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£ s'ustam'D, 
                  .  AN
         ANALYTICAL VIEW
                    OF

THE ANIMAL  ECONOMY.
              CALCULATED FOR
       TIj§ STUDENTS OF MEDICINE,
               AS WELL AS
          PRIVATE GENTLEMEN:
            INTERSPERSED WITH
MANY ALLEGORIES, AND MORAL REFLECTIONS,
     DRAWN  FROM  THE  SUBJECT,
                    TO
AWAKEN THE MIND TO AN ELEVATED SENS*
                  OF THE
     GREAT AUTHOR  OF NATURE.
          BY ISAAC  BALL,
PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON, AND DIPLOMATIC MEMBER
   OF THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF THE CITY AND
            COUNTY OF NEW-YORK.

Quum nobis denegatur diu vivere, aliquid relinquamus
  quod nos vixisse testetur.       &ast+e^
Since it is denied us to live long, let us-da something which
  may prove that we  have lived.                   «•

THE SECOND EDITION, WITH LARGE ADDITIONS.
jtofc-Jfocft:-
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,    % «,  (\ .
                      r      i /1 ' •' ■  *
BY SAMUEL WO
1808.    | CT»V
             LfB'V. 
District of)     Be it remembered, That on the twen-
New-Tori.y ss' ty-fifth day of January,  in^te-thirty-sec-
ond year of the Independence  of the United  States of
America, Isaac Ball,  of the said district, hath depos-
ited in this office, the title of a book, the right  whereof
he claims as proprietor, in the words following', to wit:
  "An Analytical View of the Animal Economy.  Cal-
culated for the  Students of Medicine, as well as private
gentlemen: interspersed with many allegories and moral
reflections, drawn from the subject,  to awaken the mind
to an  elevated  sense  of the great  Author of  Nature.
By Isaac Ball, Physician and Surgcort, and Diplomatic
member of the  Medical Society of the City and County
of New-York.
  Quum nobis denegatur diu vivere,  aliquid relinquamus
    quod nos vixisse testetur.
  Since it  is denied us to live long,  let us leave something
    •which may prove that we have lived."
  In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United
States,  entitled, " An Act  for the  encouragement of
Learning,  by securing the Copies of Maps,  Charts,  and
Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies,
during the  times therein  mentioned ;" and also to an Act
entitled, " An Act supplementary to an Act entitled An
Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the
Copies of Maps, Charts  and Books, to the  Authors and
Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein men-
tioned,  and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of
Designing, Engraving, and Etching Historical and other
Prints."   '
                EDWARD  DUNSCOMB,
                       Clerk of the District ofNtv:-Yo'rk. 
>
          WRIGHT  POST*  ESQ.
        PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY
                IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE,
                    AND ONE OF THE
        SURGEONS OF THE NEW-YORK HOSPITAL,
           THE PESENT VOLUME IS INSCRIBED;
       i n testimony of the sensations of the high
       regard with which the writer is impressed,
       by the many invaluable professional serv-
       ices conferred by his friendship, on his
                    Very grateful and
                       Obedient Servant,
                         THE  AUTHOR.
         Nezv-York, Oct.  10, 18p8. 
 
             PREFACE
      TO THE  FIRST EDITION.

  MY declining years and late ill state of
health liave, in a great^measure., excluded
me from  those active medical pursuits in
which I have been employed upwards of
thirty years—and presume, with  success
and satisfaction, to my friends and fellow
citizens.
  My moments  of leizure I determined to
employ in writing the following pages: the
subject, I trust, will not  be  considered as
unworthy the attempt, nor unacceptable to
my respectable readers—the language being
adapted to the level of every capacity.
  " Of all the  diversions  in  life, there is
none so pleasing to fill up its empty spaces,
as the reading  of useful and entertaining
Authors:" an elegant writer thus expresses
himself,  ' a good book is a good companion?
and with that,  the conversation of a xvell
selected and intelligent friend.
                                 I. B. 
 
ILLUSTRATION.
              THE FRONTISPIECE

Represents  the  Heart, and  aborescent branches of
the pulmonary arteries and veins, to supply those organs
with the vital fluid.
                THE VIGNETTE

  Represents the Dawning of Life, under the figure  of
an infant, resting on a L, re, the seven strings of which
are emblematical of the seven ages of man, " whence life
must downward tend."  As the concordance of sounds pro-
duces harmony, so the harmony of the animal and  vital
functions, produces concordance, health, and longevity.
A 2 
 
PRELIMINARY ADDRESS.
  In this inquiring age, when a desire of knowl-
edge has spread itself far and wide over this
western hemisphere ; when we sit not easy nor
contented under the opinions of ancient times,
but resolve to examine for ourselves, and judge
from our own experience, it may not,  perhaps,
prove unacceptable to propose, as a subject for
inquiry,
" An Analytical Viexv of the Animal Economy."
  The  works of nature are an  inexhaustible
source  of true  knowledge ; and  the  study of
them the most  noble employment of a rational
mind.   Every part of the creation arrests  our
attention, and proclaims the power and wisdom
of its Almighty Author.
  The smallest seed, the minutest insect points
to the skill and wisdom of the Creator,  in the
fitness of its constitution for the wise  purposes
designed, and displays  an elegance of  beauty
beyond the reach of art.
  The ancients, probably having only their eyes
to trust to, were incapable of detecting  those
discoveries with which the microscope furnishes
:ts.   It  presents us, as  it were, a new sense of 
VI
vision:   developes  the  amazing  operations of
natuiv,  and affords new wonders to an admir-
ing world !
   Who, a thousand years  since, would  have
imagined it possible to  distinguish myriads of
animals in a drop of water ?  Or that the crim-
son tide of life,  and even the globules  of that
fluid, should be conducted, and seen distinctly,
rolling through  canals smailer than the finest
hair?
   That  not only the exterior form, but even
the structure of the  intestinal tract, and the mo-
tions of the  fluids in the smallest insect, should
be rendered objects of sight!
   These are noble  discoveries, whereon a new
phylosophy  has been erected.  This enlarges
the capacity of the soul, and furnishes a more
just and sublime idea than mankind before had,
of the grandeur and magnificence of nature, and
of the infinite power, wisdom, and goodness of
nature's God.
   That man is certainly happy, who is  capable
of discovering the  greatest number of rational
and useful inventions,  or  amusements, easily
attainable, and within his power :  if so, he that
is delighted with  the  vorks  of nature,  and
makes them his study,  must, we  presume, be
happy ;  since  every animal, flower, fruit and
insect affords him  new  pleasures  ; and he con-
siders the  whole universe a magazine of won- 
Vll
ders, which ages are scarcely sufficient  to con-
template and admire !
  The.  invention  of glasses  has brought into
view the two extremes of creation ; which were
probably beyond the inspection of former ages ;
those vast and distant bodies  of  the  solar sys-
tem,  whose dimensions,  distances,  motions,
•regularity and order we are become acquainted
with by the help of the telescope; and we owe
the knowledge of those extremely minute spe-
cies of animals, plants, &c. to the microscope.*
  Mr. Boyle  says, his  wonder  dwells not so
much on nature's clocks, as on her xvatches.  If
we  compare the structure of a mite  with that
of an elephant, we shall be led to this opinion.
  The  massy matter and surprising strength
of the one may astonish us, but  we  shall find
ourselves lost in amazement  if  we attentively
examine the several minute parts of the other.
For the mite has more limbs than the elephant;
each of which is furnished with veins and arte-
ries, nerves, muscles, tendons and bones.  It
  * The invention of the telescope is ascribed to Janson-,
a Dutchman, who nourished in 1590.  The English have
improved this instrument to a degree of perfection most
astonishing.  The construction of the microscope, result-
ing from the same principles, wis invented in Naples, in
the year 1621. 
Mil
has eyes, a mouth and a proboscis, to take in its
food; it has a stomach to digest it, and intes-
tines to carry off what is  not retained for nutri-
tion.  It has a heart,  to  propel the circulation
of the vital fluid,  and a  brain to  supply nerves
every where.   Let us stop,  ponder,  wonder
and  admire, as  far as our feeble  abilities  can
reach,  the  extreme  minuteness  of all these
parts!
  We shall now  proceed on our  plan,  and
modestly endeavour to present our  respected
readers  with a brief view of our subject, which
it is hoped may afford some interest and amuse-
ment. 
    ANALYTICAL VIEW
               OF

THE  ANIMAL ECONOMY.
batoning of £ifc
^ When life is new the ductile fibres feel
The heart's increasing force,  and, day by day.
The growth advances, till the larger tubes,
Acquiring (from their elemental veins,
Condensed to solid chords) a firmer tone,
Sustain, and just sustain—the impetuous blood:
Here stops the growth. With overbearing pulse,
And pressure, still the great destroy the small, 
10
 Si ill with the ruins of the small grow strong :
 Lite grows, meantime, amid the grinding force
 Of viscous fluids, and clastic tubes ;
 In various functions vigorously are plied,
 By strong machinery, and in solid health
 The man confirmed, long triumphs o'er<lisease :
 But the full ocean ebbs ; there  is a point,
 By nature fix'd, xvhence life must doxvnxvard tend;
 For still the  beating tide consolidates
 The stubborn vessels, more reluctant still
 To the weak throbs of the ill supported heart;
 These  languishing,  these  strengthening  by
     degrees,
 To hard, unyielding, unelastic bone,
 Through various channels the congealing flood '
 Crawls lazily, and hardly wanders on :
 It loiters still—and now it stirs no more.—
 This is the period few attain : the death
 Of nature : thus (so Heaven ordain'd it)  life
 Destroys itself:  and  could these laws  have
     chang'd,
 Nestor might now the fate of Troy relate,
 And Homer live, immortal as his song."


   It is  said that  in a new-born infant the
pulse vibrates about 134 strokes in a min-
ute :  in middle age,  from 60 to 80; and
 in extreme old age? from 50 to 24. 
RESPECTFULLY ADDRESSED

              TO OUR

       FAIR READERS.
  " Connubial fair! whom no fond transport
    warms
To lull your infant in maternal arms ;
Who, bless'd in vain with tumid bosom, hear
His tender wailing with unfeeling ear;
The soothing kiss and milky rill deny
To the sweet pouting lip,  and glist'ning eye !
Ah! what avail the cradle's damask roof,
The downy bolster,  and embroidered woof?
Oft hears the gilded couch unpity'd 'plains,
And many a tear the tassel'd cushion stains !
No voice so sweet attunes his cares to rest,
So soft no pillow as his mother's breast!


  Nature not only points out the food pro-
per for infancy, but also kindly prepares it.
When the little inhabitant  is ushered into
this cold world, if applied to the maternal
bosom, its sense of perceiving warmth, is
first agreeably affected : next,  its sense of
smell is delighted with the fragrance of the
dulcid rill: then, its taste is gratified by the
                    B 
12
 flavour of it: afterward, the appetite of hun-
 ger and thirst afford pleasure, by the pos^-
 session of their objects,  and by the subse-
 quent health of the infant;  and lastly,  the
 sense of touch is delighted by the softness
 of the lactary fountain,  which the innocent
 embraces with its hands, presses with  its
 lips, and watches with uplifted eyes.  Sat-
 isfied, it smiles at the enjoyment of such a
 variety of rich pleasures.   It feels an ani-
 mal attraction, which is love :  a sensation
 when the object is present, a desire when it  v
 is  absent;  which constitute the  purest
 source of human felicity.
  It is calculated that of one thousand  in-
fants nursed by the mother, not above 300
die  ; but of the  same number nursed  by
others, 500 perish ! 
%mm
                  TO
     STUDENTS  IN MEDICINE.

GENTLEMEN,
  I offer these sheets to you as being the
basis of lectures of the most eminent anat-
omists,  and as containing a brief view of
the varied departments of the animal body.
  From a desire of being  useful  in m\
profession, I have ventured to present this
compilation for your perusal, and have no
doubt of your favourable acceptance of it,
nor of your candid interpretation  of my
views.
  Should you propose to purswe your re-
searches in anatomy, (the basis of medical
science) in  attending^the school establish-
ed at Columbia College, or elsewhere, by
making observations, and taking notes of
extraordinary morbid  appearances in the
cadaverous subject,  and  by  proposing
them occasionally as the subjects of your
reflection, you will derive great and per- 
                    14
manent advantages:  from  such  rational
experience  you may expect to acquire u
degree of confidence in yourselves, and will
be  animated  to proceed in your  honour-
able pursuits, with proper resolution.
  Pursue then, with  zeal and persever-
ance, the steps that lead you to knowledge,
and an elevated understanding in your pro-
fession ;  and  support the credit  and dig-
nity of medical science,  with honour %
yourselves and your country.
   The youth who, led by Wisdom's guiding- hand,
  Seeks Virtue's temple, and her law reveres,
    He, he alone in Honour's dome shall stand,
  Crown'd with rewards, and rais'd above his peers-
    Recording' annals shall preserve his name,
   And give his virtues to immortal fame.
    With sincere wishes for your  success
      and happiness in life, and with sen-
      timents  of earnest  solicitude  for
      your interest and advancement in our
      honourable profession,
        I remain,
           Gentlemen,
             your affectionate friend,
                        ISAAC  BALL. 
<2Cnatomp.
  Anatomy is a science which explains
the  structure and use of every part  of the
human body.
  The examination of brute animals, fish-
es, reptiles,  plants,  polypi, &c. in order
to illustrate more clearly, or to demonstrate
by analogy, the structure and functions of
man, is called comparative anatomy.
  Anatomy is divided into nine parts, viz.
Osteology,
Syndesmology,
Myology,
Bursalogy,
Angiology,
Neurology,
Adenology,
Splanchnology,
Hygrology,
      Bones.
      Ligaments.
      Muscles.
      Bursas Muscoa?.
>-| <j Vessels.
      Nerves.
      Glands.
      Viscera.
      Fluids.
o
o
B 2 
$lan
OF THE NOBLE EDIFICE.
j  Bones of the
  Cranium, or
  Skull.
Bones ofthe
Face.
<
fOs Frontis   .  .  .
  Ossa Parietalia  .  .
J  Os Occipitis .  .  .
  Ossa Temporalia
  Os Ethmoides
L Sphacnoides  .  .  .
  Ossa Maxillaria sup.
  ----Jugalia  .
  ----Nassalia
  ----Lachrymalia  .
  ----Palatina
       Spongiosa  infer.
Dentes, or
Teeth.
            Os vomer
            — Maxillare infer
            Incisores  .
            Cuspidati  .   .   .
            Bicuspides   .   .
            Molares
           _Sapientiae  .   .   .
Bone of the Tongue, orOs Hyoides 1
Bones of the fMalleUS   ....   2
internal  Ear, ! Tnr,I1Q                  _
situated  with<( i,"lCUS.....2
u the Tem- j otapes ...         2
poraibone.    ^Os Orbiculare  .  .'   o
 1
 2
 1
 2
 I
 1
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 2
 1
 1
 8
 8
 4
 8
4
63 
17
■S <^
o
c
o
Spine.
Thorax.
w

J3
c
o
Brought over.......63
                         C Cervical 7
             f Vertebrae  < Dorsal  12
             J           ( Lumbar 5
             j Sacrum  ....   1
             LOs Coccygis   .  .   1
             £ Sternum.   .  ,  .   1
             2 Ribs  ...     .24
               Ossa Innominata  .   2
             C Clavicula   ...   2
             £ Scapula  ....   2
               Os Humeri ...   2
             CUlna.....2
             c Radius   ....   2
                    Os Naviculare   2
                    — Lunare   .   2
                    t— Cuneiforme 2
                    — Orbiculare   2
                    — Trapezium  2
                    — Trapezoides 2
   Hand.  <j           — Magnum .   2
                   _— Unciforme  • 2
          Metacarpus   ....  10
          Phalanges.....28
-. Pelvis.
• Shoulder.
Arm.
Fore-arm.
f Carpus,
I    or
  Wrist.
180 
18
  Brought over......180
     Hugh.  .            Os Femoris .   2
                     (Patella   .   .   2
    Leg-.              < Tibia ...   2
                     {Fibula   .   .   2
                     fOsCalcis   .   2
£.                  j  — Astragalus  2
o  j         r Tarsus.<(  — Cuboides   2
            I         |  — Naviculare  2
           <(         L — Cuneiformia 6
            1 Metatarsus  ....  10
            L Phalanges  ....  28
^
Foot.
Sesamoid bones of the thumb and
 Great Toe,  occasional!v found
240
Total,  248
   The  Egyptians,  at their feasts, to  pre-
vent excesses, presented a


before their guests, with this motto :
           " ftcmemtoc ye must
             %t jSijortip thus." 
  Let us begin with the less adorned, but
more solid parts which support and defend
the rest.
  First, we have a system of bones,  made
in a variety of shapes, in a variety of sizes :
all strong, that they may bear up the ma-
chine, yet light, that they may not weigh us
down; hollowed with an inward cavity to
contain the moistening marrow, and per-
forated with fine ducts, to admit the nour-
ishing  vessels.
  They are larger at their  extremities—
and insensible—that they  may be joined
more firmly, and not be hurt by pressure.
  The manner of their articulation is tru-
ly admirable and remarkably various, yet
never varied without demonstrating  some
wise design,  and answering some valua-
ble end.
  Frequently, when two bones are united,
the one is nicely rounded and capped with
a smooth  substance, the other is scooped 
                     20
 into a hollow of the same dimensions to re-
 ceive it,  and both are  lubricated with an
 unctuous  fltiid to obviate the evil of fric-
 tion, and to facilitate rotation.
   These  are  connected by  ligaments, a
 tough  and strong arrangement of  fibres,
 which render what would otherwise be an
 elegant, yet useless  assemblage  of parts, a
 well compacted and manageable system.
   The feet compose the  finest pedestal,
 infinitely beyond all that statuary can  ac-
 complish,  capable of altering its form, and
 extending its size, as different circumstan-
 ces require.
   The undermost part of the heel, and the
 extremity  of the sole,   are  shod with  a
 tough insensible  substance ; a kind of nat-
.urai sandal which never wears out,  never
 wants repair, and which prevents an undue
 compression of the  vessels by the weight
 of the body.
   The legs and thighs are like stately col-
 umns, so articulated that they are commo-
 dious for walking, and yet adapted to the
 easy posture of sitting. 
21
  The ribs, turned into a regular arch, are
gently moveable for the act of respiration,
they  form a safe lodgment for the lungs
and heart, the two most important organs
of life.
  The back bone is designed not  only  to
strengthen the body, but to shield the con-
tinuation of brain, usually termed the spi-
nal marrow, which is almost an infinite as-
semblage of nerves !
  By commodious outlets, it trasmits these
silver cords, to different parts of the body.
  Had  it been  a single  bone, the loins
must have been inflexible, to avoid which,
it consists  of a  number  of  small  bones
which articulate together, and are strength-
ened by compact ligaments.
  By this means, it is capable of various
inflections, without injuring the cords  of
life,  or diminishing that strength which  is
so much required here.
  This  peculiarity of structure gives the
back bone the pliancy of the osier, with
the firmness of the oak; such a  formation
in any other of  the solids must have oc~ 
22
 casioned great  inconvenience, here  it  i.^
 unspeakably useful;  a master piece of cre-
 ating skill.
   The arms are exactly proportioned to
 each other, to preserve the equilibrium of
 the  structure.
   These being the guards to  defend, and
 the ministers that serve the whole body, are
 fitted for the most diversified and extensive
 operations, firm  with bone, yet not weighty
 with flesh,  and  capable  of performing all
 useful  motions ; they bend  inward,  and
 move   outward,  they  move upward or
 downward,  they wheel about  in whatever
 direction we please.
   To  these are  added  hands,  terminated
 by the  fingers, not of the same length, nor
 of equal bigness, but in both respects dif-
 ferent,  which give more beauty  and far
 greater usefulness.
   Were they all  flesh; they  would be
weak ;   were they one  entire  bone,  they
would  be utterly inflexible, but consisting
of various little bones and muscles,  what
shape can they not assume ? 
                  23
  Being placed at the end of the arm, the
sphere of their actions is exceedingly en-
larged.
  Their extremities are an assemblage of
the  finest  nerves, acutely sensible, which
notwithstanding, are destined to almost in-
cessant employ, and frequently among rug-
ged objects.
  For this reason,  they are overlaid with
nails, which preserve them  from any vio-
lent injury.
   The hand is the  original and universal
 sceptre, which not only represents, but as-
 certains our  dominion over  all the ele-
 ments, and over every creature.
   To these hands, we owe the most beau-
 tiful statues,  the  most melodious instru-
 ments of music.
   By the strength of the hand, the  tallest
 firs fall, and the largest oak descends from
 the mountain.
   Fashioned by the hand, they become a
 floating warehouse, and carry the produc-
 tions of art from America, and unfurl the
                    c 
                         24

 spreading canvass to the breeze, in the  re-
 motest corner  of the universe.*


   * The first navigators, builders of ships, and merchant
 adventurers, to all the then  known  parts of the world,
 were  the  Phoenicians,  who inhabited near the sea side :
 but their invention extended no farther than to open ves-
 sels, wliich afterwards  had great improvements ; for the
 Egyptians made ships with decks ; and galleys witli two
 banks of oars at a side.  Ships of burden  and stowage
 were first  made by the Cypriots : smacks, hoys,  cock-
 boats, and skiffs, by the Liburnians :  brigantines, by the
 Rhodians ; and vessels of war, by the  Pamphilians.   The
 Boetians invented  oars: Dedalus, of Crete, masts and
 sails :  the  Tuscans, anchors : the rudder,  helm,  and the
 art of steering were found out by Typhis, who took his
 hint from seeing a kite in flying, guide her whole  body
 by her tail, or rudder.
   Several centuries before the christian era, according to
 the page of history, a  person, of the name of Magnes,
 walking over a stone mine, with nails  in his shoes, found
 his feet strongly attracted to the surface.  This  singular
circumstance occasioned the discovery of the common
 magnet, or load  stone; which  received its name  from
the person who had  been first sensible of its power.  But
the honour of discovering the directive power which the
magnet gives to the needle of a  compass,  Avas reserved
 for John Goya, a Neapolitan, who  flourished in 1300.
Since that time, the  mariners compass has received every
improvement which its importance could suggest, or phi-
losophy and experiment divine.  What a grand, what a
noble, what a sublime  scene  is, by  this little director,
displayed !
  Invention is the mark of a fruitful  genius; and when
beneficial to mankind, it gives the author an honourable 
                      25

   Though we have not the strength of the

horse, nor the swiftness of the greyhound,
nor the quick scent of the spaniel, yet, di-
rected by the understanding and enabled

by the hand, we can, as it were, make them

all our own.
   These  short hands have found a way to
penetrate the bowels of the earth.
   These   feeble   hands can manage  the

wings of the wind, arm  themselves  with
the violence of thunder,  and  press   into
their  service the  forcible impetuosity of
water !*


commemoration to perpetuity.  Next to inventions, those
that have improved them to greater perfection than was
originally discovered, have also claims to public grati-
tude, with the first authors.
  •COLUMBIAN YOUTH !  we call your attention to
the manes of the illustrious Franklin ! who, emanating
from the walks of humble life, imbittered with the con-
flicts of outrageous fortune, PERSEVERED until he
attained to that elevation in science, society,  and virtue,
which distinguished him for the statesman,  philosopher,
and philanthropist  He died at an honourable old age, at
Philadelphia, April 17,  1790.
  An elegant waiter is of opinion, " that the Author of
nature has thought fit to mingle, from time to time, among
the societies of men, a few, and but a few, of those to
whom he is graciously pleased to bestow a larger proper 
                     26

   How greatly  then, are we  indebted to
our infinitely wise Creator, for distinguish-

ing this invaluable member !
   Above all is the head, for the residence

of the brain, rounded to receive, and firm

to defend it.*

   This is  screened  from  heat,  defended
from cold, and at the same time beautified

by the hair ;  a decoration  so elegant, that

no art can supply ;  so perfectly  light as in
no way to encumber  the wearer.

   While other animals are prone in their

aspect, the attitude of man is erect, which

is by far the most commodious for the pro^



tion of the ethereal  spirit, than is given in the ordinary
course of his providence to the sons of men."
   * Here our contemplation is arrested, to wonder and
admire the workmanship of creating skill!  To perform
the varied offices assigned the head, which rests immedi-
ately upon the uppermost joint, or vertebra of the neck,
and is united to it by  a hinge joint, upon which the head
acts freely forward and backward, as may be necessary.
The next joint below permits the rotary motion ; and
this mechanism resembles a tenon and mortise.  We see
the same principle employed in the frame, or mounting
of the telescope  This occasionally requires that the ob-
ject end  of the  instrument be moved up and down, as
well as horizontally,  or equatorially. 
                    27
 secution  of all his extensive  designs—
 does it not remind us of our noble orig-
 inal, and our sublime end ?
   Struck with the grandeur of the subject,
 we would fain set forth all its beauties, but
 our pencil,  whichjs too faint, cannot cor-
 respond with the vivacity  of  the counte-
 nance ;  how, indeed, can any one describe
 with energy, these  admirable proportions;
 these features, full of force and dignity, ex-
 pressing to all beholders the tender emo-
 tions and passions as they arise in the heart;
 this open and elevated brow, these  lively
 and piercing eyes, eloquent  interpreters
 of the sentiments of the soul; this mouth,
 the seat of smiles ;  these ears,  whose del-
 icacy catches even the softest whispers !
   If you take a still further survey of this
 beautiful  edifice, the prodigious number
 of its parts, their surprising diversity, ad-
 mirable construction, wonderful harmony,
 and  infinite  art, displayed in the distribu-
 tion of them, it will throw us into such an
ecstasy, that we shall no sooner recover
from it, than complain of our want of suf-
                   c 2 
                   28
ficient inclination and ability to  admire
such marvellous excellency.
  Here are arteries, the rivers of our little
world, that  striking  out  as  they go into
numberless small canals,  visit every street,
yea every apartment in the vital city.
  They  are  not like several of the veins
near the  surface, but placed at a sufficient
depth, and thereby are more secure from
external injuries.
  The arteries also commence by collater-
al branches with each other, so that if any
thing  block  up or snai  en the direct pas-
sage,  the current by directing to this new
channel,  eludes the impediment, flows on,
and soon regains its wonted course.
  The blood thrown from the heart dilates
instantly the  arteries, whose fibres by their
irritability  or elastic power re-act on the
blood, by which means,  as they propel it
onward,  they vibrate  against the  finger,
and much assist the physician in  the dis-
covery and cure of diseases.
  The extreme branches of  arteries ter-
minate in veins,   which may be considered 
29
as uniting again into larger branches, then
again into  branches still larger, and so on
continually, till at last they form one large
pipe or trunk, which re-conveys the  blood
to the heart.
   The arteries  are  composed of several
principal membranes placed on each other,
one of these is highly elastic.
   The veins not being designed to exercise
the same function  as  the arteries,  want
this elastic coat; and the texture of them al-
together is considerably slighter : such an
exact economist is nature,  amidst all her
liberalities!
   At the root of the arteries, and in the in-
ner part  of the veins, are placed little sluic-
es or valves, which Ky  sinking and raising
again, open and shut the canal.
   These are found only when the blood is
constrained to climb, for where the  ascent
ceases, they  cease also.
   In the centre of the breast,  between two
spungy masses, known by the name of the
lungs, is deposited a fleshy and hollow py- 
                     30
 ramid, called the heart.  This pyramid has
 an  apex  or point, turned towards the left
side, and  is the main  spring of the anima-
ted machine.
   The  ramifications of  the  bronchia? or
windpipe, which are dispersed throughout
the lungs, carry thither the vivifying air,
which by  acting on the spongy mass opens,
dilates, and  extends  them,  and  by that
means facilitates the course  of blood.*
   Such indeed are the admirable organs
destined for the circulation of the blood ;
but how greatly does this imperfect sketch
fall short of the reality !  How incapable are
the outlines of expressing the beauties  of
this noble subject!

  * The infinitely wise Creator of our bodies, has placed
lymphatic glands, as sentinels, to interrupt whatever is
inimical to our health;  which, without such a  guard
would be daily, even hourly liable to be injured, not only
by putrid and offensive matter floating in the atmosphere
but even what is sweet and delicious might have this
pernicious effect: we might literally " die of a rose in
aromatic pain"
  Dr.  Nieuentryt, in the Leipsic Transactions, reckons
up an hundred muscles that are employed every time we
breathe. 
                  31
  There  is,  in the consideration of the
organs performing the circulation of the
blood, an  air of grandeur that seizes forci-
bly on the mind, and penetrates it with the
highest admiration !
  Far less magnificent in its plans, less
skilful in the execution of them, hydraulics
offer us but faint images of this miracle, in
those machines, by means of which, water
is distributed into every part of a great city.
   The works of the Creator must be com-
pared to the emanations of the same infin-
ite  mind : ever like himself,  he has im-
pressed on all his productions a character of
nobleness and  excellence, which demon-
strate their divine original.
   But what are those excellent discoveries
philosophy has made,  compared with the
beauties that are still concealed from  our
view ]  The gloom of night veils many im-
portant truths concerning the animal body,
and you are desirous of chasing them away.
   May the dawn of that day,  ere long gild
the horizon of this Western World ! And
may the time of its breaking forth upon us
be not afar off! 
32
   The glands are an assemblage  of tor-
 tuous vessels,  complicated with seeming
 confusion, yet perfectly regular.
   We cannot as yet penetrate into the mys-
 tery  of secretion, all that we know is, that
 those fluids said to be secerned, are not ab-
 solutely  contained within the  blood, any
 more than the peach, nectarine,  or other
 fruits, are principles filtered from the earth
 and water, which nourish the tree.
   Nevertheless, as the seven notes  of mu-
 sic differently combined,  and the twenty-
 four letters, form the whole of harmony and
 language,  so may all those fluids  arise
 from the change of combinations of primi-
 tive parts,  by a machinery that no chymist
 can ever perfectly imitate.
   We have nerves, which shoot out their
 fibres  from the brain,  and when remote
from  their source, are surprisingly  mi-
nute ; Avhich set the muscles to work at the
command of the will, and diffuse sensation
throughout the body ;  and upon any  im-
pression without,  give all  needful  intelli-
 gence to  the soul. 
                  33
   We have membranes, thin and flexible
coverings,  to inwrap the  fleshy parts, to
connect some,  and form  a separation be-
tween others.
   We have muscles, composed of the fin-
est fibres, yet endowed  with incredible
strength, fashioned after a variety  of pat-
terns, but all in the highest taste for ele-
gance and use.—These execute their func-
tions as quick as lightning.  Were we to
remove, mountains, we could not be more
astonished, than that this arm, these fingers
should obey the order of the will.
   To turn the screw, or work the lever, is
laborious and wearisome; but we work
the vertebrae of the neck,  with all the ap-
pendant parts ;  we advance the leg with all
the incumbent body ;  we rise, we  spring
from the ground,   and though so great a
weight is raised, we meet with no difficul-
ty or fatigue.
   That all this  should be  effected without
any toil, by  a bare act of the will  is very
surprising : but that it should be done even
while  Ave are entirely ignorant of the man- 
                   34
ner  in  which  it  is  performed,  is most
astonishing !
   We have fat, an unctuous fluid, contain-
ed in vesicles, which have the appearance,
if viewed through a microscope, of a clus-
ter of grapes.
   This flanks  and  fortifies our muscles,
like  a strong bastion, supports and  warms
them,  like  a soft pillow.  It fills  up the
vacuities, and smooths the irregularities of
the  flesh ; inwardly,  it  supplies the ma-
chine  for motion ; outwardly,  it renders
it smooth and graceful.
   The skin is a curious surtout, which cov-
ers the whole, formed of the most delicate
net-work, whose meshes are minute, and
whose threads are multiplied even to a pro-
digy ; the meshes are so minute, that noth-
ing  discernible by the eye passes through
them,  though they discharge,  every mo-
ment, myriads and myriads of superfluous
encumbrances.*

  * The perspirable fluid is supposed  to embrace twti
parts fixed air, and one part azotic air and water, im-
pregnated with different saline matter. 
35
   These threads are  so multiplied, that
 neither the point of die most delicate nee-
 dle, nor the infinitely finer lance of a gnat,
 can pierce any part, without drawing blood,
 and causing an uneasy sensation;  conse-
 quently wounding, by so small a puncture,
 both a nerve and a vein.
   But a course of incessant action must
 exhaust  the solids, and waste  the  fluids :
 and, unless both be properly recruited, the
 machine would be destroyed.
   For this reason, our bodies are furnish-
 ed with the organs, and endowed with the
 power of nutrition.
   We have teeth, tests  of heat and cold;
 the foremost thin and sharp, to bite asun-
 der the food ;  the side teeth for  the pur-
 pose of tearing, and the hindermost broad
 and strong, indented  with  small cavities,
 the better to grind into pieces what is com-
mitted to them.
   Were the teeth, like other bones, cover-
ed  with the periosteum, chewing  would
give much  pain ;  were they quite naked,
                   D 
                   36
 they  would  soon decay  and perish :  to
 guard against both, they are covered with
 a neat enamel, harder than the bone itself,
 which gives no pain in chewing, and yet
 secures them from various injuries.
   The lips prevent the .food from slipping
 out  of the  mouth,  and,  assisted by the
 tongue, return it to the grinders.
   While  they do this in concert with the
 cheeks, they  squeeze  out a  thin liquor
 from  the adjacent glands, which  moistens
 the food, and prepares it for digestion.
   When  the  mouth is  inactive,  these
 glands are  nearly  closed ; but  when we
 speak  or  eat, their  moisture  being then
 necessary, is expressed  as need requires.
  But the food could not  descend merely
by its own weight, through a narrow and
 clammy passage, into the stomach.
  Therefore, to effect this, fibres,  both
straight and circular,  are  provided ; the
former enlarge the cavity and give an easv
admittance ; the latter, closing behind the
descending aliment, press it downward. 
  But before the food enters the gullet, it
must of necessity  pass over the orifice of
the windpipe, whence it is in danger offal-
ling upon the lungs, which might endanger
immediate suffocation.
   To obviate this, a moveable lid, or senti-
nel is placed, which, when the smallest
particle advances,  is pulled down and shut
close, but as soon  as  it is swallowed, is
again let loose and stands open.
   Thus the important pass is always made
sure  against any noxious approaches, yet
left free for the  admission of air, and for
respiration.
   The food, descending into the stomach,
is not yet ready for the bowels ; therefore,
that great reservoir is strong to bear,  and
fitted to retain it, till it is properly wrought
 into the smoothest pulp,  by the power of
the gastric juice,  a  fluid  secreted in the
stomach itself.
   From hence it  is discharged by a gen-
tle force, and passes gradually into the in-
testines. 
                    38
    Near the entrance of this canal, are the
 ducts of the pancreas  and gall-bladder,
 which areN stimulated by the chyle.*
    The  pancreas  is  connected with the
 spleen, which as the stomach becomes fil-
 led, is pressed  by it, and in consequence,
 pours into this  gland a greater quantity of
 blood,  to  be  changed  into  pancreatic
 juice.
   The gall-bladder is attached to the liver,
 and is the  reservoir to  retain  the  bile,
 which pierces  the intestines, and blends
 the  oil and aqueous parts into one homo*
 geneous mass.
   It is furnished with a valve, of a very pe-
 culiar, nature ; namely,  of a spiral form,
 through which the detersive liquid can on-
 ly gently ooze.  Admirable construction!
 which gives the needful supply, as occasion
 may require, and no more !
   The  nutriment  then  pursues its way
through the mazes  of the intestines.

  * This term is used to express the aliment, when dis-
solved in the stomach. 
39
 -  Had  these been straight  or  short,  the
food could  not  have resigned a sufficient
quantity of its nourishing particles;  there-
fore they are artfully convolved,  and filled
with  numberless  folds or  plaits,  and of

great length.*
   Along the sides of the winding passage,
countless multitudes of minute vessels pro-
 trude themselves,  and absorb the nutritious

juices.
   As the aliment proceeds, it is more and
 more  drained   of  its  nutritious  juices.
 Glands are, therefore, posted in the proper
 places  to  discharge  a lubricating fluid;


   * The  length of this  canal varies in carniverous and
 Ucrbiverous animals.  The shortest,, we be'-eve to be in
 some birds of | rev, in  which the intestinal tube is little
 more than a straight line, from  the mouth to the exit.
 The  longest is in the deer kind.  The intestines of a Ca-
 nadian stag, four feet  high, measured ninety-six feet/t;
 The same volumn in a sheep, unravelled, measured thirty
 times  the length of the Tjody : that of a cat, only thrice
 the length of the body.  Universally, where the substance
 upon which the animal feeds,  is of slow concoction, or
 yields its chyle  with more difficulty, there the passage
 is circuitous and dilatory, that time and space may be
 allowed for  the change and absorption, which are  nec-
 essary to life.
         f Mem* Acad. Parts, 1701, page 171.
                       D  2 
                  40
these are smaller, or fewer, in and near the
stomach, because there the aliment is moist
enough ; whereas, in the bowels, remote
from the stomach,  they are either multi-
plied or enlarged.
  The chyle drawn off by the lacteals is
carried through millions of tubes, whose
perforations are too fine, even for the mi-
croscope to discover.   To this it is  ow-
ing,  that  nothing enters  the blood but
what is capable of passing the finest vessels.
  It is then lodged in several commodious
cells,  the  glands of the mesentery,  and
there  mixed with a thin diluting lymph,
which  makes it more apt to flow.
  Here it is conveyed to the common re-
ceptacle, and mounts through a perpendic-
ular tube to be poured into the left subclav-
ian vein ; there it mixes with the blood and
loses the name  of chyle.
  From  this vein, the  new blood passes
into the upper branch  of  the  principal
trunk  of veins, which  carries it towards
the heart. 
                   41
  It then passes into the right  auricle of
the heart, which opens at its approach, and
by closing immediately, forces  it into the
right ventricle, which is dilated to receive
it.
   The  ventricle instantly  contracts itself,
(the valve with which it is furnished, rais-
ing itself to oppose the reflux into the auri-
cle) and the blood is compelled to pass
into the great artery,  which is appointed to
carry it to the lungs.
   The  pulmonary artery, which is subdi-
vided into two trunks, which pass to the
right and left lobes, composing the lungs,
(its valve  preventing the reflux  into the
heart)  by contracting,  drives the blood
into every part of those organs.
   In the spongy cells of this amazing lab-
oratory, thi   blood  imbibes the oxygen
portion of the external air, and assumes, in
consequence, a more brilliant colour.
   Thus improved, it enters the left auricle
of the heart by  the four pulmonary veins,
 and, in  proportion to the oxygen air con-
 tained  within the blood, the left auricle of 
12
 the heart, obedient to the stimulus, con-
 tracts and forces it into the left ventricle.
    The latter, by contracting itself, pushes
 the blood into the aorta, which, by contin-
 ually dividing and subdividing itself,  dis-
 tributes its balsamic liquor to all partsof the
 body, in order to promote their support or
 growth, occasion different secretions, and
 distribute the animal heat.
   By  this astonishing mechanism and de-
 pendance of the vital principle in the  air,
 the powerful energy of the heart, seconded
 by that of the arteries, transmits the blood
 to the  most remote parts of the bod}-, not-
 withstanding the resistance which  gravity,
 friction,  and  many  other  circumstances
 make  to it in its course.
   The large muscles of the arm, and of the
 thigh,  are soon wearied ; a day's labour or
 a day's journey  exhausts their  strength ;
but  the  heart  toils whole  weeks, whole
months ; nay, years, unwearied; is equally
a stranger to intermission and fatigue.
   The heart, receiving the distending and
stimulating power of the blood,  contracts 
43
 on it, and in one minute, such is its amaz-
 ing  force, it propels, says Baron Haller,
 fifty-one pounds of blood, through tubes
 of different dimensions, which if measured
 would extend beyond 149 feet.   In a heal-
 thy person,  it contracts not much less than
 5000 times  in an hour, perpetually in the
 same order, and never with fatigue.
   The pulse arises  from  the dilatations,
 and  contractions of the arteries, which, in
 some measure, correspond with those of
 the heart.
   Impelled  by the aorta,  (for its valves
 prevent the reflux into the heart) part of
 the blood shoots upwards to the head;  part
 rolls through the  whole body; but how
 shall a stream divided into  myriads   of
 channels,  be brought back  to its source ?
   For this purpose, the all wise Creator has
 connected the extremities of  all the  arte-
 ries  with  the beginning of the veins ;  so
that the same force which darts the blood
through  the former,  helps  to drive  it
through" the  latter. 
                    u
   The blood entering the right auricle, by
 the two opposite currents of the vena cava
 superior and inferior, that the streams may
 not clash,  a fibrous excrescence  interpo-
 ses, which, like a projecting  pier, breaks
 the stroke of each, and throws both into
 their proper receptacle.
   Thus is the  blood  re-conducted to the
 great cistern, and thence played off afresh,
 first through the lungs, and then through-
 out the body.
   We see,  then, even from this imper-
 fect survey, that man is a very complex
 machine.
   In it, there is a peculiarity which claims
 particular notice ; a power which defies all
 human ingenuity and imitation, and distin-
 guishes the natural from the artificial ma-
 chine.
   As our bodies are composed of flexible
materials, whereby they are  liable to  re-
ceive injuries by too rude a  shock from
harder bodies, and as the humours  are also
subject  to  receive alterations from chan-
ges of weather, irregularities in diet, and 
                  45
other accidents, it was  needful  that the
body, besides the power necessary for its
performing all the functions requisite  in
a heakhy  state,  should be provided also
with other powers, whereby hurtsanddev-
iaticms from a  healthy condition, might
be amended and restored.
  Were there not such a power in the bo-
dy, we could scarcely arrive at full age, in
any other than a disfigured condition, and
the loss of the due  action of many parts.
   But our  Creator has kindly provided,
that the body,  upon any wound received,
should  supply a cement, whereby the  di-
vided-parts arc again re-united,  or  throw
out granulations, by which the  breach is
healed up.  Thus, a broken bone is made
 firm again by  a  callus ; a dead part  is sep-
 arated and thrown off; noxious juices are
 driven out by some  of the emunctories ; a
 redundancy is removed by some spontane-
 ous discharge ;  a bleeding naturally stops
 of itself; and a great loss of blood from  any
 cause,  is, in some measure, compensated
 bv a contracting power in the vascular sys- 
                    46
 teih, which accommodates the capacity of
 the vessels, to the quantity contained.
    Thus,  the stomach gives information
 when the supplies  have been expended;
 represents with great exactness, the quan-
 tity, and the quality of what is wanted in
 the present state of the machine ;  and,  in
 proportion as she meets with neglect, rises
 in her demand, urges her petition  with a
 louder voice, and with more forcible argu-
 ments ;  and for its  protection, the animal
 body is made capable of resisting heat and
 cold in a wonderful  manner, and  of pre-
 serving  an equal temperature in a burn-
 ing, and in a freezing atmosphere.
   There is a still further excellence or su-
 periority in the natural machine, still more
 astonishing, still more incomprehensible ;
 namely,  a power to perpetuate,  as well as
 to preserve itself.
   A dead statue, a painted shadow on  a
 canvass,  or, perhaps, a little  brazen  clock-
work,  is the supreme pride of the art of
man—rhis highest excellence and boast. 
47
  On the  other hand,  how  glorious and
skilful an artificer  would he be  called,
could he but make two of these pieces of
clockwork,  and so contrive  the  hidden
springs and motions within them, that they
should perpetuate their  kind,  and  thus
continue the same sort of clocks, in more
than a thousand successions,  down to the
present day.
  Such is the workmanship of Go d ! Such
the amazing power of his will !  Such the
long reach of his foresight,  who has long
ago guarded against all possible deficien-
cies ; who has provided energy in  nature,
sufficient to replenish the world with plants
and animals to the end of time, by the won-
drous contrivance of his creation, and the
laws he then ordained.
  Not all the united powers of human na-
ture,  nor a council  of the nicest artificers,
with all their ingenuity and skill, can ever
form a simple feather or a tulip : yet man
can produce a man—admirable effect, yet
artless cause! a poorlimited inferior agent;,
                  . E 
                   48
the plant and the brute, in this matter, are
his rivals and his equals too.
   The human parent, and the parent bird,
form their own images with equal skill, but
are confined by a kind of divine patent,
each  to his own work:  so the iron seal
transfers its own figure to the  wax,  with
as much  exactness and curiosity as the
golden one; either can only  transfer its
own figure.
   Perhaps there is not a lily, nor a butterfly
in the world,  but has gone through 6000
ancestors, and yet the work of the last pa-
rent is exquisitely perfect in shape, in co-
lour, and in every perfection a beauty, but
it is all owing to the first cause.
   " Who can know  and consider," says
the celebrated Dr. Hunter, " the thousand
evident proofs of the astonishing art of the
Creator, in forming and sustaining an an-
imal body such as ours, without feeling the
most  pleasing enthusiasm ?"   Can we se-
riously reflect on this awful subject,  with-
out being almost lost in adoration ?  with-
out longing for another life, after this, in 
                  4fJ
which  we may be gratified with the high-
est  enjoyment, which our  faculties  and
nature  seem  capable  of,  the  seeing  and
comprehending the whole plan of the Cre-
ator, in forming the animal body, and in
directing  all  its operations?  The man
who is really an anatomist, yet does not see
and feel what we have endeavoured to ex-
press in words, whatever  he may  be, in
other respects, must certainly labour under
a dead palsy, in one part of his mind.
  Milton could look upon the sun at noon-
day without seeing light; but the nerves of
that organ were insensible.
  But, further, the great Creator has made
us an invaluable present  of the senses, to
be the  inlets of innumerable pleasures, and
the means of the most invaluable advan-
tages.
  The eye, in its elevated  station, com-
mands the most enlarged prospects.
  Consisting only  of gelatinous fluids, en-
closed within coats, it shews us all the gra-
ces and glories of nature. 
                  50
  How wonderful, that an image of the
hugest and widest landscape,  should enter
the  small  pupil !  that the rays of light
should paint on the optic nerve—paint in
an  instant  of time—paint in the  truest
colours,  and  exactest lineaments,  every
species of external objects.
  The eye is so tender, that the slightest
touch might injure the delicate frame.
  It is guarded, therefore, with peculiar
care,   intrenched  deep,   and barricaded
round with bones.
  As the smallest fly might incommode its
polished surface, it is further protected by
two substantial curtains.
  In sleep, when there is  no occasion for
the  sense, but a necessity to guard the or-
gans, the curtains close of their own accord.
  At other times, if danger threaten, they
fly together as quick as thought.
  They are lined with an  extremely  fine
membrane, moist with its own dew.
  Its bristly palisades ward  off the sweat
of the brow,  and moderate the too strong
impressions of the light. 
51
   -As in our waking hours, we have almost
 incessant need  for these little orbs ;  they
 run upon the finest castors,  rolling every
 way with the utmost ease; which circum-
 stance, added to the flexibility of the neck,
 renders our two eyes as useful as a thou-
 sand.
   The ear  consists of an outward  porch,
 and an inner room.
   The porch, somewhat prominent from
 the head,  is of a cartilaginous substance,
 and wrought into sinuous cavities.
   These, like circling hills, collect the wan-
 dering undulations of the air, and transmit
 them with a vigorous impulse to the finely
 stretched membrane of the drum.
   This is expanded upon a circle of bones,
 over a polished, reverberating cavity.   It
 is furnished with braces that strain or relax,
 as the sound is faint or  strong.
   The hammer,  and the anvil, the winding
labyrinth, and the sounding galleries, these
and other species of mechanism, all instru-
mental to hearing,  are inexpressively curi-
ous.
                  e 2 
                     52
   Amazingly acute  must be the auditory
nerves,  since  they  answer  the smallest
tremors of the atmosphere, and distinguish
their most subtile variations  when  com-
bined.
   These cords,  turned by  an  Almighty
hand, and spread  through  the echoing
chambers, receive all the impressions of
sounds, and propagate them to the brain.
   These  give existence to the charms of
music,   and  the  still nobler charms  of
speech.*
   The eye is useless amidst the gloom of
night; but the ear hears through the dark-
est medium.

  * The first music of the Romans came from the Etrus-
cans :  it was rude, and without principles ; but they af-
terwards transported the Grecian music into Italy.  The
first Roman who wrote on music,  was the famous archi-
tect, Vetruvius.
  If Greece had her Timotbeus, and her Tyrreus, who
produced such great effects on their hearers,  Italv had
her Stradilla, and Palma, who also, as it is said,  did as-
tonishing- thing-s,  Stradilla, by playing on the violin, soft-
ened the heart of a villain, who intended to have  murdered
him.   Palma, a Neapolitan singer, suffered himself to be
taken by a creditor, who came to arrest him ;  to whose
threats and injurious terms, Palma only replied  by sinking 
53
   The eye is on duty only in our waking
hours  ; but the ear is always accessible.
   As  there are  concussions of the  air,
which  are  discernible only by the instru-
ments of hearing,  so there are odoriferous
particles wafted in the air, which are per-
ceivable only by the smell.
   The nostrils are wide at the bottom,  that
more  effluvia may enter ;  narrow at the
top, that when entered, they  may act more
strongly.
   The streams  that exhale  from fragrant
bodies, are far beyond imagination.
   Microscopes that shew thousands of an-
 imals in a drop of water,  cannot bring one
 of these to  our sight.  Yet so exquisite are
 the  olfactory  nerves, that they arrest the
 vanishing  fugitives ;  they  imbibe  all the
 roaming perfumes of the spring, and make

 several airs, and accompanying his vocal powers with the
 harpsichord.  The creditor's anger subsided, by degrees,
 and he was, at last, so perfectly calm, that he  not only
 remitted the debt, but gave Palma ten pieces of gold,  to
 assist him to pay his other creditors.
     " Music  has charms to sooth a savage heart,
     To soften rocks, and bend the knotty oak" 
                   54
us banquet even on the invisible dainties of
nature.
  Another capacity for pleasure, which our
bountiful Creator has bestowed  on us,  is
the power of taste.
  This is circumstanced  in a manner  so
benignly and wisely, as to be  a standing
PLEA for temperance, which sets the  fi-
nest edge on the  taste, and adds the most
poignant relish to its enjoyment.
  To all these, as a most necessary supple-
ment, is added the sense of feeling.
  The crowning gift, however, which aug-
ments  the  benefits accruing from all the
senses, is reason.
  After having admitted,  in its fullest ex-
tent, every  fair comparison  that can  be
made, between man and the most perfect of
the other  animals ;  acknowledging that
both have bodies of matter, organized  in
many respects  alike;  that the bodies  of
both are made up of bones,  muscles, and
blood vessels ; organs of respiration, circu-
lation, and digestion ; that both have brain
and  nerves,  apparently of the same sub- 
55
stance and texture ;  that in both,  are the
powers of will, of sensation, and of motion;
that  both possess five senses of the same
nature, and have a resemblance in many of
their appetites, and inclinations ;  after all
those concessions, the internal faculties of
the most intelligent of the brute creation,
will  be found,  upon a just estimation,  at
a  prodigious  distance  beneath those  of
man.
   The actions of the one seem to  proceed
from the impulse of some want, the incite-
ment of some appetite, or some controling
spring within them, which obliges them to
perform the same thing, in the same man-
ner; so that all their boasted works, the la-
bours of every species, and every individ-
ual of the species, are as uniform, as if they
had all been cast in the same mould.  This
appears in their nests,  in their cells ;  for
all  their works,  which astonish  us,  are
formed  by an inevitable  necessity,  like
the  growing of a plant, or the crystalliza-
tion of a salt. 
                   56
   One race of the most intelligent species
never improves upon a former, nor one in-
dividual upon another.
   At the end of the  elephant's long  life,
what does he know, that he did not know.
at the beginning ?  What does the young
elephant know from the experience of his
father ?
   Even attention to their young, the most
universal, and most amiable part of the
character of irrational  animals, seems inde-
pendent of sentiment and reflection, and to
proceed  from the  same blind  impulse,
which  prompts them to build such a kind
of nest, and sit such a time on their eggs ;
for after a short  period, those young are
entirely neglected, and no trace of affection
or the smallest tender recollection,  seems
any longer to subsist  between the parent
and the offspring.
   How different is this from the sensation
of the human species, where the father and
the mother feel  their  youth restored, and
their existence multiplied in their children,
whom they endeavour to turn from the al- 
57
lurements of folly; and by creating in the'tf
minds, a desire of knowledge and useful at-
tainments ;  they save from  the  wretched-
ness  of vacancy and contempt, attendant
upon ignorance; who encourage their exer-
tions, and support them under disappoint-
ments ; whose  chief happiness depends on
the prosperity of their offspring, and who
feel the approach of age, without sadness;
while the evening of their lives  is bright-
ened by the rising reputation of their chil-
dren.
   To see a father treating a son  like an
elder brother,  and to see a son covet his
father's affection,  company and  conver-
sation, because he regards him as the most
amiable friend  of his acquaintance, is  the
most agreeable picture which the eye can
behold.  It  is  a transplanted  self-attach-
ment,  as  sacred as  friendship—as pleas-
urable as love—and as happy as  religion
can enrich it.
   Sometimes by the strong and harmoni-
ous voice, man is found celebrating, in  a
poem, the virtues of a hero! 
58
  . At other times,  we behold him on the
floor, in the senate of his country, support-
ing her rights, and defending her wrongs,
amidst the conflict of contending passions,
                   In the glorious cause
Of Justice, Mercy, Liberty, and Laws.
Who calls to virtue's shrine Columbian youth,
And shake the senate with the voice of truth ;
Rouse the dull ear, the hoodwink'd eye unbind,
And give to energy the public mind.
WThile rival nations, with blood unsated, wage
Wide wasting war, with fell demoniac rage,
In every clime,  where army army meets,
And ocean groans beneath contending fleets,
Oh save.' Oh save ! in this eventful hour,
The tree of freedom from the AXE of power :
With fostering peace the suffering nation bless,
And guard the freedom of the  immortal press.

   At other times, by a stroke of the pencil,
he changes a  dull and  flat canvass,  into  a
charming perspective.
Hence to clear images of form belong,
To Titian's* pencil, and the  poet's  song,
The artist's landscape, and the builder'sf plan,
''Tis imitation—marks the favoured creature—
    MAN.


     • Trumbul              * M« Comb? 
59
   There  do we see him,  with a chisel  and
graver in his hand,  imitating  the marble,
and giving life to brass.*
   Here,   with  the  plummet  and square,

erecting a magnificent  palace, f

  * John Baptista Tuby, called the Roman, held a distin-
guished rank among the artists in marble, who appeared
in the reign of Lewis xiv.  The mausoleum of the Vis-
count de Turenne, interred at St. Dennis,  was designed
by Le Brun, and executed by Tuby.   Immortality is seen
holding a crown with one hand, and sustaining Turenne
with the other; Wisdom and Virtue standing on  each
»ide him, the first astonished at the fatal stroke which
had deprived France of her hero; the other plunged in
astonishment.
  John  Balthazer Kelly, incomparable in the art of cast-
ing in bronze, or brass, was born at Zurich,  in Switzer-
land.   He went  to France ; where, on  the  last day of
December, 1692, he  produced the  equestrian statue of
Lewis  xiv. which was twenty-five feet  high, in a solid.
This admirable piece of workmanship arrested the passing
stranger, with wonder and admiration. Indulging fancy's
airy flight, he gave life to brass.
  We live to hope the period not distant, when the Gen-
ius  of  Columbia will  present a Le Brun and a Tuby,
to design and  execute a monument, to perpetuate the
memory of  the  distinguished virtues of the immortal
WASHINGTON; the patriot—the friend of man—the
father of his country ;  who has passed from us, and left
alone, behind, his chaste example, to cheer us in the ex-
ercise of virtue,  and love of country.  His memory has  a
monument in our grateful bosoms.
  f Ancient authors allow the Egyptians  to have been the
first who built with symmetry and proportion; but Greece
                         r 
60
    Xow do we behold him by the assistance
 of a  microscope,  of his own invention, dis-
 covering a new world, amidst invisible at-
 oms, or penetrating the secret exercise and

 structure of a particular organ.

 ought to be regarded as the birthplace of good architec-
 ture.  The best days  of architecture, among the Gre-
 cians,  it is said, were the age of Pericles.  Among the
 Romans, it arrived at its highest perfection in the time of
 Augustus, when the famous pantheon was built.  It  be-
 gan to be neglected under Tiberius and Nero: 'was raised
 again by Trajan, and protected by Alexander.  Severus
 could  not  impede its  downfal with the  Empire of the
 West;  from the ruins of which, it did not rise again fo»
 several ages.  It  then took a new form, called  Gothic  ;
 which subsisted wholly, till  Charlemagne  endeavoured
 to re-establish the ancient mode.  Architecture then be-
 came as much too  light,  as it had before been too heavy.
 The builders, at these  times, placed their beauties on a
 delicacy, and profusion of ornaments, till then unknown;
 which  taste they  received from the Arabs and  Moors,
 who brought it into France from the southern countries,
 as the  Goths and Vandals had brought the  heavy Gothic
 from the North.  It is  only  within these  two centuries,
 that the architects of England, France,  and Italy,  have
 applied themselves to recover the beauty, simplicity, and
 proportions of ancient architecture.
                 Thus did great WREN
     Fix the vast pillars of the sacred dome,
     Rear'd rocks on rocks,  sublime.^
  Who will prescribe  limits to the rising Genius of Co
 lumbia, in  the arts and  sciences ?  Or why should we
 yield to the ancients,  a  palm  which  we  ourselves''can
'attain ?
                | St.  Paul's Cathedral.
                                                  f 
                      61

   At other times, by changing this micro-
 scope  into a  telescope, he  pierces  into the
 heavens, and  there contemplates   Saturn

 and his ring.*
   Returning home, he prescribes laws  to
 these celestial bodies,  describes their path,
 measures the earth, and weighs  the sun.f
   Afterwards, directing his attention to-
 wards  the more  useful study of organized'
 beings, he dives into the laws of the anima-

 ted fibres* examines the relations of differ-


  * The celebrated Dr. Herschel, some years since, dis-
covered a star, in regions so remote, that no human eye
 had ever before seen it.  For this achievement, his name
 is recorded in the starry firmament: this  important dis-
 covery is proclaimed as far as civilization extends.
  Our illustrious  countryman, David  Rittenhouse^who
 rose  from a respectable watch-maker and farmer, &c-
 quired, by his perseverance, the  science  of astronomy"*
 and in 1769, he  was requested, by The American Philo-
 sophical  Society,  to observe the transit of Venus ; wh ch,
 to his honour, he  did, with  surprising  accuracy."  He
 succeeded the venerable  Franklin,  as president of that
 society, which office he filled with high reputation.  He
 died in 1796.
  f The  sublime  genius of Newton enabled him to discov-.
er and unravel the mysteries of nature. By  the amazing
 powers of&s mind, he traced her through all her opera-
 tions, antf Jaught us to admire the greatness of the Al-
 mighty,  by making us familiar with his works. 
62
cut parts,  and by an attentive view of the
various perfections,  he sees a chain which
comprehends the whole.*
   But the most perfect mark of the great-
ness of man,  and his high exaltation above
other animals, is the commerce  he holds
with his Creator.
   Wrapped  in the thickest darkness,  the
rest of the animal creation  are  ignorant of
the hand that formed  them.   They enjoy
an existence,  but cannot trace the Author of
life.
   Man alone soars to God,  the principal of
all existence  ! prostrate at  the  foot of the
throne of the  Almighty, he  adores with the
profoundest sentiments of  veneration  ;  he
feels the most lively gratitude towards the
ineffable goodness of his  Creator.
  " Know, then,  thyself ! presume not God to scan ;
  The propper study of mankind is  MAN."

  * This doctrine is beautifully displayed by that first of
anatomists  and naturalists, the late John Hunter, who
discovered also the absorbent system : we believe we may
say it is almost universally adopted, and, in due time
may be ranked the greatest discovery, both in physiology
and pathology, that anatomy has suggested,  since the
discovery of the circulation of the  bood. 
  Circulation of tlje 2ftfooo.

   We will attempt, in this section of our
plan, an illustration ofthe manner in which
the crimson tide is conducted from the sal-
ient angle, the heart, through various me-
andering canals,  in the vital city. which
anatomists, in their analysis of the various
departments attached to anatomy, refer to
Under the term
           *3ilii0tofo8ia,
                  OR
  DOCTRINE  OF THE LESSEES.

   We presume the most eligible mode of
conveying our ideas to the various classes
of readers, will be to present this impor-
tant part of the subject in the form of

            dialogue*
   How many kinds of vessels are  there
in the human body ?
   Two ; the sanguiferous, and lymphatic/
                  f 2 
                   64
   How are the sanguiferous vessels di-
vided ?
   Into arteries and veins.
   What is an artery ?
   An  artery,  is  a  membranous canal,
dividing itself into innumerable branches,
and conveying the blood from the heart to
all the different parts  of the system.
   What are the veins ?
   The   veins  are  membranous  canals,
of a  conicle figure,  returning the blood
from all the different parts, to the heart.
   What are the lymphatics ?
  They are small  pellucid tubes,  whose
cavities are connected at  small and  une-
qual distances : they are likewise called ab-
sorbents, and are found in every part ofthe
body.
   What is meant by lymph ?
   A crystalline,  tasteless fluid,  contain-
ed in  all the absorbent  vessels,  except
the  lacteals, which convey chyle or nutri-
tious fluid into the blood.
   What are the coats of an arterv ? 
                   65
   Three, an external membranous,  mid-
dle  muscular,  and  internal membranous
coat.
   What are the coats of the veins ?
   The same as those ofthe arteries.
   In what respect do  the  veins  differ
from the arteries ?
   They are thinner and weaker;  their
diameter is greater; there is a greater num-
ber of them, than of the arteries : they also
differ from the arteries, in being furnished
with valves.
   What is a valve ?
   A  kind of a membrane which opens
to admit the blood to.pass in one direction,
and shuts to prevent a retrograde motion.  -
   What other functions do  the arteries
perform,  independent  of propelling  the
blood from the heart, to the different parts
of the body ?
   They secrete  the various fluids, essen-
tial to nutrition and they expel from the sys-
tem whatever may be injurious to health.
   How  do  we prove that the  bloodacir-
culates ? 
                   66
   If a wound be  made  in a large vessel,
die blood will continue to escape from it as
long as the heart acts : if a vein be com-
pressed by means  of a ligature,  it will  be
found to swell below : if  an artery be com-
pressed,  in the same way, the swelling will
be above the ligature, and no pulsation will
be felt below it.   In the  tails of some ani-
mals, the blood, with a microscope of great
magnifying powers, may be seen, passing
from the extremities ofthe arteries into the
veins : liquors injected into the arteries af-
ter death, are returned through the veins.
  What parts of the body have a circula-
tion different from the rest ?
  The brain, liver, and sexual system.
  What  is the  mode of  circulation in the
brain ?
  The arteries, going to the  brain, ter-
minate in the veins, as in  other parts ofthe
body ;  but the veins in their  course open
into sinuses, and from these sinuous veins
begin,  which return the blood to the heart.
  How do these  sinuses differ from the
veins ? 
67
   First, in their  shape,  which  is  trian-
gular :  second, their texture, which is fir-
mer : and thirdly, they have no valves.
   What is the circulation in the liver ?
   The  veins which bring back  the blood
from the abdominal  viscera, or. contents
of  the  belly,  (the  kidney,   and  sexual
system  alone excepted,) unite to form a
large trunk, called the vena portarum, or
great vein of the liver, which, after enter-
ing the  liver, becomes divided  into very
small branches, through  which the  blood
destined for the secretion of bile, is con-
veyed.  These branches communicate with
the ramifications ofthe veins, which return
the blood from the liver to the vena cava ;
(or principal trunk,) so that the vena por-
tarum may perform the office of an artery.
  What is the general circulation of the
blood?
  The  blood, being brought by  the veins
from the extremities of the body, to the
right auricle, or  chamber of the  heart,
by the contraction of the auricle, is so pro-
pelled from the right  ventricle:  this im- 
                   68
 mediately contracts, and the return of the
 blood into the  ventricle,  being prevented
 bv the valvula tricuspidates, (or three poin-
 ted folding,) the blood is thrown into the
 pulmonary artery, by which it is distribu-
 ted through the lungs, whence it is brought
 by the four pulmonary veins, to the left au-
 ricle, whence it passes into the left ventri-
 cle ;  and then  into  the  aorta,  from the
 branches of which, it is distributed through-
 out the  body, and is brought back by the
 veins of the right auricle.
   What prevents the blood from  return-
 ing into the  right ventricle, after passing
 through it ?
   Three semilunar,  or half  moon  like
 valves,  which are placed at the  begining
 ofthe pulmonary artery.   Three valves of
 the same name are placed at the commence-
 ment of the aorta, (or great artery of the
 body,) to prevent the blood from repassing
 into  the left ventricle.
   What prevents the blood from  repass-
ing from the  left ventricle  into  the left
 auricle ? 
                 69
   Two valvulse  mitrales,  (or  mitre like
valves.)
  Which are the principal branches aris-
ing from the aorta ascendens ?
  First, the coronary arteries which go
to nourish  the  heart:  second, a branch
common to the right carotid in the  neck,
and right subclavian, or under the collar-
bone :  third, left carotid :  fourth, left sub-
clavian.  The  carotids are divided into
external and internal; they  supply the dif-
ferent  parts of the head with blood.
   At  what place do the carotids  become
divided into two branches ?
   Opposite  to  the larynx, or  posterior
parts ofthe lower jaw.
   At  what place does the internal carotid
enter the head ?
   Through a foramen,  or passage in the
petrous portion of the  temporal, or^ tem-
ple bone,  and is distributed to the brain
and its membranes.
   On  what other  parts  is the  external
 carotid distributed ? 
                   70
  On the external parts of  the head,  the
larynx,  phar)nx,  or superior portions of
the  skull, the jaws, lips, tongue, eyes, ike.
  Which are the principal branches of the
subclavian artery ?
  First, the internal mammary, or breast:
second,   cervicle, or  neck:  third,  ver-
tebral, or  spine :  and fourthly,  superior
intercostal, or between the ribs.
  What  is the  subclavian artery called,
after it reaches the axilla, or arm-pit ?
  The axillary artery.
  What is it called, after passing through
the axilla along the upper arm ?
  Brachial artery.
  How is the  brachial artery distribu-
ted after sending off many collateral bran-
ches ?
  It is  divided  at  the cubit,  or elbow,
into two principal trunks,  called the cubi-
tal,  and radical arteries ; which are felt at
the  wrist: the cubital sends off the exter-
nal  and internal inter-ossial arteries, (or be-
tween the bones) of the fore-arm. 
                   71
   What are the principal branches arising
from the trunk of the aorta descendens f
   First, the bronchial arteries attached to
the respiratory organs:  second, those of
the oesophagus, or gullet:  third, intercos-
tals, (between the ribs 'r) those belonging
to the thorax, or breast.  In the abdomen,
the aorta gives off eight pair of arteries, and
three single ones which arise in the follow-
ing order.
   First, the phrenic, which go to the dia-
phragm: second, cseliac, which divides in-
to  three branches ; the coronary going to
the stomach ;  hepatic going to the liver ;
and splenic going to the spleen :  third, the
superior mesenteric, which is distributed to
the small intestines: fourth, the emulgents,
which carry the blood to the kidneys ; fifth,
spermatics : sixth, the inferior mesenteric,
which is lost upon the large intestines: last-
lv, five pair of lumbar arteries ; the aorta
then divides into the two iliacs:  the iliac
artery is divided into external and inter-
nal.
                    c 
   To what parts is the internal iliac artery
 distributed ?
   To the different parts  contained in the
 pelvis, or bason, which supports the con-
 tents of the abdomen.
   How is  the external trunk of the iliac
 continued?
   It  passes under Poupart's ligament, a-
 long the inner part ofthe thigh :  whence it
 is called the femoral artery ;  and passes to
 the ham, and is there called the popliteal
 artery : in this place, it is divided into two
 branches, viz. tibialis antica, and postica,
 (before and behind the shin-bone.)   The
 posterior  tibial  artery  sends off several
 branches.
   Which are the principal veins in the bo-
 dy?
   The four pulmonary veins, the superi-
 or and inferior cava,  and the vena porta-
 rum.
  By  what powers is the  blood carried
 through the whole system ?
   In the arteries, it is propelled by the ac-
tion ofthe heart; by the muscular fibres of 
                   73
their coat; and by their elasticity.   In the
veins,  it is carried  on by the same princi-
ples as in the arteries.
  Which contain the most blood during
die circulation ; the arteries, or the veins ?
  The veins ;  the proportion being as nine
to four.
  Do the veins in any part of the body ap-
pear to be endowed with muscular  coats ?
  Yes :  in the cava near the heart, and in
the pulmonary veins, they are conspicuous;
and it has been proved by the experiments
of Dennison and Verschuerlus, that they
do  contract: Harvey Lcj observed, that'
the motion of the right ventricle was the
last diat ceased ; and after even this was si-
lent, Whytte observed that the vena cava
still continued to contract.
  To whom is the  discovery ofthe circu-
lation  of the crimson tide justly attribu-
ted ?
   To the immortal William Harvey, whe
chased away the clouds of false conclusions,
and presented the world  a legacy of inval-
uable worth.  He was born at Folkstone, 
74
in England, in  1578,  and published  the
discoveries  of his vast labours in the year
1628.   He died in 1657, leaving his estate
to the college, to which he had before built
a library, museum, and combination room.
Noble patriotism !  worthy of himself, and
of imitation! 
         Jfecapitiuation.

  This  illustration presents itself under
two points of view : first, the disposition of
the blood vessels; and, second, by the con-
struction ofthe engine for forcing the blood
through the vital city.
  First.  The disposition of the blood ves-
sels, or canals, as far as regards the supply
of the body, is like that of the conduits in a
city : the large  trunks branching off by
smaller tubes, and these again by still nar-
rower, in  every direction, and  towards
every part in which the fluid they convey
can be wanted. So far the water-pipes may
analogically represent the  vessels which
convey the crimson tide from the heart!
  But there is another consideration  nec-
essary to the blood,  which is not  wanting
for the water ; that is, the returning it to
its source.   For this purpose,  a reversed
order of vessels is contrived, which uniting
at their bases  with the extremities of the
first order or arteries, collect the  divided
                  c  2 
                   76
and  subdivided streamlets: first,  by ex-
ceeding small separating branches  into lar-
ger :  secondly, by these branches into lar-
ger canals or trunks, and thus returns the
vital tide, almost exactly inverting the or-
der at which it was propelled from the sal-
ient angle.
  Our bodies, therefore, contain two com-
binations  of blood-vessels:  arteries and
veins.   Between the constitution  of the
systems, there are also differences,  suited
to the functions which the systems exer-
cise.  The vital fluid, in sallying out, pass-
es always from wider into narrower tubes ;
and in returning home, from narrower into
wider.
  The arteries are cautiously defended and
Secured from injury, not only by their tex-
ture, but by their situation ; and every ad-
vantage which can be given them.   They
are, deeply  intrenched,  or creep  along
grooves, formed for them in the bones, for
instance, the  under  edge of each  rib is
sloped and  furrowed, for  the passage  of
these vessels.   Sometimes they proceed in 
77
channels, protected by  stout parapets on
each side, which last is remarkable in the
bones  of the fingers :  at  other times the
arteries pass in canals, wrought in the very
substance,  and in the  middle of the sub-
stance of a bone ;  this takes place in the
lower jaw, and is found where there would
otherwise be  danger of compression, by
sudden curvatures, as in the spine, or back.
This care is wonderful, yet not more so than
what the importance of the case required !
   Second.  Our  next consideration  will
embrace a  few  thoughts on  the engine
which works this machinery:  viz.  the
heart.   It is not necessary here to review
the  principle  upon which it acts; but to
inquire how a power is applied in the in-
stance before us.
   The heart is a hollow muscle, occupy-
ing the central part of the body, invested
with spiral fibres, running in opposite di-
rections, the layers intersecting each other.
By the contraction of these fibres, the sides
of die muscular cavities necessarily squeeze
together, so as to force out from them the 
to
8uid which they may contain: by the relax-
ation of the same fibres, the cavities are iu
their turn dilated, and, of course,  prepar-
ed to admit the fluid which may be poured
into them.   Into these cavities are inserted
the great trunks, (or canals) both ofthe ar-
teries  which carry out  the blood,  and of
the veins which return  it.*
   This general detail of the apparatus con-
nected for  circulating the vital  fluid,  is
the most lively idea of  its  action ;  that by
each contraction,  a  portion of blood  is
forced,  as by a syringe,  into the arteries,
and at each dilatation, an equal  portion
is received by  the veins.
  Of those who venture their lives on board
a ship, it is often asserted,  that a plank i«

  * The aorta, or principal artery of a whale, it is said,
is larger in the area,  than the main pipe ofthe water-
works at London-bridge : the water roaring in that pipe,
is inferior in impetus and velocity, to the  blood gushing
from the heart of this monstrous animal.
  Dr. Hunter's account ofthe dissection of a whale says,
" the aorta measured a foot in diameter ;  and that ten or
fifteen gallons of blood are forced out ofthe he ait at a
stroke, with an immense velocity. 
"79
the  wall of  partition  between  life  and
death;  but in the body, especially in the
arterial system,  diere  is,  in many parts,
only a membrane !—a film!—a thread !
  An  elegant  writer (Hamberger)  says,
" the wisdom of the Creator is in nothing
seen more gloriously displayed,  than in
the heart."   How well does it perform its
function!  notwithstanding the complexity
of  its  mechanism,  and the  delicacy of
many of its parts* it might be  supposed
to be liable to derangement;  yet shall this
wonderful  engine labour night  and day,
for  eighty years,  at the rate of a  hundred
thousand  srokes  in  twenty-four hours,
having, at every stroke, a great resistance
to surmount, and still continue its action
for  this period, without  disorder, or fa-
tigue! 
                  THE
DIFFERENT CLASSES IN ANIMATED NATURi:


  There are  six  classes:  viz. animals
having the

Heart  furnished"!  t • •   ,_„t.   vr,™™-,
  ..           .    V lviporous—Alamma-
with two vcntn- |      j-,
cles and auricles. i>
Blood warm and   ^  .         -p. t
  ,              i  Oviporous—birds,
red.            J     *
One ventricle  | T3M1,:rf,t;nn ")
-1 auricle.    X"A^
Blood cold
and red.     J Breathing by gills, Fishes.
One ventricle )
with one au- > Antennated—Insects.
ricle.        )
Saines cold   }
and colour-   C Tentaculated—Vermes.
less.         )
  The number we present of each class of
animals, are,
1 Mammalia, affording milk, ...  53
2 Aves, or the feathered tribe,  .  .195
3 Amphibia, partaking of two elements, 25
4 Pisces, or fishes,......79
5 Insects,........1692
6 Vermes, or worms,.....198 
                   81
  Having presented the Plan, with the no-
ble Elevation attached to it, and directed a
character to the varied departments hi the
ANIMAL ECONOMY, to show the whole
a complete masterpiece of creating skill; let
us in the next place, reflect on, and consid-
er the manner in whicli the latent vital prin-
ciple is nourished and excited into  action,
and the means by which it affords  a constant
evolution of

          SCnimal tytat.


   It is worthy of observation, that men, in
a living state, together with the other sub-
jects belonging to the class mammalia, as
well as the whole feathered race, are distin-
guished from the rest of the animal king-
dom by this peculiarity, that the native
heat of their bodies far exceeds, in degrees
of temperature, the usual heat ofthe medi-
um or element, in which they live.  With
respect to man himself, it is, however, to
be remembered, that he appears to be in- 
                   82
 ferior in the heat of his system,  to those
"other kinds of animals we have j;ist men-
 tioned.  Thus, in our climate, the heat of
 the human body generally stands at about
 the  96th degree of Fahrenheit's scale ;
 whereas, in other animals belonging to the
 class mammalia, the vital temperature very
 considerably exceeds this point,  while it
 ascends still higher in individuals of the
 feathered tribes.
   The degree of native heat possessed by
 a healthy person, is so constant  and uni-
 form, that, in general, (provided we make
 allowance for the state of health peculiar to
 each individual) its range will include but
 a very few  degrees of the thermometer,
 whether the subject be exposed to the in-
 clemencies of the most  rigorous  climate,
 or placed beneath the fervors of a tropical
 sky ; for the opinion formerly delivered by
Boerhaave,  that man has not a power of
 existing in a medium of such a nature as
 exceeds, in temperature, the native heat of
his own body, has, since the famous obser-
vations of that illustrious traveller, and for- 
                   83
mer governor of Georgia, H.  Ellis,  been
refuted by a great number of characters,
learned in the science of physiology, and the
reverse completely  demonstrated  and es-
tablished by experiments well adapted to
the nature  ofthe subject.   In this particu-
lar, indeed, appears to consist one of the
great prerogatives of man ; that imprison-
ed and confined to no one climate, or zone
of the  earth, he is  able to pass  his life in
any section of the  immense  globe we in-
habit,  and is free to fix his habitation ei-
ther beneath the rigours of Hudson's stor-
my region, where the quicksilver sinks in-
to a state of  complete congelation; or in
the bosom of  those  glaring solar fires,
which scorch the  glowing shores  of the
Senegal.
   Many hypotheses were advanced by the
ancients,  to  account for the origin and
source of  that astonishing fire  which mi-
nutely pervades our bodies, and uniformly
supplies them with the necessary degrees
of warmth ; but their opinions were envel-
oped  in  obscure  conclusions, until  that
                    H 
                   84
 justly celebrated character,  J.  Mavow,
 sketched out the  leading traces and first
 great outlines of this  doctrine,  which in
 our time has been greatly improved. The,
 lungs are now justly considered as the fo-
 cus, or fire-place, where animal heat is gen-
 erated, and the dephlogisticated part of the
 air, which we breathe, the fuel that supports
 the vital fame.   This doctrine  has been
 greatly  extended, and further elucidated
 by the labours of the illustrious Crawford,
 who appears to be the first who attempted
 to  ascertain, by  direct experiments,  the
 cause of animal heat,  as depending upon
the air.
   Modern  chymistry  assumes  to  itself,
the discovery of the origin of animal heat,
which is supposed to depend on those chan-
 ges in the ingesta, or food, which  the func-
tions of life are always producing, among
the breathing animals:  the principal  of
these  changes, is occasioned by the lungs,
on the atmospheric air, which they inhale;
and respiration is considered as the princi-
pal source  of the heat of this class of ani- 
                   85
mals.   That the oxygen (or vital air) con-
tained in the atmosphere, furnishes the lar-  "
gest proportion of the pabulum (or proven-
der) of life, is now scarcely doubted ;  res-
piration being a process in which it passes
from its  gaseous to its  concrete state;
giving out a portion of the heat  it held  in
vapour,  in the same manner as steam, in its
conversion into water, gives out a portion
of its heat; the heat then extricated, being
conveyed, by the circulation, to all parts of
the body, is the principal means by whicfr.
the whole is warmed and animated/ 
             parallel,
Between Animal Life, and the Burning of
a Lamp:  concluding with an  allegorical
illustration ofthe diseases of old age extin-
guishing the lamp of life.

   If an animal be placed in the exhausted
receiver of an air pump, it quickly expires ;
in similar circumstances,  a burning  lamp
goes out—If an animal be not supplied with
fresh air, it dies, and its heat is extinguish-
ed ; so it is with the  lamp—The air breath-
ed by animals is diminished in quantity ; so
it is by the burning ofthe lamp—A certain
quantity of air supports an animal a certain
time,  but no longer  ; so it will keep up the
flame of the lamp, for a certain time only.
The air in which a lamp has burnt out, de-
stroys animal life ;  so the air that the ani-
mal hath breathed,  puts out the lamp—
Fixed, azotic, and inflammable airs destroy
animals; so likewise do they extinguish the
lamp. 
                   87
   A  living animal,  and a burning lamp,
therefore exactly agree in requiring the
same kind  of air to support them, and in
producing the same effects upon the air to
which they are exposed.
   But they do not resemble each other on*
ly in producing  heat, and requiring the
same kind of air ; for if an animal hath not
fresh supplies of food, as well as air, after
a certain time it dies,  and becomes  cold;
just in the same manner as the lamp dies,
if not duly supplied with oil  or nutri-
ment. 
                  88

             ©ID %Qt,
  Commences with the aberrations of the
mind.   Perceptions  are less lively in old
men ; the ideas  and images of things arc
confounded,  and  the   memory  decays;
whence the intellectual faculties must nec-
essarily lose their strength or power by de-
grees.  Cicero says, that reason is the light
and splendour of life.   Thus, the faculties
of the mind decaying,  may be  compared
to the luminaries of the world obscured.
              INFANCY.
   The morning of life has  its  peculiar
 charms ;  and every  feeling heart knows
them  to  be irresistible : innocence, help-
lessness, playfulness, freshness of constitu-
 tion, and of colour, with the consideration,
 that it  is  advancing to maturity, all con-
 spire to recommend  this  period of life to
 our  love, by suggesting a thousand  de-
 lightful ideas.
    Although, with some, the last period of
 life, like  the evening sky, is  often  distin-
 guished by a lustre, not dazzling, indeed,
 nor ardent, like the splendour of noon,  but 
                    89

no less pleasing to a contemplative  mind.
A fresh old age, with cheerfulness, good

sense,  and  an approving  conscience,  are

the most venerable of all terrestrial attain-

ments.
     "The age worn fibres, goaded to contract,
  By repetition, palsied, cease to act;
  When time's cold hands the languid senses seize,   m
  Chill the dull nerves, the lingering currents freeze
  O -.l'-c matter, unreclaiin'd by life,
  Reverts 10 elements by clnm'.c strife."
!   •  &&&&
 v*m      It-

" Hope humbly then, with trcmbii.yftpi>:ions soar,
Wait the great teaVier, death, and God adore." 
    ANALOGICAL VIEW
              OF

PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
PART I.
   Created nature, by successive seeds,
 with the assistance of the elements,  modi-
 fies earth into vegetables, vegetables into
 animals;  perhaps, not  contrariwise, she
 decomposes them  each again  into eartlx,
 in a perennial circle.
   Vegetables have life, without voluntary
 motion:  they are commonly divided into
 three tribes..
   The nations which have  supplied this
 conflux of inhabitants, are, principally,

                PALMS.
   Pr'nces.  Vegetables of India; eminent
 for their prodigious height;  beautiful for
their  unvaried, simple,  perennial  stem ;
crovned with an evergreen tuft of leaves ;
enriched with  the  choicest  treasures  of
fruit.   They are tributary to the first order 
91
of animals; in particular, to the prince,
their inhabitant.

              GRASSES.
   Plebians.  Plants of the field ; rustics ;
the most common, the most simple, and
the most  tenacious  of life ; constituting
the multitude and strength of the vegeta-
ble kingdom r  and which, the more they
are taxed  and  trod upon, the more they
multiply.   These are tributary,  for  their
vile beards, to almost all herbivorous ani-
mals ;  and by  their harvest in particular,
to the prince, their inhabitant.

               LILIES.
   Patricians.   Luxurious inhabitants of
groves; bulbous rooted plants;  display-
ing their  shining, festive garments,  they
amuse the eye,  and  adorn  the vegetable
kingdom,  with the splendour of courts.

               HERBS.
   Nobles.  Meadow plants; annual;  of
many forms; they enrich the kingdom of 
92
vegetation, by their  admirable structure,
variety  of tastes, fragrant  odours,  and
gorgeous colours.

               TREES.
  Highnesses,  of the order of nobility.
Inhabitants of the woods ;  perennial, as to
their stock ; surrounded with  scn<ants at
their feet, and supporting destructive par-
asites ;  they erect their heads, resist  the
winds, overshadow the sultry, moisten the
the day with invisible showers, allure the
birds,   and present  their  fruit,  like  so
many orchards of nature.

y           SOLDIERS.
  Plants.  Armed with thorns, or prickles :
from both  ofthe last kinds, they repel the
attacks  ofthe mammalia, or first class of
animals.

         NEW  COLONISTS.
   Ferns.  Plants of obscurity, supported
on stipes,  with  seeds on  their  backs; 
                  93
poor: these prepare the earth for their
successors.

              MOSSES.
   Servants.  Plants of  the winter; hun-
gry ;  occupying,  in  immense numbers,
all the places relinquished by the former :
these protect the roots of other plants, lest
they  should  be  injured by the  frosts;
the summer  heats;  the vicissitudes of
spring; or the putridity of autumn ;  and
collect, for the benefit of others, the nu-
tritive soil.

               FLAGS.
   Slaves.   Plants which love the water -t
 squalled ;  revivescent; abstemious ; al-
most naked.   These  begin the  first veg-
etation in uncultivated plains.

             FUNGUSES.
   Vagabonds.   Plants  of the  autumn ;
barbarous ;  naked;  putrescent;  rapac-
ious;  voracious.  These,  at  the fall of
the  leaf, are supported by the recrements
of other plants. 
                   94
  The organization of vegetables consists
of,  first, vessels  circulating  fluids—sec-
ond, vessels cont lining  air—third, seerc-
torv vessels;  ai:d  probably absorbents.
  The substance which embraces the pith,
consisting of  a cellular  cuticle, or skin;
externally  covering the bark, deposits  on
its interior side the  rind,  and is converted
annually into rigid  wood.
  Our admiration is elevated in  an aston-
ishing manner, when we contemplate the
multitude and variety  of plants, spread by
the fertile hand of nature, over the vast sur-
face of the habitable globe ; not so much
to adorn  and embellish it, as to preserve
to man and other  animals, both life and
health.
  What arrests  our inquiry, then, is the
nature and structure of plants,  vegetable
life with their maladies, <kc.
  A plant is an organized body, which  is
merely vegetative,  and nourishes itself in-
ternally ;  grows, and propagates bodies  of
the same species, without a power  capable
of moving, or feeling.  Thus we observe 
                   95
in plants,  organs fit for receiving, prepar-
ing, filtering, and circulating fluids,  but
none which seem destined for motion or
sensation.
   The  microscope  discovers in wood  a
great number of small pores, disposed in
an annular, and orderly manner.  The se-
cretory  vessels  are almost oval, forming
several  ranges horizontally, in proportion
to the axis of the plant, and united against
each other.
   From the fibres and vessels horizontally
interwoven, result the bark, (which is anal-
ogous to the skin of animals) the wood, and
pith.  The bark is composed of a pellicle,
or  tissue of  fibres,   air,   and  secretory
vessels, which are inserted into the wood.
and  the pith, or  marrow comprises, as it
were, a collection of vesicles,   consider-
ably like those of the solids.
   Hence arise the roots^ trunk, buds, bran-
ches, leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, and shoots..
The roots are the fibres fitted   for,  it  is
supposed,  absorbing  the juices  from the
                    i 
                   96
earth ; if so, these are analogous to the ab
sorbent  vessels in animals :  the  nutritive
part of an animal's food is taken up by the
lacteals ofthe intestinal tract,  and transmit-
ted  into the system for the  support and
growth of animal life.  Spallanzini,  in an
elegant allegory asserts, " man is an invert-
ed Treed''
  The trunk is that part which arises from
the  roots, to the extremities and foliage,
ordinarily in the form  of a cylinder : the
branches are a sort of young plants, grow-
ing out of the trunk : the leaves are pro-
ductions of the fibres of the branches or of
the trunk; and are expanded primarily in a
small degree ; then undergo  a further ex-
tension, from a plane to the circumference.
   The flowers are almost like the leaf, a
contexture of fibres,  which proceed from
the solid parts,  but finer, and according to
the texture  and arrangement ofthe leaves:
a rose, a carnation, or a pink is the product.
   The fruit which is seen to grow ordinari-
ly in the middle ofthe flower,  contains the 
                   97
seed, or grain : and what is this grain ?   It
is a plantulc, ready to be evolved.
  The nutritive juices of plants are earths,
oils, salts,  &c. but more especially water.
Different sorts of plants afford these princi-
ples in distillation : and  it is well known,
that water contributes to their growth.
For, if in  winter we set over  a chimney-
piece a glass vessel, full of water, and in-
sert upon the surface of it any  bulbous
root,  such as  a  hyacinth, tulip, jonquil,
ike. the heat of the atmosphere in the room,
is communicated to the water, an agitation
is produced in the particles of the fluid by
which it  penetrates the fibres of the roots,
and excites vegetation; the  radicles first
descending,  the stalk ascending, we are
presented,  in a short period,  with the
fragrant  nosegay.
  To prove that water is the pabulum,  or
provender  of vegetables,  Van  Helmont
took two hundred pounds of earth, dried in
an oven,  and  watered it:  he then placed in
it a willow which weighed five pounds:  he
closed this earth on  all  sides,  in a vessel 
                   98
which  had small  perforations for the ad-
mission of air, and watering it frequently,
at the end of five years, the willow weigh-
ed five hundred and sixty five  pounds : the
earth, after it was dried, lost two ounces.
       Duhamel de Corporum affectionabus, page 52.
  This then, is manifest, that the moisture
alone nourished the plant, and the  earth
was the sponge, to retain it.  We shall ad-
duce another experiment  in  confirmation
of the' above : let eight  or ten pounds of
earth be placed in a vessel; three or four
hundred plants may  sip nutrition in this
earth, and  in the rain which mayr descend.
This quantity of earth, with water intim-
ately united,  would not be sufficient to fur-
nish nutrition  to  so great a number of
plants;  it  would  be  necessary that the
whole  mass weighed, at least, four or five
hundred pounds ; and yet it would scarcely
weigh twenty :  hence  different sorts of
plants are nurtured with the same fluid.
   These principles being admitted, we are
led to review the growth of plants.   The
plantule  having in its seed, (at least ordin- 
                    99
arily) the radicle,  trunk,  leaves, pulp, or
flesh, which surround it, is separated into
two lobes, united by a delicate fibre, to the
extremity ofthe radicle and trunk; the nu-
tritive juices are agitated by gravity, their
action proper to fluidity, and by the elas-
ticity of the air which surrounds it, a pecu-
liar fermentation is  excited in the seed,
penetrates the pulpy matter,  shoots out in-
to fibres and roots, and from the trunk in-
to the leaves, enveloped into small mass-
es, insensibly,  or almost so, evolve  the
leaves,  roots, &c.
   In the first stages of vegetable life, wa-
ter is a source of delicate nutriment to the
plantule, until it hath produced radicles,
capable of receiving and digesting grosser
fluids;  so in the  first  stages  of infancy,
milk is the proper food  of the young  anii
mal,  till  that period when a power to di-
gest a grosser aliment arrives.
   A question presents, why the roots de-
scend into the earth, while the stalk arises
from it ?.  This  seems a sort of affecta-
                   t 2 
100
tion : the root bows itself in order to de-
scend, while the trunk forms an angle to
ascend.
   Six acorns were planted with their points
upwards,  as perpendicular as  possible : in
two months  after, on removing the earth
from them, it was found that the roots had
made an  angle to descend ; as if they had
been sensible of the fraud of the botanist.
What, then,  gives  to  the root and  stalk
these kinds of opposite directions ?
   It is probable, that the pores and fibres
of the roots are  greater than  those of the
trunk ; since  the roots arc considered as
the stomach of the plants,  in which  the
grosser fluids are digested.   Wherefore,
when the nutritive juices circulate from the
roots into the tender plant, through the fi-
brous ducts, which unite it  to the pulp,
the grosser, from the laws of gravitation,
pass into the roots, and the more  volatile
into the trunk ; which, having ascended in-
to the air, meets no resistance to  its eleva-
tion.   On the contrary, the roots, in  pro-
portion as they descend, always encounter 
101
great  resistance,  to their motion  down-
wards.
  The pith of  plants is analogous to the
marrow of animals; and is a collection of
small  vesicles which seem destined  to fil-
ter and elaborate a volatile juice, for the
nourishment of the plant, flower, and fruit.
  We may  reasonably presume that the
sap, in order to its being elaborated more
firmly circulates in plants as the blood does
in animals.   For,  if the sap ascends or de-
scends, it circulates.   When the trunks of
two trees join their roots together, so that
the juice of  the one passes into that of the
other, if we  separate the trunk of the one in
the month of February, two feet below the
union of the trunks,  the lateral branches
which are below the contact of the barks,
send  forth small branches and leaves in the
following spring, as well  as those above ;
and as much so as if they received  nutri-
tion from the  sources  of the parent stock.
Hence, they must receive,  by this con-
junction, a fluid which descends from the
extremities  towards the root,  after hav- 
102
ing ascended  from the roots towards the
branches.
  The  ligneous fibres  convey the more
volatile  fluids towards  the branches : the
utricular bring back the juices towards the
roots, which are not yet sufficiently diges-
ted,  and the trachea furnishes air, which
facilitates the circulation ofthe  vital fluid.
 
            PART II.

        REPRODUCTION.
               AND
FRUITFULNESS OF  PLANTS.
   The lap of nature presents us a pleas-
ing variety of plants and flowers, which ma-
ny admire for nothing more than the grat-
ification of sight, or fragrance.   The vir-
tuosso dwells on the rich structure and ele-
gance  of a plant,  its foliage  and splendid,
variegated tints : but the philosopher de-
lights in a more noble banquet:  he  inves-
tigates the  reproduction  and fruitfulness
of the maniield  families in the vegetable
creation.
  We have endeavoured to illustrate the
origin &c. of plants; and have discovered
that the fruit  includes the seed ; and that
the seed  envelopes a plantule, already for-
med,   by the benign hand of nature, for
perpetuating the spe cies.
   Our inquiry here leads to the constitu-
ent parts of flowers ; and  concludes with 
                  104
some deductions referable  to  the analogy
of plants and animals.
  The constituent parts of flowers, at least
the greatest part, have their petals, calix,
stiles, stamina, and summits.   The  calix
seems to envelope the sexual system ofthe
flower :  the petals, or leaves, are parts ex-
panded, and situated about the germinating
principle :  the pistillum is  a tube which
arises from the bottom and middle of the
petals :  the  stamina arc fibres that spring
from the base ofthe flowers, and terminate
in different conformations, which are term-
ed summits.
  The tulip, for example,  is composed of
six petals, or leaves ; from the base and
middle of these arises a small tube : this is
the pistillum ; around which  some very
fine  fibres are disposed,  which also  grow
out of the base of the flower ; these are the
stamina.
  The summits of the stamina are  cap-
sules, or vesicles, which, in their maturity,
expand, and transmit a father dust, of dif-
ferent configuration, accordant to the var-
ied families of the plant.   Hence, the fari- 
                   105
na of the summits renders plants fertile ; it
being wafted by the gentle undulations of
the atmosphere descends upon the  vital
spark which contains the fruit, and is there
diluted;  penetrates die  substance  of the
pistillum, and,  after a short period,  produ-
ces a fermentation, capable of inducing the
embriotic plant contained in the  seed to
burst into vegetable life.
  As the inhabitants of the ocean are dif-
ferent from those of the land, so  has it
plants different from those ofthe earth.  A-
mong the aquatic plants, some have  leaves,
others want them.  The greater part have
no apparent roots, but vegetate on hard bo-
dies ; such as rocks and shells, to which
they are  attached  by a small and polished
base.   These plants without roots  are  so
organized, that their whole surface may be
considered as capable of absorbing nutri-
tion, by an infinity of porous ducts.   Ma-
rine plants, being thus surrounded  by the
waters which nourish them, possess an as-
semblage of small glands, which filter and
separate  from it, the lacteous, and (glutin-
ous particles. 
         PART III.
DISEASES OF PLANTS.
   The most precious and singular plants
have maladies,  analogous to the  maladies
of animals, in the course of their vegetable
existence.
   Plants  are  indisposed,  when  healthy
fluids are not circulated into their different
organs : under such  circumstances, they
become languid: this languor is  derived
from  several sources; first, an excess or
defect of the nutritive fluid ;  or,  second-
lv,  the malignity of the fluids, or external
violence.
  The same causes excite similar effects
in animals.  Excessive repletion ha,s pro-
duced a rupture of the vessels,  and danger-
ous effusions.  The  juices inspisated  in
the vessels, for want of velocity and circu-
lation, are obstructed,  and congest.  The
fluids  which ascend penetrate and gradu-
ally possess the trachea;  which  is, as it
were, the lungs of plants ;  and arrests tlv 
107
 action of the air, free circulation is inter-
 cepted, and the plant sickens and dies.
    Secondly.  Defect of fluids'produces the
 same result.   If a great quantity of them
 is  evaporated by transpiration, during  the
 heat of a summer's day, if none arise to re-
 pair the depletion, the vessels become desti-
 tute of nutrition; collapse, lose their vitali-
 ty, and become incapable of receiving new
 juices : hence the plant sickens,  languish-
 es,  and often expires—of consumption.
   Thirdly. The malignity  of juices pro-
 duces languor,  and oftentimes  the disso-
 lution of plants,  by decomposing their or-
 gans.   Lime-water, or water of compost,
 and hot  beds,  too strong,  cauterize  the
 tender  fibrils of the  roots, from  an ex-
 cess of their corrosive  salts.  If the juic-
 es are too viscous, they inspissate, and be-
 come  fixed:  they  cannot  circulate, nor
 afford sufficient nutrition  to the  young
 embryo,  in order to evolve ; and a plant,
far  from producing fruit,  famishes  from a
want of nurture, which conveys life into its
 constitution.
                    K 
108
  Fourthly. The fertility of plants is some-
times the  cause of their diseases ;  plants
too fertile are of less duration than others.
  Fifthly.  External violence, which caus-
es maladies in vegetation are wounds, frost,
heat, insects, parasitical plants, &c. &x.
  Wounds are hurtful, and even  prove
mortal, to plants;  as cutting the roots, di-
vesting the bark,  or otherwise destroying
the ligneous parts, so that the covering on-
ly remains, the fluids cannot circulate.
  Frost expands the juices, which it  des-
troys ;  and  rends asunder the  fibres  of
plants.  Heat agitates  the fluid,  violently
attenuates and dilates the pores of plants,
and compels the fluids to escape, by its im-
moderate  action.   In  animals,  heat  ex-
hausts the living principle, by  the too pow-
erful stimulus;  hence they  frequently
sicken,  languish,  and lose their vigour.
  Hail  bruises the fibres ofthe foliage, and
extravasates the juices  ; contusions in ani-
mals produce similar effects.
  Insects, by their nipping, create tumours
upon plants;  this is  followed  by an t£- 
                  109
fusion ;  the fluids escaping,  penetrate the
adjacent parts, where it  is congested into a
mass, dilates the fibres, and enlarges their
capacity with concretions.
   Parasitical plants  are  frequently more
pernicious than  the  pinching  of insects.
Those live at the expense of others, as the
moss and mistletoe  tribes;  they are real
plants, the  roots  of  which ingraft them-
selves  into  the bark of trees,  extract the-
juices, and steal  nutrition; and, by these
means, debilitate, exhaust, and frequent-
ly destroy their protector.
   The mould which appears in damp pla-
ces, on the long neglected covering of a
book,  are small plants, of the species of
moss, which moisture excites to vegetate ;
and which, when brought to the bar of the
microscope, discover,  in appearance,  so
many meadows, adorned  with flowerets.
   The seeds of  parasitical plants are  ex-
tremly minute :  the winds waft them cas-
ually upon walls, roofs, and trees, where,
being hospitably received, they vegetate. 
                   110
   Plants are provided with remedies in dis-
eases ; so are animals : gentle incisions di-
minish  excess of fluid; bleeding  divert-.
repletion : remove a portion of earth which
conceals the roots, the air has more  free-
dom  of access to  them ;  invigorates the
plants, and a greater quantum of juices is
absorbed.   Mould and manure excite fer-
mentation, and furnish materials, that un-
lock the torpid fibres, restore them to  their
former vigour, and remedy the mischief.
   A wounded  tree is not  always without
a  remedy:  if by accident, or otherwise,
the arm of a tree  is broken, and the  bark
not wholly  separated,  uniting the parts,
and applying a retentive bandage,  check
the vital fluid from escaping,  and prevent
the air from dissipating the  humours ;  it
reuniting, the injured part is restored, and
the fracture relieved. 
SEQUEL.
   It is curious to observe how the animal
and vegetable  families mutually  support
each other, through their whole existance.
Vegetables, by emitting  vital air during
the day, purify  the atmosphere, for the use
of man and animals, while the fixed air ex-
pired by animals,  affords  nourishment to
vegetables ;  but at the time when the diffu-
sive stimulus is less wanting, sleep being
necessary, the vegetable race pours  forth
azotic air.
   It was  Dr. Priestly who discovered, in
1772, that plants emitted vital air,  and ab-
sorbed fixed air ;  for which discovery, he
received the thanks of the  royal society,
in an elegant speech delivered by the pres-
ident.  "  From your discoveries,"  says
Sir John Pringle,  " we are assured, that no
vegetable  grows in vain, but that from the
oak of the forest,  to the grass in the field,
every individual   plant is serviceable to
mankind : if not always distinguished by
                  K 2 
112
some medicinal virtue, yet making a part
ofthe whole which cleanses and purifies
our atmosphere.  In this, the fragrance of
the rose,  and deadly nightshades co-op-
erate ; nor is the herbage,  or wood,  that
flourishes in the most remote and unpeopled
regions unprofitable to us; nor we to them,
considering how constantly  the winds con-
 vey to them the fixed air issuing from our
lungs, v\ hile they exchange vital air  for
us."
   Mr. Shoele having made some experi-
ments diametrically opposite to this posi-
tion,  Doctor Priestly employed a whole
 summer to repeat his former experiments;
 and perceived, that upon many occasions,
 azotic air was given out, but confesses he
 could not  discover the causes of this cir-    %
 cumstance.
   This laurel was reserved to decorate the
 brow of the laborious  and ignenious  Dr.
 Ingenhouz, physician to her Imperial  Maj-
 esty.
   He first shewed, that the trunk and foli-
 age of plants gave out vital air only in the 
                  113
presence of light.  Hence, if you put a
plant in water, in an inverted tumbler, and
expose  it to the rays of the sun,  in a few
minutes, air will be extricated, and, upon
examining, will be found to be the purest
vital air :  or if successive plants be put in
azotic air,  it will be  so ameliorated, that
combustion may be supported in  it, and it
will possess the nature, and most probably,
the sime indentity as common air ; or if a
plant be exposed, under these circumstan-
ces, to inflammable air, it will form a truly
explosive  air.   This philosopher, at the
same time, discovered, that in the absence
of light, not vital, but azotic and fixed airs
were given out; and that even during the
sunshine  flowers, roots and ripe fruits al-
ways produced this deleterious air.
   Hence he taught us the true relation we
stand in witli regard  to the vegetable race;
and he  has also extended these curious and
 beautiful  researches, by  ascertaining  the
 different proportions of vital air to the azo-
 tic air  in different situadons ;  and has  de- 
114
monstrated, that in a given quantity of at-
mospheric air, there is more vital air, in the
country than  in  cities ; and more near the
sea than in land.
   With  what  wonderful economy, then,
has the Supreme Architect established this
reciprocal intercourse between  the animal
and vegetable kingdoms !  By what elegant
simplicity of design, are the different parts
of nature thus rendered at once  subservi-
ent to the mutual  support of each  other,
respectively, and to the general well being
and harmony  of the whole.
  " Not every plant in every soil will grow,
The willow loves the w:it'ry ground, and lowj
The marshes alder : nature seems t'orduin
The rocky cliff for the wild ash's reign,
The baleful yew to northern blasts resigns,
To shores the myrtle and to mounts the vines."
                                VIRGIL. 
       ART AND NATURE

CONSIDERED AND CONTRASTED.
   Before we dismiss our pages on  the
 Animal Economyr, we  shall proceed  to
 examine the most exquisite performances
 of human art,  and contrast them with the
 productions of nature: a parallel which
 must humble the pride of man, by present-
 ing  him  a more reasonable  and modest
 view of himself: and, at the  same  time,
 conduce towards the improvement of our
 imperfect conceptions ofthe supreme Gov-
 ernor of the universe.
  We receive, through the medium of a
 good microscope, all the intelligence neces-
 sary to direct our attention to  these grand
objects.  If the edge of a very sharp razor
be examined with this valuable discoverer
of truth, we shall perceive it to be as broad
as the back of a  knife;  rough, full   of
indentations;    and so unlike any thing 
                  116
keen,that an instrument as blunt as this ap-
pears would not even serve to cleave wood.
                       //• Fs Micrography.
  The point of an exceeding small needle
being  examined, appears above a qnntci
of an inch in breadth ; not round, nor flat ;
but  irregular and unequal :  and the sur-
face, though extremely smooth and polish-
ed to the naked eye, seemed full of rag-
gedness : in short,  it resembled an iron
bar, from a smith's f->rgc.
             Philoi"tiicai Transactions, Ki. 324.
  A small  piece of exceeding fine  linen
appeared,  from the  large spaces between
its threads, somewhat like a  hurdle, or lat-
tice ; and the threads as coarse as the yarn
used in making ropes.
  Some delicate Brussels lace  appeared as
if made of a thick,  uneven  Inur-line, en-
twisted, fastened, and matted together, in
a very awkward and unartful manner.
  The web of  a silkworm, being thus ex-
amined, appeared  perfectly smooth and
shining ; cylvv way equal, and much finer
than any thread the best spinster can boast 
117
oi':  or  as the smallest  twine  is  finer
than the cable-rope.   A pod of this silk,
wound  off, contains  nine  hundred  and-
thirty yards; and as two threads are con-
nected,  it is a double line,  equal to eigh-
teen hundred and sixty yards ;  which be-
ing weighed with  rigid  exactness,  was
found .no heavier than two grains and a
half.
             Philosophical Transactions, No. 334.
   What an exquisite fineness is here !  and
yet  this is nothing when compared with
the web of a spider.
   The  most  exquisite writing, such  as
the Lord's prayer within  the  compass of
a  silver sixpence, executed  by an  able
master of the art,  when brought for.vard
for examination, presents a shapeless and
uncouth product,  as if written  in rustic
characters.
   But the small specks on the wings  or
bodies of moths,  beetles, flies, and other
insects, are found, when examined, to be
most accurately circular,  and all the other
lines and marks about them regularly and 
                   118
 finely drawn,  to the utmost possibility of
 exactness.
   These are  some of the  most curious
 and surprising works of  art: but  let us
 examine  them with a  microscope, and we
 shall immediately  be  convinced, that the
 utmost power  of art is only a concealment
 of deformity ;  an imposition on our sense
 of vision ;  and that  our admiration of it
 arises from  ignorance of what it really is.
   Miniature paintings appear, at the bar
 of this test,  mere plastered tints,  entirely
 void of regularity.
   Thus sink the  works of art, Avhcn we
 view them as they really are !   On the con
 trary, the nearer we examine,  the ekarer
 can we disco\ er and distinguish the works
 of nature, even in the least of her produc-
 tions, the more  sensible we must be  made
 ofthe wisdom,  power, and greatness  of
 their Author.
   Mew the  numberless species of insects
that swim, creep, or fly around us ;  what
proportion and  harmony shall we  perceive
in all their  organs ! what a profusion of 
119
 colouring;  (as in  the butterfly)  azure,
 green, and vermilion ;  gold, silver, pearls,
 rubies,  fringes, and embroidery,  on their
 bodies, wings, heads, and eveiy other part!
 How rich the glow !   How  splendid the
 finishing!  How inimitable the polish we
 every where discover !
   Search yet farther, and examine the ani-
 malcules, many sorts of which it would be
 impossible for the human eye, unassisted,
 to discern.*
   The same order, regularity, and beauty,
 wc discover among the vegetable  tribes, if
 brought to examination. Every stalk, bud,
 flower, or seed, displays a figure, a propor-
 tion, a harmony, beyond the powers of art.
 Not a plant, nor  a moss,  whose leaf does
 not  shew a multiplicity  of  vessels  and
 pores, disposed most curiously, for thecon-

  * These  atoms are so small  that they can scarcely b£
 discerned by the aid of glasses which possess the greatest
 magnifying powers :  in them, however,  wc discover the
 same organs of body, multiplicity of parts, variety < f mo-
tion, diversity of figure, and particular modes of living,
 as in the larger animals.
                    L 
                  120
vcyance  of nutrition ; and  which is not
adorned  with  innumerable  graces to em-
bellish it.
  Hence, the most perfect  works of art,
betray a poverty and inability in the work-
man ; but those of nature, prove the hand
that formed them is Omnipotent.
  It may be inquired by  some, to what
purpose has the Creator bestowed such an
expense of beauty  on  so much insignifi-
cance ?
  Our reply is, that  the beauty and ele-
gance which adorn them, are evident and
convincing proofs of their not being so in-
significant as is presumptuously supposed;
for such beauty and harmony, displayed in
all the constituents of the organization of
animals, is given them for the purpose of
their  perceiving, and  attaching them  to
their own species : for ours, that we may
observe in them the stupendous power and
goodness  of the Creator.  If the former,
we  must allow them to be of consequence
in the general account of their Creator; and
if the latter, it is our  unbounded duty to 
                    121
take notice  of,  and  admire.   Therefore.'
whatever the  divine  Author  has   been
pleased to bestow on them;  and what he
has judged worthy to create, are not, sure-
ly, below a rational mind to examine, ad-
mire,  and contemplate,
                    ■♦»
  " Sec man from nature rising slow to aft,
  To copy instinct then was nature's part:
  Thus then to him the voice of nature spake,
  Go, from the creatures thy instruction take.'" 
MISCELLANEOUS TRACTS.
  It is an ancient  and approved  maxim,
that a life, guided entirely according to the
directions of art, must be a miserable one.
And the most judicious practitioners, sen-
sible ofthe justness of the observation, and
that what is prohibited is often the most
eagerly coveted, have endeavoured to give,
even to persons labouring under  disease,
as great latitude as possible in the articles
of diet;  and to reconcile every part ofthe
regimen they prescribe, as nearly  as  they
can, to the common mode of living, in or-
der that the patient may be reminded as lit-
tle as possible of his misfortune.
  With  respect to quantity,  it is evident
that this must be regulated by our feelings;
a healthy man may be said not to exceed
in the  quantity of his meal,  if he finishes
it with a relish for more ; if immediately
after eating, he can, if required, follow any
employment that does not demand strong
exercises, or  violent-exertions, which, to 
123
 persons in easy circumstances, will rarely
 be necessary, and ought in general to  be
 avoided, as it disturbs digestion,  though
 daily  practised, from necessity, by the la-
 bouring poor.


 Irritability is the principle of Life, and ox-
    ygen is the principle of irritability.


   In palsied limbs, the muscles retain their
 sense of irritability, and faculty of motion,
 if there be applied a topical stimulus, such
 as electricity, galvanism, cauteryr, &c.  But
 the nerves which go to the muscles are so
 diseased or compressed, that they  do not
 transmit the impression of the will.
   The difference between a  paralytic, and
a dead man is, that the paralytic is a dead
 man, who suffers;  and the dead man is a
paralytic, whose sufferings are finished.
   What then shall we say ofthe inebriate,
who, with this truth staring him in the face,
is a paralytic with his own consent *?  But
                 l 2 
                  124
with all this, he is not contented with put-
ting an enemy in his  mouth  which, as
Shakespeare says,
           "Steals away our Brains/"
He seeks to drive it out with another, that
either  impairs his constitution,  or under-
mines his a 'cry existence.
  Our Columbian  Sydenham*  has pre-
sented, in living tints, a prospective ofthe
sad results of intemperance:  in his inquiry
upon the effects of spirituous liquors upon
the human body,  and their influence upon
the happiness of  society, he says,  " They
fill   our   church  yards  with  premature
graves—They deface the image of God in
the  soul—They  derange or destroy  the
intellectual powers—They fill the sheriff's
docket with executions—They crowd  our
hospitals with patients, and our jails with
criminals—They lead to places of public
ignominy and punishment."
   Drinking intemperately is so ungentle-
man-like  a vice, that it would be  an affront
Dr. Benjamin Rush. 
125
to suppose persons of polished manners
could be capable of it.
   We admit one generous glass of wine
for digestion ; a second for our relations ;
a  third  for the President of the United
States ;  a fourth  for  our country ;  and if
a fifth, it must be for our enemies.
   Events arise from  a fit of intemperance
which are sometimes fatal, and always such
as are disagreeable : with all man's reason
and good  sense  about him, his tongue is
apt  to utter things out  of mere gaiety of
heart, which may displease his best friend :
who then, would  trust himself to the pow-
er of wine,  if there was no other objection
against it than this, that it raises the imag-
ination, and depresses the judgment'?
   Supposing our claims to temperance are
admitted, yet our  readers will indulge us
in presenting the  following  sentiments,
when we  have the pleasure to enjoy  the
companv and  conversation of well selected
and intelligent friends :
   First. May every just and  liberal sen-
timent be  nobly  expressed, and fully im-
pressed. 
                  \2b
   Second. May merit never be depressed.
   Third. May no plan of public utility
be suppressed.  And,
  Fourth,  May Columbia's freedom nev-
er be repressed.
        TO COMPRESS ALL,
  May every useful thought be fully ex-
pressed,  and duly  impressed; and neither
repressed, nor suppressed;  nor any worth
ever be oppressed,  or depressed.
  Common self-evident complaints require
nothing  more  than  common remedies:
artificial complaints,  which arise from ex-
cesses, are  complex,  and require the skill,
and  indeed the close attention of a phy-
sician.   Imaginary complaints exist in the
mind, and  cannot be   reached  by  any
skill.  We have, therefore, in the first in-
stance,  to consult  Dr.  Last; in the sec-
ond,  to resort to some able  and judicious
physician ; and in  the third, to invoke the
aid of reason :  this done, firmly and with
discretion,  nostrums  would be annihila-
ted,  and empirics  held at a distance.
   Then would temperance and prudence
be the purveyors of our pleasures.  Then 
                   127
 would  wholesome exercise  brace  our
 nerves, and diffuse over the countenance
 the glow of health.   Then would keen ap-
 petite conquer palling satiety:  and  then
 would the  operations of the kitchen  tri-
 umph over the labours of the laboratory.
   Nothing affords so pleasing a variety to
 life as action; and nothing so effectually
 dissipates painful sensations as the counte-
 nance and conversation of a friend.   Nor
 with our friends only should we associate ;
 the company of strangers may be of singu-
 lar use,  in sweetening our  tempers, and
 refining  our manners;  for  this  requires
 more than ordinary attention to the civili-
 ties  of social intercourse;  it  forces  the
 mind into new exertions,  which  prevent
 the stagnation of the faculties,  whereby
 the fancy is corrupted.   It amuses, by of-
 fering to our notice a variety of new char-
 acters, and  incidents ; and, if we study to
 make ourselves  agreeable,  which  is no
more than our duty, it is beneficial to our
temporal  interest,  by extending our  ac-
quaintance and influence. 
<§>fcci>.
   Tired nature's  sweet restorer cannot
safely be dispensed with.  View the bloom-
ing  complexion  of  our peasantry—their
strength  and activity, compared  with the
sickly visage,  and debilitated constitution
of the sons of luxury,  who turn night into
day ;  and it clearly demonstrates which
mode of life is most condusive to health.
   They, after the toils  of the  day,  are at
peace with  the world—They exert  little
attention to external objects—They antici-
pate the pleasing expectation of rich results
from their industry.   Retire—
   " The shades descend, and midnight o'er the world
   Expands her sable wings j Great Nature droops
   Through all her works.  How happy he, whose toil^.
   Has o'er his languid, wearied limbs diffused
   A pleasing lassitude!  He not in vain
   Invokes the gentle deity of dreams ■
   Sleep, fast and deep, their  active functions soon
   With generous streams the  subtile tubes supply ;■
   Ere morn the tonic, irritable nerves
   Feel the fresh impulse, and awake the soul.
   Doctor  Mackensie very  emphatically
 observes, that he  who sleeps long  in the 
                  129
morning, and sits up late at night, hurts his
constitution without gaining time ;  and he
who will do it merely in compliance with
the fashion, ought not to repine at  a fash-
ionable state of bad health.
   Hippocrates asserts, that labour is prop-
er for the joints, food for  the flesh} parts,
sleep for the viscera, walking for the soul,
and thinking for man.
                   ■♦■
   It is generally admitted, that the perspi-
rable  pores can absorb not only the mois-
ture that floats in the atmosphere,  but a
variety of foreign bodies,  whether delete-
 rious or medicinal,  which may be applied
 to their orifices ; and as the atmosphere, in
 certain situations, is loaded with unwhole-
 some  matter, may not clothing, properly
 regulated, be considered a filter,  to sepa-
 rate the  impurities of the air, before  it
 comes into contact  wirh the body  ?
    Professor Boerhaave, who was born, liv-
 ed, and died  in a flat bottomed country,
 recommended this  favourite receipt for the
 preservation of health in variable climates ; 
130
  " to leave off our winter clothing on mid-
  summer day, and to resume it the dav fol-
  lowing."   May not this hint be reconcila-
  ble to those who live in the neighbourhood
  of marshy plains, lakes or positions, where
  the  atmosphere is  greatly  charged with
  marsh miasma, or putrid exhalations ?
    To keep an  animal in  health, besides
 the  retaining of a due  degree  of animal
 heat, there must  be a  continued genera-
 tion  of new juices, and  an expenditure of
 the old.  Without the due quantity of per-
 spiration, which with us depends very much
 on our clothing,  neither the vegetable nor
 animal can  continue in health : a plant, as
 we have said, whose perspiration is locked,
 becomes  sickly  and dies; and  an  egg,
 whose shell has  been covered with a var-
 nish, and perspiration imprisoned by this
 means, .will produce no living animal, ei-
 ther by the application  of common  heat,
 or that of incubation from the parent.
   The celebrated Sanctorius affirms,  that
the insensible perspiration alone dischar-
ges more than all the sensible evacuations 
                   131
together, and that the proportion of this to
all the other evacuations, is as five to three;
though this  proportion varies  in different
ages, climates, and constitutions, yet it  is
of such importance in all, that where it is  in
any considerable degree deficient, a diseas-
ed state ofthe body must ensue.
 The sympathetic sensibility ofthe surface
of the body,  is chiefly affected by the state
of the perspirable pores; for it is only when
these are unlock d that  the impression  of
the atmosphere on the skin produces ca-
tarrhs, rheumatism, and internal inflamma-
tions, in cold climates ;  and  the external
temperature in hot climates, being such  as
to keep the pores almost always open, this
seems to be a principal reason of that uni-
versal irritability prevailing there, and ofthe
general  sympathy that  prevails between
every part,  particularly as  connected with
the organs of perspiration.
   To keep the skin in good humour, cold
and tepid bathing, under certain circum-
stances, is essentially  necessary to health.
In all diseases depending on a suppressed
                    M 
132
perspiration, tepid bathing frequently con-
trols the symptoms, and restores the nat-
ural functions on the surface.   Evapora-
tion from the surface is more copious from
the tepid affusion,  and on this the cooling
ofthe body very much depends, particular-
ly when under the influence of febrile heat.
The tepid affusion is but little,  if at  all
stimulating ; and does not, like the cold,
rouse the energies ofthe system, by which
heat is evolved, and the effects of external
cold are resisted.   Where the object is to
diminish heat,  that may be  obtained  with
great certainty bv  the repeated use of the
tepid affusion,  suffering the surface of the
body to be exposed in the interval, to the
external air ; and if the rays of the sun  are
excluded,  and  a stream of wind flows over
 it, the heat may  then be reduced, where
 cold water cannot be obtained ; even in the
 warmest regions ofthe earth; on the plains
 of Bengal or the scorching sands of Arabia.
    In the earlier stages of exercise, before
 profuse perspiration   has  dissipated  the
 heat, and fatigue debilitated tlie living prin- 
                  133
ciple, nothing,  we presume, is more safe
and healthy than the cold bath at a tempe-
rature of,  from forty-five to sixty-five de-
grees,  of Fahrenheit's scale.
   The popular opinion, that it is more safe
to go perfectly cool into the water, is found-
ed on prejudice ;  because persons heated,
and beginning to  perspire,  often think  it
necessary to  wait  until they are cool,  and
then  plunge themselves into the water :
they feel  a sudden chilness, that is alarm-
ing, and  sometimes dangerous :  in  such
cases, the injury  is generally  imputed to
going into the water too warm,  whereas it
arises from going in too cool. 
   TO OUR YOUNG MEDICAL AND
      MERCANTILE FRIENDS.

 fuventle dai/s are ductile—and susceptible of
         Jntelectual Improvement.

   Should your destiny in life lead you to
go a long voyage to the eastern continent,
or West-Indies, the following is an excel-
lent antiscorbutic and refreshing diet, at
sea or land,  in hot climates.—It is called
sou ins, an  acidulous  preparation of oat-
meal, and deserves much attention.   It is
prepared by pouring hot water on oat-meal,
and suffering it to stand till it has become
sourish ;  decant the liquor, which is to be
boiled to the consistence of a jelly, and may
be procured on ship board : the macerated
oatmeal may  be made like mush or sup-on,
and eaten with sugar or syrup, for the ship's
company.
 The diseases of hot climates are  generally
diseases  of exhaustion, caused by the too
powerful action  of the stimulus of  heat,
hence the necessity of taking frequently, 
                  135
cool acidulated drinks, which restore the
tone ofthe fibres by absorbing the heat, and
preventing its stimulant action.
  Thirst is a state of the system opposed
to that of  hunger, it is a sensation which
indicates a state of exhaustion, deficiency
of oxygen ; oxygenated remedies therefore
are required.—Lemonade.
  Vegetable  and  mineral acids  contain
vast quantities of oxygen.  It is, in propor-
tion to the  quantity of oxygen in the com-
position of acids that they allay  the sensa-
tion of thirst; thus vegetable acids are the
best remedies against the effects of narcotic
poisons (as opium, &c.) for by their decom-
position they restore to the fibre the oxy-
gen which the poison had deprived it of.
Vinegar taken in large doses cures the state
of exhaustion by a  strong dose of opium,
and prevents death, which might otherwise
ensue.  It is a well known fact, that ine-
briated persons become sober by drinking
a glass of vinegar ; that is, the vinegar res-
tores the tone of the system, which it  had
lost by the alcohol contained in the  wine: 
13G
A great quantity of water produces the
same effect.


  The bite of a viper, or other venomous
reptiles,  is said to be cured  by frequent
washings with a solution of pot-ash ; the
cure indicated presumes the presence of an
acid, and the  remedies resorted to arc alk-
alies to decompound an acid,  which is ad-
mitted  through the medium of a wound,
produced from the bite ofthe animal, un-
der the  influence of  the excess of calor-
ic : in such accidents, fear often destroys
the effects of remedies, and prevents  a cure,
by  producing a repulsion of the fluid from
the surface to the more noble parts of the
circulation.

   Preservatives against, and  cure  of yel-
low fever, or other malignant affections in
hot climates, or  in our summer months,
particularly where a great range of heat in
the atmospheric temperature prevails, com-
bined  with  moisture, uepend upon  the 
                   137
means proper for keeping at a distance both
within and without the body, an excess of
caloric.
    " Fly the rank city ; shun its turbid air ;
  Breathe not tin- chaos of continiied smoke,
  And volatile corruption, from the dead,
  The dying, sick'ning, and the living world
  Exhal'd, to sully Hi aven's transparent dome
  With dim mortality."

   We recommend to  public patronage,
 those  young physicians of genius, who are
 brought forward and supported in their pro-
 fession, by the approbation of those who are
 judges of their merits.   Happy country !
 where science, aided  by the genius of Lib-
 erty, unfolds, and is rapidly  diffusing her
 riches through every part of her widely ex-
 tended  territory !   May " the  wilderness
 and the solitary places be  glad,  and the
 desert rejoice and blossom as the rose."
 
GLOSSARY.
              Atmospheric air contains
  72 parts of Azote, ~) ~ TMephitic, or contagious air.
  27  Oxygen, and C p < Vital air, or Acidifying principle.
   1 Carbonic Acidj » £Fixcd, or unrespirablc air.
  A2.0TE, Phlogisticated air; a tasteless  and inodorous
    element, wliich exists in great quantities in the atmos-
    phere : it extinguishes a lighted taper.
An Acid is a combination of vital air, or oxygen, with cer-
    tain elementary bases;  every acid substance possesses
    a sour taste, changes the colour of syrup of violets, 8cc.
    red, and mostly effervesces, as with  alkalies ; they are
    divided into animal, vegetable, and mineral; of eacli of
    which, there are several : in a figurative sense, acids
    may be said to be the teeth of time.
  Carbonic, is pure  charcoal or the black residuum of veg-
    etables which have undergone a complete decomposi-
    tion of their volatile principles by fire. Inflammable air,
    or possessing all the apparent properties of air, 13 times
    lighter'than  atmospheric air.
  Caloric, principle of heat, or heat extricated from what
    ever cause. 
CONTENTS.
                                  PAG?.
Dedication.........
Preface to the First Edition,    .  .
Preliminary Address,.....
Dawning  of Life—a poem,   ...    9
Address to our Fair Headers, ...   11
-------.— Students of Medicine, .  .   13
Anatomy,.........15
Plan of the Noble Edifice—Man,   .   16
Elevation—or general description ofthe
     Faried apartments,    ....   19
     Furniture of the attic story .  .   57
Dialogue..........63
Recapitulation ofthe  subject, ...   75
Scale of Animated Nature,   ...   80
.Inimal Heat supported by a vital flame 81
Mali's high prerogative,    ,  ...   83
Modern Chymistry illumines the subject, 84
Parallel  between  life and a lighted ta-
    per,   .........86
Old 4ge,  &c.......  .   88
Analogical view of Plants and Animals,
     (class fied in the order of society J 90
     1 Nature and structure, ...   94
     2 Reproduction,.....103
     3 Maladies of Plants,    .   •  .106
Sequel......... •  U1
Art and Nature contrasted and consid-
    ered,   ........116 
CONTENTS.
                                  v a r. l .
Miscellaneous Tracts,.....122
Sadresults of Internperance,   .   .   .123
Liberal Sentiments on the subject,   .  125
Life cherished by social intercourse,   .  127
Sleep—Nature''s grand restorative,   .  128
Professor Boerhaave^s  recipe for
     health,........129
Cold and Tepid Bathing recommended, 131
Advice to our Young Medical and Mer-
     cant tie friends,......134
Young Physicians recommended,  .   .137
Glossary—with broad definitions,    .  lo9 
ERRATA.
Page 68, line 3d. for tricuspidates,  read trlcuspides
 —— 70, do.  7, for cervicle, read cervical.
 —— do. do. 21, for radical, read radial.
 ----do. do. 23, for inter-ossial, read inter-osseal.
 ----71, do. 12, for caliac, read cceliac.
 —— 16, do.  6, for sphacnoides, read sphsenoides;
 — 38, do.  3, for chyle, read chyme.
 —- 80, do. 15, for saines, read sanies; 
 
      SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.


       THOMAS JEFFERSON,
      President of the  United States.
         GEORGE CLINTON,
    Vice-President of the United States.
       DANIEL D. TOMPKINS,
    Governor ofthe State ot New-\ork.
 Samuel Ackerly, a. b. Physician.
 A. Alexander,  Merchant.
 Simon Van Antwerp, Merchant.
 Thomas H. Atwell,     do.
 G. De Angeiis, Ph) sician.
 B. Andansce, Merchant.
 Tomas Andrews,     do.
 Robert Abbat.
 Stephen Allen,  Merchant.
 William  Adie,     do.
 John P. Anthony.
 John Anthony, a. b. Student at Law.
 Isaac Alston.
 Price Armstrong, Teacher, City Jersev.
 William Acheson.
 N ehemiah Akerly.
 I. Abeel, Merchant.
 S. Allen, Physician.
 Abel Aikin, Merchant,
 George Asbridge.
 Samuel Abrahams.
 Henry Aldworth, Merchant.
 Isaac Ammerman.
Richard Allen.
Aaron Ackerman.
Peter A.  Allaire.
v 2 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Rev  John Bowden, D. d. Professor of Moral
  Philosophy, Logic and Belles Lettres, Co-
  lumbia College.
John Bullus, m. d. Agent lT. S. Navv, N. Y.
Samuel Burrett, Esq.
Derick Brinkerhoof, Esq. Fishkill.
Thomas Barclay, Esq. British Consul Gen.
John T. Boyd.
E. G  Burtock.
William E. Burrell, Student of Medicine.
Samuel Boyd, Esq. Counsellor.
Joseph Bates, Merchant.
Abraham Bussing,  Merchant.
J- Bartow, Esq. Counsellor.
W. W. Brooks, Esq.
Rev. John Byrne, St. Peter's Church.
James Van Benscoten,
John H. Bostwick.
Thomas Bartow.
Aaron Beman.
Basil I. Bartow.
William Bartlett, Physician.
W. W. Bradhurst,  Druggist.
Jacob V. Brower, m. d.
Jacob F  Boerum,  Merchant.
Benjamin T. Boyd.
U Burrett.
Luther Baker.
Doctor Bramond.
Stephen D. Beekman, a. b. Physician,
John Brown,  Merchant.
William Bolmer,   do.
Theodore T. brett.
John M. Bloodgood.
Willian Bailey.
Jonathan Brooks. 
      SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

John Brinkley.
William Brannon, Merchant.
George Black.
Thomas Bailey.
Ephraim Brasier, Esq.
Roger M'Burne, Student of Medicine.
William A. Burtis.
Robert Bogardus, Esq. Counsellor.
Caleb S.  Brower.
Elijah Briggs.
Isaac Burr.
James Brown.
H. Baldwin.
David I. Burger, Merchant.
Henry V. Bool.
Samuel I. Burrows.
George G. Burrus.
H. A. Ten Brook.
John H  Bailey,  Merchant.
George Bennet,  Merchant.
Abraham L. Brinckerhoof.
Benjamin Barker.
James Betts.
Ruben R. Barton.
John Boutier.
William  Benford, Builder.
William Bull.
John P.  Bissonett.
Samuel Bogardus, Merchant, Poughkeepsie.
C- Baynes, Merchant.
Edward  I. Ball.
George Barron,  Mathematician.
Guy C. Bayley,  House Physician, N. York
   Hospital.
Richard  A. Ball, Licentiate of the Faculty of
   Physic and Surgery, New-York. 
      SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

 Hon. De Witt Clinton, Esq. Mayor, N. Y.
 George W. Chapman, Physician.
 William Cairns, Merchant.
 Richard Crosbie, A. b. Belville.
 George Clinton jun. Esq.
 S. Corp, Merchant.
 Henry Clements, do.
 Albert Cooper,  do.
 Mark Colter.
 John Casman, Merchant.
 Francis Carlisle, Teacher.
 I. Cropsey.
 Jesse i^oncklin, Merchant.
 Thomas Chatterton, do.
 Isaac Curry,       do.
 Benjamin G. Claude.
 Matthew Clark, Merchant.
 John G. Cooke,     do.
 James Cornell,    do.
 John C. Cheesman, Student of Medicine.
 Robert Carter, Merchant.
 C. Cargill,       do.
 William D. Creed, Student of Medicine.
 Thomas Cock, m. d.
William Carter jun. Merchant.
Peter Contice,       do.
William Cumming,   do.
S. Cowdry, Esq. Counsellor.
Abraham Cargill.
Joseph Crook.
James Campbell, Esq. Attorney.
Joiin Yates Cebra, Auctioneer.
James M'Curry, Merchant.
Edward Cra:},      do.
John Clark, jun, m. d.
Robert Ca.der, Merchant, City Jersey. 
      SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Collins & Perkins, Booksellers.
Peter F. Cisco.
Benjamin Cooper.
John Crolis, jun.
Peter M'Cartie.
Alexander Clay, jun.
Henry Cole, Student of Medicine.
Joseph C. Cooper, Esq. Attorney.
Benjamin Charleton.
Mary Cortleyou.
Clark & Ogelby, Merchants.
John B. Coperthwait.
George Codwise, Merchant.
Christian Covenhoven.
Abel Childs.
M. C ashman.
Clarkson Crolius.
Edward Collins.
Cornelius Cooper.
B. Crane, Bookseller.
Harry Coldwell, Merchant, City Jersey.
John Cockly, City Jersey.
Stephen Cornwell.
John C. Carpenter, Brooklyn.
David Craigg, Merchant.
Anthony Claw son.
Samuel M'Co wen, Merchant.
John S. Crary, do.
John Cowdery, Surgeon, U. States  Navy.
James Cheetham.
Jacob Corlies, Merchant.
John Cook, Esq. Attorney.
Daniel Cozens, Merchant.
John Cumberland.
Heniy Covenhoven.
John Chetwood, Phys.  Elizabeth T. 3 copies. 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

Thomas A.  Cooper,  Esq.  Manager of the
    New-York  Theatre.
James Chesterman.
Benjamin Chainau, Accomptant.
Joseph Conck in. Merchant.
Benjamin  Dearborn,  Member of the New-
    Eng.and Association lor the promotion of
    Arts and Useful Inventions.
Stephan Dando.
Anthony Davis, Esq. President m. s. Orange.
George A. Duryee, Esq. a. b.
Thomas Dixon,  Merchant.
Nicholas Delaplane, do.
Daniel Dutcher,    do.
G. W. De Witt, Grocer.
Charles W. Devanport, Merchant.
Isaac Underhill.
David Underhill.
Daniel Dinmead.
Denton M. Dusenbury, Student of Medicine.
James Doran.
John M'Dermoh, Merchant.
William Davidson,     do.
I. C. Day,            do.
William Day,         do.
Gabriel Darrell.
Nathaniel  Dearborn, Bookseller,  New-Port,
    6 copies.
John Dixon, Merchant.
Thomas Degray, Student of Medicine.
Susanna Drake.
W'illiam Dixon.
Abraham Dally.
G. & R. Downing.
Jeremiah Dodge.
Henry Dean, Professor of Penmanship. 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

James Dearing, Merchant, Poughkeepsie.
Edward B. Davis, Merchant.
Benjamin Dixson,     do.
Thomas Demarest,    do.
Charles  M'Evers,     do.
Peter Embree,        do.
Jacob Ely, Teacher.
Aaron Ely,    do.
Samuel S. E. Edmonson, Physician.
Thomas Everitt.
John Everdall.
Edward E y.
Richard Ervin.
George  Englehart.
Peter Elting,  Merchant.
R. D. Edwards,  do.
Edward Earle, Esq. Poughkeepsie.
Silvester Earle,  Merchant.
Thomas V. EarU
Joseph  D. Fay, Esq. Counsellor.
Daniel W. Frost, Student of Medicine.
Peter Field,
Jasper Farmer, Merchant.
How a d Furman,    do*
Thomas Finch,       do.
Benjamin D.  Forest  do.
Thomas Feet, Flushing.
James Frost, Merchant.
Jeremiah Finch,   do.
John Foriston.
Thomas I. Fleming.
Je emiah Fisher.
Cha. es Freeman, Me-chant.
James Foreman, Student of Medicine.
John Fel ows.
 John M'Fee. 
      SUBSCRIBERS'. NAMES.

 Erastus Fu' er.
 Isa> .n Fa coner.
 Tomas Farmer, Merchant.
 Wi iam Franklin,     do.
 Henry Fabor.
 Chafes I. Field.
 Barnet Gardinier, Esq. Counsellor,  and mem-
    ber of Congress, State of N. York.
 Doctor George  Horn.
 Rev. John Gozmann, a.  b.
 George Griffin,  Esq. Counsellor.
 William Green, Machinest.
 Seth Green.
 William Gardinier, Student of Medicine.
 Abraham W. G iffin,  do. at Law.
 Moses Gale, Merchant.
 G. Gillespie    do.
 James N.  GouHav, do.
 Wiliam L. Grayham.
 Charles A. Gardinier.
 Isaac  Grayham.
 Sturges Gray, Grocer.
 Henry Gatty.
 David Gardinier, Esq.  Attorner.
Joseph H. Gage, New-Hampshire.
William Gibson, Merchant.
 I. P. Garniss.
 John Grigg, Merchant.
 James W. Gatfie'd.
 Benjamin Gautier.
Alexander Green, Student at Law.
James Gibbons, Teacher.
John H. Goodman, City Jersey
John Gilmove, Merchant.
John Gourley,    do.
John Greenfield,    do. 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

I. B. Graves, Merchant.
J. A. Grayham, Esq. Counsellor. L. l. d.
John Grayham.
William Duncan Green.
William Hammersly, *m.  d. Prof. Clen. Med.
Timothy Herbert.
William Huson, Esq. Dutchess county.
Richard Harrison,  Esq. Counsellor.
H.  Holmes, Student of Medicine.
I. Hardenbrook, Merchant.
Joel Hart, M. d.
Samuel Harris, Esq. Counsellor.
Benjamin Hicks, M. d.
Jacob Halsey, Builder.
Phin Heard, Merchant.
John Hebbert, Artist.
Rev. Thomas Hamilton, n. d.
Charles A. Harper, Philadelphia.
N. Hutton,jun. Merchant.
Jesse Hoit.
E.  Hitchcock, Druggist.
John Hogg.
Matthew Howell,  Merchant.
Caleb Horton,     do.
Samuel Henry, Botanist.
Benjamin Hustice, Merchant;
Valentine Hicks,    do.
John P. HafF.   -
Thomas Huyne.
Christian Hoyl.
Bernard Hart, Merchant.
John Hardbeck, do.
Lot Hudden.     do.
William B. Hutchins, do.
John Hunn.
John Hall. 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

William Huston, Esq. Counsellor.
William B. Hatfield, Apothecary, c. I>.
Charles Hughs.
John Hiltman, Merchant.
I. I. Hamilton,     do.
Alexander I. Hamilton, do.
Green Hall.
Benjamin Horton.
Isaac Hatch.
Henry G. Hose.
Silas Handy.
Isaac Hunt.
John A. Hardenbrook.
William Hillyer, Merchant.
Peter I. Nevius,     do.
Cornelius Heyer,    do.
John Haviland.
Obadiah Holmes.
Maria  Jones.
William Jephson, Merchant.
William Jauncey, Esq.
Daniel Jones, Merchant.
Silvanus S. Jinkins, do.
James  Jarvis      do.
Nathaniel G. Ingraham.
Rev John  Ireland.
Alexander I. Jackson, Merchant.
Henry Johnson,         do.
Edward A. Jones.
John Jackson, jun.
Jeronemus Johnson, Marchent.
William Ingland.
 David Johnson,  Merchant.
Thomas Jeroleman.
 Hon. James Kent. Esq. Chief Justice of
     Supreme Court, State of New-York. 
SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.
S. King.
Philip Karney, Merchant.
William M'Kinney,
Abraham King, Esq.
John L. V. Kleek Merchant.
John Kemp.
John M'Kesson, Esq.  Counsellor.
Hay M'Kay.
A.  Kimberly, Merchant.
Samuel Ke'.iy,    do.
John M'Kin.ey,  do.
Daniel Kings.and, do.
E isha W. King, Esq. Counsellor.
Wr.iam Kerr, Little Britain.
Benjamin Kissam, m. d.
William Kumbel.
James Ketcham.
Lewis Katen.
Richard  Kssam, Surgeon  N. Y. Hospital.
John Kane,  Esq. Govenor of    do.
Jacob  Katen.
Hon. B.  Livingston, Associate Judge ot tht
     Supreme Cou^t.
John Lawrence, Esq. Counseller.
William W. Lud ow, Esq.
Wi :iam Laffingweu, Merchant.
Richard Lewis.
E isabeth Livingston.
 John A. Lai-e.
 Leonard Lispena'd, Esq.
 John Lawience, Me chant.
 Wi;'iam Lee, Teache .
 Thomas Lowden, Grocer.
 Henry B. Lambert, Merchant.
 John!. Lawrence.      do.
 James Leworthy. 
      SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMES.

John L. Lawrence, Esq. Attorney.
Moses Littell, Student of Medicine.
Watson E. Lawrence, Druggist.
John Langdon.
Matthew Luff.
Joseph Lunnette.
Gideon Lee,  Teacher.
James  Lindsay.
William Low ie.
Michael Lowber.
Daniel Lord,  Physician.
Thomas Leggett.
George Lampihv
Edward Lyde, Merchant.
Joseph Lyon, City Jersey.
James W. Lent,  Merchant.
Robert R. Lee, Esq. Counsellor.
James W. Lent,  Sen.
Martin I. Law son.
Col. Libbeus Loomis.
Thomas Lewis.
J. B. Ludlow, Merchant.
John Limberger.
William Lawson.
Right Rev. Benjamin Moore, d. d.  Bis
     p. e. c. State of N. York.
Hon. Samuel L. Mitchel, m. d. f. r .s. e.
I. S. D. Montmollien, Esq. Savannah.
William Merrill.
Thomas W. Moore, Esq.
Wril!iam H. Mason, Merchant,
Adam D. Mount, Student at Law.
A.  MiUspaugh, Physican.
Francis Mayerhoof,  Merchant.
William L. Mott,     do.
Richard Morgan,     do. 
SUBSCRIBERS* NAMES.
Richard Mulherin, Merchant.
John Marston,        do.
H. Minturn,          do.
Wiiiiam Mott,        do.
James  Ma'.ary.
Seaison Morris.
Robert Mount.
William G. Miller, Merchant.
James  Masterton,      do.
Hugh  Mazwell, Student at Law.
Phi ip  E.  Muhlenberg, Merchant.
David Munson,
Joseph M. Marsh, Merchant.
John T. MlMurray,  M. D.
Thomaas Miller, Merchant.
Charles Miller.
John Maharry.
Peter  Martin.
John D. Miller, Esq. Alderman.
J.  Manisco, Chymist.
William Myers.
NorrisL. Martin, Merchant.
 Frederick Meyer,     do.
 I. Manning,          do.
 Jacob Mott, Esq. Alderman.
 Elias  Mather,  Me, chant, Albany.
 Peter T. Marselus,do.
 Ralph Mead,      do.
 Nathaniel Mead.
 John  Mount.
 William  Miller, Merchant.
 Andrew  Morris, Esq.
 Samuel G. Moore, New-Town.
 John  Minard.
 Stephen Minard.
 Charles Marsh.
                    o 2 
     SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMES.

Benjamin Mills, City Jersey.
John Neilson, m. d.
Augustus Nichols, Merchant.
John L. Norton, Esq.
Eunice Norris,  Nantucket, 2 copies.
Is.ael Navarra.
Joseph Neal.
William Neilson, Jun.
Alexander Nimmo.
Samuel Osgood, Esq. Naval Officer.
Andrew Ogden,  Merchant.
Peter Ogilvie, Esq. Counsellor.
John C.  Osborn, Professor Inst.  Med. Co-
    lumbia College.
J. Osborn.
I. L. Oliver.
Rev. Alexander Proudfit,  A. B.
Wright Post, Professor of Anatdmy and Sur-
    gery, c. c.
Alexander Pfister, Merchant.
Benjamin Pell,       do.
William Pyke,       do.
Robert Pine,        do.
Zephaniah Piatt,     do.
S. Pomroy, Physician.
J. Patch,       do.
J. Pi ice,       do.
Frederick Philips, Esq.
Samue. Penny,  Merchant.
John J. Post,
W. W. Pa.kins.
E. J. Pinkney, Student at Law.
Richard Paynter, Merchant.
John Penfold.
Richa d Palmer.
William Proudfoot, Merchant. 
     SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMES

Joseph Potts.               c
George Power.
Israel Pinkney, Merchant.
J. Pierpont.       do.
Francis Poihemus.
Heniy M.Piaise., Student.
John Pinkney, Physician.                .,
Gi bert Purdy, Dutchess County.
Isaac  Pium.
John  Poillon.
Peter R. Pearsall,
Samuel Prince, Merchant.
Ichabod Price.
Reyner Quackenbos, Merchant.
George Quackenbos, a. b.  Physician.
John R. B. Rogers, m. n. Prof, of Obstetricks,
   Columbia Col ege.
Benjamin Rush, m. d. Professor of the  Insti-
   tutes and practice of medicine, and of Clen-
   ical practice in the University of Penn.
J. Reyno ds, Merchant.
Richard Riker, Esq. District Attorney.
WiJiam Remson, Esq. Attorney.
N. G. Rutge  s, Merchant.
Wr. Radc iff. jun.   do
WUiam H. Robinson, Merchant.
William S. Richards,       do.
John M'Ready,            do.
Joseph Rose.               do.
John Riddle,  Physician-
Catherine Redmond.
George H. Robinson,
A. Romaine, Teacher,
P^ter Riker.
C. J. Rosevelt.
John Robertson, Merchant. 
      SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

 John Robertson, Distiller.
 Robert Rankin.
 Rev. Ralph Williston, Sion Church.
 W. L. Reeves,
 Col. Henry Rutgers, Regent Columbia Col.
 P. Rapa.ye, New-Town.
 Benjamin Romaine,  Esq.
 John Remmey, Geographer.
 Rebecca Rosetter.
 Archibald Robertson, Col. Acad. Painting.
 Jacob Rapaiye, New-Town.
 Elbert Rosevelt.
 George B.  Rapaiye.
 John Richardson, Merchant.
 John Read.
 John Rappalye.
 Joseph Riiey.
 E Riley.
 J. Ruthven.
 Wi liam  Rollinson, Engraver.
 Jasper Ruckeii.
 P. Roe, Merchant.
 Simeon Romaine.
 James S. Stringham, m. d. Prof, of Chymistry
     Columbia College.
 P. Schenck, Esq. Surveyor p. n. y.
 Jonn W. Sage, Merchant.
 Joseph Strong, Esq. Counseller.
 Sarah Startin.
Rev. L. S. Sebourd, St. Peters Church.
William Swan, Merchant.
 Peter Schermerhorn, do.
Gilbert Shotwell,    do.
Elias  M. Stillwell,   do.
John Smith.
John Shrady. 
SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.
John Peter Schermeihom, Merchant.
B. Strong,                 do.
Thomas Stagg, Jun.        do.
D. Sullivan,               do.
Gai ret Stevens,            do.
Thomas Satterthwait,       do.
W. Shaw,                 do.
Francis Saltas,             do.
Isaac Sebring,             do.
Ferdinand  Suydam,        do.
Garret Storm,             do.
John S. Suydam,           do.
A. L. Slover,              do.
Henry Swartwout,         do-
Edmund Smith,            do.
Josiah Shippcy,            do.
J. Salisbury,              do.
R. Sands,                 do.
Henry A. Koster,         do.
P. Shaver.
J. Sherred.
John A. Sleight, Fishkill.
Abraham Simmons.
W. Smith, Teacher.
Frederick Shanewolfe.
Isaac Sharpies, Builder.
Spranger & Mabbet.
John See, Physician.
E. L. Scheifflin, Student at Law.
 S. Seixas, Auctioner.
 Samuel Scofield, m. d.
 David Smith, Physician.
 John Stephens, Jun.
 Frederick Saunders.
 Morris  Shipey.
 D. Sutherland. 
     SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES.

J. S. Sands, Esq. Counsellor.
Henrv Shonnard.
P. Shechy.
W.  Sha:p, Bui;der.
Rev. Geo ge Stiebeck, Rector St Steph. C.
Wi  iam Shaw, Merchant.
Henry Stroub.
Simeon Skillen.
John Suydam.
James Smith.
J. H. Servant,  M. d.
William Shephavd.
Hon. Mathias B. Talmadge, Esq. Judge of
    the District Court U. S.
Col. John Trumbull, Director Acadamy F. A.
Joseph Tyler.
Joseph Tredwell.
Melanton TowAsend, Merchant.
J. Tillay,              do.
John Thompson,       do.
Henry Tredwejl,        do.
Caleb. C Tunis,        do.
William Thorn,        do.
Seabury Tredwell,       da.
James H. Todd,       do.
John Tice,             do.
Martin Tucker,        do.
Robert Thompson,     do.
Robert Thorborn, Grocer.
Thomas Tucker.
Walter Taylor, m. d.
William Turk, m. d.
Charles Tov.nsend, Student of Medicine.
Philip Turner, Physician and Surgeon.
R. Usher, Physician.
D. I. Underhill,Grocer.
Wynant Van Zant, Esq. 
SUBSCRIBERS'  NAMEb.
Theo. C. Van Wrycfc, Stud. -ed. Fishkill.
Daniel Van Voorhis, City Weigher.
James M'Vickar, Merchant.
Cornelius Van Dine,   do.
Coratlant Van  Beuren, do.
James Vickar,        do.
Robert Van Kieuren.
James Vander Pool.
Herman Vosburgh, Merchant-
Cornelius Van Cleef,    do.
William  B. Van Nortwick.
Timothy W. Vanderbilt.
William Van Wyck, Merchant.
 Abraham Varick,       do.
Samuel V. Voorhis, Fishkill.
I. S. Van Winkle, Merchant.
John Vander Pool, Artist.
John I. Van Beuren, Student of Medicin$.
 Stephen  Van Wvck.
 Samuel Van Wyck, Esq. Counsellor.
 A. Van Alstyne.
 John Van Allen.
 Joseph Valentine.
 Joseph Varick.
 William Winter.
 James Woods, Fishkill.
 John C. Warner, Licentiate of the Faculty ot
     Physic and Surgery,  New-York.
 P. WTilson, jun. Esq. Attorney.
 Oliver Wade, Springfield.
 Ann Wilkins.
 William Wilkinson, Merchant.
 A. Woodhull,      do.
 Aaron B. Woodruff, do.
 Jacob Wood.
 Gerard  Walton, Esq.
 James L. Walton, Merchant. 
SUBSCRIBERS' NAMES
 Harman Wai a h, Grocer.
 Daniel Work, Merchant.
 Augustus  Wr'urht, do.
 States Williams,    do.
 John Wade, Physician.
 George Wilson, Grocer.
 James Wylie.
 William S. Wilson, Goshen.
 Daniel Warren, Teacher.
 Joseph Wright.
 Henry I. Wvckoff, Gov.  N. York Hospital.
 Caleb T. Ward.
 Samuel Webb, Merchant.
 T. Wortman, Esq. Counsellor.
 M. Werkmeister, Merchant.
 Benjamin Wilson.
 John R. Wuddy, Merchant.
 Henry C. W'hite, Student of Medicine'.
 T. Whitlock, Teacher.
 John Wilson, Physician.
 Walter Willis, Merchant,
 Anthony V. Winants.
 William Woods, Merchant.
 Gabriel Wistner,    do.
 Nathaniel Wells    do.
 Mead WTheeler,    do.
 John Weeks,       do.
 Augustus Wynkoop, do.
Joseph Wood, jun. do.
 Alexander  Wiley.
 John Winteringham.
Matthew H.  Williamson,  >r. d.  Elizabeth
    Town.
Allen Ward.
Stephen Young.
Moses Young,
Andrew Zabriskie, Merchant.
tlBB^ 
 
 
BH7a- 
 
MEDICAL LIBRARY 
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