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    i 
FLOJLULA BOSTONIENSIS
COLLECTION
of
PLANTS  OF  BOSTON



     AND ITS ENVIRONS,
WITH THEIR GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS, SYNONYMS,



   DESCRIPTIONS, PLACES OF GROWTH, AND TIME OF



             FLOWERING,
OCCASIONAL REMARKS.
BY JACOB BIGELOW, M. D.
iu*

             BOSTON:




PUBLISHED BY CUMMINGS AND HILLIARD, NO. 1, OORNHILL.





      Cambridge:::iHilliard & Metcalf, printers.





              1814. 
DISTRICT CLERK'S OFFICE.
                                  District of Massachusetts, to int.
     Be it remembered, that on the 21st day of May, 1814, and in the thir.
ty eighth year of the independence of the United States of America, Ja-
cob  Bigelow of the said district has deposited  in this office the title of
a book, the  right whereof he claims as author,  in the words following,
to wit, " Florula Bostoniensis : A collection of Plants of Boston and its
environs, with their generic and specific characters, synonyms, descrip-
tions, places of growth, and time of flowering, and oceasional  remarks.
Br Jacob Bigelow, m. d."
     In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, enti-
tled, "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies
of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies
during the times therein mentioned :" and  also  to an Act entitled, " An
Act supplementary to an Act entitled, An Act for the encouragement of
learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors
and proprietors of such copies, during the times  therein mentioned; and
extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and
etching historical and other prints.*'
W S, SHAW £ C^r^ of the District
            ' C  of Massachusetts. 
**
   A
                  TO THE






TRUSTEES OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETI



      FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE,







              THIS WORK





                IS INSCRIBED,





      AS A  TESTIMONY OF  RESPECT,





                   BY





          THEIR OBEDIENT SERVANT,





                           THE AUTHOR.
-i^JwLJ& 
ABBREVIATIONS
Ait.	Aiton.	Mill.	Miller.
Curt>	Curtis.	Muhl.	Muhleiiburg.
Erh.	Erhart.	Pers.	Persoon.
Frel.	Froelich.	Poir.	Poiret.
Gart.	Gaertner.	Reich.	Reichard.
L.	Linnaeus.	Sm.	Smith.
Lam*	Lamarck	Sw.	Swartz.
Lamb.	Lambert.	Walt.	Walter.
V Iter.	1' Heritier.	Wang.	Wangenheim.
Mich.	Michaux.	Willd.	Willdenow.
Mith.f. Michaux the younger. 
PREFACE.
   During the  very flattering  attendance which;
for the last, and the present season,  has been  be-
stowed on the botanical lectures in this place, and
the prevailing taste which has been manifested for
the study of plants; it was impossible not to feel the
great inconvenience  arising from the deficiency of
botanical books.  The common  standard works of
the science, those containing the genera and species
of plants, are hardly so much as heard of by name in
our bookstores.  These works, even when obtained,
being principally in Latin, are useless to a great class
of amateurs of the science, who are not conversant in
the learned languages.   To  this it may be added,
that  a great number of American plants have never
been fully  described,  that all that is known con-
cerning them is contained in the few words of a
specific character, which  to the student, or inexpe-
rienced botanist, can> hardly afford a necessary de-
gree of satisfaction and certainty.
   I have been influenced by these  circumstances
in determining to offer to the friends of botany in this
section of  the country,  the  present collection of
plants, which has been undertaken  with  the hope 
VI
that it may be found to answer some useful purpose
as a book of practical reference, until some more
extensive work may appear among us.
    The plants described  in this book have been
collected during the two last seasons in the vicinity
of Boston, within a circuit of from five to ten miles.
These limits have only been exceeded in the  case of
a few remarkable plants, as Magnolia, Podophyl-
lum, &c. whose places of growth and distance from
Boston are  distinctly noticed.   It  is presumed
however that the vegetables of this part of the coun-
try will serve as a tolerable specimen of the botany
of the whole New England states, and particularly
of the maritime parts.
    No plants have  been inserted, which  were not
found growing spontaneously, or in their wild state.
Of these  a majority are  originally  native, the rest
have emigrated to us from other countries.   Plants
which are found growing only in a state of cultiva-
tion, are  omitted ; and among others the numerous
cultivated trees and shrubs.
    In describing the plants, the  genera have been
placed at the head of each class, and  the species
afterward in the same order,  with corresponding
numbers.  On account of the smallness  of their
number, it has not been thought necessary to repeat
the generic characters singly, especially as  many of
them are given more at large than mere essential
characters.  In the  species I have carefully avoid-
ed all changes of names or unnecessary innovations
* 
of any  sort.  The specific characters have been
taken from  authors with  as  much fidelity as was
consistent with  translation,  except where  these
characters were  found to  be obviously imperfect.
In a few instances characters of superfluous  length
have  been  abridged,  (abr.J and sometimes the
terms have  been changed for more convenient ones
of the same  import, (m. t.J  Occasionally also the
character has been  taken from  a synonym,  and
marked accordingly, (sub syn.J
   In some  instances it appears probable, and even
evident, that different plants have been intended by
different authors under the same name.   In these
cases I  have preferred,  for the present,  not  to
change the name, but to give it on the authority of
that author who has described the plant intended in
this work.
   The  principal synonyms of  recent botanists
have been given.  To each specific  character has
been added  a more full description of the plant ta-
ken from actual specimens, together  with the place
of growth, time of flowering and duration, and oc-
casional remarks on the properties and uses of par-
ticular species, collected from authors, or derived
from personal observation.
   The present work does not profess to contain a
complete collection of the plants of  this section of
the country.  Such an undertaking,  neither my
present leisure  and opportunities, nor the time al-
lotted for this publication, would permit.   I may 
V11I
perhaps entertain a hope of being able at a future
period to  atone in some measure for this deficiency.
At present I shall be  satisfied if the work, now of-
fered to the public,  should prove an auxiliary  to
the study  of an interesting science, and be satisfac-
tory to those friends who  have obligingly aided me
with facilities during  its composition.  I flatter my-
self that among its faults, the most  numerous will
not be its errors ;  and  whatever may be its fate
with  the public, I shall retain  the  consciousness,
that it has not been the result of superficial inquiry,
or negligent observation.

    Boston, May, 1814. 
FLORULA  BOSTONIENSIS.
  Class I.    MONANDRIA.    One stamen.
      Order I.   MONOGYNIA.   One style.
   1. Salicornia.  Calyx inflated, entire ; petals
none;  stamens one or two ; seed one, inclosed in
the calyx.

      Order II.   DIGYMA.     Two styles.
   2. Callitriche.   Calyx none;  petals  two;
seeds four, compressed, naked, with a margin on
one side ; flowers sometimes monoecious.
1 
s
Class I.   Order IL
                  MONANDRIA.
                    MONOGYNIA.
               1.    SALICORNIA.
Salicornia herb ace a. Mich.  Glass wort, jointed samphire,
                      Pigeons foot.

    Herbaceous, small, erect; spikes linear-oblong;
peduncles compressed, widening at top.   Mich.

   A fleshy, branching, leafless  plant; not commonly exceed-
ing half a foot in height.  Joints  of the stem compressed, some-
what four sided.  Branches opposite, subdivided, terminating in
scaly spikes.   It grows in salt marshes and flowers in August
and September.—Annual.
   The plant here described differs from the European, in hav-
ing the tops of the joints even and entire, not emarginate ; also
in the scales of the calyx, which are  very acute.
   Different species of Salicornia are among the maritime
plants employed in the manufacture of Soda.  They are used at
table as pickles.

                      DIGYNIA.
              2.    CALLITRICHE.
Callitrjche aquatica.  Sm.              Water starwort.

    Stem floating; upper leaves spatulate, obovate.
Synonym.  Callitriche verna.  L.
   The leaves are small, opposite, inversely  ovate or wedge
shaped, rounded at the end, (not acute as in the European ;) the
upper ones forming star like tufts on  the  ends of the  stem.
Flowers minute, axillary, solitary, sessile.   It grows in fresh
water, supported by its floating upper leaves; flowering above,
but ripening its seeds under water.—Found in Roxbury.—An-
nual. 
ClaSs II.   Order I.
3
   Class II.     DIANDRIA.     Two stamens.
       Order I.   MOJVOGY»YIA.   One style.
       A.  Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular.
    3.  Ligustrum.  Corolla four cleft; berry two
celled, four seeded,

 B. Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular, fruit capsular.
    4.  Veronica.  Corolla four cleft;  rotate, the
lowest division narrow ; capsule superior two celled.
    5.  Gratiola.  Corolla four cleft, two  lipped ;
calyx  mostly seven  leaved;  stamens four, two of
them barren ; capsule two celled.
    6.  Utricularia.   Corolla  ringent,  spurred ;
calyx two leaved ; capsule one celled.
 C Flowers inferior, monopetalous, irregular : seeds naked.
    7-  Lycopus.   Corolla four  cleft, nearly equal,
one of the divisions notched; stamens distant; seeds.
four.
    8.  Monarda.  Corolla ringent; upper lip li-
near, involving the filaments ; seeds four.
    9-  Cunila.   Corolla ringent;  upper lip  flat;
stamens four, two of them barren ; seeds four. 
4
Class II.  Order II.
  10. Collinsonia.   Corolla somewhat  ringent;
lower lip many cleft, capillary ;  seed one.

              D.  Flowers superior.
  11. Circjea.  Calyx two leaved ;  corolla two
petalled;  petals inversely heart shaped ; capsule
two celled ; cells one seeded.

        Order II.    DIGYNIA.    Two styles.
  12. Anthoxanthum.  Calyx, glume two valv-
ed, one flowered ; corolla, glume two valved, a,wn-
ed. 
Class II.   Order I.
5
                   DIANDRIA.
                   MONOGYNIA.
               3.    LIGUSTRUM.
Ligustrum  vulgare.  L.                Privet or Prim.

 Leaves lanceolate, acute; panicle crowded.  Willd.
   An ornamental shrub with smooth, opposite,  spear shaped
leaves, thickening at the ends of the branches.  Remarkable in
summer for its panicles of small white flowers, and in autumn
for its conical bunches of black berries.  Frequent in woods, and
near fences, particularly in Roxbury.—May, June.

               4.    VERONICA.
Veronica serfyllifoma.  L.          Smooth Speedwell.
    Raceme  terminal,  somewhat spiked ;   leaves
 ovate  somewhat  crenate, three  nerved, glabrous ;
 capsules obcordate, shorter than the styles.  Smith.

    A small plant, hardly distinguishable among  the grass, ex-
 cept  when in flower.  Stem decumbent, rooting at the base ;
 leaves opposite, roundish ovate ; flowers bluish white with vio-
 let stripes ;  capsules inversely heart shaped.—Pastures and road
 sides.—May, June.—Perennial.

 Veronica scutellata.  L.              Marsh Speedwell.

     Racemes lateral, alternate; partial flower stalks
 divaricated;  leaves linear, slightly indented.  Sm.
    Stem weak, leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate slightly tooth-
 ed ;  racemes axillary, consisting of a few small flowers of a pale
 flesh colour with purplish stripes.   Stalks of  the fruit bent
 backward.  Found very common in wet places,  varying in size
 according to the quantity of  water, flowering all  summer.—Pe-
 rennial. 
 6                Class II.   Order I.

                 5.    GRATIOLA.
 Gratiola aurea.  Muhl.                  Hedge Hyssop.

     Leaves lanceolate with few teeth ;  sterile  fila-
 ments none ; capsule nearly equalling the calyx.
 Syn. Gratiola  officinalis.  Mich.
    Stem smooth, upright or ascending at base, mostly simple,
 half a foot high.  Leaves opposite, sessile, somewhat clasping,
 smooth, dotted under a magnifier, oblong-lanceolate, with a
 slight tooth or two on each side toward the end.  Peduncles ax-<
 illary, alternate, slender.  Calyx leaves seven, linear-lanceolate,
 two of them external.  Corolla irregular, yellow, its tube curv-
 ed, and hairy within.   Stamens two inserted in the sides of the
 corolla.  Style long,  persistent.—Borders of ponds and muddy
 places.—-September,
               6.    UTRICULARIA.
 Utricularia  vulgaris.  L.                Bladder wort.
    Nectary  conical ;  scape  with few flowers.  L.
   An aquatic plant, appearing above water only with its stalk
 and flowers.  The roots are slightly fixed to the mud at bot-
 tom, the rest of the plant floats in the water by means of nume-
 rous small air  bladders attached to  its immersed  portions.
 Flowers yellow.—Ditches and stagnant waters.—June, July.-*
 Perennial.
                 7.    LYCOPUS.
Lyoopus Europ^us.   L                 Water horehound.

     Lower leaves  cut, upper leaves  lanceolate, ser-
 rate ; calyx  acuminate-prickly.   Mich,
   Stem  square ;  leaves opposite, lower ones deeply, upper
 ones more slightly toothed.  Flowers in whorls.  This plant, as
 Dr. Smith observes, resembles the mints, but has no aromatic
 smell.—Wet ground,  flowering all summer.—.Perennial, 
Class II.   Order I.                7
                 8.    MONARDA.
 Monarda allophylla.  Mich.             Soft Monarda.

     Leaves oblong, sharply serrate ; head terminal;
 calyx bearded at the  edge;  corollas  slender, elon-
 gated.  Mich.
 Syn.   Monarda oblongata.  Ait.
    Stem square, commonly purple or spotted, two feet high;
 leaves soft and downy, rounded at base, serrate on the sides, entire
 towards the point.  Petioles and smaller branches downy. Brac-
 tes and calyxes ciliate.   Flowers, in terminal heads, blue  or
 flesh coloured.—Lynn beach island. Waltham.—July, August.
 -—Perennial.
    The taste of the whole plant resembles that of thyme.

                   9.    CUNILA.
 Cunila pulegioides.  L.                    Pennyroyal.

     Leaves  oblong,  two  toothed;  flowers  whorl-
 ed.   X.
    A well known pungent and strong scented plant.  Leaves
 opposite ; lanceolate-oval with a few teeth on each side.  Flow-
 ers in numerous whorls ;  calyxes with the upper lip ending  in
 three points, the lower in two bristles.
    This plant having found its way into England, was describ-
 ed as a new species of mint, under the name oimentha exigua,
 until Dr. Smith detected the error.
    In dry grounds.—July, August.—Annual.

               10.     COLLINSONIA.
Collinsonia Canadensis.   L.                  Horse weed.

     Leaves heart-ovate;  stem smooth; teeth of the
 calyx  subulate, shorter  than the tube. 
8
Class II.   Order II.
    Plant three or four feet high.   Leaves opposite, very large
 serrate and acuminate, the lower ones on  long petioles, the
 upper pair sessile.   Panicle terminal, its  branches opposite.
 Flowers dull yellow; lower lip of the  corolla fringed.  Sta-
 mens distant, slender, very long.   Style very long ;  stigma bi-
 fid.—Roxbury, road side.—July, August.—Perennial.

                 n.    circJa.
 Circsa lutetiana.  L.             Enchanters nightshade.

     Stem  erect;   leaves  ovate,  slightly  toothed,
 opaque, pubescent.  Smith.
 Syn.  Circaea  Canadensis.  Muhl.
    Stem round; leaves opposite.  Flowers in terminal racemes;
 petals  inversely heart shaped, reddish white ; capsules  round-
 ish, covered with minute hooks;  stalks of  the capsules  bent
 backward.—Moist woods, particularly on Lynn beach island.—
 June, July.—Perennial.

                       DIGYNIA.
           12.     ANTHOXANTHUM.
 AnthoxanthiTm odoratum. L.   Sweet scented vernal grass.
     Spike ovate-oblong ;  flowers longer than their
 awns, standing on  short stalks.   Smith.
   Stem about a foot high.  Leaves short, flat; sheathes some-
 what swelling;  stipule lanceolate, scarious.  Spike terminal,
 solitary ;  calyx glumes unequal, rough on the back ;  corolla
 shorter than the calyx, awned on the back.
   This  grass,  when  partly  faded, is exceedingly fragrant,
 whence its name.   It grows  on farms where it was formerly in-
troduced from Europe.—May, June.—Perennial. 
Class III.   Order II.            9
  Class ILL.    TRIANDRIA. Three stamens.
       Order I.    MONOGYNIA.    One style.
             A.  Flowers superior.
    13. Iris.  Corolla six parted, the divisions al-
ternately reflected; stigmas petal form.
              B.  Flowers inferior.
    14. Xyris.  Corolla three petalled;  calyx two
valved; capsule three celled.
              C.  Flowers grassy.
    1$. Schqenus.  Corolla none ;  calyx of fasci-
cled,-chaffy scales ; seed one, roundish.
    16. Cyperus.   Corolla none ;  calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate two ways ;  seed mostly naked.
    17. Scirpus.  Corolla none ;  calyx of chaffy
scales imbricate every way ; stigmas three ;  seed
mostly naked.
    18. Eriophorum.  Corolla none; calyx of im-
bricate scales; seed invested with long wooly hair.
    19. Spartina.    Calyx two valved,  compress-
ed,  one valve larger, longer, and carinated; corolla
two valved.
      Order II.      DIGYNIA.     Two styles.
        A.  Flowers scattered, one in each calyx.
    30. Panicum.  Calyx three  valved, the third
              2 
10           Class III.   Order II.
valve dorsal and very minute ; corolla permanent,
investing the seed.
   81. Alopecurus.   Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered ; corolla one valved; flowers spiked.
   33. Trichodium.   Calyx two valved, one flow-
ered ;  corolla one valved, awnless ;  flowers pani-
cled.
      B. Flowers scattered, several in each calyx.
   33. Phleum.   Calyx two valved, one flowered,
sessile, linear, truncate, ending in a point, inclosing,
and longer than the corolla.
   34. Agrostis.   Calyx two valved, one flower-
ed ;  the valves acute ; corolla two valved, unequal,
larger than the calyx.
   25. Leersia.  Calyx none ;  corolla two valv-
ed, closed.
   36. Uniola.  Calyx many valved ;  spikelet
ovate, carinate.
   37- Dactylis.   Calyx of two  valves,  many
flowered, one of the valves larger, longer, compres-
sed,  carinate.
   38. Poa.  Calyx two valved; spikelet round-
ed at the base ; corolla two valved, the valves ovate,
somewhat acute,  awnless.
   39. Briza.   Calyx two valved ; corolla inflat-
ed, its valves heart-shaped, mostly obtuse.
   30. Festuca.  Calyx two valved; spikelet ob-
long, roundish, with pointed glumes.
   31. Bromus.  Calyx two valved ; spikelet ob- 
Class m.  Order III.           11
long, roundish, two ranked;  awn from below the
top of the valves.
    33.  Arundo.   Calyx two valved; corolla wool-
ly at the base, awnless.
    C.  Flowers spiked on a long slender receptacle.
    33.  Lolium.  Calyx one valved, many flowered.
    34.  Triticum.   Calyx two valved, many flow-
ered.
    35.  Elymus.  Involucre four leaved, two flow-
ered ; flower compound.
    36.  Hordeum.    Involucre  six  leaved, three
flowered; flowers simple.
      Order III.    TRIGYNIA.    Three styles.
              A.  Flowers inferior.
    37.  Lechea.   Corolla tliree petalled;  calyx
three leaved ; capsule three celled, tliree valved.
    38.  Mollugo.   Corolla none ; calyx five leav-
ed ; capsule three celled.
              B. Flowers  superior.
    39.  Proserpinaca.   Corolla none; calyx three
parted ; seed one, three celled. 
IS              Class HI.   Order I.
                  TRIANDRIA.
                    MOJVOGYMA.
                       13.  IRIS.
Iris Virginica.  L.   Virginian Iris.   Common blue flag or
                     flower de luce.

    Flowers beardless ;  leaves ensiform; stem acute
on one side ;  segments of the stigma turned back-
ward.
   A principal ornament of meadows and wet grounds, its large
blue flowers appearing in June.   Stem from one to three feet
high, compressed, with one side sharper than the other. Leaves
sword shaped, a little curved at the point.   Germs obtusely
three cornered with flat sides.  Outer petals revolute, more than
twice the size of the inner.—'Perennial.

Iris gracilis, (mihi).                       Boston Iris.

    Iris  imberbis ; foliis linearibus ;  caule tereti,
plurifloro ; germinibus trigonis, lateribus bisulcis.
    Flowers beardless ;  leaves linear ; stem round,
many flowered;  germs triangular, twice grooved on
the sides,
   Root fleshy,  sending  out short runners from  which new
plants arise ; stem round, smooth, slender, from one to two feet
high, branching at top, bearing several alternate  leaves, and
from two to eight flowers. Leaves linear, erect,  sheathing at
their base.  Bractes or involucres close, becoming dry.  Pe-
duncles flattened on the inside, varying in their proportions to
the bractes, but commonly longer. Outer petals slender, spreads
ing, purple at the edge, yellow and veined in the middle,  the
yellow portion much  greater than in the last species.   Inner 
                Class m.   Order I.              13

petals lanceolate, slightly emarginate.   Germs oblong, three
sided;  sides with two deep parallel grooves, the  whole repre-
senting a cylinder with three smaller ones attached to its sides.
As the germ enlarges the distance between the two furrows
does not increase, and they are nearly obliterated in the capsule,
which is triangular and turgid with its three rows of seeds.
   Found at South Boston and Cambridge in the same places
with Iris Virginica, but much less frequent/—June.—Perennial.

                    14.  XYRIS.

Xyris Jupicai. Mich.                    Yellow eyed grass.

     Leaves linear, somewhat  obtuse;  scape near
the  head dilated,  two  edged ;   scales rounded.
Mieh. abr.
Syn,  XrRis Caroliniana.  Lam. Poir.
   Root bulbous ; leaves grassy, shorter than the scape; scape
erect, two edged, twisted, a little widened at top.   Heads round-
ish,  rather acute, supporting a  number of  small  yellow florets
projecting out of the scales, hairy within, and consisting of three
ovate, crenate petals.—Meadows.—July, August.—Perennial.

                   15.  SCHCENUS.
Schoenus albus.  L.               White headed bog rush.
     Culm  three  sided, leafy ;  flowers fascicled ;
leaves  setaceous.
   A smooth, grassy plant, with white heads of flowers.  Stem
half a foot or more in height, three sided, mostly smooth. Leaves
mostly  belonging to the stem, alternate, sheathing, the sheaths
tubular or entire.  Flowers in  fascicles on footstalks, terminal
and  axillary, erect.  Glumes white, afterward becoming brown-
ish.   Seeds surrounded with short hairs.—In low woods and
bwamps.—Brighton.—July.—Perennial. 
 11             . Class III.   Order I.

                   16.  CYPERUS.
 CypEfcus spathaceus. L.                Sheathed Cyperus.

    Culm round, leafy ;  leaves alternate, with en-
 tire sheaths ; racemes axillary and terminal.
 Syn.   Scirpus spathaceus.   Mich.
   A tall leafy grass.  Stem smooth, hardly three sided, cover-
 ed with numerous short, flat, smooth, spreading leaves, proceed-
 ing from sheaths  which are  perfectly entire or tubular, the
 part opposite the leaf ending in  a rounded point.   The lower
 leaves, not the sheaths, are deciduous.  Racemes mostly  axil-
 lary.  Peduncle compressed,  bearing  from  five  to eight alter-
 nate,  sessile, narrow  spikelets of about six flowers.  Glumes
 two ranked.  Seeds surrounded with hairs.—Borders of ponds
 and rivers.—August.—Perennial.

                   17.  SCIRPUS.
 Scirpus  TRiquETER. Mich.         Triangular club rush.

    Culm leafless, three  sided;  spikelets  lateral,
 shorter than the point, sessile, conglomerate, oblong-
 ovate.   Mich. abr.
   A  naked, triangular  rush, two  or three  feet in height.
 Culm straight, smooth, acute angled and sharp pointed. Spikes
 few, in a lateral bunch near the top, mostly sessile,  crowded,
 reddish.  Glumes  carinate pointed, with a dilated,  lacerated
margin.—Salt marshes.—July, August".—Perennial.
   In this variety, the spikes are few in number, mostly sessile,
 and generally two inches or more below the top of the stem.  It
 corresponds with the figure of Plukenet, but hardly with that of
 Sowerbv. 
                Class III.   Order I.             15

Scirpus maritimus. L.                     Sea club rush.

    Culm triangular, panicle clustered, leafy, termi-
nal ; glumes pointed, torn into three segments. Sm.
St/72.  SCIRPUS  MACROSTACHrUS.  Lam.  Muhl.
   Culm erect, smooth, one or two feet high, leafy at base.
Leaves linear, acute, rough  on the margin.  Bractes or floral
leaves several, very unequal in length.  Panicle resting on these,
crowded, consisting  of large sessile and pedunculated spikes,
ovate, conspicuous by their dull chesnut colour and yellow an-
thers.  The glumes are ovate, shining, slightly carinated, divid-
ed into three small segments at tip, the middle one of which is
prolonged into a short, setaceous awn.—Salt marshes and ditch-
es.—July.—Perennial.

Scirpus retrofhaotus. L.                    Burr rush.
     Culm triangular ;  umbel simple; spikelets di-
 varicated.
    A conspicuous grass in meadows and low grounds. Stem
 erect, with  three acute angles.  Leaves smooth, with a rough
 edge. Floral leaves several, very long, unequal.  Rays of the
 umbel unequal, with terminal spikes.   Spikelets numerous, lin-
 ear-subulate, closely imbricate, sessile, surrounding their com-
 mon stalk,  and  inserted nearly at a right angle with it.—July,
August.—Perennial.

Scirpus aoutus. Muhl.                  Pointed bullrush.

     Culm round, leafless, equal;  spikes several, be-
 low the top,  oblong, somewhat umbelled.
    This nearly resembles the large bullrush, (Scirpus lacus-
 tris,) but differs in its fructification, which is lateral, never ter-
 minal.  Culm erect, round, smooth, naked, filled with light,
 spongy pith, often spotted, five or six  feet high, uniform in size
 for  the greater part of its  length, ending in an  acute point 
 16              Class III.   Order I.

 Spikes several, in a cyme or umbel about an inch below the tip,
 oblong and closely imbricate.  Peduncles smooth, compressed,
 unequal.—In deep water at Fresh Pond and elsewhere.—June,
 July.—Perennial.

                18.  ERIOPHORUM.
 Eriophorum  angustifolium. Reich.  Common cotton grass.

     Culm  round; leaves channelled, triangular  at
 the tip;  spikes several, on flower stalks.
    This grass is sufficiently conspicuous by the cotton like tufts,,
 it supports throughout  the  summer.   Stem round, smooth.
 Leaves a little shorter than the stem, smooth, channelled, ter-
 minating in a slender three sided point.  Spikes ovate, nodding,
 on peduncles of different lengths, commonly simple, rarely com-
 pound.  Glumes  brown with a scarious margin.  Tufts of hair
 fine, whitish, of a silken  appearance.—Common in meadows.—
 Perennial.

Eriophorum Cyperinum. L.             Red cotton grass.

    Culm slightly three sided, leafy ; panicle  more
 than decompound, proliferous ; spikelets numerous.
 Syn.  Scirpus Eriophorum.   Mich.
   A common and very tall meadow grass.  Culm erect, firm,
smooth, leafy, round, a little compressed on three sides.  Pani-
cle umbelled, nodding, terminal, with a large leafy involucre.
Peduncles numerous, unequal, rough, supporting other panicles
or umbels, with smaller involucres.  Spikelets in  heads, very
numerous, small, ovate, covered with dull reddish wool.-—Au-
gust.—Pe r ennial.

                 19.   SPARTINA.
Spartina Cynosuroides. Muhl.             Rough grass.

    Spikes numerous, alternate or  scattered;  pe- 
                 Class III.   Order I.             17

 duncles rough; outer valve of the calyx rough with
 minute teeth on the back.
 Syn. DacTylis cynosuroides.  L.
      Trachynovia cynosuroides.  Mich.
   Stem  three feet  high, round and smooth.  Leaves very
long, smooth, somewhat rough on the margin, the edges convo-
 lute when the plant grows near the sea.  Spikes numerous, on
 rough peduncles, given off successively from the three sides of
 a triangular  common stalk.  Flowers closely imbricated, in a
 double row, leaning to one side of their flexuous receptacle. In-
 ner valve of the calyx very small; outer valve  much larger,
carinated, and rough with minute prickles on the keel.—Marsh-
es.—August.—Perennial.

Spartina juncea.  Muhl.             Short rough grass.
     Spikes from one to three ;  peduncles smooth ;
outer valve of the calyx rough with minute teeth on
the back;  leaves convolute-setaceous.
 Syn.  TRACHYNOtIA JUNCEA.  Mich.
   A much smaller grass than the preceding, which it resem-
bles in the form of its spikes.   Stem round, smooth, about a
foot high.   Leaves alternate, somewhat two ranked, acquiring
when rolled up, a filiform appearance.  Spikes about two, on
smooth stalks, shorter than in the foregoing species, but similar
in shape.  Outer valve of the calyx nerved, rough on  the keel
like the last.  Anthers purplish.—Salt marshes.—July.—Pe-
rennial,

Spartina glabra. Muhl.                    Ditch grass.

    Spikes numerous,  sessile,  somewhat imbrkpfc
ed;  valves of the calyx mostly glabrous.
   A large rank grass, common about muddy shores and in salt
              3 
18             Class III.   Order II.

water ditches.   Stem round, smooth, three or four feet  higln
Leaves very long, smooth, acute.  Spikes ten or a dozen, ses-
sile, lying  over each other, with their backs successively appli-
ed to the three  sides of a long triangular, smooth, common
stalk.  Flowers closely  imbricated,  in a double row, leaning
outward, as in the former species.  Inner valve of the calyx li-
near.   Outer valve many times larger, compressed, and to the
naked eye glabrous.   Through a glass it is found  ciliated on
the keel. Anthers straw coloured.—August, September.—Per-
ennial.

                      DIGYNIA.
                  20.  PANICUM.
Panicum glaucum.  L.              Glaucous panic grass.
    Spike oblong, involucres  of many bristles,  two
flowered ; glumes bearing the seed, undulate-wrin-
kled.  Mich, abr.
   Culm round, striated, grooved at top.   Leaves flat, rather
broad, with striated even sheaths and hairy  stipules.  Spike
cylindrical;  flowers commonly in pairs, accompanied  by bris-
tles of a yellowish green, rough forward.  Corolla, inclosing the
seed, transversely  corrugated.——About cultivated and low
grounds.—July.—Annual.

Panicum  verticillatum. L.         Whorled panic grass.
    Spike whorled ;  spikelets in fours ; involucres
of two bristles, rough with reversed teeth, and em-
bracing a single flower.    Sm.
   Culm spreading, rough near the spike.   Leaves broad, very-
rough forward;  stipules hairy.   Spike single, rather cylindri-
cal, composed of crowded spikelets arranged in  whorls.  This
grass is readily distinguished from the last  and from Panicum 
                Class IIL   Order II.             19

viride, by drawing the spike downward through the hand,  A
rough sensation is felt from the bristles being bearded backward,
which is not perceived in the other species which are bearded
forward.—Cultivated grounds.—July, August.—Annual.

Panicum Crus galli.  L.          Cocksfoot panic grass.

    Spike doubly compound, its  stalk mostly five
angled;  spikelets alternate or in pairs, subdivided;
calyx bearded, rough.   Sm.
    Readily distinguished from the two  last by its large com-
pound spikes, and large leaves.  Culm striated, smooth. Leaves
broad and long,  rough on the margin.   Sheaths smooth swell-
ing.  Stipules none.  Receptacle  or spike stalk rough, angu-
lar.  Calyx ribbed, a little hairy, with short, variable awns.—
Rubbish artd cultivated grounds.—July, August.—Annual.

Panicum sanguinale.  L.            Purple panic grass.
     Spikes  finger  like, their receptacles winged,
flexuous, knotted at  base ;   flowers in pairs, awn-
 less,
 Syn.  DlGIfARIA sanguinalis.   Mich.
    Known at sight by its  radiating, umbelled, or finger  like
 spikes.  Culms ascending, rooting  from their lower joints.
 Leaves acute, waved at the edge, a little hairy.  Sheaths striat-
ed, hairy, sometimes smooth, upper ones longer than their leaves.
 Spikes diverging from the top of the culm at one or more points;
 their receptacle  compressed, serpentine, with spikelets of two
 and sometimes of three or four flowers in its depressions.—Cul-
 tivated grounds.—July, August.—Annual.

 Panicum  capillars.  L.               Hairy panic grass.
      Sheaths very hairy;  panicle capillary, branch-
 ing, decompound, lax; flowers minute, all pedicel- 
 SO             Class m.   Order II.

 led,  solitary,  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  awnLess.
 Mich,
    A tall, branching grass,  the  culm, leaves, and especially
 the sheaths covered with thick, rigid, horizontal hairs.   Panicle
 often a foot long and nearly as wide, its branches long, straight,
 stiff, slender, given off at right angles, knotted at the base.  Pe-
 duncles capillary, supporting solitary, scattered, naked flowers.
 —Frequent in corn fields, &c. flowering about July.—Annual.

 Panicum latifolium.  L.        Broad leaved panic grass.

    Leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasping;  sheaths hai-
 ry at the neck ; panicle with lateral racemes.
    Distinguished from most other grasses around it by its very
 broad leaves.  Culm smooth, giving out branches from its joints.
 Leaves wide, rough at the edge,  acuminate, clasping the stem,
 hairy where they unite with their sheaths.  Panicle of small or
 middling size, with its branches mostly simple, the lower ones
 sometimes compound.  Glumes ovate, striate, awnless.—Woods.
 —May, June.—Perennial.

                  21.  ALOPECURUS.
 Alopecurus geniculatus.   L.     Floating Foxtail grass.

    Culm ascending, bent at the joints ;  spike some-
 what compound, cylindrical;  glumes obtuse, hairy,
 Sm,
    Stems of various lengths, ascending, forming knees  or  an-
 gles at the joints, and rooting from the lower ones, when the
 plants grow in the water.   Leaves  rather smooth and  short,
 their sheaths  a little swelling. Spike cylindrical, obtuse, di-
 visible into lobes.   Glumes of the  calyx obtuse,  fringed with
 long hairs. Corolla awned at base.—Ponds and ditches.—July.
—Perennial. 
                Class III.   Order U,             31

                     22.  PHLEUM.
Phleum pratense.  L.      Herds grass or cat's tail grass.

    Spike  cylindrical, very  long; glumes  fringed
at the back, longer than the awns!   Sm.
   Culm upright, round, smooth.  Leaves flat, pointed, rough
on the upper side ;   sheaths long, striated;  stipules blunt.
Spike long, cylindrical, upright.   Calyx  of two glumes fringed
with hairs on the back, square  or truncated at the end? with
two short awns.—June, July.—Perennial.
   This grass is extensively cultivated,  forming a  chief con-
stituent of what is with us called English hay.  It is usually
denominated  herds grass, and sometimes improperly fox tail
grass.   In England it is  known by the name of cat's tail, and
Timothy grass,  the last burlesque appellation derived  from
Mr. Timothy Hanson, one of its early propagators.   It is said
to have fallen there into disrepute, although its reputation is
good in this country.  Professor Martyn  and Mr. Curtis speak
of it as a harsh, coarse grass, in all respects inferior to the true
foxtail grass, (Alopecurus pratensis.)

                   23.  AGROSTIS.
Agrostis vulgaris.   With.     Red top.  Fine bent grass.

    Panicle spreading  with divaricated,  capillary
branches;  calyx valves equal; inner petal obtuse,
half as Ions: as the other.   Sm,
   A pretty common grass in dry mowing land and pastures,
usually  entering into  the  composition  of our English hay.
Stem erect,  smooth,  slender, leafy.  Leaves narrow, acute,
with long sheaths.  Panicle erect, red, its branches very numer-
ous and fine, arranged in half whorls, flexuous and variously di-
vided.   Flowers numerous and very small.   Calyx valves  lan-
ceolate,  acute, spreading, purple at base, scarious on the  mar- 

Class III.   Order II.
 gin.  Inner  valves of the corolla half as long as the outer.—
 June, July.—Perennial.
 Agrotis alba.   L.
    Panicle  loose;  culm  creeping;  calyx  valves
 equal, lanceolate, polished, rough on the keel.  Sm\
    Stems spreading, ascending, rooting at the lower joints.
 Leaves rough, their sheaths smooth.  Panicle loose, consisting
 of somewhat distant half whorls, its branches much subdivided
 and roughish.  Flowers lanceolate, shining, white or purplish
 brown.  Valves of the  calyx equal, acute,  rough on the back
 oiriy.—Meadows.—June, July.—Perennial.

                 24.  TRICHODIUM.
Trichodium laxiflorum. Mich.              Thin grass.

    Culms erect,  leaves   narrow, short;   sheaths
 somewhat rough.   Pers.
    This grass is  readily .known by its  very  thin,  spreading,
 capillary panicle   Stem erect, smooth, slender..  Leaves short,
 glabrous, on roughish sheaths.  Panicle consisting of very long,
 straight, rough branches, of a purplish  colour,  hardly larger
 than hairs, and very flexible.  These  are given off in  half
 whorls, and are repeatedly subdivided into three or four branch-
 lets at a time.  Flowers minute, scattered  at the ends of the
branches.  Glumes lanceolate,  acute.—Road  sides.—July.—
 Perennial.                 Mt,

                    25.   LEERSIA.
Leersia oryzoides.  Swartz.                   Cut grass.

    Panicle  loose;  spikelets  triandrous;  keel  of
 the glumes ciliate.   Sw.
 Syn.  Phalaris oryzoides.  L.   « 
Class III.   Order II.
33
     Stem about two feet in height. Leaves rough, narrow, on long
  rough sheaths.  Panicle erect, spreading, with slender, rough
  branches.  Flowers  very distinguishable by their oval figure
  and white colour.  Glumes of the corolla compressed, the two
  valves  shut together, so as to assume an elliptical form, with
  the curvature on one side greatest."  Keel of the valves ciliated,
  giving the circumference of the flower a fringed appearance.—
  Wet places.—August.—Perennial.

                       26.  UNIOLA.
  Uniola spicata.  L.                         Spike grass.

      Somewhat spiked; leaves involute,  rigid.   L.
     A common grass of the salt marshes.   Stem a foot high,
  round, smooth.   Leaves of the stem numerous, short, smooth,
  increasing in frequency upward, the upper ones hardly an inch
  apart, rolled up so as to acquire a setaceous form, commonly
  investing, and often  overtopping the spike.   Spike  irregular,
  about an inch long, consisting of ten or a dozen small, compress-
  ed, crowded spikelets.  Glumes flattened, sharp on the back.*-*
4r July .—Perennial.

                      27.   DACTYLISi
  Dactylis glomerat^lX.                  Orchard grass.

      Panicle crowded, leaning  one Way.   Sm.
     Root  perennial.    Culms round, rough  toward  the top.
  Leaves very rough.   Stipules cloven or torn.  Panicle of flow-
  ers consisting of close bunches on rough and rigid peduncles ;
  leaning toward one side.   Calyx  pubescent  and rough, the in-
  ner valve twice as large as the outer, and shortly awned.—-June.
  —Perennial.
     A coarse, but  extremely hardy and productive grass, said
  to be much more luxuriant here than in Europe.—By fences,
  Thickets, kc—June, July. 
$4
Class III.   Order II.
                       28.  POA.
 Poa pratensis.  L.                  Common spear grass.

    Panicle  spreading;  spikelets of four flowers;
 glumes lanceolate,  five  nerved, connected  by  a
 web ; stipule short and blunt.  Sm.
    Spear grass or meadow grass is found in all situations, con-
 stituting a considerable portion of the common turf in pastures,
 road sides, See  Culms leafy, slender, smooth,  often stolonife-
 rous.   Leaves spreading, blunt, with obtuse or truncated stip-
 ules.   Panicle large, loose, of horizontal fine branches, bearing
 many ovate spikelets of about four flowers.—June.—Perennial.
    This is an excellent and useful gr,ass.

 Poa compressa.  L.                          Blue grass.

    Panicle  condensed,  its branches  leaning one
 way; erect, before and  after  flowering.   Culm as-
 cending, compressed.   Sm.
   Root creeping.   Stem decumbent at base, erect above, very^
much compressed, whence  the name.  Leaves commonly glau-
cous, narrow, with long sheaths.  Panicle erect, crowded, tend-
ing to one side, obtuse ; its branches^ort and rough, appres-
sed to the stem except at the time of flo^^ring. Spikelets ovate.
Florets closely imbricate,  varying in number,  connected at
base by a thin web.—Dry grounds.—July, August.—Perennial.

Poa annua.   L.                       Annual spear grass.

    Panicle  divaricated;  spikelets ovate;  florets
a  little  remote, five  ribbed,  destitute  of a  web;
stem oblique, compressed.   Sm.

   A smaller grass but equally common with the first.   It is
annual in duration, but rapid in increase, and commonly the first 
Class III.   Order II.
25
grass to  appear  on new grounds.   Culms smooth, flattened,
spreading obliquely.   Leaves flaccid, obtuse, their margin wav-
ed in the middle.   Stipules sharp.   Panicle erect, with its
branches depressed when old.

                      29.  BRIZA.
Briza Canadensis.  Mich.             Rattlesnake grass.

    Panicle lax,  spikelets erect, with from four to
ten  florets ;  calyx very  small; outer valve of  the
corollas oval, acute.   Mich. abr. m. t.
   A large grass found in meadows and readily recognized by
its swelling spikelets.  Stem erect, smooth.  Leaves rough on
the  back.   Panicle loose,  with slender  branches,  nodding.
Spikelets numerous, on distinct footstalks, ovate, erect or  nod-
ding. Valves of the calyx short and narrow.  Outer  valve of
the corolla oval, inflated, acute, with a scarious point and mar-
gin.  Inner valve obtuse.—July.

                    30.  FESTUCA.
Festuca elatior.  L.                  Tall Fescue grass.
     Panicle drooping, spreading loosely every way,
much branched;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate, acute ;
florets cylindrical, obscurely ribbed.  Sm.
    Stem three or four feet high, glabrous.  Leaves  wide and
long, smooth with a rough margin.   Panicle large, decom-
 pound, loose and nodding.   Spikelets numerous,  pedunculated,
ovate-oblong, acute.   Glumes of the calyx unequal, acute, keel-
ed,  glabrous.    Florets  numerous,  two ranked,  glabrous.—
Meadows and thickets.—June.—Perennial.
    This is a very productive and useful grass.
                 4 
S®             Class III.   Order II.

Festuca fluitans. L.              Floating fescue grass*

    Panicle branched, erect;  spikelets subsessile,
cylindric, awnless.   L.
Syn. Pqa fluivans. Sm.
   A thrifty aquatic grass, found in wet meadows and the edg-
es of ponds and streams.  Stems rooting at base,  tall, round,
smooth.  Leaves flat, smooth, the lower ones loose and floating.
Sheaths long, compressed.  Panicle very  long, nearly erect,
with alternate branches pressed near to the stalk.  Spikelets
linear, round, upright.  Calyx unequal, smooth, not very acute.
Anthers short  and round.   This grass thrives in  inundated
grounds, and is very grateful to horses and cattle.—June, July.
—Perennial.

                    31.  BROMUS.
Bromus secalinvs.  L.                  Rye Bromegrass.

    Panicle spreading;  peduncles but little branch-
ed ; spikelets ovate, compressed, of about ten  dis-
tinct,  somewhat cylindrical florets.  Sm.
   Stem erect, three feet high, smooth.  Leaves flat, rough at
the edge and underneath,  somewhat hairy above.   Sheaths
smooth.  Panicle spreading, its branches rough, unequal, most-
ly simple, and one flowered.  Spikelets large, nearly oval, of
about ten florets.   Calyx unequal, smooth.  Outer glume of
the corollas swelling, with a rough awn inserted at the back a
little below the tip.—June.—Perennial.

                    32.  ARUNDO.
Arundo Phragmites. L.                  Common Reed.

     Calyx containing five florets, panicle loose.  L,

   A native of wet situations.  Culm of the height of a man,
very erect and smooth.  Leaves lanceolate,  long and broad, flat 
                 Class III.    Order II.             27

 and sharp pointed.  Panicle erect or nodding, conspicuous for
 the long, slender, shining hairs which project from the flowers,
 and give the whole a bright silvery appearance.—Fotind at the
 edges of deep  waters, particularly on the north side of Fresh
 Pond, where it resembles at a distance a field of standing corn.
 Flowers in July and August.—Perennial.

                     33.  LOLIUM.
 Lolium perenne.  L.                 Ray grass.  Darnel.

     Spike  awnless;  spikelets compressed, longer
 than the calyx.  Sm.
    Stem  a  foot or more in height, round, smooth.  Leayes
 smooth, with short stipules clasping the stem.  The stem ter-
 minates in a long, smooth, flexuous rachis or receptacle, to the
 two sides of which  the spikelets are fixed,  alternately, and at
 some distance from  each other.  Calyx sessile, of one valve,
 containing a flat ovate,  acute,  sharp edged spikelet of close
 lanceolate florets.—May, June.—Perennial,

                   34.  TRITICUM.
 Triticum repens.  L.                        Couch grass.

     Calyx  subulate, many  nerved,  five flowered;
 florets sharp  pointed;  leaves  flat;  root  creeping.
 Sm.
    This grass has a long, creeping root, penetrating deeply in-
to the earth, and very tenacious of life, which renders it a trou-
blesome  weed in cultivated grounds.   Stem about two  feet
high. Leaves spreading, flat, rough on the edge and upper sur-
face. Stem ending in a  flexuous receptacle, bearing two rows of
alternate, sessile spikelets, more  numerous and crowded, than
in Lolium perenne.  Glumes all  lanceolate, subulate, and acu»
minate.—Flowers all summer.—Perennial. 
38             Class III.   Order II.

                    65.  ELYMUS.

Elymus Virginicus. L.                       LVn*e Srass'
    Spike erect; spikelets three flowered; involu-
cre striated.   L.
   The large erect spikes of this grass resemble at a distance
heads of barley.   The stem  is round  and  smooth.   Leaves
smooth, somewhat rough on the margin.  The stem ends in a
compressed, flexuous, toothed  receptacle ; each tooth support-
ing an involucre of four striated, rough, lanceolate glumes, end-
ing in short awns.  Each involucre contains two or three  flow-
ers.  Calyx lanceolate with a straight terminal awn.—Marshes.
—July.—Perennial.

                   36.  HORDEUM.
Ho-rdeum jubatum. Ait.               Squirrel tail grass.

    Lateral florets abortive, their awns  many times
shortest; involucres setaceous, six times as long as
the flower.

   This grass is remarkable for the length and fineness of its
awns, which give to its spikes a hairy appearance. Stems  slen-
der, smooth, and round, two feet high.  Leaves rather short,
rough on the back and edge.   Sheaths smooth.  Receptacle
compressed, ciliate on the edges, jointed, breaking at the joints
as the plant dries.  Flowers two ranked, one at each joint or
tooth of the receptacle.  Each perfect  floret is surrounded at
its base by an  involucre of six long capillary awns, two of which
are distinct; the other four unite in pairs a short way from  their
insertion, each pair with a minute, abortive  floret in its  fork.
Outer glume  of the calyx lanceolate, ending in an awn six times
its  length, and equalling those <f the  involucre.—Marshes.'—
June. 
              Class III.   Order HI.             29

                     TRIGYMA.
                    37.  LECHEA.
Lechea major.  L.                      Large Pin weed.

    Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flowers lateral, scatter-
ed. L.

    An upright hairy plant, found upon rocks, dry hills, and
sandy fields  exposed to the sun.  Stem from one to two feet
high, stiff, brittle, purple, covered with hair.  Leaves nearly
oval, reflexed at the margin, downy, whitish underneath. Flow-
ers small, obscure, crowded upon the  ends and  sides of the
branches, followed  by roundish capsules of the size of  a  large
pin head.—July, August.
Lechea minor.  L.                      Small Pin weed'.

    Leaves linear-lanceolate, flowers panicled.   L.
    Grows with the last in dry sterile situations, and is about half
its size, its branches finer and more spreading.   Stem upright,
less hairy than the last, giving off leaves and branches somewhat
in whorls.  Leaves narrow, revolute at the margin.   Branches
numerous, mostly simple.  Flowers minute, in small lateral
and terminal  racemes.   Capsules round, not larger than  mus-
tard seed.—July,  August.

                   38.  MOLLUGO.
Mollugo verticillata. L.                  Carpet weed.

    Leaves whorled, wedge-form, acute; stem sub-
divided, decumbent; peduncles one flowered.  L.
    A small, flat, spreading plant common in cultivated ground.
Stems  prostrate,  jointed, simple or compound, giving off at
each joint a whorl of wedge-shaped or spatulate leaves, and a
few small flowers on simple footstalks.—Flowers at midsummer
and after, 
 30             Class III.   Order III.

                  39.  PROSERPINACA.
Proserpinaca palustris. L.     Spear leaved Froserpinaca.
    Lower leaves  subpinnatifid or cut-serrate ; the
rest linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate. Mich.
   An aquatic, remarkable for its very hard, triangular, axillary
fruit.   The leaves stand alternately on  the stem,  are narrow,
pointed, with very acute serratures.  When the plant grows in
the water, its immersed leaves are cut into linear  segments.
Flowers two or three in the axil of each leaf.  Nut bony, three
sided, three celled.—Found in meadows and ponds.—June, Ju- 
Class TV.  Order I.
31
 Class IV.    TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.
        Order I.   MONOGYJVIA.  One style.
   40. Cephalanthus.  Proper calyx superior,
funnel form;  common receptacle globular;  seed
one, downy.
   41. Plantago.   Calyx four cleft; corolla four
cleft; inferior with  a reflected  border;  stamina
very long; capsule two celled, opening transverse-

   42. Centaurella.  Calyx four parted; corol-
la four parted, somewhat bell shaped; capsule  in-
vested with the permanent corolla  and calyx, one
celled, two valved.
    43. Mitchella.  Corolla monopetalous, supe-
rior, two on each germ;- stigmas four; berry  bifid,
four seeded.
   44. Houstonia.   Corolla  monopetalous ; cal-
yx four toothed;  capsule two celled, two valved.
    45.  Galium.   Corolla flat, superior ;  seeds
 two.
    46.  Cornus.  Calyx four toothed; corolla four
petalled, superior;  drupe with a two celled nut.
    47.  Pothos.  Spathe one leaved ; spadix sim-
ple,  covered  with  flowers;  calyx none ;  petals
 four; berry mostly two seeded.
    48.  Isnardia.  Calyx  campanulate, four cleft,
permanent: corolla none; capsule four celled. 
33           Class IV.   Order IV.
        Order II.   DIGYJVIA.  Two styles.
   49.  Hamamelis.   Involucre three leaved ;
proper calyx four  leaved;  petals four;  nut  two
celled, with two horns.
        Order IV.   TETRAGYNIA.
   50. Ilex.   Calyx four toothed; corolla mono-
petalous ;  styles none; berry four seeded.
   51. Potamogeton.  Calyx none; corolla four
petalled; seeds four, sessile. 
Class IV.   Order I,
33
                 TETRANDRIA.

                    MONOGYNIA.

                40.  CEPHALANTHUS.
Cephalanthus occidentals. It,             Button bush.

    Leaves opposite or in threes.   L.
   Button bush or river bush is a frequent ornament of the wa-
ter side, its insulated thickets famishing  a safe retreat for the
nests of the black bird (Oriolus phoeniceus.)  The  shrub rises
five or six feet out of the water, its leaves are tough, spreading,
pointed, and entire.  In the month of July it puts forth its spher-
ical heads of flowers, which at a distance  appear not unlike the
balls of the plane tree.  Receptacle  globular, of the size of a
large pea, covered  with  whitish funnel  shaped flowers. The
long projecting stamens give to the whole a bristly aspect. The
appearance of this shrub on elevated ground, often indicates the
presence of springs of water.

                    41.  PL ANT AGO-
Plantago major. L.                      Large plantain.

     Leaves  ovate,  smoothish, somewhat  toothed
with rather long  footstalks ; scape round ; flowers
imbricated ;  seeds numerous.   Sm.
    This vegetable, which grows at  every one's door,  and not
the less  for being trampled' under foot, is  in considerable re-
pute among many people as a refrigerant external application.
Leaves spreading on the ground, on channelled footstalks con-
taining strong fibres, like others of the genus, which draw out
when the stalks are broken.  Spikes very long and close.  As in
others of the kind, the flowering commences at bottom and pro-
ceeds very gradually toward the top.—Flowers most of the sum-
 mer.—Perennial.
                    5 
34              Class IV.  Order I.
Plantago lanceolata. L.       Ribwort or field plantain.

    Leaves lanceolate,  tapering at each end;  spike
ovate, naked;  scape angular.   Sm.

   Distinguished from the last by its narrow leaves, short
spikes, and furrowed stalk.  The leaves are lanceolate, acute,
entire, and strongly ribbed.   Stalk upright, deeply channelled.
Spike dark coloured, ovate, with a circle of projecting, whitish
stamens.—Pastures  and road sides*—From May to October.—
Perennial.
Plantago maritima. L.                    Sea plantain.

    Leaves linear, mostly entire, channelled, woolly
at the base ; spike cylindrical, scape round.   Sm.
   Found on salt marshes and known by its leaves, which are
fleshy, linear-subulate, and  hollowed out on their inner side.
Spike cylindrical, of short or moderate length.—Flowers in July
and August.—Perennial.

                42.  CENTAURELLA.
Centaurella paniculata. Mich.       Late Centaurella.

    Stem branching above; branches  subdivided;
panicle erect, many  flowered; segments of the co-
rolla oval; style much shorter than the germ. Mich.
Syn.  BarTonia paniculata.  Muhl.
   A slender, upright plant, found in meadows, flowering about
August.  Stem square, often twisted. Leaves opposite, minute,
subulate, resembling scales.  Flowers small, white, on the ends
of the branches, which are erect and simple or compound.

                  43.  MITCHELLA.
Mitchella repens. L.                    Chequer berry.
   A handsome little creeping plant, the only species of its ge- 
                 Class IV.   Order I.             35

nus.  It is found in woods about the roots of trees, creeping in
the decayed leaves.   Stems furnished with  opposite, round, or
heart shaped,  smooth, petioled leaves, about the size of the
finger nail.  Corollas purplish  white, funnel form, four cleft,
hairy within, bearing the stamens in their sinuses.   The most
remarkable circumstance in this genus is that two calyxes and
corollas stand on a common germ, so that two apparent flowers
produce only one berry.  The blossoms are exceedingly  fra-
grant, and the leaves sometimes variegated.—June, July.—Per-
ennial.

                  44.  HOUSTONIA.
Houstonia cjerulea. L.                 Bluish Houstonia,

    Root leaves  ovate;  stem  compound; first pe-
duncles two flowered.   L.
    Common among the grass in moist ground,  flowering in
May and afterward.   The stems are slender, repeatedly forked,
the divisions supporting single flowers.  The root leaves are
spatulate or  oval,  tapering into footstalks;   those of the stem
opposite, situated at the forks and elsewhere, lance-oval,  the
upper ones sessile.  Flowers not larger than  violets, with which
they grow, bluish white, yellow  at the centre, consisting of a
slender tube with four cross shaped spreading segments.—Per-
ennial.
Houstonia longifolia.  Willd.     Long leaved Houstonia.

    Leaves lanceolate, narrowed at each end; flow-
ers corymbed.   Willd.
    Found  in dry soils at Blue hills and elsewhere, not common-
ly exceeding four or five inches  in height.  Stem erect, four
sided, branching toward the  top.  Leaves opposite, lanceolate,
somewhat  obtuse.  Flowers purplish, in a terminal corymb.—
June, July.—Perennial. 
3b'              Class IV.   Order I.
                    45.  GALIUM.
Galium asprellum. Mich..     Pointed Cleavers-or Clivers,

    Stem  decumbent,  rough  backward;  leaves in
sixes, oval-lanceolate  with a flaccid point;  flowers
on very sfyort pedicels ;  frftit smooth.  Mich. abr.
   Found in thickets and low grounds.   Stem weak, support-
ed by plants around it, like many others  of the genus ;  rough
with minute reflexed prickles, as are also the ribs  and margins
of the leaves.  Leaves jm whorls of six, lanceolate,  with a slen-
der,  scarious, curved point.   Flowers white.  Fruit smooth,
very minute.—June, July.—Perennial.
Galium tinctorium. L.                  Dyers Cleavers.

    Leaves linear, those  of the stem in sixes, of the
branches  in fours;  stem flaccid;  peduncles two
flowered;  fruit smooth.   L.
   A weak,  branching plant, rough with reflexed prickles.
Leaves  linear-lanceolate, obtuse, whorled, the larger ones in
sixes, smaller ones in fours.  Peduncles very small, supporting
minute white flowers, which are succeeded by smooth fruit.—
Thickets and low ground.—June, July.—Perennial.
   According to Kalm the roots dye a permanent red.
Galium verum.  L.                     Yellow Bedjstraw.

    Leaves eight  in  a  whorl, channelled, entire,
pough; flowers in dense panicles;  fruit  smooth.
Sm.

   Grows at Roxbury in dry, open pastures.  Stem upright,
slender, pubescent.   Leaves  linear, rough,  with the  edges
rolled back, pointing downward.  Branches opposite, unequal,
leafy, many flowered.  Flowers small, yellow, followed  by Toi-
nute smooth fruit.—June, July.—Perennial. 
Class IV.   Order I.
37
Galium brachiatum. Muhl.               Cross Cleavers.

    Stems erect, smooth;  leaves in fours, oval, cil-
iate ;   peduncles  divaricate,  few   flowered;  fruit
bristly.

Syn.   Galium circaezans.  Mich.

   Found in woods.  Stem upright, smooth, minutely pubes-
cent.   Leaves an inch, or an inch and an half long, and  more
than half as broad, three nerved, hairy at the margin and nerves.
Branches few, near the top, opposite, few flowered.  Peduncles
nearly  simple, bent in various directions,  making angles at ev-
ery flower, and giving off at the same time a minute leaf.  Fruit
a little  burr with its  short  footstalk reflected.—June, July.—■
Perennial.

Galium Aparine. L.                  ' Common Cleavers.

    Leaves in  eights,  lanceolate, carinate,  rough,
prickly  backwards ;   stem  flaccid ;  fruit bristly.
 Sm.

    Stem brittle, weak, much branched, prickly backward, lean-
ing upon other plants for support.  Leaves in whorls of about
eight together, lance-obovate, their margin* and keel  rough
backward.  Flowers  numerous, small, white, on axillary and
terminal peduncles.  Fruit hispid.—In moist thickets.—May,
June.—Annual.

                    46.  CORNUS.
Cornus Canadensis. L.                   Dwarf Cornel.

     Herbaceous ;  upper  leaves in whorls,  slightly
 petioled, veined.   Willd.

    h handsome plant of half a foot in height.  Root creeping. 
33
Class IV.   Order I.
 Stem simple, ascending, surmounted'-at top with a single whorl
 of six oval leaves, two of which are lower and  larger.  The
 umbel of flowers is surrounded by a large  white involucre  of
 four leaves, which at first sight is taken for the petals of a  sim-
 ple flower.  The berries or drupes are globular and red.   A-
 mong the fertile stems are found a multitude of barren ones,
 supporting whorls of four  leaves.—-Woods,  Brooklyn, Cam-
 bridge.—May, June.—Perennial.
 Cornus Florida. L.                       Dogwood  tree.

    Arboreous ; involucre very large with inversely
 heart shaped leafets.  L.
   A conspicuous and very  ornamental  tree, covered early in
 June with a profusion of large  white flowers.  The  leaves are
 oval, acuminate, pale underneath.  Flowers in  heads surround-
 ed by  a very large, nearly white involucre, the four leaves of
 which have their points inflexed so as to produce the appear-
 ance of a notch.  Fruit oval, red.  The  wood is hard and close
 grained, but the trunk does not attain a sufficient size to become
 of great use.  The bark is bitter and  tonic.  It is often substi-
 tuted with success for the Peruvian bark.—Found in the woods
 at Quincy and some other places, but not common.—May,
 June.
 Ccrnus alba. L.                    White berried Cornel.

    Branches recurved; leaves broad,  ovate, hoary
 underneath ;  cymes naked, flat.   VHer.
   A shrub or small tree with  spreading branches, and ovate,
 acuminate leaves, whitish underneath.  Cymes without involu-
cres, as are the subsequent species.   Flowers  white, succeed-
ed by white" fruit.  In  rich ground it sometimes blossoms twice
a year.—Roxbury, Cambridge. 
Class IV.   Order L
39
Cornus circinata. VHerit.           Round leaved Cornel.

    Branches  warty;  leaves  orbicular,  white-
downy underneath ; cymes naked, flat.   VHer,
Syn.   Cornus -roMExruLosA. Mich.
   An erect slender shrub, distinguished by its spotted or warty
branches, but  particularly  by  its large, rounded,  acuminate
leaves, which are white and downy, almost woolly, underneath.
Cymes terminal, flattened.  Fruit bluish.—On Brighton road.—
June and after.
Cornus paniculata. VHerit.              Panicled Cornel.

    Branches erect, leaves ovate, hoary underneath,
cymes panicled.   VHer.
   A more common shrub than the two last, sufficiently distin-
guishable by its smaller leaves.   The cymes are numerous up-
on the branches, more or less  oblong, and decidedly panicled
when in fruit.  The berries or drupes are white,  as in Cornus
alba.—Low grounds.—June, July.

                    47.  POTHOS.
Pothos foetida. Mich.                   Skunk cabbage.

    Stemless ; leaves oval, concave ;  spadix nearly
globular.  Mich.
Syn.  DraconVium foetidum.  L.
   A foetid, repulsive plant, exceedingly  meritorious  of the
name it bears.  The flowers which appear in April are not des-
titute of beauty, or at least of singularity.  All that at this time
appears above ground  is  the hollow, boat  shaped,  inflat-
ed spathe,  handsomely spotted red and yellow, with its acute
top recurved.  In this is the oval spadix, covered with perfect
tetrandrous flowers. The fruit is a large globular fleshy mass,
formed'of the  enlarged spadix, containing many large, round 
 40              Class IV.   Order II.

 seeds.   During  summer the large bunches  of dark  green
 leaves are conspicuous in every  meadow, swamp, and  brook
 side.—Perennial.

                     48.  ISNARDIA.
 Isnardia palustris. L.                          Isnardia,
    A weed swimming in ditches and streams of water, or creep-
 ing on wet ground.   Leaves opposite, oval or  ovate, smooth.
 Flowers small, sessile in the axils of the leaves, without beauty.
 —J une.—Annual.

                       DIGYNIA.
                  49.  HAMAMELIS.
 Hamamelis Virginica. L.                    Witch hazel.
   The variegated appearance of the American forest during
 the months of  autumn, has been  repeatedly noticed  by travel-
 lers.  Among  the crimson and yellow hues of the falling leaves
 there is no more remarkable  object than the Witch  hazel, in
 the moment of parting with its foliage, putting forth a profusion
 of gaudy, yellow blossoms, and giving to November the coun-
 terfeited appearance of spring.  It is a bushy tree, sending up a
 number of oblique trunks, about the size of a man's arm or larger.
 The leaves are oval or obovate, loosely waved or toothed upon
 the margin.   Flowers in axillary bunches.   Petals  three or
 four times as long as  the  calyx, yellow or straw coloured, rib-
bon shaped, spreading and reflexed.   Fruit a small nut, of two
cells, terminating in two horn-like  projections.—Wet woods.__
October, November.
   The wood is white, its fibres fine and flexible.  The twigs
were formerly used in the  imposture of the diving, or mineral
rods, supposed  to indicate the existence of precious ores. 
                Class IV.   Order IV.           41

                   TETRAJVDRIA.

                      50.  .ILEX.
Ilex opaca.'  Ait.                        American Holly.

    Leaves  oval,   with  strong spreading  spinous
teeth;  fascicles of  flowers  lax, peduncles com-
pound ; calyxes rather  acute,  smooth; fruit ovate.
Mich.
   This tree is  more interesting, from being one of the few
evergreen trees, which we possess, that are not of the conifer-
ous tribe.  Its leaves are tough, smooth, and shining, furnished
at the edge with short, rigid, acute spines.  The  flowers are
numerous, small, of a greenish white, growing in bunches around
the branches.  Berries  red,  falling  very  late.—Quincy, Co-
hasset.-—June.
                51.   POTAMOGETON.
Potamogeton natans. L.             Floating pond weed.

    Upper leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base,
petioled, floating.   Sm.
    A very common species of pond  weed, growing near the
muddy banks of deep waters.  Leaves oblong, sometimes a
little hearted at base,  two inches long,  floating on the surface,
on footstalks accommodated to the depth of the water.  In June •
the spikes of dull flowers emerge on solitary round footstalks,
surrounded at base by lanceolate bractes or stipulae.

                    6 
43
Class V.   Order I.
Class V.      PENTANDRIA.  Five stamens.
        Order I.   MONOGYJVIA.   One style.
 A.  Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with four naked seeds.

   52. Echium.   Corolla irregular, bell  shaped
with the throat naked ;  stigma two cleft.
   53. Cynoglossum.  Corolla funnel form, the
throat closed with arched valves ; seeds depressed,
fixed laterally to the style.
   54.  Myosotis.  Corolla  salver  shaped, five
cleft, lobes slightly notched; throat closed with
concave valves.
   B. Flowers monopetalous, inferior ; seeds in a vessel.
   55. Anagallis.   Corolla wheel shaped; sta-
mens hairy; capsule opening transversely.
   56.   Lysimachia.   Corolla wheel  shaped;
stigma obtuse ; capsule  one celled, ten valved.
   57.   Menyanthes.   Corolla hairy;  stigma
cloven, capsule one celled.
   58. ■  Convolvulus.   Corolla  campanulate,
plaited; stigmas two ;  capsule two  or three cell-
ed ;  the cells two seeded.
   59.  Datura.  Corolla funnel form,  plaited;
calyx tubular, deciduous;  capsule two celled, four
valved.
   60.  Hyoscyamus.   Corolla funnel form, ir- 
Class V.  Order I.
43
regular; stamens inclined;  stigma capitate; cap-
sule two celled, covered with a lid.
    61.   Verbascum.   Corolla wheel  shaped;
stamens declined, bearded;  stigma simple; cap-
sule two celled.
    62.  Azalea.  Corolla bell,  or funnel form;
stamens inserted  in the receptacle ;  stigma obtuse ;
capsule five celled.
    63.   Solanum.   Corolla wheel shaped; an-
thers slightly cohering, opening  by two  pores  at
the top; berry two celled.
          C.   Flowers monopetalous, superior.

    64.  Campanula.   Corolla bell shaped, clos-
ed  at the bottom by valves  bearing the stamens;
stigma three  cleft;  capsule  three  or five celled,
opening by lateral pores#
    65.  Lobelia.   Corolla irregular, cloven; an-
thers united ;  stigma capitate; capsule two or three
celled.
    66.   Diervilla.   Calyx oblong, five cleft;
corolla  twice  as  long,  funnel shaped, five cleft;
capsule oblong, four celled, many seeded.
    67.  Triosteum.  Corolla monopetalous, five
lobed, unequal;  calyx as long as the corolla; ber-
ry three celled; cells one seeded,
           D.  Flowers five petalled, i?iferior.

    68.   Ceanothus.  Calyx tubular;  petals five,
vaulted; berry dry, three seeded. 
44
Class V.   Order II.
   69. Celastrus.  Calyx flat;  corolla five pe.
tailed, spreading; capsule three angled, three cell-
ed ; seeds covered with a hood.
   70. Vitis.   Petals five, shrivelled, mostly co-
hering at top;  style  none; berry five seeded.
   71.  Impatiens.  Calyx two leaved;  corolla
irregular, with a hooded, spurred nectary;  anthers
united ; capsule superior, five valved, elastic.
   72. Viola.   Calyx five leaved; corolla irreg-
ular, spurred ;  anthers cohering ; capsule one cell-
ed, three valved.

               E.  Flowers inco?nplete.

   73. Thesium.  Calyx five  cleft,  bearing the
stamens ;  corolla none; seed one, covered.

         Order II.   DIGYJVIA.  Two styles,
              A.  Corolla monopetalous.

   74.  Apocynum.   Corolla bell shaped;  five
nectareous filaments alternating with the  stamens;
follicles two.
   75.  Asclepias,  Corolla, reflected;  nectaries
five, ovate,  concave,  with a little  horn projecting
from each ;  follicles two.
   76. Gentiana.   Corolla  tubular at the  base,
without nectariferous  pores ;  capsule two  valved,
one celled, many seeded.
   77- Cuscuta.  Calyx four or five cleft; cor-
olla four or five cleft; capsule two celled, opening
transversely at the base. 
Class V.  Order II.
45
               B.  Flowers incomplete.

   78. Salsola. Calyx five parted ; corolla none;
capsule one seeded;  seed spiral.
   79. Chenopodium.  Calyx  five  parted, five
cornered; corolla none; seed one, lenticular, in-
vested with the calyx.
   80. Ulmus,  Calyx five cleft;  corolla none;
seed one, inclosed in a flat membranous capsule.

C.   Umbelliferous.   Flowers  five petalled, superior, two
                     seeded.

   81. Hydrocotyle.  Umbel simple; involucre
four leaved;  petals  entire; fruit orbicular, com-
pressed,
    82. Sanicula.  Umbels in heads; flowers of
the centre abortive ; seeds muricate.
    83. Heracleum.  General  involucre  decid-
uous; flowers radiant;  petals notched, with the
point inflected ; fruit elliptic, notched, compressed.
striate, with a dilated margin.
    84. Conium.  Involucres general and  partial,
the  partial  half  wanting; petals heart  shaped,
equal; fruit ovate, gibbous, five ribbed on each side.
    85. Angelica.   Involucres  general  and par-
 tial; petals incurved ; shies reflected; fruit round-
 ish, solid, with three wings on each side.
    86: Sium.  Involucres general and partial, ma-
 ny leaved; petals  heart shaped : fruit nearly oval,
 compressed,  striate.
    87. Sison.  Involucres  about  four   leaved: 
46            Class V.   Order V.
umbel  of  few rays; petals  inflected; fruit  ovate,
striate.
   88. Cicuta.  Partial involucres without the
general;   petals  somewhat  flat;  fruit  subovate;
grooved.
       Order III.   TRIGYMA.  Three styles.

   89. Viburnum.  Calyx five parted, superior;
corolla five cleft;  berry one seeded.
   90* Sambucus.   Calyx five parted,  superior;
corolla five cleft; berry three seeded.
   91. Rhus.  Calyx five parted,  inferior;  corolla
five petalled; berry one seeded.
   92. Sarothra.  Calyx  five   parted;  corolla
five petalled ; capsule one celled, three valved.

       Order V.   PEJVTAGYJVIA.   Five styles.

   93. Aralia.   Flowers  umbelled,  with  invo-
lucres ;  calyx  five toothed,  superior; corolla five
petalled;  berry five seeded.
   94. Drosera.   Calyx five parted, corolla five
petalled, inferior ; capsule one celled, three or five
valved, opening at top ; seeds many.
   95. Statice.  Calyx one leafed, entire,  plait*
ed; petals five; seed one, invested by the calyx. 
Class V.   Order I.
47
                 PENTANDRIA.

                   MONOGYMA.

                    52.  ECHIUM.
Eohium vulgare. L.                     Vipers Bugloss.

    Stem  bristly  and tuberculated;  stem  leaves
lanceolate  and rough with stiff  hairs ; flowers  in
lateral spikes.  Sm.
   Stem erect, round, covered with firm bristles standing on
little protuberances.  Leaves rough, coverea with the same
kind of bristles.   Spikes of flowers  axillary,  recurved,  grad-
ually straightening, bearing a row of crowded purplish flowers.
__Road side.—Roxbury.—June, July.—Biennial.

                   53.  MYOSOTIS.
Myosotis soorpioides. L.        Mouse ear Scorpion grass.

    Seeds  smooth;  leaves elliptic lanceolate; ra-
cemes without bractes, many flowered.  Sm.
    I have only met with the aquatic variety of  this plant.  It is
found about the edges of ditches and streams.  Stem rooting
at base,  ascending, mostly smooth.  Leaves  scattered, broad
lanceolate,  sessile, commonly smooth.   Racemes  terminal,
rolled back at the end.  Flowers pointing one  way, small, rose
coloured.—-From June to October.—-Perennial.

                54.  CYNOGLOSSUM.
Cynoglossum officinale. L.      Common Hounds tongue.

    Stamens shorter than the corolla;  leaves broad
lanceolate, downy, sessile.   L. 
43              Class V.   Order I.
   An erect, downy plant, exhaling an unpleasant odour.  Stem
about two feet high, round,  hairy.  Leaves covered on  both
sides with a grayish down, lanceolate, entire, somewhat waved,
the lower ones petioled, uppei4 ones sessile, clasping, inclining
to an qblong heart shape.  Flowers in 'several racemes, which
are recurved at the end.  Calyx  downy.  Corolla dull purple.
Seeds furnished with small  hooks serving for their dispersion.
—Road side.—Charlestown.—June.—Biennial.

                   55.  ANAGALLIS.  *
Anagallis arvensis. L.                 Scarlet Pimpernel.

    Leaves ovate,  dotted beneath; stem procum-
bent.   Sm.
   An humble but very delicate flower.   Stem square, pro-
cumbent.  Leaves ovate, covered on the under side with pur-
ple dots.   Flowers on axillary footstalks, bright scarlet.   Cap-
sule spherical, bursting crosswise, a character at any time as-
certained by pressing it.  In England it has received the name
of "Poor man's weather glass," from the circumstance that the
flowers close in bad weather, being very sensible to changes of
the air.—Common at South Boston.—June and after.—Annual.

                  56.  LYSIMACHIA.
Lysimachia ciliata. L.           Heart leaved Loosestrife.

    Leaves  opposite, heart-oval, petioles  ciliated,
flowers chiefly in pairs, drooping.

   This  Lysimachia is  distinguishable from  the subsequent
Species by its broader leaves obtuse at base, and its larger flow-
ers.  Rises from one to  two feet in height, gives off opposite,
oblong,  pointed leaves somewhat heart shaped at base.   Leaf
stalks fringed with hairs.  Flowers usually in  pairs, yellow, as
are all  the following species, on simple  axillary peduncles,
drooping; petals  crenate,  acuminate.—-Grows on Lvnn beach
island.—June July.—Perennial. 
Class V.   Order I.               49
Lysimachia hybrida. Mich.             Hybrid loosestrife.

    Leaves  opposite, petioled, lanceolate,  acute at
base; flowers drooping.

   A more common species than the last, which it resernbles.
Stem erect, with opposite branches.  Leaves of the stem long,
reflexed, narrow, tapering at  both  ends, on long footstalks.
Flowers on the ends of the branches, drooping ; petals crenate.
—Gro ws among the grass in wet meadows, flowering in July.

Lysimachia quadrifolia. L.        Four leaved loosestrife.

    Leaves  in fours,  nearly sessile,  peduncles in
fours, one flowered.   L.
   A plant of singular regularity, having its long  simple stem
surrounded by whorls of four  oval-lanceolate leaves, with the
same number of flowers on capillary footstalks in their axils.
Sometimes the number of flowers and leaves in a whorl varies
to three or five.—Every where in low ground.—June.

Lysimachia thyrsiflora. Mich.         Tufted loosestrife.

    Racemes lateral, pedunculated.
   Stem simple, round.   Leaves sessile, opposite, lanceolate,
acute.  Flowers small, in short rounded racemes,  supported on
peduncles from the  axils of the leaves.—Meadows.—June, Ju-
ly.—Perennial.

Lysimachia stricta.  Ait.             Upright loosestrife.

    Racemes terminal; petals lanceolate, spreading;
leaves lanceolate, sessile.   Ait.
  Syn.  LrsiMACHiA racemosj.  Lam.   Mich.
        Ltsimachia bulbifera.   Curtis.
   A very elegant species, its long, upright raceme appearing
like a hollow cylinder of flowers.  Stem erect, smooth.   Leaves
                    7 
 JO               Class V.   Order I.

 glabrous, dotted,  acute.   Raceme  often half a foot in length.
 Flowers on horizontal, capillary footstalks, an inch in length.—
 Mr. Curtis has observed, that this species produces stem bulbs
 in the axils of the leaves.—Low grounds.—July.—Perennial.

                  57.  MENYANTHES.
 Menyanthes trifoliaTa. L.                  Buck bean.

     Leaves ternate.  L.
    Leaves inversely ovate, slightly toothed or repand on the
 margin, three on a petiole.  Flower stalk round, erect, bearing
 a pyramidal cluster or thyrse of elegant reddish white  flowers.
 Corolla of five reflexed segments, very hairy on the inner side.
 —Grows in a 6mall pond near Charles river, upper part of Cam-
 bridge.—May.—Perennial.—A bitter plant of some  medicinal
 reputation.
                 58.  CONVOLVULUS.
 Convolvolus sepium. L.                  Large bindweed.

     Leaves arrow, shaped  with the  posterior lobes
 truncated;  peduncles square,  one flowered ; brac-
 tes heart shaped, close to the flower.   Sm.
   The American variety of Convolvulus sepium is one of the
finest of the genus.  It climbs about fences and bushes in low
ground,  its large red and white blossoms expanding in  June
and  July. Stem twining, a little angular, smooth.   Leaves
large, arrow shaped, the hinder  lobes cut off, particularly in
the upper leaves.   Flower stalks square, axillary, bearing a
pair of heart shaped bractes so close to the flower as to appear
like its calyx.—Perennial.

Convolvulus arvensis. L.               Small bindweed.

    Leaves arrow shaped,  the lobes  acute;  flowers
generally solitary ;  bractes minute, remote from the
flower.  Sm. 
Class V.   Order I.
51
   Not more than half the size of the last.  Stems numerous,
twining.  Leaves arrow or  halbert shaped,  with acute  lobes.
Peduncles angular, with a pair of very small acute bractes about
their middle.  Flowers nearly white.—Dorchester.—June.

                     59.  DATURA.
Datura stramonium. L.       Thorn Apple or Apple Peru.

     Fruit  spinous,  ovate,   erect;  leaves  ovate,
 smooth.   L.
    Stem  erect,  green, often  solid,  repeatedly  forked, with
 spreading branches.   Leaves from the forks of the stem, ovate,
 or heart shaped if they are spread out, smooth, sinuated or loose-
 ly toothed with large  unequal teeth, unequal at base.  Flowers
 axillary, on short stalks, upright, white.   Fruit of the size of  a
 small hen's egg, covered with thorns.—Among rubbish.—Au-
 gust, September.—Annual.
    A  variety much moire common than the last, and consider-
 ably larger in size, has a uniformly hollow stem, purple, cover-
 ed with light dots ; the flowers light purple or blue, striped on
 the inside.  It answers in every respect to the description of
 Datura tatula, as laid  down in botanical books. I incline to think
 the two species should be incorporated  into, one, if there are no
 better discriminating  marks than those usually laid down.  The
 dots in the purple cuticle of the American plant do not appear
 to result  from warts, or any inequalities in its  structure, but
 simply from  variation of colour.  The  sensible qualities of
 the two varieties are the same.
    It must be remarked however, that both the plants here de-
 scribed differ from the representations  in the English Botany,
 and in Woodville's Medical Botany ;  1st in the form of  the an-
 thers, which are very oblong, four times longer than broad*, 2d
 in the stigma, the sides of which are parallel; 3d in the  dissepi-
 ment  of  the  capsule which is thin, about one quarter the thick-
 cess of the valves. 
 52               Class V.   Order I.

   The poisonous properties of this plant, as well as its applica-
 tion to medicine, are well known.  As a remedy in asthma it has
 recently acquired great reputation.

                  60.  HYOSCYAMUS.
 Hyoscyamus niger. L.                           Henbane.

    Leaves sinuated,  embracing  the stem;  flowers
 sessile.   L.
   Of the natural order of luridx like the last, equally poison-
 ous, and of no less utility in medicine.  It is a bushy, hairy, glu-
 tinous, foetid  plant.  Leaves alternate, without footstalks,  with
 acute teeth or rather lobes; those of the root large and spread-
 ing, often turning to one side.  Corolla of a light greenish yel-
 low, reticulated with purple veins.   Capsule round, two celled,
 covered with  a lid, and crowned with the permanent, five parted
 calyx.  Seeds  numerous, small.—In waste  grounds.'—June,
 July.—Biennial.
                   61.  VERBASCUM.
 Verbascum Thapsus.  L.                Common Mullein.

    Leaves decurrent, woolly on both sides; stem
 simple.   L.

   Every body  knows  this tall, woolly, and very common plant.
 Stem  erect, straight, woolly, winged by the decumbent base of
 the leaves.  Leaves exceedingly woolly on both sides, ovate-
 lanceolate,  sessile,  slightly serrate or waved  on  the margin.
 The stem  terminates in a  long, thick, cylindrical  spike,  with
 handsome  five  parted yellow flowers.—Dry  pastures..—July,
 August.—Biennial.
                     62.  AZALEA.
Azalea viscosa. L.       Wild honeysuckle, Swamp pink.

    Leaves  with a  rough margin 5 corollas  viscid,
hairy.  L. 
Class V.   Order I.
53
   A fine flowering shrub, very common among the brushwood
in low land.  The small branches and peduncles are commonly
more or less bristly.   Leaves crowded, lanceolate-ovate, slightly
toothed, hairy on the midrib and margin.  Flowers in terminal,
umbel-like  corymbs.  Corollas funnel shaped, varying in col-
our,  but commonly white, hairy and glutinous on the outside.—
June, July.
   Several varieties occur in the colour of the leaves, parts of
the flower and small branches.

                    63.  SOLANUM.
Solanum dulcamara. L.   Bitter sweet, Woody nightshade.

     Stem shrubby, flexuous, without thorns ; upper
leaves hastate ;  clusters cymose.   Sm.
   Stem woody, climbing upon fences  and bushes.  Low-
er leaves heart shaped, entire ;  upper ones ovate, furnished with
two  ears at the base giving them a hastate form.  Clusters on
the sides and ends  of the stem,  on branching and spreading
stalks, drooping.  Flowers with five acute, spreading or reflex-
ed,purple segments.  Anthers forming a yellow tube  project-
ing from  the flower.  Berries oval, bright red.  This plant is
common in low grounds, by the side of brooks, 8cc.  As a me-
dicinal article it holds a place in most dispensatories.—July.

Solanum nigrum. L.              •     Black nightshade:

     Stem  herbaceous,   without  thorns.    Leaves
ovate, bluntly toothed and waved.   Umbels lateral,
drooping.   Sm.
   Much more ordinary in its appearance than the last.  Stem
erect branching, angular and sometimes winged.   Leaves ovate
alternate.  The umbels come out from the sides of  the stem,
remote from the leaves.  They consist of drooping white flow-
ers, with  yellow anthers.  Berries round, black.  This variety 
$4
Class V.   Order I.
  was probably imported from Europe.  It grows among rubbish,
  and has the aspect and reputation of a poisonous plant.

                   64.   CAMPANULA..
  Campanula perfoliata.  L.          Clasping Bell flower.

     Stem simple;   leaves heart shaped, toothed,
  clasping ;  flowers sessile, aggregate.   L.
     Syn.   Campanula amplexicaulis.  Mich.
     Found by the road  side in  Medford and elsewhere.  Stem
  erect* leafy, angular, slightly pubescent.  Leaves  small, alter-
  nate, reniform-heart shaped, tooth-crenate, clasping  the stem.
  Flowers axillary, sessile.  Segments of the calyx lanceolate,
  very acute, with a  distinct middle rib.  Corolla blue, spread-
 ing.—June.—Annual.

 Campanula erinoides.  L.             Slender Bell flower.

     Stem triangular, the  angles  rough backward;
 leaves linear-lanceolate ;  flowers terminal.
Syn.  Campanula flexuosa. Mich.
    Found in meadows among the high grass, supporting itself
 like a Galium on surrounding plants.  Stem from eight to twen-
 ty inches in height, very slender and flexible, uniformly trian-
 gular, the angles roughfcvith minute reflexed prickles.* Leaves
 given off successively from the three sides, linear, sessile, near-
 ly entire, the midrib and margin rough backward.  A variety
 occurs with lanceolate leaves with a few minute teetti.  Bran-
 ches few, near the top, axillary, leafy, one or two flowered.
 Flowers small, terminal.  Corolla very small, twice or thrice the
 length of the calyx, deeply five cleft, white  with pale blue veins.
 Filaments valve like, hairy.   Stigma trifid.  Capsule globular,
 three celled.—Found at Medford and Brighton.  Variety 2d at
 Sudbury.—June, July. 
Class V.   Order I.
55
                     65.  LOBELIA.
Lobelia oardinalis. L.                  Cardinal flower.

    Stem erect, leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate;
spike terminal, pointing one way.   L.
   This  superb  plant, cultivated and much prized in Europe,
is a  native of our meadows and brooksides.  It rises to the
height of two feet and upward, with a simple, erect, leafy stem.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, and serrate.   Ra-
ceme terminating the stem, consisting of large flowers, more or
less inclining to one side, of a bright scarlet  colour.  Corolla
with a long tube ending  in five spreading segments, the three
lower ones widest.   Tube  of stamens curved in at the top.—
June, July.—Perennial. .
Lobelia pallida.  Muhl.                   Pale Lobelia.

     Somewhat hairy;  stem  erect, simple;  leaves
oblong-spatulate, dentate ; flowers spiked.
Syn.   Lobelia spicAtA.  Lam.
   Stem upright, smooth, or a little hairy. Leaves spatulate, ob-
tuse  at the end, tapering at base, slightly toothed  or crenate,
pubescent at the edge and under side, sessile. Flowers in a
long terminal spike, on short peduncles, blue.—Moist pastures
and road sides.—July.—Perennial.

Lobelia inflata. L.                      Indian tobacco.
    Stem erect; leaves ovate, slightly  serrate, lon-
ger  than the peduncles ; capsules inflated.   L.
   Readily distinguished by its swelling, bladder-like pods, and
its very subtle, acrimonious taste, not  unlike that of  green to-
bacco.  Stem angular, hairy, branching at top, from one to  two
feet high.  Leaves  scattered or alternate, oval, nearly sessile,
crenate or serrate  on the edge.  Stem and branches  terminat-
ing in spikes of small blue flowers  on short footstalks.  Calyx 
56
Class V.   Order 1.
 teeth subulate, as long as the corolla.   Capsules oval, turgid.—
 C ambridge.—August.—Biennial.
    The plant operates violently as an emetic, and has been used
 with advantage in asthma and some similar  affections.
 Lobelia Dortmanna.  L.                   Water Lobelia

    Leaves linear, two  celled, entire;  stem nearly
 naked.  L.
    A very singular aquatic plant.  The leaves grow in a sin-
 gle tuft at the bottom of the water.  They are from one to three
 inches long, recurved, blunt, and of a fleshy appearance. On
 cutting them across, they are found to consist of two empty par-
 allel tubes.  The stem rises out of water, bearing a  few remote
 pendulous flowers of a pale blue colour.  The whole plant gives
 out a milky juice on being broken.—Found in Fresh pond.—July.

                    66.   DIERVILLA.
 Diervilla Canadensis.  Muhl.            Yellow Diervilla,

     Racemes terminal; leaves serrate. L.  sub, syn.

Syn.  Lonicera Diervilla. L.
    This  shrub with us is usually of small size.  Leaves oppo-
 site, on short petioles, ovate, smooth, serrate, acuminate.   Flow-
 ers of a pale yellow ; small, funnel shaped, with five roundish,
 unequal-segments.   They grow in the axils of the upper leaves.
 —Woods, Cambridge, Brooklyn.—June.
                   67.  TRIOSTEUM.
 Triosteum perfoliatum.  L.                  Feverwort.

     Leaves connate ; flowers sessile, whorled.  Vahl.

Syn.  Triosteum MAyus.  Mich.
    Not very  common.  I have only met with it in the upper
 part  of  Cambridge, and in  Watertown.  Stems from two to
 three feet high.  Leaves large, oval, acuminate, suddenly nar- 
Class V.   Order I.              57
 rowed into a long, slender base, in pairs more or less connate.
 Flowers several in the axils of the leaves, sessile,  appearing
 whorled.  Corolla of a dull purple, tubular, somewhat curved.
 Berry round, yellow, crowned with the long spreading segments
 of the calyx, containing three hard seeds.   Flowers in June-
 Perennial.—It possesses medicinal qualities.

                   68.   CEANOTHUS.
 Ceanothus Amerioanus. L.                   Jersey tea.

     Leaves  heart-ovate,  acuminate, triply  nerved;
 panicles axillary, elongated.   Willd.
   . A small white flowering shrub, notunfrequentin dry or sandy
 soils.  Leaves two or three inches long, Ind one broad, finely
 serrate and tapering into a long point.   From the axils of the
 upper  leaves come out leafless  branches  bearing crowded
 bunches of minute white flowers.  These are followed by dry,
 three seeded and somewhat triangular berries.   The  leaves
 were used, among other substitutes, for tea, during the Ameri-
 can revolution.—Flowers in June.

                   69.   CELASTRUS.
 Celastrus scand'ens. L.   Climbing  staff tree.  Waxwork.

    Unarmed; leaves  oblong, acuminate, serrate;
 racemes terminal;  stem twining.   Willd.
   A strong woody vine, twining round small  trees and climb-
 ing to a great height.  Flowers of a greenish white, in small
 racemes on the ends of the young shoots.  The  fruit is a ber-
 ried capsule.  When ripe, the three valves turn backward dis-
 closing a bright scarlet berry.   The valves are of a light red
 colour, partitioned in the middle and finally waved on the edge.
—About fences and thickets.—June.
                   8 
58
Class V.   Order I.
                     70.  V1TIS.
Vitis Labrusoa.                 Common wild grape vine.

    Leaves heart shaped,  somewhat three  lobed,
dentate, downy underneath*   Willd.
   This vine is dioecious, a fact which Michaux affirms of all
the species observed by him in America.*  The leaves are ve-
ry broad and white underneath.  Clusters of flowers small, op-
posite to leaves, as are also the tendrils.   Fruit large, purple
and pleasantly flavoured.  Found  in woods in low  ground.—
June.

VitiS hederacea. IVilld.                 Common creeper.
                  m
    Leaves  quinate,   ovate,  acuminate,  dentate.
 Willd.
   Syn.  Hedera siuinquefolia. L.
         Vitis quinquefolia.  Lam. 1st Sm.
         Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Mich.
   The common creeper is much cultivated as an ornament of
Walls.  The stems climb to a great height,  supported by radi-
cating tendrils. Leaves in fives, petioled, smooth.  Flowers in
branched clusters; petals  green,  not united at their summit.
Berries of the size of peas.—Found growing wild in woods and
about fences.—June.

                  71.  IMPATIENS.
Impatiens  noli tangere. Mich. j3.          Touchmenot.

    Flower stalks solitary,  many flowered ; leaves
 ovate ; joints of the s,tem swelling. L.
 Syn.   Impatiens maculata.  Muhl.
    Found about brooks and in moist shades, flowering from June
     * Excepting- those placed in his genus Ampelopsis. 
Class V.   Order 1,
59
 to September.  The flowers are of a tawny yellow, spotted on
 the inside, and  resembling  small cups or  pitchers, hanging on
 slender footstalks.   Nectary horn shaped; petals  spreading,
 the two lower ones  large.   The  capsule when ripe bursts and
 scatters  its seeds by an elastic power like the common balsa-
 mine of the gardens, another of the genus.  Height of the plant
 about two feet; stems succulent, smooth; leaves ovate, tooth-
 ed.—Annual.
                       72.  VIOLA.
 Viola blanda.  Willd.           Sweet scented white violet.

     Stemless;  leaves  heart shaped,  obtuse,  rather
 flat, glabrous ; petals beardless.
    Leaves round-heart shaped, crenate ; petioles twice or thrice
 the  length of  the  leaves,  half  round, channelled,  smooth.
 Flowers white with  purple veins at bottom, fragrant. The two
 lateral petals are slightly bearded on the inside below the mid-
 dle.—Moist land.—April, May.—Perennial.

 Viola lanceolata. L.                 Spear leaved violet.

     Stemless;  leaves lanceolate, crenate. L.
   Root  fibrous,  sending out scions; leaves lanceolate, rather
 obtuse, on  long petioles; flowers  white with purple veins at
 bottom.—Wet ground.—May, June.—Perennial.—A consider-
 able variety occurs in the width of the leaves, which are some-
 times nearly ovate.

 Viola primulifolia. L.                Spade leaved violet.

    Stemless ;  leaves oblong-heart shaped;  petioles
 membranaceous.  L.
   Leaves oblong, ovate or heart  shaped, crenate, their base
extending down  the  leaf stalk, which  becomes winged.  We
have two  violets which answer the above  description.  One
with white  flowers and smoother  leaves ;  the other with blue 
60
Class V.   Order I.
flowers and hairy leaves.  The last is by far the most common,
being very abundant on dry hills and pastures.  Its flowers re-
semble those of the next species.—May.—Perennial.

Viola cucullata.  Ait.              Hollow leaved violet.

    Stemless ;  leaves heart  shaped,  rather acute,
smooth,  hooded at base ; flowers inverted;  petals
bent obliquely.   Ait.

   Leayes heart shaped, crenate or serrate, the younger  ones
rolled in at the base, the older ones expanded.  Petioles twice
the length of the  leaves. Flowers blue.—Meadows and low
grounds.—May.—Perennial.

Viola sagittata.  Ait.              Arrow leaved violet.

    Stemless;   leaves   oblong-acute,   heart-arrow
shaped,  serrate, cut at the base, flowers  inverted.
Ait.
   Leaves oblong, frequently obtuse, serrate, the lower serra-
tures large and  divergent, giving  the leaf a sagittate appear-
ance.  Flowers blue, more hairy inside than the last, inverted
when young, erect afterward.—-Meadows.—May.
   When the,plant grows in a dry  and rich  soil, the leaves be-
come hairy, and acquire a hastate form from the enlargement of
the lower serratures or segments.

Viola pedata.  L.                          Pedate violet.

    Stemless;  leaves pedate, seven parted.  L.

   Rather larger  than the preceding  species.  Root  fleshy,
abrupt.  Leaves perfectly pedate,  consisting of from five  to
nine segments which are  wedge-form  or lanceolate, and  mostly
toothed at the end; the  middle one  distinct, the  lateral ones
connected.  Flowers large,  pale blue,  erect.—Hills and sandy
fields.---May, June.—Perennial. 
Class V.   Order II.
ai
Viola pubescens. Ait.                     . Yellow violet.

    Stem erect, villous; leaves heart-shaped, pubes-
cent ;  stipules oblong, serrulate at tip.  Ait.  abr.
Syn.  Viola Pennstlvanica. Mich.
    Stem simple, pubescent.    Leaves  alternate,  broad-heart
shaped, crenate, tapering to a point, twice as long as their pe-
tioles.  Flowers solitary, from the axils  of the leaves,  yellow,
veined.—May, June.—Perennial.
                    73.  THESIUM.
Thesium umbellatum. L.              Umbelled Thesium.

    Flowers umbelled, leaves oblong.  L.
Syn.  Thesium cortmbulosum.  Mich.
    Stem round, slender,  seldom exceeding a foot in  height.
Leaves oval-lanceolate,mostly entire, alternate, smooth. Branch-
es near the top, few, alternate.  Umbels of few flowers, termi-
nal, with an involucre  of about  four leafets.  Flowers on short
peduncles.  Calyx five cleft, the  tube green,  segments white.
Stamens inserted on  the calyx.   Seed one.—Dry woods.—
June.
                      DIGYNIA.

                   74.  APOCYNUM.
Apooynum andros^mifolium. L.              Dog's bane.

    Stem  straightish,  herbaceous;  leaves  ovate,
 smooth on both sides ; cymes terminal.   Mill.
    A handsome, smooth, branching plant.   Stem two feet
high, smooth, dark,  with spreading branches.  Leaves oppo-
site, ovate, acute, entire.  Flowers on  the ends of the branches,
of a pink or purplish white, bell shaped, their segments revo-
lute.  The plant abounds  with milky juice.  Its root is emetic,
and hence is often denominated ipecac, a name  vulgarly applied 
62
Class V.   Order II.
to a great number of plants.  The  flowers have the property
of catching flies.  Common about thickets.—July.

                   75.  ASCLEPIAS.
Asclepias Syriaca. L.     Common Silk weed or Milk weed.
    Stem simple;  leaves  lance.oblong, gradually
acute, downy underneath;  umbels somewhat  nod-
ding.  Mich.
    Very common by road sides and borders of fields.  Stem
three or four feet high, undivided.  Leaves opposite, large, ob-
long.  Umbels of flowers lateral and terminal,  nodding.  The
pods or follicles contain large quantities  of a fine silken down
attached to the seeds, for which the plant has been cultivated in
Europe and America.  It is used as a substitute for feathers,
fur, cotton, &c.—July.—Perennial.

Asclepias obtusifolia.  Mich.      Blunt leaved silk weed.

    Leaves closely sessile, oblong, obtuse, waved;
umbel  terminal,  on  a  long  peduncle;  corollas
smooth.  Mich. abr.
   Leaves opposite, ovate, heart shaped at base, sessile, appar-
ently  clasping, very much waved on the margin, obtuse at  the
end, mucronated.  Stem erect, supporting a terminal umbel of
large flowers at a distance from the leaves.  Cambridge, Sweet
Auburn.—July.—Perennial.

Asclepias purpurasoens.                Purple silk weed.

    Leaves ovate, villous underneath ; stem simple;
umbels erect; nectaries resupinate.   Mill,
   Stem upright;  leaves oblong, rather acute, on short pe-
tioles ; umbels terminal, erect; corollas dark purple ; horns of
the nectary bent horizontally inward.-—Cambridge, on the Con-
cord turnpike.—July.—-Perennial. 
Class V.   Order U,
63
Asclepias pulchra.  Willd.             Water silk weed.

    Leaves lanceolate, pubescent underneath; stem
divided  toward the  top;  umbels  erect,  in  pairs.
 Willd.
    Common in wet ground, by the sides of ponds, 8cc.  Stems
commonly in bunches, erect, downy,  subdivided near  the top.
Leaves lanceolate, tapering to a very acute point, downy on the
under side.  Umbels many, small, on downy peduncles.   Flow-
ers purple.—July.—Perennial.
    The bark is very strong and fibrous.

Asclepias tuberosa. L,     Butterfly weed.  Pleurisy root.

    Leaves alternate, lanceolate; stem divaricate,
hairy. L.
 Syn.   Asclepias decumbens.  Walt.
    Stem upright or decumbent, hairy, branching at top. Leaves
scattered,  oblong, or lanceolate,  hairy.  Umbels  terminal.
Flowers deep orange colour.—Grows  at Woburn, and  is fre-
quent in the interior of the state.—July.—Perennial.
    The root of this plant has considerable medicinal activity.
See Dr. Barton's Materia Medica of the United States.

Asclepias vertioillata. L.            Whorled Asclepias.

    Leaves revolute, linear, whorled; stem erect. L.
    This very neat species is altogether different in its habit from
those already described.  Stem slender, marked with downy
stripes. Leaves in whorls of five or six, linear, revolute at  the
margin, paler beneath.  Umbels several,  small, coming  out
from among the  upper  whorls.  Flowers white.—On  a  hill
near the Dedham turnpike, Roxbury.—July.—Perennial. 
 64             Class V.   Order II.

                   76.  GENTIANA.
 Gentiana sapoxaria.  L.               Soapwort GentiaiU

    Corollas five cleft, companulate, inflated, whorl-
 ed ; leaves ovate lanceolate, three nerved.  Froel,
    A very fine plant, distinguished by its  large purple flowers
 which are so nearly closed at the  top  as  to  resemble  buds.
 Stem erect,  simple, smooth.  Leaves opposite, oval-lanceolate,
 acuminate, smooth, three and sometimes five nerved.  Flowers
 sessile in bunches at the top, and frequently on the sides in the
 axils of the upper leaves. Corolla bell shaped, purple and white,
 slightly  five  cleft, its segments subdivided and folded together
 so as to close the mouth.—Found in moist woods, Cambridge-
 September, October.

 Gentiana crinita.  Froel.              Fringed Gentian.

    Corollas four cleft,  the  segments  cut-ciliate;
 leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  stem erect, round, Froel.
   This gentian is exceeded by few native  plants in the delica-
 cy and beauty of  its  flowers.  The stems  are divided toward
 the top into several erect branches.  The  leaves are opposite,
 ovate-lanceolate,  smaller  than in the last species.  Flowers
 erect, on the ends of the  branches, remote from  the leaves.
 The stamens are  four in number, as are the segments of the
calyx and corolla. The segments of the corolla are of a deep
purple and fringed on the  end.—On the Concord turnpike.—
 September, October.

                   77.  CUSCUTA.
Cuscuta Americana. L.                         Dodder.

     Flowers   peduncled,   umbellate,  five  cleft.
 Willd.

   A small, yellowish, leafless vine, twining round other plants, 
Class V.   Order II.
65
which it penetrates with lateral roots so as to derive nourish-
ment from their juices.  Its small umbels of flowers appear in
June and July.
                    78.   SALSOLA.
Salsola Caroliniana.   Mich.          American Saltwort.

    Herbaceous, decumbent; leaves subulate, spin-
ous,  smooth, dilated and entire at base; calyx ax-
illary, margined.
   A stiff, prickly plant of the sea shore. Stems much branch-
ed, angular, smooth.  Leaves numerous, short, rigid, awl-shap-
ed and very acute, spreading, smooth and entire, dilated at base,
sessile.  The lower leaves are deciduous,  so that when the
fruit is r'roe, only the floral leaves remain.  These are three in
number to each flower, resembling the other leaves, but short-
er, theirbase dilated and perfectly entire, not repand as in Salsola
Kali.   The calyx is externally compressed into a broad, mem.
branous margin, flattish, but rising in the centre.  Seed enclos-
ed in the calyx, cockle-shaped from its spiral cotyledons.-^
Salt marshes.—July, Augug.
   Plants of this genus are used in the manufacture of Soda.

                 79.  CHENOPODIUM.
Chenopodium album. L.     White Goosefoot.  Hog-weed.

    Leaves rhomboid-ovate, eroded, entire behind,
the upper ones  oblong, entire; seeds smooth.  Sm.
    A common weed in cultivated, and waste ground.  Stem
channelled, branched ; leaves mealy, the lower ones unequally
toothed above, the upper  ones smaller, entire.   Bunches of
flowers erect, green or mealy.—July.—Annual.
                    9 
 66               Class V.   Order II.

 Chenopodium rubrum. L.                 Red Goosefoot,

     Leaves triangular,  approaching to  rhomboid;
 deeply toothed,  and somewhat  sinuated; clusters
 upright, compound, leafy.  Sm.
    More green, fleshy, and compact than the last.  Leaves sin-
 uated, tapering at base.  Clusters of flowers, close, interspersed
 with small leaves.—Among rubbish, especially in low ground.
 —Annual.

 Chenopodium hybridum. L.               Tall Goosefoot.

     Leaves cordate, angular-toothed,  acuminate;
 racemes branched,  somewhat  cymose,  divaricate,
 leafless. Sm.
   A tall species .with large leaves.  Stem  slender, upright.
 Leaves spreading, bright green, with a few large teeth on each
 side, heart shaped at base, tapering into a long point.   Clusters
 tompound, branching, open, remote  from leaves.—Wastes and
 rubbish.—July.—Annual.

 Chenopodium botrys.  L.      P     Cut leaved Goosefoot.

    Leaves oblong, sinuated; racemes naked, many
 cleft.  L.

   Stem short, branching, somewhat rigid, leafy.  Leaves pe-
 tioled, oblong, deeply sinuated, slightly pubescent.  Flowers in
 numerous  short  axillary racemes,  covering the ends of the
 branches, and giving them the appearance of long leafy spikes.
 The  whole plant has  a strong, peculiar smell when bruised.—
 Woods, Brighton.—Annual.

                    80.  ULMUS.
Ulmus Americana.  L.                    Common Elm.

   Leaves  equally serrate, unequal at the base. L. 
Class V.   Order II-              67
   This stately tree is distinguished at sight from the cultivat-
ed English elms by its long pendulous branches.  It  also loses
its leaves in autumn several weeks sooner.  The flowers, which
appear in  April, have commonly  from  six to eight stamens.
They are small, of a dull purple colour, and grow in bunches
on slender footstalks. The seeds are contained in a flat, oval,
winged capsule or samara, which  is ciliated at the edge.  The'
leaves grow alternately on opposite sides  of the branches ;  they
are more smooth and more uniformly  serrated than those of the
English elm.  The wood of the elm  is tough, and principally
used to form the naves or hubbs of wheels.

                 81. HYDROCOTYLE.
Hydrocotyle Americana. L.                Pennywort.

    Leaves  reniform, somewhat lobed, crenate, L.
   A  small plant found in moist ground under the shade  of
bushes, &c.   Stem creeping.  Leaves kidney shaped,  doubly
crenate, light green,  very smooth  and thin.  Flowers minute,
in very small umbels or bunches, sessile..—July.—Perennial.

                    82.  SANICULA.
Sanicula Marilandica. L.                      Sanicle.

    Barren  flowers on peduncles,  perfect ones ses-
sile.  Gv.
   Stem upright,  smooth, divided into a few erect branches.
Leaves divided somewhat in a  pedate manner, acutely serrate.
Umbels simple, few  flowered, the  barren flowers on short pe-
duncles, the perfect or fruitful ones sessile.   Seeds  furnished
with hooked bristles.—About thickets in low ground.

                  83.  HERACLEUM.
Heracleum lanatum. Mich.                  Cow parsnep.

   Leaves  ternate, woolly underneath,  leafets pe- 
68              Class V.    Order II.
tioled  roundish-heart  shaped, lobed; fruit  orbicu-
lar. Mich.  abr.
   One of the largest of our umbelliferous plants.  Petioles
and nerves of the leaves  channelled, bristly.  Leafets large,
woolly on the under side, deeply cut into lobes, which are again
cut, and unequally serrate.   Umbels radiate, half a foot in di-
ameter, flat.  Flowers white.  Seeds thin, round-oval, emargin*
ate, marked with three short lines.—South Boston, Dorchester.
—June.—Perennial.

                     84.   CONIUM.
Conium maculatum. L.                 Common Hemlock.

    Seeds unarmed, striate,  stem  much branched,
shining, spotted.  Sm.
    A well known poisonous plant.  Stem from three to six feet
high, round, spotted.  Leaves three times pinnate, of a shining
green.  General involucre of five  or seven lanceolate, reflected
leafets.   Partial involucre of three or four on the outer side of
the footstalk.  Petals five, oval, curled in at their points.  Fruit
oval, striate, the ribs often slightly wrinkled.—Road sides, and
waste ground.—June, July.
   The inspissated juice of this plant is extensively usedin me-
dicine.  Care must be taken to distinguish it from a species of
iLthusa, nearly allied to vE. cynapium, (perhaps a variety) which
grows  with,  and  very much resembles it. The jEthusa is a
smaller plant, has no general involucre, and its partial ones con-
sist of three long  pendulous leafets.  Their taste is different,
that of hemlock being the most nauseous.

                    85.  ANGELICA.
Angelica triquinata. Mich.            Common Angelica.

    Petiole three  parted,  its  divisions pinnate-five
leaved; leafets  cut-toothed, of the terminal leafets 
                 Class V.   Order II.              69

the odd one rhomboid, sessile, the lateral ones de-
cursive. Mich.
    A very large umbellate plant, well known for its fine aroma-
tic flavour.   Stem large, five or six feet high, petioles with very
large swelling stipulae.  Leaves smooth, decompound, the three
terminal leafets appearing as one.  Seeds oblong-hemispheri-
cal, three winged on the back.  Cambridge, meadows.—June..

                       86.   SIUM.
Sium lalifolium. L.                       Water par snep.

     Leaves   pinnate;   leafets  oblong-lanceolate,
equally serrate. Sm.
    A tall aquatic plant common in ditches and muddy brooks.
Stem erect, hollow, smooth, with deep furrows and sharp, prom-
inent angles.  Leaves  pinnate; leafets in half a  dozen pairs,
with an odd one, ovate-lanceolate, equally serrate,  or laciniatcd
if under water.  Umbels  solitary, mostly terminal.  General
involucre of many leaves lanceolate, and  occasionally serrate.
Partial involucres small.  Flowers white.   Fruit ovate, striated.
r— From July to September.—Perennial.

                      87.  SISON.
Sison Canadense. L.                           Honewort.

     Leaves ternate; umbels irregular.
    Stem smooth.   Leaves in threes, the radical  ones cleft, those
of the 6tem doubly toothed, rhomboidal, shining.  Umbel une-
qual, of four rays with no general involucre.  Partial  umbels
unequal, close, few flowered with a minute involucre.  Flow- ,
ers small, white.  Seeds smooth, oblong.—Lynn  beach island.
—July. 
70
Class V.   Order IIL
                     88.   CICUTA.
 Cicuta maculata. L.        Water hemlock.   Snakeweed.

     Serratures of the leaves mucronate, stipmles ex-
 tending up the petioles, two lobed at top. Mill.
    Stem three or four feet  high, commonly purplish.  Leaves
 triply pinnate.  Leafets oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, the
 upper ones sessile, lower ones shortly petioled, the  serratures
 finely mucronate.   Umbels  of moderate  size ; general  invo-
 lucre none, partial one of  many leaves.—In wet meadows.—
 June and after.—Perennial.

                      TRIGYJSTIA.

                   89.  VIBURNUM.
 Viburnum Lentago.  L.             Fear leaved Viburiium.

    Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate,
 petioles margined, curled. Ait.

   A tall shrub in  low gronnds.  Leaves very finely serrate,
 the serratures  sharp, a little turned inward.  Petioles  with  a
 membranous margin, widest in the upper  leaves, waved or
 curled.  Flowers in cymes, as are all the subsequent species.
 Fruit pleasant to the taste.—South  Boston, Cambridge.—June.

Viburnum nudum. L.                  Naked Viburnum,

    Leaves  oval, a little wrinkled,  revolute at the
 margin, obsoletely crenulate.  Ait.

   A shrub of low grounds like the last.  Leaves  smooth, tap-
ering to a bluntish point, entire or very slightly crenate, reflect- .
ed at the margin.  Cymes naked, without bractes or involucres.
The leaves turn black in drying.—Cambridgepori-—June.

Viburnum dentatum. L.                    Arrow wood*

    Leaves ovate, dentate, serrate, plaited. Is, 
Class V.   Order III.
71
   A more common shrub than the foregoing.  The shoots
are slender and very straight, from whence it has received the
name of Arrow wood.   Leaves roundish or oval, very regularly
toothed, the veins parallel and prominent underneath.—Moist
woods.—June, July.

Viburnum  acerifoliUM. L.             Maple Viburnum.

     Leaves three  lobed, acuminate,  sharply  ser-
rate ; petioles without glands, hairy.  Willd.
   Leaves rounded or hearted at base, broad, divided into three
lobes, with large teeth, very soft  with minute down underneath.
Cymes on long peduncles.—Woods, Roxbury.—June, July.
   The different species of Viburnum are fine flowering shrubs,
and with the Elder, next described, constitute a principal orna-
ment of  our woods and  thickets during the first part of sum-
mer.
                   90.   SAMBUCUS-
Bambuous  Canadensis. L.                  Common Elder.

     Cymes five parted;  leaves nearly bipinnate,
stem shrubby.  Willd.
   Michaux says he could observe no difference between this
species and the Sambucus nigra of Europe, except in size, the
latter being a tree, the former a shrub.  Leaves pinnate, the
lower  leafets double  or ternate, and all of them  oblong-oval,
sharply serrate, tapering to a  very long  and aCute point.  Flow-
ers white ;  berries blackish;  both considered medicinal.—June,,
July.
                       91.   RHUS.
Rhus glabrum. L.                       Smooth Sumach.

    Glabrous ; leaves pinnate, of many pairs, leafets 
73
Class V.   Order III.
 lance-oblong,  serrate, whitish underneath.  Mich,
 abr,
    A common species of Sumach found about fences and bor-
 ders of fields.  Petioles and leaves unarmed and smooth.   The
 flowers  are  dioecious.  The leaves of this and the  two  fol-
 lowing species are  astringent and used in tanning.  Berries
 crimson, astringent, and acid.—June, July.

 Rhus typhinum. L.         Stag's horn or Velvet Sumach;

     Branches  and petioles  hairy;  leaves  pinnate,
 of many pairs, hairy  underneath ;  leafets lance-ob-
 long, sharply serrate.

    A larger species than the last; its leafstalks and last years
 branches covered with thick bristly hair.  Bunches of berries
 crowded, purple,  velvet  like.   I believe this species to  be
 dioecious.—In low ground.—June.
    The bark and leaves give out a milky juice-on being broken,
 both in this and the other species.

 Rhus copallinum, L.         Mountain or Dwarf Sumach.

    Leaves pinnate, entire;  petioles membranous,
 jointed. L.

   A smaller shrub than the preceding.  The young branch-
 es and petioles are downy.  Leafets oval-lanceolate, acute, en-
 tire. Between each pair the petiole spreads out  into a broad
 leafy expansion, contracted at the insertion of the leafets.  Flow-
 ers dioecious.

RhusVernix. L.         Poison dogwood.   Swamp Sumach.

    Quite  glabrous; leaves pinnate, of many pairs ;
 leafets  oval, abruptly acuminate,  entire;  panicle
 lax; flowers dioecious ; fruit smooth. Mich. abr.

   Grows in bunches in wet swamps,  where its fine  smooth 
                 Class V.    Order III.              73

leaves give it the air of a tropical shrub or tree.  Petioles long,
roundish, smooth ;  the partial  ones very short.  Leafets oval,
terminating in a short  point.   Peduncle long, smooth,  sup-
porting a loose panicle of small flowers, which are dioecious.
Berries white.
    The effluvium of this shrub is a violent poison to certain con-
stitutions, producing in them a distressing cutaneous eruption,
when it is handled or even approached.  On others, and I be-
lieve on  a majority, it exerts  no influence.  The leaves have
been rubbed, chewed, and swallowed  without injury.   Their
taste is  simply herbaceous and astringent, and does not indi-
cate any extraordinary quality.
    In Japan a fine varnish is said to be prepared from the juice
• of the  Rhus vernix, a tree, whose identity with the present, is
still a subject of dispute.

Rhus radicans. L.                            Poison Icy.

     Leaves ternate ; leafets petioled, ovate, naked,
entire ; stem rooting.  L.
    A hardy climber, frequently seen running up trees to a great
height, supporting itself by lateral roots, and becoming nearly
buried in their bark.  Leaves in threes, large, smooth, round-
ish, pointed.   Racemes sessile, mostly about the axils of the
leaves.  Flowers dioecious.  Berries white.—Poisonous in a less
degree than the last.—The juice stains a black colour.—June.

                    92.   SAROTHRA.
Sarothra Gentianoides. L.                   Fine weed,
 Syn.  Hypericum SaroVhra.  Mich.
    A small,  erect, branching plant.   Leaves appre'ssed, scale-
like, so small, that the plant appears leafless.  Branches numer-
ous, subdivided, erect.  Flowers small, yellow, with from five
to ten  stamens  and three stylos.  Capsule oblong, coloured.
—On sandy soils exposed to the sun.—July, August. 
7*              Class V.  Order V.
                    PEJVTAGYJWA.

                     93.  ARALIA.
 Aralia nudicaulis.  L.                 Wild Sarsaparilla,
     Stemless,  leaves decompound,  scape  leafless.
  Willd.
    A well known aromatic root.   It has no stem unles the ter-
 mination of the root be so considered.  Leaves on long stalks,
 subdivided into three times three, or three times five leafets,
 which are oval and serrate.  The scape rises between the leaf
 stalks, and supports a few simple umbels.—Woods and  thick-
 ets.—May, June.—Perennial.

 Aralia raoemosa.  L.            Fettymorrel. Spikenard.
     Stem herbaceous, smooth ;  leaves decompound;
 peduncles axillary, branching, umbelled.  Willd.
    Tall and irregulaly branched.   Stem smooth, dark green or
 red.  Leafets large, ovate or heart-shaped, serrate.   Flowers
 in small umbels, which are again arranged in branching racemes,
 from the axils or forks of the stem.—In woods.—June, July.__
    It is aromatic and in high estimation with people of the coun-
 try.

 /Vralia hispida.  Mick.                    Bristly Aralia.
    Stem shrubby at base, hispid ;  leaves twice pin-
 nate; leafets cut  serrate; umbels on long pedun-
 cles. Mich.  abr.

   The lower part of the  stem endures the winter, and  has a
shrubby appearance, but most of the herb is annual.  The stem
is set with  thick and stiff bristles at  the base.   Leafets much
smaller than in the preceding, sharply and unequally serrate,
ending in a long point.  Umbels'several, on long peduncles-
Woods, Carnbridgeport.—June. 
                 Class V.    Order Y.             75

                   94.  DROSERA.
Drosera rotundifolia.  L.'        Round leaved Sun-dew.

    Leaves  orbicular,  radical, depressed;  petioles
hairy ; scape bearing  a simple raceme. Sm.
   The thick glandular hairs, which cover the leaves of this and
other  species, will readily  distinguish them from other  plants.
Leaves small, round, spreading on the ground in  a flat circle.
Scape smooth, bearing a one-rowed, curved raceme of small
white  flowers.—Wet, boggy land.—July, August.
                   95.  STATICE
Statice limonium. L.                   Marsh rosemary.

    Scape panicled, round;  leaves  smooth,  desti-
tute of nerves, tipped with a small point. Sm.
   Very common on our salt marshes, flowering in June and
after.  Leaves obovate, or spatulate,  waved at the edge, very
smooth and entire, nerveless, mucronated at the tip.   Scape
alternately branched, the branches ascending, somewhat corymb-
ed.  Flowers numerous, erect, small, blue.—Perennial.
   The root is strongly astringent, and with us is an officinai
article of considerable consumption. 
76             Class VI.  Order I.
 Class VT.     HEXANDMA.   Six stamevs,

        Order I.   MONOGYNIA.  One style.
   96. Berberis.  Calyx  six  leaved,  inferior;
corolla six petalled ; two glands at the base of each
petal; berry two seeded.
   97- Prinos,  Calyx six cleft, inferior;  corol-
la six parted, wheel shaped; berry six seeded.
   98. Pontederia.   Corolla  inferior,  ringent,
six fcleft; stamens  inserted three in  the tip,  and
three in the tube of  the corolla ; capsule three cell-
ed.
   99.  Hypoxis.   Spathe two  valved;  corolla
superior, six parted ; capsule narrower at the base.
    100.  Convallaria.  Calyx none : corolla  six
cleft, inferior;  stigma  three sided;  berry three
celled.
    101.  Uvularia.  Calyx none; corolla inferior,
petals six, erect, with a nectariferous cavity at their
base; stamens very,short,
    102.  Erythronium.  Calyx none ; corolla in-
ferior, six petalled ;  the three inner petals with a
callous prominence  on each edge near the base.
    103.  Lilium. •  Calyx none ;  corolla inferior,
six petalled, the petals with a longitudinal groove
from the middle to the base.
    104.   Acoitus.   Spadix  cylindrical,  covered
with flowers;  corolla  six  petalled;  style  none;
capsule tliree celled. 
             Class YI,   Order Y,           77
   105. Juncus. Calyx six leaved, inferior, per-
manent ; corolla none ; capsule three valved;  seeds
numerous ; stigmas tliree.

        Order III.   TRIGYNIA.  Three styles.
  • 106. Medeola.   Calyx none ; corolla inferior
six parted, revolute ; berry three seeded.
   IO7. Trillium.    Calyx three leaved, infe-
rior ; corolla three petalled ;' berry three celled.
   108. Triglochin.  Calyx three  leaved, infe-
rior : corolla three leaved, resembling  the calyx ;
styles  none ; capsule bursting at the base :  seeds
solitary.
   109. Rumex.   Calyx  three leaved  inferior:
petals three connivent;  stigma many  cleft; seed
one, triangular,  naked.
         Order V.  POLYGYRIA.  Many styles.
    110. Alism^ Calyx  three  leaved: .corolla
three petalled;  capsules numerous, clustered,  one
seeded. 
78
Class VI.   Order L
                   HEXANDRIA.

                     MONOGYJVIA.

                     96.  BERBERIS.
Serberis vulgaris. L.                     Barberry bush.

    Flowers in racemes;  spines  three forked ; ser-
ratures of leaves terminated by soft bristles.  Sm.

    Few shrubs are better  known  or more common by  road
sides and fences, in gravelly soils.  Branches dotted and armed
with triple thorns.  Leaves inversely ovate, serrate, the teeth
and point ending in short bristles.  The yellow flowers appear
in June in hanging clusters; succeeded by oblong, acid  ber-
ries of a deep red colour.
    A very remarkable degree of irritability, not exceeded by
the sensitive plant, exists in the flowers of the Barberry.  When
these  are  fully expanded, the stamens are found spread out on
the inner side of the corolla.  In this situation  if the inside of
the filament be touched with a pin or straw, it  instantly  con-
tracts  and throws the  anther  violently  against the  stigma.
This fact which  has been particularly described by  Dr. Smith
in the  English Barberry, is not less remarkable and  distinct in
the American variety of the shrub.
    It  is a commonly received opinion, both here  and in  Eu-
rope, that the barberry is injurious to cultivated grain.  Wheat,
rye, Sec. growing in its neighbourhood, are said to be blighted.
But  some distinguished  philosophic agriculturalists,  among
whom are Duhamcl and Broussonet, have assured us that the
opinion is  without foundation.—May not the  supposed fault be-
long to the peculiar soil and situation which the barberry fre-
quents ? 
Class VI.   Order I.             79
                     97.   PRINOS.
Prinos verticillatus.  L. «                  Black Alder.

    Leaves  oval, serrate,  acuminate, hairy on the
nerves beneath.

Syn.  Prinos Gronovii. Mich.
   Black alder or Winter berry is readily discovered in woods
and swamps after the leaves have fallen, by its crowded  scarlet
berries which remain  on the  small  branches.   It is a large
shrub, with small, white,  six parted flowers, in lateral or axillary
bunches,  appearing in June and July.—The bark is consider-
ed medicinal.

Prinos glaber. L.              Evergreen  Winter berry.

    Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,  glabrous,  serrate  at
tip.
   Distinguished  from the former by  its smooth coriaceous,
evergreen leaves, which are of a bluntish lanceolate form, with
a few small  remote  teeth  at the end.  Flowers axillary.—
Swamps.—June, July.

                  98.   PONTEDERIA.
Pontederia  cordata.  L.                   Pickerel-weed.

    Leaves  heart shaped, flowers spiked.  L.

   During the month of July, the tall blue spikes of Pontede^
ria are very conspicuous on the borders of ponds  and rivers of
deep  water and muddy bottoms.  Stem erect,  fleshy, cylindri-
cal.   Leaves long, heart shaped, very smooth, with convergent
nerves.  Stem leaf sheathing at the base of its stalk.  Flowers
in a cylindrical spike, proceeding from a short spathe.   Corol-
las irregular, somewhat labiate.—Perennial. 
8U             Class VI.   Order I.
                     99.  HYPOXIS.
  Hypoxis erecta. L.                Yellow Bethlehem star.

     Hairy ; scape about  four flowered, shorter than
  the  leaves;  leaves linear-lanceolate;  peduncles
  twice as long as the flower.
  Sy?i.   Hrpoxis Caroliniana. Mich.
    The yellow, star-like flowers of this plant appear among the
  grass in pastures, in June  and  after.  Root bulbous.  Leaves
  grass like, hairy.  Scape slender, hairy, divided at top into about
 four  peduncles, with subulate bractes or spathes at  their base.
  Corolla wheel shaped,  of six lanceolate petals or  segments,
  hairy on the outside.   Perennial.

           *  .   100.   CON V ALL ARIA.
 Convallaria bifolia. L.       Two leaved Solomon's seal.

     Stem two  or three leaved,  leaves heart  shaped,
 flowers tetrandrous. Mich.
    The creeping roots  of this little plant cause it  to  spread
 extensively in the moist situations where it grows.   Its stem
 is furnished with two or three smooth, thin, delicate leaves, ob-
• long heart shaped and sessile.  Flowers white, in a short erect
 cluster.  Corolla four cleft; stamens four.  The unripe ber-
 ries are white and spotted,  a circumstance  said to be common
 to all the species.—Flowers  in May.—Perennial.

 Convallaria racemosa. L,        Clustered Solomon's seal.

    Leaves alternate, nearly  sessile, oval,  acumin-
 ate ;  raceme terminal, compound.
    A large species, every part of it covered with fine down.
 Leaves alternate  oblong, large, tapering to a  long point, their
 base narrowed into a sort of petiole.  The" stem terminates in a 
                 Class, VI.   Order I.              81

 branching raceme of white or greenish flowers.  Corollas small,
 nearly rotate.  In low ground,—June.—Perennial.

 Convallaria multiflora. L. Many flowered Solomon's seal.

     Leaves alternate,  clasping;  stem round;  pe-
 duncles axillary, many flowered.  L.
    A smaller plant than the preceding  species.  Stem about
 two feet high, smooth, round, simple, nodding at top. Leaves
 alternate, oval, nerved, slightly clasping at base.   Flower stalks
 axillary, drooping,  branched,  supporting  several pendulous
 white flowers.  Corollas long, funnel shaped, somewhat cylin-
 drical, six cleft.—-About fences and shady places.—May, June.
 —Perennial.

                   101.  UVULARIA.
 TJvularia perfoliata. L.            Perfoliate Belluort.

     Leaves perfoliate ;  segments of the corolla gran-
 ular within, capsule truncated. Mich.
    Has the habit of  the last genus.  Stem smooth, round, run-
 ning through the leaves.  Leaves oval, smooth, perforated by
 the stem near their base, furnishing a good example of the per-
 foliate leaf.  Flowers pendulous, yellow, of  six  petals or  seg-
 ments, bell shaped.  Capsule three cornered, appearing  as if
 cut off in the middle.—Woods, Watertown, Brooklyn.—May.—
 Perennial.

Uvularia sessilifolia. L.        Sessile leaved Bellwort.

    Leaves   sessile, lance-oval,  glaucous  under-
 neath ; capsule pedunculated;  ovate. Pers.
    Stem slender, smooth, dividing at top into two branches, one
bearing only leaves, the other leaves and a  flower.   The leaves
are alternate, thin, smooth, paler underneath.   The flower pale
                   11 
83             Class VI.   Order I.

yellow,  on a slender axillary peduncle.  Capsule ovate* con-
tracted at base.—Woods, Brooklyn.—May.—Perennial.

                102.  ERYTHRONIUM.
Erythronium Americanum. Bot. Mag.  Dog's tooth violet.

    Leaves involute at the point, style club shaped.

Syn.  ERrfHRoyiuM longifolium.  Poir.
      ERrtHRONiUM Dens canis. Mich.
    A delicate liliaceous  plant.   Root bulbous, commonly
situated  deep in the ground. Leaves  two, opposite, lanceo-
late, contracted at  the point, smooth and shining, their surface
clouded with irregular spots. Stalk smooth, supporting a sin-
gle, drooping, yellow flower.  Petals six, obtuse, three of them
external, the three  inner ones with a slight protuberance on
each side of the base.   Style  thickening upward.  Germ obo-
vate.—Woods, Brighton.—May.—Perennial.

                     103.  LILIUM.
Linuivr Canadense.  L.                Common yellow lily.

    Leaves  in whorls ;  flowers terminal, drooping,
petals  spreading,
    A great portion of our meadows are  embellished with the
flowers of this lily in the first part of  summer.  Stem green,
varying in height from one to three feet, with lanceolate leaves
surrounding it in distant whorls.  Flowers sometimes one, and
frequently three on a plant, bell shaped, pendulous, yellow, spot-
ted inside ; petals lanceolate, turned outward, but hardly reflex-
ed.—June, July.—Perennial.
Lilium  Philadelphicum. L.             Common red lily, '

    Leaves  in whorls;   flowers erect;  corolla bell
shaped, petals with claws.  L. 
Class VI.   Order I.
83
   The red lily is a less shewy, but equally beautiful species
with the last.   It frequents a drier soil, and is commonly found
about the margins of fields, among bushes, 8cc.  Leaves whorl-
ed, a few sometimes scattered.  Flowers one,  two, or three,
uprightt of a dark vermillion colour, spotted.   The petals are
supported on long claws, which gives the flower an open ap-
pearance.—June, July.—Perennial.

                    104.  ACORUS.
Acorus Calamus. L.                          Sweet flag.
    Summit  of the stalk above the flowers very long
and leaf like.   Sm.
   Sweet flag root is an officinal article in considerable estima-
tion.  At times when the plant is not in flower, the aromatic
flavour of the root will readily distinguish it from the other spe-
cies of flag, a name indiscriminately applied here to plants with
sword shaped leaves, as Iris, Typha, 8cc.   When in flower, the
long, round, solitary spadix, projecting from the side of an ap-
parent leaf, is a sufficient mark.  The spadix  is closely cover-
ed with small, green flowers  with six petals, and as many sta-
mens.—Meadows.—June, July.—Perennial.

                    105.  JUNCUS.
Juncus effusus. L.                   Soft rush.  Bulrush.

    Stem naked,  straight;  panicle  lateral,  loose,
thrice compounded ; capsules obtuse.   Sm.
    Found every  where in moist  land, growing commonly in
bunches.  Stems perfectly simple, smooth, round, and leafless,
sheathed at the base and  filled with spongy pith.  Panicle pro-
ceeding from a fissure in the side of the stem, much branched,
and bearing many small green flowers.—June, July.—Perennial. 
 8*              Class VI.   Order I.

 Junous campestris. L.                        Field rush.

     Stem leafy.   Leaves  flat, hairy; spikes ter-
 minal,  sessile, or pedunculated; capsules obtuse.
 Sm.
   Hardly half a foot high in dry ground, but in wet situations
 much taller.  Stem upright, round, leafy. Leaves short, grass
 like, flat, acute, the edges fringed with fine, loose hairs.  Spikes
 terminal, umbelled, most of them on peduncles, irregular ovate,
 obtuse, erect or nodding.  Calyx leaves lanceolate, acute. Cap-
 sules inversely  ovate, obtuse, shorter than the calyx.—May.—
 Perennial.
 Junous tenuis. Willd.                     Slender rush.
     Stem roundish, undivided; leaves linear, chan-
 nelled ;  corymb terminal;  leaves of the calyx acu-
 minate, larger than the obtuse, three sided capsule.
 Willd.
   A small, hardy species, common about foot paths and road
 sides.  Stem roundish, leafy at base.  Leaves slender, channel-
 led on the upper side.  Corymb or  cyme terminal, unequal,
 invested with  a  long, leafy involucre. Capsule obtuse, a little
 shorter than the calyx,—June.—Perennial.
 Junous polyoephalos. Mich.           Many headed rush.
     Stem few leaved, erect; leaves somewhat knot-
 ty ; heads round, many flowered, panicled  ; calyx-
 es linear ; stamens three. Mich, abr.
'Syn. Juncus echinaTus.  Muhl.
   Common in meadows and low ground. Stem erect, firm,
 round, smooth.  Leaves round,  smooth, interrupted with nu-
 merous transverse partitions or joints.  Heads resembling
 small burrs, sessile and pedunculated, in a proliferous panicle 
              Class VI.   Order TEL             85

or umbel, with very unequal branches.  Calyx leaves crowded,.
linear-lanceolate, very acute.—Perennial.

                     TRIGYNIA.

                   106.   MEDEOLA.
Medeola Virginica. L.                   Cucumber root.

    Leaves in whorls.
   Few plants exceed this  in geometrical regularity of struc-
ture and appearance.  The stem is erect, smooth, and com-
monly  invested with loose tufts  of cotton-like  down.  The
leaves are in two whorls, the lowermost a few inches from the
top, consisting of about seven or eight broad lanceolate leaves,
the uppermost of three, and rarely four ovate ones.  The flow-
ers are terminal, and bend  down through the interstices of the
upper leaves.  Petals greenish white, revolute.  Styles three,
long, reflexed.  The root is tuberous, with a flavour resembling
the cucumber.:—In low woods and swamps.—June, July.—Per-
ennial.

                   107.   TRILLIUM.
Trillium cernuum. L.                JVodding Trillium.

    Flower on a footstalk, drooping. Willd.
   This is the only species I have observed in the neighbour-
hood of Boston.  Leaves  three, large, roundish, or rhomboid,
pointed.  Flower terminal,  from the bosom of the leaves, bend-
ing down so as to be  sheltered beneath  them.   Calyx leaves
three.  Petals three,  alternate  with  the calyx leaves, nearly
white, reflexed.   Stigmas three, recurved.—In shady thickets.
—May, June.—Perennial.

                  108.  TRIGLOCHIN.
Triglochin maritimum.  L.             Sea arrow grass.

    Capsule six celled, grooved, ovate.  Willd, 
86
Class VI.   Order III.
    The  leaves of this  plant are rush-like,  smooth,  fleshy,
 flexible,  and semicylindrical.   They have a sweetish,  not un-
 pleasant taste.  Stalk  solitary, bearing  a long, dense spike of
 greenish flowers on very short pedicels.   They have six leaves';
 three of which may pass for  calyx and three  for petals.  An-
 thers nearly sessile.—Salt marshes and ditches.—June.—Peren-
 nial.
    The cultivation of this plant for cattle has been recommend-
 ed.

                     109.  RUMEX.
 Rumex crispus. L.                           Curled Dock,

     Calyx valves ovate, entire, all bearing  grains ;
 leaves lanceolate, waved, acute.
    Root fusiform.  Stem furrowed, smooth.   Leaves lanceo-
 late, rather acute, waved and curled on the margin.   Racemes
 of half whorls, leafy towards the base.   Valves enclosing the
 seed heart-shaped, reticulated, very slightly serrate or  repand
 on the margin, each bearing a grain, of which one is much larg-
 er than the other two.—Rubbish and cultivated grounds;—June.
 —Perennial.
 Rumex obtusifolius. L,               Broad leaved Dock,

     Valves toothed, one chiefly  graniferous; root
 leaves heart-shaped, obtuse ;  stem roughish.  Sm,
    Grows in the same  places as the  last, but  is somewhat later
 in its appearance.  Root more  divided.   Stem furrowed, rough
 near the top.  Leaves large,  oblong, heart-shaped, obtuse at the
 end ;  the petiole and midrib often red on the upper side.  Ca-
 lyx leaves heart-shaped, reticulated, furnished with long, subu-
 late teeth, one only bearing a full, distinct grain.—July.—Peren*
 nial.
    These two species, originally from Europe,  are among  our
most troublesome weeds.
i. 
                Class VI.   Order V.             87

 Rumex Britannica. L.          Yellow rooted water Dock.

     Valves  very  entire, all  of them graniferous ;
 leaves lanceolate  with obsolete sheaths.

    A tall species growing in  deep mud in watery situations.
 Leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth  and even.  Stem furrowed,
 surrounded above the joints with torn sheaths, a character which
 distinguishes it from  Rumex verticillatus, another aquatic spe-
 cies with  long tubular  sheaths.  Valves of the  calyx large,
 heart-shaped, entire,  each bearing a grain.—July.—Perennial.
 Rumex Acetosella. L.             Sorrel.  Sheep's sorrel.

     Flowers  dioecious, leaves lanceolate, hastate;
 calyx valves without grains.

    A common and unprofitable intruder  into  every species of
 ground, but particularly such as are dry and sandy.  The  root
 leaves furnish a good example of the halberd  shape or hastate
 form.  Flowers in panicled racemes, small, with stamens and
 styles on distinct plants.   Valves ovate, entire, destitute of
 grains.   The acid properties of the plant are  well known4—
 May.'—Perennial.

                     POLYGYRIA.

                     110.  ALISMA.
 Alisma Plantago.  L.                     Water plantain.

    Leaves ovate, acute,  capsules  obtusely three
 eornered.  Sm.

    Common in small  ponds and ditches.   Leaves radical, peti-
 oled, ovate, acute, smooth, nerved, entire.  Panicle decompound,
 its branches given off in whorls with bractes.  Flowers with
 three calyx leaves and three deciduous petals of a purplish
white.  Capsules three cornered, obtuse.—-June, July.—Peren-
nial. 
88              Class VII.   Order I.
 Class VII.  HEPTANDRIA. Seven stamens.
         Order I.   MONOGYJVIA.   One style.
    111. Trientalis.    Calyx seven leaved;  co.
rolla seven parted, equal; berry one celled, juice-
less.
                 HEPTANDRIA.

                   MONOGYNM.
                 111.  TRIENTALIS.
Trientalis Europe a. L,          Chick weed wintergreen.
   A plant seldom exceeding half a foot in height, having its
leaves chiefly in a  tuft or whorl  at the top, with one or more
white star-like blossoms  above.   Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,
smooth, pointed.   Flowers on filiform peduncles.  The num-
ber of stamens and divisions of the calyx and corolla is common-
ly seven, but often varies to six or eight.—In low woods, partic-
ularly among the pine trees on Craigie's road.—May, June.—
Perennial. 
Class VIII.  Order III.          89
  Class VIII.  OCTANDRIA. Eight stamens.
       Order I.   MONOGYJYIA.    One style.
    112.  Epilobium.  Calyx four cleft, tubular, su-
perior; corolla four petalled; capsule oblong; seeds
feathered.
    113.  (Enothera.   Calyx four cleft, tubular,
superior; corolla four petalled ; capsule four cell-
ed, four valved; seeds naked.
    114.  Rhexia.   Calyx four cleft, inferior; co-
rolla four petalled;  anthers curved ; capsule four
celled, in the body of the calyx.
    115.  Vaccimum.  Calyx superior, four tooth-
ed ; corolla monopetalous ; stamens inserted on the
receptacle;  berry four celled, many seeded.

       Order III.   TRIGYJVIA.   Three styles.
    116. Polygonum.   Calyx five parted, resem-
bling a corolla; corolla none;  seed one, angular,
inclosed in  the calyx ;  stamens and  pistils irregular
in number. 
90
Class VIII.   Order I.
                   OCTxlNDRIA.

                    MONOGYmA.

                   112.  EPILOBIUM.
Epilobium angustifolium.  L.        Spiked Willow herb.

    Leaves    scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,
veiny ;  flowers unequal.  Ait.
Syn.  Epilobium spicatum.  Pers. Muhl.
   A tall plant bearing a  profusion of blue flowers.  Stem
round, erect, with alternate branches near the top.  Leaves nar-
row, lanceolate, smooth, glaucous underneath,  nearly sessile.
Racemes terminal, leafless.  Flowers on footstalks ; petals four,
irregular, standing on the long, whitish, or glaucous  germ.
When the pods are opening the plant appears covered with the
down of the seeds.—In woods and low grounds.   A large quan-
tity grows near Brighton new road.—June, July.—Perennial.
Epilobium coloratum. Muhl.        Coloured Willow herb.

    Leaves lanceolate, serrulate, petioled, opposite,
the upper ones  alternate ; stem round, pubescent.
   A more branching plant than the foregoing.  Stem erect,
round, with opposite pubescent branches.   Leaves lanceolate,
glabrous, their veins often of a red colour, on short petioles, the
bases of which .unite round the  stem in an elevated line.   Flow-
ers axillary, purple, regular, with very long, linear germs.—
Meadows and swamps.—July,  August.—Perennial.

                  113.  OENOTHERA.
(Enothera biennis.  L.                    Tree primrose.

    Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flat; stem a little  rug- 
                Class VIII.   Order I.             91

 ged and villous ;  stamens shorter than the corolla.
 Willd.

    The large, yellow flowers of this plant  are  frequently seen
 overtopping the fences by which they grow, during most of the
 summer.   In  the country it is vulgarly known  by the name oi
 Scabish, a corruption probably of Scabious, from which howev-
 er  it is a very different  plant.  Stem from three to five feet
 high, rough, hairy, and branching.  Root leaves petioled; stem
 leaves sessile ; both pubescent, slightly toothed.   Flowers sol-
 itary, axillary.   Germ sessile, four grooved, surmounted by the
 long, tubular calyx, which divides into four reflexed segments ;
 petals large, roundish,  sometimes emarginate.   This plant,
 originally American,  is now naturalized, and  very common
 throughout  Europe.—Biennial.

 Oenothera pumila. L.               Dwarf tree primrose.

     Leaves  lanceolate,  very entire, obtuse ;  cap-
 sules  slightly pedicelled, elliptic-obovate, angular.
 Willd.

   Stem  oblique at base,  ascending,  round, slender, about a
 foot  high.  Leaves  sessile, blunt.   Flowers small, nearly ses-
 sile, in a leafy spike.   Petals inversely heart-shaped. Stamens
 shorter than the corolla.  Capsules inversely ovate, with eight
 angles.—Pastures.—Perennial.

                     114.   RHEXIA.
Rhexia Virginica. L.                  Virginian Rhexia.

     Stem with four winged angles ; leaves sessile,
 oval-lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, calyx with glandular
 hairs.

   Stem  square with  membranous angles.  Leaves opposite,
 oval, three nerved, with scattered hairs on both sides and on the 
93            Class VIII.    Order I.

margin.  Peduncle^ axillary and terminal.   Calyx urn-shaped,
hairy ;  petals purple and finely contrasted with the long, crook-
ed, yellow anthers.—Low grounds.—July, August.—Perennial.

                  115.  VACCINIUM.
Vaccinium macr&carpon. Ait.                Craneberry.
    Leaves evergreen, entire, oval-oblong, obtuse ;
stems filiform, creeping. Ait. abr.
Syn.   Vaccinium  oxreoccus oblongifolius. Mich.
   The craneberry vine spreads in  large beds at the bottom of
the grass in turfy meadows.  Stems slender, creeping.  Leaves
numerous, small,  dark above, whitish underneath.   Flower
stalks axillary, slender; corollas white, their segments long and
reflexed.  Anthers-projecting.  The fruit is large, and esteem-
ed superior to the European craneberry.—Perennial.
Vaccinium resinosum. L.   Black Whortleberry or Huckle-
                        berry.
    Racemes bracted  ; corollas ovate ; leaves ellip-
tic, somewhat  acute,  entire,  deciduous,  sprinkled
with resinous dots underneath.  Ait.
   The leaves of this very common shrub  are oval, the young
ones  acute, the older ones blunt; their under surface  covered
with shining, adhesive, resinous particles.  Flowers in lateral
clusters.  Corolla five cornered, ovate, contracted at the mouth,
of a dull reddish green.  Fruit globular, black, sweet.—Woods
and hills.—June.
Vaccinium corymbosum. L.           Bilberry.  Blueberry.
    Corymbs bracted ; corollas  somewhat cylindri-
cal ;  leaves lance-elliptic, nearly entire,  acute, pu-
bescent underneath.
Syn.   Vaccinium  amoenum. Ait.
       Vaccivium  Dli'OMORPHUM. Mich. 
               Class Vin.   Order III,           93

   This shrub, like some others of the genus to  which it be-
longs, varies considerably in size, and sometimes rises into a small
tree.  The leaves are oblong-oval, acute, mucronated, obsolete-
ly serrulate, paler and somewhat downy underneath. The flow-
ers, which appear early in May, before the leaves are fully ex-
panded, are oblong, larger than in the last species, white, acid
to the  taste, containing  much  honey.  They grow in lateral
clusters or corymbs, and  make a handsome appearance.  Ber-
ries sweet, acid.—Swamps and wet pastures.—Perennial.

                      TRIGYNIA.

                  116.  POLYGONUM
Polygonum aviculare. I.                    Knot grass.

    Stem  procumbent,  herbaceous ;  leaves lance-
oval ; flowers axillary, subsessile,  with  eight sta-
mens and three styles.
   A hardy weed  growing every where, and even common
among the bricks and paving stones.  Stem slender, spreading,
striated, interrupted with frequent joints, branching } the joints
furnished with  short stipules.   Leaves  oblong-oval, smooth.
Flowers minute, white, in the axils of the leaves.—All summer.
—Perennial.
Polygonum hydropiper. L.                 Water pepper.

    Stamens six; styles two, half  united;  leaves
lanceolate, spotless, waved; spike filiform, nodding ;
stem erect. Sm.
   Well  known for  its  intense  acrimony.  Leaves lanceolate,
chiefly smooth.  Stipules loose, glabrous, fringed with hairs  at
top.  Spikes of flowers,  slender and nodding.  Michaux ob-
served eight, and never less than seven stamens in this plant in
America.—Rubbish in low grounds, ditches, &r.—August, Sep-
tember.—Annual. 
 94           Class VIII.   Order I1X

 Polygonum Persica-ria. L.            Spotted Polygonum.

     Stamens six;  styles  two,  half united;  spikes
 ovate-oblong,  erect; peduncles  smooth;  stipules
 ciliate. Curt.

    This plant is without acrimony.  Leaves spreading, lanceo-
 late, acute, and commonly marked with a dark spot, somewhat
 heart-shaped, in the centre.  Stipules tubular, short, ciliated at
 top.  Spikes terminal,  on  smooth  footstalks, erect, oblong.
 Flowers rose coloured.—In the same soils as the last.—July,
 August.—Annual.
 Polygonum sagittatum. L.                Scratch grass.

     Stem prickly backward; leaves sagittate; flow-
 ers in  heads, with eight  stamens  and three  styles.
 Mich.

    Stem slender, four  angled, the angles rough backward with
 small prickles.  Leaves arrow-shaped, oblong, on short peti-
 oles, the petiole and  mid rib  rough backward.   Flowers in
 small heads on the ends of the branches,  white or purplish.—
 Wet ground.—July.—Annual.

 Polygonum arifolium. L.            Hastate Polyg&num.

    Stem prickly backward; leaves hastate;  spikes
 few flowered, flowers distinct, with six stamens and
 two styles. Mich.

   Stem as in the last.  Leaves halberd-shaped, twice as large
as the last, thin and tender.  The  stem terminates with a few
 separate, pale, reddish  flowers.—Found in a marshy spot near
 Sweet Auburn, Cambridge.—June, July.—Annual.
Polygonum convolvulus. L.              Black bindweed.

    Leaves heart-arrow shaped ; stem twining, an-
gular :  segments of the calyx bluntly  keeled.  Sm. 
             Class VIII.   Order HI.            95

   Stem twining, climbing on other plants.  Leaves alternate,
petioled, heart-shaped, with the hinder  lobes acute.  Branches
axillary.  Flowers in terminal, interrupted  spikes whitish, the
three principal segments of the calyx furnished with a keel, but
not winged.   Flowers all  summer in waste and  cultivated
ground.—Annual.
Polygonum soandens. L.            Climbing Polygonum.

    Leaves heart-shaped;  stem twining, angular;
segments of the calyx winged.

   Stem  smooth,  climbing.  Leaves  petioled, heart-shaped,
with a deep sinus, acuminate.  Branches axillary.  Flowers in
long leafy racemes.  Calyx much larger than  in the last  spe-
cies, with three broad, membranous expansions, corresponding to
the angles of the seed.—Cambridge.—August.—Perennial. 
96           Class IX.   Order I.
  Class IX.    ENNEANDRIA.  Mne stamens.
       Order I.    MOJVOGYNIA.    One style.
    117. Laurus.  Calyx none ; corolla six part-
ed, resembling a calyx; nectary three glands, sur-
rounding the germ, each ending in two bristles ; in-
ner filaments with two  glands each;  drupe one
seeded. 
Class IX.   Order 1,
97
                  ENNEANDRIA.

                    MONOGYAIA.

                     117.  LAURUS.
Laurus Benzoin. L.             Fever bush.  Spice wood.
    Leaves obovate, entire,  annual;  flowers  dioe-
cious.
Syn.  Laurus Pseudo-benzoin. Mich.
   An aromatic shrub with a flavour resembling Benzoin.  Ear-
ly in May before the leaves  appear, it puts out tufts of small,
yellow flowers from the sides of the branches.   The leaves are
oval or inversely ovate, pale  underneath, and somewhat pubes-
cent.  Berries red.  It grows in low  situations at Brighton and
elsewhere, but it is not very  common in the environs of Boston.
Laurus Sassafras. L.                      Sassafras tree.

    Leaves deciduous, entire, and lobed, flowers di-
oecious. Mich.
   In favourable situations the Sassafras rises into a pretty large
tree.  The bark of the young twigs is smooth and green.  The
leaves are partly oval, and partly'in two or three large lobes, en-
tire on their margin, and downy underneath.  Flowers greenish
yellow,  appearing in May and June in drooping clusters at the
end of the  last year's shoots.   They are commonly dioecious.
Fruit oval, blue.
   The whole of the Sassafras tree has a strong, spicy flavour,
which is most powerful in  the bark of the root.  The young
twigs, and especially the pith, abound in mucilage.  When first
introduced into Europe it acquired great medicinal reputation,
and was sold at the high price of fifty livres per pound.  An
express treatise entitled Sassafrasologia was written to celebrate
its virtues.  Its properties however appear to be those which
are common to other warm aromatics.
                 13 
98            Class X.   Order I.
  Class X.       DECANDRIA.  Ten stamens.
         Order I.  MONOGYNIA.  One style.
              A. Flowers monojietalous.
    118. Epig^a.  Calyx double ;  the outer three
 leaved, the inner five parted ; corolla salver shap-
 ed ; capsule five celled.
    119. Gtaultheria.   Calyx double; the outer
 two leaved, the inner five cleft;  corolla ovate; cap-
 sule five celled, covered  by the inner calyx, which
 becomes similar to a berry.
    120. Arbutus.    Calyx  five  parted ;  corolla
 ovate,  pellucid  at the base; berry  superior,  five
 celled.
    121. Andromeda.   Calyx five parted ;  corolla
 ovate; capsule  superior, five celled,  the partitions
 From the middle of the valves.
    122. Rhododendron.  Calyx five parted; co-
 rolla  somewhat funnel form;  stamens  declined;
 capsule five celled.
    123.  Kalmia.  Calyx five parted; corolla sal-
 ver shaped,  with ten prominences  underneath, and
 the border five horned;  capsule five celled.
             B.  Flowers many fietalled.
    124. Podalyria. Corolla papilionaceous; keel
 compressed, somewhat longer than the banner; le-
gume inflated, many seeded. 
Class X,  Order III.
99
   125. Cassia.   Corolla unequal, five petalled ;
three upper anthers barren, three lower ones beak-
ed ;  loinent flat.
   126. Rhodora.  Calyx five  toothed;  corolla
three petalled, unequal; stamens declined;  cap-
sule  five celled.
   127.  Clethra.   Calyx five leaved ;  petals
five; stigma three parted;  capsule  three  celled
three valved.
   128. Pyrola.  Calyx five leaved; petals five ;
capsule superior, opening at the angles, many seed-
ed.
   129. Monotropa.   Calyx  none; petals  ten,
the five outer ones gibbous  at  the base; capsule
five  valved ;  a fifth  part of the fructification  often
wanting.
           Order II.  DIGYJVIA.  Two styles.
   130. Scleranthus.  Calyx five cleft, inferior;
corolla none ; seeds two, inclosed in the calyx.
   131. Saxifraga.   Calyx five parted ;  corolla
five petalled ; capsule two beaked, one celled; ma,
ny seeded.
   132. Dianthus.   Calyx  tubular with scales at
the base ;  petals five, with claws; capsule cylindrL
cal, superior, one celled.
       Order III.   TRIGYMA.  Three styles.
   133. Arenaria.  Calyx five leaved, spreading;
petals  five, entire;  capsule superior, one celled,
many seeded. 
100          Class X,  Order VI.
    134-. Stellaria.   Calyx five leaved, spread-
ing ; petals five, deeply cloven; capsule superior,
one celled, many seeded.
    135. Silene.   Calyx one leafed, swelling; pe-
tals five, with claws, crowned at the mouth; capsule
superior, three celled, many seeded.
    136. Cucubalus.   Calyx one leafed, inflated;
petals five with claws, not crowned ; capsule supe-
rior, three celled.

       Order V.   PENTAGYNIA.  Five styles.
    137-  Penthorum.   Calyx five or ten  cleft;
petals five or none ; capsule five celled, five beak.
ed.
    138.  Cerastium.  Calyx five leaved;  petals
five, cloven ; capsule superior, one celled, ten tooth*
ed.
    139.  Spergula.   Calyx five leaved; petals
five, undivided; capsule superior, ovate, one celled,
five valved.

        Order VI.   DECAGYMA.  Ten styles.
    140. Phytolacca.  Calyx  five leaved, resem-
bling a corolla; corolla none; berry superior, ten
seeded. 
Class X.   Order I.
101
                  DECANDRIA.

                    MONOGYJVIA.

                     118. EPIG^A.
E pig m a re pens. L.                        Ground laureL

    Leaves heart-ovate, entire;  corollas cylindrical.
Sw.
   Stem woody, trailing, hairy. Leaves alternate, oblong, heart-
ed at base, hairy and rough, with hairy petioles.  Flowers pur-
ple, flesh coloured, or white, in terminal or axillary bunches, of
from two to six, on hairy peduncles.   Calyx double.  Corolla
salver shaped, longer than the calyx, hairy within.—It grows in
woods.—April, May.

                 119.  GAULTHERIA.
Gaultheria pbocumbens. L.              Partridge berry.

    Stem wToody,  trailing;  leaves   obovate, some-
what serrate.
   A plant universally known for its pleasant, aromatic flavour-
Stem small, creeping.  Leaves  few on a stem, smooth, ever-
green, oval with a tapering base,  furnished with a few acumin-
ate serratures.  Flowers mostly solitary, axillary, hanging  from
the axils,  white.  Fruit a small capsule, surrounded with the
calyx, which becomes large, fleshy, and red,  resembling a ber-
ry.—Woods.—June.

                    120.   ARBUTUS.
Arbutus  uva  ursi. L.                        Bear berry.

    Stem procumbent; leaves entire. L. 
102            Class X.   Order I.
   A hardy, trailing evergreen.  Stems long and woody, form-
ing beds of considerable size.  Leaves obovate, entire, coria-
ceous, rounded or reflexed on the  margin.  Flowers in small
bunches, drooping, rose coloured.  Berries red, remaining long
on their stalks.—Wpods, Concord, Milton, &c.;—June.
   The leaves are astringent, and in considerable use as a me-
dicinal  article.

                 121.  ANDROMEDA.
Andromeda calyculata. L.           Dwarf Andromeda.

    Racemes leaning one way, leafy ;  corollas sub-
cylindrical  ;  leaves alternate,  lanceolate, obtuse,
dotted.  L.
   A low, evergreen, early flowering shrub.  Leaves oblong,
coriaceous,  obsoletely serrate, shining, and covered  with white
dots  above, pale underneath.  Flowers in  terminal racemes,
each flower proceeding from the axil of a small leaf.  Calyx ca-
lyculated.   Corolla ovate-cylindrical, white or purplish.—Mil-
ton, near Neponset river, and elsewhere.—April.
Andromeda paniculata.  Mich.       Panicled Andromeda.

    Racemes  somewhat panicled;  corollas depres-
sed-globular,  slightly  pubescent;  anthers  short,
ovate, obtuse, awnless. Mich. abr.
    A  pretty tall shrub.   Leaves deciduous, ovate,  mostly
entire, somewhat downy.   Racemes panicled.  Flowers small,
white,  somewhat spherical, succeeded by globular capsules,
which  remain through the  winter.  This plant often bears a
large,  irregular,  spongy excrescence of  a  yellow colour, the
effect of disease.—Swamps.—June.

              122.   RHODODENDRON.
Krododendron maximum. L.             Rosebay Laurel.

    Leaves oblong, glabrous, paler beneath; umbels 
Class X.   Order I.
103
dense, terminal;  corollas somewhat bell  shaped,
petals rounded.
   We have no shrub that surpasses the Rhododendron in ele-
gance.   With us it hardly rises to a tree.  Its leaves are larg-
er than most of our evergreens, smooth and coriaceous, oblong,
inclining to wedge form.  The flowers grow in large, compact,
terminal umbels; segments of the calyx obtuse; corolla of a
light rose colour, spreading,  deeply five  cleft, the  segments
rounded and concave.—Found  in Dedham.—July.

                    123.   KALMIA.
Kalmia latifolia. L.                 Broad leaved laurel.

    Leaves  ovate-elliptical, in threes, and scattered;
corymbs terminal.  L.
   A large and very ornamental shrub, sometimes rising into a
tree.  Leaves petioled, nearly  oval, smooth, shining and  coria-
ceous.   Flowers in large corymbs on the ends of the branches.
Corollas white, inclining to a rose colour, consisting of a tube
longer than the calyx, and a  spreading, concave border, with
ten depressions below, and divided into five segments at top.
The wood is dense and hard,  and used by mechanics as a sub-
stitute for box.  Taken  internally the. plant is  poisonous.  It
has been used medicinally with advantage.—Grows at Milton
and Chelmsford in small quantities j at Cape Ann in great pro-
fusion.—June, July.

Kalmia angustifolia.  L.           Narrow leaved laurel.

    Leaves  lanceolate ; corymbs lateral. L.
   A low  shrub with  rose  coloured  flowers, very common in
low grounds,  and known by the names sheep poison, lambkiir,
low laurel, Sec.  Leaves on short petioles, scattered or in threes,
lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, evergreen.   Flowers in lateral  co-
rymbs, proceeding from the axils of the leaves  and  forming a 
 104              Class  X.   Order I.

 sort of whorl  round the stem.  Properties  like the last.—June,

                   124.  PODALYRIA.
 Podalyria tinctoria. Willd.                 Wild indigo.

     Glabrous;  stipules  setaceous;  leaves  subses-
 sile; leafets  wedge-obovate; flowers in  terminal
 spikes. Mich. abr.
 Syn.  SoPHdRA TlNcfORiA.  L.
    A very common, bushy plant, found in woods and dry soils.
 Stem smooth, very much branched.   Leaves in  threes on a
 short petiole; leafets  rounded at the end, and tapering to an
 acute base.  Stipules very small,  caducous.   Flowers in a
 loose spike, on slender peduncles,  yellow.  Legumes  short,
 rounded, of a  bluish cast.—August.—Perennial.
    For the medicinal properties of this plant, see Dr. Thatch-
 er's Dispensatory.

                     12.5.  CASSIA.
 Cassia ChamjEOrista. L.                   Dwarf Cassia.

     Leaves  in many pairs;  petiole with a  pedicel-
 led gland;  stipules ensiform.  L.
    Leaves pinnate, with ten or a  dozen pair of leafets; the pe-
 tiole with a small  gland supported on a footstalk near its base.
 Flowers often in pairs, near the stem, yellow, two of the petals
 spotted at base.  Like others of its family it shuts its  leaves at
 night, or  after an injury.—Road sides.—August.—Annual.

                   126.  RHODORA.
 Rhodora Canadensis. L.              Canadian Rhodora,
    A small shrub  with  handsome  blue or reddish flowers,
 which appear  in the spring before the leaves are perfectly ex-
panded.   Its height is one or two  feet.  Leaves alternate, oval, 
Class. X.   Order I.
105
mostly entire, pubescent and glaucous underneath,  The flow-
ers are in umbels on the ends of the twigs.   The corolla con-
sists of three unequal petals, the largest of which is broad, and
divided into three segments or  lobes at the end, the other two
are equal, lanceolate, and  obtuse.—Low grounds.—Maiden,
Cambridge.—May.
                    127.  CLETHRA.
Clethra alnifolia. L.               Alder leaved Clethra.

    Leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent underneath;
racemes simple, bracted.  Willd,
   A tall, elegant, white flowering shrub.  Leaves about three
inches long, and from one to two broad, inversely ovate, serrate,
downy underneath in one variety, glabrous in another.  Flowers
in long racemes  or loose spikes with downy stalks.—Grows
in low soils, Cambridgeport.—-July, August.

                    128.   PYROLA.
Pyrola rotundifolia. L.       Round leaved Wintergreem

    Stamens ascending, pistil declined, raceme ma-
ny flowered.  Sm.
   A very common species.  Root creeping, putting up erect
or ascending, angular stems.  Leaves petioled,  almost round,
scarcely serrate, smooth, spreading.  Flowers in a long cluster
terminating the stem, white, fragrant.  The  stamens are  uni-
formly bent upward,  and the  style downward.—-Found every
where in woods.—-June.

Pyrola secunda. L.               Onesided Winter green,

    Flowers racemed, leaning one way. L,
   Less  frequent than the  former, but resembling it in habit.
Stem as  in the last.   Leaves petioled, spreading, ovate, acute,
(not obtuse like the last,) minutely serrate, smooth  The flow«-
                M 
106             Class X,   Order I.
 ers all tend to one  side of the stem, whence the name.  Sta-
 mens equal and uniform ; style straight, permanent.—Woods.
 —June.

. Pyrola umbellata. L.             Umbelled Winter green.

     Flowers in  a sort of umbel. L.
    Equally common with the first, and known by the names of
 Rheumatism weed, Phipsewa or Wipsewog, 8cc.   Root creep-
 ing extensively. Stems ascending, hard and woody  at  base.
 Leaves mostly in  bunches or  whorls, lanceolate, somewhat
 wedge-shaped, sharply  serrate, decurrent on  the  petiole,
 smooth, firm, and coriaceous.  Flowers in an imperfect umbel,
 or rather corymb, of from three to six;  variegated with purple
 and -white,  drooping.  Stigma large, obtuse, sessile, moist on
 the top.—Woods.—July.

                  129.  MONOTROPA.
 Monotropa lanuginosa. Mich,          Downy Birdsnest.

     Stem with spiked flowers ; bractes and flowers
 woolly. Mich,
    A fleshy, white plant.  Stem erect, leafy, simple.   Leaves
 whitish,  resembling scales, frequent at  base, longer and more
 scattered above. Flowers mostly of eight petals, whitish, cov-
 ered with fine wool, leaning one way, drooping.—-Woods, Rox-
' bury.—June.
 Monotropa Morisoniana. Mich.        Upright Birdsnest.
     Stem erect, leaves distant, flower single,  erect.
 L.
    A white plant like  the last.   Stem  more slender and tall.
 Leaves more1  remote.   The stem  supports but  one  flower,
 which is large, erect, often petals and stamens,  surrounding a
 large, globose germ, which supports  a peltate stigma.—Woods. 
                 Class X.   Order II.             107

 —June, July.—The Monotropas  are said to be  parasitic, sub-
 sisting on the roots of other plants.

                      DIGYmA.
                 130.  SCLERANTHUS.
 Scleranthus annuus. L.                Common Knawel.

     Calyx of  the ripe fruit with sharp, spreading
 teeth; stems spreading. Sm,
    A small, obscure plant in gravelly soils, road  sides,  &c.
 Stems spreading,  decumbent,  short.   Leaves linear,  acute,
 short, opposite.  Flowers green, sessile, in terminal, leafy clus-
 ters.  Calyx with  five acute, spreading, permanent segments.
 Stamens from five to ten.—July.—Annual,

                  131.  SAXIFRAGA.
 Saxifraga vernalis.  Willd.            Early Saxifrage.

    Pubescent;  leaves  oval,  somewrhat petioled,
 crenate; flowers erect, panicled, nearly sessile,  al-
 ternate.
 Syn.  Saxifraga Virginiensis.  Mich.
   One  of  the  earliest flowers  upon rocks and dry hills.
 Leaves mostly radical,  spreading,  fleshy, elliptical, a little pu-
 bescent, crenate or serrate, and tapering into a broad petiole.
 Stem erect, fleshy, hairy, nearly  destitute of leaves.   Flowers
nunferous, crowded, white,  arranged in corymbs on the ends
of the  branches, which, collectively form a  sort of panicle.
—April, May.—Perennial.
Saxifraga Pennsylvania. L.   Pennsylvanian Saxifrage.

    Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  a little hairy, denti-
culate ;  stem  naked;  peduncles alternate, forming
corymbed heads. Willd. 
iOd           Class X,  Order III.

   A tall, green plant, of little beauty, growing in meadows.
Leaves all radical, five or six times larger than in the preceding
species, oblong,  approaching to  oval, very slightly toothed.
Stems large, erect, rank in their growth, bearing heads of small,
green flowers,  disposed in a sort of panicle.—May.—Peren-
nial.
                  132.  DIANTHUS.
Dianthus Armeria.  L.                        Wild Pink.

    Flowers  aggregate,  fascicled; scales of  the
calyx lanceolate, villous, equal to the tube* Sm.
   This small species of pink has a leafy, pubescent stem, end-
ing in  erect branches.   Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, en-
tire, pubescent, the  lower ones  spatulate.  Flowers terminal,
in bunches, erect, scentless,  ephemeral.   Calyx equalling
the tube of the corolla ; petals small, red, with white dots, a lit-
tle toothed.—On the rocky  hills in Roxbury and Salem.—July.
Annual.
                      TRIGYJWA.

                  133.  ARENARIA.
Arenaria rubra. L.                   Common sandwort

    Leaves  linear,  slightly  mucronate,  stipules
membranous,  sheathing; seeds compressed, angu-
lar, roughish. Sm.
   A spreading plant, with small, delicate, red flowers.   Stems
prostrate,  slender, smooth,  pointed, branching.  Leaves small,
narrow, ending in a short  bristle.   Stipules surrounding  the
stem, whitish, dry.  Flower  stalks  and calyx  hairy.  Petals
small, not exceeding the  calyx.—Pastures and road sides*—
June, July. 
                Class X.   Order Til.            109

Arenaria marina.  Sm.                    Sea sandwort.

    Leaves semicylindrical, fleshy,  awnless;  sti-
pules scarious, sheathing ;  seeds compressed, mar.
gined, glabrous.  Sm.
   A more succulent, fleshy plant than the last.  Stems pros-
trate  or decumbent, smooth.  Leaves short, fleshy, roundish,
not ending in a bristle.   Flowers pale red, expanded as well
as the last in clear weather, and  closed in  foul.   Salt marshes.
—July.—By some this is considered a variety of the last.

Arenaria lateriflora L.       Side flowering sandwort.
    Leaves ovate, obtuse; peduncles lateral, two
flowered. L.
   A slender, delicate species, with white flowers.   Stem
erect, smooth, filiform, four or five inches high.   Leaves op-
posite, oval, smooth, nearly  sessile.  Peduncles or flowering
branches axillary, very slender, divided about half way, their
fork furnished with two minute leafets.  Each part of the fork
bears  a flower.—In wet shady places.—June.—Perennial.

                   134.  STELLARIA.
Stellaria media. Sm.                        Chickweed.

    Leaves ovate, stems procumbent, with  an alter-
nate, lateral, hairy line.  Sm.
Syn.  jIlsine media. L.
   Chickweed grows in almost  eveiy situation, 'even  between
the bricks in the side walks.  Its spreading stems are remark-
able for a-hairy line  extending from joint to joint, and occupy-
ing the two sides alternately.  On breaking the stem an elas-
tic, fibrous substance is drawn out, which retracts when liberat-
ed. Leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, entire.  Peduncles axil-
lary and terminal, one flowered.   Petals white, deeply cleft, so 
110          Class X,   Order III.
 as to appear ten in number.  Stamens three, five, or ten.  Cap-
 sules opening into six segments.—Flowers from the beginning
 of spring to the end of fall.—Annual.

 Stellaria graminea.  Sm.                    Stitchwort.

     Leaves linear-lanceolate,  entire ;  panicle ter-
 minal, spreading; calyx three nerved, about equal
 to the petals.  Sm.

    A small, starry, white flower.  Stems decumbent, smooth,
 very slender.  Leaves nearly linear,  tapering to a point, oppo-
 site, smooth.   Petals appearing in^ten white, fine segments,
 like those of  Stellaria media.—GrWs among the bushes on
 Craigie's road.—June, July.

                    135.  SILENE.
 Silene Pennsyltaxica. Mich.                  Gatchfly.

     Viscid-pubescent;  root  leaves   wedge  form,
 stem leaves lanceolate;  partial stems few flower-
 ed ; petals  slightly  emarginate, subcrenate. Mich.
    Sometimes called wild pink, from its similarity in habit to
 some of that genus.  Leaves of the root spatulate, acute at top,
 and tapering into a long base ;  those of the stem lanceolate, op-
 posite.   Flowers in upright, terminal  bunches.   Calyxes near-
 ly cylindrical, hairy, and exceedingly glutinous.  Corollas pur-
 plish white.—Found in dry, sandy soils.—June.

                 136.  CUCUBALUS.
Cucubalus Behen. L.                  Bladder campion.

    Calyx nearly globular, smooth, reticulated with
veins;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, glaucous,  smooth.
 Sm. Engl. Bot.

Syn. Silene inflava.  Sm.  Flor. Brit. 
Class X,   Order Y,            m
    The inflated, bladder-like calyx at once distinguishes this
 plant from every thing about it.  Radical leaves spatulate, stem
 leaves opposite, ovate, acute,  entire.  Stems one or two feet
 high,  smooth, panicled.  Flowers nodding.   Calyx  oblong-
 spherical, thin, elegantly veined.  Petals  white, spreading, bi-
 fid.—About fences and waysides.—July.—Perennials

                    PENTAGYNIA.

                  137.  PENTHORUM.
 Penthorum sedoides. L.                     Penthorum.
    The only species of its genus.  Stem  about a foot  high,
 angular.  Leaves alternate lance-oval, serrate, acute, green on
 both sides.   Flowers terminal, in  a  few revolute spikes, of a
 greenish yellow.  Capsule with five beaks at top.—Wet ground,
 brook sides, &c—July.—Perennial.

                  138.   CERASTIUM.
 Cerastium vulgatum.  L.            Mouse  ear chickweed.

    Hairy, viscid, forming tufts ; leaves ovate ; pe-
 tals equal to the  calyx ; flowers  longer than  their
 stalks.  Sm.

    Stems spreading, round, dichotomous.   Leaves ovate, op-
 posite.   Flowers from the forks of the  stem, crowded at the
 ends, on peduncles shorter than themselves.  Petals oblong,
 white, a little longer than the calyx.—In cultivated ground.—
 May.—Annual.

                   139.  SPERGULA.
Spergula arvensis. L.                     Corn spurrey.

    Leaves whorled;  stalks of the fruit reflexed;
 seeds kidney shaped, angular, rough. Sm.

   A weed  in corn fields, by many of our farmers denominated 
 IIS             Class X,   Order VI.

 tares.   Stems  spreading,  becoming  erect, smooth, round,
 swelling at the joints.  Leaves linear, obtuse, in whorls at the
 joints.   Panicle terminal, forked,  the  peduncles bent down-
 ward as the  fruit ripens.  Petals little larger than the calyx,
 white.—June and after.—Annual.

                     DECAGYMA.

                  140.  PHYTOLACCA.
 Phytolacca deoandra. L.                  Poke, Cocum,

     Flowers with ten stamens and ten styles. L.
   One of the most common and conspicuous plants in waste
 grounds, by road sides, Sec.   Stems purple, branching, six or
 seven feet high.  Leaves large, ovate, acute, entire.  Flowers
in long, simple racemes, of a dull white ; succeeded by large,
 flat, purple berries, which have been made to furnish a perma-
nent dye.  A variety of medicinal properties are attributed to
 the root of this plant,—-Flowers in July and August.—Perennial. 
Class XI.   Order III.          113
  Class XL  DODECANDRIA.  Twelve stamens.
         Order I.   MONOGYNM.    One style.
     141.  Portulaca.   Calyx two cleft;  corolla
  five petalled; capsule one  celled,  opening trans-
  versely.
     142. Lythrum.  Calyx twelve toothed ;  petals
  six, inserted into the calyx ; capsule two celled, ma-
  ny seeded.
          Order II.   DIGYNIA.    Two styles.
     143. Agrimonia.  Calyx five toothed, invested
  with an outer one ;  petals five, inserted in the calyx \
  seeds two in the bottom of the calyx.
        Order III.    TRIGYNIA.    Three styles.
     144. Euphorbia.   Calyx inflated, inferior; pe-
  tals or nectaries four or five, standing on the calyx ;
■  oapsule three lobed, supported by a pedicel.
                    15 
 114            Class XI.   Order II.


                 DODECANDRIA.

                    MOJVOGYMA.
                  141.  PORTULACA.
 Portulaca oleracea. L.                       Purslane,

    Leaves wedge shaped; flowers sessile. L.
    A succulent,  annual plant, common in gardens, cultivated
 fields, and waste grounds.   Stems  procumbent,  spreading,
 smooth, fleshy.   Leaves wedge shaped, rounded  at the end,
 fleshy, smooth,  sessile.   Flowers sessile, scattered,  yellow.
 Capsule opening  transversely.  Flowers all summer.—Annual.

                   142.  LYTHRUM.
 Lythrum verticillatum.  L.                 Grass poly.

    Leaves opposite or ternate, lanceolate, petioled;
 flowers axillary, forming a sort of whorls.
    Stems woody  at base, two feet high. Leaves opposite or in
 threes, lanceolate, entire.  Flowers on axillary, subdivided pe-
 duncles, nearly surrounding the stem.   Calyx ending in ten or
 twelve teeth, accompanied by the same number of long stamens.
 Petals five or six, of a fine purple, spreading, inserted on the ca-
 lyx, short in duration.—In watery places near Fresh pond.—Ju-
 ly, August.
                      DIGYJVIA.
                143.  AGRIMONIA.
 Agrimonia Eupatoria. L.                     Agrimony,

    Stem leaves  pinnate, the  odd one petioled, fruit
 hispid.   L.
    Rises to the height of two feet, with an angular, Jiairy stem.
Leaves interruptedly pinnate, hairy.  Leafets ovate, serrate, all
sessile except the terminal one. Stipules large, semicircular, 
                Class XI.   Order III.            115

 cut-serrate.  Spike long, erect, hairy.  Flowers thinly scatter-
 ed, on short stalks, yellow.  Calyx persistent, armed with hook-
 ed bristles.  The plant is astringent and tonic.—By fences and
 thickets.—June, July.—Perennial.

                      TRIGYNIA.
                144.  EUPHORBIA.
 Euphorbia heliosoopia.  L.                  Sun Spurge.

    Umbel five rayed, then three rayed and forked ;
 involucels obovate ; leaves wedge form, serrate. L.
    A weed in rich ground, lactescent, as are the other species.
 Stem  upright, round.  Leaves scattered, obovate, or  wedge
 shaped, slightly serrate at the end.  Umbel of five rays, support-
 ed by a large involucre like the leaves.  Rays branching, first
 into three, then into two divisions.  Capsules smooth.—Annual.

 Euphorbia  polygonifolia. L.         Knot grass Spurge.

    Leaves opposite, quite entire, lanceolate, obtuse;
 flowers solitary, axillary ; stems procumbent.  L.
    A flat, spreading plant, abounding with milky juice.  Stems
 smooth, dichotomous.  Leaves opposite, oblong, linear-lanceo-
 late, blunt, nearly sessile.  Flowers small, proceeding from the
 divisions of the stem.—In sandy places, near the sea shore.—
 June, July.—Annual.

 Euphorbia  maculata. L.                Spotted Spurge.

    Leaves serrate, oblong, hairy ; flowers axillary,
 solitary; branches spreading.

   A flat plant like the last.  Stems spreading close  to the
ground.  Leaves oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrulate on the up-
per part, edged with hairs,  and frequently with a dark spot  in
 the centre.   Flowers very small, capsule hairy.—Found  in san-
dy soils.—June, July.—Annual. 
116          Class XII.   Order V.
 Class £11.   ICOSANDRIA.   Twenty or more
          stamens, inserted on the calyx.
       Order I.    MONOGYJVIA.    One style.
    145.  Prunus.  Calyx inferior, five cleft;  co-
rolla five petalled ; drupe with a smooth or slightly
seamed stone.
        Order II.   DIGYNIA.   Two styles.
    146.  Crat^gus.   Calyx superior, five  cleft;
petals five ; berry two seeded.
      Order III.    TRIGYMA.    Three styles.
    147-  Sorbus.  Calyx superior, five cleft;  pe-
tals five;  berry three seeded.
     Order IV.    FENTAGYNIA.   Five styles.
    148.  Pyrus.   Calyx superior, five cleft; corol-
la five petalled; pome five celled ; cells two seeded.
    149.  Spir^a.   Calyx inferior, five cleft;  co-
rolla five  petalled;  capsules two valved, many
seeded.
      Order V.    POLYGYRIA.    Many styles.
    150.  Rosa.   Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, con-
tracted at the orifice, five cleft; corolla five petalled ;
seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to the inside of the ca-
lyx.
    151.  Rubus.   Calyx five cleft; corolla five  pe-
talled ; berry composed of several one seeded gran-
ulations. 
Class XII.  Order V.         117
   152. Fragaria.   Calyx ten cleft; corolla five
petalled;  seeds smooth, fixed to a deciduous, ber-
ry-like receptacle.
   153. Comarum.  Calyx ten cleft;  corolla five
petalled ;  seeds smooth, fixed to  an ovate, spongy,
permanent receptacle.
   154. Potentilla.  Calyx  ten cleft;  corolla
five petalled ;  seeds naked, wrinkled, affixed to a
small, juiceless receptacle.
   155. Gteum.  Calyx ten cleft;  corolla ten pe-
talled ; seeds with a jointed, bent awn; receptacle
columnar. 
118           Class XII.   Order II.
                  ICOSANDRIA.

                    MOJVOGYMA.

                    US.  PRUNUS.
Prunus Virginiana. L.                     Wild Cherry.

    Flowers in racemes, leaves deciduous, glandu-
lar at the base in front. L,

Syn.  Cerasus  Virginiana.  Mich.
   The wild cherry is with us a tree of middling size, although
further to  the  south and west it attains to a magnitude of tho
first rate.  Michaux mentions trees on the banks of the  Ohio,
which are from eighty to a hundred feet high, and their trunks
from twelve  to sixteen feet in circumference.  The wood is a
well known material in cabinet work, approaching mahogany in
its colour and qualities.  Leaves alternate, smooth, oval-oblong,
acuminate, serrate, with commonly two pair of glands at the top
of the petiole in front.  Flowers in  terminal clusters, white.
Fruit small, black, somewhat bitter.  The bark has a strong,
bitterish, spicy taste, and has been found a useful tonic.—May,
June.
                      DIGYNIA.
                  146.   CRATAEGUS.
Crataegus crus  galli. L.            Common Thorn bush.

    Thorny;  leaves  obovate,  subsessile, shining,
 coriaceous ; leafets of the calyx lanceolate, subser-
 rate. Ait.  abr.

   A strong, branching, thorny shrub.  Leaves inversely ovate,
sharply and irregularly serrate, sometimes cleft, tough, smooth.
Thorns two or three inches long, rigid, acute.  Flowers white, 
               Class XII.  Order IV.           119

in terminal corymbs.  Calyx leaves linear.—About fences and
thickets.—May, June.

                     TRIGYJVIA.
                    147.  SORBUS.
Sorbus aucuparia. Mich.                 Mountain Ash.

    Leaves pinnate, smooth, leafets equal, serrate,
flowers conymbed.
Syn.  Ptrus  aucuparia. Sm. Fl. Brit.
      Sorbus Americana.  Muhl.
   An ornamental tree, much cultivated. Bark smooth.  Leaves
pinnate, serrate, entire at base, smooth on both sides.  Flow-
ers white, in large, terminal corymbs. In the  European tree,
the one commonly cultivated, the young leaves are pubescent or
downy underneath.   In the American, which is perhaps a dis-
tinct species, they are perfectly glabrous.  Styles three, some-
times more.  Berries red, lasting  all winter.—Grows native at
Cape Ann, and in Worcester county.—May.

                   PENTAGYNIA. .
                     148.  PYRUS.
Pyrus arbutifolia. Willd.                  Choke berry.

    Leaves obovate, acuminate, serrate, downy un-
derneath, the midrib  glandular above; flowers in
corymbs.  Willd.                               '
Syn.  Mespilus arbuTifolia.  Lin. Mich.
   A slender  shrub. Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, finely
serrate, the midrib spotted on the upper,.side, with small, dark
glands.  Flowers white, in compound, dowiiy corymbs.   Fruit
with  five-cells and ten seeds, of the size of large whortleber-
ries,  rough and astringent to the taste.—Low woods and thick-
ets—May, June. 
  120           Class XII.   Order IV.

  Pyrus Botryapium.  Willd.                   June berry.

     Leaves oblong-elliptic, pointed, smooth;  flow-
  ers racemed, petals linear lanceolate, germs pubes-
  cent, segments of the calyx glabrous.  Willd.
  Syn.   Mespilus Canadensis. Lin. Mich.
        Mespilus Arborea. Mich./.
     This species commonly attains the height of a small tree,
  and is very conspicuous when in flower in the early  part of
  May.  Leaves oblong, varying in width,  sharply serrate, acute.
  Flowers  white, in long,  downy racemes.  Fruit dark blue, of
  the size of whortleberries, pleasant to the taste.—Low woods
  and swamps.—Berries ripe in June.

                      149.   SPIRAEA.
  Spirjea alba.  Ehr.         White Spircea.  Meadowsweet.

     Leaves  wedge-lanceolate,   serrate,  glabrous ;
  flowers panicled.
  Syn.  Spiraea salicifolia. Mich.
    A  slender shrub three or four feet high, bearing large, t»r«
  minal  bunches of white flowers.    Stems smooth, reddish.
  Leaves broad lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, smooth and thin,
  acutely serrate, tapering at base.  Panicle terminal, composed
  of small flowering, branches at the top of the stem, and from the
• axils of the upper leaves.  Flowers small, crowded.—Meadows
  and wet pastures.—July, August.
 Spiraea tomentosa. L.        Downy  Spiraea.   Hardhack.

     Leaves lanceolate; unequally serrate, downy
  underneath ; flowers twice racemed.  Willd.
    A  very common shrub in  pastures and low grounds, about
 the size of  the last.  Among its purple flowers the dead tops
 of the  last year's fructification are conspicuous.  Leaves nearly 
Class XII.   Order V.
131
oval, thick, and tough,  dark green above, whitish and  downy
underneath.  Flowers  small, blue,  inclining to purple, in long
conical bunches on the  end of the stems.—July, August.

                     POLYGYRIA.
                      150.  ROSA.
Rosa Garoliniana. L.                      Swamp rose.

    Germs  globular,  hispid; peduncles  somewhat
hispid; stem with  stipular prickles; petioles prick-
ly.  L.
   This rose grows in swamps and  wet grounds,  sometimes
forming thickets of  itself.  The stems vary greatly in the num-
ber and size of their  prickles, even those which spring from the
same root.   They are  commonly of a reddish colour, and their
prickles nearly  straight.   Leaves pinnate, with five or seven
pair of oval leafets,  sharply serrate and paler on the  under side.
Flowers red, growing in a sort of corymbs.  Fruit spherical,
flattened at the ends.—June, July.

                      151.  RUBUS.
IUbus occidentals. L.     Black raspberry.  Thimbleberry.

     Leaves trifoliate, downy underneath, stem prick-
ly,  petioles round. L.
   Frequent about fences, thickets, 8cc.  The stems are prick-
ly, long and  slender, bending  over in the form of an arch, and
covered with a bluish  or glaucous powder, which readily rubs
off.   Leafets in threes, oval, loosely  serrate* acuminate, green
above, whitish and downy underneath, the two lateral ones near-
ly sessile.   Petioles roundish, prickly.   Flowers white, in ter-
minal racemes.  Fruit black, sprightly and pleasant to the taste.
—Mav.
                     16 
123          Class XII.   Order Y,
 Rubus strigosus. Mich.               Wild red raspberry.

     Unarmed,  strongly hispid, leafets in threes, or
 five pinnate, oval, obtuse at base, lined and white-
 downy underneath, the  odd one often sub-cordate.
 Mich.
    A more delicate fruit than the last, found in  similar places.
 The stem and branches are without prickles, but covered with
 thick stiff bristles.  Petioles hispid, bearing one  or two pairs of
 lateral leafets  and a terminal one ; the lateral  leafets sessile.
 Flowers white, in terminal clusters with hispid peduncles.  Fruit
 red, richly flavoured.—May.
 Rubus villosus.  Ait.                    High blackberry.

     Leafets three or five, oval, acuminate, serrate,
 villous on both sides ;  stems  and petioles prickly.

    This is a tall bramble that spreads rapidly by its roots, and
 is often troublesome in pastures and fields.  The stem is armed
 with strong  acute prickles;  the young twigs,  leaf, and flow-
 er stalks covered with short fine hair.  Leaves somewhat hairy
 on  both sides, not  white underneath.  Flowers in long terminal
 racemes, white.  Fruit large, black,  and pleasantly flavoured.
 —May, June.
Rubus trivialis. Mich.  Low or running blackberry.  Dew-
                         berry.

    Stems  procumbent,  leafets three or five, oval,
 serrate, nearly  smooth ;   flower stalks mostly soli-
 tary.
 Sy?i.  Rubus procumbens.  Muhl.
   Stems prickly,  slender, flexible, running several yards upon
the  ground, but seldom putting but roots, unless accidentally
covered.   Leaves nearly smooth, green on both sides.  Pedun- 
Class XII.   Order Y.            1&3
 cles  long, slender, mostly undivided, furnished  with minute
 prickles.   Flowers solitary, white.  Fruit  large, black, sweet.
 —Common in barren sandy soils.—May.
 Rubus odoratus. L.                 Flowering raspberry.

     Leaves simple, palmate ; stem unarmed, many
 leaved, many flowered, l£

    A superb, flowering shrub,  commonly cultivated.   I have
 not seen it growing wild in the  immediate vicinity of  Boston,
 though it is plentiful at the distance of thirty or forty miles to
 the westward.  Leaves simple,  large, mostly five lobed,  ser-
 rate ;  petioles and peduncles hairy.  Flowers  large,  purple,
 forming a sort of  corymb.   Fruit  dry.—Flowers in  June and
 after.
                   152.   FRAGARIA.
 Fragaria Virciniana, Ehr.             Wild strawberry.

     Calyx of the fruit  spreading; hairs of the peti-
 oles  erect,  of  the peduncles  appressed ;  leaves
 smooth above.  Willd.

   The common wild strawberry is a very delicious fruit,  and
 when cultivated is inferior to few imported species.  The ber-
 ries  ripen  early, are of a light scarlet colour, exquisitely fla-
 voured, but more soft and perishable than the other kinds. The
 herbage is more smooth and even than in other species, the pe-
 duncles shorter, so that the fruit is commonly concealed under
 the leaves.   Flowers white, appearing in May.
   Wild strawberries  are  frequently sour from the circum-
 stance of their ripening in the shade among the high grass.

                   153.   COMARUM.
Comarum palustre. L.                  Marsh cinquefoil.
   A genus nearly related "to the last, with only one species.
 Stem round, rising from one to two feet.  Leafets three, five, or 
124           Class XII.   Order V.

seven, oblong, serrate, whitish underneath.  Flowers dark, dull
purple, every part permanent.  Calyx  ten cleft, every other
segment larger.  Corolla five small petals.  Fruit enclosed in
the flower, resembling a strawberry, but spongy and permanent.
—Found in Neponset river.—June.—Perennial.

                 154.  POTENTILLA.
Potentilla anserina. L.       Silver weed.   Wild tansey.

    Leaves interruptedly pinnate, serrate, silky un-
derneath, stem creeping, peduncles one  flowered.
Sm.

   A handsome plant common on the marshes at South Boston
and Cambridge.  Stems hairy and reddish, creeping extensive-
ly among the grass.  Leaves pinnate, the large leafets alternat-
ing with small ones, green above and of a fine  silvery  appear-
ance beneath.  Flowers yellow, solitary, on long, axillary  pe-
duncles.—June.—Perennial.
Potentilla argentea.  L.              Hoary cinquefoil.

    Leaves quinate, wedge form, cut, downy under.
ueath, stem nearly  erect.
   A small, humble species, frequent on Boston  common and
elsewhere in dry soils.  Stems spreading, half erect, white and
downy.  Leaves alternate, consisting of five  wedge  form or
spatulate leafets, cut into a few lobes or large teeth at  the end,
white and downy underneath.  Flowers numerous, on the ends
of the branches, small,  yellow.—From June to September-
Perennial.
Potentilla simplex.  Mich.    Confnwn Cinquefoil, or Five-
                        finger.

    Erect,  simple,  hairy ;  leaves  five-digitate, ob-
long, oval;  peduncles lateral, solitary,  elongated,
one flowered. Mich. 
                €lass XII.   Order  V.            125

    Stem erect at base, declining at top, rough, hairy.  Leafets
 in fives, oval, deeply serrate, the nerves hairy underneath.  From
 the axils of the leaves proceed a single flower, a petioled leaf,
 and the rudiment of a branch.  Flowers yellow.  Petals round-
 ish, inversely heart-shapeijlarger than the calyx.—Pastures.—
 May, June.—Perennial.
 Potentilla Norvegica.  L.           Norway Cinquefoil.

      Leaves  ternate; stem  dichotomous ;  peduncles
 axillary. L.                      ^
     An erect, hairy plant.  Stem round, straight, forked at top.
 Leaves in threes, oval, cut-serrate, their petioles and veins cov*
 ered with  long hairs.  Stipules ovate, acute, somewhat toothed.
 Flowers numerous, axillary and  terminal, somewhat crowded.
 Petals yellow, shorter than the calyx.—By road sides and thick-
 ets.—July.—Perennial.

                       155.  GEUM.
 Geum rivale. L.                           Water Avens.

      Radical  leaves  lyrate;   stipules  ovate,  acute,
  cut; flowers nodding, awns feathery, twisted.  Sm.
     A fine plant conspicuous  in meadows  for its high,  nodding,
  dark coloured flowers.  Stem  round, erect,  drooping  at top.
  Radical leaves lyrate or interruptedly pinnate, the terminal leaf-
 et large and lobed, the whole serrate and hairy.  Flowers ter-
 minal, two or three on a stalk ;  calyx reddish brown,  closed ;
 petals  erect, hardly exceeding the  calyx, inversely heart-shap-
  ed, veined and shaded with yellow and purple.   The fruit be-
* comes erect, and is crowned with long, feathery, contorted awns
 —May, June.—Perennial.
 Geum Virginianvm. L..                   Virginian Arens.

      Leaves  trifoliate, upper  ones Isnceolate ; petals 
126           Class Xll.   Order V.
shorter than the  calyx;  seeds  hairy,  with naked
awns, twisted at top.
   Stem erect, one or two feet high, branching, hairy.  Lower
leaves in threes,  sometimes in fiv^|; the upper ones simple,
'oval, or lanceolate, the whole unequally serrate.  Stipules large,
ovate, few toothed.  Flowers  nodding, fruit  erect.   Petals
white, not longer than the calyx.—Thickets.—June, July;—Pe-
rennial.
* 
Class XIII.  Order V.          127
  Class Xlll.  POLYANDRIA.  Many stamens.
        Order 1.   MONOGYNIA.  One style.
    156. Chelidovium.  Calyx two leaved;  pe-
 tals four; silique superior, two valved,  one celled,
 linear; seeds crested.
    157. Actjea.  Calyx four leaved; petals four;
 berry one celled, many seeded; seeds nearly flat.
    158. Cistus.  Calyx  five leaved,  two of the
 leaves smaller;  capsule superior,  three valved,
 opening at top.
    159. Sarracenia.  Calyx  double; the lower
 three leaved, the upper five  leaved; petals five ;
 stigma shield like ; capsule five celled.
    160. Tilia.   Calyx five  parted; petals five ;
 capsule superior, coriaceous, five celled, five valv-
 ed, opening at the base.
    161.  Sanguinaria.   Calyx two leaved ; co-
 rolla  eight  petalled; capsule two  valved, many
 seeded.
    162. Podophyllum.  Calyx three leaved ; co
 rolla nine  petalled; berry one celled, crowned with
 the stigma.
    163. Nymphjea.   Calyx four  or five leaved;
corolla  many petalled;  stigma  radiate, sessile;
berry many celled, many seeded. ^

      Order V.   FENTAGYNIA.  Five styles.
   164.  Aquilegia.  Calyx none; petals  fiv*; 
128
Class XIII.   Order VI.
nectaries five,  horn shaped, alternate with  the pe-
tals.
        Order VI.   POLYGYRIA.  Many styles.
    165. Clematis.   Calyx none;  petals  from
four to six ; seeds with tails ; receptacle capitate.
    166. Thalictrum.   Calyx none; petals four
or five ; seeds without tails.
    167- Helleborus.  Calyx none ;  petals five ;
nectaries tubular, two lipped ; capsules many seed-
ed.
    168. Caltha.  Calyx none ; petals five ; nec-
taries none, capsules many.
    169. Hydropeltis.   Calyx none; petals six,
three external  shortest; nectaries none; capsules
several, one celled, two seeded, invested with the
permanent corolla.
    170. Anemone.  Calyx none ; petals from five
to nine ; seeds numerous.
    171. Ranunculus.  Calyx five leaved ; petals
from five to eight, with a pore or scale bearing hon-
ey at the base  of eaeh, inside; seeds naked.
    172. Magnolia.   Calyx  three leaved ; petals
from six to nine ; capsules two valved, clustered;
seeds pendulous.
• 
Class XIII.   Order I.           129
                    POLYANDRIA.

                      MONOGYJVIA.

                  156.  CHELIDONIUM.
  Chelidonium majus. L.                        Celandine*

      Peduncles umbelled. L.

     Found among rubbish, under fences, 8cc. attaining the height
  of one or two feet.   Leaves  pinnate, spreading; leafets lobed,
  pale green, smooth, their stalks winged where they join the
  main petiole.  Flowers yellow, in a remote umbel, proceeding
v from the axils of the leaves.  The calyx, petals, and stamens
  are extremely deciduous, which occasions perplexity  in exam-
  ining the plant.  Every  part of this vegetable abounds with a
  bright yellow, or saffron  coloured juice.—May, June.—Peren-
  nial.

                      157.  ACTjEA.
 Actasa rubra.  Willd.                  Red Bane berries.

     Raceme ovate; petals shorter than the stamens;
 fruit berried, red.  Willd.
 Syn.  AcVaea spicata. L. Mich.
    Leaves spreading, thrice ternate ;  leafets acuminate, cut-
 serrate.  Clusters terminal, solitary.  Flowers white, the calyx
 deciduous- .  The flowers are succeeded by large,  shining,
 bright red berries, of a nauseous taste, and poisonous aspect.—
 Grows in swamps and dark woods.—May, June.—^Perennial.
   Another plant  which is commonly  considered a variety  of
 Actaea spicata, but which appears to me undoubtedly a distinct
 species ;  has smaller  berries,  white,  tipped with red, on large,
               17 
 130          Class Xlll.   Order I.

 incrassated pedicels, of nearly the size of the common pedun-
 cle.
                      158.   CISTUS.
 Cistus Canadensis. L.                   Canadian Cistus.

     Herbaceous, without stipules ; leaves alternate,
 lanceolate, stem ascending. L,
  Syn.   HelianThemum Canadense.  Mich.
     Stem slender, downy, hardly a foot  high.  Leaves  small,
 nearly sessile, lanceolate,  obtuse, downy, white underneath.
 Flowers lateral,  solitary, yellow.  Stamens  inclined to the up-
 per side.  Petals very tender and  deciduous ;  after they have
 fallen, the plant has the appearance of Lechea major, for which
 it has been mistaken.—Sandy pastures and hills.—June.—Pe-
 rennial.                                                4
                   159.  SARRACENIA.
 Sarracenia purpurea. L.              Sidesaddle flower.

      Leaves  decumbent, shorter than  the scape, in-
  flated ; ventral wing arched;  appendix broad heart
  shaped, waved.
     The whole of this genus are plants of very singular struc-
  ture.  The Sarracenia purpurea is the only one which endures
  our climate.  The leaves, which are all  radical, are formed by
  a large hollow tube, swelling in the middle, curved  and dimin-
  ishing downward, till it ends in a stem, contracted at  the mouth,
  furnished with a large, spreading, heart shaped appendage at
  top, which is hairy within ;-  and a broad, wavy wing extending
  the whole length on the inside.  The full grown  leaves will
  contain a wine glass of water, and are rarely found empty. The
  scape is long, smooth, and cylindrical, supporting a  large, nod-
*  ding flower.  Exterior calyx of  hree small leaves ; interior of
  five oval, obtuse leaves, inclining to purple.   Petals  five, large, 
Class XILL   Order L            131
 oval, purple.  Germ nearly globular, surrounded by the broad,
 spreading stigma, expanded like  an umbrella, and divided at
 its margin  into five lobes alternating with the petals.—Swamps
 and meadows.—June.—Perennial.

                       160.  TILIA.
 Tilia Americana.  L.            Lime tree or Bass wtfod.

    Leaves  roundish-heart  shaped, abruptly  acu-
 minate, sharply  serrate, smooth;  petals  truncated
 at top ; nut ovate. Mich, f.
   A tree of the middle size, remarkable for the neatness of
its foliage, and the regularity of its form.  The leaves are large,
roundish, heart-shaped at base,  finely serrated.  The footstalk
supporting a bunch of flfwers, proceeds from the centre of an
oblong, pale, floral leaf or bracte, as in the others of the genus.
 Flowers greenish white, succeeded by small, hard, greyish cap-
sules.  The wood of  this tree is  white, smooth, and soft.  It is
used  in  the manufacture of certain kinds of furniture, and of
the pannels of carriages.   The bark is fibrous, strong, and flex-
ible, and makes tolerable ropes.—July.
                  161.   SANGUINARIA.
Sanguinaria  Canadensis. L.        Blood root.  Puccoon.
   One of the earliest spring flowers.  Leaves radical, some-
what heart-shaped, parted into numerous lobes.  The first leaf
which appears, is  rolled round  the  stalk and flower, which it
seems to embrace and pr  oct.  Flowers single, erect, with two
deciduous calyx leaves, and eight beautiful spreading white pe-
tals.   The leaves increase greatly in size after the flowers havf
fallen. The root is fleshy and abrupt, and abounds with a bright
orange coloured juice.  It possesses active, medicinal proper-
ties.—Grows in thickets at .South Boston, Cambridge, Sec-
April, May.—Perennial. 
132          Class XIII.   Order I.
                162.  PODOPHYLLUM

Podophyllum peltatl'm. L.                   *"c# aPP^e-

    Leaves peltate, lobed. L.
   This plant has an upright stem, supporting  two large,
spreading leaves, with a flower in their fork.  The leaves  are
peltate, though the petiole is very near to one edge.  They are
divided in a palmate manner, into six or eight large lobes, which
are again cut or lobed at the top.  Flower  large, white, on a
short axillary peduncle.  The fruit is as  large as a  pigeons
e^g, and not unpleasant to the taste. The root is medicinal,
answering as a substitute for jalap.—It is found native at Med-
way, twenty five miles from Boston.—May.—Perennial.

                   163.  NYMPHiEA.
Nymph^a advena. Ait.                  Yellow water lily.

    Leaves heart  shaped, entire, lobes divaricate;
calyx six  leaved, longer than the petals.  Ait.
   The floating leaves of this and the subsequent  species are
well known to anglers under the name of "lily pads."   In  this
species they are  heart shaped, with rounded lobes, commonly
floating, but in shallow water erect.  Petioles half round. Flow-
ers yellow,  the  calyx leaves roundish, concave, shaded with
dull purple within.  Petals somewhat wedge shaped.  Stigma •
radiate and toothed.—Rivers and ponds.—June.—Perennial.

Nymphm odorata. Ait.             Fragrant water lily.

    Leaves  heart-shaped,  entire,  emarginate,  the
tt)bes  divaricate with  a blunt point;  calyx four
leaved.  Ait.
    Few plants  possess a more exquisite  fragrance than the
common white water  lily.  It is found only in deep water,
whf re its large per ennial roots are secure Irom  the frost in 
Class XIU.   Order VI.
133
winter.  The leaves are nearly orbicular, divided behind, the
fissure or sinus furnished with an angle or tooth  on each side.
Calyx of four leaves, green without, white within.  Petals nu-
merous, white.  Stamens yellow.  The flowers expand  in the
morning, giving the surface of the water a magnificent appear-
ance ; but are closed in the afternoon.—June.—July.

                    FEJYTAGYmA.

                   164.  AQUILEGIA.
AquiLEGiA Canadensis. L.                Wild columbine.

    Nectaries straight;  stamens  longer than  the
corolla*  L.
    This  early flower is more delicate  in its habit and  colours
than the common garden  species.  Stem erect,  branching-
Leaves once or twice  temate, lobed.  Flowers on the ends of
the branches, pendulous,  scarlet without,  and yellow within.
 I he nectaries resemble straight horns, alternating with the
petals, which are oval and acute.  Stamens numerous, yellow,
projecting.   After flowering the  fruit becomes erect.—Dry
hills, rocks, an4pastures.—April, May.—Perennial.

                      POLYGYRIA.

                    165.  CLEMATIS.
Clematis Virginiana. L.   Traveller's joy, Virgin's bower.

    Leaves trifoliate;  leafets  heart-shaped, sublo-
bate-angular, climbing; flowers dioecious.  L.
    A climbing, hardy vine.  The stem gives off at intervals a
 pair of opposite petioles, which twine round objects of support,
 serving the purpose of tendrils; each bears three heart-shaped
 leafets, which are variously toothed and lobed. Peduncles ax-
illary, bearing cymes of white flowers, which  are dioecious, the 
  134          Class XIII.   Order VI.

  fertile  flowers having imperfect anthers.   The most remark-
 able appearance of this plant is when in fruit; the  long feath-
 ery tails of the  seeds appearing like tufts of wool.  Grows in
 low ground.—Very  abundant  on the banks of  the Neponset
 river, Milton.—August.

                  167.  HELLEBORUS.
 Helleborus trifolius. L.                   Gold thread.

     Scape one flowered ;  leaves ternate.  L',

    A small delicate plant found among the leaves and moss in
 pine swamps, &c.  The roots creep  extensively, and are of a
 bright yellow colour.   Leafets in threes, evergreen, roundish,
 lobed and crenate, acute at base.  Scape bearing  one  small,
 starry,  white flower.  Nectaries within the petals, cup shaped.
 Stamens white.  Pistils on footstalks which  afterward form an
 umbel supporting the capsules.—Flowers  in April and May.—
 Perennial.
    The root is a very pure bitter, but nearly  destitute of astrin-
 gency.  It is a popular remedy for aphthous affections of the
 mouth, and great quantities are sold in the shops.

                    168.  CALTHA.
 Caltha palustris. L.  Marsh Marigold.  Meadow cowslip.

      Stem  erect;    leaves  round   heart  shaped.
 Forster.
   Brought to market in the spring under the name of  Cow-
 slips.  At that season its bright yellow blossoms are very com-
mon and conspicuous in meadows and wet  situations.  Stem
 upright, furrowed.  Leaves  smooth,  heart or kidney shaped,
 crenate, the radical ones on petioles, those of the stem nearly
 sessile.  Flowers on axillary stalks, with large, roundish,  glos-
 sy petals of a bright yellow, as are the stamens.  The young
buds are sometimes substituted for capers.-—Perennial. 
              Class. Xin.   Order VI.          135

                 169.  HYDROPELTIS.
Hydropeltis purpurea. Mich.              Water target.
Syn.  Ixodia padusTRIS.  Solander.
      BRASENIA HYDROPELflS. Muhl.
   An aquatic plant, the only species of its genus.  Its leaves
whcih can hardly be mistaken for any thing else, are perfectly
elliptical, with the leaf stalk inserted exactly in their centre^
forming a centro-peltate leaf.  Their upper surface is smooth
and  shining, like those of the water lilies, among which they
float. Flowers dark purple;  petals six, the  three outermost
shortest.   Stamens numerous.   The immersed portions of the
plant, particularly the stalks  and young,  leaves are cloathed
with a thick  gelatinous substance, transparent, and  insipid to
the taste.—In Fresh pond, and other stagnant waters.—-July.—
Perennial.

                    170. ANEMONE.
Anemone hepatica. L.                    Early Anemone.

     Leaves three lobed, entire. L.
   It is a circumstance not a little perplexing to students, that
the first plant in a genus without a calyx, should have a calyx
of three leaves.   Linnaeus in  associating this plant with the an-
emonies, considered the calyx from its remoteness, to be an in-
volucrum and not a perianth.   Leaves radical, on hairy petioles,
with three broad oval lobes. Peduncles and involucre hairy. Pe-
tals red.  This elegant little plant is one of the  earliest visitors
in spring, flowering in sunny spots before the  snow has left the
ground.—Woods, Cambridge, Roxbury.—April.—Perennial.

Anemone  nemorosa.  Mich.                Wood Anemone.

     Seeds  pointed;  leaves three ? leafets lobed;
stem one flowered. 
 136            Class XIII.   Order VI.

    This species and the next are among the earliest flowers of
 spring, appearing in April, and continuing through the month
 of May.   In this the root is creeping.   Stem erect, supporting
 a single flower on its summit, and three compound leaves given
 off in a whorl below.  Leafets toothed  and lobed, paler under-
 neath.  Flower of six petals, which  are white, shaded with
 purple on the outside.  The whole plant is acrimonious  to the
 taste.—In woods and about fences, very common.—Perennial.

 Anbmone Thalictroides. L.         Rue leaved Anemone*

    Flowers umbelled,  stem leaves  simple, whorl-
 ed ; root leaves twice ternate. JL.
 Syn,   ThalictrumAnemonoides.  Mich.
   Readily distinguished  from the  last, by its number of flow-  %
 ers.  Root tuberous.  Stem upright, simple, divided at top in-
 to a sort of umbel, of several flowers accompanied by a number
 of simple heart shaped, three lobed leaves.   The leaves which
 proceed from the root are  compound, usually three times ter-
nate.  Flowers white, petals  varying  in number ; the largest
 flowers having eight or  ten.—Woods  and pastures.—April,
 May.—Perennial.

 Anemone Virginiana. L.                   Tall Anemone*

    Stem branched;  petioles tliree leaved, leafets
 cut-lobed,  serrate; flower stalks wand-like; seeds
 in an oblong ovate head, wroolly. Mich.
   A tall, very straight plant, unlike in its habit to  those de-
scribed.  Leaves temate, lobed, paler underneath.  Peduncles
 very long, straight,  erect, parallel.  Flowers terminal, green,
 solitary.  Petals ovate, acute, covered outside with silken down.
 The seeds form  an  oblong  cylindrical head.  Found in  dry
woods, road sides, Sec.—June, July.—Perennial. 
               Class XIII.   Order VI.          137

                 171.   RANUNCULUS.
 Ranunculus abortivus. L.       Small flowered crowfoot.

    Radical  leaves  heart-shaped,  crenate;  stem
 leaves ternate, angular; stem about three flowered.
 L.

    This species is easily distinguished by its small flowers, and
 undivided, radical leaves.  The leaves which grow from the
 root are heart or kidney shaped, crenate, the longest ones some-
 times lobed.  Stem leaves in threes, at the base of each pedun-
 cle, nearly sessile, the upper ones  lanceolate.  Stems  erect,
 smooth, few flowered. Flowers small, yellow.—Woods.—May,
 June.—Perennial.

Ranunculus sceleratus. L.        Celery leaved crowfoot.

    Lower leaves palmate ;  uppermost in finger like
 divisions;  fruit oblong.
    A smooth, branching plant, with small flowers.  Stem thick,
 round and hollow.  Lower leaves divided deeply, but  not so
 far as the petiole, the segments toothed  and lobed.  Upper
leaves sessile, divided to the bottom. Flowers numerous, on
petioles of unequal length.  Calyx  pubescent, somewhat de-
flected.   Petals small, concave, yellow.  Seeds small, in a close,
cylindrical head.—'Grows in watery places.—June, July.—Per-
 ennial.  It is very acrid, when fresh, and may be made to pro-
duce blisters.

Ranunculus fascicularis. Muhl.          Early crowfoot.

    Leaves ternate, subpinnate ; root fascicled.

   An inhabitant of dry, rocky hills, flowering in April  and
May.  The root consists of numerous fasciculated, fleshy divi-
sions.  The leaves are pubescent, but have a smooth appearance.
Those of the root grow on long stalks, and are ternate.  Leafets
                18 
138           Class XIII.    Order VI.

three lobed, remote, the terminal one deeply cleft,  appearing
like three distinct leafets, so that the leaf has a pinnate form.
Peduncles a little angular.  Calyx spreading, hairy underneath.
Petals longer than the calyx, transparent at base;  Nectary obo-
vate.—Perennial.

Ranunculus bulbosus.  L.    Bulbous crowfoot. Buttercups.

    Calyx reflexed;  flower  stalks furrowed;  stem
upright, many flowered;  leaves compound. L.

    Very frequent among the grass in pastures, road sidesr 8cc.
The root is  solid and fleshy, acrimonious  and almost caustic.
Stems erect, furnished  with leaves, somewhat hairy.  Leaves
hairy, in three or five principal divisions, variously toothed and
cut.  Flower stalks upright and  furrowed.  Flowers of a bright,
glossy yellow ;  calyx leaves bent downward  against  the flower
stalk, hairy.  Fruit in globular heads.—May and after.—Peren-
nial.
Ranunculus acris. L.                      Tall crowfoot.

    Calyx  spreading;   flower stalks  round  and
even;  leaves  in three  divisions  with  many  seg-
ments, the upper ones linear.

    Distinguished by its superior height, being usually about
two feet high.   Root fleshy,  resembling the last, but smaller in
proportion to the plant.  Root  leaves large, hairy, divided into
three or five diverging lobes, which are again repeatedly sub-
divided, ending in acute  segments and teeth.  Petioles hairy,
especially at their ends.  Uppermost leaves in  three entire,
linear segments.  Stem erect, branching.  Flower stalks round,
not furrowed.   Calyx spreading under the petals} not reflexed.
Petals large, shining, yellow.  Seeds in globular heads.   This
plant spreads rapidly, and is  exceedingly troublesome in mea-
dows and mowing ground.  Being cut with hay, it would no
doubt be pernicious to cattle, were not  its acrimony  lost by
drying.  It flowers all summer.—Perennial. 
                 Class XIII.   Order VI.           139

   Ranunculus repens. L.                Creeping cnowfoot.

      Calyx spreading ; flower stalks furrowed;  sci-
   ons creeping; leaves compound. L,
     The flowers of this  and the two last are very similar, and
  confounded under the common name  of  Butter cups.  An at-
  tention to the calyx and flower stalks readily distinguishes them.
  In this the leaves are mostly ternate,  lobed and toothed, often
  marked with a light spot  at their sinuses.  The plant sends out
  long, prostrate stems or runners, which sufficiently distinguish
  it from the others.  Flower  stalks furrowed as in Ranunculus
  bulbosus, calyx spreading  as in  Ranunculus  acris.  Petals
  bright yellow, often emarginate.—Shady places.—Flowering all
  summer.—Perennial.

  Ranunculus fluviatilis.                  River crowfoot.

4     Leaves all dichotomous,  capillary ;  stem  float*
  ing.  Willd.
  Syn.  Ranunculus fluivans.  Poir.
    This is undoubtedly  a distinct species  from Ranunculus
 aquatihs,fjhaving its leaves  all capillary in  the stillest  water.
  Its flowers are yellow.  Stem long, smooth, furnished at regu-
 lar intervals with nearly sessile leaves, divided by regular forks
 into  innumerable capillary  segments.   The  flowers  only
 emerge  from the water.  Peduncles smooth, furrowed.  Calyx
 leaves fleshy, concave.   Petals smaller than in Ranunculus bul-
 bosus.  Nectaries  tubular. Fruit  in ovate  heads,  the seeds
 ending in a long, sharp point.—In a pond on Brighton road and
 elsewhere in deep water.—June.

                   172.   MAGNOLIA.
  Magnolia glauca. L.                       Beaver tree.

    Leaves  elliptic, obtuse,  glaucous  underneath;
 petals obovate. 
140          Class XIII.   Order VI.

   Tljp only species of this superb genus, that has been found
native in our climate.  It attains the height of a dozen feet, but
is  sometimes  killed down to the  roots  by severe winters.
Leaves perfectly oval,  glaucous or ash  coloured  underneath.
Flowers large, white, solitary  on  the ends of the branches, fra-
grant.  Petals concave, inversely ovate.  Fruit ovate, some-
what conical.  The bark is highly aromatic, and possesses me-
dicinal properties.  It grows plentifully  in  a sheltered  swamp
at  Gloucester,  Cape  Ann,  twenty five miles from Boston,
which is perhaps its most northern boundary.—June, July. 
Class XIV.  Order I.         141
Class XIV.   DIDYNAMIA.    Four stamens,
            two long and twa short.
    Order I.    GYMNOSPERMIA.   Seeds naked.
            A. Calyxes mostly Jive cleft.
   173. Glechoma.  Anthers  approaching  each
other in pairs,  each pair forming a cross.
   17-4.  Mentha.    Corolla nearly equal,  four
cleft;  the  broadest  segment  notched;  stamens
straight, distant.
   175. Teucrium.  Corolla without  any upper
lip ;   stamens  projecting  through a fissure  in the
upper side  of the tube; sides of the fissure  divari-
cate.
   176. Leonijrus.   Corolla with the upper lip
erect, concave, undivided, hairy; lower lip three
parted,  with the middle  segment undivided ; sta-
mens longer than the orifice.
   177.  Stachys.  Corolla with the lateral seg-
ments of the lower  lip reflected at the side ; sta-
mens when old bent outwards.
   178. Nepeta.   Corolla with the  lower lip cre-
nate ; the orifice with a reflected margin ; stamens
approximate.
   179. Brachystemum.  Tube of  the corolla as
long as  the calyx;  orifice without hairs; stamens
nearly equal, very short,  included in  the corolla.
   180. Pycnanthemum.  Tube of  the corolla as
• 
142         Class XIV. . Order II.
long as the calyx; upper lip  mostly entire; sta-
mens distant, two as long as the upper lip, two short-
er ; heads with many bractes.
   181. Verbena.  Calyx  with one tooth trun-
cated ; corolla nearly equal, curved; stamens two
or four ; seeds two or four.
              B.   Calyxes two lipped.
   183. Scutellaria.    Calyx furnished with
a lid,  which closes  after flowering.
   183. Prunella.  Filaments forked ; one point
of the fork bearing  the anther;  stigma cloven.
   184. Trichostema.   Corolla with the upper
lip falcated ; stamens very long.
  Order II.    ANGIOSPERMIA,    Seeds in a vessel.
   185. Melampyrum.   Calyx  four cleft; corol-
la personate, compressed at top ;  capsule two cell-
ed ; seeds double, gibbous, smooth.
   186. Scrophularia.  Calyx five cleft; corol-
la somewhat globular, reversed; the middle seg-
ment  of the lip placed internally;  capsule  two
celled.
   187. Antirrhinum.   Calyx five parted, corol-
la personate, with a prominent nectary underneath ;
capsule two celled.
   188. Pedicularis.   Calyx five cleft;  corolla
with the upper lip compressed  and  emarginate;
capsule two celled, oblique, pointed ; seeds few.
   189. Gerardia.  Calyx five  leaved;  corolla
somewhat  salver-shaped, two  lipped; lower  lip 
            Class XIV.  Order IL         143

three  lobed,  lobes  emarginate, middle one two
parted ; capsule two celled, bursting at base.
   190. Mimulus.  Calyx prismatic ;  corolla with
the upper  lip reflected at the sides;  capsule two
celled, many  seeded.
   191. Chelone.  Calyx five leaved, corolla in-
flated, the lips closed;  rudiment of a fifth glabrous,
filament between the upper stamens. 
14-4           Class XIV.   Order I.
                   DIDYNAMIA.

                  GYMNOSPERMIA.
                  173.  GLECHOMA.
 Gleohoma hederacea. L.             Ground Ivy.  Gill.

    Leaves reniform, crenate.
    A creeping plant, usually found about fences or in shady
 places.  Stems square, procumbent.  Leaves opposite, petiol-
 ed, heart or kidney shaped, crenate, hairy.  Flowers  in whorls,
 a few together.  Calyx striated, ending in five unequal, pointed
 segments.   Corolla blue,  the upper lip straight, the  lower ex-
 panded, three lobed, the middle lobe emargitiate.  Each pair of
 anthers meet,  forming  a  cross.   Ground ivy has a peculiar
 strong taste and smell, and possesses some  medicinal reputa-
 tion.—May, June.—Perennial.

                    174.  MENTHA.
 Mentha borealis. Mich.                    Horse-mint.

    Ascending, low,  pubescent; leaves petioled,
 oval-lanceolate, acute  at both  ends;  flowers in
 whorls, stamens projecting. Mich.
    Inhabits the banks of rivulets and ditches.  Stem square,
 downy.  Leaves opposite, on downy petioles, oval, acute, ser-
rate, the upper ones lanceolate. Flowers in regular, axillary
whorls, on  short peduncles.  Stamens somewhat longer than
the corolla.—June, July.—Perennial.  The taste and proper-
ties resemble those of Pennyroyal.

Mentha viridis. L.                          Spear-mint.

    Spikes  interrupted; leaves sessile,  lanceolate, 
                Class XIV.   Order I,           145

 acute,  naked;   bractes  setaceous,  and, with the
 calyx teeth, somewhat hairy.  Sm.
    This well known mint spreads rapidly by its creeping roots
 in moist  places.  Stems erect, smooth, acute-angled.  Leaves
 sessile, lanceolate, acute, serrate, smooth.  Spikes long, acute,
 consisting  of distinct, remote  whorls.  Pedicels glabrous.
 Flowers  purple.  The  whole plant  has  a pleasant, aromatic
 flavor, well known.—Flowers in August.—Perennial.

                   175.  TEUCRIUM.    £
 Teucrium Canadense. L.               Wild Germander.

    Stem herbaceous, erect; leaves lanceolate,  ser-
 rate,  whitish  underneath;  spike crowded,  many
 flowered, long. Mich,
    Stem erect, square, downy, a foot  or  more  in  height.
 Leaves opposite, soft with fine down, lanceolate, acute, serrate.
 Spike formed of small whorls of  flowers, furnished with  short
 bractes.  Calyx downy, its  segments rather blunt.  Corolla
 pale red,  the stamens issuing from a fissure in the upper side.
 —Road side, Cambridgeport.—July.—Perennial.

                   176.  LEONURUS.
 Leonurus cardiaca. L.                     Motherwort.

    Upper leaves lanceolate, three lobed or entire.
 Sm.
   A common .plant among rubbish and about walls.  Stem
two or three feet high,  large, square,  downy.   Lower leaves
lobed and broad, the  upper ones narrower, the highest of these
lanceolate, entire; all of them spreading or bent  downwards,
downy  underneath.   Flowers in  many whorls.   Calyx teeth
rigid and  prickly; corolla hairy without, variegated with white
and red within.  The herb has a  strong, pungent odour, and is
a popular remedy in considerable request.—July.—Perennial.
                19 
146          Class XIV.   Order I.

                   177.  STACHYS.
Stachys asfera. Mich.        Hedge nettle.   Woundwort.

    Stem erect,  hairy backward ; leaves somewhat
petioled,  lanceolate,  sharply serrate;   spike  of
whorls  about six flowered;  calyx  with firm pric-
kles. Mich.
   Stem square, a foot high, the angles furnished with reflexed
hairs.  Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  somewhat heart shaped at
base, the uppCT surface  and nerves underneath  covered with
hairs. Flowers in whorls, constituting a leafy, terminal spike,
red.  Calyx teeth prickly.  Stamens in the old flowers bent out-
ward, forming an angle  over the edge of the corolla.—Road
sides, Chelsea, Brighton.—June, July.—Perennial.
                    178.   NEPETA.
Nepeta cataria.  L.                  Catmint or Catnep.
    Flowers spiked; the whorls  slightly peduncu-
lated.  Leaves  on footstalks, heart-shaped,  tooth
serrated. Sm.
   This well known  plant grows  every where in dry soils,
ab<fut fences and buildings.  Its name is derived from the great
partiality of cats for the odour of the plant.   Stem two or three
feet high, square and downy.  Leaves long-heart shaped, ser-
rate, pale  underneath, covered with soft down.  Calyx ribbed.
Corolla tubular, upper lip straight,  lower lip with the middle
lobe spreading, crenate, elegantly dotted.—July.—Perennial.
              179.  BRACHYSTEMUM.
Brachvstemum Virginicum. Mich.       Virginia thyme.
    Stem erect, somewhat pubescent;  leaves  lan-
ceolate or linear, entire, smooth; heads somewhat
fascicled.  Mich. abr.
Syn.  Thtmus Virginicvs. L. 
               Class XIV.   Order L            147

    An erect plant with fastigiate branches.   Stem square, dow-
ny at the angles.  Leaves opposite, rigid, very narrow, round-
ed  at base, and tapering to a long, acute point.  Under a magni-
fier they appear covered with fine, black dots.  Flowers in nu-
merous small heads, mostly terminal.   Taste like  pennyroyal.
—By fences and woods.—July, August.—-Perennial

               180.   PYCNANTHEMUM.
Pycnanthemum inoanum. Mich,               Wild Basil.

    Stem pubescent^  leaves  petioled, oval,  acumi-
nate, serrate, white-downy;  heads  compound,  ter-
minal and lateral; bractes setaceous. Mich. abr.
Syn.   Clinopodium  INCANUM. L.
   A white looking plant, covered with soft down. Stem one
or two feet high, covered with soft down, especially toward the
top.  Leaves oval, pointed, with a few remote serratures on the
sides, soft and velvet-like, white underneath.   Flowers on white,
branching footstalks, in lateral and terminal whorls or heads.
Bractes numerous, white, the inner ones setaceous.  Corollas
projecting, pale, spotted with purple.—Woods and mountains.
—July, August.—Perennial.

Pycnanthemum aristatum. Mich.             Wild Basil.

    Whitish ;  leaves lance-oval, somewhat serrate,
on  short petioles ;  whorls  and terminal head  ses-
sile; bractes linear, awned.  Mich.  abr.
Syn.  Nepeta Virginica. L.
   Stem erect, a foot  or more in height, downy.  Leaves op-
posite, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, dotted under a mag-
nifier, the upper ones  hoary with white down.  Each branch
has one  or  two  downy, sessile  whorls, and a terminal head.
Bractes acuminated with a sort  of awn.  Flowers small.  Both 
148           Class XIV.   Order I.

these species have a strong, pungent  taste, much like penny-
royal.—Chelsea, road side.—July, August.—Perennial.

                   181.  VERBENA.
Verbena hastata. L.               Common blue Vervain.

    Leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, the low-
er ones  lobed;  spikes erect, filiform, panicled;  sta-
mens four.
   A tall, shewy plant,  common by road sides in low ground.
Stem three or four feet high.  Leaves opposite, rough, sharply-
serrate, tapering to a long point;  the lower  ones broader, with
commonly a lobe on each side  at base, giving them somewhat
a hastate form.   Spikes numerous, erect, slender.   The flow-
ering commences at their base,  and is long in reaching their
summit.  Flowers close, of a dark purplish  hue, with four sta-
mens.—July, September.—Perennial.

Verbena urtioifolia. L.           Nettle leaved Vervain.

    Leaves  oval,  serrate,  acute, petioled; spikes
divergent, filiform, panicled;  stamens four.
   Common among rubbish, about fences and buildings.   Stem
erect, two or three feet in height.  Leaves broad, oval or ovate,
rough,  undivided.    Panicles of long, very  slender,  flexile
spikes, diverging or divaricated, with distinct,  somewhat re-
mote flowers,  not  imbricate  like the last.  Flowers  small,
white.  A weed of no beauty.—July, August.—Perennial.

                182. SCUTELLARIA.
Scutellaria lateriflora. L.     Side flowering Scullcap.

    Leaves smooth, rough on  the keel; racemes la-
teral, leafy.  L.
   Stem  square, branching.  Leaves on petioles of consider-
able length, ovate, acute, toothed, mostly smooth.  Racemes 
               Class XIV.   Order I.            149

on long, axillary stalks.  Flowers small, blue, numerous, inter-
spersed witti small leaves.  The singularity of this  genus con-
sists in the form of the calyx, which is furnished with a ridge on
the upper side, the part  beyond this serving as a lid.  After
the corolla falls, this lid  shuts down  against the opposite side,
so as perfectly to inclose the seeds.   By lateral pressure the lid
opens, discovering the four seeds within.—Meadows.—July.—
Perennial.

                   183.   PRUNELLA.
Prunella Pennsylvanioa. Willd.               Self heal.
     Leaves petioled,  ovate-lanceolate, toothed; up-
per lip of the calyx  truncated,  three awned;  stem
ascending.
    A  handsome plant, native  of meadows anfl  moist pas-
tures.  Stem nine or ten inches in height, hairy.   Leaves oppo-
site, broad-lanceolate, slightly toothed, their nerves  and  pe-
tioles hairy, the upper  pair close  to the spike  and  sessile.
Spike  short, ovate.   Bractes  reniform, ciliate.  Flowers  rin-
gent, purplish.  Calyx two  lipped,  the upper lip broad  and
abrupt, with three  straight, short bristles.or  awns; the lower
lip ending in two acute teeth.—July.—Perennial.

                 184.  TRICHOSTEMA.
Trichostema dichotoma. L.                 Trichostema.

     Stamens very long, exserted. L.
    An annual plant, remarkable for  its long,  arching stamens.
Stem round, somewhat four sided, hairy.  Branches opposite,
subdivided in a brachiate  manner, their last divisions common-
ly, though not  always, dichotomous.  Leaves oval-lanceolate,
obtuse, entire.  Flowers numerous, terminal.   Calyx swelling,
its upper lip of two short, acute teeth ; lower lip twice as long,
three toothed.  Corolla purple, with two long, slender stamens 
150
Class XIV.   Order II.
projecting from one side and arching over to meet the other.
Seeds with an indented surface.  In sandy pastures and hills.—
August.—Annual.

                  ANGIOSPERMIA.

                 185.  MELAMPYRUM.
Melampyrum Amerioanum. Mich.             Cow-wheat.

    Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost with a
 few  sptaceous teeth at base;  flowers axillary.
   Pretty common in woods-  Stem erect, smooth, branching,
less than a foot in height.  Leaves opposite, lanceolate, smooth,
entire, with a long, obtuse point, the upper ones furnished with
several bristle-like teeth at  base.   Flowers axillary,  whitish,
slender.  Capsules flat, acute, pointing downward, containing
four seeds.—JAine, July.—Annual.

                186.   SCROPHULARIA.
Scrophularia Marilandica. L'                Figwort.

    Leaves cordate, serrate,  acute, rounded at base;
stem obtuse-angled.  L.
   A tall, erect plant with flowers resembling capsules.  Stem
square with blunt  corners, smooth except at the  joints, where
there  is a slight pubescence between the petioles.  Leaves op-
posite, oblong,  obtuse  at base, tapering  to an acute point, ser-
rate.  Panicle  erect, with opposite branches.  Flowers small,
somewhat globular. Calyx  teeth obtuse.  Corolla reversed, of
a dark, brownish colour, the lip with an internal prominence,
 which may be mistaken for a fifth stamen.  Capsule globular,
tipped with the style.—Lynn beach island.—August.—Peren-
nial. 
                 Class XIY.  Order II.          151

                  187.  ANTIRRHINUM.
   Antirrhinum Linaria.  L.                    Toadflax.

      Leaves linear-lanceolate, crowded; stem erect;
   spikes terminal, sessile; flowers imbricate. L.
      The yellow spikes of this plant  are very common by road-
   sides, though it is not probable, that the species is indigenous.
   Stem one or two feet high, nearly smooth.  Leaves numerous,
   narrow, and pointed, smooth.  Branches  numerous, axillary,
   bearing tufts of leaves.  Spike long, crowded with yellow flow-
   ers, the corolla furnished with a long, hollow spur below.  The
   mouth is closed  with a  protuberant  palate from the under lip,
   and gapes  open upon lateral pressure, a character  which  has
   given the genus the name of Snap, dragon.—July,  August.—
   Perennial.
   Antirrhinum Canadense. L.       Canada Snap dragon.

      Leaves  alternate,  linear, remote,  glabrous ;
   flowers racemed; stem simple, scions  procumbent.
   Willd.
      A slender, annual plant, seldom exceeding a foot in height.
   Stem erect, smooth.  Leaves small, scattered, erect, linear^ ob-
   tuse.  Flowers in a loose, terminal  raceme, small, blue.  Up-
   per lip of the corolla reflexed, the lower much larger, spread-
   ing. Spur  filiform, acute.  Some leafy,  procumbent scions
   occasionally proceed from the root.—Road sides.—July, Au-
 •  gust.
                  188.  PEDICULARIS.
  Pedicularis Canadensis. L.                Louse-wort.

      Stem simple, spike  somewhat leafy; helmet of
. .the corolla with two  setaceous teeth;  calyx  trun-
   cated  downward. L. 
133          Class XIV.   Order II.

   Stem erect, under a foot in height, downy at top.   Leaves
dark green, lanceolate, with crenate lobes, obtuse, smooth.
Spike terminal, short, crowded, leafy.  Calyx cut oft" in an ob-
lique  direction downward.  Corolla  yellowish,  the  upper lip
forming a long helmet, its point square, with a small acute tooth
on each side ; lower lip three lobed.—Pastures.—May.—Peren-
nial.
                    189.  GERARDIA.
Gerardia flava. L.                     Yellow Gerardia.

    Leaves lanceolate, pinnate-dentate; stem  sim-
ple.  L,

   One of the most showy of our wild wood flowers.  Stem
erect, one or two  feet in height, pubescent.   Leaves opposite,
the lower ones more or less pinnatifid  and  cut, the  upper ones
lanceolate, entire  or serrate, obtusely pointed.  Spike terminal,
few flowered.  Flowers  opposite,  trumpet shaped, large, yel-
low.   Peduncles  short,  downy.  Stamens somewhat woolly;
anthers with two points at the base.  The  whole plant turns
black in drying.—Woods.—August.—Perennial.
Gerardia Pedicularia. L,               Bushy Gerardia.

    Leaves oblong,  twice serrate;  stem  panicled,
calyxes crenate. L.
   A tall, bushy plant, which would be  one of the most orna-
mental, were not  its flowers very perishable, and deciduous.
Stem erect, with numerous opposite branches.  Leaves pinnat-
ifid, with serrate lobes.  Peduncles hairy.  The structure of
the flowers  is very elegant.  The calyx  ends in five spreading
leafets, indented on their margin.  Corolla yellow, downy with-
out, trumpet shaped, with spreading  lobes.   The  leaves and
flowers turn black in drying.—Dry woods.—Very  common at
Sweet Auburn, Cambridge.—August.—Perennial. 
Glass XIV.   Order  II.           153
Gerardia purpurea. L.                Purple Gerardia.
    Stem  with many opposite  branches;  leaves
narrow-linear; flowers  scattered, purple, sub-ses-
sile.  Micji.
   An annual species, much smaller than the preceding.  Stem
erect, smooth, branching.  Leaves opposite, linear, entire, curl-
ing when the plant droops.  Flowers purple, frequently  oppo-
site, on short peduncles.   Calyx teeth acute.—Common in pas-
tures and road sides in moist ground.—August.—Annual.

                   190. MIMULUS.
Mimulvs ringens.  L.                     Monkey flower.

    Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, sessile;
peduncles  longer than the flower.  Willd.

    A handsome plant, fond of  wet soils, where it attains the
height of two feet and upward.  Stem  erect, smooth.  Leaves
opposite, closely  sessile, serrate, tapering to an obtuse  point.
Peduncles axillary, curving upwards.  Calyx tubular, with five
acute angles, and as many pointed teeth. Corolla much longer
than the calyx, blue, contracted at the  mouth, with spreading
segments.—July, Augusta-Perennial.

                   191. CHELONE,
Chelone glabra. L,                         Snake-head.
    Glabrous ; leaves oval or lanceolate, unequally
serrate ; flowers  spiked.  Mich.

    Found in brooks and wet .ground, where it forms bunches,
and rises two or three feet.  Stem smooth, bluntly foui corner-
ed,  Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, dark green and
polished above.   Flowers in a terminal spike, a  few  only ex-
panding at once.   Calyx nearly sessile, with five short, rounded
               20 
154 "         Class XIV.   Order II.

segments.   Corolla  large, white, inflated, contracted  at the
mouth, not unlike the head of a serpent; the lower lip in three
small segments, with two woolly stripes within.  Filaments hairy
below.   The rudiment of a fifth filament appears to be wanting
in this species.—Roxbury, Cambridge.—August, September.—
Perennial. 
Class XV.  Order II.          150
 Class XV.  TETRADYNAHIA. Six stamens^
            four long and two short.
           Order I.  SILICULOSA.  Seeds in a silicle.
    192.  LepidiuM.   Silicle elliptic, emarginate,
the valves carinate but not margined.
    193. Thlaspi.   Silicle inversely heart shaped,
the valves carinate and margined.
    194. Bunias.  Silicle deciduous without open-
ing, somewhat four  sided, two of its angles more
acute.
         Order II.  SILIQJJOSA. Seeds in a silique.
    195. Raphanus.   Silique cylindrical, swelling
at the seeds, somewhat jointed.
    196. Cardamine!  Silique bursting elastically,
the valves revolute, and equal to the partition.
    197. Sisymbrium.   Silique cylindrical,  open-
ing with nearly straight valves;  valves  equalling
the partition.
    198.  Erysimum.   Calyx closed; stigma capi-
tate;  silique columnar, square.
    199.  Sinapis.   Calyx spreading; silique  cy-
lindrical, with the partition longer than the valves. 
156           Class XV.   Order I.
                TETRADYNAMIA.
                     SILICULOSA.
                    192.  LEPIDIUM.
 Lepidium Virginicum. L.       Wild cress or peppergrass.

     Radical leaves pinnatifid;  stem leaves linear-
 lanceolate, serrate;  flowers  with  four petals and
 two stamens ; silicle lenticular.  Mich, abr,
 Syn.  Thlaspi Virginianum. Poir.
    Frequent by road sides, flowering during  most  of the sum-
 mer and autumn.  Stem woody and branching, round, smooth.
 Branches numerous, alternate.  Leaves of the root pinnatifid, of
 the stem lanceolate, glabrous, furnished with  a remote tooth or
 two.   Racemes  terminal, long, naked.   Pedicels  capillary.
 Flowers very small, diandrous, white.  Silicles  flat, orbicular,
 with  a deep notch in the  end.  Taste like common Garden
 cress or peppergrass.

                    193.  THLASPI.
 Thlaspi Bursa pastoris.  L.     Common Shepherd's purse.

    Hairy, silicle inversely heart shaped, somewhat
 triangular; radical leaves pinnatifid.  Sm.
   Equally common with the last, in pastures and road  sides,
 continuing to flower during most of the vegetating season.  Stem
branching, round.  Root leaves numerous, spreading, pinnatifid,
toothed, somewhat hairy.  Stem leaves oblong, toothed, arrow
 shaped at base, closely sessile.  Flowers small,  white. Silicle
 smooth, inversely heart shaped, crowned with the short style-
Annual. 
               Class XV.   Order II.            157

                    194.  BUNIAS.
Bunias edentula. (mihi.)           American sea rocket.

    Bunias foliis obovatis, sinuatis;  siliculis gla-
bris, articulis binis, mohospermis, edentulis.

    Leaves  obovate,  sinuate ;   silicles  with  two
smooth, one seeded, toothless joints.
   A fleshy, maritime plant, found on various parts of the sea
coast.  Stem glabrous, flexuous, deeply, and  irregularly fur-
rowed, very  much  branched.  Leaves fleshy, smooth, obovate,
toothed  and  sinuated, caducous.   Branches  axillary,  leafy.
Spikes or racemes terminal.   Flowers on short, fleshy pedun-
cles.  Calyx of four erect, fleshy segments.  Petals spreading,
rounded at the end.   Stamens nearly equal, longer than the ca-
lyx.   Stigma concave.  Silicles smooth, roundish, consisting of
two one seeded joints, the lower one somewhat globular, with-
out teeth or prominences, marked on each side with a longitud-
inal, depressed line, sometimes abortive.  Upper joint ovate,
round, marked on each side  with an elevated line, terminating
in a flat, emarginate, or three toothed beak.   Seeds facing dif-
ferent ways.  The silicle is drupaceous, and in drying becomes
quadrangular.   The  plant  is succulent  and heavy.—Grows
abundantly at Cape Ann.   Found also at South Boston.—July.
—Annual.
                      SILIQJJOSA.
                   195.  RAPHANUS.
Raphanus Raphanistrum. L.                 Wild radish.

    Pods round, jointed, smooth, of one cell.  L.
   A hardy weed,  frequent  in the  gravel by road sides, but
most troublesome in cultivated fields.  Stem branching, round,
bristly, glaucous.   Leaves rough, lower ones lyrate, upper ones
toothed.   Calyx bristly.   Petals  spreading, yellow, turning
white as they grow old, not unfrequently of a  light blue.  Pods 
158
Class XV.   Order II.
erect, knobbed, tapering, smooth, ending in a long beak.  W heti
dry, they are striated, and abruptly contracted between the cells,
which are hard and somewhat bony.  On cutting the pod across
between the seeds, it appears two celled.   The seeds  however
are contained between the laminae of the apparent partition.

                  196. CARDAMINE.
Cardamine Pennsylvanica. Muhl.  American Water Cress.

    Leaves pinnate; leafets angular-toothed, obtuse.
 Willd.

   Found in brooks and ponds, growing under water, except
its upper leaves and flowers.  Leaves alternate, smooth, pin-
nate ;  leafets oblong, rounded at the end, with a few large teeth
on each side, the terminal leafet much exceeding the rest in
size.  The  leafets  in the upper leaves are  entire.   Flowers
small, white.  Pods narrow, erect, an inch  or more in length.—
Brighton.—May.
                  197. SISYMBRIUM.
Sisymbrium Nasturtium.  L.       European Water Cress.

    Pods  declining; leaves pinnate, leafets  round-
ish heart  shaped.  Sm.
   Found in clear, fresh water, in  brooks and ponds.  Stems
spreading or floating in the water, angular, branched, rooting
at base.  Leaves mostly immersed or floating, pinnate, the leaf-
ets rounded, with a few obtuse lobes or teeth.  Flowers white.
Pods shortish, on spreading  footstalks.  The taste is  pungent
and pleasant.—In small ponds, Roxbury, Cambridge.—June.

                   198.  ERYSIMUM.
Erysimum  officinale. L.                 Hedge mustard

    Pods  pressed close  to  the  main  stalk;  leaves
runcinate. L. 
              Class XV.   Order II.            159

   The whole plant is more or less hairy, and attains the height
of about two feet.  Stem round; branches given off  at a large
angle,  and  curving.   Leaves  lyrate-runcinate.  The fruitful
branches are long and slender, covered with close, sessile pods,
and ending in  yellow flowers.—About rubbish and  cultivated
ground.—All summer.—Annual.

                     199.  SINAPIS.
Sinapis nigra. L.                       Common mustard.

    Pods  smooth,  four, cornered, pressed  close to
the raceme ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire,
smooth.  Sm.
    Very common in cultivated and waste grounds ; usually re-
garded as a weed, though its seeds  furnish the common table
mustard.  Stem round, striated, smooth, three or four feet high,
branching.  Leaves variously lobed and toothed, the lower ones
rough, upper ones smooth, deflexed, the highest narrow, small,
entire.  Flowers numerous and showy. Calyx and corolla yel-
low.  Pods erect, close to the stalk, quadrangular, ending in *
short beak.—June, July.—Annual. 
160       Class XVL  Order VIII.
 Class XVI.  MONADELPHIA.      Stamens
    united by their filaments into one parcel.
        Order I.    TRIANDRIA.  Three stamens.
   200. Sisyrinchium.  Spathe two leaved;  pe-
tals six, nearly equal;  capsule inferior, three cell-
ed.
        Order V.  DECANDRIA.  Ten stamens.
   SOI. Geranium.    Calyx five leaved ;  petals
five, regular; nectary five glands on the base of the
longer filaments ;  fruit beaked, separating into five
one seeded capsules.
   202. Oxalis.   Calyx  five leaved; petals five,
connected  at base; capsule  superior,  five celled,
five angled, opening at the angles,
      Order VIII.  POLYANDRIA.  Many stamens.
   203. Malva.    Calyx  double, the  outermost
two or three leaved; capsules numerous, one seed-
ed, disposed in a  flat ring.
   204. Alth^a.  Calyx double, the  outermost
from  six  to nine cleft;  capsules numerous, one
seeded, in a flat ring.
   205. Hibiscus.   Calyx double,  the outermost
many leaved :  capsule five celled, many seeded. 
Class XVI.   Order Y.          161
               monadeShia.

                    TRIANDRIA.
               200.  SISYRINCHIUM.
Sisyrinohium anceps.                   Blue eyed grass.

    Stem two edged, spathe  longer than  the flow-
ers, petals mucronated, germs glabrous.
Syn.  SlSTRINCHIUM GRAMINEUM.  Curt.
   The small, delicate, blue flowers of this plant are not unfre-
quent among the grass in moist ground.  Stem two edged, the
edges extending into a wide margin.;  smooth, with one or two
branches, often a foot high.  Leaves linear, grass like, sheath-
ing at base.  Spathe of two unequal leaves, swelling, pointed,
with from  one to six flowers.  Peduncles filiform.   Flowers
shorter than the spathe, blue.  Germs smooth.   Petals six,
spreading, terminated by a point.—June, July.—Perennial.

                    DECANDRIA.

                  201.  GERANIUM.
Geranium maoulatum. L.    Spotted geranium or Cranes-
                         bill.

    Peduncles two flowered ;  stem forked, erect;
leaves five parted and  cut, the upper ones sessile.
L.
   No family of plants is more extensively cultivated for orna-
ment than the Linnaean genus Geranium, since divided by L'He-
ritier into three genera, Erodium, Pelargonium,  and Gerani-
um.  It must be confessed  that a great number of exotic  spe-
cies are carefully propagated in green houses and parlours,
               21 
162
Class XVI.   Order V.
which are altogether inferior to the present very beautiful  na-
tive.  It is very common about fences and the edges of woods,
preferring a soil that is sqfcewhat moist.  Stems erect, hairy,
dividing by forks, or more numerous branches,  one or two  ieet
high.   Leaves large,  spreading,  hairy, divided in a palmate
manner into five or seven lobes, which are variously cut and
toothed at their extremities, the lower ones petioled, the upper
ones nearly sessile.  As  the  leaves grow old, they are usually
marked with pale spots about the sinuses.   Peduncles long,
hairy, supporting  about two flowers.  Calyx five leaved, those
edges, which are outermost in the bud, hairy.   Petals rounded,
blue.   Fruit ending in a long beak, containing five awns,  which
spring out and scatter the seeds when ripe.  The root is peren-
nial, very  astringent, and useful for its medicinal properties.—
May, June.—Perennial.
Geranium Robertianum. L.                 Herb Robert.

    Peduncles two flowered; leaves somewhat ped-
ate, pinnatifid, five angled;  calyx ten angled,  cap-
sules rugged. Sm.

   A branching plant, much smaller in its flowers and leaves
than the  preceding.  Stem spreading, fragile, commonly of a
reddish  cast.  Leaves somewhat  hairy, petioled,  ternate or
quinate,  the divisions mostly  pinnatifid.   Peduncles  long,
somewhat hairy, with two terminal flowers.  Calyx hairy.  Pe-
tals rounded, pale  purple.   The  whole plant  has a peculiar,
strong  smell.—Road  sides, Maiden.—Flowering most of the
summer and autumn.—Annual.

                    202.   OXALIS.
Oxalis stricta. L.                 Upright Wood Sorrel.

    Peduncles umbelliferous;  stem branching,  e-
rect.  L.

   This plant is pretty common  about the borders of fields and 
               Class XYI.  OrderYTll,         165

cultivated grounds.  Stem erect, varying greatly in height, ac-
cording to the soil in  which the plant grows.  Leaves ternate,
inversely heart shaped,  very thin  and delicate;  their common
petiole long and slender, without stipules.  Peduncles axillary,
generally  longer than  the petioles, (in which respect the plant
differs  from that  of Willoenow,) supporting small, terminal
umbels of yellow flowers.   Fruit beaked, erect.—«Flowers all
summer.

                     POLYANBRIA.

                     203. MALVA.
Malva rotundifolia. L.           Round leaved Mallow.

    Stem prostrate ; leaves roundish, heart  shaped,
obtusely five lobed.   Fruit  stalks bent  downward.
L.

   Root fusiform.   Stems lying  upon the ground, branching.
Leaves roundish, somewhat reniform, crenate, with five or sev-
en imperfect lobes.  Petioles  long, hairy.  Stipules lanceolate,
ciliate.  Flower stalks axillary, shorter than the petioles, sev-
eral together, hairy.  Outer leaves of the calyx linear, inner ones
ovate.   Petals  purplish white,  deeply emarginate.  Fruit flat,
with numerous capsules forming its circumference, the  stalks
commonly deflexed.—In cultivated ground, about houses and
side walks.—All summer.

                    204.  ALTHAEA.
Althjea officinalis. L.                   Marsh Mallow.

    Leaves  downy, oblong, ovate, obtusely three
lobed, toothed.  Willd.
   This plant grows  spontaneously on the marshes at  South
Boston, and is said to be found at other places on the sea coast.
It is probably not originally native, but imported from Europe.
Root perennial, long,  white.   Stem  erect, firm, covered with 
 164         Class XVI.   Order VIII.

 thick,  woolly down.  Leaves alternate,  ovate, with  three or
 more imperfect lobes, toothed,  exceedingly downy and velvet-
 like to the touch.  Flowers large, axillary and terminal.  Calyx
 downy. Petals light, purple,  inversely  heart shaped.   The
 whole plant, especially the root, abounds in mucilage, and is
 much  used as a demulcent  remedy.—-August, September.—
 Perennial.
                    105.  HIBISCUS.
 Hibiscus palustris. L.                   Marsh Hibiscus.

    Stem herbaceous, simple; leaves  ovate, some-
 what  three  lobed, downy underneath; flowers ax-
 illary. Willd.
   A  tall, handsome plant.  Stem  erect,  somewhat downy.
Leaves ovate or three lobed, green above, whitish and soft with
down underneath, serrate, acuminate.  Flowers nearly as large
as the hollyhock, on axillary  stalks.  Calyx downy, its  outer
segments linear.  Corolla pale purple.-—Found in Newton near
the banks of Charles river.—August.—Perennial.
) 
Class XVII.  Order IV.        165
 Class XVII.    DIADELPHIA. Stamens united
              in two distinct sets.
        Order III.  OCTANDRIA.  Eight stamens.
    206. Polygala.  Calyx five leaved, two of the
 leaves wing shaped and coloured; corolla  with a
 cylindrical banner; legume inversely heart shaped,
 two celled.
         Order IV.  DECANDRIA.  Ten stamens.
    207. Genista.  Calyx with the upper lip two
 toothed, the lower three  toothed ;  banner oblong,
 reflected back  by the pistil and  stamens ;  stigma
involute ; stamens all united.
    208. Lupinus.  Stamens  all united; anthers
 alternately rounded and  oblong ; legume coria-
 ceous, swelling at the seeds.
    209. Lathyrus.   Style flat, villous  above,
 broader upward; two upper segments of the calyx
 shorter.
    210. Trifolium.  Legume hardly longer than
 the calyx, falling off entire; flowers more or less in
 heads.
    211. Hedysarum.   Calyx five cleft; keel of
 the corolla obtuse;  loment jointed, the joints com-
 pressed and one  seeded.
    212. Glycine.  Calyx two lipped ; keel of the
 corolla turning back the banner at the tip ; legume
 one celled, many seeded.
    £13. Medic ago.  Legume spiral, compressed,
 pushing the keel from the banner. 
166         Class XVII.   Order HL
                  DIADELPHIA.
                    OCTANDRIA.
                  206.   POLYGALA.
POLYGALA SANGUINEA. L.               CaduCOUS Polygala.

    Stem branching  at top; leaves alternate, line-
ar ; spikes headed; flowers beardless.  Mich, abr.

   The purple, or rose coloured heads of this plant are very ob-
servable in moist ground,  during the months of August and
September.  Stem erect, angular, its branches exceeding the
main stem in height.   Leaves alternate, smooth, linear-lanceo-
late.  Flowers in terminal, cylindrical heads.   As these heads
increase at their summit, the lower  flowers fall off, leaving a
ragged or squarrous peduncle, on which Linnaeus founded his
specific character.
Polygala paucifoha. Muhl.          Few leaved Polygala.

    Flowers crested,  terminal, three ;  stem simple,
erect; naked below ;  leaves ovate. Willd.
   An exceedingly delicate, purple flowering plant.  Stem up-
right or ascending, ^bur or five inches high, smooth.  The low-
er part is naked, with the exception of some small, remote, ovai
scales or leafets.  The leaves are four or five in number, at the
top of the stem, ovate, acute, entire.  Flowers usually two or
tliree at the end  of the stem, crested.—Found at Brooklyn.—*
May.—Perennial.
1 
               Class XVn.   Order IV.        167

                      DECANDRIA.

                    207.  GENISTA.
 Genista tinctoria. L.         Wood waxen.  Dyers1 weed.

     Leaves  lanceolate, smooth ;  branches  round,
 striate, erect, unarmed.  Sm.

    Root woody, tough, creeping extensively.  Stems or branch-
 es numerous, erect or ascending, round, furrowed, smooth.
 Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate, acute. Flowers on the up-
 per part of the branches, axillary, solitary, nearly sessile, bright
 yellow.  This plant has overrun the hills on the  south side of
 Salem, so as to give them, in the month of July, an uniformly
 yellow  appearance at  a distance.  It was probably imported
 originally from Europe.  The whole plant is  said to dye a  fine
 yellow  colour.
                    208.  LUPINUS.
 LuriNus perennis. L.                    Common lupine.

     Calyxes  alternate without appendages, upper
 lip emarginate, lower entire. L.

    This common garden flower grows wild  very plentifully in
 the woods at Watcrtown.   Stems erect,  somewhat  hairy.
 Leaves digitate, consisting of about eight or  ten  lanceolate-
 wedge shaped leaves, arranged like rays around the end of the
 petiole.  They are somew hat hairy and pale underneath. Flow
 ers blue, in a terminal spike or raceme.—Perennial.

                   209.  LATHYRUS.
 Lathyrus venosus. Muhl.               Veiny  Lathyrus.

     Peduncles many flowered;  tendrils many leav-
 ed;  leafets ovate, oBtuse;  stipules half arrow shap
ted, obtuse.  Willd. 
168
Class XVII.   OHer IV.
    Stem angular, flexous.  Leaves abruptly pinnate, the peti-
 ole ending in a three-cleft tendril.  Leafets  ovate, obtuse, mu-
 cronated, smooth, veiny.   Stipules broad, half arrow shaped,
 acuminate.  Racemes on axillary stalks, consisting of large, el-
 egant, purple flowers.—Found about the borders of marshes,
 flowering in June.—Perennial.

                   210.   TRIFOLIUM.
 Trifolium arvense.  L.                      Field trefoil.

     Heads very hairy, cylindrical; teeth of the ca-
 lyx bristle shaped, longer than the corolla; leafets
 narrow-obovate. Sm.
   This annual  species of trefoil is  exceedingly common in
 loads and dry fields, flourishing in the most barren and gravel-
 ly soils.  Stem  erect,  round, hairy,  branching.   Leaves on
 short footstalks,  consisting of three narrow, inversely  ovate,
 hairy leafets.   The flowers grow in long, cylindrical heads, or
 spikes; the calyx teeth ending in feathery hairs, which project
 beyond the corolla, give the heads a downy and grayish appear-
 ance.  Pod very small, one seeded.—July, August.
Trifolium repens. L.                      White clover.

    Heads  like umbels ;  legumes   four  seeded;
 stems creeping. L.
   Common in pastures,  flowering from May to  September.
 Root perennial.   Stems spreading, leafy, smooth.   Leaves on
long  petioles; leafets roundish, acute at  their base, finely ser-
 rate, commonly marked with a white, semicircular spot.   Flow-
ers white, in a dense umbel,  resembling a head ; corollas per-
sistent, enclosing the pod, which contains three or four seeds.—
White clover increases rapidly, and resists drought.  Cattle are
very fond of it, and it forms one of the %est materials for feed in
pastures. 
             Class XVII.  Order IV.           169

'Trifolium pratense. L.        Red clover.   Honeysuckle.
     Spikes dense ; stems ascending ;  corollas une-
 qual ; four of the calyx teeth equal; stipules awn-
 ed. Sm.
    Stem oblique, somewhat branching, hairy toward the top.
 Leafets ovate, with  usually a white spot on the upper side,
 somewhat hairy underneath.  Stipules broad, membranous, rib-
 bed, ending in a point or awn.  Flowers  red, in large ovate
 spikes resembling heads, somewhat  sweet scented.  Calyx of
 five segments, the lowest longest.  Banner of the corolla long-
 er than the wings and keel.   The excellence of red clover for
 hay is well known.  It is extensively cultivated here alone, or in
 combination with herds grass, (Phleum pratense.)  In its wild
 state it grows every where, and  flowers from May to Septem-
 ber.—Perennial.
 Trifolium officinale.  L.                       Melilot.

     Legumes in racemes, naked, two seeded, wrink-
 led, acute, stem erect. L.
    Stem upright, furrowed, two feet high.  Leafets oblong or
 lance-obovate, serrate, smooth.  Spikes axillary and terminal,
 on footstalks, many flowered.  Flowers nodding,  mostly to one
 side, yellow.   Calyx and pedicels hairy.  Pods pendulous,
 oval, tapering at both  ends,  hairy.  This trefoil in drying ex-
 hales an agreeable scent, similar to  the sweet  scented vernal
 grass.  Horses are  said to be very fond of it.—June, July.—
 It  grows in great plenty on the borders of the marsh at South
 Boston, where it was probably introduced from Europe.

                  211. HEDYSARUM.
 Hedysarum prutescens. L.          Shrubby Hedysarum.

     Leaves  ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky be-
 neath ; stipules subulate ; racemes axillary,  ovate,
               22 
170         Class XVII.   Order IV.

shorter than the leaves; loments of one joint, hairy,
shorter than the calyx.  Willd.

Syn.  Lespedeza capiTaTa.  Mich.
   A slender, whitish,  woody plant, found in dry woods at
Brighton and elsewhere.  Stems erect, covered wtih soft hair,
very leafy.  Leaves on very short  petioles ;  leafets oblong,
blunt, mucronated,  their upper surface smooth, under surface
covered with silken down, especially the edges and midrib. Ra-
cemes ovate, hardly so long as the leaves, but projecting be-
yond them on  axillary footstalks.  Calyx leaves  long, lanceo-
late, pointed, hairy enclosing the pods.—September.
Hedysarum hirtum. L.                Hairy Hedysarum.

    Leaves  ternate,  round-elliptic;  stipules subu-
late ;  racemes  axillary,  oblong,  longer than the
leaves ; loments of one joint, hairy.   Willd,
Syn.  Lespedeza poLrsrACHTA. Mich.
   More frequent in woods than the last;  resembling it in col-
our and habit.   Stems simple, shrub like, whitish, hairy, two or
three feet high.  Leaves on very short, scattered stalks ; leafets
oval, obtuse, whitish and hairy underneath.  Racemes ovate,
exceeding the  leaves, on hairy stalks which considerably exceed
their own length.  Calyx shorter than in the  last species, about
equal to the corolla, or to the  pods, which are ovate, hairy, and
pointed.—September.
Hedysarum reticulatum. Muhl.  Reticulated Hedysarum.

    Leaves ternate, linear,  hairy underneath;  ra-
cemes axillary; loments of one joint, ovate, reticu-
lated, longer than the calyx. Willd.
Syn.  Lb-spedeza sessiliflora.  Mich.
   Stem erect,  slightly  pubescent.  Petioles slender, some- 
             Class XVII.   Order IV.         171

what hairy.  Leafets small, oblong, obtuse at both ends, mu-
cronated, pubescent underneath.  Flowers small, violet colour-
ed, in axillary bunches.—Woods.—August.
Hedysarum violaceum. L.             Violet Hedysarum.

    Leaves ternate, elliptical, obtuse ;  racemes um-
belled, as long as the petiole; flowers in pairs;  lo-
ments of one joint,  rhomboidal, reticulated, gla-
brous.  Willd.
   Stem erect.  Leafets small, oval,  mucronated, nearly smooth.
Flowers numerous, violet coloured, growing  mostly in pairs,
fomung racemes which are somewhat  umbelled.  Pods  one
seeded, flat,  smooth,  rhomboidal.—Woods.—Brighton.—Au-
gust.
Hedysarum divergens. Muhl.      Spreading Hedysarum.

    Leaves ternate, oblong, obtuse;  racemes longer
than the petiole ; flowers in pairs ;  loments of  one
joint, ovate, reticulated, glabrous. Willd.

   Stem erect, nearly smooth.  Leafets, narrow, oblong, obtuse
at both ends.   Flowers violet coloured, in axillary racemes, the
uppermost of which are somewhat  longer than the petioles of
the leaves, the lower ones short, and few flowered.  The plant
has many axillary branches with small leaves and flowers. Pods
oval, acute, flat, one seeded.—Woods.—August.
Hedysarum rotundifolium. Mich.    Round leaved Hedy-
                        sarum.

     Stem prostrate, hairy ; petioles  hairy;  stipules
round-heart shaped,  reflexed;  leaves  ternate, or-
bicular, hairy on both  sides  ; racemes few flower-
ed ; joints of the loment subrhomboidal.  Mich.

   Stem trailing,  moderately ^ hairy. Leaves on hairy stalks. 
178          Class XVII.   Order IV,

leafets round, pale underneath, ciliate at the lower edge, with a
few fine hairs on both surfaces, from one to two inches in diam-
eter.  Stipules of the leafets small, lanceolate; of the leaves
ovate, acuminate, bent backward ; both hairy.  Racemes axil-
lary and terminal, few  flowered. Peduncles  longer than the
petioles, nearly smooth.  Flowers  purple.    Corolla  twice as
lpng as the calyx.—Woods.—Waltham.—August.
Hedysarum nudiflorum. L.  Naked flowering Hedysarum.

    Leaves   ternate,   roundish-ovate,   acuminate;
scape  panicled,  smooth,  radical; joints of the lo-
ment roundish-triangular, somewhat smooth.  Willd.
   This is a remarkable species,  The flower stalk stands by
itself,  and seems to constitute a distinct, leafless  plant.   On
pulling it out of the ground, the root is found  to be connected
with a leafy sVem, which is frequently at some distance from the
scape.   Leaves at the top of the stem  on long stalks, nearly
smooth, whitish underneath, ovate, with a short point.  Scape
smooth, slender, longer than the stem.   Flowers purple, in a
panicle or raceme, on capillary stalks.—Woods.—August.
Hedysarum acuminatum. Mich.       Pointed Hedysarum.

    Erect, simple,   leafy  at  top;  leaves ternate,
oval, long-acuminate, the  odd one  round-rhomboid-
al ;  panicle terminal,  on  a very long peduncle.
Mich.
   A larger plant than the  last, which it resembles in habit.
Leaves on long stalks from the  top  of the stem, green above,
paler underneath ; the side leafets ovate, the terminal one larg-
er, broad, roundish, three inches in diameter; all ending in  a
long point.  Panicle very long, proceeding from the top of the
stem above the leaves.   Peduncles nearly glabrous, with slen-
der, remote branches.  Flowers purple.  Loments of two  or
three slightly  connected joints.  These are large,  triangular, 
              Class XVII.   Order IV.         173

rounded in front,  and hollowed out at top, their two posterior
angles very acute, the anterior obtuse.—On the Concord turn-
pike, near Fresh Pond.—July, August.
Hedysarum Canadense. L.         Canadian Hedysarum.

    Leaves ternate, oblong-lanceolate ; stipules fili-
form ;  flowers racemed ;  joints  of the loment ob-
tusely triangular, h.spid. Willd.
   A tall, handsome species, flowering in July.  Stem  erect,
striate, hairy.  Leaves ternate.   Leafets long and narrow,
broadest at base, gradually  tapering to the point, which is not
very acute.   Racemes from the top of the stem and axils of the
upper leaves.  Pods  hairy,  consisting  of four or five joints,
which are imperfectly triangular, their  sides curved, and their
angles obtuse.—-Woods.—Perennial.

                    212.  GLYCINE.
Glycine monoica. L.                           Pea vine.

    Leaves ternate, naked;  stems  hairy;  fertile
flowers without petals.  L.
   A very delicate wood vine, twining upon  the bushes, and
flowering in  July  and August.  Stem slender, covered with
minute  hairs pointing backward.    Leaves  in threes,  ovate.
acute, smooth,  and very thin.  Flowers monoecious, the barren
ones in small, axillary, pendulous racemes, with the calyx and
corolla nearly white.  Legumes short, flattish, pointed.—Annu-
al.
Glycine apios. L.         Tuberous Glycine.  Ground nut.

    Leaves  pinnate,  with  seven  ovate-lanceolate
leafets ; racemes  shorter than the leaves;  stem her-
baceous, twining.  Willd.
    Not unfrequent in moist woods and thickets.  Root tuber- 
174          Class XVII.   Order IV.

ous, consisting of  fleshy, oval knobs, tapering at the ends, ar-
ranged at  certain  distances, like beads, on a principal running
root.  Stems  round, twining.   Leaves pinnate, consisting of
five or seven ovate, acuminate, smooth leafets.  Flowers in ax-
illary  racemes, blackish purple, crowded, and not inelegant in
their appearance.—July, August,—Perennial.

                   213.   MEDICAGO.
Medicago lupulina.  L.                        Nonesuch.

    Spikes ovate; pods kidney shaped, veiny, rug-
ged,  single  seeded,  stems procumbent. Sm.
   Occurs frequently by road sides, in pastures,  &c.  Stems
spreading, angular,  leafy.   Leaves  resembling  clover, but
smaller.  Leafets  obovate, finely toothed.   Spikes or  heads
ovate, of yellow flowers.  The pods are black and rugged, with
an evident spiral or cockle like structure, which characterizes
the genus.  When cultivated it is said to form a valuable grass,
especially for sheep.  In its wild state however its size is rath-
er insignificant.—Flowers all summer.—Biennial. 
Class XVIII.   Order TV.       179
Class XVIII.   POLYADELPHIA.    Stamens
          united in more than two sets.

       OrderlV.  POLYAJVDRIA.  Many stamens.

   214. Hypericum.   Calyx  five parted, inferi-
or ; petals five; styles one, three, or five ; capsules
many seeded. 
176          Class XVIII.   Order IV.
               POLYADELPHIA.
                   FOLYANDR1A.
                 214.   HYPERICUM.
Hypericum perforatum. L.      Common St. John's wort.

    Flowers with  three  styles ; stem two  edged;
leaves obtuse, with pellucid dots;  calyx leaves Ian-
ceolate. Sm.
   A hardy and very  common weed in pastures and dry soils.
Stems numerous, erect, round, with a slight, prominent  line on
each side, brachiate.  Leaves opposite, oblong-oval, entire, pal-
er beneath, covered with small,  transparent dots, which when
held against the ligfct appear like perforations.  Flowers nu-
merous, terminal, bright yellow.  Petals oval; stamens  nume-
rous ; styles three.—July, August.—Perennial.
Hypericum Canadense. L.        Canada St. John's wort.
    Flowers with three styles, axillary,  peduncu-
lated, solitary ; leaves sessile,  linear, narrowed at
base ;  stem herbaceous, square, dichotomous above.
 Willd.
    A small species, generally frequenting a soil which is some-
what moist.  Stem round, with four prominent lines, formed by
the decurrent base of the leaves.  Lower branches opposite,
upper ones in forks.  Leaves linear-lanceolate, with transparent
dots.  Flowers axillary and terminal, small,  yellow, on short
pedicels.  Capsules of a brownish colour, twice as long as the
calyx.—July, August.—Annual. 
             Class XVIII.   Order IV.        177

Hypericum Virginicum. L.      Virginian St. John's wort.

    Flowers with  three  styles,  enneandrous, ter-
minal;  leaves  elliptical, obtuse,  somewhat heart-
shaped,  clasping;   stem herbaceous, compressed.
Willd.
   This plant has much larger leaves than the preceding spe-
cies.  They are opposite, oblong, smooth, entire, heart-shaped
at base,  closely  sessile or clasping, very obtuse, paler on the
under side. Flowers in terminal bunches, their colour partak-
ing of a  mixture of yellow and purple.   Stamens nine, united
in three  parcels.—In low ground.—August.—Perennial.
23 
178          Class XIX.  Order I.
Class XIX.   S YNGENESIA.   Anthers united
       into a cylinder ; flowers compound.
    Order I.       JEQJJALIS.   All the florets with sta-
           mens and pistils, and all fertile.
        A. Semifloscular, all the florets ligulate.
    215.  Cichorium   Receptacle chaffy;  calyx
invested with scales; seeds  surrounded with nu-
merous short teeth.
    216.  Apargia.  Receptacle naked; calyx im-
bricate ;  down feathery, sessile.
    217-  Leontodon.  Receptacle naked;  calyx
imbricate, with flaccid scales; down simple, pedi-
celled.
    218.  Prenanthes.  Receptacle naked ; down
simple;  calyx invested with scales ; florets few, in
one row.
    219. Lactuca.   Receptacle  naked;   down
simple,  pedicelled;  calyx imbricate, cylindrical,
scarious at the margin.
    22fl. Hieracium.  Receptacle naked, dotted;
down simple, sessile; calyx imbricate, ovate.
    221.  Sonchus.   Receptacle  naked ;   down
simple,  sessile; calyx imbricate,  swelling at the
base.
               B.  Flowers in heads.
    222.  Arctium.   Receptacle chaffy;   down 
             Class XIX.   Order II.         179
bristly and  chaffy; corolla floscular; calyx globu-
lar with hooks on the top of the scales.
    223. Cnicus. Receptacle villous; down feath-
ery ; corolla floscular; calyx swelling, with spinous
scales.
    224. Onopordon.  Receptacle cellular ; down
capillary;   corolla floscular ; calyx swelling  with
spinous scales;.
   225, Vernonia.   Receptacle naked ; down
double, the outer chaffy, inner capillary;  corolla
floscular; calyx ovate, imbricate.
                C.  Florets tubular.
    226.» Bidens. Receptacle  chaffy, flat; seeds
angular; down consisting of awns prickly back-
ward ;  calyx nearly equal, invested with leaves.
   227.  Mikania.   Receptacle naked  ;  down
simple ; calyx four or six leaved,  and four or six
flowered.
    228. Eupatorium.  Receptacle naked; down
simple  or  rough; calyx imbricate, oblong;  style
longer than the corolla, cloven half way down.
     Order II.      SUPERFLUA.    Florets of t\e disc
with stamens and pistils, those of the ray with pistils only ; all
fertile.
    229.  Coxyza,  Receptacle naked ; down sim-
ple or rough ; calyx imbricate, roundish ; florets of
the margin  tliree cleft.
    230. Graphalium.   Receptacle naked ; down
feathery or rough;  calyx with scarious, coloured
scales ;  florets of the margin subulate. 
iy0        Class XIX.   Order IIL

               D.  Flowers radiate.
    231.   Chrysanthemum.  Receptacle  naked;
down none; calyx hemispherical,  imbricate,  with
the scales dilated, and membranous at the margin.
    232.   Erigeron.   Receptacle  naked; down
simple; florets  of the  margin very numerous and
narrow, linear.
    233.  Solidago.   Receptacle  naked, pitted;
down simple; florets of the margin from five to ten,
remote; calyx imbricate,  closed.
    234. Senecio.  Receptacle  naked; down sim-
ple ;  calyx  invested with  scales,  many  leaved,
equal; the scales dead  at their tips.
    235. Aster.  Receptacle naked; down  sim-
ple ; calyx imbricate, with the lower scales spread-
ing ; florets of the margin commonly more than ten.
    236.  Anthemis.    Receptacle  chaffy ; seeds
crowned with a slight border; calyx hemispheric-
al ; florets of the ray more than five, oblong.
    237.  Achillea.   Receptacle  chaffy ; down
none; calyx ovate, imbricate, unequal;  florets  of
the ray from five to ten, inversely heart-shaped  or
roundish.
    Order III.     FRUSTRAJVEA. Florets of the centre
ivith stamens and pistils, fertile ; those  of the ray with pistils
only, barren.
    238. Helianthus.  Receptacle chaffy; seeds
crowned with two  lanceolate, chaffy scales; calyx
imbricate, somewhat squarrous.
    239.  Coreopsis.   Receptacle  chaffy; seeds 
             Class XIX.   Order IV.         181
compressed, emarginate, with two  unarmed awns;
calyx double, each many leaved.
    Order IV.     NECESSARIA. Florets of the centre
with stamens and pistils, barren ; those of the ray with pistils
only, fertile.
    240.  Iva.  Receptacle hairy;  seeds  naked,
obtuse ; down none; calyx three leaved ; florets of
the ray five. 
182
Class XIX.   Order I.
                  SYNGENESIA.
                      MQJJAL1S.
                  215.   CICHORIUM.
Cichorium intybus. L.                          Succory.

    Flowers in pairs,  sessile;  leaves runcinate.
   The large, blue flowers of this elegant plant are extremely
common in pastures and road sides every where in the vicinity
of Boston.  Stem two or three feet high, strong, angular, brist-
ly.  Leaves roughish, the  radical ones runcinate, those  of the
stem heart-shaped, acuminate, and sessile.  Flowers  mostly in
pairs, sessile upon the sides of the stem.  Calyx leaves erect,
rough on the  back, reflexed  as they grow old.  Florets of the
corolla ligulate, ending in about five minute teeth.—From July
to September.—Perennial.

                   216.   APARGIA.
Apargia autumnalis.  Willd.        Autumnal Hawkweed.

    Scape  branching,  peduncles scaly; leaves lan-
ceolate, tooth-pinnatifid, smoothish.  L.
Syn.  LeonTodon au*umnale. L.
      HEDTPNOIS AUfUMNALI.S Sm.
   This plant, probably  an emigrant from Europe, has overr
run the vicinity of this place, and grows in almost every kind of
soil.   It begins flowering  in June and July, and is nearly the
last plant that yields to the frosts  of November.  Root abrupt.
Leaves all radical,  spreading, lanceolate, more or less toothed
and pinnatifid, according to the soil in which they grow, usual-
ly curving to  one side.   Scape spreading,  bending  upwards^ 
               Class XIX.   Order I.           183

furrowed, branching into a few peduncles, which are furnished
with scattered, remote scales, and are hollow, like many others
of the class, with a minute tuft, like cotton or cobweb, at the base
of their cavity within.  Flowers yellow, resembling those of the
dandelion.   The scales on the stalks and calyx are less numer-
ous than in the European variety.

                  217.  LEONTODON.
Leontodon taraxacum. L.                    Dandelion*

    Outer scales of the calyx reflexed; leaves run-
cinate, toothed, smooth.
    The leaves of this very common plant are  usually cited as
examples of the runcinate  form.  The supposed resemblance
to a lion's teeth will appear sufficiently obvious, to those  who
are fond of tracing etymologies, in any of its names,  leonto-
don, dens leonis, dent de lion, dandelion.  The stalks or scapes
are simple, hollow,  smooth, and round.  Flowers single, of a
bright  yellow.   Calyx leaves entire, the outermost bent back-
wards.  Florets ligulate, numerous.  Down of the  seeds on a
pedicel.—Perennial.

                 218.  PRENANTHES.
Prenanthes alba. L.         White flowering Frenanthes.

     Calyxes  many flowered;  leaves  angular-has-
tate, toothed;  flowers  nodding; racemes panicled.
 Willd.
    A tall, lactescent plant, flowering in August and September.
The large, radical leaves are conspicuous much earlier in the
season.  They are more or less triangular or  halberd  shaped,
and tooth«d  or lobed.  The leaves of the stem are more regu-
larly ovate and toothed,  the upper ones lanceolate.  The stem
is commonly of a dark reddish colour, three or four feet high.
Flowers panicled, drooping j calyx  white,  containing ten or a 
184           Class XIX.    Order I.

dozen florets, surrounded with a dull reddish down.—Woods,
low land, Sec—Perennial.

                   219.  LACTUCA.
Laotuca elongata. Muhl.       Tall Lettuce.  Fire weed.
    Leaves smooth, the lower ones runcinate, clasp-
ing;  the  upper ones  lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers
panicled.
   This plant, I am informed, is sure to appear in great abun-
dance on grounds which are newly burnt over, and on this account
it has received the name of Fire weed in the interior.  The
whole plant is lactescent.  Stem erect, four or five feet high.
Lower  leaves long, spreading,  runcinate, clasping the  stem.
Upper leaves sessile.  The stem terminates in a large, spread-
ing panicle of yellow flowers, which remain expanded but  a
short time.—July.—August.

                 220.   HIERACIUM.
Hieracium venosum. L.           Veiny leaved Hawkweed.
    Scape naked, branching; calyx smooth;  leaves
obovate, somewhat acute, entire, ciliate, their veins
coloured. Willd.
   A singular and beautiful plant, found upon dry hills and
pastures.  Leaves radical, spreading on the  ground,  narrow-
obovate, elegantly variegated with dark red veins and dots,
downy underneath, somewhat ciliate, tapering into a short, hairy
petiole.  Scape  erect, slender, one or two feet high, of a dark
brown colour, smooth, commonly naked, but sometimes furnish-
ed with a small leaf or two.  Flowers panicled, on very slender
stalks, yellow.—June, July.—Perennial. 
               Class XIX.   Order I.           185

Hieracium Kalmii. L.                Kalm's Hawkweed.

    Stem erect,  many flowered ; leaves lanceolate,
toothed;  peduncles downy.  L.
   Stem erect, tall, nearly  smooth, downy at top.  Leaves al-
ternate, subsessile, oval-lanceolate, acuminate, with acute, di-
verging teeth.  Flower stalks axillary and terminal, round, cov-
ered with whitish down.  Flowers erect, yellow.  Calyx some-
what downy.—Borders of fields.—August.—Perennial.

                   221.  SONCHUS.
Sonchus oleracews.  L.              Common Seuf-thistle.

    Peduncles downy;  calyx smooth; leaves  run-
cinate, toothed. Sm.
   Appears late in the season, in every species of waste ground
and rubbish.  Stem erect, three feet high, round, smooth, brit-
tle, hollow.  Leaves smooth, toothed and lobed in a runcinate
manner, clasping the stem,  their lobes bordered with teeth or
spines.  Peduncles axillary and terminal, covered with a white,
fine,  deciduous down.   Calyx smooth, swelling out at base.
Corolla yellow.  Flowers about half the size of the dandelion.
Down fine and smooth.—-September.—Annual.

                   222.  ARCTIUM.
Arctium lappa.  L.                             Burdock.

    Leaves heart-shaped, unarmed, petioled. L,

   No plant is better known than this.   Its very large, heart-
shaped, wavy leaves cover the ground for some extent around
it.  The stem, which rises three or four  feet, is branching,
round, furrowed,  and  rough.   Flowers  numerous,  terminal,
purple.   This plant intrudes itself on every one's acquaintance
by the sharp, firm hooks at  the end of the calyx scales, which
attach themselves to the clothes, and serve as a remarkable me-
                    24 
186          Class XIX.   Order I.

chanism for dispersing the seeds.—Common in waste and cul-
tivated ground.—July, August.—Perennial.

                    223.  CNICUS.
Cnicus arvensis. Willd.                  Canada Thistle.

    Leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid, spinous;  stem pan-
icled ; calyx ovate,  its spines minute ; down feath-
ery.  Sm.

Syn.   Carduus arvensis. Sm.
       SerraTula arvensis. L.
    This species  is easily distinguished from the rest of our
thistles by its small flowers, and its thornless calyx scales.  It
commonly forms  beds by its perennial, creeping roots, and is
exceedingly difficult to extirpate.   The stems are two or three
feet high, smooth, many flowered. Leaves  alternate, sessile,
pinnatifid, with numerous lobes, and very thorny.   Flowers ter-
minal, purple; the scales of the calyx ending in a short, weak
bristle, rather than a spine.  This plant seems to have come to
us from the westward,  where it is exceedingly troublesome.
The name of Cursed thistle has been given it in England.—Ju-
ly-
Cnicus lanceolatus.  Willd.               Spear Thistle.

    Leaves  decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid; the seg-
ments divaricate; calyx ovate, villous; stem hairy.
Sm.
Syn.   Carduus lanceolatus. L.
    Very common by  road sides and in waste ground, usually
three  or four feet  in  height.  Stem upright, furrowed, hairy,
and winged by the decurrent base of the leaves.   Leaves white
and woolly underneath, pinnatifid, half the lobes divaricated, tipt
with long  and very acute spines.   Flowers terminal,  purple,
numerous, above the  middle size.   Calyx ovate, contracted t« 
                Class XIX.   Order L            187

a small neck, its  scales tipt with sharp, ascending spines, and
connected with a downy web.  Receptacle  hairy.  Seed  down
feathery.—Flowers from June to September.—Biennial.

                 224.  ONOPORDON.
Onopordon Acanthium. L.                Cotton Thistle.

    Calyx scales spreading every  way,  awl shap-
ed ; leaves ovate-oblong, sinuated, woolly on both
sides,  Sm,
   Frequent in waste  grounds, and readily distinguished from
the other thistles by its white appearance and the large size  of
its leaves.  Stem erect, tall, winged by the decurrent base of
the leaves.  Leaves oblong, broad, sinuated, toothed,  and spi-
nous, covered on both sides with a loose, white, cottony sub-
stance.  Flowers purple.  Calyx globose, wider than it is long,
with lanceolate, spreading, cottony, spinous scales.   Recepta-
cle cellular, like a honey comb.  Down rough, short.   The
Cotton thistle was probably introduced from Europe.—It flow-
ers in July and August.

                   225.  VERNONIA.
Vernonia Noveboracexsis.  Willd.             Vernonia.

    Leaves  lanceolate,  rough,  serrulate;   corymb
fastigiate  ;  scales of  the  calyx  filiform  at  top.
 Willd.
Syn.  SERRAfULA  JVoVEBORACENSIS. L.
   A tall plant, bearing a multitude of dark purple flowers,
which turn  nearly black in decay.   Stem about four feet high,
furrowed, purplish, branching at top.  Leaves peduncled, lan-
ceolate, finely  serrate, acuminate,  paler underneath.  Flowers
terminating the stem and branches, in a compound, flat topped
corymb.   Scales of  the calyx ending in a fine slender awn,—
 Found in moist situations.—September.—Perennial. 
 188          Class XIX.   Order I.

                     226.  BIDENS.
 Bidens frondosa. L.                     Burr marygold.

    Flowers discoid ; outer calyx six times as long
 as the  flower, its  leaves  ciliate  at base;  lower
 leaves pinnate, upper ones ternate, lanceolate, ser-
 rate.  Willd.
                        •
   A frequent and troublesome weed in corn fields, especially
 where the soil is moist.  Stem smooth, three or four feet high.
 Lower leaves five-pinnate, sometimes ternate, leafets lanceo-
 late, serrate. Flowers terminal, erect,  flosculous, surrounded
 by a large, leafy involucrum or  outer calyx. Florets small,
 yellow.   Seeds oblong, flat, tipt  with two barbed awns, by
 which they adhere to the clothes, and to the coats of animals.—
 August, September.—Annual.
Bidens Crysanthemoides.  Mich.   Large flowered Bidens..

    Flowers  erect, radiate;  outer   calyx waved,
 much shorter than the ray ;  leaves  lanceolate, ser-
 rate, connate.

   The large, golden flowers of this plant are very conspicu-
ous in wet situations in autumn.   Its tops are  usually eaten off
when accessible to cattle, who appear fond of it.  Stem erect,
round, smooth.  Leaves glabrous, lanceolate, slightly toothed,
tapering at both ends,  slightly connate at base. Flowers erect.
 Leaves of the outer calyx oblong,  obtuse, waved up and down
on the margin ; those  of the inner calyx shorter,  oval, acute.
 Ray very large, spreading, yellow.  Seeds with commonly four
 awns, in which circumstance our plant seems to differ from that
of Michaux.—September, October.—Annual.

                   227.  MIKANIA.
Mikania scandens.  Willd.              Climbing Mikania.

     Stem climbing, glabrous ; leaves heart-shaped, 
              Class XIX.   Order I.            189

repand-toothed, acuminate, the lobes divaricate, un-
equal ;  flowers corymbed.  Willd.
Syn.  EuPAfORIUM SCANDENS. Mich.
   Stem twining, smooth.  Leaves opposite, on long petioles,
glabrous, somewhat triangular or halberd shaped, their lower
half toothed, the  upper tapering  into  a  long,  even, and very
acute point.  Branches opposite, axillary, bearing  small, ter-
minal, corymbs.   Flowers purplish white.  Calyx with about
four leaves, and as many florets.—Wet places.—August,  Sep-
tember.—Perennial.

                 228.  EUPATORIUM.
Eupatorium sessilifolium.  L.   Sessile leaved Eupatorium.

    Leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, ovate-lanceo-
late, rounded!it base, serrate, smooth;  stem smooth.
Willd.
   An erect plant with corymbed  flowers, as are all the subse-
quent species.  Stem slender, smooth.  Leaves opposite, close-
ly sessile, circular at base, tapering to a very long, acute point,
furnished with small teeth or serratures,  and paler underneath.
Peduncles downy.   Flowers white,  in a  terminal corymb.
Calyx containing about five florets.—Found  in the  woods at
Roxbury.—August.—Perennial.

Eupatorium Verben^folium. Mich.   Vervain leaved Eu-
                       patorium.

    Leaves sessile, lance-oval,  acute, obtusely  cut-
toothed, pubescent;  calyxes pubescent,  awnless,
five flowered.  Mich.
   The name is taken from the resemblance of the leaves to the
upper ones of the officinal Vervain.  Stem round, downy at top.
Leaves opposite, closely sessile, pointing upward, roundf d a>. 
190           Class XIX.   Order I.

base, acute, but not acuminate like  the last, the sides cut into
very large, and rather blunt teeth.  Corymb  compound, ter-
minal, pubescent.  Flowers  whiter—Grows at Cambridgport
and elsewhere, in low ground.—August,  September.—Peren-
nial.
Eupatorium perfoliatum. L.     Thoroughwort. Boneset.

    Leaves connato-perfoliate, downy.  L,
Syn. Eupatorium connatum. Mich.
    This  species  is readily known from the rest  by its long*,
acute leaves,  alternately crossing, and perforated by the stem.
The plant is usually from two to four  or five feet in  height.
Stem erect,  hairy or woolly, branching  only at top.   Leaves
connate, tapering to  an acute point, serrate, wrinkled,  whitish
and woolly underneath.   The upper leaves are often found dis-
tinct at their base, not connate.  Flowers white, in a large co-
rymb, with woolly peduncles.   Calyx containing  ten or more
florets.  Grows in moist land and flowers in August and Sep-
tember.  This plant has acquired great  medicinal reputation,
and is considerably employed as a tonic, sudorific, and  emetic.
—Perennial.

Eupatorium purpureum.  L.                Trumpet weed.

    Leaves petioled, four  or five in a whorl, ovate-
lanceolate, serrate, wrinkled  and  veiny,  somewhat
rough; stem fistulous.  Willd,
    A tall plant, growing about the borders of  thickets  in wet
land.   Stem five or six feet in height, straight,  round, purplish,
hollow throughout its whole length, its tube not being interrupt-
ed by joints.   Leaves in whorls of four, five, or six ; ovate, rug-
ged with veins, acute.   Flowers  purple, in a large, branching,
terminal corymb.  Calyx containing about  eight florets, with
very long styles.—August, September.—Perennial. 
              Class XIX.   Order 11.          191

Eupatorium verticillatum. Muhl.  Whorled Eupatorium.

    Leaves petioled, in  whorls  of three or four,
ovate-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, unequally
serrate, smoothish ;  stem solid, smooth.  Willd.

Syn.  Eupatorium purpureum. Mich.
   A very tall species,  much resembling the last in habic.
Stem smooth, round.  Leaves about four in a whorl, large and
spreading,  serrate, the lower part  entire, and tapering to the
petiole.   Flowers in a  large, terminal corymb.   Flowering
branches also proceed from  the axils of the upper leaves.
Calyx whitish.  Corollas purplish.1—Wet  thickets.—August,
September.—Perennial.

                    SUPERFLUA.

                   229.  CONYZA.
Conyza oamphorata. Muhl.              Spicy Conyza.

    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,
acute, serrate,  serratures  mucronate;  flowers in
crowded corymbs.
Syn.  Erigeron Camphoratum. L.
      Conyza Marilandica. Mich.
    An erect, rather succulent  plant,  of low stature.  Stein
thick, fleshy,  pubescent.   Leaves alternate, sessile, ovate>
Branches axillary, leafy, bearing close corymbs of oblong, pur-
ple flowers.  The plant when bruised exhales a  strong, spicy,
but rather disagreeable  odour.—Salt  Marshes.—Cambridge-
port.—August.
                 230.   GNAPHALIUM.
Gnaphalium margaritacbum.     Common Life everlasting.

    Herbaceous; leaves  linear lanceolate,  acumin- 
 192          Class XIX.   Order II.

 ate, alternate;  stem  branched  at top;  corymbB
 fastigiate. L.

    No object in the fields is better known than the dry, pearly,
 and almost incorruptible heads of the Life everlasting.   The
 whole plant has a white appearance derived  from its downy
 covering.  Stem erect, round, from one to two feet high, wool-
 ly.  Leaves numerous,  sessile, growing without order round
 the stem, green above, white with very thick down, or wool, un-
 derneath.  Branches forming a flat  topped corymb of crowded
 flowers.   Calyx hemispherical,  its scales of a clear white.
 Florets five cleft, yellow.   The plant has a peculiar and rather
 pleasant odour.—August.—Perennial.

 Gnaphalium plantagineum. L.               Mouse ear.

      Shoots  procumbent;   stem   simple;   radical
 leaves  oval, obtuse, mucronated,  three  nerved;
 flowers dioecious.
    This species flowers early, and is pretty common in pastures
 and dry hills.   The whole plant is at first coveted with white,
 cotton-like  down.   The  root  sends out a number of runners
 furnished with  oval leaves, exceeding the rest considerably in
 size, rounded at the end, and tapering into a footstalk.  Their
 upper surface is at first  downy, but becomes nearly glabrous,
 and of a dark brown colour.  Stem leaves oblong, woolly, ses-
 sile.   Stem undivided, terminating in a simple corymb of white,
 woolly flowers.—April, May.—Perennial.

Gnaphalium uliginosum. L.                    Cudweed.

    Stem  herbaceous, branching,  diffuse, woolly;
 leaves  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed at both  ends,
 downy;  flowers terminal, crowded. Willd.
   A small, branching, whitish plant.   Stems spreading, sub-
divided,  covered with white, woolly down.  Leaves alternate. 
              Class XIX.   Order II.           193

linear-lanceolate, less woolly than the stem.   Flowers in dense,
terminal corymbs or heads.  Scales of the calyx yellowish.
Road sides.—August.—Annual.

             231.  CHRYSANTHEMUM.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. L.          White weed.

    Leaves  clasping, oblong, blunt,  cut,  pinnatifid
at base; the  radical ones  on  footstalks, obovate.
Sm.
   This plant, which  has come to us, no doubt, from Europe,
is exceedingly frequent and troublesome in pastures and mow-
ing land.   Stems about two  feet high, round, furrowed.  Lower
leaves petioled, inversely ovate, serrate, and cut; upper ones
sessile, irregularly pinnatifid and toothed.  Flowers terminal,
solitary, large, and flat.   Calyx closely imbricated.  Disc yel-
low ; ray white, consisting of many oval, oblong ligwes, ending
in three teeth.—June, July.—Perennial.

                  232.  ERIGERON.
Erigeron Canadense.  L.              Annual Flea-bane.

     Stem hairy ; flowers  panicled ; leaves lanceo-
late, lower ones serrate.  Sm.
   One of the most hardy and common annual weeds.  It prop-
agates itself rapidly, and since the discovery of America, has
been introduced, and spread through most countries in Europe.
Stem erect, furrowed, very hairy,  branching.  Leaves linear-
lanceolate, edges rough and  ciliate.   Flowers small, of no
beauty, very numerous, arranged in a sort of racemes on the
branches.   Calyxes cylindrical, longer than  they are  wide,
somewhat imbricate.   Ray very short and  obscure, white,
crowded,  erect.   In  pastures,  road  sides,  and cultivated
grounds, varying in height from one to  four feet,  according to
the 6oil.—August.
                    2p 
194          Class XIX.   Order IL

Erigeron Philadelphicum. L.     Philadelphia Flea-bane.

    Stem  many  flowered; leaves lanceolate,  sub-
serrate, those of the stem half clasping; florets of
the ray capillary, as long as  the disc.  L.
   Stem erect, two or three feet high, much  branched at top,
the branches somewhat downy.  Leaves lanceolate or oblong,
sessile and partly dasping,  the lower ones somewhat toothed.
Flowers numerous, panicled, erect.   Calyx flattened or hemis-
pherical.  Florets of the margin very numerous and fine, white
with a purplish cast.—Common by road  sides, flowering in Ju-
ly and August.—Perennial.

                  233,  SOLIDAGO.
Solidago lanceolata. L.         Spear leaved Golden rod.

    Stem glabrous, branching ; leaves lance-linear,
entire, three nerved,  glabrous; corymbs terminal;
ligules as high as the disc.  Sit.
    This species of  golden rod is distinguished from the suc-
ceeding, by its inflorescence.   Stem tall, leafy, branching.
Leaves numerous,  long, and narrow, marked for their whole
length with three  distinct nerves,  very rough  on the  edge.
Flowers  yellow, in large, flat topped corymbs, composed of
small heads.  Ray very short and obsure.  The whole plant is
pleasantly aromatic.—Woods and road sides, in low ground.—
August, September.—Perennial.
Solidago altissima. L.                 Tall Golden rod.

     Stem erect, hairy ;  leaves  lanceolate, the lower
 ones deeply serrate, rough, wrinkled;  panicle lean-
 ing to  one side.  Willd.
    The varieties of this tall, well known weed, are pretty fre-
 juent about the borders of fields.   Stem erect, stiff, rough, and 
               Class XIX.   Order II.          195

hairy, branching at top.  Leaves numerous, sessile, lanceolate,
rough, irregularly veined, serrate or toothed, the serratures di-
vergent.  Panicle consisting of many  recurved  branches, with
the flowers  tending upward ; the whole inclining to one side.
Flowers numerous, yellow.—September.—Perennial.
Solidago c-ssia.  Ait.            Blue stemmed Golden rod.

    Stem  glabrous ;  leaves  lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous, paler underneath;  racemes axil-
lary.

   An elegant species, remarkable for the brightness and vari-
ety of its colours.   Stem slender, smooth, of a dark bluish col-
our, somewhat flexuous.  Leaves alternate, lanceolate, tapering
to a long point, smooth, green above, pale, and somewhat glau-
cous underneath.  Racemes numerous, situated, one in the ax-
il of each leaf, for a great length upon the stem. Flowers of a
very bright  and durable yellow.—Woods.—September.—Per-
ennial.
Solidago l.evigata. Ait.               Marsh Goldentrod.

    Stem  erect, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, fleshy,
entire,  smooth  in  all parts;  racemes  panicled,
erect; peduncles  scaly, villous ;  ligules elongated.
Ait.
   A tall, rank inhabitant of the borders of salt marshes, where
its large, yellow tops are very conspicuous in September. Stem
thick, round, smooth, leafy, from four to six feet high.  Leaves
thick, fleshy,  perfectly smooth, and without  serratures.  Ra-
cemes  numerous, crowded,  somewhat recurved.  Flowers
large, yellow, the ligules of the ray nearly as long as the disc.—
Perennial.
Solidago  bicolor.  L.                  White  Golden rod.

     Stem and leaves hairy;  leaves  elliptical, the 
 196          Class XIX.   Order II.

 lower ones serrate ; branches  bearing leafets ;  ra-
 cemes erect; calyx leaves obtuse. Ait.
   This species differs considerably in its aspect from the  pic-
ceding.  Stem  erect, nearly  simple, pubescent, especially to-
ward the top.  Leaves sessile, lance-oval,  rough, somewhat
hairy.  Racemes axillary, crowded, numerous.  Flowers small,
without beauty.  Disc yellow.  Ray very short, obscure, white
—Diy woods.—Cambridge.—Perennial.

                   234.  SENECIO.
Seneoio vulgaris.  L.                Common Groundsel.

    Flowers without ray, scattered;  leaves pinnate-
 sinuate, clasping, toothed. Sm.
   A weed  about houses, rubbish,  and  cultivated grounds.
 Stem erect, branching, leafy, smooth.  Leaves alternate, pinnat-
 ifid, and toothed, those of the stem clasping.  Flowers termin-
 al, scattered, yellow.   Calyx somewhat cylindrical, calyculated,
 scaly, the scales acute and black at the tip.  Flowers floscular.
 Down sessile, white.—All summer.—Annual.
 Seneoio hieracifolius. Mich.      Hawkweed Groundsel,
     Flowers  without ray; leaves clasping, oblong,
 acute, unequally torn and serrated;  calyxes oblong,
 smooth, bristly'at base.
   A rank, tall, annual plant.  Stem three  feet  high, fleshy,
 6UCculent, branching at top.  Leaves large, clasping the stem,
 deeply  and irregularly divided, and acutely  toothed.  Flowers
 terminal, erect, crowded.  Calyx  cylindrical, its base swelling,
 and invested with many small leaves or bristles.   Florets small,
 pale, gradually filling the calyx.  The whole plant has a strong,
 nauseous odour.—Road sides.—August, September.—Aununr. 
              Class XIX.   Order II.           197

Seneoio aureus. L.                       Golden Senecio.

    Flowers radiate ; leaves crenate, the lower ones
heart-shaped,  petioled;  the upper ones pinnatifid,
lyrate. L.
   This is a handsome species, and makes a fine appearance in
meadows, in  May and  June.  Stem  upright, simple, smooth,
from one to three feet high.  Leaves of the root on slender foot-
stalks, heart-shaped, rounded, crenate, smooth ; middle  leaves
of the stem lyrate and crenate;  upper ones  pinnatifid.  Co-
rymb terminal, somewhat umbelled,  the flower stalks thicken-
ing upward.  Calyx smooth, dark, often striped.  Flowers yel-
low.  Ligules oblong, spreading.—Perennial.

                     235.  ASTER.
Aster solidagineus.  Mich.           White topped Aster,

    Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire, obso-
letely three nerved, rough on  the margin ; corymb
iastigiate ; flowers sessile, aggregate, five rayed.
Syn.  CoNrzA linifolia. L.
   An early species, with white flowers. Stem simple, smooth.
Leaves oblong, narrow, obtuse at the  end, tapering at  base,
glabrous, with the margin rough.  Flowers in a flat topped co-
rymb, collected in sessile tufts.  Calyx oblong, imbricated, the
scales obtuse, whitish, with green tips.  Ligules of the ray ob-
long, white, five in number, by which circumstance the plant
varies from its genus.—Woods.—July.—Perennial.
Aster linariifolius. L.             Savoury leaved Aster.

     Leaves linear,  entire, mucronated, rough, cari-
 nated ;  peduncles leafy. L.
    A rough, woody plant,  growing  in bunches, about a foot
 high.  Stems decumbent, rigid, purplish, covered with white 
 198          Class XIX.   Order 11.

down.  Leaves numerous, linear,  obtuse, with a small point,
very rough and rigid, upright, but reflexed as the plant grows
old, without nerves or dots.  Peduncles  few, near the top, al-
ternate, short, furnished with small leaves, one flowered. Flow-
ers purple.—Woods and dry hills.—August, September.—Per-
ennial.
Aster subulatus ? Mich.                 Sea side Aster.

    Leaves  linear-subulate, entire, glabrous ; stem
 glabrous, panicled, many flowered ; calyxes cylin-
 drical, ligules of the ray minute.
   A native of  the salt marshes.  Stem erect, round, very
smooth, with numerous large, alternate branches.  Stem leaves
long, linear, smooth, tapering to an acute point.  Branches ax-
illary, somewhat dichotomous, many flowered.  At the base of
each principal branch, between  it and the leaf, is commonly a
smaller branch with two or three flowers.   Calyx smooth,  ob-
long.  Ray pale and short.—September.—Perennial.
Aster salicifolius. Ait.              Willow leaved Aster.

    Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous ; ca-
 lyxes imbricated, lax; stem smooth. Ait.
    A very tall,  slender species.   Stem five feet high, smooth,
 somewhat flexuous.  Leaves long, linear, acute, entire, sessile,
 smooth,  with a rough  edge.   Branches  alternate,  slender,
 smooth.  Flowers on short  stalks, blue.—Found in the woods
 on Concord turnpike, Cambridge.—September.—Perennial.
 Aster cvaneus. C. Muhl.            Blue flowered Aster.

     Leaves ovate-oblong,  acute, clasping, cordate,
 serrate ;  stem panicled, glabrous ; scales of the ca-
 lyx lanceolate, closely imbricate.   Willd. sub. syn.
 Syn.  Aster amplexicaulis.  Willd. 
              Class XIX.   Order II.           199

   This is  one of the most common and beautiful species.
Stem erect, perfectly smooth.  Leaves oblong, tapering to an
acute point, smooth, and even, with a rough edge, slightly ser-
rate about the middle, clasping, the lower  ones  contracted at
base.  Branches of the panicle furnished with a few small leaf-
ets.  Flowers on distinct peduncles, blue.—Borders of woods
and fields.—August.—Perennial.
Aster umbellatus. Ait.                  Umbelled Aster.

    Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  narrowed at  base,
acuminate,  rough on the margin ; stem  simple, co-
rymbed  at  top  ;  calyx   scales  lanceolate,  lax.
Willd.
Syn.  Aster Amtgdalinus. Mich.           ^
   A very tall, erect species, with white flowers.  Stem four
or five feet high, furrowed,  smooth, sometimes rough  at top,
leafy.  Leaves numerous, large, lanceolate, rough at the edge,
paler  underneath.   Stem  branching  at top into  a large, com-
pound, flat topped  corymb.  Calyx scales  lanceolate,  obtuse.
Ray of a middle size, white.—In  low grounds.—August, Sep-
tember.—Perennial.
Aster Nova: Anglic. I.            New England Aster.

    Leaves lanceolate, clasping, entire, appendaged
at base;  stem   hairy,  straight;  flowers terminal,
crowded ; calyx scales loose, coloured,  lanceolate,
longer than the disc.  Willd.

   A tall, and very beautiful plant.   Stem three feet high,
brown, very hairy.  Leaves  very numerous, linear-lanceolate,
entire, acute, continued at  base  into a pair of small, rounded
lobes, clasping the stem.  Flowers large, on short stalks, crowd-
ed at the top of the stem.  Calyx scales linear-lanceolate, of a
dark brown on the inside.  Ray  of a deep purple, crowded.— 
300          Class XIX.   Order II.
Road sides, South Boston, Brooklyn, &c—September-—Per-
ennial.
Aster diffusus. Ait.                    Spreading Aster.

    Leaves  elliptic-lanceolate, serrate,  glabrous ;
branches spreading; calyxes imbricate,  stem pu-
bescent. Ait.
   A common, bushy Aster, with a profusion of white flowers.
Stem branching, slightly pubescent.  Branches numerous, long,
and slender, spreading, leafy, many  flowered.   Leaves  lanceo-
late, rough at the edge, slightly serrate in the middle ; those of
the branches  small, entire.  Flowers small, very numerous,
somewhat racemed, white.—Woods and road sides.—August,
S eptember.—Perennial.
Aster puniceus.  L.                   Red stalked Aster.

    Leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  serrate,  rough ;
branches  panicled;  calyx lax,  longer than the
disc; stem hispid. Ait. abr,
   A tall, handsome plant.  Stem rigid, angular, flexuous, cov-
ered with stiff hairs, often, but not always red, three feet  high.
Leaves lanceolate,  somewhat clasping, tapering  at both ends,
acuminate, furnished with large serratures in the middle, rough
on the margin  and upper surface.   Branches  panicled, with
blue flowers, rather above the middle size.  Calyx leaves uni-
form.—On the Dedham turnpike,  Roxbury, and elsewhere.—
September.—Perennial.
Aster amplexicaulis.  Mich.             Clasping Aster.

    Leaves clasping, nearly perfoliate, oblong-heart
shaped, not contracted  below, entire ; panicle lax,
few flowered. Mich.
   Stem erect or ascending, a little downy and rough.   Leaves
numerous, alternate, rough, somewhat waved on  the edge, ob- 
              Class XIX.   Order II.           301

long, tapering to a bluntish point, broad at base,  and clasping
quite round the stem. Branches few, near the  top, slender,
furnished with several minute, clasping leafets. Flowers erect,
somewhat remote,  blue.—Woods,  Brighton.—September.—
Perennial.
Aster diversifohus. Mich.          Various leaved Aster.

    Leaves downy, slightly serrate and  waved, the
lower ones oblong-heart shaped, with winged pe-
tioles, upper  ones oval-lanceolate, clasping; stem
hispid, panicled;  branchlets leafy,  one flowered,
tending to one side.
Syn.  Aster undulatus.  Ait.
   This  species is remarkable for the gradation of its leaves
from one distinct form to another.  Stem  pubescent, rough.
Lower leaves oblong-heart shaped, pointed, serrate, downy un-
derneath, supported on long petioles, which are winged or  di-
lated at the base.  Middle leaves panduriform, clasping. Up-
per leaves ovate or lanceolate, nearly entire, clasping.   Panicle
lax, with slender branches, covered wkh small leaves.  Pedun-
cles inclining one way.  Flowers blue.—August, September.—
Perennial.
Aster Cornifolius. Muhl.            Cornel leaved Aster.

    Leaves oblong-ovate,  acuminate, entire,  petiol-
ed, smooth, rough on the edge ;  stem smooth,  pan-
icle  few  flowered;  calyxes somewhat  imbricated.
 Willd.         . ^
   A pretty early species. Stem erect,* glabrous.  Leaves on
very short petioles, narrow-oval, acute at base,  acuminated at
point, nearly smooth, the  margin rough, and  slightly  ciliated,
the under surface pale.  Panicle few flowered.  Flowers white.
• -Found in woods.—July, August.—Perennial.
                  26 
303
Class XIX.   Order II.
Aster cordifolius. L,                Heart leaved Aster.

    Leaves  heart-shaped,  hairy  beneath, sharply
serrate; petioles  winged;  stem panicled, hairy;
calyxes loosely imbricate.  Willd.

   Stem erect, somewhat flexuous, in some plants a little hairy,
in others quite smooth.  Leaves heart-shaped, with a deep si-
nus, acutely serrate, acuminate,  downy  underneath, the lower
ones very large.  Petioles with  a  membranous edge.   Pan-
icle terminal,  many flowered.  Flowers  small, purplish white.
—Woods.—September.—Perennial.
Aster corymbosus.  Ait.                  Corymbed Aster.

    Leaves ovate,  sharply  serrate, acuminate, the
lower ones  heart-shaped,  petioled, naked;  stem
ending in  a  fastigiate corymb ;  branches hairy; ca-
lyxes oblong, imbricate, its scales  closely pressed.
 fVilld.
   A pretty large, white  flowering  plant.  Stem smooth, fre-
quently of a  dark reddish colour.  Lower leaves heart-shaped,
petioled, smooth, toothed ; upper  ones ovate, acuminate, sub-
sessile.  Flowers white, in a large, flat topped corymb, the
branches of which are slightly pubescent.—Woods and shades,
Roxbury, Brooklyn.—August.—Perennial.

                 236.  ANTHEMIS,
Anthemis cotula. L.                        May weed.

    Receptacle conical, its  scales bristle  shaped;
seeds without any  border ;  leaves doubly pinnati-
fid,  smoothish. Sm.
   The road sides are full of the white blossoms of this com-
mon, annual weed, from  midsummer to the  end  of autumn.
Stem upright, smooth, much branched.  Leaves alternate, ses- 
Class XIX.   Order III,          203
sile, nearly smooth, divided and subdivided into linear segments.
Flower stalks solitary, striated.  Calyx scales narrow, slightly
margined.  Florets of the ray white, spreading, a dozen or more
in number.  Disc yellow,  convex.  Receptacle nearly cylin-
drical.   The plant has a strong, peculiar smell, and  reputed
medicinal virtues.

                   237.   ACHILLEA.
Achillea millefolium.  L.              Common  Yarrow:
    Leaves bipinnatifid,  hairy, their divisions  lin-
ear, toothed, mucronate ;  stems furrowed.  Sm.
   Common  Yarrow is a  frequent inhabitant of dry  pastures
and  fields.   Stem erect,  furrowed, hairy, branched at top.
Leaves alternate, cut into a multitude of very small, linear sub-
divisions. Flowers white, forming a large, flat  topped, crowd-
ed corymb.   Calyx  ovate.  Disc convex.   Florets of the ray
four or five.  The plant  has a strong,  penetrating  taste and
smell, and is used medicinally.—July, August.—Perennial

                    FRUSTRANEA.

                 238.  HELIANTHUS.
 Helianthus divaricatus. L.     Small, rough Sunflower.

     Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-oblong,  three
 nerved ;  panicle dichotomous. L.
    A shewy plant, not  uncommon in woods and thickets, flow-
 ering in August and September.  Stem erect, round, smooth,
 generally covered with glaucous powder.  Leaves  opposite,
 narrow-ovate, rounded at base, tapering to a long point, slightly
 serrate, three nerved, and very rough.  Flowers yellow, in the
 wild plant but few in number, in the cultivated one numerous.
 Branches of the panicle either forked or three parted—Pererr-
  nial.
    This plant has an agreeable, somewhat spicy odour. 
304;
Class XIX.   Order IV.
                   239.  COREOPSIS.
Coreopsis trichosperma. Mich.       Tickseed Sunflower.

    Leaves mostly five pinnate,  leafets  lanceolate,
remotely cut-serrate ; leafets of the outer calyx cil-
iate ;  ray entire; seeds wedge form.  Mich. abr.
   Stem about two feet high, glabrous.  Leaves glabrous, pin-
nate.  Leafets five or seven, distant, linear-lanceolate, ending in
a long, slender  point, furnished with a few deep serratures or
segments, the larger ones pinnatifid.   The branches and leaves
are opposite, the upper ones alternate.  Flowers large, erect, yel-
low.   Outer calyx leaves about eight, oblong, rounded at  the
end and fringed with setaceous teeth  at the edge.   Florets of
fhe ray large, entire.—On the east side of Fresh Pond.—Sep-
tember.
                    JVECE8SARIA.
                      240.   IV A.
Iva frutescens.  L.                    High water shrub.
    Leaves lanceolate, rough, with dots, deeply ser,
rate; stem shrubby.  Willd.
   A fleshy shrub, about the borders of salt marshes.  Annual
shoots erect, furrowed.  Branches axillary, or a little above the
leaves.  Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate,  three nerved, some-
what  rough, upper ones entire.   Flowers in a sort of leafy  ra-
cemes, small, drooping, green, without beauty. 
Class XX.   Order II.         305
Class XX,      GYNANDRIA.    Stamens situ-
                ated on the pistil.
       Order I.    MONANDRIA.    One stamen.
   341.  Orchis.  Corolla five petalled, the upper
petal arched ;  lip with a spur from its base ;  an-
ther terminal, parallel and affixed to the style.
   343.  Neottia.   Corolla five petalled ; base of
the lip swelling, with the external petals joining
round it; anther parallel to  the style and affixed to
it behind.
   343.  Arethusa.   Corolla five petalled, some-
what ringent; lip without a spur; anther resem-
bling a lid, persistent.
   344.  Cymbidium.  Corolla five petalled, erect
or spreading ; lip concave at base, without a spur;
anther resembling a lid, deciduous.
        Order II.    DIANDRIA.    Two stamens.
   34f».   Cypripedium.   Corolla four  petalled,
spreading ;  lip  inflated, hollow ;  capsule three
valved, one celled, many seeded. 
306
Class XX,   Order I.
                  GYNANDR1A.
                    MONANDRIA.
                    241.   ORCHIS.
Orchis psycodes. Willd.                  Ragged Orchis.

    Lip  three parted, capillary,  many cleft; petals
obtuse; spur filiform-club  shaped, as  long as the
germ. Willd.

Syn.  Orchis lac era. Mich.
   This is our most common species.   Stem two  feet high,
smooth.   Leaves oblong, smooth, tapering to a point.  Flowers
numerous, of a faint yellow, in a large, terminal spike.  Germs
appearing like flower stalks, very  long and slender.  Petals
five, the three outer ones ovate, the two  inner ones oblong. Lip
of the nectary reflexed, divided into three narrow, wedge shap-
ed segments,  fringed at the end.  Spur as long  as the germ,
curving upward.—Pastures and meadows.—July.—Perennial.
Orchis fimbriata. Ait.                Fimbriated Orchis.

    Lip  three parted, its segments  wedge  shaped,
ciliate-fimbriate;  side petals  ovate, toothed;  spur
filiform, longer than the club shaped germ.  Willd.
   A very beautiful plant.  Stem two feet high, with several
broad-lanceolate, smooth leaves, and ending in a large spike of
purple flowers.   Germs incurved, thickened in the  middle.  ,
Petals five, spreading.  Lip  of the nectary somewhat exceed-
ing the petals, divided into three  segments, which are wedge
shaped, wider than in the  last species, spreading like a fan, and
fringed at the edge.   Spur considerably longer than the germ.
—Meadows.—July.—Perennial. 
                Class XX.   Order L           307

                   242.  NEOTTIA.
Neottia cernua.  Willd.        Drooping Neottia.  Ladies
                         traces.

    Leaves  lanceolate,  three nerved;  stem sheath-
ed ; flowers recurved-drooping; lip oblong, entire,
acute.  Willd.
Syn.  Ophrts  cernua. L.
   This plant is distinguished, like several others of its genus,
by the  spiral  arrangement of its flowers.   Lower leaves very
long, linear-lanceolate, nerved.  Stem round, somewhat fleshy,
invested with short,  alternate, leafy sheaths ; pubescent at top.
Spike dense, oblong.  Flowers  curving downward, of a  dull
white colour.  Germs ovate.  Lip of the nectary entire, acute.
—In moist ground.—August.—September.—Perennial.
Neottia pubesoens. Willd.       Veined Neottia.  Rattle-
                     snake plantain.
    Radical  leaves  ovate, petioled,   reticulated;
 scape sheathed,  scape and flowers  pubescent; lip
 ovate, acuminate ; petals ovate.  Willd.

 Syn.   Sa ttrium repeNS. Mich.
    A singular plant, remarkable for its dark leaves, reticulated
 on their upper  surface with  white veins.  They proceed from.
 the root or base of the scape on short petioles, are ovate, acute,
 entire, and generally endure the winter.  Stem or scape  erect,
 invested with a number of acute sheaths,  distinctly pubescent.
 Spike oblong,  downy.   Flowers white, from all sides of the
 stem.—Woods.—July, August.—Perennial. 
308
Class XX.   Order I.
                  243.  ARETHUSA.
Arethusa bulbosa. L.                 Bulbous Arethusa.

    Root  globular ;  scape  sheathed;  spathe  two
leaved. L.

   The root of this beautiful plant is a tuber or solid bulb, with
the stem ascending from one  side.  In small  plants the stem
appears perfectly leafless, and only invested with a few alter-
nate  sheaths.  In large  plants the upper sheath expands into
a short lanceolate leaf.   The stem is erect, smooth, and bears
a single flower, invested at base with  a  minute, two leaved
spathe.  Petals  blue, all of them bent to one side, in the form
of a hood.   Lip of the nectary spreading, deflexed, somewhat
crenate, bearded inside.  Style large, broad, incurved  like the
petals, supporting the anther near its  end.—Meadows.—May.—
June.
Arethusa  ophioglossoides. L.   Adders' tongue Arethusa.

   Root fibrous; scape furnished with an oval leaf,
and  a lanceolate spathe-like leafet.  L,
   The root has no appearance of  a bulb.  Stem  erect, with
two  remote leaves, one  about midway of the stem, oval and
sheathing at base;  the other near  the  flower, ovate-lanceolate,
much smaller.  Flower pale blue, nodding, its petals  spread-
ing more than in the last species.   Lip of the nectary spreading,
fringed at the edge.  Pistil bearing the anther near its end, and
shorter than in the  foregoing.—Meadows.—June.

                 244.   CYMBIDIUM.
Cymbidium pulchellum. Sw.        Tuberous Cymbidium.

    Leaves radical,  ensiform, nerved;  scape few
flowered ; lip erect,  narrowed at base,  with an ex-
panded border, and a concave hairy disc.  Sw.
Syn.  Limodorum Tuberosum. L. 
                Class XX.    Order II.           209

    This fine plant is found in meadows at Cambridge, and else-
where,  flowering in July.  Root bulbous.  Stem one or two
feet high, sheathed at base.  The plant has only one, long, grass
like, sheathing leaf.   The spike contains several alternate, pur-
ple flowers.  Petals five, spreading.  Lip  of the nectary erect,
increasing in width upward, and furnished  toward the top with
yellow, glandular hairs.   Style opposite to this, concave, dilat-
ed, supporting a terminal anther.—Perennial.

                      DIANDRIA.

                 245.  CYPRIPEDIUM.
Cypripedium acaule. Ait.                 Ladies'9 slipper.

    Scape  leafless, one  flowered; root leaves two,
oblong, obtuse ;  lobe of the style round-rhomboid-
al, acuminate,  deflexed  ; petals  lanceolate ; lip
longer than  the petals,  cleft before.'   Willd. sub
syn,
Syn.  CrPRiPEDiVM humile. Sw. Salisb. Willd.
   This singular genus are readily known by their large, in-
flated nectary.   The present species differs from the rest in
having no stem leaves.  The  leaves are two,  springing from
the root, large,  oval-lanceolate, plaited,  downy.  Flower com-
monly single, terminal, nodding.  Petals four, spreading, the
two lateral ones  narrower, and somewhat waved or twisted.
Nectary a large, purple, inflated bag, veined, villous, and long-
er than the petals.  Style over the base of the nectary, support-
ing two lateral anthers on  the  inside, and ending in a  broad,
roundish, deflexed, acute lobe, carinated on the inside.—Woods.
—May, June.—Perennial. 
310         Class XXI.   Order III.
Class XXI.      MONCECIA.    Staminiferous
   and pistiliferous, or barren and fertile flowers
   on the same plant.
     Order II.        DIANDRIA.   Two stamens.
   346. Lemna.   Calyx one leafed; corolla none;
style one ; capsule many seeded.
        Order III.   TRIANDRIA.  Three stamens.
   347. Eriocaulon.   General calyx an  imbri-
cate  head ;  corollas three  petalled ;  seed one,
crowned with the corolla.
   348. Carex.  Spike imbricate;  calyx glume
one valved; corolja none ;  stigmas  two or  three;
seeds covered with a swelling tunic.
   349. Sparganium.  Ament roundish;  calyx
three leaved; corolla none ; stigma cloven ; drupe
dry, one seeded.
   350. Typha.   Ament of barren flowers cylin-
drical, hairy ;  anthers about three on each filament.
Ament of  fertile flowers cylindrical;  seed  one, on
a feathery pedicel.
   351. Comptonia.  Aments  imbricated; hi the
barren flowers, calyx two leaved;  corolla none;
anther two parted.  In the fertile flowers, calyx six
leaved; corolla none;  styles two;  nut ovate. 
           Class XXL   Order VHI.       311

        Order IV.  TETRANDRIA.  Four stamens.
    353. Urtica. Barren flowers, calyx four leav-
ed ; corolla  none;  nectary central, cup  shaped.
Fertile flowers,  calyx  two leaved; corolla none ;
seed one,  superior, shining,
    353. Alnus.  Barren flowers, ament composed
of wedge  shaped, three  flowered receptacles ; co-
rolla four  parted. Fertile flowers, scales of the
ament two flowered;  corolla none;  styles two;
seed compressed, ovate.
        Order V.  PENTANDRIA.
    354. Xanthitjm.   Barren flowers, calyx com-
mon, imbricate ; florets funnel form, five cleft; re-
ceptacle chaffy.   Fertile  flowers, calyx two leaved,
two flowered; corolla  none; drupe dry,  prickly,
cloven ; nucleus two celled.
    355.   Ambrosia.   Barren flowers, calyx com-
mon, one leafed; florets funnel  form, three  cleft;
feceptacle naked.  Fertile flowers, calyx one leaf-
ed,  one flowered; corolla none  ; nut toothed,  one
seeded.
    356.   Amaraxthus.    Barren  flowers,  calyx
tliree leaved;  corolla none ; stamens three or five.
Fertile flowers, calyx   three leaved; corolla none;
styles three; capsules  one celled,  opening  trans-
versely ;  seed one.
  Order VIII.      POLYANDR1A.   Eight or more sta-
                      mens.
    257. Sagittaria,   Calyx  three  leaved ; co- 
313        Class XXI.   Order VIII.

rolla three petalled.  Barren flowers  with about
twenty four stamens.  Fertile ones with numerous
pistils ; capsules many, swelling, one seeded.
   358. Myriophyllum.   Calyx four  leaved, co-
rolla four petalled.  Barren flowers with eight sta-
mens.   Fertile ones with four stigmas;  seeds four,
coated.
   359. Arum.   Spathe  one leafed;  spadix cy-
lindrical, naked at top, with stamens in the middle
and germs at the base; berries one celled.
   360. Calla.  Spathe  ovate;  spadix  covered
with flowers ; corolla none; berry many seeded.
   361. Fagus.  Barren flowers, calyx campanu-
late, five or six cleft;  corolla none, stamens from
eight to twelve.  Fertile flowers,  calyx from four
to six  toothed, hairy;  corolla none; germs two;
nuts two, contained in the coriaceous,  four cleft,
prickly calyx.
   363. Castanea,   Barren flowers, ament nak-
ed ;  calyx none;  corolla  five or six petalled; sta-
mens from  five to twenty.   Fertile flowers, calyx
five or six leaved, muricated ; corolla none  ; germs
three ; styles six; stigma  pencil form;  nuts three,
contained in the prickly calyx.
    363. Quercus.  Barren flowers, ament naked;
calyx four or five cleft; corolla none ; stamens from
 four to ten.  Fertile flowers, calyx commonly six
 toothed; corolla  none ; styles from one to five ; nut
coriaceous, surrounded at base by the persistent ca-
lyx- 
Class XXL  Order IX.        313
   364. Juglans.  Barren  flowers,  ament imbri-
cate ;  calyx  scale form ;  corolla  six parted ;
filaments about  eighteen.   Fertile flowers, calyx
four cleft, superior;  corolla four parted;  styles
two ;  drupe  coriaceous, with a grooved nut.
   365. Betula.  Barren flowers,  ament imbri-
cate, scales peltate, three flowered; calyx a scale ;
corolla none ;  stamens from ten  to twelve.  Fertile
flowers, ament imbricate;  calyx scale two flower-
ed ;  corolla  none ; seed one, winged.
   366. Corylus.  Barren flowers, calyx a scale
of the  ament,  three cleft;  corolla none; stamens
eight.  Fertile flowers,  calyx two cleft,  lacerated;
styles two; nut ovate, smooth, surrounded with the
persistent calyx.
    367- Ostrya.   Barren flowers,  ament imbri-
cate ; calyx a scale; corolla none; filaments branch-
ed.  Fertile flowers,  ament  naked;  calyx none;
corolla  none ; capsules inflated, imbricated,  one
seeded at base.
    368.  Platanus.  Aments  globular.  Barren
flowers, corolla hardly visible ;  anthers growing
round the filament. Fertile flowers,  corolla many
parted; stigma  recurved; seeds roundish,  with a
capillary down at the  base.
     Order IX.    MONADELPHIA.  Stamens united.
    369. Pixus.  Barren flowers, calyx  four leav-
ed, corolla none ; stamens many.  Fertile flowers,
ament a cone ; calyx  scale two flowered : corolla
none ; pistils two ; nuts two,  winged.
• 
^14         Class XXI.   Orfer IX.
   370. Cupressus.  Barren flowers,  ament im-
bricate ; calyx a scale; eorolla none; anthers four,
without filaments.   Fertile flowers, ament a cone ;
calyx scale one  flowered;  corolla none;  stigmas
two; nut angular.
   371- Acalypha.  Barren flowers, calyx three
or four leaved; corolla none; stamens about twelve.
Fertile flowers, calyx three leaved ; corolla none ;
capsules three grained, three celled; seeds solitar 
Class XXI.   Order III.         315
                    MONCECIA.

                     DIANDRIA.
                    246.  LEMNA.
Lemna minor. L.                            Duck meat.

    Leaves  sessile, nearly flat on both sides;  root
solitary. L.

   This minuce plant, resembling a small floating scale, multi-
plies extensively in stagnant ponds and ditches, frequently giv-
ing a green appearance to their whole  surface.   The leaves,
which constitute most of the plant, cohere two or three togeth-
er, are small,  ovate, entire, smooth, and slightly convex under-
neath.  Root  long, solitary, undivided, terminating in a small
sheath.  Flowers minute, proceeding from a marginal fissure.

                    TRIANDRIA.

                 247.  ERIOCAULON.
Eriocaulon  pellucidum. Mich.    Transparent Pipework

    Glabrous ; leaves subulate,  channelled, pellu,
cid, five  nerved;  stem  solitary; head  somewhat
apple-shaped; involucre  hardly  distinct, with ob-
tuse scales. Mich. abr.
Syn.  Eriocaulon  sepTangulare? Sm.
   Found in ponds, growing under water, a part of the  stem
only projecting above the surface, and supporting a small, flat
head of obscure flowers.  The whole plant appears made up of
a mass of cells, whose reticulated appearance is  very obvious,
particularly in the root. The  leaves grow in a tuft at the bot-
tom.  They are one or two inches long, narrow,  tapering to a 
316
Class XXI.   Order III.
point, transparent at base, like the root.  Stem erect, furnished
with a sheath at base, simple, with six and sometimes seven an-
gles, terminating in a small, hemispherical head of close flow-
ers.—August.
                    248.  CAREX.
Carex sooparia. Willd.               Broom Sedge grass.
    Spike  androgynous,  compound ;   spikelets
about five,  alternate,  oval,  obtuse, approximated,
barren below;  stigmas two; fruit ovate-lanceolate,
margined, two  pointed;  bractes oblong, mucronat-
ed.  Willd.
   Pretty common in moist land.  Leaves sheathing, rough on
the  edge.   Culm triangular, the angles rough. .  Spikelets
small, oval, sessile, containing barren and fertile flowers.—June.
—Perennial.
Carbx stipata. Muhl.                Close spiked Sedge.
    Spike androgynous, compound; spikelets about
five,  oblong, barren  above,  aggregate ;  stigmas
two; fruit spreading, ovate, acuminate, two point-
ed, flat and convex, nerved ;  culm triangular, very
rough. Willd.
   A larger species than the last.   The culm ends in an irreg-
ular, interrupted spil*  of barren and fertile flowers, composed
by five  or six crowded  spikelets.  Fruit diverging, ovate, with
a long point, flat on the inside, convex on the outside.—Mead-
ows.—May.—Perennial.
Carex varia. Muhl.                     Variable Sedge.
    Barren spike solitary ;  fertile ones about three,
somewhat  approximated, sessile,  roundish;  stig-
mas three;  fruit roundish-three cornered, beaked, 
               Class XXI.   Order III.         317

 two tOotlied, pubescent, shorter than their oblong
 scale ;  culm erect.  Willd.
    Culm slender, triangular, rough at top, smooth below. Bar-
 ren spike  cylindrical.  Fertile spikes very short.   Capsules
 globular, with three prominent lines, and a short beak.  Scales
 white at  the edge.—May .—Perennial.
 Carex vestita. Willd.               Hairy beaked Sedge.

     Barren spike solitary,  lanceolate;  fertile ones
 two, ovate, sessile,  approximated  ; stigmas three ;
 fruit ovate, beaked, with its mouth oblique, pubes-
 cent, nearly equalling its ovate, acute scale. Willd.
    Culm triangular, somewhat rough.   Barren spike an inch
 or more in length.   Fertile ones shorter, sessile, each furnished
 with a leafy bracte of considerable size at its base.  Stigmas
 long, giving the outside of  the spikes a  hairy appearance.—
 June.—Pe rennial.
 Carex lupulina. Muhl.                      Hop Sedge.

     Barren spike solitary; fertile ones three, on in-
 closed  footstalks, oblong,  approximated;  bractes
 very long, leafy; stigmas three ; fruit ovate, inflat-
 ed, nerved, with  a long, conical, two pointed beak,
 many times longer than their ovate, mucronate scale.
 Willd.
    Very  observable in meadows  for its large, inflated spikes.
 Culm triangular, nearly smooth.   Fertile spikes nearly sessile,
 supported at base by very broad, leafy bractes.  Fruit crowded,
 swollen, terminating in a slender beak.—June, July.—Perenni-
 al.
Carex follioulata. L.             Round spiked'Sedge.

    Barren spike  solitary:  fertile  one mostly soli-  «
                  28 
;iiH
Class XXI.   Order III.
 tary, about  six flowered,  with a visible footstalk ;
 stigmas three ;  fruit ovate, inflated, nerved, its beak
 with a two parted mouth ; scale ovate, shorter than
 the fruit.  Willd.
    This species resembles the last in its turgid, inflated cap-
 sules, but differs in the  number and size of its spikes.  Culm
 acutely triangular.  Floral leaves very large and long.  Fertile
 spike commonly single, shortly petioled, few flowered.  Fruit
 very large, swelling, beaked, divergent.—June.—Perennial.
 Carex orinita. Willd.                     Chaffy Sedge.

    Barren spikes two; fertile spikes four, distant,
 pedunculated, pendulous, cylindrical; stigmas two;
 fruit round-oval, swelling, with a  short beak entire
 at the mouth, shorter than the oblong, awned scale.
 Willd.
   A tall, elegant grass, remarkable for  its  long, pendulous,
 bristly spikes.   Culm triangular, three feet high.  Leaves and
 bractes rough, very  long. Fertile spikes  cylindrical,  nodding,
 or pendulous, acquiring  a bristly appearance from the bearded
 awns  of the scales.—Wet ground near Fresh Pond.—June.—
 Perennial.
                249.  SPARGANIUM.
 Sparganium ramosum. Sm.                   Burr reed.

    Leaves triangular at the base,  their sides con-
 cave ; common flower stalk branched ;  stigma lin-
 ear.  Sm.
   Readily distinguished from other Reeds and Flags, by the
round  burrs or heads of flowers on its  branches.  The radical
leaves are three sided at base, erect, at  length  becoming sword
shaped, with rather obtuse points.  Stem  leaves  concave, and 
               Class XXI.   Order HI.           319

sheathing.  The stem is erect, round, and smooth,  with sever-
al branches.  Heads  of flowers alternate, sessile j the lower-
most fertile, the uppermost barren, smaller,  and more numer-
ous.—In ditches at Cambridgeport, and elsewhere.—July.—
Perennial.
                     250.   TYPHA.
Typha  latifolia. L.              Water flag.  Reed mace.

    Leaves  somewhat  ensiform;  barren and fertile
spikes approximated.  L.
   The Typha latifolia is  an inhabitant of a great variety of
climates and countries.  It  is common in deep waters,  about
the margin of rivers and ponds.  Leaves erect,  linear-sword
shaped  and very  long.  Stem  five or  six  feet high, round,
straight, and smooth.  The fertile  flowers form  a large, very
compact, cylindrical spike or ament, over and adjoining which
is a spike of barren flowers.   The leaves of this plant are much
used in the manufacture of chairs.—July.—Perennial.

                  251.  COMPTONIA.
Comptonia asplenifolia. Ait.                 Sweet fern,
Syn.  Liquidambar asplenifolium. L.
   This handsome shrub possesses a peculiar,  and somewhat
spicy scent.   It is pretty common on hills and in dry woods, at-
taining to the  height of about  two or three feet.   Leaves alter-
nate, linear-lanceolate, the sides deeply indented or crenate,
with alternate segments.  The barren flowers grow in cylindric-
al aments.  The fertile flowers  produce small, smooth, ovate
nuts, invested with the permanent corolla, at first sight resem-
bling a burr.—May. 
330
Class XXI.   Order TV.
                    TETRANDR1A.

                    252.  URTICA.
Urtica dioica. L.                  Large stinging Nettle.

    Leaves opposite,  heart-shaped; clusters much
branched, in pairs, mostly dioecious.  Sm.
   The sensible qualities of this plant  are so convincing, that
a botanical description would hardly be  necessary to identify it,
did not some others of the genus  possess similar properties.
Its power of stinging resides in its minute, tubular hairs or
prickles, which transmit a poisonous fluid.  It grows common-
ly in bunches about the road sides.   Stem erect, obtusely quad-
rangular.   Leaves  opposite, heart-shaped, toothed.  Racemes
axillary, in pairs, spreading, branched.  Flowers small, obscure,
green.—July, August.—Perennial.
Urtica pumila. L.                            Richweed.

    Leaves  opposite, ovate, acuminate, three nerv-
ed,  serrate;  lower petioles  as  long as  the leaf;
flowers monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads,
shorter than the petioles.  Willd.
   A weed about houses, distinguished by its stem, which is
fleshy and almost transparent.  Leaves smooth  and  shining,
regularly  toothed or  serrate, very distinctly three nerved, with
long petioles.  Flowers in short axillary racemes or heads, re-
peatedly forked and recurved.—August, September.—Annua].

                    253.  ALNUS.
Alnus  serrulata. Willd.                Common Alder.

    Leaves obovate, acuminate, the veins  and their
axils hairy underneath; stipules elliptical, obtuse^
Willd.
■ Syn.
Betula  serrulata.
Ait. 
               Class XXI.   Order V.           331

   The Alder grows in wet grounds, and forms large thickets
in swamps and about the edges of streams and ponds.  Consid-
ered as a tree  it ranks  with those of the smallest size.  Its
leaves are oval or inversely ovate,  serrate, acute, or  slightly
acuminate,  furnished  underneath  with prominent,  parallel,
hairy veins.   Barren  aments pendulous. Fertile  ones  short,
rigid, forming a persistent cone.—March, April.

                    PENTANDRIA.

                  254.   XANTHIUM.
Xanthium strumarium.  L.                  Sea Burdock.
    Stem  unarmed;   leaves heart-shaped,  three
nerved. L.
   A very rough plant, growing at the edges of beaches,  &c.
near the salt water.  Stem erect, spotted, bristly.  Leaves hard
and rough like  a file, heart-shaped, serrate,  on long petioles.
The fruit is an  oval burr, or nut of two cells, covered with  stiff
thorns, and ending in a pair of  strong points, like horns.—Au-
gust.
                   255.  AMBROSIA.
Ambrosia elatior.  L.      Tall Ambrosia.  Roman Worm-
                          wood.

    Leaves twice pinnatifid,  smoothish,  petioles cil-
 iated ; racemes terminal, panicled; stem wand like.
 Willd.
   A troublesome  weed in cultivated grounds, hardly entitled
to the  character, which  its name  might imply.  Stem erect,
branching,  from  one to three  feet high.   Leaves bipinnat-
ifid, the upper ones pinnatifid, with parallel  segments gradual-
ly decreasing in length toward the  point.  Barren flowers nod-
 ding, small, in terminal  racemes.  Fertile flowers lower down, 
933         Class XXI.  Order VIII.

sessile about the axils of the  upper leaves.—<August, Septem-
ber.—Annual.

                256.  AMARANTHUS.
Amaranthus hybridus. L.             Hybrid Amaranth,

    Racemes  pcntandrous,  decompound,  crowded,
erect;  leaves ovate-lanceolate.  Willd.
   This is  a common weed in  waste  and  cultivated grounds.
Stem erect, furrowed, somewhat  hairy.  Leaves alternate, on
long petioles, green, ovate, mostly entire, mucronated, the low-
er ones retuse at the end.   The flowers are crowded, small, and
obscure, forming large, green  clusters, axillary and terminal,
whictf turn  to a dull red as the plant grows old.—Annual.

                   POLYANDRIA.

                  2j7.  SAGITTARIA.
Sagittaria sagittifolia.  L.               Arrow head.

    Leaves sagittate, acute.  L.
   Common in meadows, by the  sides of brooks and ditches,
putting out its white flowers in July and August.  The root is
fleshy,  and has been used as food in times of scarcity.   The
leaves are radical, large,  smooth, and entire, very distinctly ar-
row shaped, with an acute point and lobes. Scape somewhat
triangular, bearing whorls of three flowers each, on  simple foot-
stalks.   Petals three, roundish,  very thin and deciduous, and
difficult to preserve.  Stamens in the upper flowers; pistils in
the lower.  Fruit in globular heads.—Perennial.

               258.   MYRIOPHYLLUM.
Myriophyllum spigatum. L.        Spiked water Millfojl.

    Leaves  all  pinnate,  capillary ;  spike  terminal,
whorled,  naked. Willd. 
             Class XXI.   Order VIII.         3331

   This  plant grows in deep ponds and rivers, where it is fre-
quently drawn up by the lines of anglers.  Stems long, slender,
floating.  Leaves in whorls  of  four together, finely  divided or
pectinate, always under water.   The  flowering spikes, which
are the only part that emerges, are] solitary, bearing their flow-
ers in small whorls.  Petals caducous, or sometimes wanting,
according to the observation of different writers.—July, Au-
gust.—Perennial.
                      259.   ARUM.
Arum triphyllum. L.        Dragon root.  Indian turnip.

     Stemless; leaves trifoliate;  leafets oval, entire.
Mich.
    A singular, and not inelegant plant, native  of our swamps
arid  wet woods.   Scape round, smooth, sheathed at  base by the
leaf stalks.  Leaves ternate, smooth, the leafets oval, acumin-
ate, entire.  The  scape supports a large, ovate, acuminate
spathe, forming a tube at bottom, but flattened and bent over at
top  like a hood, sometimes green,  and sometimes  elegantly
striped within.   Spadix club shaped, rounded at the end, green
or purplish black, shorter than the spathe, abruptly contracted
 and surrounded by the  germs at base.  The root is globular
 and flattened, its upper half tunicated, its lower and larger half
 tuberous and fleshy, giving off its radicles in a circle from the
 edge.  To the taste it is  violently  acrid and almost caustic.
 The acrimony however is  lost by drying or boiling, and is not
 communicated to water or  spirit.   The remainder of the root is
 a mild, farinaceous substance, from which  a sort of sago or ar-
 row root has been prepared.—May. 
 334         Class XXI.   Order VIII.

                     260.  CALLA.
 Calla Virginica. Mich.                  Virginian Calla.

    Leaves sagittate-hastate,  with obtuse  lobes ;
 spathe elongated, incurved.  Mich.
 Syn.  Arum Virginicum. L.
    The leaves of this plant may be mistaken at sight for thos*
 of Sagittaria, from which they differ in their shorter and more
 obtuse lobes, and the different distribution of their nerves. They
 are radical, numerous, large, and smooth.  Spathe erect, green*,
 fleshy, cylindrical, acuminate, and waved  at its edge.  Spadix
 shorter than the spathe, tapering to a point, and covered with
 flowers.—Borders of ponds.—June, July.

                     261. FAGUS.
 FaguS ferruginea. Ait.                       Beech tree.

    Leaves ovate,  acuminate,  downy  underneath,
 with large teeth,  ciliate at the margin.  Willd.

   The Beech tree is  known in winter by its  smooth bark, its
 narrow, acute buds, and marcescent leaves.  The  leaves are
 ovate, fringed with fine hairs at the edge, furnished with paral-
 lel veins like those of the Chesnut, and with indentations of mod-
 erate depth at the edge.  Calyx investing the fruit somewhat
ovate, muricated, with soft, short prickles.   Nut triangular.
    The  wood  of the beech  is not  accounted  very  durable,
when exposed to the vicissitudes of weather.

                  262.  CASTANEA.
Castanea vesca. Willd.                    Chesnut tree.

    Leaves oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucro-
nate-serrate, naked underneath. Willd.

   A very large and  majestic tree.  The bark of the trunk is 
Class XXI.   Order VIII.         £23
coarsely divided  by longitudinal fissures.  Leaves half a foot
long, lanceolate, smooth on both sides, with simple, prominent,
parallel veins  ending in  large, pointed teeth at the  margin,
which are separated by obtuse indentations.  Aments as long as
the leaves, yellowish. The calyx investing the  fruit forms a
large, globular burr, with acute, compound^ crowded spines.
Nuts two or three, their upper part villous.
    The American Chesnut tree is i0  nerally considered a vari-
ety of the  European.  Its wood is coarse grained, but light and
durable.   It is principally employed in fencing, for which use it
furnishes one of the best materials.

                    263.  QUERCUS.
Quercus alba. L.                             White oak.
    Leaves  somewhat equally pinnatifid, their  seg-
ments oblong,  obtuse, mostly entire;  cup  bowl-
shaped, rough  with tubercles ; acorn ovate.  Mich.
abr.
    The white oak has long been recognized among  Us as  one
bf the most valuable productions  of  our forests.  Its name is
derived from the whiteness of the bark, a character by which it
may be distinguished at any season of the year.   The leaves are
divided at their  sides into a number  of oblong, rounded  lobes,
which are perfectly obtuse or entire, not terminating in  points
or bristles.  They are acute  at base, their under side pale or
glaucous, and, when young, pubescent.  The acorns are  pretty
large, ovate, contained in the enlarged calyx, which forms a cup
of a hemispherical form, scaly and uneven on the outside.
    The wood of the white oak is superior  to any species in the
 northern states for strength and durability.   Its timber is much
 used in ship building, in frames, in mills, in waggons, ploughs,
 &c. and for the staves  and hoops of casks.  The great  con-
 sumption of it for these purposes, has rendered  it comparative -
                    39 
336
Class XXI.   Order VHI.
 ly scarce,  so that poorer species are often  substituted, in the
 work shops of mechanics.
 Quercus  bioolor.  Willd.               Swamp white oak.

     Leaves oblong-ovate, downy, white underneath,
 largely  toothed, entire at  base,  the teeth unequal
 and dilated;  fruit on long  peduncles, Mich, f, sub
 syn.

 Syn.  Quercus prinus tomentosa.  Mich.
       Quercus prinus discolor.  Mich./.
    This species grows exclusively in swamps and low grounds.
 It is often brought to market as fuel, and is easily distinguished
 by its bark, which separates into large, flat scales or plates. The
 leaves are  inversely ovate or wedge shaped, not sinuated, but
 bordered with a  serpentine line, producing large, obtuse teeth.
 They are smooth above, but white and  downy  underneath. The
 acorns grow in pairs or single, on long  stalks.   They are large,
 oval, with a rather small, hemispherical cup.
    The wood of the  swamp oak is strong, heavy,  and flexible,
 easy to split, and in  point of durability approaches the white
 oak.
 Quercus tinctoria. Bartram.                 Black oak.

    Leaves slightly lobed, the  lobes  angular; cup
 somewhat saucer shaped,  acorn depressed-globular,
 Mich, sub v. angulosa.
   The black oak grows to a large size, and is uniformly char-
 acterized by the rough, and very dark coloured outer bark of its
 trunk.  The leaves have their sides divided into a number of
 large, broad, but  rather short lobes, furnished  with a few mu-
 cronated teeth and angles.  Their  base is  obtuse, and their un-
 der surface, while young, is slightly pubescent, or glandular.
 The cup of the fruit is thick, somewhat turbinated and not deep.
Acorn short and round, with its summit  depressed. 
              Class XXI.   Order VIII.         33?

   The bark of this oak furnishes the Quercitron used in dyeing.
It is also one of the best species used in the tanning of leather.
The wood is much inferior to that of the white oak, but is often
used as a cheaper substitute.
Quercus coccinea. Wang,                   Scarlet oak.

     Leaves on long petioles, oblong, deeply sinuate,
glabrous, the lobes toothed, acute ; cup very scaly;
acorn short, ovate,  Mich. f.
   A large species of oak.  The leaves are divided  into  long,
acute lobes, by very deep and large sinuses ; the lobes ending
in narrow teeth, which are mucronated with long, bristle shap-
ed points. Both  sides of the leaves are of a bright, shining
green.  The acorn is short and ovate, contained in a cup  with
prominent scales, and tapering at base.  The wood of  this spe-
cies, as well  as of the next, is more  open and  porous, also less
durable, than that of the white oak.
Quercus rubra.  L.                             Red oak.
     Leaves on long petioles, glabrous, obtusely sin-
uate; cup  saucer shaped, nearly smooth; acorn
nearly ovate.  Mich.f.
   The red  oak is one of the largest of its genus.  Its leaves
are smooth and shining on both sides, divided into narrow lobes,
which end in mucronated  teeth, and are separated by  wide and
rounded sinuses.   The acorns are very large, and contained in
a remarkably flat, superficial cup, the  scales  of which  are so
compact  as to produce a comparatively smooth surface.
    The foregoing speecies constitute a considerable  portion of
the growth in the  common woodlands of this vicinity.  Their
bark is  the chief material used in tanning, and is occasionally
applied in medicine to the purposes of an astringent  and anti-
septic.   Next to walnut, their wood is esteemed the best fuel,
and  large quantities are  consumed  in town, brought from  the
south shore, the Middlesex canal, and the adjacent country. 
338
Class XXI.   Order VIII.
Quercus ilicifolia. Willd.        Shrub oak or Scrub oak.

    Leaves on long petioles,  with five acute  lobes,
entire at the  margin, ash coloured on  the  under-
side ;  cup somewhat top  shaped; acorn roundish.
Mich.f. sub syn.
Syn.  Quercus BanisTeri. Mich, et f.
   The leaves of the shrub oak are  small, commonly divided
into five, and sometimes three  acute lobes terminated by a bris-
tle.  They are of a pale colour underneath, and  downy on the
same side when  young.  The acorns are small, short, dark col-
oured and striated.       ,
   The shrub oak grows on dry hills and barren  plains, and is
commonly considered an indication of a sterile soil.  On ac-
count of its small size, it is  rarely appropriated to any important
use.
                   264.   JUGLANS.
Juglans  alba.  Willd.     White walnut.  Common hickory.

     Leafets  seven, oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,
 serrate,  pubescent and rough  underneath, the odd
 one sessile;  fruit somewhat four angled,  smooth.
 Willd.
 Syn,  Juglans tomentosa. Mich, et f.
   The trunk of this walnut, in young trees, is covered with a
 smooth bark, in old  trees the bark becomes cracked, rugged,
 and thick, but never scaly.   The buds in winter are large, hard,
 and of a greyish white.  The leaves are pinnate, with seven or
 nine large leafets, which are serrate and acuminate, nearly ses-
 sile,' their under side and  common stalk hairy.  The  barren
 flowers are in long, pendulous, downy aments, connected three
 together; the fertile ones at the ends of the young shoots.  The
 nut  is hard, thick shelled, commonly with four prominent an- 
             Class XXI.   Order VIII.         339

gles, the kernel  tolerably good, the green shell rather thick,
opening two thirds of its  length in autumn, when the fruit is
ripe.
Juglans glabra. Muhl.               Pig nut.  Hog nut.

    Leafets seven,  ovate, acuminate, serrate,  gla-
brous on both sides, with resinous dots underneath,
the odd one sessile; fruit and nut oblong or obcor-
date.   Ex Willd. sub hac et obcordata.
Syn.  Juglans porcina. Mich.f.
   This species of walnut has its young twigs in winter, ac-
cording to the observation of Michaux, of a  brown colour, and
smaller by half  than those of  the white walnut and  shagbark.
The buds are also small.  The leaves are pinnate, with seven,
sometimes five, nearly sessile, serrate, acuminate leafets, smooth
on both sides, not hairy.  Aments in threes, long, and pedulous.
Nut small, thick shelled, hard, smooth ; the outer, green shell
thin, frequently pear shaped or tapering at base, its quarters sep-
arating half way down when the fruit is ripe.
Juglans squamosa. Michf.         Shellbark.  Shagbark.

     Leafets five, on long petioles, ovate-acuminate,
 serrate, villous underneath,  the odd  one sessile;
 aments of barren  flowers compound, glabrous, fili-
 form; fruit globular,  depressed;  nut compressed.
 Mich.f.  abr.
 Syn.  Juglans compressa. Gert. Willd.
    The  bark of this tree separates  into long, flat scales  or
 plates, with loose, detached ends, giving its trunk a rugged ap-
 pearance at a distance.  Michaux observes that  the buds are
 distinguished by the shortness of the two outer scales, which
 extend but half their length.   The leaves are pinnate ;  leafets
 five or seven, large, oblong, acuminate, pubescent and soft un- 
 330          Class XXI.   Order VUI.

 derneath.  The fruit is  large,  roundish, depressed at top,  the
 green shell exceedingly thick, and separating completely into
 quarters.   The nut, which constitutes but a small part of  the
 whole fruit, is  white, angular, flattened, thin shelled, its kernel
 greatly superior to eithei of the preceding, and in considerable
 request.
    The wood of the three foregoing species of walnut posses-
 ses similar properties.   It b hard,  compact, heavy,  and of very
 great strength.  At the  same time it is liable to warp and  de-
 cay, especially if exposed  to the  weather.   It is  principally
 used for  purposes  where  strength is required, as  in hoops,
 bows, the handles of tools, &c.  It furnishes one  of the best
 kinds of fuel known, and  commands a higher price in our mark*
 ets than any other species of wood.
 Juglans cinerea.  L.                 Butternut.   Oil nut.

    L.eafats   numerous, oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,'
 pubescent and soft underneath, petioles viscid, fruit
 oblong-ovate.  Willd.
 Syn.   Juglans caThartica.  Cutler. Mich.f.
   This tree differs from the hickories already described, in its
 wood, flowers, and  fruit.  The  leaves consist of about fifteen
 leafets,  which are lanceolate, rounded at base, serrate, and some-
 what pubescent.  The  aments are  single, not  united  three to-
 gether, as in the foregoing species.   The fruit is large, objong,
 somewhat pointed, with a viscid, adhesive  surface.   The nut
 is oblong, acuminated, very rough, with deep, irregular depres-
 sions, the kernel containing a great quantity of oil.
   The wood is lighter and weaker than that of the preceding
 kinds,  but is said to be durable.  An  extract  made  from the
 bark is in great estimation for its medicinal qualities, being one
of the most useful laxatives.  According to an experiment pub-
lished in the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal, the sap of the
 iputternut tree is capable of producing as much  sugar as that of 
              Class XXI.   Order VllX         331

the maple.  Four of the trees  yielded in one day nine quarts of
sap, which produced one and a quarter pounds of sugar.

                    265.  BETULA.
Betula populifolia.  Ait.            Common white Birch.

    Leaves extensively acuminate,  unequally  ser-
rate, glabrous. Mich.f.
   The name of white birch is indiscriminately applied to this
species, and to Betula papyracea, a species common in the Dis-
trict of Maine, and which  furnishes a considerable part of the
eastern wood consumed in this town.   The present species is
common here in swamps, and multiplies very fast in  moist
lands that  are not properly cleared.  Like the  paper birch, its
trunk is covered with a white, smooth, outer bark, separable in-
to thin layers, and very inflammable.  Its young twigs are flex-
ible, of  a dark brown, spotted with white.  The  leaves are
heart-shaped, tapering  to a long  point,  glutinous,  smooth on
both sides.   The  flowers, both barren and  fertile, are in long,
pendulous aments.   The wood is white, soft, and very perisha-
ble, decaying sooner than the bark.
Betula lenta.  L.        Black Birch.  Mahogany Birch.

    Leaves heart-Ovate, acutely serrate, acuminate,
glabrous.  Mich.f.
Syn.  Betula carpinifolia. Mich.
   This fine tree, sometimes also denominated Sweet birch,
and Cherry birch, is well known for its fragrant and aromatic
bark.   Its young twigs are dark coloured, and  spotted with
white.   Its leaves are smooth, ovate, heart-shaped at base, end-
ing in a long point, with very acute, double serratures at the
edge,  and distinct,  parallel veins underneath.  The barren
aments are pendulous, the fertile ones straight.
   The wood of the black birch possesses many valuable  qual-
ities.  It is compact, smooth, of a reddish colour- very strong, 
 333         Class XXI.   Order VIII.

 and not liable to warp and crack.  It is considerably used in
 cabinet work, particularly for bedsteads.

                    266.  CORYLUS.
 Corylus Americana. Walt.               Common Hazel.

    Calyx of the fruit rounded and  bell shaped,
 larger than the nut, its border dilated, tooth-ser-
 rate ;  leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped,  acuminate.
 Willd.

   The common hazel nut is a slender shrub, usually growing
 in bunches about  the  borders of fields.   The barren flowers
 grow in long, pendulous  aments ; the fertile ones in a sort of
 buds, on a different part of the branch.   The nuts, which are
 nearly equal in quality  to the European, grow in large bunches,
 each one invested with a large, hairy calyx extending consider-
 ably beyond the nut.—April.

                    267.  OSTRYA.
 Ostrya Virginica.            Hop Hornbeam.  Iron wood.

    Cones oblong-ovate ;  leaves oblong-ovate, acu-
 minate ;  buds acute.
   This tree is generally of small size, and remarkable for the
 fine division of the outer bark of its trunk.  The  leaves are al-
 ternate, ovate, a little hearted at base, finely and acutely serrate,
 acuminate.  Barren flowers in pendulous aments.   Fertile ones
 enlarging into a sort of oblong cone, in its structure resembling
the common hop.  This fruit is composed of vesicles, or in-
 flated  capsules, lying  over each other, and containing each a
 seed at its base.
   The wood is hard, close grained, and heavy.  In some parts
of the  country it has acquired  the name of Lever wood, from
 the use to which it is applied. 
             Class XXI.   Order  IX.          233

                   268.  PLATANUS.
Platanus occidentals. L.      Plane tree.  Button wood.
                       Sycamore.

    Leaves lobed-angular; branches whitish. Mich.

   This tree, commonly known by the name of Button wood,
attains to an extraordinary size.  Trees are  said to be found in
the western states, whose trunks measure  from forty to fifty
feet in circumference.  With us it is one of the largest native
trees.  The leaves are broad  and lobed, with many acute seg-
ments.  When young  they are downy at the veins underneath.
On breaking off the petiole, the next year's  bud is found con-
cealed within its  base.  The flowers grow in balls or globular
aments, and are succeeded by long seeds, furnished  with a fine
reddish down at base.  The receptacle of the seeds, constituting
the nucleus of the ball, is hard and woody, and closely enveloped
by a regular net work, which may be easily detached.   The
balls are retained all winter on the trees by their tough, fibrous
stalks.  Each year the outer bark of the branches scales off to a
determinate extent, leaving a white surface beneath it. This cir-
cumstance  distinguishes the tree at sight from all others around
it.
   Thte wood is fine grained, and is susceptible of a good pol-
ish.   It is however said to be liable to warp, and by no means
durable when exposed to the weather.

                   MONADELPHIA.

                      269.   PINUS.
Pinus rigida.  L.                              fitch Pine.

     Leaves in  threes ;    cones  ovate,  clustered ;
spines of the scales reflexed; sheaths of the leaves
 short. Lamb.
    The Pitch Pine is a very common inhabitant of barren, sandy
                     30 
331
Class XXI.   Order IX.
 tracts of land.   Its bark is very thick, and rough with deep, ir-
 regular clefts.  The leaves are of moderate length, needle shap-
 ed, and united three together in a common sheath.  The cones
 are ovate or pyramidal, the scales rigid, each one armed with a
 short, acute, reflexed spine.
    The wood abounds, in turpentine, and contains a  large por-
 tion of alburnum or sap.  It is occasionally employed in build-
 ing, but is chiefly used as a light fuel, under the form of " split
 pine."

 Pinus strobus. L.                           White Pine,

    Leaves in  fives ; cones cylindrical, longer than
 the leaves, loose. Ait.
    This noble and very useful tree rises with a straight trunk
 to an uncommon height.  Its bark is comparatively smooth,
 and in young trees  it is without fissures.  The branches are
 given off in whorls or circles.   The leaves are much finer and
 more delicate than in the  last species.  They grow in fascicles
 of five together, with hardly any sheaths.  The cones are very
 long, cylindrical, curved, and  pendulous ; composed of large,
 smooth, loose scales.
    The trunk possesses very little resin, and its portion of sap
 wood  is comparatively small.   The texture of the  wood is fine
 and soft.  No tree is more  extensively employed in building,
 or for  the ordinary  purposes of carpenters' and joiners' work.
 The large  trees are particularly  in  request for the masts of
 ships, and vast quantities of the wood  have been annually ex-
 ported from the eastern coast in the form of timber and boards.
Pinus nigra. Ait.                  Black or double Spruce.

    Leaves solitary,  four cornered, erect, straight;
 cones ovate,  scales  elliptical, waved at the edge,
 erect.  Lamb.
Syn.  Abies nigra.  Mich. 
               Class XXI.   Order IX.          335

   The branches of the double Spruce are thickly covered on
all sides with short, dark coloured, linear leaves, inserted later-
ally and singly.  The cones are small, oval, pendulous, compos-
ed of thin scales, which are waved and crenate, or partially cleft
on the edge.
   This tree is not very common, unless  cultivated, in the en-
virons of Boston.  At the eastward it is frequent.  Its wood is
light, strong, and elastic, and much used for the smaller spars
of vessels.
Pinus Canadensis. L.                    Hemlock Spruce.

    Leaves solitary, flat, denticulate,  nearly in two
rows ;  cones ovate, terminal, hardly longer than the
leaves. Lamb.
Syn.  Abies Canadensis.  Mich.
   The Hemlock occurs  pretty frequently in woods in  the vi-
cinity of Boston. It is a straight tree, remarkable for the hori-
zontal arrangement of its branches and leaves.  The leaves are
in  two rows, close, linear-oblong,  obtuse, nearly flat beneath, a
little convex above.  When  examined with a  glass, they are
found edged with  minute teeth.   Cones  ovate-oblong, very
small.
   The wood of the Hemlock is occasionally  substituted for
Pine, to which it is inferior, in building.   The bark possesses
the tanning principle in great perfection, and is used in the pre-
paration of leather, as a substitute for, or in  combination with
the bark of the oaks.
Pinus microcarpa. Lamb.        Red Larch.  Hacmatack.

    Leaves fascicled,   deciduous ;  cones roundish,
few flowered, with inflected scales;  bractes  ellip-
tic, obtusely acuminate.  Lamb.
Syn,  Larix Americana. Mich. 
336
Class XXI.   Order IX.
   The Larch is a fine tree,  differing remarkably from the
Pines, already mentioned, in its leaves, which fall  at the ap-
proach of winter.  They grow in tufts or fascicles, on the sides
of the branches, which  are mostly horizontal.  The tree flow-
ers with small aments,  the barren ones containing two anthers
under each scale, and the fertile ones two germs.   These last
are succeeded by small cones, with  soft scales, inflected at the
edge.  Seeds small, winged.  This  tree attains the height of
eighty or ninety feet. Its wood is strong and durable,  and is
used in ship building.  It frequents a low, moist soil.

                   270.  CUPRESSUS.
Cupressus thuyoides. L.                   White Cedar.

    Branchlets  compressed ;  leaves  in four rows,
imbricated, ovate, tuberculated at base.  Willd.
   The White Cedar grows naturally in wet situations, some-
times occupying considerable tracts of marshy land, known by
the name of  Cedar  swamps.   The  small branches are finely
subdivided, their last divisions compressed, and covered by four
rows of short, minute leaves, the two lateral rows longest.  Each
leaf is furnished with a minute tubercle or  gland on the  back,
near its base.   Cones extremely small, angular, and somewhat
spherical.
   The wood is light,  soft, and ve^jr durable.  It is used for
shingles, for wooden vessels, also for fencing and other purpos-
es where durability is required.  This tree and  the last are
found occasionally,  but not frequently, in the neighbourhood of
Boston.

                   271.  ACALYPHA.
Aoalypha Virginica.  L.            Three seeded Mercury.

    Pubescent, leaves  on short petioles, lance-ob-
long, serrate ; involucres subsessile, axillary, nerv-
ed, cut into acute, crested segments.  Mich. abr. 
               Class XXI.   Order IX.         337

   An annual  plant of ordinary appearance.   Branches pubes-
cent.   Leaves ovate-lanceolate, with a rather obtuse point, re-
motely serrate or crenate at the edge, somewhat  three nerved.
Involucres of the fruit  axillary, hairyf on  short stalks, their
edge cut into a number of long, acute, ciliated segments  or
teeth.—-Woeds, Cambridge.—August. 
338
Class XXII.   Order XHX
Class XXII.      DICECIA.   Barren and fer-
         tile flowers on different plants.
     Order II.        DIANDRIA.    Two stamens.
   373. Salix.  Calyx scale of an ament; corol-
la none.  In the  barren flowers, from one to five
stamens, with  a  nectariferous gland at  the  base.
In the fertile  flowers, two stigmas ;  capsule one
celled, two valved; seeds downy.
     Order IV.     TETRANDRIA. Four stamens.
   373.  Myrica.  Calyx a concave scale of the
ament; corolla none; styles two ; berry one seed-
ed.
     Order VI.     HEXANDRIA.    Six stamens.
   374.  Smilax.   Calyx six leaved  ;  corolla
none ; styles three ; berry three celled; seeds two.
   Order XII.     POLYANDR1A.   Many stamens.
    375. Populus.   Calyx a lacerated scale of the
ament; corolla turbinate, oblique, entire.  In  the
fertile flowers, stigma four cleft; capsules two cell-
ed,  many seeded.
     Order XIII.   MONADELPHIA.  Stamens united.
    376. Juniperus.   Barren flowers, calyx  the
 scales of an ament; corolla none ;  stamens three.
Fertile flowers, calyx scales  of an ament, fewer,
 three parted, becoming fleshy, united into a three
seeded berry. 
Class XXII.   Order IV.         239
                     DICECIA.
                     DIANDRIA.
                     272.  SALIX.
Salix eriocephala. Mich.                Swamp Willow.
    Diandrous ; twigs downy ; leaves oblong-oval,
somewhat retuse at base,  serrulate ;  aments oval,
exceedingly villous. Mich.
   A small tree, common in low, moist grounds, where its
woolly aments expand during the month of March, and are usu-
ally in flower the first week in April.  The scales of both the
barren and fertile aments are covered with very long, even,
smooth,  silken  hairs, which at a distance give them a woolly
appearance.  In the  barren aments each scale produces two
long, yellow anthers ; in the fertile ones, which exceed the last
in length, they  support an oblong,  tapering,  downy germ.
Leaves oval-oblong, nearly entire, green above, glaucous and
somewhat downy beneath.
                    TETRANDRIA.

                    273.  MYRICA.
Myrica Gale.  L.             Sweet Gale. t  Dutch Myrtle.

    Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above;
barren  aments imbricate, the scales ciliate ; fruit in
scaly heads.  Mich.
   A branching shrub, about four or five feet in height. Leaves
alternate,  lanceolate-wedge shaped,  (their termination much
more obtuse than in the European variety,) serrated and nearly
smooth.   Aments alternate, from  the axils of the last year's 
340          Class XXII,   Order VI.

leaves, short, oblong-ovate.  The fruit has a strong, penetrat*
ing, spicy scent.—About the edges of Fresh Pond.—April.
Myrica cerifera. L.            Bayberry.   Wax Myrtle.

    Leaves wedge-lanceolate, slightly serrate above;
barren  aments  loose; fruit  spherical,  naked, dis-
tinct. Mich.
    The Bayberry grows in every kind of soil, and  varies con-
siderably in size.  The shrubs which grow in the moist woods
at Cambridgeport, are  usually  six  or  seven feet in height.
Leaves oblong-oval,  entire, or furnished with  a few remote
teeth.  Flowers in short aments  on the sides of the last year's
shoots.  They have a peculiar, somewhat  spicy taste.  In au-
tumn the fertile twigs are surrounded with bunches of small,
crowded, greyish  berries,  which remain after the leaves have
fallen.   The surface  of these berries is  covered  with  wax,
which is obtained by boiling them in water, until the wax sep-
arates and floats upon the surface.  In the interior where these
shrubs are frequent, the wax is collected in considerable quan-
tities, and used for candles, an ingredient in ointments, and oth-
er purposes.
                     HEXANDRIA.

                    274.  SMILAX.
Smii/Ax rotundifolia.  L.                    Green Briar.
    Stem  prickly,  round; leaves  Unarmed, heart-
shaped, pointed, five or seven nerved.
   A hardy and very troublesome  vine, climbing upon trees
and bushes, and forming, with its thorny branches, almost im-
passable thickets.   Stem smooth, woody, strong, armed  with
short, straight, rigid thorns, proceeding from the wood. Leaves
large, smooth,  roundish-heart shaped, ending in a short point,
commonly five nerved.  Tendrils very strong, from the top of 
             Class XXII.   Order XII.         3*1

the stipules.  Umbels of flowers small, on short, axillary stalks.
Berries small.—Moist woods.—June.
Smilax fedunoularis. Muhl.        Long stalked Smilaoe.
    Stem  round, unarmed; leaves  roundish-ovate,
acuminate, nine nerved, peduncle of the fertile um-
bel longer than the leaves.
   A rank, herbaceous,  climbing plant.  Stem round, smooth,
attaching itself to other plants by its stipular tendrils.  Leaves
of the stem large,  heart-shaped, with a short point, petioled,
smooth, with about nine nerved* Flowers small, greenish, with
an offensive odour, in simple umbels, on very long, axillary pe-
duncles.  The fertile ones are succeeded  by large bunches of
rounded, compressed, crowded, bluish berries.   The  axils of
many of the leaves give rise to short, barren branches, support-
ing half a dozen  ovate, five nerved leafets.—June.—Perennial.

                    POLYANDRIA.

                    275.  POPULUS.
Populus tremuloides.  Mich.             American Aspen.

    Leaves roundish, abruptly acuminate, serrulate,
pubescent at the edge. Mich. f.
    The small, tremulous leaves of this Poplar have great af-
finity to those of the European Aspen, whose quivering foliage
has long been proverbial.   The tree hardly attains to the mid-
dle size.  The flowers appear in April, long before the leaves, in
pendulous, silken  aments. The leaves are small,  compared
with other  species, light, roundish,  scarcely hearted at base.
The bark is smooth, and the wood light, fine, soft, and perisha-
ble.
Populus grandidentata. Mich.    Large Aspen or Poplar.

    Petioles compressed;  leaves round-oval, smooth
                    31 
 ^13        Class XXII.   Order XIII.

 both sides, unequally sinuate, with large teeth, the
 younger ones villous. Mich.f.

 Syn.  Populus Trepida.  Muhl.
    This tree is occasionally met with in our woods, but is much
 less common  than  the preceding species.  It is easily distin-
 guished from the various cultivated poplars by the large, une-
 qual indentations on the margin of the  leaves.   The leaves, as
 Michaux observes, are covered when young with a white down,
 which disappears as  they grow older.  In many instances they
 are  furnished with  a pair of glands at  base.   The  aments,
 which are two or three inches long, appear in May. Wood much
 like  the last.—Cambridge, Milton.
                   MONADELPHIA.

                   276.  JUNIPERUS.
 Juniperus Virgimana.                       Red Cedar.

     Leaves  ternate,  adnate at base;  the  younger
 ones imbricate, the older ones spreading.

   The Red Cedar  is a  common tenant of rocky and barren
 hills, in a dry and gravelly soil.  Its  foliage is hard, firm,  and
 evergreen.  The leaves vary  in length,  but are  mostly short,
 resembling small,  acute scales, closely sessile at base, and ly-
 ing over  each other.  They  surround the  stem in threes, the
younger ones frequently opposite.  The scales  of the  ament
 give  rise to a small roundish  berry, covered when ripe  with a
blue  powder.  The wood of the Red Cedar is light  and very
durable.   It  constitutes  an  excellent material  for  posts, to
which use it is commonly appropriated with us.  The  leaves
resemble Savin in their medicinal properties, and  are particu-
larly  used as a topical stimulant. 
Class XXIII.  Order I.        343
Class XXIII.  POLYGAMIA.  Perfect flowers
   together with barren, or fertile, or both, on the
   same or distinct plants.
     Order I.*      M0N03CIA.   Barren, fertile, and
          perfect flowers, found on one plant.
   377,  Andropogon.  In the perfect flowers  ca-
lyx,  glume one flowered; corolla, glume awned at
the base ; stamens three ; styles tliree ;  seed  one.
In the  barren flowers, calyx awnless ; stamens
three.
   378.  Holcus.   Perfect flowers,  calyx glume
one or two flowered; corolla,  glume  awned ;  sta-
mens three ; styles two ; seed  one.   Barren flow-
ers,  calyx two valved ;  corolla none; stamens
three.
   379.  Atriplex.    Perfect flowers, calyx  five
parted ;  corolla none ;  stamens five ;  style two
parted ;  seed  one  depressed.  Fertile flowers, ca-
lyx two leaved; corolla none  ; style two  parted;
seed one compressed.
   380.   Veratrum.   Calyx none ;  corolla six
parted;  stamens six.   Perfect  flowers, pistils three;
capsules three ; many seeded.  Barren flowers con-
taining the rudiment of a pistil.
   381. Acer.  Calyx  five cleft; corolla five pe-
talled ;  stamens eight: capsules  two or three, one
seeded,  terminated by a wing.   Barren  flowers
without germ  or style. 
344         Class XXIII.   Order I.
   383. Nyssa.   Perfect flowers, calyx five part-
ed ;  corolla none ; stamens five; pistil one ; drupe
inferior.   Barren flowers, stamens ten.
   383. Fraxinus.   Perfect flowers, calyx none
or four parted ;  corolla none or four petalled ; sta-
mens two ;  pistils one ; capsule flattened ; seeds
mostly solitary, pendulous.  Fertile flowers, pistil
one, lanceolate. 
Class XXHI.   Order I.          349
                  POLYGAMIA.
                     M0N03CIA.
                277.  ANDROPOGON.
Andropogon nutans. L.                    Beard grass.

    Panicle  nodding,   awns  twisted,  polished ;
glumes of the calyx rough-haired.
Syn.  Andropogon avenaceus. Mich.
   A tall, handsome grass.  Culm and sheaths smooth. Leaves
rough.   Panicle very long and slender, somewhat nodding. Pe-
duncles smooth, some of the partial ones a little hairy.  Valves
of the calyx hairy ; those of the corolla mostly smooth, and of a
bright chesnut colour.  The fertile flowers have a long, bright
awn, twisted in its  lower half, and  bent at an angle about its
middle.—Borders of woods.—September.—Perennial.

                    278.  HOLCUS.
Holcus odoratus. L.                       Seneca grass,
     Glumes three  flowered, awnless, pointed; the
perfect flower with two stamens.
   An erect, early grass, with a small panicle of short flowers.
 Stem, sheaths and leaves glabrous ; the leaves of the stem very-
short.   Panicle erect, with a few horizontal or divaricated
branches.  Calyx  of  two smooth,  thin, transparent, swelling
valves, rounded at the base, and  acute at the point.   Florets
three in each calyx, the  two lateral ones barren, their outer
valve ciliate ;  the middle  one fertile, and furnished with only
two  stamens.   Styles  two.—Meadows, Cambridge, Brighton—
 May.—Perennial.
    Among our indigenous grasses this is one, which appears 
346          Class XXIII.   Order I.

particularly entitled to the attention of agriculturalists.  It is a
thriving, and early  grass, being usually in flower by the mid-
dle of May.  It is sweet and tender, and in drying  exhales a
fragrant odour, not inferior to that of the  sweet scented Vernal
grass.  Its native place of growth is in wet, boggy meadows,
where it might be usefully substituted for the coarse and ordin-
ary grasses usually obtained from those soils.

                   279.  ATRIPLEX,
Atriplex patula. L.                   Spreading Orache.

     Stem herbaceous,  spreading;  leaves  deltoid-
lanceolate,  somewhat hastate;  calyx of the  seed
somewhat muricate on the disc.  Sm.
    Stem  spreading, very  much  branched.   Leaves  powdery
underneath, the lower  ones mostly hastate, the upper ones lan-
ceolate.  Racemes axillary and terminal.   The seed  is enclos-
ed between two large, triangular valves, furnished on their back
with an irregular number of short, conical points.—Salt marsh-
es.—August.—Annual.

                  280.  VERATRUM.
Vpratrum viride. Ait.      Foke root.  Swamp Hellebore.

     Racemes panicled ;  bractes of the branches ob-
 long-lanceolate ; peduncles pubescent, shorter than
 the partial bractes.
    A large, green, leafy plant, not unfrequent in meadows and
  wamps,  Stem erect, straight, often three or four  feet high.
 Leaves numerous, large, oval or lanceolate, acuminate, entire,
 plaited and finely nerved,  sheathing  the stem with their base.
 Flowers  in a large  panicle, with pubescent branches,  each
 branch and flower stalk supported by a narrow bracte.  Corolla
 of six greenish, oblong, acute petals, thickened on each side at
 the base,  Capsules three.—June.—Perennial. 
              Class XXIII.   Order L          347

   The root of this plant, when taken internally, produces vio-
lent effects, and is dangerous in considerable quantities.  It is
chiefly used in the country as an external application in cutane-
ous affections.  From its great affinity in habit to the Veratrum
album, an European species, which has lately acquired consid-
erable  celebrity  as a remedy in gout; the American plant is
particularly entitled to the attention of phsiycians.

                      281. ACER.
Acer rubrum. L.             Swamp Maple.  Red Maple.

    Leaves palmate-five lobed, unequally toothed,
pubescent, and at length  glaucous underneath, the
sinuses acute ; fertile flowers aggregate, with rath-
er long stalks. Mich.
   This maple grows plentifully in our swamps and low woods.
The flowers, which appear early in May, are small, numerous,
of a deep red, and collected in little fascicles or sessile umbels.
The fertile ones are succeeded  by a  red  fruit, known by  the
name of maple keys, consisting of a pair of small capsules, each
terminated by a long, membranous appendage, resembling the
wing of an  insect.   The leaves  are  opposite, rounded, or
hearted at base, and divided into three or five principal lobes,
separated by a large, acute notch.  They are irregularly tooth-
ed, and glaucous underneath.
   The wood of this  species is close grained, smooth, and hard,
It is much used in the manufacture of tables, chairs, and other
kinds of furniture.  A variety denominated Curled Maple, oc-
casioned  by the serpentine course of the  fibres in  some old
trees, has a  beautiful, shaded appearance in cabinet work, and
is also used  for gun stocks, on account of its solidity and tough-
ness.
Acer  saccharium.  L.         Rock Maple.  Sugar Maple.

    Leaves five parted-palmate.,  glabrous, entire at 
*4S          Class XXIII.   Order I.

the  margin, glaucous  underneath; flowers  pedun-
culated, pendent. Mich. f.
    The Rock Maple, though common in the interior, is rarely
met with in the vicinity of Boston.  Some young trees occur in
the woods at Roxbury.   The flowers of this species are yellow-
ish, small, and supported by slender, drooping footstalks.  The
fruit is larger than in the Red Maple, and of a light greenish col-
our.   The leaves have three or five principal lobes, separated
by a sinus or notch, which  is rounded, not angular, at bottom.
They are pale, and sometimes downy on the under side.
    The wood is hard, compact, and smooth.  It is much used
in cabinet work, particularly a beautiful variety denominated
 Bird's eye Maple, and a curled variety like that in the last spe-
 cies.  It makes good fuel, though inferior to walnut and oak ;
and, with the  Betula papyracea, it constitutes a greater portion
 of our eastern wood.
    But  the peculiar value  of this tree! consists in the sugar,
 which is obtained from its sap.  A tree of the ordinary size will
 yield from twenty to thirty gallons of sap in a season. This
 sap is collected by boring  holes in the trees,  and affixing to
 them small troughs, which convey it  into reservoirs prepared
 for its reception.   It is then put into   large kettles  and boiled
 down, until it is sufficiently inspissated to chrystallize or grain.
 It thus forms the raw sugar, which may be purified in the usu-
 al way.
                       282.  NYSSA.
 Nvssa villoma. Mich.       Tupelo tree.  Swamp Hornbeam.

     Leaves oval, entire, the petiole, middle  nerve,
 aud margin villous  ; fertile stalks about three flow-
 ered ;  nut short-obovate, obtusely striate. Mich.
     This tree grows in swamps, and is frequently of a pyramid-
 al form, with horizontal branches.  The leaves are oval, entire,
 acute, tough and firm,  paler on the under side, slightly pubes- 
               Class XXin.   Order I.           349

cent on the margin and petiole, two or three inches in length.
The flowers are small, obscure, of a green colour, collected on
the end of a long peduncle.  Each fertile peduncle produces
two or three small, oblong drupes, of  a deep blue colour, each
containing an exceedingly hard, striated stone.
    The wood of this tree is white, and moderately hard.   Its
fibres are closely interwoven, so as to render it extremely tough
and difficult to split.  In Massachusetts it is generally  called
Hornbeam, a name properly belonging to the genus Carpinus.

                    283.  FRAXINUS.
Fraxinus Americana. Mich.f.                 White Ash.

    Leafets elliptic, acuminate,  slightly toothed, pe-
tioled, glaucous  underneath.
Syn.  Fraxinus discolor. Muhl.
    This very valuable  tree  grows to the height of seventy or
eighty feet.  Its branches are opposite, and covered with bark
of  a very  light colour.   Leaves pinnate, consisting of about
seven oval, acuminated leafets, whitish underneath, more or less
toothed on  their margin.  The flowers grow  in loose, com-
pound racemes, and are succeeded by winged capsules.  These
are cylindrical at base,  but dilated at  their end into a long, flat
appendage, somewhat lanceolate in form, but blunt or emargin-
ate at the end.  The wood of the common Ash is exceedingly
durable, firm, and elastic, with a tolerable  degree of lightness.
It is the principal material used in the manufacture of carriage
frames, of  light agricultural implements, of oars, blocks, box-
es, &c.—May.
33 
350         Class XXIV.  Order I.
Class XXIV.  CRYPTOGAMIA.   Fructifica-
           tion anomalous or concealed.
            Order 1. FILICES. Ferns.
   384. Polypodium.  Fructification in roundish,
scattered dots, not  marginal;  involucre none.
   285.  Aspidium.   Fructification in roundish,
scattered dots ; involucre umbilicate, opening near-
ly all round.
   386. Dicksonia.   Fructification in roundish,
distinct, marginal  dots ; involucre  double, one su-
perficial, opening outward ; the other from  the in-
flexed margin of the frond, opening inward.
   387. Asplenium.   Fructification in scattered,
straight lines ;  involucre lateral, opening inward.
   388. Adiantum.  Fructification in  distant dots
or lines upon the margin of the  frond ; involucres
membranaceous, from  the inflexed margin of the
frond, opening inward.
   389.  Pteris.   Fructification in a continued,
marginal line ;  involucre from the inflexed margin
of the frond, opening inward.
   390. Onoclea. Fructification crowded, occu-
pying the whole back of a separate frond; involu-
cres from the margin of the frond, opening inward.
   391. Osmund a. Fructification  crowded, some-
what globular, pedicelled,  disposed on  the back of
the frond, or in separate racemes. 
Class XXIV.   Order I.         251
    393.  Lycopodium.  Capsules sessile, solitary,
axillary, reniform, two valved, opening elastically.
    393.  Equisetum.   Ament composed of pel-
tate scales, flowering on the inside;  seeds numer-
ous, enfolded by four pollen-bearing filaments. 
353         Class XXIV.   Order L
                CRYPTOGAMIA.
                      FILICES.
                284.  POLYPODIUM.
Polypodium vulgare.  L,               Common Polypody.

    Frond  pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, slightly serrate.
   A handsome fern, not uncommon on the sides of rocks and
steep shady hills, forming beds by means of its creeping roots.
The  stalk  or stipe is perfectly smooth, grooved on the upper
side.   Fronds about half a foot long, divided in a pinnate man-
ner almost to the stalk or midrib, by sinuses which are more
acute than in the European variety.   Segments of the frond ob-
long, parallel, rounded at the end, very slightly serrate, furnish-
ed on the back with  a double row of large, round, yellowish,
granular, naked dots of fructification.—Perennial.

                  285. ASPIDIUM.
Aspidium Acrostiohoides.  Muhl.     Terminal Shield fern.

    Stipe chaffy ; frond  long, pinnate, its divisions
alternate, subsessilc,  auriculated  on  one  side at
base, slightly serrate, ciliate;  only the upper ones
fruitful.  Mich, sub syn.
Syn.   JVephrodium AcrosTichoides. Mich.
   Remarkable for the difference between its lower and upper
leaves.  The stipe is covered with loose, membranous, chaffy
scales.   The leaves or pinnae  are numerous, oblong, somewhat
acute, edged with small, mucronate  serratures, furnished with
an angular lobe on their  upper side at base.  The lower leaves- 
               Class XXIV.   Order I.          353

are without fruit; the upper ones much smaller, covered with
dots of fructification, which unite, so as to overrun  the  whole
under surface.—Rocks and hills.—Roxbury.—Perennial.
Aspidium Thelypteris. Sm.          Meadow Shield fern.

    Frond pinnate,  its divisions  pinnatifid, subcre-
nate,  distinct at base, decussating ; dots of fructifi-
cation confluent.  Sm.
   Common in low, moist grounds, about the edges of meadows
and swamps.   Stipe glabrous.  Divisions of the frond long and
slender, the lower pairs frequently decussating, or crossing each
other ; a circumstance which Dr. Smith has noticed in his spe-
cific character.  They are pinnatifid, or deeply cut into oblong,
roundish segments, which are slightly crenate at the edge, and
revolute when in fruit.  The first segments of each  division are
at a  little distance from the stipe, and seem to form a parallel
line on each side of it, running through the whole length of the
frond, a character well represented in  the figure of Plukenet.
The fruit commences  fn small dots,  and finally overruns^the
whole  under surface of the frond.—Perennial.
Aspidium marginals. Sw.           Marginal  Shield fern:

     Frond  pinnate, its  divisions  subpinnate, glab-
 rous, with  oblong, entire lobes,  sinuate-repand at
 the base ;  dots marginal.
 Syn.  Poltpodium  MARGINALE. L.
       NEPHRODIVM MARGINALE. Mich.
    A  larger fern than either of the preceding.  Stipe chaffy.
 Divisions of, the frond nearly  pinnate.  Subdivisions or seg-
 ments distinct, oblong, obtuse,  crenate, contracted at base, af-
 terward decurrent, so that their common stalk becomes slight-
 ly winged, or the division pinnatifid.  Dots of fructification dis-
 tinct,  round, close to the margin.  Their umbilicated involucre
 is very obvious.—Woods.—Roxbury.—Perennial. 
354          Class XXIV.   Order I.

Aspidium Asplenioides. Muhl.          Dark Shield fern.

    Stipe  glabrous-; frond twice pinnate;  segments
oblong, cut-toothed;  dots  reniform, arranged  near
the nerve.
   This is a large, smooth, brittle fern.  Divisions of the frond
pinnate ; the segments oblong, acute, with distinct teeth, separ-
ated  by deep  indentations.  The teeth  are again denticulate,
and the  lower ones somewhat obtuse.  Fructification with re-
niform or lunulate involucres, at first resembling lines, .as in
Asplenium, afterwards extending over the whole under surface
of the frond, giving it a brownish appearance.—Moist woods.

                  286.  DICKSONIA.
Dicksonia  pilosiuscula. Willd.    Small fruited Dicksonia.

    Frond twice pinnate ;  divisions pinnatifid;  seg-
ments toothed ;  stipe somewhat hairy.

Syn.  Nephrodium punctilobulum. Mich.
   A pretty large, thin, and very delicate fern.  The common
stalk is smooth, with the exception of a  few fine, short hairs,
which also invest its divisions.  The  divisions of the frond are
pinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the segments decurrent,  oval-oblong,
deeply cut or  pinnatifid, the partial segments again toothed up-
on their edge.  Dots of fructification minute, near the margin.
—Road sides  and pastures.—Perennial.

                  287.  ASPLENIUM.
Asplenium melanooaulon. Muhl.       Dwarf Spleenwort.

    Frond  pinnate;  divisions  roundish,  crenate,
wedge shaped at base.
Syn.  Asplenium trichomanes. Mich.
   An  extremely  small and  delicate fern.  Frond pinnate. 
              Class XXIV.   Order I.          355

Stipe smooth, of a shining black  colour.   Divisions or leafets
sessile, nearly round, crenate upon their outer edge, entile and
acute at base.  Fructification in about five or six linear, di-
verging dots, which become roundish when old.—Found among
high, shady rocks in Roxbury.—Perennial.
Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.              Ebony Spleenwort.

    Frond pinnate; divisions lanceolate, somewhat
falcate, serrate, auricled at base; stem quite smooth.

Syn.  Asplenium trichomanoides. Mich.
   Considerably  larger  than the last.   Stipe  slender,  of  a
smooth,  polished, jet  black.  Divisions or leafets sessile, ob-
long, tapering to  a point, sometimes a  little curved, somewhat
serrate, furnished with an acute  lobe on each side at base, which
gives them a sort of hastate form.  Fructification in short, di-
verging lines, arranged in  a double row on the back of the di-
visions.—Dry woods and hills.—Perennial.
Asplenium thelypteroides.  Mich.     Silvery Spleenwort.

     Frond pinnate ;  divisions pinnatifid ;  segments
oval,  round-obtuse, slightly  denticulate;  fructifi-
cation in short, equal,  oblique, parallel lines. Mich.
abr.
    This most beautiful fern grows to a  pretty large size.  Stipe
smooth, pale.  The divisions of the frond are long and pinnati-
fid.  Segments oblong, close, even, parallel, rounded at the end
and nearly entire.   Fructification in two rows of short, oblique,
close, parallel lines, the opposite pairs  forming nearly a  right
angle.   The involucres, when young, have a bright, silvery ap-
pearance.—Found by a brook* in Roxbury.—Perennial. 
356          Class XXIV.   Order I.

                  288.  ADIANTUM.
Adiantum pedatum. L.           Maidenhair.  Mowhair.

    Frond  pedate;  divisions  pinnate;  segments
rhomboid-oblong, somewhat lunate, cut-lobed.
    Few vegetables possess a greater delicacy of structure than
is exhibited by the glossy stems, and fine, regular leaves of the
Maidenhair.  The stipe, which is of a shining,  jet black, di-
vides by a large fork into two principal branches, each of which
gives off several successive branches from its upper side ;  so
that the whole frond has the appearance of a pedate leaf with-
out its middle division.  The segments or leafets are alternate,
oblong, entire on the lower  edge, cut and toothed on the upper.
The fruit grows in semicircular points at the margin of the leaf,
covered by the folding back of its edge.—-Found in moist, rocky
woods.—Perennial.
                    289.   PTERIS.
Pteris aquilina. L.                     Common Brake.

    Frond more than decompound ;  divisions pin-
nate ; segments oblong-lanceolate, the  lower ones
pinnatifid, upper ones entire and smaller.
   Very common in woods, and about the borders of fields and
pastures.    Stipe erect, smooth, dividing by large, opposite
branches, which are  again  subdivided.   Segments or  leafets
sessile, oblong, tapering to an obtuse point, the lower ones larg-
est, their edge divided into large, obtuse teeth, by a sort of ser-
pentine line ;  upper ones entire,' obtuse. The  fructification
grows in a continued, narrow line M. the edges of the frond, and
is covered by its reflexed margin.—Perennial. 
              Class XXIV.   Order I.           357

                   290.   ONOCLEA.
Onoclea sensibilis. L.                   Sensitive fern.

    Barren fronds pinnate ;  segments cut, the upper
ones united; fertile  fronds doubly pinnate, with re-
curved, globular  subdivisions.
   A great difference, in appearance, exists between the bar-
ren, and fertile fronds of this plant.  The barren frond is com-
posed of large, broad, oblong, sinuated leaves or divisions, the
lower ones distinct, the  upper ones connected by their base.
The fertile frond is much narrower, its divisions short, its seg-
ments nearly globular, enclosing the fruit, and forming a sort of
raceme.—Low grounds.—Perennial.

                   291.  OSMUNDA.
Osmunda cinnamomea. L.                 Tall Osmunda.

    Barren  fronds pinnate;  divisions  elongated,
pinnatifid ;  segments nearly oval and entire;  fertile
fronds with opposite racemes. Mich.
   This noble fern grows in large bunches in damp woods and
low grounds, sometimes  attaining to the length of a man.  The
greatest part of the  plant is composed by the barren fronds,
which are  pinnate, their divisions cut into oblong, tapering,
rounded, and  somewhat  acute segments.  The fruit grows on
a small, separate frond, resembling a cluster of minute, brown-
ish seeds,  Its stipe  is invested  with loose, reddish  wool, its
divisions opposite,  and completely covered with small, two-
valved, globular capsules.—Perennial.
Osmcitda interrupta.  Mich.             Interrupted fern.

    Fronds  pinnate; divisions opposite, pinnatifid :
segments nearly oval and entire;  some of the inter-
mediate divisions fruitful. Mich.  abr.
                    33 
358
Class XXIV.   Order I.
               A pretty large, smooth fern, in habit resembling the last.
            The divisions of the frond are principally opposite, or nearly so,
            and subdivided into segments, much like the last species.   Only
            a few pairs of the divisions,  occupying a central  part of the
            frond, become fruitful.  These are much shorter than the rest
            when full grown, they resemble compound, pyramidal racemes,
            and are covered on all sides with minute, brownish  capsules.—
            Low grounds.—Perennial.
            Osmunda regalis. L.       Osmund royal.  Flowering fern.

                Frond twice pinnate, terminating in a compound
            cluster of fructification.

               A handsome, branching fern, found in meadows and moist
            grounds.  Stipe smooth.  Divisions pinnate.  Leafets or seg-
            ments perfectly distinct and remote, oblong, very slightly ser-
            rated, the lower "half of base longest.  Capsules small, globular,
            two-valved,  like the preceding species, arranged in a large,
            compound raceme at the top of the stipe.—Perennial.

                            292.  LYCOPODIUM.
            Lvootodium complanatum.  L.             Flat club  moss.

                Leaves two  rowed, united, superficial ones sol-
            itary ; spikes in pairs, pedunculated.

               A common, trailing evergreen.  The  stems, which creep
            on the ground for a considerable distance,  are furnished  with
            distinct, somewhat remote scales or leaves.  Branches spread-
            ing, subdivided by regular forks, flattened, two edged.  Leaves
            very short and acute.   Peduncles elongated, forked at top, and
            usually  supporting four  erect, cylindrical  spikes.   Bractes
#          closely imbricated, heart-shaped, acuminate.—Woods and pas-
            tures.—Perennial.
            Lycopodium obscurum. L.             Radiated club moss.

                Leaves  scattered, six rowed ;   shoots  erect; 
               Class XXIV.    Order I.           359

branches radiately forked; spikes nearly sessile,
cylindrical.
   The shoots of this species are erect, ascending aj. base, cov-
ered with small, imbricated, lanceolate leaves.   Branches al-
ternate, dividing  by successive forks, the branchlets diverging
like rays from a centre.  Leaves in six rows, those of the later-
al rows longest.  Spikes terminal, solitary, sessile, cylindrical.
Like others of the genus,  they give out, when  ripe, a great
quantity of minute seeds, resembling a fine, yellow powder, and
very inflammable.—Woods.—Perennial.

                  294.   EQUISETUM.
EquiSETUM hyemale. L.       Rough Horsetail.  Scouring
                         Rush.

    Stem naked,  very  rough,  mostly  branched at
base; sheaths whitish, black at the base and sum-
mit.
   Found in moist woods at Lynn,  and  elsewhere.  Stems
erect, without branches, except at base, hollow, naked, furrow-
ed, the ridges  rough with minute teeth, which are hardly visi-
ble without a glass.   The joints of the stem are surrounded
with short sheaths, coloured  with black and white rings, and
toothed at the top.  The  fruit  grows in an ovate,  terminal
ament, composed of peltate, six sided scales, bearing the seeds
inside.
   The whole  surface of the stem is  rough, like a file, and is
used in scouring and polishing metallic vessels.  Its cuticle,
according  to Mr. Davy, contains a considerable portion of sili-
ceous earth.—Perennial.
EqyisETUM arvense. L.                  Field Horsetail.

    Fertile scape naked; barren frond with whorl-
ed branches, decumbent. L. 
360
Class XXIV.   Order I.
   The fruitful stems of this plant appear in April, and  soon
decay.   They are erect, smooth, furrowed, and without branch-
es, their joints surrounded with large, swelling sheaths, which
end in long, blackish teeth.  Spike terminal, oblong-ovate, with
amembranous border below it.  The barren stems are taller and
more durable ;  they  are erect, or ascending at base, roughish,
their joints furnished with  sheaths and large whorls of simple,
ascending branches.  These branches are three or four cor-
nered, with  sheaths at their joints, ending in the same number
of teeth.—Moist ground, South Boston —Perennial.
Equisetum sylvaticum. L.               Wood Horsetail.

    Branches compound, curving downward, rough.

   The fertile stems  are erect, round, furrowed, jointed. Joints
invested with large, loose sheaths, which divide into a number
of broad teeth at top.  Branches very slender, in a whorl pro-
ceeding from the upper joint, immediately below the sheath,
divaricated and curving downward.  The second joint from the
topis furnished with a  whorl of shorter branches,  and some-
times also the  third.   Ament ovate, terminal, composed like
the rest, of peltate, hexagonal scales.   The  barren  stems are
smaller and higher, their  joints all furnished with whorls of
branches, which are much longer, and considerably subdivided.
—Low grounds, Roxbury, Cambridge.—Perennial. 
INDEX OF THE GENERA,
          WITH ACCENTS.
A.	pag.		pag
Acalypha	236	A'ster	197
A'cer	247	A'triplex	246
Achillea	203	Azalea	62
A'corus	83		
Actaea	129	B.	
Adiantum	256	Berberis	78
Agrimonia	114	Betula	231
Agrostis	21	Bidens	188
Alisma	87	Brachy sternum	146
A'lnus	220	Briza	25
Alopecurus	20	Brdmus	26
Althaea	163	Bunias	157
Amaranthus	222		
Ambrosia	221	C.	
Anagallis	48	Calla	224
Andromeda	102	Callltriche	2
Andropogon	245	Caltha	134
Anemone*	135	Campanula	54
Angelica	68	Cardamine	158
Anthemis	202	Carex	216
Anthoxanthum	8	Cassia	104
Antirrhinum	151	Castanea	224
Apargia	183	Ceanothus	57
Apocynum	61	Celastrus	57
Aquilegia	133	Centaurella	34
Aralia	74	Cephalanthus	33
A'rbutus	101	Cerastium	111
A'rctium	185	Chelidonium	129
Arenaria	108	Chelone	153
Arethusa	208	Chenopodium	65
A'rum	223	Chrysanthemum	193
Ariindo	26	Cichorium	182
Asclepias	62	Cicuta	70
Aspidium	252	Circaea	8
Asplenium	254	Cistus	130
* Aufcuw. The usual English pronunciation is Anemone. 
262
INDEX I.
Clematis	133	Fragaria
Clethra	105	Fraxinus
Cnicus	186	
Collinsonia	7	(
Comarum	123	Galium
Comptdnia	219	Gaultheria
Conium	68	Genista
Convallaria	80	Gentiana
Convolvulus	50	Geranium
Conyza	191	Gerardia
Coreopsis	204	Geum
Cornus	37	Glechoma
Corylus	232	Glycine
Crataegus	118	Gnaphalium
Cucubalus	no	Gratiola
Cunila	7	
Cupressus	236	j
Cuscuta	64	Hamamelis
'Cymbidium	208	Hedysarum
Cynoglossum	47	Helianthus
Cyperus	14	Helleborus
Cypripedium	209	Heracleum Hibiscus
D.		Hieracium
Dactylis	23	Holcus
Datura	51	Hordeum
Dianthus	108	Houstonia
Dicksonia	254	Hydrocotyle
Diervilla	56	Hydropeltis
Drosera	75	Hyoscyamus Hypericum
E.		Hypoxis
E'chium	47	
E'lymus	28	
Epigaea	101	I'lex
Epilobium	90	Impatiens
Equisetum	259	I'ris
Erigeron	193	Isnardia
EriocauloB	215	I'va
Erysimum	158	
Erythronium	82	
Eupatorium	189	Juglans
Euphorbia	115	Juncus Juniperus
F.		
Fagus	224	
Festuca	25	Kalmia
H.
K. 
INDEX I.
263
L.		Onopordon	187
Lactuca	184	O'rchis	206
Lathyrus	167	Osmunda	257
Laurus	97	O'strya	232
Lechea	29	O'xalis	162
Leersia	22		
Lemna	215	P.	
Leontodon	183	Panicum	18
Leonurus	145	Pedicularis	151
Lepidium	156	Penthorum	111
Ligustrum	5	Phleum	21
Lilium	82	Phytolacca	112
Lobelia	55	Pinus	233
Lolium	27	Plantago	33
Lupinus	167	Platanus	233
Lycopodium	258	Poa	24
Lycopus	6	Podalyria	104
Lysimachia	48	Podophyllum	132
Lythrum	114	Polygala	166
		Polygonum	93
M.		Polypodium	252
Magnolia	139	Pontederia	79
Malva	163	Populus	241
Medeola	85	Portulaca	114
Medicago	174	Potamogeton	41
Melampyrum	150	Potentilla	124
Mentha	144	Pothos	39
Menyanthes	50	Prenanthes	183
Mikania	188	Prinus	79
Mimulus	15-3	Proserpinaca	30
Mitchella	34	Prunella	149
Mollugo	29	Prunu's	118
Monarda	7	Pteris	256
Monotropa	f06	Pycnanthemum	147
Myosotis	47	Pyrola	105
Myrica	239	Pyrus	11*9
Myriophyllum	222	Q	
		Quercus	225
X			
Neottia	207	R.	
Nepeta Nymphaea	146	Raminculus	136
	132	Raphanus	157
Nyssa	248	Rhexia	91
		Rhododendron	102
0.		Rhodora	104
CEnothera	90	Rhus	71
Onoclea	257	R6sa	121
 
264

Rubus
Rumex
Sagittaria
Salicornia
Salix
Salsola
Sambucus
Sanguinaria
Sanicula
Sarothra
Sarracenia
Saxifraga
Sehoenus
Scirpus
Scleranthus
Scrophularia
Scutellaria
Senecio
Silene
Sinapi
Sison
Sisymbrium
Sisyrinchium
Sium
Smilax
Solanum
Solidago
Sdnchus
Sorbus
Sparganium
Spartina
Spergula
Spjraea
Stachys
Static e
INDEX I-	
121	Stellaria
86	
	Teucrium
	Thesium
222	Thlaspi
2	Tilia
239	Trichodium
65	Trichostema
71	Trientalis
131	Trifolium
67	Triglochin
73	Trillium
130	Tridsteum
107	Triticum
13	Typha
14	
107	
150	U'lmus
148	Uniola
196	U'rtica
110	Utricularia
159	Uvularia
69	
158	
161	Vaccinium
69	Veratrum
240	Verbascum
53	Verbena
194	Vernonia
185	Veronica
119	Viburnum
218	Viola
16	Vitis
111	
120	
146	Xanthium
75	Xyris
T.
U.
V.
X.
109

145
 61
156
131
 22
149
 88
168
 85
 85
 56
 27
219
 66
 23
220
  6
 81
 92
246
 52
148
187
  5
 70
 59
 58
221
 13
                  ERRATA.
Paee 9, line 18, for " wooly," read woolly.
 _ 12, — 17, for " bisulcis," read bis sulcatis.
 __ 52' __ 22, for " decumbent," read decurrent.
 _ 179' _ 3 from bottom, for " graphalium," read gnaphalium. 
ENGLISH INDEX.
Agrimony	114	Buck bean	50
Alder	220	Bugloss	47
Amaranth	222	Bulrush	15,83
Angelica	68	Burdock	185
Apple Peru	51	Burr marygold	188
Arrow grass	85	Burr reed	218
Arrow head	222	Butter cups	138
Arrow wood	70	Butterfly weed	63
Ash	249	Butternut	230
Aspen	241	Button bush .	33
Avens	125	Button wood	233
Baneberries	129	Campion	110
Barberry	78	Cardinal flower	55
Basil	147	Carpet weed	29
Bass wood	131	Catchfly	110
Bayberry	240	•Catmint	146
Beard grass	245	•Catnep	146
Bearberry	101	Cat's tail grass	21
Beaver tree	139	Cedar red	242
Bedstraw	36	Cedar white	236
Beech	224	Celandine	129
Bellflowet	54	Chequer berry	34
Bellwort	81	Cherrytree	118
Bent grass	21	Chesnut	224
Bethlehem star	8	Chickweed	109
Bilberry	92	Chickweed winter-	
Bindweed	50	green '	88
Birch	231	Chokeberry	119
Birdsnest	106	Cinquefoil	124
Bitter-sweet	53	Cleavers	31
Black alder	79	Clivers	36
Blackberry	122	Clover	169
Bladderwort	6	Club moss	258
Bloodroot	131	Club rush	14
Blue eyed grass	161	Cocum	112
Blue grass	24	Columbine	133
Bog rush	12	Cornel	37
Brake	251	Cotton grass	16
Brome grass	26	Couch grass	37
34 
*
266	INDEX II.	
Cow parsnep	97	GRASS.
Cowslip	134	Arrow grass
Cow wheat	150	Beard ——
Cranberry	92	Bent —
Cranesbill	161	Blue ----
Creeper	58	Blue eyed——
Crowfoot	137	Brome ——
Cucumber root	85	Cats tail ----
Cud weed	192	Cotton ----
Cut grass	22	Couch ——
Dandelion	183	Cut ----
Darnel	27	Darnel ——
Dewberry	122	Ditch ----.
Ditch grass	17	Fescue ■
Dock	86	Foxtail ■ ■ '■
Dodder	64	Herds • ■
Dog's bane	61	Knot----
Dog's tooth violet	82	Lyme ---->
Dogwood	38,72	Orchard ----
Dragon root	223	Panic ——
Duck meat	215	Rattlesnake ■
Dutch myrtle	239	Ray ----
Dyer's weed	167	Red top ——-
Elder	71	Reed ----
Elm tree	66	Rough ——
Enchanter's night	shade 8	Spear ----
Fescue grass	25	Spike ——
Fever bush	97	Sedge ——
Feverwort	56	Scratch ----
Figwort	150	Seneca <
Fire weed	184	Squirrel tail----
Flag	219	Timothy----
Flag blue	12*	Yellow eyed —-*-
Flag sweet	83	Grass poly
Flea Bane	193	Green briar
Flower de luce	12	Ground ivy
Flowering fern	258	Ground laurel
Fox-tail grass	20	Groundnut
Gentian	64	Groundsel
Geranium	161	Hacmatack
Germander	145	Hardhack
Gill	144	Hawkweed
Glasswort	2	Hazelnut
Goldenrod	194	Hedge hyssop
Goldthread	134	Hedge mustard
Goosefoot	65	Hedge nettle
Grape	58	Hemlock Hemlock spruce
     85
    245
     21
     24
    161
     26
     21
     16
     37
     32
     27
     17
     25
     20
     31
     93
     28
     23
     18
     25
     37
     21
     36
     16
     24
     23
    216
     94
    245
     28
     21
     13
    114
    240
    144.
    101
    173
    196
    235
    120
182,184
    232
      6
    158
    146
     68
    235 
INDEX II.
267
Henbane	52
Herb Robert	162
Herd's grass	21
Hickory	228
Highwater shrub	204
Hogweed	65
Honewort	69
Honeysuckle	52, 169
Horehound water	6
Hornbeam	232, 248
Horsetail	259
Horseweed	7
Indian tobacco	55
Indigo wild	104
Ivy	73
June berry	120
Knot grass	93
Knawel	107
Ladies' slipper	209
Ladies' traces	207
Larch	235
Laurel	102
Lettuce	184
Life everlasting	192
Lily	82, 132
Lime tree	131
Loose strife	48
Louse wort	151
Lupine	167
Lyme grass	28
Maiden hair	256
Mallow	163
Maple tree	247
Marsh marygold	134
Marsh mallow	163
Marsh rosemary	75
May apple	132
Meadow sweet	120
Melilot	169
Milk weed	62
Mint	144
Monkey flower	153
Mother wort	145
Mountain ash	119
Mullein	52
Mustard	159
Nettle	220
New-Jersey tea	57
Nightshade enchanter's	8
Nightshade black	53
Nightshade woody	53
None such	174
Oak	225
Orache	246
Orchard grass	24
Panic grass	18
Partridge berry	101
Pea vine	173
Penny wort	67
Pennyroyal	7
Petty morel	74
Pickerel weed	79
Pigeon's foot	2
Pimpernel	48
Pine	233
Pine weed	78
Pin weed	29
Pink	108
Pipe wort	251
Plane tree	233
Plantain	33
Pleurisy root	63
Poke root	246
Poke weed	112
Polypody	252
Pond weed	41
Poplar	241
Prim	5
Privet	5
Puccoon	131
Purslane	114
Radish	157
Raspberry	121
Rattlesnake grass	25
Rattlesnake plantain	207
Ray grass	27
Redtop	21
Reed grass	26
Reed mace	219
Rib wort	34
Rich weed	228
River bush	33
Roman wormwood	221
Rose	121
Rose bay	102
Rough grass	16
 
268	INDEX II*		
Rush	83	Sundew	75,
Salt wort	65	Sunflower	203
Samphire	2	Swamp pink	52
Sandwort	108	Sweet fern	219
Sanicle	67	Sweet flag	83
Sarsaparilla	74	Sweet gale	2^9
Sassafras	97	Thin grass	22
Saxifrage	107	Thistle	186
Scabish	91	Thorn apple	51
Scorpion grass	47	Thorn bush	118
Scouring rush	259	Thoroughwort	190
Scratch grass	94	Touch me not	50
Scullcap	148	Tickseed sunflower	204
Sea burdock	221	Toad flax	151
Sea rocket	157	Tree primrose	90
Sedge	216	Trefoil	168
Self heal	' 148	Trumpet weed	190
Seneca grass	245	Tupelo tree	248
Sensitive fern	257	Vernal grass	8
Shagbark	229	Vervain	148
Shield fern	252	Vine	58
Shepherd's purse	156	Violet	59
Side-saddle flower	130	Viper's bugloss	47
Silk weed	62	Virgin's bower	133
Silver weed	124	Walnut	228
Skunk cabbage	39	Water cress	158
Snake head	153	Water flag	219
Snake weed	70	Water lily	122
Snap dragon	151	Water millfoil	222
Solomon's seal	80	Water parsnep	69
Sorrel	87	Water pepper	93
Sow thistle	185	Water plantain	87
Spear grass	24-	Water starwort	2
Speedwell	5	Water target	135
'• Spice wood	97	Waxwork	57
Spike grass	23	White weed	193
Spikenard	74	Whortleberry	92
Spleenwort	254	Wild indigo	104
Spruce	234	Willow	239
Spurge	115	Willow herb	90
Spurrey	111	Winterberry	79
Squirrel-tail grass	28	Wintergreen	105
Staff" tree	57	Witchhazel	■40
Stitchwort	110	Wood sorrel	162
St. John's wort	177	Wood waxen	167
Strawberry	123	Woody nightshade	53
Succory	182	Yarrow	203
Sumach	71	Yellow eyed grass	13
 
 

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