UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
WASHINGTON, D. C.
GPO  16—67244-1 
 
 
J fLcvy\st*rl  ft
COMPANION
DR. THORNTON
J /
>S {firfr.^'kA
LECTURES
ON
BOTANY.  AP^jA^a
            V'\. . ^  A

■±.A
       NEW YORK.
PRINTED BY GI ORGE LARGIN,
     3No. 5 tl R LING-SLIP.
         1816. 
 
FIRST LECTURE.
                 On the Composition of a Flower.

   FLOWERS,  although apparently  so  diversified,  consists! but ©f
eight parts.
  1. The Pistil (Pistillum) in the centre of the flower.
  II. The Stamen (Stamen)  exterior to this.
Both these are projecting bodie«. being extensions  ("according to Lin-
  na?us) the firM, of the pith;  and  the second, of tb< wood.
The Pistil is discriminated by a swollen ba<e  which is the seed vessel,
  or Ccrmen, which being opened discloses tht  x-rds.
The stamen in disciiminated  by Laving a part  which forms and con-
  tains coloured  Farina, or  Pollen, hence called an Anther by Bot-
  anists.
  A perfect or complete Pistil is composed of three Parts :—
  1. The Stigma  (Stigma) at top, never absent, the ugh sometimes ob-
    scure.
  2. The Style (Stylus) elevates the Stigma, not absolutely essential.
  S. The tiermen (Germen)  or seed-vessel, always  present.
An imperfect Pistle has no Style.
A perfect or complete ^umen is composed of two Parts :—
  i. 1 he Anther (Anthera) at top, containing the fertilizing pollen,
    always present.
  2. The Filament (Filamentnm) elevating the Anther, not so essen-
    tial, being absent in seme flowers.
  An imperlect Stamen has no filament.
When the Stamens and Pistils are found together, the  flower is  theft ,
  called Bisexual
"When these are generate, being placed in different  flowers, the  flow- ✓
  er is then called "unisexual.
For the protection and nourishment.^ the  Central Organs of vegeta-
  bles (viz. the Pistilla and Stamina) nature has usually furnished two
  other Parts.
III.  The Corolla (Corolla)  interior.
IV.  The Calyx (Calyx) exterior to this part.
Both expanded' bodies, being  expansions, the one of the bark, and the
  other of the rind.
These are discriminated not only by  their respective situations, but by
  the greater dilicacy of the  Corolla compared  with the Calyx, the
  former having usually coloured Petals, the latter green Leaves.
These parts are not absolutely essential, some flowers being destitute of
  one. or both of them.
V.  The Nectary (Nectarium) usually  for the secreting and contain-
       ing of honey.
VI.  The Pericarp (Pericarpium) which  is only the germen enlarg-
      ed, filled with mature seeds.
VII.  The Seeds C-emina) the rudiments of the new plants, and lastly,
Vlll.  The  Receptacle (Receptaculum) the basis upon which all rate
      other partg rest, 
                                4

                SECOND LECTURE.
                          (hi the Calyx.
   HAVING formed  a general idea of a Flower, viz. I. Calyx,  II,
 Corolla, III. Nectary,  IV namina, V. Pistilla,  VI. Pericarp, aw"
 VII. >c;eds,and  Vlll Receptacle, we will now consider each of thes
 parts, in a more particular manner, for
   The term Calyx, like our words, horse, bird, dog, habitation, is
        generic word, including several distinct species, thus  :
 I.  Perianth (Perianthium) is the outer expaned covering of a flow-
       er,—the  most common kind  of Calyx,*—usually  green,—
       sometimes coloured.tcontiguous to the corolla,—protecting the
       organs for reproduction in their infant state, sometimes cada
       «ous,£—often abiding with  the fruit, ♦—and sometimes  e\ e«
       serving the office of  pericarp,||—usually single,—occasionally
       double,^—not unfrequently very obscure,**—or wholly deli
         cieut-tr
 II.  Involucre   (Involucrum) is  a calyx remote from the  flower,-*
       most commonly stationed^ at the foot of a genera), or partial
       umbel.}}
 III.  Spathe (Spatha) a species of calyx, which first involves the in
       fantflowerf like a sheath, and then opens longitudinally
 IV.  Glume (Gluma) the outer valve*, or husks of corn, or grass, en
       closing one, or more, florets.
 V.  Ament (Amentum) small chaffy scales, protecting  the  floreti
       placed on  a thread-like common receptacle.
 VI.  Calyptra  (Calyplra)  the  covering of  a moss,  placed over  it,
       like a cap or bonnet.
 f II.   Valve (Volva^ a membrane, which involve* the fungus in  iti
       infant state, and which afterwards appear* in a lacerated form
       on the foot stalk.

    *Ofthe 1021 genera  of plants, known in the tim.  of Dr. Alston,
 Professor of Botany at Edenburgh, he observes, 673 had a Perianth;
 75, an Involucre ; 72, aSpatha;  29, a (iluine ; 18, an Ament; 3,a
 Calyptra ; 2, a Volva ; and 113, no Calyx of any  kind.
  tColoured, as in the Passion Flower, Indian Reed, &c.
  \Caducous, falling off,  as in the Poppy, which very quickly loses ill
 two Calyx leaves.
  t Abiding, as in the Egs>; Plant, where it increases to a large size.
  ||Serving the Office of Pericarp, the office of seed-vessel, as  in ibe
 Nettle.
  ITDouble,  as in  the Mallow.
  **Obscure, as  in the Rose-bay, Rhododendron.
  ttDeficient. absent, as in the Lilies
  ^Most commonly stationed,  not always, as in Anemony and Paj«
 sion-Flower, a somewhat rare occurrence.
  ♦} A general and partial Umbel, Umbelliferious, or  Umbel-bearing
 plants, are  of two kinds; from a common centre precede the pedun
ules, or flower stalks, like the sticks of an umbrella, and when each pe-
duncle terminates with a flower, as the Geranium,  Cowslip,  Meadia,
the Umbel is then called general; but if these  peduncles,  instead  of
terminating in a flower, end in a fulcrum, »r point, whence ether r* 
5
                THIRD  LECTURE.

                        On the Corolla.

 BESIDES the guardianship of a Calyx, many flowers have also their
 Corolla, which has a similar office, and it is  not improbable that
these expansions have likewise a reference to the solar  ray, which
these parts either increase by a reflective power, or ward ofif from the
central organs ; hence the advantages of the variety in their shapes
and colours.
  However apparently varied, the forms of this part of the flower are
circumscribed.  Thus—
  The term Corolla is a compound idea, made up of the following
distinct notions, as—
I.     Bell-shaped  (Campanulata),  hollowed  internally  like a bell,
        often swollen at the sides, and without a tube.
U.    Wheel-shaped  (Rotata), slightly hollow, or the border flat,
        and with so little a tube as to resemble a wheel on the ground.
III.    Funnel-shaped (Infundibuliformis) having the border of the
        Corolla like a cone, and placed upon a tube, so as to resemble
        a funnel.
IV.    Salver-shaped (Hypocrateriformis) having  the border of the
        Corolla flat, and placed upon a tube resemb'i ig a salvor.
V.     Rengent (Ringens) having the border of the Coroll  like two
        open lips,  placed upon a tube, resembling a  person gaping.
VI.    Personate (Parsonata) having the border of  the Corolla like
        the lips, the mouth closed, greatly resembling the snout of an
        animal, also placed upon a tube.
VII.  Tubular (Tubularis) when  the floret of a compound flower
        ends  in   a tube, the border being five-cleft.
VIII. Ligulate (Ligulata) when the Corolla of the floret is linear,
        i. e. resembles the strap of a shoe.
IX.    Compound Radiate or Rayed. (Radiata) having the two sorts
        of flowers, Tubular asd  Ligulate; Tu'mlar in the Disk 01
        centre, and Ligulate in the Kay  or circumference.
X.     Cruciform (Cruciata) having four petals, placed like a St. An-
        drew's Cross.
XI.    Rosaceous (Rosacea) having five or more petals, not fleshy, or-
        bicularly placed.
XII. Liliaceous, (LHiacea) having six or more petals, fleshy, placed
      also, in a circle.
XIII. Papilionaoeous^(Papilionacea) having four petals.* of different
      shapes and sizes,placed so as to resemble a butterfly on the wing.

duncles proceed, and these terminate each in a flower, the Cmliel is
theni  called partial; and hence the involucre itself is called a ^niera,
or partial involucre.  Fool's Parsley i« nn example of this  Inst kind.
  *  Four petals,   For Ihe names which these have received, ride
Explanation of the Botanical Terms applied to the Corolla.
                            B2
ffij%pa»w^M«^^ 
G
              FOURTH  LECTURE.

                        On the Nectary.

  THE term Nectary, like the Corolla, is also a complex idea, like
our words pigeon, dog, made up of many different individuals, indeed
too numerous and diversified, to be distributed under heads, for every
singular appearance in different parts of the flower, even unconnect-
ed w ith the corolla, for whatever is not calyx, or stamen, or pistillum,
or corolla, whether it secretes honey, or not, is  called by botanists,
the Nectary.
  The following are amongst the most prominent examples:—
 1. A Spur, or horn (Nect. corniculatum).
 2. A small open cup (Cyathus apertus), small hollow cups,  circu^
    larly ranged in the interior of the flower.
 3. A cup closed by a lid  (Cyathus clausus) a similar  arrangement of
    nectaries, as in the preceding, but closed with a lid.
 4. Like the cut finger of a  glove (Nect. companulatum) hollowed
    like  the finger of a glove cut off, but depending.
 5. Like a funnel upright  (Nect. Infundibuliforme).
 i. Like a slipper (Nect.  calceiforme).
 1. A simple cavity (Fovea excavata), an excavation  at the base of
    each petal.
 3. A naked channel (Linea Longitudinalis excavata)  an hollow
    longitudinal groove,  in a petal.
 9. Villous projections (Nect. barbatum) numerous villi placed upoa
    the petal.
10. Filaments without anthers, imitating stamina (Filamenta sine an-
    theris, veluti stamina), filliform projections  like stamina, each
    terminated with a clasper.
11. Petal-like (N'ec. Petulam mentiens).
12. Resembling a nest of  doves  (Columbulos referens) five cornuted
    nectaries,  the whole  resembling much a  nest of doves.
13. Resembling  Dolphins (Figuram Delpkini  reprajsentan9)  like  a
    dolphin elevated on a pillar or filament.
14. Like a  tongue  (Veluti lingua).
15. Resembling rays of glory (Pilamenta versicolarate in orbem po-
    sita), projections in the form of rays of glory.
16. Giving the appearance of various animals (Nect. formam  anima-
    Hum mentiens)-
17. A naked scale  (Squama  nuda).
18. A fringed scale (Squama fimbriata).
19. Glands upon the Stamens (Cilandulce filamentis ndspersae).
£0. Glands at the insertion of stamens (Glandular filamentis positatf 
T
                 FIFTH  LECTURE.

                  On the Pericarps and Seeds.

  AFTER the sight and smell have been regaled by flowers. Nature
then seems only intent  upon the continuation and increase of the
species.  The Calyx and  Carolla  wither;  the Stamina  having
fulfilled their office,  perish,  with the -ligma and'Style;  and the
Germen alone increases, and  then becomes conspicuous, when it is
oalled the Pericarp.
  TEN different sorts  of Pericarps, or Seed-vessels,  are enume-
rated by botanists.
I.    Drupe (Drupa) is a pulpy seed-vessel—encompassing  a stone,
        or nut.
IL   Pome (Pomum) is a pulpy seed-vessel—not enclosing a stone,
       or nut—in the middle of which are radiated cells for the re*
       ception of seeds.
 JJI  Berry (Bacca) is a pulpy seed-vessel,  without radiated cells in
       the centre—having the seeds irregularly dispersed throughout
       the pulp.
 }V.  Follicle (Folliculus)  is  a membranous  seed-vessel—of one
       valve—opening longitudinally, i. e. on the side—and having
       no aparent suture for  fastening or attaching the seeds within
       it.
 V".   Silique (Siliqua) is a membranous seed-vessel—of two valves,
       with a dissepiment intervening—seeds attached alternately t»
        the upper and under sutures—seed-vessel longer than broad-
        flowers cruciform.
 yi.  Silicle (Silicula) has the  same  definition as the  last—except
        that the seed-vessel is rather broader than long.
 VII.  Legume (Legumen)   is a  membranous  seed-vessel—of  two
        valves—no dissepiment—seeds attached to the superior suture
        only—flowers papilionaceous.
 VIII. Capsule (Capsula)  is a membranous seed-vessel—varying  in
         the number of valves—without the characters of Pericarps
         IV. V. VI. VII. as  defined above—splits in a determinate
         manner into valves.
 IX.   Nut (Nux) a hard stone, or shell, enclosing a kernel—but
         without a pulpy covering, in which case it would be a Drupe.
 Xi   Strobile (StrobilusJ is a seed-vessel composed of ligneous £cale*j
        which embrace the seeds within their bosom, 
                            t

CONTINUATION OF LECTURE FIFTH.
          THE  DIFFERENT KINDS OF SEEDS,

  THE Seeds present so great a diversity of appearance, that they
onnnot, like the Calyx, Corolla, or Pericarp, be grouped into distinct
assemblages, but must be presented  to  the reader individually,  of
which the following are some of the most striking examples.
  1. A Double-seed,  each resembling a boat (Semen duplex, navicu-
      lar formam  repreesentans.)
  2. Kidney-shaped,  with heptagon and pentagon cells (Reniform^-
      cellulis pentagonis et heptagoni».)
  3. Ovate (Ovatum,) shaped like an egg.
  4. Globular (Globosum.)
  5. Square  (Tetragonum,) having four sides.
  6 '1 riangular (Triangulare) having three sides.
  7. Cylindric (Oblongum,) oblong.
  8. Resembling a particular shell  (Figuram honaec  mentieni}
 9. Ditto.
10. Ditto.
11. Resembling the head of a monkey (Figurum cynocepbeis reprae-
      sentans)
12. A single crown (Corona simplex.)
13. A double crown (Corona duplex.)
14. A shuttle cock (Corona pennacea.Jf 
9
BOTANICAL TERMS APPLIC ABLE TO THESE SEVERAL
   PARIS, GIVEN IN  Tfl'i PftSC -;01.\;r LECTUIliSS.

                          1. CALYX.

 1. Peculiar (Proprius) belonging to a single flower.
 2. »  ominon (Communis) coim hi to several flowers.
 3. Beneath (Inferus) placed  beneath the Ciermen.
 4. Aiove (^uperus) above the  oiermen.
 5. >I ii aphyllous ( M mophyllus) consisting of one leaf.
 6. D'uibyllous (Diphyllus) of two leaves.
 7, Tnphyllou (Tripliyllus) of three  leaves.s
 8. Tetraphyllous (Tetraphyllus) of four leaves,
 9. Pentaphylhus f iJenUphyllus) of five leaves, and so on tffl
10. Polyplivllou* fPolyphyllus,) composed of uunv leaves.
11. Intire ('integer^ having the  b.uder, or edge of the leaf ev«».
12. Toothed f Dentatus) cut into snail teeth.
13. Partite ('P.irtitiuJ divided into large segments.
14. It"-l'\-A f ;i3!l»xits_) bent back.
15. Iran icite.l (Tmbricatusj  having the leaves placed over one ano-
     ther, like the tiles of a house.

                         II.  COROLLA.

 1. Monopetalous (Monopetala) consisting  of one petal only.
 2. Polypetulous (Polypetala) composed of  two or more petals.
 S. Simple  (-implex) not a compound flower.
 4. < ompounl (Composita) made up of distinct  florets on a  common
     receptacle.
 5. R<ived  (Kadiata) having tubular  florets in the disk, or centre,
     and ligulate in the ray, or circumference.
 6.  vubular (Tubularis) having florets ending in a tube.
 7. >a^ il ite (<iigulata) hiving the petals linear, like a strap.
 8. (tegular (Regularis) with all the parts proportionate.
 9. Irregular (trreg.ilaris) having all the parts disproportionate.
10. rube  (Tuius) the inferior narrow hollow part of a manopetaloue
     corolla.
11. Claw (JnguU) the  inferior narrow flat part of a polypetalouc
     orolla.
\1. Bonier  (Lamina) the upper flat part of a polypetalous corolla.
13. Burner (Vexillum) th * upper part of a papilionaceous flower.
14. Willis (Viae) the side petals of ditto.
15, Keel  (Carina) the under  petal, shaped like a boat, of ditto. 
10.
                    III. PERICARP.
 1. Valves (Valvular) the external pieces  forming the sides  of  tine
    seed vessel.
 I. 'utures ^uturae) the edges or margins,  by which the valves are
    connected.
 3. Co'nmn (Columella) a central point of  union of the partitions in
    the seed vessels.
 4. Partitions  (Dissepimenta) the divisions of the  seed-vessel into
    cells
 5. I ells (Locu)amenta^ hollow places for the reception of the seeds,
 6. One-seeded  (Modospermus).
 7. Two-seeded (Dispermus) and so on.

                          IV. SEED.

 1. Aril (Atittus) the outer coat of the seed.
 2. Fye (Hilum) an oblong scar, marking  the place where the seed
    was affixed by an umbilical cord to the seed  vessel.
 3. Heart  (Corculum) the rudiment of the young  plant within the-
'   seed.
 4. Plume (Plumula) the ascending part of the corcule, or infant stem.
 5. Radicle (Radicula) the descending part, or infantvoot.
 6. Cotyledons (Cotyledones) the side-lobes, furnishing nourishment
    to the corculum.
 7. Seminal leaves (Folia Feminalia) the first leaves of the pantuls,
    serving the office of cotyledons or lobes.
 8. Pappus (Pappus) a feathery crown.
 9. Stipe (Stipes) a tbiead connecting the pappoi to tk© seed. 
11
   SIXTH  LECTURE.

Classes and Orders of the Sexual System.
  4.
  5.
  6.
  7.
  8.
  9.
 I).
 V.

 1..
 l.i.

 14.
 15.

 1*>.

 17.

118.
19.

20.

21.

22.


23.

24.
       CLASSES.

       Names

  1. Number only.
 MON-ANDR1A.
 DI-ANDR1A.
 TRI-ANDRIA.
 lETR-ANDRIA.
 PENF-ANDRIA.
 HEX-ANDR1A.
 HEPT-AN DRI A.
 OCT-AN DRI A.
 £VNE-ANDRIA.
 DI.C-ANDRIA.
 D J DEC- AN DRI A.
   \'um and Insertion.
 10O8-ANDRIA.
 POLY-ANDRIA.
3. Num. & Height.
 Di-DvNAMIA.
 IEiRA-DYNAMIA.
 I. Unton of Filaments.
 MONA-DELPHIA.

 D1A-DELPHIA.

 POLYA-DELPHIA.

  Union of .Jnthers.
SYN-GENE.>IA.
     6. Position.
 GYN-ANDRIA.
    7.  Seperalions.
 MON-GECIA.

 DMECIA.

    8.  Polygamy.
 POLY-GAMIA.
    9.  Concealment.
 CRYPTO-GAMIA.
Donations.
 )ne Stamen.
 I wo Stamina.
 Three Stamina.
 • our Stamina.
 Five Stamina.
 Six Stamina.       -    ■
 Seven .-tamina.
 Eight Stamina.     -    •
 Nine Stamina.
 Ten Stamina.
 Twelve to Nineteen Stamina
 J Twenty or more Stamina insert-
 l  ed on the Calyx, or Corolla
 I Twenty, or more Stamina, on
 (  the Receptacle. -

 Two long Stamina, two short.
 Four long Stamina, two short
 i Filaments united at the bottom
 \  into one Body
 J Filaments united at the bottom
    into two Bodies
 i  F ilaments united  at the bottom
 (  into three, or more Bodies

 Five united Anthers.

 < Stamens  grow ing out of the Pis-
 (  til,  or an elongated receptacle.
 i  Hamens and .Pistils in seperate
11   corollas, upon the same Plant.
I i  Stamens and  Pistils in  seperate
11   corollas, upon different Plants

 Bisexual  and unisexual Flowers.

Stamens and Pistils invisible.
2.
3.
3.
S.
6.
5.
4.
4.
3.
5.
6.
5.

7.

2.
2

7.

5.

4.

6.

9.

11.

15.

3.

5. 
1*
                    The Orders Explained.
CLAPS I. MONANDI IA (C nr > umen)  contains two Ordeft.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.

CLASS II. DIANDR1A (Two Stamina) contains three Ordtra
  1 Monogynia  having one pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pisiilla.
  3 Trigynia three Pistilla.

CLASS III. TRIANDR1A (Three Stamina) contains three Order?.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two  Pistilla.
  3 Trigynia three Pistilla.

CLASSIV.TL1RANDRIA (Four equal Stamina) containstbrt*
                           Orders.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.
  •3 letragynia four Pistilla.

CLASS V. PFNTA^DR1A (Five Stamina) contains six Ord«S.
  1 Monogynia  having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.
  S Trigynia three listilla.
  4 Tetiagynia four Pistilla.
  S Pentagynia five Pistilla.
  6 Polygynia many Pistilla.

CLASS VI.  BtXANDEIA (Six equal Stamina)  contains fire
                           Orders-
  1  Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.
   3 Irigyma  tbre^ Pistilla.
  4 letiagynia  four Pistilla.
   5 Polygynia many listilla.

CLASS V11. HF PI AN DRI A (Seven Stamina) contains four Orders'
   1 Mtncgynia hnvmgMie 1 istillum.
   2 Digynia two Fistilla.
   Slri^ynia three Fistilla.
   4 Bepiagynia seven Pistilla.

CLASS Vlll OCTANDRIA (Fight Stamina) contains four Orderw
   1 Moncgynu  having one Pistillum.
   2 Ditynin iw< Fistilla.
   3 liigjnia three listilla.
   4 '1 tti^gjnia hui listilla.

 CLAS1 IX.  IMvl AM F1A (Nine Stamina) contains three Orders
    Monogynia having one Pistillum 
13
  2 Trigynia three Pistilla.
  3 Hcxagyiiia six Pistilla.
CL AS  X  DEC V X DRI A (Ten Stamina) contains five Orders.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.
  3 Trigynia three Pistilla.
  4 Pentagynia five Pistilla.
  5 Decagynia ten Pistilla.
CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA (Twelve to nineteen Stamina) con-
                       tains six Orders.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digyuia two Pistilla.
  3 Trigynia three Pistilla.
  4 Pentagynia five    t-tilla.
  5 Dodecagynia twHve Pistilla.
  6 Poiygynia many Pistilla.
 CLASS XII  ICOSANDRTA  (Twenty or more Stamina on the
              Palyx or Corolla) contains five Orders.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia t\v» Pistilla.
  3 Trigynia  three Pistilla.
  4 Pentagynia five Pistilla.
  5 Polygnia many Pistilla.
CLASS XIII.  POLYANDRIA  (Twenty or more Stamina on the
               Receptacle) contains seven Orders.
  1 Monogynia having one Pistillum.
  2 Digynia two Pistilla.
  3  l'rigynia three  Pistilla.                       __.
  4 Tetragynia four Pistilla.
  5 Pentagynia five pistilla.
  6 Hexagynia six pistilla.
  7 Polygyuia many Pistilla.

CLASSXIV. DIDYNAMIA (Two long Stamens, and two short)
                   contains two Orders.
  1 Gymnospermia, Seeds  naked in the bottom of the Calyx.
  2. Angiospermia, Seeds contained in a Pericarp.
CLASS XV. TETRADYVAMIA (Four Iwig Stamens, two short)
                      contains two Orders.
  1 Siliculosa, Seeds in a small, short, or round pod.
  2. Siliquosa, Seeds in a long slender pod.
GLASS XVI. MO\ADELPHlA(Filamentsunited  at bottom into
                 one Body) contains five Orders.
  1 Pentandria having five Stamina.
  2 Decandria ten Stamina.
  3 Bndetandria eleven Stamina.
                               C 
u
    4 Dodecandria twelve Stamina.
    5 Polyandria m-iny ^tamina.
 CLASS XVII. DIAOEI.P'-IIA (Filaments united at bottom  into
                two Bodies) contains fonr Orders.

    1 Pentandria having five Stamina.
    2 Hexandria *ix Haniina.
    3 Octandria eight Stamina.
    4 Decandriii ten  "lamina.
 CLASS XVIIL  P )LY \ DELPHI A (Filaments united into three
               or more Bodies) contains four Orders.

   1  Pentandria having five Stamina.
   2 Dodecandria twelve Mwnina.
   3  Icisinl i i twenty ^tamina.
   4  Polyandria many ttamina.

 GLASS XIX STNGENESIA (Five united Anthers) contains six
                            Orders.
   1 Polysomia aequalis. when all the flosculi, or florets, are bisexual.
   2 Polygamia sunerflui, when the florets iu the centre are bisexual,
 find those in the circumference female.
   3 Polygamia frustranea, when the florets in the centre are bisexual,
 and those in the circumference barren.
   4 Polygamia necessaria, when  the bisexual florets in the  centre
 produce no seed, but the pistil florets in the circumference produce per-
 fect *ped.
   5 Polygamia segregata,  many partial or proper calyxes within  the
 common calyx, -eparating  the flosculi or florets.
   G Poly~-jp!-v oionogamia, containing simple flowers (i. e. not com-
 pound,) yet nave their five Anthers  united.

 CLASS XX. GYNANDRIA (Stamens growing out of the Pistil, or
        on an elongated Receptacle) contain^ eight Orders.

   1 Diandria having two Stamina.
   2 Triandria three Stamina
   3 Tetrandria four Stamina.
   4 Pentandria five Stamina.
   5 Hexandria six Stamina.
   € Decandria ten Stamina.
   7 Dodecandria twelve Stamina.
   8 Polyandria many Stamina.

CLASS XXL MONGECIA  (rTnisexual  flowers on tbe same plant)
                     contains eleven Orders
   1  Monandria having one Stamen.
   2 Diandria two ^tamina.
   3 Triandria three Stamina,
   4 Tetrandria four stamina.
   S Pentandria fire Stamiosu 
13
  '6. Hexandria six Stamina.
  7. Heptandria seven Stamina.
  8. Polyandria more than «-even Stamina.
  9. Monadelphia Filaments united in one body.
 10. Svngenesia Anthers united.
 11. Gynandria Stamina growing out of the Pistil.

CLASS XXII. DICECIA  (Unisexual flowers on different plants)
                    contains fourteen Orders-
  1. Monandria having one Stamen.
  % Diandria two Stamina.
  3. Triandria three Stamina.
  4. Tetrandria four Stamina.
  5. Pentandria five Stamina.
  6. Hexandria six Mamma.
  7. Octandria eight stamina.
  8. Enneandria nine ^tamina.
  9. Decandria ten Stami ,a.
 10  Dodecandria twelve Stamina,
 11. Monadelphia  Filaments united.
 12. Polyadelphia many Stamina.
 13. Syngenesia Anthers united.
 14. Gynandria Stamina growing out of the Pistil.

CLASS XXHI. POLYGAMIA. (Bisexual and unisexual flowers.)
                     contains three Orders
  1. Monaecia Bisexual, and  male or female flowers on the same f iant
  2. Dicecia  Bisexual, and male or female flowers on separate plants.
  3. Trieecia Bisexual, also male  and female flowers, growing  sepa-
rately on three distinct plants of the same species.

CLASS XXIV. CRYPT KiAMIA (stamina and Pistils concealed,)
                      contains five Orders.
  i, Filices comprehending the Ferns.
  2. vInsci the  Wosses.
  3. Algae in> hiding the Fuci or sea-weeds.
  A. Fungi containing the Mushro.un.
  5: Hepaticae possessing the Liverworts, 
1G
  CONTINUATION OF LECTURE SIXTH.

                      On ike  Utility oj System.

    The Utility of System will.be now obvious, for, extraordinary as it
  way appear, any person possessing a knowledge of the preceding
  thiitepn pages, will be enabled t>> discover, without a guide, the Name
  ofev-;ry Plant he may find in any portion of the globe.

    For instance  we will suppose the enquirer meets with a plant in
• stagnant waters, in Great Brttasn; with one  stamen and one pistillum,
  he th<Mi relets to any book of Botauy, in which Plants are arranged,
  according to the Sexual System of Linnaeus, and  he will  find that
  there are only thirteen plants, in the known world, of ( lass I. Mon-
  andria,  Order I.  Monogynia,  and as  the generic  characters of
  these arf  taken from  some differences in  the parts of  fructification,
  he will readily comprehend this expression " No Calyx, no Corolla,''
  which refers to Hippuris ( Mare's-tail) it <>eing the only plant  in the
  first  (lass and Order without the«e parts, and hence he will have dis-
  covered the plant in question to be the Hippuris.

    We will next suppose hinrat Surinam, he  there meets with a btan
  tiful  flower then unknown to him.  He  looks  over the generic
  characters  of the first  Clasi"  and Order, and observes  only three
  plants having a Corolla three~parted. henee it must be  one of these
  three, viz. Renealmia,  Amomum, and  Curcuma.  The  Renealmia
  has a calix, a spatha of two leaves, with a remarkable nectary,  which
  characters  the other two not possessing) would at once point out this
  plant to be the Renealmia.

    Suppose him in Tndia, and he meets with a plant, whose flower baa
  a corolla six-parted, of the first r lass #nd Order, there are only tw»
  plants in the known world with tbe corolla six-parted, viz. the Kem- '
  pheria and ^anna.  He finds  that the Canna his a nectary composed ]
  of two petals, like lips, the under of which is revolute, which the Kem-
  pheria has not, and he at once finds his plant to be the Canna.        «

    In the same manner can he also discover  the name  of every  un-
  known plant, by tracing it to  its <"hss  and Order,  and afterwards
  examining its generic  characters, which  is  always takeu from  the
 frmtijmtion, all plants of lhe same genus possessing  similar powers. 
 
 
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