lina, Collema, Cornicularia, Usnea, Lepraria. Properties. Tonics—some contain useful colouring mat- ter, and some are nutritive. Order III. Hepaticae. Plants of this order have green or greenish fronds; some resembling the fronds of lichens, others those of mosses, hut more succulent and cellular. They are al >. ays monoecious or dioecious. The barren or staminate flow- ers contain globules, aggregated together in a kind of calyx, filled with a liquid analagous to pollen. The fer- tile or pistillate flowers have germs or capsules, either naked or surrounded with pericheths, which are mostly peduncled. The seeds generally adhere to spirally twisted fibres. The capsules are always 4-celled and destitute of lids; which characters distinguish this order from the next. Generic names, lliccia, Anthoceros, Marchantia, Jun- germiinnia. Properties* Tonics and refrigerants. 24 NATURAL Order IV. Musci. Plants of this order are monoecious, dioecious or per- fect. The flowers are lateral or terminal, mostly ele\ at- ed on peduncles. In early flowers Sprengel says, that by the help of a magnifying glass, " organs may be distinct- fi \y seen, which consist partly in oblong bud-like gem- " mae, supposed formerly to be anthers ; and partly in " an aggregation of pistils, intermixed with succulent fil- " am en is." Their capsules are always 1 celled, and open at top by epercnli, or lids. Over the lids, calyptres are generally placed. Under the lids and surrounding the mouths may be seen a kind of filamentous or denticulate fringe or edg- ing, called the teeth. The seeds are very numerous, resembling fine dust ad- hering to the inner surfaces of the capsules. The herb- age is green and perennial ; the leaves are minute and generally imbricated. Mosses flourish most in damp shady situations ; and mostly flower early in the spring or late in autumn. Generic names. Sphagnum, Phascum, Gymnostomum, Schistidium, Anoectangium, Tetraphis, Grimmia, Weis- sia, Trematodon, Dicranum, Campylopus, Racomitrium, Trirhostomum,Barbula,Syntrichia, Didymndon, Splach- num, Ornithotrichum, Ulota, Bartramia, Bryum, Ar- rhettopterum, Milium, Timmia, Diplocomium,* Meesia, Diphyscium, Buxbaumia, Funaria, Ptcrigynandrum, Lasia, Leucodon, Neckera, Cryphaea, Pilotrichum, Cli- ma< ium, Leskia, Pterigophyllum, Hypnum, Fontlnalis, Fissidcns, Polytrichum, Catharinaea. Properties. Mostly secernant stimulants ; some few art Cathartic. Order V. Filices.'* Plants of this order are herbaceous and take root in the earth; hut bear numerous minute dust-like seeds, like other cryptogamous plants. First division. The pterous ferns bear spherical or rcniform I-celled capsules on the back of winged fr,.'ids or on what appears like leaves metamorphosed into fruit- bearing spikes. The leaves are sub-radical, with alier- * We Lamarck and He Candolle place this v.rder and the next, among the Monocotyledons. ORDERS, 4, 5, 6, f. 25 nate leafets, or alternate divisions or indentations. They are mostly coiled, or more or less rolled in at their tips, when they first spring from the earth. Generic names. Acrostichum, Polypodium. Onoclea, Blechnum, Pteris, Asplenium, Scolopeudrium, Wood- wardia, Adiantum, Aspidium, Athyrium, Dicksonia, Isoetes, Woodsia, Cheilanthes, Schizaea, Osmunda, Ly- Gopodium, Botrychium, Ophioglossum, Second division. The Apteres bear fruit on spikes oc in the axils of leaves, having no proper winged frond. They are either very leafy or totally leafless Neither the leaves nor any other parts of apterous ferns are ever coiled. Generic names. Lycopodium, Equisetum. Properties. Secernant stimulants. Order VI. Naiades.* Plants of this order are tender aquatics, with few axil- lary flowers containing few minute stamens. Generic names. Caulinia, Chara, Najas, Saururus, Posostemum, Lemna. Properties. Astringent Second Division-. MONOCOTYLEDONS, OR PLANTS WITH 1-LOBED SEEDS. CLASS FIRST. Stamens below the pistil. Order VII. Aroideae. Plants of this order all bear monoecious flowers, which are sessile on aspadix, and destitute of perianth calyxes. Stamens and pistils are intermixed and stand on the spa- dix. Fruit a roundish berry. They are almost steml*\ss, with sub-radical leaves ; and support the flowers oil scapes or scape-like stalks. Generic names. Ictodes, Calla, Zostera, Arum, Or- ontium. Properties. Warming stomachics ; if nauceous, anlis- padmodics. * De Lamarck and De Candolle say that this order is artificial aftcl ouglu to be abolished. c 26 NATURAL Order VIII. Typhis c. Plants of this order bear monoecious flowers with 3- leaved perianths. Stamens 3 and styles one. Fruit 1 - seeded, seed fleshy or ferinaceous. They are always aquatics, stems jointless, and leaves somewhat sheathing. Generic names. Typha, Sparganium. Properties. Weak tonics. Order IX. Cyperoidcae. Flowers glumaccous, in spikes or spikelets, glumes 1- valved. The flowers have no proper perianth calyxes : stamens 3, style 1, with two or three stigmas : seeds sin- gle, farinaceous, without pericarp. Plants grassy, pe- rennial, of a coarse texture ; culm triangular or cylin- dric ; leaves with closed sheaths or destitute of sheaths. Generic names. Kyllingia, Schoenus, Rhynchospora, Cyperus, Mariscus, Dulichium, Scirpus, Eriophorum, Tricophorum, Fuirena, Limnetis, Carex, Scleria. Properties. Tonics. Used for coarse cattle fodder. Order X. Gramineae, Flowers glumaccous, generally in spikes or spikelets, but sometimes solitary. Outer glumes generally 2-vaJv- ed, which serve as calyxes to spikelets, or to single flowers when solitary. Stamens 3 ; stigmas 2, plumose or capillary. Seeds single, farinaceous, without peri- carps. Culms cylindric, jointed ; leaves alternate, with sheaths always cleft throughout their whole extent, on the side opposite to the direction of the leaf. Generic names. Cinna, Anthoxanthum, Cenchrus, Oryzopsis, Panicum, Digitaria, Cynodon. Paspalum, Aristida, Stipa, Alopecurus, Phalarls, Crypsis, Horde- um, Milium, Agrostis, Saccharum, Muhlcnbergia, Leer- sia, Trichodium, Phleum, Aira, Uralepsis, Elmymus, Meli( a, Eleusine, Secalc, Triticum, Lolium. Atberopo- gon, Uniola, Briza, Sorghum, Dactylis, Poa, Windso- ria, Festuca, Bromus, Avena, Danthonia, Arundo, An- dropogon, Holcus, Oryza, Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Zi- zania, Hierochloa. Properties. Feeble tonics. The herbage furnishes the best of cattle fodder ; and the largest seeds arc vsed for fa- rinaceous dick ORDERS, 8, 9, 10, U, 12, 13, 14. 2? CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the pistil, and standing on the calyx or corol. Sometimes they are merely attached at the base. Order XI. Palmae. We have no plants of this order in the Northern States. The cocoanut, palm, and several other tropical plants belong to this order. Properties. Week tonics, and yield farinaceous diet. Order XII, Asparagi. Flowers with petaloid perianths, generally 6-parted or 6 cleft. Stamens adhering to the same base with the co- ral or calyx. Berry 3 or 4-celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Leav es often alternate, rarely whorled, never sheathing. Generic names. Asparagus, Convallaria, Dracaena^ Gytomia, Smilax, Trillium. Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. Order XIII. Junci. Plants of this order generally bear flowers with small spathes, or spathe-like bracts, and free 6-parted peri- anths. First division. The proper Junci resemble the Cypc- roideae in habit; having sheathing leaves and glumacc- ous spathes or bracts. The flowers are in panicles or corymbs ; stamens 3 or 6, and each flower has but a sin- gle germ. Generic names. Juncus, Xyris, Acorus, Tradescantia, Commelina, Helonias, Xerophyllum, Veratrum, To- fieldia.* Second division. The Alismaceae are all aquatics, and each flower contains more than one germ. Generic names. Alisma, Sagittaria, Triglochin, Scheuchzeria, Eriocaulon, Potamogeton, Zanichellia. Properties. Generally secernant stimulants. The sweet-scented are warming stomachics, and the nauceous are antiscorbutics. Order XIV. Liliaceae. Plants of this order have no perianths. They have 6- * Che two last are placed in a distinct order by De Lamarck ancL De Candulle. 9$ NATURAL petalled corols of the liliaceous form. Stamens 6, stand- ing against the divisions of the corol and often aitacheo to it. Style 1, stigmas 3, or 3-lobed. Germs free. Cap- sules 3-celled, 3-valved, with transverse partitions ; seeds flat. Leaves generally with simple nerves. Generic names. Lilium, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Erythro- nium, Uv id aria, Streptopus. Properties. Emollients and weak secernant stimulants. Order XV. Bromeliae. "We have no plants of this order, excepting rare exot- ic- . growing in the Northern States. The pine apple ^EdTH-lia ananas) belongs here. Properties. Refrigerants. Order XVI. Asphodeli. No perianths, but some have spathes. Corols 6-part- ed or 6-cleft. Stamens 6, standing against the divisions of the corol and attached to it. Germs free ; seeds round or angled. Generic names. Asphodelus, Hemerocallis, Ornithog. alum, Allium, Aletris, Narthecium, Hyacinthus. Properties. Expectorants and demulcents. The strong- scented are secernant stimulants, and the bitter are tonic and cathartic. Order XVII. Narcissi. No perianths, but most have spathes. Corols 6-part- ed or 6-petaIIed. Stamens 6, standing against the divis- ions of the corol and attached to it. Germ attached to the coral) and generally supporting it. Generic names. Narcissus, Amaryllis, Galanthus, Po- lyanthcs; Agave, Hypoxis, Leptanthus, Pontederia, He- tcranthera. Properties. Weak tonics and emollients. Order XVIII. Irides. Corol 6-cleft or 6-parted : stamens 3 : style 1, with 1 or 3 stigmas : germ attached to the corol. Leaves ensi- forra or linear. Roots bulbous or tuberous. Generic names. Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Dilatris, Sisyrin- chium J .Properties. Antiscorbutics and tonics. ORDERS, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22. 29 CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing on the pistil. Order XIX. Musae. We have no plants of this order in the Northern States'. The bread tree ( Artocarnus incisa) belongs here. Properties. Tonics. Order XX. Cannae. No plants of this order in our district. Ginger (Amo- mum) is placed here. Properties. Warming stomachics. Order XXI. Orchideae. Plants of this order have superior, 5-petalled corols, 3 external and 2 internal. There is also in each corol a petal-like organ, called the lip, various in form and di- rection. Anthers always 1 or 2, and from 1 to 4-celled, sessile upon the side or apex of the style. The pollen is easily removed from the cells in agglutinated masses. Styles simple, with viscous stigmas of various forms and positions. Capsules 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-keeled. Seeds numerous, dust-like. Leaves entire, and generally ner- ved and clasping. Flowers more or less spiked and bracted. Generic names. Orchis, Goodyera* Neoctia, Listera, Pognoia, Triphora, Cymbidium, Arethusa, Tipularia, Malaxis, Microstylus, Corallorhiza, Cypripedium. Properties- Emollients, and the roots of some are stoma- chic. Dioscorides, Galen, and Pliny, speak of the roots as affording excellent farinaceous diet, and as of great use in discussing swellings and cleansing ulcers. Order XXII. Hydrocharides. * Plants of this order are all aquatics. Germs simple ; stigmas 3 to 6, bifid. Capsules 1 or 6-celled, many seed- ed. Rather an artificial order. Generic names. Proserpinaca, Floerkea, Vallisncria, Properties. Weak tonics. «? a Op oy NATURAL Third Division. DICOTYLEDONS, OR PLANTS WITH 2-LOBED SEEDS. CLASS FIRST. Flowers without petals, and the sta- mens standing on the germ. Order XXIII. Aristolochiae. Perianth 1-leaved adhering to the germ. Stamens nu- merous, (6 or 12) definite, attached to the germ. Style short, stigma divided. Capsule many-celled (generally 6) many-seeded. Generic names. Asarum, Aristolochia. Properties. Warming stomachics and active tonics. Ga- len set a high value on the tonic powers of this order of plants. GLASS SECOND. Flowers without petals ; and the stamens surrounding the germ, being attached to the calyx. Order XXIV. Aeleagni. Calyx adheres to the germ, monophyllous, tubular, generally leafy outside and corol-like within. Stamens stand towards the top of the calyx, and are equal to the number of its division or double that number. Fruit 1-seeded. Generic names. Thesium, Nyssa, Hippophac. Properties. Weak tonics. Order XXV. Thymeleae. Calyx free, 1-leaved, 4 or 5-lobed, coloured. Stamens inserted towards the upper part of the calyx and are double the number of its divisions. Fruit 1-seeded. Stems woody ; leaves simple, entire and alternate. Generic names. Dirca, Daphne. Properties. Mild emetics and antiscorbutics. Order XXVI. Proteae. No plants of this order grow in our district. The sil- yer-Jree (Protea) is placed here. Properties. Weak tonics* ORDERS, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, SO. 31 Order XXVII. Lauri. Calyx free, monophyllous, permanent, 4 to 6-cleft, or 6-parted. Stamens inserted at the bottom of the divi- sions of the calyx, sometimes 6 in a single row, some- times 12 in two rows, generally varying in number ; an- thers adnate to the filaments, dehiscent from their bases to their apexes. Germ 1, style 1, stigma simple, or di- vided. Drupe or berry 1-celled, 1-seeded. Stems woody, leaves alternate. Generic name. Laurus. Properties. Warming stomachics and active secernant stimulants. Order XXVIII Polygoneae. Calyx free, monophyllous, divided, often coloured. Sta- mens inserted on the bottom of the calyx ; anthers 2-cell- ed and 4-groved, laterally dehiscent into a double chink. Germ 1, styles or sessile stigmas several; seed single, farinaceous, naked, with the corcle inside. Geneiic names. Polygonum, Rumex, Rheum. Properties. Mild cathartics and demulcents. The strong- scented are antiscorbutic and discussient Order XXIX. Atriplices. Calyx free, monophyllous, parted. Stamens inserted on the bottom of the calyx, and equalling the number of its divisions. Germ 1, style 1 or several. Seed often fari- naceous, with corcles outside of it. Leaves alternate, sim- ple, destitute of stipules or sheathes. Flowers small, greenish, and of a dull appearance. Generic names. Salicornia, Blitum, Salsola, Chenopo- dium, Beta, Atriplex, Spinacia, Acnida, Phytolacca. Properties. The strong-scented are active cathartics. The others are mildly aperient. CLASS THIRD. Flowers without petals, and the stamens standing below the germ. Order XXX. Amaranthi, Calyx free, permanent, divided, often coloured. Sta- mens 3 or 5. Germ 1, capsule 1-celled. Seed farina- ceous. Flowers small. Generic names. Amaranthus, Gomphrena. Properties. Secernant stimulants and weajk tonics. 32 NATURAL Order XXXI. Plantagines. Calyx double, outer one 4-parted, inner one tubular. (Rather, the outer is a proper calyx, and the inner a dull membranceous corol.) Stamens 4, adhering to the inner calyx, exsert. Germ simple, style 1. Capsule opening transversely, 2 to 4-celled. Seed coneous. Flowers in spikes. Leaves nerved and generally radical* Generic names. Plantago. Properties. Emollients. Order XXXII. Nyctagines. Involucre perianth-like, monophyllous ; perianth mo- nophyllous, coloured, permanent, contracted above the germ so as to appear altogether like a corol standing on the germ. Stamens attached to the gland-like base of the inner calyx, (corol ?) which encloses the germ. Style 1, capitate. Seed farinaceous. Generic names. Mirabilis. Properties. Emetics and cathartics. Order XXXIII. Plumbagines. Calyx double, permanent; outer one monophyllous, tubular; inner one (rather the corol) coloured, 1 or many- letalled. Stamens 5, adhering to the inner calyx (corol.) Germ simple, free, styles many, or one with many stig- mas. Capsule 1-seeded. Seed farinaceous.* Generic name. Statice. Properties. Cathartic and tonic. CLASS FOURTH. Flowers with monopetalous corols inserted below the germs. Order XXXIV. Lysimachiae. Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol with the limb divided, and bearing the stamens opposite, and equal in number, to the divisions. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, seeds attached to a free columella, the corcle strait and within the fleshy seed. Leaves simple. * Here in the three last orders we see, that the advocates for the na- tural arrangement are . ompelled to force a corol to become a calyx. But she Linnean artificial s>-»l<. u will guide Hie student to h irue ge- 'ins, thence to the natural order, and thus secure to him its advantages. ORDERS, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. $3 Generic names. Lysimachia, Anagallis, Trientalis, Pri.nula, Dodecatheon, Samolus, Hottonia, Buchnera. Properties. Tonics and weak secernant stimulants. Order XXXV. Pediculares. Calyx divided, permanent, often tubular. Corol irreg- ular, often ringent. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted on, or at- tached to, the corol ; when 4, two are shorter. Germ free, style simple ; capsule 2-valved. Seed with semi- terete cotyledons. Flowers bracted. Generic names. Polygala, Veronica, Callistachia, Baitsia, Rhinanthus, Obolaria, Euphrasia, Melampy.- rum, Erinus, Pediculares, Orcbanche, Epiphegus. [The two last have been placed in a sub-order, and distinguish- ed by their capsules being 1-celled, and bearing seeds on a longitudinal nerve.] Properties. Deobstruents, cathartics and mild tonics. Ancient authors, as Dioscorides^ Pliny and others, valu- ed most plants of this order for their efficacy in healing Wounds, by external application. « Order XXXVI. Acanthi. Calyx divided, permanent, often bracted. Corol irre< gular. Stamens 2 or 4. Germ free, style l, stigma 2- lobed. Capsule 2-cell«d. Seed with foliaceous cotyle- dons. Generic names. Justicia, Ruellia. Properties- Emollients. Order XXX ■II. Jasmineae. Calyx tubular. Corol tubular, except in Fraxinus. Stamens 2, excepting Fraxinus, inserted in, or attached to, the corol. Seed with a flat corcle. Stems woody. Generic names. Jasminum, Ligustrum, Syringa, Chi- onanthus, Fraxinus. Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. Pe- tals of the Syringa contain prussic acid. Order XXX III. Vitices. Calyx tubular. Corol tubular. Stamens 4, 2 of them shorter—rarely 2 or 6. Germ free, style 1, stigma sim- ple or 2-lobed. Corcle of the seed strait. Leaves oppo- site. Generic name. Verbena- 34 NATURAL Properties. Deobstruents and secernant stimulants. Parkinson, and the older authors, considered them as an- tidotes to the poison of serpents, &c. : but the moderns do not ascribe to them any very active powers. Order XXXIX. LaMatae. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Corol tubular, ir- regular, often 2-lipped—the upper lip mostly 2-cleft and the lower one 3-cleft. Stamens sometimes 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter ; they are always inserted un- der the upper lip of the corol. Germ free, 4-lobed ; each lobe becoming a naked seed at the bottom of the calyx, with a strait corcle and flat cotyledons. Style 1, stig- ma 2-cleft. Stems generally, or perhaps always, 4-sid- cd; leaves opposite.1 Flowers often whorled and some- times spiked. Generic names. Lycopus, Monarda, Rosmarinus, Sal- via, Collinsonia, Teucrium, Isanthus, Lavandula, Lami- um,Pycnanthemum, Nepeta, Hyssopus, Mentha, Stachys, Galeopsis, Satureja, Leonurus, Marrubium, Ballota, Cu- nila,Hedeoma,Glechoma,Melissa,Trichostema,Oc)mum, Scutellaria, Origanum, Thymus, Clinopodium, Prunella, Phryma, Molucella. Properties. Very active secernant stimulants, embracing all the most valuable sudorifes. The sweet-scented are warming siomachics, and the bitter ones are tonics. An- cient physicians seem to have drawn a large proportion of their vegetable materia medica from this order. They established the medicinal virtues of these plants very neaily as they are now understood. To those virtues ascribed to them by modern physicians they added, how- ever, that they are eflicient as vermifuges, and in the cure of epilepsy, hemorhagy, bites of serpents and stings of scorpions. Parkinson, who wrote almost two centuries ago, cites as authorities for the above, the trials and practice of The- ophrastus, Dioscorides, Galen and Pliny among the an- cients ; and Matthiolus, Clusius, Camerarius, Agrippa, Dodoneus and many others among the oldest of the mo- derns. Order XL, Scrophularia. Calyx divided, often permanent. Corol irregular, ORDERS, 39, 40, 41, 42. 35 limb divided. Stamens rarely 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter, inserted on the corol. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Capsule 1 or 2-ceIled, 2-valv- cd, valves concave. Seeds numerous, affixed to the middle of the partition, with a strait corcle and scmi-cylindric cotyledons. Flowers bracted. Generic names. Utricularia, Gratiola, Lindernia, He- mianthus, Erinus, Dracocephalum, Schrialbea, Limosel- la, Zapania, Scrophularia, Antirrhinum, Collinsia, Ge- rardia, Digitalis, ■imulus. Properties. Deobstruents, absorbents and mild narco- tics. Ancient physicians applied them to the wounds ex- ternally. Parkinson used the Digitalis in the epilepsy two centuries ago with great success. Order XLI. Solaneae. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-pa?ted. often permanent. Corol re- gular, 5-cleft, mostly o\ a lurid hue. Stamens 5, attach- ed to the base of the corol, and alternating with its lobes. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or sub-cleft. Fruit 2- celled, many-seeded, either a 2-valvcd capsule or a ber- ry. Seeds with spiral corcles and semi-terete cotyledons. Leaves alternate. Generic names. Lycium, Datura, Nicotiana, Vcrbas- cum, Atropa, Phacelia, Hyoscyamus, Solanum, Physalis, Capsicum, Diospyros. Properties. Cathartic, discussient, emetic, and anti- scorbutic. The nauceons-scented are very strong narcotics; pungent-scented are warming and deobstruent. Several centuries ago they were much used, externally and inter- nally, in gouts and rheumatisms. Order XLII. Borragineac-. Calyx 5-Iobed, permanent. Corol 5-lobed, mostly re- gular, having a border and a tube ; with the upper en- trance of the tube, called the throat, naked and open, or more or lesschoaked up with scales. Stamens 5, attach- ed to the tube of the corol. Germ tree, with 4 lobes which become 4 naked seeds; style simple, permanent, springing up fi'om among the lobes of the germ ; stigma entire or 2-lobed. Seeds attached laterally to the style ; corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. Leaves alternate, mostly scabrous. 36 NATURAL Generic names. Pul mon aria, Cerinthe, Lithospermum, Cynoglossum, Batsehia, Anchusa, Myosotis. Heliotropi- nm, Onostnodium, Borago, Symphitum, Echium, Hy- drophyllum. Properties. Astringent and vulnerary. Order XLIII. Convolvidi. Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol regular, 5-lobed, Stamens 5, attached to the corol and alternating with its divisions. Germ free, having one or many-styles. Capsule generally 3-valved and 3-celled, sometimes 2 to 4-celled and 2 to 4-valved ; columella central, 3-corner- ed. Seed bony, cotyledons folded together. Leaves al- ternate. Stem often twining or climbing. Generic names. Convolvulus, Diapensia, Ipomaea, . Pyxidanthera, Cuscuta. Properties. Cathartics, mostly very mild. Order XL IV. Polemonia. Calyx divided. Corol regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, attached to the middle of the tube of the corol, alternating with the divisions. Germ free, style simple, stigmas ge- nerally 3 or 3-cleft. Capsule surrounded with the per- manent calyx, 3-celled, 3-valved, many seeded ; columel- la central, 3-cornered. Seed with a strait corcle and oval, foliaceous cotyledons. Leaves opposite. Generic names. Phlox, Polemonium. Properties. Feeble tonics. Order XLV. Bignoniae. Calyx divided. Corol irregular, ringent and inflated. Stamens rarely 2, all others 4, with two of them shorter —an odd filament-like organ accompanies them. Cap- sule 2 or 4-celled, 2-v alved. Generic names. Bignonia, Catalpa, Martynia, Pent- stemon, Chelone. Properties. Mild narcotics, deobstruents and cathartics. Order XLV I. Gentiana. Calyx monophyllous, divided, permanent. Corol reg- ular, uften marcessent; limb equally divided into a num- ber of parts equal to those of the calyx and of the sta- mens, v hirh are mostly 3. Stamens attached to the co- rol. Germ free, style 1 or 2, stigmas simple or 2-lobed. ORDERS, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49. 37 Capsule 1 or 2-cellcd, 2-valved, many-seeded—seeds in- serted on the inflexed margins of the valves. Herbage glabrous, bitter; leaves opposite. Generic names. Gentiana, Spigelia, Swertia, Frasera, Sabbatia, Menyanthes, Villarsia. Properties. Tonics and mild cathartics. The Spige- lia is considered as a vermifuge. Dioscorides, Galen. and other ancient physicians considered the Gentiana as a vermifuge and an antidote to poison. Order XLVII. Apocyneae. Calyx 5-lobed. Corol 5-lobed, regular ; often fur- nished with 5 nectariferous appendages. Stamens 5, in- serted in the bottom of the corol, or suspended from the angles of the stigma*. Germs free, double, style 1 or none, stigma capitate. Follicles elongated, generally in pairs, 1-celled. Seed attached to the longitudinal mar- gins of the follicle. Herbage generally milky. Generic names. Apocynum, Asclepias, Cynanchura, Periploca, Vinca, Nerium, Gonolobus. Properties. Active deobstruents, cathartics, antiscorbu- tics, and narcotics. Ancient physicians used the Ascle- pias, Apocynum, &c. as counter poisons. Order XL^iu. Sapotac. No plants of this order grow in our district. The southern iron wood (Bumclia) is placed here. Properties. Feeble antispasmodics and cathartics. CLASS FIFTH. Flowers with monopctalous corols surrounding the germ, and generally inserted on the calyx. Order XLIX. Guaiacanae. No plants of this order grow in our district. The lig- :ium vitae and benjamin tree arc placed here. Properties. Very active tonics and warming stomachics. * The celebrated Robert Brown says, that in the young state the anthers of the Asclepias syriacus are not attached 'o the stigmas.— The reader is requested to examine the anthers at all stages from the arst swelling of the flower-bud. He will find th.tt although the an* thers or masses of pollen adhere tate. Generic names. Echynops, Cynara, Liatris, Cnicus, Carthamus, Onopordon, Carduus, Arctium, Centaurea. Properties. Tonics. The nauceous scented are cathar- tic. Order LV. Corymbiferae. Florets tubular and ligulate, mostly radiated. Recep- tacle scarcely fleshy. Stigma, above the style, not artic- ulated. Inflorescence often a corymb. Generic names. Scorzonera, Picris, Tolpis, Scholy- mus, Vernonia, Sparganophorus, Bidens, Kuhnia, Eu- patorium, Mikania, Chrysocoma, Cacalia, Balsamita, Baccharis, Conyza, Gnaphalium, Artemisia,Tanacetum, Chrysanthemum, Zinnia, Tagetes, Bellis, Pyrethmm, 40 NATURAL Doronirum, Inula, Erigeron, Solidago, Senecio, Tussj- Jago, Cineraria, Aster, Heliopsis, Buphthalmum, Hele- Bium, Boltonia, Matricaria, Ant hem is, Achillea, Verbe- sina, Rudbeckia, Helianthus, Coreopsis, Silphium, Po- iymnia, Calendula, Iva, Elephantopos. Properties. Most valuable tonics and secernant stimu- lants. Two or three centuries ago the physicians consid- ered plants of this order as the most sovereign remedies for flesh wounds. Parkinson makes a class of them, which he denominates Vulnerary or Wound Herbs. Dioscorides and Galen deemed them very efficacious in pulmonary complaints. CLASS SEVENTH. Flowers with monopetalous co- rols standing above the germs. Stamens with anthers distinct, and with filaments attached to the corol. Order LVI. Dipsaceae. Flowers aggregated on a common receptacle, an d sup- rounded by a many-leaved involucre. Calyx double, outer one not adhering to the germ ; the inner membra- naceous or pappose calyx closely contracting around its apex. Corol inserted on the top of the inner calyx. Sta- mens 3 to 5, attached to the bottom of the tube of the corol, and alternating with its divisions. Seed with a strait corcle and oblong cotyledons. Leaves opposite. Generic names. Valeriana, Fedia, Dipsacus, Scabio- aa, Cephalanthus. Properties. Weak tonics. Order LVII. Rubiaccae. Calyx adhering to the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol re- gular, inserted on the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corol. Style 1, stigmas 2. Seeds ge- nerally 2, corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. Leaves entire, whorled. Generic names. Galium, Rubia, Houstonia, Mitchella. Properties. Aperients and tonics. Some abound in co- louring matter. Order LVIII. Caprifolia. Calyx adhering to the germ, often 2-bracted at the , base. Corol regular. 4 or 5-cleft, or 4 or 5-pet:illed with ORDERS, 56, 57, 58, 50, 60. 41 ♦lie petals broader at the base. Stamens equalling the number of divisions of the corol. Style 1 or none, stig- mas 1 to 3. Berry or capsule often crowned with the permanent calyx. Stems mostly woody ; leaves opposite and sometimes connate. Generic names. Lonicera, Xylosteum, Shmpjoria, Diervilla, Viburnum, Sarabucus, Cornus, Hedera, Lin- naea, Triosteum. Properties. Tonics; and the strong-scented are cathartic CLASS EIGHTH. Flowers polypetalous. Stamens standing on the germ and alternating with the petals. Order LIX. Araliae. Calvx superior, 5-toothed, permanent. Stamens 5, styles 2 to 5. Fruit a berry. Inflorescence an umbel. Leaves compound. Generic names. Panax, Aralia. Properties. Valuable tonics and expectorants. Order LX. Umbclliferae. Calyx attached to the germ. Petals 5, inserted on the germ or on a gland covering the top of the germ. Sta- mens 5, alternating with the petals. Styles 2, often per- manent. Fruit bipartible, becoming 2 seeds, often rib- bed or groved on their outsides and on their joining sides (the commissure.) Stems herbaceous. Leaves alter- nate, often compound. Inflorescence an umbel, with the radiating peduncles often surrounded at their origin and sub-divisions with involucres. Generic names. Eryngium, Hydrocotyle, Crantzia, Daucus, Ammi, Conium, Selinum, Imperatona, Herac- leum, Pastianaca, Ligusticum, Angelica, Sium,Engenia, Cicuta, Myrrhis, Uraspermum, Chaerophyllum, Smyr- nium, Thaspium, Ocnanthe, Carum, Apium, Anetlmm. Properties. Deobstruents and narcotics ; excepting the, sweet-scented, which a>e stomachics. In the time ot Di- oscorides, Pliny and Galen, (during the first and second centuries) the sweet-scented plants of this order were in common use as remedies in cases of dispepsia, flatulency, D 2 42 NATURAL cholic and epilepsy. And the narcotic kinds* were used as antidotes to poison,andas remedies in liver complaints, gouts and rheumatisms; and by way of external applica- tion in the resolution of inflamed tumors. CLASS NINTH. Flowers polypetalous. Stamens in* serted below the germ. Order LXI. Ranunculaceae. Calyx many-leaved, or none. Petals many, often in- definite. Stamens often indefinite in number. Germs often numerous, rarely solitary, inserted on the recepta- cle, each having a single style. Seed with a minute cor- cle at the apex or base of a corneous albumen. Generic names. Zaiithorhiza, Actaea, Macrotys, Po- dophyllum, Delphinumij Atonitum, Aquilegia, Nigella, Hydrastis, Clematis, Atragene, Thalictrum, Caulophyl- lum, Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatica, Nelumbium, Ra- nunculus, Trollius, Adonis, Hydropeltis, Caltha, Paeo- nia, Coptis. Properties. Deobstruent, cathartic, caustic and narco- tic. The two last genera have astringent roots. Order LXII. Papaveraceae. Calyx free, often 2-leaved and caducous, sometimes about 5-leavcd. Stamens many. Germ single ; style often wanting ; stigma divided or lobed, permanent. Fruit a capsule or pod, 1-celled, many-seeded ; seeds attached to lateral columellas, albumen fleshy, corcle strait. Generic names. Chelidonium, Papaver, Sanguinaria, Argemone, Nymphaea, Nuphar, Sarracenia ? Fumaria, Osydalis. Properties. Deobstruent, cathartic, caustic, antiscorbu- tic, narcotic, and anodyne. The Papaver was in use as an anodyne in the time of Theophrastus, between three and * The root of the Ccuta maculata is a most deadly poison early in the spring. On the 1 Oth of April, 1820, Asa H. Man!ey and Amos Hamsdel, of Rutland, Vermont, ate a small quantity of the root of this plant. The former died in two hours, the tatter in 36. They were both under ten years of age. I examined the plant in the ensuing summer, and took specimens widen grew from the remainder of the same root; and was particular in questioning the parents and neigh- bors respecting the above facts at the same time. ORDERS, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66. 43 four hundred years before the Christian era. Dioscori- des used theFumaria and Chelidonium as antiscorbutics. Order LXIII. Cruciferae. Calyx 4-leaved. Petals 4, disposed in the form of a cross and alternating with the leaves of the calyx. Sta- mens 6, two of them outer and shorter. Germ single, sitting on the disk-like receptacle which supports the stamens ; style 1 or none, stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a sil- ique or silicle. Seeds with incurved corcles. Stems her- baceous ; leaves alternate. Generic names. Cakile, Draba, Alyssum, Lepidium, Thlaspi, Lunaria, Cochlearia, Iberis, Isatis, Dentaria, Cardamine, Barbarea, SisyLibrium, Erysimum, Cheir- anthtis, Hesperis, Arabis, Turritis, Raphanus, Brassi- ca, Sinapis. Properties. Aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic, nutrien- tic and emollient. Plants of this order have been used as emollients and diuretics, and as remedies in the jaundice, for several centuries. Order LXIV. Capparides. Calyx polyphyllous, or monophyllous and parted. Pet- als 4 or 5. Stamens often indefinite. Germ stiped, style short or none, stigma simple. Pod or berry many-seed- ed. Corcle of the seed incurved. Generic names. Reseda, Parnassia, Cleome. Properties. Feeble aperients; excepting the Cleome, which is an active cathartic and emetic, and considerably narcotic. Order LXV. Sapindi. We have no plants of this order in our district. The soap-berry of the Southern States is placed here. Properties. Emollient. Order LXVI. Accra. Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 5-cleft. Petals 5 (or none) with claws, inserted on a disk below the germ and alternating with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens dis- tinct and inserted on the disk with the corol. Germ free. Stigmas 1 or 2. Capsules 2 or S-cellcd, 1-seedcd* Stems woody ; leaves opposite. Generic names. Acer, Aesculuff. Properties. Aperient* 44 NATURAL Order LXVIL Malpighiae. We have no plants of this order in our district. Properties. Aperient. Order LXVIII. ffyperica. Calyx monophyllous, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens numerous, sometimes united by their filaments in several parcels. Germ single, free ; styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-valved with inflexed mar- gins, many-seeded. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. Leaves opposite, often glandular; flowers yellow or yel- lowish. Generic names. Hypericum, Ascyrum, Dionaea, Dro- sera.* Properties. Tonic and vulnerary. Order LXIX. Guttiferae. We have no plants of this order in our district. Properties, Expectorants and secernant stimulants. Order LXX. Aurantia. Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 or 5; stamens often unit- ed by their filaments in several parcels. Berry many- seeded. Corcle strait. Stems woody ; leaves glandular. Generic names. Citrus. Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. Order LXXI. Melia. Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 to 9, often adhering at the base. Stamens sometimes adhering by their fila- ments, equal in number to the petals or double. Germ single, free; style 1. Berry or capsule many-celled. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. Generic names. Melia, Thea. Properties. Astringent and feebly narcotic* Order LXXII. Vxtes. Calyx monophyllous, short, subentire. Petals 4 to 6, broader at the base. Stamens equal in number, and op- posite to the petals, and inserted on a disk beneath the germ. Germ single, free ; style 1 or none. Berry one * See Nuttall, page 279. ORDERS, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75. 45 or many-celled, one or many-seeded. Seed bony and destitute of albumen, corcle strait, cotyledons flat- Stems woody and climbing ; leaves alternate; tendrils opposite to the leaves. Generic names. Vitis, Ampelopsis. Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. Order LXXIII. Gerania. Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-leaved. Petals 5, with claws, generally unequal or irregular. Stamens 3 to 10 ; filaments often unequal, sometimes united at the base. Germ single, free, often 5-angled, sometimes surrounded by a gland ; style 1, stigmas often 5. Seed without albumen^ corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous j leaves often stipuled. Generic names. Geranium, Pelargonium, Erodium. Geranioids. Oxalis, Impatiens, Tropeolum. Properties. Tonics, refrigerants and feeble narcoticS' The geranioids ought to be disposed of differently. Order LXXLV. Malvaceae. Calyx often double with the inner one monophyllous. Petals 5, regular, generally adhering to the base of the filaments. Stamens innumerable, united by their fila- ments. Germ free, simple, often Ipbed, stigmas many. Fruit many capsuled or many-celled. Seed without albu- men ; corcle lobed, incurved and wrinkled. Leaves al- ternate, simple, stipuled. Generic names. Gordonia, Napaea, Sida, Hibiscus, Malva, Althaea, Lavatera, Gossipium. Properties. Emollient and aperient. Plants of this or- der were used as aperients and for sheathing the stomach when any acrid substance had been taken into it, by Di- oscorides and other ancient physicians; and Hippocrates valued them highly for their vulnerary qualities. Order LXXV. Magnoliae. Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens many, not united. Germs many, arranged on an elongated recepta- cle in the form of a cone. Capsules many, 1 or 2-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen and strait corcle. Stems woody ; leaves alternate, having caducous stipules. Generic names. Magnolia, Lirio'lendron, Properties. Tonics, 46 NATURAL Order LXXVI. Annonae. Calyx 3-leaved. Petals 6. Stamens many. Germs 2 or more. Berries or capsules 2 or more i-seeded. Seed compressed, corcle minute, albumen solid. Stems shrubby ; leaves alternate and destitute of stipules. Generic names. Porcelia. Properties. Tonics. Order LXXVII. Menisperma. Calyx 4 or 6-leaved. Corol none or more than 5-pet- alled. Flowers dioecious—stamens adnate—germs and styles 3 to 6. Drupes or berries 1-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen, corcle at the summit. Stems woody, mostly twining or climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, destitute of stipules. Generic names. Menispermum. Properties. Weak narcotics. Order LXXViii. Berberides. Calyx polyphyllous or deeply parted. Petals equalling the divisions ofthe calyx in number. Stamens equalling the petals in number and opposite to them. Germ simple, free ; style 1 or none. Fruit 1-celled, often many-seed- ed. Seed affixed to the bottom of the cell; albumen fleshy, corcle strait. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. Flowers yellow. Generic names. Berberris, Hamamelis. Properties. Astringents and refrigerants. Order LXXIX. Tiliaceae. Calyx polyphyllous or many-parted. Petals alterna- ting with the divisions of the calyx. Stamens innumer- able. Germ simple, free. Berry or capsule 1 or many- celled, l or many-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen; corcle subincurved, flat. Stems woody; leaves alternate, simple, stipuled. Generic names. Tilia. Properties. Emollient and aperient. Order LXXX. Cisti. Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or more. Germ single, free ; style 1. Capsule with many seeds attach- ed to the middle of the valves or base of the cells. Albu- men fleshy or corneous. Leaves stipuled. ORDERS, 76, r~\ 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 8S. 47 First division. Petals equal. Stamens more than 5. Seed with a curved or spiral corcle. Generic names. Cistus, Hudsonia.* Second division. Petals unequal. Stamens 5. Seed with a strait corcle. Generic names. Viola. Order LXXXI. Rutaceae. Calyx monophyllous, 5-lobed. Petals 5, alternating with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 10 or 15. Germ simple, free ; style 1. Fruit many-capsuled 01 many- celled. Seed with flat cotyledons and strait corcle. Generic names. Ruta. Properties. Caustic and cathartic. Order LXXX I. Caryophylleae. Calyx often permanent, 4 or 5-toothed. or 4 or 5-Ieav- ed. Petals 4 or 5 (sometimes wanting) with claws, alter- nating with the divisions of the calyx. Stamens often double the number of the petals ; sometimes equal and alternating with them. Germ simple, sometimes sub- stiped ; styles 3 to 5 Capsule many-valved, dehiscent at the top. Seeds affixed to the centre of the base ofthe capsule ; albumen farinaceous ; corcle involute. Stems with joints ; leaves opposite, entire. Generic names. Dianthus, Saponaria, Lychnis, Agros- ■temma, Silene, Cucubalus, Cerastium, Arenaria, Sper- gula, Linum, Sarothra, Sagina, Lechca, Mollugo, Que- ria, Stellaria. Properties. Emollient and aperient. This order com- prises those plants which are called pinks, chickweeds and flax. Flax-seed has been used as an emollient and aperient more than two thousand years. CLASS TENTH. Flowers polypetalous. Stamens surrounding the germ and attached to a monophyllous calyx. Order LXXXIII. Sempervivae. ■ Calyx free, parted. Corol inserted at the base of the calyx ; petals (or the deep divisions) equalling in number the divisions ofthe calyx. Stamens equal or double the * See Xuuall, vol.2, p. 4. 48 NATURAL number of petals. Germs equalling the number of pet- als, or having an equal number of lobes. Capsules (or follicles) 1-celled, opening on one side longitudinally, many-seeded. Seed with a slender, fleshy albumen, and strait corcle. Stems herbaceous ; leaves mostly fleshy ; inflorescence a cyme. Generic names. Sedum, Sempervivum, Pcnthorum, Tillaea. Properties. Emollient and vulnerary. Order LXXX1V. Saxifragae. Calyx adhering, rarely free, limbs 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, (sometimes wanting) inserted on the top ofthe ca- lyx, and alternating with its divisions. Stamens inser- ted with the petals, and are equal or double in number. Styles 2, permanent. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved, 1 or 2-celled, dehiscent by a terminal pore. Seeds inserted on the base of the capsule or the in flexed edges of the valves ; albumen fleshy, corcle strait. Generic names. Heuchera, Hedyotis, Saxifraga, Ti- arella, Mitella,Chrysosplenium, Hydrangea ? Hortensia? Properties'. Tonics. Order LXXXV. Cacti. Calyx adhering to the germ, 5-cleft. Petals inserted on the calyx. Style 1, stigma cleft. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. First division. Petals indefinite. Stamens indefinite. Style tubulose, stigma many-cleft Berry umbilieate. Seed without albumen, corols incurved. Generic names. Cactus. Second division. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft. Berry globose. Seed with corneous albumen, corol strait. Generic names. Ribes. / Properties. Refrigerants and emollients. Order LXXXVI. Portnlacceac. Calyx divided atthe top. Corol inserted on the calyx, 1 or 5-petalled (rarely wanting.) Stamens inserted on the corol. Germ free or adhering at the base ; style 1 to 3, or none. Capsule 1 or many-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Seed with an incurved or ring-like corcle, surrounding a farinaceous albumen. ORDERS, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89. 90. 49 Generic names. Portulacca, Claytonia, Scierautlius; Ci'ypta. Properties. Emollie nt. Order LXXXVII. Ficoideac. Calyx parted, free or adhering to the g-'rm. Petals inserted on the top ofthe calyx, sometimes adhering a lit- tle at the base. Stamens indefinite in number, inserted with the petals. Styles many. Capsule or drupe many- celled. Seed affixed to the inner angles of the cells. Cor- cle incurved and surrounding a farinaceous albumen. Leaves succulent. Generic names. Mesembryanthemum. Properties. Refrigerant and emollient. Order LXXXVIII. Onagrae. Calyx adhering to the germ, tubular, divided at the top. Petals generally 4, (rarely none) inserted on the top of the. calyx. Stamens inserted with the petals, equalling or double their number. Germs many ; style 1. Fruit many-celled, many-seeded ; seeds affixed to the top of th<- cells ; albumen wanting, corcle strait, ros- tel superior and longer than the cotyledons. Generic names. Circaea, Ludwigia, Isnardia, Gaura, Epilohium, Oenothera, Myrioplnllum, Serpicula. Ona- grainds, with sing's germs. Caliitriche, Hippuris. Properties. Tonics and aperients. Order LXXXIX. Mijrli. Calyx adhering to the germ, permanent, divided. Pet- als generally 5, inserted , or umbel-like : calyx of 2 unequal ltaves, or valves, 1-flovvered : corol 2-valved, or2-leaved, great- CLASS III. ORDER I. 59 cr than the calyx : seed 3-sided, (stamens and stigmas vary from 1 to 3., 3. 9—(false bog-rush.) Schoexus. Spikelets sub-convolute, acute ; scales heaped in fasicles, outer ones dry, shinning, empty : co- rol 0 : seed 1, roundish, naked ; style caducous. 3. 9. (bog-rush.) Khyncuospora. Scales of the calyx fascicled into a spike, lower ones empty : corol 0 : styles permanent at the base : bristles surrounding the base ofthe seed. 3. 9- Cvperus. Corol 0 : calyx scales imbricated 2-vvays : seed single, beardless : spikelets compressed. 3. 9. Mariscus. Flowers distinct, subimbricate in a few- flowered spike: calyx 2-valved, 3 to 8-flovvered : corols 1-vahed, the lower corol embracing the upper: style 3- cleft. 3. 9. Dclichium. Spikes sub-racemed, preceding from the axils of the leaves ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, sub- compressed : scales somewhat 2-ranked, closely embrac- ing : styles very long, 2-cleft: germ with small bristles rough backwards. 3. 9—(galingale.) Scirpus Glume chaffy, scales imbricated every way: style filiform, caducous : corol 0 : seed single, naked, or surrounded with hairs or bristles. 3. 9—(club rush.) Eriophorum. Glume chaffy, imbricated every way : corol o : seed beset round with very long dense woolly hairs. 3. 9—(cotton grass.) Trickophorum. Calyx, scales imbricated every way : seed beset with capillary bristles, which at length project out, and present a woolly or hairy appearance as the seed ripens ; always 6 in number : spikelets ova- tish. 3. -1—(ciump-head.) Fuirena. Scales of the calyx mucronate, every where imbricate in a spike: coiolo: seed beset round with broad chaff-like scales, sometimes awned. 3. 9. Limnetis. Calyx 2-valved, compressed, onefof them keeled and longer than the other : corol 2-valved : flow- ers in unilateral spikes, somewhat imbricated in 2 rows. 3. 9—(salt grass.) Cenciirus. Involucre divided, eclnnate, 3 or 4-tiovv- ered • glumes 2-valved, 2-flowered, one flower barren : corol ?-valved, awnless : style 2-cleft. 4. 10—(hedge- hog-gress.) * J uncus, Gallium, Oryzopsis, Q.uena. SO CLASS HI. ORDER 11. Order II. Digynia. The proper Grasses. A. Glume 1 -flowered. Oryzopsis. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : corol cori- aceous cvlindric-ovate, surrounded with hairs at the base ; vaives 2, outer one awned at the tip : seed with 2 linear appendages, or one 2-parted : styles often united in one with 2 diverging or reflexed stigmas. 4. 10— (mountain-rice.) Panicum. Calyx 3-valved, the third valve dorsal and very minute, with a second neutral floret : corcle 2-valv- cd, sub-membranous and permanent: inflorescence a pa- nicle. 4. 10—(cockfoot grass, panic-grass.) Pennisctum.* Calyx 2-valved, sometimes with a se- cond staminate or neutral floret : inflorescence a spike, with a manv -bristled involucre. 4. 10—(bristled panic.) DigitarYv. Calyx 2 or 3-valved, concave : the out- er one very small or none, the inmost one of the length of the corol : corol 2-valved, oblong-ovate, awnless : style very long ; spikes digitate, linear : flowers in pairs. 4. 10—(finger-grass.) Cynodon.j Calyx 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading : co- rol 2-valved, longer than the calyx ; the outer valve larger and somewhat oval : nectary truncate. Spikes di- gitate, flowers solitary. 4. 10—(dwarf finger-grass.) Paspalum. Cal>x 2-valved, valves roundish, of the form of the corol: flowers unilateral. 4. 10—(paspalon.) Aristida. Calyx 2-valved : corol l-valved^with 3 awns at the tip. 4. 10—(beard grass.) Stipa, Calyx 2-valved : corol 2-valved, shorter than the calyx ; valves involute truncate ; awn terminal, very long, caducous, twisted at the base. 4. 10—(feather- grass.) Alopecurus. Calyx 2-valved : corol l -valved, simple at the tip; sometimes awned at the base. 4. 10—(foxtail- grass.) Phalaris. Calyx 2-valved, valves keeled, nerved, equal in length, including the 2-valved pilose corol. 4. 10—(ribbon-grass, canary-grass.) * Panicum. 2d Ed. f Digitsria. 2d F.d CLASS III. ORDER II. 61 Hordeum. Calyx lateral, 2-valved, 1 or 2-flowered ; florets in threes, the middle one sessile, lateral ones of- ten barren : corol 2-valved, acute, outer valve awned. 4. 10—(barley.) Milium! Calyx 2-valved, 1 flowered, ventricose ; corol 2-valved, very short : stigmas villose. 4. 10—(mil- let.) Agrostis. Calyx 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves acute a little less than the corol : corol 2-valved : stigmas lon- gitudinally hispid or plumose, florets spreading. 4. 10— (redtop.) Saccharum. Calyx involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valved : corol 1 or 2-valved: stamens l to 3. 4,10—(sugar-cane.) Exotic. Andropogon. Calyx glume 2-valved : corol 3-valved : flowers in pairs ; one sessile perfect, the other peduncled staminate awnless—rarely neutral. 4. 10. (beard-grass.) Mlhlenbergia. Calyx 1 or 2-valved, very minute : corol 2-valved, base hairy, outer valve awned at the tip : seed l, oblong acuminate: flowerspanicled. 4. 10—(drop- seed grass.) Leersia. Calyx 0 : corol 2-valved, closed ; valves compressed, boatform, awnless, stamens I to 6. 4. 10— (cut-grass.) Trichodiu.m. Calyx 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute: keel with small spines ; corol i-valved, awnless, shorter than calyx : stigmas nearly sessile, sub-hispid. Panicled. ^10—(thin grass.) Phlkt m. Calyx hard, 2-valved, sessile, linear, trun- cate, bicuspidate: corol inclosed. 4. 10—(timothy-grass.) B. Glumes 2 or 3 flowered ; panicled. Aira. Calyx glossy, 2-valved, 2-flowered : corol 2- valved, awnless, or awned at the base. 4. 10—i hair- grass.) Uralepsis. Calyx scariose, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flower- ed : corol 2-valved, stiped ; outer valve with hairy nerves, much longer than the calyx and tricuspidate, with the middle cusp longest and terminated with an awn ; in- ner valve short and arched : seed arilled. Florets alter- nate and distinct, both flowers and culm purple. 4. 10— fpiizple hair-grass.^ " Holcus. Calyx glume 2-valved, opake, nerved : co- F 62 CLASS III. ORDER II. rol smaller than the calyx, 2-valved ; the outer one awn- ed under the tip ; nectary linear, 2-parted ; stigma sub- sessile. 4 10—(sweet seneca, or soft grass.) Hierochloa. Calyx valves membranaceous, almost of the length ofthe florets ; in staminate ones which are lateral, corol 2-valved, lower one mucronate, upper one bifid-toothed ; the intermediate perfect ones often have but 2 stamens : nectaries sub-orbiculate : germ beaked. 4. 10. Anthopogon. Calyx with 2 rigid, subulate, unequal valves, 2-flowered; one flower barren, consisting of a minute pedicelled valve terminating in an awn : the fer- tile flower 2-valved, outer valve with a long strait awn : panicle composed of setaceous spikes. 4. 10. C. Glumes 9,-flowered or more ,* close-spiked. Elymus. General calyx involucre-like, generally 4- leaved, with spikelets in pairs ; partial calyx lateral, 2- valved, many-flowered. 4. 10—(lime grass, wild rye.) Melica- Calyx 2-valved, unequal, coloured, obtuse : corol smaller, 2-valved, ventricose ; it has the rudiment of a third flower. 4. 10—(melic-grass.) Eleusine. Calyx awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, many-flow ered : inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike: corol 2-valved, awnless. 4. 10—(dog-tail-grass.) Secale. Calyx 2 valved, 2 or many-flowered, oppo- site, solitary : glumes linear-lanceolate, smooth or chan- nelled both sides. 4. 10—(rye.) Exotic. Triticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered, alter- nate ; florets obtusish and pointed : glumes beartlless or interruptedly bearded : spikelets shortish. 4. 10—(wheat.) Lolium. Calyx 1 -leafed, permanent, many-flowered : florets in a2-rowed simple spike. 4. 10—(darnel-grass.) Athekopogon. Calyx 1-valved, 2-flowered, and an inner bristleform valve : corol 2-valved, with the outer valve 3, and the inner valve 2-toothed or awned. Gene- rally a neutral 1-valved corol. 4. 10—(hairy-beard.) D. Glumes many-Jlowered ; in panicles. Uniola. Spikelets flat. 2 edged, ovate : calyx 3 to 5- glumed : corol 2-valved, awnless. inner one smallest- stamens 1 to 3 : appendages 2, somewhat 2-horned. 4. 10—(sea-rush-grass.) CLASS III. ORDER III G3 Briza. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered: spikelets of the panicle 2-ranked : valvelets inflated, heart-form, ob- tuse ; inner one minute. 4. 10—i quake-grass.) Sorghum. Florets in pairs ; one perfect with a 3- valved corol, and sessile, the o^her .staminate or neutral and pedicelled. 4. 10—f broom-corn. 1 Exotic. Dictylis. Calyx 2-valve:!, keeled, compressed, somewhat awned, one valve smaller •. corol 2-valved, awnless, compressed, carinate : style long : panicles strait; spikelets imbricate with lateral florets. 4. 10 — (orchard-grass.) Poa. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered : corol ovate ; valve 2-coloured, acutish, scarious at their margi is ; spikelets ofthe panicle ovate, awnless. 4 10—(meadow- grass, blue-grass.) Windsoria. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, 1-nerved, scari- ose, acute or cuspidate : corols 2-valved ; outer valves having nerves with inucronate points, teeth between the points, and ciliate below ; inner valves mostly naked, emarginate. Flowers closely imbricated 2-ways in a thick spike 4. 10 Danthonia- Calyx 2-valved, longer than the includ- ed spikelet : corol 2-valved, outer one split at the tip, with a twisted awn on the back. 4. 10—'wild oats.) Festuca. Calyx 2-valved, many -flowered ; spikelets compressed-teretish, or diverging when mature ; awn- less or furnished with a terminal awn : seed growing to the corol. 4. 10—(fescue-grass.) Bromus. Calyx 2-valved ; spikelets terete-2-ranked ; corol, outer valves awned below the tip ; inner valve pectinate-ciliate. 4. 10—(chess, broom-grass.) Avena. Calyx 2-valved, 2, '>, or many-flowered : co- rol, valves with a twisted awn on the back : glumes mem- branaceous and somewhat follicle-like. 4. 10—(oats.) Arundo. Calyx 2-valved, one or many flowered, gla- brous : florets heaped together : corol surrounded with wool. 4. 10—(reed.) # Stellaria. Order III. Trigynia. Lechea. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, linear : stigmas 3, plumose: capsule 3-cellcd, 3-valved, with 3 inner val- velets : seed l. 22. 82—(pinweed.) fr* CLASS IV. ORDER 1. Molivgo. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior: coloured inside : corol o: capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 22. 82—(carpet-weed.) Queria. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, segments ob- long, inferior : capsule 1-celled: seed 1. Stigmas sub- capitate : corol 0. The capsule is bladder-like and the seed somewhat reniform. 22. 82—(fork chickweed.) Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted superior : corol 0 : nut 3-sided, 5-celled, crowned by the calyx. 15. 22fc~ (mermaid-weed.) * Zanthoxylon, Stellaria, Eriocaulon. CLASS IV. TETRANDR1A. Order I. Monogynia. . A. Flowers l-petatled, inferior, calyx 4-cleft. Spermacoce. Calyx 4-toothed : corol funnel-form, 4 -ft: seeds 2,2-toothed. 48. 57. Plantago. Corol 4-cleft reflexed ; capsule 2-celled, opening transversely : stamens exsert very long. 54. 31 ■—piantain, ribwort.) ' Lycium. Corol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the filaments : stamens often 5 : berry 2- ct'ljed, many-seeded. 28. 41—(matrimony.) Frasera. Corol 4-parted, spreading;' segments with bearded glands in the middle : capsule compressed, sub- D'Vtrgmed, 2-valved: seeds few, imbricated. 20. 46__(ny- r." mid flower.) Bartonia. Corol 4-cleft or 4-parted, bell-form, per- manent : stigma thick, glandulous sub-bifid : capsule 1- celled, 2-\ai\ed, many -seeded 20. 46.—(screw-stem.) Houstonia. Calyx half-superior : corol salver-form : capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. 47. 57—(Venus' pride.) B. Floxvers 1-petalled, superior. Mitchella. Calyx 4-toothed : corols 2 on each germ, tuoular : berry double, 4-seeded : stigmas 4. 48. 37—(partridge-berry, checker-berry.) Cephalanthus. Inflorescence in a head : general calyx none : proper calyx superior : corol fuimefform receptacle globular, hairy : capsules 2 to S"partibK : seed solitary, oblong. 48. 57-(button-bush.) * ' Linnaea. Calyx double ; that of the fruit 2-leaved, CLASS IV. ORDER II. 65 inferior : that ofthe flower 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5- lobed : stamens somewhat didynamous : berry 3-celled, dry. 48. 58—(twin-flower.) Hedyotis.* Calyx 4-toothed : corol funnel-form j capsule 2-celled, many-seeded ; receptacle adnate to the partition. 13. 84. Rubia. Calyx 4-toothed: corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form : berries 2, one-seeded, (stamens 4-5 ; leaves stellate.) 47-. 57—(madder.) Exotic. Scabiosa. Common calyx many-leaved; proper one double, superior : receptacle chaffy or naked. (Flow- ers aggregate.) 47. 56—(scabious.) Exotic. GaliuxM. Calyx 4-toothed : corol flat : fruit dry: seeds 2, roundish : (leaves stellate.) 47. 57—(bedstraw.) Dipsacus. Common calyx many-leaved ; proper calyx 1-leaved superior : receptacle chaffy : seed 1, crowned: inflorescence an ovate head. 48. 56—(teasel.) C. Flowers 4-petalled, inferior. Ammannia. Calyx tubular, plaited, 8-toothed : pet- als 4, or none, on the calyx : capsule 4-celled—(some- times 2-celled and 8-stamened.) 17. 91—(tooth-cup.) D. Flowers 4-petalled, superior. Cornus. Calyx 4-toothed : drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some species have a 4-leaved involucre. 45. 58—n (dogwood, false box.) Ludwigia. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, per- manent: capsule 4-cornered, 4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded—(petals sometimes wanting.) 17. 8$ —(seed-box.) E. Flowers not complete. IcTODEsf General calyx a spathe : perianth o ■: spad- ix simple, covered with flowers : corol 4-petalled or deep* ly 4-parted, permanent, becoming thick and spongy i berries globose, 2-seeded, inclosed in the spongy spadis receptacle. 2. 7—(skunk-cabbage.) IsxVardia. Calyx beli-form, 4-parted, superior : corol o : capsule 4-celled, 4 cornered, maay-seedud, sur^ rounded by the calyx. 17. 88—(water-purslane.) * Convallaria, Cardamine, Prinos. - Oldenlandi i, 2d Ed. f Tothos, 2d Ed. . F a 66 CLASS V. ORDER I. ORDRR II. DlGYNIA. Sanguisorba. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved, bract-like : corol superior, 4 parted : capsule between the calyx and corol. Flowers in spikes or oblong heads. 54. 92—(bur- net saxifrage.) Haviamelis. Involucre 3-leaved : perianth 4-leaved, 4-clett : petals 4, very long, linear: nut 2-celled, 2-horn- ed. 54. 78—(witch hazel.) Flowers in autumn, and per- fects its seed the following spring. * Cuscuta, Swertia, Oluenlandia, Gentiana. Order IV. Tetragynia. Ilex. Calyx minute, 5-toothed ; corol 4-parted, wheel- form ; style o ; berry 4-celled, cells 1-seeded. 43. 95— (holly.) Ruppia. Calyx o : corol o : seeds 4, pedicelled. Sagina. Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 often caducous ; capsules 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. 22. 82—(pearl- wort.) Tillaea. Calyx 3 or 4-parted : petals 3 or 4, equal: capsules 3 or 4, two or many-seeded. 13. 83—(pigmy- weed.) Potamoghton. Calyx 4-leaved : petals o : style o : seeds 4. 15. 13—(pond-weed) CLASS V. PENTANDRIA, Order I. Monogynia. A. Flowers 1-petalled, inferior ; having 4 naked seeds. Rough-leaved plants. Pulmonaria. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled : corol fun- nel-form, with an open throat: stigma emarginate: seeds roundish, obtuse. 41. 42—(lung-wort.) Lithospermum. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, with an open throat: stigma 2-cleft: seeds ovate, pointed, stony : stamens and pistils inclosed. 41. 42—(stone-seed or gromwell.) v SyNi°^0SSU^" CaI^x 5-Parted : corol funnel-form, vaulted, throat closed by 5 converging convex processes: seeds depressed, affixed laterally to the style. 41. 42— (hound-tongue.) Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft: corol salver-form, with a strait tube longer than the calyx; having a beard. CLASS V. ORDER I. 67 ed ring within at the base ; throat naked, or partly clo- sed, with rounded divisions: seeds hard and shining. 41. 42—(false bugloss.) Anchusa. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, vaul- ted, throat closed : seeds marked at the base, and their surface generally veined. 41. 42—(bugloss.) Exotic. Myosotis. Calyx half 5-cleft : corol salver-form, curved, 5-cleft, vaulted, the lobes slightly emarginate ; throat closed with 5 convex converging scales : seeds smooth or echinate. 41. 42—(scorpion-grass) Heliotropium. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : corol salver-form, 5-cleft, with teeth or folds between the divi- sions ; throat open. (Spikes recurved, involute.) 41. 42 —(turnsok) Onosmodium. Calyx deeply 5-parted : corol oblong, somewhat bell-form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper part of. the corol being ventricose and half 5- cleft, throat open : anthers sessile enclosed : styles ex- sert. (Spikes revolute.) 41. 42—(false gromwell.) Borago. Corol wheel-form, the throat closed with rays. 41-42—(borage.) Exotic. Symphitum. Limb, or upper part ofthe corol, tubu- lar-swelling, the throat closed with subulate rays. 41. 42 —(comfrey.) Echium. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, obliquely and unequally 5-lobed, tube short, throat naked : stigma cleft. 41. 42—(viper,s bugloss.) B. Flowers l -petalled, inferior: seeds covered : calyx generally 5-parted or 5-toothed. CCapsules I-celled. J Hydrophyllum. Corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with 5 lon- gitudinal honey-bearing groves inside : capsule globose, 2-valved : stamens exsert, filaments bearded in the mid- dle : stigma 2-cleft. 41. 42—(water leaf, hurr-flowcr.) Sabbatia.* Calyx 5 to 12-parted: corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted : stigmas 2, spiral or coiled : anthers be- coming revolute : capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. 20.46 —(centaury.) Anagallis. Corol wheel-form, deeply 5-parted: cap- sule opening transversely : stamens hairy. 20. 34— (scarlet pimpernel.) * Chironia, 2d Ed. 68 CLASS V. ORDER I. Lysimachia. Corol wheel-form : capsule globular, 5 or 10-valved, mucronate : stigma obtuse. (In some species the filaments are united at the base.) 20. 34— (loose-strife.) Dodecatheon. Corol wheel-form, reftexed capsule oblong: stamens on the inside of the tube: stigma ob- tuse. 20. 34—(false-cowslip.) Menyanthes. Corol hairy, funnel-form : capsule ovate : stigma 2-cleft. 21. 46—(buck bean.) Villarsia. Capsule f -celled, valveless : corol wheel- form ; divisions bearded at the base, margin inflexed. 21. 46—(spur-stem, heart water-shield.) Primula. Umbellets involucred : tube of corol cy- lindric, throat open, divisions of corol emarginate : cap- sule 1-celled with a 10-cleft mouth : stigma globular. 21. 34—(primrose, cowslip.) - Hottonia. Corol salver-form : stamens on the tube ofthe corol : stigma globular : capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate. 21. 34—(feather-leaf.) CCapsules 2-celled.J Spigelia. Corol funnel-form, border equally 5-cleft: anthers converging : twin capsules 4-valved, 2-celled ; stigma simple: seeds many. 47. 46—(pink-root.) Convolvulus. Corol funnel-form, plaited : stigma 2- cleft or double : cells of the capsule 2 or 3 ; each 2-seed- ed. 29. 43—(bindweed.) Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous: corol funnel-form, plaited; capsule 4-valvcd, 2-celled, and each cell halt-divided; generally thorny. 28. 41—(thorn- apple.) v Nicotiana. Calyx urceolate: corol funnel-form, limb plaited : stigma notched : stamens inclined : capsules 2- celled, 2 to 4-valved. 28. 41—(tobacco.) Exotic. Verbascum. Corol wheel-form, 5-iobed, somewhat irregular: stamens declined, hairy: capsules 2-celled, ^'^[-(mune'in8)11 eXed' when riPened : ma»y seeded! Atropa. Corol bell-form : stamens distant: berry glotmlar, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx. 28, 41—(deadly nightshade.) . Exotic. ^ J Phacelia Corol somewhat bell-form, 3-rleftrwith 5 longitudinal honey-bearing grooves inside: styles filiform', CLASS V. ORDER I. &> stigmas 2 : stamens exsert: capsule 2-celled, 3-valved, 4-seedecT. 28 41. Hyoscyamus. Calyx tubular : corol funnel-form, obtuse, irregidar : stamens inclined : capsule 2-celled, covered with a lid. 2s. 41—(henbane ) Exotic. (Capsules 3-celled.J Diapensia. Calyx imbricated with leafets : corol salver-form ; limb flat, 5-cleft: stamens crowning the tube of the corol : stigmas 3 : capsule 3 valved, many seed- ed. 21. 43—(mountain box-) Phlox. Calyx prismatic : corol salver-form ; with a tube somewhat curved : filaments unequal in length : stigmas 3-< left : capsule l-seeded. 20. 44—(lichnedia.) Polemovium. Calyx half 5-cleft : corol wheel-form, ^-parted : stamens on 5 valves closing the bottom of the tube : stigma 3 cleft 29. 44—(Greek-valerian, false Ja- cob's ladder.) Ipomoea. Corol funnel or bell-form, with 5 folds : stigma globe headed, papillose : capsule 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. 29. 43—(cypress vine, morning glory.) CCupsules 5-celled.J Azalev. Corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat ob- lique ; stamens on the receptacle, declined ; stigma de- clined, obtuse, usually ending with 5 short papillae. 18. 50—(wild honey-suckle.) Vinca. Corol salver form, twisted, border 5-cleft, with oblique divisions ; throat 5-angled ; seed naked, oblong : follicles 2, erect, terete, narrow. 30. 47—(peri- winkle ) CBerry 2-celled, juicy or dry.J Solanum. Calyx permanent : corol bell or wheel- form, 5-lobed, plaited : anthers thickened, partly united, witii two pores at the top : berry containing many seeds. 28. 41—(potatoe, nightshade, bitter-sweet.) Physalis. Corol bell or wheel-form, tube with 5 con- cave impressions : anthers converging ; berries contain- ed in an inflated calyx : seeds numerous. 28. 41—(win- ter cherry.) Capsicum. Corol wheel-form : berry juiceless, infla- ted : anthers converging: calyx angular. 28. 41—(red pepper.) Exotic. 70 GLASS V. ORDER I. C. Flowers l-petailed superior : calyx 5-cleft. CStems woody.J Lonicera. Corol tubular, 5-cleft, unequal: berry 2 or 3-celled: seeds many 48, 58—(trumpet honey-suckle.) Xylosteum. Corol tubular, border 5-parted, nearly equal: berries in pairs, united at their bases or combined in one; 2-celled. 48. 58—(fly honey-suckle, twin-berry.) Symphoria. Calyx small, 4-toothed, bracted at the base : corol tubular, short, 5-cleft, sub-equal : stigma globose : berry ovate, small, crowned with the perma- nent calyx, 4-celled : 4-seeded. (Sometimes two of the cells are abortive ) 48. 58. Diervilla. Calyx oblong with 2bracts : corol twice as long as calvx, funnel-form, border 5-cleft, spreading: capsule oblong, 4-celled, many seeded. 48. 58—(bush honey-suckle.) CStems not woody. J Campanula. Corol bell-form, closed at the bottom by valves bearing the stamens : stigma 3 to 5-cleft : cap- sule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral pores. 29. 52—(bell. flower.) Lobelia. Corol irregular, often irregularly slitfed : anthers cohering and somewhat curved : stigma 2-lobed: capsule 2 or 3-celled. 29. 52—(cardinal flower, wild to- bacco.) Mirabilis. Corol funnel-form, coarctate below: calyx inferior: germ between the calyx and corol : stig- ma globular. 54. 32—(four o'clock.) Exotic. Triosteum. Calyx permanent, of the length of the corol: corol tubular, 5-lobed : stigma capitate, sub-5- lobed : berry 3-celled, 3-seeded. 48. 53—(feverwort, horse ginseng.) Samolus. Calyx half-superior, permanent : corol salver-form, 5-Iobed,with 5 intermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them : capsule I-celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded. 21. 34—(brookweed.) D. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. (Stems woody.J Rhamnus. Calyx cup-form, 4 or 5-cleft; corol con- sists ot scales fencing in the stamens and inserted on the GLASS V. ORDER I. 71 calyx (sometimes wanting:) stigma either simple, 2 or 4-cleft ; berry 3 or 4-seeded ; (sometimes polygamous or dioecious.) 43. 95—(buck-thorn, dwarf-alder.) Ceanothus. Petals scale-like, vaulted, claws long, standing in the cup-form calyx: stigmas 3 : berry or capsule dry, 3-grained. 43. 95—(New-Jersey tea.) Celastrus. Calyx flat: corol spreading : capsule 3- angled, 3-celled, berry-like : stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk : style thick, stigma 3-cleft: seeds calyptred. 43. 95—(staff tree, false bittersweet.) Euonymus. Calyx 5-parted, flat : corol flat inserted on the outer margin of a glandular disk : capsule 5 -an- gled, 5-celled, 5-valved, coloured : seeds calyptred. 43. 95—(spindle tree) Vitis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals cohering at the tip, fiood-like, withering : style o, stigma capitate: berry 5- seeded, globular. (Often dioecious.) 46. 72—(grape Vine.) , , « i Ampelopsis. Calyx 5-toothed : petals reflexed, spreading : germs surrounded with a glandular disk : berry 2-celled, 2 to 4-seedcd. 46. 72—(false grape, creeper.) ■ , ,. Itea. Calyx 5 cleft, bearing the 4 long linear reflex- ed petals : stigma capitate, 2-lobed : capsule 2-valved, many-seeded ; the valves bearing the seeds and having inflexed margins. 18. 50. CStems not woody.) Gomphrena- Calyx 5-leaved coloured ; exterior one 3-leaved ; two leafets converging, keeled : petals 5, vil- lose (or rather no corol) nectary cylindric, 5-toothed : capsule opening transversely, 1-seeded : style semibi- fid—(bachelor's buttons.) Exotic. Impatiens. Calyx 2-leaved : corol irregular, spurr- ed : anthers cohering : capsule elastic, 5-valved. 24. 73 __(jewel weed, touch-me-not, or balsam weed.) Viola. Calyx 5-leavcd : corol irregular, with a horn behind (sometimes the horn is wanting:) anthers attach- ed by a membranous tip : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved. 29. 80—(violet.) Claytoniv. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, the leaves valve-like : stigma 3-clefJ : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3- sceded. 13. 80—(spring beauty.) Dkosera. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent: petals marces- 72, CLASS V. ORDER II. cent: style 1, deeply divided ; stigmas 3 to 5 : capsulo round, 1-celled, many-seemd, valves equalling the num- ber of stigmas. 14. 68—(sundew.) The.leaves of all the species are beset with glandular hairs resembling dew. E. Flowers 5-petalled, superior. Ribes. Corol and stamens inserted on the calyx : style 2-cleft : berry many-seeded. 36. 85—(currant, goose- berry.) Hedera. Petals oblong : berry 5-sceded, surround- ed by the calyx : style simple. 46. 58—(European ivy.) Exotic. F. Corols wanting. Glaux. Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, coloured : capsule 1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx : re* ceptacle rounded and punctured. 17. 91—(sea-milk wort.) Thesium. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft with petal- like edging attached to its margin : anthers adhering to the edging by means of filamentous tufts: nut or capsule 1-seeded, covered with the permanent calyx. 31. -24.— (false toad-flax.) * Queria, Lycium, Rubia. Order II. Digynia. A. Follicles 2 .- corol i-petalled, with afve-parted border. Nerium. Calyx 5-parted. small, permanent ; coro funnel-form ; throat with a lacerated crown : follicles converging, long, acuminate—(oleander.) Exotic. Periploca. Nectary pitcher-form, 5-cieit, putting out 5 threads, surrounding the stamens : corol wheel-form : stigma capitate, 5-cono red. 30. 47—(milk vine.) Apocynum. Corol bell-form : stamens, with conver- ging anthers, adhering to the stigma, alternating with 5 nectaries : stigma thick, almost sessile ; follicles long-lin- ear. 30. 47—(dog-bane, Indian hemp.) B. Capsules 1 or 2-celled, 2-valvcd : corol 1 -petalled : calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted. Swertia. Calyx 4 or 5-parted : corol wheel-form, with nectariferous pores at the base of the divisions : germ tapering to a point, terminating in 2 stigmas : capsflc t- .cclled. 20. 46—(false gentian.) A CLASS V. ORDER II. 73 Gentiana. Corol with a tubular base, bell-form, without pores : capsule 1-celled, oblong : columellas 2, longitudinal. 20. 46—(gentian.) Ccscuta. Corol 4 or 5-cleft : capsule 2-^^ Impekatoria. Seeds 3-ribbed, and having winged margins; germ roundish-oval, emarginate base : general involucre none. 45. 60—(inasterwort.) Heracleum. Seeds with winged margins and three grooves on their outer sides, with the intervals dotted half way down ; joining sides flat, with 2 dots ; germ oval, emarginate at the apex : petals emarginate, inflexed: partial involucre 3 to 7-leaved. 45. 60—(cow-parsley.) Angelica. Seeds with 3 ribs on their backs and win- ged margins ; intervals between the ribs grooved : germ oval, corticate : general involucre none. 45. 60—(ange- lica.) a Thaspium. Seeds convex, with 5 wing-like ridces • wings nearly equal with grooved intervals betvvcen them : germ somewhat oval : general involucre none : partial ones about 3-leaved, one-sided in most. 45. 60— (false parsnip.) Pastinaca. Seeds emarginate at the apex, somewhat winged, ribs 3 besides the wings, intervals striate, ioin- me sides 2-striate : germ oval, compressed : perianth calyx entire : petals entire, incurved, sub-equal involu- cres none. 45. 60—(parsnip.) l CLASS V. ORDER II. 75 Anethum. Seeds flat or convex, 5-ribbed: germ len- ticular, compressed : calyx and petals entire : involucres none. 45. 60—(fennel, dill.) Exotic. CSeeds with 3 nearly equal ribs.J Hydrocotyle. Seed 3-ribbed, flat, dorsal rib some- times obsolete ; joining sides flat, linear : germ sub-or- bicular or reniform, compressed laterally ; styles short, stigmas capitate : perianth none : petalscntirc, spread- ing : involucres various. 45. 60—(pennywort.) Crantzia. Seeds unequal in size, each with 3 mar- ginated dorsal ribs, and 4 obtuse-angled grooves ; joining sides excavated : germ sub-globose ; styles minute ; stigmas obtuse : perianth none : petals entire, roundish, obtuse : umbel simple : involucre about 5-leaved. 45. 60. Erigenia. Seeds convex-gibbous, 3-striate, joining sides narrow, flat: germ oval,*somewhat compressed lat- erally ; styles permanent, subulate, very long : perianth none : petals obovate, entire, spreading : general involu- cre none. 45. 60. Smyrnium. Seeds convex-gibbous, marked with 3 angular elevations : germ roundish and solid, somewhat compressed laterally : perianth obsolete : petals acumin- ate, incurved. 45. 60—(alexanders.) Carum. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate : petals carinate, emarginate, inflexed: involucre about 1-leaved. 45.60 ■—(caraway.) Exotic. Oenanthe. Seeds 3-ribbed (rarely 5-ribbed); styles permanent : germ oblong-ovate, corticate, solid, apex denticulate : perianth slenderly 5-toothed : petals ofthe disk florets of the umbel cordate-inflexed, sub-equal; those ofthe ray florets large and deformed : general involucre mostly wanting. 45. 60—(water dropwort) (Seeds with 5 ribs or none. J Conium. Seeds 5-ribbed : ribs at first crenate with flat intervals between them : germ ovate, gibbous : peri- anth entire : petals unequal, cordate-inflexed: general involucre about 3 to 5-leaved ; partial ones mostly 3- leaved, unilateral. 45. 60—(poison hemlock ) Sium. Seeds ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed with 4 intervening grooves: germ oblong-ovate, glabrous, com- pressed laterally : perianth obsolete: petals cordate-in- flexed: involucres many-leaved. 45. 60—(water parsnip.) 76 CLASS V. ORDER TIL Cicuta. Seeds gibbous-convex : ribs 5, obtuse, con- verging, with 4 intervening tuberculate grooves; joining sides flat : germ sub-globose, corticate, compressed late- rally : calyx obsolete, 5-toothed : petals cordate-inflexed:-' partial involucres 5 or 6-leaved 45. 60—(water hemlock.) Ammi. Seeds 5 ribbed ; ribs obtuse with convex in- tervals : germ small, round-oblong, glabrous, corticate : peiianth entire : petals cordate-inflexed ; equal in the disk florets of the umbel, unequal in the ray : involucre pinnatifn . 45.60—(bishops weed.) >m Myrrhis. Seeds with acutish ribs : germ sublinear,^M solid ; apex attenuated or crowned with the style : gene- ral involucre wanting. 4.i.60—(morksanidc, honewort.) Chaerophyllum- Seeds without ribs, joining sides furrowed : germ lin* at-oblong, f> -rete, gh.brotis : general involucre wanting. 45,'0—(chervil.) Ligustjcum. Seeds with 5 acute ribs av.c 4 grooves : germ oblong, corticate : general and partial involucres niaijv -leaved. 45. 60—ilovage.) Apium. Seeds convex externally; ribs 5, small, a little prominent: germ sub-globose: perianth entire: pet- als equal, roundish, inflexed at the apex : involucre 1 to 3-leaved or wanting. 4.'\ 6Q—(celery, parsley.) Exotic. Coriandrum. Seeds sub-spherical: germ spherical: perianth 5-toothed : petals cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest : involucre 1-leaved, or wanting. 45. 60—(cori- ander.) Exotic. * Polygonum, Scleranthus. [Asrlepais and Cynanchum, are usually placed here ; but they ;;re carried to the 19th class on the au-hority c* Lr. Smith.} Okdf.r 111. Trigynia. A. I'orols superior, 5-r>/7. Vibukncm. Calyx 5-parted : rorol bell-form : berry or drupe, i-seeded. 43. 58—(snowball, sheep-berry, iiitrb cranberry.) ° Sambccj-s. Calyx 5-parted : corol sub-urceolate : ber- ry 3-seedcd. 4S. 58—(elder.) B. Corols inferior, 5-petailed. Staphylka. Calyx 5-parted : capsules inflated, eon- nnu : lints glcbular, havoig a cicatrice. 23. 95—(hlad- ocr nut.) v CLASS VI. ORDER I. 77 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted : berry 1-seeded. 43. 94—> (sumach, poison ivy.) Sarothra. Calyx 5-parted : petals linear: capsule 1- cellcd, 3-valved, coloured 20. 82—(pine weed.) * Euphorbia, Panax, Queria. Order IV. Tetragynia. Parnassia. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-petalled : nec- taries 5, with stamen-like divisions, globular tip-. : cap- side 4-valved, 2-celled : seed membranaceous-margined. 14. 64—(parnassus-grass, false plantain.) Order V. Pentagynia. Aralia. Umbellets involucred : perianth 5-toothed, superior : petals 5 : berry crowned, "5-celled ; cells 1- seeded. 46, 59—(spikenard, wild sarsaparella.) Linum. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted : corol 5-petall- ed inferior: capsule 5 or 10-valved, 10 celled : seeds soli- tary : filaments thickening at the base. 14. 73—(flax.) Statice. Calyx 1-leaved, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior : corol 5-petalled : seed I. 48. 33—(marsh-rose- mary. ) '*• Spergula, Ceratium. Order XIII. Polygynia. Zanthoriiiza. Calyx o : petals s : nectaries 5, pe- dicelled : capsules 1-seeded, about 5 iu number. 26. 61-- (yellow-root.) CLASS VI. IIEXANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. A. Flower with a perianth and corol, wif/ionf. a spa'he. Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-icaved : corol 3- pelaiied : filaments with jointed beards : cap.->u!ef; 3-cel- )cd. 6. 13—(spiderwort., BiatKERRis. Calyx inferior, 6-leaved : petals 6. w -Ah 2 glands at the claw of each : style o : berry 1 -celled, 2 or 4-seeded. (Stigma umbilirate : stamens spring tip on being irritated.) 54. 78—(barberry.) C ATj-LOi-ii YJiLfM. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6-le.i ved : petal* 6, oo;)osl : berry 3-celled, mui- ny-seeded. 11. 12—(false wake robin.) Triglochiv. Calyx 3-leavcd, inferior ; corol 3-pct- alled, resembling the calyx : (or a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner leaves) stamens °> or 6 : styles o : stig- mas 3 or 6, hairy : capsules 3 or 6, united above and se< parate at their bases. 5. 13—(arrow-grass.) 82 CLASS VIII. ORDER I. Rumex. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3. converging : slig- mas many-cleft : seed 1, naked, three-sided. 12. 23— (dock, field sorrel.) Order XIII. Polygyria. Alisma. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3 : capsules nume- rous, 1-seeded. 5 13—(water-plantain.) CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. Trientalts. Calyx 7-leaved : corol 7-parted, equal, flat : berry juiceless : 1-celled, many seeded : number of stamens variable. 20, "4—(chick-wintergreen.) ^Esculu-. Calyx inflated, 4 or 5-toothed : corol 4 or 5-petalled, inserted on the calvx. unequal, pubescent: capsule 3-celled: seeds large, chesnut-form. 23. 66— (horse-chesnut.) Southern states. Order IV. Tetragynta. Saururus. Calyx an ament with 1 flowered scales: corol o •• germs 4 : berries or capsules 4, l-seeded : sta- mens 6, 7. 8 or more. 2 6—(lizard-tail.) * Polygonum orientale. CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. A. Flowers superior. Oxycoccus. Calyx superior 4 toothed : corol 4-par- ted. the divisions nearly linear, revolute : filaments con- verging, anthers tubular, 2-parted : berry many-seeded. 18. 51—(cranberry.) Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled, as- cending towards the upper side ; nut 4-cornered, 1-seed- ed. 17. 88—(Virginian loosestrife.) Epilobicm. Calyx 4 cleft, tubular: corol 4-petalled: capsule oblong and of great length : seeds feathered. 17. 88—(willow herb.) Fuchsia. Calyx funnel-form, coloured, superior, ca- ducous : petals (or nectaries) 4, sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with its divisions ; stigma-4-sid- CLASS VIII. ORDER II. 83 ed-cepitate : berry oblong, 4-cclled : seeds numerous. 17. 88—(ear-drop) Exotic. Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous, divis- ions deflected ; petals -i. inserted on the calyx : stigma 4-cleft ; capsule 4-cclled, 4-valved : seeds not feathered. 17. 88—(scabish, or tree-primrose.) B. Flowers inferior. Riiexia. Calyx pitcher-form, * or 5-cleft: petals 4, oblique, inserted'on the calyx : anthers declined : cap- sule 4-celled, within the calyx, setose : seeds numerous, cochleate. 17. 90—(deer-grass.) Acer. Polygamous. Sometimes hexandrous. Calyx 5-cleft: corol + or 5 petalled, or wanting: samaras 2, united at the base, 1 seeded. 23. 66—(maple.) Jefeersonia. Calyx 5-leaved, coloured, caducous : corol 8-petalled : capsuleobovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, de- hiscent below: seeds many, oblong, arilled at the base —(twin-leaf.) Menziesia. Calyx monophyllus: corol monopeta- lous, ovate : filaments inserted on the receptacle: cap- sule 4-celled, the partitions from the inflexed margins of the valves: seeds many, oblong. 18 50. Erica. Calyx i-leaved, permanent: corol 4-cleft, permanent: filaments inserted on the receptacle: anthers bifid: capsules membranaceous, i to 8-celled,the parti- tions from the margins of the valves : seeds many in each cell. 18. 51—(heath.) Exotic. Dirca. Calyx o : corol tubular, limb obsolete, une- qual ; stamens longer than the tube of the corol : style filiform: berry or drupe 1-seeded. (The corol maybe taken for a coloured calyx.) 31 25—(leather-wood.) Daphne. Calyx o : corol 4-cleft, withering, includ- ing the stamens: drupe 1-seeded. 31. 25—(mezereon.) Exotic ) Tropoeolum. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, spurred: petals 4 or 5, unequal : nuts leathery, silicate. 23. 73— (nasturtium) Exotic. Order II. Dyginia. Chrysosplemum. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, col- oured : corol o capsule 2-beaked, 1-celled, many-seed- ed. (The terminal flowers in the European specimens are decandrous.) 13. 84—{golden saxifrage, water-car- pet.) B4 CLASS X. ORDER *• Order III. Trigynia. Polygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, coloured : co- rol o: seed 1, angular, covered with the calyx.—Sta- mens and pistils vary in number.—The calyx in some J species might be taken for a corol.) 12. 28—(knot-grass, M water-pepper, buckwheat, hearts-ease.) 1 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted : corol o : nectaries 3, each a two-bristled gland, surrounding the germ : drupe 1-seeded. (Stamens vary from 3 to 14—often dioecious The calyx may be taken for a corol.) 12. 27—(sassafras, spice-bush.) Order III. Trigyma. Rheum. Calyx none : corol 6-cleft, permanent : seed 1, 3-sided. 12. 28—(rhubarb.) Exotic. CLASS X. DECANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. A. Flowers with a calyx and many-petalled, irregular. Baptisia.* Calyx 4 or 5-cleft half way, (sometimes 4- toothed) somewhat 2-lipped : corol papilionaceous, wings ofthe length ofthe banner : stamens caducous : legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded. 3C. 93—(wild indigo.) Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below : corol pa- pilionaceous, wings longer than the banner, keel 2-pet- ailed : legume compressed : seed-bearing suture margin- ed : seeds obovate. 3 :■. -»3—(judas-tree.) Cassia. Calyx 5 leaved :' corol 5-petalled : panthers, 3 lower ones beaked, and on luiger incurved filaments ; legume membranaceous. -3. y3—(cassia.) Rhodora. Calv-x5 toothed, corol 3-petalled ; or 2-pet- al'ed, with the upper one deeply parted : stamens declin- ed : capsule 5-celIed. 18. 50—(rhodora.) B. Flowers with a calyx and 5-pelailed, regular. Clethrv. Calyx 5-parted, permanent: style per- manent : stigma 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 3-valvcd, en- * Podaiyria. 2d. I'd CLASS X. ORDER I. 85 closed by the calyx. (Spiked.) 18. 51—(sweet pepper- bush.) Pyrola. Calyx 5-parted : anthers with 2 pores at the base before, and at the top, after titR opening of the flow- er : style exsert : capsule -> celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base. 18. 51—(shin leaf.) Chim aphila. Calyx 5 parted : anthers with 2 pores at the base before, and at the top after, the opening ofthe flower : stigma sessile, thick, orbiculate ; style immers- ed in the germ : capsules 5-celled, dehiscent at the an- gles near the summit. 18. 51—(prince's pine, pipsissi- wa.)* Ruta. Calyx 5-parted : petals concave : receptacle surrounded by 10 nectariferous dots : capsule lohed. (Petals sometimes ', and stamens 8.) 26. 81—(rue.) Ex- otic. Melia. Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 : nectary cylin- dric, 10 toothed, bearing the anthers in the throat: style cylindric ; stigma 5-rayed : drupe with a 5-celled nut. 4, 71—(bead tree.) Southern states. Dionaea. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted : stigma fring- ed : apsule 1-celled,gibbous : seeds numerous. (Petals sometimes 6.) 20. 68—(Venus' fly trap.) C. Flowers with a calyx, and 1-pctaUed. Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted or 5-toothed, inferior : corol ovate, roundish, or sub-cylindric, smooth or hairy, with a 5-cleft reflexed mouth : capsule 5-celled, with par- titions contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) 18. 51— (whitebush, leather-leaf.) Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted : corol somewhat funnel form and oblique : stamens declining : capsules 5-celled. 8. 50—(rosebay.) Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted : corol wheel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath and 10 cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen i:> mature : capsule 5-celled. 48. 50—(laurel.) Vaccinium. Calyx .5-toothcd or 5-parted: corol * The Pyrola and Chimaphila are still u< i'ed in one gems by some botanists. It has been urged "as a reason for this union tdat they have some s r ng- affinities, 8c This ■•iriumertt would t,keii> t e Vbu- tus, G-mltheria, Oxj coccus, Vaccinium, 8cc which belong- to t!i' saote natural order. H 86 CLASS X. ORDER I. bell or pitcher-form, 5-cleft, the divisions reflected: fila- ments inserted on the germ with the corol : berry 4 or 5- cclled, many-seeded. (The foreign species are sometimes octandrous.) 18. 51—(whortleberry.) Epigaea. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved, inner 5-part- ed : corol salver-form; capsule 5-celled, many-seeded. 18. 51—(trailing arbutus.) Gaultheria. Calyx inferior, double, outer 2-leaved, inner 5-cleft : corol ovate : filaments hirsute : capsule 5-celled, invested with the inner, berried, calyx: nectary 10-pointed. 18. 51—(spicy winter-green.) Arbutus. Calyx inferior, 5-parted : corol ovate, pel- lucid at the base, border small, 5-cleft, revolute : berry 5-celled. 18. 51—(bear-berry.) Ledum. Calyx small, 5-toothed : corol flat, 5-parted: capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the base. (Stamens some- times 5, leaves downy.) 18. 50—(labrador-tea.) Leiophvllum. Calyx 5-parted, corol flat, 5-parted or 5-petalled : capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the top (leaves always glabrous.) 10. 50—(sleek leaf.) D. Flowers without a calyx, and the plants destitute of green herbage. Monotropa. Corol confusedly polypetalous, perma- nent ; petals about 5, with nectariferous hollows at their bases : anthers reniform, sub-peltate, 1-celled, giving out {lollen by 2 holes near the middle : stigma orbicular, not learded : capsule 5-celled, 5-valved^ 18. 51—(birds' nest.) Hypopithis. Corol confusedly polypetalous, per- manent ; inner 4 or 5-petals with nectariferous hollows at their bases, outer ones without the hollows : anthers sub-peltate, 1-celled, opening their whole length : srigma orbicular with a bearded margin : capsule 5-celled, 5- valved. 18. 51—(false beech drops.) Pterospora. Corol 5-parted : nectary ovate with a 5-toothed reflexed margin enclosing the stamens : an- thers 2-celled,2-bristled, sub-peltate, filaments flat: style short, stigma capitate : capsule subglobose, 5-celled. 18. 51—(Albany beech drops) * Geranium, Rhexia, Portulacca, Lythrum. CLASS X. ORDER III. 87 Order II. Digynia. Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed,superior: corol 5-pet- alled : capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. 13. 84—(hydrangea.) Vid. Hortensia. SAxrFRAGA. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-pctalled : cap- sule 1-celled, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks ; maoy-seeded. 13. 84—(saxifrage.) TivRri.Lv. Calvx 5-parted : corol inserted on the crdyx ; 5-petalled, petals entire : capsule 1-celled, 2- vafved, l valve larger. 3. 84—(miterwort.) Mitella. Calyx 5-cleft: petals 5 on the calyx, pin- natifid : capsule 1-celled, 2-\alved, valves equal. 13. 84 ■—(false sanicle, currant leaf.) Dianthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1 -leafed, with 4 to 8 scales at'the base : petals 5 with claws : cap- sule cylindrical, 1-celled dehiscent at the top. 22. 82— fpink, sweet-william) Exotic. Saponaria. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, tubular, with- out scales : petals 5," with claws : capsule oblong, 1-cell- ed. 22. 82—(soap-wort.) Scleranthus. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed : corol o : seeds 1 or 2, inclosed in the calyx : stamens inserted on: the calyx. 22. 86—(knawell.) * Chrysosplenium. Order III. Trigynia. Arenaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5leaved : pet- als 5, entire : capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 22. 82— (sandwort.) Stellaria. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, spreading: pet- als 5, deeply cleft, mo-tly to the claw, spreading : cap- sule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded, 6-toothed at the top. 22. 82—(starwort.) Silene. Calyx 1-leafed, inferior, cylindric, prisma- tic or conic : petals 5, with claws appendaged at the mouth : capsule imperfectly 3-celled. 22 82—(catch-fly.) Cccubalus. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed, bell-form, in- flated : petals 5, with claws, not much appendaged at the mouth : capsule 3-celled. 22. 82—(bladder-campion.) Hortensia. Flowers deformed : florets solitary : ca- lyx 5-toothed, minute : corol 5-petalled. The gay flow- ers composing the cyme, have a large coloured, perma- nent, petal-like, 5-leaved calyx, and a minute caducous, 4 ft* €LASS XI. ORDER I. or 5-petalled corol; stamens 8, 10 or 11. 13. 84*—i ^changeable hydrangea.) Exotic. Order IV. Tetragynia. Micropetalum. Calyx 5-leaved, spreading: petals 5, entire, minute or none : capsule ovate, 4-valved. 22. 82—i^blind starvvort.) Order V. Pentagynia. Sedum- Calyx inferior 5-cleft: petals 5 : 5 nectari- ferous scales at the base ofthe germ : capsules 5. 13. 83 —(live forever, or orpine, stonccrop.) Exotic. PiiXTHORUM. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft : petals 5 or 0 : capsule 5-cuspidate, 5-celled. 13. 83—(Virginian orpine.) Oxvlis. Calyx 5-leaved inferior: petals 5, cohering by the claws : capsule 5-celled, 5-cornercd, dehiscent at the corners : stamens, with 5 shorter : outer ones adhe- ring at their bases. 14. 73—(wood sorrel.) Spergula. Calyx 5-lcavcd inferior : petals 5, entire: capsule ovate, l-celled, 5-valved. (Stamens often 5.) 22. 82—(spurry.) Agrostkmma. Calyx 1-leavcd, prismatic or tubular, coriaceous : petals 5 with claws, border obtuse, entire: capside 1-celled, many-seeded. 22- 82—(cockle.) Cerastium. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, 2-cleft, or emarginate : capsule 1 -celled, dehiscent at top, 10-tooth- ed. >"j2. ?,-2—(mouse-ear duckweed.) Lychnis. Calyx 1-leaved, oblong, 5-toothed : petals :>, with claws : the limb somewhat 2-cleft: capsule I or 7,-celicd, with a 5-toothed opening. 22. 82—(campion.) Exotic. * Phytolacca. Order X. Decagynia. Phytolacca. Calyx o : corol 5-petalled, calyx-like, inferior : berry 10-celled, 10-seeded. 54. 29—(poke- weed.) CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. As.ujum. Calyx 3 or 4-cleft, superior: corol o : stig- CLASS XI, ORDER XIII. 89 ma 6-cleft: capsule coriaceous, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. 11. 23—(wild ginger, or white snake-root.) Hudsonia. Calyx tubular, inferior, unequally 5- parted, 2 of the divisions obsolete, coloured : corol 5-pet- alled : stamens about 15 ; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, I to 3-seeded. 18. 80—(false-heath.) Portulacca. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior : corol 5-petall- cd : capsule 1-celled, opening transversely : columella 5, filiform. 13. 86—(purslane.) Lythrum. Calyx 6, 8, 10 or 12-toothed, inferior : petals 5 or 6 on the calyx: capsule 2 to 4-celled, many- seeded, covered. 17. 91—(milk willow herb.) Talinum. Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-leaved: corol 5- petallcd : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded; seeds arillate : columella globose—(taliny.) Cuphea. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal : petals 6, mostly unequal, inserted on the ca- lyx : capsule 1-celled, dehiscent longitudinally with the calyx ; follicle 3-sided :. seeds lenticular. 54. 91—(wax bush.) Order II. Digynia. Agrimonia. Calyx 5-toothed, invested vvitl&m outer one : petals 5 : s6eds 2, in the bottom of the calyx. 35. 9£ ■—(agrimony.) * Delphinium. Order III. Trigynia. Euphorbia. Calyx 1-leaved, inflated : petals 4 or 59, standing on the calyx : stamens with articulated fila- ments : germ stipe 1 ; styles 2Tclcft : capsule 3-grained. 38. 96—(spurge, caper.) Reseda. Calyx 1-leafed, 4 to 6-partcd : petals i:» many divisions : capsule 1-celled, dehiscent at the top : seed reniform (stamens 11. to 15 : styles 3, 5, or none) 54, 64—(migii'Hjette, dyer's weed.) Order XIIL Polygynia« Semfervivum. Calyx 9 to 12-parted : petals S'lo 12:- capsules 12, many-seeded. (Stamens 16 or. 20.). 13. ?£"■ —(housc-leek.) Exotic. II. 9,. 90 CLASS XII. ORDER V. CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. PhilabelPhus. Calyx 4-5 parted, superior ; core! 4 or 5 petalled : style 4-cleft : capsule 4-5 celled, many- seeded ; seed arilled. 19. 89—(false syringa, or mock- orange.) Prunus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior :• corol 5-petallcd: nut ofthe drupe smooth with prominent seams at the su- tures. 36. 92—(cherry, plum.) Armeniaca. Flowers sessile: calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5 : drupe fleshy, pubescent : nut with one margin acute and the other obtuse, furrowed both sides. 36. 92 —(apricot) Exotic. Cactus. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate: pe- tals numerous, in many series, the inner ones larger; stigma many-cleft: berry 1-celled, many-seeded : uva- bilicate. 13. 85—(prickly-pear.) Myrtus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. 19. 89—(myrtle.) Exotic. Pujvica. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : petals 5 :.. pome or berry many-celled, many-seeded : receptacle parietal: seed berried. 3*. 92—(pomegranite.) .Exotic Amygdalus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: petals 5 : drupe with a nut perforated with pores : flowers sessile. 36. 92 —(peach.) Exotic. * Lythrum. From Order II. Dyginia, to Order V. Penta- gynia* Fotbergilla. Calyx interior, truncate,, obsoletely crenate: corol 0 : germ 2-cleft: styles 2: capsule 2- loben,, 2-celled: seeds solitary,, bony. 50. 99—(witch Crataegus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5 : styles 1 to 5 : berry mealy : seeds 2 to 5, bony. 36. 92— (thorn-bosh) J Sorb us. Calyx 5-cleft, superior :. petals 5 : styles 2 too : berry pomaceous : seedhfc or 3, cartilaginous. 36. ©2—mountain ash.) * he^v0?Int^^Ca^X/"t00it1het,: Petals 5 : fruit Pomaceous: berry 5 or 10-celled ; cells l or 2-seeded ; seeds cartila- ginous. 36. 92-(shad-flower, choake-berry.) CLASS XII. ORDER XIII. 91 MespTlus Calyx 5-cleft, superior, divisions gener- ally foliaceous, serrate : corol 5-petalled : styles 2-5 : drupe or berry with from 2 to 5 bony seeds. 06. 92— (medlar.) Exotic. Order V. Pentagynia. Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: corol 5-petalled: pome 5-celled, many-seeded. 36. 92—(pear, apple, quince.) Spiraea Calyx 5 cleft, inferior, spreading: corol 5 petalled, petals equal, roundish: stamens numerous, exsert: capsules 3 to 12, 2-valved within, each 1 to 3- seeded. 36. 92—(steeple bush, hard-hack.) Gillenia. Calyx sub-campanulate, border 5-toothed: corol partly unequal ; petals 5-lanceolate, alternate, co- arctate at the claws : stamens included : styles 5. conti- guous : stigmas capitate : capsules with 5, 2-seeded cells. 36. 92—(indian physic ) Mesembryaxthemum. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals numerous, linear, cohering at the base : capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate. 13. 87—(ice-plant.) Ex- otic. Order XIII. Polygynia. Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior* 5-cleft, fleshy, con- tracted towards the top: petals 5 : seeds numerous, brist- ly, fixed to the sides of the calyx within. 35. 92—(rose.) Rubus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled : pistils numerous : berry composed of many juicy, i-seed- ed, acines. 35.92—(raspberry, blackberry.) Dalibarda. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : corol 5-petall- ad : styles long, caducous, 5 to 8 ; berry composed of dry granulations. 35. 92—(dry strawberry.) Fragaria. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft ; 5 alternate di- visions smaller •- corol 5-petalled : receptacle ovate, ber- ry-like, caducous. 35. 92—(strawberry.) Potentilla. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate di- visions smaller : corol 5-petalled : seeds awnless, round- ish, rugose, fixed to a dry small receptacle. 35. 92—(five- finger, cinquefoil.) Geum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller : corof 5-petalled : seeds with a bent aw n : re- &2 CLASS XIII. ORDER I. ceptacle columnar, villous. 35. 92—(avens, or herb ben- net.) Comarum. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5-alternate divi- sions smaller : petals 5, smaller than the calyx : recepta. cle ovate, spongy, permanent, villous. 55. 92—(marsh five-finger.) Calycanthus. Calyx 1-leafed, pitcher-shaped, scur- fy, with coloured divisions : corol none : styles many, with glandular stigmas : seeds many in the succulent calyx. 35. 92—(Carolina allspice.) Southern states. CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. Order I. Monogynia. Chelidonium. Calyx 2-lcaved, caducous : corol 4- petalled : silique-like capsule 1-celled, linear: seeds crest- ed, many. 27. 62—(celandine.) Actaea. Calyx 4-leaved, caducous : corol 4-petalled : berry 1. celled: seeds half orbicular. 26. 61—(necklace weed, bane-berry.) Macrotys. Calyx about 4-leavcd, becoming colour- ed before expanding, caducous : corol o : stigma simple, sessile, curving towards the gibbous side of the germ : capsule 2-valved, dehiscent at its strait suture.* 26. 61— (cohosh, black snake-root, bug-bane.) Cistus. Calyx 5-leaved, 2 of them smaller, corol 5-petalled : capsule 3-valved, opening at the top. 20. 80—(rock-rose, frost-plant.) Sarracenia. Calyx double, 3 and 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled, caducous : stigma peltate, covering the sta- mens : capsule 5-celled. 54 62—(sidesaddle flower.) Thea. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved : corol 6 or 9-petalled : capsule 3-seeded. 54. 71. (tea.) Exotic. Citrus. Calyx 5-cleft: petals 5, oblong : filaments dilated at the base, in several parcels : berry 9 to 18-cell- ed—Polyadelphous. 18. 70—(orange, lemon.) Exotic. Papaver. Calyx 2-lcaved, caducous : corol 4-pet- alled : stigma with radiating lines : capsule 1-celled, dc- * I drew up this description for the. Cimicifuga in the woods near Hudson, while I had hundreds of specimens before me. I hav^- since determined to attach it to Mr. Rai'anesque'.s name ; for it appears to be very different from the descriptions of the Cimicifuga aiid Ac-taei; Qi authors. CLASS XIII. ORDER f. 33 kiscent by pores under the permanent stigma. 27. 62—; tpoppy.) , , „ Tilia. Calvx 5-parted, inferior, caducous : corol 5- petallcd : capsule 5-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehis- cent at the base, 1-scedcd. 37. 79—(bass-wood.) Sixguinaria. Calvx caducous, 2-leaved : corol about 8-petalled : stigma sessile, 2-grooved : capsule pod-like, ovate, 1-celled. 27. 62—(blood-root.) Podophyllum. Calyx 3-leaved, minute : corol about 9-petalled : berry 1-celled, crowned with the stigma. 27. 81—(wild mandrake) Nymphaea Calvx 4 to 7-leavcd, corol many-petall- ed, petals about equalling the length of the calyx leaves, attached to the. germ beneath the stamens : stigma mark- ed with radiated lines: berry many-celled, many-seed- ed. 13. 62—(pond-lily.) . Nuphir- Calyx 5 or6-lcaved, petals many, minute, inserted on the receptacle with the stamens, nectariferous on their backs : stigma with radiate furrows, sessile : berry many-celled, many-seeded. 13. 62—.(water-lily, or yellow pond-lily.) . _ , Argemone. Calyx 3-Ieavcd caducous : corol 6-pet- alled : stigma sessile, capitate, lobed: capsule semi-valw ed. 27. 62—(horned poppy.) * Cleome. From Order II Digynia, to Order V. Penta- GYMA. Paeonia. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5 : styles 05 stig- mas 2 or 3 : capsules pod-like, many seeded. 26. 61— (peony.) Exotic. . . . , Ascyrum. Calvx4-leavcd ; 2 interior leafets cordate, lar-e- : corol 4-petalled : stamens with the filaments disused in 4-parcels : capsule oblong, 1-cclled, 2-vaKcd, included in the calyx leaves. 20. 68-(St. Peter's wort.) Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted, divisions subovate • corol 5-petalled : filaments often united at the base in o or 5 sets : stvles 2 to 5 : capsules roundish with a num- ber of ceils equal to the number ol styles. 20. 68—(Jst. John's wort.) • _ .. , • -,,.,„i . Delphinium. Ca yx 0 : corol o-pctallcl, uiiequal. nectary 2-cleft, horned behind : capsules 1 01 3, pou-LKe. 26. 61—(larkspur.) Exotic. 94 CLASS XIII. ORDER XIII. Aconitum. Calyx 0 : petals 5, upper one vaulted :» nectaries 2. hooded, peduncled, recurved ; capsules 3 or 5, nod-like. 26. 61—(monk's hood.) Exotic. Aquilegia. Calyx 0 : petals 5 : nectaries 5, alter- nating with the petals and ending in horns beneath : cap- sules 5, distinct. 26. 61—(columbine.) Nigella. Calyx none ; petals 5 : nectaries 5, three- cleft, within the corol: capsules 5, convex. 26. 61—(feia. nel-flower.) Exotic. * Reseda, Ascy rum, Caltha, Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatica. Order XIII. Polygyxia. A. Calyx none. Hydrastis. Petals 3: berry composed of 1-seeded aciucs. 26. 61—(orange-root) Clematis. Petals', 3, 4, , or 6 ; seeds compressed • siyle.s permanent, becoming long tails. (Some sneciej are dioecious. 26. 6i—(virgin's bower.) Atragena. Corol double, many petalled, outer ones largest: seeds with pilose (or plumose) tails : (or oetals 4 to 6, with spaiulate nectaries alternating with the net- als ; and the outer filaments dilated.) 26. 61—(false vir- gin's bower.) ^ Thalictrum. Petals 4 or 5 : filaments very lonr- Srin,.^ *T«fH'r Stria.te' teret^ (So'»c species an & ocuous.) 26. 61—(meadow rue.) Trollius. Petals 5 to 8, caducous : nectaries 5 to 8, tfi rV ?PiSilcsflnume^l«s, ovate, sessile, many-seeded 26. 61—(globe flower.) J Helleborus. Petals 5 or more : nectary 2-linned Coptis. Petals 5 or 6, caducous : nectaries 5 or 6 mSiiTUA\ Petais 5> t<>9: (;,I>s«Ies numerous, many- ka^^s • rier *****ia """^ "•6i CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 95 B. Calyx 2 to 6-leaved. IIydropeltis. Calyx 6-leaved somewhat converging; 3 inner leaves longest: corol o : stamens equalling the length of the calyx : capsules oblong, somewhat fleshy, numerous. 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. 26. 61—(water-shield.) Hepatic \. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 6 to 9 : seeds na- ked. 26. 61—(liverleaf.) Porcelia. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 6, inner ones larg- est : germs many : stigmas sessile, obtuse : berry (l or many) cylindric or ovate, many-seeded : seed connected to an internal suture, arilled. 52. 76—(custard apple.) Southern states. Liriodendron. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 or 9-petall- ed, liliaceous : seeds in a samara, imbricate on a strobile- like spike. 52. 75—(tulip tree or whitewood.) Magnolia. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 to 9-petalIed: capsules numerous, imbricate on a strobile-like spike, 2- valved : seeds arilled, pendulous. 52. 75—(magnolia, or beaver tree.) Nelumbium. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved : petals 5 or more : nuts half immersed in a truncate receptacle, and crown- ed with the permanent style. 26. 61—(nelumbo.) Ranunculus. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, with claws and a nectariferous pore or scale on the inside of each : seeds naked, numerous. 26. 61—(crow-foot.) - Adonis. Calyx 4-:-leaved : petals 5 or more, without nectariferous pores : seeds awnless. 26. 61—pheasant's eye.) Exotic. CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Order I- Gymnospermia. A. Calyx 5-cleft, with the divisions or teethnearly equal. Teucrium. Corol deep-cleft on the upper side and without an upper lip : lower lip 3-cleft, the middle divis- ion rounded : stamens and pistils incurved ; stamens ex- sert through the cleavage on the upper side. 42. 39— (wood-sage, wild germander.) Isanthls. Cal^x somewhat bell-form : corol 5-par- ted, tube strait, narrow ; divisions ovate equal : stamens nearly equal : stigma linear, recurved. 42. 39—(blue gentian.) GLASS X1Y. ORDER I. Verbena. Corol funnel-form, with a curved tube, border 5-cleft, nearly equal : seeds 2 or 4 : sometimes but 2 stamens or 2 barren ones. 42. <8—(vervain.) Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate, brarts under- studded : corol resupinate: stamens in the tube. 42. 39 (lavander.) Exotic. Lamium. Segments ofthe calyx subulate, spreading: corol with the upper lip entire, vaulted ; underlip 2-lob- ed ; throat with a tooth at each margin. 42. 39—(dead nettle.) Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, many-leaved, under small heads of flowers : calyx tubular, striate : corol with the upper lip sub-entire, lower lip 3-cleft, mid- dle segment longer : stamens distant, nearly equal ; cells of the anthers parallel. 42. 39—(wild basil, mountain mint.) Nepeta. Calyx dry, striated : corol with a longish feuhe, under lip with the middle division crenate, throat with a reflected margin : stamens approximate. 42. 39 —(catmint.) Hyssopus. Corol with the under lip 3-parted, its in- termediate division sub-crenatc; stamens strait, distant. 42- 3v—(hyssop.) Mentha. Corol nearly equal, 4-cleft: broadest di- vision emarginate: stamens erect, distant. 42. 39— (spear mint, pepper mint) Stachys. Calyx with its divisions awned : corol with the upper lip vaulted, the lower lip reflexed at the sides, the middle division largest, emarginate : stamens reflexed towards the sides after discharging the pollen. 42. -9—(woundwort, hedge nettle.) Gelaopsis. Calyx awned : corol with the upper lip sub-crenate, vaulted ; lower lip unequally Globed, hav- ing 2 teeth on its upper side near the margin of the ori- fice and opposite to'the sinuses dividing the lobes. -*2. 39 —(flowering nettle.) Satureja. Calyx tubular, striate : corol with divis- ions nearly equal : stamens distant. 42. 39—(savory.) —Exotic. Molucella . Calyx very largc,bell or shell-form, mar- gin repand-spinoao ; corol much smaller, in the bottom of the calyx. 42. 9—(shell-flower, umlucca balm.) Exotic. Leonlrus. Calyx j-anglcd, 5-toothcd : corol with CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 97 the upper.lip villose, flat, entire : lower lip 3-parted, middle division undivided : lobes of the anthers parallel. 42. 39—(motherwort.) M arrubium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines : corol with the upper lip 2-cleft, linear, strait. 42. 39—(horehound.) Ballot a. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate : corol with the upper lip concave, crenate : seed ovate, 3- sided. 42. ■69—(false motherwort.) Naturalized. Cunila. Calyx cylindric, 10-striate, 5-toothed, throat villose : corol ringent, upper lip erect, flat, emar- ginate : 2 of the stamens usually barren: stigma une- qually bifid. 42. 39—(dittany.) Hedeoma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base, upper lip 3-toothed, lower one 2 : corol ringent ; 2 of the sta- mens barren. 42. 39—(penny royal.) Glechoma. Calyx 5-cleft: corol double the length of the calyx ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower lip 3 cleft, with the middle segment emarginate : each pair of anthers ap- proaching so as to exhibit the form of a cross. 42, 39— (ground-ivy, gill-overground.) B. Calyxes 2-lipped. Melissa. Calyx dry, flatfish above, with the upper lip sub-fastigiate : corol with the upper lip somevvliat vaulted, 2-cleft ; lower lip with the middle lobe cordate. 42. -39—(balm.) Trichostema. Calyx re-supinate : corol with the upper lip falcate : the under lip 3-parted, with the mid- dle division small, oblong : filaments very long-exsert, incurved. 42. 39— (blue-curls.) Dracocepualum. Calyx subequal-5-cleft: corol with the throat inflated ; the upper lip concave, the mid- dle division ofthe lower lip roundish, notched. 42. 40— (dragon-head.) Ocymum. Calyx with the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft : corol resupinate ; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided : outer filaments sending out a process from the base. 42. 39—(sweet-basil.) Exotic. Scutellaria. Calyx with an entire mouth, which is closed with a helmet-form lid after the corol falls out: tube of the corol bent. 42. 39—(skull-cap.) Origanum- Calyxes collected into a 4-sidcd strobile- I 98 CLASS XIV. ORDER II. like cone, with broad intervening bracts : corol with the upper lip erect, flat: under lip 3-parted, divisions nearly equal. 2. 39—(marjoram.) Thymus. Calyx sub-companulatc, with the throat closed with hairs : corol with the upper lip flat, emargi- nate ; lower lip longer. 42. 39—(thyme.) Exotic. Clinipodium. Involucre many-bristled, bract-like, under head-form whorls: perianth 2-lipped : corol with the upper lip flat, obcordate, strait. 42. 39—(field-thyme.) Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated: fila- ments 2-forked, with an anther on one of the points : stigma 2-cleft. 42. 39—(self-heal, or heal all.) Phryma. Calyx cylindric, upper lip longer, 3-cleft, lower lip 2-toothed : corol with the upper lip emarginate, lower lip much larger : seed single. 40. 39—(lopseed.) Order II. Angiospermia.j A. Calyxes 2-cleft, or 2-leaved, bract-like. Obolaria. Corol 4-cleft, bell-form : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded : stamens from the divisions of the corol nearly equal: stigma emarginate. 40. 35*— (penny-wrort.) R. Calyxes 4-cleft. Bartsia. Calyx lobed, emarginate, coloured : corol less than calyx ; upper lip longest, concave, entire, low- er lip 3-cleft and reflexed : capsule 2-celled ; seed an- gled. 40. 35—(painted cup.) Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated : corol ringent: the up- per lip mostly compressed, the under lip spread 3-part- ed : capsule 2-celled, obtuse, compressed. 40. 35—(yel- low-cockscomb.) Euphrasia. Calyx cylindric : corol 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower lip 3-lobed, with the divisions 2-eleft ; lower anthers lobed, spinose. 40. 35—(eye-bright.) Melampyrum. Corol with the upper Jip compressed, the margin folded back: lower lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub- equal : capsule 2-celled, oblique, dehiscent on one side : seeds 2, cylindric gibbous. 40. 35—(cow-wheat.) * Nuttall says, and als.. quotes the opinion of Dr. \Y. Darlington, that this genus belongs to the 46th natural order of Jussieu. Sc p. 103 vol. 1. f Bead the 35th, 40th, and 45th Nat. Ord. of Jussieu. CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 99 Schwalbea. Calyx tubular-inflated; upper division small; lower division large emarginate or 2-toothed : co- rol ringent,upper lip entire arched,lower lip 3-lobed: cap- sule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved, with a double partition : seeds many, chaffy. 40. 40—(chaff seed.) C. Calyxes 5-cleft or 5-leaved* Orobanche. Calyx 5-cleft (sometimes 4-cleft) seg- ments often unequal: corol ringent: capsule ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved ; seeds numerous : a gland beneath the base ofthe germ. 40. 35—(broom rape.) Epiphegus.* Polygamous, calyx abbreviated, 5- toothed : corol of the barren flowers ringent, compress- ed. 4-cleft, lower lip flat; ofthe fertile flowers minute, 4-toothed, caducous : capsule truncate, oblique, 1-relied, imperfectly 2-valved, opening on one side. 40. 35—(ocech drops, cancer root.) Limosella. Calyx 5-cleft: corol 4 or 5-lobed, equal: stamens approaching each other by pairs : capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many seeded. 40. 40—(mudwort.) Zapania. Flowers capitate : calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-cleft: stigma head-peltate, oblique : pericarp bladder- like, vanishing, connecting the two seeds. 40. 40—(fog- fruit.) Scrophularia. Calyx 5-cleft t corol sub-globose resupinate, middle division of lower lip reflexed : capsule 2-celled. (Generally a stamen-like organ is attached to $ie corol.—Corol dull purplish green or brown.) 40. 40 —(fig wort.) Erinus. Calyx 5-leaved : corol with the limb equal- ly 5-cleft, lobes emarginate ; upper lip very short, reflex- ed : capsule 2-celled. 40. 35—(erinus.) Bignonia. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form : corol bell- form, 5-lobed, ventricose beneath : capsule silique-like, 2-celled : seed membrane-winged. 40. 45—(trumpet- flower.) Ruellia. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted : corol somewhat bell-form, limb 5-lobed: stamens approaching * Nuttall's name is Epifagus. Sprengel in a letter to Dr. John Torry, correct this naming, si as to derive both parts of tlie conpound from the same language. As Epi is Greek and Fa^us Latin ; but Phegos is Greek. CLASS XIV. ORDER II: By pairs : capsule tapering to both ends, toothed, elasti- cally dehiscent : seeds few. 40 36—(ruel.) Bi chnera. Calyx 5-toothed : cortd with a slender tube and the limb in"5 equal divisions, the lobes cordate : capsule 2-ceUed. 40. 34—(blue hearts.) Antirrhim^ Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-parted, the two lower uiv isions remote : corol ringent, spurred, or with a prominent base, the throat closed with a prom- inent palate : capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex. 40. 40—(snapdragon, toad-flax.) Gerardia. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed : corol sub- campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, segments mostly round- ed : i apsulc 2-celled, dehiscent at the top. 40. 40—(false- foxglove.) Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, ven- tricuse, 5-cleft: siiama simple or bilamellate : capsule ovate. 2-celled.—(Fi'>\vcrs racemed.) 40. 40—(foxglove.) Pjedicularis. Calyx ventricose, 5-cleft or obliquely truncate : corol ringent, upper lip emarginate and com- pressed : capsule 2 celled, mucronate, oblique : seeds numerous, angular, coated. (Leaves many-cleft. 40. 35 — (iousewort, high heal-all.) Mimulus. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : corol rin- gent. upper lip folded back upon its sides, lower lip with a prominent palate: stigma thick, 2-cleft: capsule 2-cell- ed, many-seeded. 40- 40—(monkey-flower.) Chllone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved, 3-bracted : co- rol ringent, inflated ; the upper lipe marginate obtuse, un- der lip slightly 3-cleft: the rudiment of a smooth filament between and shorter than the two tallest stamens : an- thers woolly : seeds membrane-margined : capsule 2- celled, 2-valved. 40. 45—(snake-head.) Pentstemon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved : corol rin- gent, inflated ; the rudiment of a bearded filament be- tween and longer than the two tallest stamens : anthers smootb ; seeds angular : capsule 2-celled. (Taken from the last genus.) 40. 45—(beard-tongue.) Martvnia. Calyx 5-cleft : corol ringent, almost bel:-form : capsule woody and barked, with a hooked beak, 4-celled, 2-valved. 40. 45—(unicorn-plant.) ■* Linnxa, Verbena. CLASS XV. ORDER I. 10-1 CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA.f Order I. Siliculosa. All plants of this class have flowers with 4-leaved ca- lyxes and cruciform corols. See Jussieu's 63d Nat. Ord« A. Silicle without a notch at the end. Drab a. Silicle oval oblong, valves flatfish, parallel to the partition : style none. 39. 63—(whitlow grass ) Lunaria. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedi- celled ; valves equalling the partition, parallel, flat: ca- lyx consists of coloured sack-like leafets. 89. 63—(hon- esty, or satin-flower.) Exotic. Bunias. Flower minute. Silicle sub-lanceolate, 4- angled ; with two separable l -seeded valveless articula- tions, lower one with a depressed line, upper one fur- nished with an emarginate tooth on each side and an ele- vated line. 39. 63—(sea-rocket.) Isatis. Silicle compressed, oblong, ligulate, valve- less, 1-seeded : partition like lattice work. 39. 63— (woad.) Exotic. B. Silicle with a notch at the end. Alyssum. Filaments of the two shorter stamens mar- ked with a tooth : silicle entire, acuminate with the style, oval or globose, often hairy. 39. 63—(madwort, gold of pleasure.) Cochlearia. Silicle thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2- valved ; the valves gibbous obtuse. 39- 63—(scurvy- grass, horse-radish.) Iberis. Corol irregular, the two exterior petals lon- gest : silicle emarginate, many-seeded. 39, 63—(candy tuft.) Exotic. Lepidium. Calyx spreading : corol regular : silicle emarginate, cordate or oval : cells 1-seeded : valves cari- nate, partition contrary. 39. 63—(pepper-grass.) Thlaspi- Calyx spreading : silicle emarginate, ob- cordate, many-seeded ; valves resemble 2 boats with the keels outward. 39. 63—-(shepherd's purse.) * Sisymbium. f Read the 63d Nat. Ord- of Jussieu. I £ 102 CLASS XV. ORDER 1L Order II. SiLiquosA. A. Calyx leaves converging or closed upon the cordis, when the flowers are mature. Arabis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of the erect calyx, ofthe size ofthe reflected scale •• silique compres- sed, torulose, sub divaricate : seeds arranged in a single series 39. 63—(wall-cress.) Turritis. Calyx converging, erect : corol erect : silique very long, striate, 2-edged, valves keeled or nerv- ed : seeds arranged in a double series. 39 63—(tower- mustard.) Dentaria. Calyx longitudinally converging: sil- ique bursting elastically with nerveless revolute valves ; the partition thick and fungus-like t stigma emargin- ate. (Roots sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like proces- ses.) 39.63—(tooth-root, trickle-root.) Hesperis. Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of the petals : petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate : silicle sub-terete : stigmas forked, with converging apex- es. 39.63—(rocket.) Erysimum. Calyx closed ; silique columnar, exactly 4-sided. 39. 63—(hedge mustard.) Barbarea. Calyx erect : glands between the bases of the short stamens and the germ : silique 2-edged (or oblique 4-sided"): seeds arranged in a single series. 39. 63—(water radish.) Brassica. Calyx erect, converging : partition ex- tending beyond the valves of the silique : seed globose : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx. 39. 63—(cabbage, turnip.) Exotic. Raphanus. Calyx closed, setose : silique torose, somewhat jointed, terete, not opening by valves, 1 or 2- celled : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx. 39- 63—(radish.) Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of the leafets gib- bous at the base : petals dilated : silique when young with a glandular tooth each side : stigma 2-lobed : seed flat. 39. 63—(stock-july-flower, wall-flower.) Exotic. B. Calyx-leaves spread, not lying closed upon the corol when the flowers are mature. Cardamine. Calyx leaves spreading but little; stig- CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 106 ma entire : a single gland between each of the short sta- mens and the calyx : silique long, bursting elastically with revolute valves, equalling the length of the parti- tions. 39. 63—(American water-cress.) Sisymbrium. Calyx and corol spreading : silique bursting, not elastically, valves straitish, beak short and terete. 39. 63—(English water-cress, water-radish.) Sinapis. Calyx spreading : corol with strait claws : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and be- tween the long stamens and calyx: partition extending beyond the valves of the silique, ensiform. 39. 63—(mus- tard.) * Cleome. CLASS XVI. MONADELPHIA.f Order III. Triandria. Sisyrinchium. Spathe 2-leaved : perianth 0 : corol superior, 6-cleft, tubular: style 1 : capsule 3-celled. 6. 18—(blue-eyed grass.) Order V. Pentandria. Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : corol 5-pet- alled, on the calyx : nectary, a triple filamentous crown within the petals : berry pedicelled. 34. 97—(passion flower.) Southern states. Erodium. Calyx 5 leaved : corol 5-petalled : necta- riferous scales 5, alternating with the filaments: arils 5, 1-seeded, awmed, beaked at the base of the receptacle; awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken from the gerani- um. 14. 73^-(stork's bill.) Exotic. * Lysimachia, Linum, Anagallis. Order VII. Heptandria. Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper division broad- er, ending in a capillary nectariferous tube : corol 5-pet- alled, irregular, the two upper petals usually broader, with coloured veins : filaments 10, three of them usually without anthers : arils 5, each 1-seeded, awned, some of the awns spiral. 14.73—(stork geranium.) Exotic. Order X. Decandria. Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved: corol 5-petalled, regu- lar : nectariferous glands 5, adhering to the base of the t Head the 73d and 74th Nat, Ord. of Jussieu, 104 CLASS XVII. ORDER VOL long filaments : arils 5, 1-seeded, awned, beaked at the head of the receptacle : awn naked, strait. 14. 73— (cranebill, false crowfoot, herb-robert) Mimosa. Calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-cleft, 5-petalled, or 0 : stamens capillary, very long, 4 to 10 or more, sometimes not united : legume sometimes jointed. 33. 93 —(sensitive plant,) Exotic. Order XIII. Polyandria* Gordonia. Calyx simple, 5-leaved or 5-parted: co- rol 5-petalled, adhering at the base : style 5-cornered, stigma 5-cleft: capsule 5-celled : columella columnar: seeds 2, with leaf-like wings. 37. 74—(leaf-seed.) S. states. Napaea. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft, simple : petals 5: capsule orbicular, depressed, 10-celled : seed solitary.' (Pedicels not jointed.) 37. 74—(false-mallows.) Sida. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft: style many- Jarted : capsules many, 1 or 3-seeded. (Pedicel articu- ated under the apex.) 37. 74—(Indian-mallows.) Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many-leaved, in- ner one about 5-cleft: stigmas 5 : capsule 5 or 10-celled, many-seeded. 37. 74—(hibiscus, okra.) Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, inner one 5-cleft: capsules many, 1-seeded. 37. 74—(mallows.) Althaea. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft, cap- sules many, 1-seeded. 37. 74—(hollyhock.) Exotic. Lavatera. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: capsules many, many-seeded. 37. 74—(tree mallows.) Exotic. Gossypium. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft: cap- sule 4-celled, seeds involved in wool. 37. 74—(cotton.) Exotic. CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA.* From Odrer V. Pentandria, to Order VIII. OCTANDRIA. Fumaria. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol irregu- lar, spurred at the base : filaments 2, each with 3 an- thers : capsule drupe-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded, not open- ing by valves ; seed affixed to the side of the cell. 24. 62 —(fumitory.) Corydalis. Calyx 2-leavcd : corol ringent, 1 or 2- * Read the 93dNat. Qrd. Jussieu. CLASS XVII. ORDER X. 105 spurred : filaments 2, membranaceous, each with 3 an- thers : capsule silique-like, many-seeded. 24. 62—(colic weed.) Polygala. Calyx 5-leaved, unequal, 2 of the leafets wing-like, larger, coloured : corol irregular (or rather, calyx 3-leaved, corol imperfectly papilionaceous) capsule, obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keel or corol sometimes appendaged. 33. 35—(snake-root, milk-wort, low cen- tury.) Order X. Decandria. A. Stamens united in one set. Amorphv. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft: banner ovate, concave, wings and keel 0 : legume 1 or 2- seeded, falcate. 32. 93—(false-indigo.) LiPivts. Calyx 2-lippcd : anthers, 5 oblong and 5 roundish : legume coriaceous, torulose. 32. 93—(lupine.) Cuotolaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large : keel acuminate : filamentous membrane with a dorsel fis- sure : style curved : legume pedicelled, turgid, 32 93— (rattle box.) Spartium. Calyx extended downwards : keel gen- erally pendant : filaments adhering to the germ : stig- ma villose lengthwise on the upper side : legume oblong, 1 or many-seeded. 32. 93—(Spanish broom.) Exotic. Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 2 upper teeth very short : banner oblong, reflexed back from the pistil and stamens. 32. 93—(k need-grass, dyer's broom.) Exotic. Arachis. Calyx 2-lipped: corol upside down : legume gibbous, torulose, veiny, coriaceous. 32. 93—^pea-nut.) Ulex. Calyx 2-leaved, 2-bracted : stamens all unit- ed : legume scarcely longer than the calyx, spinose. 32. 93—(furze.) Exotic. B. Stamens in 2 sets ; generally 9 in one set, and 1 alone in the other. 1. Legume many-seeded, stigma pubescent. Pisum. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal : banner protruding 2 folds : style compressed, carinate, villose abo\e : legume without down at the su- ture. 32. 93—(pea.) Lathyrus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shor- 106 CLASS XVII. ORDER X. ter : style flat, villose above, broader towards the top, (Stems mostly winged, leafets 2 or more, terminated by a divided tendril.). 32. 93—(sweet pea.) Vicia. Calyx emarginate above, 2-toothed : 3 strait long teeth below : banner emarginate : stigma bearded transversely on the lower side. 32. 93—(vetch.) Ervum. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions linear, acute, about equalling the corol : stigma capitate, glabrous j legume oblong, 2 to 4-seeded . 33—(creeping vetcli.) Phaseolus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted together, legume compressed, falcate : seeds sub-com- pressed, reniform. 32. 93—(bean.) Dolichos. Banner w ith two oblong parallel processes at the base, compressing the wings beneath them. 32. 93 •—(oovvhage.) Robinia. Calyx small, 4-cleft, upper division 2-part- ed : banner large, reflexed, roundish : legume compress- ed, elongated, many-seeded ; seeds compressed, small. 32. 93—-(locust tree.) Colutea. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse ; style bearded on its back through its whole length : legume inflated, opening on the upper suture at the base. 32. 93 —(bladder senna, bush locust.) Exotic. Glycyrrhiza, or Liqjjiritia. Calyx tubular, e- qual, 5-parted: banner erect, reflexed at the sides; wings spreading ; keel 2-cleft: legume oblong, glabrous, 3 or 4 seeded. (Flowers racemed.) 32. 93~(liquorice.) Exotic. Indigofera. Calyx spreading : keel with a subulate spur both sides : legume linear, small, terete or quad- rangular. 32. 93—Jndigo.) Exotic. 2. Legume many-seeded, stigma without pubescence* , J Vexillaria.* Banner very large, spreading, over- shadowing the wings : calyx bell-form or tubular : le- gume linear, very long, acuminate. 32. 93—.'butterfly- weed.) v J Galactia. Calyx 4-toothed, 2-bracted : petals all oblong, banner broader, incumbent : stigma obtuse : le- gume terete : seeds roundish. 32. 93-~(milk-way plant.) P^T? "*Tehi?i;iVen as a substitute for that of the 17121., genus of SopSdii. " S°£CVerely censured by D(^tor Smith, in {fees' Cy- CLASS XVII. ORDER X. 10? Glycine. Calyx 2-lipped, the tooth of the lower lip longest : the end of the kecf curling upwards, and in ap- pearance pushing back the banner : style incurved with the keel : legume terete, somewhat 2-celled ; seed cy- lindric-reniform. 32. 93—(wild bean, wild liquorice, ground-nut. i Amphic vrpa. Calyx bell-form, 4-toothcd, obtuse and naked at the base : petals all oblong, banner broader and lving upon the other petals, subsessile : anthers round: stigma capitate : germ cyliudrically sheathed at the base : legume flat, stiped ; seeds 2 to 4. 32. 93—wild bean- vine.) Galega. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly equal, sta- mens monadelphous : legume compressed, subcoriace- ous. (Very glabrous, pinnate leaves.) 32. 93—(goat's rue.) 3. Legumes few-seeded. Medicago. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner : legume compressed, cochleate. 32. 93—(lu- cerne clover, uiedick.) Trigonella. Banner and wings nearly equal, spread- ing, appearing like a 3-petalled corol : legume bowed, rugose, veiny. 32. 93—(fenugreek. Exotic. Astragalus. Calyx 5-toothed: keel obtuse ; legume somew hat 2-celled, incurved at the suture below. 32. 93 —-(milk vetch.) Cicer. Calyx 5-parted, of the length ofthe corol, 4 upper divisions resting on the banner : legume turgid, 2- seeded ; seed gibbose, mucronate. 32. 93—(chick pea.) Exotic. 4. legumes about 1 -seeded. Trifolium. Flowers sub-capitate : legume included in the calyx, not opening by valves, 1 to 4-scedcd. (Leavesalways ternate.) 32. 93—(clover.) XIelilotus. Flowers racemed: calyx tubular, 5- toothed : keel simple, shorter than the wings and banner: legume rugose, longer than the calyx, or about as long. (Taken from the trifolium.) 32. 93—(melilot clover.) Lespedezv. Calyx 5-parted, 2-bracted, divisions ncarlv equal: keel of the corol transversely obtuse: le- gume* lens-form, unarmed, 1-seeded. (Leaves always 108 CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. ternate. Taken from the hedysarum.) 32. 93—(bush clover.) 5. Legumes jointed, or inloments. Coronilla. Calyx 2-lipped : petals with claws : lo- ment teretish, jointed : flowers in umbels : seeds gener- ally cylindric. 32. 93—(coronilla.) Exotic. Hedysarum. Calyx 5-cleft : keel of corol trans- versely obtuse : foment many-jointed, joints 1-seeded, compressed, generally hispid. (Most, or all of the spe- cies in the northern states have ternate leaves.) 32. 93 —(bush-trefoil.) Stylosanthes. Calyx tubular, very long, bearing the corol which originates higher than the top of the germ : loment two-jointed, hooked. (Sometimes the pod is in a single joint) 39.93—(pencil-flower.) Aeschynomene. Calyx 2-lipped, lips toothed : stamens united in two equal parcels : loment compressed, one su- ture strait, another lobed ; joints truncate, 1-seeded. 3fl. 93—(ialse sensitive plant.) POLYADELPHOUS PLANTS. The genera Citrus, Ascyrum and Hypericum were placed in the.classpolyadelphia by Linneus, and are still retained in that class by many authors. We, following Person's method, have removed them to the class noly- andria, and left the class polyadelphia out ofthe system. CLASS XVIII. SYNGENESIA. Order 1. Polygamia ^Eq,ualis. A. Florets ligulate. Tragopogon. Calyx simple, manv-leaved ; recepta- cle miked : egret plumose, and stiped".* 45, 53—(goat's beard, vegetable oyster.) Exotic. Scorzonera. Calyx imbricate, scales scarious at the margin : receptacle naked : egret plumose, substiped. 49. 55-~{v iper's grass.) Southern states. .r^^V'";'T1, sta™ens ^ styles; whatever is left on (he germ .stl eSi; t In some flowers the stipe to si.ped t.ret. will .,ot ffiw,*!"': ,:i,m*lur7- 1^» «ff ^11 the germs: if nothing is ktt, it,e receptacie is naked. Jlut whatever is lef beon,s t-ihe receptacle a,,d give, it me character of chaffv hairy or bristly— »eaa the 53d, 54th and 55th Natural Orders of JussieiL CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. 109 Apargia. Calyx imbricate: receptacle naked : egret plumose, sessile. (Taken from the leontodon.) 49. 53 — false hawkvveed.) LEONTonoN. Calyx double : receptacle naked : egret plumose, stiped. 49. 53—(dandelion.) Prenanthes. Florets from 5 to 20, in a simple se- ries (or in one circular row :) calyx calycled : recepta- cle naked : egret simple, sub sessile. 49. 53—(white let- tuce.) Lactuca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the mar= gin membranaceous : receptacle naked : egret simple, stiped : seed smooth 49. 53—(lettuce.) Hieracium. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret simple, sessile : receptacle naked or sub-pilose. (From white becoming yellowish.) 49 53—(hawkvveed.) Sonchus. Calyx imbricate, inflated : egret pilose, sessile : receptacle naked. 49. 53—(swine-thistle.) Troximox.* Calyx oblong, conic, many-leaved ; lea- fets unequal, imbricate : receptacle naked, with minute punctures : egret sessile, pilose. 49. 53—(false goat's beard.) Krigia. Calyx simple, many leaved: receptacle na- ked : egret 5 membranous leaves with 5 alternating bris- tles : receptacle naked. 49. 53—(dwarf-dandelion.) Tolpis. Calyx caliculated ; scales lax, subulate, a little longer than the calyx : receptacle pitted : egret se- tose, with margin dentate. 49. 55—(hawksbeard.) Ex- otic. Cichorium. Calyx calycled : egret many chaffy leaves : reeeptacle somewhat chaffy. 49. 53—(succory or endive.) Scolymus. Calyx imbricate, spinose, surrounded with spinose leafets : receptacle chaffy : egret none. 49. 55—(golden-thistle.) Exotic. B. Florets tubulous ; flowers capitate. Cynara. Receptacle bristly : calyx dilated, imbri- cate ; scales with fleshy bases, emarginate a td pointed; egret plumose, sessile. 49. 54—(garden articiioke.) Ex- otic. Liatris. Calyx imbricate, oblong: anthers entire * Hyoseris, 2d Ed. ilO CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. at thebase : seeds hairy, striate, obconic : egret perma- nent, plumose, coloured : receptacle naked. (Flowers purple.) 49. 54—(gay feather.) Vernonia. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret double, exterior chaffy and short, interior capillary : receptacle naked : stigma 2-cleft, shortish. 49. 55—(flat-top.) Cnicus. Calyx imbricate, with prickly scales : re- ceptacle villose : egret plumose. (Taken from the car- duus.) 49. 54—(thistle.) Carthamus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-lcafy at the apex : egret chaff-hairy or none: receptacle chaff-bristly. 49. 54—(false-saffron.) Ex- otic. Onopordon. Calyx imbricate with sharp-mucronate scales : egret pilose, caducous : receptacle alveolate: seeds transversely sulcate. 49. 54—(cotton thistle.) In- troduced. Carduus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prickly scales: receptacle villose : egret pilose. 49 54—(comb-tooth this- tle.) Arctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked at the apex : egret chaff-bristly : receptacle chaffy. 49. 54— (burdock.) Sparganophorus. Calyx sub-globose, imbricate with unequal scales recurve-spreading at the tips : receptacle naked : seed with the cup like crown sub-cartilagenous. 49. 55—(crown-cup.) C. Florets tubulous ; flowers discoid. Kuhnia. Calyx imbricate, cylindrical : egret plu- mose, sessile : receptacle naked. 49. 55—(f'alse-boneset) Elpatorium. Calyx imbricated (rarely simple) ob- long : style long, cloven half way down : egret pilose or rough papillose : receptacle naked : seed smooth and glandular, 5-striatc. 49. 55—(boneset, thoroughwort, joe P^e.) Mikania. Calyx 4 or Cleaved, equal ; 4 or 6-flovv- ered ; receptacle naked : egret pilose. 49. 55—(climb- ing boneset.) Chrysocoma. Calyx imbricate, oblong or hemis- pheric : style scarcely exsert : receptacle naked : egret pilose, scabrous : seed hairy. 49. 55—(golden locks.) Cacalia. Calyx cylindric, oblong ; somewhat calv- CLASS XVIII. ORDER II. Ill cied at the base: receptacle naked: egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent.) 49. 55—wild caraway.) Balsamita. Calyx imbricate, orbicular : receptacle naked : egret none. 49. 55—(costmary.) Exotic. Order II. Polygamia Superflua. A. Flowers discoid. Baccharis. Calyx, scales ovate sub-coriaceous im- bricate, cylindric, bell-form or ovate : florets are pistil- late and perfect intermixed: receptacle naked : egret pi- lose. (Sometimes the flowers are dioecious.) 49. 55— (groundsel tree.) Conyza. Calyx imbricate with scales sub-linear ovate, or hemispheric and sub-scarious : egret simple, i capillary : receptacle naked. Florets of the ray with a ? 3-cleft border, not composing a ray in appearance. 494 35 —(plowman's wort.) Gnaphalium. Calyx imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, scarious, shortish, glossy, coloured : re- ceptacle naked : egret pilose or plumose. (Florets often all perfect.) 49. 55—(life everlasting.) Artemisia. Calyx imbricate, with scales rounded, converging : egret 0 : receptacle same what villose or nakedish. (Flowers mostly rounded.) 49. 55—(worm- wood, southern-wood.) Tanacetum. Calyx imbricate, hemispheric ; scales acuminate : rays obsolete, 3-cleft: egret somewhat mar- ginal : receptacle naked. (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55 —(tansy.) B. Flowers radiate. (Receptacles naked. J Chrysanthemum. Calyx hemispherical, imbricate, with the scales membranous at the margin : egret none, or a narrow margin. 49. 55—(ox-eyed daisy, feverfew.) Boltonia. Calyx imbricate : florets of the ray nu- merous : receptacle conic, punctate : egret consists of many minute bristles and generally 2-elongated bristles or horns : seed flat, margined. 49. 55—(false-chamomile.) Tagetes. Calyx simple, 1-leafed, 5-toothed, tubu- lar : florets of the ray about 5, permanent: egret 5 erect awns : 49. 55—(marigold.) Exotic. CLASS XVIII ORDER H. Bellis. Calyx hemispherical, scales equal : egret 0 : receptacle conical : seed obovate. 49. 55—(garden dai- sy.) Introduced. Pyrethrum- Calyx hemispherical, imbricate with scales, acutish and scarious margined : egret a marginal ring. (Ta,ken from Chrysanthemum ) 49. 55—(wild fe- verfew.) Doronicum. Calyx-scales equal, in two rows, longer than the disk : egret simple : seeds ofthe ray naked and destitute of egret. 49. 55—(leopard's bane.) Inula. Calyx imbricate or squarrose : egret simple: anthers ending in 2-bristles at the base ; ray florets nu- merous. 49. 55—(elecampane.) Erigeron. Calyx imbricate : egret pilose, double, outer egret minute and chaffy : florets of the ray linear, very narrow, numerous. 49. 55—(flea-bane, pride-weed.) Solibago, Calyx oblong or sub-cylindric ; with ob- long, narrow, pointed, strait scales, imbricate, closed : ray-florets about 5 and fewer than 10, lanceolate, 2-tooth- ed, equal to or shorter than the calyx : filaments capilla- ry, very sliort : style thread-form, equalling the length of the stamens : stigma cleft, spreading : egret simple, pilose : receptacle furrowed with dots or punctures: seeds oblong-ovate. (Yellow.) 49. 55—(golden rod.) Senecio. Calyx cylindric ; leafets with withering, blackish tips, and a few small calycle leafets at the base : egret simple, capillary copious. 49. 55—(rag-wort, fire- weed.) Tus«ilago. Calyx simple, scales equal, and equalling the (ink, sub-membranous : pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth : egret simple, sessile. 49. 55—(Sometimes polygamous.) (coltsfoot.) Cineraria. Calyx simple, many-leaved, equal : egret simple 49. 55—(ash-wort.) Aster. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales spread- ing : egret simple, pilose : receptacle scrobiculate. (Florets of the ray more than 10, except in solidaginoides and a few other species, colour purple or white.) 49. 55 (star-flower.) (Receptacles chaffy.) Zinnia. Calyx ovate cylindric imbricate : florets of the ray 5, permanent, entire : egret 2 erect awns. 49. 55. CLASS XVIII. ORDER IV. 213 Heliopsis. Calyx imbricate with ovate-linear scales : ray florets linear, large : receptade conic ; the chaffs lanceolate : seed 4-sided : egret o. 49. 55—(sun-ray.) Buphthalmum. Calyx leafy : egret marginal, 4- toothed or obsolete : seeds ofthe ray margined, and some- times of the disk. 49. 55—(ox-eye.) Southern states. Helenium. Calyx 1-leaved, many-parted : egret 5- awned chaffy leaves : receptacle chaffy in the ray on- ly : florets of the ray half-3-cleft : seed villose. (Leaves decurrent.) 49. 55—(false-sunflower.) Anthemis. Calyx hemispherical, nearly equal : egret 0, or a membraneous margin : florets of the ray more than 5 : receptacle chaffs flat, with a rigid acumi- nate apex. 49. 55—(may-weed, chamomile.) Achillea. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret 0 : flor- ets of the ray 4 to 10,. roundish, dilated. (Flowers co- rymbed. 49. 55—(yarrow.) Verbesina. Calyx many-leaved ; leafets arranged in double order : florets of the ray about 5 : egret 2-awn- ed. 49. 55—(crown-beard.) Order III. Polygamia Frustranea. RunnECKiA. Calyx consisting of a double order of leafets or scales : receptacle chaffy, conic : egret a 4- toothed margin or 0. 49. 55—(cone-flower.) Helivnthus. Calyx imbricate, sub-squarrose, lea- fy : receptacle flat, chaffy : egret 2-leaved, chaff-like, caducous. 49. 55—(sunflower, Jerusalem artichoke.) Bidens. Calyx calycled, nearly equal: with or with- out ray florets ; receptacle flat, chaffy : egret consists of 2, 3, or 4 strong awns, with reflexed and erect lateral prickles : seeds 4-cornered. 49. 55—(burr-marygoldj, beggarticks.) Coreopsis. Calyx double, both many-leaved (8 to 12) : seeds compressed emarginate: receptacle chaffy : egret 2-horned. 49. 55—(tickseed sunflower.) Centaurea. Calyx various, mostly imbricate, roun- dish : egret simple, various: receptacle bristly : corols of the ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular. 49. 54—(blue- bottle, blessed thistle.) Order IV. Polygamia Necessaria. Sxlphium, Calyx squarrose, scales leafy, broad : 114 CLASS XIX. ORDER I. egret a 2-horned-margin: receptacle chaffy: seeds com- pressed, obcordate, margined. 49. 55—(ragged cup.) Polymnia. Calyx double, exterior 4-5-Ieaved, inte- rior 10-leaved, leafets concave : egret 0: receptacle chaffy. 49. 55—(leaf-cup.) Calendula. Calyx many-leaved, equal: receptacle naked : egret none: seeds of the disk membranaceous. 49. 55—(pot-marygold.) Exotic. Iva. Calyx about 5-leaved or 5-parted : styles 2, long: seed obovate, naked, obtuse : receptacle hairy, or chaff- bristly : ray 5-flowered. 49. 55—(high water shrub.) Order V. Polygamia Segregata. Elephantopus. Common calyx 3-leaved, partial ca- lyx 4-flowered : florets 5-cleft, ligulate : receptacle na- ked : egret setaceous. 49. 55—(elephant-foot.) South" em states. Echinops. Proper calyx 1-flowered : corol tubular, perfect: receptacle setose: egret obsolete. 49- 54— (globe thistle.) Exotic. CLASS XIX. Gynandria. Order I. Monandbia.* A. Anther adnate, sub-terminal, not caducous: masses of pollen affixed by the base, and made up of angular particles. Orchis. Corol ringent-like, upper petal vaulted : lip dilated, spurred beneath: masses of pollen 2, adnate, ter- minal. 7.21—(orchis.) B. Anther parallel with the stigma, not caducous : mas- ses of pollen affixed to the summit of the stigma, and made up of farinaceous or angular particles. Goodyera.j Corol ringent-like, the 2 lower petals placed under the gibbous lip, which is undivided above : style free : constituent particles of the masses of pollen angular. 7. 21—(rattlesnake leaf, serophula weed.) * Some botanists consider each mass of pollen as an anther ; con- sequently place these genera in the second order. See the 21st'natu- Fal order ot Jussieu. if Neottia, 3d Etf. GLASS XIX. ORDER I. 115 Neottia. Corol ringent-like; the two lower petals placed under the lip, which is beardless; interior petals converging : style wingless : constituent particles of the masses of pollen farinaceous. 7. 21---(ladies, tresses.) Listera4 Corol irregular: lip pendant, 2-cleft * style wingless, minute, with the antlier inserted at its base : pollen farinaceous. 7. 21—(lily orchis.) C. Antlier inserted, terminal, not caducous: masses of pollen farinaceous or angular. Pogonia.§ Petals 5, distinct, without glands : lip sessile, cowled, crested internally: pollen farinaceous. 7. 21—(snakemouth.) Triphora.§ Petals 5, distinct, equal and converg- ing, without glands : lip unguiculate, cowled : style spa- tulate, even, wingless: pollen farinaceous. 7. 21—(three- bird orchis.) Cymbidium. Petals 5, distinct: lip behind, or in- verted, unguiculate : the lamina bearded: style free : pollen angular. 7. 21—(grass-pink.) Arethusa. Petals 5, connate at the base : lip below growing to the style, cowled above, crested within : pol- len angular. 7.21—(arethusa.) D. Anther moveable, terminal, caducous : masses of pollen at length becoming wax-like. TiruLARiA.* Petals spatulate, spreading ; lip en- tire, sessile, conspicuously spurred below at the base: style wingless, lengthened, free : anther in the form of a lid: masses of pollen 4, parallel. 7-21. (limodore.) Malaxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading or deflected: lip flattened, undivided, sessile: style length- ened : masses of pollen 4, parallel, affixed to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside-down by the twist- ing ofthe peduncle when the corol opens. 7. 21—(tway- blade.) MicRosTYLUS.f Petals 5, converging, one only de- flected, 2 inner ones filiform : lip about equalling the pet- als in length, erect, sessile, concave, truncate and 2-tooth- cd at the summit: style very minute : masses of pollen 3. 7. 21—(snake-mouth tway-blade.) * Epipactis, 2d Ed. % Arethusa, 2d Ed. * Limodorum, 2d Ed. t Malazis, 2d Ed. llfi CLASS XX. ORDER I. Corallorhiza. Petals equal, converging: lip ei- ther unguiculate or with an obsolete spur : masses of pollen 4, oblique: style free. 7. 21— (coral-root, adaia and eve.) Order II. Diandra. Cyfripedium. Calyx coloured, 4-leaved. spreading : corol o : (by some the calyx is called a corol) nectary large, hollow, inflated ; style with a terminal lobe and petal-like appendage on the upper side. 7. 21—(ladies* slipper.) Order V. Pentandria. Asclepias. Petals 5, reflexed : nectaries 5, concave, erect, containing little horns : each stamen with a pair of pendulous anthers suspended from the top ofthe stig- ma. 30. 47—(milk-weed, silk-weed.) Cynanchum- Calyx 5-toothed, very small, perma- nent : corol wheel-form : nectary simple, cylindric. 5 to 20-lobed, surrounding the orifice of the tube : stamens suspended from the top of the stigmas : follicles 2. 30. 47—(choak-dog.) Gonolobus. Calyx wheel-form, 5-parted : nectary simple, cylindric, somewhat fleshy, 5-lobed, depressed, equal with the cells or cases of the anthers, 5-angled, without winged lateral margins or terminal membrana- ceous bristles : masses of pollen in 5 pairs, even, trans- verse : follicles 2. 30. 47—(false choak-dog.) Order VI. Hexandria. Aristolochia. Calyx 0 : corol superior, 1 -petalled, ligulate, inflated at the base : capsule 6-celled, many- seeded. 11. 23—(birth-wort.) * Arum was formerly placed here, but is now remo- ved to class monoecia. CLASS XX. MONOECIA. Order L Monandria. Zostera. Calyx and corol 0 : anther ovate, sessile : germ ovate, inserted on an unilateral spadix-like recep- tacle : style 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded. 2. 7—(grass wrack, sea-eelgrass.) CLASS XX. ORDER HI. 117 Zan^chellia Staminate flowers—calyx and corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 1 -leaved : corol 0 : little germs about 4, each 1-seeded. 2. 13. Caulinia. Staminate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0 : anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0 : style filiform : stigma 2-cleft: capsule 1-seeded. 15. 6. (Flowers, axillary)—(river-nymph, j Chara. Staminate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0 : an- ther globose, sessile. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0: style 0 : stigmas 5 : berry 1-celled, many-seeded. 15. 6—(chara.) Order II. Diandria. Lemna. Staminate flowers—calyx 1-leafed : corol 0: stamens seated on the base of the germ. Pistillate flow- ers—calyx 1-leafed : corol 0 : style cylindric, stigma funnel-form : capsule 1-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 54. 6— (duck-meat, water flaxseed.) Podostemum. Staminate flowers—ealyx 0 : corol 0: stamens affixed to a pedicel. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0 : germ ovate : stigma 1, sessile : capsule 2- eelled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 54. 6—(tbtread-foot.) Order III. Triandria. Typha. Anient cylindric. Staminate flowers—calyx obsolete, 3-leaved : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—be!ow the staminate : calyx 0 : corol 0 : seed 1, pedicelled ; the pedicels surrounded at the base with long hairs re- sembling egret. 3. 8—(cat-tail, or reed mace.) Sparganium. Staminate flowers—ament globular : calyx 3-leaved : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3- Iea'ved: corol 0: stigma 2-cleft : drupe juiceless, 1- seeded. 3. 8—(burr-reed.) Zea. Staminate flowei*9—calyx-glume 2-flowered, awnless : corol glume awnless. Pistillate flowers—/ calvx-glume 2-valved (number of valves increased by cultivation :) style 1, very long, filiform, pendulous : seed solitary, immersed in an oblong receptacle. 4. 10-— (Indian corn.) Tripsacum. Staminate flowers—calyx-glume 2-flow* ered, outer one staminate, inner one neutral : corol- glume membranaceous. Pistillate flowers—calyx glume 1-flowered, covered with a 1-leafed involucre perforated 118 CLASS XX. ORDER IV. with hollows : corol with numerous thin membranaceous valves : styles 2 : seed 1. 4. 10—(sesame grass.) Coix. Staminate flowers—in remote spikes : calyx- glume 2-flowered, awnless : corol-glume awnless. Pis- tillate flowers—calyx-glume 2-flowered : corol glume awnless : style 2-parted : seed covered with the bone- like calyx 4. 10—(Job's tear.) Exotic. Carex. Aments imbricate (usually in cylindric spikes.) Staminate flowers—calyx scales single : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx scales single : corol inflat- ed, monopetalous, 2-toothed at the apex: stigmas 2 or 3 : nut 3-sided, inclosed in the permanent corol, which be- comes an utriculus-like permanent aril. Sometimes dioe- cious. 3. 9—(sedge.) Scleria. Staminate flowers—calyx-glume 2 or 6- valved, many-flowered : corol-glumes awnless. Pistil- late flowers—calyx like the staminate : corol 0 : stigmas 1 to 3 : nut coloured, sub-globose. 3. 9—(whip-grass.) Comptonia. Staminate flowers—anient cylindric with calyx-scales 1-flowered : corol 2-petalIed : fila- ments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers—spike or anient ovate, corol 6-petalled : (the corol may be called a calyx) styles 2 : nut ovate. 50. 99—(sweet-fern.) Eriocaulon. Common calyx many-leaved ; florets many in an imbricate head : partial perianth superior, 2 or 3-leaved. Staminate flowers central, with monope- talous cleft corols. Pistillate flowers marginal, with 2- petalled corols : stigmas 2 or 3 : capsule 2 or 3-celled : seed 1, crowned with the corol. 6. 13—(pipe-wort.) Serpicula. The perfect flowers have three stamens only. Staminate flowers—calyx 3-parted : corol 3-pet- alled : stamens 9, 3 of them within. Pistillate flowers —calyx 3-parted, tube very long : petals 3 : barren fila- mentsi J : capsule bladder-like, 3-seeded. 15. 88—(ditch moss.) * Andropogon, Holcus, Hierochloa. Order IV. Tetrandria. Aucuba. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-toothed: co- rol 4-petalled : receptacle pierced with 4 holes. Pistil- late flowers—calyx and corol as in the staminate : fferm inferior: style l, short: nut ovate 1-celled—(japan shrub.) Exotic. u * CLASS XX. ORDER V. 119 Boehmeria. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted : co- rol 0 : nectary 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol 0 : styles 2 : seed 1, compressed. (Flowers in cylindric spikes.) 53. 98—(false nettle.) , Urticv. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved : corbl 0 : nectary central cyathiform. Pistillate flowers—^ calyx 2-leaved (2-valved :) corol 0 : seed 1, glossy. 53. 98—(nettle.) Parietaria. Polygamous. Perfect flowers—calyx 4-cleft inferior : corol 0 : stamens elastic : style 1 : seed 1. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2-leaved : seed covered with the dried elongated calyx. 53. 98—(pellitory.) Morus. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 4-leaved : corol 0 : styles 2 : calyx berried : seed 1.' 53, 98—(mulberry ) Alnus. Staminate flowers—ament composed of wedge- form truncate 3-fiowered receptacles : calyx a scale : co- rol 4-parted. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2-flowered scales : corol 0 : seed compressed ovate wingless. 50. 99—(al- der.) Buxus. Staminate flowers—calyx 3-leaved : petals 2 : germ a mere rudiment. Pistillate flowers—calyx 4- Jeaved : petals 3 : styles 3 : capsules 3-beaked, 3-celled : seeds 2. 38. 95—(box.) Exotic, Order V. Pentandria. Xanthium. Staminate flowers—common calyx im- bricate : corol 5-cleft, funnel-form : receptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers—involucre 2-leaved, 1 -flowered : corol 0 : drupe dry, muricate, 2-cleft : nut 2-celled. 54. 88 —(seab urdock.) Ambrosia. Staminate flowers—common calyx 1- leaved : corol 1-petailed, -cleft, funnel-form : receptacle naked. Pistillate flowers—calyx 1-leafed, entire, the swelling part 5-toothed, 1-flowered : corol 0 : nut from the indurated calyx, 1-seeded. 54. 98—(hogweed.) Amaranthus. Staminate flowers—calyx 3 or 5-leav- ed : corol 0 : stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol as the staminate: styles 3 : capsule I-celled, opening transversely : seed 1. 54, 30—(amaranth, red- cockscomb.) * Quercus. 128 CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. Order VI. Hexandria. Zizania. Staminate flowers—calyx 0 : corol-glume 2-valved, awnless, with pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowers—calyx 0 : corol-glume 2-valved, cueul- late, awned : style 2-parted : seed 1, invested in the plaited corol. 4. 10—(water-oats.) * Carya, Myriophyllum. Order XIII. Polyandria. A. Stems not woody. CERATorHYLLUM. Staminate flowers—calyx many- parted : corol o : stamens 16—20, short, with tricuspi* date anthers. Pistillate flowers—calyx 6-leaved, imbri- cated : corol 0: pistil 1 : nut 1-seeded. 15. 91—(horn- wort.) Myriophyllum. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-cleft: petals 4, caducous : stamens 4, 6 or 8. Pistillate flow- ers—calyx and corol like the staminate : germs 4 ; style 0 : seeds 4, having a bark. 15. 88—(water milfoil.) Saggittaria. Staminate flowers—calyx -leaved : corol 3-petalled : filaments mostly 24. Pistillate flow- ers—calyx and corol as in the staminate : germs many: capsules aggregate, 1-seeded. 5. i3—(arrow-head.) Calla. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded : spadix covered with the fructification : stamens intermixed. Staminate flowers—calyx and corol 0 : anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol 0 : berries 1-celled, crowned with the short style. 2. 7—(water-arum.) Arum. Spathe cucullate : spadix not entirely cover- ed with the fructification ; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath and staminate in the middle ; (sometimes a few arc staminate beneath :) ber- ry mostly 1-seeded : generally cirrose-glandular beneath. 2. 7—(Indian-turnip, wake robin.) Poterium. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved : co- rol 4-partcd : stamens 30 to 50. Pistillate flowers- calyx and corol like the staminate : pistils 2 : berry from the indurated tube of the corol. 54. 92__(burnct.) Ex- otic. B. Stems woody. Quercus. Staminate flowers—calyx sub-5-cIeft: sta- CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. 121 mens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers—calyx l-leafed, entire, scabrous, being a woody cup : styles 2 to 5 : nut coria- ceous, surrounded at the base by the permanent calyx. 50* 99—(oak.) Carya. Staminate flowers—anient imbricate : calyx 3-parted scales : corol o : stamens 4 to 6. Pistillate flowers—calyx 4-cleff, superior : corol o : styles o : stig- ma 4-lobcd: pericarp 4-valved : nut sub-quadrangular, even. 50. 94—(hickory, walnut.) Juglans. Staminate flowers—ament imbricate : ca- lyx a scale : corol 6-parted : stamens 18 to 36. Pistil- late flowers—calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 4-cleft: styles t or 2 : drupe partly spongy : nut rugose and irregular- ly furrowed. 50. 94—(butternut, black walnut.) Fagus. Staminate flowers—anient roundish : calyx 5-cleft, bell-form : stamens about 12. Pistillate flowers —calyx 4-toothcd, setose: germs 2 : nuts 2, inclosed in the calyx, becoming coriaceous cchinate. 50. 99— (beach.) Castanea. Polygamous. Staminate flowers—ament naked, linear : corol 5 or 6-parted : stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers—calyx 5 or 6-leaved, muricate ; germs 3 : stigmas pencil-form ; nuts 5, witb coriaceous putamen, inclosed in the calyx becoming cchinate. 50. 99—(ches- mit.) Betula. Staminate flowers—ament imbricate, scales peltate, 3-flowered : calyx a scale . stamens 10 to 12. Pistillate flowers—calyx a 2 flowered scale : seed 1, wing- ed. 50. 99—(birch.) Carpim;.-;. Anient imbricate. Staminate flowers— calyx-scales ciliate : stamens 10. Pistillate flowers— calyx-scales 2-iiuwered : corol 3-cleft: nut ovate sulcate. 50. 99—(hornbeam.) Ostrya. Ament imbricate. Staminate flowers— caljx a scale : filaments ramose. Pistillate flowers— ament naked : capsule inflated, imbricate at its base, 1- secded. j0. 99—(hop hornbeam.) Corylus. Staminate fiuwers—anient imbricate : ca- lyx a scale: stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers—calyx 2-parted, lacerated : styles 2 : nut ovate, surrounded by and included in the pcrdiaiient leaf-like calyx. 50. 99— (bazfeioit.) .^lat.v..\us. Anient globose, corol 0. Staminate flowers L 122 CLASS XX. ORDER XVI. corol none or scarcely apparent, anthers growing around the filaments. Pistillate flowers—calyx many-leaved ; style with a recurved stigma : seed roundish, crowned with the mucronate style, with egret-like hairs at the base. 50. 99—(button- wood, false sycamore.) LiquiDAMBAR. Staminate flowers—ament conic, sur- rounded with a 4-leaved involucre : corol 0 : filaments numerous. Pistillate flowers—ament globose, surroun- ded with a 4-leaved involucre : calyx 1-leafed, pitcher- form, 2-flowercd ; styles 2 : capsules 2, surrounded at the base by the calyx, 1-celled, many-seeded. 51. 99— (sweet-gum.) Order XVI. Monadelphia. A. Stems woody. Pixrs. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-leaved: corol 0: stamens many • anthers naked. Pistillate flowers—ca- lyxes in strobiles or cones, scales 2-flowered : pistil 1 : nut with a membranaceous wing. (Perhaps more prop- erly a samara.) 51. 100—(pine.) Cupressus. Staminate flowers—anient ovate, imbri- cate : calyx a peltate scale : corol 0 : anthers 4, sessile. Pistillate flowers—ament strobilaceous : calyx a 1-flow- ered peltate scale ; corol none: germs 4 to 8 under each scale of the calyx : nuts angular, compressed. 51.100— (white cedar.) Thuja. Staminate flowers—ament imbricate : calyx a scale : corol 0 : anthers 4. Pistillate flowers—anient a strobile : calyx a 2-flowered scale : corol 0 : nut 1, sur- rounded with a marginal wing. 51. 100—(arbor vitae.*) B. Stems not woody. Acalyphv. Staminate flowers—calyx 3or4-Ieaved, or 3 or 4-parted : stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers- calyx and corol like the staminate : styles 3, 2-cleft : cap- sule tricoccous, 3-celled. (Having large bracts.) 38. 96 —(three seed mercury.) * This tree is also called white cedar in Dr. Hosack's catalogue ; to which and to Phelps' Calendar, I generally refer, as the standards for English uamrs ; excepting in those cases, where I take the names immediately from the common people. In the 3d edition I have added several English names from Profes* sor Peck's catalogue, and from Barton's Flora of Philadelphia. CLASS XXI. ORDER II. 125 Ricinus. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted : sta- mens numerous. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3-parted : styles 3, 2-cleft ; capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3-sceded. 38. 96—(palma christi, or castor oil plant.) Exotic. Phyllanthcs. Staminate flowers—calyx 5 or 6- parted : filaments united in a column ; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments. Pistillate flowers— calyx and corol like the staminate : nectary with a 12- angled margin : styles 3 : capsule tricoccous. 38 96— (leaf-flower.) Momordica. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-cleft : co- rol 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—style 3- clel't : berry gourd-like and bursting elastically : seeds compressed. 34. 97—(balsam apple, wild cucumber,) bicYos. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-parted: filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—styles 3-cleft: berry gourd-like, 1-seeded. 34. 97—(single-seed cu- r umber.) Cucurbita. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-cleft : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate: pistil 3-cleft: pomaceous berry large, 3 to 5-celled : seeds thickened at the margin. 34. 97—(gourd, squash, pumpkin, water-melon.) Exotic. Cucumis. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed : co- rol 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate: stigmas 3, thick, 2-parted : berry with sharpish seeds. 34. 97—(cucumber, musk- melon.) Exotic. Melothria. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-toothed : corol bell-form: filaments 3. Pistillate flowers—style I . stigmas 3 : berry 3-celled, many-seeded. 34. 97— ^creeping cucumber.) CLASS XXI. DIOECIA. Order II. Diandria. Vallisneria. Staminate flowers—spathe ovate, 2- parted : spadix covered with florets : perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers—spathe 2-cleft, 1-flowered : perianth 3-parted, superior : corol 3-petalled : stigmas 3, strap- like, 2-cleft: capsule valveless, 1-celled, many-seeded. (stamens 2 and 6.) l. 22—(tape-grass, eel-grass.) Salix. Staminate flowers—ament cylindric: calyx a ]24 CLASS XXI. ORDER Y. scale, with a nectariferous gland at the base: stamens I to 6. Pistillate flowers—ament and calyx like the sta- minate ; styles 2-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 2-valved : seed with egret-like down. 50. 99—(willow.) Fraxinus. Perfect flowers—calyx 0, or 4-parted: corol 0, or 4-petalled : pistil 1 : samara 1-seeded, with a lanceolate wing. Pistillate flowers—calyx, corol and pistils same as perfect. 44. 37—(ash.) Order III. Triandria. Empetrum. Staminate flowers—calyx bud-like, iol- bricated with about 9 scales ; the 3 innermost are petal- like : stamens long. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol as in the staminate : styles 9 : berry 9-seeded. 18. 51— (crow-berry.) Ficus. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit) enclosing the apetalous florets, both staminate and pistillate, cither in the same, or in distinct individuals. Staminate flowers—calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers —calyx 5-parted : pistil 1, lateral: seed 1, covered with the closed permanent somewhat fleshy calyx. §3. 98— (fig tree.) Exotic. * Carex. Order IV. Tetandria. Hippophae. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted, ca- ducous, tubular : cored 0 : stamens 8, enclosed, alternat- ing with 8 glands. Pistillate flowers—calyx 4-cleft, bell- form, superior : style 1 : stigma oblique : berry 1-seed- ed. 16. 24—(sea-buckthorn.) Myrica. Staminate flowers—ament oblong: calyx an ovate scale : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate : stvles 2 : drupe or berry 1- seeded. 50. 99—(bay-berry, sweet-gale.) Vis cum. Staminate flowers—calyx 4-parted : corol 0 : anthers sessile adhering to the calyx___Pistillate flow- ers : calyx 4-leaved, superior ; corol 0 : style 0 : berry 1 seeded : seed cordate; (parasitic adhering to trees) 43. 58—(unsseltoc.) Okder V. Pentandria. Hamiltonia. Perfect flowers—calyx sub-campanu- late, superior, 5-cleft: corol 0 ; nectary with a 5-toothed CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 125 disk : stamens 5 : pistils 1 : fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers like the perfect, except in wanting the pistil. 43. 95—(American oil-nut.) Z vnthoxylum. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted : corol 0 : stamens 3 to 5. Pistillate flowers—pistils 3 to 5.: capsules equal to the number of pistils, 1-seeded. 46. 94—(prickly ash, or tooth-ache tree.) Spinacia. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted : co- rol 0. Pistillate flowers—styles 4 : seed 1, within the indurated calyx. 12. 29—(spinach.) Exotic. Acnida. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3-parted : style 0 : stigmas 3, sessile : capsule 1-seeded. 53. 29—(water-hemp.) Humulus. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-leaved : co- rol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx 1-leafed, entire, oblique, spreading : styles 2 : seed 1, within the leaf-like calyx j inflorescence strobile-form. 53. 98—(hop.) Cannabis. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-parted. Pis- tillate flowers—calyx 5-leaved, entire, gaping laterally : styles 2 : nut 2-valved, within the closed calyx. 53. 98— (hemp.) Exotic. Nyssa. Perfect flowers—calyx superior, 5-parted; corol 0 : pistil 1 : fruit a drupe. Staminate flowers— stamens 5 to 12 standing around a peltate gland. 12. 24 —(tupelo tree, pepperidge.) Order VI. Hexandbia. Smilax. Staminate flowers—calyx 5 or 6-leaved, in- ferior : corol 0. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate : styles minute; stigmas 3 : berry 3-cell- ed, 1 to 3-seeded. 11. 12—(green briar, Jacob's ladder.) Dioscorea. Staminate flowers—calyx 6-parted : co- rol 0. Pistillate flowers—styles 3 : capsule 3-celled, tri- angular, compressed : seeds 2, membranaceous. (Leaves generally alternate.) 11. 12—(yam-root.) Gleditschia. Perfect flowers—calyx 6 to 8-pm :ed, caducous, 3 or 4 of the outer segments smaller : t nvol none : stamens 5 or 6 (rarely 8 :/legume long, flat com- pressed, 1 or many-seeded. Pistillate flowers—calyx subturbinate, 5 to 8-parted with 3 to 5 of the segment* interior : stamens 6 to 8. 33. 93—(houoy locust.)' L % 126 CLASS XXI. ORDER XVI. From Order VIII. Octandria, to Order XIIL POLYANDRIA. Populus. Staminate flowers—ament cylindric, calyx a torn scale : corol turbinate, oblique, entire. Pistillate flowers—ament, calyx and corol like the staminate : stig- ma 4 or 6-lobed : capsule 2-celled ; seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tremulous motion.) 50. 99—(pop- lar, balm of gilead.) Diospyros. Staminate flowers—calyx 4 to 6-cleft, dilated : corol pitcher-form, 4 to 6-cleft : stamens 8, 16 or 29 ; often 2 anthers to a filament. Pistillate flowers- calyx and corol like the staminate : stigmas 4 or 5 : ber- ry 8 to 12 seeded. 18. 50—(date plum.) Datisca. Staminate flowers—calyx 5-leaved : corol 0 : anthers sessile, about 15. Pistillate flowers—calyx superior, 2-toothed: styles 3 : capsules 3-angled. 3-horn- ed, 1-celled, many-seeded, pervious. 54. 98 ? ^false-hemp.) Menispermum. Staminate flowers—calyx 6-leaved: somewhat 2-bracted, caducous : petals 6 to 9, glandular, minute, retuse : stamens 16, 18 or 24 ; anthers 4-lobed, 2-celled. Pistillate flowers—calyx and corol like the staminate: germs and styles 3 to 6 : drupes or berries mostly solitary, 1-seeded; nut woolly, compressed. 11. 77—(moon seed.) * Thalictrum. Order XVI. Monabelphia. Juniperus. Staminate flowers—ament ovate : calyx a scale: stamens 3. Pistillate flowers—calyx 3-parted : petals 3 : styles 3 : berry 1 or 2-seeded, consisting of the unequal tubercles ofthe calyx. (Nut bony, 1-celled, with balsamy glands at the base.) 51. 100—(red cedar, savin.) Taxus. Staminate flowers—calyx consists of4to6 imbricated scales : corol 0 : stamens many, anthers pel- tate, 6 to 8-clcft. Pistillate flowers—style 0 : receptacle cup-form, succulent; nut ovate. 51. 100—(yew.) POLYGAMOUS PLANTS. Some authors still retain the class Polygamia ; but I, following Persoon, have distributed the. genera belong- ing to this class as follows t—Andropogon to class 3, or.- CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 127 uer 2. Holcus to 5, 2. Panax to 5, 2. Atriplex to 5, 2. Celtis to 5, 2. Veratrum to 6, 3. Melanthium to 6, 3. »0cer to 8, 1. Mimosa to 16, 10. Parietaria to 20, 4. Fraxirus to 21, 2. .TVtyssa to 21, 5. Gleditschia to 21,6. CLASS XXII. CRYPTOGAMIA. Order I. Fllices.* Ferns are annulated, when each capsule has a kind of chain passing around it at about right angles with the su- ture. When the fruit is ripe, the chain in straitening opens the capsule ; it being attached by its ends to two contiguous edges of it. A. With annulated capsules. 1. Without involucres. Acrostichum. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower surface of the frond. (The fertile leaves dif- fer in shape from the barren. This genus should be ex- amined in the young state ; for the scattered fruit of other genera, by becoming confluent when old, often cover the frond.) 55. 5—(fork-fern.) Polapodium. Capsules disposed in round scattered dots, on various parts of the lower surface of the frond. 55. 5—(polypod.) 2. With involucres. Onoclea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a ber- ry like appearance, capsules covering the whole lower surface of the frond ; involucre formed by turning in or rolling back the margin ofthe leaf, which opens inwards, in maturity, towards the midrib, or remains closed. (The fertile leaves are contracted ami narrower than the bar- ren ones.) 55. 5—(sensitive polypod.) Blechnum. Capsules in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the midrib ofthe frond on both sides : involu- cre opens inwards.f (The fruit of this genus, when ripe, often covers the whole lower surface of the frond like the *The descriptions ofthe genera of this order are chirflj taken from Sprengel's Introduction to the study of Crypiogamous plants. -j- 1 he invoiuc e ope» inwards, when it opens or separates, SO as t>0 leave the capsules naked on the giJe next to the midrib. 128 CLASS XXII. ORDER I. acrostichum ; it must therefore be examined in the young state.) 55. 5—(Roman fern.) Pteris. Capsules arranged in a continued line along the very margin of the frond: involucre opening inwards. (When the leaves are extremely small, the rows of cap- sules on opposite sides meet and cover the lower surface like the above.) 55. 5—(brake.) Asplenium. Capsules in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon the secondary veins of the frond : involucres opening inwards. (By the secondary veins is meant those ofthe middle part ofthe disk, not the lar- ger ones at the margin or midrib. The parallel lines of capsules may stand obliquely with respect to the mid- rib, but their direction must be parallel to each other.) 55, 5—(spleen wort, wTalking leaf.) Scolopendrium. Capsules in strait or zigzag paral- lel lines between the secondary veins (or ribs) of the frond : involucre double, opening on the top of the lines of capsules and folding down towards each side. (In the genus asplenium, the lines of capsules lie across the veins ofthe frond ; but in this they are in line with the veins and attached along their sides or between them.) 55. 5—(caterpillar fern.) Woodwardia. Capsules in oblong or oval spots arrang- ed in regular rows on both sides ofthe midrib : involucre vaulted and opening inwards. (When the leaves have large segments, the capsules are arranged along the mid- ribs of the segments also.) 55. 5—(kidney-fruit fern.) Adiantum. Capsules disposed in oblong spots, arran- fed along the margin of the frond : involucre is formed y turning back the margin of the frond over the capsules, and it opens inwards. (The lines of oblong spots are generally along that margin, which may be considered the end of the leaf or of the segments of the leaf. 55.5— (maiden-hair.) Aspidium. Capsules in scattered roundish spots on various parts of the whole lower surface of the frond : involucre a kidney-form or round membrane, fastened to the frond in or near the centre ofthe fruit-dot, and open- ing on all sides. (The involucre, when a little opened, is! strictly peltate.) 55. 5—(shield-fern.) Athyrium. (Taken from aspidium.) Capsules in scattered roundish or oblong spots on various parts of tire CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 129 whole lower surface of the frond: involucre a roundish membrane, fastened to the frond at one side of the fruit- dot, and opens on the other. (The involucre is gener- ally fastened inwards and opens outwards towards the margin ofthe frond.) 5i. 5—(snuff box fern.) Dicksonia. Capsules in small round scattered fruit- dots at the margin of the frond : involucre double ; one part is formed ofthe thin margin ofthe frond turned over upon the fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the in- ward side of the fruit-dots, each part opening opposite to where it is fastened to the frond. 55. 5—(mountain fern.) Woodsia. Involucre perianth-form, with a hair-like margin : capsules pedicelled, included within the involu- cre : fruit-dots roundish, scattered. 55. 5—(flower-cup fern.) Cheilanthus. Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, situat- ed at the margin of the frond : involucre a roundish mem- brane, formed by turning over the margin of the frond upon the fruit-dots, and opening inwards. (The margin is always crenate, and each fruit-dot has its own involu- cre perfectly separate from the others.) 55. 5—(lip-fern.} B. With capsules not annulated. Schizaea. Capsules top-form, striate longitudinally and radiately, situated upon the back part of a narrow spike-form appendage of the frond, surrounded with or interspersed among bundles of hairs. (The appendages, bearing the capsules, are generally digitate and occupy the summit of the frond.) 55.5—(one-sided fern.) Osmunda. Capsules globose, pedicelled, radiate-stri- ate or wrinkled, having a hinge at the joining of the two valves, which resembles part of the jointed ring of annu- lated ferns : the capsules either occupy the whole frond, to a limited extent, or a panicled-raceme. (The parts of the frond occupied by the fruit are always more con- tracted than the barren parts.) 55. 5—(flowering fern.) Lygodium. Capsules in two series, radiate-striated or wrinkled, opening laterally, longitudinally or trans- versely ; they are situated upon spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, each capsule being hid un- der a scale which falls off frequently in ripening. 55. 5«—■ (fringed fern; climbing fern.) 130 CLASS XXII. ORDER II. Botrychium. Capsules coriaceous, globose, one- celled, smooth ; they are disposed in spikes or racemes, generally opening lengthwise, sometimes irregularly. 55, 5—(grape-fern.) Ophioglossum. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transversely ; they are placed on a somewhat jointea spike in two close rows. 55. 5—(adder-tongue fern.) Sub-order. Apteres.* Lycopodium. Capsules mostly kidney-form or round- ish, 2 or 4-valved opening elastically ; they are placed under separate scales in a spike, or sometimes in the ax- ils of leaves. (Very leafy, their stems being generally covered with 2, 5 or 4 rows of narrow simple entire leaves.) 55. 5—(ground pine.) Equiestum. Fruit placed under peltate bodies which are arranged in whorls, forming a spike form raceme; four spiral filaments surround the seed (probably) which resemble, green globules. (Fertile plants mostly leafless, the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at every joint, and usually longitudinally striated and hollow.) 55. 5—(scouring rush, horsetail.) Isoetes. Capsules membranaceous, 1-celled, not de- hiscent ; fruit-dots heart-ovate, immersed in a swelling or tuberosity at the base of a linear subarticulated grass- like frond : seeds attached to numerous cross-bars with- in the capsule. 55. 5—(quill-wort.) Order II. Musci.f First division. Capsules without peristomes. Sphagnum. Base ofthe calyptre remains attachedto the capsule, after the upper part has fallen off. 56. 4. Phascum. Capsule terminal, without an opening. Calyptre bell-form, halved, subulate, minute. 56. 4. * See the 5th Nat. Orel, of Jussieu. Bu> transfer Isoetes, to the se- cond division, af'er Equisetum. Ah-,o insert afier " axils of leaves," and before " having," die words—or in the substance ofthe frond. f Arranged, with few exceptions, according to the Methodus Mus.- corum A Sam. Eb a Bridel. Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual size. But they musi be put in a closet, unii the lids of the capsules became reddish-brown, before they are examined. Then ihe lids may be removed, and the teeth examined. CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 131 Gymnostomum. Capsules terminal. Calyptre cowl- ed or halved, subulate, caducous. 56. 4 Schistidium. Capsule terminal. Calyptre mitre- form, or beil-conic, split at the base into many subequal divisions. 56. 4. Anoectangium. Capsule lateral. Calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4. Second division. Capsules with peristomes. A. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome; fruit ter- minal. 1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the base, entire. Tetraphis. Teeth of the peristome 4, pyrimidal : calyptre mitre-form, split into many divisions at the base. 56. 4. Grim mi a. Teeth of the peristome 16, pyrimidal, easily reflexed : calyptre mitre-form. 56. 4. Weissa. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, nar- row, imperforate : calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4. Tkematodon. Teeth ofthe peristome 16, lance-lin- ear, perforate : germ nodding, with along horn-like epo- physis at the base : calyptre cowled. 56. 4. 2. Teeth solitary, free at tli>e base, split from the apex to- wards the base. Dicranum. Teeth of the peristome 16, inflexed, 2- cleft, the divisions equal : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. Campylopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, •sub-perforate : calyptre mitre-form, torn-fringed at the base. 56. 4. Racomitbum. Teeth of the peristome split even to the base into 2, 3 or 4 parts ; division equal, filiform : calyptre mitre-form or bell-form and subulate, mostly torn at the base. 56. 4. Trichostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split even to the base into 2, 3 or 4 parts, divisions filiform : calyptre halved, hood-form. 56. 4. 3. Teeth solitary, twisted together like a rope at the top. Baubula, Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, capillary, somewhat connected at the base, and spirally twisted at the top : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 132 CLASS XXII. ORDER II. Syntrichia. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, twist- ed spirally in the form of a spike, and arising from a broad reticulate membrane : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 4. Teeth approach each other, or unite, in pairs. Didymodon. Teeth of the peristome 32, they approach each other in pairs, but remain distinct: calyptre hood- form. 56. 4. Splachnum. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each other in pairs so that they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cuticles, reflexed, and at length dose pressed to the back of the capsule ; the capsule has an apophysis : calyptre bell-form, with a sub-lacerated base. 56. 4. B. Mouth surrounded by a double peristome (except 2 spe- cies of Orthotrichum ;) fruit terminal. Orthotriciium. Peristome single or double. When single, the teeth are 16, arranged in pairs ; after the fall- ing of the lid they arc reflexed. When double, the outer teeth are as when single, and the inner teeth are 8 or 16, linear, distant: calyptre conic or bell-form, keeled, pilose upwards ; rarely glabrous. 56. 4. Ulota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs, after the falling of the lid they are easily reflexed: teeth ofthe inner peristome are 8, linear, distant : calyp- tre conic, smoothish, hairy above, often split into a fringe at the base. 56. 4. Bartramia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedgeform ; the inner peristome consists of a membrane folded into 16 carinate plaits or folds ; the divisions are bifid receiving the inflexed apexes of the teeth : calyptre hooded 56. 4. Bryum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute ; the inner peristome consists of a membrane, di- vided or folded by keel-like furrows, and extended into 16 broadish processes, with ciliate hairs interposed : ca- lyptre hood-form : capsule equal. 56. 4. Arrhenopterum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute : the inner peristome consists of a keel- furrowed membrane, split into broad processes, with < Ur- ate hairs interposed : calyptre oblong, laterally sessile; capsule unequal, arcuate, nodding. 56. 4. CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 133 Mnium. Teeth ofthe outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or erect, with very long apexes arching out- wards ; the inner peristome consists of a membrane ex- tended into 16 perforated or forked divisions, ciliate hairs interposed ? calyptre acutely conic : eapsule unequal, nodding. 56. 4. Timmia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate ; the inner peristome consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite to the teeth, irregularly perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divisions are alternately free : calyptre laterally fissile. 56. 4. Diplocomium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, ob- tuse, short : the inner peristome consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in pairs, not connected by any membrane. 56. 4. Me esi a. Teeth ofthe outer peristome 16, short; the inner peristome consists of ciliate hairs connected wholly by network. 56. 4. Diphyscicm. The outer peristome seems as if almost obliterated, it consists of 16 very minute scales surround- ing the mouth of the germ ; the inner peristome consists of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 plicate folds, which alternate with the scales. 56. 4. Buxbaumia. Peristomes three. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, truncate, very short, unequal, fugaceous : the two inner peristomes consist of sub-conical membra- naceous cylinders, constructed of filaments laterally ad- hering together, and torn at the top ; the innermost is the longest, folded in 16 plaits and dehiscent at the apex. 5u. 4. Fun aria. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at the apex and twisted obliquely ; the inner pe- ristome consists of 16 membranaceous cilia opposite to the teeth, lying flatly. 56. 4. C. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome ; fruit lateral. 1. Teeth entire. Pterigynanbrum. Teeth of the peristome 16, equal- ly distant, acute, erectish : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. Lasia. Teeth of the peristome l fi, equally distant, &cute> erect: calyptre hood-form, pilose above. 56. 4. M 134 CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 2. Teeth split. Leucodon. 'Peristome a membrane divided into teeth, each of which is split almost to its base : calyptre hood- form. 56. i. D. Month surrounded by a double peristome ; fruit lateral, 1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base. Neckera. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner peristome alternate with the teeth (rarely opposite) : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. Crypiiaea- Teeth ofthe outer peristome 16, erect, free : cilia of the inner peristome alternate with the teeth : calyptre mitre-form, or conic, glabrous. 56. 4. Pilotrichum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner peristome alternate with the teeth : calyptre mitre-form, or conic, hirsute. 56, 4. 2. Teeth of the inner j^nstome connected by a membrane at the base. Climacium. teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute; innei' peristome consists of cilia, arising from a very short membrane, which are united at the apex in pairs by transverse bars. 56. 4. Leskia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, subulate, inflexible; inner peristome consists of a membrane ex- tended into 16 linear uniform processes : calyptre hood- form. 56. 4. Pterigoehyllum. Teeth ofthe outer peristome 16, lance-linear; inner peristome consists of a membrane split into 16 linear uniform (rarely deformed) processes: calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous. 56. 4. Hypnum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, re- flexile ; inner peristome consists of a membrane extend- ed into l6 processes,, with smaller capillary ones interpos- ed : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. 56. 4. 3. Inner peristome without teeth or cilia. . Fontin alis. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broad- Hi. urufe, erect; inner peristome a reticulate conic membrane £6. 4. CLASS XXII. ORDER III. 135 E. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome; fruit arises from the duplicative of a leaf. Fissidens. Peristome simple : teeth 16, 2-cleftj broadish, inflexed'; the divisions somewhat unequal, di- icrgiiig. 56. 4. F. Mouth closed by a horizontal membrane. Polytriciium- Peristome very short, teeth 16, 32, iui 64. mouth of the germ covered by a dry membrane which is connected to it by the teeth of the peristome : calyptre very small, with a large villose or hairy cover- ing. 56. 4. Catharinaev. Peristome very short, teeth 32 or 64 ; mouth of the capsule covered by a dry membrane : calyptre glabrous, or hirsute, with scattering hairs. 56.4 Order III. Hepaticae.* Ricci v. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in the frond, not dehiscent ; furnished with a short tube, scarcely pro- minent, becoming brownish and perforated at the apex. This aquatic genus has the habit of the most succulent and tender lichens. 57. 3. Amthoceros. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally dehiscent into 2 valves when mature ; im- bedded and nourished in a linear fleshy receptacle : after the opening of the capsule seeds appear attached to a co- lumella. Around the fleshy receptacle (or perhaps ca- lyx) within the substance of the frond, appear heaps of reddish bodies resembling anthers. The substance of the frond is made up of hexahedral cells. In habit this genus resembles mosses. 57. 3. March vntia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobcd, disk-like or bell-form, with the inside downwards, to which the globose 4-valved capsules are attached, withj their apexes downward. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated one or two inches by a stipe attached to the centre of its lower s'.de, among the capsules and many pilose appendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, fur- nished with a midrib, and beset with villose roots on the! under side whicb attach themselves fo stones in brooks, to damp earth, &c. * Frpm Sprengel, De Lamarck and De Candolk. »3G CLASS XXII. ORDER IV. Jungermannia. Capsules 4-valved, globose, elevat- ed by peduncles or stipes from within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are made up of finer leaves than those ofthe Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses among which they generally grow. 51. c>. Order IV. Algae.* A- The section Fucoideae comprizes those seaweeds ofthe old genus Fucus, whose fronds are cartilaginous or lea- thery and of anvlive or'copper colour, becoming brown or black. They are composed of interwoven longitudinal fibres.- .$rnit;imrecepkieles, appear like portions of the frond blown up in bubbles. Fucus. Receptacles tubercled ; the tubercles perfo- rate, nourishing aggregated capsules within, intermixed with articulated fibres. 57. 2. Chordaria. The fruit consists of immersed clavate articulated concentric threads, passing into seeds. Fronds filiform, cartilaginous and lubricous. 57.2. Laminaria. Seeds oblong, immersed in a distinct part of the frond—never in all parts. Frond a tenaceous cartilage. 57. 2. B. The section Florideae comprizes those seaweeds of the old genus Fucus, whose fronds are leathery, membra' nous or gelatinous, and of a purple or rose colour. Delesseria. Fruitdouble, seeds and capsules. Seeds heaped together in spots, immersed in the leaves in vari- ous places. Frond always thin and membranaceous. 57. 2. Sph\erococcus. Fruit uniformly a capsule ; ses- sile in the disk of the frond, or pedicelled at the margin. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, flat or filiform. 57. 2. Halymenia. Frond membranaceous, leathery, nerve- less, punctate : seed immersed throughout the whole frond, disposed in spots. 57. 2. C The section Ulvoideae comprizes the plants of the old genus Ulva. Fronds membranaceous, (broad or in nar- row slips) thin, of a grass-green colour- Their substance * Translai ed from Agardh's Synopsis Algarum—•Omitting all whkh, is not required by discoveries in our district. CLASS XXII. ORDER IV. 137 consists of cells, with the fruit immersed in the frond. They grow on rocks, stones, shells, &c. in the sea—al- so in ditches, stagnant waters, damp woods, &c. 57. 2. Ulva Seeds in fours, immersed in e\ 3ry part of the membranaceous frond. 57. 2. Vaucheria. Fruit consists of minute homogeneous ve- sicles strung on a thread : or the threads or fibres sprink- led over with green granular masses, which may at length be easily brushed off. Linneus denominated the plants of this genus amphibious confervae, because they rise to the surface of water, and project their fructiferous fila- ments above it. 57. 2. D. The section Confervoideae comprizes the plants of the old genus Conferva. Fruit capsular or naked gra- nulations. Fronds filiform and geniculate, containing the fruit immersed in them, generally strung on threads ; mostly of a grass-green or greenish colour, sometimes purple. They grow in fresh water streams, springs, ditches and stagnant waters. Sometimes in damp woods, and some in the sea. Hutchinsia. Fruit double, capsular, and filamen- tose granulations. Capsules ovate, broader at the base, acuminate apex (sometimes truncate) sessile, reticulate, containing globules in inflated branches. Filaments form- ed from numerous channels, of a purplish colour. 57. 2. Ceramium. Fr tit double, filamentose and capsular. Filaments constituted from one tube. 57. 2. Lamania. Filaments toro.se, rigid containing the sect! within them. The chain of germs is affixed to the inte rior disk of the membrane, in a pencil form aggregate. 57- 2. Conferva. Filaments articulated, uniform, simple or branched ; containing the seed within them. No exter- nal fruit. 57. 2. Zygnema. Filaments simple, equal, articulated, green, gelatinous: articulations hyaline ; granulations disposed in spiral lines or in double stars, rarely scatter- ed. At length the transverse tubes burst in the middle of the joints, and from the two nearest filaments is trans- mitted, at the same time, a green substance, which, tmi- •iiug, forms a spherical or oval seed. 57. 2 M 2 isa CLASS XXII. ORDER V. Ojscillatoria. Filaments continued, mcmbranace* ous, gelatinous : germs ring-form, transverse, parallel, crowded- Agardh considers some of the species of this genus as intermediate between animal and vegetable; though their oscillatory motions cannot be voluntary.57.2, Batrachospermum. Frond gelatinous. Filaments with the main part articulated ; branches whorled at the articulations : fruit external. 57. 2. E. The section Tremellinae camprizes the old genus Tremella. Plants of this section are all gelatinous, hya- line, and covered with a membrane. They are globose, palmate or filiform ; and contain conferva-like filaments within. Colour green or purplish. They resemble Con- fervoideae in habit and place of growth. Rivularia. Filaments simple, continued, annulated within, terminating in a distinct globe at the base, pro- duced at the apex into a long hyaline point. Colour olive or dark green 57. 2. Nostoc. Filaments monili-form, constituted from co- adunate globules. Frond bullate, vesicular (at length becoming flattened) crowded with simple monili-form, curve-crisped filaments. 57. 2. Order V. Lichenes.* A- The Idiothalamousj section comprizes those lichens, whose receptacles are wholly of a substance and colour different from that of the frond. t. Receptacles simple, wholly formed of a pulverulent ci cartilaginous substance. (Receptacles without margins.) Spiloma. FrondJ crustaceous, expanded, flat, adnate, uniform : receptacles (efflorescence) composed of cor- p isrules, or pulverulent atoms, aggregated in compact homogeneous, naked, formless, coloured massess. 57. 2. Arthonia. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacle innate-sessile, round-shapeless, * Translated from the last improved Synopsis M ethodica Lichenum »f Professor Ei ik. Acharius. f Idiot*, ;culi,:i.. thnlamos b d. * Acharics h .s substituted fo* frond, tmversA receptacle in hia last work, throughout. CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 133 dark coloured, covered with a sub-cartilagenous mem brane—resembles a solid parencbymous substance. 57- 2. (Receptacles margined.) « Gyalecta. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- nate, uniform. Receptacle shield-form, urceolate, im- mersed in the crust, resembling a thin cartillage ; the hollow part concave, with the aperture contracted, and sub-marginated. 57. 2. Lecidea. Frond various ; crustaceous, expanded and adnate, uniform or dis-figured, foliaceous, or rope-like : receptacle (spangles) shield-form, sessile, clothed every where with a cartilaginous membrane ; somewhat solid, including a parencharaous substauce ; disk with an uni- form margin. 57. 2. Calicicm. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- nate, uniform : receptacles (puffs) bowl-form, sessile or stiped, cartilaginous ; sustaining a compact, pulverulent mass, flat or'subglobose above, forming a naked disk. 57. 2. Gyrophora. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilagi- nous, peltate, monophyllous (when luxurient polyphyl- lous) free beneath : receptacles (buttons) somewhat shield- * form, sessile-adnate, clothed with a dark membranace- ous cartilage, somewhat solid, including a parenchymous substance ; disk warty or circinal, plicate and margined. 57. 2. Opegrapha. Frond crustaceous, flat expanded, ad- nate. uniform : receptacles (clefts) oblong, elongated, sessile, clothed with a dark coloured cartilaginous mem- brane, somewhat solid including a parenchymous sub- stance : disk linear, margined both sides. 57, 2. 2. Receptacles sub-simple, formed from a solitary frond and furnished with a perianth-like organ including a nu- cleus. (Receptacles margined.) Graphis. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles (hollows) elongated, immersed in the frond ; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed- cases are simple, cartilaginous, halved lateral, dark-col- oured, margined both sides ; nucleus linear ; disk naked above and beneath, cellular-striate within. 57. 2. UQ CLASS XXII. ORDER T. (Receptacles without margins.) Verrucaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- nate, uniform : receptacles (hollows) hemispheric or sub- globose, imbedded in the frond at the base : the perianth- like organs surrounding the seed-cases are double; exte- rior one sub-cartilaginous, thick, dark coloured, halved above, furnished with little openings or papillose ; inte- rior one thin, membranaceous ; nucleus sub-globose, cell- vesicular, every part enclosed. 57. 2. Eisdocarfon. Frond crustaceous, flat, adnate, some- what deformed or foliaceous and peltate : receptacles (hollows) globose, hidden in the substance ofthe frond : the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases are simple, membranaceous, thin, translucent ;the littleopen- iugs at the surface ofthe frond are thick, sub-papillose, prominent; nucleus a globose substance. 57. 2. B. The Coenothalamous* section comprizes those lich- ens, whose receptacles are in part only formed from the. substance of the frond. 1. Receptacles included in warts, which are formed from the frond. Pornia. Frond crustaceous, cartilaginous, flat, ex- panded, adnate, uniform : receptacles (hollows) single or many together hidden in verrucose enclosures, which are formed from the frond and are without margins ; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases are sim- ple, tender, membranaceous, translucent, furnished with coloured openings, thicker at the surface ofthe warts, and including sub-globose cellular vesicles. 57. 2. Pyrenula. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles (hollows) single, enclosed, or sur- rounded at the base, by warts formed from the frond ; the perianth-like organs are simple, thick, dark-coloured, papillose, investing the whole cellular globose nucleus. 57. 2. Variolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- nate, uniform ; the receptacle is a kind of wart formed externally from the frond, with a white border or mar- gin : nucleus naked (without the perianth-like organ) Koino*) common, thalwnos) bed, CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 14* Compressed, cellular, hidden within the substance of the wart, veiled above but at length naked. 57. 2. £. Receptacles shield-form, sub-sessile, furnished with a disk of a peculiar substance and colour ; and surround- ed by a margin of a different colour, proceeding from the frond. Urceolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- nate, uniform: receptacles (shields or spangles) concave, lamina seed-bearing, coloured, striate-cellular within, immersed in the substance of the crust or in warts, sur- rounded with margins formed from the frond and of the same colour, sessile or elevated. 57. 2. Lecanora. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles shield-form, thick, adnate-sessile ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, plano-convex, col- oured, covering the receptacle above, cellular-striate within, surrounded with a thickish margin formed from the frond and ofthe same colour, somewhat free. 57. 2. Parmelia. Frond coriaceous, sub-membranaceous; flat, expanded, close-pressed, orbicular, stellate and lo- bed or multifid-laciniate, having fibres beneath : recep- tacle shield-form, sub-membranaceous, formed under-side from the frond, free, with a central puncture by which it is affixed ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, con- cave, coloured, covering the whole receptacle above, within similar, sub-cellular and striate, cut round in- flexed with a frond-like margin. 57. 2. Borrera. Frond cartilaginous, laciniate-branched ; divisions free, often channelled beneath and ciliate at the margin : receptacles shield-form, thick, formed from the frond beneath ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, coloured, similar within or vesicular, surrounded by a frond-like margin, elevated, inflexed. 57. 2. Cetraria. Frond cartilaginous or membranaceous, ascending or expanded, lobe-laciniate, smooth and naked both sides: receptacles (targets) shield-like obliquely at- tached to the margin of the' frond, the lower free being separated from it, the upper one sessile ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, coloured, plano-concave, within similar or cellular-striate, surrounded with a frond-like inflexed margin. 57. 2. # Sticta. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, cartilaginous, 142 CLASS XXII. ORDER V. expanded, lobed, beneath free and villose with pits inter- spersed : receptacles shield-form, formed from the frond beneath, with a central puncture to which it is athxed and close-pressed : seed bearing lamina forming the disk, coloured, fiat, cellular-striate within, surrounded by a frond-like margin. 57. 2. Peltidka. Frond foliaccous, coriaceous, expanded, sub-adnate, lobed, woolly-veined beneath : receptacles formed beneath from the extended, ascendiog, proper, lobes ofthe frond; seed-bearing lamina, orbicular, whol- ly from the frond, sub-oblique (inferior segment more el- evated) cc'-uiar-striate within, adnate, coloured, flat, surrounded by a frond-like margin, thin, elevated, ap- proximating on all sides. 57. 2. Nephroma. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, membra- naceous, expanded, lobed, free and naked or sub-villose beneath : receptacles up-side-down, formed above from the extended, ascending, proper lobes of the frond ; seed- bearing lamina reniform, wholly from the frond and its back surface, adnate, coloured, fiat, cellular-striate with- in, guarded around by a frond-like margin approximate- inflexed above, more remote and somewhat elevated be- neath. 57. 2. Evernia. Frona sub-crustaceous, laciniate-branch- ed, angled or flat-compressed, ereetish or pendulous, rope-like within : receptacle sliield-like, sessile, elevated all around ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, thin, concave, coloured, similar within, inflexed, with a frond- like margin. 27. 2. 3. Receptacles without margins, sub-globose, formed from the jrond above or under side ; inserted on the branch- lets or terminal processes, or scattered and sessile. (Receptacles covered above with seed-bearing lamina.) Cenomyce. Frond crusty or cartilaginous, foliace- ous, laciniate, sub-imbricate, free (rarely* adnate ;) bear- ing sub-fistulous peduncles (podeiia,) both barren and fertile : receptacles (knobs,) orbicular, without margins, at length convex and capitate, inflated or empty beneath, terminal, attached to the peduncles by their peripheries; seed-bearing lamina forming the receptacle above, thiek- isb, coloured, similar within, convex, reflexed and ai- CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 143 tached at the periphery, invested beneath with the woolly integument of the frond. 57. 2. Baemyces. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, ad- na'e ; bearing soft, solid, fertile peduncles (podetia :) receptacles (knobs) capitate, without margins, solid, ter- minal, sessile on the peduncles ; seed-bearing lamina cov- ering the ■whole receptacle and adnate to it, com ex-re- flexed, thicks'-!;, coloured, similar within. 57. 2. Isidicm. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, b:'\nng shortish, solid, fertile, peduncles (po- dciia :) receptacles (globules) orbicular, convex, at length sub-globose, solid, terminal, sessile on the pedun- cles ; seed-hearing lamina included by the apex of the pe- duncles and surrounded by a kind of edging formed from them, convex above, flat and coloured beneath, after- wards prominent, edged around and hemispheric^simi- lar within. 57. 2. Stereocaulon. Frond cartilaginous, or somewhat woody, woody-branched, bark crustaceous and unequal: receptacles (knobs) turbinate, sessile, solid, flat above, edged around, at length globose hemispheres; seed- bearing lamina thick, covering • he receptacle above, flat, s,irrouV.ded by a frond like edging somewhat equal, at length corn-ex", dila- cl and covering the edging, reflexed, coloured, similar within, s;ib -striate. 57. 2. Receptacl e clothed with the substance of the frond, and enclosing a pulverulent mass.) Rhi/'^KmIPHA-* Frond cartilaginous, membrana- ceous, with rope-like iihres within, solidish, somewhat terete, nroliferous-branched, creeping, prostrate: recep- tacles dobose, sessile, afterwards conglomerate, formed from tli r cortical substance ofthe frond, lacerate-burst, filled with fertile dust. 57. 2. C. The Homothalvm ;Lsf section comprizes those U- i-hens. whose receptacles are wholly formed from thr, bark and substance of the frond : being the same, or nearly the same, colour. 1. Receptacles shield-form, margined, sub-sessile. Alectoria. Frond cartilaginous, sub-filiform, rope * Persoon pbecs this 'o.'t-like liclun under the order lungi. \ Omos similar, tha'aim', bed- 144 CLASS XXIT. ORDER V. like wUbin. sub-fistulous, ramose, prostrate or pendu* lous : receptacle shipld-form. thick, sessile, flatish, mar- gined and convex, wholly formed from the frond, covered wi+h ity cortical substance, similar within, colour similar, 57. 2. Ramaltna. Frond cartilaginous, rope-like within, solidish, laciniate-branrhed. sufTrutico.se. andmosflv with powdery dots : receptacles shield form, thickish. sub- peltate with small footstalks, flat, margined, wholly formed from the frond and covered with its cortical sub- stance, colour uniform. 57. 9. Collema.* Frond sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, af- ter drying mosflv hard-eartilagenous. polymorphous (crust-like, foliaceous, or in branchlets) : receptacle shield form, sessile, (rarely elevated on a very sliort footstalk") margined, formed wholly from the substance of the frond and similar, but the disk becomes coloured on drying. 57. 2. 2. Receptacle terminal, peltate, nearly destitute of margins* Corntculvrta. Frond cartilagenous, solidish with- in and ropelike, branching and a little frutescent: receptacles orbicular, terminal, obliquely peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered all over with its cortical substance and similar, at length convex and sub- inflated, somewhat two-coloured : its periphery sub- in arginated, sub-dentate, and at length reflexed. 57. 2. Usnea. Frond sub-crustaceous,"teretish, branched, mostly pendulous fascicled, filiform, elastic, central part hyaline : receptacles orbicular, terminal, peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered all over with its cortical substance, similar, nearly of an uniform colour : its peri- phery destitute of margin, but often surrounded by a ci- liate edging 57. 2. D- The ATHALAMousf section comprizes those lichens whose receptacles are wanting, or at least not distin- guishable. Lepraria. Frond crusty-pulverulent, expanded, ad- * This p;eniis is placed between Usnea and Lep^ria bv 4iohirins :n the natural arrangement; but it stands in this section in his CotupecM oyste9tiatic7ts. 'i Ji, without, thulamoz, bed. CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 14* nate, uniform : receptacle wanting, or at least unknown. 57. 2. Remark. Sprengel considers the Lepraria, Spiloma and Variolaria as merely the rudiments of other genera. Order VI. Fungi.* A. Fungus\ closed, or bearing fruit within, mostly with seeds very copious. A plant of this section is denomi- nated ANGIOCARPUS. 1. Fungus hardish with a soft internal substance. Sphaeuia. Receptacles various: spherules roundish ; ;: mostly hollow when dry, filled when moist with a gelly or juicy-gelly, made up from the free capsules. A large genus, comprizing 184 species. Plants minute. 58. 1. t Stilbospora. Spherules none : capsules or secd3 ag- f gregated together in a black substance flowing from branches. 58. 1. Naemaspora. Receptacle none or manifest and soft: a gelly bursting into hair-like or shaggy-forms, (when dissolved it becomes shapeless.) 58. 1. Tubercularia. Receptacle sub-hemispheric, stipe- form, or wanting : gelatinous substance roundish, com« pact, mostly reddish, permanent, moist and somewhat flowing. 58. 1. Hysterium. Receptacle none: the enclosures of the capsules mostly oblong, dehiscent into longitudinal chinks. 58. 1. Xyloma. Receptacles (or enclosures of the capsules) various, hard, somewhat liesby within, continuing closed or at length bursting in various ways. 58. 1. 2. Fungus fleshy, stuffed. Sclerotium. Stuffed, various in form, similar and smooth within ; at length corrugated externally in some. 58. 1. * Translated from the Synopsis Methodica Fungorum, of DVC. U. Person. ■f The word fungus is used by Persoon to denote the part enclosing the fruit, or in any nt inner sustaining it: as oV hat of the mushroom to the under side of which the lamellae ate attached, tue membranous covering of a puff-ball, enclosing re dust-like seeds* &{>.—-the cover- ing and seeds may be called the fruit. 146 CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. Tuber. Roundish, fleshy : its substance variegated with seed-hearing veins. 58. 1. S. Fungus membranaceous, coriaceous or villose, stuffed with dust within. (The seminal dust intermixed with filaments.) Tulostoma. Receptacle pedicelled, opening With a cylindric cartilaginous mouth. 58. 1. Geastrum. Volva thin, evanescent : outer bark of the receptacle split in a stellate form, at length reflexed ; mouth mostly pilose. 58. 1. Bovista. Receptacle smooth, sessile, outer bark white, resembling a volva : at length irregularly burst- ing at the top it becomes evanescent by parts. The sem- inal dust is yellowish-purple. 58. 1. Lycoperdon. Receptacle somewhat caulescent, at length bursting at the top, with scaly warts or prickles scattered over its surface, especially when young. Se- minal dust green. 58.1. Scleroderma. Receptacle with a tessclate, hardish, corky bark, at length bursting irregularly. Seminal dust purple, brown-yellow or rust-colour. 58. 1. Lycogala. Receptacle roundish, membranaceous, smooth ; stuffed at first with a pulpy liquescent mass, which at length becomes dust intermixed with scattering distant fibres. 58. 1. Fuligo. At first pulpy, mostly open, somewhat de- formed ; externally hardish-fibrous or villose, membra- naceous at the base ,• within cellular-fibrous and pilose, at length crumbling into dust. 58. 1. Physarum. Receptacle rigid, simple, mostly with small wrinkles, somewhat farinaceous : fibres scattered, reticulate, mostly adnate, concealed. 58. 1. Trichia. Receptacle at length unequally ruptured, permanent ; seminal filaments compact, adnate to the re- ceptacle at the base, expanding themselves elastically. Arcyria. Receptacle evanescent to the middle : sem- inal filaments denudated, overlayed with a calvciform re- ceptacle. 58. 1. Stemonitis. Receptacle very thin, somewhat evan- esrcnt: seminal filaments reticulate, sub-compact, sur- rounding and affixed to the columella-iike organs. 58 h CLASS XXII. QRDEft VI. 147 (Seminal dust naked, or noj; reticulate with fibres.) Tubulina. Receptacles tube-form, connate in a ces- pitose form,mostly imposed on an underlaying membrane: seminal dust naked, farinaceous- 58. 1. Mucor. Receptacle membranaceous, globose, stiped, at first watery and pellucid, then opake : seeds naked, sub-cohering. Very minute and fugacious. 58. 1. Onygena. Receptacle stiped, roundish, dry, per- manent : seminal dust cohering, compact, not intermix- ed with filaments. 58. 1. Aecidium. Receptacle stemless, manifest, terete* membranaceous, at length ruptured with a dentate mouth : seminal dust farinaceous, naked. Grows on leaves. 58.1. Uredo. Receptacle none : seminal dust under the cuticle of leaves and stems, when ruptured it is easily brushed off; the little masses of seeds uniform, mostly globose. 58. 1. Puccinia. Receptacle none : seeds conglomerated in a little head, from terete it is sub-turbinate ; caudate, divided by little partitions. Mostly on leaves. 58. 1. Trichoderma. Denudated : seminal dust copious, farinaceous, surrounded with a tomentose or villose in- tegument. 58. 1. Conoplea. Form distinct, byssus-like (flax-like :) filaments permanent, compact, rigid, sprinkled with con- spicuous seminal dust. 58. 1. (Fruit lenticular, fleshy, very manifest.) Cyathus. Receptacle funnel-form or cup-form, corr- jaceous ; closed at first with a veil or covering, including within lenticular vessels or seeds. 58. 1. B« Fungus fleshy, bearing seeds in some kind of exposed or naked receptacle ; as in plates, papillose or aculeate processes, or a spongy substance. A plant of this section is denominated gymnocarpus. 1. Receptacles juicy, gelatinous, at length dissolving. Phallus. Hav ing a volva at the base of the stipe: pileus ovate, sitting on the stipe, entire, covered with dis- solving juice. 58. 1. 448 CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 1. Receptacles of a membranaceous sabstance, not dissolx* ing ; seeds* pulverulent. ^Receptacles lamellar or vein-like, beneath a pileus.) Amanita. Having a volva : pileus fleshy, mostly verrucose : lamellae confert, subentire : stipes mostly elongated, annulated or naked. 58. I. Agaricus. Destitute of a volva at the base of the sfipe, with or without the ring : lamellae either entire o» with shorter ones intermixed, rarely simply ramose. Never veiny. A vast genus. Persoon describes 447 spe- cies, which occupies one third of his work on Fungi, 58. 1. Mf.rulius. Pileus fleshy or membranaceous^ recep- tacles vein-like ; the veins being superficial, tumid, in ihe form of folds. 58. 1. (Receptacles in the form of tubes beneath a pileus.) Daebalea. Pileus (halved) cork-leathery, reticulat- ed beneath with oblong hollows, waving and torn, some- w hat pore-form. This genus partakes of the characters ofthe Merulius and the Boletus. 58. 1. Boletus. Pileus various : tubes and pores terete, entire. A large genus. Persoon describes 93 species. 56. 1. (Receptacles in the form of teeth or acculate processes growing from a pileus.) Sistotrema, Pileus various : receptacles at first in circular pores ; at length torn mostly in the middle into compressed deformed teeth. This genus partakes of the characters ofthe Boletus and Hydnuoi. 58. 1. Hydnum. Pileus various : receptacles echinate, or in entire prominent subulate teeth. 58. 1. (Receptacle a smooth or papillose membrane.) Thelephora. Pileus coriaceous, with a papillose membrane beneath ; rarely covered with minute bristles, or uniformly smooth. 58. 1. Merisma. Branching, coriaceous,compressed, smooth; mostly pilose at the apex. This genus in substance re- sembles that of the Thelephora, and in form that of the Clavaria. 58. 1, CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 14£ (Receptacles fleshy, elongated^ pileus confluent with the stipe.) Clay aria. The clavate pileus simple and branche d, confluent with a thick stem, or with a short stipe, rarely manifest. 58. 1. Geoglossum. The clavate pileus fleshy, mostly com- pressed, sliort, contiguous to the stipe, with a prominent margin. 58. 1. (Pileus membranaceous, distinct from the stipe.) Spathularia. Clavate ; pileus compressed, mem- branaceous, decurrent into the stipe both sides. 58. 1. Leotia. Head-form, pileus conic or orbicular, re- flexed at the margin, closely surrounding the stipe. 58. 1. Helvella. Pileus membranaceous, inflated, some- what deformed, deflected both sides; mostly stiped. 58* 1. Morchella. Pileus elongated, teretish, lacunose with elevations, adhering within. Without volva or seminal juices. 58. 1. Tremella. Open, gelatinous, circuiar-pUcate: pi- leus not distinct. 58. 1. Peziza. Receptacle hemispheric, concave or cup- form, a little swollen, bearing the seeds in a smooth disk above. Capsules follicle-like, generally inconspicuous to the naked eye, seeds 8, flying about and giving off fetid fumes. 58. 1. Persoon describes 151 species. Aegerita. Minute stemless fungi, of a granulated appearance, stuffed and sub-farinaceous. 58. 1. 5. Fungus byssw-like (lax-like orflamentose.) compriz- ing the old genus Byssus and its relatives. Isaria. Sub-filamcntose, simple or ramose, sprinkled over with a farinaceous (sub-filamentose) seminal dust Substance soft, colour white. 58. 1. Monila. Stiped or open, filamentose ; filaments mo- nili-form or articulated 58- 1- Dematium. Filamentose fungus of an indeterminate form, erect or depressed,sub-fascicied or diffused -9 threads smooth, not interwoven. 58. 1. Erineum. Growing on leaves : filaments rigid with little lumps, conglomerated into a cup-form head im- pressed on the leaf. 58. 3. J&2 150 CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. Racodium. Expanded, soft; bearing a kind of cloth- ins with threads densely interwoven. 58. 1. Himantia. Creeping, villose, branch-fibrous. 58. 1; VlEsKtfTEHicA. Creeping, gelatinous, veiny : ram- ifications ofthe veins joined by a little membrane. 58. I. END OF JPAJIT I. [ 151 ] ABBREVIATIONS, To be included in Parenthesis. Localities. H. Common in "high or considerably elevated districts. As in the Catskill Mountain range, including its various spurrs—The Green Mountain range, and other elevated parts of New-England, &c. L. Litus. Common in maritime districts, at and near the sea-shore. As at Boston, New-Haven, New- York, &c. Y. Yale college. Plants which grow in the vicinity of New-Haven. C. Columbia college. Plants which grow about New- York. W. Williams college. Plants which grow in the vi- cinity of that college. N. Northampton. Plants which grow along Connec- ticut river from Northampton to Deerfield. T. Troy Lyceum. Plants growing in the vicinity of Albany and Troy. V. Vermont Medical Institution. Plants growing be- tween the Green Mountains and Hudson river, in the ad- joining counties of Rutland Vt, and of Washington and Essex, N. Y. near the centre of which is the Medical school. P. Pennsylvania. D. Delaware. Plants growing between the Delaware river and New-York- 0. Ommibus locis. Plants more or less common to all the above places* E. Exotics. Colours op Corols. p. red—-P' purple—y. yellow—w. white—b. blue—g, green. Time of Flowering. Ap. April—M. May—J. June—Ju. July—Au. August *=-,$. September—Oc. October. J52 ABBREVIATIONS. Duration, &c. 0. annual— %. biennial— U. perennial—£. woody. It is not to be understood by students, that plants re- ferred to any of the above places may not be found in places very distant from them. But it will be useful in collecting plants, to know what species have been found in localities resembling those where plants are sought, in elevation, latitude, &c. The first number on the left of the generic name is the number of the artificial class to which it belongs—the se- cond, of the artificial order. The first on the right, of the natural order of Lineus—the second, of Jussieu. Abbreviations for Authors. Not to be included in Parenthesis. A. Aiton—B. Barton—Bl. Bridel—Bw. Bigelow— Br. Robert Brown—C Curtis—D. Desfontaines—Dc. De Candolle—E. Elliott—Eh. Ehrhart—G. Gronovius —H. Hedwig—Hn. Hoffman—Hr. 1'Heritier—-J. Jus- sieu—Jn. Jacquin—L. Linneus*—Lb. Lambert—Lk. Lamarck—M. Muhlenberg—Mx. Micjiaux—Mn.Moen- chausen—Mr. Murray—N. Nuttall—P. Persoon—Ph. Pursh—Pt. Poiret—Pb. Palisotde Beauvois—JXRafin- esque—Rs. Roemerand Shultes—Rd. Richard—S. Smith —Sy. Salisbury—Sr. Schreber—SI. Sprengel—Sw. Swartz—Sh Schkuhr—Sp. Sibthorp—T. Tournefort—. Tr. Turton—V. Ventenant— W. Willdenow— Wr. Wal- ter.—Wm. Wangenheim. * But the L. is generally omitted; therefore those without any name or abbreviation, are to be underst /od as Linnean nam-*..s, excepting that Fungi without abbreviations are to be understood as of Persoon ; Al" gae, of Agardh ; lichenes, of Acharius;, growing in the NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES OF AMERICA. A, 20—16. Acalypha. L. 38. 96. vlrginica, L. (three-seeded mercury. O. g. Au. $.)pifi>- tillate flowers at the base ofthe staminate spike : in- volucres ovate, acuminate, toothed : leaves short-pe- tioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obtusely serrate. 4 to 3 inches high, coarse and unsightly. caroliniana, Wr. (T. P. g. Ju. U.) pistillate flowers at the base of the staminate spike : involucres cordate, tooth- ed : leaves long-petioled, rhomb-ovate, serrate, entire at the base. Rather more slender and delicate than the above, but can hardly be distinguished from it without comparing them. 8—1. Acer. 23. 66. • rubrum (red maple, soft maple. O. r. Ap. \ •) leaves pal- mate-5-lobed, at the base cordate, unequally gash- toothed, glaucous beneath, the dividing incisions be- tween the lobes acute : flowers in sessile umbels with long pedicels : germs glabrous. Large tree. iasycarpum (1) (white maple, silver maple. P.New-Eng- land, g-y. Ap. h 0 leaves palmate-5-lobed, at the base truncate, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glau- (1) eriocarpum, Mx> 354 ACHILLEA. cous beneath, obtusely sinuate : flowers glomerate.; pedicels short: germs downy. Large tree. harbatum, Mx. (1) (hairy maple. D. w-g. Ap. fc.) leaves heart-ovate, short-S-lobed, unequally serrate, glau- cous beneath and hairy at the nerves : peduncles hai- ry, staminate ones branching, pistillate ones simple; calyx bearded within : wings of the capsules erect. Small. saccharinum (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. 0. r-y. M. 1? ) leaves palmate 5-lobed, at the base sub- cordate, acuminate, obtusely sinuate, sinuate-toothedi glaucous beneath : peduncles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. nigrum, Mx. (sweet tree, black maple. H. y. Ap. fj.) leaves palmate-5-lobed, cordate, with the sinus at the base closed, lobes spreading, somewhat sinuate-tooth- ed, downy beneath : flowers corymbed : capsules tur- gid, sub-globose. Large tree, affording almost as much sugar as the last. striatum, Mx, (2) (striped maple, false dogwood, moose wood, 0. g. M. k ) lower leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous: ra- cemes simple, pendant. Small tree with a greenish- striped bark. spicatum, Lk. (3) (mountain maple bush, O. y-g. M. T}.) leaves sub-5-lobed, acute, toothed, pubescent beneath) racemes compound, erect. megnndo (ash-maple, box-elder. P. M. ? 0 leaves pin- nate, or ternate, unequally serrate. Flowers dioecious. Large tree. 18—2. Achillea. 49. 55. millefolium (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. u.) leaves 2-pin- natifid, downy ; the divisions linear, toothed, mucro- nate : stem furrowed. ptarmica (sneeze-wort. C. can. w. Au. U.) leaves linear, acuminate, equally and sharply serrate, glabrous. Damp. (1) carolinianum, Wr, (2) pe.nsylvanicum, \V, (3) rnontanum, W. pensylvanicum, Wm, ACNIDA, -ADIANTDM. 155 21—5. Acnida. 53. 29. CUnnabina (water hemp. L. T.w-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance- olate : capsules smoothish, acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes and inland. ntrsocarpa (P. vv-g. Ju. (£}.) leaves lance-oval: capsules rugose, obtuse-angled. Damp. 13—5. Acomtum. 26. 61. uncinatvm (monk's hood. P. b. J. 2/.) stem flexuose t leaves palmate, 3 to 5-parted : divisions rhomb-lance- olate, gash-toothed : upper lip of the corol lengthened. Cultivated. napellus vvolFs bane, E. b. J. ll.) leaves shining, 5-part- ed ; the divisions 3-parted by gashed incisions, sub- divisions linear : upper lip of the corol lanceolate, as- cending, 2-cleft ; spur strait, obtuse, 6—1. Acorus. 2. 13. calamus (sweet flag, calamus. O. g-y. J. 21.) spike pro- truding from the side of asword-form leaf-like scape. Water or wet. 22—1. Acrostichum. 55. 5. aureum, Mx. (forkfern, southern states. Ju. 71.) frond fiinnate ; leafets stiped, bases wedge-form, lance-ob- ong entire, acuminate, the upper ones fruit-bearing. Very large, 4 or 5 feet high. 13—1- Actaea. 26. 61. rubra, W. (1) (banebcrry. O. w. M. u.) petals acute: pedicels of the raceme less than the general peduncle when mature. Berries red. Bw. M&. alba- Bw. (neclace weed, white beads. 0. w. M. U-) pe- tals truncate : pedicels of the raceme as large as the general peduncle when mature. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decompound. Woods. 22—1. Adiantum. 55. 5. pedatum (maiden hair. O. J. ll.) frond pedate with pin- nate branches j leafets halved, upper margin gashed— (1) brachypetala, Dc americana» Ph. spicata, Ms. 156 ADONIS, AEGERITA. barren segments toothed, fertile ones entire : stipe ca- pillary, very glabrous. Woods. 13—13. Adonis. 26. 61. autumnalis (pheasant's eye. E. P. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to 8. petalled : fruit sub-cylindric : petals crose, or emar- ginate. £2—6. Aecidium. 58. 1. 1. Cespitose ; receptacles aggregated in a tuft, making a crust lilie spot on leaves. comutum, becoming yellow; receptacles very long, cur- ved, olive-grey. Appears like saffron coloured spots on the upper sides of leaves of mountain ash, &c. cancellatum, tuberculate, chfcsnut-brown : receptacles at length splitting into divisions cohering at the apex. Grows, on the under side of withering or dieing pear leaves. rhamni, cespitose, rose coloured : receptacles elongated, somewhat diverging, at length becoming pale. On the leaves of the rhamnus. fassilaginis, spots purplish yellow, tufts flat; receptacles immersed. Occurs on the leaves of the colt's foot, (tussilago farfaro) is hardly prominent above the sur- face of the leaf. 2. Simple ; receptacles scattered ; crust, which is distinct, is never conjoined. ouphorbiae, simple, crowded : receptacles cylindric, pale j mouth reflexed, yellow with dust. On the leaves of Euphorbia inaculata. anemones, simple, scattered ; receptacles cylindric, a lit- tle prominent, pale, mostly toothed ; wholly filled with white dust. On the leaves of Anemone nemorosa in the spring. punctatum, simple, scattered : receptacle sub-immersed : mouth somewhat converging ,• dust compact, becom- ing sooty-yellow. Found sometimes on leaves of Ane- mone. 22—6. Aegerita. 58. 1. Candida, crowded, smooth, white. Found in autumn OP alders^&c, often on the wood in damp places. AGARICUSf, *5T 17—10. Aeschynomene. 32. §3. fiispida, W. (falsesensitive plant. D P. y. Ju. /v).) stem erect ; stem and petioles tubercle-hispid : leaves in many pairs ; leafets linear, obtuse : stipules membra- naceous, half arrow form : racemes simple, few-flower- ed : loments hispid. 7—1. Aesculus ^3. 66. hippocastanum (horse chesnut. E. w. J. k •) leaves digi- tate about in seven divisions : corol 5-petalled, spread- ing : flowers in a panicled pyramid. pallida, W. (P. J. h -.) leaves digitate, in fives, glabrous « corol 4-petalled. claws ofthe length of the calyx: sta- mens longer than the corol : firuit spinose. 22—6. Agaricus. 58. 1. 1. Lamellae juiceless or becoming dry ; not smoke-dusty\ nor sooty : stipe annulated. procerus, large : pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish- ash coloured : lamellae very remote, white : stipe bul- bous, very long : ring moveable. Var. squamosals, pi- leus convex, and scaly above, lamellae pressed togeth- er outwardly from the stipe, and becoming yell >w. Var. excoriatus, smaller, whitish, scales obsolete. Woods and fields. squarrosus, cespitose : pileus fleshy ; pileus and stipe sca- ly and scurfy, rusty yellow : lamellae crowded, paie- olive. Often on roots and trunks of trees in autumn. polymyces, cespitose, heaped together : pileus bossed, hairy-scaled, sooty-yellow : lamellae sub-derurrentf white becoming pale : stipe annulated, conic, olive- ash coloured, solid, elastic. Woods on trunks or the earth, in autumn. ^Candidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, glalirous, cinnamon colour : lamellae sub-decurrent, pale rust coloured, stipe scaly, cylindric, rather slender. On trunks in autumn. 2. Pileus mostly fleshy : lamellae emarginate, mostly one coloured and at length cinnamon : stipes mostly bulbous* having a veil-like volva dissolved into spider-web-like filaments. dscofaranst pileus viscid, yellow ; lamellea at first bluish- 15» ASARICUS. purple, at length cinnamon : stipe glabrous sub-tuber- ous, white : veil-like volva rust-colour. favidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, yellow ; the central part more obscure : lamellae distinct, one-co. loured, becoming yellow : stipe soft, thickening down- ward and becoming sooty yellow. On trunks. decipiens, growing in groups : pileus fleshy, acutely boss- ed and membranaceous near the centre, depressed : la- mellae broadish, obscurely cinnamon-coloured : stipe long, from white becoming reddish. 3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex : lamellae one-coloured, be' coming dry : stipe central, destitute of a ring or curtain- like volva. (Colour ofthe pileus brownish or brownish yellow.) pratensis, tawny-red, hardish: pileus campanulate, either obtusely bossed or flatfish, glabrous : lamellae thick, distant, decurrent: stipe short, somewhat slender, ta- pering downwards. Among grass. reflexus, growing in groups : rusty yellow : pileus some- what fleshy, acutely bossed, scaly, reddish yellow: lamellae distinct, light-cinnamon : stipe long, slender, fibrous-scaly, scales reflexed. Woods. radicatus, pileus fleshy, bossed, viscous, rugose, sooty- purple or tawny : lamellae sub-decurrent, white:stipe very long, having a long fusiform root. Woods. yelutipes, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, gla- brous, brown : lamellae ventricose, becoming yellow : stipe tomentose becoming dark liver-brown. Autumn. (Colour of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish green.) Coccincus, growing in groups : scarlet all over : pileus sub-membranaceous, convex, subviscous : lamellae dis- tinct connected by teeth; stipe hollow, sub-compress- ed. Autumn in grass. Gonicus, pileus conic, acute, subviscous, light greenish- yellow: tamellae crowded, ascending, becoming yel- low : stipe long, yellow. Var. tristis, solitary, pileus auitcly campanulate, from yellowish-green becoming dark : lamellae free. ru'ssnla, large : pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red, scales : stipe rose-red, soiic«, short; lamellae unequal, v^iitc. AGARICU^. 153 (Colour of the pileus white.) tfrscoideus, sub-cespitose : pileus fleshy, v iscid, flatfish, white ; middle part yellow or somewhat rust-coluir : lamellae sub-decurrent; lamellae and stipe middling white. pulvbiatus. pileus fleshy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, glabrous, white ; middle part pale flesh- coloured : lamellae crowded, decurrent, white : stipe, very short, solid, hard. Woods. 4. Small, tender ; pileus mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, convex, permanent: lamellae becoming dry, one-coloured : stipe mostly hollow, elongated, naked. galericulatus, cespitose, inodorous : pileus membranace- ous, bossed, tawney-lead-colour : lamellae distinct, white : stipe smooth, rooting, strigose-haired at the b-tnc. On trunks in autumn. hypnorum, small, very tender, rusty-yellow all over : pileus bell-form, furrowed : lamellae distant, broad- ish : stipe middling. claws, growing in groups, extremely minute : pileu9 somewhat fleshy, papillose, orange or red : lamellae broadish : stipe and lamellae white. tacteus, white all over : pileus campanulate, obtuse, stri- ate : lamellae distinct, ascending : stipe rather long, hirsute at the base. iorticola, minute, scattered, tawney : pileus hemispheri- cal, sub-plicate : lamellae uncinate, linked together, white : stipe shortish, incurved. In crevices of bark> of wood, &c. £& Ptieus membranaceous, fugaceons, or somewhat fleshy, at length torn : lamellae at length becoming a black juice9 or dusty smut: stipe white, naked or annulated. (Membranaceous, almost wholly becoming a black juice: lamellae very thin.) comatus, growing in groups : pileus conic, scaly, white; scales yellow : lamellae crowded or heaped together, at first white-purple ; stipes very long, ring moveable. cinereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cine- reous ; smooth and bluish-purple at the apex, the mar- gin at length torn and inflexed: lamellae linear, piioo .WO AGARIC US. fate, somewhat 2igzag : stipe long, scaly. Gardens and woods. fdsseminatus, crowded or heaped together, small, fugace- ous : pileus somewhat oval, striate plicate : at first somewhat reddish-yellow, then grey : lamellae dis- tinct, in some measure linked together, light sooty- yellow : stipe mostly incurved. Mmeslicus, pileus campanulate, obtuse, undulate, sulcate, sooty ; scales bran-like: lamellae crowded, linear; at first bluish-red, then brown becoming black. On damp walls, &c about houses. narcoticus, pileus convex, cinereous : plicate with dis- tinct, bifid, dense folds—vertex entire: stipe subulate: lamellae more rare or distant, entire and halved, alter- nate. It diffuses a very narcotic odour. (Somewhat fleshy : lamellae at length becoming black smut or soot-like, in nebulous or sooty spots.) §emiglobatus, pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscose, becoming yellow : lamellae very broad, horizontal, be- coming dark-cloudy : stipe long, annulated. papilwnaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate, sooty (becoming almost black :) lamellae all attached, dark- cinereous and various, white at the margin : stipe fur* rowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent. §. Pileus fleshy or sub-membranaceous, smooth, permanent t lamellae somewhat nebulous, at length dark-stained or one-coloured sub-ramose ; finally becoming more obscure and dark with seminal dust: stipe annulated or naked? (Pileus fleshy ; stipe annulated.) tdulis, in groups, large ; pileus white, smooth or obso- letely scaly : lamellae red : stipe long, bulbous s the ring-volva manifest. This is an eatable mushroom 5 but not the most common. mmpest.is, pileus fleshy, flatfish, having dark-yellow scales : lamellae becoming yellowish-red : stipe short: the ring-volva rather incomplete. This is the com- mon eatable mushroom. precox, somewhat in groups : pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yellow, at first white : lamellae flat, thin, watery- soot-yellow : stipe solid; somewhat teoaceous ; ring- yolva fugacious. AGARICUS. 161 latericlus, cespitose, large: pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-colour; margin yellow : lamellae distinct* some- what nebulose, becoming greenish-cinereous : stipe long, sub-solid ; ring fugaceous becoming black. fascicularis, small, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish-yellow : lamellae nebulose becoming green : stipe hollow, slender ; the curtain-like volva becoming black. (Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, subafjuose; stipe naked.) denticulatus, slender : pileus hemispheric, livid purple r lamellae toothed at the margin : stipe hollow, sooty. yellow. gracilis, wholly fragile : pileus membranaceous, campa- nulate, acute, very soft, lamellae linear; becoming dark-cinereous : stipe very long, glabrous. Pileus va- ries to flesh-colour, dark reddish-yellow, white, &c 7. Pileus Jteshy, mostly depressed: lamellae becoming milky. piperatns, pileus funnel-form, expanded at the margin, glabrous, white : lamellae crowded, forked, white be- coming pale. subdulcis, pileus funnel-form, becoming reddish-yellow : lamellae pale flesh-colour : juice sweetish. 8. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed: lamellae of equal length, white, becoming dry : stipe naked, white. rosaceus, pileus convex, flat, sraoothish, rose-coloured or pale red : lamellae and stipe white. 9. Pileus entire, membranaceous, mostly striate, funnel form or umbilicate: lamellae of equal length, not becom- ing milky, mostly decurrent ; stips naked, central* Small. rotula, cespitose, white : pileus deeply furrowed : lamel- lae united in a tube surrounding the stipe : stipe be- coming black. a - i andr'osaceus, in groups, permanent : pileus flatfish, sub- plicate, white, obsoletely bossed : lamellae simple, all attached : stipe becoming dark liver-brown. epiphyllus, in groups, minute, white ; pileus membrane 162 AGARICU& ceous, convex, at length sub-umbilicate : lamellae few, ramose : stipe becoming black. campanella, in groups ; pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust-coloured : lamellae decurrent : stipe hol- low, chcsnut-brown. 10. Pileus feshy, depressed, oblique, entire or halved: stipe naked, not attached to the centre of the pileus, lateral, or none. (Pileus entire ; stipe not in the centre.) inconstans, largish : pileus sub-tenaceous, depressed, en- tire or halved, lobed, zigzag, somewhat reddish-yellow: lamellae sub-ramose, crisped at the base, white and somevvliat shining. (Pileus halved : stipe marginal : lamellae decurrent, di- verging from the side of the pileus. flabelliformis, sub-stiped : pileus flatfish, torn in various forms, margin crenate: lamellae 3-cleft, pale, sub- crenate : stipe short or none. spathulatus, erect spathe-form : pileus pale tan-colour j the middle part spongy and scaly : stipe perpendicu- lar, channelled. mollis, in groups, soft: pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale : lamellae watery-cinnamon colour. styptacus, cespitose, pileus sub-coriaceous, emarginate, tan-colour, sub-farinaceous : lamellae very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon colour : stipe compressed, ascen- ding, dilated at the apex. mitis, in groups, all over white : pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, smooth : lamellae simple : stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex. (Pileus halved, somewhat corky.) alneus, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish-grey : lamellae split, revolute at the margin. Becoming purple-ci- nereous. abietinus, sub cespitose, dark sooty yellow : pileus gla- brous, smooth : lamellae glaucous : branching in the young state. coriaceus, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale: lamellae sub-ramose, pale-woody. sepiurius, coriaceous, hard, flat both sides : pileus strr- AGAVE, AGROSTIS. 1GD gose-tomentose, chesnut-brown : lamellae crowded, ramose, becoming yellow. 6—1. Agave. 10. 17. virginica, (agave. P. y-g. S. if.) stemless : leaves with cartilaginous serratures, scape very simple. 11—12. Agrimonia. S5. 92. eupatoria (agrimony. O. y. Ju. if.) cauline leaves inter- ruptedly pinnate, the terminal one petioled : leafets ob- ovate, gash-toothed, almost glabrous : flowTers sub-ses- sile ; petals twice as long as the calyx : fruit hispid. parvi flora, A. (dotted agrimony. P. C y. Ju. 2;.) cauline leaves pinnate ; leafets mostly lanceolate, serrate : ter- minal ones sessile, petals one and a half the length of the calyx. 10—5. Agrostemma. 22. 82. githago, (cockle. 0. r. J. 0.) hirsute : calyx longer than the corol : petals entire. coronaria, (rose campion. E. Au. % .) tomentose : leaves lance-ovate : petals emarginate. 3—2. Agrostis. 4. 10. 1. Awned. spicaventi, W. (bent-grass P. J. 0.) a very long straight stiff beard, or awn, upon the exterior petal : panicle spreading. Naturalized. tenuiflora, W. (P. Au. u.) panicles very simple with ap- pressed branches : corol awned, and the awn longer than the flower. diffusi, M. (P. C. Au. U.) branches diffused and erect: leaves lanceolate, sub-perforate : corol glumes sub-pu- bescent at the base : one valve with a short strait awn. sericea, M. (1) (C. F.J. U.) leaves terete-filiform very long : panicle capillary, very slender : corol small, and the calyx but one third as long : awns strait nak- ed. fliformis, M. (P. S. %.) panicle contracted, filiform, (1) Stipa sericea, MiT. 164 AGROSTIS. becoming purple ; peduncles and pedicels scabrous: calyx 2-valved, equal, 1 -flowered : corol equalling the calyx. stricta W. (New England. C. J. U.) panicles elongated, stiff and strait: corol smaller than the calyx ; a twisted awn from the base of a petal, longer than the flower. setosa, M. (1) (P. S. 11) culm erect, sending out shoots from the base : stipules none : panicle contracted, cy- lindric with a pubescent rachis: calyx awned : corol anwlesss. 2. Without awns. Sobolifera, M. (P. C. S. %.) culm erect sending offshoots from the base : leaves 5 nerved : stipules none : shea- thes gaping, glabrous : calyx valves acuminate, cari- nate, panicle contracted, filiform. juncea, Mx. (C. P. Ju. %.) panicle oblong-pyramidal: flowers awnless; the extreme valves half as large: leaves stifly erect, rigid with convolute bristles. compressa, Torry. (D. Oc. U.) very glabrous: culm erect, compressed, simple : panicle oblong, subcontracted, with capillary branches : calyx equal, shorter than the corol; valves acute : corol equal, obtusish, glabrous at the base. See Torrey's Catalogue, p. 91. involuta, M. (P. C Oc. U.) leaves long, filiform at the apex and recurved, rough, upper one strait: stipules obsolete : sheath striate, glabrous, hairy at the orifice ^ panicle concealed, contracted : valves of the calyx with scabrous keels, half as large as the corol. vulgaris, S. (redtop. 0. Ju. ll.) panicle spreading: bran- ches divergent capillary : calyx equal; petal within, half as long, retuse. dandestina, SI. (2) (P. S. %.) leaves glaucous, very long, rigid, with rough margins: stipule very small or none ; mouth of the sheath hairy : panicle concealed, often sooty, and spike-form : corol twice as long as the calyx, spotted. virginica, M. (3) (P C. S.) culm geniculate and branching at the base : leaves hairy at the base ; stipule 0 ,• mouth of the sheath hairy around the culm : panicles lateral and terminal, spike-form, lower ones concealed : seed transparent. (1) racemosa, Mx. glomeratas, W. (2) sspera, Mx, (3J Crypsis virginica, N. AGROSTIS, AIRA. 10$( glaaca, M. (P. New-England. J. if.) leaves glaucous, keel white : stipule white split : panicle terminal crou- ded : lower branches whorled in fives. Probably an Arundo. alba W. (white top. O. Ju. 11.) panicle lax : culm root- ing at the lower joints : calyx valves equal, awnless, keels rough. ViexicanaM (1) (P.J. U-) panicle oblong heaped to- gether : calyx and corol acuminate, sub-equal, awn- less. lateriflora Mx (C. P. J. ll.) panicles lateral and ter- minal compact : flowers awnless, valves very rcute, interior greater, bearded at the base : leaves short and flat. fungens Sr. (C. J. H,\ panicle contracted, spike-form i leaves involute rigid, pungent, upper ones obliquely Opposite : culm ramose. S—2. Aira. 4. 10. iQelicoides Mx. (2) (hair-grass. P. C. Ju. 11 •) panicle small compact sub-racemed : glumes, the partial ones rather larger than the general, linear-lanceolate awn- less : corols villose at the base ; there is but the rudi- ment of a third flower : leaves flat, glabrous : culnrer- ect. pumila Ph. (dwarf hair-grass. P. J. 11.) panicle few-flow- ered, level-top; pedicels short : corol awnless, obtuse, twice as long as calyx : valves membranaceous at the margin : leaves flat, glabrous : culm erect, of the length of the leaves. About one inch high. oblusata, Mx. (3) P. C. J.) panicle compressed into an oblong raceme of dense flowers : corol awnless, com- pressed at top : one valve of the glume narrow-lineal' acute, another broad obovate round-obtuse: leaves flat ; culm erect, slender. triflora, E. (D. Ap. %.) panicle slender, erect: valves of the calyx acute: upper spikelets 3-flowered : leaves short, flat. About 14 inches. cespitosa, W. (P. New-England. J. ll.) panicle spread- ing : petals awned, villose at the base , awns strait and short. A variety has sub-bristle-form leaves. (1) lateriflora, VTx. (2) triflorum, E. Poamelicoides, N, (3) trffll\ Cfcta, M. pensylvaniqa, 3J. fjolcas stress, fct 166 AIRA, ALTSMAi flexuosa W. (W. P C. J. U.) panicle spreading tricboia. mous : peduncle flexuous : awn geniculate : leaves bristle-form : culm nakedish. mollis, M. (P. C. M. if.) leaves with soft hairs: stipule short, retuse, many-cleft; sheaths pubescent : panicle spreading, sub-simple : calyx with one valve broad, 3. nerved : the other lanceolate, acute. fallens, M.,(l) (P. C. J. Ac S. If.) leaves lance-linear gla- brous, with glabrous joints : stipules retuse ciliate: panicle contias ted, nodding : corol with 2 punctate valves ; awn below the apex contorted. precox, W (C. P. M. 0.) leaves bristle-form : sheath an- gular: flowers in panicled-spikes: florets awned at the base. 22—5. Alectoria. 57. 2. jubata (negro-hair. T.) frond terete, glossy, livid-brown and black, very branching ; branches filiform, pendu- lous, compressed at the axils : receptacles of the sanii colour, at length convex, entire at the margin. Found on fire-wood brought to market in Troy and Albany, Var. chalybeiformis, frond and its branches more sim- ple, zigzag, twisted, complicate, somewhat rigid, lead- brown, decumbent. tisnvoides, frond flat-compressed, striate longitudinally, very branching, pale-white : branches fibrous: recep- tacles fla*, ofthe same colour, entire. On trees. 6—1. Aletris. 10. 16. farinosa (2) (false aloe, unicorn-root, false stargrass. Y. y. if.) stemless : leaves linear-lanceolate, withering at the tips : scape with alternate pedicelled, mostly fari- naceous, flowers. This plant gr ws plentifully in Britn- field (Mass.) Here the inhabitants use the'root as a tonic, which at the same time serves as a moderate ca- thartic. The rootis intensely bitter. Meadows- mirea, Mx. (yellow star-root. P. D. y. Ju. 11.) flowers sub-sessile, short-tubular, sub-campanulate ; fertile co- rols rugose, very scabrous: leaves lance-ensiform, acute 6—13. Alisma. 5. 13. plantago(3) (water-plantain. O. w. Ju. %.) leaves ovate (1) Avcna palustris, Mx. (2) alba, Afar. (3) trivial'*, Pfh ALISMA, ALLIUM. 16/ or heart-ovate, obVtse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9- nerved : fruit 3-cornered : flowers whorled. Var. parviflora, flowers smaller, leaves about 5 or T-nerv- ed. 'Difference scarcely sufficient for a variety. Wet and water. subulata, W. (P. D. Au. #.).leaves linear-subulate. 6—1. Allium. 9. 16. porrum (leek. E. Ju. if.)stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous ;, stamens tricuspidate : leaves sheathing at the base. sativum (garlic. E. Ju. if.) stem flat-leaved, bulb-bear- ing ; bulb compound : stamens tricuspidate. fragrans (false snowdrop. E. w. M. %.) scape terete : leaves linear, keeled, obtuse, contorted : peduncles na- ked : stamens flat. senescens (false narcissus. E. If.) scape naked, 2-edged : leaves linear, convex under side, smooth : umbel round : stamens subulate. rineale (field garlic. T. C P. p. J. %.) stem terete-leav- ed, bulb-bearing : stamens tricuspidate. River allu- vion olcraceum (striped onion. E. if.) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing : leaves scabrous, semi-terete, sulcate be- neath : stamens simple. nscalonicum (shallot. E. Ju. U-) scape naked, terete: leaves subulate : umbels globose: stamens tricuspidate. triflorum (mountain leek. H. M. if.) scape naked, terete, shorter than the leaves ; leaves lanceolate nerved, ca- ducous : umbels few-flowered. canadense (meadow garlic. P. Y. T. r. M. C. 21.) scape naked terete : leaves linear •' little heads bulb-bearing. cepa (garden onion. E. Ju. if.) scape naked, swelling to- wards the base, longer than the terete leaves. tricoccum (three-seed leek. P. Ju. if.) scape naked, semi- terete : leaves lance-oblong, flat, glabrous : umbel glo- bular. fistulasum (welch onion. E. if.) scape naked, equalling the terete ventricose leaves Gchoenoprasum (cives. E. Ju. %.) scape naked, equalling the leaves which are teretc-nliform. 1-68 ALNUS, alyssum. 20—4. Alnus, W. (I) 50. 99. mcanOfW. (P. h •) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent lie-. ncafh ; axils ofthe veins naked : stipules lanceolate. ttndulata, W. (waved alder. Muh. says it grows inN. Eng- land. I?.) leaves oblong, acute, rounded at the base: petioles and veins hairy beneath : axils of the veins naked : stipules ovate-oblong. $emdata, (alder. O. r-g. Ap. k .) leaves obovate, acumi. nate ; veins and their axils hairy beneath : stipules oval, obtuse. glutinosa (Canada. Ap. h») leaves ronnd-wedge-fornij obtuse, glutinous: axils of the veins downy. 3—2. Alopecurus. 4. 10. pratensis (meadow-grass, foxtail. P. C. J. if.) culm er- ect : glume villose ; corol beardless. geniculatus M. (2)(floating foxtail. vV.C.T.Ju. if.)culm spiked and geniculate : corol beardless. 16—15. Althaea. 37. 14t officinalis (marsh mallows- E. if.) leaves downy, oblong. ovate : obsoletely 3-lobed, toothed. rosea (hollyhock. E. % .) stem erect: leaves rough, heart- form, 5 to 7-anglcd, crenate. jicifolia (fig-hollyhock. E. % .) leaves 7-lobed, subpal- mate, obtuse. %5—1. Alyssum. 39. 63. s$xatile (madwort, basket of gold. E. b .) stem woodyi panicled : leaves lanceolate, very soft spreading. hyperboreum, W. (Canada.) stem herbaceous : leaves hoary, toothed : stamens 4, 2-forked. ■sativum (P. y. J. ©.) stem erect : leaves lanceolate, toothed, clasping, alternate : flowers corymbed. incunum (E. 21. & % .) stem erect: leaves lanceolate entire, hoary : flowers corymbed, petals 2-cleft. (1) Betula, L. (2) aristulatus, Mx= AMANITA, AMARANTHUS. 469 22—6. Amanita. 58. I. I. Stipe surrounded with a distinct volva at the base, nak* ed at the top. livida, pileus bossed, flatfish, striate, lp«d.livid j lamel- la white ; stipe long, white. Margins of woods. spadicea, pileus sub-cam pan u late, bossed, striate, fragile, chesnut-brown : lamella white: stipe scaly, sooty-yel- low. pusilla, pileus hemispheric, bossed : lamella ventricose, rose-colour : stipe shortish, white. Volva often 4-cleft. In gardens, &c. autumn. 2. Stipe with a manifest volva al the base, and a ring at the top. bulbosa, wholly white : pileus convex : stipe elongated, attenuated, bulbous. Woods in autumn. Stipe about 3 inches long, £ thick. citrina, pileus glabrous, citron-yellow : lamella white ; stipe white. 3. Stipe with a ring at the top, volva at the base obliterat- ed ; warts on tlie pileus small, equal. umbrina, pileus flatfish, from sooty-yellow becoming ches- nut-brown : warts, lamella and stipe white. In beach wood. aspera, pileus fleshy, compact, bossed, dark reddish-yel- low, rough with acute warts : lamella crowded, white -. stipe long, sub-bulbous, having fibres- 20—5. Amaranthus. 54. 30. albus, W. (white coxcomb. C. P. g-w. Ju. @.) glomerules axillary, triandrous : leaves obovate retuse : stem 4- corucred simple. Common garden weed. graecizans \Y .(P. Au.&.)glomerules axillary,triandrous: 9 flowers 3-cleft: leaves obovate emarginate: stem ter etish branching. melanchalicus (love-lies-bleeding. E. r. 0.) glomerules axillary peduncled roundish : leaves ovate-lanceolate coloured. Irkolor (three-coloured coxcomb. E. Ju. 0.) glomerules sessile : leaves oblong-lanceolate coloui-ed. lividus W. (lead amaranth. E. Ju. 0.) glomerules triat^ i 170 AM VRANTHUS, AMBROSIA. drous aub-spiked roundisji : leaveseliptic refuse: stem erect. Prooably introduced. oleraceus (pot amaranth. Y. >V T. C Ju. 3.) glomerules axillary branching : leaves wrinkled, oblong, very ob- tuse, emarginate. Sometimes the flowers are pentan- drous. hybridus, W. (P. Y. C. Ju. 0.) racemespentandrousdou- bly-compound, heaped together, erect : leaves ovate- lanceolate. paniculatus, W. (P. Ju. ©.) racemes pentandrous triply- compound : branches spreading pubescent: leaves ovate lanceolate. retrojlexus, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. u.) racemes pentandrous, triply compound, compact, erect.: branch- es pubescent : leaves ovate undulate. hypochondriacus, W. (spleen amaranth. P. Au. Q.) ra- cemes pentandrous, compound compact, erect: leaves oblong lanceolate, mucronate. Leaves red. (False prince's feather.) Cultivated. spmosus, W. (P. Au. e^.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound ; axils spinose. pnmilus, R. (dwarf amaranth. C. g.) glomerules axillary : t flowers pentandrous : calyx 5-leaved, concave : leaves ovate, obtuse, smooth and fleshy, sometimes refuse. Scarcely twelve inches high. 6—1. Amaryllis. 9. 17- utamasco (atamasco lily. P. w. & r. J. if.) spathe 2-cleft, acute : flower pedicelled : corol bell-form subequal, erect: stamens declined. formosissima (jacobea. E. if.) spathe 1-flowered: corol ringent-like: petals declined. ,20—5. Ambrosia. 54. 98. bifida, W. (P. V.IS. C. T. g-y. S. ©.) bristly, rough: leaves 3 lobed serrate, lobes oval lanceolate at uminate: fruit 6 spined beneath the apex. From 5 to 8 feet high. integrifolia, W. (P. Ju. ©.) leaves ovate sessile acumi- nate serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate at the base: ic.cemes terminal, sometimes ternate. Flowers very inconspicuous. elatior, V . (hogweed, O. S. 0. leaves doubly-pinnatifid smooihish: petioles long ciliated : racemes terminal, panicleu: stem wand-like. AMBROSIA, AMPHICARPA. 171 artemisifolia, W. (C. P. S. ©0 leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, at the summit pinnatifid : racemes ter- minal in threes : branches level-topped. paniculata, W. (P. J. ©.) leaves glabrous doubly pinna- tifid, pinnatifid at the summit: racemes terminal soli- tary ; branches level topped. heterophylla, W. (P. S. %») cauline leaves pinnatifid sub- toothed petioled ; on the upper branches lanceolate ses- sile : petioles long ciliate : racemes terminal solitary ; stem panicled. 4—1. Ammannia. 17. 91, humilis, (tooth-cup. P. p. Au.) procumbent: leaves lan- ceolate, narrower downwards : flowers all solitary. Wet. ramosior, W. (D. p. Au. #.) stem erect: leaveslance-Ii- near, base dilated, half-clasping: lower flowers whorled. 5—2. Ammi. 45. 60. capillaceum, M. (1) (bishop-weed. C. Y. w. Au.) stem ra- mose : leaves all capillary, many-cleft: umbel with short, many-parted involucres: seed glabrous. Pursh says it grows in sandy fields. But at N. Haven and N. York it grows in salt-marshes. 17—10. Amorpha. 45, 60. fruticosa (false indigo. P. p. Ju. h.) calyx with 4-teeth acute, and one accuminate, pedicelled, nakedish: le- gumes few-seeded: spikes elongated, aggregate: leaves petioled. glabra, D. (D. b-w.) leaves glabrous. 5—1. Ampelopsis. Mx. 46. 72. quinquefolia, M. (2) (false grape, creeper, O. w. Ju. \.) leaves in fives, toothed : stem rooting, climbing. 17—10. Amphicarpa. N. (3) 32. 93. ' monoica (wild bean-vine. O. b- & w. Ju. #.)stem slender, (1) majus, Wr. Spr^ngal says, in a letter to Dr. John Torry, that this is a Sium. (2) Hedera quinquefolia, U Cissus hederacea, P. Vitis quin. IM, (3) Glycine, L 172 AMPHICARPA, ANDROMEDA. twining, hairy backwards: leaves ternate, ovate, near- ly smooth ; stipules ovate, striate. Var. comosa, has marrow, hirsute leaves. 12—1. Amygdalus. 36. 92. persica (peach E. r. M. 1? ) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers sessile, solitary. nana (flowering almond. E h •) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharply serrate. 5—1. Anagallis. 20. 34. * nrx>ensis (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell. Y. T. C. P. v. J. ©.) stem spreading naked, procumbent: petals en- tire flat, with hairs at the margin. 5—1. x\nchusa. 41. 42. .} officinalis (buglos. E. y. if.) leaves lanceolate: spikes imbricate, one-sided : bracts ovate. 10—1. Andromeda. 18. 51. hypnoides, W. (moss bus-h. Whitehills. Au. k •) leaves im- bricate subulate glabrous : peduncles solitary terminal 1-flowered: corol nodding globose-bellform. Small, creeping. I. mariana W. (P. C.J. 1?.) leaves oval entire sub-acute at both ends, glabrous leathery paler beneath : flower- bearing branches almost leafless: peduncles fascicled: eorol ovate-cylindric : calyx leafy: anthers beardless: capsule ovate and resembling the form of a pine-apple. One variety has narrow lanceolate leaves. polifolia, Mx. (H. & T. r-w. M. h •) leaves linear-lanceo- late convex revolute, white-glancous beneath and hoary- glancous above: flowers aggregate terminal: corol sub-globose: anthers bearded towards the top. One foot high. ,Wet. nrborea, W. (sorrel tree. P. w. Ju. 1? ) branches terete: leaves oblong acuminate mucronate serrate glabrous : panicles terminal many-spiked: corol ovate-cylindric ubescent: anthers linear beardless. About 40 feet igh, with acid leaves. paniadata, M. (1) (white bush. 0. w. J. k-) pubescent; (1) Lyonia paniculate, N ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGON. 173 leaves obovate-lanceolate acute sub entire r flower-bear- ing branches terminal panicled nakedish : glomerules peduncled: corol sub globular pubescent: anthers ob- tuse beardless. A shrub running into several varieties —flowers small. racemosa, W. (P. C. w. J. k •) leaves oval-lanceolate acute serrulate membranaceous glabrous : spikes termi- nal, one-way, elongated, simple or branched : bracts linear acute : corol cylindric : calyx acute with bracts at the base : anthers doubly 4-bearded at the apex. A middling sized shrub, odoriferous. Wet. Calyculata, W. (leather leaf. T. Y. C. P. W. N.w. M. h •) leaves lanceolate-oblong, obsoletely serrulate, sub-re- volute, with scaly dots, rust-coloured beneath: ra- cemes terminal, leafy, turned one-way : pedicells short, solitary, axillary : calyx acute, 2-bracted at the base ; bracts broad-ovate, acuminate: corol oblong-cylin- dric. Wet. 3—2. Andropogon. 4. 10. nutans, (1) (beard-grass, Y. W. P. D. N. V. T. Au. 21.) panicles branching compact nodding : flowers in pairs awned: calyx bristly: perfect flowers sessile, stami- nate pedicelled caducous. Dry* macrourus, Mx. (2) (Indian grass, D. P S. 21.) sheaths villose at the margin: panicles lateral with many fas- cicular spikes ; flowers uionandrous, beard 4 or 5-fold ofthe length ofthe glume; anterior valves glabrous. dissitiflorus, Mx. (3) (P. S. .) sheaths glabrous ; culm erect : spikes lateral distant : flowers nonandi-jus j awns long strait; interior valves glabrous. purpurascens, VV. (4) (O. Au. if.) spikes simple pedun- cled, double, close-panic.led ; flowers double, the per- fect is sessile lanceolate bearded, the iieuim! is pedicel- led bearded ; ra. his ciliate.. furcdtus,W. (foi'ked spike. O. Au. if.) spikes digitate, partly in fours, flowers double ; the perfect ones sessile awned, the staminate ones beardless pedicelled : vuchis hairy. Virginians (broom-grass. C..P. S. If.) spikes in pairs, lateral, rachw vvo-dy : florets in pairs, one pedicelled decaying, the other perfect: calyx of the perfect flower (1) .ivenaceus, Mx. (2) Oh"a glom rut., Wr. f3)Ciunalateralis,Wr. (4) Scop.r.um, Ms- K -9 174 ANEMONE, 2-valved, valves acute, longer than the corol, villose at the base : corol 2-valved, one of them awned at the apex. 13—13. Anemone. 26. 61. hortensis (garden anemone. E.) radical leaves digitate, divisions 3-cleft; cauline ones ternate, lanceolate, con- nate, sub-divided : seed woolly. virginiana (wind flower. O. g-w. Ju. 21.) stem dichoto- mous : leaves in threes, ternate. upper ones opposite, leafets gash-lobate and serrate acute : peduncles solita- ry, 1-flowered elongated : seed oblong, woolly, mucro- nate, in heads. aconitifolia, Mx. (1) (P. C. T w. J. if.) stem dichotomous: radical leaves palmate ; cauline leaves sessile clasping o-cleft, the lower ones ternate, with the lobes acute- lanceolate gash-serrate : peduncles solitary 1-flowered: seed iu globose heads naked subulate-beaked. Flowers large. diehotoma, (2) (Can. T. w-r. M. 21.) stem dichotomies: leaves all cauline, opposite clasping 3-cleft, lobes wedge- lanceolate with the upper ones gash-serrate : peduncles solitary 1-flowered : seed in a globose head naked re- surved-mucronate. nemorosa(low anemone. 0. r-w. M. if.) stem 1-flowered : cauline leaves in threes, ternate, leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed acute : corol 5-6-petalled : seeds ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety* quinque- folia, has lateral leaves deeply 2-cleft. tancifolia (P. w. M, U.) stem 1-flowered : leaves cauline in threes, ternate : leafets lanceolate crenate-toothed : corol 5 petalled : seeds ovate with a short style hooked. lhalictraides, (3) (rue anemone. O. w. M. if.) umbels in- volucred : radical leaves twice ternate, leafets sub- cordate 3-toothed : involucre 6-leaved, leafets peti- oled uniform : umbel few flowered : seed naked striate : root tuberous. A variety, uniflora, has a 1-flowered in- volucre. Anemone. See Hepatica. (1) pensylvanica, L. (2) irregularis, Lk. (3) Thalictrum ane> monoides Ma. v ANETHUM, ANTHOCEROS. 175 5—2. Anethum. 45- 60. graveolens (dill. E) fruit compressed : plant annual. foeniculum (fennel. E.) fruit ovate : plant perenial. 5—2. Angelica. 45. 60. archangelica (archangel. E. % .) the odd terminal leafet lobed. atropurpurea (angelica. O. J. if.) leaves compound, lea- fets oblong sublobate serrate sub-sessile, the last pair united., the terminal petioled. 3 to 6 feet high, root fragrant. Meadows. triquinata, Mx. (1) (O. w. J. if ) petiole 3-parted, parti- tions pinnate, 5-leaved ; leafets gash-toothed ; the odd terminal one sessile rhombic, lateral ones decursive. Dry, woods. Alluvian. hicida (nondo. w. J. %.) leafets equal, ovate gash-serrate. 22—2. Anoectangium. 56. 4. filiforme, Mx. stem slender-filiform : leaves closely im- bricate, oval, denticulate in a similar-coloured point: capsule ciliate at the apex : lid sub-conic : calyptre. sub-viilose. On rocks. 18—2. Anthemis. 49 55. nobilis(chamomile. E. w. Au. %.) leaves 2-pinnate ; lea- fets 3-parted linear-subulate sub-villose : stem branch- ing at the base. Gives out a fragrant odour. L arvensis (C. T w. Ju. %.) receptacle conic, chaff lan- ceolate : seed crown-margined : leaves 2-pinnate sub- divided lanceolate linear. : Cotula (mayweed. 0. w. J. ©.) receptacle conic, chaflf- bristly : seed naked : leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subu- late 3-parted. 22—3. Anthoceros 57. 3. levis (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely un- dulated at the margin. On the earth in damp shaded situations. punctatus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the mar- gin. On the earth where moist and shaded. (l) f erral^ canadens is, I/. 176 ANTHOCEROS, APARGIA. carolinianus, Mx. fronds with short roundish lobes, mar- gin sub-entire, scarcely punctured above j the horn- form capsule about half an inch in length. 5—2. Anthopogon. N. 4. 10. lepturoides, N. (false beard-grass. D. if.) stem decum- bent at the base, ascending above and erect: leaves short, lance ovate, acute, smooth, flat, striate : sheaths bearded at the summit; stipule obsolete. 2—2. Anthoxantiium. 4. 10. odoratnm (sweet vernal grass. O. M. It ) spike oblong- ovate ; florets sub-peduncled, longer than the awn. An American variety, altissimum, is larger and of a dark- er green. Ives. 14—2. Antirrhinum. 40. 40. elatine, W. (creeping snap-dragon. P. T. y. Ju. i§.) pro- cumbent pilose : leaves alternate, hastate entire : pe- duncles solitary, very long. triornithoperum (three-birds. E ) leaves whorled, lanceo- late 3-nerved : stetn decumbent: raceme terminal, few- flowered, flowers large, peduncled, ■!. tinaria (snap-dragon. E. y. Ju. If) erect glabrous; leaves scattered lanceolate-linear, crowded together ; spikes terminal, dense-flowered : calyx glabrous, short- er than the spur. Flowers large—(toad-flax.) Natural- ized. eanadense, W. (flax snapdragon. C. Y.T. P. w-b. J. if.) rising in a curve, glabrous, very simple : leaves scat- tered irregularly, erect narrow linear obtuse remote : flowers racemed : scions procumbent. Flowers small. Anychia, see Queria. 18—1. Apargia. 49. 53. mtumnalis, W. (1) (false hawkweed. Boston, y. J. %.) scape branching scaly,- leaves lanceolate, runcinatc- pinnatifid, smoothish. Naturalized. Bw. Apios, see Glycine. (l; Leontodon autumnale, L. Iledj.gncis auuimnales £", APIUM, ARABIS. 177 5—2. Apium. 45. 60. petroselinum (parsley. E. Ju. o .) cauline leaves linear: involucres minute. graveolens (celery. E. Ju. % .) stem channelled : cauline leaves wedge-form. 5—2. Apocynum. SO. 47. -* androsaemifolium (dog-bane. O. r-w. J. %.) leaves ovate, glabrous : cymes lateral and terminal: tube ofthe co- rol longer than the calyx : limb spreading. . I tannabinum, Mx. (l) (Indian hemp. O. g-y. Ju. if.)leaves oblong-oval, whitish-downy beneath : panicle pubes- cent : tube of the corol about equal to the calyx, limb erect. hypericifolium, W. (John's dogbane. C. P. w. Ju. If.) stem erectish : leaves oblong, heart-form, glabrous : cymes shorter than the leaves. Flowers very small; the plant low and smooth. 13—5. Aquii/egia. 26. 61. vulgaris (garden columbine. E. J. if.) nectaries incurv- ed-horns : leafy stem and leaves glabrous : leaves de- compound. Nectaries multiplied by culture. canadensis (wild columbine. O. r. & y. Ap. if.) horns strait: stamens exsert: leaves decompound. Grow- ing frequently in crevices of rocks. 15—2. Arabis. 39. 63. rhomboidea, P. (2) (spring cress. P. T. w. M. U.) leaves glabrous rhomboid, with obsolete spreading teeth ; lower leaves with long petioles : root tuberous. Damp. ihaliana, W. (mouscar cress W. P. T. C. w. Ap. ©.) ra- dical leaves oblong, petioled ; caulineleaves lanceolate, sessile : stem erect, rough-haired at the base : petals twice as long as the calyx. reptans, W. (P. C. J. if.) leaves sub-rounded, entire, rough haired : shoots creeping. lyratd, W. (P. C T. Can. w. Ap. ©.) leaves glabrous", radical ones lyrate, cauline ones linear. (1) pubescens, Br. (2) bulbosa, &f. 17$ ARABIS, ARBUTUS. hispida. A.(1)(P. w. 4. it.) leaves toothed, obtuse, hi«- oid, radical ones sob-lyratc : stein hispid : petals erect. ha'stuta .2) (C. T. Great Barrington. w. M.) leaves lan- ceolate, narrowed at H>e base, hastate, sessile, very glabrous: peduncles glabrous, erect ,* siliqucspendant, falcate, very narrow. Torrey. falcata. Mx. (3) (O. w. if.) leaves lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, remotely-toothed, hastate-sessile : silique pendant, 2-edged, falcate, peduncles hairy. 17—io. Auachis. 32. 93. hypogaea (pea not, false ground-nut. E. #.) stem pilose, procumbent: leaves pinnate, abrupt : flowers axilla: y. Peduncles become elongated, and deposit the fruit un- der ground to ripen. 5—5. Aralia. 46. 59. \ spinosa, W. (shot bush, angelica tree. P. y-w. Au. h .) woody: stem and leaves thorny,leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets slightly serrate : panicles very branching: um- bels numerous. hispida. Mx. (bristly stem sarsaparilla. H. w. J. 1?.) low s sub-shrubby : stem and petioles rough with bristles i leaves doubly-pinnate ; leafets ovate gash-serrate, un- armed glabrous : umbels with long peduncles. Neg- lected fields. raccmosa, W. (spikenard. 0. w. J. u.) spreading bran- ches : petioles 3-parted, the partitions 3—5-leaved, leafets often heart-form ; branchlets axillary, leafy ; umbels many, su> panicled, leafless above. Damp. nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 21.) hardly a proper stalk, 1-leafed ; the leaf thrice-ternate or thrice- q.iinate ; leafets oblong-oval : scape naked, shorter than the leaf : umbels few. Woods. 10—l. Arbutus. 18. 51. uva-ursi. W. (bear bei'ry. T. N. Y. C. P. w-r. M. 1?.) stem procumbent : leaves wedge-obovate, entire : ber- ry 5-seeded. Dry, barren sand-plains, &c (1) stricta, W. (2) pendiOa. N. Turritis laevigata. W. (3) canadensis, W. but Nuttall suspects it to be the hastata, or Tur- riti§ laevigata of W\ ARBUTUS, ARENARIA. 179 alpina, W. (Can. w. J. £ -, havessen-ate: rugose, acute, obovate : racemes teimimi). 18—1. Arctium. 49. 54. lappa (burdock. 0. r. Au. if.) cauline leaves heart-form, petioled, toothed : flowers panicled, globose : calyx smooth. 22—6. Arcyria. 58. 1. flava. rare, yellow, very long, capillary, nodding. Ou trunks. tinerea. gregarious, white-cinereous, sometimes becom- ing rust-colour. On trunks in woods. punicea. crowded together, between saffron colour and scarlet. On decaying trunks in summer and autumn. 10-—3. Arenaria. 22. 82. 1. Leaves oblong. peptoides, \V (C. Can. Ju. i/.)stem dichotomous : leave9 ovate, acute, fleshy : calyx acuminate. lateriflora, W. (sandwort. P. C. w. J. if.) stem filiform, simple : leaves ovate, obtuse, sub-triple nerved : pe- duncles lateral, solitary, elongated. 2-cleft ; one pedi- cel middle-bracted : corol longer than the calyx. serpyllifolia, W. (P. 0. w. Ju. #•) stem dichotomous, spreading ,* leaves ovate, acute, sub-ciliate: calyxes acute, sub-striate: petals shorter than the calyx. 2. Leaves linear subulate. glabra, Mx. (1)(T. Shawingunk. If.)very glabrous sub- erect filiform many-stems: leaves subulate-linear flat spreading: pedicels 1 flowered elongated divaricate: leafets ofthe calyx oval obtusish smooth, shorter than the petal s. sirieta, Mx. (N. Whitehills. T. w. M. If.) glabrous erect many-stems: leaves subulate-linear erect: panicles few- flowered : petals much longer than the calyx, which is oval-lanceolate apparently striate. Dry. squarrosa, Mx. (2) (D. w. Ju. If.) turfy : lower leaves scaly- imbricate, channelled, glabrous : stems few, very sim- ple: flowers few, terminal, erect: petals much larger than the roundish calyx. (1) Stellaria uniflora, Wr. (2) caroliniana Wr- i&t ARENARIA, ARISTOLOCHIA. rubra, Mx. (1) (P. Y. C. r. J. ©.) glabrous, humifuse : leaves filiform, fleshy, much longer than the joints: stipules connate-membranaceous, sheathing: stamens 5 : capsule angular or globose, Var. canadensis, leaves linear, fleshy. 19—1. Arethusa. 7. 21. bulbosa, W. (arethusa. C. Y.P.N, r. J. if.) leafless: root globose: scape sheathed 1-flowered: calyx with the superior divisions incurved : lip sub-crenulate.— Flowers large sweet-scented. Damp. Arethusa, see Triphora and Pogonia. 13—1. Argemone. 27. 62. mexicana, W. (P. T. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose: flowers axillary. Flowers large. 3—2. Aristida. 4. 10. dichotoma, Mx. (beard-grass. P. C. Ju. £ .) turfy : culm dichotomous, erect, setaceous: calyx longer than the corol: middle awn twisted, two lateral ones very short: flowers subspiked. oligantha, Sw. (P. Ju. if.) culm strait sub-branched: leaves convolute-filiform : flowers distant solitary: awns long-spreading. raccmosa, M. (C. S.) culm erect, 4-cornered, joints glab- rous: leaves linear, striate, hairy at the base and sca- brous at the apex: sheath hairy ; panicle contracted, subracemed : pedicellsangled, jointed below the calyx: valves of the calyx unequal, keeled, scabrous, mucro- nate: corol a little smaller, hairy at the base. ■■stricta (P.) culm terete glabrous : leaves linear, pubes- cent : panicle dense, with solitary branches: both valves of the calyx awned. 19—6. Aristolochia. 11. 23. sipho, Hr. (birthwort. P. J. Tp.) leaves heart-form, acute: stem twining : peduncles 1-flowered furnished with an ovate bract: corol ascending, limb 3-cleft equal. A very high running viae, with large leaves : flowers yellowish-brown. (1) canadensis. P. ARISTOLOCHIA, ARRHENOPTERUM. 181 Serpentaria (P. C p. J. %>) leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate: stem zigzag ascending: peduncles radical: lips of the corol lanceolate. (The Virginia snakeroot.) There is a variety with very longmarrow leaves. Ton- ic and diaphoretic. B. 12—l. Armeniaca. 36. 92. vulgaris (apricot. E. \ .) leaves subcordate: stipules pal- mate. Var. precox (early apricot.) fruit small, yellow. Var. persicoides (peach apricot) fruit subcompressed. dasycarpa (black apricot. E. h •) leaves ovate acuminate, doubly-serrate, petioles glandular : drupe globose, pu- bescent. 12—5. Aronia. 36. 92. arbutifolia (1) (red choak-berry. O. w-r. M. h •) leaves lance-obovate, crenate-toothed, downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above : flowers corymbed : calyx downy. Damp. .- hotryapium, P. (2) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. h .) leaves oblong-oval, cuspidate, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded lanceolate and downy): flowers racemed ; petals linear : germs pubescent: segments of the calyx glabrous. Sanguinea, (3) (bloody choak-berry. C Pittsfield. w. M. \ .) leaves oval, obtuse at both ends, mucronate, serra- tures very slender: racemes few-flowered : calyx gla- brous : petals linear, obtuse. melanocarpa (4) (black-choak-berry. O. w. M. h .) leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, glabrous beneath ; midrib glandular above : flowers corymbed : calyx elabrous. Damp. tv'alis P. (5) (medlar bush. P. V. W. D. w. M. h •) leaves round-oval acute, glabrous : flowers racemed : petals obovate : germ and segments of the calyx pubescent. 22—2. Arrhenopterum. 5Cj. 4. keterostichim, erectish: leaves lax-imbricatc, oval witl* (1) pyrifolia, P. pyrus arbutifolia, W. Mespilus arbutifolia, L.and -rythrocarpa, Mx. (2) Pyrus botryapium, W. Mespilu6 canadensis L. (3) Pyrus sanguinea, Ph. (4) arbutifolia, P. Pyrus melan- ocfcrpa, W. Crataegus arbutifolia, Lk. v.espilus arbutifrlia. Var, melanocarpa, Mx. ' (5) Mespilus canadensis. Var. obovalis, Mr."-- Crataegus Spic&ta, Lk- 182 ARTEMISIA, ARUM. an obtuse point, serrulate, all nerved : peduncle gene- rally terminal: capsule oblong, arcuate', lid conic, ob- tusely acuminate. 18—2. Artemisia. 49. 55. Cbrotanum (southern wood, E. 21. and T?.) stem strait: lower leaves bipinnate, upper ones hair-form pinnate: calyx pubescent hemispheric. canadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. C. Y. w. y. Au. if ) subdecumbent, scarcely pubescent: leaves flat linear- pinnatifid: branchlets spike-flowered : flowers sub-he- mispheric : calyx scarious. Receptacle smooth. pontica (roman artemisia. E.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate, leafets linear: branches simple: flowers roundish peduncled nodding. absynthium (worm-wood. E. if.) stem branching, pani- cled : leaves hoary ; ratjical ones triply-pinnatifid, divi- sions lanceolate toothed obtuse ; cauline ones 2-pimia- tifid or pinnatifid, divisions lanceolate acutish: floral ones undivided lanceolate. Naturalized in most moun- tain districts of N. England. vulgaris, VV.(mugwort. P. T. S. if.) leaves downy be- neath ; cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions lanceolate sub- toothed acute ', floral ones undivided linear-lanceolate; flowers sub-sessile oblong erect: calyx downy. 22—5. Arthonia. 57. 2. punctiformis (crust somewhat determinate, membrana- ceous, smooth, dark orange-yellow: receptacles mi- nute, roundish, scattered, sub-immersed, flatfish one side and sub convex the other, dark coloured. On the tender bark of branches of trees. obscura, crust membranaceous, somewhat olive coloured: receptacles minute, flat, a little concave, sub-membra- naceous, oval and reniform, sub-immersed, a little ru- gose, dark-coloured. On the cuticle and bark of trees. pruhwsa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, rimose, white * receptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons, confluent, obscurely dark yellow, mealy-glaucous. On oak bark, &c. 20—13. Arum. 2. 7. dracontium, W, (green dragon T. P.J. 2/.) stemless? ARUM, ARUNDO. IK! leaves pedate; leafets lanceolate-oblong, entire : spa- dix subulate, longer than the oblong convolute spathe. River alluvion. atrorubens, W. (brown dragon. P. M. If.) stemless: leaves ternate, leafets ovate, acuminate : spadix cylin- drical ; spathe sessile ovate acuminate, spreading ho- rizontally above. Spathe dark brown, disagreeable smell. triphyllum. W. (Indian turnip, wild turnip, wake-robin. O. p. & g M.%.)sub-caulescent: leaves ternate; leadets ovate acuminate : spadix club form : spathe ovate acu- minate, peduncled, with the lamina as long as the spa- dix. One vaiety, virens, ha- ag^en spathe; another, atropurpureum,'ha.s a dark purple spathe. virginiaim, W. (l) (poison arum. Y. T. C. P. g. J. U) stemless: leaves hastate heart form, acute, lobes oo- tuse : spathe elongated, incurved j green : spoils loiig-staUiCn-Aowered. 3—2. Arcs no. 4. 10. donax (reed grass. E. Nov.) calyx 5-flowered : panicle diffuse ; culm somewhat woody. phragmites, W. (marsh reed grass. Y. P. C. Hudson. Ju. If.) calyx 5-flowered : panicle lax, somewhat nodding, branches .glabrous. About 6 or 8 feet high. Damp. epigejos, M. (D. If.) calyx 1-flowered: panicle erect: leaves glabrous beneath, lanceolate. Flowers small. ■canaaensis, Mx. (2) (P. V. W. J. %■) panicle oblong, contracted, scabrous : calyx 1-flowered, lanceolate, scabrous pubescent upon the keel : corol awned upon the back, awn of the length ofthe corol ; pubescence equalling the corol : culm terete, glabrous, simple : leaves hairy above and glabrous beneath. About 3 feet high. arenaria, S (sand reed grass. Can. D. Ju. If.) panicle spiked : calyx 1-flowered, longer than the corol . flow- ers erect, beardless : leaves involute, prickly. agrostoides. i'h. (l\ V. C. D. Ju. if.) panicle lax, diffus- ed : calyx 1-flowered, acuminate, glabrous : corol shorter than the calyx, membranaceous: outer valve gashed at the top: pubescence equalling the corol : (1) Calla virginica, Mx. (2) cinnoide's, M. Galamagrostls canadensis, N. >84 ASARUM, ASCLEPIAS. leaves flat, a little scabrous : culm sheathed and gla- brous. 11—I. Asarum. 11. 23. canadense (1) (white snake-root, wild ginger, false colf- foot. 0. p. M. 21.) leaves broad kidney-form, in pairs: calyx woolly, deeply 3-parted, divisions sub-lanceolate, reflected. Root aromatic and stimulant. B. virginicum, W- (P. M. %.) leaves solitary, round-heart- form, glabrous, leathery : flower sub-sessile •• calyx glabrous jabove, short, bell-form. Leaves speckled, smooth. 19—5. Asclepias. 30. 47. I. Leaves opposite. ujriaca (common milkweed. O. w-p. Ju. If.) stem very simple : leaves lanceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath : umbels sub-nodding, downy. 3 to 5 feet high ; flowers in large close clusters, sweet-scent- ed—nectaries are fly-traps. obtusifolia, Mx. (2) (Y. P. C. p. J. 11.) leaves clasping, oblong, round-obtuse, waving : umbel terminal, long- peduncled, many-flowered, glabrous; the horn of the nectary exsert. Flowers large. phytolaccoides, Ph. (T. D. W.P. w-g. Ju. if.) stem erect, simple : leaves broad-ovate, acute, glabrous, paler be- neath : nectaries truncate, internal margin 2-toothed t umbels lateral and terminal, long-peduncled, nodding. periplocaefolia, N. (3) (D. w-g. Ju. U-) leaves sub-ses- sile, somewhat distant, lance-ovate, narrowing up- wards, very acute,smooth on both sides,margin rough; umbels mostly 2, naked, lateral : root round-tuberous; segments of the nectaries oblong-linear. amoena, W. (Y. D. P. p. Ju. 7J.) stem simple, a little hairy on two sides : leaves sub-sessile, oblong-oval, pu- bescent beneath : terminal umbels and nectaries erect, appendages exsert. Damp. purpurascens, W. (C. P. p. Ju. y.) stem simple : leaves ovate, villose beneath : umbels erect: nectaries resu- pine. Damp shades. . ianceolata (Y. g. Ju. if.) stem decumbent, hirsute ; leaves (1) ca.olinianum, Wr. latifolium, Sy. (2) purpurafbens. Wr. (?) acuminata, Ph. cordata,Wi\ Iaurifolia, Ms. ASCLEPIAS. 183 lanceolate, acute, sub-sessile : umbels hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub-globose, dense-flowered, nodding: no appendage. Ives. Dry sandy plains. Vid. Silli- man's Journal of Science, p. 252. i viridifora, Ph. (P. Y.g. Ju. If.) stem simple, erect, hirsute : leaves lanceolate-oblong, obtusish, sub-sessile, downy- hirsute both sides : umbels lateral, solitary, sub-ses- sile, nodding, sub-globose-dense-flowered : no appen- dage. Dry. rvariegata, W. (l) (C. P. w. Ju. 21.) stem simple erect : leaves ovate, petioled, rugose, naked : umbels subses- sile, pedicelled, tomentose. The umbels dense. incarnata, W. (O. r. Ju. if.) stem erect branching above downy : leaves lanceolate sub-downy both sides : um- bels mostly double at their origin : the little horn of the nectary exsert. A variety, pulchra, is more hairy. Var. glabra, almost glabrous. Damp. debilis, Mx. (V. C. w. Ju. %.) sraoothish ; stem weak erect simple : leaves petioled oval-lanceolate, acute at both ends, membranaceous : umbels terminal lax flow- ered ; pedicels capillary. The bark is a good substitute for flax. quadrifolia,Sn. (O. w. M. If.) stem erect simple glabrous ? leaves ovate acuminate petioled, those in the middle of the stem are largest and in fours : umbels two termin- al lax-flowered ; pedicels filiform. About 10 inches high, flowers small and sweet-scented. iaurifolia, Mx (P. p. Au.j stem erect glabrous: leaves sub-sessile oval-lanceolate gradually growing narrow- cr, very acute glabrous with a roughish margin. 2. Leaves not opposite. verticillata, Mx. (dwarf milkweed. Y. T. P. D. g-y. Ju, If.) stem erect very simple marked with lines and small pubescence : leaves very narrow-linear strait glabrous, whorled generally : horn in the nectary exsert. tuberosa, W. (butterfly weed. N. Y. T. P. y. Ju. if.) stem erectish, at the top spreading-branched, very rough- haired : leaves scattered oblong-lanceolate rough-hair- ed ; umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A variety, the ' decumbens, has a decumbent stem : leaves sublincar,, hirsute. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant, B, (1) hybrida, Mx. q a- X8Q ASCYRUM, ASPIDIUM. 13—-1. Ascyrum. 20. 68. crux-andreae, W. (1) (peter's wort. P. D. y. Ju. b.) many stems, diffuse : leaves sub-lanceolate-oblong ob- tuse : corymb terminal : flowers sub-sessile 2-styled : stem sub-terete, 2 feet high, petals narrow. hypericoides, W. (2) (D. y. Ju. k •) erect branching, bran- ches 2-edged : leaves oblong with 2 glands at the base, flowers terminal, solitary, with short pedicels, 3-styled. From 1 to 2 feet high. 6—1. Asparagus. 11. 12. officinalis (asparagus. E. Ju. if.) stem herbaceous unar- med sub-erect terete : leaves bristle-form soft: stipules sub-solitary. 6—1. Asphodelus. 10. 16. luteus (asphodel, king's spear. E. if.) stem leafy : leaves 3-sided, striate. famosus (E. if.) stem branching, naked : leaves ensiform, carinate, smooth. 22—1. Aspidium. 55. 5. 1. Fronds ternate. cicutarium, "W. (3) (P. if.) leafets pinnatifid, divisions acuminate, sinuate-pinnatifid, entire ; the lower and outer divisions ofthe sides elongated: fruit-dots in rows. 2. Fronds pinnate. acrostichoides, W. (4) (O. J. to Au. 21.) leafets lanceolate, sabre-form, acute, uliate-serrate, the upper ones eared and dagger-pointed, the lower ones wedge-form at the base ; the upper fruit-bearing ones smaller : stipe and rachis chaffy: fruit-dots solitary, but at length become confluent. (1) multiraule. Mx. (2)stans,Mx. (.") Polypudium cicutarium, L. appendiculatum, Sw. (4) aruricul -turn, Sh. Nepbodiumacrosuchoid) frond doubly-pinnate : {1) Nephrodium thelypteroideg. (2) Nephrodium marginale, Mx, 188 ASPIDIUM, ASPLENIUM. lesser leafets oblong, decurrent, running together,gash- toothed ; divisions mucronate-serrate : stipe chaffy : involucre glandular. Large. dilatatum, W. (1) (P. Ju. if.) frond doubly-pinnate ; les- ser leafets oblong distinct gash-pinnatifid, divisions mucronate-serrate : stipe chaffy: involucre smooth. | Leaves more compound, larger and broader than the filix-femina. Remark. This genus has been divided, and the re- mainder of the species are placed under the genus Athy- rium. There is no difficulty in distinguishing that genus from the Aspidium, if care be taken to ascertain the pre- cise origin of the involucres. In some species of the As- pidium, the involucres appear, at first view, to be attach- ed to one side of the fruit-dots; especially those which are kidney-form. But on a minute examination, the point, hy which the involucre is attached to the frond ofthe As- pidium, will be found to be surrounded by the capsules of the fruit-dot. Whereas the involucres of the Athyrium are attached to^the frond entirely outside of the capsules of the fruit-dots. 22—1. Asplenium. 55. 5. rhizophyllum, W. (walking leaf. 0. Ju. if.) frond lance- olate stiped sub-crenate, heart-form ears at the base ; apex very long linear-filiform rooting. Yav. pinnatifi- dum, leaves with the crenatures so deep as to become sub-pinnatifid. Barton. Woods. angustifolium, W. (2) spleenwort. W. C. P. Ju. if.) frond pinnate ; leafets alternate, upper ones sub-alternate, li- near-lanceolate, sub-repand, base ofthe upper ones trun- cate, of the lower ones slightly rounded. One foot high. ebenum, W. (3) (W. C. T. P. Hudson. Ju. %.) frond pin- nate : leafets sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, cordate at the base, auricled above. A very small species. melanocaulon, W. (4) (W. T. P. C. Ju. If.) frond pinnate;' leafets roundish, obtuse, crenate, at its base wedge- form : stipe particoloured. Very small; stem black, polished. (1) Nephrodium cristatum, Mjg. (3) tvichorranoides, Mi (-2) pyenucarpon, SI. ($) inctiomancs, Jh ASPLENIUM, ASTER. 189 thelypieroides, W. (1) (W T. P. Ju. %.) frond pinnate; leafets sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, deeply pinnati- fid ; divisions oblong obtuse, obtusely serrate: fruit- dots parallel, at length confluent. ruta-muraria, W. (W. C T. P. Hudson. Ju. if.) frond bipinnate at the base, simply pinnate at the apex ; lea- fets rhombic-oblong, obtuse, with the apex obtusely denticulate. Very small. Rocks. montanum, W. (2) (W. T. Ju. %.) frond glabrous, bipin- nate : leafets lanceolate, pinnatifid, divisions 2-or-3- toothed. 18—2 Aster. 49. 55. 1. Leaves entire. hyssopifolius, W. (starflower, D. w. y. p. Au. to 0.) leaves linear-lanceolate, S-nerved punctate acute margin sca- brous: branchlets level-top corymbed compact: rays about 5-flowered ; calyx imbricate, twice as short ag the disk. 12 to 24 inches high. solidaginoides, W. (3) O. w. Au %.) leaves linear lanceo- late, obsolete-3-nerved, entire, obtuse, margin scab- rous : branches level-top-corymbed: flowers sessile, aggregate ; rays 5-flowered, calyx shorter than the disk, imbricate, scales oblong, obtuse, close-pressed, sub-reflexed at the apex. About 2 feet high : scales of the calyx white with green tips : rays long and white. falifolius, Ph. (4) (D. y. w. S. and Oc. if.) leaves linear- lanceolate, tapering to the base, without nerves, rough- ish, revolute margin : branches corymbed ; branchlets filiform, l-flowered, nakedish: calyx lax imbricate, tw ice as short as the disk: leafets very acute : rays about 20-flowered. A variety, uniflorus, (5) has a ve- ry simple stem bearing but one flower. About a foot high ; sometimes the leaves have a small indenture or* each side. rigidus, W. (6) (N. Y. C. p. y. Au. if.) leaves linear, mu- cronate, sub-carinatc, rigid, margin rough-ciliatc : the cauline leaves reflexed, the branch ones spreading, sub- ulate : stem erect, somewhat branched above, branch- (1) acrostichoides, S\v. (2) Adiantum nigrum, Mx. (3) G'. ASTER. 19X leaves subulate-linear, somewhat fleshy, sub-reflexed : stein slender, very branching ; branches and branch- lets spreading, bristle-form, 1-flowered : scales ofthe peduncles divaricate, subulate : calyx imbricate, scales close-pressed acute. Resembles the last ; flowers smaller. Salt marshes. concolor, W. (D. P. r-b. Au. 2/..) leaves oblong-lanceolate, white pubescent both sides : stem very simple, erect, pubescent: raceme terminal : calyx imbricate, scales lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About a foot high j ray and disk coloured alike. cornifolius, M. (O. w. Au. U.) glabrous : leaves oblong- ovate, acuminate, short petioled, margin rough : stem glabrous : panicle few flowered, branches 2-flowered i calyx sub-imbricate. humilis, W. (l) (P. w. Au. if.) leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sub-petioled, glabrous, margin hispid : corymb divcrgingly dicho- tomous, nakedish, few-flowered : calyx lax imbricate: rays 8-flowcred. About a foot high ; flowers large. - amygdalinus, Mx. (2)(0. w. S. ll-) leaves lanceolate, ta- pering to the base, acuminate, margin rough : stem simple, level-top-corymbed at the top : calyx lax-im- bricate, scales-lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. salicifolius, W. (3) (C. r-b. Au. 21.) leaves linear-lanceo- late, sub-entire, glabrous : stem glabrous, panicled at the top : calyx lax-imbricate, scales acute, spreading at their tips. From 4 to 6 feet high ', flower middle- sized. aestivus, W. (D. b. Ju. to S. if.) leaves lanceolate, sub- clasping, tapering to the apex, margin rough : stem branching from its base, erect, hispid ; branchlets pi- lose ; calyx scaly, scales lax, linear, acute, equal. About 2 feet high ; the flowers resembling the last nova-angliae (O. b-p. Au. if.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, auricled at the base: stem sub simple, pilose, straight and stiff: flowers sub-sessile, terminal, crowded : scales ofthe calyx lax, coloured, lanceolate, longer than the disk. In rich soil it grows 10 feet high : flowers large. (1) infirmus, Mx. probably a variety of cornifolius. (2) umbellittus, A. Inula aciygdalina, N- (3) praealtus, life- 192 ASTER. cyaneus, Hn. (1) (0. b-p. Au. y.) leaves hnear-Ianreo- late, clasping smooth : stem wand-like-panicled, wry glabrous : branches racemed : scales of the calyx lax, lanceolate, equalling the disk, inner ones coloured at the apex. 3 or 4 feet high ; flowers many and large. This is the handsomest of all asters. -phlogifolius, W. (2) (C. w. p. Au. %.) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, clasping, pubescent beneath, rough mar- gin : stem very simple, pubescent : panicle terminal, lax, few-flowered : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate lanceolate. From 18 to 24 inches high. < patens, W.(3) (0. p-y. S. to Nov. if.) leaves oblong- lanceolate, ciliate, heart-form, clasping, rough both sides, hairy : stem branching, rough with hairs j bran- ches spreading, elongated, few flowered, small-leaved : scales of the calyx imbricate, lanceolate, spreading.— From i to 2 feet high. 2. Leaves heart-form and ovate, serrate. midulatus, W. (4) (O. p. S. % ) leaves oblong, heart- form, clasping, entire hairy sub-undulate ; lower ones ovate, heart-form, sub-serrate, petioled ', petioles wing- ed : stem panicled hispid ; branchlets one-way, leafy, 1-flowered. Flowers small. punicnlatns, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 7J..) leaves ovate- lanceolate, sub-serrate, petioled, glabrous ; radical ones ovate-heart-form, serrate, rough, petioled ; peti- oles naked : stem very branching, glabrous ; branch- lets pilose : calyx lax, sub-imbricate. From 2 to 4 feet high ; flowers smallish, numerous. cordifolius, L.(5) (O. w. S. 11.) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp-serrate, petioled; petioles winged : stem panicled, smoothish ; panicles divaricate ; calyx lax, sub-imbricate. Flowers small. corymbosus, A. (O. w. Au. tj.) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, smoothish : lower ones heart-form, petiol- ed ; petioles naked : stem glabrous, level-top-corymed . above ; brandies pilose : calyx oblong, imbricate) (1) rubricaulis, Lk. spurius, \V. novae-ar.gliae, A. (2) amplexicauiis, Mx. (3) diversifbiir.s, Mx. (4) amplexicaulis, Mx- but not of W. (5) heteroph.ilur, W. ASTER. i93 scales obtuse, very close-pressed. 12 to 14 inches high : flowers rather large. macrophyllus, A. (0. w-b. Au. 21.) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough ; upper ones ovate-heart-form, sessile $ lowTer ones heart-form, petioled ; petioles sub-margin- ed : stem branching, diffused : calyx cylindric, close- ly imbricate, scales oblong acute. 1 or 2 feet high ; flowers largish. chincnsis (china aster. E. 0.) leaves ovate, thickly tooth- ed, petioled : cauline ones sessile, at the base wedge- form, floral ones lanceolate, entire : stem hispid; branches 1-flowered : calyx foliaceous. A variety has very full flowers, various-coloured and very short rays. Cultivated. 3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate. amplexicaulis, W. (l) (O. b. S if.) leaves ovate-oblong, ovate, clasping, heart-form, serrate, glabrous : stem panicled, glabrous ; branchlets 1-2-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, closely imbricate. Flowers mid- sized. prenanthoides, W. (W. P. C.b. if.) leaves clasping, spat- ulate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate in the middle, heart-form at the base: branchlets pilose: scales of the calyx lanceolate, scurfy. lacvigatus, W. (P. C. r-p. S. to Nov. if.) leaves sub- clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate, smooth : stem very branching, glabrous, branchlets many-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, nearly equalling the disk. versicolor, W.(P.D.y-w.Au.if.) leaves sub-clasping, broad lanceolate, sub-serrate, glabrous : radical ones serrate in the middle : stein very branching, glabrous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, shorter than the disk.— Flowers many and large, elegant. mutabilis, W. (C. p-y. Au. to Oc 21.) leaves sub-clasping : upper ones lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; lower ones lanceolate, at the base narrow serrate : branchlets wand-like : calyx shorter than the disk, lax : stem gla- brous. laevis, W. (C. V, b-p. S. to Nov. if.) leaves sub-clasping, remote, oblong, entire, shining $ radical ones sub-ser- (1$ pensylvanicus, Lk. R 144 ASTER. rate : branches simple, l-flowered : calyx imbricate, the leafets somewhat wedge-form, acute, thickened at the apex: stem glabrous, angular. concinnus, VV . (P. b-p. S. to Nov. if.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping : lower ones sub-serrate,glabrous: stein simple, panicled at the top : calyx closely imbri- cate. pnniceus (0. p. Au. to Nov. If.) leaves clasping, lanceo- late, serrate, roughish : branches panicled : calyx lax, exceeding the disk, the leafets linear-lanceolate, sub- equal : stem hispid. A variety, purpureas, (1) seven feet; stem deep purple. Another variety, rnfescens, eight feet: from green becoming reddish. From 3 to 10 feet high ; flowers large. Damp. novi-belgii (C. w-p.Ac. if.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceo- late, glabrous, rough at the margin ; lower ones sub- serrate : branches sub-divided : calyx lax-imbricate, the leafets linear-lanceolate : stem terete, glabrous. rpectabilis, W. (P. b. Au. U.) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping: lower ones serrate in the middle : branch- es corymbed : leafets of the calyx lax, foliaceous, somewhat wedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 2 feet high : flowers large. serotinus, W. (D. b. S. %.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acu- minate, sessile, glabrous ; margin rough ; lower ones serrate : branches corymbed, glabrous ; branchlets 1- flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. About three feet $ flowers large. tardiflorus, W. (D. b. Oc % ) leaves sessile, serrate, gla- brous, spatnlate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, de- flected at the margin and both sides : branches divari- cate : calyx lax, the leafets lanceolate-linear, sub-equal, glabrous. Flowers not middle size. Uandus, Ph. (Can. p. Oc. 21.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : stem branching in a pyramid form : branches axillary, ra- cemed, scarcely longer than the leaf; peduncles downy, not winged: calyx lax, sub-equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers largish. aenminatus, Mx. (P. W. w. Au. if.) leaves broad-lanceo- late, lower ones tapering, entire, upper ones unequally serrate, long-acuminate;; stem simple, zigzag, angu- (1) amy enus, J-k ASTER. 195 !ar : panicle corymbed, divaricate-dichotomous : leaf- ets of the calyx lax, linear, shorter than the disk. A variety called elatior, has a taller stem; panicles ma- ny-flowered and leafy. Another variety, pumilus, has a lower stem ; corymb few-flowered, naked, scarcely higher than the leaves. Commonly 12 inches high and upwards ; flowers middle-size. Probably a variety of prenanthoides. conyzoides, W. (I) (0. w. Ju. %.) leaves oblong, 3 nerv- ed, narrow and acute at the base ; upper ones sessile, sub-entire ; lower ones petioled, serrate : stem simple, ; corymbed at the top : calyx cylindric, scurfy : rays 5, very short. About 12 inches high ; flowers small. radula, W. (P. w. S. 21.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acu- minate, rugose, very rough : stem erect, angular, sim- ple : corymb terminal : calyx imbricate, leafets lance- olate, obtusish, somewhat scurfy. Flowers mid-size. strictus, Ph. (2) (P. y-r. S. %.) leaves sessile, narrow- lanceolate, serrate, rough: stem 1 or few-flowered above: scales of the calyx imbricate, close-pressed, oblong, acute, nearly equalling the disk. Four to se- ven inches high ; flowers middle-sized. iradescanti, W. (3) (O. w-p. Au. if.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, glabrous : branches wand-like: calyx imbricate : stem terete, glabrous. 3 to 4 feet high : flowers small. recurvatus, W. (4) (O. b. S. If.) leaves sessile, narrow- lanceolate, tapering to the base : lower ones serrate in the middle : stem branching, glabrous, recurvate : scales ofthe calyxlax, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, sub- equal. Resembles the last. laxus, W. (D. w-y. S. to Nov. it.) leaves linear-lanceo- late, acuminate, rough margin: lower ones sub-ser- rate : stem sub-reflexed : branches very spreading : stem lax, panicled at the apex : calyx imbricate, leaf- ets lanceolate, acute, reflexed at the apex. junceus, W. (C. r. Au. if.) leaves lanceolate-linear, ses- sile, glabrous; lower ones sub-serrate j those of the (1) marylandicus, Mx, Conyza asteroides, l* (2) biflorus, Mx. (3) vlmineus, Lk. (4) salicifoiius, LJ& 49$ ASTER, ASTRAGALUS. branchlets lanceolate ; stem panicled, glabrous : branches wand-like : calyx imbricate. 4 to 6 feet high. dracunculoides, W. (1) (C w. S. 21.) leaves linear, aeu- minate, entire; lower ones linear-lanceolate, sub-ser- rate : branches corymbed : calyx imbricate : stem smoothish. About 3 or 4 feet high. miser, W. (Can. C. w. S. if.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous : calyx imbricate, leafets acute ; florets ofthe disk and ray equal : stem sub-villose. divergens, W. (O. w-r. S. 21.) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, scrrote glabrous ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, elon- gated : branches spreading : calyx imbricate: stem pu- bescent. 3 to 5 feet high'; flowers small. diffusus, A. (P. w. T. C. w. S. to Nov. 2/.) leaves el- liptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, all proportioned : branches spreading: calyx imbricate: stem pubescent. Flowers small. pendulus, A. (P. W. Oc. Nov. %.) leaves elliptic-lanceo- late, serrate, glabrous ; those ofthe branchlets remot- ish : branches very divaricate, pendulous : stem pu- bescent. Resembles the preceding ; but the disk turns brown. 17"—10. Astragalus. 32. 93. glaux (milk vetch. E. ©.) caulescent, diffuse : the little heads peduncled imbricate ovate : flowers erect; le- gume ovate callous inflated. iepressns (trailing vetch. E. if.) sub-caulescent, procum- bent : leafets obovate: raceme shorter than the petiole; legume terete lanceolate reflexed. semndus, Mx. (Can. p. Ju. if.) caulescent, procumbent: leafets ovate pubescent: spikes peduncled : legumes one-way, strait, acuminate both ends, pendulous. canadensis, W. (P. C. y. Ju. if. caulescent, diffuse : leaf- ets (21) glabrous both sides : legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. curolinianus, W. (P. y. J. if.) caulescent, erect: leafets (41) oblong, pubescent beneath: spikes peduncled : bracts lanceolate of the length of the peduncle : le= gumes ovate tumid beaked. (1) artexnisiftorus, L>r ATHEROPOGON, ATHYRIUM. 197 3—2. Atheropogon. 4. 10. apludoides, M. (l) (hair-beard. P. S. if.) spikes short, numerous, (20 to 40) reflexed downwards : culm ter- ete, glabrous, geniculate : leaves hairy at the base j sheaths hairy. About a foot high. 22—1. Athyrium. (2) Roth & SI. 55. 5. •thelipteris (snuff-box fern. C. P. Ju. if.) frond pinnate : ;■ leafets lance-linear, pinnatifid, glabrous ; divisions ovate, acute, entire : fruit-dots marginal, contiguous, at length confluent. bulbiferum(C.P. Ju. if.)frond bipinnate, lance-oblong; leafets opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, lower ones i pinnatifid : rachis bulb-bearing : fruit-dots roundish. i asplenoides (C P. New-England. Ju. if.) frond bipin- nate ; leafets lance-linear, gash-serrate, serratures 2 or 3-toothed, terminal ones more acute : fruit-dots ob- long, lunate. Tall jilix-femina (P. Ju. if.) frond bipinnate : leafets lance- oblong, gash-serrate, serratures 2 or 3-toothed, acut- ish : fruit dots oblong, strait Tall. angustum (C. W. Y. P. Ju. if.) frond bipinnate ; leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate, sub-bidentate, lower one elon- gated above : fruit-dots oblong, sub-lunate. minctilobum (P. Ju. 11.) frond bipinnate; leafets decur- rent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid, divisions somewhat 4- toothed : fruit-dots solitary : rachis pubescent : stipe glabrous. 2 or 3 feet high. atomarium (P.) frond bipinnate ; leafets, decurrent, ovate oblong, pinnatifid, divisions toothed : fruit-dots scattered. About a span high. lenue (C. P. T. Ju. 11.) frond bipinnate ; leafets ovate, decurrent, toothed : fruit-dots solitary* near the teeth of the leafets. Small. Rocks. rnfidulum (Y. W. D. P. J. if.) frond bipinnate: leafets chaff-bristly beneath, oblong, obtuse,, crenate.; coadu- nate : fruit-dots at length confluent. S-: (red birch. M. h_ .) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly-serrate, acute, pubescent beneath, base entire: pistillate ament ovate ; scales villose ; divisions linear, equal. About 70 feet high ; excellent cabinet timber. papyracea. W. (2) (paper birch, canoe birch. C. W. i?.) leaves ovate acuminate, doubly-serrate ; veins hirsute beneath ; petiole glabrous: pistillate ament peduncled, nodding : scales with lateral short sub-orbicular lobes. Has a paper-like bark, of which the Indians construct canoes. lenta, W. (s) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. 0. M. Ij•) leaves heart-ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate; nerves and petioles pilose beneath : scales of the stro- bile glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes having elevated veins. Large tree, whose wood is much like mahoga- ny ; very sweet-scented. glandulosa (scrub birch. C. P. M. "h •) branches glandu- lar-dotted, glabrous : leaves obovate serrate, at the base entire, glabrous, sub-sessile : pistillate ament ob- long, scales half-3-cleft : seed orbicular with a narrow margin. From 2 to 8 feet high. Very abundant in the marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be intermediate between Betula and Alnus. nana (dwarf birch. Can. M. h •) very small and gla- brous : leaves small, wedge-orbiculate, gash-crenate, net-veined beneath : scales of the ament deeply 3-part- ed, divisions oblong : seeds oblong, nearly wingless. Swamps. pumila, W. (4) (dwarf birch. C. P. J. fc.) branches pu- bescent dotted : leaves orbicular-obovate petioled, dense-pubescent beneath : pistillate ament cylindric 2 or 3 feet high. 18—3. Bidens. 49. 55. cernua (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. ©.) flowers .sub- rayed drooping : outer calyx longer than the flower: leaves lanceolate sub-connate toothed. One variety, (1) lar.ulosa, Mx. fl. nigra, L. (3) nigra, Wm. carpinifolb, Eh. (2) papynfera, Mx. (4) nana, Kalm, not W. BIDENS, BIGNONIA, 205 minima, has sessile leaves and erect flowers and seeds. Another variety, coreopsis, has serrate opposite clasp- ing leaves. chrysanthemoides, W. (1) (daisy beggar-ticks, O ? y. Au. ©.) flowers rayed drooping, the ray thrice as long as the sub-equal calyx : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large; 2,3 or 4 awns to a seed. Wet. frondosa (burr-marygold. O. y. Ju. ©.) flowers discoid : outer calyx six times as long as the flower, leafets cili- ate at the base : lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ter- nate lanceolate serrate. connata, W. (2) (P. C. y. Ju. ©.) flowers discoid : outer calyx thrice as long as the flower : cauline leaves ter- nate : lateral leafets connate, floral ones oblong-lance- olate. pilosa (P. Ju. 0.) flowers discoid : outer calyx of the length of the inner : lower leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate ; leafets oblong, a terminal lanceolate one tw ice as long as the rest. bipinnata (hemlock beggar-ticks. C. P. y. Ju. ©.) flowers sub-rayed: outer calyx of the length of the inner. Leaves doubly pinnate, leafets lanceolate pinnatifid. beckii, Torrey. (mermaid beggar-ticks. Au. y. if.) sub- mersed leaves capillary, divided into many parts, di- chotomous : flowers erect, terminal, solitary. Flowers radiate. A new species discovered in a pond near Sche- nectary, N. Y. by Dr. Lewis C Beck, and named by Dr. John Torry, in honor of the zealous and persever- ing discoverer. 14—2. BignoniA. 40. 45. radicans (trumpet flowTer. P. r. & y. Ju. !?•) leaves pin- nate : leafets ovate toothed acuminate : corymb ter- minal : tube of the corol thrice as long as the calyx : stem rooting. Most beautiful climbing shrub. One variety,flammea, has yellow-scarlet flowers. Another variety, coccinea, has bright scarlet flowers. Cultivat- ed. Bignonia, see Catalpa. (I) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (2) chrysauthemoides, Mx S 206 BLECHNtTM, BOLETUS, 22—1. BLECHtfUM. 55. 4. borealis (Roman fern. Au. if.) barren frond pinnatifid, divisions lanceolate obtusish parallel: fertile frond pin- nate, leafets linear acuminate. serrulatum (if.) frond pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, taper- ing to both ends, at the base decurrent, sharp serrate. I do not know that we haveaBiechnum in our district. 1—2. Blitum. 12. 29. eapitatum (strawberry blite. O. r. J. ©.) heads in a ter- minal spike, not intermixed with leaves : leaves trian- gular toothed. virgatum (slender blite. P. r. J. *£•) lateral heads scat- tered, top ones leafy : leaves triangular toothed. maritimum,lS. (1) (sea blite, C. g. S. if ?) calyx mem- branaceous : clusters axillary, spiked, naked : leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, gash-toothed. Salt marshes. From 1 to 3 feet high, very branching. 20—4. Boehmeria. 53. 98. cylindrica, W. (2) (false nettle. 0. g. Ju. if.) leaves op- posite ovate-oblong acuminate toothed glabrous : flow- ers sub-dioecious : staminate spikes glomerate inter- rupted : pistillate spikes cylindric ; stem herbaceous. Damp. lateriflora (P. Ju. if.) leaves alternate ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate rough : flowers glomerate lateral : stem herbaceous. Leaves 3-nerved, and on long peti- oles. 22—6. Boletus. 58. 1. 1. Pileus fleshy, cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tubes. annulatus, pileus cushioned, campanulate, viscid, becom- ing yellow-livid ; with spots, from brick-coloured streaks, becoming red : pores yellow : stipe annulated. Among pines, &c in autumn. cortinatus, stiped : pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in the center ; the fleshy part white, firm and ridgy or (1) 1 have had thi« plant in my possession seven years. I consider- edi. n undescribed species from the first and so labelled it, but did not venture to publish it aa.nevr. (2) Urtica cvlindrica, L. BOLETUS, 207 crispid : tubes yellow: curtain-like volva white : stipe thick, especially towards the base. rufus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red: pores white : stipe long, torn-wrinkled : scales becoming black. In grassy woods, &c autumn. This is a va- riety of the aurautius. scaber, pileus subrugose, grey-sooty-yellow : pores be- coming pale w bite, depressed around the attenuated stipe : scales becoming blaci:. In beech wonds, &c. the beginning of autumn ; at length it becomes dry hard and dark coloured. circinans, in groups : pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick, straw-colour or livid-yellow: pores acute, yellow-: stipe somewhat slender, shortish, yellowish, rough with dark specks. Among pines, &c. early in autumn. sub-tomentosus, middle-size : pileus cushioned, plano-con- vex, sub-tomentose, yellowish ash-colour; the fleshy part not Mery changeable : pores large : stipe some- what slender, reddish in the middle or yellowish and one-coloured. Grows in woods in autumn. radicans, pileus cushioned, yellow-cinereous ; margin involute, sub-tomentose : pores citron yellow : stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, one-coloured. In oak woods, &c autumn. reticulatus, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty yellow, most- ly tessellated, and chinked ; fleshy part becoming blu- ish : pores middle size ; becoming yellow : stipe short- ish, glabrous of the same colour of the pileus, red with- in. Pileus often 5 or 6 inches broad. edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, dark-yellowish pur- ple, the fleshy part not changeable : pores at first fill- ed and whitish, afterwards pale yellow : stipe tuber- ous, sub-ventricose, reticulate, reddish-grey. In woods, &c. autumn. luridus, large : pileus cushioned, dark olive: pores equal, at first red, at length orange ; stipe elongated, red re- ticulate, sub-bulbous. In July, large. 2. * Pileus fleshy, coriaceous, mostly somewhat corky : tubes shortish, connected with the substance of the pileus. (Pileus entire ; stipe central or a little out of the centre, and perpendicular) h'umojjfk pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish- 20$ BOLETUS, shade becoming yellow, margin ciliate : pores oblong, white. Late in autumn on decaying trunks, &c. perennis, coriaceous, tenaceous, cinnamon colour : pileus thin, with zones, mostly connate. On the earth about decaying trunks, &c (Pileus halved ; stipe lateral.) frondosus, very branching : pilei many, halved, sooty. grey. About roots of oaks, &c. in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes a foot broad. lucidus, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut colour, shining, with concentric furrows : pores minute, white. Stipe variable. On trunks of trees, very large, becom- ing tawney. frrtdi?is,sub-cespitose: pileus glabrous, tough, liver-brown, paler at the margin : pores minute, pale : stipe later- al, short, thick, dark cinereous. On hollow logs, &c. in autumn. varius, sub-solitary ; pileus tough, reddish-yellow, halv- ed or entire : stipe sub-lateral, elongated, black from the middle downward. On trunks l to 2 inches broad. (Pileus halved ; without a stipe.) cilrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yel- low. Roots of oaks, &c. in summer and autumn. odoratus, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed : pileus ru- gose, with zones or parallel bands ; dark shade at the base, margin arched and cinnamon colour beneath, opake. On trunks. viarginatus, simple or sub-imbricate : pileus thick, hard tuberculate, becoming red or reddish-yellow, margin issuing a white juice : pores pale or light citron-yellow. Very hard and hairy, about 4 inches. When recent acid drops of a liquid issue from the margin. igniarins, dilated, smooth, cuticle in ridges ; pileus hard, becoming dark at the base, at the margin cinnamon colour, beneath yellowish white. Grows on trunks. General form like a horse's hoof. It is called touch- wood. oetulinus, sub-stiped, largish ; pileus flesh-corky, reni* form, dirty reddish-yellow, white beneath. On roots, &c. fomentarius, halved, hard ; pileus sub-triquetrA with BOLETUS, BORAGO, 209 obsolete belts, dirty ash-colour : pores at first white- glaucous, at length sub-ferruginous. Used for tinder. velutinus, corky, simple, pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white : pores minute, dirty white. About 1 § inches broad, somewhat zoned. On dry trunks, &c. lutescens, sub-cespitose, corky : pileus depressed, thin, tomentose, pale ; with hirsute zones becoming yellow. On trunks, &c. with the last which it resembles but is rather broader. versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous ; pileus thin, with blue- ish many-coloured zones: pores white. On dry trunks. Autumn and winter. cinnabarinus, in groups* uniformly of a cinnabar or ver- milion colour : pileus thickish, ridgy, obsoletely zoned, subtomentose. One or two inches diameter. 3. Open or effuse, upside down (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper side) pileus mostly obsolete. destructor, white ; pileus unequal, undulated, rugose ; pores roundish-obtuse. Grows in buildings, &c which it tends to destroy. Its substance is fibrous and be- comes dry. radula, pale white, subtomentose f pores acute, unequally prominent, rough. 4:. Tubes free among each other. hepaiicus, fleshy, blood-red^ halved : tubes free, becom- ing yellow. Roots of oaks, &c in autumn. 18—2. Boltonia. 49. 5-5.. asteroides (false aster. P. w-r* Au. if.) leaves very entire: flowers long peduncled : seed oval, glabrous, sub-awn- less. glasUfdia (false chamomile. P. w. Ju» If.) lower leaves serrate : flowers short-peduncled : seeds obcordate, apparently winged, pubesceut-; awns of the pappus two of equal length with themselves. 5—-1. Borago. 4.1. 42. officinalis (borage. E. b* Ja. 0.) leaves alternate : calyx spreading. africana (E. 0.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate : pedun- cle many-flowered. BORRERA, BOTRYCHIUM, 22—5. Borrera. 57. 2. ciliaris, frond greenish ; divisions linear, ramose, atten- uated ; ciliate at the apex, white beneath, channelled: receptacles sub-terminal ; disk concave, at length flat, dark sooty yellow and grey, with a frond-like, crenate and fringed margin. On trunks and rocks. Uucomela, frond becoming pale ; divisions erect, linear, many-cleft, attenuate, ciliate, very white beneath, sub- pulverulent, somewhat channelled : disk ofthe recepta- cles flat, dark grey, with a frond-like ciliate margin. On trunks of trees. srysophthalma, frond yellowish red, naked both sides, 1- coloured ; divisions linear, flattish, pinnatifid-branch- ed, with little fibres at the apex : receptacles sub-ter- minal, disk orange, with frond-like, fibrous-ciliate margins. Common on fences and trees. exilis, frond pale white ; divisions very branching, en- tangled a little, compressed, capillary attenuated : re- ceptacles scattered, disk flattish, saffron colour, with a thin entire frond-like margin. On trees, &c. 22—1. Botrychium. 55. 5. fumarioides, W. (1) (grape fern. C P. J. If.) scape na- ked, frond glabrous, radical, 3-parted, 2-pinnate ; lea- fets lunate crenate : spikes pinnate. dbliquum, W. (P. J. Ju.) scape below 1-fronded ; frond sub-biternate : leafets oblong-lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally heart-form : spikes dou- bly pinnate. Perhaps only a variety ofthe last. dissectum (P. C. J.) scape below l-fronded ; frond 3-par- ted 2-pinnatifid, divisions linear 2-parted, atthe apex 2-toothed. virgmuum, W. (2) (N. W. C. P. J. Ju.) hirsute : scape in the middle fronded ; frond sub-ternate, 3-parted, 2- pinnatifid ; leafets gash-pinnatifid, divisions obtuse, sub-3-toothed, spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Large. (rattlesnake fern.) gracile, Ph. (C. Y. W. P. T. J.) glabrous : scape in the middle fronded; frond 3-parted, 2-pinnatifid, divisions giisli-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub-toothed: spikes slender, pinnate, erect. Smaller. (1; Hotrypus lunarioides, Mx. Osmund a biternata, Lk. (2) Osmunda virginica, L. Botrypus virginicus, Mx. BOVISTA, BROMUS, 211 22—6. Bovista. 58. 1. nigrescens, large, becoming of a dark shade, plicate be neath. Form either globose or round-oblong, an inch or two in diameter. In shady woods. Brasenia, see Hydropeltis. 15—2. Brassica. 39. 63. erientalis (perfoliate cabbage. E. $ .) leaves heart-form, clasping, glabrous; radical ones entire : silique 4- sided. napus (kale or cole. £, % .) root caulescent, fusiform : leaves smooth, upper ones heart-lanceolate, clasping, lower ones lyrate toothed. (Rape.) rapa (turnip. E. % .) root caulescent, orbicular, depress- « ed, fleshy : radical leaves rough, cauline ones very en- tire, smooth. Var. ruta-baga, has a turbinate, sub-fus- iform root. oleracea (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by culture. E. $ .) root caulescent, terete, fleshy: leaves smooth, glaucous, repand and lob ate. 3—2. Briza. 4. 10. canadensis, Mx. (1) (quake grass. C. M. if.) panicle lax ; spikelets erect, 4 to 10-flowered, the common glume smallish ; outer valve of the flower acute, ovate : leaves long: culm erect. eragrostis, Sr.(2)(P. Ju. U.) spikelets oval-lanceolate, 20-flowered, flowers sub-acute : neck of the sheathing leaves pilose : culm geniculate, decumbent. media (E. M. %.) sheath striate, glabrous: panicle erect, spreading, with the branches in pairs ; spikelets sub- triangular: corol equalling the calyx, one valve broad, the other compressed. maxima (rattlesnake grass. E. @.) spike cordate, about 7-flowered. Flowers very large. 3—2. Bromus. 4. 10. secalinus, W. (chess. 0. J. 0.) panicle nodding ; spike- lets ovate compressed : glumes naked distinct; awns (1) Megastachiacanadensis, Rs. (2) Poamegaetacbya,Koeler. Megaatacliia eragrostis, Pb. 212 BROMUS, BRYUM, shorter, subulate straitish-zigzag. Probably from Eu- rope,common in rye and wheat fields. ciliatus, W. (1) (C. W. T. P. J V-) panicle nodding; spikelets oblong compressed, 6 to 8-flowered, florets awned at the margin, cilliate-villose : sheaths and both sides ofthe leaves subpilose: culm bearded at the joints. pubescens, M. (broom grass. C. V. P. J. %.) culm hairy below, joints brown : stipules very short: panicle at length nodding, pubescent : calyx less than corol, 8 to 12-flowered : corol pubescent, one valve awned be- neath the apex. purgans, W. (C W. P. Au. If.) panicle nodding, spike- lets lanceolate terete: florets awned, pilose, awns erect: leaves glabrous both sides, their sheaths pilose. mollis, S. (C.J u.) panicle erect, compact ; peduncles re- mose, spikelets ovate, florets imbricate, depressed, ner- ved, pubescent. 22—2. Bryum. 56. 4. I. Staminate flowers peduncled, leafless. androgynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricatc-spread- ing : capsule erect, oblong; lid conic. In damp woods. 2. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, bud-form : cap- sules peduncled. carneum, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, remotish: capsule pendulous, ovate. In damp shades. argenieum, stem ramose at the base, cespitose : leaves ovate, concave, mucronate, imbricate, glaucous-silve- ry : capsule ovate-oblong, pendulous. Dn walls, hou- ses and sandy soils. caespiticium, stem ramose at the base : leaves lance- ovate, acuminate, imbricate : capsule oblong, pendu- lous : lid convex. On walls, bouses, &c. 3. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, with a dhk-like tuft of leaves. roscum, stem erect: leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, acute ; capsule oblong : lid conic. In woods and bushes. cuspidatnm, leaves Jance-ovatc, serrate : capsule ovate, pendulous : lid conic, obtuse. In moist shades. (1) canadensis, Mx BRYUM, CACALIA, 213 pimctatum, stem erect, sub-simple : leaves obovate, entire, punctate-reticulate: capsule ovate: lid subulate, in- curved. In damp shady lawns, &c. 4. Flowers perfect ,• germs nodding. nutans, stem sub simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, keel- ed : capsule obovate, nodding, lid convex, short-mu- cronate. In dry barren situations. 14—2. Buchnera. 40. 34. americana, W. (blue hearts. P. D.b. Au. 1|. ) leaves lan- ceolate, 3-nerved,toothed. 15—1. Bunias. 39. 63. edentula, Bw. (1) (sea rocket. L. Ju. ^.) leaves obovate, i sinuate : silicles with two smooth, 1-seeded, toothless f joints. 18—2. Bcphthalmum. 49- 55. grandiflorum (ox-eye. E. if.) leaves alternate, lanceo- late, sub-denticulate, glabrous. 22—2. Buxbaumia. 56. 4. aphylla (leafless moss) capsule long-peduncled : leaves none. In barren places. 20—4. Buxus. 38. 96. sempervirens (box. E. k .) leaves ovate, petioled, some- what hairy at the margin : anthers ovate, arrow-form. Var. angustifolia, leaves lanceolate. Var. suffruticosa, leaves obovate, stem hardly woody. C 18—1. CACALIA. 49. 55. suaveolens, W- (wild caraway. P. w. Au. if.) stem herba- ceous : leaves petioled, halbert-arrow-form, serrate, glabrous, one-columned : flowers corymbed, erect: calyx many-flowered. From 3 to 4 feet high. (1) Cakile maritiraa, Ph. americana, N. 214 CACALIA, CALLA, a atriplicifolia, W. (orach caraway. P. w, Au. If.) stem herbaceous : leaves petioled. glabrous, glaucous be- neath, radical ones cordate t'v-theJ, cauline ones rhom- boid, sub-2-toothed both s js : flowers corymbed, erect; calvx 5-flowered. Fa -vers small. reniformis, W. (P. w. Au. 21.) st-.a herbaceous : leaves petioled, glabrous beneath, pilose at the veins : radical ones ample, heart-kidney-form, repand-toothed; cau- line ones toothed, at the base wedge-form, entire : co- rymbs level-topped : calyx many-flowered. From 5 to 10 feet high. 12—1. Cactus. 13. 85. flagelliformis (creeping cereus. E. r. Ju. Ij.) creeping, t cylindric, or 10-angled, rooting. ] epu.itia (prickly pear. Y. P. C. Catskill. y. J. if.) pro- liferous ; compressed and ovate between the isthmus- ses : bristles fascicular. Flowers large. The plant appears like a series of thick succulent leaves, one growing from the top of another. Dry rocks, &c. Cakile, see Bunias. 3 8—4. Calendula. 49. 55. > .officinalis (pot marygold. E. y. 0.) seed keeled, muricate, incurved. 22—5. Calicium. 2. 7. stigonellum (fungus lichen.) crust sub-contiguous, un- equal, becoming white, or none : receptacles (puffs) ses- sile, sub-globose, black, glabrous : disk puncticulate, at length flattish, opake, margin thin, shining. In bark. turbinatum, puffs turbinate, nearly sessile, black, rather polished : disk dark, opake, puncticulate, within a thick contracted margin. On trunks of trees, &c. 20—13. Calla. 2. 7. palustris, W. (water arum. O. w. Ju. 21.) leaves sub- is roundish heart-form acute : spathe ovate cuspidate spreading when mature. Grows in wet places. CALLISTACHIA, CALYCANTHUS, 215 2—1. Callistachia. R. (1) 40. 35. virginica (Culver's physic. O. w. Au. if.) spikes termin- al : leaves in fours or fives. Five or six feet high. 1—2. ClLLITRICHE. 12. 88. verna, W. (2) (water chickweed or star-wort. 0. w. M. &.) upper leaves spatulate-obovate, lower ones linear obtuse and emarginate. interniediaiy. Pittstield, Mass. w. Ju. ©.) upper leaves oval : cauline ones linear, 2-cleft at the apex. autumnalis, Loesel. (3) (Y. P. C. w. S. €>.) leaves all lin- ear, bifid at the apex : flowers perfect. brevifolia. Ph. (4) (C. Au. 0.) leaves all linear truncate, sliort approximate. Small, moss-like. 13—13. Caltha. 26. 61. palusiris, W. (American cowslip. O. y. Ap. if.) stem er- ect corymbed : leaves heart-reniform, lobes spreading, acute-crenate all around ; floral leaves sub-sessile : petals ovate. ficaroides, Ph. (5) (fig cowslip. C y. J. if.) stem erect 1- flowered, 1-leafed ; radical leaves heart-ovate, very obtuse, few-toothed, many nerved : petals elliptic. fabellifolia, Ph. (tooth-leaf cowslip. P. y. J. if.) stem procumbent : leaves spread-reniform ; lobes very spreading, acute and sharp toothed all around: pedun- cles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered : petals obovate : cap- sule hook-beaked. Probably the dentata of Muhl. integerrima (New-England. P. y. M. if.) stem erect corymbed : leaves entire, with a closed sinus, orbicu- late-heart-form : floral leaves sessile kidney-form, at the base obsoletcly-crenate : petals obovate. ' Calycanthus. 41. floridus (Carolina allspice. Southern states, p. M. "fc.) divisions of the calyx lanceolate : leaves broad-oval acute, tomentose beneath : branches spreading. Cul- tivated. (1) Veronica, L. Leptandra, N. (4) terrestri.% M. (2) heverophylla, Ph. aquatica, Bw. (5) Ranunculus ficaria, Wr (3) linearis, Ph. 216 CAMPANULA, CAMPYLOPUS, Campanula. 41. grandiflora (great bell-flower. E. 11.) leaves ternate, ob- long, serrate : stem 1-flowered ; flowers spreading. rotundifolia, W (flax bell-flower, hair-bell. 0. b. J. if.) glabrous : radical leaves heart-reniform crenate; cau- line ones linear entire : panicle lax few-flowered, flow- ers nodding. Without particular care the radical leaves will be overlooked. Rocks, &c. americana, W. (P. b. J. S.) glabrous : leaves heart-form and lanceolate serrate ; lower petioles ciliate : flowers axillary sessile ; corol 5-parted flat, style longer than the corol. Flowers small, 2 or 3 in the axils of the leaves ; from 2 to 3 feet high. acuminata, Mx. (l) (P. T. w-b. Ju. If.) smoothish erect: leaves ovate-lanceolate ending in a long acuminate point, sub-serrate : spike fascicular many flowered : corol somewhat wheel-form. Flowers like the ameri- cana. erinoides, M. (2) (prickly bell-flower. O. w-b. J. ©.) slender: stem simple angular : angles and the mar- gin and nerve of the leaves with reversed prickles : leaves linear-lanceolate glabrous on the upper side : peduncles few, those on the top of the stem flexuose, ax- illary ones 1-flowered filiform. Flowers small. Damp. medium (canterbury bells. E. b. Au. % .) capsule 5-cell- ed, covered : stem undivided erect leafy : flowers er- ect. speculum (venus* looking glass. E. b. Au. #.) stem very branching diffuse : leaves oblong, sub-crenate : flow- ers solitary, often destitute of the scales at the base. perfoliata, W. (3) (clasping bell-flower. O. b. J. ©.) stem simple erect : leaves heart-form crenate clasping : flowers axillary sessile glomerate. Flowers small* 22—2. Campylopus. (4) 56. 4. pulvinatus, stem ramose, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, bearing hairs : capsule oval, nodding : lid subulate. On walls, stones, &c. (1) nitida, A. (2) flexuosa, Mx. aparinoides, Ph. aspera.Dortn. (3) amplexicRUlis, Mx. (4) Dicranum, H. CANNABIS, CAREX, 217 21—5. Cannabis. 53. 98. • sativa (hemp. E. g. Au, 0.) stem pilose : leaves digitate serrate pilose : "staminate flowers solitary axillary, pis- tillate flowers spiked. Caprifolium, see Lonicera. 5—1. Capsicum. 23. 41. annuum (guinea pepper. E. w. Au. 0.) stem herbaceous: peduncles solitary. 15—2. Cardamixe. 39. 63. impatiens (cuckow flower. E. w. #.) leaves pinnate, gash- ed stipuled : flowers apetalous. rotundifolia, Mx. (Whitehills. w. Ju. If.) stem procum- bent, somewhat simple : leaves sub-orbiculate, nearly entire. pensylvanica, W. (amcrican watercress. O. w. M. %.) glabrous, branching : leaves pinnate : leafets round- ish-oblong, obtuse,'tooth-angled : silique narrow er- ect. virginica, W. (P. Pittsfield, Mass w. M. U-) glabrous, erect : leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, sub-auri- cled: silique long strait erect. teres, Mx. (New-England. Pursh. w. J. if.) small erect ramose : leaves all sub-lyrate-pinnatifid : silique short, terete acuminate. hirsuta (P. w. M.) leaves without stipules, pinnate : leaf- ets rounded, repand-toothed petioled, with the terminal one oblong, gashed : flowers tetrandrous. 18—1. Carduus. 49. 54. pectinatus (comb thistle. P. p. % .) unarmed : leaves de- current : peduncles terminal, very Jong, 1-flowered, somewhat leafless ; flowers nodding after the discharge of pollen : scales of the calyx linear spreading. 20—3. Carex. 3. 9. 1. Stigmas two', spikes dioecious. scirpoidea, Mx. (Can. C) solitary spike imbricate, cylin- dric : capsules densely-pubescent: leaves flat. gift CARES. tferilis, W. (barrensedge. O. M. If.)spikes sub-sixfold : fruit ovate compressed 3-sided acuminate, at the apex recurved doubly-cuspidate, margin ciliate-serrate.— Wet. 2. Stigmas two : spikes single with staminate flowers at the apex. cephalophora, W. (l) (head sedge. W. C. P. J. y.) spikes single, condensed in an elliptical form : iruit ovate, compressed, bifid, margined, ciliate-serrate above, leaves exceeding the culm in length. Wet. 3. Stigmas two : spikes several with staminate flowers at the top. tromoides,^. (O.M. U.) spikelets oblong, alternate, remotish, sessile : capsules oblong, acuminate, beaked bicuspidate : scales oblong, mucronate. Wet. retroflexa, Sh. (O. VV. it.) spikelets somewhat in fours, remotish : fruit ovate, 2-toothed, glabrous at the mar- gin, reflexed-spreading: scales oblong-lanceolate. On dry land. stipata,W. (0. J. 11.) spikelets somewhat in fives, oblong aggregate : fruit spreading ovate acuminate, bicuspi- date, convex-flat, nerved : culm 3-sided, very rough. On wet land. muhlenbergii, W. (2) (P. O. Ma. J.) spikelets somewhat in fives, ovate, alternate, approximate : fruit roundish- ovate, margined, compressed, 2-toothed, ciliate-ser- rate ; scales mucronate. On dry land. multijlora,\y. (O.M.if.) spikes in narrow panicles, oblong obtuse : fruit ovate acuminate bicuspidate : scales*ovate mucronate : bracts leafy filiform. On wet land. spurganioides, W. (0. Ma. to Ju. %.) spikelets many- flowered, somewhat in eights, ovate, sub-approximate : iruit ovate compressed, margined, bifid, the margin ci- liate-serrate, horizontal. On wet ground. rosea, \V. (3) (O. *U.) spikelets somewhat in fours re- mote : fruit ovate, acuminate, 2-toothed, at the margin ciliate-serrate, horizontal: scales ovate obtuse : bract leafy at the base of the lower spike. On dry land. (1) typhinn, Mx. squarrosa, L. (2) vulpinoidea, Mx (3) echinata. CAREX. 219 paniculata, W. (0. Ju. if.) spikes panicled ; fruit ovate, margined above, 2-toothed, the margin ciliate-serrate; culm 3:sided. On wetland. 4. Stigmas two : spikes several with pistiUate flowers at the top. scirpoides, W. (1) (0. Ma. Ju. If.) spikelets somewhat in fours approximate elliptic : fruit ovate 2-toothed com- pressed, at the margin ciliate-serrate, erect : scales elliptic obtuse. On wet ground. lagopodioides, W. (2) (0. J. Ju. U.) spikelets in twelves, alternate elliptic obtuse approximate : fruit ovate-.an- ceolate margined bicuspidate : bract leafy very long at the base of the last spike. On wet ground. Btraminea, Sh. (straw sedge. W.) spikelets oblong-ovate, alternate, erect, approximate, sessile, about in sixes, at length sub-globose : fruit ovate-compressed, diverg- } ing margin scabrous, 2-toothed at the apex, nerved at the base ; scales lance-ovate, half as large as the cap- sule : leaves glabrous, lower ones shorter. Wet. scoparia, W. (3) (O. Ma. to Ju. U-) spikelets somewhat in fives, alternate elliptic, obtuse, sub-approximate : fruit ovate-lanceolate, margined, bicuspidate : bracts oblong, mucronate. Common on wet and dry land. festucacea, W. (O. Ma. J. U.) spikelets somewhat in eights, sub-approximate, alternate, cylindric, the fruit- bearing ones club-form : fruit roundish-ovate, beaked 2-toothed, at the margin ciliate serrate, greater than the scales, which are lanceolate mucronate. Common on dry land 5. 'Stigmas two : staminate and pistillate flowers mostly on distinct spikes. saxatilis,W. (Vermont. J. %.) pistillate spikes in pairs, oblong, the lower one peduncled : fruit elliptic, obtuse, equalling the oblong obtuse scale; bracts oblong, clasp- ing, sub-foliaceous at the apex ; culm glabrous. Hem- lock woods. eaespitosa, W (4) (0. Ma. J. If..) pistillate spikes cylin- dric, obtuse, somewhat in threes, distant, exsertly-pe- duncled, lower one very sliort, fruit ovate, obtuse, per- (1) triceps, Mx. (3) riridula, Mx. (2) richardi, Mx. (4) pglyandra, Sh. 220 CAREX. forated at the mouth, larger than the oblong obtuse « scale : leaves spreading. On wet land. (Staminate ' spike sometimes single.) crinita, W. (0. J.Ju. %.) staminate spikes in pairs : pis- tillate ones in fours, distant, peduncled, pendulous, cy- lindric : fruit roundish-elliptic, ventricose, very short- beaked, at the orifice entire, shorter than the oblong awned scale. A variety, paleacea, has cylindric spikes, i the staminate ones several : peduncles long, reclined : bracts leafy, distant: scales terminated with long ser- I rate sharp points : capsules roundish, emarginate at the orifice : culm lax. Wet. acuta, W. (O. J. Ju. if.) staminate spikes in pairs or in threes ; pistillate ones somewhat in fours, sub-pedun- cled, a little nodding, cylindric, remote : fruit oblong ' with a very short beak, at the orifice entire, perforat- ed—it nearly equals the oblong acute scale. Wet 6. Stigma? three : spikes with staminate flowers at the top, willdenowii, Sh. (P. C. Ma. J. If.) spike simple : fruit alternate, oblong, terete-3-sided, rough, acuminate: scales ovate acuminate ; the lowest apex leafy. On wet land. polytrichoides, W. (1)(0. J. %.) spike simple ; fruit ob- long-lanceolate, compressed-3-sided, obtuse, emargin- ate : scales oblong, obtuse, mucronate. On wet ground. pedunculata, W. (O. Ma. to Ju. 2J..) spikes somewhat in fours, peduncled, much branched : fruit obovate, 3-sid- ed, obtuse ; scales oblong, obtuse, mucronate. Moist. 7. Stigmas three: the terminal spikes staminatebelow, the others pistillate. virescens, W. (green sedge. O. Ma. 21.) the androgynous spike linear-peduncled, staminate florets below; the Jiistillate ones sub-approximate, in pairs, sub-peduncled, inear : fruit globular-3-sided, obtuse, pubescent. On dry land. hirsuta, W. (P. C. Ma. J. it.) androgynous spikes ob- long obovate, staminate florets below ; the pistillate ' ones remotish, sub-ternate, sub-sessile, oblong : fruit ' ovate, very obtuse, obtusely 3-sided : leaves and'skeatbs hirsute. On dry hills. (1) microstachya, Mx. CAREX. 22i bu.-xbaumii,'W. (I) (P. Ju. Au. 21.) androgynous spikes peduncled obovate : staminate florets below ; pistillate ones sub-ternate, remote, sub-peduncled : fruit elliptic, 3-sided obtuse, obsoletely 2-toothed, nearly equalling the oblong mucronate scale. On wet ground. irichocarpa, Sh. (2) (W. P. J. %.) androgynous spikes in threes ; pistillate ones in pairs peduncled erect, cylin- dric remote ; fruit ovate, acuminate, bicuspidate, pi- lose, longer than the awned ovate-lanceolate scale. On damp land. 8. Stigmas three: the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes; the staminate spikes solitary, the pistillate ones sessile or having an inclosed peduncle. jaria, W. (O. Ma. J. if.) pistillate'spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, sessile, sub-globular : fruit ^ sub-globular 3-sided, beaked, 2-toothed, pubescent., shorter than the oblong scale : culm erect. On dry land. subulata, Mx. (C. 21.) pistillate spikes somewhat in fours* very remote, sessile ; staminate one sessile : fruit subu- late, divaricate, reflexed : culm slender : leaves flat. Swamps. marginata, W. (P.C. Ap. Ma. if.) pistillate spikes some- what in pairs, approximate, sub-globular, sub-sessile : fruit globular, tomentose, 2-toothed, larger than the oblong-ovate scale : radical leaves of one year lunger than the culm. Common on dry land. vestita, W. (O. J. if.) staminate spike lanceolate ; pistil- late ones ovate, in pairs, sessile, approximate : fruit ovate, beaked, at the orifice oblique, pubescent, nearly equalling the acute ovate scale. On wet land. fentaculata, W.(O.J. Ju.^f.) pistillate spikes in threes with inclosed peduncles, ovate sub-approximate : bracts ve- ry long leafy: fruit ovate, ventri' ose, nerved, xovy long- beaked, at the orifice 2-toothed, longer than the lanceo- late mucronate scale. On wet laud. rostrata, Mx. (0. 5. if.) stiffly erect: leaves very nar- row, flat: pistillate spikes in pairs, distinct, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-globose ; staminate spike sessile : cap- sules capitate, erect, oblong, very long-beaked. Not a variety of tentaculata. Wet. (1) polygama, Sh. (2) lanuginosa Mx. T 3 222 CAREX. miliaris, Mx. (0. Ju. ^?.) pistillate spike generally soli- tary, sessile, ovate : bract bristle-form : fruit globose glabrous. On damp land. lupulina, W. (O. J. to Au. 21.) pistillate spikes in threes with enclosed peduncles, oblong approximate : bracts very long, leafy : fruit ovate ventricose nerved, with a very long conic beak, at the orifice bicuspidate, sev- eral times longer than the mucronate ovate scale. On damp land. flava, W. (1) (P. W. J. if.) pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, elliptic with an inclosed pe- duncle: fruitovate reflexed, beak longer than theovate, lanceolate scale, the beak curved 2-toothed. On wet land. digocarpa,'W. (2) (W. C. P. Ma. U-) pistillate spikes in pairs, somewhat 4-flowered, the lower florets pedun- cled, fruit roundish-3-sided, obovate, beaked, at tht orifice entire, longer than the mucronate oblong scale. "Woods. follicidata, W. (3) (0. J. Ju. if •) pistillate spike sub-seli- tary, sub-6-flowered, sub-exsert-peduncled: fruit ovate ventricose nerved beaked, at the orifice 2-parted, lon- ger than the ovate scale. A variety, major, has the fruit more swollen. pubescens, W. (0. Ma. 21.) pistillate spikes in fours, ses- sile, the lowermost flowers exsert-peduncled : fruit ovate-3-sided, pubescent, beaked, 2-toothed, longer than the oblong mucronate scale : leaves on the culm pubescent. On damp land. 9. Stigmas three: the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes ; staminate spikes solitary ; pistillate ones long- peduncled, tlie slieaths shorter. plantaginea, W. (4) (plantain sedge. O. Ma. J. If.) spikes peduncled; pistillate spikes in fours, distant: fruit el- liptic, 3-sided, pedicelled, glabrous, shorter than the cuspidate ovate scale : bract sheathing, sub-foliaceous at I he apex : radical leaves lanceolate, nerved. On dry ground, in woods, &c. nnceps, W. (5) (C. P. J. if.) pistillate spikes in threes, re- (l)oeileri, Sh. (3) intumescena, Rudge. (2) paupercula, Mx. (4) latifo'ia. (5) striatula, Mx. Perhaps a variety *f the plantaginea. CAREX. 225 mote, lower ones peduncled : fruit ovate nerved, at the orifice membranaceous, longer than the mucronate ob- long scale. Woods. granularis, W. (l) (O. Ma. to Ju. 21.) pistillate spikes in threes, remote, the two lower ones peduncled : fruit globular-ovate nerved ventricose, very short-beaked, at the orifice obsoletely-emarginate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate scale. On dry land. conoidea, W. (O. J. 2}..) pistillate spikes in pairs remote ; the upper one sub-sessile, the lower one long-pedun- cled : fruit oblong-conic, obtuse, equalling the awn scale. Woods. tctanica,Sh. (P. C W. Ma. J. If.) pistillate spikes in Iiairs remote, the upper one sub-sessile, the lower one ong-peduncled : fruit obovate, recurved at the apex, at the orifice entire, longer than the obtuse ovate scale. Common in dry ground. laxiflora, W. (2) (P. C W. Ap. Ma. y.) pistillate spikes in threes, 6 to 8-flowered, distant; lower one remotely peduncled, fruit oblong ventricose obtuse, larger than the mucronate ovate scale. Shady places. hystericina, W.(0. J. Ju. if.) staminate spike solitary, scales ovate-oblong sub-mucronate ; pistillate spikes cylindric in pairs, the lower one peduncled, fruitovate many-nerved beaked, at the orifice bifid, longer than the awned oblong scale. On wet land. flexuosa, W. (3) (O J. %.) pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, remote, filiform, peduncled, nodding : fruit dis- tant, alternate, oblong, beaked, bifid, twice as long aa the mucronate ovate scale. On wet land. digitalis, W. (P. C. if.) pistillate spikes somewhat in threes remote, filiform, peduncled, nodding : fruit el- liptic obtuse, longer than the oblong-lanceolate scale. it). Stigmas three : the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes ; staminate spike solitary, pistillate ones pedun- cled ; sheaths scarcely any. imbellata, W. (C. W. N. P. Ma. if.) pistillate spikes in threes peduncled, 8-flowered, ovate, whorled : fruit ovate pubescent, beaked, at the orifice entire, equalling the ovate-lanceolate scale. On dry land. (1) lenticularis, Mx. (2) paupercula, Mx. (3) debilis, Mx. tenuis, ttudge. 224 CAREX, CARPINUS. miliacea, Sh. (P. C Ju. U.) pistillate spikes in threes fil. iform, the highest sub-sessile, the others peduncled: fruit ovate 3-sided, short-beaked, at the orifice entire, longer than the awned emarginate oblong scale. On wet land. pseudo-cyperus, W. (0. J. Ju. if.) pistillate snikes in fours with the peduncles in pairs, pendulous cylindric : fruit ovate-lanceolate bicuspidate, reflexed, equalling the bristle-form scale. Common on wet land. 11. Stigmas three: the stamens and pistils on distinct spikes : staminate spikes many. recurva, W. (1) (P. J. if.) staminate spikes in pairs ; pis- tillate ones cylindric, somewhat in threes, peduncled, fiendulous : fruit elliptic, obtuse, often roughish, equal- ing the ovate cuspidate scale. On wet ground. pellita, W. (2) (0. J. Ju. y •) staminate spikes in pairs; pistillate ones in pairs cylindric, erect, remote, upper one sessile : fruit ovate bifid, pilose, shorter than the awned ablong scale. Common on w7et land. lacustris, W. (3)(0. J. Ju. %.) staminate spikes in fours; pistillate ones in pairs erect cylindric peduncled : fruit oblong many-nerved beaked bifurcate, longer than the mucronate oblong scale. On wet land. A large vari- ety is called gigantea. vesicaria, W. (O. Ma. to Ju. if.) staminate spikesia threes ; pistillate ones somewhat in pairs, peduncled, cylindric : fruit oblong-inflated, beaked, bicuspidate, larger than the lanceolate scale, culm acutely 3-corner- ed. On wet land. bullata, W. (P. W. J. U.) staminate spikes in threes; pistil- late ones in pairs, cylindric, peduncled, erectish : fruit obovate-globular, beaked, bifurcate ; the beak hispid and longer than the lanceolate scale. Common on wet land. 20—13. Carpinus. 50. 99. americana, W. (4) (hornbeam, blue beech. O. g. M. V) leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate; scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle division with a lateral tooth. (1) flacca, Sh. (3) ripar'r., Vf. (2) striata, Mx, (4) virginianr., Mx, CARTHAMUS, CARYA. 225 18—1. Carthamus. 49. 54. linctorius (false saffron safnower. E. y. J. ©.) leaves ovate, entire serrate-aculeate. eoerulius (blue saffron. E. b. 21'.) stem about 1-flowered : leaves lance-ovate, spine-toothed. 5—2. Carum. 45. 60. earui (caraway, E. w. o .) stem branching : leaves with ventricose sheaths : partial involucre none. 20—13. Carya. N. (1) 50. 94. sulcata, "W. (2) (shell-bark hickory. P. Ap. 1?.) leafets about 9, ob-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath ; the terminal leafets s ib-sessile, tapering to the base : fruit roundish, 4-keeled ; nut sub-globose a little compressed, smooth. Song mturonate. squamosa, Mx. (3) (shag-walnut, shag-bark hickory. O. M. b..) leafets about 7, long petioled, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beneath ; the ter- ms i'?.l leafet sessile : ament filiform, glabrous : fruit globose a little depressed : nut compressed, oblique. tomentosa, Mx. (4) (white-heart hickory. T. C. P. Ap. h .) leafets about 9, lance-oblong, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, scabrous, terminal one sub- petioled : aments filiform, very long, tomentose : fruit sub-globose, smooth, with the pericarp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angied—putamen thick, hard to be broken, nucleus agreeably tasted. amara, Mx'. (bitter nut. T. C. Y. V. P, Hudson. Ap. 1?.) leafets about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- rate, glabrous both sides ; the terminal leafet short- petioled ; fruit sub-globose, with the sutures promi- nent above ; nut smooth, sub-globose, mucronate—pu- tamen easily broken, nucleus bitter. porcina, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O- M. \ •) leafets about 7, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous both sides ; terminal leafet sub-sessile : fruit pear-form or globose : nut smooth—putamen very thick and hard, (1/ Juglans, L. (3) compressa, W. squamosa, Mx. ark (2) laciniosa, Mx, mucronata, Mx. fl. (4) alba, W, 226 CASSIA, CATALPA. nucleus small. Var. obcordata, (I) has an obcordate nut. Yslv. flciformis has the fruit turbinate and nut oblong. 10—1. Cassia. 33. 93. senna (Egyptian senna. E. 0.) leaves in 6 pairs ; petioles glandiess : legume reniform. marilandica (wild senna. O. y Au. if.) somewhatgla- brous : leaves in 8 pairs, lance-oblong, mucronate: flowers in axillary racemes and in terminal panicles: legumes linear curved. An excellent mild cathartic. B. River alluvian. thamaecrista (cassia, partridge pea. Y. T. C P. y. Au. 0.) somewhat glabrous : leaves linear in many pairs, the glands or the petioles sub-pedicelled : petals with 2 spots : legumes pubescent. A most elegant plant, from 8 to 16 inches high, Dry sand, &c. fasiculata (C. P. y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous : leaves at the summit in 9 pairs : fasicles many-flowered/lat- eral . petals and stamens of the same colour : legumes glabrous, ascending arched. nictitans (C. P. New-England. Pursh. y. Ju. #.) spread- ing, pubescent : leaves in many pairs, linear; glands ofthe petioles pedicelled : peduncles short, supra-axil- lary, 2 or 3 flowered ; flowers petandrous. The leaves of this species and of the chamaecrista possess a con- siderable degree of irritability. 20—13. Castanea. 50. 99. americana, Mx. (2) (chesnut O. g. J. k.) leaves lance- oblong, sinuate-serrate, with the serratures mucronate, glabrous both sides. Large tree. pumila (chinquapin. P. g J. J?.) leaves oblong, acute, mucronate serrate, with white down beneath. Small iree. 2—1. Catalpa. J. 40. 45. syringaefolia, Sims. (3) (catalpa tree. P. w. & p. Ju. V..) leaves cordate, flat. An elegant tree. Cultivated. ill Ihese tW0 varieties are the species obcordata ar,d glabra of W. (2) Fagus castanea, L. (3) cordiiolia, B. biffuonioides, Wr- gnonw catalpa, L. a / CATHARINAEA, CELTIS. 227 ^ 22—2. Catharinaea. 56. 4. undulata, leaves lanceolate, serrate, undulated, crisped when dry : capsule cylindric : lid subulate. In woods and shades. Caulinia. flexilis (water knot-grass T. C. P Y. Au. <£.) leaves in sixes, toothed at the apex, spreading. Immersed in ditches, &c. fragilis (p. S. &.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear- subulate, recurved, aculeate-toothed, rigid. Immersed. 6—1. Caulophyllum. Mx. (1) 24. 61. thalictroides (poppose root, false cohosh. O. p-y. Ap. %.) very glabrous : leaves more than decompound ; leaf- ets oval, the lower ones petioled and lobed, the end ones 3-lobed. Berries dark, blue. Woody. 5—1. CEANOTHUS. 43. 95. americanus (New-Jersey tea. 0. w. J. \ .) leaves ovate aeuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent beneath : pa- nicies axillary iong-peduncled, sub-corymbed. 5—1. Celastrus. 43. 95. scandens, "W. (false bittersweet, staff tree O. y-w. J. h .) stem twining : leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate : ra- cemes terminal. Retains its scarlet berries through the winter, though dry and generally opening by valves. 5—2. Celtis. 53. 99. occidentalis, W. (nettle tree. T. C P. w. M. h .) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate except near the base; scabrous above, rough-haired beneath : fruit solitary. crassifolia, W. (hag-berry, hoop-ash. P. w. M, h .) leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub-coriaceous: peduncles about 2-flowered. (I) LeotUice/i'- « '•' 228 CENCIIRUS, CENOMYCE. 3—1. Cenchrus. 4. 10. echinatus (hedgehog grass. P. C. Au. #.) spike oblong, conglomerate : involucre sub-globose, 10-parted. tribuloides (C.P Ju. ©.) spike glomerate, with alternate spikelets : pistillate glumes globose, muricate-spiuose hirsute. Sandy marsh. 22—5. Cenomyce. (1) 57. 2. 1. Frond foliaceous : peduncle (podetia) fistulous, dilated upwards, bearing cups, or attenuate-subulate ,* the cup closed with transverse membranes. (Receptacles sooty-yellow or pale.) alcicornis,frond foliaceous, marked,becomingpale-green; divisions sub-palmate, ascending, repand-toothed, ob- tuse, inflexed, fascicles of hairs at the margin : pe- duncles long-turbinate, all bearing cups, smooth ; cups regular, crenate, at length leafy and proliferous at the margin : receptacles yellowish or tawney. pyxidata, frond foliaceous, divisions crenulate, ascend- ing : peduncles all turbinate, cup-form, glabrous, at length warty-granulate, scabrous, greenish grey; cups regular, afterwards the margin is extended and proliferous : receptacles tawney. flmbriata, frond foliaceous, divisions small, crenate : pe- duncles elongated, cylindric, bearing cups ; some are awl-form, very thinly pulverulent, white : cups wine- glass-form, regular ; margin entire and crenate ; at length proliferous : receptacles tawney. gonorega, frond foliaceous ; divisions broadish, gasli- crenulate : peduncles longish, glabrous, somewhat war- ty, glaucous or whitish-green ; when dicing it becomes dark coloured, white-dotted, all bearing cups, which are irregular, somewhat torn-radiate, margin prolifer- ous, leafy : receptacles tawney. (Receptacles scarlet or dark red.) bacillaris, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions gash-lobed, crenate, nakedish beneath : peduncles cylindric, sim- ple, sub-ramose at the apex, white-cinereous, with pul- (1) Baemyces of Acbarius in a former edition of his work. CENOMYCE. 229 verulent granulations ; rarely bearing cups, which are narrow, at length radiate: receptacles scarlet. On decaying trunks. deformis, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions broadish, gashed, crenate, naked beneath: peduncles long, thick, sub-yentricose, sulphur-colour, thinly pulverulent ; bearing cups, which are narrow, crenate-toothed, at length dilated and torn : receptacles sessile and pedi- celled, scarlet. On the earth in woods and mountains. coccifera, frond foliaceous, minute, divisions round, cre- nate, naked beneath : peduncles long-turbinate, naked, warty-scabrous, pale yellowish cinereous and green, all bearing cups, which are wine-glass form, margin extended, fertile : receptacles rather large, at length roundish, scarlet. 2. Frond leafy: peduncle (podetia) fistulous, dilated above, / bearing cups, which are not closed. parecha, frond foliaceous, largish ; divisions narrow, pin- natifid, crenulate : peduncles smooth, pale, obconic, cup-form, cup somewhat pervious, margin torn, den- tate, the proliferous parts ramose, thick, not cup-form, apexes denticulate : receptacles terminal, aggregate, tawney. Often on sterile earth. 3. Frond leafy : peduncles (podetia) sub-flshdous cylin- dric, simple, split at the apex or sub-digitate-rayed—rays all fertile. cariosa, frond foliaceous, minute ; lobes crenulate : pe- duncle white, latticed as if worm-eaten, warty-grauu- .late, divided somewhat in a digitate form at the apex; branches fastigiate : receptacles crowded, dark tawney. symphycarpa, frond foliaceous ; lobes roundish, crenulate, livid : peduncles shortish smooth, subdivided at the apex : receptacles heaped together, tawney. delicata, frond foliaceous ; lobes minute, erose-laciniate, granulated : peduncles glabrous, granulate, pale, some- what divided at the apex, branches very short : recep- tacles conglomerate dark-tawney. On decaying trunks or earth. capitata, frond foliaceous, lobes imbricated, somewhat olive-coloured : peduncles sub-simple, somewhat straw- like : receptacles heaped in a sub-globular form, red- dish yellow. U 230 CENOMYCE, CENTAUREA. 4. Frond leafy, almost wanting or disappearing ; peduncle (podetia) cartilaginous rigid, fistulous, all attenuated and subulate, ramose, mostly perforated al the axils. acicnlaris, peduncles stifly erect, terete, warty-wrinkled, white, sub-simple : receptacles capitate, sub-globose, sub-solitary, shining, dark tawney. furcata, peduncle elongated, smooth, livid and somewhat chesnut-brown, dichotomous ; axils not perforated, branches aricular, curved, forked at the apex, diver- ging : receptacles of the fertile ones tawney. uncialis, peduncles elongated, glabrous, pale, dichoto- mous ; axils perforated, standing open, apex of the branches spreading, short, rigid: receptacles terminal, becoming tawney. adunca, peduncles pale or hoary, fork-branched, axils perforated, apex ofthe branches radiately hook-spined : receptacles capitate, pale tawney. A variety of the last? rangiferina, peduncles elongated, cylindric, erect, some- what scabrous, becoming cinereous, ramose ; axils at length perforated, branches scattered and sub-divided, the extreme branchlets sub-radiated, apexes nodding : receptacles of the fertile ones sub-globose, aggregate, tawney. sylvatica, peduncles white-hoary, softish, thickish and turgid, branches short, scattered, terminal, erectish, sub-fastigiate, apex sometimes dilated and somewhat torn. Variety of the last ? alpestris, peduncles white, softish, very branching, branch- es and branchlets interwoven, terminal, forming a dense thyrse. 5. Frond none; peduncle (podetia) soft, sub-solid, subulate, somewhat branched (sterile) axils not perforated. vermicularis, peduncle somewhat awl-form, sub-simple, smooth, very white, sub-fistulous, zigzag, prostrate. 18—3. Centaurea. 49. 54. cynnus (blue-bottle. E. b. w. r. J. ®.) scales ofthe calyx serrate : leaves linear, entire ; lower ones toothed- Naturalized, and now common in fields, &c. benedicta (blessed thistle. E, y. J. ®.) leaves semi-de- CENTAUREA, CARAMIUM. 231 current, tooth-spinosc : calyx with branched spines. Cultivated. jacea (knapweed. P. p. Ju. If.) leaves lanceolate, entire; radical ones sub-dentate : branches angular, calyx scarious. solslitialis (D. y. Ju. 0.)calyx palmate-spinose,solitary; spines strait: leaves hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire ; radical ones Urate. Naturalized. centaurium (great centaury. E. if.) leaves pinnate, gla- brous : leaiets sharply and doubly serrate, decurrent: calyx smooth. r scabiosa (scabrous centaury. E. If.) leaves pinnatifid, roughish ; divisions lanceolate, spreading, acute, pin- natifid at the base : calyx ciliate. suaveolens (yellow sultana. E. 0) leaves lyrate-pinnati- fid : calyx smooth. moschata sweet sultana. E. C*.) leaves slightly pinnati- fid ; lower divisions mostly entire : calyx smooth. Centaurella, see Bartonia. 4—1. Cephalanthus. 48. 56. eccidentalis (button bush. O. vv. Ju. Tj.) leaves opposite and in threes, oval, acuminate, inflorescence a round head. Swamps. 22—4. Ceramium. (1) 57. 2. 1. Red or reddish. rubrum, threads dichotomous, very branching, sub-car- tilaginous, branchlets forked, joints ovate opake, knee- joints contracted : capsules involucred. Bays, &c. diaphanuni, threads dichotomous very branching, sub- membranaceous, variegated with purple and hyaline, branchlets forceps-like, joints cylindric hyaline, knee- joints elevated : capsules involucred. Bays, &c. 2. Yellowish or rust-colour. ferrugineum. threads slender, divaricately ramose, loose- ly entangled : joints twice as long as"their diameter. Sea. (1) Species of Conferva of linneus and others, excepting the aor«- urn, which is a Byssus. 232 CERAMIUM, CERASTITJM. Morale, threads very slender, woven into a rope-like frond : branches erect, joints with their length equal- ling their diameter. Lakes, &c. cirrhosum, branches pinnate, spreading approximate, stiff and strait ; length of the joints nearly equalling their diameters. Seas, bays, &c. aureum, threads flexuose, fascicled in a dense, soft, cush- ion-like tuft ; branches elongated, spreading, some- what rigid ; joints twice as Jong as their diameters. On damp rocks, as in Castleton, Vt. on overflowed timber, &c. 10—5. Cerastium. 22. 82. vulgatum, S. (mousear chickweek. O.w. Ap. 0.) hirsute, viscid, cespitose : leaves ovate : petals oblong, about equal to the calyx : flowers longer than the peduncle. semidecandrum, W. (Y. P. w. M. #.) hirsute, viscid: leaves ovate-oblong, acute : petals emarginate, shorter than the calyx : peduncles longer than the calyx: flowers pentandrous. .;. srvense, W. (T. P. w. J. if.) pubescent, cespitose : leaves lance-linear, obtuse, ciliate at the base, shorter than the distance between the joints of the stem : petals ob- cordate, twice'as long as the calyx: leafets of the calyx obtuse. dichotooium, M. (P. w. %.) leaves lanceolate : stem di- chotomous : capsules erect, twice as long as the calyx. viscosum, W. (P. C. T. w. M. if.) hirsute, viscous, dif- fuse ; leaves lance-oblong, obtusish : petals obovate, scarcely longer than the calyx: flowers shorter than the peduncle. !tnnifolium,V\\.{V. C. w. M. if.) very slender, pubescent, cespitose : leaves narrow-linear, longer than the dis- tance between ;he joints of the stem : petals obov ate, em- arginate about thrice as long as the acute calyx. glutinosum, N. (l) (P. D. w. J. if. or ©.) viscid, with soft hairs, erect leaves elongated, distant oblong-lin- ear, acute; radical ones spatulate: petals oblong, 2-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx: peduncles at length much longer than the flower, though shorter at first. (1) nutans, R ? longepedunculatum, M. CERATOPHYLLUM, CHAEROPHYLLUM. 233 20—13. CERATOPHYLLUM. 15. 91. demersum (hornwort. C. P. Ju. if.) leaves 8 in a whorl, dichotomous in pairs, tooth-spined on the back : flow- ers axillary: fruit 3-spined. 10—1. Cercis. S3. 93. canadensis (red bud, judas tree. D. P. Can. r. M. "h.) leaves round-heart-form, acuminate, villose at the ax- ils of the nerves: stipules minute : legumes short- stiped. 22—5. Cetraria. 57. 2. islandica (1) (the iceland lichen, iceland moss. C. Y/j frond olive-chesnut-brown, at the base reddish-white, white beneath; divisions erectish, sub-linear, many- cleft, channelled, tooth-ciliate, the fertile ones dilated i receptacles close pressed, fiat, one-coloured, margin frond-like, elevated, entire. On sandy plains, as on the barren plains near Beaver ponds in N. Haven* where it covers the earth very densely in many pla- ces. juniperina, frond pale yellow, very yellow beneath : divi- sions flat ascending, erose-crenate, crisped : recepta- cles elevated ; disk liver-brown, margin frond-like, crenulate. On trunks and branches. pinastri, frond with divisions depressed, round-lobed, cre- nate, margin crisped, pulverulent, very yellow. A variety of the hist ? ciliaris, frond livid-tawney, reticulate-lacunose, white beneath, divisions crisped ciliate : receptacles some- what elevated, dark-tawney, margin frond-like, cre- nate. iacunosa, frond ample, whitish-green, rugose-reticulate, cellular, whiter beneath, round-lobed, margin torn- crenate : receptacles large, elevated, reddish-yellow / margin frond-like, flexuose, sub-entire. 5—2. Chaerophyllum. 45. 60. procumbens (2) (cherviL C P. w. M. Q-) seeds sbinit £V (1) Physica islaHica, Mx. (2J Scandixprocumbens. W, See Uras|>«rmuJs5r- 234 CHARA, CHELIDONIUM. , smooth : leaves decompound : stem procumbent: urn- bels few-flowered. 20—1. Chara. 15. 6. vulgaris, W. (feather-beds, O. Ju. ©.).' stem and branches naked at the base ; branchlets terete ; joints leafy ; leaves oblong subulate ; bracts shorter than the , berry. Odour disagreeable. Ponds and ditches most- ly stagnant. I foliosa, W. (P. Ju. ©.) stem naked papillose above; branchlets terete at the base and in the leafy joints : leaves linear : bracts shorter than the berry. In clear water. flexilis, W. (P. Au. #.)stem translucent, naked: branch- lets jointless, leafless, compressed : berries lateral, na- ked. Ponds in Stockbridge. glabra, M. (P. Ju.) whole plant glabrous. 22—1. Cheilanthes. 55. 5. vestita, W. (lip fern. P. if.) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides ; leafets pinnatifid, divisions oblong, obtuse, entire : stipe and racemes rough-haired. Small, on rocks. 15—2. Cheiranthus. 39. 63. cheiri (wall-flower. E. J. if.) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous : branches angled : stem somewhat of a woody texture. fenestralis (waved wall-flower. E. o.) leaves crowded i together in a head, recurved undulate : stem undivid- ed. ! animus (stock july-flower. E. Ju. ©.) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, obtuse, hoary : silique cylindric with an acute apex. incanus (brompton stock, brompton queens. E. % .) leaves lanceolate, entire, obtuse, hoary : silique truncate compressed at the apex, stem somewhat of a woody texture* 13—1. Chelidonium. 27. 62. majus, W. (celandine. O. y. M. if.) umbels axillary, per cluncled : leaves alternate, pinnate, lobed. j CHELONE, CHENOPODIUM. 255 14—2. Chelone. 40. 45. glabra (snakehead. O. vv. & r. Ju. if.) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate ; spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Some authors make a species obliqua, which they say, has all the leaves opposite, and that the glabra has the lower leaves alternate—sed quere 2 Damp. 5—2. Chenoporium. 12. 29- honus-henricus (er.glish mercury. E. g. J. if.) leaves tri- angular saggita'te entire, spikes compound leafless ax- illary. ritbrum (rustv pigweed. 0. r-g. Ju. ©.) leaves triangu- lar-cordate," obtusish, sinuate-toothed : racemes erect- ish, compound, sub-foliaceous, shorter than the stem. Frequent about gardens, &c. perhaps introduced. album (pigweed. O. g. Ju. #.) leaves rhomboid-ovate, erose, entire behind, the upper ones oblong entire, seeds smooth. - Var. viride, leaves lance-rhomboid sin- uate-toothed : racemes ramose, sub-foliaceods : stem vei'V green. hybridnm (O. g. Ju #) leaves cordate, angled-acuminate: racemes brandling, divaricate naked. hotrys (oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. 0.) leaves oblong, sinuate : racemes naked many-cleft. Sweet scented. ambrosioides, \V. (sweet pigweed. C P. g< Ju. ©.) leaves lanceolate, toothed: racemes leafy simple. Sweet scented anthelminticum (wormsced. Y. C. P. g. Au. u.) leaves ovate, oblong, rarely toothed ; racemes leafless : styles 3. Odour strong and disagreeable. A good anthel- mintic. B. maritimum (sea pigweed. C. P. Y. g. Au. U-) leaves subulate, fleshy, semi-terete : flowers glomerate, axilla- ry. On the sea-coast. glaucum (C. if.) leaves ovate-oblong, repand, glaucous beneath ; racemes naked, simple, glomerate. scoparium (summer cypress. E.) leaves flat, lance-linear, margin ciliate : flowers glomerate, axillary. SS6 CHIMAPHILA, CHRYSANTHEMUM. 10—1. Chimaphila Ph. (1)18.51. maculata, W. (spotted winter-green. O. w. Ju. if.) leaves lanceolate, rounded at the base, remotely ser- rate, marked with long spots : scape 2 or 3-flowered j j filaments woolly. Woods. . umbellata, W. (prince's pine, bitter wintergreen. 0. r-w. i Ju. U.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base: i scape corymbed : filaments glabrous. Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resemble in their effects I the Arbutus uva-ursi. B. 2—1. Chionanthes. 44. S7. • virginica (fringe tree. C. P. w. M. h •) panicle terminal, trifid : peduncles 3-flowered : leaves acute. Berries purplish blue. Chironia, see Sabbatia. 22—4. Chordaria. (2) 57. 2. jilum, frond filiform, very simple, terete, attenuate at the apex and base, constructed of fibres spirally twisted, Colour tawny olive, substance tenaceous. Sea. 18—2. Chrysanthemum. 49. 55. Uucanthemum (ox-eyed daisy. O. J. it-) leaves clasping, lanceolate serrate, cut-toothed at the base : stem erect branching. Fields. parthenium (feverfew E.) leaves petioled compound, flat: < leafets ovate, gashed : peduncles branching corymbed: stem erect. (1) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pyrola. Tho' they possess strong botanical affinities, they differ quite as much in habit, and sensible, as well as medicinal, properties, as other genera of the natural order Ericae. Such divisions of the Linnean genera where the ,(natural genus gives the characters,"ought »o be adopted. But divisions founded on any artificial character, however constant and decisive, injure the science. The pipsissi-wa ofthe Indians is the Chimaphila umbellata. But the kinni-kinick, whioh the Indians mix with tobacco for *miking, is the Arbutus uva-ursi. I have before mi a genuine specimen, which was sent to Miss J.Dickinson of Troy from the Island of St. Joseph, north- west of Lake Huron. It is a very luxuriant growth. Our druggists ought to be supplied from that region, and stop the importation. (2) Fucus. L. CHRYSANTHEMUM, CINERARIA. 237 carinatum (three-coloured daisy. E. r. w. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnate, fleshy, glabrous : scale of the calyx carinate, coronarium (garden chrysanthemum. E. Au. #.) leaves bipinnatifid, acute, broa der outwards : stem branching. 18—1. Chrysocoma. 49. 55. virgata (goldy locks. D. y.) herbaceous, smooth : leaves narrow-linear : branches corymbed, fastigiate : calyx oblong,3or4-flowered ; scales glutinous, close-pressed. 18—3. Chrysosplenium. 23. 84. eppositifolium (golden saxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. %.) leaves opposite, roundish, slightly crenate, ta- pering for a little distance to the petiole. In rivulets, springs, &c. 17—10. Cicer. 32. 93. arietinum (chick pea. E. #.) peduncle l-flowered : seeds globose, gibbous : leaves serrate. 18—1. Cichorium. 49. 53. intibus (succory or endive. O. b. Ju. if.) flowers axillary, in pairs, sessile ; leaves runcinate. endivia (garden endive. E. $ .) peduncles axillary, in pairs ; one long, 1-flowered, the other short, about 4- flowered: leaves oblong, denticulate. Var. crispum, has fringed leaves and solitary flowers. 5_2. Cicuta. 45. 60. virosa (water hemlock. E. %.) umbels opposite to the leaves ; petioles margined, obtuse : leafets ternate, acutely serrate. Root containing a yellow juice. bulbifera (O. Ju. %.) branches bearing bulbs in whorls: leaves fennel-like. Damp. maculata (O. w. Ju. if.) serratures ofthe leaves mucron- ate : petioles membranaceous : 2-lobed at the apex. Damp. Cimicifuga, see Macrotys. 18—2. Cineraria. 49. 55. heterophylla (ashwort. P. y. M. U-) downy: radical 238 CINNA, CISTUS. leaves long-petiolrd, obovate-spatulate ; also ovate, acutish,and pinnatifid ; cauline 2-J,linear, pinnatifid: flowers corymbed. 1—2. Cinna. 4. 10. arundinacea(l)(indian reed. W'. V. C.) glabrous: pani- cle large, many flowered, capillary : "one valve some- what awned below at the apex. 2—1. ClRCAEA. 48. 88. lutetiana (2) enchanter's nightshade. O. r-w. Ju.lf.) stem erect: leaves ovate, denticulate, somewhat glabrous. Var. alpina, has an ascending stem, leaves sub-cordate, and the calvx membranaceous. This variety is gen- erally considered as a distinct species. But theycer- tainly pass into each other by almost imperce'ptible gradations. Damp. 13—1. Cistus. (3) 20. 80. canadensis (rock rose, frost plant. O. y. J. if.) with- out stipules, erect ; leaves alternate, erect, linear- lanceolate, flat, tomentose beneath; divisions of the calyx broad-ovate-acuminate: capsules shorts' than the calyx. At the foot of the Pine-roek, New-Haven, the barren plains produce great quantities of this plant. In Nov. and Dec. of 1816, 1 saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad, thin, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth from near the roots. These were melted away by day, and renewed every morning lor more than 20 clays in succession. ramuliflorum, Mx. (D. y. Ju. If.) without stipules, erect: powdery-tomentose : leaves alternate, oblong, acute, revolute at the margin, tomentose beneath : racemes short, about 3-flowered at the summit : divisions of the calyx orbicular, pulverulent: capsules globose, of the length of the calyx. Dry, sandy. eorymbosum (D. J. it.) without stipules, erect, ramose, minutely pubescent: leaves alternate, lanceolate, win- tish-downy beneath : corymb fastigiate, with numer- ous crowded flowers : divisions of the calyx ovate, acute : capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. Dry, (1) Agrostls cinna, ph. (2) canadensis, M. (3) Helianthemum, X CITRUS, CJ.AVARIA. 235 13—1. Citrus. 18. 70. aurantiuni (orange tree. E. w. k •) leaves oval, acumin- ate, with the petioles winged or margined. medica (lemon tree. E. w. J. I?.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear wingless petioles. Var. limon (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is almost round. 22—6. Clavaria. 58. 1. 1. Corol-like ; clavate pileus branched. (Stems or stipes very thick.) formosa, very branching : stem sub-decumbent, thick, ' white : branches elongated, rose-orange; branchlets obtuse, becoming yellow. In groves. flava, stem thick, white : branches and branchlets strait, shortish, yellow. In autumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long. botrytis, sub-deformed ; stem very thick, decumbent, be- coming palish white : branches shortish, sub-rugose ; branchlets obtuse, red. On fallen trees, &c. (Stems slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branch- es taken together.) palmata, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale : stem slender : branches sub-compressed, palmate.— About 3 inches long, and the breadth about the same. corniculata, sub-ramose, yellow : stem slender, elongated, twice ternately divided in forks ; branchlets acute. Branches mostly compressed; branchlets a little wopl- ly. In woods, 1| inch long. byssiseda, various, sub-ramose, small, pale reddish-yel- low ; rootlets byssus like or flax-like, white, sessile or sitting down. Springs up among fallen leaves, &c. mucida, in groups, minute, simple and ramose, white: apex ochre colour: sitting down with a tomentose base. On decaying trunks, &c about the fourth of an inch long, substance tough. cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, sim- ple and ramose ; connate at the bases. On trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of an inch long. 2- Simple ; the clavate pileus not branched. HguUif sub-cespitose, pale reddish-yellow, opake, varl- 240 CLAVARIA, CLEMATIS. ous, villose and slender at the base, terete or sub-com- pressed at the apex. Adhering to branches, &c. about 2 inches long. pistillaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish j round at the apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and sub-rugose. Has a bit- ter taste. fusiformis, cespitose, heaped together, orange ,• clavate pileus attenuated, sub-tenacious, cohering at the base. in woods. flavipes, cespitose, fragile : clavate pileus sub-falcate, acuminate, pale; approximate at the base : shining yellow. ehtrnea, cespitose, crowded, fragile, snow white. In sha- dy woods on the earth. Very variable ; but distin- guished by being white and fragile. herbarum- in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-tenaceous j becoming dark-olive. Hardly belongs to this genus. About one sixth of an inch long, on leaves and other herbage. muscicola, very minute, white, sub-incrassate, curved, all glabrous ; sitting down with globose tubercles. gyrans, on leaves j wholly white, filiform ', stipe with long pubescence. In autumn. Stipe white, weak. 5—1. Cxaytonia. 13. 86. virginica, W. (spring beauty. T. Y. C. w. & r. Ap. 21.) leaves lance-linear : raceme solitary : leaves of the calyx acutish : petals obovate, retuse : root tuberous. Thin woods. spatulata (l) (spring beauty. II. w. & r. Ap. 2*,) leaves spatulate ; raceme solitary : leaves ofthe calyx obtuse: petals roundish, retuse : root tuberous. Leaves near- er the flowers than those of the virginica, and much broader. 13—13. Ciematis. 26. 61. viticella (purple virgin's bower. E. p. Ju. Tl.) climbing: leaves compound and decompound : leafets oval sub- lobate entire : petals obovate spreading. (1) spathulaefolia, Pi. caroliniana, Mx CLEMATIS, CLINOPODIUM. 241 viorna, W. (1) (leather flower. P. b. J. h.) climbing : leaves compound and decompound ; leafets lance-oval, acute at both ends, trifid and entire : flowers solitary, bell-form : petals thick leathery, acuminate. virginica (virgin's bower O. w. Ju T?0 climbing : leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate : corymbs dichotomous, few flowered ; petals longer than the stamens. Often dioecious. flammula (sweet virgin's bower. E. h .) lower leaves la- ciniate : upper ones simple, entire, lanceolate. Gchroleuca, W. (2) (P. C vv. & y. J. 21.) erect, sim- ple, pubescent : leaves simple entire. About one toot high. 6—1. Cleome. 25. 64. th'lecandra, W. (false mustard. P. T. C p. Ju. ©.) gla- brous : flowers axiilary, solitary : leaves ovate, ter- nate generallv dode -aii'lrons. Along the banks of the Hudson from Stillwater in Saratoga co. to its mouth. pentapkviifi, W. (P. w-r. Ju. ®.) leaf, is qujnate -. stem unarmed. Flowers gynandrous. The corols of this genus being cruciform, it is by some placed in the 15th class. 10—1. Ciethra. 18. 51. i aimfolia (spiked alder, sweet pepper bush. Y. C. P. w. Ju Tj.) leaves wedge-obovate, acute, coarse-serrate above, glabrous botl/srles : flowers in spike-form ra- cemes. A bush 3 to 6 feet high. Damp or wet 22—2. Ciimacium. 56. 4. dendroides (3) (tree moss) stem branching, tree-form : leaves crowded, erect, lanceolate, sub-3-nerved, serru- late above capsule erect, loNg-cylindric : inner peris- tome at length multilid capiiiaccous. 14—i, CiiNoroDiUM. 42. 39. vu^are ffield thyme. 0. r-w. Ju. It-) flowers in head- form whorls : bracts setaceous, hispid : leavers above pilose, remotely toothed : stem simple. Dry fields and woods. (n cvlindrica, Sims. (2) Sericea, Mx. (3) Lcskca dendroides, Mx: £42 CNICUS. 18—1. Cnicus. (1) 49. 54. lanceolatus (common thistle. O. p. J-S •) leaves decurrenf, hispid, pinnatifid ; divisions 2-lobed divaricate, spin- ose : calyx ovate with spider-web-like pubescence : scales lanceolate, spinose, spreading. discolor (O. p. Ju £ .) leaves sessile, jiinnatifid, rough- haired, downy beneath; divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx globose with spider-web-like pubes- cence ; scales ovate, close-prcssed,with spreading spines at the tips. allissimus (2) (tail thistle. O. w-p. Au. If •) leaves sessile, lance-oblong, scabrous, downy beneath, toothed, cili- ate ; radical ones pinnatifid : calyx bracted, ovate ; scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed. arvensis (3) (canada thistle. 0. p. J. if.) leaves sessile pin- natifid, ciliate, spinose : stem panicled : calyx ovate, mucronate: scales broad-lanceolate, close-pressed, mar- gin woolly. horridulus, Ph. (4) (C. P. w-y Ju. if.) tall : leaves ses- sile, pinnatifid, acutely gashed, very spinose: involucre terminal, 1-flowered, many-leaved j leafets very spin- ose double : calyx unarmed. muticus, Ph. (5) (C. P. p. Ju. % .) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath ; divisions sub-lanceolate, acute, a little spinose : branches at the summit many, nakedish, 1- flowered : calyx globose ; scales not spinose. glaber, N. (D) leaves sessile,pinnatifid, all over smooth; segments spinose, acute, lower ones sub-decurrcnt: calyx ovate, glabrous, scales spineless, sliort mucro- nate, obtusely carinate : stem much branched. 4 or 5 feet high, with slender branches. odoratus, M. (6) (P. D. C. r. Ju. if.) stem hairy back- wards, 1 to 3-flowered : leaves clasping, lance-oblong, pinnatifid, segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, tipped with spines ; colour similar both sides : calyx large, sub globose, naked; scales close-pressed, lanceolate, acuminate, spinose. Stem 1 to 2 feet high. (1) Carduus, L. in some of his works. Cirsium, Mx. (2) virgii ianus, Wr. repandum, Mx. (5) carolinianus, Wr; (3) Serrulata :u vensis, W. (6) pumilus, N, G4) spinosissimus, Wr. Serratula discolor, Lk. COCHLEARIA, COLLEMA. 243 15—1. COCHLEABIA. 39. 63. ~l officinalis (scurvy grass. E. w. J. if) radical leaves roundish ; cauline ones oblong, subsinuate : silicles globose. ; armoracia (horse radish. E. w. J. if.) radical leaves lan- ceolate, crenate ; cauline ones gashed. Var. aquatica, leaves deeply pinnatifid or pinnate below. Growing wild in water and wet places in various parts of Berk- shire comity, Mass. 2G—3. Coix. 4. 10. lachryma, (job's tear. E, Ju. 0.) culmscmiieretc above: flowers naked : fruit ovate. 22—5. Coilema. 57. 2. nigrum, frond crust-like, sub-orbicular, dark-tawny ; lobesgash-crenate all around the periphery, the central ones subramose, and in the form of grains : receptacles at length convex, black, marginated. On stones. pnlposum, frond sub-orbicular, formed of thick sub-imbri- cate repand-crenate plicate naked lobes : receptacles central crowded, flattish, reddish-yellow, with elevat- ed entire margins. papillosum, frond orbicular : central lobes thick, entang- led, irregular ; those of the periphery expanded, dilat- ed outwardly, gash-crenate, warty blistered above. pallescens, frond yellowish green, pale beneath : lobes deformed, densely entangled, irregularly crenate, as- cending : receptacles sub-marginal. A variety ofthe tenax, myriococcum, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black;lobes crowded, entangled, crisped, granulate : receptacles minute, globose-turbinate, heaped together, marginal and scattered, one-coloured, marked with punctures. Among and on mosses on rocks, &c. palmatum, frond sub-foliaceous, tawny-green becoming glaucous ; lobes thick, crowded, gash-palmate, divi- sions sub-linear-terete : receptacles red-tawny. On the earth and trunks. nigrescens, frond foliaceous, membranaceous sub-mono* phyllous, orbicular, depressed, radiately plicate, round- lobed, dark-green : receptacles central, crowded, at length convex, red-tawny, margins entire. On roots of trees, rocks, &c. 344 COLLEMA, COLLINSIA. pnlchellum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laciniate, round-lobed at the periphery, pli- cate papulose above, dark-green, paler beneath and deeply lacunose : receptacles scattered, crowded, ele- vated ; disk urceolate, pale wax-colour ; margin thin, contracted, entire, at length sub-rugose. furxnim, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-rugose, complicate, dark-green, granulated both sides ; lobes round-deformed, afterwards undulate crisped entire: receptacles scattered, fiat, dark-tawny, margins en- tire. Trunks, &c. hrmeUoides, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, very ten- der, sub-diaphanous, lead-colour, obsoletely rugose and marked w ith dots, lobes oblong, round, gashed, entire: receptacles scattered, flat, red-tawny, at length black, margin pale. Trunks among moss, &c. laeerum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diapha- nous, sub-rugose-reticulate, becoming glaucous ; lobes small, sub-imbricate, laciniate, tooth-ciiiate : recepta- cles scattered, a little concave, red, margin pale. 14—i. Colliivtsonia. 42. 39. canadensis (horse balm, rich weed. O. y. Au. U.) leaves heart-ovate, broad glabrous : teeth of the calyx short- subulate : panicle terminal, compound. Var. cordata, leaves broad-cordate, upper ones entire. Var. ovata, 'eaves ovate, attenuate at the base, all serrate. Strong scented, not unpleasant. Woods. 14—2. Collinsia. N. 40. 40. [Generic description omitted by mistake. Make a re- ierence to it from its place after Antirrhinum, o;i page JOO.j Generic characters. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 2-lipped, throat closed ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower one 3 cleft, in- ie-rnicdiate segment keeled, bag like and covering the declined stamens and style : capsule globose, somewhat 1-celled and 4-valved. Seeds 2 or 3, umbilirate. ■ 5. Green, ramose and emersed. velutina, threads creeping, rooting; fibrills flexuose, hy- aline, ramose ; branches erect, obtuse, interwoven into a veil-like tissue : upper joints double the length ofthe diameter. On the naked earth. 5—2. Conium. 45. 60. maculatum (poison hemlock. 0. w. Ju. if.) stem very branching, spotted ; leaves very compound : seeds striate. Powerful narcotic. 22—6. Conoplea. 58. 1. sphaerica, in groups, sub-confluent, becoming a dark olive, tubercled or sub-granulated, spherical. On deciduous branches in dense masses. 6—1. Conostylis. 10. 17. americana (weed-grass. D. y. Ju. 21.) corol woolly with- in : scape corymb-panicled : leaves grass-ensiform, glaucous : filaments equal. 6--1. CONVALLARIA. 11. 12. 1. Corols cylindric or funnel-form ; stamens attached to the upper part of the corol. (1) nngnstifolia, Ph. (2-flowered solomon seal. P. y-w. M. If ) stem terete leaves alternate, sessile, lance-oval, shaip, sub-trinerved, glabrous : peduncles axillary, long, about 2-flowered. -- canaliculata, W. (2) (clasping solomon seal. H. vv. Ju. if.) stem channelled : leaves alternate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent: peduncles axillary, about 2-flow- ered. ; ^ pubescens, W. (O. w. M. if.) stem teretish, depply fur- rowed : leaves alternate, clasping, ovate, pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, about 2-flowered. mult flora (giant solomon seal. O. w. Ju. %.) stem terete: leaves alternate, clasping oblong-oval : peduncles ax- illary, some of them many-flowered. (1; T:.isse: tion is the Polygonatttm, D V2) poljjjouaium, M= 248 CONVALLARIA, CONVOLVULUS. latifolia(P. J. if.) stem angled : leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate : peduncles 1 or many-flowered. Very tall. Corols bell or wheel-form ; stamens attached to the base oj the corol. (1) racemosa, D.(spiked solomon seal. O.y-w.M. it.) stem with alternate leaves : leaves sessile, oblong-oval. acumin- ate, nerved, pubescent : flowers in a terminal raceme- panicle. . stellata(V. W. C. T. P. w. M. 21.) stem with alternate, clasping, lanceolate leaves : raceme simple, terminal. 8 to 12 inches high. eiliata, D. (Can. vv. J. if.) stem arched : leaves sessile, ovate ciliate : panicle terminal, crowded. Flowers very small. - trifolia (P. w. J. if.) stem with three alternate pubescent, lance-oblong leaves : raceme terminal, lax. Near the great lakes. bifblia, Mx. (2) (dwarf solomon seal. 0. w. Ju. If.)stem " with two heart-oblong, sub-sessile, glabrous leaves : raceme simple, terminal : flowers tetrandrous. majalis (lily ofthe valley. E. vv. J. if.) scape naked, smooth : leaves oval-ovate. Remark. The above genus has been divided, and the new genera, Smilacina and Polygonatum taken from it. Vid. Pursh, page 232 and on. It is true that artificial characters have been assumed which are constant and distinct. Any natural genus may be divided in the same way. But I never knew artificial characters applied in making such unnatural and unnecessary havoc in a genus containing such a natural assemblage of plants.— Some of the species most nearly related are separated, and those least related are kept together. C 4—1- Convolvulus. 29. 43. :■„ arvensis,S. (bindweed. P. New-England, w. Ju. If ^twi- ning, glabrous: leaves sagittate, both lobes and apex acute : peduncles about 1-flowered : bracts minute, re- mote from the flower. (1) This section includes Mie Convallaria majalis, L. and the genus Smilacina, D. taken from the Convallaiia. (2) canadensis, Fh. CONVOLVULUS, CONYZA. 249 I sepium, W. (l) (field bind-weed. O. w, & r. J. 2jl.) twin- ing : leaves sagittate, with the apex acute and the lobes truncate entire (some obtuse) : bracts acute, lon- ger than the calyx and shorter than the middle of the corol : peduncle exceeding the angle ofthe petal. - pandurains,Mx. (mechoacan. C. P. w. &. r. Ju. if.) twi- ning, pubescent: leaves broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar-form ; peduncles long ; flowers fascicled : ca- lyx glabrous, awmless : corol subulate, bell form. A mild cathartic, and resembles rhubarb in its eifei ts. B. batatus (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe. Southern states. w-r. Ju. 21.) creeping, tuberous : leaves cordate, has- tate, angular-lobed, 5 nerved, smoothish -• peduncles long ; flowers fascicled : corol sub-campauulate. Cul- tivated. jalapa (jalap. Southern states, vv. J. If.) pubescent : leaves cordate, entire and lobed. rugose-plaited, downy beneath: peduncles 1 to 3-flowered : flowers sub cam- panulate : root very thick. A well known cathartic. stans, Mx. (2) (dwarf morning glory. O. vv. J. if.) erect downy : leaves la.ice-oblong, acuminate, cordate, hind- lobes obtuse : peduncle 1-flowered, long : bracts ovate, acute : stem floriferous below. sagittifolius,'Mx. (3)(arrowbindweed. C. r. J. 2J..) climb- ing, glabrous : leaves thick, vvith roundish obtuse sin- uate lobes ; the odd one larger, emarginate : pedun- cles 1-flowered ; corol short sub-campanulate. spithameus, W. (4) (P. T. w. J. if.) erect, pubescent ; leaves heart-oval, obtuse : peduncles 1 -flowered, short- er than the leaves ; bracts ovate, acute, stem floriferous above tricolor (3-coloured bindweed, E. Ju. #.) leaves lance- ovate, glabrous : stem declined : flowers solitary. ./ Convolvulus, see Ipomaea. 18—2. Conyza. 49. 55. eamphorata, M. (5) (marsh fleabane, plowman's wort. C. P. D. Y. p. Au. ®.) herbaceous, pubescent : leaves ses- (1) i-epens, L. Caljv egia sepium, Br. (2) Caly«tegia tomentosa, Ph. (4) Calystegia spathameus, Ph, C3) speciosus, Wr. (5) marylandica, Mx. -50 CONYZA, COREOPSIS. sile, broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate; serratures at the apex cartilaginous : corymbs terminal, fastigiate, con- densed, almost leafless : scales of the calyx subulate- mucronate : florets short. About a toot high, near rivers, &c. Odour resembling camphor. bifrous, W. (Can. v. Ju. if.) sub-glutinous : leaves clasp. ing spatulate-oblong, acute serrate : corymbs of the panicle glomerate. 13—13. Coptis. 49. 55. trifolia, Sy. (1) (gold thread. O. vv. M. %.) scape 1-flow- ered : leaves ternate. Two or three inches high. Roots long, filiform, golden-yellow. Tonic bitter. B. 19—i. Corallorhiza. Br. (2) 7. 21. innata, Br. (3) (corol root. W. V. P. w-y. M 2J..) scape sheathed, leafless : flowers pedicelled ; petals lanceo- late, the two lower ones lance-linear, deflected ; lip acute 3-cleft, spur obsolete, adnate to the germ. Plant white with a much branched corol-like root. odontorhiza (corol teeth. 0. p. w. Ju. U.) scape sheathed, leafless : flowers pedicelled : petals lanceolate, equal: lip entire, oval, obtuse, margin undulate or a little cre- nate ; spur obsolete adnate to the germ : capsule sub- globose. Resembles the last. hyemalis, (4) (adam and eve, putty root. V.W. C. T. g-p. M. if.) leaf single, radical, many nerved, ovate, nerves lucid : scape simple, sheathed, erect : petals erect, 3 outer ones lanceolate, inner ones oblong ; lip 3-cleft obtuse, palate ridged, central lobe rounded, crenulate. A cement resembling putty may be made of the root. 18—3. Coreopsis. 49. 55. Iripteris (tickseed sunflower. P. T. y. if.) glabrous ; leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, entire ; radical ones pinnate, cauline ones ternate : rays entire: seeds obovate, naked at the apex. trichosperma, Mx(C.D.y.Ju. I.)glabrous;dichotomous: leaves opposite, quinate-pinnate, lanceolate serrate: outer leafets of the calyx (8) spatulate. ciliate ser- (1) Helleborus trifolius, L. (3) corallorhizon, W. (2) Cymbidiumj W. (4) Apleciruni heimale, N. COREOPSIS, CORNUS. 251 rate : rays entire : seed wedge-form, about 4-toothed. Swamps. dichotoma, Mx. (1) (C. y. S. ©.) stem (glabrous, naked- ish and dichotomous above : leaves mostly alternate, undivided, entire, narrowing into the petiole : seed obovate 2-bristled, scabrous, with a torn margin. Swamps. 4 alternifolia, L. (2) (P. C. y. & w. Au. 21.) stem winged : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sub-petioled, serrate : flowers corymbed ; ray-florets lanceolate. Meadows, &c. rosea, N. (D. P. r. M.) small, very smooth : stem mostly simple ? leaves linear, entire ; axils leafy : flowers few, long-peduncled, dichotomous, terminal; rays unequal- ly 3-toothed. In grassy swamps. 5—2. Coriandrum. 45. 60. ~\ sativum (coriander. E. w. J.0.) fruit globose : calyx and style permanent. 22—5. Cornicularia. 57. 2. pubescens (horned lichen,) frond decumbent, terete, ru- gose, a little scabrous, dark-coloured ; branches inter- woven, capillary, the extreme ones simple : recepta- cles of one colour, entire all around. On moist rocks, &c. jibrillosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, entangled, ramose, somewhat rough-haired, from the branchlets and fibres which are flexuose, ra- mose, very thick, irregular, sub-clavate. On rocks. Variety ofthe pubescens. 4—1. Corxus. 45. 58. • canadensis (dogweed, low cornel.O. w. M. if.) herbaceous: leaves at' the top, whorled, veiny : involucres ovate, acuminate : fruit globose. About 6 inches high. Ber- ries red. florida (false box, dogwood tree. 0. w-y. M. k .) leaves ovate, acuminate : involucres 4, very large, somewhat (1) gladiata, Wr. (2) Yeibesina coreop-ds, Mx, Ac'inomeris squarrosa, N\ 252 CORNUS, CORONILLA. obcordate, and appear like petals : fruit ovate. Size between shrub and tree. Berries red. Involucres white, very showy, but the corols are obscure. Tonic, resembling in effects the peruvian bark, for which it serves as a good substitute. B mascnla, (cornelian cherry. E. k •) umbels equalling the involucre. sanguinea, Hr. (T. Can. w. J. \ .) branches strait:leaves ovate, both sides pubescent and coloured alike : cymes spreading. About 10 feel high. Berries dark-brown. Anthers yellow. alba, W. (1) (white dogwood. O. J. \ .) branches recurv- ed ; branchlets glabrous : leaves ovate, acute, pubes- cent, hoary beneath : cymes depressed. About 10 feet high, with red branches. Berries bluish-white. j-jsericea, W. (2) (red osier. 0. w. J. b .) branches spread- ing ; branchlets woolly : leaves ovate, acuminate, rus- ty-pubescent beneath : cymes depressed, woolly__ About 7 feet high. Berries bright blue. Properties similar to theflorida. B. alternifolia, Hr. (C. T. P. vv. M. \.) branches warty : leaves alternate ovate, acute, hoarv beneath : cymes depressed, spreading. About 18 feet high. Berries purple. circmata, Hr. (3) (O. w. J. h .) branches warty : leaves broad-oval, acuminate, white-downv beneath : cyme much spread. About 8 feet high. B'ereies blue. stricta, II. (4) (O. w. Ju. h •> branches strait, fastigiate: leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, colour nearly"alike both sides : panic'* d-evme convex. paniculata, Hr. (5) (bnsii dogwood. O. w. J. h .) branch- es erect : leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous] hoarv be- neath : flowers in a thyrsed cyme. ' About 6 feet high. Berries white, globular flattened. I?—10- Coronilla. 32. 93. cmcrus (coronilla. E. y. y.) stem angled, woody; pe- duncles about 3-flowered : claws of the petals about thrice as long as the calyx. (1) stolonifera, Mx. (2") hmue-innso "V*v ,'i„ -t- i- • r>i C4) f^tigialai Mx. sanguinea; Wv. ( } raCexn0M' U' CORYDALIS, CORYLTT3. £53 17—6. Corydalis. V. (1) 24. 62. cucnllaria, W. (colic weed. O. y. & w. M. if.) stemless; corol 2-spurred : scape naked ; raceme simple, one- sided : nectaries of the length of the corol : style in- closed: root bulbous. Leaves more than decom'pouml. All the specimens which were found by my class at Williams College, were hexandrous. They had also a 2-leaved bract so near the calyx as to give the ap- pearance of a 4-leaved calyx. fuvgosa, A. (2) (climbing colic weed. P. C. Catskill. Plaintield, Mass. r-w. J. S .) stem climbing : leaves cirrose : racemes axillary, corymbed, nodding : corol monopetalous, gibbous both sides of the base, thick and fungus-like. glauca, Ph. (3) (0. y-r-g. J. $ .) corol 1-spurred : stem branching, erect: leaves glaucous : cauline ones biter- nate : raceme sub-corymbed : bracts minute silique lin- ear, thrice as long as the peduncle. Grows I to 4 feet high. formosa, Ph. (V. Can. r. M. if.) scape naked : raceme somewhat compound, nodding, many-flowered : necta- ries very short, incurved : style extended : divisions of the leaves oblong, gash-pinnatifid : root tuberous: flowers 2-spurred. aurea, \V. (P. D. y. M. 0.) stem branching, diffuse : leaves doubly-pinnate; leafets divided, lance-linear, acute at both ends : racemes one way : bracts broad- lanceolate, sub denticulate : silique terete, thick, twice as long as the peduncles. 20—13. Corylus. 50. 99. avellana (filbert. E. Ap. ^.) stipules oblong, obtuse ; calyx ofthe fruit campanulate, spreading at the apex, torn-toothed : leaves round-cordate acuminate. Var. maxima,ha.s a gash-toothed calyx : nut depressed-ovate. americana, Win. (hazel nut. O. Ap. i?.) leaves broad- cordate : calyx ofthe fruit hispid with glandular heads at the ends of the hairs, campanulate,"longer than the roundish nut, limb spreading, tooth serrate. rostrata, W. (beaked hazel. O. Ap. 1?.) leaves oblong- ovate, acuminate : stipules lance-linear: calyx ofthe (1) Fumaria, L. (2) recta, Mx. (3) sempervirens, L. 354 CRANTZJA, CRATAEGUS. fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted, divisions gash-toothed; elongated beyond the nut into a beak. 5—2. Crantzia. N. 45. 60. lineata (1) (false navel wort. D. w. M. if.) stem creeping, terete, filiform ; peduncles axillary, in many-flowered simple umbels (8 to 12 ;) involucres about 5-leaved: leaves wedge-linear, obtuse, sessile. Small—in salt marshes. /2—5. Crataegus. 36. 92. coccinea, A. (2) (thorn bush. 0. w. M. h .) thorny : leaves heart-ovate, gash-angled, glabrous, acute serrate : pe- tioles and calyx pubescent, glandular : petals orbicu- lar : styles 5. Var. viridis, has lance-ovate leaves, sub-trilobate : stem unarmed. The berries are large red and pleasant tasted. pyrifolia, A. (3) (pear-leaf thorn. T. C. P. w. J. "fc.) thor- ny or unarmed: leaves oval-ovate, gash serrate, some- vvliat plaited and rather rough-haired : calyx a little villose ; leafets lance-linear, serrate : flowers with 3 styles. populifolia, Wr. (4) (P. w. J. k .) thorny : leaves heart- ovate, truncate at the base, gash-angled, glabrous: petioles and calyx without glands : styles 5.' Berries small, red. elliptica, VV. f 5) (P. C. M. T?.) thorny : leaves oval, une- qually serrate, glabrous : petioles and calyx glandu- lar : divisions of the calyx obtuse : berry globose, 5- seeded. glandulosa, W. (6) (0. w. M. h .) thorny : leaves wedge- obovate, angled, glabrous, shining : petioles, stipules and calyx glandular : berries oval, 5-seeded. Berries red, middle size. flava, W. (7) (yellow-berried thorn. Vermont. M. \.) thorny; leaves wedge-obovate, sub-lobate, crenate-ser- rate: petioles short: stipules cordate glandular : flow- ers sub-solitary : berry 4-seeded, turbinate. (lj Hydrocotyle lineata, Mx. (2) Mespilus aestivalis, Wr. (3) coinifolia, P. leucopheus, Mn. Mespilus latifolia, Lk. (4) cordata, A. Mespilus ptcenopwum, L. acerifolia, Lk- (5) prunifoiia. Lk (6) Mespilus rotundifolia, Eh. (7) viridi-, Wr. glandulosa, Mx. michaux, P. CRATAEGUS, CROTALARIA. 255 ,:-punctata, W. (1) (common thorn tree.O. w. M. 1?.) thor- ny or unarmed : leaves wedge-obovate, sub-plicate, gla- brous, gash-serrate, decurrent into the petiole : calyx villose, divisions subalite entire; berry sub-globose, depressed. Var. rubra, has red berries. Var. aurea, yellow berries with dark specks. ■f crus-galii, W. (2) (thorn tree. 0. w. M. k •) thorny: leaves wedge-obovate, sub-sessile, shining, leathery : corymbs compound : leafets of the calvx lanceoIate,sub- sevrate : styles 2. Var splend".ns, leaves wedge-obo- vatc. Var. pyr acanthi folia, leaves lance-oblong, sub- cuneiform. Var. salicifolia, leaves-lanceolate. Ber- ries small, red. parvij'olh, W. (3) (low thorn. D. w. M. h •) thorny ; leaves wedge-ovate, gashed, serrate, sub-tomentose : leafets ofthe calyx lanceolate gashed, of the length of the fruit: flowers solitary, styles 5 : fruit sub-turbinate, warty-punctate. Fruit greenish-yellow. oxyacantha (quickset. E. vv. M. b_.) leaves obtuse some- what 3-cleft, serrate, glabrous : peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous : segments of the calyx lanceolate, acute ; styles 2. Naturalized. 3—1. Crocus. 6. 18. officinalis (saffron. E. y. if.) leaves linear with revolute margins : stigma exsert, with long linear segments. Var. sativum, having violet corols. lfct-_10. Crotalaria. 32. 93. • sagittalis, Mx. (rattle-box. Y. N. C P. y. Ju. ©.) hir- sute, erect, branching: leaves simple lance-oblong: stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes op- posite to the leaves, about 3-flowered : corol less than the calyx. parviflora, W. (4) (P. C. y. J. ©.) hirsute, erect, branch- ing : leaves simple, lance-linear : stipules above decur- rent with two sliort teeth : racemes opposite to the leaves : corol smaller than the calyx. (1) Mespilus cuneifolia, Eh. cornifolia, Lk. (2) lucida, Wm. hyemalis, Wr. (3) tomentosa, L. Mespilus, laciniata, Wr. (4) A variety of sagittalis, Mx. 25« CRYPHAEA, CUCUMIS. $2—2. Cryphaea. 56. 4. heleromalla, stem branching, diffuse : leaves lance ovate, acute, 1-nerved: capsules lateral, subsessile. On trunks. 3—2. Crypsis. Lk. 4. 10. virginica (l) (C. D. P. S. %.) spikes oblong, thick lobed : stem procumbent, geniculate, joints numerous, approx- imate, leaves involute, rigid, pungent: calyx keeled, shorter than the corol. 2—2. Crypta. N. 13. 86. vdinima (2) (mud purslane.P.T.w-g.S.) stem dichotomous, decumbent, striate : leaves wedge-oval or obovate, op- posite, sessile, entire, papillose above, with very minute stipules : flowers axillary, sessile, solitary. Very abun- dant on the shores of the Hudson between high and low water mark, about a mile below Albany. 10—3. Cucubalus. 22. 82. hehen(h\adder campion. C. P. w. Ju. If.) glabrous, glau- cous, decumbent: leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless: calyx inflated-membranaceous, veiny. stellatus (Y. C. P. T. w. Ju. 21.) pubescent, erect: leaves whorled, in fours, lance-oval, very long-acuminate. About 2 or 3 feet high. 20—16. Cucumis. 34. 97. colocynthis (bitter apple. E. 0.) leaves many-cleft: po- maceous berry globose, glabrous. Fruit very bitter. anguria (prickly cucumber. E.) leaves palmate-sinuate fruit globose, echinate. angninis (snake cucumber E. ©.) leaves lobed : poma- ceous berry cylindric, very long, smooth, contorted plaited. melo (musk-melon. E. y. Ju. ©.) angles of the leaves rounded : pome oblong, torulose. Sweet scented. sativus (cucumber. E. y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves strait: pomaceous berry oblong, scabrous. Brought from Asia. (1) Agrostis virginica, W. (2) Peplis americana, Ph. CUCURBIT A, CUPRESSUS. 257 20—16. Cuccrkita. 34. 97 ovifera (egg-squash. E. 0.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lo- bed, denticulate, pubescent : pomaceous berry with fil- let-like stripes lengthwise . verrucosa (club squash. E. y. J. ©.) leaves cordate, deep- ly 5-lobed ; middle lobe narrowed at the base, denticu- late : pomaceous berry clavate, a little warty. melopepo (flat squash. E. y. J. 3.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate: pomaceous berry depress-ba- sed, swelled at the margin. pepo (pumpkin. E y. Ju. #.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub- 5-lobed, denticulate : pomaceous berry roundish or ob- long, smooth. Var potiro, has the fruit more or less flattened. From Asia. citrullus (water melon. E. y. Au. 0.) leaves 5-lobed ; the lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, obtuse: pomaceous berry oval smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. From Africa, and the south of Asia. lagenaria (gourd, calabash. E. w. Au. ©.) leaves cordate, round-obtuse, pubescent, denticulate ; with 2-glands at the base on the under side : pomaceous berry clavate somewhat woody. 14—1. Ccxila. 42. 39. mariana (1) (dittany. C. P. r-b. J. if.) leaves ovate, ser- rate, sessile : corymbs terminal, dichotomous. Dry places. Diaphoretic. B. Cunila, see Hedcoma. 11—1. Cuphea. 54. 91. viscosissima (waxweed. V. P. p. Js ^ .) viscous : leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong : flowers with ^sta- mens, lateral, solitary, peduncles very short. This plant is said to be sometimes herbaceous. Dv. M. Ste- venson found it in Cambridge, N. Y. where it grows about 14 inches high on wet ground, with a iridescent stein. 20—15. Cupressus. 51. 100. thyoides, Wm. (white cedar. D. C. M. h.) branchlets '1) Zizipl.oranr.arhm, Its. W 2 258 CUSCUTA, CYNARA. compressed : leaves imbricate four ways, ovale, tuber- cled at the base : strobile globular. 5—2. Cuscuta. 54. 53. americana, W. (dodder. O. w. Au. #.) flowers peduncled, umbellcd, 5-cleft : stigma capitate. A bright yellow leafless vine, twining around other weeds in damp pla- ces. In some parts' of New-England it is called gold- thread vine. europea (T. w. Au. #.) flowers sub-sessile : stigma acute : stamens mostly 5. Grows at Schenectady, N. Y. Tracy. 22—6. Cyathus. 58. 1. striatuS (tunnel fungus) dark brown, villous, striate with- in, chesnut-brown. On the earth and fallen branches in woods late in autumn. dla, cinereous outside or becoming sooty-yellow, sub- tomentose ; lead-livid within. nitidus (birdnest fungus) campanulate, grey, tomentose, margin at length revolute; shining lead-colour within, striate with concentric zones. In sand and on wood in summer and autumn. crucibulum, sub-cylindric,indurated, sub-tomentose ochre yellow. In pine woods, rarely in gardens, on branch- es, chips, &c 19—1. Cymribium. 7. 21. pnlchellum, Sw. (1) (grass pink, 0. r. Ju. %.) leaves radi- cal, ensiform, nerved : scape few-flowered : lip erect, slender at the base ; lamina spread ; disk concave, bearded. 18—1. Cynara. 49. 54. cardunculus (cardoon. E. if.) leaves spinose, all pinnati- fid : scales of the calyx ovate. scolymus (garden artichoke. E. if .^leaves sub-spinosc, pinnate : scales ofthe calyx ovate. (1) Limodorum tuberosum, h. Calopogon pulchellum, Br. 5£e Corallorhiza. CYNOGLOSSUM, CYPERUS. 253 5—i. Cynoglossum. 41. 42. ..; officinale (hound tongue. 0. p. Ju. % .) very soft-pubes- cent : leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile : panicled-ra- cemes. ; amplexicaule, Mx. (I) (W.V. P. w. &b. J.lf. ) very hirsute : leaves oval-oblong ; upper ones clasping : corymbs terminal, leafless, long-peduncled. S—2. Cynodon. Rd. 4. 10. dactylon (2) (flat finger-grass. O. Ju.lf.) spikes digitate : flowers imbricate in a single series, solitary. A creep- ing grass, and grows best on dry sandy land. 3—i. Cyperus. 3. 9. 1. Spikelets aggregate. bricolor, M. (P. Au.) umbel compound ; rachis angular : spikelets compressed, lanceolate, acute : scales lanceo- late, purple on the margin, obtuse : pistil long, 2-cleft: seed oval, ash-colour, smooth : involucre 3-leaved, much longer than the umbel. Vid, Barton's Flo. Phil. poaeformis, Fh. (O. g-p. Au) spikelets oblong, flat, fasi- cle-corymbed ; fasicles sessile and peduncled : invol- ucre 3-leaved, very long. uncinatus, Ph. (3) (0. J. o .) little heads sub-globose, glomerate : spikelets linear, about 8-flowered ; valves lanceolate, recurve-acuminate: involucre about 2-leav- ed, very long. 2. Umbels with elongated rays ; spikelets terminal, urn- belted- tenuis, Vahl. (C.) umbel terminal, simple : involucre 3 or 4-leaved, longer than the spikelef s. rough at the apex : peduncles unequal : spikelets lanceolate, alternate, yellow, acute, 10 to 17-flowered, bracted, at the base. Swamps. hrizaeus, Rd. (C. Ju. If.) spikelets oblong-ovate, obtuse: umbels crowded, leafless : leaves narrow. inflexus (P. Ju.) umbels 3-leaved, simple : spikes 3, (1) virginianum. L. (2) Digitaria dactylon, M. Panicum dactylon, L. (3) inflexus, M. 160 CYPERUS. ovate, one sessile, the others peduncled,conglomerate; spikelets oblong, green, compressed, 7-flowered j plant sweet-scented. 3. Umbels with elongated raijs ; spikelets alternate. phymatodes, M. (P.Au.lf.) umbels simple or decompound, rayed : involucre 3 to 9-leaved, unequal ; three of the leafets v ery long, scabrous at the margin : peduncles compressed : spikelets 2-ranked linear ; lower ones compound, upper ones simple, 15-flowered : bracts linear. erythrorhizus, M. (1) (0. Au. #.) umbel decompound, 3- leaved ; umbellets mostly wanting : involucre 3 to 6- leaved, very long, scabrous: spikelets alternate, linear, approximate, long, horizontal, 12-fiowered, terete com- pressed. parviflorus, M. (P. D. V. Au.) umbel compound : involu- cre 3-leaved, longer than the peduncles : peduncles glabrous, many (6 to 10) 3-sided : spikelets 3, com- pressed, alternate, ovate, 8-flowered. Mud, &c. diandrus, Torrey, (C. Au.) culm obtusely three-corner- ed and weak ; umbel about 1-rayed, with the flowers in fasicles, involucre 3-leaved, 2 leaves much longer than the umbel : spikes chesnut-brown, lance-oblong, compressed, many-flowered (14—16 :) glumes acutish, keeled—stamens but 2 ; style bifid : seed ovate com- pressed. See Torry's catalogue, p. 90. flavcscens (C. P. Pittsfleld. Au. b .) spikelets lance-linear, crowded : involucre 3-leaved, longer than the 3-cleft umbel. Bog meadows, salt and fresh. stpgosus.V&ld. (O.g-y. Au.lf.) spikes oblong, lax; spike- lets subulate spreading, remotish : involucres nearly wanting : rays of the umbellets alternate. Meadows. 4. Umbels with short rays ; spikes digitate. caespitosus, Torrey. (C. Au. it-) culm acutely 3-cornci- ed : umbel radiate or sub-radiate, lax, rays short: in- volucre 4-lcaved, 2 of the leaves very long; spikes lance-linear, compressed, acute : stamens 2 : style 2- cleft, seed oblong, obtuse, compressed.' 5 to 12 inches high. Seed glabrous. Salt marshes. See Torrey'a catalogue of N. York plants, p. 89. (1) ttngosus, Sw. CYPRIPEDIUM, DALIBARDA. 261 19—2. Cypripedium. 7. 21. candidum, M. (white ladies' slipper. P. vv. M. U') stem leafy ; leaves lance-oblong : lobe of the style lanceo- late, obtusish : lip compressed, shorter than the lance- olate petals. parvflorum, Sy. (1) (C. P. y-g. M. If.) stem leafy : lobe of the style triangular, acute ; outer petals oblong- ovate, acuminate ; inner ones linear, contorted : lip shorter than petals, compressed. -•' pubescens, \V. (2) (yellow ladies' slipper. H. y. M. If.) stem leafy : lobe of the style triangular-oblong, obtuse : outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate ; inner ones very long, linear, t outorted : lip compressed, shorter than the petals. Woods. ■■ spectabile, W. (3) (gay ladies' slipper. W. T. C. V. P. w. & p. J. if.) stem leafy : lobe ofthe style oval-cordate, obtuse : outer petals broad-oval, obtuse : lip longer than the petals, split before. Woods. 1 humile, W. (4) (low ladies' slipper. O. w. &. p. M. %.) scape leafless, 1-flowered : leaves radical, in pairs, ob- long, obtuse libe of the style round-rhomboid, acu- minate, deflexed ; lip longer than the lanceolate petals, split before. Woods. arietinum, A. (Can w. r. g. M. 2£.) stem leafy : lobe of the style orbicular, obtusish ; petals 5, 2 lower ones lance-linear, deflected, lateral ones linear, horizontal, upper one ovate-oblong, acute ; lip of the length ofthe petals, ob-conic before, saccate. Damp. D. 3—2. Dactylis. 4. 10. glomerata (orchard grass. 0. J. if.) panicle one-sided, glomerate. 12—13. Dalibarda. 35. 92. ■; repens, Lk. (5). (H. w. J. 21.) villose : having creeping shoots : leaves simple, cordate, crenate : peduncles 1- flowercd. (1) calceolus, Mx. (3) canadense, Mx. album, A. reginae, Wr, (2) flavescens, Redoute calceolus, Wr. (4) acaule, A. (5) violacoides, Mx. Kubus dalibarda, W. 562 DALIBARDA, DAUCUS. fragaroides, Mx (l)(dry strawberry. H. y. M. if.) leaves ternate : leafet' wcdg>vfo;m, giudi-serrate, ciliate: peduncles many-flowered : tube of the calyx obconic. 3—2. Daxthonia. Dc 4. 10. spicata (2) (wild oats. O. J. y..) leaves subulate, short; the radical ones often hairy on the upper side : stipuies obsolete, ciliate: raceme simple or divided near the base : spikelets 4 to 9 : calyx longer than the spike- lets : florets 6 or 7. sericej (D. Ju.) culm erect: raceme compound ; branch- es 2 and 3-flowered, spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flow- ered somewhat shorter than the calyx : valves of the corol very unequal, outer lanceolate densely vil- lose on the margin, bristly-2-eleft at the apex, with a central twisted awn : inner valve ciliate, much shorter. 8—1. Daphne. 31. 25. mexereum (mezereon. E. M. \ .) flowers sessile, cauline, in threes : leaves lanceolate. edora (sweet mezereon. E. w. Ap. \ .) having many flow- ers in little terminal heads; leaves scattered, lance-ob- long, glabrous. 21—13. Datisca. 54. hirta, W. (false hemp. P. y. if.) stem hirsute : leaves pinnate : leafets running together at the base. Flow- ers small, panicled. 5—1. Datura. 28. 41. Stramonium (thorn apple. Y. T. C. P. w-b. An. ©.) peri- carps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves ovate, glabrous. Odour very disagreeable. iatula (C. T. P. Y. b. Ju. ©.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves cordate, glabrous, toothed. 5—2. Daucus. 45. 60. carota (carrot. E. w. Ju. % .) seeds hispid : petioles ner- ved underside : divisions of the leafets narrow-linear, acute. (I) Uryas trifoliate, Pallas. (2) Avena spicata, C. DEDALEA, DENTARIA. 263 22—6. Dedalea. 58. 1. quercina, coriaceous, pale-woody : pileus regular, glab- rous ; laminae branch-sinuate with the hollows large. On trunks of oaks, &c. 22—4. Delesseria. 57. 2. alata, stem compressed : leaves pinnate, confluent, rib- bed, linear, entire. In the sea. 13—5. Delphinium. 26. 61. ; consolidum (larkspur, E. b. Ju. 0.) nectaries 1-leavcd : stem subdiv ided. ajacis (rocket larkspur, E. b. Au. #.) nectary 1-leaved : stem simple. exaltatnm, W. (l) (P. b. Ju. If.) nectary 2-leaved ; lip oblong, 2-cleft; divisions lanceolate, equal : leaves 3- parted, divisions 3-cleft. azureum, VV. (2) (Southern states, b. M. 21.) stem stiffly erect : leaves linear, many cleft: flowers spiked : pe- tals very downy : spur arched. staphisagria (E. b. % .) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals : leaves palmate, with obtuse lobes. 15—2. Dentaria. 39. 63. diphylla, Mx. (tooth root, trickle, pepper-root. 0. y. & r. M. if.) stem with 2 leaves near each other; which are ter- nate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed: root tooth- ed. The root is white, brittle, and has a strong taste re- sembling the horse-radish. ' laciniata, W. (3) (New-England. C. P. Niagara, p. M. if.) leaves in threes, ternate; leafets 3-parted, linear-ob- long, gash-toothed ; root tuberous, moniliform. heterophylla, N. (P. p. w. J.) stem 2-leaved ; leaves ter- nate, petioled, leafets linear, sublanceolate, acute, en- tire, margin rough, ciliate ; radical leafets ovate-ob- long, coarsely gash-toothed. Very small. Always one radical leaf with a long petiole. (1) trydactylum, Mx. urceolatum, Jn. (2) carolinianum, Wiv (3) concatenate, Mx. -364 DIANTHUS, DICRANUM. 10—2. Dianthus. 39. 63. barbatus (sweet william. E. r. & w. Ju. if.) flowers fasci- cled : scales ofthe calyx ovate-subulate, equalling the tube: leaves lanceolate armeria(pink. New-Jersey ? r. Ju. #.)flowers aggregate, fascicled : scales of the calyx lanceolate, villose, equal- ling the tube. caryophyllus (carnation. E. r. & w. if.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub-rhomboid, very short : petals crenate, beardless : leaves linear-subulate, channelled. By rich culture the stamens mostly change to petals. chinensis (china pink E. Ju. #) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx subulate, spreading, leafy, equalling the tube : petals crenate : leaves lanceolate. plumarius (single pink. E. r. & vv. 11.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub-ovate, xevy short and obtuse, awnless : corol many-cleft, with the throat hairy. 5—1. Diapexsia. 21. 43. lapponica, W. (1) (Whitehills. Bw. w. Ju. %.) leaves spa- tulate, glabrous : anthers oblique, awnless. cuneifolia, Sy. (2) (Whitehills. Peck. C. w. J. ^ .) leaves lance-wedge-form, pubescent below : anthers horizon- tal, beaked at the base. 22—1. Dicksonia. 55. 5. pilosiuscula, W. (3) (fine-haired fern. O.) frond doubly- pinnate ; leafets lance-oblong, pinnatifid ; divisions gash-toothed at the upper margin : stem sub-pilose. 22—2. Dicranum. 56. 4. 1. Capsule with apophyses. cervicidatum, monoecious : stem simple : leaves capilla- ry, without nerves, spreading, lax: capsule ventricose, erectish ; apophysis gibbose. virens, stems divided ; branchlets erect, sub-divided: leaves clasping at the base, linear, flat, spreading, coiled : capsules nodding, at length curved: appohysi? wen-like. (1) obtusifolia, Sy. (2) Fyjidanthera barbulata, M*. t» pubescens, S!i DICRANUM. 265 fragile, stem erect, ramose, very fragile : leaves erect, densely crowded together, somewhat whorled, lance- ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, with the margin undulat- ed : capsule nodding, elongated ; apophysis wen-like, at length striate. 2. Capsules without apophysis, or truncated processes on theforcside ofthe base. (Leaves turned to one side.) scoparium, stem ramose : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled, falcate : pedicels sheathed, solitary : lid long- beaked. condensatum, stem short simple : leaves lance-oblong, mucronate with extended fascicular points : capsules nodding ; lids subulate. On the earth. heteromallum, stem sub-simple : leaves capillary one- nerved, dilated at the base : capsule ovate ; lid long- beaked. erthocaipon, small ; stem short, simple : leaves setaceous, dilated at the base ; peduncle lateral, longish : capsule suberect, oblong ovate ; lid beaked. varium, stem sub-simple : leaves somewhat one-sided, lower ones lanceolate, upper ones subulate : capsules urceolate, somewhat nodding ; lid conic. (Leaves not one-sided.) xanthodon,^minute, leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate: capsules ovate ; teeth of the peristome yellow. polycarpon, stem ramose : leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, investing the stem on all sides : capsule obovate, erectish, furrowed. On rocks in mountains. glancum, small : stem ramose, thick with a dense folia- tion ; leaves glaucous, convex-channelled : capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate ; lid slenderly subulate, sub-inflexed. 3. Capsules with tmncated prominences on the forcside of the base. purpureum, stem dichotomous : leaves lanceolate, twist- ed woen dry, furnished with a purple nerve ; capsule oval; lid conic. X 266 DIDYMODON, DIGlTARIA. 22—2. DiDYMODON. 56. 4. rigidulum, leaves lanceolate, cuspidate fro m the middle nerve, somewhat rigid : lid subulate, a little curved. 5—l. Diervilla. 48. 58. humilis, P. (1) (bush honeysuckle. O. y. Ju. \ .) pedun- cles axillary and terminal, dichotomous, 3-flowered : leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate. Variable in size, 1 foot to 6. 14—2. Digitalis. 40. 40. purpurea (foxglove. E. p. Ju. % .) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute : corol obtuse : upper lip entire : leaves lance-ovate rugose. intermedia (E. p. Ju.) leafets of the calyx lanceolate, equal : corol slightly pubescent; upper lip emargin- ate, 2-cleft : leaves pubescent at the margins and base. Both species are powerful diuretics and absorbents.— The purpurea is extensively cultivated by the Shakers near Albany. 3—2. Digitaria. 4. 10. sanguinalis, M. (2) (finger-grass. 0. g-p. Ju. #.) spikes many: flowers imbricate, in pairs : sheaths and leaves papillose-pilose : culm creeping. paspaloides, Mx. (3) (C P. Au. k>.) spikes in pairs, sub- villose at the base : rachis broadish, glabrous : flow- ers solitary, imbricate two ways, glabrous : leaves spreading; sheaths glabrous, villous at the neck : culm creeping. filiformis,'M. (4) (C. D. P. Ju. 0.) racemes terminal, in pairs and threes, alternate, pilose at the base, erect; rachis flexuose, glabrous, florets 1 to 4, pedicelled: one valve ofthe calyx 3-nerved, the other 5-nerved : seeds black: leaves glabrous beneath : lower sheaths hairy, upper ones glabrous : culm strait, with dark glabrous joints. (1) lutea, Ph. tournefortii,Mx. canadensis, M. Lonicera diervilla, L (2) Panicum sanguinale, L. (3) ischaemum, M. Paspalus digitaria, Pt. (4) pilosa i Mx, Milium panicum, Sw. Paspalus, filiformis, Rj. DILATRIS, DIPS AC US. 267 3—1. DlLATRIS. 6. 18. tinctoria, Ph. (1) (red root C y. Ju. %.) petals lanceolate, downy outside: panicle corymbed, downy: leaves long, naked, linear. 10—1. Dionaev. 20. 68. muscipula, W. (Venus' flytrap. Southern states, w. Ju. if.) radical leaves with terminal ciliate appendages, somewhat resembling a rat-trap. This is suddenly closed, on being irritated. Swamps. 21—6. Dioscorea. 11. 12. sillosa (2) (yam-root. P. C J. 21.) leaves alternate, oppo- site and whorled, cordate acuminate, pubescent be- neath, 9-nerved, lateral nerves simple. Stem climbing. glauca, M. (P. J. if.) leaves glaucous, glabrous, cordate,' acuminate, 9-nerved, in fours, alternate. Stem twining. 21-rlS. Diospyros. 18. 50. virginiana (pcrsimon, seeded plum. C. P. w-y. M. T?-) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate glabrous, reticulate- veined ; petioles pubescent : buds glabrous. 22—2. Diphyscium. 56. 4. foliosum, stemless : capsule sub-sessile : leaves lance- linear. 22—2. Diplocomium. 56. 4. longisetum, caulescent: leaves gradually narrow-acute, upper ones subulate-acuminate from a broad base : pe- duncle very long ; lid conic, the setaceous teeth of the inner peristome about 4 times as long as those of the outer peristome. 4—1. DlPSACUS. 48. 56. fullonum (teasel. E. w. Ju. % .) leaves sessile, serrate: chaff hooked. sylvestris (wild teasel. P. C. Sheffield, Mass. Ju. $.) (1) heritiera, B. Heritiera gmelini, Mx. (2) paniculata, Mx. I 268 DIRCA, DRABA. leaves connate sinuate : chaff strait: head involucred. Very abundant in Pompey, N. York. 8—1. DlRCA. 31. 25. palustris(leather-wood, moose-wood, american mezereon. O. y. Ap. h .) leaves oval: flowers axillary, 2 or 3 in a hairy, bud-like involucre. Small bush—bark very tough. Woods. 5—1. DODECATHEON. 20. 34. meadia, W. (false-cowslip. P. p. M. it-) leaves oblong- oval, repand-toothed : umbels many-flowered, lax: bracts oval. Woods near rivers. integrifolium, Mx. (P. b. J. 21.) leaves spatulate, entire : umbels few-flowered,strait : bracts linear. 17—10. Dolichos. 32. 93. pmriens (cowage or cowitch. E. p. #•) twining : leaves hairy beneath : legumes in racemes, valves slightly keeled, hairy ; peduncles in threes. puiyureus (wild cowhage. P. p. ®.) twining, stem glab- rous : petioles pubescent: corol with spreading wings. 18—2. Dorojjicum. 49. 55. nudicanle, Mx. (1) (leopard's bane. P. y J. if.) stem near- ly leafless : in some the peduncles are divided at the top : leaves decussate, opposite, oblong-ovate. 15—1. Draua. 39. 63. verna (whitlow grass. C. P. w. Ap. ®.) scape naked, • leaves oblong acute, sub-serrate, rough-haired : petals bifid : stigma sessile. umbellata, M. (2) (C p. w. Ap. ©.) scape naked : leaves oval, acute, very hirsute : silicles long-linear, glab- rous, approximate. arabisans, Mx. (P. New-England. M. %.) stem leafy, somewhat branched : radical leaves wedge-lanceolate; cauline ones lanceolate ; all acute, divaricate-toothed : silicles acuminate with the permanent style, (1) acule.Wr. Arnica claytoni, Ph. (2 caroliniana, Wr. hispidula, Ms- DRACAENA, DULICHIUM. 269 6—l. Dracaena, ll. 12. orealis, W. (1) (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness plant. H. g. y. J. if.) sub-caulescent: leaves oval-obovate, margin ciliate : scape pubescent: umbel corymbed, sometimes proliferous : pedicels naked, nodding. (2) 14—1. Dracocephalum. 40. 40. virginianum, W. (dragon-head. P. p. Au. %.) spikes elongated, with the flowers crowded : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal, short ; leaves linear- lanceolate, serrate. canariense (balm of gilead herb. E.) flowers spiked : leaves ternate oblong denticulatum, W. (3) (P. p. Ju.lf.) spikes elongated, with remote flowers : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal: leaves obovate-lanceolate, toothed above. Bracontium, see Ictodes. 5—5. Drosera. 20. 68. rotundifolia (sundew. 0. y-w. Au. 21.) scape simple ; leaves nearly orbicular, narrowed at the base; petioles long downy. Wet or damp. longifolia (4) (Y. P. C. y-w. Ju. if.) scape simple ; leaves spatulatc-obovate ; petioles long, naked. Wet. filiformis, R. (5) (D p. J. if.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous : leaves very long, filiform : styles 6 to 9. Wet. 3—1. Dclichium. (6) 3. 9. spathaceum, Rd. (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. If..) culm 3-corn- ered, leafy : spikelets spreading, about 6-flowercd. Wet. (1) Convallaria umbellata, Mx. the best name. Smilacina borealis, Ph or probably his S. umbellata. (2) Tiiis is the Clintonia nutans of Mr. Rafinesque. My personal obligations to Mr. Clinton would certainly induce me to unhe in any act of justice to Ids literary and scientific merit. But to '>id in an at- tempt to force his name upon an old genius, would not comport vvitU my views of propriety, and I am sure it would be offensive to him. (3) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (5) tenuifolia, M. f4) americana, M. (6) Scuoemes, c. Scirpus, Mx. Cyperus, W. X 2 270 ECHINOPS, ELYMUS. E. 18—5. Echinops. 49. 54. sphaerocephalus (globe thistle. E.) leaves pinnatifid : stem branching. 5—1. Echium. 41. 42. vulgare (viper's bugloss, blue thistle. C P. b. Ju. %.) stem tuberculate-hispid : cauline leaves lanceolate his- pid ; flowers spiked, lateral. 18—5. Elephantopus. 49. 55. carolinianus, W. (l) (elephant-foot. P. Collins, r. Au. %.) leaves radical and cauline oblong, narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides : stem simple, erect, pilose. 3—2. Eleusine. 4. 10. indica, Mx. (2) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. C. P. Ju ©.) glabrous : sheaths compressed, pilose at the neck : spikes digitate, long-linear strait; spikelets about 6-flowered: flowers lanceolate. 3—2. Eltmus. 4. 10. villosus (wild rye, limegrass. O. Ju. 11.) spikes erect; spikelets 3-flowered, awned, villose, ternate : calyx awned, exceeding the spikelets. canadensis (O. Ju. %.) spike nodding, spreading ; spike- lets 6-flowered, awned ; lower one ternate, upper ones binate. virginicus (0. J. %.) spike erect; spikelets 3-flowered, awned ; glabrous, in pairs : calyx lanceolate, nerved, equalling the spikelets. striatns (W.T.P. Ju.lf.) spike erect; spikelets 2-flowered awned, hispid, in pairs : rachis pubescent; involucre 4 to 6-leaved, leaves 2-nerved, pubescent, awned : calyx linear, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the spikelets : leaves and sheaths glabrous. hystrix (P. V. C. Ju. if.) spike terminal erect; rachis scabrous ; spikelets 6 to 9-flowered, diverging : involu- cre 1 or 2-leaved, lateral leafets linear of the lengtb (1) scaber, Mx. (2) Cynosurus indica, L, ELYMUS, EPILOBIUM. 27i of the corol: leaves lanceolate, glabrous with scabrous margins ; sheaths glabrous. One variety has pube- scent sheaths. glaucifolius, W. (1) (C. T. W. V. P. Ju. if.) spike nod- ding, somewhat spreading, with a compressed rachis having a pubescent margin ; spikelets ternate below and binate above, 2 and 3-flowered : involucre 4 or 5- leaved : sheaths nerved, glabrous. 21—3. Empetrum. 18. 51. nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. Whitehills. Bw. Ju. h •) procumbent : branchlets glabrous : leaves oblong, gla- brous, with a revolute margin. 22—5. Endocarpon. 57. 2. hedwigii, frond sub-cartilaginous, roundish-angled and lobed, somewhat olive-coloured ; under side pale at the edge,then dark-coloured and fibrous : the little mouths sub-prominent, dark sooty-yellow. On naked earth, rocks and sides of mountains. Var. lachneum, has the frnnd with aggregated sub-imbricated lobes ; margin elevated, repand lobed, undulated, dark woolly beneath. muhlenbergii, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliace- ous, orbicular, peltate, obscurely tawny-green, thin, ru- gose-plicate and somewhat in chinks ; dark tawny and tubercled beneath : little mouths convex. miniatum, frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, peltate becoming cinereous, repand at the periphery, flexuose-plicate ; beneath smooth becoming rugose and yellowish : little mouths minute, few, sub- approximate, tawny. 10—1. Epigaea. 18. 51. repens (trailing arbutus. O. r. & w. Ap. \ .) stem creep- ing : branches and petioles very hirsute : leaves cor- date, entire : corol cylindric. 8—1. Epilobium. 17. 88. spicatum, P (2) (willow-herb. H. p. Ju. 21.) leaves scat- tered, lance-linear, veiny, glabrous : flowers unequal : (1) phiiadelphicus, Sw. (2) angustifolium, TV. 272 EPILOBIUM, EQUISETUM. stamens declined. This species grows from 4 to 6 feet high. lineare. M. (1) (0. w. &r. Ju. if.) stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, branched above : cauline leaves opposite, branch leaves alternate, linear, very entire : flowers few, terminal, long peduncled. Flowers small coloratum M. (3) (O.r.Ju. if.) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite; upper ones al- ternate, glabrous, red-veined. Var. tetragonum, has the stem 4 cornered part of its length. Damp or wet. palustre, W. (W. P. Ju. 21.) stem terete : leaves sessile, lanceolate, sub-denticulate: stigma undivided. Damp. alpinum (Whitehills. w-r Au. if.) stem simple, sub-te- rete, I or 2 flowered : leaves opposite, oval, entire ; flowers sessile. Very minute. Epipactis, See Listera. 14—2. Epiphegus. N. (3) 40. 35. virginianus (4) (beech drops, cancer-root. 0. y. p. Ju. if.) stem very branching : flowers alternate, distant : ca- lyx short, cup-form shorter than the capsule. The whole plant is yellowish-white and of a naked appear- ance. I have retained the old specific name, for there is a species of Orobanche in our district called ameri- cana ; and this genus being taken from that, it would be a violation of a Lineati rule to follow Nuttall in naming this plant americanus. Barton says, this plant is an astringent; and that it is useful in cases of indo- lent ulcers and perhaps cancers, applied externally. 22—1. Equisetum. 55. 6. arvense (horsetail. O. Ap. U.) barren stems with simple branches ; the brant lies scabrous, 4-sided : fructifica- tion simple: sheaths cylindric gash-toothed, teeth acute. sylvaticnm, W. (0. Ap. if.) barren and fertile stems doubly-branched : branches scabrous, deflected, 4-sid- ed ; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. uUginosum (D. P. W. M. If.) stem sub-ramose : branches (1) oliganthum, Mx. rosmarinifolium, Ph. squamatum, N. (2) levigatum, Le Coute. (3) Orobanche, L. (4) americanus, N EQUISETUM, ERIGERON. 273 generally in fours, 4-sided, glabrous : spike terminal, cylindric. Wet or damp. torreyanum, Stewart (C.) stems branched ; branches thick, roughish, hexagonal, close-pressed to the stem : spike terminal. Vide Stewart's article in the Werne- rian Transactions ; wherein he dedicates this new spa- des to Dr. John Torrey of New-York. palustre, Sh. (D. M. 2J..) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate : branches pentagonal, bearing spikes at their apexes. scirpoides, Mx. (C. W.V. D. Ju.lf.) stem simple, ascend- ing, glabrous, filiform, bearing a spike at the top: sheaths 3 toothed ; teeth withering, with caducous awns at the apex Wet. hyemale, Sh. (scouring rush. 0. Ju. if.) stems erect, very scabrous, bearing spikes at the apex : sheaths 2-col- oured, withering at the base and apex : teeth with ca- ducqps awns. 8—1. Erica. 18. 51. pubescens (downy heath. E. r. M.) corol linear, pubes- cent, with the limb erect: capsule glabrous : leaves fringed. . tttralix (E. h.) anthers awned : corol ovate ; style in- closed : leaves in fours, ciliate : flowers in heads. 5—2. Erigenia. N. 45. 60. bulbosa (1) (bulbous navel wort. P. g-w. Ap. 21.) leaf so- litary, radical, biternate, segments many-cleft: scape terete, with an involucre-like leaf. 4 or 5 inches high. Anthers dark purple. 18—2. Erigeron. 49. 55. oanadense (2) (fleabane, pride-weed. O. vv. Ju. 0.) stem hispid, panicled : leaves lance-linear, ciliate : calyx cylindric : rays crowded, short. Flowers small.— Plant strong-scented. Powdered leaves useful in stop- ping blood. . ., strigosum, M. (P. C. W. w. Ju. % .) str.gose-pdose : leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; in the mid- dle are a few coarse teeth or it is entire : flowers co- rymb-panicled. (1) sison bulbosum, Mx. Hydrocotyle bipinnate, M. composite and ambiguu, Ph. (2) pusillum, N. 274 ERIGERON, ERIOCAULON. heterophyttnm, M. (1)(0. w. J. % .) radical leaves round- ovate, deeply-toothed, petioled ; cauline ones lanceo- late, acute, serrate in the middle : corymb terminal. philadelphicum (0. b-p. Au. if.) pubescent: leaves wedge- oblong, rarely gash toothed ; cauline ones half-clasp- ing : stem weak, simple, corymbed above : peduncles elongated, 1 flowered : rays capillary, twice as long as the hemispheric calyx. purpurenm, A. (P. W. V- C. p. Ju. if.) pubescent : leaves oblong, toothed, clasping: upper ones entire : pedun- cles thickened, corymbed ; lower ones elongated : scales of the calyx hairy on the keel : rays twice as long as the calyx. bellidifolium, W. (2) (0. b. & vv. M. ll.) hirsute, hoary: radical leaves obovate, sub-serrate ; cauline ones few, distant, lanceolate, entire : stem about 3-flowered : rays long. 22^—6. Erineum. 58. 1. acerinnm, depressed, broadish, reddish-tawny^at first thick clotted and pale. fagineum, sub-immersed, compact, sub-elliptic, ches* nut brown. pyrinum, oblong, lax, chesnut-brown. 20—3. Eriocaulon. 6. 13, pellucidum, Mx. (pipewort. O. g. Au. u.) scape very slender, about 7-striped : leaves linear-subulate, chan- nelled, glabrous, pellucid, 5-nerved, transversely stri- ate : head small globose : scales of the involucre oval- obtuse. Grows in water from six to twelve inches high. decangulare, Mx. (3) (tall pipewort. P. D. S. 2i.) scape 10-striped : leaves ensiform, glabrous : heads large, depressed-globose : scales ofthe involucre ovate,acute: chaff of the receptacle mucronate. Three or four feet high. gnaphahoides, Mx. (4) (Sheffield, Mass. D- Ju.lf.) scape (1) Aster annuus, L. (2) pulchellum, Mx. (3) serotinum, Wr. C4) decangulare, Wr. comp^essum, Lfc. ERIOPHORUM, ERYNGIUM. 2/5 sub-compressed, with 10 grooves : leaves short, subu- late-ensiform. glabrous : heads hemispheric-convex: the involucre consists of shining scarious, oval, round- obtuse scales. 3—l. Eriophorum. 3. 9. xirghncum (cotton grass. C. P. J. U-) culm terete, leafy: leaves flat : spikes crowded, sub-sessile, shorter than the involucre. In bog-meadows, as all the following species are. angustifolium (0. J. if.) culm leafy, terrete : leaves 3- sided, channelled : spikes peduncled : seeds ovate. polystachium (I) (C. V. P. Ju. if.) culm leafy, terete: leaves flat: spikes peduncled : seed ovate. cespitosum (P. V. Stockbridge, Mass. J. %.) culm 3-corn- ered above : spikes simple, oblong ; scales scarious. Very slender—8 to 14 inches high. On marshes in Stockbridge, and in Castleton, Vt. 16—5. Erodium. 14. 73. ciconium (stork-bill geranium. E. ©.) peduncle many- flowered : leaves pinnate : leafets pinnatifid, toothed : petals oblong, obtuse : stem ascending. cicutarium (hemlock geranium. P.p. Ap. 0.) peduncles many flowered : leaves pinnate; leafets sessile, pinna- tifid, gashed : corol larger than the calyx : stem pros- trate hirsute. moschatum (musk geranium. E. ©.) peduncles many- flowered : leaves pinnate; leafets sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed : petals equalling the calyx : stem pro- cumbent. 17—io. Ervum. 32. 93. Ursutum, W. (2) (creeping vetch. C. Y. p. J. 0.) pedun- cles many flowered : legumes hirsute, 2-seeded : leaf- ets linear, obtuse. 5—2. Eryngium. 45. 60. ovalifolium, Mx. (3) (sea-holly. P.D. b. Ju. U-) simple; (1) vulgare, P. (2) Vicia mitchilla, R (3) virgatum, Lk mtegrifolium, Wr. \ 276 ERYNGIUM, EUPATORIUM. leaves heart-ovate, with very short petioles : heads all peduncled : leafets ofthe involucre chaffy and 3-clcft: stem wand-like, branching above not below. virginianum, Lk. (1) (P. C. Y. g. & b. Ju. 21.) very tall: leaves long lance-linear, serrate : branches linear, many-parted : leafets of the involucre longer than the head, chaffy, 3 to 5-cleft : heads panicled. 15—2. Erysimum. 39. 63. officinale (hedge-mustard. O. y. J. ©.) siliques close- pressed to the rachis ofthe spike : leaves runcinate. Erysimum, see Barbarea. 6—1. Erythronium. 11. 14. dens-canis, Mx. (2) (dog-tooth violet, adder's tongue. 0. y. Ap. u •) leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous, spotted. Scape 4 to 8 inches high. Woods. 5—1. Euonymus. 43. 95. atropurpureus, Jn. (spindle-tree. D. P. p. J. \.) leaves petioled, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate : peduncles divaricate, many flowered ; flowers 4-cleft : fruit smooth. Fruit red. americanus, W. (burning bush. D. P. r-y. J. k .) branch- es 4 angled : leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, ser- rate : peduncles about 3-flowered ; flowers all 5-cleft; fruit warty-muricate. Fruit red. Said to grow in New England. ebovntus, N. (P. p-g. J.) stem prostrate, rooting, twigs erect, obtusely 4-cornered : leaves broad-obovate, ob- tuse, acute at the base, sub-sessile, acutely serrate, flat, peduncles 3-flowered. About a foot high. Stamens. as well as petals, sometimes but 4. 18—2. Eupatorium. 49. 55. 1. Calyxes not more than 5-flowered. hyssopifolium, W. (hyssop-thoroughwort, heinpweed. C. (1) aquaticum, Mx. (2) lanceolaUim, Ph. longifolium, Ft. americanum, g EUPATORIUM. $7V w. Au. %.) leaves opposite, somewhat whorled, linear, entire, pubescent, 3-nerved, punctate; radical ones sub- dentate. About one foot high. sessilifolium, W. (P. C. W. Au. if.) leaves sessile, clasp- ing, distinct, lance-ovate, rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous : stem somewhat glabrous. About two feet high. Grows in rocky hills. truncatum, W. (P. Ju. h .) leaves sessile, clasping, dis- tinct, lanceolate, truncate at the base, serrate, some- what glabrous : stem pubescent. Resembles the last. : album, W. (P. Au. if.) leaves sub-sessile, lance-oblong, roughish, serrate, inner scales of the calyx long, lan- ceolate, scarious, coloured. About 18 inches high. -f lanceolatnm, W. (P. Au. if.) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, scabrous, deeply serrate : scales ofthe calyx one-coloured. Resembles the last. trifoliatum, W. (D. P. Au. if.) leaves petioled, in threes or fours, ovate, tapering to both ends, serrate roughish. Tall, not branched. teucrifolium, W. (1) (P.D. W. Au. if.) leaves sessile, dis- tinct, ovate, scabrous ; upper oneswith coarse teeth at the base and with the summit entire. About two feet high. melissioides,\f. (P. Au. if.) leaves petioled, ovate, ob- tusish, obtusely-serrate, veiny, somewhat glabrous. Resembling the last. fotundifolium, W. (P. Au. If.) leaves sessile, distinct, round-cordate, obtusely-serrate, veiny : scales of the calyx acuminate. About 12 to 18 inches high. pubescens, W. (2) (C. P. Au. if.) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, scabrous, veiny ; lower ones doubly-serrate, up- per ones sub-serrate, stem panicled, pubescent $ branches fastigiate. Not above two feet high. altissimum, W- (P. Au.2/.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to both ends, pubescent; lower ones sen ate in the middle. From 3 to 7 feet high. amoenum, Ph. (C. p. S. %.) leaves with short petioles, op« posite and in threes, lance-oblong, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, net-veined beneath : corymb fastigiate ; scales of the calyx oblong, colour- ed. 2 feet high. (1) pilosum, Wr. verbenaefolium, Mxt (5) glandulosum, Mx. 278 EUPATORIUM. ceanothifolium, W. (C. P. Au. if.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3-nerved, glabrous. Resembles, in general aspect, the New-Jersey tea. laevikatum, Torrey, (D. p.Au.H.) calyx mostly 5-flower- ed : leaves in fives, petioled, lanceolate, very glabrous both sides,slender: stem hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous. 5 or 6 feet high—stem marked with purple lines. Vid. Torrey's catalogue, p. 92. 2. Calyxes more than 5-flowered. purpurenm (purple thoroughwort, or joe-pye. (I) O.p. Au. If.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, lance ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish : stem hollow. 5 or 6 feet high. mamlatum (C. W. P. p. Au. U-) leaves in fours or fives, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath : stem solid, fur- rowed. Hardly so tall as the last. pimctatum, W. (P. D. p. Au. if.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous both sides: stem solid, terete. Hardly so tall as the last. virticillatnm, W. (joe-pye's weed. O. p. Au. %.) leaves in threes or fours, lance-ovate, wedge-format the base, unequally serrate, somewhat glabrous : stem solid, smooth. * 4 to 6 feet high. perfoliatum (2) (boneset. thoroughwort. 0. w. Au. if.) leaves connate-perfoliate, oblong-serrate, rugose, dow- ny beneath : stem villose. About 3 feet high. Ex- cellent tonic and diaphoretic B. Also a mild cathar- tic and emetic Hosack. coekstinum, W. (P. b. Au. if.) leaves petioled, heart- ovate, obtusish, 3-nerved, obtusely-serrate : flowers corymbed. ageratoides, W. (3) (0. w. Au. If.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous ; corymb many-flowered, spreading : calyx simple. About 2 feet high. (1) The two species, called joe-pye (from the name of an Indian) are in common use in the western counties f Massachusetts as dia- phoretics &c. in typhus fever. President Moore of William: Col. As- cribes his recovery from a very alarming fever to the liberal, and continued use of a tea made with the^e plants. (2) connatum, Mx. (3) urticaefolium, Mx. Ageratum altissimum, I/. EUPHORBIA. 379 11—3. Euphorbia. 38. 96. 1. Flowers not in involucred umbels. jiypericifolia, W. (l)(spurge. 0. Ju. #.)diehotomous,gla- ""bi'ous, very branching, sub-erect, spreading : leaves op- posite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub falcate : corymb ter- minal. 4 depressa, R. (2) (spotted spurge. O. vv Ju. c7>.) stem prostrate, spreading leaves opposite, serrate, oblong, hairy : flowers axillary, solitary : appendages to the calyx coloured. Leaves when young and in dry ground, spotted. dental i. Mx. (P. Ju. ©.) small, hirsute: leaves opposite, oval, dentate flowers crowded together at the sum- mit. Upper leaves spotted. polygonifolia, Ju. (C. P. Ju. %.) very glabrous, diffused : leaves opposite, entire, lance-linear, obtuse : flowers solitary, axillary ipecucuanhae, W. (D. P. Ju. If.) procumbent, small, gla- brous, leaves opposite, oboval or lanceolate ; peduncles axillary, elongated, l-flowered. Very long root- Emetic, a good substitute for the ipecac. B. portulncoides',W.(P- Jn. If •) erect : leaves entire : oval, retuse : peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, equalling the leaves. Flowers with involucred umbels. (3) ^lathyrus (spurge caper. E. J. % .) umbel 4-cleft, dichoto- mous : leaves opposite, entire, lanceolate, pointing four ways. peplas, W.(wild caper. P.Ju. ©.) umbel 3-cleft, dichoto- mous. involicels ovate ; leaves entire, obovate, petioled. mercurialina, Mx. (P.Ju. if.) stems slender, weak, leaves opposite or in threes, sub-sessile, oval, entire : pedun- cle s terminal, solitary, l-flowered. i eorotlata, W (C. T. P. Ju. 21.) umbel, 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotomous ; involucels and leaves oblong, 'b- tuse : petals obovate and resembling appendages of the calyx. (1) macu'ata, L. (2) maculata ? W. (3) This section comprizes the genus Esula, 2d 28a EUPHRASIA, FESTUCA. 14—2. Euphrasia. 40. 35. officinalis (eyebright. Can. P. w. Ju. ©.) leaves ovate, obtusely toothed: lower divisions of the lip emarginate. F. 20—13. Fagus. 50. 99. ferruginea, A. (red beach. O. y-w. M. \ .) leaves ovate- obsong, acuminate, pubescent beneath, coarsely tooth- er, at"the base obtuse, sub-cordate-oblique: nuts ovate, acutely 3-sided. Middling sized tree. sylvaiica, Mx. (white beach. O. y-w. M. if.)Iea'ves ovate, acuminate, slightly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acute at the base : nuts ovate 3-sided, obtuse mucro- nate. 3—1. Fedia. 48. 56. olitoria (lamb lettuce. E.) stem dichotomous : leaves lance-linear. Araaiata, Mx. (l) (wild lamb-lettuce. T. C. P. w. J. ®.) lea-es spatulate-oblong, sub-entire : fruit pubescent, about 4-sided, naked at the apex. I found it on th« side of the stage road between Troy and Albany. 3—2. Festuca. (2) 4. 10. elatior, S. (fescue-grass. O. J. it.) panicle nodding, very branching, lax ; spikelets lance-ovate, acute : florets at first cylindric and closed, spreading in maturity, ob- soletely nerved. poaeoides, Mx. (Can. Ju. 21.) panicle somewhat crowd- ed ; lower branches simple: spikelets alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, awnless : leaves flat, very glabrous. Jiuitans, Sr. (water-fescue. C. P. J. if.) panicle long, lax ; branches simple : spikelets close-pressed, linear-ter- ete, many-flowered ; florets awnless, striate : culm decumbent: leaves very glabrous. nutans, W. (New-England. C. P. Ju. 21.) branches ofthe panicle one-way, nodding, scabrous : spikelets ovate, compressed, about 6-flowered, acute, awned : leaves lance-linear. (1) Valeriana radiata, P. (2) Schenedorus, Hi. FESTUCA, F0NT1NALIS. 281 elandesiina, M. (C.) panicle concealed ; branches solita- ry ; one spikelet sessile, another peduncled : leaves with long sheaths, linear nerved ; stipules acuminate. tenella, W. (1) (C. W. P. J.#.) panicle very simple, one- way : spikelets about 9-flowered, awned : leaves line- ar-setaceous ; stipules 2-eared : culm 4-sided above, branching at the base. duriuscula, S. (C. J. if.) panicle one-wTay, diffuse : florets awned : culm terete : cauline leaves flat: root fibrous. rubra ? M. (P. %.) culm striate, red at the base, pubes- cent, geniculate, with dark-coloured joints : panicle contracted, erect and a little nodding ; rachis 3-sided, zigzag: spikelets lanceolate, terete, pedicelled, having pedicelled florets : leaves very long, with striate gla- brous sheaths. 21—3. Ficus. 53. 98. -^ carica (fig tree. E. g. Ju. h .) leaves cordate, 3 or 5-lobed, repand-toothed : lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubes- cent beneath. 22—2. Fissidens. 56. 4. hyoides, stem sliort: leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate ; pedicells terminal; capsules erect. In damp shades. Taxifolius, stem short: leaves facing 2-vvays, lanceolate, slenderly denticulate : capsules erect. In damp shades. adianthnides, stem elongated, ramose : leaves lanceolate, sheathed at the base : pedicells lateral; capsules sub- erect. In wet woods and meadows. 6—1. Floerkea. 15. 22. uliginosa, M. (2)(false mermaid. T.P. w-y.Ap.TJ.) leaves alternate; those under water ternate, those above wa- ter quinate-pinnate. Found in ditches between Albany and Troy, by Dr. E. James. 22--2. FONTINALIS. 56. 4. capillacea (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-awl-form, spread, longer than the capsule: sheath and peduncles long filiform. $1) bromoides, Mx. octoflora, Wr. (2) Nectri" pinnat?., Pli 282 FONTINALIS, FRAXINUS. antepijretica, stem branched, 3-sided : leaves facing three ways, lance-ovate, carinate, acute, pericheth obtuse. In water, both stagnant and flowing. 12—13. FoTHERGILLA. 50. 90. alnifolia, W. (1) (witch alder. Southern states, w. Ap. k •) leaves wedge-obovate,creiiate-toothed above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves sub-cordate. Var. acu- ta, has ovate acute leaves. 12—13. Fragaria. 35. 92. vesca (english strawberry. E. w. M. if.) calyx of the fruit reflexed : hairs on the petioles spreading, on the pe- duncle close-pressed. elatior (hautboy-strawberry. E. w. If.) calyx of the fruit reflexed : hairs on the peduncle and petiole spreading. granii/lora (pineapple-strawberry. E. w. if.) calyx of the fruit erect : hairs on the peduncle and petiole erect: leaves coriaceous, somewhat glabrous above. virginiana, W. (2) (wild strawberry O. w. M. if.) calyx of the fruit spreading : hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-pressed: leaves somewhat glabrous above. canadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry. Can, P. vv. M. If.) large : leafets broad-oval, lateral ones manifestly petioled : pedicels long, recurve-pendulous : recepta- cle of the seeds globose, honeycomb-scrobiculate, vil- lose. Is it a variety of virginiana ? 4—1. Frasera. 54, 46. caroliniensis, Wr. (3) (pyramid flower, columbo root. P. r. & y. Ju. o .) leaves whorled or opposite : flowers in clusters. From 3 to 6 feet high. Tonic bitter, mild cathartic and emetic. B. 21—2. Fraxinus. 44.37. acuminata, Lk. (4) (white-ash. O. vv-g. M. T?.) leafets petioled, oblong, shining, acuminate, very entire, glau- cous beneath : flowers calycled. (1) gardeni, Mx. (3) walteri, Mx. (2) glabra, Du HameL (4) con«ob>r, Mx. amerieana, W. FRAXINUS, FUCUS. 283 juglandifolia, W. (1) (walnut leaf ash, swamp ash. P. W. Al. b •) leafets petioled, ovate, opake, serrate, glau- cous beneath, axils ofthe veins pubescent : branchlets glabrous ; flowers calycled. pubescens, Wr. (2) (red-ash. P. M. h •) leasts petioled, oval-ovate, serrate, petioles and branchlets downy be- neath : flowers calycled. sambucifolia, Mx. (black ash. 0. M. h.) leafets sessile, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-shining, round oblique at the base, axils of the veins villose beneath : flowers naked, not calycled. epiptera, Vahl.(S) (P. D. Can. M. 1?.) leafets lance-oval, sub-serrate : samaras wedge-form, obtuse emarginate at the apex, terete below. platycarpa, W. (C. Ap. b .) leaves sub-sessile lance-ovalj leaves and samaras serrate outwardly. 6—1. Fritillaria. 10. 14. imperialis (crown imperial. E. r. &y. M. if.) flowers under a leafy crown, nodding : leaves lance-linear, en- tire. From Persia. maleagris (fritilIary, guinea-hen flower. E. p. & y. M. If.) leaves alternate, linear, channelled : stem 1-flow- ered : nectary linear. Flower checkered. 8—1. Fuchsia. 17. 88. 4- magellanica, Lk, (4) (ear-drop. E. r.) peduncles axillary, 1-flowered : leaves opposite or in threes, very entire. Flowers pendulous. 22—4. Fucus. 57. 2. siliquosus, stem compressed : branches 2-ranked, alter- nate : vesicles articulated, beaked ; receptacles beak- ed, lance-linear, compressed, petioled. In the sea, bearing fruit in the winter. nodosus, stem compressed : vesicles imbedded, some of them inflated ; receptacles sub-opposite, pear-form, peduncled. In the sea. vesicnlosus, frond flat, ribbed, linear, dichotomous, very entire : vesicles spherical, in pairs, imbedded in the (1) caroliniana, Wm. (2) tomentosa, Mx. (3) disotlor, Mx. (4) eoecinea, A. 284 FUCUS, FUNARIA. frond : receptacles terminal, thick oval. In the sea, large. Var. spiralis, frond slender, without vesicles, spirally twisted. At the mouths of rivers. lorens, stem very short, dilated into a cup, sending out a fusiform, dichotomus receptacle. In the ocean. 3—1. Fuirena. 3. 9- squamosa, Mx. (umbrella grass. D. 3u. 21.) flowers in simple umbels; spikelets ovate: culm glabrous : leaves ciliate, sheaths hairy. 22—6. Fuligo. 58. 1. rufa (soot fungus) cushioned, reddish-yellow : bark sub- rugose, fragile, sub-compact. On trunks in summer and autumn. Sometimes globose in the young state and sometimes hemispheric, from half an inch to an inch in diameter. flava, opening and roundish, yellow, with a cellular-fi- brous bark. On deciduous leaves, trunks, mosses, &c. in autumn. vaporaria, at first covered, veinvr, creeping; when mature broad-cespitose, thick, celluiar-fibrous, cinnamon-yel- low. Among pulverized bark, at first appearing like vapor, then fibrous and coriaceous. 17—6. Fumaria. 24. 62. officinalis (fumitory. Y. C. P. Gr.Barrington, Mass. r. J. 0.) stem branching, spread : leaves more than de- compound ; leafets wedge-lanceolate, gashed. 22—2. Funaria. 56. 4. hygrometica (hygrometer moss.) leaves ovate, acute, con- cave, entire, inflected : capsules swelling, drooping, pear-form ; pedicels very long, twisting spirally when dry. flavicans, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate : peduncle capillary, pale. muhlenbergii, leaves obovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread : capsule obovate, oblique. GALACTIA, GALIUM. 2BS- G. 17—10. Gaxactia. 32. 93. glabella, Mx. (1) (milk-way plant. D. P. r. & w. J. %,) prostrate, somewhat twining and glabrous : leaves ter- nate, oval-oblong, obtuse, emarginate at both ends : racemes axillary, simple, abbreviated, few-flowered -: legumes villose. Root long, fusiform. mollis, Mx. (2) (D. P. r. & w. Ju. if.) twining, having soft whitish pubescence : leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish, glaucous beneath : racemes axillary, simple, elongated, few-flowered : legumes villose. 6—1. Galanthus. 6. 17. nivalis (snow drop. E. w. Ap. %.) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical : scape l-flowered- 17—10. Galega. 32. 93. -virginiana (3) (goat's rue. T. V. P. Y.r. if.) erect, hav- ing whitish down : leafets (17 to 21) oval-oblong, acu- minate : raceme terminal, short, sub-sessile : legumes reversed falcate, villose : calyx woolly. Sandy alluvion. 14—1. Galeopsis. 42. 39. ^tetrahit (flowering nettle. 0. r. & w. Ju. #.) the spa- ces between the joints of the stem thicken upwards : the upper whorls nearer together : calyx prickly, a lit- tle shorter than the corol: stem rough-haired. 4—1. Gaiium. 47. 57. 1. Fruit glabrous. trifldum, W (4) (bedstraw. W. C. P. w. Ju. It.) stem procumbent, scabrous backwards : cauline leaves in fives, branch leaves in fours, linear, obtuse, scabrous at the margin and on the nerves : fasicles terminal, few-flowered ; pedicels short : corols mostly 3 cleft tinctorium (dyer's cleavers. 0. w. Ju. if.) stem diffuse, (1) Dolir.hos regularis, W. Ervum volubile, Wr. (2) Hedysarum volubile, W. (3) Plukenett, Tephrosia. virginica, P. (4) claytoni, Mx. 286 GALIUM. x | smoothish: cauline leaves in sixes, branch leaves in | fours, linear acutish ; margins and nerves with slender prickles : peduncles terminal, elongated, mostly 3-flow- ered. aspreUum. Mx. (rough bedstraw. O. w. Ju. if.) stem dif- fuse, very brandling, prickly backwards : caulihe leaves in sixes ; branch haves mostly in fours, lanceo- J Jafe, acuminate, margins and nerves prickly : branch- lets flower-bearing, many-flowered : pedicels sliort. | 2. Fruit hirsute. brachiatnm, Ph. (bedstraw. V. C. P. w. Ju. if.) stein limber, long, brachiate-ramose, -hispid ; branches short: leaves in sixes, lance-oblong, acuminate, gla- brous, margin and keel ciliate : branches whorled, i.he longest dichotomous : pedicels 2-flowere 1 : fruit with hooks. Pursh. bermudianum, W. (1) (P. T. p- Ju- %.) stem very branch- ing, scarcely pubescent: leaves in fours, ovate, obtuse, glabrous, margins and nerves pubescent, sometimes pellucid : branchlets floriferous, elongated : fruit with hooked bristles. i micranthum. Ph. (Can. C. P. w. Ju. If.) stem very branch- j ing. prickly backwards : leaves short, lanceolate, mu- cronate, glabrous, margin and keel prickly : pedicels about 2-flowered : fruit hispid. Flowers small, many. circaezuns, Mx. (2) (wild liquorice O. w-y. J. if.) stem erect, smooth : leaves in fours, oval, obtuse, glabrous, margins and nerves a little ciliate : peduncles few- flowered ; flowers remote, sub-sessile : fruit with hooked bristles. Leaves taste much like liquorice. iriflorvm. Mx. (0. vv Ju. K.) stem procumbent, smooth- i ish : leaves in fives or sixes, lance-obovate, mucronate, j glabrous, scarcely ciliate at the margin : branchlets 1 3-flowered at the end ; flowers pediceic J ; fruit small, I hispid. aparine, W. (C. P. w. J. % .) stem limber scabrous back- wards : leaves in about eights, lam e-Huear, mucronate, hispid above, margin and keel prickly : branchlets of the length of the leaves, about 3-flowered : fruit hook- bristled. (1) pcrpureum, Wr. puncticulosum, Mx. (2) brachiatum, M: GALIUM, GENISTA. £87 pilosnm, W. (C. T. P. N. p. J. if.) stem nearly simple, long, ascending, remotely geniculate, hispid": leaves in fours, oval, short-mucrmiate, very hirsute both sides, nerveless : branchlets nearly simple, about 3-flowered at the end : fruit pilose. strictum, Eddy, (l) (C. T. P. w. Ju. 21.) stem stiffly er- ect, smoothish, branching ; branches short, erect : leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-in'rved, with involute scabrous margins : flowers panicled croirded ; peduncles short, 3-flowered at the top, fork- ed, hispid. 10—1. Gaultheria. 18. 51. procumbens 'spicy wintergreen. 0. vv. J. if. or ^ .) stem procumbent ; branches erect: leaves obovate. acute at the base : flowers few, nodding. Berries red, consist- ing in part of the permanent calyx ; a little mealy, pleasant tasted. Stimulant and anodyne. B hispidula, M. (2) (ere ping wintei'seen. H. & N. w. M. b ) stem creeping, hispid, leaves oval, acute : flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile, having but 8 stamens, short-bell-form. Sensible properties like the last. 8—1. Gaura. 17. 88. biennis, W. (virginian loosestrife. T, P. Hudson, r. & y. Au. $ .) leaves lanceolate, toothed : spike crowded : fruit roundish-4-cornered, pubescent. 22—6. Geastrum. 58. 1. rufescens, rays many-cleft reddish; fruit sessile, gla- brous, pale. In pine woods. hygrometricum, rays many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown ; iruit reticulate, sessile, nearly of an uniform colour.— On gravelly soil, in spring and autumn. 17—io. Genista. 32. 93. tinctoria (dyer's broom. E. y. Au. if.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous : branches terete, striate, erect : legumes glabrous. (1) boreale, Ph. (2) tserpillifoUa, Ph. Vaccinium hispiduhim, L. Oxycoccus his- pidulus, P. Arbutus thymifoiia, A. filiformis, Lk. 288 GENTIANA, GEOGLOSSUM. 5—2. Gentiana. 20. 46. lutea (yellow gentian. D. y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved: corols about 5-cleft, wheel-form, whorled. Muhlenberg quotes Kalm, as an authority for this being found in New-Jersey. pneumonanthe, W. (calathian violet. P. Can. b. Au.-y.) stem terete : leaves lance-linear, obtusish : flowers terminal, fascicled ; lateral ones solitary, peduncled ; corol 5-cleft, bell-form, divisions roundish, inn|r folds with one acute tooth. sdponaria, W. (1) (soap-gentian. O. b. & w. S. if.) stem terete, glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, 3-nerved : flow- ers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary : corol 5- cleft, bell-ventricose, almost closed at the top : inner folds toothed. Damp. ochroleuca, W. (2) (C. D. P. y. & b. S. if.) stem some- what angled, roughish : leaves lance-ovate, roughish: flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal; corol 5-cleft, bell- ventricose ; divisfons acute, inner folds, simple, acute. linearis, W. (3) (P. b. Au. if.) stem roughish: leaves lance-linear, undulate, ciliate as the calyxes : flowers 5-cleft, bell-form,terminal, sessile, crowded; divisions , short, obtuse : interior folds denticulate. quinqueflora, W. (4) (H. &. T. b. Au. % .) stem 4-corner- ed, branching : leaves half-clasping, oval, acute, 3- nerved : flowers 5-cleft, bell-tubular w ith a glabrous throat, terminal and lateral, in threes or fives, sub-pe- dicelled, divisions lanceolate, acuminate : calyx short, narrow. angustifolia, Mx. (5) (D. b. S. if.) stem terete, simple, 1-flowered: leaves narrow-linear, spreading : corol 5- cleft, divisions oval, inner folds torn. crinita, W. (6) (fringed gentian. O. b. S. i/.)stem terete: 1 branches long, 1-flowered : leaves lanceolate, acute : I corol 4-cleft, divisions obovate, gash-ciliate, interior j folds simple. Damp. j 22—6. Geoglossum. 58—1. ' Ursutum, sub-fascicled, hirsute, black. ' (1) fimbriata, Vahl. Catesbaei, Wr. (2) saponaria,Wr. vitlosa, W. (3) puberula, Mx. (4) quinquefolia, L. amarelloides, Mx. ! fS) purpurea, Wr. (6) fibmta, Bot. rep. j GEOGLOSSUM, GERARDIA. 289 viride, fassicled, green ; clavate pileus obtuse : stipe scaly. 16. 10. GeraniUxM. 14. 73. '•■ sanguineum (bloody geranium. E.^f.) peduncle 1-flower- ed : leaves 5-parted, 3-cleft, orbicular : capsule brist- ly at the top. maculatum(crowfoot geranium, O. r. & b. J. if.) erect: pubescence reversed : stem dichotomous : leaves op- posite, 3 or 5-parted, upper ones sessile : peduncles 2- flowered : petals obovate. The root is a powerful as- tringent. B. carolinianum (D. w. r. Ju. £ .) diffuse, pubescent: leaves opposite, 5-lobed ; lobes 3-cleft, gashed : peduncles 2- flowered, sub-fascicled : petals emarginate, equalling in length the awned calyx : arils villose. columbinum (P. C. b. M. 1^.) peduncles 2-flowered, lon- ger that the leaves : leaves 5-parted ; lobes many- cleft, linear: petals emarginate, ofthe length of the awned calyx : arils glabrous. pusillum, W. (P. b. M. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered ; flow- ers pentandrous, petals emarginate of the length of the awnless calyx : leaves about 7-lobed, 3-cleft: arils pubescent. robertianum (herb robert. 0. r. J. % .) spread, hirsute : leaves opposite, ternate and quinate, 3-cleft-pinnatifid: peduncles 2-flowered : petals entire, twice as long as the awned calyx : aril net-veined. Several centuries ago, this plant was highly commended in hemorrhage, fresh wounds and old ulcers. dissetum, W. (D. r. J. #.) spread, hairy : leaves oppo- site, 5-parted, lobes 3-cleft, gashed, linear : peduncles 2-flowered> long : petals emarginate, the length of the awned calyx : aril with glandular hairs. Geranium, see Pelargonium and Erodium. 14. 2. Gerardia. 40. 40. -flava (false foxglove. 0. y. Ju. if.) pubescent: stem sim- ple : leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed j Z 290 GERARDIA, GEUM. lower ones sub pinnatifid, gashed : flowers axillary, opposite, subsessile. 2 or 3 feet high. glauca, Eddy. (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. O y. Ju. if.) gla- brous, stem glaucous, purple, panicle-like; loaves peti- oled, sinuate-pinnatifid with acute lanceolate divisions: upper leaves lanceolate entire. 3 to 5 feet high. pedicularia (lousewort foxglove. N. Y. C. P. y. S. %.) pubescent, brachiate-panicled : leaves oblong doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid : flowers axillary, oppo- site, pedicelled : divisions of the calyx leafy, gash- toothed. purpurea (P. Y. C. p. Au. $ . O.) stem with opposite branches : leaves linear, slender : flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile. crinita, Eddy. (2) (W. C. T. p. Ju. % •) stem with oppo- site branches : leaves short and fleshy. Discovered by Dr. C. W. Eddy. Resembles the purpurea. It is from 6 to 12 inches high. auriculata, Mx. (P. p. Au. ©.) nearly simple, rough : leaves lance-ovate, 2-eared at the base, entire : flow- ers axillary, opposite ; leaves and flowers closely ses- sile. About 8 inches high. irecta, Vahl. (3) (P. C. p. Au. £ .) small : ramose-pani- cled : leaves very narrow-linear; peduncles capilla- ry, longer than the flower. setacea, Wr. (P. Au. 0.) stem xery branching : leaves setaceous : branches axillary, longer than the leaves, mostly l-flowered. 12. 13. Geum. 35. 92. virginianum (avens. O. w. Ju. if.) pubescent : radical and lower cauline leaves ternate, upper ones lanceo- late : stipules ovate, sub-entire : flowers erect; petals shorter than the calyx : awns hooked, naked ; at the apex twisted, hairy. strictum, W. (4) (upright avens. W. V. Can. C y. J. %.) hirsute : leaves all interruptedly pinnate, the odd one largest; leafets ovate, toothed : stipules gashed : divi- (1) quercifolia, Ph. Rhinanthus virginicus. G. (2) maritime, R. crassifolia, Var. of purpurea, Ph. (3) tenuifolia, W. (4) auudtnae, Mr. aleppicum, Jn. GEUM, GLAUX. 291 sions of the calyx 5, alternately linear, short: flowers erect ; petals roundish, longer than the calyx, awns naked, hooked. genicidatum, Mx. (Can. 21.) many-flowered, sub-pani- cled : cauline leaves sub-sessile, 3-parted : stipules entire : petals wedge-obcordate : awns all over hairy, geniculate in the middle. ; rivnle, Mx (purple avens. O. p. M. if..) pubescent: stem simple : radical leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline oner- --cleft : flowers nodding ; petals of the length of the calyx : awns plumose, nakedish above, a little hooked. Excellent tonic. Damp. album, \V. (1) (P. w. Ju. 21.) pubescent: radical leaves pi>.nate ; ca.:Jine ones ternate, upper ones simple, 3- cleft : lower stipules gashed : flowers erect; petals of the length of the calyx : awns hooked, naked, hairy at the end. peckii (Whitehills. Ju. if.) somewhat glabrous : stem 1- flowered : radical leaves reniforin, rounded, sub-trun- cate at the base, gash-toothed : petioles very long, sometimes appendaged : petals of the length of the calyx. Discovered by Professor Peck, of Harvard college. 12. 5. GlLLENIA. 36. 92. -\- trifoliata, Mn. (2) (Indian physic, Bowman's root. P. D- w.J. it-) leaves fernate, lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal ; stipules linear, entire : flowers terminal, in loose panicles : calyx bell-tubular. Styles 5. An emetic and tonic. B. stipulacea (P. vv. J. if.) leaves ternate, lanceolate, gash- serrate, nearly equal ; stipules leafy, ovate, gash- toothed : flowers in a lax panicle : calyx bell-form. Medicinal properties like the last. B. 5. 1. Glaux. 17. 91. J^maritima, W. (sea milkwort. Can. r. Ju. K.) leaves ob- long, smooth : flowers axillary, sessile. In salt marshes. (I) canadense, Jn. carolinianum, Wr. (2) Spiraea, Mx. 292 GLECHOMA, GLYCIRRHIZA. 14. 1. Glechoma. 42. 39. hederacea (ground ivy, gill-overground. O. b. & r. M. if.) leaves reniform, crenate : stem rooting. cordata, M. (P. b. U.) leaves heart-form. 21. 13. Gleditschia. 33. 93. triacantha (honey-locust. P. w. J. h •) thorn strong, cross- branched : leaves linear-oblong : legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. One side of the long flat legume contains a sweet pulp. Cultivated. 17. 10. Glycine. S2. 93. angulosa (1) (wild bean. P. p. Au. ©.) stem prostrate, sometimes twining : leaves ternate : lateral leafets 2- lobed, terminal leafet with a rounded apex (or para- bolical ;) peduncles longer than the leaves : flowers capitate. E. 1 apios (2) (ground-nut. O. b. & p. Au. if.) twining, gla- brous : leaves unequally pinnate ; leafets 5 or 7, lance- ovate, upper ones narrow : racemes crowded, shorter than the leaves. Roots tuberous, farinaceous, and in taste resembling the cocoanut. In loose rich soil. umbellata, E. (P. w. p. Au. #.) prostrate, sometimes twining : leaves ternate, ovate, glabrous : peduncles umbellcd, longer than the petioles : legumes linear. helvata, E. (3) (D. P. r.) prostrate, sometimes twining : leaves ternate, deltoid oblong : flowers capitate ; ban- ner short; wings large, expanded. 2)eduncularis, E. (4) (P. p. Ju. #.) stem prostrate, some- times twining : leaves ternate, oblong-ovate and del- toid : flowers capitate : banner rather large, emargin- ate ; the other petals small : seed woolly. Remark. 1 adopt Elliot's arrangement ofthe species of Phaceolus and Glycine. 17- 10. Glycirrhiza. 32. 93. officinalis (liquorice. E. if.) leaves pinnate, the terminal one petioled. Root tuberous-cylindric, sweet. (1) Phaseolu? trilobus, Mx. (2) Apios tuberosa, Ph. (S) Phascotus helvolus, W. (4) Phaseolus helvolus, Mx. vexillatus, Ph. GNAPIIALIUM. 293 18. 2. Gnaphalium. 49. 55. margaritaceum (large-flowered life-everlasting. 0. y. & vv. Ju. 21.) leaves lanceolate, gradually narrowing, acute : stem branching above : corymb fastigiate : flowers pedicelled. About 18 inches high. Flowers with white pearly rays and yellow disks. Wrongly applied in the Boston Florida. polycephalum, Mx. (l) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. 0. y-w. Ju. @.) leaves lance-linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath : stem panicled, dowmy ; corymbs ter- minal. The heads of this species are more numerous than ofthe preceding, more close, and the flowers are smaller. Grows to about the same height. dccurrens, Ives, (2) (neglected life everlasting. 0. y-w. Ju. @.) leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, acute, de- current, somewhat scabrous above, tomentose be- neath : stem leafy, branched, spreading'. From one to three feet high. This plant has always been confound- ed with the pylycephalum, until Professor Ives detect- ed its essential differences. Since he published the distinctive characteristics, I have found it at Hudson, Troy, and various parts of Vermont and Massachu- setts ; and I have seen a specimen of it from Niagara. plantagineum (early life-everlasting. O. w. Ap. %.) shoots procumbent : stem simple : radical leaves obovate, nerved : corymb close-pressed : flowers dioecious : in- ner scales of the calyx elongated, acutish, coloured. About 6 inches high. dioicum, P. (mousear. W. P. w. J. if.) shoots procum- bent: stem simple: radical leaves spatulate: corymb close-pressed: flowers dioecious: inner scales of the calyx elongated, obtuse, coloured. Differs from the last a little in the forms of the radical leaves, the scales of the calyx and time of flowering. But perhaps it may be a variety of it. -\purpureum, W. (C P. p. Ju. it.) leaves linear-spatulate, downy beneath: stem erect, simple: flowers sessile, glomerate, terminal and axillary. Hardly so tall as the two last species. Calyx purple. (l; obtusifolium, W. (2) luteo-album ? M. Z 2 294 GNAPHAL1UM, GOSSYPIUM. nliginosnm (mud life-everlasting. O. vv. Ju. »3.) stem branched, spread, woolly : leaves lance-linear, nar- rowed at both ends, downy : flowers terminal heaped ; 4 or 5 inches long, half-prostrate, calyxes brown. Damp. germanicum (P. w. Ju. #.) stem erect, dichotomous: leaves lance-linear, acute, tomentose : flowers in a glo- bular head, terminal and lateral, 5 or 6 inches high. pensylvanicum, M. (I) (P. C. w. J. ) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nervcd, serrate ; scabrous above, white pubescent beneath : scales ofthe calyx linear, squarrose. tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke. E. y. S. ll.) leaves 3- nerved, scabrous, lower ones heart-ovate, upper ones ovate, acuminate ; petioles ciliate. Root tuberous. Naturalized. tfrumosus, W. (New-England. T. it-) leaves ovate, acu- minate, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous beneath : scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate at the base. altissimu's (C P.y. Au. %.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved, slender at the apex, with ciliate petioles : scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate. Chaff on the receptacle green, stem purple. decapetalus (O. y. Au. if.) leaves ovate, acuminate, re- motely serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, subequal, subciliate : rays ten or twelve. Three or four feet high. mollis, W. (l) (P.y- Ju. if.) leaves ovate acuminate, 3- nerved, with close-pressed serratures, scabrous above, white-pubescent beneath, very soft: scales.of the calyx lanceolate, close-pressed. angustifolius, W. (2) (D. y. S. %.) stem slender, about 1- tiowered : leaves linear, with a revolute margin, very rough. Rays yellow, disk brown. In pine barrens. 18. 2. Heiiopsis. 49. 55. laevis, P- (3) (ox-eye. 0. Ju. if.) leaves opposite, ovate, serrate, 3-nerved. Tall, resembling the sunflowers, for which it is often mistaken by botanists. 5. 1. Heliotropium. 41. 42. indicum (turnsole. Southern states, b. Ju. ©.) leaves (1) tnmentosus. Mx. (2) Rudbi ck'a angustifolia, W. in the same work. (3) Helmut:.us laevis, L. Iludbeckia opposuetblia, L. in another place. Biipttthidmum helianthoides, W. Silpluum solidaginoideE, L. the last time he notices it. HELLEBORUS, HEMEROCALLIS. 303 heart-ovate, acute, roughish ; spikes solitary : fruit bifid. Cultivated. 13. 13. Helleborus. 26. 61. foetidns (hellebore. E.) stem many-flowered, leafy : leaves pedate, remotely serrate, coriaceous : corol somewhat converging. Helleborus, see Coptis. 6. 3. Helonias. 10. 13. latifalia, Mx. (l) (helonias. D. P. p.M. y.) scape almost leafless : spike ovate crowded : bract lance-linear, nuicronatc, nerved. Anthers blue. erythrosperma, Mx. (2) (P. w. & g. J.If.) scape leafy : ra- cemes oblong: bracts short, oblong : leaves glabrous, lance-linear ; seed ovate, reddish : pericarp legume- like, fleshy. \-dioica, Ph. (3) (blazing star, false unicorn root. C. T. Catskill. Great Barrington. vv. J. if.) scape leafy: _ racemes spiked, nodding : pedicels short, sub-bracted : filaments longer than the corol : petals linear : leaves lance-oblryig. Always dioecious. From 6 to 18 in- ches high. 22. 6. Helvella. 58. 1. nigricans, small, from sooty-yellow becoming black : pi- leus free but pressed together both sides : pileus smooth, having bran-like scales in some cases. 6. 1. Hemerocallis. 10. 16. flava (yellow day-lily. E. y. Ju. it.) leaves broad-linear* *** keeled : petals flat, acute ; nerves of the petals undi- \ided. (1) bullata, W. (2) v;elantbium luteum, W. phalangioides, Ll;. muscaetoxicum, Wr. Anthericum subtriginum, Jn. (3) numiJa Jn. Melau-thium dioicum, Wr. venosum (vein-leaf hawkweed. O. y. Ju.lf.) scape naked, i corymb-panicled, glabrous ; pedicels filiform : leaves lance-obovate with thin hairs above and naked be- neath, margin ciliate, glandular-toothed, veins colour- ed : calyx glabrous. gronovii (C. T. P. Ju. if.) scape somewhat leafy, or nak- ed, corymb-panicled : calyx pubescent : radical leaves entire, obovate, obtuse, ciliate. paniculatum (O. y. Ju. if.) very glabrous : stem erect, leafy, panicled, white-woolly beneath : pedicels capil- lary : leaves lanceolate, naked, toothed, membrana- ceous. marianum, W. (1) (0. y. Ju.lf-.) stem erect,viIIose : leaves ,ym oval-obovate, strigose, villose on the keel, lower ones sub-dentate : peduncles and calyxes downy. Resem- bles the?H. gronovii. kalmii, W. (O. y. Au. if.) stem erect, many-flowered, glabrous : leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside : peduncles cauline, near the top ofthe stem alternate, about 1-flowered, downy. virgatum, Ph. (2) (O. Ju. if.) stem erect, simple, vil- lose : leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, pilose beneath, sharply repand-toothed at the margin, entire towards the apex : panicle sub-corymbed : calyx and peduncle tomentose. fasciculatum, Ph. (Can. Middlebury, Vt. James. Au. if.) a little glabrous : stem erect, leafy, simple, glabrous : leaves sessile, oblong, acute, sharp-toothed and the teeth elongated : branches of the panicle divaricate, short: pedicells sub-fascicled, pubescent. 3. 2. Hierochloa. 4. 10. odorata (3) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. C P. (1) scabrum, Mx. (2) canadense, Mx. _(3) fiagrans, Rs. Holcus odoratus, Mx. lanatus, t. HIMANTIA, HORTENSIA. 307 Seneca lake. M. if.) panicle spreading : glumes 3- flowered, awnless : florets crowded, a perfect dian- drous glabrous one in the middle, and a staminate one triandrous. 22. 6. Himantia. 58. 1. domestica, large tawney violet, soft; somewhat cohering in a membrane. Often between timbers of a building. sulphurea, pale sulphur-yellow, flaxen and fibrous ; branches sub-terete, interwoven. On trunks. Candida, white, thin and tender ; dilated at the apex and sub-plumose. On fallen leaves. 21. 4. HippoPhae. 16. 24. canadensis, W. (sea buckthorn. Can. D. P. M. k •) leaves ovate, acutish, a little glabrous above, silver-haired and brilliant beneath ; scales scattered, ferruginous. Near rivers and lakes. 1. 1. Hippuris. 15. 88. vulgaris (mares tail. T P. y-g. M. V-.) leaves mostly in sixes, linear. In water. Rare. Dr. L. C. Beck found it near Schenectady. 3. 2. Holcus. 4. 10. lanatus, Sr. (soft grass. P. C J. %.) glumes 2-flowered, the perfect flower awnless, the staminate one awned, recurved, flower much shorter. monticola, Bw (Whitehills. Ju.) glumes 3-flowered, in- termediate one diandrous, perfect; lateral ones stami- nate, triandrous : outer valve awned upon the back. 3. 2. Horheum. 4. 10. vulgare (barley. E. Ju. ®.) florets all perfect, awned: in two erect rows. , jubatum, A. (New-England. Ju. %.) awns and involu- cres setaceous, very long. 10. 3. Hortensia. 13. 84. speciosa (changeable hydrangea, E. r. & w. J. h •) leaves 308 HORTENSIA, HUTCHINSIA. broadly ovate, serrate, acuminate : flowers corymb- ed. From the East Indies. This is the common flow- er-pot shrub, usually called hyderindia. 5. 1. Hottonia. 21. 34. palustris (water violet. D. Ju. 21.) flowers whorled, sub- sessile : stem geniculate, with inflated joints. In stag- nant waters. 4. 1. Houstonia. 47. 57. - coerulea (1) (Venus' pride. 0. b. & w. M. if.) stem erect, setaceous, dichotomous: radical leaves spatulate ; cau- line ones oblanceolate, opposite : peduncles 1-flowered elongated. purpurea, W. (2) (D. T. P. p. w. Ju. 11.) stem erect, branching above, pubescent at the knee joints : leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate or lance-linear : fascicles ter- minal, corymbed. 4 to 8 inches high. Most abun- dant on the dry ridges in Catskill five mile-woods. < longifolia, (3) (P. p. Ju. if.) stem erect, very branching, glabrous : leaves linear : flowers terminal, fascicled, sub-sessile, often ternate. 11. 1. Hudsonia. 18. 80. ericoides (false heath. D. y. J. k •) leaves acerose-subu- late, hirsute : peduncles filiform, solitary. About 6 inches high, a very delicate shrub. Pine barrens. 21. 5. Humulus. 53. 98. lupulus (hop. O. g-y. An. %.) stem twining with the sun: leaves lobed. One of the best of tonics. 22. 4. Hutchinsia. 57. 2. fastigiata, threads dichotomous, sub-equal, fastigiate; joints shorter than their diameters, marked *in the middle with dark dots. In the sea. Will not adhere to paper. (1) linnei,Mx. Anonymous, Wr. (2) varians, Mx. Hedyotis umbellata, Wr. Knoxia purpurea, Lk. (3) angustifolia, Mx. HUTCH1NSIA, HYDNUM. 309 violacea, very branching, diffuse: branches wand-like, spreading, lower joints shorter than their diameter, those of the branches six times as long. In the sea. Adheres to paper loosely. stricta, threads strait equal; branches dichotomous, erectish; joints about thrice as long as the diameter. 6. 1. Htacuvthus. 10. 16. orientalis (garden hyacinth. E. r. Ap. 11.) corol funnel- form, half-6 cleft, ventricose at the base. muscari (musk hyacinth. E. b. Ap. if.) corols ovate, all equal. botryoides (grape hyacinth. E. b. Ap. 21.) corols globose, uniform: leaves cylindric, channelled, strait. eomosus (purple grape hyacinth. E. p.) corol angular- cylindric; at the summit sterile, long-peduncled, erect. racemosus (hare-bell hyacinth. E. If.) flowers thick, ovate, those at the top sessile; leaves lax> pendant, linear, carinate. 22. 6. Hydnum. 58. 1. imbricatum (prickly fungus) pileus fleshy, umbilicate, scaly; scales thick, sub-erect, obscure. repandum, pale fleshy: pileus rugose, flexuose, some- what lobed, glabrous; teeth thickish, mostly compres- sed : stipe tuberous, a little out ofthe centre ofthe pu- * lius. Sometimes it is halved. concrescens, in groups, confluent: pileus corky, funnel- form, having zones, chesnut-brown: teeth slender, shining tawney : stipe sliort, sub-tuberous, deformed. Colour varies with the season. gelatinosum, gelatinous, white glaucous: pileus flat both sides: stipe lateral. About three fourths of an inch broad. coralloides, large, very branching; branches crouded, incurved : terminal teeth sub-fascicled. ehrysorhizum (paper punk.) yellow, membranaceous, stemless, spread: root golden-yellow, filiform, with intersecting branches; extending far along the grains of decaying wood. The root of this fungus has been often noticed several yards in length; but Dr. J. Toiv S10 HYDRANGEA, HYDROPELTIS. rey, of New-York, was the first, I believe, who traced it to the pileus, and proved it a hydnum. (1) 10. 2. Hydrangea. 13. 84, vulgaris, W. (hydrangea. P. w Au. h .) leaves oblong- ovate, obtuse at the base, acuminate, toothed, glabrous beneath : cymes naked. A shrub about 5 feet high. nivea, Mx. (P. vv. Ju. h .) leaves ovate, acuminate, tooth- ed, snow-w bite down beneath, serratures mucronate: cymes radiate. Hydrangea, see Hortentia. 13. 13. Hydrastis. 26. 61. canadensis (orange root. C. P. w-r. Ap. if.) stem with 2 opposite leaves above; leaves petioled, emarginate at the base, palmate, serrate, gashed • peduncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Roots yellow7. 5. 2. Hydrocotyle. 45. 60. umbellata^ W (water navelwort. P M. %.) leaves pel- tate, crenate, at the base emarginate: umbels pedun- cled, many-flowered. americana (0. g-w. J. if.) glabrous, tuberous: leaves sub-peltate, orbicular, doubly-crenate: sub umbelled, glomerules few-flowered. Flowers very small. Plant low and sub-prostrate. Damp. vulgaris (P. Can. g-w. J. %.) leaves orbicular, peltate, * slightly crenate: scape interruptedly spiked, few- flowered. 13. 13. Hydropeltis. 26. 61. purimrea, Mx. (2) (water shield. 0. p. Au. if.) leaves pel- tate, oval, entire: peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. The leaves float on the surface of water, having long flexi- (1) Dr. Torrey did not publish this species in his catalogue, be. eause some doubts had arisen bince the publication of the second edi- tion of the Manual. I have concluded to let it remain for the present. I am still inclined to believe it is a hydnum; but the pileus is rarely found. I have a very perfect specimen now before me. (2) Brasenia peltata. Ph. HYDROPHYLLUM, HYPERICUM. 311 blc petioles. Plant mostly covered with mucilage. In all stagnant ponds. 5. 1. Hydrophyllum. 26. 61. appendiculatum, Mx. (waterleaf. P. b. M. if.) very hir- sute: radical leaves sub-pinnatifid, cauline ones lobe- angled : sinuses of the calyx appendaged : the fascicles of flowers sub-pauicled. Calyx very hispid. ■-virginicum (burr-flower. O. b. J. if.) glabrous and hairy: leaves pinnate and pinnatifid, divisions lance-oval, gash-serrate: fascicles of the flowers conglomerate. The flowers have the appearance of a burr several weeks before they expand. Damp L canadense, W. (rough burr-flower. W. P. p. &. w. Ju. if.) hirsute: leaves lobe-angled: fascicles of the flowers crowded. Resembles the last in some respects; but the leaves are mueh larger. 5. 1. Hyoscyamus. 28. 41. niger (henbane. E. Ju. S .) leaves clasping sinuate : flow- ers veiny, sessile. Naturalized about Middlebury col- lege. An active narcotic. 13. 5. Hypericum. 20. 68. 1. Flowers with 5 styles. ascyroides, W. (1) (St. John's wort. W. P. T. C. V. y. Ju. if.) herbaceous, glabrous: stem simple 4-corner- ed: leaves sessile, oblong, acute, glabrous: flowers terminal: styles of the length of the stamens: leafets ofthe calyx lance-ovate. Flowers very large. proiificum, W. (2) (P. lake Huron. J. if. or k.) branches 2-edgcd : leaves lance-linear, obtusish: co- rymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers at first sessile; stamens and styles of the length of the petals: leafets of the calyx lanceolate. 2. Flowers with 3 styles or fewer. J angulosum, Mx. (3) (C. P.y-r. Ju. if.) erect: stem 4- (1) mai-.r carpum, Mx. (2; kalmiauim, Du Itoi. (3) denticulatum, Wr. S12 HYPERICUM. sided: leaves oblong, acute, closely sessile: panicle terminal, dichotomous: branches divaricate, With dis- tant alternate flowers: calyx sub campanulate, divis- ions lanceolate, acute, keeled below, almost as long as the corol: petals with a single lateral tooth. canadense (N. C. W. P. Ju. ©.) erect, small-flowered: stem 4-sided, dichotomous above: leaves, sessile, li- near, slender at the base : the branches of the panicle opposite, the branchlets dichotomous: capsule long, eonic, coloured. Capsules red. virginicum (1) (0. p. Au. ll.) flowers with 9 or 12 sta- mens, distinctly arranged in three parcels and sepa- rated by nectaries: leaves oval, obtuse, clasping: stem compressed. adpressum, B. (P. y. Ju. if.) stem erect, 2-edged imme- diately below each pair of leaves, and sub-cylindric near the root: leaves opposite, cjysely sessile, lanceo- late-obtuse, transparently punctate with very fine dots; thovse of the branches sub-linear, crowded ; those ofthe cymes small, acute, crowded: flowers terminal and axillary, with obtuse entire petals: style 1: cap- sule sub-conic. peliolatum, Wr. (2) (P. y. Ju. 2f.)« leaves petioled, ob- long-oval, round-obtuse; flowers opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-ternate: stamens adnate as far as the middle: capsule oblong. parviflorum, W. (3) (0. y. Ju. 11.)erect,small, glabrous; dichotomous-ramose, somewhat 4-sided: leaves ovate- oblong, subcordate, obtuse, nerved, sessile: panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed: petals shorter than the lanceolate calyx. corymbosum, W. (4) (O. y. Ju. it.) erect, glabrous, darkly-punctate: stem terete, branching: leaves clasp- ing, oblong-oval, obtuse: corymbs terminal brachi- ate, dense-flowered : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. ■ perforatum (5) O. y. J. 21) erect, branching: stem 2- edgcd: leaves oblong, obtuse, transparently-punctate: (1) campanulatum, Wr. Elodea campanulata, Ph. C2) axillare, Mx- Elodea pe i mlata. Ph. . (3) quinquenervium, Wr. muiti'um, L. (4) punctatum, Lk. maculatum, Wr. (5) virginicum? Wr. HYPERICUM, IIYPNUM, 313 panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy: petals twice as long as the acute lanceolate calyx. This is the com- mon St. John's wort, so troublesome to farmers. 22. 2. Hypxum. 56. 4. 1. Leaves two-ranked. sylvaticum, branches divided: leaves imbricate, com- pressed, spread at the apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerve- less : lid subulate. Woods denticulatum, stems simple : leaves imbricate, compress- ed, spreading at the apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerve- less : lid conic. On trunks and ground in woods. serrulatum, shoots creeping; branches simple, bearing fruit at the base and middle: lid beaked. praelongum, stem pinnate, creeping : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 1-nerved, spreading: lid subulate, incurved.(1) riparium, stem ramose, spreading: leaves lax, lance- ovate, entire, one-nerved : lid convex, slightly mucro- nate. On stones, &c. in flowing streams. 2. Leaves imbricate, close-pressed—sometimes a little spreading, part of their length. cuspidatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect: branches cuspi- date : leaves lance-oblong, nerveless, smooth : lid co- nic. In ditches and brooks. illecebrum, stem with scattered obtuse branches: leaves ovate, ventricose, obtuse, mucronate; obsoletely one- nerved. Woods and meadows. abietinum, stem pinnate, villose : leaves lance-ovate, en- tire, one-nerved, 2-furrowed: lid conic In dry pla- ces and among pines, &c. splendcns, stem bipinnate: leaves lance-ovate, almost nerveless, shining, close-pressed : lid subulate, recurv- ed. In woods. delicatulum, stem decumbent, bipinnate: leaves cordate, with rup'tered nerves and 2 grooves, scabrous: lid beaked. minuiulum, very slender, decumbent, pinnately brancn- (1) This descripli >n, taken from Lk.and Dc is similar to that given in. Turton's Linneus ot the serruktum, Bb 314 HYPNUM. ed: leaves very minute, oval, acute; margins and keel somewhat scabrous, separately incurved when dry: capsule recurved ; lid long beaked. adnatmn, small; branchlets simple : leaves cordate-acu- minate, destitute of fascicles: capsules nodding; lids conic. 3. Leaves imbricate, spreading. graminicolor, stem creeping; branches sub-simple, erect- ish : leaves lax, sub-alternate, heart-lanceolate, acu- minate, sharply serrate, with a nerve somewhat con- tinued : capsules ascending, oblong, unequal; lid round conic. hians, stem decumbent; branches short, simple: leaves somewhat lax, heart-ovate, acute, serrulate: pedun- cles a little scabrous; capsules oblong, slightly inclin- ed ; lid conic. asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate: leaves remot- ish, somewhat hilariously imbricate, acuminate, ser- rulate with sub-continued nerves: capsules oblong, a little curved; lid conic, sub-mucronate. lutescens, stem procumbent, ramose: leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, S-striate: peduncles a little scabrous: lid conic, acute. On dry earth, walls and rocks. rutabulum, stem procumbent: branches erect, sub-sim- ple : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, one-nerved : pe- duncles scabrous: lid conic. On the earth and trunks. chrysostomum, procumbent; inordinately branched: leaves laxish, spreading, lance-oval, acuminate, en- tire, sub-linear: peduncles smoothish: capsules ob- long, recurved; lid perfectly conic with a very acute spinose tip: peristome yellow. triqnetrum, stem sub-erect, ramose: leaves deltoid, acu- minate, striate, somewhat nerveless, spreading every way: capsule ovate; lid conic, obtuse. 4. Leaves imbricate, sub-reflexed or recurved. fragile, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remote- ly tubercled, yellow; inner one is a membrane, ex- tended into an equal number of solid, lance-acuminate, very acute teeth, with ciliae a little less than the teeth, capillary, very acute. HYPNUM. 315 slellatum, stem weak, procumbent: leaves ovate, long- acuminate, nerveless, entire, spreading: capsule ob- long; lid with an obtise apex. squarrosum, stem ascending: leaves keeled, nerveless, ovate at the base, close-pressed, acuminate at the ap\ex, recurved-spreading: capsule ovate; lid short conic. 5. Leaves turned to one side, and conical falcate. crista castrensis, stem elongated, somewhat simple, re- curvedly and elegantly wing-branched: leaves re- curve-curled one-way, subulate, with slender lineate nerves: capsules very long-peduncled, oblong, arch- ed ; lid conic. commutatum, stem procumbent, ramose; branches sub- ramose: capsule large, becoming white, striate; pe- dunrlps pretty large In water or. mud. cu press forme, stem prostrate, sub-ramose: leaves lance- ovate, falcate, nerveless: lid conic. ininonens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, re- curved : leaves uncinate, one-way, nerveless: capsule erect, cvlindn."-oblong; lid conic, obtusely beaked. torrtynuum, SI. [This is a new species, named by Pro- fessor Sprengel, of Halle, in honor of Dr. John Tor- rev, i mislaid Sprengel's description, and could not obtain another in season to publish here; but vid. ad- ditions and corrections.] 6 Leaves turned to one side, and not circinal-falcate. flnviatile, branches rather long, simple: leaves lance- ovate, laxish, somevvliat spreading: capsules oblong, erect-nodding. 0:i rocks under water in rivers, &c orthocladon, decumbent, bulbiferous; branches simple; leaves ovate, nerves solid, very entire: lid conic. Flowers monoecious. Calyptre subulate, white. Bulbs in the axils of the leaves or at the apexes of the branches. 7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading. serpens, stern creeping: leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved at the base : capsule elongated, obconic; lid convex, mucronate. Shades. 316 HYP0P1THIS, HYSTERIUM. 10. 1. Hypopithis. N. (1) 18. 51. I lanuginosa (false beech-drops. O. y-w. Ju. 21.) scape ' spike-flowered; whole plant, including the flower, woolly, except the base of the stem. Grows on roots of trees, &c. whole plant yellowish-white. europea, N. (2) (yellow beech-drops. P. Can. j.3.%.) scape spike-flowered: flowers and scales on the stem j glabrous outside: lateral flowers octandrous. \ 6. 1. Hypoxis. 10. 17. erecta, W. (3) (star grass. O, y. Ju. if.) pilose: scape J 2 or 3-flowered: leaves lance-linear: divisions of the corol lance-oblong. Var. graminea, has longer and narrower leaves; more flowers, longer lance-linear di- visions to the corol—and altogether a more grassy ap- pearance, 14. 1. Hyssopus. 42. 39. i --. officinalis (hyssop. E. Ju. if.) flowers whorled, racemes one-way: intermediate division of the corol 2-lobed, entire: leaves lance-linear. nepetoides, W. (giant hyssop. T. C. P. W. g-y. Ju. it.) i spikes whorled, cylindric: leaves subcordate, ovate, j acuminate, acutely toothed. Near Williams college and in PovvnaJ, it grows from 4 to 7 feet high. scrophularifoHus, W. (P. p. Ju. if.) spikes whorled, cy- lindric: styles longer than the corol: leaves heart- \ ovate, acuminate, obtusely toothed. About two feet high. (4) 20. 6. Hysterium. 58. 1. | pulvicare, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks. 1 fraxini, bursting, black, sub-ovate; lips a little swollen. On the branches of ash and maple. (1) Monotropa, L. (2) Monotropa hypopithys, L. (3) caroliniensis, Mx. (4) These two indigenous species differ in habit very widely from , our exotic species, Their whorled spikes are larger than those of Ne, ' petus. HYSTERIUM, IMPATIENS. 317 quercinum,bursting, flexuose, sub-ventricose, soft, dark- cinereous. On the young branches of oaks. I. 15. 1. Iberis. 39. 63. umbellata (candy tuft. E. w. J. ©.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones serrate, upper ones entire. 4. 1. Ictodes. (1) 2. 7- foetida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. O. p. Ap. If.) stemless : leaves radical, heart-ovate, very large : spadix supporting the flowers in a sub-globose head. Odour resembles that of the skunk. Valuable expec- torant, and antispasmodic. B. 4. 4. Ilex. 43. 95. canadensis, Mx. (2) (mountain holly. H. & Y. Mt. g-y. M. h .) leaves deciduous, ovate, entire or a little ser- rate at the apex, glabrous: peduncles sub-solitary, long, 1-flowered: fruit somewhat 4-sided. A shrub 3 to 5 feet high. opaca, A. (ev ergreen holly. Y. C. P. g-w. M. 1?.) leaves evergreen, ovate, acute, spinose, glabrous, flat: flow- ers scattered at the base ofthe shoots of the preceding year. A middle size tree. 5. 1. Impatiens. 24. 73. balsamina (balsam weed. E. y. Au ©.) peduncles ag- gregate, 1-flowered: leaves lanceolate, upper ones al- ternate: nectary shorter than the flowers. -■f nolitangere (3) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. 0. y. Ju. ©.) (t) Pathos, L. Symplocarpus, Sy. Dracontium, L. in another part of his work . . _ (2) Nemophanthus fascicularis, R. Tins species certainly dittera much in habit from the opaca, and perhaps it ought to form a > ew ge- nus. Prof. Dewey of Williams college proposes the 'oll'jwug de- sc> mtion for a new genus, but does not propose any name. Calyx o: petals 4, lanceolate, sub-acute, alternating with the stamens : siu>mas se .sile ; pe;-ica> p 4-celled, 1-seeded. Stamens .3 to 5, stigmas 3 to 5. Polygamous. MS. (3) aurea, M. pallida, N. W Bb 2 318 IMPATIENS, IPO MAE A. peduncles many flowered, solitary: leaves ovate, ob- tusely toothed ; joints of the stem tumid. diflora, W. (1) (speckled jewels. C. W. T. P. y. & r. Ju. #.) peduncles mostly 2-flowered, solitary: leaves ovate, sharply toothed. Is not this a variety of the last? 5. 2. Imperatoria. 45. 60. ostruthium (masterwort E. %.) leaves ternate, broad- ish, serrate, 17. 10. Indigofera. 32. 93. tinctoria (indigo. E. k •) leaves pinnate, oblong, gla- brous, in four pairs: racemes shorter than the leaves: legumes terrete, somewhat arched. From the East Indies. 18. 2. Inula. 40. 55. helenium (elecampane. O. y. Au. it-) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, tomentose beneath : scales of the calyx ovate. falcata, Ph. (D. y. S. 21.) woolly : leaves sessile, linear, very acute: subfalcate, nerves hairy both sides: pedun- cles few, axillary, corymbed : calyx and peduncle vil- lose. 5 or 6 inches high. mariana (2) (D. y. Au. if.) villose: leaves sessile, lance- obiong, tapering to the base, obtuse, glandular-tooth- ed, lower ones petioled, serrate: peduncles axillary, corymbed, glandular-hairy. About 12 or 14 inches high. argentea, P. (P. y. if.) silky: leaves lanceolate, 3-ncrv- ed, erect, zigzag; corymb subcompound, erect: scales ofthe calyx flat, pubescent. 5. 1. Ipomaea. 29. 43. i quamoclit, W. (jasmine bindweed. P. r. w. Au. ©0 leaves pinnatifid linear: flowers subsolitary; corol subtubular. (1) muculata, M. fulva, N. Var. of nolitangere or noli-me-tangere, x. (2) glendulosa, Lk. IPOMAEA, IRIS. S19 i coccinea, Mx. (Southern states, y-r. Ju. #.) pubescent: leaves cordate, acuminate, subangled : peduncles about 5-flowered: calyx awned: corol tubular: limb subiu- tire. Cultivated. lacunosa, Mx. (P. w. & p. J. §.) glabrous: flowers cor- date, acuminate, scrobiculate, angled at the base: pe- duncles short, about 1 flowered : calyx hairy: corol tubular, short: capsules hairy. bona-nox, W. (Southern states, vv. Ju. ©.) very glabrous: leaves cordate, entire or angled : pcdunde 1 to 3-flow- ered : calyx awned: corol undivided, tube long. Cul- tivated. nil, Mx. (1) (morning glory. P. b. Ju. #.) hirsute: leaves ventricose 3-lobed: peduncles short, 1 or 2- flowered: bracts subulate : calyx very villose, long- acuminate. purpurea, Ph. (2) (common morning glory. E. b. p. J. 0.) pubescent: leaves cordate, entire: peduncles 2 to 5-flowered : pedicels nodding, thickened : divisions of the calyx lanceolate: capsules glabrous. 3. 1. Iris. 6 18. pumila (dwarf flower-de luce. E. b. M if.) bearded: scape 1-flowered: leaves ensiform, glabrous: tube of the corol exsert: petals oblong, obtuse. prismatica, P. (3) (boston iris. Y. D. Boston, b. y. J. if.) beardless: stem solid, terete, equalling the leaves: leaves very narrow, long: capsules elongated, prismat- ic, acute at both ends, with two grooves on each side. Very abundant north side of pine rock, New-Haven, half a mile east of Mr. Lewis Bradley's. plicata (garden iris. E. p. w- M. if.) bearded: stem many flowered, higher than the leaves: petals undu- late-plicate, erect ones broadest. virginica, W. (4) (wild flag, wild iris. 0. b. p. y. J. 2/.) beardless : stem 2-edged, many-flowered, taller than the ensiform leaves : stigmas shorter than the inner petals : capsules oblong, with furrowed angles. ochroleuca (yellow iris. E. y. M.) beardless : leaves ensi- form, depressed, striate : scape subterete : germ 6* cornered. (1) Convolvulus nil, W. (2) Convolvulus purpureus, W-. (3) gracilis, Bw. (4) hexagona, Wr. 320 IRIS, ISOETES. versicolor, W. (C. p. J. if.) beardless: stem terete, zigzag, equalling the leaves : leaves ensiform : stig- mas equalling the inner petals : capsules ovate, angles obtuse. lacustris, N. (Great lakes, b. if.) beardless: leaves short, ensiform ; scape much shorter than the leaf, 1-flower- ed : petals sub-equal ? attenuated on the tube : capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined : seed roundish, smooth : root tuberous. 14. 1. Isanthus. 42. 39. coeruleus, M. (blue gentian, false pennyroyal. C. T. P. b. Ju. #.) viscid-hairy : leaves lance oval, acute at both ends, 3-nerved : peduncles 1 or 2-flowered. Along the Hudson from Stillwater to the Highlands. Odour resembles the spikenard. 22. 6. Isaria. 58. 1. mucida, cespitose, effuse : branchlets sub-depressed, fork- ed, nearly soft. On decaying wood in summer and au- tumn. 15. 4. Isatis. 39. 63. tinctoria (woad. E. J. % .) radical leaves crenate ; cau- line ones sagittate, oblong. 22. 5. Isidium. 57. 2. corallinnm (corol lichen) crust tartarous, somewhat cush- ioned or areolate ; becoming somewhat cinereous : peduncle (podetia) at length rather long, terete, sim- ple and branched : lamina of the receptacle tawney - cinereous. Among rocks. 4. 1. Isnardia. 17. 88. palustris (1) (water purslane. 0. g. J. If ) leaves ovate, entire : flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. In water and wet places. 22. 1. Isoetes. 55. 5. lacustris (quill-wort, y.) frond dilated and imbricate at (1) Ludwigia palustris, E. nitida, Mx. ITEA, JUGLANS. 321 ^hebase, narrow and subulate above, flat: root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches high, colour green, growing im- mersed or at the margin of ponds. Resembles a zo- phyte. 5. 1. Itea. 18. 50. virginica, W. (itea. P. w. J. fc.) leaves oblong, serrate. 4 to 6 feet high. 18. 4. Iva. 49. 55. frutescens (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. £.) leaves lan- ceolate, puuctate-scrabrous, deeply serrate : glome- rules of florets globose, depressed. Somewhat shrub- by, 3 or 4 feet high. Grows along the margin of salt marshes, &c. J. 2. 1. Jasmiwum, 44. 37, fruticans (jasmine. E. y. h-) leaves alternate, ternate, simple : leafets obovate, wedge-form, obtuse : branch- es angled. officinale (jasmine. E. w. h •) leaves pinnate, opposite : leafets acuminate. 8. 1. Jeffersonia. 27. 62. ' diphylla, B. (1) (twin'leaf. P. w. M. 2J..) stemless : pe- duncles naked, 1-flowered : leaves in pairs. 20. 13. Juglans. (2) 50. 94. regia (madeira nut. E. M. h •) leafets about 9, oval gla- brous, sub-serrate, subequal : fruit globose. Var. fraxinifolia, has 9 or 10 leafets, oblong, serrate, smooth, lateral lower one adnate on the common petiole. It is said that this variety is indigenous to North America. nigra (black walnut. P. C M. k •) leafets numerous, lance-ovate, serrate, sub-cordate, narrowed above ; pe* (1) Podophyllum diphyllum, L. (2) See Carya. 32J2 JUGLANS, JUNCUS. tioles and undersides ofthe leaves sub-pubescent, fruit globose, with scabious punctures ; nut wrinkled. cinerea (butternut. O. M b) leafits numerous, lanceo- late, serrate, rounded at the base, s»>ft pubescent be- neath ; petioles villose : fruit obbmg-ovatc, viscid, long-peduncled ; nut roughly sculptured. The bark is a strong cathartic. 6. 1. Juncus. 5. 15. 1. Culms leafless. effusus, S. (rush-grass. O. J. 21.) culm strait : panicle • > lateral, spread, more than decompound : capsules ob- tuse. Resembles the Scirpu's aeutus in habit. acutus, S. (1) (D Ju- It.) culm terete : panicled, termin- al : involucre 2-leaved, spinose capsules roundish, mu- cronate. Sea coast. setaceus, M. (Y. P. Ju. It.) culm filiform, nodding : urn-. bels lateral, compound, few-flowered: peduncles many- flowered: calyx subulate. murginntus, M. (2) (C. P. J. U.) leaves flat, glabrous : corymb terminal, simple, proliferous ; Jittle heads . about 10-flowered : calyx equalling the obtuse cap- sule. nodosus, M. (0. Ju. y.) leaves with nodding joints, ter- J ete : corymb simple : little heads globose ; capsules " acuminate, longer than the calyx. 2. Culms leafy. i polycephalus, Mx. (3) (O. J. 21.) stem erect, few-leaved : leaves with riotted joints: little heads globose, many- flowered, snb-panicled : calyx linear, triandrous. Var tennifolius has filiform leaves. sub-verticellatus, M. (4) (Can.) culm compressed, erect, hollow: leaves compressed, jointed : peduncles some- what whorled, sheathed at the base, unequal, flat or terete, terminating in 3 to 5-flowered glomerules : out* (1) m:.) leaves scattered, crowded, linear, obtu e, cartilagin- ous-toothed: pediii* ses terai.' .'.si. aggregate, 1-flovuM'- ed; flowers bellform; calyx at ute. Decandrous. Ve- ry small. 22—6. Merisma. 58. 1. foelida, fuscous-purtile : branches palmate approxim- ate; white and shining at the apex. On the earth in woods. (1) tenuis, Mx. (2) acutifolia. (o) Vidromecb taxifolia, Pallas. Eijca cceruleu, W. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Sj. MERULIUS, MICROSTYLIS. 353 22—6. Merulius. 58. 1. 1. Pileus entire, stipe central. cantharellus, in groups, all reddish-yellow: pileus fleshy, glabrous, depressed. cornucopoides, cespitose, becoming black: pileus membra- naceous, scaly : veins obsolete. In woods in autumn. 2. Effuse, stemless. terpens, coriaceous, elongated, glabrous, white becoming red in the middle: folds or veins sub-obsolete, and re- sembling wrinkles. 12—5. Mesembryantiiemcm. 13. 87. crystallinnm (ice plant. E. w. Au. 0.) branching: leaves alternate, ovate, papillose: flowers sessile: calyx broad-ovate, acute, retuse. From Greece. 22—6. Mesexterica. 58. 1. lutea, orange or gold colour. 12—5. Mespilus. 36. 93. zcrmauica (medlar. E. 1^.) leaves lance-ovate, downy beneath : flowers sessile, solitary. 10—4. Micropetalum. P. (1) 22. 82. lanceolatnm (blind starwort. H. Ju. it.) glabrous: leaves lanceolate, narrow at both ends: flowers panicled: petals ovate, very short or wanting. Damp. 1 have found this plant on Catskill mountain and its western spurs, near Williams college, and in the mountain towns of Vermont. 19—i. Microstylis. N. (2) 7. 21. ophioglossoides, W. (3) (addermouth. T. C. Y. V. g-w. J. n.) leaves two, lance-ovate: scape 3-sided. (1) Spergulastrum, Mx. (2) Malaxis, Sw. Ophrys, L £3) unifolia, Mx. Ee2 354 MIKANIA, MIRAEILIS. 18—1. Mikania. 49. 55. scandens, AV. (1) (climbing thoroughwort. P. Y. C. w. Au. y.)stem glabrous, climbing: leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, lobed, divaricate, unequal; flowers corymbed. Damp or wet. melissaefolia, W. (2) (P. w. p. S. y.) pubescent: stem erect: leaves ovate, crenate, sessile, pubescent be- neath: corymbs terminal. 3—2. Milium. 4. 10. mgricans (African millet. E.) flowers panicled, crowded : valves of the calyx shining, becoming black: leaves ensiform, very long. effusum (common millet. E.) flowers in whorled pani- cles, dispersed, awned. eiliatum, M.(3) (milletgrass. D. Ju.) culm glabrous, loaves lance-linear, hirsute, ciliate : panicle simple ; branch- es erect, bearing racemes ; perfect flowers lanceolate, 3-nerved; pistillate flowers on a sheathed, radical, one- flowered scape: glumes oblong, ventricose, acumi- nate, glabrous. Torrey's catalogue, p. 90. 16—10. Mimosa. 33. 93. sensitiva (sensitive plant. E.) prickly: leaves pinnate; the leafets in pairs, inmost ones minute. 14—2. Mimulus. 40. 40 I'ingens (monkey flower. O. b. Ju. y.) erect, glabrous: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : pedun- cles axillary, opposite, longer than the flower: teeth ofthe calyx acuminate. alatus (C. T. P. b. Ju. y.) erect, glabrous: leaves peti- oled, ovate, acuminate, serrate: peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower: stem winged at the 4 corners. 5—1. Mirabilis. 54. 32. jalapa (four o'clock. E. r. y. Ju. y.) flowers heaped, pe- duncled; leaves glabrous. (1) Eupatorium scandens, L. (2) pubescens, M. (3) amphicarpon, Ph. MIRABILIS, MOLUCELLA. 355 longiflora (E w. Au. it.) flowers crowded, very long, a little nodding; leaves sub-villose. 4—1. MlTCHELLA. 48. 57. k'repens (partridge berry, checker berry. O. w. J.y.) stem creeping; leaves roundish. Woods. 10—2. Mitella. 13. 84. diphylla, W. (currant-leaf. 0. vv. Ap. %.) leaves cordate, sub-trilobate, dentate: scape 2-leaved. Woods. eordifolia, Mx. (P. w. M. 2J..) leaves round reniform, somewhat doubly-crenate : scape setaceous, leafless. prostrata, Mx. (V. Pittsfleld, Mass. w. M. 21.) leaves round-cordate : stem prostrate, leafy. Wet ground. I "have found scores of specimens in Pittsfleld and Len- ox, of this species, which agreed perfectly with the de- scription of eordifolia. Is not the eordifolia a variety of the prostrata, which happens to be without the sar- mentose shoot ? reniformis, Lk. (1) (V? w. J. y.) leaves reniform, re- pand, ciliate: scape naked. 22—2. Mnium. 56. 4. hornum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate: peduncles curved : capsule ovate, pendulous : HI obtuse. palustre, stem erect, elongated, branching : leaves lan- ceolate, keeled, acute ; upper ones bent over to one side : capsule oblong, sub-erect; lid conic, acute. In damp woods and fens. 3—3. MoLLUGO. 22. 82. verticillata (carpet weed. O. w. Ju. ©..) stem sub-divided prostrate : leaves in whorls, wedge-form, acute : pe- duncles 1-flowered. Generally grows in gardens among purslain. 14—l. Molucella. 42. 39. laevis (molucca balm, shell-flower. E. w. g. Ju. #.) calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; teeth equal, awnless: (l)nuda, W. 356 MOMORDICA, MONARDA. leaves petioled, round-ovate, toothed. Calyx much longer and larger than the corol. 20—16. Momordica. 34. 97- balsamina (balsam apple. E. S.®.) pomaceous berry an- gled, tubercled : leaves glabrous, spreading, palmate. eehinatu (W. T. P. vv. Au. ©.) pomaceous berry 4-seed- ed, roundish : setose-echinate : leaves cordate, 5-lobe- angled, acuminate, entire. Calyx 6-cleft, corol 6- parted. 2—1. Monarda. 42. 39. didyma, W. (1) (mountain mint. P. r. J. y.) somewhat glabrous : heads large, proliferous : outer bracts col- oured, large, oblong, acuminate sub-entire : calyx and corol long : leaves broad-ovate, sub-cordate, acumi- nate, serrate, rugose ; serratures mucronate : stem glabrous. .{kalmiana, Ph. (Oswego tea, Oswego county, r. y.) ' thinly hirsute : heads large, simple : outer bracts coloured, lanceolate, slender : calyx and corol pubes- cent: corols very long : leaves oblong tapering, ser- rate, having thin scattered rough hairs all over : stem sharp-cornered ; stem and petioles ciliate hairy. dinopodia, W. (2) (Can. P. St. Clair's river, y. p. Ju. 21.) glabrous : heads small, simple, terminal : outer bracts broad ovate, acute, entire, smoothish : calyx ciliate, short : corol pubescent, slender ; leaves ovate- oblong acuminate, serrate, a little hairy : stem obtuse- angled, glabrous. ciliata, VV. (P. C. p. Au. y.) hirsute: flowers small, whorled : bracts ovate, glabrous,veiny,ciliate, equall- ing the calyx ; leaves ovate-oblong, tapering, sub- sessile, serrate, sub-pilose : stem acute-angled ; hir- sute. oblongata, A. (3) (P. W. T. C. y. r. Ju. 21.) hirsute: head simple : outer bracts ovate, acute : calyx sliort, bearded in the throat, teeth spreading : stem obtuse- angled, hirsute above. (1) purpurea, Lk. coccinea, Mx. (2) glabra, Lk. (3) allophylia, Mx. mollis, VV. MONARDA, MORUS. 357 H flstulosa, Ph. (P. D. Can. p. Ju. y.) hirsute with scatter- ed hairs : heads simple, proliferous, leafy : outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous : calyx long/bearded: corol hirsute, of middling length : leaves ovate, acu- minate, serrate : petioles long, ciliate : stem glabrous, obtuse angled. rugosa, A. (Can. w. Ju. %.) smoothish : heads simple, middling size: outer bracts oblong : calyx smoothish : leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acute, rugose, glabrous : nerves coloured and pilose beneath : stem acute-an- gled, hirsute. punctata, W. (1) (D. P.y. J. 21.) smoothish: flower middling size, whorled : bracts lanceolate, nerved, coloured, longer than the whorls: leave:; lance-oblong, remotely serrate, glabrous : stem obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 22—6. Monila. 58. 1. aurea, stiped : threads constituting a little head : ces- pitose, golden yellow. fructigena, stemless, cespitose. roundish, white-cinere- ous : threads mould-like, indeterminately eifuse, hav- ing ovate articulations. 10—1. Moivotropv. 18. 51. uniflora (birds-nest, indian-pipe. O. vv. J. % ) stem 1- flowered ; flower nodding at first, at length erect: scales of the stein appioximate. Whole plant ivory- white at first. 20—4. Morus. 53. 98. alba (while mulberry. E. M. h 0 leaves heart-form with oblique base, ovate or lobed, unequally serrate, smooth- ish. From China and Persia. nigra (blat k mulberry. £ Ju. J? 0 leaves cordate, ovate, or sub-5-lobed, unequally toothed, scabrous. From Persia. ruJtra (P. CM- h •) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, or 3-lobed, equally serrate, scabrous, soft hairs be- neath : pistillate spikes cylindric. (1) Iutea. M*. S58 MUCOR, MYOSOTIS. 22—6. Mucor. 58. 1. 1. Stipe racemed. aspergillus (mould,) stipe filiform, dichotomous ; little heads terminal, sub-conjugate, oblong when mature.. On putrid fungi in autumn, grey. 2. Stipe simple. muceda, receptacle or fruit inflated, dark grey ; mouth round, dehiscent about the stipe. On putrid cabbage, in autumn and winter. caninus, crowded together, byssus-like or flax-like, w bite ; fruit minute, becoming yellowish. Stipe long and lax. In mild winters and after storms, on man- ure, &c. 3. Without a stipe. herbariorum, yellow, permanent; fruit globose sitting among down. On dry plants in moist places. 3—2. Muhleneergia. Sr. (1) 4. 10. diffusa (dropseed-grass. Y. C. P. J. 21.) culm weak, branching ; branches and leaves glabrous : panicle compact: calyx 1-valved. erecta (woods dropseed-grass. H. Ju. y.) culm strong, simple ; culm and leaves pubescent: panicle lax : calyx 2-valved ; awn long. Dry woods. 5—1. Myosotis. 41. 42. ''■ scorpioides,\V. (2) (scorpion weed, Hudson. C. P. M. y.) seeds smooth : calyx leaves sub-oval, about as long as the tube of the corol : stem sub-ramose : leaves lance- oval : racemes bractless. virginiana (H.w-b.J. 0 ) pilose: seed prickly-bearded; leaves lance-ovate acuminate : racemes divaricate- Flowers small, leaves large. arvensis (forget-me not. C.T. P.w-b. J.#.) seeds smooth : calyx-leaves oval, acuminate,very hirsute, longer than the tube of the corol : stem very branching : racemes conjugate: leaves lance-ovate. Flowers small. (1) Dilepycum. Mx (2) palustris lioth. MYOSOTIS, MYRTUS. 359 lappnla (W. C. T. V. Can. b. Ju. ®.) hispid : seeds prickly, bearded : leaves linear-oblong; stem stiffly branched. 2t—4. Myrica. 50. 99. I gale (sweet gale. Y. H. M. b .) leaves wedge-laneeolate, obtuse, serrate at the apex : staminate aments imbri- cate ; scales acuminate, ciliate : fruit in a scaly head. Very abundant at the margin of Crooked lake in Plain- field. cerifera (bayberry. Y. C. P. g-p. M. b 0 leaves wedge- lanceolate, acute, with distant serratures at the apex : staminate aments lax, scales acute : fruit small, glo- bose, covered with a whitish wax, in a mealy state. This is the bayberry tallow, which is obtained by melt- ing it off in hot water. caro'liniensis, VV. (New-England. Pursh. M. h .) leaves wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed : staminate aments lax; scales acute : berries globose, large. Three or four feet high. 20—13. Myriophyllum. 15. 88. verticillatum (water milfoil. C. P. Can. Schenectady, Beck. Ju. 21.) leaves capillaceous, upper ones pecti- nate-pinnatifid : flowers all in axillary whorls : lower ones pistillate, upper ones staminate or perfect, octan- drous. In stagnant waters. spicatum (Can. D. Ju. y.) leaves all pinnate, capillace- ous : spikes interruptedly naked : flowers staminate, polyandrous. .... umbisuum, N. (D.) stem floating, dichotomous : leaves petioled, obsoletely pinnate : lowest ones capillary, middle ones pectinate, upper ones nearly entire. Var. limosnm. stem rooting, erect : leaves rigid, mostly 3- cleft; segments setaceous, acute. 12—1. MYRTUS. 45. 60. communis (myrtle. E. w. Ju. J>.) flowers solitary : in- volucre 2-leaved : leaves ovate. 360 NAEMASPORA, NARTHECItTM. N. 22—6. Naemaspora. 58. 1. chrysosperma, receptacle manifest, spherical, sub-conic, truncate ; hairs gold-yellow. Under the bark of pop- lar. crocea, receptacle obsolete or none, naked; hairs crowd- ed, unequal, somewhat woody, saffron-yellow. Chief- ly on beech wood in winter. 20—1. Najas. 15. 6. j canadensis, Mx. (water-nymph. W. Can.) small, filiform, smooth : leaves narrow-linear. 16—13. Napaea. 37. 74. \ laevis, L. (1) (false mallows. P. vv. Ju. %.) leaves heart- ' 5-lobed, glabrous : lobes oblong, acuminate, toothed : peduncles many-flowered : capsules awnless, acumi- nate. 2 to 4 feet high. scabra, L. (2) (P. w. Oc. %.) leaves 7-lobe-palmate, sea- i brous: lobes lanceolate, gash-toothed : corymbs bract- I ed : flowers dioecious. i *, i 6—1. Narcissus. 9. 17. -J-pseudo-narcissus (daffodil. E. M, u.) spathe 1-flovvered : I nectary bellform, erect, crisped, equalling the ovate ' petals. i tazelta (polyanthos. E. M. y.) spathe many-flowered • nectary bellform, plicate, truncate, thrice as short as the petals ; petals alternately broader : leaves flat. jonquilla (jonquil. E. M. y.) spathe many-flowered : nec- tary bell form, short : leaves subulate. poeticus (poet's narcissus. E. 2>.) spathe 1-flowered: i nectary wheelfum, very short, scarious (red) crenu- i late : leaves inflexed at the margin. i 6—1. Narthecium. 10. 16. americanum, Ker. (3) (false asphodel. D. y. Ju. %.) ra- I m Sida napaea, W. (2) Sida dioica, W. ! (j; Phalangium ossifragum, M. NECKERA, NEOTTIA. 361 ceraes sometimes interruptedly spiked, lax : one cau- line bract clasping the p.'divd, another chaff-bristle- form below : lilaments with short wool. 22—2. Neckera. 56. 4. 1. Leavs 2-ranked. pennata, foliage 2-ranked, compressed ; leaves lance- oval, acuminate, nerveless, disk undulated : capsule immersed in tiie calyx (pericheth.) lid sub-conic and somewhat cuspidate. On trunks of trees. macropodia, decumbent, subramose : leaves flattish, lan- ceolate, facing 2 ways : capsule cylindric, strait, ter- minating in a long bristle. 2 Leaves imbricate every way. liadorhizans, creeping ; branchlets spreading and some- what 2-ranked ; summit rooting in some : leaves somewhat depressed-imbricate, oval, acute, nerveless: capsule cv limine ; lid somewhat conic, oblong, obtuse —columella exsert. On trees. seductrix, creeping, somewhat ascemling ; branchlets erect.in some places fascicled : leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acuminate nerveless : capsule cylindric ;lid from the base conic, shortish, cuspidate. viticulosa, stem ascending, simple or with few branches: leaves lax, from the side ofthe base iigulate-obtuse: capsule oblong ; lid conic, long-cuspidate, small. On trunks of tires. Neclris, see Floerkia. 13—13. Nklumeium. 26. 61. luteum, Mx. (1) (sacred bean. P. y. Ju. y.) leaves pel- tate, orbicular, entire : corol polypetalous : anthers linear above. A most superb plant. 19—1. Neottia. 7- 21. aestivalis, P. (2) (summer ladies' tresses. 0. w. J. y.) (1) spec'nisum, W. Cyamus, Sy. Nymphaea nelumbo, L. (2) 'oriiii,, W. O-hrys aestivalis, Mx. Satyrium spiralc, Sw. Li'. modoruffi, praceox, Wr. Ff 362 NEOTTIA, NIGELLA. stem leafy : roots bulbs oblong, aggregate : leaves lance-linear : spikes spiral : flowers one-sided : lip crenate, crispid- cernua, Sw (1) (nodding ladies' tresses. O. w. An. y.) leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved : stem sheathed : spike ob- long, dense-flowered ; flowers rerurve-nodding: lip oblong, entire, acute. The high primitive mountains east of Pittsfleld, Mass. exhibit patches white with these flowers, in Oct- and Nov. 14—l. Nepeta. 42. S9. cataria (catmint, catnep. 0. b-w. y.) flowers in whorled spikes : leaves petioled, cordate, tooth-serrate. 22—5. Nephroma. 57. 2. resupinata, frond crustaceous-livid, palish, pubescent, granulated : fertile lobes short: laminae of the recep- tacle reddish-yellow. On the earth at the roots of trees in mountains. 5—2. Nerium. 54. 47. oleander (rose bay, oleander. E. Au. h .) leaves lanceo- late, narrow, ternate, ribbed beneath : divisions ofthe calyx squarrose : nectary flat, tricuspidate. Nicandra, see Atropa. 5—1. Nicotiana. 28. 41. iabacum (virginian tobacco. E. w-r. Ju. #.) leaves lance- ovate, sessile, decurrent : flowers acute. rustica (common tobacco. E. Au. 0.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire : flowers obtuse. paniculata (small-Howered tobacco. Au. <$.) leaves peti- oled, cordate, entire : flowers panicled, obtuse, cla- vate. 13—5. Nigella. 26. 61. damascenn (fennel-flower. E. M. 0.) flower surrounded with a ieafy involucre. (1) Ophrys cernua, L. Limodorura autumnale, Wr. NIGELLA, NYMPHAEA. 363 sativa (E.) pistils 5; capsules muricate, rough leaves subpilose. 5—1. Nolan a. 41. 42. prostrata (E.) stem prostrate : divisions of calyx trian- gular-saggittate. 22—4. Nostoc. 57. 3. commune, on the earth : frond plated-Iobed, ventricose, gelatinous. On the earth after a storm, an inch or two in extent, olive-green. pruniforme, frond solitary, spherical, smooth, olive, ge- latinous, coriaceous, surface smooth: threads inter- woven-crisped. In lakes. botryoides, fronds minute, globular, aggregated into a green crust. In moist shady places, and on decaying wood. 13—1. Nuphar. S. (1)13. 62. lutea, A. (water lily. T. V. C. P. y. J. y.) leaves cor- date, entire : lobes near each other: calyx 5-leaved: stigma repand, with 14 to 20 radiated lines, and a deep central hole. Water. "kalmiana, A. (2) (C. T Can. y. Ju y.) leaves cordate, lobes near each other : calyx 5-leaved : stigma gashed with 8 to 12 radiated lines. Flowers small. Water. advena, A. (O.y.Ju.y.) leaves erect,cordate, entire: lobes spreading asunder: calyx 6-leaved: stigma with a slight central depression, and 13 radiating lines : pe- ricarp furrowed. In stagnant waters. 13—1. Nymphaea. 13. 62. odorata, A. (3) (pond lily. 0. w. Ju. %.) leaves round- cordate, entire, subemarginate : lobes spreading asun- der, acuminate, obtuse: petals equalling the 4-leaved calyx : stigma with 16 to £0 radiating erectish lines. Var. rosea has the flower purplish beneath, and the hind lobes of the leaves acutish. Water. (1.) Nymphaea, L, (2) minima, M. (-3) alba, Mx. 364 NYSSA, OENOTHERA. 21—5. Nyssa. 12. 24. villosa, Mx. (1) (pepperidge, tupelo. 0. y-g. M. b_.) leaves oblong, entire, acute at both ends; the petioles, midribs and margins villose: pistillate petioles sub-3- flowered : nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. biflora, Mx. (2) (sour-gum. C. M. J?.) leaves ovate ob- long, entire, acute at both ends, glabrous: pistillate peduncles 2-flowered: drupe short-obovate; nut ob- tusely striate. 0. 14—2. Obolaria. 40. 35. virginica, W. (penny-wort. P. r. Ap. y.)stem simple:- leaves oblojg, truncate, fleshy, purple beneath: flow- ers axillary, solitary, sessile. 14—1. Ocymum. 42. 39. basilicum (basil. E. @.) leaves ovate, glabrous: calyx ciliate. 5—2. Oenanthe. 45. 60. amligua, N. (water dropwort. D. P. y.) leaves few, ob- soletely pinnate; leafets in 3 to 5 pair, narrow-linear, long, entire, acute, sessile, glaucous beneath: involu- cre 2 or 3-leaved: umbels terminal, sub-solitary. Grows 6 to 10 feet high in marshes. rigidiis,S. (3) (D P. w. S. y.) leaves obsoletely pin- nate ; leafets in 4 or 5 pair, sessile, lance-oblong, en- tire or gash-toothed : involucre none : styles dilated at the base in a peltate form, very short: fruit sub-oval. About 3 feet high. 8—1. Oenothera. 17- 88. ^ biennis (scabish, tree-primrose. O. y. J. % .) stem viIlo.se> scabrous : leaves lance-ovate, flat, toothed : flowers terminal, subspiked, sessile : stamens shorter than the corol. Phosphorescent. Pursh. (1) mulliflora, Wr. (2) aquatica, L. integrifblia,. A. 3) Siam ngidus, L. Sison marginatum, Mx. OENOTHERA, ONOCLEA. 365 parviflora,W. (C. D. y. Ju. S .) stem smooth, sub-villose : leaves lance-ovate, flat; stamens longer than the co- rol. -longiflora, Ju. (P. T. y. ©.or % .) leaves denticulate: stem simple, pilose: petals distant, 2-lobed : tube of the flower very long : capsule hirsute. \ graudifloru, W. (P. y. Ju.l.) stem glabrous, brandling: leaves lance-ovate, glabrous : stamens declined. Flow- ers very large. A-sinuata, W. (P.y. J. ©.) stem diffused, having soft hairs: leaves oval-oblong, tooth-sinuate : flowers axil- lary, villose: capsules prismatic. Barton says this species is semi-decumbent f-fruticosa, W. (sundrops. C Y. P. T. y. Ju. U-) smooth- ish. : leaves lanceolate, subdentate, acute : capsules pe- dicelled, oblong-clavate, angled. Var. ambigua, is somewhat hairy: stem simple: leaves lanceolate or ' lance-ovate, acute, sub-denticulate: petals obcordate, width exceeding the breadth: capsule sub sessile, smooth, oblong, 4-wiuged. muricata, W. (P. T. y. Ju. % .)' stem purple, muricate: leaves lanceolate, flat: stamens of the length of the corol. pnsilla. Mx. (P. Can. y. Ju. it.) subpubescent: stem small, subsimple: leaves lance oblong, obtusish, en- tire: flowers axillary at the top: capsules clavate tur- binate, about equally 8-sided ehrysuntha, Mx. (dwarf scabish. O. y. J. V.) sUm slender, pubescent: leaves lanceolate, obtusish, flat, entire: tube ofthe calyx but half as long as the divis- ions: capsule clavate, acute-angled, mostly sessile. 22—1. Okoclea. 55. 5. sensibilis, W. (sensitive fern. O. J. %.) barren frond pin- nate, fertile one doubly-pinnate : stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach each other, on squeezing the stem in the baud. obtusiloba, Sh. (P ) barren frond pinnate; fertile one doubly-pinnate; stem scaly. nodidosa, Sh. (1) (P. 21.) lower frond bi-pinnahhd, di- visions entire, obtuse; lower ones elongated, acute. (1) Struthiopteri»pensyrvauie\, VV. F i % 366 ONOPOltDLM, OPUIOGLOSSUM. 18—1. O-xnFORDUM. 49. 54. acanthium (cotton thistle. Boston, p. Ju. % ) scales ofthe calyx spreading every way, acuminate: leaves ovate- oblong, toothed-spino.se, woolly. Dr. Bigelow says, this exotic is now naturalized about Boston. 5—1. Onosmodium. 41. 42. hispidum, Mx- (l) (false gromwell. Y. C. y-w. J. y.) very hispid: leaves lance-oval, acute, papillose-punc- tate: divisions of the coral subulate. Very abundant on the barren plains between Ball's springs and Love's tavern, New-Haven. 22—6. Onygexa. 58. 1. equina, gregarious, pale-white and reddish ; fruit orbicu- lar, glabrous, rugose, bran-like; stipe sliort, some- what fibrous. On hoofs of horses and horns of cattle, which are thrown into wet places. 22—5. Opegrapha. 57. 2. macularis (lettered lichen) crust determinate, unequal, dark-fuscous: receptacles minute, crowded, round- oval, at length rugose, irregular: disk rimose-like. On the bark of beech and oak ubnormis, crust thin, softish, white: receptacles immers- ed, very thin, short and long, flexuose, confluent, ru- gose-crisped : scarcely any distinct margin and disk. On the hard bark of trees. rimalis, crust effuse, becoming cinereous: receptacles sessile, oblong, straitish, simple, tumid : disk chan- nelled, concave; margins elevated, sub-inflexed, paral- lel. On bark of trees. 22—1. Ophioglossum. 55. 5. vulgatum (addertongue fern. T- C. P. M. 21.) frond, ovate, simple : spikes about an inch long. hdbosum, W. (a).(D. M. %.) root bulbous: frond heart- ovate, obtuse. (.) Lithospermum vlr^manum, L, Puishia hispida, SL- (2) ,crotalopharoides, Wr. ORCHIS. 67 19—t. Orchis. 7. 21. 1, Roots oval, or palmate. ciliaris (orchis. C. Y. P. T. y. Ju. y.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the petals : spur lon- ger than the e;erm. Uepharigloltis, W. (D. T. Plainfield, Mass. w. J. y.) lip lanceolate, ciliate, of the length of the upper petal: spur longer than the germ. Resembles the last, psycodes, W. (P. Can. y. J. y.) lip 3 parted, divisions capillary-many-cleft : petals obtuse : spur filiform- clav ate.* ascending, ofthe length ofthe germ. eristata, Mx. (C P. y. J. y •) 1>P oblong, pinnate-ciliate : petals round, 2 lateral ones toothed : spur shorter than the germ. lacera, Mx. (C. Y. T. g-w. Ju. %.) lip 3-parted ; di- visions sub-digitate-filiform : spur about equalling the germ : flowers alternate. discolor, Ph. (D. Ju. y.) lip 3-parted, longer than the petals ; lateral divisions short acute ; middle one ex- tended, spatulate : spur filiform, about twice as long as the germ : leaf one, radical, heart-ovate. flava,W.{V. y. Ju. 2/.) lip 3-cleft, entire, middle division larger : spur filiform, ofthe length of the germ : spike elongated, compact : bracts longer than the flower. trideniata, W.(C. Y. P. w.J. 1^.) lip lanceolate, 3-tooth- ed at the apex : petals obtuse : spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. bracteata,.W. (l) (vegetable satyr. O. g-w. M. y.)lip linear, emarginate at the apex, obsoletely 3-toothed : spur short, sub inflated, somewhat 2-lobed : bracts twice as long as the flowers, leaf-like, spreading: roots palmate. 6 to 10 inches high. obsoleta, W. (1) (New-England. P. J. y.) Up lance-ob- long undivided : bracts short: germ pedicelled : scape naked : spur short, sub-inflated, somewhat 2-lobed : root palmate. spectabilis,y\. (2) (0. r. M. 21.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse : petals strait, lateral ones longest : (I) Satyrium, P, (2) Humilis, Mx. 368 ORCHIS. spur clavate, shorter than the germ : bracts longer than the flowers : stem leafless. 3 to 5 inches high. 2. Roots fascicled. virescens, W. (P. g. Ju. y.) Hp lanceolate, crenate: bracts longer than the flowers : spur short sub-inflat- ed, somewhat 2-iobed : root fascicled. 12 to 18 inches high. fuscescens, W. (Catskill Mt. P. p-y. Ju. 2/.) lip ovate, toothed at the base : petals spreading : spur subulate, of the length of the germ : bracts longer than the flow- ers. incisa, W. (C. P. w-p. Ju. y.) lip 3-parted, divisions wedge-form, gash-toothed, middle one emarginate: lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate; spur subulate, as- cending, ofthe length ofthe germ. Very tall. rotundifolia, Ph. (P. w. J y.) iip 3-cleft, intermediate divisions 2-cleft : spur shorter than the germ : leave* round-oval. flmbriata, W. (0. p. Jn. it.) lips 3-parted; divisions wedge-form, ciliate-fringed : lateral petals ovate, toothed ;.spur filiform, clavate, longer than the germ. Damp. !■ orbiculata, Ph. (II. g-w. J. it.) lip linear, entire, obtusish: 3 upper petals converging, upper one deltoid, obtuse; 2 lateral ones oblique at the base : spur longer than the germ, clavate, flattish, curved : leaves 2, radical, orbicular, prostrate, glabrous, very shining. Flowers green and white. Mountain woods. * bifolia,h. (H. g-y. J y ) lip lanceolate, entire, acumi- nate : spur longer than the germ, terete, straitish : up- per petal ovate, acute : leaves 2, radical, broad oval, ascending, glabrous. Flowers green and yellow. This plant has long been collected and labelled pro- miscuously with the orbiculata. It is certainly a t li- ferent species ; but future collectors mav possible call it a new species. It is very abundant'on the side of the mountain a mile east ofthe village of Great i3ar- ' rington, Mass. I have collected it' in Stockbridge, Pittsfield, and near Williams college also. fssar \V.. (P. p. Ju. 21.) lip 3-parte Mx, {2) ramulosum, Mx. PAPAVER, PARMELIA. 375 Anceps, Mx. (P Ju. y.) erect ; branches ofthe panicle simple, interruptedly racemed : sheaths two-edgod, rough-haired below : the perfect flowers have 2-valv- ed corols, the staminate flowers have 1-valved corols. 13—1. Papaver. 27. 62. rheas (wild poppy. O. r. J. 0.) capsules glabrous, sub- globose : stem many-flowered, pilose, with the hairs spreading : leaves gash-pinnatifid. This is usually considered as an exotic : if it was introduced it is cer- tainly most effectually naturalized in many places. somnifernm (opium poppy. E. J. ©.) calvx and capsule glabrous : leaves clasping, gashed, glaucous. Well known as an anodyne and narcotic 20—4. Parietaria. 53. 98. pensylvanica (pellitory. Hudson. W. P. J. ©.) leaves lance-oblong, veiny, with opake pun tures : involucre S-leaved, longer than the flower. On rocky sidehills, &c. 22—5. Parmelia. 57. 2. 1. Divisions of the fronds all equal at the apex. eaperata (shield lichen. O.) frond orbicular, pale yellow becoming green, rugose, at length granulated, dark and hispid beneath'; lobes plicate, sinuate-lat miate, roundish, somewhat entire : receptacles scattered, sub- frescous ; margin incurved, entire, at length pulveru- lent Var- cylisphora, smoothish, naked ; lobes gash- crenate : receptacles of the central lobes margined, elevated, small. On old timber, kc. salbina, frond orbicular, smooth becoming cinereous, the outer margin leaden-blue, with dark punctures; dark beneath, hispid with spongy fibres; lobes imbri- cate, flat, sjiuatc-laciniate, crenate : central recepta- cles concave, dark-purple, shining ; margin entire. On old wooi. . . vlacorodia. frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled with black elevated specks : glabrous rugose, milky beneath, with dark-cinereoi;< impressions ; divisions plicate, concrete, round crispid crenate at the apex : receptacles scattered, elevated, light luscous, some- 376 PAR MELIA. what concealed by the inflexed, rugose, crenate mar- gin. On decaviug woods. crinita, frond orbicular, from wTiite becoming pale-glau- cous, scabrous with scattered grains and corol-hke branchlets ; dark glabrous, a little rugose beneath, rarely fibrous : divisions rather long, sinuate-lobed at the margin and erosc-crcnate ciliate, obtuse at the apex. rudecta, frond orbicular, pale cinereous becoming green, thickly beset with rorol-like opophyses of an uniform colour ; dirty-white, wrinkled and fibrous beneath; divisions concrete undulate-plicate, roundish at the margin1-, torn crenate : receptacles scattered, small obscurely fuscous : margin thin, at length rugose-cre- nate. On old wood. scortea, frond orbicular, sub-coriaceous, white, glabrous, very thin, dark-punctate ; dark-fibrous-hispid be- neath ; lobes long;sh. sinuate-crenafp, gashed : recep- tacles red-fuscous, sub-entire at the margins. On rocks and flunks of trees. perforata, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, naked ; dark fibrous beneath ; lobes round, gashed, flat, sub-plicate, crenate, ciliate at the margin : recep- tacles reddish-yellow, at length perforated; margin entire. On trunks of trees, very common. herbucea, frond orbicular, membranaceous-herbaceous, naked ; pale fuscous tomentose beneath ; lobes gash- sinuate, round-lacjniafe, repand, sub-crenate : recep- tacles reddish yellow, margin inflexed, rugose-crenate. On trunks of trees and rocks among moss. tiliacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous, becoming glaucous-cinereous, somewhat hoary ; dark-fuscous beneath with black fibres ; lobes sinuate-laeiniate, the extreme ones round, crenate : receptacles sub-fus- cous ; margin sub-entire. On the bark of trees. sub-marginulis, frond membranaceous, smoothish, be- coming cinereous ; very dark beneath, becoming fus- cous at the perifery : receptacles somewhat margined, concave, fuscous, wrinkled outside, margin simple. On trunks of trees. vlivacea, frond orbicular, dark-olive, wrinkled, having elevated specks ; pale becoming fuscous, scabrous and somewhat fibrous beneath ; lobes radiated, close-press- ed, flat, dilated, round crenate; receptacles flattish. PARMELIA. S77 somewhat uniform coloured ; margin crenulate. On trunks of trees, split rails, &c. purietina, frond orbicular, very yellow ; pale, somewhat fibrous beneath ; lobes radiating, close pressed, flat, dilated round crenate and crisped atth-> apex : recep- tacles uniform-coloured, margin euti;e. On walks, old fences, rocks, trunks of trees. k.e. setosa, frond stellate, becoming white-glaucous : becom- ing ragged beneath with the dark hispid rasv^einte - woven fibres ; divisions many-(left, linear, separated, flat; margins here and there bearing fruit-dots ; (iliae very dense and long. saxatilis, frond orbicular, becoming cenereous. a little scabrous, lacnnose-reticulate ; bUnk and bi> •» :h be- neath ; divisions imbricate, sinuate-lobed, flat, sub-re- tuse and dilated, round : receptacles liver brown, mar- gin crenate. On rocks and in trunks of trees. aquila, frond orbicular, fuscous-t hesnut-brown ; paler beneath and dark-fibrous ; divisions manv-parted, sub-linear, convex, the pbeiiphery dilated, flattish, crenate : receptacles dark-fuscous, margin crenulate On rocks and mountains. michauxii, frond somewhat olive-colour, a little shining; divisions convex, sinuate-lobed, dilated at the apex : receptacles chesnut-fuscotts. On rocks. congruens, frond stellate, becoming pale-white and fus- cous-cinereous beneath, the fibres and impressions uniform-coloured ; divisions many-cleft, lax, flexuose, margins recurved, flatfish and crenate at the apex : receptacles elevated, concave, liver-like, margin en- tire. On trunks of trees. centrifuga, frond orbicular, with greenish-white zones receding from the centre ; white beneath, v\ith fuscous- cinereous fibres ; divisions concrete, convex rugose, parted dichotomously, obtusish : receptacles with red- dish-fuscous pei iphcries,margins sub-entire. On moun- tains and rocks. conspersa, frond orbicular, pale, lived, smooth, dark- punctate ; becoming fuscous and fibrous beneath ; di- visions sinuate-lobed, round, crenate, flattish : re: ep, taclescentral, chesnut brown,margin sub-entire. On stones and rocks diverskolor, frond sub-orbicular, golden-yellow, eon- Gg2 378 PARMELIA- crete with the rugose, narrow, torn-ramose divis- ion*, white with age ; becoming white-cinereous be- neath, and the impressions uniform-coloured : recep- tacles crowded, concave, dark-red ; margin thick, at length white. speciosa, frond stellate glabrous, white becoming sub ci- nereous ; white softish beneath with obscure marginal fibres ; divisions imbricate, flat, gash-ramose, crenate, the ascending crenatures pulverulent: receptacles cen- tral, sub-fuscous ; margin inflexed, tumid, at length rugose-crcnate. On rocks and trunks of trees. hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked ; very white, soft, sub-tomentose beneath, with hispid dm k marginal fibres ; divisions linear, many cleft, flat : receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous, at length black ; margin inflexed, at length crenulate. On trunks of trees, on and among mosses. lophyrea, frond stellate, white ; dark, smooth, naked,ex- cavated-punctate beneath ; divisions linear, flat, flex- uose, sinuate-many-cleft : receptacles reddish ; mar- gin sub-crenate. granulifera, frond orbicular, white, hoary and granular, sprinkled over with snow-white heaps of globules: gla- brous, one-coloured beneath, fibres and impressions dark ; divisions flat, many-cleft, tooth-crenate, mar- gins naked : rsceptacles dark fuscous ; margin inflex- ed, granulated. Among mosses on trunks of trees. conoplea, frond orbicular, becoming claucous green, here and there covered with granulated dust becoming blue; dark with spongy fibres beneath ; divisions with flat- tish, round-lobed,crenate, naked outer edges ; margins elevated, pulverulent : receptacles reddish-yellow. On mosses and trunks of trees. tbsessa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence, apex fuscous; dark, fibrous beneath; divisions with a separate solitary peripery, erose- many-cleft, flat: receptacles central, flat, dark-fus- cous ; margin granulate-toothed* On the bark of trees. pulverulenta, frond stellate, Iight-grey-lioary ;; dark, to- mentose-hispid beneath ; divisions- linear, many-cleft, separated in the periphery, flat, close-pressed, undu- lated, refuse at the apex : receptacles grey ; margin; entire and flexuose.. On the bark> of,trunks of tress.. PARMELIA. 37^ aipolia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous, grey and naked ; white beneath with dark fuscous fibres ; divisions all sub-connate, flattish, many-cleft and lobed: receptacles dark grey-hoary. On the bark of trees. stellaris, frond stellate, at length rugose-plicate, becom- ing green-cinereous ; white, fibrous-cinereous beneath ; divisions sub-linear, somewhat convex, gashed, many- cleft : receptacles becoming dark-glaucous ; margin entire, at length flexuose and crenate. On the bark of trees. eaesiti, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous and grey, bearing fruit-dots ; cinereous beneath, with dark fibres ; divisions linear, gashed, many-cleft,somewhat convex, the extremities flat : receptacles sub concave, black ; margin sub-indexed. On rocks, woods, on mosses anl bark of trees. ulothrix, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid ; dark fibrous beneath ; divisions separated, linear, dichotomous, many-cleft, flat, sub-ciliate : receptacles dark-fuscous, margin entire, ciliate-fibrous beneath. On bark and trunks of trees. 2. Divisions of the frond sub-inflated at the apex. physodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming white glaucous | divisions imbricate, sinuate-multifid, somewhat convex, glabrous, inflated and ascending at the apex : recepta- cles red, with entire margins. On split wood, rails, rocks and trunks of trees. tristulata, frond orbicular, becoming green glaucous ; divisions very smooth, flat, periphery round, incum- bent, gash-crenate ; all spongy and dark beneath, sub- inflated at the apex : receptacles red ; margin entire. On the roots of trees. eolpodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming pale-green ; divis- ions many-cleft, smooth, naked, flattish, sub-inflated at the apex ; dark ragged beneath : receptacles sub- fuscous ; margin sub-rugose. On bark of trees. enteromorpha, frond sub-stellate, becoming whitish- green ; divisions elongated, sub-divided, effuse, lax, sub-rugose, inflated ; dark, rugose-plicate beneath : receptacles liver-brown j margin entire. On trunk* •f pities? &cv 380 PARNASSIA, PASS1FL0RA. 5—4. Parjtassia. 14. 64. americana, M. (l) (parnassus grass, flowering plantain. T. W. V. C P. w-p. Ju. V- ) leaves radical, sub-orbic- ular-cordate : nectaries 3-parted, each divided into filaments, terminated by little heads. Damp or wet. 3—2. Paspalum. 4. 10. setaceum, Mx. (2) (paspalon grass. P.J. 0.) spike sin- gle, slender : glumes round-obovate, glabrous : leaves villose : culm setaceous, erect. cilialifolium, Mx. (P. D- S. y.) spikes alternate, some- what in pairs : glumes somewhat in three rows, pair- ed, round-obovate, obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-lin- ear, serrulate ciliate : culm decumbent. laeve, Mx. (3; (P. J. ~u .) spikes many, alternate : glumes in two rows, round-ovate, glabrous, smooth : leaves glabrous ; stipules ciliate ; sheaths compressed : stem sub-erect. stolonifemm, P. (4) (D.Ju. y0 spikelets long-raremed somewhat whorled, spreading : glumes'alternate, ovate, serrulate-ciliate, rugose transversely : leaves short, sub-cordate at the base : stem prostrate at its base. 16—5. Passiflora. 45. 60. lutea, W. (yellow passion flower. P. y. S. y.) leaves cordate. 3-lobed, obtuse, glabrous ; petioles glandless : peduncles axillary, in pairs : petals twice as'narrowas the calyx. coerulea (blue passion-flower. E. b. Ju. 1?.) leaves pal- mate. 5-parted, entire : petioles glandular : involucre 3-leaved. entire : threads of the crown shorter than the corol, alata (winged passion-flower. E. Oct. h .) leaves oblong- ovate, sub-cordate, entire, veinv ; petioles with 4- glands : stipules lance falcate, sub-serrate : involucre 3-leaved : stem 4-corncred, membranaceous. (1) caroliniana, Mx. p.lustrh, 2d. ed. T vv as forced into that er- *or by lugh authority, as 1 had previously given it the iriw nam- 2 d.ssectum, Wr. (3) lent.fe-um, Lk. men.branaceum, Wfc *4) rucemosum, Jr. Milium latifolium, Cavanilles. PASTINACA, PELARGONIUM. 381 5—2. Pastistaca. 45. 60. "—saliva (parsnip. E. Au. % .) leaves simply pinnate : leaf- ets glabrous. Var. arvensis, leafets sub-pubes< ent. This variety is often found in situations, which almost prove it to be indigenous. 14—2. Pehicularis. 40. 35. ^canadensis (lousewort. O. y-p. M. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid, gash-toothed : heads leafy at the base, hirsute : corol with a setaceous-2-toothed upper lip : calyx obliquely truncate. From 4 to 8 inches high ; generally several stems growing from one root. gladiata, Mx. (high heal-all. Y. T. C. N. y-p. J. it.) stem simple : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, toothed : spikes leafy, with alternate florets, hirsute ; capsules lengthened into an exsert, sword-mucronate form. Of- ten 2 feet high. — pallida, P. (I) (C. T. Niagara. Y. y. Ju. y.) stem branching, tall : leaves sub-opp tsite. lanceolate, cre- nate, toothed : spikes leafless, glabrous : upper lip of the corol obtuse : calyx 2-cleft, roundish. From 2 to 3 feet high. resupinata', W. (Can. p. Ju. %.) stem simple, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, toothed, crenate : calyx bilid trun- cate : upper lip of the corol acute. 16—7. Pelargonium. 14. 73. 1. JS"early stemless ; root tuberous. triste (mourning geranium E.) umbel simple : leaves rough-haired, pinnate : leafets hi pinnatifid, divisions oblong acute. Flowers dark green. dancifolium ^carrot geranium. E- 2'.) scape very simple { leaves thrice--innate, hiisute . leafets lance-linear. 2. Leaves simple, not angled. odoratissimum (sweet-scented geranium. E. b«) pedun- cles sub-5 flowered : leaves round cordate, very soft, 3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lobed. zonule (horse-shoe geranium. E. h .) umbels many-flow- (1) Serotina, M. 382 PELARGONIUM, PELTIDEA. ered : leaves heart-orbicular, obsoletely lobed, tooth- ed, with a coloured zone or band around near the margin. inqninans (scarlet geranium. E. J? ) umbels many flow- ered : leaves round-ienifotm, hardly divided, crenate, viscid-don ny. aceriflnvna (lemon, or inapl^-leaf. geranium. E. b ) um- beis about. 5-flowered : haves 5-Jobc-palmafe, serrate; below wedgeform, undivided. eapitutiim (rosc-srented geranium. E. k .) flowers capi tate : leaves cordate, lobed, waved, soft : stem diffuse. qnercijolhim (oakdeal geracjum. E. J? ) umbels snb ma- ny-flowered : leaves cmV.ate, pinna! i.'M. rrrnate : sinu- ses rounded : filaments ascending at the apex. gruveolens (sweet rose geranium. E. b .) umbels nianv- fiowcred, sub-capitat«> : leaves paimate-7 lobt d ; divis'i- ons obl'oig, obtuse, margins revoiuie. Remark. These are all the species which 1 have seen in Troy, Albatn, Northampton, or any other town in the interior ; but I have seen 20 or SO other species in N. lock. To include all these would be giving too much room to one genus of* exotics, which is not among the common cultivated exotics, promised in the title page. 22—5. Peltiijea. 57. 2. scutata (target lichen) frond becoming cinereous; whiter and nearly reinless beneath ; lobes round, gash sinu- ate, creuate-rrisped, fertile lobes verv short : recepta- cles round, ascending, flattish, fuscous, sub-entire. On trunks of trees horizontalis. frond becoming fuscous-glaucous-green, gla- brous ; verv white and reticulate with black veins be- neath ; fertile lobes very short : receptacles terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely oblong, liver-brown, en- tire. On rocks among mosses in mountain woods renosa. frond cinereous-green; veins beneath ramose, shooting out at a distance, fuscous-cinereous ; lobes round, gashed, sub entire ; receptacles margined, Hat, round, tumid, obscurely fusions, sub-eienulate. On the earth at the margins of ditches, &c. aplhosa. frond becoming In id-green, smooth, knobs wart- like, close pressed ; receptacle with black veins ; fer- tile lobes rather long, narrow in thi middle, reflexed PELTIDEA, PENTHORUM. 383 at the margin ; receptacles terminal, full, ascending, red, margin like the frond, indexed, sub-lanceolate. Ou the earth and in woods. canina, frond becoming cinereous-green, sub-tomentose ; reticulate beneath with cinereous-fuscous veins ; fer- tile lobes longish, reflexed at the margin : receptacles terminal, erectish, revolute, reddish yellow ; margin like the frond, thin, sub-crenulate. On the earth in mountain woods and on mosses. polydactylu, frond becoming glaucous-green, naked, gla- brous ; reticulate with fuscous veins beneath ; fertile lobes very thick, elongated, and the terminal recepta- cles obscurely fuscous, margins cucullate-revolute. On the earth in woods and bush fields S—2. Pennisetum. N. (1) 4. 10. glancnm (foxtail panic. 0. y. J. ^0 spikes terete : invo- lucels 2-flowered, fash le-sctose : seed transversely rugose. Var. laevigatum, has glabrous leaves and sheaths. : italicum, L. (2) (C. P.Ju. #.) spike terminal, cylindric, nodding, compound, interrupted near the base; rachis and peduueles pilose : bracts a little longer than the ca- lyx, hispid upwards. viride, L. (3)(G P.Ju. ©.) spike terete, sub-compound, nodding, undivided : involucels (bracts) 10 to 15, se- tose, soft : seeds nerved. The rachis is hirsute below the spike, furrowed and many-cornered. vertidllatum, \V. (4) (V. D. P. Ju. <-■:.) spikes whorled ; racemes in fours : involucres 1 -flowered, 2-bristled ; culms diffuse : leaves with scabrous margins keeled; shields glabrous. 10—5. Penthorum. 13. 83. ^tdoides (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. H.) stem branch- ing, angled : leaves lanceolate, sub-sessile, unequally ami derisly serrate : spikes terminal, panicled, alter- nateand cy med : seeds pitted. (1) i'anfcum, I* (2) Setaria italicum, R?. (3) Sttaria viridi«, Rs. (4) Panicum alopecuroideum, Wr. 334 PENTSTEMON, PEZIZA. 14—2. Pentstemon. 40. 45. . $.pubesceus. W. (i) (beard-tongue. W. T. C P. w-p. J. y.) stem hairy : leaves serrulate, lance-oblong, sessile: flowers panic led : the barren filament bearded from the apex to below the middle. Var. latifolia has broad smooth leaves. Var. uugustifolia has narrow, hairy, obscurely denticulate leaves. From 1 to 2 feet high. laevigata, W. (2) P. T. w-p. Ju y.) stem glabrous : leaves smooth, oblong-ovate, clasping at the base, slen- derly toothed, lower ones entire ; flowers panicled : barren filament bearded above. About 2 feet high. 5—2. Periploca. 30. 47. \ gracea, M. (milk vine. P. p. M. 1?.) flowers hirsute within, terminal; stigma with 10 crenatures. 22—6. Peziza. 58. 1. 1. Tremelloideae. Substance more or less tremulous. inquinans, in groups, large, dark-stained, at length con- vex, ob-cotiic ; rugose and brownish outside. Often grows in long series in autumn, along hewn or cut timber. sarroides, cespitose, fleshy-tremulous, somewhat firm in texture, flesh-red, somewhat veiny outside. In au- tumn, on cut decaying trunks, &c. dnerea, in groups, small, cinereous nr pale, sub-tremu- lous; margin whiter, sub-erect. On decaying trunks and branches, in spring and autumn. 2. Helvelloideae. Larger, fleshy-membranaceous, fragile, externally sub-farinaceous. aurdntia, stemless, cespitose, halved flexuose, golden- yellow, white externally. P. coccinea, Bull. In au- tumn on roots and decaying trunks, Ate. umbrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground, &e badia, almost stemless, entire, margin sub-involute, ob- scurely fuscous, externally somewhat olive-coloured. An inch and a half broad. In autumn on the earth, on trunks, &.c. in woods. (1) Chelone pentstemon, Mant. (2) Chelone, Miller. PEZrZA. 385 depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yel- low. Var. applanuta, cinnamon colour, expanded ; flat and rugose above, paler beneath. In fields on the margin of rivers, tue. acetabulum, wineglass-form, .stiped ; pileus angled out- side : veins branching : colour earth brown fuscous. Stipe thick, lacunose as in some species of Helvetia In shades. 8. Mostly small. Whole pileus strigose-hirsute, pilose, to- mentose, or pubescent. fiemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric ; white glaucous within, brown outside. Half an inch broad. In autumn on the earth, rarely ou trunks. scutellata, largish, spread-flattened, reddish-yellow out- side : hispid with dark diverging bristles. On wood in damp places. eoccinea, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel-form : scar- let within, white without and souk what downy ; mar- gin mostly crenate. In the spring on the earth and dead limbs. anomalu, stiped, crusty-crowded, turbinate ; dry crisp- ed, ferruginous or fawn-colour ; mouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn on dry fallen branches. 4. Mostly small. Wholly glabrous for at least not mani festly tomentose) fleshy or wax-like. (Pileus stiped.) bolaris, largish, sub-solitary : pileus orbicular-funnel- form ; outside often rugose-veiny and a little fibrous : stipe thick, becoming dark at the base, shortish. In autumn on dry stipes, Ace. eyathoidea, in groups, small, white or pale ; pileus wine- glass-form, unarmed, rather thin : stipe long, a It:tie thicker, downwards. On the dry stems of large herbs —stipes about the fourth of an inch long. lutescens, small, somewhat in groups, becoming yel- low : pileus orbicular : stipe thin, cylindric. On the decaying vood of firs, &c. pallescens^ crouded, glabrous, white at length becoming pale: pileus somew hat funnel-form: stipe rather thick. On trunks of beech, &c. H h 386 PEZIZA, PHALARIS. (Pileus sessile.) leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute ; margin white, finely torn. On walls and moss in the spring. 5. More or less coriaceous, dry, glabrous or pulverulent, mostly sessile. Uucomela, bursting : sessile : pileus concave ; dark out- side and white within. Sometimes on hazle branches. patellaria, in groups, dark, spread flattened, sub-coria- ceous, distinctly margined. On dry branches of bass- wood and .sometimes on trunks of oak. pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining ; margin acute. On the bark of pines and firs, &c. 5—i. Phacexia. 28. 41. 1 bipinnatiflda, Mx. (phacelia. P. b. M.) erect: leaves pin- natifid, divisions gash-lobed : racemes mostly bifid, ob- long, many-flowered •• divisions of the corol entire. flmbriata, Mx. (P. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy : leaves sessile, pinnatifid : divisions lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath : racemes soli- tary ; pedicels elongated : divisions of the corol cili- ate-fringed. parviflora P. (l) (P. b. M. 0.) diffused, pubescent : leaves sub-sessile, pinnatifid : divisions oblong obtus- ish, entire : racemes solitary ; pedicels short ; divis- ions of the cored round, entire. 3—2. Phalaris. 4. 10. americana, E. (2) (ribbon grass, wild canary grass. \Y. Y P. Ju. y.) panicle oblong, ventricose. compact: glumes acuminate, 3-nerved : leaves scabrous at the margin ; sheaths striate Var. picta. leaves variously striped.—This variety is the ribbon grass of the gar- dens- canadensis (canary grass. E. ®.) panicle spike-form, ovate : glumes of the calyx boat-form, entire : corol 4-valved ; outer ones lanceolate, glabrous, inner ones villose. (1) Polemonium dubium, W. (2) arundinacea, Mx. Calamagrogtis colorata, N. PHALLUS, PHASEOLUS. 387 22—6. Phallus. 58. I. impudicus (morel) stipe sieve-like, sub-oblique ; pileus cellular, pervious at the fop. Very nauceous. On the ground in autumn in fields and shady places. prarputiosus. stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved ; involucre indusium-like. Nauceous. 22—2. Piiascum. 56. 4. patens, caulerent, erect : capsule about sessile : leaves lance ovate, serrate at top, spreading. muticum, stemless : capsule sessile : leaves ovate, with- out points, concave, converging. cervicollum, sub-caulescent: the leaves of the perb heth strait : peduncle incurved : capsule ovate. On dry gravelly earth. subulatum, caulescent, erect: leaves lance linear, spread. ing ; the summits, from the broadish base, subulate, rigid : capsule sub-sessile. eoherens, sub caulescent, simple : leaves ovate, acute, nerves solid, serrulate, erect : capsules with short, bristles. 17—10. Phaseolus. 32. 93. perennis, Wr. (1) (wild kidney-bean. C. P. p. Ju. y.) twining, wholly pubescent: leaves broad-ovate, the odd one sub-cordate : racemes in pairs, longer than the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts obsolete : le- gumes peduncled. vulgaris (common pole-beau. E. p. w.Ju. © ) stem twin- ing : racemes solitary, shorter than the leaves : pe- duncled in pairs : bracts smaller than the calyx, spreading: legumes pendulous. From the East Indies. nanus (bush-bean, six-weeks beau. E. Q.) stem erect, smooth : bracts larger than the calyx : legumes pen- dulous, compressed, rugose. Seeds variously coloured. multiflorus (scarlet runner. E. r. w. Ju. ©.) stem twin- ing •• racemes solitary, ofthe length of the leaves : pe- duncles in pairs : bracts close-pressed,, smaller than the calyx : legumes pendulous* (O paniculatu8>,Mx, S88 PHASEOLUS, PHLOX. macrostachyus, E. (P.) stem twining ; racemes simple,. very long : peduncle sub-fascicled : leaves villose be- neath. 12—1. PmLvnELPHUs.. 19. 89. eoronarius (mock-orange, false syringa. E. w. J. b .) styles distinct : leaves ovate, sub-dentate. From Asia- Minor or Greece. inodorns (scentless syringa. Southern states, w. J. l?.)' leaves ovate, acuminate, entire: divisions of the calyx acute : style undivided, longer than the stamens ; stig- mas 4, oblong, Flowers large. Cultivated. grundiflorus (scentless syringa. Southern states, w, J. b.) b'aves ovate, acuminate, denticulate : axils ofthe veins with fascicles of hairs beneath : divisions ofthe calyx acuminate : style undivided, longer than the stamens : stigmas 4, linear. Cultivated. 3—2. Phleum. 4. 10. pratense (timothy grass. O. J. y. and % .) spike cylin- dric, very long, ciliate : culm erect. 5—1. Phlox. 20. 44. paniculata, W.(smooth-stem lichnidia. P. r. w. Ju. y.) glabrous, ere* t : leaves lanceolate, narrowing grad- uallv, flat, margins rough : corymbs panicled : divis- ions ofthe corol rounded ; calyx awned. Cultivated. pyramidulis, S. (l) (P. J. %.) erect, glabrous ; stem sca- brous : leaves heart-otate, acute: panicle fastigiate, pyramidal ; divisions of the corol wedge-truncate :. teeth of the calyx sub erect, lanceolate acute. maculatu, W. (spotted Ihhnidia. D. P. r. w. Ju.H.) erect;. stem spotted, scabrous : leaves lance-oblong, glabrous, margins roogh : panicle oblong, flowers crowded : di- visions of the corol rounded : teeth ofthe calvx acute, recurved. suaveolens, W. (P. w. Ju. y.) erect; stem very glabrous, not spotted : leaves lance-ovate, smooth : raceme pan- icled : divisions of the corol rounded : teeth of the calyx lanceolate, actiffe, erectish. Sweet scented. Q) Carolina, Wr PHLOX, PHYLLANTHUS. 389 nristata, Mx. (l) (P. D. Buffalo, r. vv. J. % ) weak, erect, visced-pubescent : leaves lance-linear : panicle lax, fastigiate ; pedicels somewhat in pairs : divisions of the corol somewhat obovate ; tube curved, pubescent : teeth ofthe calyx long, subulate. ■j- pilosa, Mx. (creeping lichnidia. D. p. w. J y.) small, de- cumbent. pubescent: leaves lance-linear, short, rough- ish : flowers sub-sessile and fascicled at the top : di- visions of the corol round-obtuse,-tube straitish, gla- brous : tooth ofthe calvx subulate-acuminate. divartcata. W. (P. p b. M. y.) low, decumbent, pubes- cent : leaves lance-oval,upper ones alternate : branch- es divaricate, lax, few-Hovvered : divisions ofthe corol sub-cordate: teeth of the calyx linear-subulate. sioloniftra, C. (2) (P. b-p. J. 2J..) stoloniferous-creeping, pubescent: radical leaves obovate-spatulate, cauline ones lance-oval : corymb spreading,- few flowered : divisions of the corol'obovate : teeth of the calyx li- near, reflexed. subuluta, N>. (mountain pink. D. r. M. 21.) caespitose, Wiiite pubescent : leaves linear, pungent, ciliate : co- rv mbs few-flowered, pedicels 3-cleit : divisions ofthe corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx , subulate, scarcely shorter than the tube of the corol. Cultivated. . setacea (i> r. J. %■) caespitose, pubescent : leaves fasci- cled, subulate, pungent, ciliate: pedicels few, terminal, sub umbelled ; divisions of the corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, thrice as short as the tube of the corol. 14—l. 1'hryma. 40. 39. V lepfostaclia (lopseed. O. p. vv. Ju. y.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled : spike terminal, slender : flowers'oppositc. As the fruit begins to form, it lops down against the rachis. 20__16. Phyllaxtuus. 38. 96. obovaius, W. (3) (leaf-flower. P.J. ©.) leaves obovate^ ( ) ,,il.,sa, C m r (-') reptaus, Mx- (3) coiolinieusis, Wr. H h 2 390 PHYSALIS, PHYTOLACCA. obtusish : flowers in pairs, axillary* pedicelled : stem erect, branching, terete. A span high. 5—1. Physalis. 28. 41. viscosa (yellow henbane. T. C. P. W. Hudson, y. Ju. 21.) leaves in pairs, heart-oval, repand, obtuse, sub-tomen- tose : stem panicled above : fruit-bearing calyx pu- bescent. obscnra, Mx. (l) (D. y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, or- bicular, acuminate, unequally dentate : stem herbace- ous, devaricate,much branched, branches angled. B. pensylvanica (P. C. y. J. y.) leaves ovate, sub-repand,. obtuse, nakedish : stem branching ; peduncles solita- ry, a little longer than the petioles. philadelphica, Lk. (New-England, y. p. Ju. #.) leaves ovate, repand-toothed, glabrous : stem very branch- ing : peduncles solitary, much shorter than the peti- oles. Ianceolata, Mx. (P. y. J. 21.) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub-entire, gradually narrowing into the petiole, pu- bescent : stem dichotomous : calyx villose. alkckengi (common winter cherry. E. y.) leaves in pairs, entire, acute : stem sub-rainose below. Calyx of the fruit red or reddish. 22—6. Physadum. 58. 1. einereum, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous ; reticulate- within with white threads. On trunks in autumn. nutans, stiped, white-cinereous ; fruit lenticular, gla- brous, a little wrinkled, nodding. On trunks, leaves. and mosses in autumn, or in the summer after long storms. aurantium, stiped, fruit roundish becoming yellow • stipe striate thickening downward. On trunks. farinucemn, stiped ; bark of the fruit very thin, mealy- yillose, cinereous. On branches of pines, on moss, &c. ' 11—l(h Phytolacca. 54. 29. decandra (poke weed. 0. w. Ju. 21.) leaves orate,, acute (1) angulata, Wr. PIL0T1UCHUM, PINUS. 391 at both ends : flowers racemed, berries flattened at the ends. A good substitute for the Ipecac. See Bige- low's Medical Botany. The young shoots, used as a substitute for asparagus, are an excellent remedy in cases of habitual costiveness. Antiscorbutic, cathar- tic, emetic. B. 22—2. Pilotrichcm. 56. 4. hipinnatum, stem 2-pinnate ; branches 2-ranked, pin- nate : leaves imbricate, ovate, 2-nerved : peduncles arcuate, sliort : capsules sub-cylindric, with a conic- subulate lid : calyptre sub-pilose. 20—16. Pixrs. 51. 100. 1. Leaves solitary, with separate bases. balsamea, W. (1) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. h 0 leaves flat, emarginate or entire, glaucous beneath, sub-erect above, recurve-spreading : cones cylindric, erect : bracts abbreviated, obovate, long-mucronate, sub-ser- rulate. fraseri, Ph. (double spruce. H. J. h 0 leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, glaucous beneath, somewhat one-sid- ed, thick* above, erect : cones ovate-oblong, erect: bracts elongated, reflexed, wedge-oblong, emarginate, short mucronate, gash-toothed. nigra, Lb. (2) (black spruce. O. M. h .) leaves 4-sided, scattered on all sides of the bramhlets, erect, strait: strobiles ovate ; scales oval, with undulate margins, erose-toothed at the apex. alba, Lb. (3) (with spruce. O. M. \ .) leaves 4-sided, in- curved : strobiles sub-cylindric, lax : scales obovate, entire. canadensis, L. (4) (hemlock tree. 0. M. h •) leaves flat, denticulate, two-ranked : strobiles ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves. The bark is used in tanning leather. rubra,hb. (5) (red spruce, spruce fir. Can. New-Eng- (1) Abies bi'samifera, Mx. (2) mariana, Du Roi. Abies denticulate^ Mx. (3) laxa, Eli. ca'>..densis, Du Roi. Abies alba, Mx. (4) americana, Du Hoi. Abies canadensis, Mx. (£) Abies pectwala, Lk. 392 PIN US. 1 land. M. k .) leaves solitary, subulate : strobiles ob- long, obtuse : scales rounded, sub-2-lobed, margin en- tire. 2. Leaves in pairs, with the bases bound together by sheaths. resinosa, Lb. (1) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. T. VV. N. Catskill. M. ^ .) leaves and sheaths elongated;. strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at the base, sub-solitary, about half as long as the leaves ; scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. Bark of a reddish colour and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. Often grows very tall ami strait. 'mops,-Lb. (2) (jersey pine. C. M. fj .) leaves short: stro- biles oblong-conic, recurved,of the length of the leaves : prickles ofthe scales subulate, strait. banksianu, Lb. (3) (scrub pine, grey pine. State of Maine. M. b_.) leaves short, rigid, divaricate, oblique, recurved, twisted : scales without prickles. 3. Leaves in threes, with the bases bound together by sheat/iSi- variubilis,-Lh~{4) (three leaved yellow pine. New-Engr land ? Mi *?.) part of the leaves in pairs, the others in threes, slender, channelled : strobiles ovate-conic, sub-solitary ; prickles ofthe scales incurved. rigida (pitch pine. O. M. !?•) leaves with abbreviated sheaths : staminate aments erect-incumbent: strobiles ovate, scattered or aggregated ; spines of the scale reflexed. Though very common, it grows the most plentifully on barren sandy plains. serotina, Mx. (pond pine. P. New-Jersey. M. b_ .) leave elongated . prickles ofthe scales strait and very slen dec. Probably a variety ofthe last. 4. Leaves in fives, with buses bound together by sheaths.. strobus (white pine. O. VI. b..) leaves slender ; sheaths. short : strobiles pendant, cylindric, 1 »oge-r than tl;e leaves; scales somewhat lax. This is called \> ey- e 'J 1 (o) rul>ra, Mx. i (?)-virginiana, Du R (3) lupe* rs>, Mx. hudsonia, 1A. sylveitris, A.. (4) mitis, Mx PINUS, PLANTAGO. S9S mouth pine by the English. Perhaps nine-tenths of the boards, used in North America, are of this species. 5. Leaves many in a fascicle. pendula, A. (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. O.M. ^.) leaves deciduous: strobiles obloug ; margins of the scales inflexed : bracts guitar-form with a slender point. microcarpa.U}. (l) (red larch. P. Can. T. V. M. ^».) leaves deciduous : strobiles roundish, few-flowered ; scales reflexed: bracts oval, obtuse, acuminate. These two last species were considered as varieties of the same ; but Mr. Lambert proved their specific differ- ence by raising them from the seed. f laiix (common larch. E. b..) leaves deciduous : strobiles ovate-oblong ; margins of the scales reflexed, torn : bracts guitar-form. 17—10. Pisc'M. S2. 93. -^sativum (pea. E. p-w. J. ©.) petioles terete : stipules round and crenate at the base ; pedun-les many-flow- ered. Var. umbellatum, (bouquet pea) has the stipules 4-cleft, acute. Var. quadratum, (quadrate pea) fruit ash-colour, 4-sided. Var. humile, (dwarf pea) stem erect, not (limbing : leafets roundish. maritimum (sea pea. Y C. p b. Ju. y.) petioles flattish abore : stem angled, decumbent : stipules saggittate : peduncles many'flowered At New-Haven it grows near Whitney's gun-factory, 2 miles from the sea- shore. 4—1. Pxantago. 54. 31. t major (plantain. 0- v.. J. y.) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-giabrous : scape terete : spike oblong, imbricate. A lanceoiata (ribwort. O- J. if.) leaves-lanceolate, villose : spike short, cylindric : bracts ovate, acuminate : scape angled, with close-pressed hairs. yuirgimca (dwarf plantain. Y. C. P. r-y. J. O-) whitish pubescence on all parts : leaves lance ovate sub-denr :' (1) pendula, \V. larcina, Du Roi. Larix ame: \c pecus. 894 PLANTAGO, POA. , ticulate : flowers remotish : scape angled. The corol ; adheres to the germ so closely, that at first view it ap- pears to be superior. -H cordalu, Lk. (1) (P. C. T. Hudson, w. J. U.) leaves 1 heart-ovate, broad, sub-dentate, glabrous : spike very long; flowers sub-imbricate, lower ones scattered: bracts ovate, obtuse. paucflora, Ph. (I). Hudson Au. 21.) leaves lance-linear, entire, sub-glabrous : scape terete, shorter than the leaves : spike few-flowered, interrupted : bracts ovate, acute, glabrous. sucnllatu, Lk. [2) (State of Maine. Ju. 11.) leaves ovate, concave-cowled, 9-nerved, pubescent beneath : spike cylindric, imbricate : scape tall, terete. J meuiliu (P. w. J. II.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent : spike cvlindric ; scape terete. In one variety the leaves are hirsute and the spikes bran; hiug. marilima (L. Au. X.) leaves flesh \ subulate linear, hai- , ry at the ba*e : scape terete, pubescent : spike cylin- dric : bracts obtuse. 20—13. Platanus. 50. 99. ~\~Occidentalls (button wood, atnerb an planetree, false syca- more. O.J. bO leaves quinquanguiar. obsoletely lo- bed. toothed : stem and branches becoming white. Grows to a greater size than any other tree in Ameri- ca. Very frequently hollow. 3—2. Poa. 4. 10. vratensis (common meadow grass, spear grass. O. M, I It.) panicle spread : spikelets about 4 flowered : glumes J lanceolate. 5-uerved, connected by down : stipules ab-tfl brev iated, obtuse. Not so good as the agrostis alba for J bonnets, but it has been used with success. !j eompressu (blue grass O.J. 11.) panl le compact, some- I what 1-sided, glabrous : culm compressed, hardly ' erect : florets angled, connci ted at the base by entan- gled hairs ; branches of the panicle in pairs, abbrevi* ated ; spikelets sessile. Root creeping. palustris, M. (.3) (swamp meadow grass. C. W. M. ll.) branches of the »parucle aggregated, five, glabrous;, (1) kentuckienuis, Mx. (2) maxima, Jn. (3} crocata, Mx, POA. 395 branchlets scabrous with all the florets pedicelled : ca- lyx 2-flowered ; valves equal, acuminate, scabrous at the keel : corol with the apex of the valves yellowish and the base pubescent : leaves somewhat clasping ; stipules ovate. annua (O. M. ©.) panicle spreading : spikelets ovate : florets remotish, 5-tierved free (libera) : culm oblique, compressed. nervata, W. (l) (O. J. UO panicle equal, diffused, spike- lets ovate, 5-flowered : flowers free, 7-nerved, obtuse : culm sulcate, subangled : root a little creeping. hirsuta, Mx. (C. P.Ju. y.) panicle capillary, very brandling : spikelets scattered, long-pedicelled. about 5-flowered : flowers oblong, acute, glabrous : leaves longer than the culm, glabrous ; sheaths very hirsute : culm thick erect. hrevifolia, M. (C. VV ? P. M. y.) panicle lax ; branches in pairs, horizontal, zigzag at the apex, or in threes, glabrous : spikelets all pedicelled ; the pedicells join- ted at the base : calyx 2-valved, 3 or 4-flowered, valves acute : corol with one valve, keeled, 5-nerved, pubescent: culm sub-angled, erect : lower leaves ab- breviated, keeled. capillaris (C. P. Can. Ju. €>.) panicle lax, capillary, very spreading : spikelets 3 to 5-flowered : flowers ovate, acute, pubescent: leaves hairy at the neck : culm very branching. trivialis (W. C. P.J. y.) panicle spreading : spikelets 3-flowercd : glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved, connected at the base bv down : stipules elongated. aqnuticu, Vv* (Can. P.J. ll.) panicle erect, half-whorl- ed : bramhlets zigzag: spikelets ovate, 5-flowered, thick : flowers obtuse, glabrous,7-nerved : culm erect, glabrous, terete. pdrvijlora. Ph. (2) (C P. Ju. y.) panicle spread, capilla- ry, half whorled, very branching : spikelets small, about 4-flowered : flowers oblong, sub-acute, delicate- ly striate : leaves two ways, exceeding the culm, gla- brous stipules lanceolate acuminate. pectinuceu, Mx. (D- C V. Ju. ©.) panirh* lax, spread- ing, erect: spikelets linear, 12-flowered : inner valves (1) striata, Mx. (2) striata, Lk. 396 POA. of the florets remain after the remainder of the flowers are removed, and give the rachis a comb-like appear- ance : flowers ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved : neck of the sheath and axils ofthe panicle pilose : leaves and erect culm glabrous. spectabilis, Ph. (l) (C. P. Ju. eO panicle divaricate, very branching : spikelets pendant, linear, 10-flower- ed :" flowers ovate, acute, margin and back scabrous: neck of the sheaths and axils of the panicle pilose : leaves and short erect culm glabrous. reptans, Mx. (2) (T.P.V.C J.© ) culm ramose, creeping* panicle fascicled : spikelets sub-sessile, very long, many-flowered : flowers oblong, acute, lax : leaves short, pubescent. A very delicate grass obtusa, M. (P. D. New-England. Au. U.) panicle crowd- ed, crispid, contracted ; branches in pairs or in threes, crowded ; branchlets zigzag : calyx 2-valved, less than the cored, 5 to 7-flowered ; valves white at the apex, obtuse or acute: outer valve of the corol obtuse, 5-nerved, glabrous : culm erect, glabrous. philudelphicn, B. (3) (P.J panicle elongated, almost sim- ply branched at the base ; branches erect : spikelets compressed, oblong-ovate, obtuse, 8 to 15-flowered, peduncles .short : valves of the calyx acute, inner one 1-nerved, outer one 3-nerved: corol 3-nerved, equal in length to the calyx : culm weakish and sub-com- pressed : leaves Hat, smooth ; stipules obsolete, beard- ed. About 18 inches high. maritima? M- -(New-England) panicle erect, with a glabrous, striate rachis ; brant lies in threes, the mid- dle one shorter ; branchlets gradually thickening be- low the calyx : valves unequal, obtuse, one broader, 4-flowered : corol 2-valved, larger than the calyx : culm and leaves striate, glabrous : stipules abbreviat- ed, torn. On the sea-shore. uniflora, M (New-England. O) panicle very slender, stiffly erect; branches solitary, erect, scabrous : calyx 1-flowered, bifid at the apex : roml larger than the ca- lyx, becoming black : leaves s'taceuiis striate. Phis can hardly be called a pua, as the calyx is but 1-flow- ered. (1) Mepastadiya, Rs (3) obtusa, N. (2) Megastachya, Us. POA, POLEMONIUM. 397 pungens, N. (P. Ap.) panicle small, half-whorled alter- nately, spreading horizontally, terminating in a sub- simple raceme ; branches capillary, mostly in pairs or in threes : calyx smooth, inner valve acute : corol lance-ovate, obtusish, scarious at the tip, villose at the base, obsoletely 5-nerved : radical leaves erect, long and narrow ; leaves of the culm generally 2, flat, lance-oblong, scabrous at the margin. Podalyria, see Baptisia. ~ IS—i. Podophyllum. 27. 61. ' peltatum (wild mandrake, may-apple. O w. M. ll.) stem terminated with 2 peltate palmate leaves ; flower single, inserted in the fork, formed by the petioles of the leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-leaved, and some- times the flower is inserted on the side of one of the petioles. Cathartic. B. In open woods and mea- dows. 20—2. Podostemum. 54. 6. ceratophyllum (thread-foot. N. P.Ju. y.) stem filiform, floating : leaves pinnate : flowers axillary. Atta died to rocks and large loose stones in shallow watei'3. Found in Muddy Brook, Deerfield, Mass. by Dr. Cooley. 19—1. Pogonla. Br. (1) 7. 21. ophioglossoides (snake-mouth arethusa O. r. Ju. If.) root fibrous, scape with 2 distant leaves, 1 or 2-flowered : leaves lance oval: lip fringed. About 8 inches high, in damp places. verticillata (Great Harrington and Deerfield, Mass. P. y- |'.-, r. J. y.) leaves 5, in whorls, lance-oblong : stem geu- p*1 erally 1-flowered ; 3 outer petals long linear, inner I y ones lanceolate ; lip 3-lobed, middle division undulated. k- Var. medeoloides, inner petals sliort obtuse : leaves more acuminate. 5—1. Polemonium. 29. 44. reptans, W. (greek valerian P. b. M. %.)leaves pinnate, in sevens : flowers terminal, nodding. (1) \rethusa, L. I i 398 POLYANTHES, POLYGALA. 6—1. POLYANTHES. 10. 17. tuberosa (tuberose. E. If.) flowers alternate in pairs. rootlets tuberous : scape scaly : leaves linear, long. Sweet scented. 17—6. Polygala. 33. 35. \ incarnata (milkwort. C. r. J. 0.) stem somewhat simple, erect: leaves scattered, subulate: spikes oval-oblong: corol with a slender, elongated tube : flowers crested. rnhella, W. (false low-centaury, ground-flower. Y. C. P. r. J. U.) pubescent : stem simple, erect: leaves nar- row-lanceolate, acute : raceme terminal : bracts sub- ulate, solitary, caducous : wings of the flower nerve- veined, round-truncate, longer than the rest. This curious plant is very abundant on the sand plains west of Ball's spring in New-Haven. In the latter part of summer it sends off flowering shoots under ground, which produce numerous abortive capsules. pancifolia, VV. (flowering wintergreen. O. r. M y.)small, large-flowered : stem simple, erect, naked below : leaves ovate, acute, glabrous, near the top of the stem: flowers crested, terminal, about in threes. Three or four inches high ; and differs much from the rest of the species—the leaves and flowers being much larger in proportion to its size. ?tj«y?«ra, Mx.(LakeOntario.y.)small: stem simple,erect, nakedish below : leaves few, broad-ovate, narrowing into the petiole : flowers not crested, solitary, scatter- ed, pedicelled, nodding. ! senega (seneca snake-root. T. C. P. Hudson, r. or w. J. 11.) stem erett, simple, leafy ; leaves alternate, lance- olate : spike terminal, filiform : flowers alternate, not crested Strongly diuretic, expectorant, sudorific, em- etic and cathartic. B. '*' totea (yellow milkwort. C y. Ju. ©. or S .) stem simple or branching : radical and lower cauline leaves spatu- late, the others lanceolate : spike head-cyliudric, crowded, peduncled. sanguinta (O. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top : leaves alternate, linear : flowers not crested, in a head-form spike ; peduncles squarrose. Damp. purpurea, N. (O. Nuttall. r. Q.) stem fastigiate-branch POLYGALA, POLYGONUM. 399 ed : leaves alternate, oblong-linear : flowers beard- less ; spikes cylindric, obtuse, imbricated on a squar- rose rachis : wings of the flower cordate-ovate, twice as long as the capsule. 4- •verticillata (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J 0.) stem erect, branching : leaves whorled and scattered : spike fili- form, peduncled, flowers distinctly alternate, approxi- mate, crested. About 6 inches high, of a bluish ap- pearance. ambigna, N. (D. p. ®.) first leaves whorled, the others alternate : stem with wand-like branches : spikes acute, long-peduncled : flowers bearded or crested, wings round and veined, equal, and close-pressed to the fruit : bracts caducous. fastigiata, N. (D. 0.) stem slender, fastigiate-branched : leaves alternate, linear, acute : spikes sub-capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crested, wings of the flower spreading, ovate acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. krevifolia, N. (D. r.Ju. #.) stem erect,fastigiate-branch- ed, angular-winged : leaves oblong-linear, short, resi- nous-punctate, in fours, whorled : spikes sub-capitate peduncled : flowers somewhat crested : wings cordate- ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. cruciata, W. (P. N. Y. r. g. Ju. ©.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled : leaves in fours, lance linear : flowers in spiked sessile heads, not crested. Tolygonatum, see Convallaria. 8—3. Polygonum. 12. 28. 1. Flowers axillary. ■*- aviculare (knot-grass. O. w. M. y.) stamens 8, styles 3; leaves lanceolate, scabrous at the margin ; stipules nerved, remote: stem procumbent: flowers sessile, small. -T~glaucum, N. (D. w.) stamens 8, styles 3, stem diffuse, ' prostrate : leaves lance-ovate, thick, glaucous : pedi- cels as long as the flowers. ercctum, Roth. (O. w. J. u.) stem erect, branched: leaves oval ; stamens mostly five. m % 400 POLYGONUM. tenue, Mx. (1) (slender knot-grass. 0 w. Ju. 0.) leaves long-linear, strait, acuminate : stipules tubular, apex villose : stem slender, erect, branched, acute-angled : flowers alternate, sub-solitary. 2. Flowers in slender spikes. \ lapathifolinm, A. (P. r-w. Au. $.) stamens 6, styles 2 : stipules awnless: peduncle scabrous : seeds concave on all sides. pimctatum, E. (2) (water-pepper, bitingknotweed. O. vv. Au. &.) stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, gla- brous : stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the apex, spott- ed: spike filiform,weak,somewhat nodding: bracts re- motely alternate. \mite, P. (3) (tasteless knotweed."* C P. J ©.) stamens 8, st} les 3 : leaves narrow lanceolate, sub hirsute : sti- pules hirsute, long-ciliate : spikes linear : bracts cili- ate sub-imbricate. virginianum (C Y. P. V.T. w. Ju. y.) stamens 5,styles 2, unequal : leaves broad oval : spikes wand-like : flowers remote. 3. Flowers in thick crowded spikes. viviparum, Ph. (Whitehills. Au. #.)stem simple : leaves lance-linear, glabrous, margin revolute : spike single, linear : bracts ovate, acuminate. Dr. Bigelow and Mr, Boot found this species growing on the White- bills in New-Hampshire. Natural history in all its departments is greatly indebted to the incessant exer- tions of these two gentlemen. coccineum, VV. (4) (lake knotweed. VV. C. N. T. P. r. Au. y.) stamens 5, styles 2, or I half 2-cleft: spikes cy- lindric, dense : stipules truncate, glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, petioled. nutans (floating knotweed, Whiting's pond. r. Au. 21.) stamens 5 : styles 2, or 1 half 2-cleft: leaves lance- olate, glabrous, near the top of the stem ; petiole fili- form, half as long as the leaf: stipules not ciliate : pe- duncle of the spike smooth : stem very long, lax, fili- form, submersed-floating, leafless under Water and (1) linifolum, M. h rl^um, Wr. (2) hydropiper, Vlx r^Bfopiperoides, Ph. O) hydropiperoides, V^L (4) amphibium, Mx POLYGONUM. 401 rooting. Stems generally brown, often 10 to 15 feet in length and from the eighth to the sixteenth part of an inch in diameter ; though generally larger and not so long. It is the P. amphibium. Var. natans of Mx. and a variety of the coccineum of Willdenow. But it appears sufficiently distinct for a species. It grows plentifully in Whiting's pond, 5 miles south of New- Lebanon springs. barbatum, VV. (P. r-w. Ju ) stamens 6, styles 3 : spikes wand-like, truncate, bristle-ciliate : leaves oblong- acute, smoothish. Barton says, it is common at Phil- adelphia persicaria (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweek. O. r. Ju. ©.) stamens 6, styles 2 : spikes ovate-oblong, erect: peduncles smooth: leaves lanceolate : stipules smooth- ish, ciliate. pensylvanicum (knee knotweed. O. Ju. ©.) stamens 8, styles 2 or 1 : spikes oblong : peduncles hispid : leaves lanceolate : stipules glabrous, not ciliate : stem with swelling knee-joints. orientate (prince's feather. E. r. Au. 0.) stamens 7, styles 2 : leaves ovate : stem erect, tall : stipules rough-haired, somewhat salver-form. Grows 5 or 6 feet high. It has become naturalized in many places, 4. Flowers in spiked-panicled racemes. articulatum, W. (joint-weed. T. D.N. Granby. (Con.) P. r. w. Ju. &) stamens 8, styles 3 : racemed spikes in a panicle, Aliform : peduncles filiform, solitary, proceed- ing from above the imbricate truncate bracts : leaves linear : stipules sheathing, truncate. About a foot high, terminated by delicate racemes ; to which the bracts give a jointed appearance. Very abundant on the sandy plains west of Albany. 5. Flowers sub-racemed ; leaves cordate-sagittate or has- tate. ±gagittatum (prickly knotweed. O. w. J. ©.) stamens 8, styles 3 or 1 ; flowers in heads : leaves sagittate: stem with prickles reversed, or curved towards its base, climbing. i arifolium (halbert knotweed. 0. r-w. Ju #.) stamens 6, styles 2 or 1; flowers distinct: spikes few-flowered : 1 i 2 402 POLYGONUM, POLYPODIUM. leaves hastate : stem with prickles reversed, sub-erect. - fagopyrum (buck-wheat E. r-w. Ju. &.) stamens 8, styles 3 : racemes panicled : leaves heart sagittate : stem erectish, unarmed : angles of the seeds equal. convolvulus (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. ©.) stamens 8, styles 3: leaves oblong, heart-hastate : stem twining, angled, roughish : divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled. ^"scandens (climbing buckwheat. O. w. r. Au. It.) stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves broad-cordate : stipules truncate, naked : stem twining, glabrous : calyx bearing the fruit 3 winged. •ilinode, Mx (P. Can. Ju. #.) stamens 8, styles 3 ; leaves cordate : stipules sub-acute, surrounded at the base with an outer ciliate series : stem angled, prostrate or climbing, roughish : divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled. 18—4. Polymnia. 49. 55. canadensis, W. (white leaf-cup. P. Can. w. or y. J. 21.) viscid-villose : leaves denticulate, acuminate; lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones 3-lobed or entire. Two or three feet high. Smell balsamic. uvedalia, W. (l) (yellow leaf-cup. P. y. Ju. %.) leaves opposite, 3-lobed, acute, decurrent into the petiole : lobes sinuate-angled : rays elongated. Taller than the last. 22—1. Polypodium, 55. 5. vulgare, Sh. (polypod.O. Ju.y.) frond deeply pinnatifid ; divisions lance-linear, obtuse, crenulate, approximate, upper ones gradually smaller : fruit-dots solitary : root chaffy. Var. virginianum, has a naked root. hexagonopterum, VV. (O. Ju. y.) frond doubly pinnatifid, smoothish; two lower divisions deflexed ; sub-divis- ions lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, those ofthe under lea- fets gash-crenate and of the upper ones entire; the lowest ones adnate-decurrent : fruit-dots minute, solitary. The whole frond together presents a trian- gular form. (1) maculata, Civanilles. POLYPODIUM, PONTEDERIA 40$ connective, W. (VV. V. Can. Ju. y.) frond doubly pinnati- fid, ciliate, divisions opposite contiguous, adnate : sub- divisions somewhat oval : stipe chaffy : fruit-dots mi nute. j *alcarenm, W. (1) (W. P. Ju. y.) frond ternate, doubly I pinnate, strait, subrigid ; divisions obtusish, sub-en- tire : fruit dots marginal, confluent. i 22—2. Polytrichum. 56. 4. 1. Capsules with apophyses. juniperinum (hair-cap moss. O. M. y.) stem generally simple : leaves lance-linear, entire, flattish, somewhat spreading : the apophysis depressed. In dry woods, &c. piliferum, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, entire, bear- ing hairs at the apex : apophysis depressed. In dry sunny places. perigonale, simple, largish : leaves serrate ; those ofthe pericheth differing, elongated, membranaceous, end- ing in a capillary form : capsule 4-sided ; lid orbicu- lar, with a short apex in the centre. Apophysis under the capsule. 2. Capsules without apophysis. 1 eapillare, stem short, simple : leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-serrate : peduncles longish, capillary : cap- sule erect, sub-ovate; lid convex, abruptly-mucronate, slender, longish. brachyphyllum, stemless : leaves conglobate at the root, very short, oblong-oval, apex obtuse and thickish : capsules sub-corneous, Obovate, sub-oblong ; lid with i a short apex. * brevicaule, stemless : leaves very few, lower ones close- ! pressed, dilated into an oblong form, upper ones murro- nate-subulate, obscurely denticulate : capsule erect, oblong-cylindric ; lid convex, long-mucronate, inclin- ed. 4- 6--1. PONTEDERIA. 6. 17. ^ cordata (pickerel weed. T. V. P. Y. C. Westfield, Mass. j (1) dryopterisj Nephrodium dryopteris, Mx 404 POPULUS. b. Ju. %.) leaves heart-oblong, obtuse : spike many- flowered, compact: divisions of the corol oblong. In wet places. 21—IS. Popultts. 50. 99. tremuloides, Mx. (1) (white poplar, american aspen. 0. Ap. h •) leaves heart-roundish, abruptly acuminate, tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent at the mar- gin, with 2 glands at the base on the upper side ; peti- oles compressed, in the young state silky. The flat- ness of the petioles causes the leaves to take a tremu- lous motion, from the slightest action of the atmos- phere. grandidentata, Mx. (tree poplar. O. Ap. ^.) leaves round- ovate, acute, unequally and coarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the young state villose : petioles com- pressed. betklifolia, Ph. (2) (birch-leaf poplar. D. T. V. Ap. ^.) leaves rhomboidal, long-acuminate, dentate, glabrous: young branches pilose. angulata (balm-of-gilead, water poplar, cotton wood. 0. Ap. h .) leaves ovate-deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook- toothed, glabrous ; younger ones broad-cordate ; branches wind-angled. balsamifera,"Wm. (balsam poplar. T. V. W. N. Can. Ap. lj.) leaves ovale, acuminate, close-pressed, serrate, rusty or mealy under side ; buds resinous. candicans, A. (3) (C. New-England. Ap. h.) leaves cor- date, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally ser- rate, whitish beneath, sub-3-nerved, net-veined ; peti- oles hirsute : buds resinous : branches terete. laevigata, VV. (4) (cotton tree. T. P. Ap. k •) leaves round-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, sub-cordate, unequal- ly serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base ; petioles compressed : younger branches angled. Dr. L. C. Beck, found it near Albany. heterophylla, Mx. (various-leaved poplar. P. M. 1?.) leaves round ovate, cordate, with a small sinus, sub- auricled, obtuse, hook-toothed ; younger ones downy. (1) trepid--, W. (2) hudsnnica, Mx. ycunger. nigra, Mx elder. (3) latilolia, Mn. (4) canadensis, Mx POPULUS, PORTULACCA. ddatata (lombardy poplar, italian poplar. E. Ap. 11.) leaves glabrous both sides,acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the breadth equal to or exceeding the length : branch- es erect, close to the stem. It is said that no pistillate plant of this species has been brought to America. Consequently no seeds are obtained from it, and it has not been reproduced here from seed. 13—13. Porcelia. 52. 76. J{ triloba, P. (1) (rustard apple. P. p. Ap. h .Jleaves smooth- ish, oblong-vvedge-obovate : outer petals orbicular : fruit large, fleshy. 22—5. PoRitfA. 57. 2. pertusa, crust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous : warts of the receptacles sub-globose ; mouths many, depressed, black. On the bark of trunks of trees. Very common. lejoplaca, crust smooth, milk-white : warts of the recep- tacles coin ex ; mouth sub-solitary, becoming fuscous, opening into irregular chinks. On back of trunks of trees. fallax, crust sub-effuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive- cinereous, warts of the receptacle crowded, irregular, depressed above, sub margined with a sub-gibbose, flexuose, tumid periphery ; mouths solitary and nume- rous, sub-confluent, deformed, black. On bark of trees. papillata, trust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white : warts ofthe receptacle convex : mouth elevated, soli- tary, papilla-like, pore reddish-yellow, pertuse. On bark of trees. globularis, crust thin, granulated, becoming white-cine- reous ; granulations crowded, white, sub-globose and branching : warts of the receptacles thinly scattered, globose, glabrous ; mouth solitary, impressed, punc- tate, black. 10—10. Portulacca. 54. 86. H- oleracea (purslane. 0. y. J. Q.) leaves wedge-form : flow ers sessile. '1) Anona, W. Orchidocarpum arietinum, Mi 406 POTAMOGETON. 4__4. POTAMOGETON. 15. 13. natans (pondweed. O. g. J. 21.) leaves long-petioled, floating, lance-oval; at first some of them are sub- cordate. On water. fluitans (O. g. Ju. y.) lower leaves long, linear : upper ones lanceolate, nerved, coriaceous ; all petioled. In water. heterophyllum, Wv(l) (P. C. g. Ju. 21.) upper leaves peti- oled, oval, tapering to both ends ; lower ones crowd- ed, sessile, linear. diversifolinm, P. (2) (T. D. g. Ju. V-) floating leaves op- posite, lanceolate, 5 nerved, short-petioled ; submers- ed ones sessile alternate, filiform : spikes dense, axil- lary, alternate, shorter than the leaves. Water. perfoliutum (P. C. T. C»n. g. Ju. y.)leaves heart-ovate, clasping,ail immersed : spikes terminal, above water; flowers alternate. In water. lucens, Mx. (O. g. J. y.) leaves very large, lanceolate, sub-sessile, middle rib thick : spikes long, cylindric. The substance of the leaf is composed of translucent cellules ; so that to the naked eye it appears to be a thin pallucid membrane. Spike from 1 to 2 inches long, with a peduncle thrice as long. The stipule above each leaf is about au inch in length ; its sub- stance resembling the leaf. VV ater. erispum (Can. P. r-g. J. y.) leaves alternate, or oppo- site, lance-oval, undulate, serrate : spikes few-flow. ered. pectinntum, S. (3) (Can. T. C Hudson. Pittsfleld. P. g. J y.) leaves long-bristle-form, approximate, two- ranked, sheathed at the base : spikes terminal, inter- rupted, whorled : fruit ovate, turgid. All immersed in water but the spike. grumineum, Mx. (grass pondweed. D. VV. V. P. T. g. Ju. y.) leaves lance-linear, alternate, sessile : stipules broad : stem terete, sub-dichotomous. In July some of these plants begin to raise their spikes of unopened flower buds to the surface of the water. As soon as the stigmas are fertilized by the pollen, the spikes are (1) porcatum, M. (3) marinum, Mt (2) setsreum, Ph, POTAMOGETON, POTENTILLA. 407 again withdrawn to ripen the fruit under water. Other individuals, succeed them, and the process goes on for several weeks. compressnm, W. (P. T. C. g. Ju. ©. or it.) leaves lin- ear, obtuse : stem compressed : spikes short, 4 to 6- flowered. Water. 12—13. POTENTILLA. 35. 92. 1. Leaves ternate. norwegica (cinquefoil O. y. J. ®.) erect, branching, hai- ry : stipules oval, toothed : leafets lance-rhombic, gash- tootheo : branches dichotomous : pedicels short, axil- lary, solitary : petals shorter than the calyx. Large. '■' tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. H. w. Ju. %.) as- cending, smoothish : stipules subulate : leaves wedge- oblong, 3-toothed at the end,a few close-pressed hairs : flowers in a terminal forked corymb : petals oblong- ovate, longer than the calyx. Grows plentifully north- east from Williams college on the mountain. 4 hirsuta, Mx. (Can. western part of New-York. w. Ju. U ) erect, simple, very hirsute : stipules lanceolate, entire : leaves obovate, gash-laciniate : panicle few- flowered i panicles short: petals smaller than the calyx. 2. Leaves digitate in fives, rarely in sevens. '-f ianadensis (common five-finger. 0. y. M. y.) procum- bent, sub-ramose, whitish-silky : stipules ovate, gash- ed : leaves wedge-obovate, gash-toothed : stem as- cending and creeping, hirsute : peduncles solitary, elongated, divisions of the calyx lance-linear : petals orbicular sub-entire, of the length of the calyx. This plant is so long in flower, and assumes so many forms and sizes, that students in botany often make several species of it. Persoon's diagnosis of reptans can be found in this plant ; but we have no such species. f-simplex, Mx. (C. T. V. P y. M. y.) erect, unbranch- ed, hirsute: stipules gashed : leaves oblong-oval, coarse- ly toothed, upper ones sessile : peduncles axillary, soli- tary, elongated, 1-flowered : divisions of the calyx lance-linear : petals round-obcordate, longer than the ra|vv 408 POTENTILLA. argentta (silver five-finger. O. w-y. Ju. y.) stem pros- trate and ascending, rarely sub erect, branching, white-downy : stipules ovate acute : leaves wedgefortn, gash-toothed, silvery white down beneath : petals re- tuse, scarcely longer than the calyx. Willdenow's de- scription of this plant is certainly erroneous ; and I have ventured to correct it. recta, P. (P. y. J. y.) stem erect: leaves in fives and sev- ens ; leafets lanceolate, coarsely toothed : petals obcor- date, larger than the calyx. Corol large, pale. 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. fruticosa (shrubby cinquefoil. V. VV. C. P. Stockbridge, Mass. y. J. k •) erect, very branching, hirsute : sti- pules ovate, entire : leaves quinate-pinnate ; leafets linear, oblong, flat; petals long: branchlets 1 or 2- flowered : five alternate divisions ofthe calyx linear ; the rest broad-ovate, acute : petals obovate, longer than the calyx. 3 to 5 feet high. Damp. floribundu, Ph. (l)(C Cany.Ju. h ) erect, very branch- ing, hirsute : stipules ovate, entire: leaves quinate-pin- nate ; leafets linear-oblong, margin revolute ; petioles short: corymbs terminal, dichotomous, dense-many- flowered : divisions of the calyx sub-equal : petals roundish, of the length of the calyx. About 18 inches high, and resembles the last. anserina, VV. (tansy cinquefoil. P. Can. T. y. J. y.) creeping : leaves interruptedly pinnate, numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white downy beneath : peduncles solitary, 1-flowered. On the banks of the Hudson, near Troy. pensylvanica, Mx. (2) (C. P. W. V. T. y. Ju. y.) erect, down soft and whitish : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong, obtuse, sub-pinnatifid, tomentose: panicle strait, many- flowered: divisions ofthe down^ calyx semi-oval. Var. strigosa, has tooth-pectinate leaves with revolute mar- gins ; flowers corymbed. supina, VV. (Can. P. y. J. 0.) procumbent, dichotomous : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong, deeply toothed : pedun- ' cles lateral, solitary, 1 flowered, spreading : leaves pinnate ; leafets serrate : flowers in heads. (1) Sp. engdin a letter to Prof. Dewey, savs this is the fruticosa ofL. (2) Geum agrimonioides, Ph. POTERIUM, PRIMULA. 409 20—13. Poterium. 54. 92. 4 sanguisorba (burnet. E.J. y.) sf em somewhat angled, unarmed : leaves pinnate ; leafets serrate : flowers in heads. Pothos, see Ictodes. 18—1. Prenaxthes. 49. 53. alba (white lettuce. O. w. p. Au. y.) radical leaves an- gled, hastate, toothed, somewhat lobed ,• cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled ; uppermost ones lan- ceolate : panicle lax, the terminal fascicle nodding: calyx 8-cleft, 9 or 10-flowered. About two or three feet high. altissima (O. p-y. Au. y.) stem branching : leaves peti- oled. 3-lobed, angled, denticulate, margin scabrous : racemes axillary : flowers nodding : calyx about 5- flowered. Very tall. cordata, VV. (D. w-y. Au. y.) stem panicled above: leaves petioled, cordate, toothed, ciliate ; floral ones sessile, oblong, entire : panicle lax, raceme-flowered. Tall. — virgata, Mx. (I)(P. D. C. Pittsfield. Mass. w p. Au y.) glabrous : stem very simple : leaves all lyrate-sinuate: branchiets somewhat one-sided : flowers pendant : ca- lyx glabrous, 8-cleft, 10-flowered. 5 to 6 feet high. 5—1. Primula. 21. 34. acaulis (primrose. E. y.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath : scape t-flowered. ^xeris (cowslip primrose. E. r-y. it.) leaves rugose, tooth- ed : limb of the corol concave j neck ofthe tube oblong, calyx inflated. elatior (oxlip primrose. E. w-y. %.) leaves rugose, tooth- ed, hirsute : limb of the corol flat, u i k of the tube hem- ispheric ; flowers naked within. auricula (auricula primrose. E. y.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate : s~ape man\ flowered : calyx mealy. farinosa (bird's eye primrose, Can. r. 21.) leaves rugose, crenate, sub glabrous, mealy beneath ; umbel erect (1) autumnalis, Wr< rubicunda ? W. Kk 410 PRIMULA, PRUNELLA. mistasinica, Mx (Can. y.) small, glabrous : leaves oval- spatulate, sub-dentate : scape elongated : umbel few- flowered : limb of the corol reflexed, the divisions wedge-oblong, obtusely 2-cleft : capsule oblong, ex- sert. 6—1. Prinos. 43. 95. verticiUatns, L. (1) t winter berry,false alder. O. w. J. b_.) leaves oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent beneath : fascicles of staminate flowers axillary, umbelliferous; the pistillate flowers are aggregated ; both 6-parted. Sometimes this shrub is monoecious and sometimes perfect-flowered. Generally in wet places. Berries red, permanent. Damp or wet. Astringent and an- tiseptic, applied externally and internally. B. glaber (ink berry. C. P. Can. Ju. h .) leaves evergreen, wedge-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous,shining, equal- ly sub-dentate above : pedicels axillary, sub-solitary, mostly 3-flowered. A low shrub. laevigatas, Ph. (D. C. P. Ju. k 0 leaves lanceolate,close- pressed-serrate, acuminate, glabrous both sides, shin- ing at the upper side, hardly pubescent at the nerves beneath : pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, sub-ses- sile ; staminate flowers scattered—all 6-cleft. ambiguus, Mx. (D. T. w. Ju. h) leaves oval, acuminate at both ends, mucronate-serrulate, sub-pubescent be- neath : flowers 4 or 5-cleft ; staminate ones crowded together at the lower branches, pistillate ones solitary. Wet or damp. 3—3. Proserpinaca. 15. 22. palustris (mermaid weed. Y. C P. Boston, Pittsfield. g. Ju. ©.) leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above water; pinnatifid below. Water. pectinata, Lk. (C. P. g. Ju. ©.) leaves all pectinate-pin- natifid. Water. 14—l. Prunella. 42. S9. pensylvanica, W. (heal-all, self-heal. O. J. y.) leaves pe- tioled, oblong-ovate, toothed at the base : lips of the (1) gronovii, Mx. PRUNUS. 411 calyx unequal, upper one truncate, awned : stem as- cending. Willdenow calls this the vulgaris, and says the pensylvanica has the lips of the calyx equal, and that the upper one is 3-awiied. But Muhlenberg has not adopted this division of the species. 12—1. Piiunus. 36. 92. Y virginiana,W.{l) (wild cherry, rum cherry,cabinet cher- ry.O. w. M. h 0 racemes erect, elongated : leaves oval- oblong, acuminate, unequally doubly-toothed, glabrous both sides ; petioles generally bearing 4 glands. In open fields the limbs of this free spread out into an elegant oval top. But in dense forests it grows to a very great height, with a few contracted branches. The bark is an excellent tonic. serotina, W. (2) (choke-cherry. O. w. J. h .) flowers in lax racemes : leaves simply serrate ; lower serratures sub-glandular, middle rib bearded towards the base, In Muhlenberg's catalogue the English names of this and the preceding species are exchanged ; probably through the mistake of the printer. Pursh seems, by his popular remarks, to have totally mistaken this and sev eral other species of the Primus. canadensis, VV. (Can. P. w. b.) flowers in racemes : leaves glandless, broad-lanceolate, rugose, sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering into the petiole. pensylvanica, A. (C P. New-England, w. M. h-) um- bels sub-sessile, aggregated, many-flowered, and at length panicle-form : leaves laucc-oblong, serrate, glabrous, 2 glands at the base : branchlets punctate. nigra, VV.(T.W. P. w. M. f?0 umbels sessile, solitary, few-flowered : leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally and sharply serrate, glabrous both sides : petioles with 2 glands. pygmaea, W. (american sloe. New-England, w. M. 1?.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few flowered ; leaves oval- ovatc, acute, glabrous both sides, sharply serrate, 2 glands at the base. hiemalis, Mx. (winter plum Can. P. w. M. h 0 pedicels aggregated, glabrous : divisions of the calyx lanceo- late : stipules setaceous, compuund ; leaves oblong- fl) rubra, A. Ctrasus, Mx. (?) virginiana, Miller. 412 PRUNUS. oval, or obovate, abruptly long-acuminate : fruit sub- ovate. chicasu, Mx. (1) (summer plum, meadow plum. 0. w. M. 1?.) branches very glabrous, somewhat thorny: leaves oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, minutely ser- rulate : buds'aggregated, each about 2-flowered : pedi- cels very short : divisions of the glabrous calyx ob- tuse ; fruit sub-globose. The plums are yellow and reddish. sphaerocarpon, Mx(2) (along the maritime parts of New- England. C. w. M. k •) leaves short-oval, serrulate, generally 2 glands at the base : calyx with fine hairs: drupe spherical : not round-oval. muritimu, Mx. (C. w. M. \.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly-serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. as a synonym, which is—branchlets glabrous : leaves oblong-oval, long acutely-acuminate : calyx glabrous : drupe long- peduncled, ovate, acuminate. yumila, Mx. (P. VV. w. M. b, 0 umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered : calyx-acute : branches wand-terete: leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, the under sides pale. depressa, Ph. (sand cherry. P. T. Can. w. M. b. .) umbels sessile, aggregate, lew-flowered : calyxes obtuse : branches angled, depressed-prostrate : leaves wedge- lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous be- neath : fruit ovate. Is this thr pumila ? spinosa, W. (english sloe. P. \Y . b,.) peduncles solitary : leaves !ance-< val, pubescent beneath : fruit strait: branches thorny. Said to be introduced. Susquehanna, VV. (P. w. M. b.) |)e■ green, becoming yellowish. Var. enucleata (stoneless plum) the putamen obsolete. Primus, see Armexiaca. 22—2. Pterigopiiyllum. 56. 4. rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above ; leaves somewhat 2- ranked, obovate, mucronate, serrate, 2-nerved. 22—2. Ptebigyjtandrum. 56. 4. intricatum, creeping and rooting entangled : branches simple, short : leaves concave, acuminate, lanceolate, lengthened out: capsule oblong-ovate ; lid sub-obiique. On the trunks of trees. julaceum, stem erect, terete : leaves thick-imbricate, oval acuminate, smooth : peduncles scarcely projecting out of the long pericheth : capsules short-ovate ; lid conic : calyptre glabrous. On trunks of trees. brachycladonlstem creeping; branches very short, crowd- ed, erect, simple, terete, acutish : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless : capsules erect, sub-cylindric with along-conic, sub-oblique lid. hirtellum, branchlets slender-filiform, simple, short : leaves imbricated in a cylinder, sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed: capsule oblong : lid long-conic. On trees. sub-capillatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, flower- bearing : leaves ovate-acuminate with a halved pro- longation, imbricate : capsule oblong : lid beaked : calyptre sub-pilose. 22—1. Pt?eris. 55. 5. aquilina (common brake. 0. Ju. y.) frond pinnate-3- parted ; barren branches doubly pinnate, with leafets lance-linear,obtuse pinnatifid, toothed; fertile branch- Kk2 414 PTE1US, PTEROSPORA. es pinnate, with leafets pinnatifid, divisions acutish— all ciliate. atropurpurea (rock brake. T. C. VV. P. Cattskill. Ju. y.) frond pinnate ; lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse, ter- nate or pinnate ; at the base obtusely truncate or sub- cordate. From three to ten inches high, bluish green, leaves stiff. In ripening, the marginal involucre un- rolls, and the capsules on opposite sides meet ; so that it exhibits the generic character of the Acrostichum. Stipe dark purple. gracilis, Mx. (Can. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate ; leafets lan- ceolate, obtuse, alternate, sessile, lower ones pinnati- fid, fertile ones entire, barren ones crenate, round- obtuse. About 4 inches high. cauduta. Jn. (P. Au. %.) frond 3-parted-pinnate : barren branches doubly-pinnate, leafets linear, elongated, ob- tuse, entire, lower ones doubly pinnatifid ; fertile branches pinnate, leafets remotish below, at the base pinnatifid toothed. 10—1. Ptekospora- 18. 51. undromeda, N. (1) (Albany beech-drops. T. r-y. Ju- ©.) scape purple, very tall, bearing a many-flowered ra- ceme ; flowers lateral and terminal, nodding : pedun- cles filiform, longer than the flowers : lanceolate scales below, none above. Found at Greeiihush by E. Janus, and in great abundance a mile south of Albany, by A< B. Eaton. (1) Monotropa piocera, 2d. ed. This plant wa« discovered near Albany, in the summer of 1817, by Dr. fi-twin James. He consider* ed it a .Monotropa, and 1 published it as d^cribed by Dr. Torrey, in thi 2d ed. of this work, under the name M proceru. Certainly the Monotropa, Hypopithis and Pterosponi, ought o be united in one genus with some extenlion of the generic description, if the genus a to give the character, according1 to the maxim of Linneus. The pres- ent r.ige for cuuing up genera has gained such an ascendancy, that I am compelled to yield to it, though with pain and regret. Every ar- tificial character i-, seized with gieadi-.ess and applied with great in. genuity in mangling the Linnean jystem of genera. 1 consider it Ihe ephemeral reign ol innovators, which our successors will remembir but to despise. And most of these new names which are founded on artificial characters will soon sleep with their authors. PUCCINIA, PYCNANTHEMUM. 415 22—6. Plccinia. 58. 1. polygoni-avicnlariue, sub-linear, scattered, chesnut- brown ; fruit globose. On the stems and leaves of knotgrass. graminis (blight, black rust) crowded, linear, becoming black ; fruit sub-turbinate, narrowed in the middle. In the culms of wheat and various other grasses, in summer and autumn. 5—1. Pulmonaria. 41. 42. officinalis (lung-wort. E. b. M. it-) radical leaves heart- ovate, hirsute : flowers racemed. parviflora, Mx. (Can. New-England, b. Ju. 21.) stem dif- fuse, procumbent, glabrous : leaves oval-spatulate, fleshy : peduncles lateral, one-flowered. virginica, \V. (P. T. b. M. 21.) calyx abbreviated, gla- brous : leaves ovale : stem erect : flowers sub-pani- cled, terminal. Near Albany. sibirica, A. (Can. J. 21.) calyx abbreviated; radical t. leaves cordate. 12—1. PumcA. 36. 92. granatum (pomegranitc. E. h .) leaves lanceolate : stem woody. 14—1. Pycnanthemum. 42. 39. 1. Stamens exsert. incanum, Mx. (1) (wild basil, mountain mint. O. w. v. Ju. If..) leaves oblong-ovate, acute, sub-serrate, white downy : flowers in compound heads, lateral ones pe- duncled : bracts setaceous. About 3 feet high. \-4inifolinm. Ph. (2) (virginian thyme. (). vv Ju. 2{.)stem stiffly erect, very branching, roughish : leaves linear, 3-nerved, entire : heads terminal, corymb fassicled. 2. Stamens inclosed. lanceolatum, Ph..(3) narrow-leaf virginian thyme. 0. w. (1) C!inopndium incanum, L. (2) virginicum, P. Brachystcmum virginicum, Mx. linifolium, W- Thymus virgii.KU*, L. Origanum flex-msum, VV. (3) Brachystemuro, Mx. Origanum clinopodioidea, Wr. 416 TYCNANTHEMUM, PYROLA. J. it.) stem stiffly erect, very branching, roughish : leaves lance-linear, veiny, entire : heads terminal, co- rymb-fascicled. verticillatum, P (1) (0. w. J. IT.) leaves lance-ovate, en- tire, whorled, sessile, compact: bracts acuminate. muticum, P. (l) (C. P. w. Ju. 11.) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrous : heads terminal : bracts lanceolate acutish. 22—5. Pyrenuia. 57. 2. nitida, crust cartilage-membranaceous, smooth ; from pale becoming fuscous-cinereous : warts of the recep- tacles glabrous, closed ; closely surrounding the up- per, naked, prominent wrinkled part of the frond, which is perforated with a depressed mouth. On bark of trunk of trees. 18—2. Pyretiirum. 49. 55. serolinum, W, (2) (North America. W. Oc. it.) leaves lanceolate ; lower ones serrate at the apex, upper onea entire : branches corymbed. 10—1. Pyrola. 18. 51. rotundifolia (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. 0. w. J. %.) leaves round or round-obovate, obsoletely serru- late : spike with the flowers reversed : pistil declin- ed : stigma round, with 5 tubercles. secunda (one-sided shin-leaf. O. g-w. Ju. 21.) leaves round-ovate, acute, serrate : spike with 1-sided flow- ers : pistil strait : stigma peltate, gibbous. unijlora (T. Can. J. 2f!) leaves sub-orbicular, serrate s scape l-flowered : style strait. Very abundant near the Patroon's in Albany. minor (VV. P. Plainfield, Mass. w-r. Ju. it-)leaves round- oval, serrulate : scape sub naked : spike with flowers reversed : pistil strait. asarifolia (P. T. Can. g-w. Ju. it.) leaves reniform : scape remotely furnished with scales, sometimes con- volute and sheathing : pistil declined. On mountains. dliptica, N. (P. D w. J. %.) leaves membranaceous, ob- ^1) Bracbystemum, Mx. (2) Chrysanthemum serotinum. « PYROLA, PYRUS. 417 long-oval or ovate, plaited-serrate, acute : laminae much longer than the piole : scape naked, or having a single scale : bracts linear, subulate: calyx 5-toothed, subulate, points reflexed. Pyrola, see Chimaphila. Remark. Dr. Smith, president of the Linnean society at London, says, there is no diversity in the habit to justify the establishment of the genus Chimaphila. Those of us, who live among so many spec ies of both genera, growing in their native wildness, and have independence enough to exercise our own judgment, vv.tnt no argu- ments to convince us, that in this instance, the greatest botanist in the world is in an error. 12—5. Pyiius. 36. 92. communis (pear. E. w-r. M. b .) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire) peduncles corymbed. Var. pyraster (dwarf) fruit very small and acid. Var. falerna (ber- gamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. Var. pompeiana (good christian.) X&r.favonia (musk-pear ) Var. li- quescens (butter-pear.) Var. refnscens (russet-pear.) Y'dv.pyramidalis (leg-pear.) These five last varieties are distinguished more by their flavor, than by any external marks. mains (apple. E. w-r. M. h .) flowers in sessile umbels : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : claws ofthe petals shorter than the calyx : styles gla- brous. Var. sylvestris (wild apple) leaves ovate ser- rate ; fruit small, austere. Var. prasomdd (pippin.) Var. castanea {< hesnut apple.) Var apiosa (ape apple) fruit small, round, red, pleasant-tasted. Var. cavillea (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate, downy beneath : fruit angled. . ^cydonia (quince. E. w. J. )?.) flowers solitary : fruit to- mentose : leaves ovate, entire. \ ar. lusitanica, leaves very bread. ..... Remark. The varieties into which the above species have been extended by culture, are very numerous. I have given those only, vvbich are set down by Persoon, as the most distinct. 418 PYRUS, QUERCUS. coronaria, L. (1) (crab apple. T. Y. C. P. Catskill. w-p. M. h.) leaves broad-oval, at the base rounded, sub- angled or sub-lobed, serrate, smooth: peduncles co- rymbed. Flowers sweet scented. angustifolia, Wm, (P. C. M. J?.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute : slightly crenate toothed, shining : pe- duncles corymbed. Fruit very small. Pyrus, see Aronia. Pyxidanthera, see Diapensia. Q- 20—IS. Quercus. 50. 99. 1. Fruit sub-sessile ; leaves mucronate with a bristle form awn (excepting virens) entire. Fructification bien- nial. phellos, W. (willow oak. P. D. M. h •) leaves lance-line- ar, tapering to both ends, entire, glabrous, mucronate: calyx saucer-form : acorn roundish. virens, W. (2) (live oak* Southern states. M. ly ) leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong-oval, entire, revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at the apex acute, awn- less, stellate-pubescent beneath : fruit pedicelled : calyx turbinate, scales abbreviated : acorn oblong. 40 to 50 feet high, very branching. imbricaria, Mx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. P. M. h>) leaves oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubescent beneath : calyx saucer-form, scales broad-ovate : acorn sub-globose. 40 or 50 feet high. 2. Fruit sub-sessile ; leaves mucronate with a bristle form awn, toothed or lobed. Fructification biennial. heterophylla, Mx. (burner's oak. M.fe.) leaves long peti- oled, lance-ovate or oblong, entire or unequally coarse- toothed : calyx hemispheric ; acorn sub-globose. Pursh says, there is but one individual of this species known in the world, which is now growing on the Bartrain plantation near Philadelphia. (1) Malus coronaria, Mx. (2) sempervirens, Wc. QUERCUS. 419 triloba, W. (i) (downy black oak. P. D. M. T>.) leaves wedge-oblong, acute at the base, sub-3 lobed at the apex; lobes equal in breadth, mucronate, middle lobe longest, downy beneath : calyx saucer-form ; acorn compressed-globose. 20 to 40 feet high. aquatica, W. (2) (water oak- P. M. b. 0 leaves wedge- ovate, glabrous, very entire ; apex obscurely 3-lobed with the intermediate lobe longest : calyx hemispher- ic ; acorn sub-globose. Leaves very variable. nigra, W. (3) (barren oak, black jack. P. New-Jersey. M. b_.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, sub-cordate at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at the apex, in the young slate it is mucronate, glabrous above, mealy rust beneath : calyx turbinate, scales obtuse, scarious : acorn short-ovate. Small. tinctoria, W. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. 1^.) leaves obovate oblong, a little sinuate, pubescent be- neath ; lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely denticulate, seta- ceous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form ; acorn depress- ed-globose. discolor, W. (5) (false red oak. 0. M. h.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent beneath and on both sides when young ; lobes oblong, toothed, setaceous-mucro- nate : calyx turbinate : acorn ovate. coccinea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. h.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, glabrous ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous-mucronato : calyx turbinate, marked with stales: acorn short-ovate. This, the last, and the next species, are usually called red oak by farmers And it requires some attention for the botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of this species become reddish and even scarlet in autumn. Produce-, brownish-purple nut-gabs. rubra. Wm. (red oak. O. M. h-) leaves long-petioled, oblong, glabrous, obtusely sinuate ; lobes acutish; toothed, setaceous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form* smoothish : acorn subuvate, turgid. falcata, Mx. (6) (spanish oak. P. I). Chatham, N. York. M. b_ •) leaves long-petioled, at the base obtuse, dow- ny beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate \ lobes sub-falcate, se- ll) cuneata, Wm. (4) tinctoria-angulosa, Mx. (2) nigra L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (5) tinctoria-sinuosa, Mx. (3) ferrugine*, Mx. (6) elongata, W. 420 QUERCUS. taceous-mucronate, terminal one elongated : calyx bowl-form : acorn globose. Large tree. palustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. h.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, glabrous, axils ofthe veins vik lose beneath ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setace- ous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form, smooth : acorn sub-globose. Generally grows in wet places. The smail limbs along the body of the tree die as the tree advances, which gives it the appearance of having pins or trunnels driven into it. ilicifolia. W. (1) (scrub oak. O. M. b_.) leaves long-peti- oled, wedge-obovaie, 4 or 5-lobed, margin entire, whi- tish downy beneath ; lobes setaceous-nmcronate : ca- lyx subturbinate : acorn sub-globose. A low shrub. 3. Fruit peduncled ; leaves without awns, lobed. Fruc- tification annual. stellnla, W. (2) (iron oak, post oak. T. Y. P. Catskill. M k •) leaves oblong sinuate, wedge-form at the base, pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, upper one dilated-2- iobed (often the lobes are so arranged in the young plants, as to form a cross-form or stellate leaf) calyx hemispheric : acorn oval. macrocarpa, Mx. (over cup oak. P. M. b..) leaves downy beneath, deeply lyrate-sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse, re- pand, upper ones dilated : calyx bowl-form, upper scales setose : acorn turgid, ovate, large. A large tree. olivatformi, Mx (mossy-cup oak. P. New-York. M. b,.) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid : calyx deeply bowl form with locks above (superne crinita) : acorn oval-ovate. Large tree. alba, Wm. (white oak. O. M. h-) leaves oblong, sinuate- piunatifid, pubescent beneath ; lobes sub-linear, ob- tuse, entire, narrowed at their bases (particularly on full grown trees) fruit peduncled : calyx somewhat bowl-form, tubercled, flattened at the base : acorn ovate. The most useful timber tree in America. (1) banisteri, Mx. (2) obtusiloba, Mx. QUERCUS, QUERIA. 421 4. Fruit peduncled ; leaves without awns, toothed, not lobed. Fructification annual. prinus, W.(l) (swamp oak. P. M. Jj.) leaves long-peti- oled, obovate, acute, pubescent beneath, coarsely tooth- ed : teeth about equal, spread, callous at the apex : calyx bowl-form, tapering at the base ; acorn ovate, large, sweet tasted. Large tree. prinoides, YV. (2) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. P. M. \ .) leaves short-petioled, obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneath; teeth nearly equal, spread, callous at the apex : calyx hemispherical ; acorn ovate. A low shrub. montana, W. (3) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. 0. M. »?•) leaves moderately petioled, broad-obovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above ; coarse- ly toothed, at the base obtuse, oblique; teeth sub equal, very obtuse, sliort: fruit in pairs, sliort-peduncled : calyx hemispheric, scales rugose tubercled : acorn ovate. castanea, W. (4) (yellow oak. P. T. Catskill. New-Eng- land. M. k 0 leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, ob- tuse at the base, acuminate, downy beneath, coarsely toothed : teeth sub-equal, spread, acute, callous at the apex : calyx hemispheric ; acorn globular-ovate. Large tree. The bark is used for dying yellow. bicolor, W. (5) (swamp white oak. P. M. £.) leaves short-petioled, oblong obovate, white-downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base ; teeth unequal, spread, acutish, callous at the apex : fruit in pairs. long-peduncled : the peduncle terminating in a bristle : calyx hemispheric : acorn oblong-ovate. Large tree. 3—3. Queria. 22. 82. canadensis, L. (6) (fork chickweed. O. w. Ju. 21.) stem dichotomous, very branching, spread : leaves lanceo- late, glabrous, erect. About 6 or 8 inches high, very slender and branching.—Flowers very small, stamens (1) p'inus-palu-tris. Vx. (2) prinus-ciiinquanip, Mx. chinquapin, Mx. (3) [ir',;.:y-> mont.cola, Mx. (4) prinus acuminate, Mx: (5) j.iinus lomentcsa, and discolor, Mx. (6) Anycliw dichotoma, Mx. 422 RACODIUM, RAMALINA. from 2 to 5. Var. capillac.ea. branches capillary : leaves obtusish : flowers mostly longer than the stipules. R. 22—6. Racodium. 58. 1. rupestre, compact, black, adnate to rocks. cellare, broad-expanded, very soft, black. Often in wine cellers, &c. xylostroma,{\) very broad, soft, ochre-yellow. This is the oak leather, or punk. In the natural cleavages of de- caying wood, often many inches broad and very tough. papyraceum, white, thin, paper-like. Called paper-punk as well as the hydnum chrysorhizum, and may be the same plant. Grows between the cleavages of dry wood. 22—5. Ramalina. 57. 2. homalea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ra- mose, becoming pale-white, sub-ramose crosswise ; branches dichotomous attenuated : receptacles scatter- ed, affixed at the centre, a little concave, somewhat margined, uniform coloured. polymorpha, frond flat-compressed or teretish, torn- i branched, pale, longitudinally lacunose : fruit-dots scattered, sub elliptic and terminal, head-form : recep- tacles sub-marginal, a little concave ; disk fleshy, somewhat hoary. On rocks and stones. fraxinen, frond flat, linear-Jaciniate, white-cinereous, glabrous both sides, rugose lacunose, sub-reticulate ; extreme divisions lance-attenuated : receptacles mar- ginal, flat, pale-flesh-coloured. On trunks and branch- es of trees, chiefly ash and oak. fastigiata, frond terete-sub-compressed, smooth, lacunose, ramose, white-glaucous ; branches thickening up- wards, fastigiate : receptacles terminal, peltate-sub- sessile, white. On trunks of trees. farinacea, frond terete-compressed, glabrous, sub-laru- nose, bearing fruit-dots, rigid, Vamose, becoming white-cinereous ; branches linear-tapering : recepta- cles scattered, pedicelled, flat, somewhat margined, white. On trunks and branches of trees. (1) Xylostroma giganteum, Tode RANUNCULUS. 423 13. 13. Ranunculus. 26. 61. "' acris (crowfoot, butter cup. O. y. M. 21.) hairs close- pressed : leaves 3-parted-many-clcft, upper ones line- ar : peduncles terete : calyx spreading. j\- abortivus (1)(0. y. M. 21.) glabrous : stem striate, nak- ed below: radical leaves heart-reniform, obtusely cre- nate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate, angled ; upper ones sessile : brant lies about 3-fiowered Damp. repens (W. T. C P. y. M. 21.) hirsute : leaves ternate, 3 cleft, gashed : creeping shoots sent off in the sum- mer : peduncles furrowed : calyx spreading. Damp. recurvatus (C. W. T. y-w. J. U-) pubescent : leaves 3- lobed, wedge-form at the base, gashed at the apex, acute : stem many-flowered : calyx and corol recurv- ed : petals linear. Flowers small. fascicularis, M. (O. y. M. 11.) leaves sub-pubescent, rad- ical ones long-peduncled, ternate or sub-pinnate ; leaf- ets 3-lobed, the terminal one deeply 3-cleft : calyx spreading, hairy underneath ; petals longer than the calyx : root fascicled. Sec Rig. Florida Bost. Jiuviutilis (river crowfoot. 0. w-y. M. H.) stem sub- mersed : leaves ell capillary, dichotomous. The whole under water, excepting the fructification while the corol is expanded. Water. lacustris, Beck and Tracy. (2) (lake crowfoot. Lansing- burgh, y. M. % .)' leaves all sub-merged, alternate, dichotomously divided into numerous capillary seg- ments; with clasping membranaceous stipules : pe- duncles emerging, dichotomous, slightly furrowed : flowers terminal/large: calyx spreading, hairy, fleshy, caducous-: petals 5 to 8, obovate, larger than the leaves of the calyx : nectary petal-like, cucullate-tu- bular. nearly equalling the length of the filaments : stem rooting at the lower joints, hollow, branched, elabrous, floating : root fibrous. Stem sometimes 4 or 5 feet long. Very abundant in a small lake east of the village of Lansingburgh. The flower is very large, bright yellow. The leaves are diaphanous-re- ticulate. Dr. L. C. Beck and Mr. J. G. Tracy of Al- (1) nitudus, Pt. . (2) multifidus ? Bradbury, fiuviatdis? Bw. kee his enlarged des- crinuon-p. 139. Bos'.oi: Flora. 424 RANUNCULUS. bany presented this as a new species. If this is Bradbury's multifidus, Pursh has certainly described it very imperfectly. delphinifolius (C. y. it.)' submersed,- leaves very finely" divided, divisions dichotomous ; those above water coarsei' ; calyx expanding, smooth, concave : petals orbicular, entire, twice as long as the calyx ; nectary orbicular, bifid. A new species by Dr. Torry ; though he suspects it may be a variety of the fluviatilis. Wa- ter. - hdlosus (T. P. C. y. M. U.) very hirsute : leaves ter- nate, 3 cleft, gashed and toothed : stem erect, many- flowered : peduncles sulfate:, calyx reflexed : root bulbose. jfhirsutns, C. (1) (W. T. P. V. y. Ju. 21.) hirsute : leaves ternate, gash-lobed : stem erect, many-flowered : pe- duncles suh ate : calyx reflexed, acuminate ; frujt glo- bose, seeds tubercled : root fibrous. Damp. .■•} intermedins, S. (T. y. J. It-) lower leaves 3-lobed, gash- ed ; upper ones sub-digitate : peduncles solitary ; calyx reflexed ; seeds compressed, smooth s, root, fibrous,. Found on the hanks of the Hudson near Albany, by Mr. J. G.Tracy. \ fammula (spearwort. T. Y. C. P. y. 11.) glabrous : stem declined : leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, entire and denticulate, lower ones petioled : peduncles terminal,. axillary. 1-flovvered : calyx sub-reflcxed. Flowers small. Damp. *r scelerutus (celery crowfoot. O. y..J. it.) glabrous : lower leaves palmate ; upper ones sessile, digitate : fruit ob- long. Wet. htnsylvunicus, W. (2) (C. Y. P. y. Ju. 11.) stem pilose, erect, branching : leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed, hai- ry beneath ; peduncles terete, calyx reflexed : petals about equalling the calyx. Flowers large. Is not. this the hirsutus ? pusillus, Ph. (3).(C. y. Ju. 21.) glabrous : leaves petioled : lower ones ovate, toothed ; upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex, the very uppermost ones linear, bract-like : peduncles alternate, solitary, 1-flowered. lingua (great spearwort. P. T. y. Ju. it.) hairs close- (1) philono'.is, W. (2) canadensis, Jn. (3) flammula, Wr RANUNCULUS, RAPHANUS. 425 pressed : leaves lanceolate, sub-denticulate, acuminate, sub-sessile ; stem erccl, manv flowered. reptans- (dwarf spearwort. P. T?y. Ju. y.)leaves linenr entire : stem creeping. Perhaps a variety of the flam- mula. • marylandicut. Lk. (P. w-y. M. 21.) pubescent: stem simple, sub-naked : radical leaves ternate ; leafets 3- 1 died, lobes acute gashed ; calyx reflexed. hisvidus. Mx. (P. w-y- J. If.) very hirsute, erect: leaves termite ; leafets acutely lobed : stem naked below the first peduncle, few-flowered : calyx close-pressed. f//mi'«/u.ria(Onondaga, w-y. S.U.) glabrous, very small, Aliform, creeping, rooting at the joints : leaves heart - reniform, obtusely 5-toothed : radical peduncles solita- ry, mostly 2-flowered : perals linear : fruit oblong. 4-fl!iformii, M ;. (p. V T.Can. w-y. J.y.) glabrous, small: stem filiform, creeping, geniculate, with the joints 1- flowered ; flowers axillary, petmncled : leaves linear subulate,-obtuse. nithlus. Wr. (D. P. w. Ju. y.) very glabrous : stem fis- tulous : radical leaves round-reniform, obtusely cre- nate, cauline ones sessile, digitate; leafets gashed, divisions obtuse : seeds sub-globose, very glabrous. iunuginosus (P. y.J. y.) hirsute : leaves 3-clei't, lobed, toothed, all over silky : peduncles elongated, terete : cal.vx spreading. saniculacformis, M. (sanicle-crowfoot. T. V. C.) very hirsute : leaves all 3 parted ; divisions gash-seriate : peduncles short, bearing 2 oe 3 small flowers : calyx reflexed, hirsute: leafets lanceolate, acute, longertuim the petals. 15—2. Raphanus. 39. 65. sativus (garden-radish. E- vv. J. £j.) leaves lyrate : sili- que terete, torose, 2-celled. There are several varie- ties of this species—one has a fusiform, another a glo- bose, another a black root. TUphanistrum (wild radish, charlock. N. y. Au.) leaves lyrate : siWques terete, jointed, smooth, "l-celled, lie- fore the silique is mature, it is generally 2-ccll -d and not jointed. It may have been introduced : hut it is now growing wild in all the middle arm southern towns ot the western counties of Massachusetts. L 1 2 426 RESEDA, RHINANTHU& 11—3. Reseda. 54. 64. odorata (mignonette. E. w-y. Ju. #.) leaves entire, and 3-lobed : calyx equalling the corol. luteola (dyer's weed. Y. y. Au. %}.) leaves lanceolate, un- dulate, entire, a tooth on each side ofthe base : calyx 4-cleft : flowers spiked. Prof. Ives found this plant growing near New-Haven, in situations and with hab- its, which induced him to suspect it to be indigenous. 5—1. Rhamnus. 43. 95. franguloides, Mx. (1) (dwarf alder. O. w-g. M. 1?.) un- armed : leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent at the nerves beneath : peduncles aggregate, 1-flower- ed : calyx acute : fruit turbinate. Berries black. Pursh calls this the franguloides, after Mx. and gives alnifolius to a species found up the Missouri. catharticus (buckthorn. E. "h.) thorns terminal: flowers 4-clcft, dioecious : leaves ovate, serrate. 9—3. RnEUM. 12. 28. palmatum (rhubarb. E.J. y.) leaves palmate, acuminate. From China. tataricum (pie rhubarb. E. J. y.) leaves heart-ovate, en- tire, fiat, glabrous : petioles semiterete, angled : branches of the panicle sulcate. The radical leaves very large. From Tartary. 8—1. Rhexia. 17. 90. virginica (meadow beauty, deer grass. Y. C. P. p. Ju. %.) stem wing-angled, with scattered hairs: leaves sessile, lance-oval, denticulate, setaceous, ciliate-cer- rate. About 8 inches high. mariana, Mx. (D. w-r. Ju.'y.) stem and leaves very hir- sute : leaves sub-petioled, lance-oval or lance-linear : calyx smoothish, tubular, long. 14—2. Rhinanthus. 40. S5. trista-galU, \V'. (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb. Can. y. \l) alnifolius, W. RHIZOMORPIIA, RHUS. 427 J. &.) upper lip of the corol emarginate, 2-toothcd, middle div ision of the under lip very short. 22—5. RiiizomorpiiA. 5T. 2. sub-corticalis, frond compressed, dark-fuscous, shining : branches scatterd, reticulate with anastomoses (meet- ing and joining of mouths) : receptacles conglomer- ate. On dead trunks of trees. sub-terranea, frond terete, glabrous, black, very branch- ing ; branches and branchlets crowded, attenuated, free. On stones and decaying wood. setiformis, frond terete, very slender, black, shining, simple, apex divided. On fallen leaves. eorniculurioides, frond and branches a little terete, flexu- ose, interwoven, widely spreading, dark, opake, very tender. On the earth. 10—I. RnoDODENDON. 18. 50. maximum (vvild rose-bay, P. Dedham, Mass. C. r. Ju. h-) leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath ; umbels terminal, dense : corols sub-bcllform ; petals rounded. A small tree. ponticum (rose bay. E. p. b..) leaves oblong, glabrous* both sides coloured alike : corymbs terminal : corol bell-w heeliorm ; petals lanceolate. 10—1. Rhodora. 18. 50. Canadensis (false honey-suckle, rhodora.C. Boston, Pitts- field and Granby, Mass. b. r. M. b .) leaves oval, en- tire, glaucous-pubescent beneath : flowers in terminal utnbeis. About 2 feet high. 5—3. Rhus. 43. 94. typhinum (sumach. O. y-g Ju. J? .) branches, and petioles very villose : leaves pinnate, many-paired, leafets lance-oblong, serrate, somewhat downy beneath. Ber- ries red and very sour. glabrum (sleek sumach. 0. g. r. Ju. Jj.) branches petioles and leaves glabrous : leaves pinnate, many paired ; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish beneath : fruit silky. The leaves of both the species are used for- tanning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 428 RHUS, RHYNCHOSPORA. copallinum (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. O. y-g: Ju. b .) branches punctate : leaves pinnate, in about 5 or 6 pairs, with the main petiole joint-winged ; k-afWs lance-oval entire ; panicle leafy, branches sub-sessile : flowers dioecious. Berries red vcrnix (poison sumach, poison elder. 0. y-g. Ju. b .) ve- ry glabrous : leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire : panicle. lax : dioe- cious : fruit glabrous. Berries green, at length whit- ish. Panicle few-flowered compared with the preced- ing species. Very poisonous. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. Dam|>. toxicodendron (poison vine, poison ash. O. g. Ju. 1j.) rooting: leaves ternate ; leafets oval, entire or siuuate- erenate : racemes on the. branches and axiliary. ses- sile : dioecious. JVar. radicans (poison ivy) stem climbing and rooting ; leafets broad, entire or with scattered teeth. Var. qnercifolium (poison oak) erect, low : leafets variously sinuate-lobed. Var. microcar- pon, leafets oblong-oval,long acuminate,sub-rhombic: fruit very small. The sap of this species is an excel- lent marking ink for linen. aromaticum, W. (P. W„ Catskill. y. M. h •) a very little woody : flowers amentaceous, naked : leaves ternate : leafets rhombic-oval, toothed, pubescent beneath. Di- oecious. cotinus (false fringe-tree, aaron's beard. E. p-g. Ju. b .) leaves simple, obovate and ovate : panic le-racenies plumose. A small tree with very minute flowers sum ported on capillary, downy or hairy peduncles : grow* wild in Siberia, Austria and Lombardy. 3—1. Rhvnchospora. 3. 9 •ftsparsa, (Vahl. (1) (false bog-rush. C. P. Ju. it.) corymbs , diffuse,- axillary, compound : terminal ones decom- pound : peduncles capillary : seeds longer than the beaks. glomerata (2) (O.J. y.)spikes corymbed-fasci'led, re- mote in pairs : culm obtuse-angled : leaves linear. alba{2) (O.Ju.y.), spikes corym'bed-fascicted : culm and leaves setaceous. (1) Schoenus, sparsus, Mx. nmliaeeus, I,!j. (2) Schoenus, L, RIBES. 429" 5—1. Rises. 36. 85. 1. Currant-like. Flowers racemed. rubrum (currant. E. g. M. £.) unarmed : racemes gla- brous, nodding : corol flat; petals obcordate : leaves obtusely 5-lobed : stem erect. Berries red. nigrum (black currant W. V.g. M. b. ) unarmed: leaves punctate beneath : racemes lax : flowers bell-form : bracts shorter than the pedicels. Berries black. albinervium, Mx. (H g-y. M. b_.) unarmed : leaves ab- breviated, acutely lobed, smoothish, nerves white j racemes recurved ; berry glabrous. Berries red. trifldum, Mx. (P. Can. y-g. M. k .) unarmed : leaves moderately lobed, glabrous above, pubescent beneath: racemes lax, pubescent : flowers flattish : divisions of the calyx about 3-cleft : petals spatulate, obtuse : ber- ries hirsute. Berries red. ringens, Mx. (Can. W. P. M. 1?.) unarmed: branches strait: leaves acutely lobed and toothed, reticulate-ru- gose, pubescent beneath : racemes lax, becoming stiff- ly erect : berries sub-hispid. Berries red, erect. glandulosnm, A. (1) (O. r-y. M. Jp.) unarmed : branch- es reclined-prostrate : leaves lobed, smoothish, youn- ger ones pubescent: racemes sub= erect: petals del- toid: bracts minute : berry hispid. Most of the plant, particularly the calyx, covered with glandular hairs. floridnm,W. (2) (wild black-currant. 0. M. k •). unarm- ed : leaves punctate both sides : racemes pendant: calyx cvlindric : bracts longer than the pedicels. 2. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostlyfew-flowered ; rare- ly sub racemed. X grossulariu (english gooseberry. E. g. M. k •) branches prickly : petioles hairy : bracts 2-leaved : berry gla- brous or hirsute. uvncrispu (smooth gooseberry. E. g. M. b .) branches prickly : berry glabrous ; pedicels with 1-leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of grossularia. triflorum, W. (wild gooseberry. O. g. M. %.) spine sub- axiliarv : leaves glabrous, 3 to 5-lobed, gash toothed : peduncles sub-3-flowered with the pedicels elongated : (1) prostration, Hr. (2) per.sylvanicum, Lk. 430 R1BES, RICCIA. bracts very short : petals epatulatc, undulate : style hirsute, half 2 or 5-cleft, exsert: berry glabrous. Ber- ries pale red. hirtellum. Mx. (W. T. Can. P. g. M. J?.) spines very sujall,sub-axillary : branches s iu-hispiu: leaves small, semurifid ; johes* sub-dentate : peduncles 1-flowered: berry glajr nis. Berries red. oxyacunihoidcs, ^ (P. Can. M. b_ ■) the large sub soli- tary prickles near the buds, the smaller ones scatter- ed : leaves glabrous, with toothed lobes: peduncles short, about 2-flowered : berries glabrous. gracile, Mx. (P. W. T. M. b. •) little spines sub-axillary : leaves petioled. slender, pubescent both sides ; lobes acutely gash-toothed . peduncles capillary, about 2- flowered : calyx lulUtubular: berries glabrous. Ber- ries bluish pin pie. lacustris, P. (l) (Can. W. V. P. g-y. M. h .) spines many- fold, sub-axillary : stem every where aculeate-hispid : leaves lobed lievond the middle : petioles villose : ber- ries somewhat racemed, hispid. conobasli,M\. (Can. P. Caitskill Mt. Pittsfield. g. M» k •) prickles in pairs : leaves short-lobcd, gash-tooth- ed,with soft pubescence : racemes nodding, few-dower- ed : calyx erect, bell-form : berry prickly. Berries dark brown. 22—3. Ricciv. 57. 3. nutans (floating liverwort. W. T. C Ju.) fronds obcor- date, with apexes meeting, so as to form the sectors of circles, flat : radicles beneath flat- It floats on the water, with its short fiat roots extending a little dis- tance into it. Colour sea-green. Each congeries of floating fronds hardly an inch in diameter. Channels run on their backs, like midribs in leaves. fluituns (foikstems. W. J.) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex or sub-cylindric. smooth, reticulate, ob- tuse and cloven at the tips. Very plenty in stagnant water near Williams college among lemna. It is pel- lucid and cellular, 2 or 3 inches long. It has nothing resembling a root; but the whole plant appears rather. like the stems of some plants. ,\) rxycanthoivles. Mx RICCIA, ROSA. 431 glauca, frond radiating from a center, dichotomous, flat, reticulate. crystallina (Wallingford, Vermont,) frond lobed, obtuse, emarginate, pitted. Dillenius. Found in a pond (for the first time I believe in North America) by my pupil, Dr. Jedediah Smith. It is generally a flatfish 3-lobed frond ; several of which are connected together by threads. Each frond is about half an inch in length. and has a cruciform appearance. \— - 20—16. Ricixrs. 33. 96. communis (caster oil plant, palma christi. E. ©.) leaves peltate, palmate ; lobes lanceolate, serrate : stem with hoary mealiness. 17—io. Robixia. 32. 93. pseudo-acacia (locust tree, false acacia Can. P. w. M. T?-) leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet: stipules thorny, or a thorn : racemes pendunt: teeth of the calyx awned : legumes smooth. Cultivated every where. viscosa, W. (1) (clammy locust Southern states. Ju. b_.) racemes with 1-flovvered pedicels : leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet: branches and legumes with vis- cous glands : calyx acuminate. Racemes axillary, dense-flowered, erect ; flowers approaching from white to red. Cultivated. hispida, W. (2) (rose locust. Southern states. P. \ .) ra- cemes axillary, sub-erect: calyx acuminate : stem mostlv unarmed ; most of the plant hispid : leaves pin- nate,'with a terminal leafet; leafets round-oval, mu- cronate, sometimes alternate. An elegant shrub. Cultivated. 12—13. Rosa. 35. 92. ■*. corymbosa, Eh. (3) (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. k .) germs (permanent calyxes; globose ; germs and peduncles a little hispid, or glabrous : petioles hairy and a little (1) eluanosa, O (2) moi.tana, Bartram, rosea, Du Hamei. (3) pensylvanica, Mx. Carolina, W. 432 ROSA. prickly : stem glabrous : prickles stipular, sub-unci- nate : leafets 5 or 7, lance-oblong, acute, sharply ser- rate, glaucous beneath : flowers solitary or corymbed. From 3 to 6 feet high. Very variable. Dr. Bigelow sent three specimens to the greatest botanist in Eu- rope, which were all taken from different parts ofthe same plant. He received an answer making two of the specimens different described species, and the third one a new species. Damp or wet. .; parviflora, W. (1) (wild rose. 0. r. vv. J}.) germs de- pressed-globose ; germs and peduncles hispid : peti- oles pubescent, sub-aculeate : stem glabrous : prick- les stipular, strait : leafets lance-oval, simply serrate, glabrous : flowers somewhat in pairs. Very variable. Grows mostly on dry land. rubiginosa, M. (2) (sweet briar. T. C. Y. P. N. r. J. b_.) germ ovate : peduncles and petioles glandular-hispid; petioles somewhat prickly : stem glabrous ; prickles scattered, strait, slender ; leafets (5 or 7) ovate, ser- rate, scarcely glandular-hairy beneath : branchlets 1- flowered : divisions of the calyx entire. The leaves have often a rusty appearance beneath. lucida, W. (P. C. r. Ju. !?•) germs depressed-globose : germs and peduncles sub-hispid : petioles glabrous, sub-aculeate : stem glabrous; prickles stipular, strait: leafets lance-ovate, obtusish, coarsely serrate, gla- brous, shining = flowers somewhat in pairs : divisions of the calyx entire. 4 to 6 feet high. gemella. W. (P. New-England. C. r. Ju. b .) germs de- pressed-globose : germs and peduncles glabrous : flow- ers somewhat in pairs : leaves oblong, acute, opake ; petioles and veins pubescent beneath : prickles unci- nate, the cauline ones in pairs below the axils. pendulina, \\. (thornless rose. North America ? E ? r. J. b_.) unarmed : germs oblong : peduncles and peti- oles hispid : stem and branches glabrous: fruit pen- dant. Cultivated. canina, M. (dog-rose D. b_.) germs ovate ; germs and peduncles glabrous -, stem and petioles prickly; leaves ovate, glabrous. gallica (french rose, common rose. E. r. J. 1?.) germs (1) Carolina, Mx. (2) suaveolens, p*i. ROSA. 433 ©vate ; germs and peduncles hispHd : stem and peti- oles hispid prickly. Sometimes the colours are varie- gated. f damuscena (damask rose. E. w. r. J. T?.) calyx half- pinnate : germ ovate, turgid (thickened near its top) bristly : stem and petioles prickly ; leafets ovate, pointed, downy beneath. muscosa (moss rose. E. r. Au. h ■) germs ovate : calyx. peduncles, petioles and branches hispid, glandular- viscid (mossy-like) spines of the brant lies scattered, strait. moschata (musk rose. E. 1?.) germs ovate ; germs and peduncles villose : stem and petioles prickly : leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous: panicle many-flowered. burgundiaca (burgundy rose. E. b ■) germs sub-globose ; germs and peduncles hispid : leafets ovate, pubescent beneath : corol small, full, fleshy-white, disk obscure. Var. provinciulis, has scattered reflexed prickles on the branches, and glandular serratures. semperflorens (monthly rose. E. b..) germs ovate oblong, tape'ring to both tnds ; germs and peduncles hispid : stem prickly : flowers in erect corymbs. Resembles daniascena. albu (white rose. E. w. J. T?.) germs ovate, glabrous or hispid : stem and petioles prickly : leafets ovate, vil- lose beneath. pimpinellifolia (burnet rose. E. r. 1?.) .germs globose ; germs and peduncles glabrous : stem with scattered strait prickles : leaves obtuse ; petioles scabrous. Ve- ry small. centifolia (hundred leaved rose. E. r. b_.) germs ovate ; germs and peduncles hispid : stem hispid, prickly : leaves pubescent beneath ; petioles cnarmed. dnnamomea (cinnamon rose. E. b >) germs globose : germs and peduncles glabrous : stem with stipular prickles : petioles somewhat unarmed : leafets oblong. R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon colour. multiflora (japan rose. E. b .) germs ovate ; germs and peduncles unarmed, villose: stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally purple ; leafets ovate ; flowers small, panicled. spinosissima (scotch rose. E. fc.) germs globose, gl a- M m 434 ROSA, RUBUS. brous : peduncles hispid ; stem and petioles very his- pid. Var. scotica, is smaller. parvifolia (small-leaf rose. E. b.) small : germs ovate, sub-glabrous: peduncles glandular : stem and petioles with slender prickles : leafets rugose, a little villose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate. Remark. These 13 exotic species were mostly ana- lyzed in the living state, and obligingly furnished for this work by the much lamented, Mrs. Frances Dewey, late of Willianistown. 2—1. Rosmarinus. 42. 39. officinalis (rosemary. E. h •) leaves some green both sides, others whitish beneath, linear, margins revo- lute. 4 or 5—1. Rubia. 4". 57. tinctoria (madder. E.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes : stem prickly, climbing. Var. sylvestris, lower leaves in sixes, upper ones in fours or in pairs. 12—13. Rubus. S5. 92. \ ideus (garden raspberry. E. w. M. b..) leaves quinate- pinnate and ternate ; leafets rhomb-ovate, acuminate, downy beneath ; petioles channelled : stem prickly- hispid ; flowers sub-panicled. A variety has a smooth stein. strigosus, Mx. (1) (red raspberry. O. w. J. b..) unarmed : rigidly hispid : leafets 3, or pinnate-quinate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked with lines and white-downy beneath : calyx acuminate : flowers axil- lary, solitary at the ends of the branches : peduncles and calyx hispid. Berries red, sweet, acines very slightly attached. odoratus (flowering raspberry. O. r. J. Jj.) unarmed, erect, viscid-hispid : leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lob- ed : corymbs terminal, spreading : calyx appendicu- late ; petals sub-orbiculate. Flowers large, berries rather dry and thin. ocddentalis, VV. (black raspberry. O. w. J. Ij.) branches (1) pensylvanicus, Lk. RUBUS. 435 and petioles glaucous and prickly : leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate and doubly serrate, white downy beneath ,• petioles terete : prickles recurved. villosus (high blackberry. O. vv. J. J,.) pubescent, hispid and prickly : leaves digitate, in threes or fives ; leaf- ets ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, hairy both sides : stem and petioles prickly : calyx short, acuminate: ra- cemes lax, pedicels solitary. Valuable astringent. B. trivialis. Mx. (l) (creeping blackberry, dew-berry. O. w.J. \) .) sarmentose-procumbent: petioles and pedun- cles aculeate-hispid, with the prickles recurved : sti- pules subulate : leaves ternate or quinate, oblong-oval, acute, unequally serrate, sub pubescent: pedicels soli- tary, elongated : petals obovate, thrice as long as the calyx. Var. flagellaris, has orbicular petals and small smooth leaves. saxalilis (brier herb, rock blackberry. O. w. J. y.) her- baceous, pubescent: stem creeping : leav es ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-toothed, naked, terminal one pe- tioled : flowers somevvliat in threes ; peduncles elon- gated. obovulis (D. M. y.) stem becoming a little woody, his- pid, with stiff hairs : leaves ternate, round-obovate, serrate, naked : stipules setaceous : racemes sub-co- rymbed, few-flowered : bracts ovate : pedicels elon- gated. cuneifolius, Ph. (P. D. J. b..) branches, petioles and pe- duncles downy, with recurved prickles : leaves digi- tate, in threes or fives ; leafets wedge-obovate, une- qually toothed above, plaited, downy beneath, margin entire, revolute : racemes terminal, panicled ; pedi- cels divaricate nakedish. hispidus, Kalm. (P. Can. w. J. b_.) sarmentose-procum- bent: stem, petioles and peduncles very hispid with rigid bristles : leaves ternate, gash-serrate, naked, middle one peduncled. canadensis (Can. New-England. J. h •) a little glabrous : leaves digitate in tens, fives and threes ; leafets lance- eolate, naked both sides, sharply serrate: stem un- armed : bracts lanceolate. Stem purple. chamaemorus (cloud-berry. Can. New-England, w. J. (I) procumbens, M 436 RUBUS, RUDBECKIA. 21.) herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 1-flowered, erect : leaves simple, sub-re inform round-lobed : pet- als oblong. acaulis (Can. J. y.) herbaceous, small, nearly stemless, 1-flowered : leaves almost radical, ternate: leafets sessile, lateral ones somewhat trapezoidal. parviflorus, N (great lakes, w. \ .) shrubby, unarmed : leaves simple, palmate-lobed : peduncles 2 or 3-lobed : flowers small : segments of the calyx villose, ovate, abruptly acuminate : petals oblong-ovate. 18—3. Rudbeckia. 49. 55. laciniata, W. (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. 0. y. An. %.) lower leaves pinnate, leafets 3-lobed ; upper one,s ovate : egret crenate : stem glabrous. From 5 to 10 feet high. Damp. digitata, W. (P. y. Amy.) lower leaves pinnate : leafets pinnatifid'; upper ones simply pinnate ; top ones 3- cleft: egret crenate : stem smooth. pinnata, Mx. (l) (P. y. Ju. y.) leaves all pinnate ; one or more ofthe lower leafets 2-partcd, the rest undivid- ed : egret entire ; stem furrowed, hispid. triloba, W. (P. y. Au. £ .) pilose-hispid : stem panicled ; branches divaricate, many-flowered, leafy : leaves lan- ceolate acuminate at both ends, serrate, lower ones 3- lobed : leafets of the calyx linear, deflexed, of the- length of the rays. 4 or 5 feet high. fulgidu, W. (P. Au. y.) stem hispid; branches wand- like, elongated, l-flowered : leaves lance oblong, denticulate, hispid, narrow at the base, sub-cor- date : calyx leafy, about equalling the ray : disk hem- ispheric, with lanceolate chaff. hirta, W. (P. y. Ju. 21.) very hirsute : stem wand-like, sub-ramose, 1-flowered : peduncles naked : leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nerved,serrate, rough-haired - calyx leafy, nearly equalling the rays ; disk conic, v\ith lan- ceolate chaff- purpurea, C (P. p. Ju. 21.J rough : lower leaves broad- ovate, tapering to the base, remotely toothed ; cauline leaves lauce-ov ate, acuminate at both ends, sub-entire . ra)s long, pendant, 2-cleft. (1) digitata, W. cdorata, S. RUELL1A, RUPPIA. 437 14—2. Ruellia. 40. 36. strepens Sh. (ruel. P. w-b. Ju. y.) erect, hirsute : leaves petioled, lance-ovate, entire; peduncles 1 to 3-fiower- ed : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, hispid, half as long as the tube of the corol. Flowers large. 6—3. Rumex. 12. 28. v- crispus (dock. 0. Ju. U.) valves of the calyx ovate, entire, all bearing grain-like appendages on their backs : leaves lanceolate, undulate, acutish. ---obtusifolins (O.J. y.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain-like appendage : radical leaves heart- oblong obtuse : stem a little scabrous. vertidllatus, W. (T. V. P. J. y.) valves entire, all bear- ing grain-like appendages : spikes (about 3) leafless, with the flowers half-whorled : leaves lanceolate : sheathing stipules c) liudric. &r#tmic?is(P.T.Y.C.J.y.)valves entire,all bearing grain- like appendages: spikes of the panicle leafless : sbeath- iug stipules obsoletely torn : leaves broad-lanceolate, flat, smooth. 'Sanguineus, VV. (bloody dock. P.J. y.) valves entire, ob- long, one principally bearing the grain-like appen- dage : leaves heart-lanceolate. aquaticus, (water dock. P. Y. C. Ju. 21.) valves ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains : leaves heart lanceo- late, acute. patientia (garden dock, patience. E. 21.) valves entire, one of them bearing a grain-like appendage : leaves lance-ovate. acetosa (garden sorrel. E. y.) stem elongated : leaves oblong, sagittate acute, clasping. -\~acetosella, L.fl; (field sorrel. O. g. and p. M. y.) leaves lance-hastate, with ear-like processes near the base> entire. Taste very sour, 4—4.. Ruppia. 5. 13". maritima (sea tassel-grass. C. D. P. J. 21.) floating j: leaves pectinate, obtuse : flowers spiked.. (1) Lapathum, 2d ed. but the acetosa and patientia seem to unite the two genera. Mm 2 438 RUTA, SAGINA 10—1. Ruta. 26. 81. graveolens {rue. E.) leaves more than decompound ; leaf- ets oblong, terminal ones obovate : petals entire. S. 5—1. Sabbatia. Adanson. (1) 20. 40. angnlaris (American century. P. p. Au. o .) erect : leaves heart-ovate, clasping, flowers with long pedun- cles, corymbed ; divisions of the calyx lance-linear : stem with 4 margined angles. gracilis, Sy. (2) (P. r. Ju. % .) slender : branches lax elongated, 1-flovvered : leaves oval-linear : divisions of the calyx linear, about equalling the corol : divisions of the corol obovate : stem angular. ehloroides. Ph. (3) (C. P. r Au. % •) weak : leaves lan- ceolate, erect: branches few, I-flowered ; flowers 7 to 13-parted : divisions of the calyx linear, shorter than the divisions ofthe corol. stellaris, Ph. (C. r. Au. S .) erect : branches dichoto- mous, elongated, 1-flowered : leaves lanceolate, acute: calyx subulate: divisions of the corol obovate: stem terete. calycosa, Mx. (C. P. r. Au. % .) erect, leafy t leaves ob- long-obovatish :. flowers solitary, about 7-parted j calyx leafy, exceeding the corol, divisions oblanceo- late. paniculata, Mx. (4) (C. w Ju. 21.) leaves lance-linear i panicle many-flowered, brachiate, sub-fastigiate : calyx subulate : stem 4-cornered. 3—2'. Sacgharum. 4, 10. offidnarum (sugar? cane. E.) flower? panicled, in pairsy one sessile and one pedicelled r. corol 1-valved, awn- less. From the East Indies originally. ■ 4—4. Sagina.. 22. &2. procumbens, S. (pearlwort T. Y. C. Stockbridge. w. g, JL (1) Chironia, L. (3) Chlora dodeeandra, L. (2) campanulata, L. (4) bwertia diffibrmis, L SAGINA, SAG1TTARIA. 439 tl.) stem procumbent, glabrous : petals very short.— At New-Haven it grows only in running water or very wet shady places, forming a kind of water mat ; but it grows along dry road-sides in Stockbridge, Mass. apetala, C. (P. J. ©.) stem erectish, pubescent.: flowers sub-apetalous. Both species have linear, glabrous, connate leaves and axillary flowers. 20—13. Sagittaria. 5. 13. sagiltifolia (arrowhead. O. w. Ju. y.) leaves lanceo- late, acute, sagittate : lobes lanceolate, acute, strait: scape simple : bracts and calyx lanceolate, acute. In water or very wet places. latifolia. (O. vv. Ju. y.) leaves ovate acutish, sagittate ; lobes ovate, slenderly acuminate, strait : scape simple : bracts roundish, obtuse. Var. major, leaves large, abruptly acute : scape sub-ramose. Dioecious. obtusa, \V. (P. w.J. y.) leaves broad-ovate, round-ob- tuse, mucronate, sagittate ; lobes near each other, ob- long, obliquely acuminate, strait : scape simple : bracts ovate acute. Dioecious. hastata, Ph. (D.P. vv. Ju. y.) leaves lance-oblong, grad- ually acute, sagittate ; lobes spreading, lanceolate, long-acuminate : scape simple : bracts and calyx roundish obtuse. Dioecious. gracilis, Ph. (C. Litchfield, w. Ju. 21.) leaves linear, ob- tusish, 3-nerved, sagittate ; lobes spreading, linear, elongated, gradually becoming slenderly acuminate : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts sliort, sub-orbieu- late. Leaves very slender, about 3 inches long includ- ing the petiole. heterophylla, Ph. (O. w. Am y.) leaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute at both ends ; or oval, acute, at the base obtuse, sagittate; lobes spreading, linear: scape simple, few-flowered : pistillate flowers sub-ses- sile : bracts broad-ovate, acuminate rigida, Ph. (Oswego, w. Ju. It) leaves narrow-lanceo- iate, keeled below, rigid, very acute at both ends : scape ramose. Grows it* deep water simplex, Ph. (D- w. J"* y.) leaves lance-linear, acute, narrow below r scape simple, many-flowered : bract* and calyx round, obtuse* Dioecious. 440 SAGITTAUIA, SALIX. graminea, Mx. (l) (Y. C. Can. P. w. Ju. it.) leaves line- ar, long, 3-ncrved : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts oblong, obtuse. acutifolia, Ph. (P. N. C. w. Ju. y.) leaves subulate, sheathed at the base, convex on the back : scape sim- ple, few flowered : bracts dilated, acuminate. pusilla, N. (2) (P. D. Au. #.) leaves linear, obtuse, short; summits more like the leaves of dry land plants: scape simple, shorter than the leaves : flowers few ; pistillate ones solitary, deflected ; stamens about 7, one to three inches high. Leaves rarely subulate, about the twelfth of an inch wide, in mud. nutans. Mx. (P. vv. Ju. y.) leaves nodding, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, tapering to the base ; lower ones sub-cordate : scape simple, few-flowered : lower pe- duncles elongated. 1—1. Salicornia. 12. 29. herbacca (samphire, glasswort. L. Onondaga. Au. ©.\ herbaceous, spreading: joints compressed at the apex^ emarginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branches undivided and the jointed spikes very long. The fruc- tification is very obscure ; but it may be known by its leafless nearly cylindric jointed branches. It grows in salt marshes along the sea-board. I collected it at On- ondaga salt springs. It is used for pickles and for making soda. Bigelow says* the specimens about Boston have not the emarginate-compressed apex, as expressed above. ambigua, Mx. (C. Ju. % . b..) somewhat woody, ascend* ing,very branching. < 21—2. Salix. 50. 99. 1. Leaves entive, orobsoletely serrate. viminalis, Hn. (basket willow. E. Ap. k .) leaves lance linear, very long, acuminate, entire* sub undulated, white-silky beneath, glands scattered near the marein • ^stipules small : aments precede the leafing; scales al- (1) gr«ninifoli<<, M. (2) Alisn.a subuiata Mx. i included it m.der Alisma in this ecL before 1 observed Nuttall's remarks. SALIX. 441 most round, very hairy : germs sessile, ovate : style filiform ; stigmas acute, undivided. Cultivated. B. Candida, W. (white willow. P. Catskill Mt. Ap. b..) leaves lance-linear, very long, obsoletely denticulate at the apex, pubescent above/ white-downy beneath, margin revolute : stipules lanceolate, about equalling the peti- oles : aments precede the leafing, cvliudrie; scales lance-obovate, down very long. muhlenbergianu, W. (1) (speckled willow. P. Ap, T? ) leaves lanceolate, acutish, sub-entire, white-hairy, ru- gose-veiny beneath, margin revolute ; stipules lance- olate, caducous : aments* precede the leafing; scales oblong with villose margins : germs lance-ovate, silk- villose, long-pedicelled: styles sliort, stigma 2-cleft. Scale ofthe ament tipped with red. 3 to 5 feet high. tristis, W. (mourning willow. Y. W. P. T- C Ap. k •) leaves lance-linear, acute at both ends, entire, margin revolute, smoothish above, rugose-veined and downy beneath : stipules none : aments precede the leafing, oblong. recnrvata. Ph. (shrub willow. P. New-Jersey. Ap. k.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire, margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath, in the young slate silky : stipules none : aments precede leafing, recurved ; scales black at the apex, hairs of the length of the germs : germs ovate, short pedicelled, silky : style sliort. stigma 2-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosma- rinifolia. • • i r > repens, Av". (2) (creeping willow. V. hitchills. J. k •) creeping : leaves lance"-oval, entire, ivule, glabrous, somewimt silky beneath : stipules none: aments pre- cede the leafing, ovate ; scales obovate, obtuse, hairy, sootv -veliow at the apex : germs ovate-oblong, pedi- celled," pubescent: style short, stigma 2-hded : cap- sules glabrous. Very small. Found on tie- White- hills by Bigelow and Hoot. We are indebted to these two gentlemen and Professor Peck, for most of the discoveries ou this mountain, in every department ot natural history. .,,„., i *.lt.„i,- prostrutu, S. (W. b.) leaves without stipmes, obtuse!^ (1) incana, Mx. tristis, M. alpina, Wr. (2) depressa, lln, polymoiyha, Eh. 442 SALIX. dentate, oval acute, glaucous-silky beneath : stem pros- trate. pedicelturis, Ph. (stem-berried willow. N. Pittsfield, Cats- kill Mt. Ap. k .) branchlets smooth : leaves lance-ob- ovate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous and coloured alike: stipules none : aments flower at leafing time, peduncled, glabrous ; scales oblong, scarcely pilose^ but half as long as the pedicels : germs ovate-oblong, glabrous, with very long pedicels : stigma sessile, 2- cleft. rosmarinifQlia,W.{rosemary willow.PAp. ^.)leaves strait, lance-linear, acute at both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, caducous-pubescent above, silky-be- neath : stipules narrow-lanceolate, erect : aments pre- cede the leafing, ovate, recurved : scales oblong, ob- tuse, ciliate : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, villose : stigma sub-sessile, 2-cleft. About three feet high. fuseuta, Ph. (sooty willow. P. Ap. h •) leaves lance-obo- vate, acute, glabrous, sub-serrate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent : stipules very narrow : aments precede the leafing, nodding ; scales obtuse, scarcely hairy within : germs short-pedicelled, ovate, silky : stigma sessile, 2-lobed. 2. Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate. coniferu, W. (1) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. O. Ap. }}.) leaves lance-oblong, remotely serrate, acute, gla- brous above, flat and downy beneath, the first year's growth glabrous : stipules lunulate, sub-dentate : aments precede the leafing : scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silky : style 2- cleft : stigma 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mereex- cresences or galls, caused by the stings of insects. myricoides, W. (gale leaf willow. O. Ap. T}.) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 glands at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath : stipules ovate, acute, glandular- serrate : aments flower at leafing time, viflose, leafy at the base; scales lance date, obtuse, villose, dark- coloured : germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : style 2-cleft ; stigma 2-cleft. prinoides, Ph. (P. C. \V. Ap. b..) leaves oval-oblong, (1) eriocephala, Mx. lonjjirostris, Mx. the elder. SALIX. 443 acute, remotely wave-serrate, glabrous, glaucous be- neath : stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed : aments precede the leafing, villose ; germs pedicelled, ovate, acuminate^ silky : style long ; stigma 2-cleft. discolor, W. (red-root w'illow, basket willow. O. Ap. h .) leaves oblong, obtusish, glabrous, remotely serrate, entire at the apex, glaucous beneath : stipules caducous, lanceolate, serrate : aments flower near leafing time, oblong, downy : scales oblong, acute, dark-coloured, hairy : germs sub-sessile, lanceolate, downy : stigma 2-parted. angustata, Ph. (P. Ap. b .) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually tapering to the base, serrulate, gla- brous, both sides coloured nearly alike : stipules half- cordate : aments precede the leafing, erect, smoothish : germs pedicelled, ovate, glabrous : style 2-cleft; stig- ma 2-lobed. Resembles prinoides. longifolia, W. (long-leaf willow. P. T. M. b_.) leaves linear, acuminate at both ends, elongated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides coloured alike ^sti- pules naiTowlanceolate, denticulate : aments flower after leafing, peduncled, downy ; scales flat, retuse : filaments bearded at the base, twice as long as the scales. About 2 feet high. 3. Leaves closely and acutely serrate. Remark. The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens to each flower. babylonicu (weeping-willow. E. M. h .) branchlets pen- dant : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of different colours : stipules roundish, contracted : aments flower at leafing time : germs sessile, ovate, glabrous. Supposed to be the willow on which the Israelites hung their harps, when captive in Babylon. Seethe 137th Psalm. falcata, Ph. (P- h > leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering above, sub-falcate, acute at the base, close- serratef glabrous both sides, in the young state silky : stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected. Branches very slender and brownish. nigra, W. (1) (brittle-joint willowy black-willow. O. M. % .) leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, serrulate, (T7 caroliniana, Mx. pentandra, Wr. vulgaris, Clayton. 444 SALIX. same colour both sides, glabrous, petioles and midribs downy above: stipules contracted, toothed: aments flower at leafing time, erect, cylindric, villose : scales oblong, very villose : filaments 3 to 6, bearded at the base : germs pedicelled, ovate, glabrous : style very short; stigma 2-cleft. About 20 feet high. Incida, \Y. (shining willow. O. M. J?.) leaves ovate-ob- long, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at the base, ser- rate, glandular, glabrous both sides, shining : stipules oblong, glandular-serrate : aments flower in leafing time ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base, serrate at the apex, glabrous : germs lance-subulate, glabrous ; style 2-cleft; stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. rigida, \\. (1) (stiff-leaf willow. P. C. T. W. Ap. h.) leaves lance oblong, acuminate, sub-cordate at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply serrate; lower ser- ratures elongated : petioles villose : stipules broad, cordate, obtuse, glandular-serrate : aments flow- er at leafing time : scales lanceolate, dark colour- ed, woolly: germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, gla- brous : style very short ; stigma 2-parted. Branches red towards the end, in the young state pubescent. Used also in basket-making. cordutu, W. (heart-leaf-willow. P. T. W. Ap. b..) leaves lance-obloug, acuminate, cordate at the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paier beneath : stipules broad, round-ovate, cartilaginous-serrate : aments flower at leafing time ; scales lanceolate, dark coloured, woolly germs pedicelled lanceolate, glabrous ; style very short, stigma 2 cleft. 6 to 8 feet high. griseu, W.(2) (grey-willow. P. \Y. Ap. b. .) leaves lan- ceolate, acum.oate, serrulate, glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked beneath : stipules line- ar, deflected, caducous ; anient precedes the leafing; scah\s obong, hairy, dark coloured at the anex ; germs oblong, pedicelled, silky ; stigma sessile, ob- tuse. About. 8 feet high, joints brittle at the base. viMhna (yeliow-wi low. O. M. b .) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thickly-serrate, glabrous above, whitish- siiky beiieai h : stij.-ujcs none : aments flower in leafing time, cylindric : scales lance-ovate, both sides colour- (1^ cordata, Mx. c-,rdifv>lla. Banks. (2) seticea, M. SALIX, SALVIA. 445 ed like, outside pubescent: germs sessile, lance-ovate, glabrous : stigma sub-sessile, 2-lobed. Middle size tree. Every where indigenous, in the interior of the northern states. Var. alba, has the leaves white-silky both sides, and very long aments. This variety is usually the tallest, ambigua, Ph. (D. Ap. 1?.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both sides ofthe same colour, glandular-ser- rate : aments flower in leafing time : the pair of nec- taries large ; lobes lanceolate deformed, toothed at the apex, glabrous : the terminal florets have 3 stamens. Resembling the vitellina. russeliana, W. (E. 1?.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, ser- rate, glabrous : aments flower in leafing time ; florets generally with 3 stamens : germs pedicelled, subulate, smooth : styles elongated. Tall tree. petiolaris, W. (D. Ap. J?.) leaves lanceolate, wholly ser- rate, smooth, glaucous-silky beneath, generally une- qual at the base ; stipules ternate, toothed, small : aments precede the leafing, loose, scales obovate, ob- tuse, having black hairs : germs long-peduncled, ovate, silky j stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. B. 5—2. Salsola. 12. 29. tkali (saltwort. L. Ju. Q.) herbaceous,decumbent: leaves channelled, spinose: calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves dilated, shorter, terete, nerveless, spinose : stem smooth or hairy : calyx with a broader margin. Seed cochleate. tragus (D. Ju. 0.) erect : leaves subulate, spinose, smooth : calyx ovate. M. soda (C 0.) spreading ; leaves without prickles. M. 2—1. Salvia. 42. 39. ■officinalis (sage. E. b. J. U> or h») leaves lance-ovate, crenulate : whorls few-flowered : calyx mucronate. sclura (clarry. E. o .) leaves rugose, cordate, oblong, villose, serrate : floral bracts longer than the calyx, concave, acuminate. lyrata {v»ild sage. D. P. Can. b. M. U.) radical leaves lyrate, toothed : upper lip of the corol very short ; stem neaily leafless, reverse-hairy. Var. obovata, has the leaves obovate, repand. N n 446 SALVIA, SANGUISORBA. verbenaca, P. (vervain sage. P. b-p. J. H.) leaves serj rate, sinuate, smoothish : corol narrower than the ca- lyx. urticifolia, Vahl. (nettle sage. D. b. J. If •) villose-vis- cous: leaves ovate-oblong, toothed, decurrent along the petiole. ~ 5—3. Sambucus. 43. 58. > canadensis (black berried elder. 0. w. J. h •) branchlets and petioles glabrous: leafets about in 4 pairs, oblong- oval, glabrous, shining, acuminate, midrib sub-pubes- cent, base sometimes appendaged : cyme lax, divided into about 5 parts. pubescens, Mx. (red-berried elder. H. T. w. M. fc •) bark warty : leafets in 2-pairs, lance-oval, pubescent be- neath : flowers raceme-panicled, or in a crowded bunch. 5—1. SaMolus. 21. 34. valerandi (brookweed. C. P. Y. N. w. Ju. if.) leaves ob- ovate : racemes elongated : pedicels bracted near the middle. Damp. 13—I. Sanguinakia. 27. 62. Canadensis (bloodroot. 0. w. Ap. if.) leaves sub-reni- form, sinuate-lobed : scape 1-flovvered. A variety, ste* nopetala, has linear petals. Root highly efficacious in the influenza, hooping-cough, and the late epidemic. Ives. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. Also cathartic, emet- ic, and a secernant stimulant. B. 4—1. Sanguisorba. 54. 92. canadensis (burnet saxifrage. N. C P. T. Saratoga, w. Ju. 21.) flowers in a long cylindric spike: stamens several times longer than the corols. The leaves re- semble the burnet. Grows plentifully in Deerfield, Mass. and in Waterford, N. York. media (Can ? P. r-w. Ju. it.) spikes cylindric : stamens a little longer than the corol. SANINCULA, SARRACENIA, 447 * 5—2. Sani$cula. 45. 60. 4- marilandica (sanicle. 0. w. J. if.) leaves digitate ; leaf- ets oblong, gashed : part ofthe flowers are fertile, ses- sile and subternate ; the others are barren, pedicelled, and the most numerous. The stem is upright and smooth, with pretty upright branches. The seeds are furnished with hooked bristles. After the unopened flowers appear, they are a long time in that state be- fore they expand. About 2 or 3 feet high. 10—2. Safonaria. 22. 82. 4- officinalis (soapwort, bouncing bet. O. w. J. if.) calyx cy- lindric : leaves lance-ovate. About 12 or 14 inches high. It may have been introduced from Europe. vaccaria (field soapwort. W. r. Au. ©.) calyx 5-corner- ed, cone-ovate : leaves ovate, acuminate, sessile. Pro- bably introduced ; but it now grows wild along the Hosick, near Williams College. 5—3. Sarothra. 20. 82. 4- gcntianoides, L. (l) (nit-weed, false John's wort. T. Y. C Hudson, p. y. J. ©•) small, erect, setaceous-ra- mose : leaves minute, close-pressed : flowers on the branchlets alternate, solitary : stamens 5 to 10 : cap- sule oblong, 1-celled. On the sandy plain west of Ball's spring, New-Haven ; it grows about 5 or 6 inches high, has a leafless appearance, and always 10 stamens. 13—1. Sarracenia. 54. 62. purpurea (side-saddle. O. p. J. if.) leaves radical, short, gibbose-inflated or cup-form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; the contracted part at the base hardly as long as the inflated part. Scape grows 1 to 2 feet high, with a single, large nod- ding flower. In marshes. heterophylla (N. y. J. %.) leaves radical, outer ones long- funnel-form, not contracted at the mouth, having a narrow strait lateral wing"; the contracted part at the 0) hypericoides, N. Hypericum sarothra, Mx. 448 SATUREJA, SAXIFRAGA. base about twice as long as the inflated part; the in- ner leaves short, gibbose-inflated, contracted at the mouth, having an arcbcd lateral wing, the contracted part at the base hardly as long as the inflated part: style longer than the filaments. The whole plant pal- ish yellow, and very slender. Corol yellow. Dr. Da- vid Hunt, gave me specimens of this plant three years ago, (1818) which he collected in a swamp at North- ampton, Mass. At first I was inclined to call it the flava. But it seems to embrace most of the character- istics of both the purpurea and flava. I have ventur- ed to describe it here as a new species, though I had marked it in my herbarium, S. purpurea, Var. vario- laris. P. 14—1. Satureja. 42. 39. hortensis (summer savory. E. b-w, Ju. ©.) peduncles ax- illary, somewhat in a cyme: leaves lanceolate, entire : stem brachiate. i, montana (winter savory. E. b .) peduncles somewhat 1- sided : segments of the calyx acuminate, mucronate: leaves mucronate. 7—4. Saururus. 2. 6. cernuus (lizard's tail. P. C. Can. Jm 2J..) stem leafy, many-spiked : leaves heart-sagittate. The stamens arc so obscure, they can hardly be counted. 10—2. Saxifraga. IS. 84. * virginiensh, Mx. (1) (rock saxifrage. O. vv. M. %.) mi- nutely pubescent : leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, decur- rent into the petiole : flowers sub-sessile on the dicho- tomous branches of an almost leafless scape. It may be found in flower from 1 to 15 inches high. On and near ledges of rocks, &c. ■\ pensylvanica (watersaxifrage. O g-w. J. it.) pubescent: leaves lance-oblong, acute at both ends, obsoletely den- ticulate : scape leafless ; panicle oblong, with fascicled branches at the top. One to four feet high. On Wet ground. tl) niyalis, M. vernalis, Bw. SAXIFRAGA, SCHIZAEA. 449 sarmentosa (beef-steak, creeping saxifrage. E. w. Au. If.) leaves roundish, toothed, hairy : sending off creep- ing shoots : 2 petals in each flower elongated. 4—1. Scabiosa. 47. 56. stellata (star scabious, cat's eye. E. y-w. a.) corol 5- cieft, radiate : leaves cut and jagged : outer crown of the seeds orbicular, large, spreading, membranous, many-nerved. The heads of seeds are very orna- mental for flowerpots in the winter, on account of their permanent shining crown. atronnrpurea (sweet scabious. E. r. If.) corol 5-cleft, ra- diating : leaves pinnatifid and cut : receptacle cylin- dric : "outer crown of the seed short, lobed and cre- nate. Scandix, see Chaerophylluin and Uraspermura. 6—3. Scheuchzeria. 5. 13. palustris (less flowering rush. P. T. V. Taghconnuk. g- y. J. %.) stem glabrous : leaves semi-cylindric, sheath- ing at the base ; each having a lateral pore on the in- ner side, immediately below the cartilaginous tip. In ponds and marshes. Grows about a foot high. 22—1. Schizaea. 55. 5. pusilla, Ph. (one-sided fern. D. Ju. It.) frond simple, linear-compressed : spikes conglomerate, inflexed,one- wav. A party of botanists, consisting of Le Conte, Eddy, Pursh and Whitlow, found 3 specimens only of this species in 1805, all of which have been lost. This summer (1818) Dr. Torrey and Mr. Cooper have found great numbers of them. The only known lo- cality is near Quaker bridge, New-Jersey, in a swamp. The specimen which Dr. T. sent to me, consists of 20 filamentous stems, proceeding from the same root- Some of them have heads not unrolled. The tallest is 4 inches high, terminated by the one-sided fan-like aggregation'of spikes, which is but one-eighth of an N n 2 450 SCHISTIDIUM, SCIRPUS. 22—2. Sciiistidium. 56. 4. ciliatum, stem ramose : leaves lance-ovate, concave, di- aphanous at the apex, denticulate : capsules ovate, sub-sessile : calyptre very long, mitre-form or beil- conic, split at the base into many small irregular divi- sions, beautifully reticulate. 3—1. Schoenus. 3. 9. setaeeus (bog-rush. D. P. 11.) peduncles axillary and terminal, about 3-flowered : culm 3-cornercd ; culm and leaves setaceous. Most of the species of this genus are now removed to the genus Rhynchos- pora. Schoenus, see Rhynchospora. 14—2. Schwalbea. 40. 40. americana, W. (chaff-seed. D. p. J. if.) simple, pubes- cent : leaves lanceolate : racemes terminal; flowers alternate. 3—1. Scirpus. 3. 9. 1. Culm with one terminal spike. tenuis, W. (club-rush. O. M. u.) spike oval, acutish at both ends ; the 2 ovate, obtuse bracts are dark-colour- ed with whitish margins : culm 4-sided, leafless, a span high ; sheaths truncate, sub-mucronate : root creeping horizontally. In wet places, like most of the species of this genus. palustris, L. (1)' (P. C. M. 21.) spike oblong, erect: bracts obtuse : culm leafless, terete, purplish at the base, not hollow, somewhat jointed, enclosed at the base in a truncate sheath. About 2 feet high. Will- denow says, the sheaths and scales are lanceolate, acute. The root creeps horizontally. Seed roundish, rugose, bristles 3 or 4, hispid. capitatus, L. (2) (O. Au.) spike globular-ovate, obtuse; culm erect, leafless, compressed, cespitose, becoming slender under the spike: the sheath at the base retuse- (1) Eleocharis, Br. (2) Eleochaiis, Br. SCIRPUS. 451 mucronate, becoming white : seed shining, oval, glab- rous, with 6 bristles, longer than the seed, placed un- der the style. trichodes, M. (O. .1.) spike ovate, acute, 1, 4 or 6-flower- ed, with a single obtuse bract : culm acicular, about an inch and an half high, cespitose, 4-sided, purplish at the base ; sheath truncate, obtuse : seed 3-sided, snorter than the bristles. intermedins, M. (W. C. P. S.) spike ovate-oblong, acute, somewhat 2-cleft : culm greenish, 4-sided, cespitose, sulcate, a baud's breadth high ; sheath at the base acuminate : seed pear-form ; bristles 6, longer than the seeds. planifolius, M. (P. W. N. V. M.) spike ovate, acute, 6- flowered : bract yellowish, ovate, cuspidate, longer than the spike : culm 3-sided, a span high, nearly leafless, cespitose : leaves sub-radical, alternate, linear, flat, keeled, scabrous ; lowest ones broad, abbreviated, nerves mucronate ; the rest 3-nerved, equalling the culm : seed 3-sided, with 3 bristles equalling the seeds. oblusus, Bw. (Whitehills. Ju.) culm terete, naked : spike lanceolate, scales fleshy at the apex, obtuse. A new species discovered by Bigelow and Boot. bracteatus, Bw. (Whitehills. Au.)culm terete: spike ovate, acute : involucre-like bracts : florets monandrous. A new species by Bigelow and Boot. 2. Culm with several spikes. lacustris (great bull-rush, O. J. 21.) spikes sub-terminal, many, oblong-ovate, peduncled and sessile, with sooty- yellow bracts ; peduncles flat, 2-edged and terete; scales glabrous mucronate : glumes ovate, obtuse, mu- cronate : pistil 2-cleft: culm 4 or 5 feet high, terete, leafless, becoming slender at the top : seeds obovate ; bristles 4, hispid, rather longer than the seed. acutus, M. (common bull-rush. C. P. Ju. %.) spikes with unequal compressed peduncles, oblong, sub-umbelled, lateral near the top : culm about 4-feet high, leafless, terete, having oblong sooty-yellow spots : glumes yel- lowish, keeled, mucronate, pubescent. triqueter, M. (1) (O. Ju. if.) spikes lateral, 1 to 5> ovate, (1) Americanus, P. 452 SCIRPUS. conglomerate, sessile, sooty-yellow: culm perhaps somewhat leafless, sharply 3-cornered, 3 to 5 feet high, with an erect mucronate point, hollowed out on the sides : glumes ovate, mucronate, keeled: pistil 2-cleft; seed somewhat 3-sided, acuminate-crowned, flat and convex, becoming black, setose at the base. Var. ? mo- notuchius, is about half a foot high, with a very short sub-radical leaf, sheath obtuse, bearing the leaf; spike simple, ovate, sessile; seed oval. \ debilis, Ph. (P. C. Au.)spikes lateral, sessile, ovate, 1, 3, or 9, bractless, many-flowered, short: glumes ovate, obtuse and acuminate, margin white, keel green : culm leafless, erect, channelled, about one foot high, Cespi- tose, sheathed at the base, apex strait: seed somewhat S-sided or obovate, shining, dark-coloured, rugose or punctate, bristles 3 to 5, hispid, a little longer than the seed. fcrrugineus, M. (1) (P. D.) spikes sub-terminal, one in the middle sessile, the rest (3 or 4) peduncled, ovate acuminate; the terminal involucre 3-leaved, unequal, pubescent, one leafet strait: glumes ovate, acute, keel- ed, redish-brown, a little hairy: pistils fringed: culms cespitose, compressed, striate, glabrous : leaves radi- cal and alternate, flat, striate, a little punctate, equal- ling the culm, at the base a broad sheath with a pubes- cent margin: seed obovate, striate, beardless. On dry land an inch or two in height, on wet land I or 2 feet. spadiceus, M. (2) (P. C.) spikelets ovate-oblong ; scales roundish, glabrous, chesnut-brown : spikelets in a ter- minal umbel; peduncles compressed, 1-spiked and di- vided into 3 or 4 spikes; involucres 3-leaved, unequal; style compressed, pubescent: culm compressed, about 3 feet high; radical leaves filiform, glabrous : seed compressed, striate, beardless. capillaris, Vahl. (C. P. V. Y. Ju.) spikes 1 to 4, lateral, under the apex of the culm, one sessile, the rest pe- duncled ; involucre 1 or 2-leaved : lower valve subu- late, the rest obtuse, the keel green or white : culm setiform, an inch or two high, 3-sided, cespitose, near- ly leafless : the leaves are sub-radical and alternate, setaceous, sheathing at the base with hairs at the top (1) Puberulus, Mx. (2) Fimbristylis, Vahl. SCIRPUS. 453 of the sheath : seed somewhat 3-sided, beardless, sub- rugose, nerves transverse. antumnalis, M. (I) (O. Ju.) spikes terminal, panicled, sub-umbelled, peduncled,proliferous, w ith a 2 or 3-leav- ed involucre, oblong, acute, sooty-yellow, alternately sessile: glumes ovate, mucronate, keeled : culms a span high, 2-edged, cespitose, with linear, flat, nerv- ed leaves at the base : seed 3-sided, nerveless, beard- less. subsquarrosus, M. (P. Ju.) spikes 1 to 3, terminal, glome- rate, ovate, sooty-yellow, sessile, many-flowered ; invo- lucre 3-leaved, leafets unequal, linear, broader at the base, striate : glumes ovate, acute, purplish under the apex, at the apex mucronate and subsquarrose, keel green : culm from 2 to 5 inches high. 3-sided, almost leafless, purplish at the base, with 2 alternate, short sub-radical leaves; sheaths of the leaves nerved, gla- brous : seed 3-sided, beardless. brunnens, M. (2) (P. C. S.) spikes panicled, terminal; peduncles 5, unequal, alternately terete and flat, fur- nished at the base with a truncate sheath and a lance- olate leaf or involucre; spikelets 3, 5 or t6, ovate, glomerate : glumes imbricate, ovate, keeled, sub-mu- cronate, brown : anthers red : culm 3-sided, striate, glabrous, leafy, about 2 feet high: leaves alternate, lancelinear, nerved, margin scabrous; with a glabrous striate sheath : seed 3-sided, with bristles longer than the seed. The general involucre is 4-leaved, erect, longer than the panicle. atrovirens, M. (O. J. If.) spikes in a terminal panicle, proliferous ; involucre 3-leaved, with the margin and keel scabrous : branches of the panicle or peduncles unequal, 3 to 6, pedicels about 12; spikelets glomerate, about 12, ovate, acute: glumes imbricate, ovate, acute, keel hairy : stem 3-sided, striate; glabrous, leafy, about 3 feet high : radical leaves lanceolate, keeled, long, those of the culm alternate, scabrous : sheaths striate, glabrous, pellucid : seed 3-sided, small, with 4 pendulus, M. (3) (P. Poughkeepsie, J. if.) spikes in ter- minal and lateral panicles, nodding, all oblong-cylin- (1) Mucronuluius, Mx. Fimbristylis, Us. (2) Exaltatus. (3) Scirpus brizoides, W. Trichophorum pendulutr. 454 SCIRPUS, SCLEROTIUM. dric, pedicelled; involucre l-leaved : glumes imbri- < cate, ovate, acuminate, white, with green keels : culm 3-sided, glabrous, leafy, about 3 feet high : leaves ofthe culm alternate, flat, striate, margin scabrous, sheaths^ striate : seed 3-sided, with many interwoven bristles longer than the seeds. macrostachyos, M. (1) spikes sessile, peduncled, 6 to 12, ovate : involucre 3-leaved, unequal, elongated *. scales ofthe spikes ovate, a little hairy, 3-cleft, the middle division awn-form, : culm exactly 3-sided, glabrous, leafy at the base, more than a foot high : leaves lance- linear, nerved, keeled, glabrous, longer than the culm, sheathing at the base; seed with bristles, hispid back- wards. Salt marshes. 10—2. Scleranthtts. 22. 86. annuns (knawel, gravel chickweed. O. w-g. J. ®.) calyx of the fruit spreading,, acute : stem spreading subpros- trate. In bunches 3 or 4 inches in extent, or more. 20—3. Scxeria. 3. 9. triglomerata (whip-grass. P. C. J.H.) culm erect, simple 3-sided, scabrous: leaves scabrous at the margin; fascicles few-flowered, terminal : glumes ovate, mu- cronate, scabrous : nuts globose, acute, rugose. pauciflora{V. C. Au. 2J..) leaves narrow-linear, chan- nelled, margin scabrous ; fascicles very few-flowered, in pairs, terminal : nut small, white, transversely ru- gose. Stem erect, hardly a span high. verticillata (P. Au. if.) culm simple, 3-sided : culm and leaves glabrous : spike naked, with alternate distant glomerules : nut globose, mucronate, transversely rugose-warty. 22—6. Scleroderma. 58. 1. citrinum, middle-size, roundish, sending offshoots, pale- yellow, scales thickish, obsolete. On the earth among oaks, or on trunks, in autumn. 22—6. Sclerotium. 58. 1. semen (barked puff-ball. P.) globular or pear-form, (1) robuslus, Ph. jmaritimus, Mx, SCLEROTIUM, SCUTELLARIA. 455 blackish, becoming rugged ; gregarious. On dead potato-stems in autumn. durum, ovate, hard, sub-striate, obscure, black. On the dried stems of large herbs in autumn and winter. 22—1. Scolopendrium. 55. 5. ofRcinarum, W. (1) (caterpillar fern. Onondaga. Ju.2f.) frond broad-lanceolate, cordate at the base : stipe chaffy. 18—1. Scolymus. 49. 55. Uspanicus (golden thistle. E. if.) flowers aggregated: leaves scabrous, rough-haired on the mid-rib beneath j interruptedly decurrent. 18—1. Scorzonera. 49. 55. hispanica (viper's grass. E if.) stem branching, leaves clasping, lanceolate, entire, subserrulate at the base, 14—2. Scrophuiaria. 40. 40. marilandica, L. (2) (figwort. O. g-p. Ju. 21.) leaves cor- date, serrate, acute, roundish at the base ; petioles ciliate below : fascicles of the panicle lax, few-flower- ed. 3 to 7 feet high. Ianceolata, Ph. (P. T. g-y. Au. %.) leaves lanceolate, un- equally serrate, acuminate, acute at the base ; petioles naked : fascicles of the panicle corymbed. 14—t. Scutellaria. 43. 39. .-galericulata (scull-cap. O. b. J. if.) branching : leaves sub-sessile, lance-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, cre- nate, a little white-downy beneath : .flowers axillary, solitary. Flowers large. From 10 to 18 inches high. lateriflora (mad dog scull-cap, hoodwort. 0. b. Ju. 2X-") branching, glabrous : leaves long-petioled, ovate, toothed ; cauline ones sub-cordate : racemes lateral, Kb hasTeen said and published on the wonderful ~ Asplenium Scolopendrium, L. (2) nodosa,Var. americana, Mi. 456 SCUTELLARIA, SEDUM. virtues of this plant. It is said to be an antidote to the hydrophobia, to the poison of serpents, &c. W.Coleman, Esq. editor of the New-York Ev. Post, has certainly merited public gratitude for his diligence in collecting and publishing so many well-attested facts in relation to this subject; even if it should finally appear, that the plant does not possess those virtues. Qvalifolia, P. (l) (C P. b. J. T|.) leaves sessile, ovate or sub-oval, serrate ; upper ones lanceolate, sub-entire. ■1 parvula, Mx. (P. w-b. J. if.) small, simple, densely pu- bescent : leaves sessile ; ovate, entire : flowers axil- lary, solitary. About 2 inches high. - integrifolia (D. P. b. Ju. if.) somewhat simple, densely pubescent: leaves subscssile, oblong or linear, obtuse, entire, tapering to the base : racemes laxish, leafy. ■•*- Var. hyssopifolia, has the leaves all linear. eordifolia, M. {2) (P. b. w. Au. if.) leaves broad-cordate, obtusely toothed, petioles long : racemes ternate, ter- minal ; bracts ovate : stem branching. Large and robust. \ gracilis, N. (P. b-w. 21.) stem sub-simple: leaves re- mote, broad-ovate, dentate, smooth, sessile, scabrous at the margin ; upper ones entire, flowers axillary. Resembles the galericulata. 3—2. Sec ale. 4. 10. cereale (rye. E. J. % .) glume scabrous-ciliate : scales of the calyx narrow : awns long and reverse-prickly : leaves rough near the point. 10—5. Sedum. 13. 83. telephium (orpine, live-forever. E. r. w. Ju. If.) leaves flattish, tooth-serrate, thickly scattered: corymb leafy: stem erect. v ternatum, Mx. (false ice-plant. P. w. J.%.) small, creep- ing : leaves flat, round-spatulate, ternate : flowers somewhat 3-spiked. Varies into the eighth class. Cultivated. anacampseros (stone crop. E. if.) leaves wedge form, en- tire, sub-sessile : stem decumbent : flowers corymb- ed. (1) pilosa, Mx. (2) versicolor, N. SELINUM, SENECIO. 457 5—2. Selisum. 45 60. canadense, Mx. (1) (milk-parsley P. V Can. vv. Ju. if.) very glabrous, shining : leaves doubly pinnate ; leaf- ets many-parted, divisions lanceolate : fruit ovate. 11—13. Semprrvivum. 13. 83. tectorum (house-leek E. Au. If.) leaves ciliate: bulbs spreading : nectaries wedge-form, crenulate. arboreum (tree houseleek. E) stem woody, smooth, branching : leaves wedge-form, glabrous, with soft spreading hairs. 18—2. Senecio. 49. 55. 1. Florets tubular ; rays none. Remark. The three first species vary from the charac- ter <>f the section, under which the genus is placed ; be- ing destitute of rajs. *f vulgaris (groundsel. T- P. y. J. If-) leaves mostly clasp- ing sinuate pinnatifid, toothed : flowers paid led : stein erect, branched, angular. Near the Patroon's in Ibanv it grows 18to 20 inches high, and the leaves a very little clasping. f hieracifolins (fire weed O. vv. J.©.) stem wand-panicled: leaves clasping, oblmg, acute; deeply, acutely and unequally toothed : caiyx smooth. From 4 to 8 feet high. This plant springs up wherever land has been recently cleared of timber ; ami more parti ularly if it has been burned over. It U very strong scented, and is said to be useful in hemorhagy. elongaius, Ph. (long-stem groundsel. P Jn.%.) glabrous: radical leaves spatulate. senate, tapping into the petiole ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, toothed \evy re- motely : pedumdes rhngaled, corv mb-umbellcd. 2. Flowers v);lh ray fiords. *r-aureus. V.\ (ragwort. O y. J if.) radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, petioled ; radioe ones pismaLiud, toothed, terminal division Ian c ia:e : peduncles sub- umbelled, incrassate 18 to 24 inches high. balsumitue, \\. (balsam groundsel. V. D.P.y. J. U-) ra- ti) Apium bipinnatum, Wr. 0 o 458 SENECIO, SIDA. dical leaves oblong, serrate, petioled ; lower cauline ones lyrate-pinnatifid, serrate ; upper ones pinnatifid, toothed : flowers sub-umbelled : stem and peduncles villose at the base. obovatus, y\ . (H, y. M. if.) radical leaves obovate, cre- nate-serrate, petioled ; cauline ones pinnatifid, tooth- ed : flowers sub-umbelled, long peduncled : stem somewhat glabrous. gracilis, Ph. (P. M. if.) radical leaves very long petio- led, orbicular, sub-cordate, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, dilated at the base, gash- toothed : peduncles very short, hirsute, sub-umbelled : calyx hairless ; rays few, very short. c'anudensis, Vv. (Can.) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, gla- brous ; uppermost ones simply pinnate : flowers in compound, fastigiate corymbs. 20—4. Serpicula. 15. 88. Ocddentulis, Ph. (1) (ditch moss. 0. w. Ju. If.) perfect flow- ers triandrous : stigmas strap-like, reflexed, 2-cleft : leaves linear, acute, somewhat whorled, glabrous,, den- ticulate. The pistillate corols are tubular. 20—16. Sicyos. 34. U7. angidata (single-seed cucumber. 0. w. Ju. g>.) leaves cordate with obtuse hind lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulate : fruit capitate, hispid. Cultivated every where; also indigenous. River alluvion. 16—13. Sida. 37. 74. abutilon (indian mallows. 0. y. Ju. 0.) leaves round- cordate, acuminate, toothed, tomentose : peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles : capsules 2 awned, truncate, 4 to 6 feet high ; about gardens, roads, fcc. spinosa. W. (P I), y. Ju. #.) stem spreading ; axils sub- spinose : leaves long-petioled, lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed : peduncles solitary, axillary : sti- pules setaceous, longer than the peduncle : capsules 2- beaked. (1) verijcillatus, M. ElodeacatiadensiS) Mx. Udora canaden?isftf. SIDA, SILPHIUM. 453. inspa. W. (P. w. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong-cordate, acumi- nate crenate, top ones sessile : peduncles solitary, longer than the petioles, when they bear fruit they are deflected : capsules inflated, awnless, crisp-undulate. On the sea coast. 10—3. Silene. 22. 82. antirrhina (sleepy catchfly. O. w-p. J. ©.) leaves lanceo- late, subulate : peduncles 3-parted : petals emargin- ate : calyx ovate. Flowers small. 1-pensylvanica, Mx. (1) (pink catchfly. T. Y. N. C. P r. J. 2J..) viscid-pubescent: lower leaves wedge-form; upper leaves lanceolate : stems few-flowered at the summit : about 3 petals, obtuse, slightly emarginate, sub-crcnate. < virginica, Mx. (2) (P. T. r. J. 21.) decumbent: wholly viscid-pubescent: leaves oblong, a little rough at the margin : panicle dichotomous : petals 2-cleft : stamens and pistils exsert. Very handsome. Var erecta, lias the stem erect; flowers sub-fascicled. Sandusky bay. nocturna, W (P. vv. J. 0.) flowers alternate, sessile, on a one-sided spike .- petals 2-cleft. A-armeria (garden catchfly. E. w-r. Au. #.) flowers fasci- cled, fastigiate : upper leaves cordate, glabrous : pet- als entire. conica (cone-fruit catchfly. E. r. #.) calyx of the fruit conic,striate : (about 30 striate) leaves soft, lanceolate: petals bifid. Flowers small. dichotoma (forked catchfly. E. w. Au. % .) calyx ovate, viscid-hairy, erect : petals 2-cleft : racemes in pairs, terminal, one-sided ; flowers intermediate, peduncled: leaves petioled, lance-ovate, ciliate at the base. -T-iioctiflora (night flowered catchfly. E.) calyx 10-angled, veiny ; teeth of the tube equal: stem dichotomous : petals bifid. 18—4. Silphium. 49. 55. perfoliatum, W. (ragged cup. P. y. Au. it.) stem 4-sid- ed, smooth : leaves opposite, triangular ; connate, ovate, serrate, 5 or 6 feet high ; very strong. \ ternatum, W. (P. Niagara, y. Ju. it-) stem terete, (1) virginica, W. caroliniana, Wr. (2) eatesbaei, Wr. 460 SILPIIIUM, SISYMBRIUM. smooth : leaves whorled in threes, petioled, lanceo- late, sub-denticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the base ; the upper ones scattered, sessile; panicle di- chotomous : calyx ciliate. integrifolivm, W. (P. y. Au. %.) stem 4-sided, rough : leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, entire,scabrous: flow- ers few, short peduncled. About 4 feet high. 5—2. Sinapis. 39. 63. nigra (common mustard E. y.J.Q) silique glabrous, Vsided, somewhat smooih, close-pressed to the stem : leaves at the top lance-linear, entire, smooth. Natu- ralized Jr-alba (yellow-seed mustard. E. y. G■) silique bristly, rug- ged, shorter then the 2-edged beak : leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sub-lyrate, all irregularly toothed. Seeds large, pale yellow and sometimes become blackish. Sison, see Myrrhis, in the additions and corrections. 22—6. SlSTOTREMA. 58. 1. rinereum. imbricate, sub-erose : pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous beneath. <>n trunks of trees, he. violaceum, halved, imbricate, tomentose, white, becoming purple-vio'ct beneath. On trees. qncrciuum. glabrous, jiale, somewhat reddish-yellow : teeth I hick,deformed, gashed, somewhat close pressed. On dry oak branches. &c. ccrasi, siuall, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the mar- gin : teeth various, thick, close-pressed. On branch- es and roots. 15—2. Sisymbrium. 39. 63. amphibium (water radish. O. y. J. if.) silique (or rath- er silicle) oblong-ovate, declined: leaves lance-oblong, pinnatifid or serrate : petals longer than the calyx. 1 to 2 feet high. A student would be induced, from the shortness of the pod, to look for it in the first order. Wet. ; nasturtium, (english watercress. P. Boston, w. J. if.) silique short, declined : leaves pinnate ; leafets round- ish, somewhat repand-toothed. SYSYV1BRIUM, SIUM. 461 palustre, L. (1) (O. y. Ju ©.) silique declined, oblong- ovate : leaves pinnatifid, serrate : petals shorter than the calyx. vulgare (creeping water-cress. P.D. y. J. if.) silique de- clinate : leaves pinnate, leafets lanceolate, gash-ser- rate. -T 16—3. SlSYRINCHIUM. 6. 18. ■4 anceps, Lk. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. %.) scape [or culm] simple, 2-edged or2-winged : glume-like spathe of 2 unequal valves, extending above the flower. Stu- dents generally puzzle themselves in examining this plant, by considering the 3 united filaments enclosing the style, as a single filament. 10 or 12 inches high. J^mucronatam, Mx. (P b. J. if.) leaves and scape simple, sub-setaceous : spathe coloured, with one valve termi- nating in a long mucronate point. 5—2. Sium. 45. 60. -j latifolium (water parsnep. O. vv. Ju. if.) leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate, equally serrate : stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. The leaves are alternate, and generally consist of about 3 pair of leafets, besides the terminafonc. \ whenever any of the leaves grow under water, they are sub-divided. lineare, Mx. (P. C.Y. vv. Ju. if.) leaves pinnate ; leafets elongated, linear, sub-lanceolate : serratures remotish : general involucre few-leaved ; partial ones numerous, linear : umbels with short peduncles. Wet. Smilacina, see Convallaria. Remark. Smith says, he cannot admit this name, not- withstanding all his respectful' its excellent author, Des- fontaincs. But he thinks the line of distinction should be more accurately drawn between the Convallaria and some of its neighbors ; though be seems not in liucd to adopt the modern divisions of this very natural genus. See Rces' Cyclopoedia. (0 terrestre, S. (2) braraine.Vm, C. O o 2 462 SMILAX, SMYRNIUM. 21—6. Smilax. 11. 12. 1. Stem woody ; branches angled. sarsaparilla, L. (1) (C P- J. h 0 prickly : leaves unarm- ed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub-5-nerved, becoming glaucous beneath : the general peduncles longer than the petioles. "• 2. Stem woody ; branches terete. rotundifolia, L. (2) (green brier. O. w-g. J. b..) prickles scattered : leaves (when in maturity) round-ovate, acu- minate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved: berry spherical. This singular bramble sometimes climbs to the height of an hundred feet, while the largest part of the stem does not exceed the fourth of an inch in diameter. caduca (P. C. Can. J. 1?.) prickly : leaves ovate, mucro- nate, 5-nerved: general peduncles sec reely longer than the petioles. pseudo-china (D. M. lj.) unarmed in all parts : cauline leaves cordate, ramose ones oblong-ovate, 5-nerved : peduncles very long. < Iaurifolia (C. D. Ju. b,.) prickly ; branches unarmed : leaves oval or lance-oval, leathery, obtuse, recurve- prickly, 3-nerved : umbels short-peduncled. pandurata, Ph. (D. Ju. k •) prickly : leaves ovate-guitar- form, acuminate, 3-nerved : general peduncles twice as long as the petioles. 3. Stem herbaceous. ■Ypeduncularis, "W. (Jacob's ladder. O. w-g. M. if.) stem terete, climbing or arching over : leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-nerved (sometimes but 7) umbels long-peduncled. Damp. ^herbacea (0. g. J. 11.) stem angled, erect, simple : leaves long-petioled, oval, about 7-nerved : umbels with long compressed peduncles: berries depressed-globose.— Damp. 5—2. Smyrnium. 46. 60. -\ cordatum,\\r. (3) Alexanders, O. y. J. if.) radical leaves round-cordate, crenate; cauline ones petioled. ternate; uppermost ones 3-parted : umbels with short petioles. (1) glauca, Mx. (2) quadrangularis, W. (3) trifoliatum, M: Thapsia; L. SMYRNIUM, SOLIDAGO. 463 : integerrimum, W. (0. y. if.) very glabrous : leaves sub- glaucous ; lower ones thrice ternate ; upper ones dou- bly ternate ; leafets oval, entire : umbels with a few se- taceous, elongated peduncles. barbinode, M.(l) (P. p. y. Ju. it.) leaves all ternate ; lea- fets ovate, acute, serrate. Smyrnium. see Thaspium. 5—1. Solanum. 28. 41. dulcamara (bittersweet. 0. p-b. Ju. b •) stem unarmed, woody, climbing: lower leaves mostly cordate, glab- rous; upper ones mostly guitar-hastate: few-flowered corymbs opposite to leaves. This is the true bitter- sweet; but the Celastrous scandens is wrongly called so by some. Useful in asthma and rheumatism. Cut- ler. Damp. nigrum (deadly nightshade. O. vv. p. b. J. #.) stem un- armed, erectish or erect; branches angled, dentate: leaves ovate, repand, glabrous, racemes two-ranked, nodding. -'-carolincnse, W. (horse-nettle. P. b. J. ©.) stem prickly: leaves angular hastate covered with prickles both sides : racemes lax. tuberosum (potatoe. South America, b. w. Ju. b..) stem wjng-angled, unarmed : leaves interruptedly pinnate; leafets entire: flowers sub-corymbed ; roots knobbed- tuberous. Cultivated. ■flycopersicum (love apple, tomatoes. E. y. S. #.) stem un- armed : leaves jiinnatifid, gashed: racemes 2-parted, leafless, fruit glabrous, torulose. melongena (egg-plant. E. J. ©,) stem unarmed : leaves ovate, tomentose : peduncles pendant, incrassate : ca- lyx unarmed. pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry. E. b .) stem woody : leaves lanceolate, repand : umbels sessile. 18—2. Solidago. 49. 55. Remark. During the last summer month and autumn, the species of this extensive genus will occupy much of the time of the student in botany. Perhaps there is more difficulty in distinguishing the species of this genus than of any cither ; not'excepting the Aster, Carex and Salix* (1) us ropurpureum, Lk. 464 SOLIDAGO. I shall therefore give most ofthe extensive and accurate descriptions of President J. E. Smith [vid. Rees' Cyclo- poedia.] He took a review of Pursh and of all preceding writers, and then wrote, with specimens of almost every species before him. I shall vary the expressions no more than is necessary to make my language uniform. 1 Flowers one-sided. Leaves with three combined nerves. canadensis (Canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. 2J..) stem dow ny : leaves lanceolate, serrrate, rough; racemes copious panicled, recurved : rays hardly longer than the disk. 18 inches to 5 feet high. Stem angular; leaves sessile, 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire. procera, A. (great golden-rod. 0. y. Ju. if.) stem villose, erect: leaves lanceolate, serrate, rough villose be- neath : racemes spike-form, erect, drooping before flowering ; rays short. 4 to 7 feet high. serotina, VV. (smooth golden-rod. O.y. S. 2J..) stem erect, terete, smooth : leaves lance-liner, glabrous, serrate, rough edged : racemes panicled: peduncles downy. The young leaves are edged with many little stiff white hairs. * gigunteu, (giant golden rod O. y. Au. it.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, smooth, serrate, rough- edged, obscurely 3-nerved : racemes panicled : pedun- clcs rough-haired: rays short. 4 to 7 feet high. % ciliuris, VV. (fringed golden-rod. O. y. if ) stem erect, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, somewhat 3-nerved, glab- rous, rough-edged, slightly serrate: racemes panicled ; peduncles glabrous : bracts ciliate : rays short. The stem is angular; radical leaves petioled, oval, pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near a foot long : branches of the panicle spreading ; bracts minute.' reflexa, W. (hang-leaf golden-rod. D P- y. Au. if.) stem erect, villose; lea\ es lanceolate, sub-serrate, scabrous, reflexed : racemes panicled, very little one-sided, re- flexed. laterijloru, A. (side-flowered golden-rod. P. Can. y. Au. If .)stem erect, a little hairy : leaves lanceolate, slight- ly 3 nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, lower ones sub- serrate, racemes panicled, a little recurved. Flowers large, the rays being much longer than the calyx, stem 2 to 3 leet high, striated, often purplish, pinnatifid, with numerous lateral flowering branches. SOLIDAGO. 465 2. Racemes or flowers one-sided. Leaves veiny. aspera, A. (rough golden-rod. C- P. y- Au. if.) stem erect, terete, hairy : leaves ovate, somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate : racemes panicled. About. 3 feet high ;' leaves 1 to 2 inches long, acute ; racemes dense, somewhat conic: ray florets twice as long as the calyx. altissima, W. (variable golden-rod. 0. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, rough-haired -.leaves lanceolate, lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, rugose. The panic led ra- cemes are verv numerous and spread every way, so as to bring the one-sided flowers upwards ; rays half as long again as the calyx. But this species is so varia- ble^ that students generally endeavor to make several species of it. It is 3 to 5 feet high. The serratures ofthe leaves are equal and unequal ; it is hairy or vil- lose ; and sometimes the racemes diverge but little. rwosn, W. (wrinkled golden rod. O. y. Au. if.) stem erect, rough-haired : leaves lanceolate, scabrous, ru- gose, lower ones with close-pressed serratures; ra- cemes panicled. very spreading. Leaves shorter and broader than the last, and the flowers a little smaller. scabra, W. (harsh golden-rod. O. y. Au. if.) stem erect, roush-haired, furrowed : leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose and sca- brous beneath, along the middle close-pressed-ser- u ncmlralis, A- (woolly golden-rod. T Can. y. Au if.) V Tern erect downy : cauline leaves lanceolate, hispid entire: radical ones somewhat wedge-form, serrate: racemes panicled. I to 2 feethigh, of a grey aspect vatula,M. (spread golden rod. O y. S. U.) stem erect, V SabVou, : 'leaves oval, serrate, glabrous, radical ones fblone-spatulate : racemes panicled, spreading : pe- dum l'es Kescent. Stem about 2 feet high, wand like, angu aVa ,d triate ; stem-leaves sessile, about an in, h lone nointed, the radical ones resemble those of the ox fjed daisy ; racemes about an inch long, flowers u/m«a lWSCfelm golden-rod. O. y. Au. if.) stem erect, iT^nT striate • leaves oval, deeply serrate, acumi- S v HlislTenVatli ; radical onesUovate : = panicled : peduncles villose : rays short. Radical 466 SOLID AGO. leaves, resemble those of the last species and are hairy both sides, some of the rest are 'oblong-ovate and only villose near the veins beneath ; the petioles are bract- ed. arguta, W. (sharp-notch golden-rod. O. y. S. if.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves glabrous, sharply and unequal- ly serrate, cauline ones oval, radical ones oblong-ovate: racemes panicled : rays elongated. ; juncea, W. (rush-stalk golden-rod. W ? P. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, rough-edged, lower ones serrate : racemes panicled. Stem brownish, somewhat angular and striate, leafy ; racemes a finger's length, dense, rec urved-spreading, compound, pedicels roughish, bracted; ray twice as long as the calyx. ellipticu, W. (1) "(oval-leaf golden-rod. P. C- y. Au. 24 ) stem erect, glabrous : leaves oval, smooth, serrate : racemes panicled : rays of middling length. recnrvata, W. (curved golden-rod. P. y" S. if.) stem erect, pubescent : leaves lanceolate, serrate, rough- edged : racemes elongated, recurved panic led. sempervirens, \\. (narrow-leaf golden-rod. CD Can. y. S. If.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, some- what fleshy, smooth, entire, rough edged : racemes panicled ; peduncles hairy. Stem tall, purplish, a lit- tle glaucous ; leaves many, narrow, long; ray florets long, narrow, rather numerous. odora, \\ (sweet-scented golden-rod. O. y. An. 21.) stem. erect, pubescent : leaves lance-linear, entire, glabrous,' rough-edged : racemes panicled. The upper part of the stem is furro .ed ; racemes 2 or 3 inches long, spreading horizontally, each generally accompanied by a leaf; bracts oblong, smooth ; stalk angular and rough. This is the true golden-rod tea-plant. The flowers dried so as not to be musty make a pleasant tea, which is moderately astringent and promotes per- spiration. 3. Racemes erect. bicolor, W. (white golden-rod. O. w. Au.if.) stem hairy : leaves oval, hairy, lower ones serrate ; those on the flower-branches entire, numerous, and small; scales (1) latissimifolia Miller. SOLIDAGO. 467 of the calyx obtuse. Raceme's" are short and compact, rays white, somewhat numerous and shortish ; disk florets rather numerous. ■petiolnris, W. (late golden-rod. P. D. y. Oc. if.) stem erect, villose : leaves oval, roughish, petioled : rays .twice as long as the calyx. Stem branching, terete, hoary ; leaves hoary about the ribs, over an inch in length, those covering the flower-branches sub-entire; racemes numerous, short, with few and rather large flowers. Strida, W. (willow-leaf golden-rod. P. D. y. Au.lf.) stem erect, glabrous : cauline leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged ; radical leaves serrate : ra- cemes panicled, erect ; peduncles glabrous. The branches ofthe panicle are erect, simple, close. squarrosu, N. (D. P.; robust, stem thick and hairy above: leaves smooth, lower ones very broad, spatulate-oval. serrate, acute, margin scabrous ; the upper ones ses- sile, lance-oval, entire : racemes glomerate, rigid, pu- bescent : calyx squarrose, many-flowered : ray flor- ets elongated, 10 or 12. Two or three feet high. -\ lanceolutu: A. {1) (grass-leaf golden-rod OyS. if.; stem furrowed, smoothish (rough-haired, Wiild.) very furrowed, smoothish : leaves almost linear (lance lin- ear Wi'ld.) entire, roughish ; nearly erect, with 3 or 5 much nerves : corymbs terminal, level-topped : flow- ers in heads : ravs not longer than the disk. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, leafy ; leaves sessile, grass-green, about 2 inches long and a quarter th sides, tapering to both ends ; radical ones sub-serrate : ra- cemes spiked, axillary, erect and condensed ; pedun- cles pubescent: scales of the calyx lance-linear, acute ; raytflorets about 10, elongated. Stem brownish, 1 to 2 feet high, simple, pubescent. laevigata, IV. (flesh-leaf golden-rod. P. C Boston, y. S. It.) stem erect ; smooth : leaves lanceolate, fleshy, entire, smooth in every part : racemes panicled : pe- duncles scaly, villose : rays twice as long as the calyx. Tall, strong. Probably a variety of Maxicana. Grows in salt marshes. viminen, W. (l) (twig golden-rod. P. Can. y. Au If) stem erect, sub-pubescent : leaves lance-linear, mem- branaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, rough edg- ed, the lower ones subserrate, rays elongated Pedun- cles and bran; lies, angular and very rough; bracts lanceolate, recurved, smooth ; flowers numerous, macrophylla, Ph. (Can. T. If.) lower leaves ovate, acu- minate, tapering, unequally and sharply serrate, glab- rous; caulim- leaves tapering to both ends, lanceolate, sub-sessile, senate : racemes axillary, peduncled, lea- fy, ofthe length of the leaves: calyx oblong, turgid, many-(lowcrt-.i : rays somewhat elongated. About 3 feet high. Intermediate between this genus and the aster jlexicaulis, Ph. (zigzag golden-rod. 0. y. Au. u ) stem (1) mtegtrrima, Miller. S0L1DAG0, SONCHUS. 469 zigzag, glabrous, angled: leaves lanceolate acuminate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary : ravs half as long again as the calyx. Stein shmder, purplish, partly te- rete and partly angular ; leaves numerous, on short broad petioles, hardly 2 inches ong and half an inch wide, p ier beneath, the upper less serrate; racemes much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones sub-ca- pitate. latifolia, M. (t) (broad leaf golden-rod. W. T- C P. y. Au 11 ) stem somewhat zigzag, angular smooth : leaves o* ate acuminate, strongly serrate smooth con- trac ted into winged petioies: racemes axillary Leaves often 2 mch s broad, and sometimes hairy on the under side of the mid-rib. axi'laris, Ph. (2) (axil golden-rod. O. Au. 21.) stem gla- brous, terete, strait: leaves lanceolate, serrate, glab- rous racemes axillary, sub-globose, erect: ligulate florets elongated rigida A. (hand-leaf golden-rod, P. D. Hudson, y. Au. if ) stein corymbed, hairy, scabrous: leaves ovate-ob- long, rough, with minute rigid hairs ; lower ones ser- rate, upper ones entire : racemes compact: rays twice the length of the obtuse calyx. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, terete, striate, leafy ; leaves a little hoary, radical ones petioled 12 inches long, broad, acuminate, nerved, the rest 1 to 4 inches long ; scales of the calyx round-ob- tuse, nerved, membranous at the edges. noveberacensis (star golden-rod. N. C. y. Oc. If.) radical leav es oval-oblong, long-petioled, rough : stem almost leafless, breichetf, furrowed, level top corymbed: rays twice as long as the tapering calyx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, strong, rough, furrowed, hav ing leaves only at the origin of the flowering branches; radical leaves with shallow serratures : flowers large, resembling in form some asters : calyx scales narrow, purplish. Grows plentifully along the banks of Connecticut river at the Northampton meadows. 18—1. Sonciius. 49. 53. Icucophaeus, W. (3) (sow thistle. 0. b-w. Ju. S .) peduncles (1) flexicaulis, Mx 1st variety. V.-.r. latifolia, P. (2) flexicau- lis, Mx. 3d variety. (3) spicatus, Lk. P# 470 SONCHLS, SORGHUM. scaly : flowers racemed: leaves runcinate, acuminate: stein wand-panicled. oleraceus{0. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbel- led : calyx glabrous: leaves lance-oblong, clasping, denticulate, subsinuate. Var. aspera, prickly. pallidus, VV.(l)(O.y.Ju. 21.^flowersin a compound ter- minal raceme or panicle : leaves lance-ensiform, clasp- ing, toothed. arve'nsis (P. C.y. Au. 21.) calyx and peduncles hispid, sub-umbelled : leaves runcinate, denticulate, cordate at the base : root creeping. floridanus, W. (P. C. b. Ju. o.) peduncles somewhat sca- ly : flowers panicled : leaves runcinate-lyrate: petio- led, denticulate. Pursh says this is called the gall of the earth, and is used for curing the bite ofthe rattle- snake. acuminatus, W. (P C. b. Au. % .) peduncles somewhat scaly: flowers panicled : radical leaves sub-runcinate; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, petioled, denticulate in the middle. alpinus,W.{2) (mountain sowthistle, Can. b-w. Au. if.) fieduncles hirsute, naked : flowers racemed, bracted : eaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, glabrous, glau- cous beneath. 12—5. Sorbus. 36. 92. americana, W. (4) (mountain ash. H. w. M. b 0 leaves pinnate; leafets acute, gash-serrate, glabrous; general Eetiole glabrous; serratures mucronate,flowers corym- ed. This shrub or tree grows in very great plenty on Saddle mountain, near Williams College; partic- ularly at the height of about two thousand feet above the level of the college. It is usually from 10 to 20 feet high. The taste and smell of the bark greatly re- semble that of the wild cherry-tree. It is an excellent tonic. The bark is said to contain a little prussic acid. 3—2. Sorghum. 4. 10. saccharatum (broom corn. E. y-g. Au. ©.) panicle some* tO Lactuca canadensis, L. (2) montaims, Lk. coeruleus, S. canadensis, L (3) aucnparia, Mx SORGHUM, SPARTIUM. 471 what whorled, spreading : seeds oval, glumes covered with permanent softish hairs. Leaves linear; 6 to 8 feet high. From the East Indies. vulgare (indian millet, coffee corn. E. 11.) panicle com- pact, oval, nodding when mature : seed naked, sub- compressed. Var. bicolor, glumes glabrous, black: seed globose. 20—3. Sparganium. 3. 8. 1 ramosum, Sw. (1) (bur-reed, 0. w. Ju. £>•) the three-sid- ed bases of the leaves concave on the two outsides : the general fruit-stem branched : stigma linear. In water, generally. Flowers in round heads; the staminate heads above the pistillate ones, and considerably the smallest. - americanum, N. (2) (lake bur-reed. T. C. P. w) lower leaves about equalling the length of the stem, floral leaves concave at the base, erect: stigma simple, ovate- oblong, oblique, about half as long as the style. The stem is erect, nearly simple, about a foot high. Grows plentifully in a small lake in Troy, half a mile east of the Old Bank place. angustifolium, Mx. (3) floating bur-reed. Catskill Mt. P. w. Au. If.) leaves flat, long-linear, very narrow, much longer than the stem, weak; the part above wa- ter floating on its surface. Grows in great abundance in the Little Lake on Catskill mountain, 12 miles west of the village. 18—1. Sparganophorus. 49. 55. vertidllatus,Mx. (water crown-cup. D. p. Au. if.) leaves setaceous-iinear, whorled: stem generally 1-flowered: egret companulate, 5-toothed. Floating in water. Spartina, see Limnetis. 17—10. Spartium. 32. 73. iunceum (spanish broom. E. J. bO branches opposite wand-like, bearing flowers at the end : leaves lanceo- late, glabrous. . : scoparium ''scotch broom. E. J. T?.) leaves ternate and solitary, oblong : flowers axillary : legumes pilose at the margin : branches angular. "~(l)>rectum, L- <2) simplex. Ph. (3) natai s, S. L. 472 SPATHULARIA, SPHAERIA. 22—6. Spathularia. 58. 1. Jtavida (spatula fungus. Catskill Mt. Au.) pileus verti- cal, adnate at the base, tapering down into the stipe. Light yellow ; 1 to 3 inches high. Grows on the earth, among the evergreens on Catskill Mt. south of the lakes. 10—5. Spergcla. 22. 82. Jrarvensis (spurry. O. w. J. 0.) leaves filiform, whorled : panicle dichotomous : peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity : seed reniform. ; saginoides, S. (pearl spurry New-Jersey, w. J. If. or 0.) leaves opposite, subulate, naked: peduncles soli- tary, very long, glabrous. Persoon asks, whether this is not a variety of the Sagina procumbens. 4—1. Spermacoce. 48. 57. diodina, Mx. (button weed. D. w. Ju. #.) stem diffused, terete, hirsute : leaves lance-linear, sub-glabrous, mar- gin and keel serrulate-glabrous : stipule long, many- bristled : flowers axillary. 22—6. Sphaeria. 58, 1. 1. Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with a trunk. bulbosa (globule fungus. S.) on the earth, sub-ramose, glabrous, dark-cinereous ; root tuberous. On the earth in autumn in pine woods. hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base. On decaying trunks of trees. digitatn, cespitose, black ; stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavate, terete : apex acuminate, sterile. In woods. polymorpha, gregarious, forms various ; clavules (little clubs) ventiicose, surrounded every where with sphe- rules. In beech woods. On trunks of trees. 2. Receptacle without a stem, roundish and opening ; tu- berculate with bordering spherules. concentriea, obovate and somewhat roundish, large ; in- SPHAERIA. 473 terrupted with concentric layers within. On trunks ofthe ash and willow. rubiformis, large, wholly black ; spherules globose, a lit- tle prominent. On dry trunks. fragiformis, gregarious, sub-confluent, rust-coloured, dark-shining within : spherules papillose. On beech trunks. argillaccu, scattered, sub-globose, clay-coloured or yel- low-cinereous ; spherules a little prominent, papillose; substance softish, becoming sooty-yellow. On trunks of ash trees. rubiginosa, opening widely, rugose, yellow, becoming rust-coloured ; spherules somewhat concealed. Ou branches in shady places. cohacrens, gregarious, confluent, flattish ; at first dirty- yellow, smooth ; at length dark-coloured and some- what blistered. Adhering to the trunks of trees, par- ticularly the beech. melogramma, somewhat in rows, bursting, obconic,dark- sooty ; spherules somewhat prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of branches of trees, particu- larly the beech. ribesia, bursting, soft, oval, sub-depressed ; spherules dissected, growing white. Bursting from under the cuticle of the branches ofthe Ribes rubrum in the win- ter. 3. Form various, opening, orbicular or round; spherules scattered, horizontal, immersed in fleshy coverings ; lit- tle mouths scattered, mostly somewhat prominent, pap- illose or aculeate. Compound. deusta, opening widely, thick, undulate-rugose, blister- ed ; at first fleshy, white-cinereous, pulverulent; at length black, rigid. On trunks in woods, frequent. lentu, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black ; disk gibbose, margin repand. On the trunks and roots of fallen beech trees ; found in autumn. insitiva, compound, cortical, flat, linear-acuminate, white, single-headed ; a veil connate with the sub- stance of the fungus ; spherules papillose, black. In the fissures of the cuticle on decaying grape vines. macula, compound, of various forms, very flat, black, single-headed ; spherules globose-acuminate, covered Pp 2 474 SPHAERIA. with a fugaceous veil. On dry oaken branches after long storms. serpens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-coloured ; spherules somewhat prominent. On oak and beech wood, sometimes on willow. stigma, opening around, smooth, rimose ; little mouths immersed, flattish. In the fissures of thorn trees. podoides, crowded together, hard, unequal; little mouths spinose, mostly bursting at the sides. On trunks of oak. ceratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered ; little mouths spinose, bursting from the middle. In the bark of the Rosa canina in July. disriformis, scattered, orbicular, flattish, smooth ; little mouths immersed, resembling punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resembling pimples of a dark shining colour, white-cinereous within. 4. Opening, spherules horizontal, at first solitnry at the margin, afterwurds confluent, not joined with a fleshy substance or manifest layers ; some are distant, but in some way connected by the crust.. nebulosa, grey ; spherules very minute, scattered, form- ing unequally linear interrupted, dark-grey spots ; little mouths prominent, sub-acute. On the stems of large herbaceous plants. velata, covering very broad ; spherules scattered, im- mersed, covered with a sub-membranous crust ; lit- tle mouths sub-prominent. Under the cuticle of the Tilia. spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained ; little mouths long terete, very slender. Immersed in dark coloured branches. 5. Spherules heaped together on the receptacle, which is crust-like, conic, in little cespitose bunches ; little mouths converging towards the middle. ciliata, roundish ; spherules nested in the prominent sub- stance ofthe bark; little mouths very long, dkaricate, sub-flaccid. On the branches of elms. flmbriata, upon leaves sub-circinal ; little mouths spi- nose, clavate, surrounded at the base by a white fringe. Frequent on the leaves of the Carpinus. SPHAERIA. 475 nivea, conic, with a white ferinaceous disk ; little mouths prominent, papillose. On the dry branches of poplars. leucastomu, disk truncate,white, perforated with blacken- ing pores. On the steins and dry branches of plum trees and cherry trees of our orchards. pustulata, sublenticular, with short contracted necks ; disk sooty, perforated with one pore. On willow branches. 6. Spherules arranged in a circle, decumbent, naked, nest- ing under the epidermis ; little mouths approximate, mostly bursting. pulchella, compassed about, naked ; little mouths very long, flexuose. Under the cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree. coronata, compassed about: little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. On the branches ofthe thorn tree, rare. fuginea, compassed about; little mouths hooked and rugged. On the branches of the beech. convergens, compassed about, concealed, naked ; sphe- rules ovate, erectish ; little mouths strait, somewhat bursting, testing in the substance of the bark of some branches. tessella, compassed about, bound with a black line ; lit- tle mouths distant, or with 4 or 5 black punctures. On willow branches. 7. Bursting, in a roundish cespitose bunch; spherules free among themselves, papilla-like, setting on the recepta- cle. decolorans, cespitose, reddish cinnabar colour, becoming pale ; spherules globose, rugose tubercled. On the branches of maple and elder. coccinea, cespitose, pale red ; spherules ovate, smooth. In the dry bark of beech and elder. 8. Spherules solitary, free, destitute of receptacles. (Little mouths very large, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the breadth of the spherule.) episphaeria, simple, gregarious, parasitic, red ; spherules very minute, sub-compressed, crested, flaccid. On the Sphaeria stigma. 47tx SPHAERIA. . (Little mouths terete, spinose, equal to the length of the spherules or exceeding them.) rostrata, simple, naked ; spherules granulated ; little mouths very long, spinose. On decaying branches in July. acuta, gregarious, naked ; spherules black, shining, sub- globose ; little mouths spinose, thickish, cylindric. On the stem ofthe common neVAe in the spring. (Little mouths shorter than the spherules, conic or cylin- dric, mostly papillose.) porphyrogona, simple, aggregated, black, phial-form, im- bedded in a thin violet-coloured crust. Persoon con- siders this species of Tode, as a variety of rubella. On the Atropa belladonna. araneosa, simple, opake, black ; spherules papillose, smooth, covered with a thin white veil. On dry branch- es. bysiseda, largish ; spherules globe-papillose, surrounded with thick sooty yellow dowu. On dry branches and bark. spermoides, heaped together, opake, rigid ; spherules glo- bose, sub-terete downwards ; little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks of trees. bombardu, simple, fascicled, becoming sooty yellow ; spherules elongated, sub-ventricose ; little mouths are acute papillae. Grow in heaps on decaying trunks of trees. lingam, simple, scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with folds; little mouths irregular, decumbent, or almost wanting. Grow densely on the dry stems of red cabbage. herbarum, simple ; spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed ; little mouths papillose. On the dry stems of herbaceous plants. pertusa, scattered ; spherules immersed, ovate, hardish, sub-rugose ; perforated at length with little caducous obsolete mouths. In hard dry wood. inquinans, simple, scattered, dark-stained ; spherules somewhat prominent with wood, perforated. On the Acer, Lonicera and Xylosteum. (Spherules not furnished with visible mouths.) pulvis-pyrius, simple, heaped together -, spherules ovate SPHAERIA, SPINAC1A. 477 and roundish, tubercled, rugose, furrowed in the mid- dle. On trunks and dry wood. moriformis, gregarious, simple ; spherules tuberculate, obovate. On dry trunks, particularly of pines. maculiformis, on leaves simple ; spherules sub immersed, minute, roundish, conglomerate in unequal black spots. On the dry leaves of beech, hazle, maple and elm. 22—4. Sphaerococcus. 57. 2. membranifolius, stem filiform, ramose, spreading into a flat dichotomous frond ; divisions wedge-form : cap- sules pedicelled from the stem, ovate. Sea shore. confervoides, frond filiform, very branching : branches elongated, somewhat simple, sending off scattered se- taceous branchlets, tapering to both ends : capsules hemispheric, attached to all parts of the frond. In the sea. 22—2. Sphagnum. 56. 4. latifolium (peat moss. 0.) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, con- cave, imbricate, converging at the apex : capsules spherical. acutifolium, stem sub-ra*nose, branches filiform : leaves lance-ovate, revolute, erose at the truncate apex ; im- bricated 5-vvays. cuspidatum, stem flaccid ; branchlets lax, bristle-form : leaves lanceolate, involute, truncate-erose, lax. 5—1. Spigelia. 47. 46, murilandica, VV. (pink-root. P. p. J. if.) stem 4-sided : leaves all opposite. The most celebrated vermifuge. 22—5. Spiloma. 57. 2. melaleuca (efflorescent lichen) crust thin, sub-membrana- ceous, unequal, sub-pulverulent, white: receptacles deformed, a little convex, scabrous, dark. On hark of trees. 21—5. Spinacia. 12. 29. oleracea (spinach. E. J. #.) fruit sessile, prickly or un- armed : leaves hastate-sagittate : stem branched. In habit resembles the Chenopodium album. 478 SPIRAEA, SPLACHNUM, 12—5. Spiraea. 36. 92. 1. Stem more or less woody. ■'- salicifolia A (1) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-back. 0. r. w. J k ) leaves lance-ovate, or obovate, serrate, gla- brous : flowers in panicled spreading racemes Var. alba, has white petals, and generally the twigs are redish. The small branches a>e generally killed by frost in the winter, as also of the next species tomentosa (steeple-bush, purple hard-back, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. k •) leaves lanceolate, unequally| serrate, downy beneath : racemes in a crowded, sub-panicled spike. Prof. Ives considers a decoction of the leaves and branches of this plant, as one of the best tonics in use. Damp. opulifolia (nine-bark, snowball hardhack T. C. P. w. J. h .) leaves sub-ovate, lobed, doubly toothed or crenate, glabrous: corymbs terminal crowded: capsules in- flated: flowers trigynious. Wet. hyperidfolia, W. (John's wort hardhack. P. Can. w. M. k .) leaves obovate, entire, or toothed at the apex; umbels sessile. Cultivated. crenata, W (C. b .) leaves obovate, acute, tooth-crenate at the apex : corymbs peduncled, crowded. 2. Stem herbaceous. nlmaria (queen of the meadow. E. w. Au. if ) leaves pin- nate, downy beneath; the terminal leafet larger, 3- lobed, the lateral ones undivided ; flowers in a prolife- rous corymb. aruncus, \V. (steeple weed. P. Catskill. w. J. it.) leaves pinnate, with 2 or 3 pair of leafets: flowers in a pani- cled spike: styles 3 to 5. Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. Grows from 4 to 6 feet high, north of Judge Benton's on the Catskill. lobata (P. r. Ju. if.) leaves pinnate, glabrous; the odd leafet large, 7-lobed, lateral ones 3-lobed : corymbs proliferous. 22—2. Splachnum. 56. 4. • ampullaceum (umbrella moss.) leaves lance-ovate, acute: apophysis purplish-green, broad, inversely bladder- form. (1) alba, M. SPLACHNUM, STELLARIA. 479 setaceum, stems cohering: leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming setaceous-acuminate: apophysis clavate-tur- binate. Marshes, &c 14—1. Stachys. 42. 39. aspera, Mx. (hedge-nettle, clownheal. O. w-p. Ju. if.) stem erect, hispid backwards: leaves sub-petioled, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very glabrous : whorls about 6-flowered: calyx with spreading spines. Var. tenuifolia, leaves very thin and slender. 5—3. Staphtlea. 22. 95. trifolia (bladder-nut. O. y-w. M. fc.) leaves in threes r ra- cemes pendant: petals ciliate below. A handsome shrub about 10 or 12 feet high. When in flower if the germ be cut transversely and examined, it will appear 2 or 3- celled and will contain the rudiments of 15 to 20 seeds. But when the fruit is ripe, it consists of 2 or 3 inflated, adnate, sub-membranous capsules, each containing 1 to 3 hard small nuts. 6—5. Statice. 48. 35. limonium, L. (1) (marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au. %.) scape terete: panicle much branched : leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous. Very ef- ficacious in dysenteries. See Mott's dissertation. A decoction ofthe root is an excellent gargle in cankers and ulcerated sore throat. See Cutler's Botanical ar- rangement, page 432. Mem. Soc Arts. 10—3. Stellaria. 22. 82. media, S. (2) (chickweed. O. w. M. if.) leaves ovate and heart-ovate, glabrous : stem mostly procumbent, hav- ing alternate lines of hairs on opposite sides. Number of stamens variable. longifolia, M. (3) (long-leaf starwort. O. w. J.) stem de- cumbent, (or sub-decumbent) leaves lance-linear, oppo - site, entire, smooth : panicle terminal: calyx 3-nerved, about equalling the petals. Dr Bigelow informed me, that the plant which he called S. graminea in the Bos- ton Florula, is the S. longifolia. "Tl) caroliniana, Ph. (2) Alsine media, L. (3) gracilis, R. Spergulastrum granuneum ? M* 480 STELLARIA, STICTA. palustris, Retz. (1) (stitchwort, meadow starwort. W. w. J.) leaves lance linear, entire, glaucous: flowers pani- cled: petals 2-parted, larger than the 3 nerved calyx. uliginosa. Sr. (2) (bog starwort. P. W w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, much-branched : leaves lanceolate, ciliate and narrow at the base : peduncles somewhat in pairs, single, or many-flowered: petals shorter than the ca- lyx. J pubera, Mx. (P. w. M. 21.) pubescent: leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate : pedicels erect: petals longer than the calyx. Flowers large. 22—6. Stemonitis. 58. 1. fasdcularis (brittle bark buff ball) fascicled, steel-blue : head sub-turbinate : stem very short : hairs or fibres attenuated : bark wholly evanescent. On trunks in beech wood in autumn. typhina, scattered, small ; fibres cylindric, obtuse, sub- incurved ; partly evanescent. On trunks. leucostyla, gregarious, creeping; fruit ovate, violet-col- our ; stipe white. Springs up white and shining in autumn on branches and deciduous leaves. 22—5. Stereocauiox. 57. 2. ramulosum, becoming pale white, ramose, scabrous* fibrous; branches scattered, elongated, sub-simple: receptacles terminal, at length sub-globose, dark-fus- cous. On mountains. paschalc, frond cinereous-grey, branching, granulated, fibrous ; branches crowded, very branching, short: receptacles scattered and terminal ; at length convex, conglomerate, dark-fuscous. On rocks and sunny hills. 22—5. Sticta. 57. 2. crocata, frond reddish-fuscous, sub-lacunose, broad, woolly beneath : fruit-dots minute, citron-yellow ; di- visions torn-lobed, margined, pulverulent,yellow : re- ceptacles scattered ; disk dark-fuscous, margin frond- like, entire. On rocks an ' trunks of trees. anthraspis, frond pale-cinereous-fuscous, lacunose-retic (1) glauca, S. (2) alsine, Hn, STICTA, STREPTOPUS. 481 ulate, very broad, sub-crenate in the round-lobed peri- phery : rugose, sub-villose beneath : fruit dots minute, white : receptacles scattered ; disk black, at length convex, and excluding the entire frond like margin. pulmonacea, frond light yellowish olive, lacunose-rctim- late, villose beneath, having pale naked papillae ; di- visions sinuate-lobed, retuse-trunrate : receptacles sub-marginal ; disk flatfish, rugose ; margin frond- like, sub-rugose. On trunks of trees in woods. sylvntica, frond ample, brick-fuscous, nakedish, sub-or- biculate ; fuscous-villose beneath ; pits excavated, pale white; divisions gashed, lobed, deformed, repand- crenate : receptacles marginal, disk fuscous. On mountains among mosses, and on the roots of trees. 22—6. Stilbospora. 58. 1. asterosperma, capsules stellate. macrosperma, capsules elongated, cylindric On beech limbs, or white birch bark. 3—2, Stipa. 4. 10. avenacea, L. (l) (feather grass. D. P. J. if.) leaves stri- ate, glabrous : panicle spreading, sub-unilateral : branches whorled with branchlets ; calyx acute, mem- branaceous, equalling the glabrous seed : awn naked, twisting. 6—1. Streptopus. Mx. (2) 11. 14 roseus, Mx. (rose bell wort. II. r-w. M. if.) glabrous, .shining : leaves clasping, serrate-ciliate : anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. distortus, Mx. (3) (P. S-y M.if.) glabrous; leaves clasp- ing : pedicells solitary, twisted-geniculate in the mid- dle. Woods. lanuginosus, Mx. (P. g-y. J- U.) whitish-woolly : leaves sessile, sub-cordate at the base, acuminate : pedicel s in pairs on a short stipe. Flowers large. Berries red. (1) barbata, Mx. virginica, P. (3) Uvularia amplexifoha, VV. Qq (2) Uvularia, L. 482 STYLOSANTHUS, SYRINGA. 17—10. Styiosanthus. 39. 93. hispida, Mx. (1) (pencil flower. D. P. y.Au.y.) stem pu- bescent on one side : leaves lanceolate, glabrous : bracts lanceolate, ciliate : heads 2 or 3-flowered. Var. procumbens, stem procumbent. 5—2. Swertia. 20. 46. pusilla, Ph. (false gentian. Whitehills. b. J. #.) corol wheel-form twice as long as the calyx : stem simple, 1-flowered : leaves oblong. About an inch high. comiculata, W. (Can. Western states, g-y. Ju. % .) corol bell-form, with a deflected horn : leaves ovate : branch- es short. In swamps. 5—1. Symphytum. 41. 42. offidnale (comfrey. E. y-w. J. if.) leaves ovate-sub-lan- ceolate, decurrent, rugose. Naturalized. Dr. Cutler says, the leaves give a grateful flavor to cakes. 5—1. Symphoria. 48. 58. racemosa (Western Lakes. Au. h.) raceme terminal: corol bearded within. Resembles the Mitchella in some measure. Symplocarpus, see Ictodes. 22—2. Syntrichia. (2) 56. 4. ruralis, stem ramose : leaves obtuse, recurved, bearing hairs at the apex : capsule cylindric ; lid conic. On walls, fields, &c. 2—1. Syringa. 48. 37. vulgaris (lilac. E. b-p. w. M. fc.) leaves cordate : flow- ers in a thyrse. persica (persian lilac. E. b. M. ft.) leaves lanceolate, en- tire and pinnatifid. (1) elatior, Sw. Trifolium biflorum, L. (2) Tortula or Barbula. TAGETES, TEUCRIUM. 483 T. 18—2. TageTes. 49. 55. erecta (african marygold. E. y.Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-serrate : peduncles 1 flower- ed, incrassate, sub-inflated : calyx angled. patula (french marygold. E. y. Ju. ®«) leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, ciliate-serrate : peduncles 1-flower- ed, sub-incrassate: calyx smooth : stem spreading. 11—1. Talinum. teretifolium, Ph. (taliny. P. p. Ju. if.) leaves cylindric, fleshy ; corymbs terminal, peduncled. 18—2. Tanacetum. 49. 55. vidgare (tansey. E. y. Ju. 21.) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate". Naturalized. Var. crispum (doubly tansey) leaves crisped and dense. 22—16. Taxus. 51. 100. canadensis, W. (1) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. fc.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, margin revolute : receptacles of the staminate flowers globose. 2 to 6 feet high, with creeping roots. Appears like a small spreading hemlock bush. Tephrosia, see Galega. og—2. Tetraphis. 56. 4. pellucida (four-tooth moss. P.) capsule cylindric : leaves which grow on the fruit bearing stem, ovate, acute, 1- nerved. Stem simple, 1 inch high; lid conic, reddish, thin, half as long as the capsule : teeth rigid, polished, brown: leaves oval, except those on the fructiferous stem. ^ 14—l. Teucrium. 42. 39. canadense (wood-sage, germander. 0. r. Ju. if.) whitish- hirsute : leaves lance-ovate, serrate, all petioled : (l)jccbata minor, Mx. 484 TEUCRIUM, THASPIUM. stem erect ; spikes whorled, crowded : bracts twice as long as the calyx. virginicum (C.T.r.J.T/,.) pubescent; leaves ovate-oblong, serrate ; upper ones sub-sessile : stem erect : spikes whorled, crowded : bracts of the length ofthe calyx. 13—13. Thaiictrum. 26. 61. Remark. Our species are mostly dioecious or poly gam mis. dioicum, L. (I) (meadow rue. 0. w-r. M. 21.) leaves thrice ternate, leafets cordate, many lobed, very smooth : panicles axillary, filiform : flowers dioecious : petals not longer than the filaments or germs : stig- mas almost capillary—Leaves often 5 to 7-lobed : pan- icles solitary or in pairs, sub-umbelled, often the pan- icle is accompanied by a long peduncled solitary flow- er ; seed ovate-oblong, striate. Whole plant smooth, little umbels few-flowered. polygamum, M. (2) (O. W. Ju. or Au.H.)pubescent with slender down : leafets ovate, sub-cordate and wedge- form, 3-lobed at the apex, sub-rugose above, sub-to- mentose beneath : panicles terminal ; pedicels sub- umbelled, divaricate : flowers polygamous. Late in autumn some individuals still remain in flower, and make a fine shew with the numerous long white sta- mens. rugosum, Ph. (3) (C P. T. w. J. u.) stem striate .: leaf- ets ovate and lanceolate, rugose, veiny, obtuse-lobed : panicle large, terminal, corymbose ; flowers erect. Tall. Panicles almost leafless. piirpurascens, W. (P. Can. p. J. if.) stem twice as tall as the leaves : leaves compound ; leafets roundish, 3- cleft, gashed : panicles nakedish ; flowers nodding ; stamens purple. Small. 5—2. Thaspium. N. (4) 46. 60. aureum (meadow parsnip, false alexanders. O. y. J. if.) leaves biternate ; leafets lance-oval, serrulate : umbel's with short peduncles. Some of the leaves are often quinate. Grows in dry meadows and pastures. (1) laevigaturr,, Mk. (2) pubescens, Ph. revolutum, Dc. cornuti ? W. (3) carolinianum, Dc. (4) Smyrnium aureum, L. THEA, THELEPHORA. 485 13—1. Thea. 54. 71. bohea (bohea tea. E. M. T?.) flowers 6 petalled : leaves oblong-oval, rugose. From China and Japan. viridis (green tea. E. b,.) flowers 9-petalled : leaves very long-oval. J. C. Lettson says, this is only a va- riety ofthe bohea. 22—6. Tiielephora. 58. 1. 1. Pileus entire, funnel-form, caryophyllea.v&vious : pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous-purple, strigose-hirsute; margin mostly gash- ed, or somewhat crisped. Among pines, &c on the earth. 2. Pileus halved, at length horizontal. rnbiginosa, imbricate, rigid, reddish-chesnut brown, gla- brous both sides : papillae large, scattered. Ou trunks of oaks, mossy beeches, &c spadicea, imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tomentose, fuscous ; glabrous beneath, pale-fuscous. ferruginea, effuse-reflexed, ferruginous : pileus thin, sub-tomentose, smoothish, pilose beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, &c hirsuta, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, strigose-hir- sute ; glabrous beneath. On trunks, rails, &c Uladna, sub-imbricate, soft, not zoned, tomentose, pale ; at the margin and on the under side pale purple. On trunks of evergreens. 3. Resupinate, effuse, pupillose, substance various. (Pale or flesh-coloured.) quercina, resupinate longitudinal, coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy: almost destitute of a margin, and brown underneath. On oak branches, &c. polygonia, fleshy ; papillae largish, many-sided. On drv branches of poplar. laevis, white-fleshy, broadly effuse, very smooth ; mar- gin bvssus-like. On branches of poplar, &c. rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red ; margin tomentose. On poplars, one or two inches long. Qq2 486 THELEPHORA, THYMUS. (Colour yellow or tan-colour.) frustulata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale. 5—1. Thesium. 31. 24. umbellatum (false toad-flax, O. w-g. J. ll.) erect: leaves lance-oval : fascicles of flowers corymbed. 6 to 12 inches high. 15—1. Thlaspi. 39. 63. bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse. O. w. M. ®.) hirsute: silicles deltoid-obcordate : radical leaves pinnatifid. campestris (yellow-seed, false-flax, mithridate mustard. O. J. ©.) silicle obcordate, inflated, glandular-punc- tate : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed. Very trouble- some in flax fields, and was probably introduced with flax-seed. arvense (penny-cress. C. P. Detroit. J. 0.) silicles sub- orbicular, compressed, smooth : leaves oblong, tooth- ed, glabrous. tuberosum (P. r. M) silicle sub-orbicular, short, com- pressed : leaves rhomb-ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, sessile, radical ones long-petioled : stem-pu- bescent, very short and simple : root tuberous and fibrous. 20—16. Thuja. 51. 100. ocddentalis (arbor-vitae, false white-cedar. O. M. b,.) branchlets 2-edged : leaves imbricate 4 ways, rhomb- ovate, close-pressed, naked, tubercled : strobiles obo- vate ; inner scales truncate, gibbous below the apex. Vast quantities on Otter creek, Rutland county, Vt. and in Sharon, N. Y. 14—1. Thymus. 42. 39. serpyllum (mother of thyme. E. b-p. J. 1?.) flowers in heads : stem creeping : leaves flat, obtuse, ciliate at the base. \ vulgaris (thyme, E. b-p. J. if. b..) erect: leaves ovate, and linear, revolute : flowers in a whorled spike. lanuginosus (lemon thyme. E. if. fc.) flowers in heads : stem creeping, hirsute: leaves obtuse, villose. TIARELLA, TOFIELDA. 487 10—2. TlARELLA. 13. 84. eordifolia (miter-wort, gem-fruit. 0. w. M. it.) leaves cordate, acute-lobed, toothed : teeth mucronate : scape racemed. Resembles the Mitella diphylla. 13—1. Tiiia. 37. 79. glabra, V. (1) (basswood, limetree. O. y-w. Ju. T?.) leaves round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-coriaceous, glabrous : petals truncate at the apex, crenate : style about equalling the petals: nut ovate, sub-cordate. Large tree; wood soft and white. Leaves often truncate at the base. pubescens, V. (crop-ear basswood. P. y-w. Ju. b. •) leaves truncate at the base (one lobe cropped) oblique, acumi- nate, tooth-serrate, pubescent beneath : panicle dense- flowered : petals emarginate, about equal to the style : nut globose, smooth. 4—4. TiLlAEA. 13. 83. ascendens (pigmy weed. Y. w.) stem ascending, rooting at the lower joints: leaves connate, somewhat sheath- ing. Very minute. A new species. Discovered on the Housatonic by Prof. Ives, in the summer of 1816. 22—2. TlMMiA. 56. 4. cucullata, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate: pedun- cle shortish: capsule nodding, arched, obconic-turbi- nate, bursting from the side ofthe permanent calyptre; teeth of the outer peristome articulated. In damp and muddy places. 19—i. Tipuiaria, N. 7. 21. discolor, N. (2) (D. vv.) leaf solitary, plaited and longitu- dinally nerved : flowers racemed, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. 6—3. Tofielda. 10. 13. pusilla, Mx. (scotch asphodel. Can. g-w. J. %.) glabrous: (1) americana, W. canadensis Mx. (2) Limodorum unifolium, M. Orchis discolor, Ph. 488 TOFIELDA, TREMELLA. leaves short: scape filiform ; spike few-flowered, glo- bular : little calyxes adnate to the rachis : capsule glo- bose. Mountain swamps. glutinosa, Mx. (Can. if.) scape and pedicels glutinous- scabrous : spike with a few alternate fascicles : cap- sule egg-form, twice as long as the calyx. 18—1. Toxpis. 49. 55. barbata (hawksbeard. E. S. 0.) leaves oblong, toothed : peduncles 1-flowered. 6—1. Tradescantia. 6. 15. virginica, M. (spiderwort. P. b. p. M. if.) erect: leaves lanceolate, elongated, glabrous : flowers sessile; um- bel compact, pubescent. Cultivated in gardens. 18—1. Tragopogon. 49. 53. porrifolium (vegetable oyster, goat-beard, salsify. E. p. Ju. % .) calyx longer than the rays of the corol; the corollets very narrow, truncate: peduncles incrassate. 22—2. Trematodoiv. 56. 4. longicollis, stem short, simple: leaves subulate-setaceous: peduncles very long, twisted : capsule oblong, stiped, elongated ; lid conic from the base, slenderly beaked. 22—6. Tremella. 58. 1. mesenterica, roundish : sub-compact, undulate-plicate, orange-colour. On fallen limbs, &c. fragiformis, roundish : sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thickset, sub-lobate. On pine bark, &c. spiculosa, flattened, effuse, thickish, black, having conic papillae. 2 or 3 inches on trunks. foliacea, large, cespitose, glabrous both sides, thin, undu- late-plicate, concave, crisped at the base, flesh-cinna- mon colour. On decaying trunks in autumn. undulata, ascending, membranaceous, lobed, sinuate-un- dulate, purple. On putrid wood. abietina, in groups, roundish, orange colour, sub-plicate. On wood. dubia, cespitose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy, On de- caying trunks late in autumn. TRICHIA, TRICHODIUM, 489 22—6. Trichia. 58. 1. 1. Fruit turbinate or pear-form. botrytis, stiped, fascicled, opake, becoming dark red; stipes elongated, connate, sub-racemed. On decaying trunks in autumn. rubiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-colour, shining ; stipes connate, sub-pedate, shor# On trunks in woods at the close of summer. ^ ■ fallax, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-colour; fruit plicate beneath with a stipe. On trunks and soft decaying wood in autumn. vulgaris, scattered ; fruit from terete becoming sub-tur- binate : hardly any stipe, becoming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. A variety of nigripes. See Persoon's Fungi, p. 179, and Muhlenberg's Cata- logue. 9. Fruit round or reniform. nitens, crowded together, sessile, round, shining yellow or cinnamon colour. Among decaying beech and pine trunks in autumn. varia, scattered, becoming yellow ; fruit decumbent and reniform, sometimes round. On trunks. 3. Fruit filiform and net-veined. reticulata, diffused, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy bark in autumn. 22—6. Trichoderma. 58. 1. nigrescens, somewhat opening, flattish ; seminal dust be- coming black and sooty. On cut trunks, mostly ma- ple, in winter and early spring. 3—2. Trichodium. 4. 10. laxiflorum, Mx. (thin grass. O. M. If.) culm erect, stri- ate, purplish : leaves involute subulate; upper ones flat, nerved, margin scabrous ; sheaths roughish : panicle capillary, lax, spreading; branches whorled about in threes: glumes lanceolate. 12 to 18 inches high : the panicle is very thin and delicate. Usually grows in dry fields. 490 TRICHODIUM, TRIFOLIUM. scabrum, M. (1) (C. W. T. P. Ju. if.) culm glabrous, geniculate at the base, with erect branches : leaves lance-linear,striate, flat, margin scabrous; stipule 2- cleft, acute; sheaths striate, glabrous : panicle very branching, spread, with*whorled, zigzag branchlets. 3—1. Tricophorum. 3. 9. cyperinum, P. (2) (light M$ir, clump-head grass. O. Ju. 2f.) culm 3-sided, Jfafy, hollow: panicle terminal, more than decompound, proliferous, peduncles and pe- dicels scabrous ; spikes glomerate, 3 or 4 in a head, or more, ovate, obtuse. 3 to 5 feet high. Very common in wet meadows and swampy ground. 14—1. Trichostema. 42. 39. dichotoma (blue curls. T. V. C Y. N. P. b. Au. 0.) leaves rhomb-lanceolate : branches flower-bearing, 2-forked: stamens very long, blue, curved. 6 to 8 inches high. Gives out a scent, precisely resembling that of the spikenard. Var. linearis, has linear leaves. 22—2. Trichostomum. 56. 4. pallidum (hair-mouth moss. P.) stem simple very short: leaves capillary, sheathing: capsule ovate, with a slight apophysis, cylindric: lid conic ; calyptre halved. 7—1. Trientalis. 20. 34. europaea L. (3) (chick-vvintergreen. O. w. Ju. if.) leaves oval; stem naked below, with a tuft of oval leaves at the top. Var. americana, has lanceolate leaves, taper- ing to both ends. About 3 to 5 inches high. 17—10. Trifoxium. 32. 93. pratense (common red clover. O. r. M. 21-) ascending, smoothish ; leafets ovate, subentire : stipules awned : spikes dense, ovate : lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corol, and longer than the other teeth. (l)Agrostis scabra, W. (2) Eriophorum cyperinum, L. Scirpus criophorum, Mx. (3) americana, Ph. TRIFOLIUM. 491 repens: (white clover O. w. M. if.) creeping: leafets ovate-oblong, emarginate, serrulate: flowers in umbel- led heads: teeth of the calyx subequal: legumes 4- seeded. Foreign botanists often call these two species introduced plants; but I know not on what authority. I have never seen a place of a few miles extent where they do not grow, however wild the country. arvense (rabbit-foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. ®.) erect, branching, villose; leaves lance-linear, serrulate at the apex: stipules connate, subulate at the apex: spikes villose, oval-cylindric: teeth of the calyx setaceous, longer than the corol. Grows in dry pastures or bar- ren fields. stQloniferum, M. (buffalo clover. Western part ofthe state of New-York. w. J. if..) sending off suckers from the base of the stem: leaves obovate, unequally serrate on the sides, and toothed at the end: teeth of the calyx narrow-lanceolate or subulate, longer than the tube: florets large, in a head-form spike. This description I drew from a dried specimen in the herbarium of Dr. T. R. Beck ; being unable to procure any other. pensylvanicum, W. (P. r. J. if.) ascending : stem very branching, zigzag; leafets oval-ovate, obtuse, entire : stipules awned : spikes ovate-cylindric, dense, solita- ry : lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corol. reflexum, W. (P. r. J. if.) procumbent, pubescent: leaves obovate : stipules oblique, cordate : heads ma- ny-flowered ; flowers pedicelled, at length all reflexed: legumes about 3-seeded. Near the great lakes. procumbens, W. (hop clover. P. y. J. 0.) procumbent: stem hairy : leafets obovate, sub-marginate, glabrous : stipules short, lanceolate, acute : spikes oval, imbri- cate : banner deflexed, furrowed, permanent. campestre, Sr. (1) (P. y. O.) spike ovate, imbricate: ban- ner deflected, permanent ; leafets lance-ovate, middle one petioled : stem sub-diffuse ; branches decumbent. agrarium,W. (2) (P. y. J. <§.) erect, sub-pubescent; leafets lance-wedge-form, obtuse, middle one sessile : stipules lanceolate, acute: spikes oval, imbricate : ban- ner deflexed, permanent: teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. (1) procumbeus, S. jjgrarium, C. (2) aureum, Pollich. 492 TRIFOLIUM, TRILLIUM. Trifolium, see Melilotus. 6—3. Trtglochin. 5. 13. maritimum (arrow-grass. L. g. Ju. if.) capsules short, ovate,;furrowed, 6-celled, rounded at the base : leaves semi-cylindric : root tuberous. Grows plentifully about 12 or 14 inches high, in the salt meadows about New-Haven. palustre (Onondaga salt springs, g. Ju. If.) triandrous : capsules linear^ tapering to the base, 3-celled, smooth ; stigmas erect: leaves radical, 2-ranked, sheathing, linear, channelled, smooth: roots fibrous. About 6 inches high. triandrum, Mx. (Can. P.) triandrous: flowers 3-cleft, short-pedicelled : capsules roundish-triangular : leaves sub-setaceous, almost as tall as the spike or scape. elatum, N. (New-York.) styles and capsules 6, styles permanent, capsules linear, angular, depressed on the backs, having acute margins : scape much longer than the leaves. In marshes. 17—10. Trigonexla. 32. 93. foenumgraecum (funegreek. E. #.) legumes sessile, sol- itary, strait, erectish, sub-falcate, acuminate : stem erect: leaves wedge-oblong. 6—3. Trillium. 11. 12. erectum, W. (1) (false wake-robin. O. p-w. M. 21.) pe- duncles erect or erectish, with the flowers a little nod- ding : petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, equalling the calyx : leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile : pe- duncle about 3 inches long. Var. atropurpureum, pe- tals large, dark purple. Var. album, petals smaller, white : germ red. 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves of- ten 3 or 4 inches broad. cernuum, W. (nodding wake-robin. Y. C. P. Boston g. & w. M. 21.) peduncles recurved, shortish : petals lan- ceolate, reflexed, the size and form ofthe calyx-leaves: leaves rhomboid, abruptly acuminate, very short peti- oled. About half the size of the last species. Petals dull brownish white, striped with green. (1) rhomboideum, Mx. TRILLIUxM, TRIPHORA. 493 pictum, Ph. (1) (smiling wake-robin. H. w. & r. M. 1*.) peduncles erectish : petals lance-ovate, acuminate, re- curved, almost twice as long as the narrow leaf calyx : leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abruptly petioled. Very abundant in moderately dry woods north of Williams College. An elegant species. pendulum, W. (P. w. M. if.) peduncles erect, with the flower a little nodding: petals ovate, acuminate, spread- ing, longer than the calyx : leaves rhomboid-acumin- ate, sessile. Smaller than the erectum. germ reddish, anthers and styles yellow, flower dull white. I took this description from Smith. He says Pursh has given the characters of the erectum for this species. But i never saw the pendulum grandiflorum, C (2) (P V. Lake Erie. w. M. if.) pe- duncles a little curved, and the flowers a little nodding : petals lance-spatulate, erect at the base, limb spread- ing, much larger than the calyx : leaves broad, rhomb- ovate. Berries dark purple. sessile, W. (P. p. M. it-) flowers sessile, erect : petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long the calyx : leaves ses- sile, broad-ovate, acute. pumilum, Mx. (dwarf wake-robin. P. r. M. if ^pedun- cles erect ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx : leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile. 5—1. Triosteum. 48. 53. perfoliatum, L. (3) (fever root, horse-ginseng. O. p. J. If) leaves oval, acuminate, connate : flowers sessile, whorled. 2 to 4 feet high ; berries purple or yellow. Very valuable as a mild cathartic and emetic. B. & Bw. 19__1. Triphora. N. (4) 7. 21. pendula, M. (5) (three-bird orchis. V. C. P. Westfield, Mass. w-p. Au. If.) root tuberous : stem leafy, about 3-flowered at the top : leaves ovate, alternate : lip en- tire. 3 to 5 inches high. I found it growing plenti- fully on the Serpentine Hill four miles west of West- field academy. (1) erythrocarpum, Mx. Undulatum, W. (2) rhomboideum, Var. grandiflorum; Mx. (3) m.-jus, Mx. (4) Arethusa, L. (5) trianthophorus, Sw. parviflora, Mx. nutans, Le Conte 494 TRITICUM, TUBER. 3—2. Triticum. 4. 10. hybernum (winter wheat. E. J. S .) calyx-glume 4-flow- ered, tumid, even, imbricate, abrupt, with a short com- pressed point: stipule jagged : corols of the upper flo- rets somewhat bearded. There are several varieties of this species which are induced by culture. aestivum (summer wheat. E. J. 0.) calyx 4-flowered* tumid, smooth, imbricated, awned—Smith says this may be a variety of the last. eompositum (egyptian wheat. E.) spike compound; spike- lets crowded, awned. repens (wheat-grass, couch-grass, quack-grass O.J. if.) calyx acuminate, many-nerved, 5-flowered ; flowers pointed : leaves flat: root creeping. Very trouble- some in fertile soil, and useful in barren sand. 13—13. Trollius. 36. 61. laxus, Sy. (1) (globe-flower. P. y. M. if.) petals 5, ob- tuse, spreading : nectaries shorter than the stamens. Petals always, perhaps, 5, obovate : capsules short, abrupt, crowned with the elongated style. V8—I. Tropaeolum. 23. 7S. majus (nasturtion, indian cress. E. y. & r. Ju. Qt. & 3f.) leaves peltate, sub-repand : petals obtuse, some of them fringed. 18—1. Troximos. 49. 53. virginicum, P. (2) (false goat's beard. P. y. Ju. %.) radi- cal leaves lyrate, roundish ; cauline ones clasping, un- divided : whole plant glabrous. 22—6. Tuber. 58. 1. cibarium, becoming black, roughened with warts. Glo- bose, solid, destitute of root. On the earth. Often collected for food in Europe and Asia* O) americanus, Donn. (2) Tragopogon virgiriicum, L. Hyosefis prenanthoides, W. am< plexicaule, Ms. TUBERCULARIA, TUSSILAGO. 495 22—6. Tueercularia, 58. 1. vulgaris (tubercle fungus.) gregarious, bright red, ridgy or wrinkled, with a thick pale stipe-form receptacle. Mostly on dead branches of the common red currant. rosea (P.) scattered, loose, irregularly globose, rose-col- oured. Bright pink little masses, which dissolve in rainy weather. This Smith gives as its best distinc- tion from some lichens. Adhering to lichens on trees. 22—6. Tubilixa. 58. 1. fragiformis, sub-orbicular; at first red, then rust-colour; tubular fruit thick, distinct at the apex. On trunks in the summer after a storm. 6—1. Tulipa. 10. 14. suaveolens (sweet tulip. E. M. 21.) small: stem 1-flower- ed, pubescent: flower erect: petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. gesneriana (common tulip. E. M. if.) stem 1-flowered, glabrous : flower various-coloured, erect: petals ob- tuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. 22—6. Tulostoma. brumale, stipe smoothishj; fruit globose, with a flat mouth. On walls, sometimes in meadows. 15—2. Turritis. 39- 63. Ursula, S. (tower mustard. O. w. M. Q. or if.) leaves all hispid ; cauline ones clasping : silique 4-angled.— Robert Brown says, this is an Arabis. If so, this ge- nus may be struck off from the list of American gene- ra, since laevigata has been removed to Arabis by Torrey. dvata, Ph. (P. w. M. £ •) pubescent: radical leaves peti- oled, ovate, toothed, obtuse ; cauline leaves clasping, oblong, serrate, acute. Resembles the hirsuta ; per- haps a variety of it, which ought to follow it to the ge- nus Arabis. 18—2. Tussilago. 49. 55. farfara, W. (colt's foot. W. T. P. N. y. Ap. y..) scape single-flowered, scaly : leaves cordate, angular, tooth- 496 TUSSILAGO, ULMUS. ed, downy beneath. The flower appears long before the leaves. River alluvion. frigida (mountain colt's foot. New-Hampshire, Vt. y. M. if.) scape many-flowered, corymbed, bracted: leaves triangular, cordate, with deep triangular teeth, downy beneath. ■-.' 20—3. Typha. 3. 8. latifolia (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. it.) leaves linear, fiat, slightly convex beneath : staminate and pistillate aments close together. Wet. angustifolia (P. Ju. if.) leaves linear, channelled, semi- cylindric below and flattish above: staminate and pis- tillate aments a little separated. Not so large as the last species. Wet. U. 17—10. Ulex. 32. 93. europeus (furze. E. M. 1?.) leaves lance-linear, villose: bracts ovate lax ; branchlets erect. 5—2. Ulmus. 53. 99. americana, Mx. (elm, white-elm. O. g-p. Ap. b_.) branch- es smooth : leaves oblique at the base, having acumi- nate serratures a little hooking : flowers pedicelled ; fruit fringed with dense down. A very large durable tree, with the branches gradually spreading, when it grows in open fields, so as to form a fan-form top. Var. pendula, has hanging branches and smoothish leaves. Rafinesque says this is a distinct species. See Flo- rida Ludoviciana, page 115. fulva, Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm.O. Ap. b .) branch- es scabrous, whitish : leaves ovate-oblong, acumi- nate, nearly equal at the base, unequally serrate, pu- bescent both sides, very scabrous : buds tomentose with very dense yellowish wool ; flowers sessile. May always be known by chewing the bark, which is very mucilaginous. nemoralis (river-elm, grove-elm. New-England. Ap. Jj.)- leaves oblong, smoothish, equally serrate, nearly equal at the base : flowers sessile. (1) aspera, M. rubra, Mx. younger ULOTA, UNIOLA. 497 22—2. Ulota. 56. 4. crispa, stem ramose : leaves lance-linear, recurved-un- dulate when dry : pedicels elongated. On trunks of trees. 22—4. Ulva. 57. 2. 1. Spreud. lactuta, fronds aggregate, oblong, flat, undulate-bullate, altenuate below, gradually dilated, laciniate-crispcd. Pale-green, thin, weak and flaccid. Seas and bays. latissinia, frond solitary, oblong, very broad, flat, mar- gin undulated. Root contracted. Front attached in a peltate-form, yellowish-green, coiiaceous-membra- naceous. Abundant along vvithin the margin ofthe sea. purpurea, fronds oblong, purple, undulate-crisped. Root contracted. Frond attached in a peltate form, aggre- gated, sub-sessile, 1 to 3 inches broad, very thin, with dense oblong angled or nearly trapezoidal granula- tions. On rocks in seas and bays. linza,frond lance-linear, margin undulate-crisped. About an inch broad, tapering to the base, green. Sea shore. crispa, frond bullate, plicate-crispid, rugose, aggregated into an expanded layer. Not adhering topaper on dry- ing. On the earth in shades. 2. Tubular. lubrica, frond sub-ramose, compressed, undulate-sinuate, gelatinous. Very narrow, about the twelfth of an inch, variously inflexed and curved, pellucid, green. Seed deposited in a quadrangular position. Adheres closely to paper on drying. In ditches. intestinalis, frond tubulose, simple. Variable in size j nery narrow. Obscurely green. compressa, frond tubulose, simple or branched, filiform- compressed. Varying in size. Sometimes compress- ed and sometimes terete, obscurely green. In seas and bays. 3—2. Uniola. 4. 10. gracilis, Mx. (spike-grass. D. Au. 21.) sheaths and culm compressed : leaves flattish : panicle sub-spiked, long and slender, with short close-pressed branches j spike- Rr 2 498 UNIOLA, UREDO. lets small, sub-sessile ; glume calyx 3-valved : flowers monandrous. In shady woods. latifolia. Mx (P. J. if.) panicle lax : spikelets all long- pedicelled : calyx S-valved : flowers monandrous, sub- falcate, hairy on the keel : leaves broad, flat. spicata, L. (1) (C. Ju. U.) flowers in a thyrse : spikelets approximate, close-pressed, about 6-flowered, awnless: leaves convolute-subulate, rigid, alternate, pointing 2- ways : culm erect, glabrous. 3—2. Uralepsis. N. 4. 10. jmrpurea, Wr. (2) (purple hair-grass. C. P. A.) culm terete, erect : panicle diffuse, purple ; the racemes shorter than the intcrnodes, with few sub-sessile flor- ets : leaves flat, narrow, sub-filiform above. 5—2. Uraspermum. N. 45. 60. claytoni (3) (sweet cicily. O. J. If.) leaves compound, hairy ; leafets pinnatifid-Iobed, terminal one rhom- boidal, acute : umbels axillary and terminal, about 5- rayed : style as long as the villose germ. 22—5. Urceolaria. 57. 2. panyrga (pitcher-shield lichen. P.) effuse, granular-war- ty, pure white: warts clustered, bearing shields which areglaucous-mealy,with convex entire frond-like mai> gins. 22—6. Ukedo. 58. 1. 1. Seminal dust rusty-yellow. rosae-centifoliae (rose rust) crowded, yellow, flat, open- ing ; little heaps orbicular. On the leaves of the cent- foil rose. linearis (yellow grain-rust. J. 0.) linear, very long; stained yellow, at length but obscurely coloured. On the culms and leaves of barley, oats, rye, wheat, &c. 2. Seminal dust white. (1) distichophylla, Rs. Festuca distichophylla, Mx. (2) Aira purpurea, Wr. (3) Myrrhis dulcis, 2d ed. Scandix dulcis, M. Scandix daytoni, Mx. (see N.) Cbaeroph)Uura claytoni, Ph. UREDO, URTICA. 499 Candida (white rust) white, opening. On shepherd's purse, &c. 3. Seminal dust black or sooty-yellow ; on the fructifica- tion of plants. segetum (smut. J.) dust black, very copious : growing in the spikes or glumes of grain. Is smut a plant ? caricis, dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes. 20—4. Urtica. 53. 98. dioica (common nettle. O. J. 11.) leaves opposite,cordate, lance-ovate, coarsely serrate, flowers dioecious ; spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, longer than the petioles. procera, W. (1) (0. Ju. T*.) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, serrate ; petioles ciliate : flowers dioe- cious : spikes somewhat branched, glomerate in pairs, equalling the petiole. Not so common as the last; which if examined before full maturity, may be mista- ken for this. gracilis (N. Can. Au. it-) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, nakedish ; leaves and petioles hispid : racemes m pairs. Pursh says this and the last species are the same. Perhaps they are; but if so, the gracilis at Northampton, is a very slender and delicate variety. pumila, W. (2) (stingless nettle, richweed. O. Ju. ©.) leaves opposite, ovate, acuminate, S-nerved, sen ate: lower petioles as long as the leaves : flowers monoe- cious, triandrous ; in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Stem smooth and shining ; when in deep shades the stem is pellucid. Virens (dwarf stinger. N. P. T. Y. Boston. J. ©.) leaves opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply serrate: spikes capita,W?'(P- V. (P. w. Ju. if.) stem narrow-winged : " Icwes alternate, broad-lanceolate, sub-serrate : co- rymb compound : calyx oblong, pubescent, ray florets 3 or 4. """(1) rugosa, W. (2) Sigesbeckia occidcn'.alis, L. 508 VERNONIA, VERONICA. 18—1. Vernonia. 49. 55. noveboracensis, L. (1) (flattop. O.p. Au. If.) tall : leaves thick-set, lanceolate, serrate, rough : corymb fastigi- ate : scales of the calyx filiform at the apex. 4 or 5 feet high. j^praealta', W. (2) (New-England. P. r. Au. if.) stem tall, angled, thickly pubescent : leaves thick-set, lanceo- late, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath : corymb fas- tigiate : scales of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless. 2—1. Veronica. 40. 35. •j~ officinalis (speedwell. T. Y. C. P b. M. U.) spikes lat- eral, peduncled : leaves opposite, obovate, hairy : stem procumbent, rough haired, serpyllifolia (Paul's betony-smoothe, speedwell. 0. b. M. if.) racemes terminal, sub-spiked : leaves ovate, gla- brous, crenate. Stem 4 to 6 inches long. ■; leccabunga (brooklime. O. b. J. 21.) racemes lateral: leaves ovate, flat : stem creeping. Stem 8 to 15 in- ches long. Flowers large. Wet. .4 anugallis (brook pimpernel. C T. Can. P. b. J. if.) ra- cemes lateral : leaves lancet late, serrate : stem erect. scntellatu (scull-cap speedwell. O. b. J. it.) racemes lateral, alternate ; pedicels pendant: leaves lance-lin- ear. i arvensis (wall speedwell. O. w-b. M.©.) flowers solitary, nearly sessile : leaves ovate, serrate; floral ones lan- ceolate, entire : stem erect, seeds flat. 4 to 6 inches high. v perigrina, S. (3) (purslane-speedwell. O. \v. M. 0.) flow- ers sessile, leaves glabrous, lance-linear, toothed and entire, obtuse, lower ones opposite : stem erect. agrestis (field speedwell. C. P. b. M. ©.) flowers solita- ry : leaves ovate, c rrate, shorter than the petioles : stem procumbent : segments of the calyx ovate. The stem is terete, hairy. 5 to 10 inches long. hederifolia (ivy speedwell. C. w-b. M. ©.) flowers solita- (1) Clirysocoma gigantea, Wr. (2) Serrulata, L. Chrysocotna tomentosa, Wr. (3) macylandica, .VIx, caroliniana, Wr. VERRUCARIA, VIBURNUM. 509 ry : leaves cordate, flat, 5-lobed : segments of the oalyx cordate, acute : seeds wrinkled. Veronica, see Callistachia. 25—5. Verrucaria. 57. 2. schraderi (mite-lichen. P) crust tartarous, hard, whitish, smooth : receptacles minute, crowded, nearly globu- lar, navellcd, sunk, semi-transparent within*. 'Often on limestone, or other wrought stones in burying grounds, &c. scarcely visible. stigmutella, (P.) very thin, membranous, smooth, rather polished, greyish : tubercles minute, convex, warty, crowded, sub-confluent ; nucleus globose, becoming cinereous. On the smooth bark of trees and fruit pullu, crust thin, contiguous, membranaceous, smooth, dark-fuscous : receptacles minute, hemispheric, gla- brous, sub-papillate, black within. On the bark of leather-wood, &c. 17—10. Vexillaria. 32. 93. virginiana (butterfly-weed. P. b. Ju if.) leaves ternate, ovate : calyx 5-parted, longer than the bracts ; its di- visions subulate, incurved, diverging : legumes sub- ensiform. mariuna (P. w-b. Ju. 21.) leaves ternate: calyx much larger than the lance-linear bracts, oblong-tubular, 5-cleft : legume torulose on the convex sides : seeds glutinous. 5—3. Viburnum. 43. 58. -»pulus (guelder-rose, snow ball. E. w. J. b, •) leaves 3- lobetC sharp-toothed ; petioles glandular, smooth r flowers in compact cymes, surrounded with radiating florets. Var roseum, has the whole cyme made up of radiating florets. linus (lau'restine. E. r-w. \ .) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair in the axils ofthe veins beneath : flowers in smooth cymes. -oxycoccus. Ph. (1) (high cranberry. W. Y. T. V. P. r- w. J. h •) leaves 3-lobed, a< ute at the base, axils oi the (1) Opuloides, M, opulus ^i mna, Vlx. americanum, A, S S 2 510 VIBURNUM. veins hairy beneath, 3-nerved ; lobes long-acuminate, with a few-scattering teeth ; petioles glandular, groov- ed above : cymes rayed. 5 to 8 feet high. Fruit re- sembles.the low cranberry, red and very acid. Grows plentifully in various parts of Columbia county, N. Y. Wet. lentago (sheep-berry. O. w. J. h.) glabrous : leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, hook-serrate : petioles mar- gined, undulate : cymes sessile. 8 to 15 feet high__ The branches when full grown often form a fastigiate top. Berries black, oval and sweetish, pleasant tast- ed ; somewhat mucilaginous. ■Tantanoides, Mx. (hobble-bush, tangle-legs. O. vv. M. b_.) leaves broad, round-cordate, abruptly'acuminate, une- qually serrate ; petioles and nerves furnished with powdery rusty down ; cymes sessile : fruit ovate__ Stem very flexible and crooked, about 5 to7 feet long; sometimes much longer. acerifolium, W. (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. h.) leaves heart-ovate, or 3-lobed, acuminate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneath : cymes long-pedun- cled. Stem very flexible, leaves broad and sub-mem- branous. The oldest Dutch settlers in Columbia coun- ty. New-York, inform us, that the Indians in that vi- cinity considered the external application ofthe leaves of the dockmackie as a sovereign remedy in every kind of inflammatory tumour, and that they "have ever since adopted this practice with success. dentutum, W. (arrow-wood. T. V. N. C. w. M. b_.) smoothish : leaves roundish and ovate, acute, tooth- serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both sides : cyme pe- duncled : fruit sub-globular. Berries blue. About 4 to 6 feet high. pyrifolium (VV. T. N. P. w. Ju. T,.) glabrous : leaves ovate, acutish, sub-serrate : petioles smooth : fruit ob- long-ovate : cymes sub-peduncled. Berries dark-col- oured. prunifolium, Lk. (N C. P. w, J. b_.) glabrous : branches spreading : leaves roundish, crenate-serrate ; petioles smooth : cymes sessile : fruit round. nudum, W. (C. P. W. Litchfield. Can. w. M. h.) verv glabrous: leaves oval, sub-entire, margin revolute: petioles s mouth : cymes peduncled and without bracts. Berries black. VIBURNUM, VICIA. 511 pubescens, Ph. (i)(C. T. V. vv. J. h) pubescent: leaves round-oval, acuminate, tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, downy-villose beneath: cymes peduncled: fruit ob- long. Small bush. edule, Ph. (2) (Can. P. w. Ju. £.) leaves 3-lobed, obtus- ish at the base, 3-nerved ; lobes very short, tooth-ser- rate, with acuminate serratures ; petioles glandular : cymes radiate. Small and upright. Resembles oxy- coccus. 17—10. Vicia. 32. 93. faba (garden bean, Windsor bean. E. w. & black. J. #.) stem inany-flowcred, erect, strong : legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous : leafets oval, acute, entire ; stipules sagittate, toothed at the base. From Persia. This is very different from the beans most commonly cultivat- ed in our gardens, under the names pole bean and bush-bean. They belong to the genus Phaseolus. pusilla, M. (creeping vetch. Y. C Hudson, b-w. J.) pedun- cles solitary, 1-dowered, capillary : stipules semi-sa- gittate (that is arrow-form on one side) entire : leafets somewhat in sixes, lance-linear, obtusish : legumes small, oblong, glabrous. americana, W. (C. P. p. M. if.) peduncles somewhat ma- ny-flowered, shorter than the leaves: stipules semi- sagittate, toothed : leafets 8 to 12, lance-oval, obtuse, glabrous. sativa, Wr. (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in pairs, sub- sessile : stipules toothed, marked with dots : leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate: legumes erect, lin- ear-terete, glabrous. Perhaps it may have been intro- duced ; but it is now very common in all parts of Berk- shire countv, Mass. kcracca (Can. P. N. b. S. if.) spikes many-flowered, im- bricate backwards, larger than the leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, linear-subulate, entire : leafets numer- ous, lance-oblong, pubescent. caroliniana, Wr. (3) (P. C w. v. %.) peduncles many- flowered ; flowers distant: stipules lance-ovate, entire : leafets 8 to 10, lance-oval, smoothish : stem glabrous. The banner of the flower is tipped with black. (1) dentatum mibtscens, A. dentatum at the base. Var. papilwnuceu, leaves■ "n^j" ^ heart-triangular : scape as long as the leaves . o lowu ^^^(bearded violet. W. T. P. b. M. «.) leave, corfatc, creuate-scrrate, obtuse, pubescent ; scapes (1) primulitolia, Ph- 514 VIOLA. shorter than the leaves : petals oblong, the lower one bearded at the base, and veined. rotundifolia, Mx. (i) (ground violet. H. y. Ap. If.) smooth- ish : leaves round-cordate (when mature) obtusish, crenate-serrate—the sinus at the base closed and ser- ratures glandular : [scions flower-bearing, Pursli] pe- tals linear, scarcely longer than the calyx. The leaves lie very close to the ground. 2. Having a stem ; more or less of the leaves cauline. >■■ tricolor (garden violet, hearts-ease, pansy, E. p.y. b-p" M. 11 ) stem angular, diffuse, divided, leaves oblong, deeply crenate : stipules Iyrate-pinnatifid. ~ candensis (woods violet. O. b. & w. J. if.) smoothish : leaves sub-cordate, acuminate, serrate : peduncles of the length of the leaves : stipules short, entire. Some- times 6 to 8 inches high, in damp woods. Striata, W, (2) (striped violet. W. P. Catskill Mt. w-p. M. 11.) glabrous : leaves cordate, acuminate, serrate, flattish : peduncles very long: stipules lanceolate, ser- rate-ciliate. debilis Mx. (3) (weak stem violet.T. P. b. M. if.)gla- brous : leaves heart-reniform, short-acuminate, cre- nafe, cowled at the base : peduncles twice as long as the leaves : stipules serrate-ciliate. Flowers small. rostrata, Ph. (beaked violet. H. b. M. If.) glabrous: leaves cordate, acute, serrate : peduncles twice as long as the leaves : stipules lanceolate, serrate-ciliate: spur longer than the corol, extending into a beak. Is this the striata ? pubescens, A. (4) (yellow woods violet. 0. y. M. if-) vil- lose-pubescent : stem erect, leafy towards and at the top : leaves broad-cordate : stipules oblong, serrate at the apex. Varies much in its height. Usually 6 or 8 inches high ; but I have seen it 20 inches high. Dr. Solon Smith showed me a specimen about 4 feet high, which he found in New-Hampshire. hastata.Mx. (halbert violet. P. y. M. if.) glabrous: stem simple, leafy above : leaves hastate, short petiol- ed ; stipules minute, denticulate. concolor (green violet. P. vv-g. J. 1'.) strait, erect: leaves (1) eland s'ina, Ph. (3) canin.-., Wr. (2) uligniosa ? M. __ (4) pensylvanica, Mx. viola, vrfis. 515 broad-lanceolate, entire : stipules lance-linear, entire : Iieduncles axillary, in pairs, short. About 20 inches ligh, flowers small. ^-bicolor, Ph. (1) (two coloured violet. P. C. w. p. M. a.) sub-pubescent: stem angled^imple : lower leaves round spatulate ; sub-dentate / upper ones lanceolate, entire; stipules comb-tooth pinnatifid : calyx acute, about half as long as the corol. arvensis (field violet. P. w. Ap. ©.) stem angled, groov- ed ; leaves lance-ovate, serrate ; stipules gashed at the base : calyx hairy, a little longer than the corol. Petals white, the lower one spotted with yellow.— Smith sets this down under V. tricolor, as one of its varieties. Remark. Nuttall says, that all the North American species of violet (excepting V. concolor) after their bloom- ing season is over, still continue to produce flowers without petals, through the rest ofthe summer. 21—4. Viscum. album, Wr. (2) (misseltoe. P. g-w. J. fc.) leaves lanceo- late, obtuse : stem dichotomous : flowers 5 together, in terminal sessile heads. On the branches of old trees. Leaves an inch long,thick and leathery. This, Smith says, is the golden bough of Virgil, and the sa- cred plant of the Druids. 5—1. Vitis. 46. 72. vinifera (wine grape. E. J. fc.) leaves sinuate-lobed, naked or downy. . . Remark. All the North American species of grape are polygamous or dioecious. YULbrlscl (plum grape. Y. C. P. T. Catskill. w-g. J. *.) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, white downy be- neath : fertile racemes small : berries (blue, flesh- colour and green) large. Var. labruscoidcs (fox grape) has smaller fruit, approaching a tart taste aestivalis, Mx. (3) (summer grape. C. P. Catskill. w-g. J b Meaves broad-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed ; in the young state rust downy beneath; fertile racemes oblong: "Tl) tenella, M. arven«is, E. (2) flavescens, W. (3) intermedia, M. 516 V1TIS, WINDSORIA. berry small, intermediate between the frost grape and plum grape. eordifolia, Mx. (1) (frost grape. O. w-g. J. b_.) leaves cordate,acuminate,gash-toothed,glabrous both sides: racemes lax, many-Jlowered : berries small. Var. vulpina, leaves ver$ Variable ; but the uppermost ma- ture leaves will agree with the description. riparia, Mx. (2) (odoriferous grape. C P. w-g. M. \.) leaves unequally gash-toothed, shortly 3-cleft, pubes- cent on the petioles, nerves and margins. Vitis, see Ampelopsis. W. 22—2. Weissia. 56. 4. microdonta, small : leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, crisped and twisted when dry, having a fascicle of ducts or tubes ; peduncle pale ; capsule oblong-ovate : lid beaked ; teeth of the peristome narrow. curvirostra, leaves lanceolate twisted, imbricate, spread- ing : capsules slender, ovate-cylindric ; lid beaked, recurved. capillacea, leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid, nerves thick : stem simple, slender : germs ob- long-ovate, erect, smooth ; lid subulate-beaked, obtu- sish at the apex. 3—2. Windsoria. 4. 10. poaeformis, N. (3) (giant meadow-grass. 0. J. if.) pani- cle erect; lower branches naked beneath : spikelets oblong, alternate, sub-sessile, 6-flowered : outer valve of the florets villose at the margin and 5-cleft at the apex : neck of the sheath and axils of the panicle pi- lose ; leaves and the erect culm glabrous. Three or four feet high, in wet meadows. pallida, Torrey. (C. Ju. if.) very glabrous : culm erect: leaves lance linear, flat: panicle lax, somewhat spread- ing ; branches vand-like, capillary; spikes lanceo- late, pedicelled : calyx unequal, 5-flowered ; flowers (1) vulpina, L. (2) odoratissima Dorm. (3) Poa quinquefida, Ph. sesleroides, Mx. flava, L. Tridens,Rs. WOODSIA, XEROPHYLLUM. 517 glabrous : corol with equal valvea; outer valve 5- toothed at the apex, inner valve bifid. In swamps. 22—1. Woodsia. Br. (1) 55. 5. hyperborea (flower-cup fern. Can. P. Ju. %.) frond pin* nate; leafets 3-parted,or gash pinnatifid, wedge-form, obtuse, toothed, rough-haired beneath : fruit-dots soli- tary, at length confluent. Small, in tuffts. ilvensis{N ? Can. P. Ju.. if.) frond bipinnatifid ; divis- ions oblong, obtuse, lower ones repand, upper ones en- tire, rough-haired beneath : fruit-dots sub-marginal, at length confluent : stipe villose above. Small. 22—1. Woodwardia. 55. 5. angustifolia, S. (2) (kidney-fern. 0. Au. if.) barren frond pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, repand slenderly ser- rulate : fruit-bearing frond pinnate ; leafets entire, acute, linear. About a foot high. W. onocleoides. virginica, VV. (3) (C. Ju. ll.) frond very glabrous, pin- nate ; leafets sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, cranulate, fertile ones elongated : stipe glabrous, terete. About a foot high. X. 20—4. Xanthium. 54. 98. strumarium (clott-burr. N. Y. C. T. V. Boston. Au. ®.J stem unarmed, branching : leaves cordate, lobed, ser- rate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base : fruit oval, pu- bescent, with stiff hooked bristles. Has a little the habit of a burdock. orientale, M. (4) (C ©•) stem unarmed : leaves wedge- ovate : fruit in strobiles. Pursh removed this genus to the class Syngenesia. 6__s. Xerophyllum. 10. IS. asphodeloides (5) (D. w. J. if.) filaments dilated towards (1) polypodium, W. Acrostichum. Bolton. (2) onocleoides, W. )i\ hannisteriaua, Mx. Blechnum, L. . g) macltum, B. <5) sodtolium, M*. Hdoa.«,t* 518 XYLOMA, ZANTHORHIZA. the base and equalling the corol : racemes oblong, crowded : bracts setaceous : scape leafy : leaves se- taceous-subulate. 22—6. XviOMA. 58. 1. acerinum, resembling spots, slender, contiguous, sub-ru- gose, many capsules connate in one body. 5—1. Xyxosteum. 48. 58. ciliatum, Ph. (1) (fly-honeysuckle, twin-berry. 0. w-y. M. b ■) berries distinct: leaves ovate and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young state villose beneath : co- rol a little gibbous or calcarate at the base, tube ven- tricose above, divisions sliort, acute : style exsert. solonis (2) (swamp twin-berry. W. New-Hampshire, Pittsfield. y. M. b •) berries united in one, not distinct: two flowers situated on one germ : leaves oblong-ovate, villose. Berries dark purple—Found first by Dr. Solon Smith (1815) at the foot of Whitehills. It is a small shrub, not exceeding 2 feet high. Xylostroma, see Racodium. 3—1. Xyris. 6. 13. Caroliniana, W. (3) (yellow-eyed grass. Y. T. D. P. Bos- ton, y. Au. if.) leaves linear, grass-like: stem or scape 2-edged : head ovate-acute : scales obtuse. brevifolia, Mx. (C. P. y. Au. 11.) leaves sword-subulate : scape teretish : head globose. Z. 20—1. Zamchellia. 2. 13. intermedia, Torrey. (false pondweed. C. D.) anther 2- celled : stigmas dentate-crenate: seed smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes. 5—-13. Zanthorhiza. 26. 61. apiifolia (parsley yellowroot. P. p. Ap. 1j.) flowers pani- (1) tartaricum, Ms. (2) villosum ? Mx. (3)jupicai3 Mx. ZANTHOXYLUM, ZIZANIA. 519 cled : leaves compound, sub-pinnate, a little sheathing at the base. Pure tonic bitter. B. 21—5. Zanthoxylcm. 46. 94. fraxineum, W. (l) prickly ash, tooth ache bush. O. g-w. M. ^.) prickly: leaves pinnate; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base ; common petiole unarmed: umbels axillary. Taste very pungent. 14—2. Zapania. 40. 40. nodiflora, Lk. (2) (fog-fruit. P. w. Ju. it.-) leaves wedge- obovate, serrate above: spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled : stem creeping. Ianceolata (P. w. Ju. 21.) leaves lance-linear, sharply ser- rate: spikes head-conic, solitary, long-peduncled: stem creeping. 20—3. Zea. 4. 10. mays (indian corn. O. y-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-linear, entire, keeled. Var. precox (dwarf corn) stem low : seeds mostly 8-rowed. 6—3. ZlGADENUS. glaberrimus, Mx. (zigadcne. P. vv. J. If.) scape leafy: bracts ovate, acuminate: petals acuminate: leav es longK recurved, channelled. 18—2. Zinnia. 49. 55. multiflom (P. r. S. ©.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub- petioled : flowers peduncled. Perhaps not a native ot North America. Nuttall. 20__6. Zizania. 4. 10. clavulosa, Mx. (3) (water-oats, wild-rice. C. P. Hudson. " Au I panic epyramid-form ; staminate flowers below, fnreadng pistillate flowers above, spiked : appenda- ges to thf flowers clavate, awned, long; seed long, cy- lindric, becoming black. ~7n ,-amifl .rum, Mx. Clavaherculis, L. $vS£i™W. LiPPia,Mx. Blairia,Gaertn.r> (3) aquatica, Ph- 520 ZIZANIA, ZYGNEMA. fluitans, Mx. (Lake Champlain. Pursh. Ju. If.) small; culm slender, branching: leaves linear, flat: spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered: glumes awnless. miliacea, Mx. (l) (P. Au.) panicle effuse: glumes short- awned: staminate and pistillate flowers intermixed: seed ovate, smooth. 20—1. Zostera. 2. 7. mariana, Vahl. (grasswrack, sea eel-grass. Y. C. Au. if.) leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved: stem teretish.— Leaves long, flowers minute. In bays and salt marsh- es. ' 22—4. Zygnema. 57. 2. nitidum, joints about equalling the diameter: the spiral lines crossed, .slender, arched : seeds oval. BYequent in ditches. Hardly adheres to paper on drying. (1) aquatic*, W. End or Part II. [ 521 ] ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. None but those who have passed through the trial, will be prepared to make due allowance for the difficul- ties attending the publication of a work, wherein the errors cannot be detected by the sense. I will not, how- ever, trouble the reader with any corrections, excepting those which might mislead the student. The generic names are repeated three times—in the natural orders, in the generic descriptions, and in the specific descriptions. They are generally mos* correct in the part describing the species; therefore they may be corrected in the two foregoing parts by this part. The genus Bereeris contains one r too much every where in the book, and an o is left out of Baeomyces every where. Callitriche is spelled wrong at page 215. Torrey is wrongly spelled Torry in some places. Page 107. Under Galega, in the parenthesis, tS gla- brous," should be glaucous. P. 136. In the 11th line, strike out the words "Fruit or receptacle," and insert, The floating vesicles. P. 143. Under Rhizomorpha. " Rope-like" should be tow-like. P. 155. Under Acnida. " rursocarpa" should be " rus- cocarpa. P. 168. Under Alyssum. w sexatile" should be saxa- tile. P. 176. Anthopogon. Add in the margin—Andropo- gon ambiguus, Mx. Same page, under Antirrhi- num. " triornitlwporum" should be triornithopho- rum. P. 210. Under Borrera. ((crysophthalma" should be chrysophthalma. P. 226. Under Cassia, "fasiculata" should befasci- culata. P. 227. Catharinaea. Add in the margin Poly- TRICHUM, L. P. 236 In the note, 3 lines from the bottom, strike out " Miss J." and insert, the Hon. J. D. P. 245. Commelina longifolia. Add in the margin, hirtella, Vahl. P. 259. Under Cyperus. " bricolor" should be bico- lor* Tt9. 522 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. P. 267. Diplocomium. Add in the margin Meesia, Hedwig. P. 269. Under Dracaena. " orealis" should be bore- alis. P. 281. Under Fissidens. " hyoides" should be bry- oides, and " luxifolins," taxifolius. P. 284. Under Fuirena. " squamosa" should be squarrosa. P. 525. At the top of the page this was left out through mistake: 21—16. Juniperus. 51. 100. sdbina (savin. Can. Jj.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandu- lar in the middle, imbricate 4-ways, delicate, acute. A low shrub in the clefts of rocks. Cultivated. -, P. -36$. Over Myrtus, the following ought to have been inserted: 5—2. Myurhis. 45. 60. canadensis (honewort, mock sanicle. O. w. J %.) leaves ternate: general involucre wanting: seeds oval-ob- long. Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, terete, smooth : umbels slender and few-rayed. Syn. Sison canaden- sis. P. 354 and 370. Milium racemosum, S. (clustered mil- let-grass. W.) flowers in a simple upright raceme: calyx glume oval, acute, ribbed: corol long-awned, hairy: leaves lanceolate, with smooth sheaths. Sent to Dr. Smith of London by the Rev. Dr. Muhlen- burg. It was collected by him in Lancaster, Penn. It has recently been collected by Prof. Dewey near Williams college, Mass. It greatly resembles the Oryzopsis asperifolia. Described by Smith in Rees' Cyclopoedia. P. 431. RicciA.crystallinu. This is the Lemna tri- sulca. Remark. Some of my reflections upon the innova- tions of botanists appear, on reviewing them, to be ra- ther illnatured. I now wish I had expressed those opin- ions in a manner less savoring of censoriousness. I am however decidedly ofthe opinion, that some of our lead- ing botanists introduce changes, which are not requir- ed ; or at least, which could be dispensed with convcn- BRBMB A. AARON'S beard til Acacia 431 Adam and Eve 250 Addermouth 353 Adder's tongue 276 Addertongue fern 366 Agave 163 Agrimony 163 Alder 168,241,282,410,426 Alexanders 462,484 Allum root 305 Almond 172 Aloe 166 Amaranth 294 Anemone 174 Angelica 175,178 Apple 256,262,356,405,417 [418 Apricot 181 Arbor-vitae 486 Arethusa 180,397 Arbutus 271 Archangel 175 Arrow grass 492 Arrow-nead 439 Arrow-wood 510 Artemisia 258,302 Ash 282,283,428 Ashwort 237 Asparagus 186 Aspen 404 Asphodel 186,360,487 Aster 209 Avens 290,391 B. Bachelor's button 294 Balm 244,351 Balm of Gilead 259,404 Balsam tree 391 Balsam weed 317 Bane berry 155 Barberry 203 Barley 307 Barn grass 372 Basket of gold 168 Bass wood 487 Bay berry 359 Beach 280 Bead tree, 350 Bean 292,361,387,511 Bear berry 173 Beard grass 173,176,180 Beard-tongue 382 Beaver tree 347 Bedstraw 285,286 Beef-steak 449 Beech drops 272,316,414 Beehive 350 Beet 230 Beggarticks 204,205 Bell-flower 216 Bellwort 481,503 Bent grass 163 Bindweed 248,249,318 Birch 203,204 Birdsnest 357 Birth wort 180 Bishop weed 171 Bitternut 225 524 INDEX. Bittersweet 227,463 Blackberry 435 Black flower 350 Black rust 415 Bladder nut 479 Bladderwort 501 Blazing-star 303 Blight 415 Blite 206 Blomachce 199 Bloodroot 446 Blue beech 224 Blue bottle 230 Blue curls 492 Blue-eyed grass 461 Blue-grass 394 Blue-hearts 213 Bog-rush 326,428,450 Boneset 278,326 Borage 209 Bouncing-bet 447 Box 213,251 Box elder 154 Brake 413,414 Brier-herb 435 Brompton queens 234 Brompton stock 234 Brooklime 508 Brook-liverwort - 384 Brook weed 446 Broom 471 Broom grass 173,212 Buckbean 352 Buckthorn 307,426 Buckwheat 402 Bugbane 347 Bugloss 172,203,270 Bullrush 427 Bunch flower 350 Burdock 170 Burnet 409 Burning bush 276 Burr-flower 3ii Burr-marygold 205 Burr-reed 471 Butter cup 423 Butterfly weed 185,509 Butternut 322 Button bush 231 Button weed 472 Button wood 394 c. Cabbage 211,317 Calabash 257 Calamint 351 Calamus 155 Camphor tree 328 Campion 163,256 Canary grass 386 Cancer root 272,369 Candy tuft 317 Cane 438 Canterberry bells 216 Caper 297 Caraway 21S,214,225 Cardinal flower 339 Cardoon 258 Carnation 264 Carolina allspice 215 Carpet weed 355 Carrot 262 Cassia 226 Caster-oil plant 431 Catalpa tree 226 Catchfly • 459 Caterpillar-fern 455 Catmint 362 Catnep 362 Cat's eye 449 Cat-tail 496 Cedar 257,325 Celandine 234 Celery 177 Centaury 231,438 P Tf(»09(»OOiCJlHKHTflsH«K 00K.»OOllO(S >fl 0)(OtOtOlO(OOKNKO'J,ls<0lO>O00NKOfflK-<^O C')G0 0(-"0)!J(« ^> *> CO -rj. 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