*#1
NATIONAL LIBRARY QF MEDICINE
Washington
Founded 1836
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
T
•
ENGRAVINGS
OF THE
BONES, MUSCLES, AND JOINTS.
\
*«
/•
ENGRAVINGS
OF THE
BONES, MUSCLES AND JOINTS,
BY JOHN BELL, SURGEON.
PART FIRST.
CONTAINING
ENGRAVINGS OF THE BONES.
THE FIRST AMERICAN FROM THE SECOND LONDON EDITION.
tfc£>
PHILADELPHIA:
PUBLISHED BY ANTHONY F1NLEY.
William Fry, Printer.
1817.
#/'
% •>
to
DR. DANIEL RUTHERFORD,
PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE AND BOTANY,
AND
PHYSICIAN TO THE ROYAL INFIRMARY,
EDINBURGH.
SIR,
IN presenting this Book of Plates to one who is so well able
as you are to judge of their defects, I ought to add some value to the offer-
ing by declaring the motives of it.—It is a mark of gratitude for the friendly
care with which, in company with my worthy Master, you watched over me
during a long and dangerous illness. Perhaps there can be no higher compli-
ment betwixt medical men, than this confidence in time of sickness; and
surely, if I may judge from my own feelings, nothing can be more grateful
than the remembrance of kindnesses bestowed at such a time.—May your
skill be long useful to your fellow-citizens; and may it be always valued as
I value it.
I am,
• Sir,
With respect,
Your Friend, and Humble Servant,
JOHN BELL.
**•
PREFACE.
WHEN a young man, who had been blind from his childish years, had his
sight restored to him by our celebrated surgeon Chesselden, all his
thoughts, and feelings, and pleasures, and pains, were very interesting to
his friends; for that most delightful of all our senses was to him as a dream of
fairy visions, confused, yet delightful, beyond all that the fancy can conceive,
" He was like one newly born into the world, needing to learn anew all the
" objects around him, knowing nothing by the eye, but all by the touch.
" It was long before he found out that pictures represented solid bodies,
" and then he was much surprised that those things, which to the eye
" seemed prominent and round, were to the touch quite even and flat; he
" asked his friends which was indeed the lying sense, feeling or seeing."
" Being shown his father's picture in a locket, at his mother's watch, and
" told what it was, he acknowledged a likeness, but was vastly surprised;
*** asking
vjjj PREFACE.
" asking, how it could be that a large face could be expressed in so little
" room; saying, it should have seemed as impossible to him, as to have put
" a bushel of any thing into a pint."
Now there are many, who having enjoyed and used this precious sense
during all their lives, have never come to know, like this young man, that,
even within the narrowest circle, the representation is as perfect and true, as
in the full size of the human body; foolishly imagining that nothing can be
drawn but of its natural size. If a man were to take this fancy, that nothing
of anatomy could be drawn but of the full size of life, with what high con-
tempt must he look down upon these little plates; where I have endeavoured
to represent, in this miniature form, what it must be confessed, might be
more fully represented on a larger scale: and yet I am sensible', that those,
who cannot understand these plates, mwill hardly profit even by that stately
anatomical figure of full six feet high, which, being cut in copper, with
googes, and chissels, and mallets, and all kinds of instruments, must esta-
blish a reputation for its author; which, if not high, will not fail to be at least
of a lasting kind; neither apt to be forgotten, nor liable, like other discoveries,
to go astray.
" As I proceeded in writing a book of anatomy, I felt more and more at
M every step, the necessity of giving plates to it;" for a book of anatomy
without these seemed to me no better than a book of geography without its
maps; it was, in my mind, like teaching mathematics without diagrams, or
solving
PREFACE. ix
solving Euclid's problems without the helps of figures or lines, by the mere
force of imagination alone. Indeed any one, who, studying without some help
of plates, tries to understand and to remember an anatomical description with
no other representation than words merely, will feel, that he is like one
attempting to work a rule of arithmetic without the use of cyphers, trying to
remember the value and denomination of each part throughout the whole
train of numbers; he is ingenious in difficulties, making an abstract subject
of one belonging to the senses chiefly, and attempting to obtain by words,
those ideas which must come to him only through the eye.
It was while I was writing anatomical descriptions that I first thought
of drawings, and of placing my subjects in those very shapes and postures
in which they were explained:—and I conceived, that the descriptions and
the drawings might thus be wrought into one perfect whole; being as two
parts of one idea, or as one idea presented in a double form, once to the
eye, and once again to the ear. If, in any material points, my drawings and
descriptions shall thus agree, then must the ideas be made out to my reader
clear and faif; and should insinuate themselves into his mind without labour
or thought on his part; while he is not toiling from descriptions to drawings;
not harassed with continual interruptions, incongruous ideas, parts de-
scribed but not represented, or represented and not described; not travelling
far and wide from the ideas of one author, to the representation of another*
never trying to associate ideas which, have no affinity, nor striving to bring
drawings and descriptions together, which are as far, as may be, from being
-d parts
Part I. B V
PREFACE.
parts of the same idea, or from being capable of that close comparison which
the student seeks, and misses with a disappointment which is continually
renewed. Such must be the student's labour, (a labour which might wel
oppress the most active mind,) if the teacher be not careful to preserve for
him this correspondence of ideas; wrhether he be employed in comparing his
lecture with the subject lying before him, or his drawings with his book.
From the first dawnings of anatomical knowledge, or at least from the
very earliest invention of anatomical plates, this vitious practice has pre-
vailed, that each author, careless of this correspondence of ideas; never
thinking of the harmony that ought still to subsist between those notions
which are to be conveyed by words, and those which speak to the eye, in
the truer language of this subject; intending merely to write a book, and
rather with the hopes of procuring himself a name, than with the prouder
expectation of multiplying and varying the sources of instruction, writes his
book after his own way; and takes his plates, perhaps, where he is directed
by his bookseller, or where he may most safely steal; and often choosing
them of a fashion fifty years older than that book, into the gaps and inter-
stices of which, they are to be nitched and stuck up, wherever they will
make the handsomest figure, not where they will be *>f the most use.
* This ironical praise may be very safely given to the older anatomists for
their love of original drawings, that having once set their taste to one certain
system of plates, they have been very constant and true to their first choice.
It
I'M-; FACE. K\
It is thus that the plates of Vesalius, Fallopius, or Eustachius, have de-
scended, with some distortions and abridgments indeed, but still unpolluted
with any stain of originality, nor vitiated by any one improvement of repre-
sentation or of thought, through the books of Vidus Vidius, Parens, Stc-
phanus, Blanchardus, Veslingius, Riolanus, Verhein, Palfin, Dionis, and a
thousand others. Thus have the once beautiful plates of Vesalius, (mangled
and deformed, cut down to suit books of all sizes, twisted and accommo-
dated to all subjects and all forms of explanation,) descended to us in such
distorted shapes, that while we are looking over their books to fix upon
them this indictment of plagiarism, we can hardly recognise the original
drawings so fairly as to "prove the deed.
Even in the first invention of our best anatomical figures, we see a conti-
nual-struggle between the anatomist and the painter; one striving for elegance
of form, the other insisting upon accuracy of representation. It was thus that
the celebrated Titian consented to draw for Vesalius: though it is but too
plain that there can be no truth in drawings, thus monstrously compounded
betwixt the imagination of the painter, and the sober remonstrances of the
anatomist, striving for accurate anatomy, where the thing cannot be; for
those figures, which are supposed to be drawn truly from the anatomical
table, are formed from the imagination of the painter merely; sturdy and ac
tive figures, with a ludicrous contrast of furious countenances, and active
limbs, .combined with ragged muscles, and naked bones, and dissected bow-
els, v/hich they are busily employed in supporting, forsooth, or even demon-
strating
XJJ PREFACE.
strating with their hands. This vitious practice of drawing from imagination
merely is well exemplified in this, that anatomists have, with one consent,
agreed to borrow the celebrated Torso for putting their bowels into, to ex-
plain them there; a practice which has descended from the time of Vesalius
down to Chesselden, and from him to the systems of the present day.
No painter in natural history, in botany, in mechanics, nor in any thing
that relates to science, would dare to draw without* his subject imme-
diately before him: but anatomists, who most of all need this clearness
and truth, have been most of all arbitrary and loose in their methods; not
representing what they saw, but what they themselves imagined, or what
others chose to report to them:—hence the careless copying from book to
book, the interpolations of anatomists, the interference of painters in a sub-
ject degrading to their higher art, the errors and mistakes of engravers,, and
the subjection of true anatomical drawing to the capricious interference of
the artist, whose rule it has too often been to make all beautiful and smooth,
leaving no harshness nor apparent blur in all his work. Even the celebrated-
book of Albinus has been thus abused; and though he is sparing of cellular
substance, and glands, and fat, and vessels; of all that gives a drawing its
likeness to the human body; even the little that he had given, is now rounded
down into the smoothness of ivory, as if a model had been made and drawn
from. Albinus, (naturally sparing of ornament, and wanting in the natural
character of parts) lived to see his drawings thus robbed of the little that
they possessed of grace or nature; and then produced, as if in mere wan-
tonness
PREFACE. xjii
tonness and sport, under the high title of Anatomy of Painting; but
by one, who seems too grave to have intended any stroke of irony, so
refined as this.
A higher taste prevails in the present age; and the splendid and noble
works of Morgagni, Haller, Bidloo, and Albinus, and of Chesselden,
Hunter and Cowper, are drawn truly, and from nature, and cannot be for-
gotten, while anatomy and the arts depending on it, continue to be esteemed.
Yet even, among those great men, we have seen an idea gradually im-
proving, till at last it was brought by Haller to the true point. For Albi-
nus's drawings are merely plans: Bidloo's tables are beautiful and mas-
terly; but being wanting in regularity and order, they want altogether the
clearness of a plan: Haller's drawings are as fair as Bidloo's, as regular as
those of Albinus; and combine in one the truth and sometimes the* elegance
of drawing, with the plainness and accuracy of a mere plan.
If an anatomist shall set up a skeleton, and draw it in postures resem-
bling those of life; if he shall dissect the human body, studying and
drawing it in parts; if he shall continue drawing muscle after muscle, and
one part after another, till he have gone through the whole; if he shall
proceed then to take these drawings and notes of individual parts, and lay
them over his first drawings of the bones; if he shall try to match the parts
belonging to fifty individual bodies of different sizes, of various forms,
dying, some suddenly, and others slowly, some full and muscular, others
emaciated
xiv m PREFACE.
emaciated and poor; what will the result of all this be, but a mere plan?
It is a plan merely, through all the process, and in all its parts; it cannot
be other than a plan when the whole work is accomplished and set up. It
was an unlucky theory of this kind that carried the great Albinus, for
fifteen years, through a course of laborious dissections, painful and useless
to himself; but useful to all those who have to follow him: Still each
drawing of his is but a mere plan, resembling no individual body, resem-
bling in nothing the general drawing of the body; it is such a view as
never is to be seen in a dissection. It is not, like our Cowper's nor like
Bidloo's, a true drawing of muscles dashed with touches of glands, and fat,
and cellular substance, which are the natural distinctions of parts; nor mixed
with the branchings of arteries or nerves, the chief objects for which we
study the muscles; but it is like a statue anatomised, where all the irregula-
rities of substance, all the gradations of bones, ligaments, tendons, and
flesh, are rounded down with a studied smoothness; it is a figure which the
student can never compare with the body as it lies before him for dissec-
tion; it is a figure suiting more the eye of the painter than the eye of the
anatomist; nor even pleasant to his eye, since it stands in attitudes, which
no swelling of particular muscles seems to support.
In the other extreme is Bidloo; for, in his plates, the master-hand of
the painter prevails almost alone; while whole, sheets of infinite labour
serve only to explain the joinings of the clavicles, or perhaps the form of one
trifling muscle or gland. The formal figures of Albinus are more desirable
than
•
PREFACE. xv
than these. But, in either book, we regret either extreme; in Albinus we
think that we understand every muscle of 4r human body! but our know-
ledge hardly bears the test of dissection; the drawings and the subject
never can be directly compared:—In Bid loo, we have the very subject
before us! the tables, the knives, the apparatus, down even to the flies that
haunt the places of dissection, all are presented with the main object of the
plate; and thus we have perfect confidence in the drawing; in which also
the parts are laid out in a bold and masterly stile, so that the dead subject
and the engraving can well bear to be compared. But in Bidloo there is
often n6 classification nor arrangement, no breadth of parts, by which we
can understand a whole limb; a thigh is presented with no one marked
point; neither the haunch nor the knee are seen: His plates are all elegance
in respect of drawing; in respect of anatomy, they are all disorder and con-
fusion; and one must be both anatomist and painter to guess what is meant,
how the limb is laid, and what parts are seen.
It is to Haller that we must give the palm; who having to do with
parts chiefly, and not with a whole, has seldom offended by drawing a dis-
sected body, after a living form; nor by planning and dividing a living form
into the parts of a dissected body; but has given his drawings truly from
the anatomical table; and with the truest drawing, has given, very often, all
the distinctness of a plan.
Now we should always remember that anatomy is to be learnt only by
dissection;
XVJ PREFACt
dissection;* dissection is the first and last business of the student; and when
drawings are made for his us^the body should be laid out, as he is to
order it in dissection; the belly should be displayed, as he can display it in
his subject; an arm should be so drawn, that, when he dissects the arm of
the subject, it may fall naturally upon the table, exactly as he finds it in his
book; and still the posture of arms, and legs, and heads, should be preserved
distinct and clear: enough of the general figure should be kept to explain
the posture of parts; there should be kept up a natural correspondence
among the several drawings; and while the true anatomical drawing is deli-
* If anatomy is to be acquired in this way only, then must we understand by a school
of anatomy a school of dissection: Yet those who have had the happiness of prosecuting
their studies in, foreign universities, or in the London schools, will hardly believe it, that
there is at least one place of education much celebrated, and worthy to be so, where the
study of anatomy is denied or proscribed.—Where not only it is not praiseworthy, but even
dangerous to propose dissections; where the man who may be so bold as to do his duty in that
most important study, shall be traduced in filthy pamphlets, thrust officiously, and with in-
tentions not of the purest kind, into the hands of every young man who comes to school. If
I have felt this, it has been still in silence; till I now speak of it, not formally, but by chance;
not with the mean thought of presenting myself as a persecuted man, nor of indulging a
resentment which, were lost upon such people, or upon such an occasion; but to make my
acknowledgments to one, whose generous conduct is not unknown; who is truly interested
in the honour and reputation of that university to which he belongs; who is at once an
honour and defence to it; and whose single praise, (may I be allowed to say what touches
myself so nearly,) "shall outweigh a whole theatre of others."
vered
PREFACE. . xyjj
vered upon one plate, a plan, if it be required, should be added upon
the next.
I know but too well that few will submit to learn anatomy, as the)
should do, by the dry reading of anatomical descriptions, and the tedious
comparing of these with the subject, or with their plates; and there are
very few, who have learned this useful truth, that they are to become
acquainted with parts only by being masters of the whole. One proposes to
himself* to learn the bones only; another designs to attend chiefly to the
joints; a third will study'the arteries only, " for the arteries are of chief use
" to the surgeon;" another delights in studying the viscera, and is sorely
disappointed if he fail to understand the brain; while anatomy absolutely is
not to be studied in parts, but is one fair and continued circle, where such
is the correspondence, and mutual connection of all the parts, that he who
would know the muscles, must first study the bones; and he who would
learn the blood-vessels, and nerves, (which are indeed the most important
to the surgeon,) must know the muscles thoroughly. It is according to the
muscles, that all the other parts are to be described; for when we trace the
course of a blood-vessel, it is by pursuing its intricate wanderings among
the muscles: it gives its first branch to one muscle, its second branch to
another; it forks into two, under the belly of a third; it goes through the
substance of a fourth muscle, or accompanies its tendon, or runs along the
edge of its fleshy belly: So that in describing a great vessel, we mark its
exit from the trunk of the body, its entrance into the arm-pit or groin, its
Part I. C course
i
XVJ^ PREFACE.
course down the arm or thigh; the dangers, the wounds, the operations of
each great artery or nerve, are recorded according to the parts which their
several branches supply. And besides these considerations, which cannot
but have their weight, we must not forget, that the wounds of the muscles,
the sprains of tendons, the rupture of ligaments, the collections under the
general fascia? or broad tendons of the limbs, are of themselves sufficient
and direct motives; the only ones, indeed, that need be assigned for teach-
ing the anatomy of the muscles with particular care.
Yet, labour it as we will, how poorly ought we to think of our own dili-
gence, when we find Statuaries or Painters studying the anatomy of the
human body, with a perseverance and success which may well put us to
shame! Painters merely, who having no object so important, nor so inte-
resting, as the injuries and accidents of the body, desire nothing more^han
to understand its external beauty and its form.
The Greeks lived in the most delightful countries of the world;--the most
beautiful people; sometimes happy, and always free. Among them the arts
grew and flourished, and were to all ranks the chief business and pleasure
of life:—for moderation and simplicity was in their dwellings, while all their
riches were reserved for shows and festivals, for adorning their native city, for
the public use. Their temples, and streets, and halls were filled with represen-
tations of a beauty, which never existed but among that happy people, or lives
now only in their works, the admiration and reproach of our laggard times.
They
PRBFACE. xix
They saw, in their public games, the lovely forms of their youth moving in
dignity and grace: For there were seen in mixed assembly;—in their women,
the purest models of female beauty;—in their young men, the grandest dis-
plays of the manly form; moying and in action; inspired by every noble
emulation, exulting in their strength; or advancing into the public view,
only to show the beauties of their form.-----Their artists needed no helps
of anatomy; but in those delightful spectacles collected all the modes and
forms of beauty, to combine them into one high ideal form.*
The moderns have come poorly after, in this great career; copying coldly
those half-animated forms, which are seen in our schools of the arts fixed
in laborious postures, " selling their ignoble beauty for a price." Sensible
of this great defect, our artists have taken the help of anatomy, to correct
this tame unmeaning form; studying with a noble perseverance, (but as
their own critics acknowledge to us,) with but poor success. They study
each muscle; they note down its direction and use; they guess at its office,
and power in certain postures of the body; and try to mark it in its just
place. The modern statuary, is like one wandering among the ruins of some
noble city, who finding the remains of a temple, traces its lines among the
ruins, and, upon this slender knowledge, tries to imagine and coldly repre-
sent to us its lost form and ancient grandeur.
» " We are taught by philosophy, the natural pre-eminence and high rank of specific
" ideas above individual forms."----Harris.
It
xx PREFACE.
It was thus that Michael Angelo studied our profession: and studied it
so, that the lessons of that great master are a reproach to those who profess
anatomical knowledge. His knowledge of anatomy gave to all his works a
cast "approaching more nearly to the Etruscan stile, than to the purer
taste of the Greeks;" marking them too harshly with traits of learning.
His violent distortions and sudden shortenings of the limbs are less
pleasing to those who delight in the delicate and higher beauty; fitting
him less for representing the female form, than for giving bold and terrible
pictures of action and strength. But still he is correct and true in all that
belongs to the anatomy of the human body; and his studies are a trial of
the anatomist's skill;—for in looking upon one of these, we find that the
knee, the ancle, the neck, the wrist, each head and projecting point of
bone, is truly marked; while the distortion of the figure, the violent
action of the limjbs, the shortenings and bendings of the joints, and the
intricacy of the whole posture are difficult in the extreme; but still each
limb is true, and every individual muscle swelling in its just degree, so
as to preserve correctly the proportions and balance of the whole. Should
not we be ashamed to compare our languid endeavours with the perfect
knowledge of this great painter, the very notes of whose deeper studies
in anatomy we are unable to read?
But in our profession, though the very science might almost be defined
a knowledge of parts, industry and knowledge are but of low repute, and
the very name of diligence and mere labour, a term of reproach; while
genius
PREFACE. xxj
genius is in truth nothing but a strong desire of knowledge, and the spirit
of industry its truest mark. Let not the student of anatomy despise labour,
nor hope to acquire his knowledge by other means. Injustice to his own
genius, he must take all advantage of descriptions, and drawings, and dis-
sections, and plans; feeling, no doubt, in his first difficulties the need of
every help, but striving to mount, by slow degrees, from such elementary
books, as that which I now present him with, to those noble and splendid
works, which were the beginning of correct anatomy, and will not be for-
gotten, while that branch of knowledge is respected or known. And here
may I not complain, that, in scheming these plates, I am curbed and
bound in by the economy of my plan? If, indeed, by wishing merely, the
thing could be accomplished, this word economy should never more be
heard of in all that relates to science; but many are to study our profession
who cannot command those noble works; and every young man who is to
study an art in which the interests of society are so immediate and so
strong, should have the means of instruction put within his reach. If there
be any teacher, then, who being circumscribed in point of time, would
consent to offer his help and instructions in that form in which he could give
them, regarding more his duty than his good name, to him this motive
shall be my apology; it shall be my apology to all those who can feel with
me a sincere desire to do good and to be useful;—but not to all!—for
students have been already warned, that they must be jealous of those who
pretend to give them plates; •« that some are. capable of making plates for
" them, and some are not; that those who are best able to give them plates,
" either
XXJJ PREFACE
" either will not undertake the labour, or cannot find time." And so, the
half only of this delicate argument was left unpronounced, which was already
but too plain. Now, although some unfortunate publisher of Anatomical
drawings was thus left impaled upon the horn of this broken dilemma, any
implied reproach could not be aimed at me particularly, since my book was
not published; it was only advertised. This is perhaps a sort of caution,
which it might in certain circumstances be very right, or very dutiful, or
very convenient, perhaps, to give; as young men, no doubt, need some
careful person to instruct and help their judgments, especially in such ten-
der points as this. But should it ever happen, that a man of high rank and
character should be found, striving to hurt any poor endeavours of mine,
I might feel that rising within me, which it were almost a meanness to sup-
press;* and reply to him in the words of Lord Shaftsbury: " You, Sir,
" have a character, which sets you above us far, and releases you from
" those decorums, and constraining measures of behaviour, to which we
" of an inferior sort are bound; you may liberally deal out your compli-
" ments and salutations in what language you think fit; for I shall but
" strive with myself to suppress whatever vanity might naturally arise in
" me for such a favour bestowed; for, whatever may in the bottom be in-
" tended by such treatment, it is impossible for me to term it other than a
* Ille sapit, qui te sic utitur, omnia ferre
Si potes ac debes. Juvenal.
" favour
PREFACE. xxiii
" favour, since there are certain enmities which it will ever be esteemed an
" honour to have deserved."*
The author surely will not be accused of such want of taste, and relish
for elegant drawing or engraving, as to hold these plates out as excelling
in what is beautiful; yet, may he not hope, that they are not wanting in
what is useful? They want that size which gives splendour to a grander
* Perhaps it was some such critic as this that contrived that great anatomical drawing,
which either I should not have mentioned at all, or should have given some short account
of.—Indeed it is not easy to deliver a fair history of even the most trivial improvement,
and very seldom are we able to discover by what happy chance an idea first sprang up in
the mind of its author; but perhaps the history of this grand figure might go in the follow-
ing terms. The ingenious Mr. Cruikshanks, with the design of explaining all that he or
Dr^Hnnter had injected, of the lymphatic system, in one consistent view, took a delicate
and elegant drawing of the human body, and laid his lymphatics upon it, explaining at the
same time his intention, and making his apologies for this little plan; but he could not
foresee that the idea thus first suggested was to receive, in passing through a greater
mind, a grander form.—The expedient was tried again, and the second anatomist resolv-
ing to outdo at one stroke all his rivals, and knowing of no surer way than this, had an
engraving made of a most gigantic size! An Askapart! A figure of full six feet in height;
which (bating the clumsiness of conception) has turned out to be a drawing of such singu-
lar beauty, that it will not be rivalled; and as there can be no representation of the human
body of more than six feet high, it positively cannot be excelled.—All those who under-
stand the intention and effect of engraving, or who have any idea of the bold and free man-
ner which class drawings require, must wonder even at the report of such a thing; but not
as our poet Young wonders, " for wonder is involuntary praise;" if the emotion be involun-
tary, it will most likely be of another kind.
work,
work, and of course that proportion, which gives the full idea of the human
body; they want that elegant drawing, and careful engraving, which should
do anv idea justice, which is so necessary in delivering the minuter parts
with character and truth; ail is wanting that belongs to the idea of a grander
work; an idea, which the author could not but feel, yet durst not indulge.
But still he hopes they may be found simple, intelligible, and plain; having
whatever belongs to a little system of plates, intended merely to accompany
a book of anatomy, and chiefly designed for those who are entering on their
studies, and but little advanced; and he trusts that he will be indulged, in
trying fairly, whether by attending to the correspondence of ideas and
representations, whether by ordering his drawings so as to suit his book,
whether by a careful combination of descriptions, drawings, and plans, he
shall not be able to.deliver a system of anatomy, intelligible, or perhaps easy
for his pupils; enabling them to enter the dissecting room with confidence,
and to leave it, not without instruction; and qualifying them also for under-
standing those illustrations, which he shall continue to give, or the corrections
and remarks of other teachers:—for that student has but a mean idea of the
value of his profession, who does not seek all means of instruction; and the
teacher must have a poor conceit of his present knowledge, who does not
hope, by his own diligence, to correct himself; or to receive lessons from
others, sometimes friendly, too often in this world tinctured with its enmi-
ties, and passion; such as are not pleasant in receiving, which still it is a
duty to receive.
WHILE
PREFACE. xxv
WHILE I have ventured to speak so fully concerning the general design
of these plates, it is very natural for me to say also a few words concerning
the mechanical labour.
I have drawn my plates with my own hand. I have engraved some of
these plates, and etched almost the whole of them: Which I mention only
to show, that they bave their chance of being correct in the anatomy, and
that whatever, b*y my interference, they may have lost in elegance, they
have gained, I hope, in truth and accuracy.—And while I mention this, I
must not be ungrateful to Mr. Beugo, whose skill will, I hope, be shown on
some higher occasion, and whose character must not be hurt by any thing
ths* may be seen here; for wherever in these plates all is fair and clean, it
is owing to his care; and those blots of execution which are not fairly
covered, have not come through his correcting hand.—Whatever he has
done alone has been hurried, allowing no time for artful or laborious engra-
ving, though still all that is here, I hope, is correct and true.
I have endeavoured, also, to keep the explanation of these plates to the
most simple and natural form; knowing, by long experience, that anato-
mical descriptions are, even to the most earnest and diligent student, very
tedious and hard to be understood. The loading of such a study as Ana-
tomy with peculiar or affected language, and with heedless terms of art,
Part I. D where
xxvi . PREFACE
«
where too many are really needful, has a tawdry and vulgar appearance, of
which we have much reason to be ashamed; it is a barbarous jargon, to
which our ear is subdued only by long and inveterate custom: and our
continual use of this trashy language in school books, presents to the stu-
dent the difficult and harassing task of learning at once a new science and a
strange language.
Swift, who commends simplicity of language, and enforces his lesson
by the most beautiful examples, says, " When the water is clear you will
" easily see to the bottom;" but anatomists have stirred up their techni-
cal terms so thick, that the student has but a poor chance of seeing to the
bottom, unless we shall agree in letting this sediment quietly subside
again.
The medical student is, indeed, so accustomed to hard words, that he can
scarcely think any book accurate or complete that is without them; and
however well he may understand its descriptions, cannot believe them true.
He is not only accustomed to know the most difficult parts by the hardest
names, but to have the detail given to him in such expletives, as the Pos-
terior, Anterier, Superior, Inferior;* and eften after all, this Superior
• 0ur science in this country has got this vile farrago, of Anterior, Superior, &c. through
bad translations ef Latin and French, where such words as Superieure or Superior are in
their place.
Anterior
PREFACE. XXVii
Anterior portion is but one extremity forsooth, or one portion" of a part,
which having other posterior extremities, or anterior portions, has to pass
still through a long declension of these curious terms, which have not, like
the terms in any other science, the property of conveying more regular and
clear ideas, nor of saving superfluous words. They stand in place of the
simple expression of upper or lower ends.—Now this clutter of hard names
confounds the ear, as well as puzzles the judgment of the student, and is
truly a disgrace to the science;—it looks as if we believed Anatomy to con-
sist in strange terms, and that we could not write in true character of Ana-
tomists, but by departing as widely as possible from the language of gentle-
men. I have Ventured, instead of " setting up this rank and file of tall opaque
" words betwixt the reader's imagination and my own conceptions," to
make every description as simple as may be,—using no hard words, but the
pure names; choosing rather that my book should be plainly understood,
.than admired as a piece of unintelligible profound anatomy.
first book.
OF THE BONES.
HOXES
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BOOK FIRST.
OF THE
BONES.
PLATE I.
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This Plate exfilains the Text Book, from page 35, to page 52.
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IN this Plate are represented the Adult and Foetal Sculls, that they may be
fairly compared with' each other;-----and there is explained here, not the
minute anatomy of the individual parts, but the general view only, viz.
the Bones of which the Cranium is composed;-----the Sutures by which
the several bones are joined. And, in the Foetal Scull, the form and pro-
cess of Ossification; and the interstices called Fontanelles, which are
always left membranous, during the slow ossification of the child's head.
FIGURE I.
32
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE i:
THE ADULT SCULL.
A The Frontal Bone, where (a) shows the serrated edge which forms the Coronal
Suture;----(b) the flatter part behind the Eye, which is plain and hollow for lodg-
ing the Temporal Muscle;----(c) is the acute angle of the bone, which is called
the External Angular Process, from its forming the outer angle or corner of the
eye; ■ and (d) is that prominence over the Nose, under which there is a small
cavity within the bone, called the Frontal Sinus, which the surgeon avoids in per-
forming the operation of trepan; though it is rather irom the difficulty of perforating
this part that he shuns it, than from any danger in the perforation.
B The Parietal Bone. The letter B points to that great line, which running ac-
cording to the length of the bone, with a rainbow-like arch, divides the sur-
face into two equal parts, of which the upper and smooth-part (e) is covered
with the thin^ expanded tendon of the Occipito-Frontalis Muscle, while the
lower part (/) has its surface radiated; and these radii are the impressions of the
particular bundles of which the Temporal Muscle consists; so that " the white
" semicircular line (B) represents the origin of the temporal muscle; and the con-
" verging lines on the surface (/) express the manner in which the fibres of
" the muscle are gathered into a smaller compass to pass under the jugum."
Fid. P. 61—(g) points to a small hole in the back part of this bone, which
is sometimes large, sometimes wanting; and which gives passage to a small vein
of the integuments, (going inwards to the longitudinal sinus or great vein of
the head) and also to a small artery, which accompanies the vein: (h) marks
that corner which, running down sharper and longer into the temple, is often
called
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST. 33
called the Spinous Process of the Parietal Bone; and this corner is the more to
be observed, that it is under it that the great artery of the Dura Mater runs.
C The Occipital Bone, of which but a very small part is seen in this direc-
tion.
D Is the Temporal Bone, seen full and direct from one side; where (i) marks
that thin upper edge, which forms the squamous suture; (k) the deep and flat
part of the bone, on which the temporal muscle lies; (/) the Mastoid or Mamil-
lary Process, named from its resemblance to a nipple; (m) the Styloid Process,
which stands out over the back part of the throat to give origin to several mus-
cles of the throat and tongue; (n) is the Zygomatic Process, which, joining
with a similar process of the cheek bone, forms the zygoma or arch; (o) marks
the Ring of the Meatus Auditorius Externus, or outward ring of the ear; and
(/>) shows a small hole, which, like that of the parietal bone, transmits a vein
passing from without into the great sinus or vein within the scull, and which be-
longs sometimes to the temporal, sometimes to the* occipital bone, or sometimes
is in the suture betwixt them.
E The Os Malae, or bone of the cheek, which forms the lower and fore part
of the socket for the eye, and supports the cheek; and by its prominence or
flatness gives the form of the face;----one process (q) is seen here going up to
meet the angular process of the frontal bone, and so is named the Angular Pro-
cess of the Cheek Bone; while (r) another process, called the Zygomatic Process
of the Cheek Bone, goes to meet the zygomatic process of the temporal bone,
forming the complete jugum, or yoke, under which the temporal muscle passes;
and from that prominent part of the cheek bone, which is marked ($), there go
two remarkable muscles, one the Masseter or Grinding Muscle, which passes from
Part I, E this
+ OF THE BOKES^.
this part of the cheek bone into the angle of the lower jaw to pull it upwards:
while another, a very slender and delicate muscle, goes from the same point
inwards towards the angle of the mouth, and is called Zygomaticus, or Distor-
tor Oris.
F points to the small bones of the Nose, named Nasal Bones; for there are
two of them forming the root of the nose, and the left one is seen here; the
small letter (t) points to what is called the Lateral Nasal Suture, which unites it
to the upright process of the upper jaw bone.
G Points to the Upper Jaw Bone, of which scarcely any thing is seen in this
view, except the circle called the Alveolar or Socket Process, in which the teeth
are set.
H Marks the Lower Jaw Bone; and the letter is placed upon that point of the
Bone which is called the Angle, into which the Masseter Muscle is fixed; .
(u) marks that process of the jaw which is called Coronoid or Horn-like,
which goes up under the Zygoma to receive the great temporal muscle as it
passes under the arch;—and (y) is the Condyloid Process, or that branch of the
lower jaw bone, which is crowned with the Condyle or head, forming the joint or
hinge upon which the jaw moves; which head of the jaw bone is felt by putting
the finger before the flap of the ear.
■
The Sutures are,
1. The Coronal Suture, running across the head, joining the frontal to the parietal
bones, extending from ear to ear; and going down into the Temple, where it joins
the Squamous Suture, and, like it, is scaled, (z. e.) wants the indentations of a re-
gular suture.
2. The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST. 35
3. The Lambdoidal Suture, joining the occipital to the parietal bones; striding
over the occiput, resembling the Greek letter A.—But the resemblance is a little
hurt by the accident of an Os Wormianum, or irregular bone, such as is found
more frequently in this suture than in any other; sometimes single, as in the scull
from which this was drawn; but sometimes in great numbers, and not unfrequently
of the size of a crown piece; these Ossa Wormiana may displace the Lambdoidal
Suture so, that being out of the usual direction, it may be mistaken for a fracture.
3. The Sagittal Suture, joining the parietal bones to each other; extending from
the Lambdoidal to the Coronal Suture, as an arrow lies betwixt the string and
the bow.
4. The Temporal or Sojjamous Suture, belonging chiefly to the temporal bone;
and called squamous or scaled, because the edges of the temporal and parietal
bones are there extremely thin, and are laid over each other like the scales of
armour. One part marked (w) lying betwixt the occipital and parietal bones, is
named the Additamentum Suturae Squamosa?, or Supplement of the Squamous
Suture.
5. Marks a part of the Sphenoidal Suture, joining the wing of the Sphsenoid Bone,
to the temporal, frontal, and parietal bones, for, in this hollow under the zygoma,
all these bones meet by thin scaled edges, and lap over each other; so that all
the sutures in the Temple are squamous.
6. The Transverse Suture, is one which runs across the face, through the middle
of the orbits, and over the root of the nose, and the end of it appears here,
joining the angular processes of the frontal bone, and of the cheek bone.
7. The Zygomatic Suture.
FIGURE II.
#
36
OF THE BONES
FIGURE II.
THE FCETAL SCULL.
EXPLAINS the Foetal Scull;----where we find the holes, processes, and other
marks, very imperfect: Of course a shorter and more simple explanation will
serve.
A Is the Frontal Bone; and jhe letter is so placed, as to mark the central point,
where the ossification begins; the ossification being more perfect at this point, and
going in a radiated form towards all the edges of the bone, leaves the ossification
very imperfect all round the edge of the bone; and at (d) there is a difference
betwixt this and the Adult Scull, for here the cavity of the Frontal Sinus is
not yet formed.
B The Parietal Bone; where also the letter marks the centre of ossification; the
radii are very plain; and. the edges are seen imperfect and membranous, leaving
all the sutures imperfect. The ridge, which divides the bone, is not yet formed;
for the Temporal Muscle has not yet begun to mark the bone.
C The Occipital Bone; where the letter again in this bone, points to an ossifying
central point.
D The Temporal Bone; where many parts, marked in the Adult Scull, as the
Styloid and Mastoid processes,—the small hole,—and the marks of the Temporal
Muscle, are all wanting. And the ring (o) of the Meatus Auditorius Externus,
is
*
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIRST. 37
is merely a ring; is fixed to the bone only, and not joined with it; and is here
seen covered with the smooth membrane of the Tympanum, or Drum of the
Ear.
E The Cheek Bone; which, like all the other bones, is very round, and its edges
blunt and ill defined.
F The Small Bones of the Nose. m
G The Upper Jaw Bone; where, since the teeth are not yet come up, the Alveolar
or Socket Process is not formed, nor even marked.
H The Lower Jaw Bone; where also the Alveolar Process is wanting, and where
the branch of the jaw bone does not rise from the basis, or lower line, with a
bold and acute angle, but goes obliquely off, more horizontal, and more in the
same direction with the rest of the bone.
And lasdy, the chief point to be observed, in the scull of a child, is the open-
ings of the head; for the parietal bone is so incomplete round all its edges,
that it leaves all the sutures imperfect and membranes, and leaves some open-
ings particularly large, (a a a a) mark the four corners of the greater opening
upon the top of the head; which, from the hypothesis of its serving as a drain,
is called the Fontanelle, or Fountain of Moisture. It has four angles, is formed
by four crossing sutures; the Sagittal Suture, descending quite to the nose. The
Fontanelle is covered only, with a thin and delicate membrane; it is named the
Greater Anterior, or True Fontanelle, the opening of the head.
(b) Marks
3g OF THE BONES.
(A) Marks a lesser opening, which is formed by the meeting of the Lambdoidal
and Sagittal Sutures; but, as they do not cross, there are here but three converg-
ing lines; three angles or points of bone; no perceptible opening, but the bones
rather lapping over each other. It is over this point that the hair turns in a
sort of vortex, if we may be allowed to explain it so; and though the greater
Fontanelle was thought to present in labour, this back Fontanelle is the true pre-
senting point.
•
(c) Marks a small Fontanelle, or membranous interstice before the ear; and
(d) Marks another small Fontanelle behind the ear, in the place of the Additamentum
Suturae Squamosa?; and it is the more to be remarked, as it is through this
litde Fontanelle, that the accoucheur opens the head in the rare coincidence of
preternatural posture of the child, and deformed relvis; where after delivering the
body, it is impossible to get the head out: and he prefers this opening, and shuns
the back Fontanelle, lest, in piercing there, he should cut the ligament of the
neck, and so lose his hold of the head.
PLATE II.
flo.YES
PL II
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IV
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JeteobJRtocKer
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SECOND. 39
PLATE IL
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This Plate exfilains the Text Book, from page 52, to page 65.
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EXPLAINS the individual bones of the Cranium, the Frontal, Pari-
ctal, and Occipital Bones.
F I G U R E S I. and II.
EXPLAIN the Os Frontis, or bone of the forehead. The numbers apply equally
to either figure; and every number wanting in the first figure, must be sought
for in the second.
1. The Superciliary Ridges, on which the eye brows are placed, and which form
the frontal sinuses. The skin is very firmly attached to the bone, all along this
ridge; and the Frontal Muscles arise here. The many small dots, which are seen
all along this ridge, are the marks of many little arteries, entering here to nourish
the bone.
2. Points to that hole which is called the Superciliary Hole, for it permits the
small Superciliary Artery and Nerve to come out from the socket of the eye to
turn
4U OF THE BONES.
turn upwards upon the forehead, where they take the names of Frontal Artery
and Nerve. On the one side it is a fair round hole, on the other side it is a notch
only.
.3. The two Internal Angular Processes.
4. The two External Angular Processes.
9. The Hollow behind the External Angular Process, in which the Temporal Muscle
lies.
6. The Nasal Process; standing up sharp and rough, betwixt the two internal
angular processes.
7. The Bump, at the inner end of the Superciliary Ridge, marking the place of
the Frontal Sinus, and indicating also the size of that cavity, by the degree of
rising.
8. The Mouth of the Frontal Sinus; where it opens into the Nose.
9. —is to be found on Figure II. only, and marks the Spine, or Ridge to which
the falx, or perpendicular partition of the Dura Mater is fixed; and (a) shows
the groove, in which the ridge very generally terminates.
10. The two Orbitary Plates; which are those two thin parts of the bone, which
extend over the eye, so as to form the roof for the eye, and the floor for the fore
lobes of the brain; and it is by the continual pressure betwixt these two parts,
that the Orbitary Processes become so extremely thin, that they are quite transparent.
(£) Marks
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SECOND. 41
(b) Marks the space or distance betwixt the two Orbitary Processes; which space
is occupied by the (Ethmoid Bone, which thus lies over the root of the Nose.
11. The mark of the Cartilaginous pully, through which the tendon of the Obliquus
Oculi runs; and
12. Is the Superficial hollow for lodging the Lachrymal Gland in the upper part of
the Orbit.
(c) Upon Figure II. shows the blind hole where the falx begins. This blind hole some-
times belongs to the Frontal Bone, sometimes to the (Ethmoidal Bone, but lies
most commonly in the middle, betwixt the (Ethmoid and Frontal Bones.
4 ---
FIGURE III.
SHOWS the two Ossa Parietalia, or Parietal Bones, separated from the other
bones of the Cranium), and also parted a little from each other, so as to show that
serrated edge, which forms the Sagittal Sutures.
1. Shows the serrated edges, forming the Sagittal Suture^.
2. The edge of both bones, which, in a semicircular form, produce by their union
with the Frontal Bone, the Coronal Suture.
Part I. F 3. The
42 OF THE BONES.
J. The thin semicircular edges, to which the Temporal bones are joined, forming tht
Temporal or Squamous Suture.
4. The Spinous Process; or largest and most pointed corner of the Parietal Bone.
5. The Radiated Surface, upon which the great Temporal Muscle lies; (a) mark-
ing that ridge of the bone, which divides it into two parts, and beyond which the.
origin of the Temporal Muscle does not extend.
6. The place where the Artery of the Dura Mater first makes its impression, viz. at
that sharp corner of the bone, which shoots down into the temple.
N. B. The only hole, which belongs to the Parietal Bone, cannot be seen in this
view, but is to be found in the first plate.
F I G U R E S IV. and V.
JcjXPLAIN the Os Occipitis. It is here shown in two opposite points of view, from
within, and from without; the letters and figures apply to either figure; and the
fourth figure naturally takes the lead, as the description of the Occipital Bone
always begins with the external surface.
Figure IV. The outer surface.
1. The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SECOND 4,,
1. The Upper Transverse Spine, formed for the implantation of the Trapezius raid
Complexus; or produced, according to some, by the action of these great muscles.
2. The Smaller and Lower Spine, formed by the Recti Muscles;—small muscles
which come up from the first Vertebra to lay hold on the Occiput.
3. The Perpendicular Spine, which divides the muscles of the opposite aides from
each other; and by this crossing, these two spines are named, in general terms,
the Crucial Spines.
4. The Great Tuberosity, sometimes called the Spinous Process of the Occipital
Bone, (a) The Cuneiform Process, which meets the Os Sphoenoides. (b) The
Condyle, or Joint Process, on which the head moves, at least in the nodding motion.
(c) The Foramen Magnum, through which the spinal marrow passes out from
the scull, (d) The Hole for the 9th, or Lingual, pair of Nerves, (e) The
smaller Hole behind the Condyle, for the passage not of any nerve, but of a
cervical vein going in towards the Great Lateral Sinus.
In Figure V. is explained the inner surface of the Occipital Bone; and the figures
are continued, that the description may go on still in the same order.
5. Is the ridge to which the Tentorium, or membrane which supports the brain, and
defends the Cerebellum, is fixed.
6. The two furrows, in which lie the Right and Left Lateral Sinuses, making this
broad groove.
7. The two hollows for lodging the backmost lobes of the brain, above the place
of the Tentorium or supporting membrane.
8. Two
^ OF THE BONES.
8. Two similar hollows, for lodging the two lobes of the Cerebellum, below the place
of the Tentorium or cross membrane.
9. The mark of a small falx or process of the Dura Mater; which is like the great
one, and like it contains a small sinus qt vein in it, the groove of which small sinus
is easily seen here.
(a) The Cuneiform Process, (c) The Foramen Magnum, (d) The hole for the
ninth pair of Nerves. (/) The hollow or thimble-like cavity, in which the
end of the Lateral Sinus lies; for at this point the sinus turns suddenly round,
escapes from the scull, and getting down into the neck, loses the name of Sinus,
and takes that of Internal Jugular Vein.
(g) There was left sticking to the end of this bone a fragment of the Sphanoid
bone, so that at this point the Cuneiform processes of the Occipital and Sphoenoid
bones are so united, that to separate them (in the adult at least), we must break
them; and in breaking these bones, the great cell of the Sphoenoid bone, or part of it,
stuck to the Cuneiform process of the Occipital bone; and this cell is marked (g).
PLATE
HOXKS
/>/, III
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Jaccb J Plichtr St
rubli**d by AnUumy FCnUy Philattelhhi
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD.
45
PLATE ffl.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 65, to page 94.
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EXPLAINS much of the difficult Anatomy of the Scull; for these bones,
the Temporal, CEthmoid, Sphenoid, and Upper Jaw Bones, have
many curious and intricate parts.
FIGURES I. and II.
EXPLAIN the Temporal Bone; and now again the letters and numbers belong
in common to both Figures; to Figure I. which explains all the parts that are upon
the outside of the Temporal Bone, and also to Figure II. which explains all that
side of the Temporal Bone which is towards the brain.
The Great Divisions of the Temporal Bone, are; (a) The squamous, or thinner
part, forming the Squamous or Scaled Suture, (b) The Pars Petrosa, or Rock
Part, which is, indeed, in the child, a distinct bone, (c) The Occipital Angle, or
that corner of the bone, which is joined to the Os Occipitis, by the Additamen-
tum Suturee Squamosa?.
The
*{■>
OF THE BONES.
The Processes of the Temporal Bone, are,
1. The Zygomatic Process, stretching forwards to meet that of the cheek bone.
2. The Styloid Process, standing downwards over the throat, to give origin to
many of the muscles of the throat.
3. The Vaginal Process, which is a kind of rough rising at the root of the Sty-
loid Process.
4. The Mastoid or Mamillary Process, which is not formed in the child; which
consists of cells; it is felt immediately behind the ear, belongs to that organ, and
is perforated (so it is proposed at least) in certain kinds of deafness.
5. The Auditory Process, which is named a process, because it is in the child a
distinct part, and still is in the adult (as represented here) a prominent ring.
The Holes of the Temporal Bone relate chiefly to the Ear.
1. (d) Marks the Meatus Auditorius Externus, the outer Auditory hole, upon
which the drum of tr^e ear is braced down.
2. (0 The Internal Auditory hole, or Meatus Auditorius Internus, by which the
Auditory Nerve has access to the Ear.*
1. (/) A small hole for admitting a delicate thread-like nerve, which returns from
without
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. 47
#■
without into the Cranium again, and joins the Portio Dura, or hard part of the
Auditory Nerve while it is going along the passages within the Ear.
4. (g) The Stylo-Mastoid Hole; which has its name, from its being at the root of
the Styloid and Mastoid processes; it gives passage to the Portio Dura, or that small
hard Nerve, which accompanying the Auditory Nerve, goes along with it into the
passage of the Ear; but, whrle the Portio Mollis, or proper Auditory Nerve, re-
mains within the Ear, this Portio Dura, a distinct Nerve, and destined for the face,
comes out by the Stylo-Mastoid Hole, under the ear, and spreads upon the
cheek.
5. (h) Marks the ragged end of the Petrous Portion. The bony part of that canal,
named the Eustachian Tube ends here; but the Tube is chiefly Cartilaginous,
and therefore in this the dried bone, its openings appear quite irregular and rough;
and when the student looks for the Eustachian Tube, he finds nothing but con-
fused and ragged openings. The mouth of the Eustachian Tube, as it appears
when dried, is seen in its right place, Vid. PL VI.
6. (i) The hole for the Carotid Artery is also to be looked for at this point,
though it cannot be seen in this particular view, unless the end of the Petrous
Portion were turned more directly towards the eye.
(k) is the Great Furrow, which the Lateral Sinus, or great internal vein makes,
forming a thimble-like cavity at (/), by the last sudden turn which it makes
before leaving the scull. •
(m) Is a very small Furrow, formed by a small Sinus, or vein, which goes along the
ridge of the Petrous Portion.
7. (») Is
j. OF THE BONES.
MO
r. (;?) Is the last or 7th hole of the Temporal Bone. This is the small hole, formerly
mentioned for the passage of a trifling vein from without into the Lateral Sinus.
Ar. B. The joint or Condyle of the lower jaw is set in the hollow (p) just under
the root of the Zygomatic Process.
FIGURES III. and IV.
EXPLAIN the (Ethmoid Bone; Figure III. showing chiefly the upper surface of
the bone, which supports the fore part of the brain, and which is marked by
the Crista Galli (b); and Figure IV. shows that confused surface, which hangs
over the root or upper part of the Nose, and whose spongy bones, (dd) form a
part of the Organ of Smell.
(a) The Cribriform Plate is the centre, as it were, of this bone, to which all the
other parts are referred; this plate is perforated by the Olfactory Nerves, and it
is from this horizontal and perforated plate, that the whole bone has its name.
The parts belonging to the (Ethmoid Bone are,
1. (b) Is the Perpendicular Process, which stands up from the Cribriform Plate, to-
wards the brain; and is named Crista Galli.
•
2. (c) Is the Nasal Plate; which forms the Septum or partition of the Nose, stand-
ing perpendicularly downwards and forwards, as the Crista Galli stands upwards:
the Crista Galli and the Nasal Plate, are exactly opposite to each other.
3. {dd) The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. 49
J. (dd) The two upper Spongy Bones; they are named spongy, from their constitution,
for they consist of cells; they are called Ossa Spongiosa Superiora, to distinguish
them from two similar bones, which hang in the lower part of the Nose. They
are spoken of as distinct bones, while they are but parts of the (Ethmoid Bone.
4. (e) The Orbitary Plate of the (Ethmoid Bone; which, as it is inclosed
among the other bones of the Orbit, seems to be a distinct bone surrounded by a
peculiar suture, and so is named the Os Planum; though it is merely the flat side
of the CEthmoid Bone.
5. (/) Marks the place where the Os Unguis should be seen; but it is pulled away
to show the numerous cells of the (Ethmoid Bone. These cells are divided into
two sets, one set attached to the Orbitary Plate, or flat square side of the CEtk-
moid Bone, the other set to the Spongy Bone.
6# (£.) Figure IV. shows that set of the cells, which more particularly belongs to the
Spongy Bone, and'(A) Figure III. shows the cells opened from above, to give
a view of those, which more particularly belong to the Orbitary Plate.
Whatever farther is necessary to the demonstration of the (Ethmoid Bone, is to be
found in Plates V. and VI. where the cells are particularly well explained.
FIGURES V. and VI.
EXPLAIN the Sphenoid, Pteregoid, or Wedge-like Bone; it is named Pteregoid
from its resemblance to a bat, and is so presented here, as to suggest the likeness.
Part I. G Figiw
«
J0 OF THE BONES.
Figure V. shows the back view of the bone, viz. that which is turned towards the
scull;—Figure VI. shows the front view, viz. that which is connected with the
bones of the face.
Its Processes are,
1. The Alae, or wings, commonly named the Temporal Processes, for they lie in the
Temples; the Temporal Muscles lie upon them, and their upper edge is squamous
like the edge of the Temporal bone, and forms part of the Squamous Suture.
2. Marks that smooth surface of this Temporal Process, which, being turned to-
wards the eye, enters into the Orbit, and so is named the Orbitary Process of the
Sphoenoid Bone.
.1. The small and sharp Spinous Process.
4. The hook-like point of the Spinous Process, which is often named the Styloid
Process.
5. The External Pteregoid Processes; which are two flat and broad plates.
6. The two internal Pteregoid Processes; which stand off a little higher, and more
direct from the body of the bone; they are smaller; and terminate in a little
hook. The Pteregoid Muscles, which go to the lower jaw, arise from the processes
themselves; and the Tensor Palati Muscle turns round this little hook.
7. The Aeygous, or single Process; which is single, because it stands out from the
middle of the bone. It forms part of the partition for the Nose, and is thence named
Nasal Process.
8. The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD Sl
8. The two Anterior Clynoid Processes.
9. The two Posterior Clynoid Processes.
10. The space bounded by these four Clynoid Processes; which, from resembling
a Turkish saddle, is named Sella Turcica.
11. The two litde wings of Ingrasias, called the Transverse Spinous Processes.
The cells, which occupy the body of this bone, lying under the Sella Turcica, are
to be seen at (g) Figure VI. and again in Plate VI.
The Holes proceed next in order, and are marked also with a suit of numbers, that
the demonstration may be continued and entire.
1. (a) The two Optic Holes, transmitting the Optic Nerves; which are the second
pair of the scull; for the first pair, viz. the Olfactory Nerves, pass through the
(Ethmoid Bone.
2. (b) The Foramen Lacerum; or wide hole, which permits the third, the fourth,
the first branch of the fifth, and the sixth pairs of Nerves to pass; for all these are
smaller nerves, destinecUfor the Muscles of the Eye, and enter thus at the bottom
of the socket, while the second pair is the proper Optic Nerve.
3. (c) The Foramen Rotundum; it transmits the second branch of the fifth pair
which goes to the upper Jaw.
4. (d) Is
•
52 OF THE BONES.
4. (d) Is the Foramen Ovale, (larger than the Foramen Rotundum) which transmits
the third branch of the fifth pair, going to the lower jaw.
5. (e) The Spinous Hole, the Foramen Spinale, which is a small hole in the very point
or tip of the Spinous Process. It is not for the transmission of a nerve; but for the
entrance of that small artery which belongs to the Dura Mater, and which goes
along the inner surface of the Parietal Bone, marking it with its furrow. A brisde
is passed through this hole in one side, to show the course of the artery.
6. The sixth Hole. The Pteregoidean, or Vidian Hole, is not to be seen in this
view; but is to be seen in the next Plate, IV. where it is marked with its proper
number, 6.
(/) Represents the rough surface where the cuneiform or wedge-like part of this Sphoe-
noid Bone has been broken off from the wedge-like process of the Occipital Bone.
(g) Marks the Cells of the Sphoenoid Bone, which are occasionally very large, as
in this Bone; and which make all the bone hollow under the Cella Turcica.
(h) Shows where the Palate Bone had adhered to the Sphoenoid;—and the Palate
Bone, being torn away, has broken, and left some of its small cells sticking
here to the Sphoenoid Bone.
V. B. The Cells of the Palate Bone are explained in the next plate.
This Bone is connected;----at (i) Figure VI. with the (Ethmoid Bone before;__at
(/) Figure V. with the Os Occipitis behind; at (1.) with the Temporal Bones in
the Temples. The Spinous Process (3.) is locked in betwixt the Temporal and
Occipital
#
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. 5ii
Occipital Bones;—and the Pteregoid Processes (5.) are joined to the Palate
Bone, and form the back of the Nostrils. Vide next plate, where the Pteregoid
Processes are seen in their place.
FIGURES VII. and VIII.
THE VII. and VIII. figures of this plate explain the Upper Jaw Bone; Figure
VIII. showing its Internal Surface, viz. that next to*the nose, with the wide
opening of the Antrum, or Great Cavity of the Jaw. Figure VII. showing the
outside of the Bone, explaining the outside walls of the Antrum, or Great Cavity:
so that, by comparing the two sides of the bone, one can easily understand the great
extent of the Antrum, or Cavity; and how pulling a tooth will open the way
for matter flowing out from it.
1. The Nasal Process which rises up on each side to form the sides of the
nose. The Arch forms the sides of the nose; and the rough pointed ending of
this Nasal Process is connected with the Os Frontis.
2. Is the Orbitary Plate, or that plate which forms the floor of the eye, and
the roof of the Antrum, or Cavity.
3. The Malar Process, or that broad rough surface upon which the Cheek
Bone rests.
4. The
34 OF THE BONES.
4. The Alveolar Process, or that projecting semicircle, which holds the teeth;
thence named Alveolar, or Socket Process.
5. The Palate Plate, or Process, of which we see the rough edge only, viz. that
edge by which the Middle Palate Suture, the suture in the roof of the mouth,
is formed.
KB. The Palate Plate is seen full in Plates IV., V. and VI.
6. The Antrum Maxillare, or Higmorianum. This great cavity appears with a
very wide opening here in the naked bone; but this opening is covered in the
entire scull, both by trre lower spongy bone, and by the nasal plate of the palate
bone. This nasal plate of the palate bone is left in this drawing covering a part of
the Antrum; the rest of this opening is naturally covered by a membrane, which
leaves but one small hole.
The Nasal Plate of the Palate Bone which is left sticking upon the Antrum is
marked (a).
(b) Marks the only Hole of the Upper Jaw Bone. It is named the Infra-Orbi-
tary Hole. A chief nerve of the face comes out here, named (with its hole)
the Infra-Orbitary Nerve.
The proper Infra-Orbitary Hole is marked (£); and the Canal by which the nerve
comes down is marked (c): at this place the nerve lies under the eye, upon the
floor of the orbit,—making a very large groove and hole upon this Orbitary
Plate of the Upper Jaw Bonej for arteries running along bones do not make deeper
grooves than the nerves do.
N. B. This
BOOK FIRST, PLATE THIRD. $$
N. B. This Infra-Orbitary Nerve is a chief branch of the Superior Maxillary
Nerve.
(d) Marks the Foramen Incisivum; so named from its being just above the Incisores
or cutting teeth. It is also named Anterior Palatine Hole; it is complete only when
the two jaw bones are joined, as in Plate IV. Fig. III. at (/) which marks this an-
terior Palatine hole.
(e) Marks the course of the Lachrymal Duct, or tube which conveys the tears, which,
after having passed through the Os Unguis, makes this groove in the Nasal
Process of the upper jaw bone, and ends or opens into the Nose just where
this duct ends.
PLATE
>
/SOX US
PL ./I
-2
JBM ) the two Lower Spongy Bones, which are independent bones hung
by a hook upon the side of the Antrum Highmorianum, and consequently hanging
very low in the nostril.
FIGURES IV., V. and VI.
EXPLAIN the Palate Bones; where Figures IV. and V. show the two Palate
Bones separated from each other, and from the other bones. Figure VI. shows the
two Palate Bones joined. On these drawings, the same figures still mark the same
points,—the numbers marking Processes, and the letters running under them
marking as usual the lesser parts.
1. Shows
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FOURTH. 59
I
1. Shows the Palate Plate, or Process of the Palate Bones; and in Figure VI. the
palate plates are joined, so as to form the back part of the middle palate suture:
(jq) is the broad rough surface by which the two palate bones are opposed to each
other, and which forms the Middle Palate Suture: (r) is the middle point, from
which the Uvula, Pap, or Gurgulion hangs down.
2. Is the Pteregoid Process of the palate bones, having a little hollow into which
the Pteregoid Processes of the Sphoenoid Bone are received.
3. Is the Nasal Plates, which lie within the nostrils; and which, by lying flat upon
the sides of the Antrum Highmorianum, close it in part.
4. Is the Orbitary Processes; for the Nasal Process lies up along all the side of the
nostril, and ends in a broader knob, which enters into the socket of the eye at its
deepest part, and is there named Orbitary Process.
5. Marks the Cell or Cells of the Palate Bone, which are in its Orbitary Process, and
which are joined to those of the Sphoenoid bone. W
FIGURES VII. and VIII.
THE two Spongy Bones.
Figure VII. Explains the rolled and spongy appearance of the spongy bone. It repre-
sents that surface which- is turned outwards, i. e. towards the septum of the nose.
Figure VIII. shows that flatter side which is turned towards the Antrum Highmo-
rianum, and closes it; and the letter {s) marks the small point, or hook-like pro-
cess, by which this lower spongy bone is hung upon the edge of the opening into
the Antrum Highmorianum. (t) is the fore end of the spongy bone, which is turn-
ed forwards in the nose, covering the lower end of the nasal duct; so that in
seeking to clear the duct with a probe, we must pass it under this point, (u) is
the other end of the spongy bone, which is turned backwards in the nostrils.
The
60 OF THE BONES.
The position of the spongy bone in the nostrils is well explained in Figure III.
and the fore part of the same spongy bone is seen in Plate VI. Figure II.
FIGURE IX.
Represents the Vomer.
1. The Groove, in its upper part, by which it sits astride upon the Azygous Pro-
cesses of the (Ethmoid and Sphoenoid Bones.
2. Its Lower Groove by which it sits down upon the rising point of the Maxillary and
palate bones: and (r) Figure VI. shows how it stands upon the palate bones.
The letter (y) Figure VI. shows the Great Groove turned upwards to be fixed to
the Azygous Processes of the (Ethmoid and Sphoenoid bones, and the letter (n)
Figure III. sbows the Vomer in its right place in the nose, dividing the nostrils.
3. The Ragged Grooved Surnrce, which looks forwards and receives the plate of
sartilage, which completes the artition betwixt the nostrils.
FIGURE X.
Represents the Cheek Bone.
1. Shows the Upper Orbitary Process.
2. Marks the Inferior or Lower Orbitary Process.
3. The Maxillary Process.
4. The Zygomatic Process; and
5. Marks the plate which forms the lower and fore part of the socket for the
eve, and so is named the Internal Orbitary Process.
FIGURES
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FOURTH.
151
FIGURES XL and XII.
EXPLAIN the lower jaw bone, in two views; but every Figure applies to each
bone, and the Figures proceed in the order of the Text Book.
1. The Chin; the lines comprehend the Chin in their course, and they terminate so as
to mark the small Mental Holes on both sides of the Chin, where the nerves, after
having furnished the teeth, come out upon the face.
2. Marks the line of the Base of the Jaw, extending from the Chin to the Angle.
3. Marks the Angle of the Jaw, which is irregular and knotty, by the insertion of the
great Masseter Muscle.
4. The Coronoid Processes of the jaw.
5. The Condoloid or Articulating Processes; (y) the great hole which receives the
lower Maxillary Nerve. We see here likewise the deep and wide groove that leads
to the nerve; and another deep, but smaller groove, which shows where the nerve
which belongs to the tongue, departs from the great nerve, and runs along the
inner side of the jaw bone betwixt it and the tongue.
6. Is the Alveolar or Socket Process, with the teeth in it.
PLATE
/IOXKS.
Ontftttr/hr /V, '
Jaa>b J flar/ur Sr
Pub* b\ Anthony PtnUy Philad '
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PL A
HOXKS
Jar,4l J Pt/>cbtr . Sept
Pub * by Aiuhtm/inlty Philad
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH
PLATE V.
vw^wwwwvw
This Plate explains the Text Book, in all the Chapters ufton the Scull.
WWWWWWWM
IS a general view of the Cranium,——explaining and connecting the de-
monstrations of the individual parts.
r
FIGURE I.
IN this view, where the Cranium or Scull Cap is cut off, and* the basis seen from
within, the thing that first strikes the eye is,—the formal and regular division of
the Cranium into three hollows (1. 2. 3.); and each of these is like a stage or
deck, one lower than the other.
(1.) Is the fore part of the basis of the Scull, the shallowest and most superficial hol-
low. It is formed chiefly by the Frontal, (Ethmoidal and Sphoenoidal Bones. It is
marked with undulating lines, corresponding with the intestine-like convolutions of
the brain. .This division supports the Fore Lobes of the brain, and gives pas-
sage to the Olfactory and Optic Nerves.
(2.) Is a large hollow, cup-like, deeper than the first;—lying under the temple;—
formed chiefly by the wings of the Temporal and Sphoenoidal, and by the corners of
the Frontal and Parietal Bones. This holds the Middle Lobes of the brain, contains
the Petrous part of the Temporal Bone;—gives out all the smaller Nerves be-
longing
64 OF THE BONES.
longing to the Eye, and all the great nerves belonging to the Upper and Lower
Jaws; it gives also the Auditory Nerves, which enter here into the Petrous Por-
tion of the Temporal Bone.
(3.) Is a stage lower still, being the deepest hollow of the three; is formed chiefly by
the cup of the Occipital Bone, and by a small part of the Temporal Bones;—and as
the Cerebellum supports the back lobes of the brain, this hollow may represent
the back lobes, or the third division of the brain;—so this last hollow contains
the Cerebellum; gives out the Lingual Nerves, which pass through a hole of the
Os Occipitis; and sencfe out the Spinal Marrow through the Foramen Magnum, or
Great Hole.
FIRST DIVISION.
In the first division are seen the parts and holes of the Frontal, (Ethmoidal, and
Sphenoidal Bones.
Frontal Bone.
(a) Marks the Cancelli, or Diploe of the Frontal Bone so cut as to make the Cancelli
appear very wide; but that proceeds from having cut the scull very low, which
has taken off the outer layer of the Orbitary Process. (6) Marks the regular or
proper Frontal Sinuses, which are thus understood to be like enlarged cells of the
Diploe; while (c) shows a part of the cells going down into the Orbitary Plates:
for the sinuses sometimes extend thus all over the eye, as in this scull; and the letter
(c), while it points to this extension of the Frontal Sinus, is so placed as to mark
the undulating forms, which the lobes of the brain give to this thin Orbitary
plate of the Frontal Bone.
(Ethmoidal
BOOK FntST, PLATE FIFTH
6.5
(Ethmoidal Bone.
There is incased betwixt (c c) the Orbitary Plates of till Frontal Bone, the Cri-
briform plate of the (Ethmoidal Bone;—where (d) marks the Cribriform Plate
with its numerous small holes for transmitting the Olfactory Nerves, (e) Marks
the Crista Galli, whence the falx begins. (/) Points to that hole which is called
the Blind Hole, which is as small as a pin's point, and which belongs in common to
the (Ethmoidal and Frontal Bones.
N. B. The small crack to which the lines running downwards from (d) point, and
which indicates the Suture surrounding the (Ethmoidal Bone and named (Eth-
moidal Suture, can hardly be mistaken.
Sphenoidal Bone.
The Sphoenoid Bone is known here by its two processes named Transverse Spi-
nous, or Little Wings of Ingrasias marked (g); the lines from the letter (g)
point to the Sphoenoidal Suture, which separates this Bone from the Frontal and
(Ethmoid Bones, (h h) Mark the two Anterior Clinoid Processes, (i) Marks
the Posterior Clinoid Process; for it is rather one Process terminating in two litde
horns or knobs, (k) Is set down in the Sella Turcica in the very centre of the Cli-
noid Processes where the Pituitary Gland is lodged. (//) Mark the two Optic
Holes, which are scarcely seen, for they lie under the two Anterior Clinoid pro-
cesses, so as to be almost hidden by them:----The two lines going from the letter,
(m) mark the two wide grooves, which are formed by the Carotid Arteries as they
rise by the sides of the Sella Turcica; and the letter (m) itself sits upon a large
groove made by the Optic Nerves, where they enter into the Optic Holes.
Part I. I SECOND
66
OF THE BONES.
SECOND DIVISION.
This division shows points of the Sphceno*d also, but chiefly of the Temporal Bone,
and of the Corner of flV Parietal Bone.
Sphcenoid Bone.
(n) Shows the Foramen Lacerum under the Wing of Ingrasias, by which all the
smaller nerves enter into the socket for furnishing the eye-ball, (o) Shows behind
that, the Foramen Rotundum for the nerve of the upper jaw: (p) The Foramen
Ovale for the nerve of the lower jaw:—and (q) shows the Spinous Hole, which is
large here that it may be seen, (for naturally it is extremely small,) and the Groove
formed by the great artery of the Dura Mater as it enters by this spinous hole, is
also seen here (r) marked very hard and strong.
Parietal Bone.
It is upon the corner of the Parietal Bone, that this groove (r) is formed by the artery
of the Dura Mater.
Temporal Bone.
The point of the Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone is seen here projecting into
the basis or floor of the pranium. The point of the triangular Petrous Portion is
marked (s); and the Internal Auditory Hole, by which the auditory nerve or 7th
nerve enters into the ear, is marked (t).
THIRD DIVISION.
In this third division nothing almost but the Occipital Bone is seen; and its parts are
these—(uu) The two great hollows in which the lobes of the cerebellum lie____
(v)is
*
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH. 67
(v) is the Ridge betwixt these two hollows, which rises ve% high, is called the
Internal Spine of the Occipital Bone, and has a small falx (somewhat like the
larger one) attached to it. (rv) Marks the Foramen Lacerum, or wida irregular
hole betwixt the Temporal and Occipital Bones, through which the Lateral Sinus
passes to go down into the neck, where it forms the Great Internal Jugular Vein.
And the 8th pair of nerves, or Par Vagum, accompanies the vein through this hole.
(x) Stands upon the very middle of the Cuneiform or Wedge-like Process of the
Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones; for the two bones meet here, without any deter-
mined or regular limits for either.—And (y) stands in the centre of the Foramen
Magnum, by which the Spinal Marrow goes down into the canal of the Spine.
FIGURE II.
THIS drawing explains the Basis of the Scull, as it is turned towards the neck and
throat. But this surface is so rough, irregular, and confused, that it will not bear
that fair arrangement and complete enumeration of processes which the first figure
# bears. The surfaces chiefly to be observed, and which may serve in some degree to
arrange the subject, are 1st, The Jaw and Palate Bones. 2d, The Root of the
Temporal Bones. 3d, The Lower Part of the Occipital Bones.
1. About the Palate we observe,
(a) The Alveolar Process of the upper Jaw Bone, robbed of many of its teeth; (£)
the Palate Plate of the Upper Jaw Bone, forming a chief part of the roof of the
mouth; (c) the Palate Plate of the proper Palate Bone, which forms nearly one
third of the Palate; (d) the Transverse Palate Suture, which runs across the Palate,
joining the Palate Bone to the Palate Process of the Jaw Bone; (e) The Middle or
Longitudinal Palate Suture, which joins the bones of the opposite sides; (/) the
Foramen Incisivum, or Anterior Palatine Hole, lying ju#behind the first cutting
teeth, and common to both bones; (g) the posterior Palatine Hole, which permits
the
«*
68 OF THE BONES.
the Palatine Nervcf and Artery, to come down from the back of the nostrils to
the Palate.
The backs^of the nostrils are formed by the rising plates of the proper Palate Bones, and
by the Pteregoid Processes. At the back of the nostrils, we see, (h) the Vomer
so named from its resemblance to a plough- share, and standing exactly in the middle
for it is the partition of the nose; (i) the Outer Pteregoid Process, forming the
back of the nostrils; (k) the Hook of the Inner Pteregoid Process, upon which the
tendon of the T^nsflr Palati Muscle turns: and a small tip of the Palate Bones,
which is at this point covered by these Pteregoid Processes of the Sphoenoid Bone,
is named, the Pteregoid Process of the Palate Bone. And (/) marks the appearance
outwardly of the Wedge-like Processes of the Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones.
2. About the roots of the Temporal Bones we have, *
(w) the Root of the Zygomatic Process, where the Condyle of the lower Jaw plays;
and (n) the Ridge just before the Condyle, upon the top of which the Condyle stands,
in a dangerous situation, almost out of the socket when the jaws are opened wide;
and which it slips over, getting into the hollow for the Temporal Muscle, when
the lower jaw is dislocated, (o) Is the Mamillary, and (p)the Styloid Process, of^
the Temporal Bone, (q) Is the Oval Hole of the Sphoenoid Bone, for transmitting
tUe great nerve of the lower jaw. (r) Is the Spinous Hole of the Sphoenoid Bone,
for admitting the artery of the Dura Mater. (*) Is the hole near the point of the
Temporal Bone for the Carotid Artery, (ttt) The Crucial Ridges of the Os Occi-
pitis—(u) The Posterior Tuber, or the Acute and Prominent Point of the Occipital
Bone.—(x) The Additamentum Suturas Lambdoidalis, which joins the back corner
of the Temporal to the Occipital Bone.
The Zygoma, as formed by the Zygomatic Processes of the Temporal Bone, and of
the Cheek Bone, is marked (y); and the hollow under the Zygoma for lodging the
Temporal Muscle andfcie branch of the lower jaw to which that muscle is attach-
ed, is marked (z); and is seen in this view on both sides full and large.
SUPPLEMENTARY
BOOK FIRST, PLATE FIFTH.
69
SUPPLEMENTARY EXPLANATION TO PLATE V. OF THE BONES.
HAVING, in doinff the outline to this plate, found it possible to mark the
points more correctly, I have added the following explanation in this sup-
plementary page; and that they may unite easily with the first explanation,
I repeat the essential points.
In the Upper Scull there are,
1. The Optic hole (/).
2. On each side of the letter (m), there is the likeness of a second Optic hole, but it
is merely the impression which the last turn of the Carotid Artery makes.
3. (n) Is the Foramen Lacerum.
4. (o) Is the Foramen Rotundum.
5. (p) Is the Foramen Ovale.
6. (q) Is the Spinous Hole.
7. (z) Marks the round Hole by which the Carotid Artery enters the scull* after wind*
ing through a crooked canal in the Temporal Bone, about an inch in length.
8. The figure (8.) points to a great breach in the rocky part of the Temporal bone;
this breach is occasioned by the falling away of the Cartilaginous part of the Eusta-
chian Tube. Therefore this wide breach is found in every Church-yard scull; and
the hole for the Carotid Artery marked (z), opens where this breach encw.
9. It is observed of the great hole marked (tu), for the passage of the Jugular Vein,
that it is large and irregular; that it is almost divided into two openings, by a small
projecting point; the line extending from the letter (w), touches exactly this small
point.
y0 OF THE BONES.
point. The eighth pair of nerves passes in the smaller opening before the point,
the Jugular Vein passes in the greater opening behind it; a small bridle of the Dura
Mater goes across from this point, and makes the two holes distinct in the fresh
scull, and defends the eighth pair of nerves from the. pressure of the Jugular Vein,
when, (as often happens) it is turgid with blood.
10. The number (10.) marks the hole tinder the Condyle by ^ich the ninth pair of
nerves, the Lingual Nerve, goes out.
In Figure II. the chief points are these,
(/") Marks the AnteriorPalatine Hole.
(g) Marks the Posterior Palatine Hole.
(A) The Vomer, or bone forming the partition of the nose.
(i) The outer Pteregoid Process.
(k) The Inner Pteregoid Process.
(/) The Cuneiform Process of the Occipital Bone.
(1.) Marks the Foramen Lacerum, not that which is marked (n) in figure i. but ano-
ther Foramen Lacerum belonging also to the orbit, not for the transmission of
nerves, but for the lodging of fat.
(y) Marks the Foramen Ovale.
(r) The Spinous Hole.
(2.) Is that great breach which is left by the fading of the Cartilaginous end of the
Eustachian Tube.
(s) Is the hole for the passage of the Carotid Artery, which as on the inside of the scull
opens immediately behind the breach.
(3.) Marksnhe great Thimble-like hole, by which the Lateral Sinus comes out from
the Scull, to form the great Jugular Vein.
(4.) Is a hole seated behind the Condyle, the hole marked (10.) in figure i. is before
the Condyle, and gives passage to the ninth or Lingual pair of nerves; this smaller
hole is behind the Condyle, and gives passage to a small vein of the neck.
PLATE
lio x i<: s
Outline lor PL.ri.
Publuhtd . M»M™V. tintrv. I'hUacitlpbt*.
61
*.-"■.' V
IIOXKS
PL.ri.
J. Brit. dd
J. J. flocher. Sc
fitbJ by.Anthony.rmlty.Pluluitt
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SIXTH.
71
PLATE VI.
wvvwvwvwvw
This Plate explains the Text Book, in all the Chapters u/ion the Scull,
WWV4/VWWWW
GIVES 1st, a general view of the Cranium, the reverse of the first plate;
and 2d, a vertical section of the Cranium, which shows the relation and.
bearing of many important parts,—explains particularly the gr^at train of
sinuses or cells, which make all the basis of the Cranium hollow,—ex-
plains also the spongy bones,—the Antrum Highmorianum,—the Nasal
or Lachrymal Duct,—and the Mouth of the Eustachian Tube, which is
seen here stuffed out, and dried, to make its opening immediately behind
the nostrils at the back of the palate more distinct.
FIGURE I.
OUTSIDE OF THE SCULL.*
A.THE Os Frontis; where {a) marks the bump of the Frontal Sinus; (b) The
Superciliary Ridge, dotted with marks of its Nutritious Arteries; (c) The Super-
ciliary Notch, and hole which the Frontal Nerve and Artery make.
B. The
* Let the reader remember that there cannot be a perfect correspondence of figures through
all the plates; that no more could be attempted in the anatomy of the Bones, (a subject so
irregular
7ti OF THE BONES,
B. The Parietal Bone, and the letter is so placed as to mark that semicircular ridge
where the Temporal Muscle arises.
C. Marks the Temporal Bone. Where (d) marks the Meatus Auditorius; (e) the
Mastoid Process; (/) the Zygoma; and (g) a Double Squamous Suture, as in the
scull from which this was drawn.
D. Marks the Cheek bone where all its connections are seen; (h) with the Temporal
Bone; (i) with the Frontal Bone; (Jt) with the Upper Jaw Bone.
E. Marks the Wing of the Sphoenoid Bone, where it lies in the Squamous Suture; and
the four corners of bone forming the Squamous Suture, are (/) the corner of the
Sphoenoid; (m) the corner of the Parietal; (n) the corner of the Temporal; and (0)
the Corner of the Frontal Bone.
F. Marks die Small Bone of the Nose, where the middle Nasal Suture is seen.
G. Points to the Upper Jaw Bone. The letter is placed upon the Alveolar or Socket
Processes; and the small letter (/>) marks the Infra Orbitary Hole.
H. Marks the Lower Jaw Bone, this letter touching the point of the chin; while the
small letter (jj) marks the line of the basis of the lower jaw; (r) the mark of the
Masseter Muscle, the point into which it is inserted; (s) the Mental Hole by which
a twig of the lower Maxillary Nerve comes out upon the face, just as the twig
of the upper Maxillary Nerve comes out upon the face by the Infra Orbitary
Hole at (/>).
In the Orbit, (t) marks the holes, which being within the orbit, (for arteries and nerves
passing down into the nostril,) are called Internal Orbitary Holes, to distinguish
them from the Supra Orbitary and Infra Orbitary Holes. Of these internal Orbitary
irregular) than just to make each plate systematic and orderly in itself, without reference to
any other plate. And so in each plate the great letters point to the general Bone, and the
lesser alphabet marks and arranges the individual parts.
Holes,
/
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SIXTH. . 73
Holes, one is named the Anterior, the other is named the Posterior, Orbitary
Hole. So that in this drawing, there are seen all the holes around the Orbit, viz. (r)
the Supra Orbitary Hole, or Superciliary Hole; (/») the Infra Orbitary Hole;
and (t) the internal Orbitary Hole. I^the Orbit is seen (u) the Transverse Suture
on the right side pure; on the left side also it is seen, but appears very irregular, as
it really is, for it joins together a great many irregular bones.
Within the orbit some other parts are also seen here, which are not so well explained in
any other plate.—The whole constitution of the orbit is seen;—(1.) Marks the Os
Unguis in its plain part, where the eye rolls upon it.—(2.) Marks the Groove of the
Os Unguis, where the nasal duct lies; (3.) the Os' Planum, which is in fact the plain
side of the (Ethmoid bone as seen Plate III. Fig. III. at (e). (4.) Is the Orbitary
Process of the Upper Jaw Bone. (5.) Is the Orbitary Process of the Sphoenoid
Bone, which is exactly opposite to its Temporal Ala or wing (E.) (6.) Is the Orbi-
tary Plate of the Frontal Bone, which forms far the greater part of the Orbit; and
(7.) at the bottom of the Orbit is the Optic hole.
In the Nose, the letter (y) denotes the Vomer, the bone which forms the partition of
the Nose.
FIGURE II.
THE VERTICAL SECTION OF THE SCULL.
A Is the Frontal Bone; where (a) marks the Coronal Suture seen from within like
a mere crack, and not serrated or zig-zag, as on the outer surface of the scull;
(A) marks the small projecting Spine, to which the falx is attached, and which
projects sometimes half an inch, making it impossible to trepan safely at this point;
(c) the Orbitary Process, or plate, which lies over the eye; (d) the Bump mark-
Part I. K ing
~a OF THE BONES.
ing the Frontal Sinus or cavity. (1.) The cavity or sinus itself, with a cross bar in
it, as there commonly is.
B The Inner Surface of the Parietal Bone; with the Artery of the Dura Mater, or
rather its impression or furrow seen. %
C The Inner Surface of the Occipital Bone; where (e) marks the Winding Groove
of the Lateral Sinus; (/) that Groove ending in the thimble-like cavity, and the
thimble-like cavity ending in its turn in the Fft-amen Lacerum, by which the sinus
gets out; and there passes along with it through this wide slit, the Par Vagum, or
eighth pair of nerves, (g) Marks the thickness of the bone, at the place of the
Crucial Ridge; (h) its thinness, where it is loaded and pressed by the lobes of the
brain, (i) Shows the section of the Foramen Magnum, (k) Marks the Cuneiform
Processes of the Occipital and Sphoenoidal Bones.*
D Marks the Temporal Bone, where (/) points out the Foramen Auditorium Inter-
num, where the Auditory Nerve enters; and (m) marks the Styloid Process.
G Marks the Upper Jaw Bone, where it forms the Palate.
H Marks the Lower Jaw Bone, where (n) is the section, showing the Cancelli of the
Lower Jaw; (o) is the angle-; and here upon the internal surface of the angle, the
Pteregoid Muscle is implanted; (/>) the hole by which the proper nerve of the
Lower Jaw, the inferior Maxillary Nerve, gets into the heart of the bone; and
there going round, accompanied with an artery, a branch of each is given off to
every tooth; and what remains of the Nerve and Artery after this, comes out
by the Mental hole upon the chin.
The curious parts seen in this section are;—The Cells, Spongy Bones, and the
Eustachian Tube.
* There are two Foramina Lacera or wide holes, one belonging to' the Sphoenoid Bone,
in the bottom of the socket for the eye; and this one betwixt the Temporal and Occipital
Bones, in the basis of the Scull over the neck or implantation of the vertebrae.
The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SIXTH. 75
The Cells are marked (1, 2, 3;) for (1.) Marks the beginning of this long train of
cells, being the cells of the Frontal Bone, commonly called the Frontal Sinuses,
communicating with each other, and with the nose. (2, 2, 2,) Mark the Cells
of the (Ethmoid Bone lying under the Cribriform Plate, and seen here by the cut-
ting away of the Os Planum. (3.) Marks the Great Sinus of the Sphoenoid Bone.
It was pretty large in this scull, and is known to belong to the Sphoenoid Bone, by
the Sella Turcica and Clynoid Processes, which are seen in profile above it.
(jy) Marks the back part of the Septum Nasi left; and looking past that, into the nostril,
the Spongy Bones are seen; (r) the Upper Spongy Bone is already described as a
mere process of the (Ethmoid Bone, hanging thus downwards into the top of the
nostril: (s) the Lower Spongy Bone, is an independent separate bone; small, as is
expressed Plate IV., and hooked upon the edge of the Antrum Maxillare at this
part; the opening of the Antrum is here marked (s).
The Lachrymal Duct is marked by the probe, (t) passed upwards from the nostril,
and it is seen, by the direction of this probe, that the duct opens into the nose,
just under the point of the Lower Spongy Bone.
The Eustachian Tube is a large internal passage to the ear; which opens at (u) just be-
hind the back part of the Palate, and at the back opening of the nostril: here it is
well expressed, the drawing being taken from a scull which had the cartilaginous
opening of the tube stuffed out and dried.
PLATE
/iOXKS
PL YV
rjl'lochei- S>.
fllMMed by Aiitlum./'ihbry J9tiiad°
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH
77
PLATE VII.
vwvwwvvwvw
This Plate exjilains the Text Book, from page 105, to page 129.
-V-V\'X/V'\'X/V\) the
Groove in which the intercostal artery lies, (q) The more spongy end of the rib,
with a sort of rude socket, which receives the cartilage that joins it to the sternum.
FIGURE XII.
Represents the whole length of the sternum.
(1.) Marks the Upper Part of the Sternum; where (r) shows the pointed part of this
first
»
BOOK FIRST, PLATE SEVENTH. g3
first bone turned downwards to meet the second piece of the Sternum, (s) Is a hollow
which makes way for the Trachea, &c. (t t) Are two articulating surfaces, by which
the clavicle of either side is joined to this piece of the sternum,
(2.) The second piece of the Sternum, of great length, receiving the cartilages of most
of the ribs; and the sockets for receiving the cartilages are seen, though not very
fully, all along its edge at (u «), &c.
(3.) Is the Ensiform Cartilage, which in most bodies is straight pointed, as in this
drawing, but sometimes bifurcated;—sometimes bent down, or on the contrary
turned remarkably upwards; very seldom ossified, except in those persons who are
extremely old.
)
PLATE
•
It OX IS
PL VIII
.lacvbJ ."li'rbrr Se
Pub."! by AnUungi flnlp Philact •
BOOK FIRST, PLATE EIGHTH.
85
PLATE VIII.
vwv\^.vwvwwv
This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 105, to page 147.
iw\iww\fwwvw
IS a general view of all the Bones of the Trunk. It is chiefly useful by
showing the general position of Bones which have been already minute-
ly explained, and requires only a very loose and general explanation, be-
cause it is a general plate merely, upon which the parts and processes
. need not be minutely told.
A The Ring of the first Vertebra or Atlas.
B The Tip of the Tooth-like Processes of the Dentatus.
C The Bodies of the Cervical Vertebrae.
D Their Transverse Processes.
E The Holes betwixt the Vertebrae, by which the Cervical Nerves come out from
the canal of the spinal marrow.
F The First Rib, lying flat and level here; and it is at this place, betwixt the clavicle
and the first rib, that the subclavian vessels come out.
G The General Convex of the Thorax, formed by the middle of the ribs.—-(a a a)
Mark the ends of the ribs which receive the cartilages, by which the ribs are joined
to the sternum.
G Marks the Seven True Ribs.
H Marks the three first False Ribs, whose cartilages run into the cartilage of the
seventh rib.
I Marks
gg OF THE BONES.
I Marks the Two Loose or floating Ribs, whose cartilages do not join the other carti-
lages, nor are united to the sternum; but stand out in the flanks, free and independent,
their cartilages being buried in the thick flesh of the abdominal muscles.
K The Cartilages of the Ribs.
L The First or triangular piece of the Sternum.
M The Second or long piece, which receives almost all the Cartilages.
N The Third piece, as it is usually called; though it is merely Cartilage, to extreme old
age.—This third piece N is the Cartilago Mucronata, Ensiformis, or Sword-like,
O The Clavicle, or Collar Bone, as it lies upon the top of the chest; and here it is seen
how the bone by its proper position, keeps off and supports the scapula or shoulder-
blades.
P Marks the lower border of the Scapula. (£) Marks the Acromian Process, to which
the Clavicle is connected.—(c) Is the Glenoid or Articulating Cavity, for holding
the shoulder bone; (d) is the Caracoid Process, showing how it projects on the in-
side of the joint, in the hollow under the arch of the Clavicle.—It is plain from this
position of the process, that it should be felt on the breast just above the border of
the Axilla.
Q The bodies of the Lumbar Vertebrae, thick and massy to support the weight of all
the parts above.
R The Transverse Processes of the Lumbar Vertebrae, (z z) touch the Spinous Pro-
cesses, where they appear in the interstices of the Transvere ones.—(e e e) Mark the
intervertebral substances, or rather represent the putty, which is put betwixt the Ver-
tebrae (in making our skeleton) to stand, in place of the intervertebral substance.
S The Os Sacrum; where (//) represent the holes of the Sacrum disposed regularly
in pairs.—(g g) Represent the white lines, which were cartilaginous in the child, di-
viding the Sacrum into five pieces, but are now consolidated into white ljiies of pro-
minent bone particularly hard and firm—(h) Represents the joining of the Sacrum
to the Os Ilium at either side, which joining is named the Sacro-Iliac Symphysis.
TThat
BOOK FIRST, PLATE EIGHTH. 87
4
T That division of the Os Innominatum, which is called the Os Ilium; where (i)
marks the hollow bosom of that expanded wing, which lying obliquely outwards
like the wing of a chariot, is called the Ala Ilii: the Iliacus Internus Muscle, arises
from this surface.—(k) Is the circle called the Spine or Ridge of the Os Ilium.—(/)
Is the sudden sharp point, by which the Spine ends, and which is there named the
Spinous Process, to which the name Anterior is added, to distinguish it from others,
which lie concealed in the joining with the Sacrum. This Anterior Superior Spi-
nous Process has another under it smaller and marked (m)f which is called the An-
terior Inferior Spinous Process.—It is merely a small Bump, over the top of the
socket for the origin of the Rectus Muscle, (n) Marks the back or Dorsum Ilii,
from which the Glutaei Muscles arise.
U U These two letters intersect all that part of the Os Innominatum, which is called
Ischium; where (o) marks the body of the bone, where it forms a chief share in the
socket, (p) Marks the Spinous Process, which is seen through *the opening of the
Pelvis projecting towards the Sacrum.—(q) Marks the Tuberosity or Bump of the
Os Ischium, the lowest point of the Pelvis, and the part upon which we rest in sit-
ting; and (r) marks the Ramus, or branch of the Ischium, as it rises to meet a like
branch of the Pubis.
V Marks the third piece of the Os Innominatum, viz. the Pubis;—where (s) is
the body, where it forms part of the sockag for the thigh-bone;—(t) the highest
point named Crista Pubis;—(u) points to the Symphisis Pubis, or joining of the
opposite bones;—(v) marks the leg of the Pubis, descending to meet the leg of the
Ischium. The Rami of the Ischium and of the Pubis form, with the other parts of the
Os Innominatum; first the Arch of the Pubis;—secondly, the Thyroid Hole; and the
Rami are said to meet one half belonging to the Pubis, and one half to the Ischium,
because they are in fact separate in the child; a clear transparent cartilage, being
interposed betwixt them___(*) Marks this Thyroid Hole; and (y) marks the Ace-
tabulum or socket for the thigh-bone.
PLATE
"I-*
PL IX
^m%
J.Bell.dtl ■
"Au»M.I1octun&f.
.fUttulud. byAnthony. Finlrv.Hhiladtlphia..
BOOK FIRST, PLATE NINTH
89
PLATE IX.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 147, to page 158.
»(WW\IVWWWW
Represents the thigh Bone, Tibia, and Fibula.
FIGURES I. and II.
REPRESENT the fore and back views of the Thigh Bone.—And in order that the
letter press may proceed itrthe regular order of a litde description or demonstration,
the small figures are put upon each drawing; so that any number that is wanting on
one drawing, must be found on the other.
The First Figure shows the Back Part of the Thigh Bone, which is marked by our
seeing here, from behind, the length of the neck of the bone;—the manner of its
rising out of the two great processes, the Trochanters;—the projection and rough-
ness of the Linea Aspera, and the deep hollow betwixt the Condyles.
The Second Figure, or the fore view, is exceedingly simple, having no strong marks.
The Linea Aspera is turned almost out of sight. The chief pgtuliarity of the fore
view is, that it shows the bending form of the bone.
Part I. M The
9©
OF THE BONF.S
The Points of Description are,
(1.) The Body:—very thick, strong, of a cylindrical form, bending outwards with a
gentle curve.
(2.) The Head, which is very smooth, and very fairly circular. It is a large segment
of a small circle, and is let pretty deep down into its socket. There is a dimple at
(a), which marks the place where the central ligament once was.
(3.) The Neck of the Bone, long, and almost horizontal, to set the shaft of the bone
the wider off from the Haunch Bone, that it may move freely.
(4.) The great Trochanter, a large bump or process for the insertion of the Glutaei
Muscles.
(5.) The lesser Trochanter, a smaller process, for the insertion of many muscles which
move the Thigh Bone inwards.
(6.) The Linea Aspera, or rough line, from which much of the Muscular flesh that
covers the thigh arises.—And this Linea Aspera, or rough line, begins at (£) in
a forking form from the roots of each Trochanter:—the two lines meet, and the
Linea Aspera becomes single in the middle of the thigh, (c)—Towards its lower
end (d) it forks again to go off towards each Condyle.
(7.) The two Condyles, which form the great articulating surfaces of the Thigh Bone,
where it lies in the knee-joint.—In Fig. II. we see that the inner Condyle (e) is
the larger one; being larger to compensate for the oblique direction of the thigh
bone. At (/) Fig. II. we see, covered with cartilage, the flat polished surface
upon which the ^>tula or knee-pan rolls.—And in Fig. I. at (g) we see the
very deep notd^betwixt the two Condyles, in which the crucial ligaments of
the knee-joint lie.
FIGURE
BOOK FIRST, PLATE NINTH
PI
FIGURE III.
The Tibia.
1 HIS is a drawing of the right Tibia, seen from before. The upper end belonging
to the knee is large and broad, and is likened to the trumpet end of a pipe.—The
lower head belonging to the ancle is small, and has one projecting point, viz. that
which forms the inner ancle, and which is thought to resemble the flute-mouth of a
pipe. The whole bone has the triangular or prismatic form of the Ulna and Radius.
(1.) Is the Upper head of the Tibia belonging to the knee joint; where (h) marks a lit-
de tubercle or rising, which divides the two articulating surfaces from each other.
It is from the back part of this tubercle, that the cross ligaments of the knee joint
arise, (i i) Mark the two lunar hollows, upon which the two Condyles of the thigh
bone rest, and in which the semilunar or moveable cartilages of the knee joint lie.
(k) Is that rough circle which bounds the articulating surface, and from which the
Capsular Ligament arises. (/) Is the tubercle or bump of the Tibia, upon which we
rest in kneeling, and into which the great fore tendon called the Ligament of the
Patella is fixed: and (m) is the prominent ridge of the shin, which begins from this
tubercle, and goes downwards in the waving form of an Italic/, (u) Is that part of
the Tibia which receives the upper end of the Fibula.
(2.) Is the middle part of the bone, which is of a triangular or prismatic form, and
the figure (2) is repeated upon each of the three angles.
(3.) Is the lower and smaller head of the Bone belonging to the ancle joint; where (n)
marks the smooth hollow which receives the bones of the foot, and which is named
(like the articulating surface of the Radius), the Scaphoid, or Boat-like Cavity of
the Tibia, (o) Marks the projection or process of the inner ancle, which guards the
joint, preventing luxation inwards, (/>) Is the small cavity on the side of the
Tibia, which receives the lower head of the Fibula, in the way that is represented
in next plate.
FIGURE
4
*
92
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE IV.
IS a drawing of the Fibula, which is a long slender bone, so extremly simple in its
form, that there needs be no further description than this, that the shaft of the bone
(g) is exceedingly slender,—is much longer than the Tibia,—and is triangular like
the Tibia. The upper end (r) is laid under the projecting head of the Tibia, at (u
Fig. III.) and it is laid flat upon it; so that this articulating and smooth surface (r)
is smooth only for the sake of a very slight degree of shuffling motion.
The lower end (s) is the larger.—It unites with the lower end of the Tibia (f> Fig.
III.) to form the ancle joint. This guards the ancle joint without, as the Process
of the Tibia guards it within. And this smooth articulating surface (t) is for re-
ceiving the side of the Astragalus, that bone of the foot by which chiefly the ancle
joint is formed.
PLATE
BOXES
PL X
rf '"X 11
Jtvajbjflci,,,. Sc
PUbb.htJbyAtX*. KnUyPbilndf
f-
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH
9S.
PLATE X.
W\iVWV\*jWVVW
This Plate cxfilains the Text Book, from page 153, to page 166.
W«iVWVWWVWW
EXPLAINS the Connections of the Tibia and Fibula, and all the
Bones of the Foot and of the Toes.
FIGURE I.
SHOWS the Tibia and Fibula laid to each other as they lie in the leg; and here
all the letters and figures, explaining the Tibia and Fibula of the last plate, are put
upon the very same points; so that no new letters nor figures are required, except
(y), to mark that space betwixt the Tibia and Fibula in which the Inter-osseous
Membrane lies; and (x) to show the arch which is made by (o) the process- of the
inner ancle, and (s) the lower head of the Fibula forming the outer ancle: for the
deepness of the arch, and the projection of these two points, show how very secure
the ancle joint is; the smooth head of the Astragalus marked (a PI. X. Fig. IV.)
being received deep into this arch.
•
FIGURE
94
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE II.
SHOWS the Outer Surface of the Rotula or Patella, which is rough, and marked
with many points where its nutritious arteries enter.
FIGURE III.
SHOWS the Lower Surface of the Patella, viz. that which is turned towards the
cavity of the joint; and here there is seen a rising line at (*) which lies in the great
hollow betwixt the two Condyles;—while the two hollows on each side of this
rising move upon the convexities of the Condyles. In short, this smooth inner sur-
face of the patella is moulded as it were upon the surface marked (/) in the last
plate, Figure II.
FIGURES IV. and V.
*
EXPLAIN all the Bones of the Foot, viz. of the Tarsus or instep, of the Meta-
tarsus, and of the Toes.
The bones of the Tarsus are seven in number, fewer and larger than the bones of the
Carpus.
(1.) The Astragalus is that great bone which immediately forms the ancle joint;—
where (a) marks the great ball or cartilaginous pully which is received into the
arch formed by the Tibia and Fibula;—(6) Is the flat side of the bone upon which
the processes of the inner and outer ancles lie, embracing the joint closely.—(c) Is
a little flat neck or projection which lies over the heel-bone.—(d) Is the neck of that
t
large round head which makes a ball and socket joint with the Os Naviculare,
which is marked (3).
(2.) The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH. g5
(2.) The Os Calcis lies under the Astragalus, and is the largest of the Tarsal Bones,
supporting all the weight of the body; and here these points chiefly are seen.—(e)
The tip of the bone, which looks upwards, receiving the Tendo Achillis, or great
Back Tendon.—(/) The lowest rough point; the point of the heel upon which
we stand.—(g) The head, by which the Os Calcis is joined to the Os Cuboides,
marked (7.) the Os Cuboides being received at this part into a large hollow socket
of the Os Calcis.
(3.) Is the Os Naviculare or Scaphoides, which has been so named from its resem-
blance to a boat. But if there be any such resemblance it is effectually concealed
in all these views. The Os Naviculare has rising edges and a fair round socket,
which is turned towards the Astragalus (1.) to receive the large round head of
that bone.
(4, 5, and 6.) Are the Cuneiform or Wedge-like Bones; and in this view the square
external surfaces chiefly are seen;—and these Cuneiform Bones, ought just to be
reckoned simply according to their order, the first, second, and third cuneiform
bones, beginning with that which supports the great toe.
(7.) The Os Cuboides is a large square or cube-like bone, as its name implies, but
by no means a regular cube.—It forms a large share of the Tarsus, and supports
the Metatarsal Bone of the Little Toe.
The Cuneiform Bones are less easily understood, and I have therefore made a second
drawing of the foot, Fig. V. (where the same letters and marks are still preserved,)
in which I have shown the point of the Cuneiform Bones, the Metatarsal ones
being taken away. In this figure the faces of the Cuboid and of the Cuneiform
Bones are directly seen. And it is understood why they are called Cuneiform or
wedge-like bones, for the upper surfaces marked (4, 5, 6,) are broad and square;
__while their lower surfaces at (*) are small and pointed; these smaller ends
of the wedges being turned inwards or towards the soal of the foot. In Fig.
IV. (A) marks the five Metatarsal Bones; so named from their being placed on
the
96 OF THE BONES.
the Tarsus.—(i) Marks the first rank or phalanx,—(k) the second,—(/) the third
rank of the bones of the toes.
FIGURE VI.
SHOWS the foot in profile, and explains particularly well the large head of the Astra'
galus (d). These drawings are just half the size of nature, whence it may easily be
understood how large this head of the astragalus is;—as large fully as the head of the
shoulder bone:—and the socket of the Os Naviculare, (3), into which this head of
the astragalus is received, is both larger and a deeper circle than the Glenoid Cavity
of the Scapula, into which the head of the shoulder bone is received.
The manner in which the process (c) of the Astragalus is joined with the Os Calcis,
(s) so as to allow of a shuffling motion, is also explained here. The great length of
the first bone, or Metatarsal Bone of the great toe (A) is also to be observed, be-
cause it is sometimes to be cut away; and it should not be forgotten that it goes
very deep into the foot.
The small bone, commonly called Sesamoid Bone, from its resembling, or being thought
to resemble, a grain of Sesamum (though it is much larger), is seen here at (m)
lying under the ball of the great toe, where it is connected with the tendons of the
short flexor muscles of the great toe.—There are commonly two under the ball of
each great toe, and there are occasional Sesamoid bones under the other toes, and
sometimes under the great joint of the thumb.
The several Phalanges, as they are called, or ranks of bones in the toes, need not again
be explained.
The only important point remaining to be explained, is the double arch of the foot;
for there are two arches. First (n) the great and general arch;—the two points of
which are the tip of the heel, and the ball of the great toe. These points alone of all
the foot touch the ground.—The elasticity of this arch, proceeding from its nu-
merous
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TENTH. 97
is supported under the weight of the whole body, both by the particular ligaments
belonging to the individual joints of the foot,—and more particularly by the Great
Fascia or ligament, (I would call it,) of the sole of the foot, which from one point
(the heel) extends to the root of each toe individually.
But there is also a second and particular arch, which the bones of the Tarsus form
among themselves. This arch is explained by showing a large central hole, which is
expressed in each of these drawings, and is marked (0).—In Fig. IV. there is only
a darkness showing where this central hole is.—In Fig. V, the hole is seen fair (by
the Tarsus being turned round) and is marked (0).—In Fig. VI. it is explained by
a broken pencil, (0) thrust up through this central opening.
Part i.
N
PLATE
noxvs
Pis xi
Jacob. J. ftochcr. Sc.
Published. by. Anlhonv. t'inley. Philadrlphui
BOOK FIRST, PLATE ELEVENTH,
99
PLATE XI.
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This Plate explains the Text Book, from page 166, to page 177.
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OF the Scapula, Clavicle, and Arm Bone.
FIGURES I. and II.
EXPLAIN the Scapula, showing, 1st, its internal,—2dly, its external surface.
The Scapula or Shoulder Blade, is of a triangular shape, (a) Marks its flat surface,
which is turned towards the ribs, hollow, to suit the convexity of the ribs.—And
the letter (a) is repeated all over the surface, to show the little risings of this sur-
face; for this is the part upon which the Sub-scapular Muscle lies; and these risings
are the marks of its fibres.
(b) Shows the Outer Surface of the Scapula, which is in its turn a little convex;—is
crossed by the Spine, or that high ridge (8) which divides it into two surfaces;—
the lower surface (c) holding the infra-spinatus;—rthe upper surface (d) holding the
supra-spinatus muscle.
The Lines and Process of the Scapula are these;
(1.) Is the upper Costa or border of the Scapula, where (e) marks a notch, which is
sometimes a complete hole, or when incomplete it is made out by a ligament. It
gives passage to the Scapular arteries and nerves.
(2.) Is
100 OF THE BONES.
(2.) Is the Lower Costa or border, which is round, and at the place (f) gives origin
to the Teres Major and Teres Minor muscles.
3.) This long side is called the Basis of the Scapula, and has the great Trapezoid and
Rhomboid Muscles implanted into it from above and behind; while the Serratus
Anticus is implanted into it from before and from below.
(4.) Shows the Upper Angle which receives the Levator Scapulae Muscle.
(5.) The Lower Angle.
(6.) The Glenoid or Articulating Cavity, which is particularly small and superficial,
considering how large the head of the shoulder bone is.
(7.) The Neck of the Scapula so called; it is the smaller part which supports the head,
though, properly speaking, there is no neck;—and when the head of the shoulder
bone is said, in a luxation, to lie upon the neck of the Scapula, it lies upon the place
marked (,§•).
(8.) The Spine of the Scapula, which divides the upper surface, and which, rising
higher as it goes forwards, terminates at last in the Acromion Process.
(9.) Is the Acromion Process; it is just the end of the spine, which turns its flat
side towards the head of the shoulder bone, and overhangs the shoulder to defend
the joint, and prevent luxations upwards.
(10.) And there is still a farther security; for the Coracoid Process (10) stands upon
the inner side of the joint, and defends it within. It is named Coracoid Process,
from its being crooked like the beak of a crow.
FIGURE III.
EXPLAINS the Clavicle or Collar Bone: a bone which is extremely simple in its
form, and has few or no parts;—and in which the letter (/i) marks the middle,
the roundest part of the bone, that point which is most prominent in the~ breast;
the part most frequently broken, (i) Marks the end nearest the Thorax, and shows
the
BOOK FIRST, PLATE ELEVENTH. 101
the circular articulating surface, by which it is joined to the Sternum; and under this
end a small moveable cartilage lies, (i) Marks the outer end, or that which is
turned towards the shoulder blade: the Clavicle is flattened at this end, and touches
the Acromion by one single point onlv.
FIGURE IV.
J HE Os Humeri, Shoulder Bone, or Arm Bone.
(1.) The head is large,—flat,—is a small segment of a large circle,—seems quite dis-
proportioned to its socket, (6. Fig. I. II.)
(2.) Is the neck as it is called; though there is no proper neck; there being no length,
nor narrower part betwixt the body and the head of the bone.
(3.) The Greater Tuberosity.
(4.) The Lesser Tuberosity;—the Greater and Lesser Tuberosities being two knobs,
for the insertion of those muscles which come from the Scapula.
(5.) Is the Groove betwixt these tuberosities, for the passage of the long tendon of the
Biceps Muscle, which runs here as a rope does in its pulley.
(a) Marks the roughness about one third down the arm bone, into which the tendon of
the Deltoides is implanted.
• (b) Marks the place, where (a little below its middle) the Os Humeri turns flatter, be-
cause it is to terminate flat and broad, to favour the hinge-like joining of the bones
of the fore arm; and
(6.) Shows one ridge on the inner side of the arm bone;
(7.) Shows another similar ridge or edge of the bone, on its outer side—each ridge
running down towards its own Condyle.
(8.) Is the external Condyle, smaller and less projecting, because it gives origin only
to the extensors of the hand and fingers, a set of muscles which do not need much
power nor the advantage of a long lever.
(9.) Is
!02 OF THE BONES.
(9.) Is the inner Condyle, which is very long and very prominent, to give a greater
power to those muscles which bend the hand and fingers.
The elbow joint, being a very strict and limited hinge, has a long articulating surface:
—and there are properly two surfaces, one for the Radius, and one for the Ulna.
(10.) Is the longer articulating surface, to which the Ulna is so joined as to perform
none but hinge-like motions.
(11.) Is a neat small round knob, tipped with smooth articular cartilage; and to this
small knob, the face of the button-like end of the Radius is applied; and by the
roundness of this knob the radius is enabled to perform not only the hinge-like
motions to accompany the motion of the Radius; but also its own free circular
motions, by which the hand is carried round.
(12.) Is that very deep hole which the Coronoid Process of the Ulna checks into.
(13.) There is a similar one marked (13,) which belongs to the demonstration of the
fore part of the shoulder-bone, and is to be seen by turning to the next plate.
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BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH
103
PLATE XII.
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77/i* Plate explains the Text Book, from page 177, to page 190.
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EXPLAINS the Radius and Ulna, Carpus and Fingers.
FIGURE I.
IN the drawing of the Os Humeri, all the descriptions and letters belonging to the last
plate belong equally to this. This drawing were superfluous, but for the important
purpose of showing the back part of the articulating surface, where we do not find
that round surface marked (11) in the last plate, and which is called the Lesser
Head of the Humerus, but only the hinge-like surface for the articulation of the
Ulna. And the chief object of this drawing, is to show, that here also upon the
back part of the bone, there is a deep hollow betwixt the Condyles; on the fore part
of the bone the hollow is for receiving the Coronoid Process of the Ulna, which
checks into that hollow when the arm is bent forwards; but here upon the back part,
this deep hollow marked (13,) receives the Olecranon, or great process of the Ulna,
when the arm is extended. It is also to be observed, that in this drawing the twisted
form of the bone is well expressed and truly, not caricatured; for the edge does in
fact turn thus round.
FIGURE
104
OF THE BONES.
FIGURE II.
The Ulna.
I HE Ulna is the longer of the two bones which lie in the fore arm. The whole bone
is of a triangular shape, with three sharp edges; the upper end is larger, and belongs
to the elbow joint; the lower or Little Head belongs to the wrist. The Jbone has
these points of description.
(1.) Is the great cavity, which receives the lower end of the humerus to form the elbow
joint, and this is called the Greater Sigmoid cavity.
(2.) The Olecranon, a large tubercle which marks the point of the elbow upon which
we rest, and guards the Sigmoid Cavity behind.
(3.) The Coronary Process which stands up, and guards the Sigmoid Cavity before.
(4.)' The Hollow, where the side of the smaller button-like head of the Radius rolls,
called the Lesser Sigmoid Cavity.
(5.) The Prominent Roughness, into which the tendon of the Brachialis Internus is
implanted; and it leads to the sharp ridge.
(6.) The Sharp Ridge, from which the Inter-osseous Membrane goes off.
(7.) The Lower Head of the Ulna, which is small, and button-like; for it is received
into a hollow on the side of the Radius, and it is upon this point, viz. the little head
of the Ulna, that the radius turns in the continual motions of the hand.
(8.) Is the Styloid Process of the Ulna, which is pointed, as the name implies; from
it ligaments go off to strengthen the joint of the wrist,
FIGURE III.
EXPLAINS the relative position of the Radius and Ulna. The Ulna is marked with
figures according with the above description; the Radius is also marked with its
points of demonstration.
1. (a. a. en^-
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH. l05
1. (a. a. a.) Repeated on the three sides of the Radius, explain the general triangular
form of the bone, marking particularly its three edges.
2. (b) Marks the upper head of the Radius, flat, round, and button-like, with the side
rolling upon the Lesser Sygmoid Hollow of the Ulna.
3. (c) The neck of the Radius or straighter part, which immediately supports the head.
i. (d) The Bump or Tubercle of the Radius, into which the tendon of the Biceps
Muscle is implanted.
5. (e) The Lower Head of the Radius; the Bone is thus gradually enlarging towards
its lower end.
6. (y) The Scaphoid, or boat-like Cavity on the lower end of the Radius for receiving
the two largest bones of the Carpus;—forming the wrist joint.
7. (g) The Styloid Process of the Radius, which bounds the wrist joint towards the
side of the thumb: and here it is seen how the little head of the Ulna (7) is received
into the hollow socket on the side of the Radius.—The two sharp edges of the Ra-
dius and Ulna are opposed to each other, showing how the Inter-osseous Membrane
stretches from the one bone to the other, filling up all the space marked (A). And it
is here seen that the Radius is somewhat arched towards the Ulna, so as to roll
round it without touching it, or hurting or disordering the numerous muscles, &c.
which lie upon the Inter-osseous Membrane.
FIGURE IV.
EXPLAINS the Bones of the Carpus or Wrist, as they are seen from the outside,
or back of the hand.
The Bones of the Carpus are eight in number, they are divided pretty regularly into
two rows;—and we rather choose to count and demonstrate them according to their
rank, than as individual and separate bones: for as separate bones there is nothing
very particular in any one; but by their combination and form, and as they relate to
Part I. O the
15 OF THE BONES.
the wrist joint, or to the fingers, it surely must be important, I should rather say,
necessary, for the surgeon to remember them.
FIRST ROW.
Forming the Wrist Joint.
(1.) The Scaphoid Bone, where the figure (1.) marks the regular round surface,
which forms a chief part of the ball and socket-joint of the wrist. And (a) marks
the great hook-like projection of this bone, whence that strong ligament which
braces down the tendons of the Carpus arises.
(2.) The Lunated Bone, where the figure is so placed as to mark the large ball-like
surface of this bone which joins with the Os Scaphoides to form the ball of the wrist.
And the lunated part of the bone is concealed, when thus joined with the others.
(3.) The Cuneiform Bone, of which only the broad or square surface is seen on the
back of the wrist, while the narrower part of the wedge is in the palm.
(4.) The Pisiform Bone, so named from its roundness, this bone is a little removed
from the direction of the row to which it belongs.
SECOND ROW.
Receiving the Metacarpal Bones.
(5.) The Os Trapezium; or first bone of the upper row named Trapezium, from its
square and angular form. It has the ball of the thumb planted upon it, and the
figure points direcdy to that socket which receives the thumb.
(6.) The
BOOK FIRST, PLATE TWELFTH. 107
(6.) The Trapezoides, so named from its resemblance to the last.
(7.) Os Magnum, for it is the greatest; and it has a curious head which is in this view
concealed under the Os Lunare; for the head of the Os Magnum is received into
the semicircular hollow of the Os Lunare, forming a ball and socket joint with
that bone.
(8.) The Os Unciforme, or hook-like bone; the hook of which is towards the palm,
and therefore not seen in this view.
V. B. In this drawing of the Carpus, Fig. IV. this group of bones is made to rest
chiefly upon two of the corner bones, viz. the hook of the Os Scaphoides, and the
Os Pisiforme.
FIGURE V.
IS alsk drawn chiefly with the intention of explaining the carpus; and here the same
numbers may serve, for the position of the Carpus is very little changed.
(1.) Is the Scaphoid Bone. (2.) The Lunar Bone, forming with the Scaphoid the ball
for the wrist joint. (3.) The Os Cuneiforme. (4.) The Os Pisiforme is out of sight.
(5.) The Trapezium which supports the thumb; (6.) (7.) (8.) The Trapezoides,
Magnum, and Unciforme, supporting all the other fingers; and here the Os Magnum
(7.) is seen a little fuller; so that the round head of it can almost be seen jointed
with the Os Lunare. The 1st, 2d, and 3d Phallanges or rows of bones belonging to
the several joints of the fingers, need not be explained; and the round heads for the
joints of these finger bones explain themselves.
FIGURE VI.
PRESENTS the Carpus in a new direction; showing those bones which are less perfect-
ly seen in the other drawings;—and it is necessary to observe, that the group of the
Carpal
iO« OF THE BONEfc
Carpal bones is now turned, so as to show that face of them which receives the
Metacarpal Bones;—and the group now rests chiefly upon the points of the two
upper Corner Bones, viz. the Trapezoid and Unciform Bones; as in the other
view it rested upon the lower Corner Bones, viz. the Scaphoid and Pisiform Bones.
So that here there is only the upper row fairly demonstrated, viz.—(5.) The Os
Trapezium;—(6.) the Os Trapezoides;-*-(7.) the Os Magnum;—(8.) the Os Un-
ciforme. (b) Marks a small pointed projection of the Os Trapezium, whence the
Carpal Ligament arises.—(c) Marks the great Unciforme or hook-like process of the
Unciform Bone, which is another point whence the same cross ligament of the
Carpus rises.—(d) Marks the arch which the Carpal Bones make, and the Tendons
of the wrist lie in this arch, and are bound down by the cross ligament crossing
from the one corner point, to the other.
*
Scientific and Medical
Books, and Minerals.
DR. A. E. FOOTE,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Me*. Wist.
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