THE 
ANATOMIST’S 
VADE-MECUM; 
C NING THE 
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY 
or THE 
Suntan 33otrp* 
THE THIRD EDIT 
REVISED AND ENLARGED 
BY ROBERT HOOPER, 
OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, M.D. F.L.S. 
Nifi utile eft quod facimus, ftulta eft gloria. 
LON D 0 N: 
Printed for Murray and Higheey, Fleet Street 3 
And J. Harding, St. James’s Street. 
1800. Printed by S. Gosvell, 
Little Queen Street, Holborn. INTRODUCTION. 
It is the Intention of the writer, In the following 
Compendium, to prefent to the ftudent a ufeful anato- 
mical confpeftus, or pocket manual of anatomy and 
phyfiology; giving a fhort but accurate defcription of 
the different parts of the human body and their func- 
tions ; with a gloflary, or explanation of the principal 
terms ufed in that fcience. 
The utility of fuch a performance will be generally 
acknowledged, efpecially when it is confidered that 
there is no fuch work written upon a fimilar plan. 
The motive that induced the author to form and 
colleCl together, in one fmall pocket volume, this ele- 
mentary production, was his having himfelf experi- 
enced the want of fuch an affiftant when applying to 
that branch of philofophy. He, therefore, folicits 
permiflion to recommend it to fludents, not as a work 
wherein any thing new is to be met with, but merely 
as their occafional companion in the profecution of 
their ftudies. 
St. Marylebone Infirmary, 
September 23, 1800. V 
CONTENTS, 
Page 
Introduction — — — iv 
Anatomy, Divi/ion of — — — i 
Osteology — — — ib. 
Table of the Bones — — — 3 
Bones of the Cranium — — — 5 
Face — — — — 18 
Cavities of the Face — — — 24 
Bones of the Trunk — — — 27 
Chef — — — 29 
—• upper Extremity — — 32 
lower Extremity —— — 36 
Periosteum — — — 3 9 
Cartilages — — — ib. 
Osteogeny — — — 40 
Connexion of Bones — — — 42 
Syndesmology — — — 44 
Myology — — — — 50 
Mufcles of the Cranium — — — 52 
— Eyelids — — ib. 
, Eyeball — — — 53 
Nofe and Mouth, —• — ib. 
— external Ear — — 55 
internal Ear — — 56 
— lower Java — — 57 
Mufcles about the Neck — — 58- 7° 
Fauces — — 61 
Pharynx — — 62 
Glottis — — 63 
of the Abdomen — — 64. 68 
—— Male Organs — 65 
Anus —- — 66 
Female Organs — — 67 
upper Extremity — — 75 Page 
Mufcles of the Os Humeri 77 
on j}ie Pore-arm 7 8 
Hand 8 x 
of the lower Extremity Si 
on the Thigh —B4 
• Leg 86 
Physiology and Phenomena of muscular Mo- 
tion 9° 
Bursalogy 9^ 
Angiology 99 
Arteries ib. 
Aftion of Arteries XOp 
Veins 110 
Aiiion of Veins —r 115 
Abforbents n6 
Phyfology of Abforption 12® 
Sanguification X2l 
Neurology • ib. 
Nerves of the Brain 122 
■ /final Marrow 128 
Great intercofial Nerves 132 
Phyfiology of the Funflions of the nervous Syfietn 133 
Smelling 134 
Seeing ib. 
Hearing 135 
Tafing 136 
Touching ib. 
Adenology 137 
Glands of the Skin 138 
Cranium ib. 
Neck 140 
Thorax 141 
Abdomen ib. 
Male Organs 143 
; Female Organs 143 
Phyfiology of Secretion ■— 144 
Splanchnology 145 
Common Integuments 146 
Phyfology of Perfpiration 147 
Vifcera of the Head 148 
Dura Mater 149 
Membrana arachnoidea ib. 
Pia Mater 150 
Brain ib. 
Cerebellum 151 VII 
Page 
Medulla oblongata 151 
• fpinalis ib. 
Ailion of the Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Medulla oblon- 
gata) and Medulla fpinalis isz 
Eye 153 
Ear 155 
Nofe —■ 156 
Mouth ib. 
Phyfology of Maf ication 157 
Tongue ib. 
Fauces 158 
Pharynx ib. 
Oefophagus 159 
Phyfology of Deglutition ib. 
Larynx 160 
Phyfology of the Voice 161 
Speech ib. 
Ventriloquifm ib. 
Trachea ib. 
Breajis 162 
Pleura 163 
Diaphragm ib. 
Lungs 164 
Phyfology of Refpir ation 165 
Pericardium 166 
Heart ib. 
Circulation of the Blood —■ 169 
Of the Abdomen and its Vifcera 171 
Peritoneum ib. 
Omentum ib. 
Stomach 17 2 
Digeftion, or Chymifcation _ 173 
Chylifcation 
Expulfon of the Farces V. ib. 
Liver Xr- 177 
Gall-bladder ArtVCyW- 178 
Spleen ~r ib- 
Pancreas 179 
Lacieals ib. 
Kidneys 180 
Excretion of the Urine ib. 
Supra-renal Capfule 181 
Of the Pelvis ib. 
Urinary Bladder —— —• ib. 
Male Organs of Generation 18 z vili 
Page 
Penis ■— 182 
Tefticles 183 
Secretion and Excretion of the Semen —■ 184 
Vefculce fe min ales 185 
Female Organs of Generation 186 
Vagina —> ib. 
Uterus ib. 
Plyfology of Menfruation ■— 187 
Conception 188 
Of the gravid Uterus • 189 
Placenta ib. 
Funiculus umbilicalis 19© 
Membranous Ovum of the Foetus ib. 
Liquor Amnii ib. 
Foetus 191 
Peculiarities in the arterial and venal Syjiem of the 
Foetus ib. 
Circulation of the Blood in the Foetus 192 
Hygrology —• ib. 
The Blood 193 
The Lymph ■— 194 
The Vapour of the Sheaths of the Nerves ib. 
Fluids in the Cavity of the Cranium ib. 
- Noflrils 195 
... Mouth ib. 
Fauces ib. 
Eyes ib. 
Ears 197 
Neck ib. 
Thorax 198 
Breajls ib, 
Abdomen 199 
Parts of Generation in Men 200 
Women 201 
Articulations 202 
Bones ib. 
of the common Integuments ib, 
A Glossary 205 ANATOMY, 
A SCIENCE which explains the ftruflure and 
life of every part of the human body. 
The examination of brute animals, fillies, rep- 
tiles, plants, polypi, See. in order to illuftrate more 
clearly, or to demonftrate by analogy the ftruc- 
ture and funftions of man, is called Comparative 
Anatomy. 
Anatomy is divided into nine parts—namely, 
Ofleology, 
Synddmology, 
Myology, 
Burfalogy, 
Angiology, )> 
Neurology, 
Adenology, 
Splanchnology, 
Hygroiogy, 
or doftrine of the 
Bones, 
Ligaments. 
M u Teles. 
Burfe mucofae, 
Veffels. 
Nerves. 
Glands, 
Vifcera. 
Fluids. 
OSTEOLOGY, 
DOCTRINE OF THE BONES. 
OR 
Bones are hard fubftances compofed of animal 
earth and gluten, which fupport and form the Ma- ture of the body, defend its vifcera, and give adhe- 
fion to its mufcles. Substance. Comjiafl, as in the 
bodies of the long bones; fpongy, as in the extremities 
of the long bones; and reticular, called alfo the cancelli 
of bones, as in the cavities of bones which have mar- 
row. Colour. Whitifh. Figure. Various. Divi- 
sion. Long and irregular fhaped bones are divided 
into a body and extremities; and flat bones into body 
and margins. Bones are varioufly named; fome 
from their fituation, as the frontal, parietal, occipital, 
nafal, malar, &c.; others, from their figure, as the 
ethmoid bone, clavicle, os cuboides, naviculare, ti- 
bia, &c,; and fome from their ufe, as the fphsenoid 
bone, the maxillary bone, the femur, &c. The jiro- 
cejfies and 'cavities of bones are named after their 
figure, as the acetabulum of the os innominatum, 
the odontoid procefs of the fecond cervical verte- 
bra, the coracoid procefs of the fcapula, &c.; or 
from their ufe, as the trochanters of the thigh bone; 
or from their fituation, as the nafal, palatine, orbitar 
procefles, See. &c. 
When the bones are deprived of their foft parts, 
and hung together, in their natural fituation, by 
means of wire, the whole is termed an artificial 
Jkcleton: but when they are kept together by means 
of their ligaments, it is called a natural Jkeleton. A Table of the Bones, 
No, 
'Os frontis - 1 
Ofla parietalia - 2 
Os occipitis - 1 
Ofla temporalia - a 
Os ethmoides - 1 
fphamoides - 1 
'Ofla maxillaria fup. 2 
jugalia - 2 
nafalia - 2 
lachrymalia - a 
palatina - 2 
fpongiofa infer. 2 
Os vomer - 1 
maxillare infer. 1 
' Incifores - 8 
Cufpidati - 4 
Bicufpides - 8 
Molares - 8 
Sapientice - 4 
The bones of the 
cranium, or Jkull 
m 
Bones of the He a to. 
The bones of the 
face 
Dentes, or teeth. 
' V * 
Bone of the tongue, or Os hyoides - i 
Bones of the internal 
tar, fituated'with- 
in the temporal' 
bone 
•• 
’Malleus - 2 
Incus ‘ - 2 
Stapes - 2 
_Os orbiculare - 2 
Bones of the Trunk. 
Vertebra; 
Cervical 7 
Dorfal x 2 
Lumbar 5 
The fpine 
The thorax 
The pelvis 
I Sacrum - 1 
LOs coccygis - - 1 
Sternum - - i 
Ribs - - 24 
Ofla innominata - 2 No, 
Clavicula - 2 
Scapula - 2 
Bones of the Upper Extremities. 
The fiouldn 
The artn Os humeri - 2 
The fore-arm 
Ulna - 2 
Radius - 2 
Os naviculare 2 
lunare 2 
cuneiforme 2 
orbiculare 2 
trapezium 2 
trapezoides 2 
magnum 2 
unciforme 2 
" Carpus, or ivrift 
The hand« 
Metacarpus - • 10 
Phalanges - - 28 
"The thigh - Os femoris - 2 
tn 
W 
H 
*S u 
ohl 
pq od 
w 
£ 
o 
The leg 
Patella - 2 
Tibia - 2 
Fibula - % 
Os calcis • 2 
Tarfus 
aftragalus - 2 
cuboides - 2 
naviculare 2 
cuneiformia 6 
The foot 
Metatarfus - - jo 
,Phalanges - - 28 
Sefamoid hones at the thumb and great toe, oc- 
caflonally found - - 
240 
8 
Total 248 
The Ikeleton is divided into head, trunk, and 
extremities. OF THE HEAD. 
The head is divided into the cranium and face. 
OF THE CRANIUM, OR SKULL. 
/ Shape. Various, according to the cuftoms of dif- 
ferent nations, the bones of the child being fo tender 
as to be moulded into almoft any form. It is com- 
posed of eight bones—viz. one os frontis, which 
forms the forehead; two offa parietalia, fituated at 
the upper part and tides of the head ; two olfa tem- 
porum, placed below the parietal bones; one occi- 
pital, forming the back part of the head; one 
fphasnoidal, placed in the middle of the balls of 
the cranium; and one ethmoid, fituated behind 
the root of the nofe. 
Upon viewing the fuperior part of a fkull exter- 
nally, feveral zigzag lines are obfervable ; that which 
extends from one temple acrofs over the head to the 
other temple is termed the coronal future; it unites 
the frontal bone to the two parietal: that which pro- 
ceeds from behind one ear upwardsacrofs to the other 
is the occip.ital or lambdoidal future; it unites the 
occipital bone to the two parietal: and the future 
which extends upon the crown of the head, from 
the lambdoidal to the coronal, uniting the two parietal 
bones, is called the fagittal. They are fometimes 
termed the true futures, to diftinguilh them from two fpurious or fquamous, which are found, one on 
each fide of the cranium, extending from the 
temple backwards, in the form of an arch, and 
uniting part of the temporal bone to the parietal. 
There are, fometimes, one or more triangular- 
fhaped bones obferved in the courfe of feme of the 
futures; thefe are called ojficula triquetra, triangu- 
laria, or Wormiana. Befides thefe futures, there 
are feveral prominences upon the upper part of the 
cranium; two in the frontal bone, one immedi- 
ately over each eye between it and the future ; one 
in the middle of each parietal bone; and one in 
the middle of the occipital: thefe eminences point 
out the centre of offification of thofe bones. 
Upon the internal furface of the upper part of 
the cranium there are a number of grooves, in 
an arborefeent form; they are made by the fpi- 
nous arfery of the dura mater. The futures are 
here feen in the form of a line, not dove-tailed, 
and the whole furface appears more polifhed than 
the external. 
The bones forming the upper part of the fkull, 
or, as it is fometimes called, the calvaria, are com- 
pofed of an external and an internal table, which are 
of a compaft ftrufhire, and of a fpongy intervening 
fubftance, called the meditullium, or diploe. 
The internal furface of the bafis of the cranium 
is divided naturally into eight confiderable depref- 
Jions, adapted to the lobes of the brain and cere- belli!m. The two anterior are immediately over 
the orbits, and are feparated from each other by an 
obvious eminence, above the root of the nofe, 
called crijia galli. Immediately before this emi- 
nence is a fmall hole, called the foramen caecum; 
and on each fide of it are a number of perforations, 
which tranfmit the olfactory nerves into the nofe; 
they are called the foramina cribrofa. Palling 
backwards, there are two round holes, near each 
other, one going to the bottom of each orbit; thefe 
are for the paflage of the optic nerves, and are call- 
ed foramina optica : beyond thefe holes there is a 
fmall cavity, which will admit the end of one’s 
little finger, furrounded by four procefies, two 
of which are anterior and two poferior; thefe are 
termed clinoid procejfes, and the cavity in their 
middle, which contains the pituitary gland, the 
fella turcica. Under each anterior clinoid proCefs 
is a confiderable fifiure, the foramen lacerum orli~ 
talc fuperius, which communicates with the orbit, 
and tranfinits the third, fourth, the firft branch of 
the fifth, and the fixth pair of nerves, and the 
ophthalmic artery. Beyond this fifiure, proceed- 
ing backwards, there is a round and then an oval 
hole; the firfi: is the foramen rotundum, through 
which the fecond branch of the fifth pair of nerves 
pafles; the other, the foramen ovale, for the paflage 
of the third branch of the fifth pair of nerves. 
Contiguous to the foramen ovale is a Jjnall hole, the foramen fpinofum, through which the fpinous ar- 
tery of the dura mater enters. Between the fora- 
men ovale and the polterior clinoid procefs, on each 
fide of the fella turcica, there is a confiderable ragged 
aperture, the carotid canal, which is partly filled up 
with cartilage in the frelh fubjeCt, and is for the 
entrance of the carotid artery and the exit of the great 
intercofial nerve. A projecting portion of bone next 
prefents itfelf, called the petrous portion of the tem- 
poral bone: it has upon its polterior furface an 
oval opening, the meatus auditorius internus, through 
which the nerve for the organ of hearing, and 
the facial nerve, enter. Immediately below this 
is an irregular oval opening, formed by the junction 
of the occipital with the temporal bone; this is 
the foramen lacerum In baf cranii: through the 
anterior part pafies the eighth pair of nerves, and 
the polterior part tranfmits the blood from the 
lateral finus of the dura mater, whofe courfe is 
marked by a deep groove leading to the foramen 
lacerum, into the jugular vein. The portion of 
bone which proceeds backwards from the polterior 
clinoid precedes, between the petrous portions of 
the temporal bone, is the cuneiform procefs of 
the occipital bone; it is fomewhat hollowed for 
the reception of the medulla oblongata, which lies 
upon it. At the bottom of this procefs of bone 
is a confiderable opening, called the foramen mag- 
num occlpitale; it tranfmits the fpinal marrow, the vertebral arteries, and the acceflbry nerves of Willis* 
and a procefs of the fecond vertebra of the neck lies 
in its anterior part. Between this opening and the 
foramen lacerum in bad cranii is the foramen condy 
hide am which gives paffage to the lingual pair 
of nerves. Beyond the great occipital foramen is a 
crucial eminence, to which precedes of the dura mater 
are attached; the horizontal eminence feparates the 
two fiijierior occipital cavities from the two inferior. 
FRONTAL BONE. 
Situated in the anterior part of the fkull, form-, 
ing the forehead and upper part of the orbits. Fi- 
gure likeaxockle-ftiell. Processes. Two frontal 
eminences, which mark the centres of offification; 
two frontal tuberofties, which are fituated over 
the frontal finufes; two fuperciliary ridges or 
arches, which give origin to the frontal mufcles, 
and whofe extremities are called the angular or 
orbitar precedes; an external frontal fjiine, upon 
which the olfa nafi reft; an internal frontal fpine, 
to which the dura mater adheres; and two orbitar 
plates, which feparate the orbits from the cavity of 
the cranium. Cavities. The cerebral cavity, which 
contains the anterior portions of the hemifpheres 
of the brain : a large notch between the orbitar 
plates for the fituation of the cribriform plate of 
the ethmoid bone; two frontal or pituitary fmfes within the bone, above the root of the nofe; 
two orbital cavities, in which are two depreffions 
for the fituation of the lachrymal gland; a tiotch 
in each fuperciliary ridge for the trochlea of the 
fuperior oblique mufcle; a fujierciliary foramen, 
through which pafles the frontal artery and nerve; 
the foramen cacum, fituated below the beginning 
of the internal frontal fpine. Connexion. The 
frontal bone is connected with the two parietal by 
iheans of the coronal future; with the two oflfa nafi, 
the two fuperior maxillary bones and the two lachry- 
mal bones, by means of what is called the tranfverfe 
future; with the fphaenoid bone by means of har- 
mony, called harmoniafphanoidalis; with the ethmoid 
bone by harmonia ethmoidahs, and with the os ju- 
gale, by means of future. The use of the frontal 
bone is to conftitute the forehead, pituitary finufes, 
part of the orbit, and to contain and defend the 
anterior lobes of the brain. 
Situation. One on eachfide of the fuperior part 
of the cranium. Figure. Arched, and fomewhat 
quadrangular. Division. Into an external and an 
internal furface and four angles, viz. the frontal, 
fphamidal, called alfo the fpinous procefs, the occi- 
pital and mnfioid. Cavities. Afemicircular ridge, 
from which the temporal mufcle originates; and 
PARIETAL RONES. the foramen parietale, which is near the fagittal fu- 
ture, and tranfmits an artery and a vein of the 
dura mater. Upon its internal furface are the 
grooves of the fpinous artery; and when the two 
bones are united, there is a deep cavity extending 
along the fagittal future, for the longitudinal finus of 
the dura mater. Each parietal bone is connected 
with its fellow by means of the fagittal future; with 
the frontal bone bv the coronal future; with the 
occipital by the lambdoidal future; and with the tem- 
poral by the fquamous future. The use of thefe 
bones is, to form the fuperior part of the cranium. 
—Synonims. OlTa verticis, fyncipitis, verticalia vel 
bregmatis. 
Situation. In the poflerior part of the cranium. 
Figure. Quadrate oblong. External pro- 
cesses. The occipital tubercle, in the middle of the 
bone to which the ligamentum nuchae adheres; a 
tranfvirfe fpine, proceeding from each fide of the tu- 
bercle, to which the trapezius and complexus 
mufcles are attached; a leffer tranfverfe fpine, be- 
low the former, for the infertion of the re£li 
mufcles; a prominent ridge running downwards 
from the occipital tubercle, and forming, with the 
above-mentioned ridges, a crucial fpine; the cu- 
neiform or baflary procefs, fituated before the 
great foramen ; two condyloid proceffes or condyles, 
which are united to the firft vertebra of the neck. 
OCCIPITAL BONE. 'lnternal processes. An internal crucial /fine: 
the fuperior branch gives adhefion to the longitudi- 
nal finus of the dura rnater, the two lateral, to the 
lateral finufes and the inferior to the feptum cere- 
belli. Cavities. The foramen magnum oc dpi tale, 
through which the fpinal marrow proceeds into the 
fpine, and the vertebral arteries and acceflbry fpi- 
nal nerves into the cranium; two anterior condy- 
loid foramina, for the paflage of the lingual 
pair of nerves; two Jioferior condyloid fora- 
mina (which are fometimes wanting), for the paf- 
fage of the occipital vein into the lateral finus; 
two notches, which, with two correfponding 
notches of the temporal bones, form the fora- 
mina lacera in haf cran'd, for the paflage of the 
blood from the laternal finufes into the jugular 
vein and the exit of the par vagum; a confi- 
derable groove leading to the above notches, in 
which the lateral finufes are fituated. The inter- 
nal furface has alfo four confiderable dejirefions 
formed by the crucialfpine; the two fuperior con- 
tain the pofterior lobes of the brain, and the two 
inferior, the two lobes of the cerebellum. Con- 
nexion. The occipital bone is conne&ed by the 
cuneiform procefs to the fphasnoid bone, in the adult 
bv fynoftofis; hence Profeflbr Soemmering deferibes 
them as one bone, os occipitofjihanoidale; but in 
youth by fynchondrofis; with the two parietal and 
two temporal bones by the lambdoidal future; with the firft vertebra of the neck by ginglymus, and 
with the fecond by fyndefmolis. The use of the 
occipital bone is to conflitute the polterior and infe- 
rior part of the cranium; to contain the polterior 
lobes of the brain, the cerebellum and medulla ob- 
longata, and to ferve for the articulation of the 
head with the fpine. Synonims. Os balilare, os 
memoriae, and os nervofum. 
Situated in the middle of the balls of the 
cranium, extending underneath from one temple 
acrofs to the other. Figure. Irregular, compared 
to a bat with its wings extended. External 
processes. Two alee majores, whofe anterior 
part forms a portion of the orbit; the inner furface 
has lying upon it a portion of the middle lobe of the 
brain, and the whole external furface is covered by 
the temporal mufcle. Two fpinous jtrocejjes, a nar- 
row point projecting behind each foramen fpino- 
fum. The fpheenoidalJpine, or azygous procefs, upon 
which the balls of the vomer lies. Two ptay~ 
gold procejfes, each of which is diftinguilhed into 
a root and two extended plates, or wings; one ex- 
ternal, which gives origin on its external furface to 
the pterygoideus externus mufcle, and on its inter- 
nal furface to the pterygoideus internus mufcle; and 
the other internal. Two hamuiar or hook-like procejfes, 
one on the end of the internal wing of each pterygoid 
SPHiENOID BONE procefs, over which the tendon-of the circumflexus or 
tenforpalarimufcleturns. Internal processes. 
Two alee tninores, which form the upper part of 
the fuperior orbital fifiures. Four clinoid procejfes, 
two anterior, and two pojlerior. External cavi- 
ties. The fpheenoidal pituitary Jinus, which is in 
the middle of the bone, has a communication with 
the noftrils, and is divided by an intermediate £ep- 
tum. Two pterygoid deprejjicns, one between each 
greater and lefier wing, for the reception of a part 
of the palate bone. Two foramina, each leading 
to a canal, called the pterygoid or Viduan canal, in 
the root of the pterygoid procefs, through which 
the recurrent or Viduan branch of the fifth pair of 
nerves pafies into the cranium. Internal cavi- 
ties. The fella turcica, or efhipjiium, which is fur- 
rounded by the four clinoid precedes, and contains 
the pituitary gland. Two foramina optica, one before 
each anterior clinoid procefs, which tranfrnit the optic 
nerves. Two grooves, one on each fide of the fella 
turcica,between theanterior and posterior clinoid pre- 
cedes, formed by the puliation of the carotid arteries. 
Twoforamina lacera or bit alia fuperior a, between each 
greater and lefier wing, through which the third, 
fourth, firfl: branch of the fifth, and the fixth 
pair of nerves, and the ophthalmic artery pafs 
out of the cranium. Two foramina rotunda, for 
the paflage of the fecond branch of the fifth pair 
of nerves. Two foramina ovalia, for the third branch of the fifth pair. Two foramina fpinoja, 
through which the fpinous artery of the dura ma- 
ter enters the cranium. The fphaenoid bone is 
connected with all the bones of the cranium; 
with the frontal, the ethmoid, the two parietal, 
and the two temporal by.harmony, and with the oc- 
cipital by fynoltofis: it is alfo united to the two 
cheek bones, the two fuperior maxillary bones, and 
the two palate bones, by harmony, and to the 
vomer by gomphofis. Its use is to form the bafis 
of the cranium, to concur in forming the orbits, 
the pituitary finufes of the nofe, the temples, &c. 
and to contain the middle lobes of the brain. Sy- 
nonims. Os multiforme, os cuneiforme, os ptery- 
goideum. 
TEMPORAL BONES. 
Situation. At the fides and inferior part of 
the cranium. Figure. Irregular. Division. 
Into a fquamous portion, which is flat, and 
forms the fquamous future; and a petrous portion, 
which is very irregular, and is fituated in the ba- 
fis of the fkull. Processes. The zygomatic pro- 
cefsy which, with a procefs of the os jugale, forms 
the zygoma, yoke, or arch of the temples, under- 
neath w'hich the temporal mufcle moves, and 
from whofe low'er edge feveral mufcles of the 
face arife, particularly the mafleter and zygoma- 
tic.. The majioid or mammary procefs, which pro- J,e&3 from under the ear, and has infcrted into its an- 
terior part the fterno-cleido'maftoideus mufcle, and 
into its pofterior part the complexus, the obliquus, 
and trachelo-mafloideus. The Jiyloidprocefs, which 
is long and pointed, and gives origin to a ligament 
of the os hyoides, alfo to the ftylo-hyoideus, ftylo- 
pharyngeus, and ftylo-gloffus mufcles. The vagi- 
nal procefs, which furrounds the root of the ftyloid. 
The auditory procefs, or outer bony circle of the au- 
ditory paffage, to which the membrana tympani and 
cartilage of the ear are fixed. Cavities. The 
meatus auditorius externus, which leads to the ca- 
vity of the organ of hearing. The meatus auditorius 
internus, which begins on the internal and poflerior 
furface of the petrous portion, and tranfmits the 
feventh pair of nerves; it has immediately within 
it the internal opening of the aquedudl of P'allopius. 
Each temporal bone is connected with the pa- 
rietal by the fquamous future; with the occipital by 
the lambdoidal future; with the fphasnoid and ju- 
gal bones by harmony, and with the lower jaw by 
arthrodia. Substance. The fquamous portion 
confifts of two tables and a diploe; the mammary 
procefs of cells which communicate with the ca - 
vity of the organ of hearing; and the petrous 
portion is very hard and compact. Use. To con- 
tain the middle lobes of the brain, and the organ 
of hearing; and to concur in forming the temples 
and the bafis of the cranium. ETHMOID BONE. 
Situation. In the anterior part of the bafis of 
the cranium, above the root of the nofe and be- 
tween the orbits. Figure. Cube-like. Pro- 
cesses, A cerebral or cribriform plate, which lies 
horizontally above the root of the nofe within the 
cavity of the cranium; it is every where perfo- 
rated by a number of fmall foramina, through 
which the olfactory nerves pafs into the cavity of 
the noftrils. The crifa galli, a procefs fomewhat 
like a cock’s comb, which proceeds upwards from 
the middle of the cribriform plate, and has attached 
to it the falciform procefs of the dura mater. Two 
orbitar plates, called alfo ojfa plana, and plana pa- 
pyracea, which are very fmooth externally, and 
form the inner fide of the orbits. The feptum 
ethmoidale, nafal plate, azygous procefs, or perpendi- 
cular lamina, a confiderable procefs, defcending di- 
rectly under the crifta galli into the cavity of the 
nofe, and forming with the vomer the feptum na- 
rium. Two cavernous fubfances, which are curled, 
like a piece of parchment, one on each fide of the 
feptum, called the fuperior turbinated, or fpongy 
bones. Cavities. A number of cribriform fora- 
minula, fituated on each fide of the crifta galli. 
Two foramina orbit alia naf., one fituated in the 
line of union between the frontal bone and orbitar 
plate of the ethmoid, for the paflage of the nafal branch of the orbital nerve. A number of cells, 
which compofe the internal part of the bone, and 
form the pituitary finufes of the ethmoid bone. 
The ethmoid bone is connected with the os 
frontis, the two nafal bones, the two fuperior 
maxillary, the two palatine, the fphaenoid bone, 
and the vomer by harmony. Use, To form an 
extenfive furface for the organ of fmell, to confti? 
tute part of the nofe, orbits, and cranium. 
OF THE FACE. 
The bones of the face are fourteen in number, 
and are divided into thofe of the upper and under 
jaw. The upper jaw is formed of thirteen bones, 
viz. two fuperior maxillary, two nafal, two pala- 
tine, two jugal, or malar, two inferior fpongy, 
two lachrymal, and the vomer, which are, united 
to the cranium, and with one another, by har- 
mony. The under jaw confifts of one bone. 
There is an obvious line., beginning at the external 
angle of the orbit, where the frontal bone is united 
to the cheek bone, which leads to the inferior open- 
ing in the orbit, proceeds upwards to the nofe, 
whofe root it erodes, and then traverfes the other 
orbit to the external angle: this is called the 
iranfoerfe future, Ihe other harmonies of the face 
are named after the bones which they unite, as 
the zygomatic, nafal, palatine harmonies, &c. SUPERIOR MAXILLARY BONES. 
Situated in the anterior and middle part of the 
face. Figure. Irregular. Processes. The na- 
fal procefs, which forms the fide of the nofe. 
The orbifar procefs, or plate, which forms part of 
the orbit. The malar [.irocefs, by which it is uni- 
ted to the cheek-bone. The alveolar procefs, in 
which the teeth are fituated. The palate procefs, 
which forms the palate. A fpme, formed, by the 
union of each palate portion, upon which the vo- 
mer reds. The orbital margin. Cavities. The 
antrum maxillare, called alfo, antrum Highmori and 
finus maxillaris pituitarius, in the body of the bone, 
between the orbital and palate precedes; it has an 
opening into the noftrils. The infra-orbital canalt 
which opens under the margin of the orbit, and 
tranfmits the infra-orbital nerve. The lachrymal 
depreffion, fituated in the fuperior and internal part 
of the nafal procefs, for the fituation of the lachry- 
mal fac; it leads to the canalis nafalis, which con- 
veys the tears into the noflrils. The pofierior pala- 
tine foramen, near the la ft tooth on the in fide, for 
the paffage of the alveolar nerve. A notch on the 
anterior part of the palatine procefs, which with 
the correfponding notch of the other fupei or maxT 
illary bone, forms the foramen palatinim anticum, 
ox foramen inefivum, which tranfmits the anterior palatine nerve and artery. Connexion. Each 
fuperior maxillary bone is connected with its fel- 
low, with the os fronds, one os nafi, one lachry- 
mal bone, the ethmoid, fphamoid, one os ju- 
gale, one palatine bone, and one inferior fpongy 
bone, by harmony, and with the vomer and teeth 
by gomphofis. Use. The ufe of thefe bones is 
to form pan of the face, palate, nofe, noflrils, 
and orbit?, and to afford a convenient fituation for 
the organ of maftication. 
JUGULAR, OR MALAR BONES. 
Situation. At the Tides of the face. Fi- 
gure, Almoft quadrate. Processes. The upper 
orbitaryprocefs, which forms part of the orbit and 
the fharp edge of the temple. The inferior orbi- 
tary procefs, oppofite to the former, and confti- 
tuting in part the bottom of the orbit and the 
edge of the cheek. The internal orbitary procefs, 
which alfo forms a part of the orbit. The maxil- 
lary procefs, by which it is joined to the fuperior 
maxillary bone. The zygomatic procefs, which is 
joined to the temporal bone, to form the zygoma. 
Connexion. The os jugale is united to the 
frontal, fuperior maxillary, fphaenoid and temporal 
bone. The use of thefe bones is to affift in 
forming the face and orbits. Situated in the fuperior and middle part of 
the nofe. Figure, Quadrangular and oblong. 
Substance, Compadf. Use. To form the 
bridge and external part of the nofe. Each bone 
is connected with its fellow, and the fuperior 
maxillary bone by harmony and with the frontal 
and ethmoid by the tranfverfe future. 
OSSA NASI, OR BONES OF THE NOSE. 
LACHRYMAL BONES. 
Situation. In the internal angle of the orbit- 
Figure, like the nail of the finger Cavities. 
A groove, which holds the lachrymal fac. Sy- 
nonim. Os unguis. Connexion. Each bone 
is conne&ed with the frontal, ethmoid, fuperior 
maxillary and inferior fpongy bone by harmony. 
inferior spongy bones. 
Situated in the fide and lower part of the 
noftrils. Figure. Spiral, and convoluted. Use. 
To augment the furface of the organ of fmelling. 
Connexion. Each bone is united with the fupe- 
rior maxillary, the palate, lachrymal and ethmoid 
bone by harmony. Synonims. Ofia turbinata in- 
feriora, conchas inferiores. 
palatine bones. 
Situated in the pofterior part of the nofe? 
from which they afcend laterally to the orbits. Figure. Irregular. Division. Into palatine, 
pterygoid, nafal, and orbital portions. Pro- 
cesses. The palatal plate, which forms the pof- 
terior part of the roof of the mouth. The ptery- 
goid procefs, which is fituated behind the laft 
grinder. The nafal procefs, which arifes perpen- 
dicularly from the palate, and covers a part of 
the antrum of Highmore. The orbitary procefs, 
which is fituated in the orbit. Cavities. The 
palatine cells, which communicate with, and form 
part of the fphasnoid cells. Use. To form the 
pofterior part of the palate and part of the nofe 
and orbit. Each bone is connected with its 
fellow, with the fuperior maxillary bone, the fphte- 
noid, ethmoid, inferior fpongy bone and vomer by 
harmony. 
vomer 
Situated in the middle of the cavity of the 
iioftrils, which it divides into two parts. Figure. 
It refembles a ploughfliare. Use. To fuftain and 
divide the cavity of the noftrils. Connexion. 
Superiorly it is united with the fphasnoid bone by 
gomphofis, and with the ethmoid by harmony; 
inferiorly with the fuperior maxillary and palatine 
bones by harmony; anteriorly it is united to the 
cartilaginous feptum of the nofe. LOWER JAW-BONE. 
Situation. In the inferior and anterior part of 
the face. Figure, like an horfefhoe. Pro- 
cesses. Two condyloid.\ or articulatory Jiroceffes, 
which are received into the articulatory cavities of 
the temporal bones. Two coronoid firocejjls, which 
are fliarp pointed, and give adhefion to the tem- 
poral mufcles. The alveolar procefs, in which the 
teeth are fixed. The JymjihyJis of the jaw, in the 
middle of the chin. The inferior margin, whofe 
ends form the angles of the jaw. Cavities. A 
Jemilunar notch, between each coronoid and condy- 
loid procefs. Jwo poferior maxillary foramina, one 
above each angle, on the inner furface of the jaw, 
which tranfmit the lower maxillary nerve and artery 
into a canal in the middle of the bone, called ca> 
nalis mentalis, which conducts the fame artery and 
nerve to the anterior maxillary foramina, upon 
the external furface of the bone, one on each fide 
of the chin, from whence the artery and nerve 
again emerge upon the chin. Use. To retain the 
roots of the teeth in the alveolar margin; to confti- 
tute the inferior fegment of the cavity of the mouth, 
and to afford a point of adhefion to the mufcles of 
the face, neck, larynx, and tongue. Connexion. 
The lower jaw is connected with the temporal 
bones by ginglymus, with the teeth by gomphofis, 
and with the os hyoides and other parts by fyffarco- 
fis. Synonim. Mandibula. OF THE CAVITIES OF THE FACE IN 
PARTICULAR. 
Situated under the forehead, at the root of the 
nofe. Figure, conoid. The angles of the orbits 
are called canthi. Cavities. A deprejjion for the la- 
chrymal gland; a notch of the orbital trochlea; a 
depreffon for the lachrymal fac; the canalis nafalis for 
the paflage of the tears; a fujierior and inferior, or 
fphaeno-maxiilary orbital fffure. The fnjier ciliary fora- 
men ; the infra-orbital canal; the foramen nafale, and 
the optic foramen. Composed of feven bones; the 
frontal, maxillary, jugal, lachrymal; ethmoid, pa- 
latine, and fphaenoid. Use, to contain and defend 
the organ of fight and its adjacent parts. 
OR BITS. 
cavity of the nostrils. 
Situated under the anterior part of the cra- 
nium, in the middle of the face. Figure, py- 
ramidal. Prominences. The fejitum narium ; 
the cavernous fubfance of the ethmoid bone, im- 
properly called the fuperior fpongy bones; and the 
ififeriorfpotigy bones. Cavities. Three pair of Jii- 
tuitary fmfes, namely, the frontal, fphaenoid, and 
maxillary; the caverns of the ethmoid labyrinth; 
the anterior foramina of the noftrils; the duftus 
•nafalis; the fpheeno-palatine foramina, and the an- .terior palatine foramina. Composed of 14 bones, 
viz. the frontal; two maxillary; two nafal; two 
lachrymal; two inferior fpongy; the fphaenoid, vo- 
mer, ethmoid, and two palatine bones. Use, to 
form the organ of fmelling and the pituitary finufes 
of the noftrils, and to ferve alfo for fpeech and 
refpiration. 
CAVITY OF THE MOUTH. 
Situated between the upper and under jaw. 
Figure, anteriorly ovate. Divided into upper 
and under jaw. Composed of five bones, viz. 
two fuperior maxillary; two palatine; the lower 
jaw-bone, and 32 teeth. Use, for maftication, 
fpeech, and refpiration. 
Situated in the alveoli or fockets of the jaws. 
Number, commonly 32, 16 in each jaw. Di- 
vided into four kinds, incifores, or front teeth, 
four in each jaw; cuffiidati, one on each fide of the 
incifores; hicufpides, two on the fide of each cuf- 
pidatus; and molares, or grinders. Each tooth is 
divided into a crown, neck, and root. The sub* 
stance of the root and internal part of the crown 
is compadt; the external furface is very hard, of a 
Alining white colour, and is called the enamel. 
Use, for maftication, and pronunciation of dental 
fyllables. The teeth are connected with the jaws 
by gomphofis, 
TEETH. CAVITY OF THE FAUCES. 
Situated under the bafis of the cranium, 
within the fuperior bodies of the vertebras and 
pofterior part of the noftrils. Figure, fuperi- 
orly quadrate. Composed of xo bones, viz. the 
occipital; two palatine; the vomer; the bodies of 
the three firft vertebras; the os hyoides, and the 
two temporal bones. Use, for the fituation of the 
fauces, larynx, pharynx, and os hyoides. 
Os HYOIDES. 
Situated in the fauces, between the bafis of 
the tongue and larynx. Figure, femilunar. Pro- 
minences, two cornua major a, and two cornua mi- 
nora. Use, to ferve for the adhefion of the 
tongue; for deglutition; and for a point of adhe- 
fion to many mufcles. Synonim. Os linguale. 
Connexion. It is connefted with the fiyloid pro- 
cefs of the temporal bone, the fcapulae, lower jaw, 
and fiernum, by various mufcles, and with the la- 
rynx by ligament. 
Situated internally in the petrous portion of 
each temporal bone. Division, into meatus audi- 
torius externus; cavity of the tympanum; laby- 
rinth; and meatus auditorius interims. In the ca- 
vity of the tympanum are, the orifice of the Eufta- 
chian tube; the mafioid fmuofity; the feneftra ova- 
cavity of hearing. lis; the feneftra rotunda, and the officula auditus. 
The labyrinth confifis of the cochlea, veftibulum 
and femicircular canals. The cochlea has a bafis, 
apex, modiolus, fcala veftibuli, fcala tyinpani, 
and a fpiral lamina. The vejiibulum has a foramen 
ovale, and the orifices of the femicircular canals. 
Use. The cavity of hearing is the organ in which 
hearing is performed. 
Situated in the cavity of the tympanum. Num- 
ber 4, viz. malleus; incus; ftapes, and os orbicu- 
lare. Substance, compadf. Use, for hearing. 
OSSICULA AUDITUS. 
OF THE TRUNK. 
The trunk of the ikeleton is divided into the 
fpine, chefi, loins, and pelvis. 
A long column, or pillar, which extends in the 
pofterior part of the trunk from the occipital bone 
to the os facrum. Composed of 24 bones, called 
■vertebra?, viz. 7of the neck, 12 of the back, and 
sof the loins. Each vertebra is divided into a 
body, and 7 procejjes, viz. the fpinous, 2 fuperior 
oblique, 2 inferior oblique, and 4 tranfverfe pre- 
cedes. Cavities. The fpinal canal, called fpe~ 
cus, or theca vertebralis; and the lateral foramina 
of the vertebrae. Connexion. The firft bone of 
the fpine is connedled with the occipital bone by gin- 
SPINE. glymus. The fecond vertebra is united with the 
find by trochoides, and with the occipital bone by 
fyndefmofis. The bodies of the vertebrae are con- 
nefted with one another by a peculiar intervertebral 
fubdance; and poderiorly by a yellow elaftic liga- 
ment and by their oblique precedes. Use, to flip- 
port the head and trunk, and to contain and de- 
fend the fpinal marrow. Svnonims. Spina dorfi, 
columna fpinalis, columna vertebralis. 
CERVICAL VERTEBRA. 
The firft vertebra is called atlas. Peculiarities. 
No body nor fpinous precedes, but forms an arch, 
which anteriorly furrounds the dentiform procefs 
of the fecond vertebra. Indead of upper oblique 
precedes, there are two articular Jinufes. The fecond 
vertebra is termed epidrophasus, or dentatus. Pe- 
culiarities. An odontoid or dentiform procefs at the 
upper part of the body. All the tranfverfe precedes 
of the remaining cervical vertebrae have a peculiar 
foramen for the padage of the vertebral arteries. 
Peculiarities. At the fides of the bodies is 
a deprejjion, and a fuperficial one in the points of 
the tranfverfe precedes, for the attachment of the 
great and little heads of the ribs. 
DORSAL VERTEBRAE. Peculiarities. They are much larger than 
the dorfal, and the tranfverfe precedes have no 
deprellions. 
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE. 
OF THE C FIE ST, OR TFIORAX. 
The thorax is compofed of the 12 dorfal verte- 
brae, 24 ribs, and the fternum. 
RIBS. 
Situated obliquely from the dorfal vertebrae 
to the fternum. Figure, femicircular. Num- 
ber 24, twelve on each fide. Division, into 7 
true, which are uppermoft, and 5 fpurious. Emi- 
nences. Tht great head, which is conne&ed to the 
bodies of the dorfal vertebrae; the neck; the lejfer 
head, which is joined to the tranfverfe precedes of 
the dorfal vertebrae; and the angle of the rib. 
Cavities, a longitudinal groove, for the inter- 
coftal artery. Substance, anterior part carti- 
laginous, reft bony and compact. Connexion. 
Anteriorly with the fternum, and pofteriorly with 
the bodies and tranfverfe proceffes of the dorfal 
vertebrae. Use, to form the thorax; to ferve for 
refpiration; to defend the vital vifeera, and to give- 
adhefion to mufcles. 
sternum; 
Situated in the anterior part of the thorax, 
between the true ribs. Figure, fomewhat like a dagger. Cavities, the jugular Jinus, at the fu- 
perior and inner part; two clavicular Jinufes, for 
the attachment of the clavicles; and 7 cojial de- 
■prejjions, to which the ribs adhere. Substance, 
fomewhat fpongy. Use, to form the thorax, and 
give adhefion to the mediaftinum. Connexion. 
The flernum is connected by arthrodia with the cla- 
vicle, and with the feven true ribs by fynchondrofis. 
OF THE LOINS. 
The bones of the loins are five lumbar verte- 
bra. 
OF THE CAVITY OF THE PELVIS. 
Situated in the lower region of the trunk. 
Figure, fomewhat like a barber’s bafon. Com- 
posed of 4 bones, viz. two ofia innominata, the 
os facrum, and os coccygis. Use, to contain the 
organs of generation; the bladder; inteftinum 
return; and to fupport the fpine. 
ossa innominata. 
Situated at the fides of the pelvis. Figure, 
irregular. Division, each bone into three por- 
tions, viz. ilium the uppermoft, ifchium the low- 
ed:, and pubis the anterior. Eminences. The 
crijla of the ilium, from which the oblique and 
tranfverfe mufcles of the abdomen arife—at its 
pofterior part are two fpinous procejfes, which give 
adhefion to ligaments—at its anterior part are alfo two fpittous proceffes, the fuperior gives adhefion to 
the fartorius, tenfor vaginas femorls, and the liga- 
ment of the thigh ; the inferior anterior fpinous pro- 
ce/s, about an inch from the former has arifing from 
it the redlus femoris. The external furface of the 
iliac portion is covered by the glutasi rnufcles; the 
internal by the internal iliac. Upon the internal 
furface there is a line even with the pubis; this is 
called linea innominata, or rim of the pelvis; it divides 
the cavity of the abdomen from the pelvis. Upon 
the ifchiatic portion or ifchium are, the tuberofty 
of the ifchium, upon which we fit; the ffinous 
procefs of the ifchium, which projedfs back- 
wards, and gives adhefion to the uppermofi: fa- 
cro-fciatic ligament; the ramus ifchii, which joins 
the pubis. Upon the pubic portion, or pubis, 
are, the body, near the focket; the angles and 
arches of the pubis. Cavities, a notch between 
the anterior fpines of the ilium; an anterior and 
pojlerior ifchiatic notch; the acetabulum, which re- 
ceives the head of the os fernoris, and the fo- 
ramen thyroideum, or ovale. Each os innominatum 
is connected with its fellow anteriorly by fvm- 
phyfis, with the facrum pofteriorly by firong carti- 
lages and ligaments, and with the head of the thigh 
bone by enarthrofis. Use, to form the pelvis; 
to retain the gravid uterus in its fituation, and to 
conftitute the acetabulum for the thighs. OS SACRUM. 
Situated at the pofierior part of the pelvis. 
Fi cure, triangular, bent forwards. Eminences, 
two fuper lor oblique procejfes; appearances of the fpi- 
nous precedes; appearances of the oblique and 
traufverfe precedes, and the appearances of the 
vertebral bodies. Cavities, four pair of exter- 
nal., and four pair of internal foramina, and five 
longitudinal middle canals. Use, to conftitute the 
pelvis, and fuftain the fpine. Connexion. Su- 
periorly with the lafi: lumbar vertebras, laterally with 
the oda innominata, and inferiorly with the os coc- 
cygis. 
Situated at the apex of the facrum. Figure, 
irregular. Use, to fuftain the redlum, and prevent 
the rupture of the perinaeum in parturition. It is 
connected to the apex of the facrum. 
OS COCCYGIS. 
OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES 
The bones of the upper extremities are, on 
each fide, the clavicle, fcapula, humerus, radius, 
ulna, bones of the carpus, metacarpus, and fin- 
gers. 
Situated obliquely in the upper and lateral 
parts of the thorax. Figure, like the letter f. 
Cavities, a furrow, or groove, of the fubcla- 
vian veflels on the inferior furface. Use, to 
CLAVICLE. connect the fcapnla and humerus to the thorax, 
and to defend the fubclavian veffels. Connexion. 
Anteriorly it is articulated to the fternum, and pof- 
teriorly to the fcapula, by arthrodia. 
SCAPULA. 
Situated in upper and lateral part of the 
back. Figure, triangular. Eminences. The 
fpine, which is in the middle of the external fur- 
face, Its anterior termination is called the acro~ 
miofi. The coracoid procefs which Hands out oppo- 
fite to the acromion. The borders of the bone 
are called cojlce, and the corners angles. The circle 
below the articular cavity is called the neck. Ca- 
vities. The articular or glenoid cavity, which 
receives the head of the humerus. The fcapula 
is united with the clavicle by arthrodia, with ribs 
and os hyoides by mufcle, and with the humerus by 
arthrodia. Use, to defend the back, and give 
articulation to the humerus. Synonim. Omo- 
plata. 
OS HUMERI, OR OS BRACHII. 
Situated between the fcapula and fore-arm. 
Figure, long. Eminences, the head, which is 
rounded on its fuperior part; the neck, which is 
immediately below the head; the greater tubercle, 
near the neck, which receives the fupra fpinatus muf- 
des; and the lejfer tubercle, which is near the 
former, and has fixed to it the fubfcapularis. 
On the inferior extremity are three condyles, namely. an external and an internal condyle, which give ori- 
gin to the flexor and extenfor mufcles of the arm; 
and the trochlea of the humems. Cavities, a 
furrow between the tubercles, for the long tendon 
of the biceps. In the inferior extremity, a pojierior 
fojfa, for the anconoid procefs of the ulna, and 
an anterior deprejfion, for the coronoid procefs. Use, 
to confcitute the arm. Connexion. The hume- 
rus is conne&ed with 3 bones; with the fcapula by 
arthrodia, and the cubit and radius by ginglymus. 
CUBIT, OR ULNA. 
Situated in the infide of the fore-arm, to- 
wards the little finger. Figure, long, and thicker 
above than below. Eminences, the olecranon, or 
anconoid procefs, upon which we lean, and the co- 
ronoid procefs which is oppofite to it. In the 
lower extremity are the lower head, the neck, and 
the fyloid procefs, which gives a ftrong adhefion 
to the ligament which fecures the wriif. Cavi- 
ties, the figmoid cavity, at the upper end. Use, 
to conftitute the chief fupport of the fore-arm 
Connexion. Superiorly with the trochlea of thf 
humerus by arthrodia, inferiorly with the carpus b) 
arthrodia, and with the radius by trochoides, as h 
pronation and fupination. 
Situated in the external fide of the fore-arrr 
towards the thumb. Figure, long. Emi 
RADIUS. nences, upper head, which is excavated; the 
little head, and the Jiyloid procefs at the inferior 
extremity. Cavity, the glenoid cavity. Use, 
to aflift in forming the fore-arm, and to ferve for 
flexion, fupination, and pronation. The radius is 
connected to the humerus by ginglymus, to the 
cubit by an interofleous ligament and trochoides; 
and to the carpus by arthrodia. 
Composed of 8 bones, which lie clofe to 
eacli other, in a double row'. Situated between 
the fore-arm and metacarpus. Division, into 
two row's, fuperior and inferior. In the fuperior 
row are (from the thumb to the little finger), os 
fcaphoides, or naviculare; os lunare; os cunei- 
forme; and os orbiculare, or fub-rotundum. In 
the lower row, os trapezium, os trapezoides, os 
magnum, and os unciforme. 
CARPUS, OR WRIST. 
Situated between the carpus and fingers. 
Composed of 5 longitudinal bones; one of the 
thumb, and four metacarpal bones of the fingers. 
Use, to form the middle part of the hand. 
METACARPUS. 
Situated at the inferior extremity of the me- 
tacarpus. Composed of a thumb and four fin- 
gers. The thumb has two bones, and each finger 
three, which are called phalanges. Use, to form 
FINGERS. the fingers, which are the inftruments of touch, 
defence, and labour. 
OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
The bones of the inferior extremity are, the 
femur, patella, tibia, fibula, the bones of the 
tarfus, metatarfus, and toes. 
FEMUR. 
Situated between the pelvis and tibia. Fi- 
gure, long. Eminences, the head., which is re- 
ceived into the acetabulum of the os innomina- 
tum, and has a fmall dimple in its middle, for the 
attachment of the round or reftraining ligament; 
the neck, upon which the head Hands, it is rough, 
and gives attachment to the capfular ligament; the 
great trochanter, which is a large eminence below 
the neck, for the infertion of the glutaei mufcles; 
the little trochanter, which receives the pfoas and 
iliacus interims; and a rough line on the body of 
the bone, called linea afpera. On the inferior ex- 
tremity are the external and internal condyle, and be- 
tween them pofteriorly a deep notch, for the pafiage 
of the great artery, vein, and nerve of the leg. Use, 
to form part of the lower extremity. The femur 
is connected to the acetabulum of the os inno- 
jninatum by enarthrofis, and to the tibia and patella 
by ginglymus. Substance. Compact on its out- 
fide; fpongy in the extremities; and cancellated in- 
ternally. TIBIA. 
Situated in the infide of the leg, between 
the femur and tarfus. Figure, longitudinal. 
Eminences, the upper head of the tibia; the 
fpine of the tibia, to which the great ligament of 
the patella, is fixed; and the lower head of the 
tibia, which forms the outer ankle. Cavities* 
two articular Jinufes, in the upper head, for the 
reception of the condyles of the femur; and the 
articular cavity at the fide of the head for the 
reception of the fibula. Use, to fupport the leg, 
and ferve for the flexion of the lower extremity. 
The tibia is connected to the femur and patella 
by ginglymus, to the fibula by fyneurofis, and to 
the aftragalus by arthrodia. 
Situated in the outer part of the leg, by the fide 
of the tibia. Figure, longitudinal. Eminences, 
the head of the fibula, at the upper part, and the 
malleolus exterms, or outer ankle, at the lower end. 
Connexion. It is connefted to the tibia by an in* 
terofleous ligament, and to the aftragalus by arthrodia. 
Use, to form a fulcrum for the tibia, and aflift in 
forming the leg. 
FIBULA. 
PATELLA, ROTULA, OR KNEE-PAN. 
Situated in the finus between the condyles 
of the femur, and above the tibia. Figure, 
fomewhat refembles an heart. The patella is con- nected to the condyles of the femur bygingly- 
fnus, and with the tibia by fyneurofis. Use, to 
ftrengthen the knee-joint, and to ferve as a com- 
mon pulley for the extenfor mufcles of the tibia. ,> 
TARSUS. 
Situated between the leg and metatarfus. 
Figure, in the fuperior part, headed, and broad 
below. Composed of feven bones, placed in a 
double row: in the firft row are the aftragalus and 
os calcis; in the fecond row, the os naviculare;; 
os cubiforme; and three cuneiform bones, which 
are placed clofe to each other. Eminences, 
bead of the aftragalus, and the tuberoftty of the 
heel. Use, to form the bafts of the foot, and 
to ferve for its motion. The connexion of the 
bones of the tarfus is with the übia and fibula by ar- 
throdia, and with the metatarfal bones, and alfo with 
one another, by amphiarthrofis. 
Situated between the tarfus and toes. Com- 
posed of five longitudinal bones. Use, to form 
the back and foie of the foot. 
METATARSUS. 
Composition. The great toe is compofed of 
two fmall bones; each toe, of three final! bones, 
called phalanges. 
TOES. 
SESAMOID BONES. 
Situated in the joints, under the phalanges 
of the thumb and of the great toe. PERIOSTEUM. 
Definition. A membrane which inverts the ex- 
'Tnal and internal furface of all the bones except 
"he crowns of the teeth. Names. Pericranium on 
the craniumj periorbita on the orbits; perichondri- 
um % when it covers cartilages; and peridefmium, 
when it covers ligaments. Substance, fibrous, 
furni filed with arteries, veins, nerves, and abforb- 
ent veflels. Use, to diftribute the veflels on the 
external and internal furfaces of bones. 
CARTILAGES. 
Definition. White, elaftic, gliftening fib* 
rtances, growing to the bones. Division, into 
obduce?it, which cover the articulatory furfaces of 
bones; inter-articular, which are not accreted to 
the bones, but adhere to the capfular ligament, and 
lie between the articulating extremities, as in the 
knee-joint, &c.; and uniting cartilages, which unite 
bones firmly together, as the fymphyfis pubis, bodies 
of the vertebrae, &c. Use, to lubricate the arti- 
culation of the cartilages; to connect fome bones 
by an immoveable connexion; and to facilitate tiie 
motion of fome articulations. OSTEOGENY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE FORMATION AND 
GROWTH OF BONES. 
Ossification is a fpecific adlion of fmall ar- 
teries, by which oflific matter is feparated from 
the blood, and dcpofited where it is required. 
The firft thing obfervable in the embryo, 
where bone is to be formed, is a tranfparent jelly, 
which becomes gradually firmer, and is formed into 
cartilage. The cartilage gradually increafes to a 
certain fize, and when the procefs of oflification 
commences, vauiflies as it advances. Cartilages 
previous to the oflific aftion are folid, and without 
any cavity; but when the oflific a&ion of the ar- 
teries is about to commence, the abforbents be- 
come very aflive, and form a fmall cavity in which 
the bony matter is depofited; bone continues to 
be feparated, and the abforbents model the mafs 
into its required fliape. 
The procefs of ofiification is extremely rapid in 
utero: it advances flowly after birth, and is not 
completed in the human body till about the twen- 
tieth year. 
Offification in the flat bones, as thofe of the 
fkull, always begins from central points, and the ra- diated fibres meet the radii of other offifying points 
or the edges of the adjoining bone. 
In long bones, as thole of the arm and leg, the 
clavicle, metacarpal and metatarfal bones, a cen- 
tral ring is formed in the body of the bone, the 
head and extremities being cartilage, in the centre of 
which offification afterwards begins. The central 
ring of the body fhoots its bony fibres towards the 
head and extremities, which extend towards the 
body of the bone. • The head and extremities at 
length come fo clofe to the body as to be merely 
feparated by a cartilage, which becomes gradually 
thinner until the twentieth year. 
Thick and round bones, as thofe of the tarfus,. 
carpus, fternum, and patella, are at firft all cartilage; 
offification begins in the centre of each. 
At birth the bones of the fcetus are very im- 
perfeeft. The extremities and procefles of almoft 
all the long bones are connected to the body of 
the bone by cartilage. Thefe portions of bone 
are called epiphyses. The cranium has no fu- 
tures; its bones are connected together by a firm 
and almoft cartilaginous membrane. On the ante- 
rior part of the cranium, between the parietal bones 
and the frontal, is a confiderable membranous fpace, 
called the anterior fontanel, and a fimilar 
but fmaller one between the parietal bones and 
the. occipital, termed the posterior fontanel. The frontal bone confifts of two bones, and the 
occipital of four. The teeth are partly formed, 
efpecially the enamel, and are placed in a double 
feries. The external auditory foramen is furroimd- 
cd by a bony circle, in which there is a groove for the 
attachment of the membrana tympani. This cir- 
cle gradually elongates into the meatus auditorium. 
The articular cavities of all the bones are much 
more (hallow than in the adult. The os innomina- 
tum confifts of three bones, the ilium, ifchium, 
and pubis, which are connected together by very 
firm cartilage. The bodies of the vertebrae and its 
precedes are united by cartilages. 
OF THE CONNEXION OF BONES. 
Bones are connected with one another, fo as 
to admit, of motion, and this kind of union is 
termed diarthrofis ; or fo as to admit of no motion, 
which is termed fynarthrofs; and when connected 
with one another by an intervening fubftance, the 
union is termed fymphyjis. Diarthrofis, fynarthro- 
fis, and fymphyfis, are to be confidered as the ge- 
nera only of articulations, each genus compre- 
hending feveral fpecies, which are arranged as fol- 
lows. GENERA. 
Enarthrojis, when the round head of one 
bone is received into the deep cavity of another, 
fo as to admit of motion in every direction; as 
the head of the os femoris with the acetabu. 
lum of the os innominatum. 
Arthrodia, when the round head of a bone 
is received into a fuperficial cavity of another, 
fo as to admit of motion in every dire&ion; as 
the head of the humerus with the glenoid ca- 
vity of the fcapula. 
Ginglymus, when the motion is only flexion 
and extenfion; thus the tibia is articulated 
with the os femoris; and the cubit and radius 
with the os humeri. 
Trochoides, when one bone rotates upon 
another; as the firft cervical vertebra upon 
the odontoid procefs of the fecond, and the ra- 
dius upon the ulna, or cubit. 
Amphiarthrojis, when there is motion, but 
that very obfeure; as the motion of the me- 
tacarpal and metatarfal bones. 
species. 
Di art hr os is, or moveable Connexion. 
Synarthrosis, or im- 
moveable Connexion. 
Suture, when the union is by means of 
dentiform margins; as in the bones of the 
cranium : hence the fagittal, lambdoidal, or 
occipital and coronal futures. 
Harmony, when the connexion is by means 
of rough margins, not dentiform; as in 
the bones of the face. 
Gomphojis., when one bone is fixed within 
another, like a nail in a board; as the teeth 
Jn the alveoli of the jaws, GENERA 
Synchondrojis, when a bone is united with 
another by means of an intervening cartilage; 
as the vertebras and bones of the pubis. 
Syffarcojis, when a bone is connefted with 
another by means of an intervening mufcle; 
as the os hyoides with the ffernum. 
Syneurojis, when a bone is united to ano- 
ther by an intervening membrane; as the 
bones of the head of the foetus. 
Syndefmc/is, when a bone is connefted to 
another by means of an intervening ligament; 
as the radius with the ulna, &c. 
Synojiojis, when two bones, originally fepa- 
rated, are united to one another by bony mat- 
ter. 
SPECIES. 
Symphysis, Or mediate Connexion. 
SYNDESMOLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE LIGAMENTS. 
Ligaments are elaftic and ftrong membranes- 
connecting the extremities of the moveable bones. 
Di vision, into cnpfular, which furround joints 
like a bag, and connecting ligaments. Use. The 
capfular ligaments conneCt the extremities of the 
moveable bones, and prevent the efflux of fynovia; 
the external and Internal connecting ligaments 
ftrengthen the extremities of the moveable bones. Ligaments of the lower jaw. The con- 
dyles of the lower jaw are connected with the ar- 
ticular finufes of the temporal bone by two liga- 
ments, the capfular and lateral ligament. 
Ligaments of the occipital bone, and 
VERTEBRAS OF THE NECK. The GOlldvleS of 
the occipital bone are united with the articular 
depredions of the firft vertebra by the capfular, 
broad, anterior, and pofterior ligaments, the liga- 
ments of the odontoid procefs, and ligamentum 
nuchae. 
Ligaments of the vertebrae. The verte- 
bras are connefted together by means of their bo- 
dies and oblique precedes. The bodies by a foft 
cartilaginous fubftance, and the precedes by liga- 
ments, viz. the tranfverfe ligament of the firft 
vertebra; the anterior and pofterior common; the 
interfpinous; the intertranfverfe; the interverte- 
bral ligaments; the capfular ligaments of the ob- 
lique precedes; and the ligaments of the laft ver- 
tebra of the loins with the os facrum. 
Ligaments of the ribs. The pofterior ex- 
tremity of the ribs is united with the vertebrae; 
the anterior with the fternum. The ligaments of 
the pofterior extremity are, the capfular ligaments 
of the greater and leder heads; the internal and 
external ligaments of the neck of the ribs; and a 
ligament peculiar to the laft rib. The ligaments 
of the anterior extremity are, the capfular liga- merits of the cartilages of the true ribs, and the. 
ligaments of the ribs inter fe. 
Ligaments of the sternum. The liga- 
ments conneding the three portions of the fter- 
nmn to the ribs are, the membrana propria of the 
ftemum; and the ligaments of the enfifotm carti- 
lage. 
Ligaments of the pelvis, The ligaments 
which conned the ofta innominata with the os fa- 
crum are, three ligamenta ileo-facra; two facro- 
ifchiatic ligaments; two tranfverfe ligaments of 
the pelvis; the ligamentum obturans of the fora- 
men ovale, and the ligamentum Poupartii, or in- 
guinale. 
Ligaments of the os coccygis. The ba- 
lls of the os coccygis is connected to the apex 
of the os facrum, by the capfular and longitudinal 
ligaments. 
Ligaments of the clavicle. The anterior 
extremity is conneded with the fternum and firll 
rib; and the pofterior extremity with the acro- 
mion of the fcapula, by the interclavicular, the 
capfular ligament, the ligamentum rhomboideum, 
and in the pofterior extremity, the capfular liga- 
ment. 
Ligaments of the scapula. The proper li- 
gaments which conned the fcapula with the pofte- 
rior extremity of the clavicle arc, the conoid and 
trapezoid ligaments. Ligamekts of the humerus. The head of 
the humerus is connected with the glenoid cavity 
of the fcapula by the capfular ligament. 
Ligaments of the articulation of the 
cubit. The elbow joint is formed by the infe- 
rior extremity of the humerus, and fuperior extre- 
mities of the ulna and radius. The ligaments 
connecting thefe bones are, the capfular, the bra- 
chio-cubital, and the brachio-radial ligaments. 
Ligaments of the radius. The radius is 
affixed to the humerus, cubit, and carpus, by pecu- 
liar ligaments, namely, the fuperior, inferior, ob- 
lique, and interoffeous ligaments. 
Ligaments of the carpus. The ligaments 
which conneCt the eight bones of the wrift toge- 
ther, and with the fore-arm and metacarpus, are, 
the capfular ligament of the carpus; the firft and 
fecond tranfverfe ligament; the oblique ligament; 
and the capfular ligament proper to the bones of 
the carpus. 
Ligaments of the metacarpus. The bones 
of the metacarpus are in part connected with the 
fecond row of bones of the carpus, and in part 
together, by the articular and interofleous ligaments. 
Ligaments of the fingers. The fingers 
and phalanges are connected together, and with 
the metacarpus; and the thumb with the carpus, 
by the lateral ligaments of the fingers, and ligament 
of the thumb with the os trapezium of the carpus. Ligaments which keep the tendons of 
THE MUSCLES OF THE HAND IN THEIR PRO- 
PER place. The ligaments which keep the ten- 
dons of the mufcles of the hand in their place, 
are fituated partly in the palm, and partly on the 
back of the hand. In the back of the hand are, 
the external tranfverfe ligament of the carpus, the 
vaginal, and the tranfverfe ligaments of the ex- 
tenfor tendons. In the palm of the hand are, 
the internal tranfverfe ligament of the carpus, the 
vaginal or crucial ligaments of the flexor tendons 
of the phalanges, and the acceflbry ligaments of 
the flexor tendons. 
Ligaments of the articulation of the 
femur. The head of the os femoris is ftrongly 
annexed to the acetabulum of the os innominatum, 
by two very flrong ligaments, the capfular liga- 
ment, and ligamentum teres, or reftraining ligament. 
Ligaments of the articulation of the 
knee. The knee joint is formed by the con- 
dyles of the os femoris, head of the tibia and the 
patella. The ligaments are the capfular, the pofte- 
rior, the external and the internal lateral ligaments, 
the crucial and the alar ligaments, the ligaments of 
the femilunar cartilages, and ligaments of the pa- 
tella. 
Ligaments of the fibula. The fibula is 
connefted with the tibia by means of the capfular 
ligament of the fuperior extremity, the interofleous ligament, and the ligaments of the inferior extre- 
mity. 
Ligaments of the articulation of the 
tarsus. The inferior extremity of the tibia and 
fibula forms the cavity into which the aflragalus 
of the tarfus is received. This articulation is ef- 
fected by the anterior, middle, and pofterior liga- 
ment of the fibula, the ligamentum tibiae deltoides, 
the capfular ligament, and the ligaments proper to 
the bones of the tarfus. 
Ligaments of the metatarsus. The bones 
of the metatarfus are connected in part together, 
and in part with the tarfus, by means of the cap- 
fular ligament, the articular ligaments, the tranf- 
verfe ligaments in the back and foie of the foot, 
and the interofleous ligaments of the metatarfus. 
Ligaments of the toes. The phalanges of 
the toes are united partly together, and partly with 
the metatarfus, by the capfular and lateral ligaments. 
Ligaments which retain the tendons of 
THE MUSCLES OF THE FOOT IN THEIR PROPER 
place. Thefe ligaments are found partly in the 
back and partly in the foie of the foot. They are 
the vaginal ligament of the tibia, the tranfverfe or 
crucial ligaments of the tarfus, the ligaments of the 
tendons of the peronei mufcles, the laciniated liga- 
ment, the vaginal ligament of the extenfor mufcle 
and flexor pollicis, the vaginal ligaments of the 
flexor tendons, the acceflbry ligaments of the flexor tendons, and the tranfverfe ligaments of the exten- 
for tendons. 
MYOLOGY, ' 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE MUSCLES. 
A muscle is a fibrous body. Division, into 
head, belly, and tail. Adhesion, the head and 
tail are firmly attached to the bones; the place of 
attachment of the former is called its origin; iris 
ufually that part neareft the trunk of the body : 
the latter is termed the infertion, which is more re- 
mote from the trunk of the body, and is implanted 
into the part to be moved. The body adheres 
laxly to other parts, by means of the- cellular mem- 
brane, in order that it may fwell when the mufcle 
a6ls. Substance, flefhy in the belly, tendinous 
in the extremities. The former is compofed of 
flefhy fibres, which are irritable and fenfible; the 
latter of white fibres, which are neither fenfible 
nor irritable. When the tendinous extremity of a 
mufcle is rounded, it is called a tendon; when broad 
and expanded, aponeurojis, and fometimes fafcia. 
.Mufcles are varioufly named, according to the ar- 
rangement of their fibres, or from their a£lion; or 
from their origin and infertion; or from their figure 
or fituation: thus when the fibres go in the fame direction, it is faid to be a Jimp.lt mufcle ; 
when they are in rays, a radiattd mufcle; 
when arranged like the plume of a feather, a 
penniform mufcle; and when two penniform muf- 
cles are contiguous, a compound penniform. Muf- 
cles fometimes furround certain cavities of the body, 
forming a thin lamina, as in the inteftinal canal, blad- 
der, Zee. When they are fituated around any open- 
ing, fo as to flint or open it, they are termed fphinc- 
iers. There are many mufcles named from their ac- 
tion, as the flexors, extenfors, depreflbrs, levators, 
corrugatores fupercilii, Zee. The mufcles which 
receive names from their origin and infertion are 
very numerous; as the ftcrno-cleido maftoidcus, 
ftylo-hyoideus, flylo-gloflus, &c. The deltoid, pec- 
tineus, pyramidalis, Zee. are named from their 
figure, and the peftoralis, lingualis, temporalis, 
pterygoideus, &c. from their fituation. Mufcles 
that concur in producing the fame aftion, are 
called congeneres; but thofe that aft contrary to 
each other, antngonifee. Vessels. Arteries, veins, 
and abforbents, abound in the fleftiy part; but 
very few indeed in the tendinous. Nerves of 
mufcles are alfo numerous in the flefliy parts, and 
wanting in the tendinous. Use. Mufcles are the 
organs of motion. Ufe. 
To pull the fkin of 
the head backwards— 
raife the eyebrows and 
Ikin of the forehead. 
To wrinkle the eye- 
brows. 
To flint the eye. 
To open the eye, by 
railing the upper eye- 
lid. 
•f- The reSder will be pleafed to obferve, that although all the mufcles (a few only excepted, which are 
marked thus are in pairs, mention is made here only of the mufcles of one fide. 
MUSCLES OF THE INTEGUMENTS OF THE CRANIUM. 
Inferted into 
The fkin of the eye- 
brows and root of the 
nofe. 
The inner part of 
the occipito-frontalis. 
The inner corner 
of the eyes. 
The cartilage of the 
tarfus of the upper eye- 
lid. 
MUSCLES OF THE EYELIDS. 
Jlrfes from 
The upper ridge of 
the occipital bone; its 
aponeurofis covers the 
upper part of the head. 
Above the root of 
the nofe. 
Around the edge of 
the orbit. 
The bottom of the 
orbit, near the optic 
foramen. 
Name. 
Occipito-frontalis *. 
Corrugator fuper- 
cilii p. 
Orbicularis palpe- 
brarum. 
Levator palpehrre 
fujienoris. To raife it upwards. 
To pull it downwards. 
To turn it to the nofe. 
To move it outwards. 
To roll the eye, and 
turn the pupil down- 
wards and outwards. 
\ 
To roll the eye. 
It raifes the upper 
lip, and dilates the 
noftrils. 
To pull the upper 
lip diredly upwards. 
The anterior part of 
the tunica fclerotica, 
oppofite to each other. 
The pofterior part 
of the bulb, between 
the re£his and the en- 
trance of the optic 
nerve. 
Oppofite to the for- 
mer. 
MUSCLES OF THE NOSE AND MOUTH. 
MUSCLES OF THE EYEBxILL. 
The upper lip and 
ala of the nofe. 
The middle of the 
upper lip. 
Around the optic 
foramen of the fphae- 
noid bone, at the bot- 
tom of the orbit. 
Near the optic fora- 
men, and pafles thro’ 
a trochlea in the inter- 
nal canthus of the eye, 
and is reflected to be 
The duftus nafalis, 
and is inferted 
The nafal procefs of 
the fuperior maxillary 
bone. 
The upper jaw, un- 
der the orbit. 
Ohliquits fuperior 
feu 
Trochlearis, 
M Obliquus inferior. 
Levator labiifvper 
rions alceque naf, 
' / 
' Levator lahii fupe- 
rior is proprius. 
Refills fuperior.' 
Refhis inferior. 
Reflus interims. 
Re tins ext emus. „ Ufe. 
To raile the corner 
of the mouth. 
To inflate the cheek 
and raife the angle of 
the mouth. 
To raife the angle of 
the mouth outwards. 
To contrail the 
mouth, and draw the 
angle of it outwards 
and backwards. 
To draw the corner 
of the mouth down- 
wards. 
To draw the under 
lip downwards and 
outwards. 
Inferted into 
The orbicularis, at 
the angle of the mouth. 
The angle of the 
mouth, with the de- 
preflbr of the lip. 
The angle of the 
mouth. 
The angle of the 
mouth, and is perfo- 
rated by the duct of 
the parotid gland. 
The angle of the 
mouth. 
The middle of the 
under lip. 
Arifes from 
The orbitar foramen 
of the fup, max. bone. 
The os jugale, near 
the zygomatic future, 
and runs downwards. 
Above the zygoma- 
ticus major. 
The fockets of the 
laft molares, and the 
coronoid procefs of the 
lower jaw. 
The lower edge of 
the under jaw, near the 
chin. 
The inferior part of 
the lower jaw, next the 
chin. 
Name. 
Levator angidi oris. 
Zjgomaticus major. 
Zygomaticus minor. 
Buccinator. 
Deprejfor angtilt 
oris. 
Deprejfor lahii in- 
ferior is. To fhut the month, 
by contracting the lips. 
To pull the ala nafi 
and upper lip down. 
To comprefs the 
wings of the nofe. 
To raife the under 
lip and Ikin of the 
chin. 
To draw the ear up- 
wards, and make it 
tenfe. 
To raife this emi- 
nence forwards. 
To draw the ear 
back, and ftretch the 
concha. 
He!ids 
This mufcle furrounds the lips, and is In a 
great meafure formed by the buccinator, zygo- 
matici, and others, which move the lip. 
The root of the ala 
nafi and upper lip. 
goes acrofs to the other. 
The fkin in the cen- 
tre of the chin. 
MUSCLES OF THE EXTERNAL EAR. 
The root of the car- 
tilaginous tube of the 
ear. 
The eminence be- 
hind the helix. 
The feptum that di- 
vides the fcapha and 
concha. 
The lockets of the 
upper incifor teeth. 
The root of one 
wing of the nofe, and 
The lower jaw, at 
the root of the inci- 
fors. 
The tendon of the 
occipito-frontalis, a- 
bove the ear. 
Near the back part 
of the zygoma. 
The maftoid pro- 
cefs, by two and fome- 
times three fafciculi. 
Orbicularis oris *. 
Depreffor lahii fu- 
peri or is aleecjue naf. 
Confriflor nnf. 
Levator meriti vel 
lahii inferior is, 
Superior auris, or 
attollens aurem. 
Anterior auris. 
Poferior auris, or 
retrahens auris. Ufe. 
To deprefs the up- 
per part of the helix. 
To contrail the fif- 
fure. 
To deprefs the con- 
cha, and pull the tragus 
a little outwards. 
To dilate the mouth 
of the concha. 
To draw thefe parts 
towards each other. 
To draw the malleus 
obliquely forwards, to- 
wards its origin. 
Inferted into 
The cartilage of the 
helix, a little above the 
tragus. 
The crus of the he- 
lix. 
The upper part of 
the tragus. 
The upper part of 
the antitragus. 
The inner part of 
the helix. 
MUSCLES OF THE INTERNAL EAR. 
The long procefs of 
the malleus. 
Arifes from 
The upper, ante- 
rior, and acute part of 
the helix. 
The inferior and 
anterior part of the he- 
lix. 
The outer and mid- 
dle part of the concha, 
near the tragus. 
From the root of the 
inner part of the helix. 
The upper part of 
the concha. 
Thefpinous procefs 
of the fphasnoid bone. 
Name. 
Helicis major, 
Helicis minor, 
Tragicus. 
Antitragus, 
franfverfus aurls, 
Laxator tympani. To pull the malleus 
and membrane of the 
tympanum towards the 
petrous portion. 
To draw the ftapes 
obliquely upwards to- 
wards the cavern. 
To move the lower 
jaw upwards. 
The pofterior part 
of the head of the 
ftapes. 
The coronoid pro- 
cefs of the lower jaw, 
its fibres being bun- 
dled together and preif- 
ed into a fmall com- 
pafs, fo as to pafs under 
the jugum, or zygoma.- 
The handle of the 
malleus. 
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER JAW. 
The cartilaginous 
extremity of the Eu- 
ftachian tube. 
A little cavern in the 
petrous portion, near 
the cells of the maf- 
toid procefs. 
The lower part of 
the parietal bone and 
os frontis; fquam- 
mous part of the tem- 
poral hone; back part 
of the os jugale; the 
temporal procefs of the 
fphasnoid bone, and the 
aponeurofis which co- 
vers it. 
Tcnfor tymkani. 
Stapedius. 
Temporalis. Vfe. 
To raife and move 
the jaw a little for- 
wards and backwards. 
To raife the lower 
jaw, and draw it a lit- 
tle to one fide. 
To move the jaw, 
and to prevent the li- 
gament of the jaw from 
being pinched. 
MUSCLES WHICH APPEAR ABOUT THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK. 
To draw the cheeks 
and Ikin of the face 
downwards. 
To move the head to 
one fide, and bend it 
forwards. 
Inferted into 
The angle of the 
lower jaw upwards to 
the bafis of the coro- 
noid procefs. 
The lower jaw, on 
its inner fide, and near 
its angle. 
The condyloid pro- 
cefs of the lower jaw 
and capfular ligament. 
The fide of the chin 
and integuments of the 
cheek. 
The maftoid pro- 
cefs, and as far back as 
the occipital future. 
Arifes from 
The fup. max. bone, 
near the os jugale; and 
from the anterior part 
of the zygoma. 
The internal ptery- 
goid procefs of the 
fphaenoid bone. 
The external ptery- 
goid procefs. 
The cellular mem- 
brane covering the pec- 
toral and deltoid muf- 
cles, / 
The upper part of 
the fternum, and fore 
part of the clavicle. 
Platyfma myoides. 
Sterno-cleldo-maf- 
toideus. 
Name. 
MnJJeter, 
Ptcrygoideus inter- 
ims. 
Pterygoideus exter- 
nals. To draw the lower 
jaw downwards. 
To move the os hy- 
oides upwards. 
To move the os hy- 
oides upwards. 
To move the tongue 
in various dire&ions. 
To draw the tongue 
downwards and in- 
wards. 
To fhortenand draw 
the tongue backwards. 
MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES. 
To draw the os hy- 
oides downwards. 
Omo- 
MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE OS HYOIDES AND TRUNK. 
The lowerand ante- 
rior part of the chin. 
The balls of the os 
hyoides. 
The balls of the os 
hyoides. 
The tongue, form- 
ing part of its fub- 
ftance. 
Into the tongue la- 
terally. 
The extremity of 
the tongue. 
The balls of the os 
hyoides. 
A folia at the root of 
the nialloid procefs. 
The inner furface of 
the jaw-bone. 
The inlide of the 
chin. 
The infide of the 
chin. 
The horn, bads, and 
cartilage of the os hy- 
oides. 
The root of the 
tongue laterally. 
The liernum and 
clavicle. 
Digajlricus. 
Mylo-lyoideus. 
Genio-hy oldens. 
Genlo-gloJJ'us. 
Hyo-ghjjfus. 
Linpualis. 
Sterno-hyoideus. Ufe. 
To draw the os hy- 
oides downwards. 
To pull the thyroid 
cartilage downwards. 
To raife the carti- 
lage, and deprefs the 
bone. 
To pull the thyroid 
cartilage towards the 
cricoid. 
MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE LOWER JAW AND OS HYOIDES, 
LATERALLY. 
To pull the tongue 
backwards. 
To draw the os hy- 
oides upwards. 
Inferted into 
The bafis of the os 
hyoides. 
The thyroid carti- 
lage. 
The fide of the thy- 
roid cartilage. 
The inferior horn of 
the thyroid cartilage. 
The fide of the root 
of the tongue. 
The bafis of the os 
hyoides. 
Arifes front 
Near the coracoid 
procefs of the fcapula. 
The upper and inner 
part of the fternum. 
Part of the bafis and 
horn of the os hyoides. 
The fide of the cri- 
coid cartilage. 
The apex of the fty- 
loid procefs. 
The bafis, and about 
the middle of the fty- 
loid procefs. 
Name. 
Omo-hyoideus. 
Sterno-thyroideus. 
TJyreo-hyoideus, 
or 
Hyo-thyroideus. 
Crico-fkyroideus. 
Stylo-glojjhs. 
Stylo-Jiyoldeus. To dilate the pha- 
rynx, and raife the car- 
tilage. 
To draw the velum 
pendulum palati ob- 
liquely downwards,and 
flretch it. 
To pull the velum 
pendulum backwards 
and upwards. 
To raife the tongue, 
and draw the velum 
towards it. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE ENTRY OF THE FAUCES. 
The edge of the 
pharynx, and back of 
the thyroid cartilage. 
The velum pendu- 
lum palati. 
The velum pendu- 
lum palati, being ex- 
panded upon it. 
The middle of the 
velum pendulum pa- 
lati, near the uvula. 
The root of the fty- 
loid procels. 
Nearthe Euftachlan 
tube,and paffes through 
the hamulus of the pte- 
rygoid procefs, to be 
The point of the os 
petrofum, the Eufta- 
chian tube, and fphae- 
noid bone. 
Near the root of the 
tongue, on each fide, 
and goes round, to be 
Stylo-pharyngeus. 
Circumflexus, 
feu 
Tertfor palati. 
Levator palati mol- 
lis. 
Conftriftor ift hm 
faucium. Ufe. 
To contract the arch 
of the fauces. 
To Shorten and raife 
the uvula. 
To comprefs part of 
the pharynx. 
To comprefs the 
pharynx, and draw the 
os hyoides upwards. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE PHARYNX. 
Inferted Into 
The upper and pof- 
terior part of the thy- 
roid cartilage. 
The extremity of 
the uvula. 
The middle of the 
pharynx. 
The ambit of the 
pharynx. 
Arifes from 
The middle of the 
foft palate, goes round 
the entry of the fauces, 
the tendon of the cir- 
cumflexus palati, and 
velum pendulum pa- 
lati, to be 
The commiflure of 
the ofla palati. 
The cricoid and thy- 
roid cartilages. 
The horns, and ap- 
pendix of the os hy- 
oides. 
Name. 
Palato-pharyngeus. 
Azygos uvula*. 
Conftriftor pharyn- 
gis inferior. 
Conjlriflor Jiharyn- 
gis medius. To move the pha- 
rynx upwards and for- 
wards, and to com- 
prefs its upper part. 
To open the glottis. 
To open the glottis. 
To draw the arytae- 
noid cartilage forward. 
To draw them to- 
wards each other. 
To fhut the glottis. 
To pull the epiglot- 
tis obliquely down- 
wards. 
Arytano- 
MUSCLES SITUATED ABOUT THE GLOTTIS. 
The middle of the 
pharynx. 
The back of the ary- 
taenoid cartilage. 
The fide of the ary- 
tsenoid cartilage. 
The fore part of the 
arytsenoid cartilage. 
The extremity of 
the other. 
The other ary taenoid 
cartilage. 
The fide of the epi- 
glottis. 
The cricoid carti- 
lage pofteriorly. 
The fide of the cri- 
coid cartilage. 
The back of the thy- 
roid cartilage. 
The root of one 
arytaenoid cartilage. 
One of the arytze- 
noid cartilages. 
The thyroid carti- 
lage- 
The pterygoid pro- 
cefs,the lower jaw, and 
the cuneiform procefs 
of the os occipitis. 
Conftriftor pharyn- 
gis Jujierior. 
Crico - arytanoideus 
■pojlicus. 
Crico-arytanoi deus 
« later alls, or obliquus. 
w Thyreo-arytatnoi- 
deus. 
Arytamideus ohli- 
quus*. 
Aryteenoideus tranf- 
verfus*. 
Thyreo-epigloitideus. U/e. 
To move the epi- 
glottis outwards. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ABDOMEN. 
To comprefs the 
abdomen. 
To comprefs the 
abdomen. 
f A long, but narrow, tendinous expanfion, which reaches from the cartilage enfiformls of the ftcmum, 
down to the middle of the pubis. 
■£ In this courfc it forms Poupart’s ligament. 
Inferted into 
The fide of the epi- 
glottis. 
The linea alba f, 
ofla pubis, and fpine of 
the ilium J. 
The cartilages of all 
the falfe ribs, linea al- 
ba, and pubis, and 
fternum, by a flat ten- 
don. 
Arifes from 
The upper part of 
the arytaenoid cartilage 
laterally. 
The lower edges of 
the eight inferior ribs 
near their cartilages. 
The fpinous pre- 
cedes of the three laft 
lumbar vertebrae, back 
of the facrum,andfpine 
of the ilium. 
Name. 
Arytano-epiglotti - 
deus. 
Ohliquus defcen- 
dens externus. 
Ohliquus ajcendens 
Interims. To comprefs the ab- 
dominal vifcera. 
To comprefs the 
abdomen; and bend 
the trunk. 
To affift the lower 
portion of the re£lus. 
By fome faid to be a mufcle: appears, however, to be no more than a con- 
denfation of cellular memurane lining the fcrotum, which admits of being 
corrugated and relaxed. 
<0 
■G 
cx 
3 
& 
rt 
V. 
"T3 
_ 4J 
«J 
MUSCLES ABOUT THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
The Hnea alba, 
throughout its whole 
length, and into the 
enfiform cartilage. 
The fide of the fym- 
phyfis of the pubis. 
The linea alba, be- 
low the umbilicus. 
to 
Is 
•& 
ta 
> . 
« JJ 
.o 13 
c cs 
2 « 
4-» 
J= 
o 
The cartilages of 
the feven lower ribs, 
and the tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the four lower 
lumbar vertebrae and 
fpine of the ilium. 
The outfide of the 
fternum and xyphoid 
cartilage. 
The anterior upper 
part of the pubis. 
d) A 
c be 
•C w 
"rt <» 
.s is 
Sn S, 
C 3 
•” O 
O 
| 
ra S 
Tranfverfalis ab- 
dominis. 
Reflus abdominis. 
Pyramidalis. 
Dario, *. 
Cretnajier. Ufe. 
To comprefs the 
urethra. 
To comprefs the 
urethra. 
To dilate the bulb 
of the urethra f. 
To fhut the paffage 
through the anus into 
the reftum. 
t There is often another mufcls behind this, called Tranfverfus perimei alter. It affifts the former. 
The perinaeum, ac- 
celeratores urinse, and 
tranfverfus perinaei. 
Inferted into 
A ftrong tendinous 
membrane, that covers 
the corpora cavernofa. 
The line in the mid- 
dle of the bulb. 
The accelerator uri- 
nse, and fphindler ani. 
MUSCLES OF THE ANUS. 
Arifes from 
The tuberofity of 
the ifehium, embraces 
one crus of thejpenis. 
Thefphinfterof the 
anus, and above the 
bulb of the urethra. 
The fatty membrane 
covering the tuberofity 
of the ifehium. 
The fkiu and fat 
furrounding the anus 
on both tides. 
Name, 
Ereftor penis. 
Accelerator urines 
feu 
Ejaculator feminls, 
Tranfverfus peri- 
nest. 
Sjthinller ani*. To draw the return 
up after the dejeftion 
of the faeces, and to 
affifi; in {hutting it. 
To draw the clitoris 
downwards, and make 
it tenfe. 
To contract the 
mouth of the vagina. 
To roll the femur 
obliquely outwards. 
MUSCLES,OF THE FEMALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE PELVIS. 
The fphinfter ani, 
acceleratores urinae, & 
os coccygis; and fur- 
rounds the rectum, 
neck of the bladder, 
See. like a funnel. 
The upper part of 
the crus and body of 
the clitoris. 
The union of the 
crura clitoridis. 
A large pit, between 
the trochanters of the 
femur. 
The internal furface 
of the pubis, ilium, 
and ifchium, of both 
fides, in a radiated 
manner. 
The crus of the if- 
chium internally. 
The fphinfter ani, 
and fide of the vagina 
which it furrounds. 
The foramen ovale 
obturator ligament, ili- 
um, ifchlum, and pu- 
bis. 
Ere ft or clitoridis. 
Sphinfier vagina. 
Obturator interims. 
Levator ani *. Ufe. 
To move the coc 
cyx forwards and in- 
wards. 
To fupport the fpine 
and draw it to one 
fide. 
To bend the loins 
forwards. 
To bend the thigh 
forwards. 
To affift the pfoas 
magnus. 
MUSCLES SITUATED WITHIN THE CAVITY OF THE ABDOMEN. 
The ftudent will find defcribed in Splanchnology. 
Inferted into 
The extremity of the 
facrum and os coccy- 
gis. 
The tranfverfe apo- 
phyfes of the loins and 
laft fpurious rib. 
The brim of the 
pelvis, near the place 
of the acetabulum. 
The os femoris, a 
little below the tro- 
chanter minor. 
The femur in com- 
mon with the pfoas 
magnus. 
Arifes from 
The fpinous procefs 
of the ifchium. 
The pofterior part 
of the fpine of the 
ilium. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefs of the laft dorfal 
vertebra. 
The bodies and pro- 
cefles of the laft dorfal 
and all the lumbar 
vertebrae. 
The internal furface 
of the fpine of the ili- 
um. 
Jiiaphragma *. 
Quadratus lumio~ 
rum. 
Pfoas parvus. 
Pfoas magnus, 
Iliacus internus. 
Name. 
Qoccygeus. MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE THORAX. 
To draw the arm 
forwards, or obliquely 
forwards. 
To move the clavi- 
cle downwards. 
To roll the fcapula. 
To bring the fca- 
pula forwards. 
MUSCLES SITUATED BETWEEN THE RIBS AND WITHIN THE THORAX. 
To elevate the ribs. 
To deprefs the car* 
tilages of the ribs. 
Like the former, their fibres are directed from behind forwards. 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the hume- 
rus. 
The under furface 
of the clavicle. 
The coracoid pro- 
cefs of the fcapula. 
The bafis of the 
fcapula. 
The fuperior edge 
of each lower rib. 
The cartilages of the 
five iaft true ribs. 
The clavicle, Her- 
man, and feven true 
ribs. 
The cartilage of the 
firH rib. 
The third, fourth, 
and fifth ribs. 
The eight fuperior 
ribs. 
The lower edge of 
each tipper rib. 
The middle and in- 
ferior part of the Her- 
man. 
Fed oralis major. 
Subclavius. 
Peel oralis minor. 
Serratus major an- 
ticus. 
Intercojiales ex- 
terni. 
Intercojiales interni. 
Triangularis 
vel 
Sterno-cojlalii MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE NECK, CLOSE 
TO THE VERTEBRAE. 
Vfe. 
To pull the neck to 
one dde. 
To bend the head 
forwards. 
To affift the former. 
To move the head 
to one dde. 
To move the fcapu- 
la, bend the neck, and 
pull the head back- 
wards. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE TRUNK. 
Inferted info 
The anterior tuber- 
cle of the dentatus. 
The cuneiform pro- 
cefs of the os occipi- 
tis. 
The os occipitis.near 
the condyloid procefs. 
The os occipitis,near 
the maftoid procefs. 
The clavicle, part 
of the acromion, and 
the fpine of the fca- 
pula. 
The os occipitis and 
the fpinous precedes of 
all the vertebras of the 
neck and back. 
drifts from 
The bodies of the 
three upper dorfal and 
tranfverfe precedes of 
the four lad cervical. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the dve lad: 
cervical vertebrae. 
The fore part of the 
atlas. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefs of the atlas. 
Name. 
Longus colli. 
Refills inf emus ca- 
pitis major. 
Refius internus ca- 
pitis minor. 
Refius capitis la- 
teralis. 
Trapezius 
feu 
Cucullaris. To draw the os hu- 
meri backwards, and 
to roll it upon its axis. 
To draw the ribs 
outwards, downwards, 
and backwards. 
To move the fcapula 
upwards and back- 
wards. 
To move the head 
backwards, and alfo to 
one dde. 
The os humeri, be- 
tween its two tuberod- 
ties in the edge of the 
groove for the tendon 
of the biceps mufcle. 
The lower edge of 
the three or four low- 
ermoft ribs, near their 
cartilages. 
The bads of the fca- 
pula, at its upper and 
lower part. 
The two firft cervi- 
cal vertebrae, and the 
dde of the os occipitis. 
The fpine of the ili-- 
um, fpinous procetfes 
of the facrum, lumbar 
and inferior dorfal ver- 
tebra;; adheres to the 
fcapula and inferior 
falfe ribs. 
The fpinous pre- 
cedes of the two lad 
dorfal and three lum- 
bar vertebrae. 
The fpinous pre- 
cedes of the three lad: 
cervical, and four firft 
dorfal vertebrae. 
The fpines of the 
four lad: cervical, and 
four fuperior dorfal 
vertebrae. 
Latijfmus doiji. 
terrains pojiicus 
inferior, 
Rhomho'tdeus. 
Splemus. Ufe. 
To expand the tho- 
rax, by elevating the 
ribs. 
To extend the ver- 
tebra. 
To lift the ribs up- 
wards. 
To draw the ribs 
downwards, to move 
the body upon its axis, 
to adid the long, dord, 
and to turn the neck 
back, or to one dde. 
Inferted into 
The fecond, third, 
and fourth ribs,by three 
neat dediy tongues. 
All the fpinous pre- 
cedes of the back, ex- 
cept the firft. 
The angles of the 
ribs. 
The lower edge of 
each rib, by a dat 
tendon. 
Arifes from 
The fpinous procefT- 
es of the three laft cer- 
vical, and two fuperior 
dorfal vertebra. 
Two fpinous pre- 
cedes of the loins, and 
three lower of the 
back. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the lad; cer- 
vical and the dorfal 
vertebra. 
The facrum, fpine 
of the ilium, and the 
fpinous and tranfverfe 
precedes of the lumbar 
vertebra. • 
Name. 
Serratus fujierior 
jtojllcus. 
Spinalis dorji. 
Levatorcs c oft arum. 
or 
Suprn-co/lales, 
Sacro-lumhnlis. To ftretch the ver- 
tebrae of the back, and 
keep the trunk ere6t. 
To draw the head 
backwards. 
To draw the head 
backwards. 
To move the fca- 
pula forwards and up- 
wards. 
To extend thefpine 
obliquely backwards. 
Mulufidus 
The tranfverfe pro- 
ceffes of all the dorfal 
and one cervical ver- 
tebrae. 
The middle of the 
os occipitis, at its tu- 
bercle. 
The os occipitis, be- 
hind the maftoid pro- 
cefs of the temporal 
bone. 
The upper angle of 
the fcapula. 
Thefpinous procetf- 
es of the four fuperior 
dorfal and the laft cer- 
vical vertebrae. 
The fame parts as 
the former, and by 
one common broad 
tendon. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefles of the four infe- 
rior cervical, and fe- 
ven fuperior dorfal ver- 
tebra;. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
ceffes of the five lower 
cervical and three up- 
per dorfal vertebrae. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefles of the four fupe- 
rior cervical vertebrae. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
ceffes of the 7th, Bth, 
9th, and 10th dorfal 
vertebrae. 
JLongiJJimus dor/. 
Cotnjilexus. . 
TracJielo-majlol- 
deus. 
Levator /cupula; 
Semi-fpinalis dorji. Ufe. 
To extend the back, 
and draw it backwards 
or to one fide, and pre- 
vent the fpine from 
being too much bent 
forwards. 
To flretch the neck 
obliquely backwards. 
To turn the neck 
obliquely backwards, 
and to one fide. 
To extend the head, 
and draw it backwards. 
To a did: the reftus 
major. 
To draw the head 
backwards. 
Inferted into 
Thefpinous procefT- 
es of the lumbar, dor- 
fal, and cervical verte- 
brae, except the atlas. 
The fpinous procefT- 
es of the five middle 
cervical. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the cervical 
vertebrae. 
The lower ridge of 
the os occipitis. 
The os occipitis, at 
its tubercle. 
The end of the low- 
er occipital ridge. 
Arifes from 
The facrum, ilium, 
oblique and tranfverfe 
precedes of the lum- 
bar, the tranfverfe of 
the dorfal, and four cer- 
vical vertebrae. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the fix upper 
dorfal vertebrae. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the five upper 
dorfal vertebrae. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefs of the fecond cer- 
vical vertebra. 
The firft vertebra of 
the neck. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefs of the atlas. 
Name. 
Multifidus fjiitue, 
Semi-Jjfiinalis colli, 
or 
Spinalis cervicis. 
Tranfverfalis colli. 
Re ft us capitis pof- 
tiais major. 
Rectus capitis pof- 
tkus minor. 
Obliquus capitis 
fuperior. i o draw the face to 
one fide. 
To move the neck 
forwards, or to one 
fide. 
To draw thefpinous 
precedes towards each 
other. 
To draw the tranf- 
verfe precedes towards 
each other. 
To raife the arm. 
To roll the os hu- 
meri outwards. 
MUSCLES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
The tranfverfe pro- 
cefs of the atlas. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the cervical 
vertebrae. 
The fpinous proceff- 
es of the vertebrae a- 
bove. 
The tranfverfe pre- 
cedes of the vertebrae 
above. 
A large tuberofity 
at the head of the os 
humeri. 
The upper part of 
the fame tuberofity. 
Thefpinous procefs 
of the dentatus. 
The upper furface 
of the firft and fecond 
rib. 
Between the fpinous 
precedes of the fix in- 
ferior cervical verte- 
brae. 
Between the tranf- 
verfe precedes of the 
vertebra. 
The bafis, fpine, and 
upper edge of the fca- 
pula. 
The cavity below 
the fpine of the fca- 
pula. 
Ohliquus capitis 
inferior. 
Scalenus. 
Interfplnales. 
Inter-tranfverfales. 
Supra-fpinatus. 
Infra-fpinatus. Ufe. 
To allift the former. 
To affift in rotating 
the arm. 
To raife the arm. 
To roll the arm for- 
wards and upwards. 
To roll the arm to- 
wards. 
Inferted into 
The greater tubero- 
fity of the humerus. 
The fide of the 
groove for the long 
tendon of the biceps. 
The anterior and 
middle part of the os 
humeri. 
The middle and in- 
ner fide of the os hu- 
meri. 
The protuberance at 
the head of the os hu- 
meri. 
Arifes from 
The inferior edge of 
the fcapula. 
The inferior angle 
and edge of the fca- 
pula. 
The clavicle, and 
the acromion and fpine 
of the fcapula. 
The coracoid pro- 
cefs of the fcapula. 
The balls, fuperior 
and inferior edge of 
the fcapula. 
Name. 
Teres minor. 
Teres major, 
Deltoides. 
Coraco-brachlalls. 
Suh/capularis, MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE OS HUMERI. 
To bend the fore- 
arm, which it does 
with great ftrength, 
and to affifi the fupina- 
tors. 
To affifi in bending 
the fore-arm. 
To extend the fore- 
arm. 
To affifi: in extend- 
ing the fore-arm. 
The tuberofity at 
the upper end of the 
radius, at its fore part, 
and a little below its 
neck. 
The coronoid pro- 
cefs of the ulna. 
The upper and out- 
er part of the olecra- 
non. 
The back part or 
ridge of the ulna. 
Two heads,one from 
the coracoid procefs, 
the other, called the 
long head, from the 
edge of the glenoid ca- 
vity of the fcapula. 
The os humeri at 
each fide of the tendon 
of the deltoides. 
The neck of the 
fcapula, and the neck 
and middle of the hu- 
merus. 
The external con- 
dyle of the humerus. 
Biceps flexor cuhiti. 
Brachialis interms. 
| 
Triceps extenfor cu~ 
liti. 
Anconeus. Ufe. 
To aflift in turning 
up the palm of the 
hand. 
To extend the wrift. 
To aflift the former. 
To extend the fin- 
gers. 
To aflift in extend- 
ing the fingers. 
To aflift in extend- 
ing the wrift. 
To aflift in bending 
the hand. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE FORE-ARM. 
Inferted into 
The radius, near the 
ftyloid procefs. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the fore-finger. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the middle finger. 
The back of all the 
bones of the fingers. 
The fecond joint of 
the little finger. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the little finger. 
The os pififorme, at 
its fore-part. 
Arifes from 
The external con- 
dyle of the humerus. 
The external con- 
dyle of the, humerus. 
The external con- 
dyle of the humerus. 
The external con- 
dyle of the os humeri. 
The outer condyle 
of the humerus. 
The outer condyle 
of the os humeri. 
The inner condyle 
of the humerus and 
olecranon. 
Name. 
Supinator radii lon~ 
Sus‘ 
Extenfor carpi ra- 
dialis longior. 
Extenfor carpi ra- 
diahs brevior. 
Extenfor digitorum 
communis, 
Extenfor minimi di • 
giti. 
Extenfor carpi ul- 
naris. 
Flexor carpi ulna- 
ris. To bend the hand. 
To bend the hand. 
To roll the hand in- 
wards. 
To roll the radius 
outwards, and affift 
the anconeus. 
To ftretch the firft 
bone of the thumb 
outwards. 
To extend the fe- 
cond bone of the 
thumb outwards. 
The annular liga- 
ment of the wrift, and. 
there forms the apo- 
neurofis of the hand. 
Themetacarpalbone 
of the fore-finger. 
The outer ridge of 
the radius, about the 
middle of its length. 
The anterior, inner, 
and upper part of the 
radius. 
The os trapezium, 
and firft bone of the 
thumb. 
The convex part of 
the fecond bone of the 
thumb. 
The internal con- 
dyle of the os humeri. 
The internal con- 
dyle of the os humeri. 
The internal con- 
dyle of the humerus 
and coronoid procefs 
of the ulna. 
The outer condyle 
of the humerus, and 
edge of the ulna. 
The middle of the 
ulna, interofleous liga- 
ment, and radius. 
Near the middle of 
the ulna, interolTeous 
ligament, and radius. 
Palmaris lottgus. 
Flexor carpi radia- 
4s. 
Pronator radii teres. 
Supinator radii hre- 
vis. 
Extenfor offis meta- 
carpi Jiollicis manus. 
Extenfor primi in- 
•ernodii. U/e. 
To firetch the thumb 
obliquely backwards. 
To extend the fore- 
finger. 
To bend the fecond 
joint of the fingers 
upon the firft, and the 
firft upon the meta- 
carpal bones. 
To bend the lafi 
joint of the fingers. 
To bend the lafi 
joint of the thumb. 
To roll the radius 
inwards. 
Inferted into 
The third and laffc 
bone of the thumb. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the fore-finger. 
The fecond bone of 
each finger, after be- 
ing perforated by the 
tendons of the profun- 
dus. 
The fore part of the 
lafi bone of each of 
the fingers. 
The lafi; joint of the 
thumb. 
The radius oppofite 
to its origin. 
Arifes from 
The back of the ul- 
na and interoffeous li- 
gament. 
The middle of the 
ulna. 
The inner condyle 
of the os humeri, co- 
ronoid procefs of the 
ulna, and upper part 
of the radius. 
The upper part of 
the ulna, and interof- 
feous ligament. 
The upper and fore 
part of the radius. 
The inner and low- 
er part of the ulna. 
Name. 
Extenfor fecundi in- 
ternodii. 
Indicator. 
Flexor digit or um 
Jublimis. 
Flexor digitorum 
frofundus vel perfo- 
rans. 
Flexor longus fol- 
licis. 
Pronator radii qua- 
dratics. To bend the firft: 
and extend the fecond 
phalanx. 
To bend the fecond 
joint of the thumb. 
To bend the thumb. 
To draw the thumb 
from the fingers. 
To pull the thumb 
towards the fingers. 
To move the fore- 
finger towards the 
thumb. 
To contract the 
palm of the hand. 
MUSCLES SITUATED CHIEFLY ON THE HAND. 
The tendons of 
the extenfor digitorum 
communis. 
The ofla fefamoidea 
and fecond bone of the 
thumb. 
The firft bone of 
the thumb. 
The root of the firft 
bone of the thumb. 
The root of the firft 
bone of the thumb. 
The firft bone of the 
fore-finger pofteriorly. 
The metacarpal bone 
and fldu of the little 
finger. 
The tendons of the 
flexor profundus. 
The os trapezoides, 
ligament of the wrift, 
and the os magnum. 
The os fcaphoides 
and ligament of the 
wrift. 
The annular liga- 
ment, and os trape- 
zium. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the middle finger. 
The firft bone of 
the thumb, and os tra- 
pezium. 
The annular liga- 
ment, and palmar apo- 
neurofis. 
Lumbricales. 
Flexor brevis polli- 
cls mantis. 
Opponent follicis. 
Ah dull or tollicis 
manus. 
Ahdudlor fiolllcis 
mantis. 
Abduftor indicts 
mantis. 
Palmaris brevis. Ufe, 
To draw the little 
finger from the reft. 
To move that bone 
towards the reft. 
To draw the little 
finger from the reft. 
To extend the fin- 
gers, and move them 
towards the thumb. 
To bend the thigh. 
MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
Inferted into 
The firft bone of 
the little finger. 
The metacarpal bone 
of the little finger. 
The firft: bone of 
the little finger. 
The upper part of 
the linea afpera of the 
femur. 
Between the metacarpal bones, to the tides of 
which they are attached. 
Arifes from 
The annular liga- 
ment and os pififorme. 
The os cuneiforme 
and carpal ligament. 
The annular liga- 
ment and os cunei- 
forme. 
The anterior edge 
of the os pubis. 
Name. 
Abduflor minimi 
digiti manus. 
AdduHor minimi 
digiti. 
Flexor parvus mi- 
nimi digiti. 
Inter ojfei interni 
and 
Inter ojfei externi.. 
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00 02 
Triceps adductorfemoris. Ufe. 
To aflift the two 
former. 
To roll the thigh 
outwards. 
To roll the thigh 
outwards. 
To move the thigh 
outwards. 
To ftretch the fafcia. 
To bend the leg in- 
wards. 
To bend the leg. 
Liferted into 
The root of the 
great trochanter. 
: A cavity at the root 
of the great trochanter. 
The fame cavity as 
the pyriformis. 
A ridge between the 
two trochanters. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE THIGH. 
The inner fide of 
the membranous fafcia 
which covers the thigh. 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the tibia. 
Theupperand inner 
part of the tibia. 
Arifes from 
The outer furface of 
the ilium and border of 
its great notch. 
The anterior part of 
the os facrum. 
The fpine and tube- 
rofity of the ifchium. 
The tuberofity of 
the ifchium. 
The upper fpinous 
procefs of the ilium. 
The upper fpinous 
procefs of the ilium. 
The fore part of the 
ifciiium and pubis. 
Name. 
Gluteus minimus. 
Pyriformis. 
Gemini. 
Quadratusfemoris. 
Fafc'ialis, or 
Tenfor vagina fe- 
moris. 
Sartorius. 
Gracilis. To extend the leg.. 
To extend the leg. 
To extend the leg. 
To extend the leg. 
To bend and draw 
the leg inwards. 
To bend the leg. 
To bend the leg. 
The upper and fore 
part of the patella. 
The upper and la- 
teral part of the pa- 
tella. 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the patella. 
The upper part of 
the patella. 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the tibia. 
The back part of 
the head of the tibia. 
The upper and back 
part of the tibia, form- 
ing the outer ham- 
flring. 
The lower fpinous 
procefs of the ilium, Sc 
edge of the acetabu- 
lum. 
The root of the great 
trochanter, and linea 
afpera. 
The trochanter mi- 
nor, & the linea afpera. 
The anterior part of 
the lefler trochanter. 
The tuberolity of 
the ifchium. 
The tuberolity of 
the ifchium. 
The tuberolity of 
the ifchium. 
Refius femoris, 
vel 
Reftus cruris. 
Vajlus externus. 
Vaflus internus. 
Cruralii, or 
Gruneus. 
Semi-tendinoflus. 
Semi-memiranofus. 
Biceps flexor cruris. Ufe. 
To affift in bending 
the leg. 
To extend the foot. 
To extend the foot. 
To affift in extend- 
ing the foot. 
To bend the foot. 
To move the foot 
inwards. 
Inferted into 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the tibia. 
MUSCLES SITUATED ON THE LEG. 
The os calcis, with 
the tendon of the fa- 
leu s. 
The os calcis, by a 
common tendon, which 
is called iendo Achillis. 
The os calcis, near 
the tendo Achillis. 
The os cuneiforme 
internum. 
The middle cunei- 
form bone, and upper 
part of the os navicu- 
iare. 
Arifes from 
The external con- 
dyle of the thigh bone. 
The internal and ex- 
ternal condyle of the 
femur. 
The head of the fi- 
bula, and back part of 
the head of the tibia. 
The outer condyle 
Of the os femoris and 
capfular ligament. 
The upper and fore 
part of the tibia. 
The back part of 
the tibia, interofleous 
ligament, and adjacent 
part of the fibula. 
Name. 
Topliteus, 
oajlrocnemms exter- 
tiust or Gemellus. 
Gq/lrocnemius inter- 
ms, or Soleus. 
Plantaris. 
Tibialis anticus. 
Tibialis Jicjiicus. To move the foot 
outwards. 
To aflift the pero» 
neais longus. 
To extend the toes, 
and feparate them from 
one another. 
To extend the great 
, toe. 
To bend the lafi: 
joint of the toes. 
f The tendons of this mufcle pafs through the perforations in thofe of the flexor digitorum brevis. There 
is, about the middle of the foot, a flefhy mat's, which unites with this mufcle, called after Jacobus Sylvius, 
who ftrft dcfcribed it. 
The metatarfal bone 
of the great toe. 
The metatarfal bone 
of the little toe. 
The firft joint of 
the fmaller toes by four 
tendons. 
The convex furface 
of the bones of the , 
great toe. 
The lafi bones of 
all the toes, except the 
great toe, by four ten- 
dons. 
The head of the ti- 
bia, and upper and 
outer part of the fibula. 
The outer and fore 
part of the fibula. 
The upper part of 
the tibia, interofieous 
ligament, and inner 
edge of the fibula. 
The upper and fore 
part of the tibia. 
The upper and in- 
ner part of the tibia. 
Pcroneus longus. 
Peroneus brevis, 
Extenfor longus di- 
gitorum pedis. 
** Extenfor proprius 
k-5 pollicis pedis. 
Flexor longus digi- 
torum pedis profun- 
dus, performs. U/e. 
To bend the great 
toe. 
To extend the toes. 
To bend the fecond 
joint of the toes. 
To draw the toe5 
inwards. 
To bend the firfl: 
joint of the great toe. 
MUSCLES CHIEFLY SITUATED ON THE FOOT. 
Inferted into 
The lafl; bone of the 
great toe. 
The firfl: bone of 
tire great and other 
toes, except the little. 
The fecund phalanx 
of each of the fmall 
toes, by four tendons, 
which are perforated 
by thole of the flex, 
long. dig. ped. 
The tendinous ex- 
pan fion at the upper 
part of the toes. 
The firfl: joint of the 
great toe, by two ten- 
dons. 
ArijesJr m 
A iitde below the 
head of the fibula. 
The upper and an- 
terior part of the os 
calcis. 
The lower part of 
the os calcis. 
The tendons of the 
flexor longus digito- 
rum pedis. 
The fore part of the 
os calcis, and external 
cuneiform bone. 
Name. 
Flexor longus jiolli- 
cis pedis. 
Fxtenf-r brevis di- 
gitorum pedis. 
Flexor brevis digi~ 
torum pedis, perfora- 
tus fublimis. 
Lumbricales pedis. 
Flexor brevis polli- 
cis pedis. To move the great 
toe from the reft. 
To draw the great 
toe nearer to the reft, 
and to bend it. 
To draw the little 
toe outwards. 
To bend the little 
toe. 
To contract the foot. 
■ To draw the fmaller 
toes towards the great 
toe, and affift in 
.tending the toes. 
The firffc joint of the 
great toe. 
The outer fefamoid 
bone, or firffc joint of 
the great toe. 
The firft joint of 
the little toe externally. 
The root of the firft 
bone of the little toe. 
The tendon of the 
adduCtor pollicis. 
Between the metatarfal bones. 
* 
The inner and low- 
er part of the os calcis. 
The ligament ex- 
tended from the os cal- 
cis to the os cuboides. 
The tuber of the os 
calcis, and metatarfal 
bone of the little toe. 
The root of the me- 
tatarfal bone of the lit- 
tle toe. 
The ligament con- 
necting the bones of 
the tarfus. 
Ab dull or pollicts 
pedis. 
Adduflor pollicis 
Jiedis. 
Abduflor minimi 
digiti pedis. 
Flexor brevis mini-. 
* mi digiti pedis. 
Tranfverfales pe- 
dis. 
Interojjei ■pedis' 
interns. 
Interojfei pedis 
> extend. 
I PHYSIOLOGY and phenomena of muscular 
MOTION. 
Mufcular motions are of three kinds; namely, 
voluntary, involuntary, and mixed. The vo- 
luntary motions of mufcles are fuch as pro- 
ceed from an immediate exertion of the adtive pow- 
ers of the will: thus-lhe mind directs the arm to be 
raifed or deprefled, the knee to be bent, the tongue 
to move, &c. The involuntary motions of 
mufcles are thofe which are performed by organs, 
feemingly of their own accord, without any atten- 
tion of the mind or confcioufnefs of its adtive 
power; as the contraction and dilatation of the 
heart, aiteries, veins, abforbents, ftomach, intef- 
tines, &c. The mixed motions are thofe which 
are in part under the control of the will, but 
which ordinarily adt without our being confeious of 
their adting; as is perceived in the mufcles of 
refpiration, the intercoflals, the abdominal muf- 
cles, and the diaphragm. 
When a mufcle adts, it becomes fhorter and 
thicker; both its origin and infertion are drawn 
towards its middle. The fphindter mufcles are al- 
ways in adtion ; and fo likewife are antagonifl 
mufcles, even when they feem at reft. When two 
antagonifl: mufcles move with equal force, the part 
which they are ddigned to move remains at reft; 
but if one of the antagonifl: mufcles remains at reft, while the other a£ls, the part is moved towards 
the centre of motion. 
All the mufcles of living animals are conftantly 
endeavouring to fliorten themfelves. 
When a mufcle fs divided, it contracts. If a 
mufcle be ftretched to a certain extent, it contracts, 
and endeavours to acquire its former ditnenfions, as 
foon as the firetching caufe is removed ; this takes 
place in the dead body; in mufcles cut out of the 
body, and alfo in parts not mufcular, and is called 
by the immortal Haller vis mortua, and by 
fome vis elaftica. It is greater in living than in 
dead bodies, and is called the tone of the mufcles. 
When a mufcle is wounded, touched, or other- 
wife irritated, it contracts independent of the will; 
this power is called irritability, and by Hal- 
ler vis injita; it is a property peculiar to and inhe- 
rent in the mufcles. The parts of our body 
which poflefs this property are called irritable, as 
the heart, arteries, mufcles, &c. to diflinguifh them 
from thofe parts which have no mufcular fibres. 
With regard to the degree of this property pecu- 
liar to various parts, the heart is the mofl irritable, 
then the ftomach and inteflines; the diaphragm, the 
arteries, veins, abforbents, and at length the vari- 
ous mufcles follow; but the degree of irritability 
depends upon the age, fex, temperament, mode of 
living, climate, Hate of health, idiofyncrafy, and 
likewife upon the nature of th% ftimulus. When a mufde is {Emulated, either through the 
medium of the will or any foreign body, it con- 
trafts, and its contraction is greater or lefs in pro- 
portion as the flimulus applied is greater or lefs. 
The contraction of mufcles is different according 
to the purpofe to be ferved by their contraction; 
thus, the heart contracts with a jerk; the urinary 
bladder, flowly and uniformly; punCture a muf- 
cle, and its fibres vibrate; and the abdominal muf- 
cles aCt flowly in expelling the contents of the rec- 
tum. Relaxation generally fucceeds the contrac- 
tion of mufcles, and alternates with it. 
The use of this property is very confiderable; for 
upon it depends all mufcular motion, and the func- 
tion of every vifcus, except that of the nerves. 
BURSALOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE BURS.E MUCOSAE. 
Bursae mucofae are mucous bags, compofed of 
a proper membrane, containing a kind of mucous 
fat, formed by the exhaling arteries of their inter- 
nal furface. They are of different sizes and 
firmness, and are connected here and there 
by cellular membrane, with the capfular liga- 
ments of cavities, tendons, bones, or ligaments. Their internal furface is highly vafcular, fmooth, 
and fhining. Situation. Various. Division, 
into vaginal and veficular. Use. To lubricate the 
mufcles and tendons, which are very frequently in 
motion, 
I. A burfa of the fuperior oblique mufcle of the 
eye, fituated behind its trochlea in the orbit, i. 
The burfa of the digafricus, fituated in the internal 
‘furface of its tendon. 3, A burfa of the clrcum- 
fexus, or tenfor palati, fituated between the hook- 
like procefs of the fpha'noid bone and the tendon 
of that mufcle. 4. A burfa of the ferno-hyoideus 
mufcle, fituated between the os hypides and larynx. 
BURS.-E MUCOSA OF THE HEAD. 
BURS.IE MUCOS-ffi, SITUATED ABOUT THE 
SHOULDER JOINT. 
i. The external acromial, fituated under the acro- 
mion, between the coracoid procefs, deltoid muf- 
cle, and capfular ligament. 2. The internal acro- 
mial, fituated above the tendon of the infra-fpi- 
natus and teres major: it often communicates with 
the former. 3. The coracoid burfa, fituated near 
the root of the coracoid procefs: it is fometimes 
double, and fometimes triple. 4. The clavicular 
burfa, found where the clavicle touches the cora- 
coid procefs. 3, The fubclavian burfa, between the 
tendon of the fubclavicularis mufcle and the firft 
rib. 6. The coraco-bracldal, placed between the com- 
mon origin of this mufcle and the biceps and the capfular ligament. 7. The burfa of the jieSloralis 
major, fituated under the head of the humerus, 
between the internal furface of the tendop of that 
mufcle and another burfa placed on the long head 
of the biceps. 8. An external burfa of the teres 
major, under the head of the os humeri, between, 
it and the tendon of the teres major. 9. An in- 
ternal burfa of the teres major, found within the 
mufcle where the fibres of its tendon diverge. 
10. A burfa of the latiffimus dorf., between the 
tendon of this mufcle and the os humeri. 11. 
The humero-bicijiital burfa, in the vagina of the 
tendon of the biceps. There are other burfie 
mucofae about the humerus, but their fituation is 
uncertain. 
BURS/E MUCOSA, SITUATED NEAR THE EL- 
BOW JOINT. 
i. The radio-hicijiital, fituated between the ten- 
don of the biceps, brachialis, and anterior tuber- 
cle of the radius. 2. The cuhito-radial, between 
the tendon of the biceps, fupinator brevis, and 
the ligament common to the radius and ulna. 
3. The anconeal burfa, between the olecranon and 
tendon of the anconeus mufcle. 4. Jhe capitulo- 
radial burfa, between the tendon common to the 
extenfor carpi radialis brevis, and extenfor com- 
munis digitorum and round head of the radius. There are other burfae, but as their fituation va- 
ries, they are omitted. 
BURSX OF THE INFERIOR FART OF THE 
FORE-ARM AND HAND. 
On the Injide of the Tf rriji and Hand. 
i. A very large burfa, for the tendon of the 
flexor pollicis longus. a. Four fiort lurfee on the 
fore part of the tendons of the flexor fublimis 
3. A large bwfa behind the tendon of the flexor 
pollicis longus, between it and the fore part of 
the radius, capfular ligament of Uie wrift, and os 
trapezium. 4. A large burfa behind the tendons 
of the flexor digitorum profundus and on the fore 
part of the end of the radius, and fore part of 
the capfular ligament of the wrift. In fome fub- 
jeds it communicates with the former. 5. An 
oblong burfa, between the tendon of the flexor car- 
pi radialis and os trapezium. 6. A very fmall 
burfa between the tendon of the flexor carpi ul- 
naris and os pififorme. 
On the hack Fart of the Wrif and Hand. 
y. A burfa between the tendon of the abdudorpol 
licis longus and the radius. 8. A large burfa 
between the two extenfores carpi radiales. g. 
Another below it, common to the extenfores car- 
pi radiales. 10. A burfa, at the infertion of the 
tendon of the extenfor carpi radialis, ix. An ob- long burfa, for the tendon of the extenfor pollicis 
longus, and which communicates with g. 12. A 
burfa, for the tendon of the extenfor pollicis lon- 
gus, between it and the metacarpal bone of the 
thumb. 13. A burfa between the tendons of the 
extenfor of the fore, middle, and ring lingers. 14. 
A burfa for the extenfors of the little finger. 15, A 
burfa between the tendon of the extenfor carpi ul- 
naris and ligament of the wrill. There are alfo 
burfae mucofic between the mufeuli lumbricales 
and interoflei. 
BURSjE SITUATED near the hip joint. 
On the fore Part of the Joint, 
I. The ilco-puberal, fituated between the iliacus 
internus, pfoas magnus, and the capfular ligament 
of the head of the femur. 2. The peblineal, be* 
tween the tendon of the peftineus and the thigh- 
bone. 3. A fmall burfa of the gluteus medius 
mufcle, fituated between it and the great trochan- 
ter, before the infertlon of the pyriformis. 4. A 
burfa of the gluteus minimus mufcle between its 
tendon and the great trochanter. 5. The gluteo- 
fafdal, between the gluteus maximus and vaftus. 
externus. 
On the'p f Part of the Hip Joint, 
6. The tubero-f burfa, fituated between the 
obturator internus mufcle, the pollerior fpine of 
the ifehium, and i:s luberofity. 7, The obturatory burfa, which is oblong, and found between the ob- 
turator internus and gemini mufcles and the capfu- 
lar ligament. 8. A burfa of the femi-membranofus, 
under its origin and the long head of the biceps fe-, 
moris. 9. The gluteo-trochanteral burfa, fituated be- 
tween the tendon of the pfoas mufcle and the root 
of the great trochanter. 10. Two gluteofemoral 
burfa, fituated between the tendon of the gluteus 
maximus and os femoris. 11. A burfa of the 
quadrat us femoris, fituated between it and the lit- 
tle trochanter. 12. The iliac burfa, fituated be- 
tween the tendon of the iliacus internus and the 
little trochanter. 
BURS.® MUCOS®, SITUATED NEAP. THE KNEE 
JOINT. 
i. The fupra -genual, which adheres to the ten- 
dons of the vaftus and cruralis and the fore part of 
the thigh bone. 2. The infra-genual burfa, fitu- 
ated under the ligament of the patella, and often 
communicates with the above. 3. The anterior ge- 
nual, placed between the tendon of the fartorius 
gracilis and femitendinofus and internal and lateral 
ligament of the knee. 4. The pojierior genual, 
which is fometimes double, and is fituated be- 
tween the tendons of the femi-membranofus, the 
internal head of the gaftrocnemius, the capfular 
ligament, and internal condyle. 5. The popliteal, 
confpicuous between the tendon of that mufcle, the external condyle of the femur, the femilunar 
cartilage, and external condyle of the tibia. 6. 
The burfa of the biceps cruris, between the exter- 
nal part of the tendon, the biceps cruris, and the 
external lateral ligament of the knee. 
MUCOSiE, SITUATED IN THE FOOT. 
On the Back, Side, and hind Part of the Foot. 
i, A burfa of the tibialis anticus, between its 
tendon, the lower part of the tibia, and capfular 
ligament of the ankle, i. A burfa between the 
Tendon of the extenfor pollicis pedis longus, the 
tibia and capfular ligament of the ankle. 3. A 
burfa of the extenfor digitorum communis, between 
its tendons, the tibia and ligament of the ankle. 
4, A large burfa, common to the tendons of the 
peronei mufcles. ij. A burfa of the peroneus brevis, 
proper to its tendon. 6. The calcaneal burfa, be- 
tween the tendo Achillis and os calcis. 
In the Sole of the Foot. 
I. A burfa for the tendon of the peroneus longus, 
2. A burfa common to the tendon of the flexor 
pollicis pedis longus, and the tendon of the flexor 
digitorum pedis communis longus profundus. 3. 
A burfa of the tibialis pofticus, between its tendon, 
the tibia, and aftragalus. 4. Five burfee for the flex- 
or tendons, which begin a little above the firfl: joint 
of each toe, and extend to the root of the third 
phalanx or infertion of the tendons. ANGIOLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE VESSELS- 
Vessels are long, membranous canals, which 
carry blood, lymph, or chyle. Division, into 
arteries, veins, and abforbents. Situation. Ex- 
cept the epidermis, membrana arachnoidea, and 
nails, every part of the body has veffels, which 
injedtions demonftrate. 
OF ARTERIES. 
Arteries are elaftic membranous canals, which 
pulfate: they always become narrower as they pro* 
ceed from the heart towards the extremities. Ori- 
gin, from the ventricles of the heart; namely, 
the pulmonary artery from the right, and the aorta 
from the left, ventricle: fo that there are only two 
arteries, of which the reft are branches. Termina- 
tion, in veins, exhaling veffels, or they anafto- 
mofe with one another. Composed of three 
membranes, called coats; an external one, a mid- 
dle coat, which is mufcular, and an inner one, 
which is fmooth. Use, to convey blood from the 
heart to the different parts of the body, for nutri- 
tion; prefervation of life; generation of heat; and 
tfce fecretion of different fluids. or THE AORTA. 
The aorta arifes from the left ventricle of the 
heart, forms an arch towards the dorfal vertebrae, 
then defeends through the opening of the diaphragm 
into the abdomen, in which it proceeds by the left 
fide of the fpine to the laft vertebra of the loins, 
where it divides into the two iliac arteries. In this 
courfe it gives off, juft above its origin, two coro- 
nary arteries to the heart, and then forms an arch. 
The arch of the aorta gives off three branch- 
es, which fupply the head, neck, and arms, with 
blood; thefe are, 
I. Arteria innominata, which divides into 
the right carotid and right fubclavian arteries. 
11. The 1 EFT CAROTID. 
111. The left subclavian. 
The carotid arteries, having emerged 
from the cheft, run up along the neck one on each 
fide of the trachea, to the angle of the lower jaw, 
where they divide into external and internal. 
The external carotid gives off eight 
branches to the neck and face. 
i. Arteria Ihyroidea, which is very tortuous, fup- 
plies the thyroid gland, and gives off branches to 
fcveral adjacent mufcles. 
2. A. Lingualis, which lies flat upon the fide of 
the tongue, and gives off the ramus hyotdeus, dorfa- 
Us linguafublingualis, and ranina. 3. A. Lah 1 ahs, called alfo the external maxillary, 
the angular, and facial artery: it gives off the 
palatina inferior, the fubmentalis, and the coronary 
of the lijis. 
4. A. Pharyngea inferior, which fends a number 
of fmall twigs about the fauces and bafis of the 
. \ 
cranium. 
5. A. Occipitalis, from which the pofterior tempo- 
ral arifes. 
6. A. Poferior auris, which furnilhes the parte 
about the cartilages of the ear with blood, and 
tranfmits the arteria tympani and fiylo-maftoidea. 
7, A. Max ill nr is interna, which is extremely tor- 
tuous, and gives off—the fpinous artery to the dura 
mater—the lower maxillary artery, which is included 
in the lower jaw, and fupplies the teeth and face— 
the pterygoid arteries, which nourifh the pterygoid 
mufcles—two deep temporal arteries, which lie wider 
than the temporal mufcle. The internal maxil- 
lary then gives off a branch, which almoft imme- 
diately divides Into the alveolar and infra-orbital; 
then an artery to the palate, the fupenorpalatine; 
the upper pharyngeal, which plays about the fpha> 
noid funis; and, laftly, the nafal artery, which is 
tranfmitted through the fphaeno-palatine foramen to 
the cavity of the noftriis. 
8. A. Temporalis, which perforates the parotid 
gland, and fends off the tranfverfalis faciei, which 
inofculates with the arteries of the face; and feveral branches which go to the ear, forehead, and about 
the temples. 
The internal carotid leaves the external 
at the angle of the Jaw, and proceeds by the par 
vagum and intercoflal nerve to the carotid canal in. 
the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where it 
is fliaped like the letter f and enters the cranium 
at the fide of the fella turcica, having given off 
two very fraall twigs to the pituitary gland, and 
3d, 4th, and sth pair of nerves; and when it has 
reached the anterior clinoid procefs, it fends off— 
1. Arteria Ophthahnicn, which is diftributed on 
the eye. 
2. A. Anterior cerebri, which proceeds before the 
fella turcica, unites with its fellow, and forms the 
circle of Willis, from which a branch proceeds to 
the third ventricle, feptum lucidum and the arteria 
tor ports calhji. 
3. A. Media cerebri, which runs between the an- 
terior and middle lobes of the brain, gives off the 
artery of the choroid plcxm, and is loft on the 
middle lobe of the brain. 
4. A. Communlcam, which proceeds backwards, 
and foon inofculates with the vertebral. 
The subclavian artery arifes on the right 
fide, from the arteria innominata, and on the left, 
from the arch of the aorta. Each fubclavian gives 
•ff five branches. I. The internal mammary, from which arife the 
A. thymica, A. comes phrenici, the pericardiac, and 
the phrenico-pericardiac. 
2. The inferior thyroid\ from which arife the ramus 
thyroideus, the tracheal arteries, the afeending thy- 
roid, and the tranfverfalis humeri. 
3. A. Vertebralis, which proceeds into the verte- 
bral foramina, to afeend into the cavity of the cra- 
nium, where it unites upnn the cuneiform procefsof 
the occipital bone with its fellow of the other fide, and 
forms the basil ary artery, which immediately 
gives off the JioJlerior artery of the cerebellum; it then 
proceeds upon the tuberculum annulare, to give off 
four branches, two to the right, and two to the left, 
which conftitute the A. anterior cerebelli, which 
branch to the crura cerebelli, the cerebellum, ver- 
mis, crura cerebri, corpora quadrigemina, pineal 
gland, and fourth ventricle; and the A. pofierior ce~ 
rebri, which is joined by the communicans, and 
fupply the thalami nervorum opticorum, the cen- 
trum geminum, infundibulum, and crura fornicis, 
and the pofierior lobes of the brain, inofculating 
with feveral arteries. 
4. A. Cervicalis profunda. 
5. A. Cervicalis fuperfidalis, both of which are 
diftributed about the mufcles of the neck. 
6. A, Intercofialis Juperlor, which lies between 
the two upper ribs. 7* A. Supra-fcajiularis, which fometimes arifes 
from the A. thyroidea, when it is called the 
tranfverfalis humeri. 
As foon as the fubclavian has arrived in the axilla, 
it is called the axillary artery, which runs 
into the arm, where it is termed the brachial. 
The AXILLARY ARTERY gives off, 
I. The four mammary arteries, called thoracic a fu~ 
perior; thoracica longior; thoracica humeri ana, and 
thoracica alaris or axillaris, which fupply blood to 
the mufcles about the breaft. 
2. The fubfcajmlaris, which fupplies the lower 
furface of the fcapula. 
3. The circumflexa pofterior. 
4. Circumflexa anterior, which ramify about the 
joint. 
The brachial or humeral artery gives off, 
I. Many lateral veffels. 
2. A. Profunda humeri fuherior. 
3, A. Profunda humeri inferior. 
4, Ramus anafomoticus magnus, which anaftoraofes 
round the elbow joint. 
The brachial then becomes the ulnar, and gives 
off the RADIAL. 
1. The recurrent branches, which anaftomofe with 
the ramus anaftomoticus magnus. 
The ulnar or cubital artery fends off, 
2. A. Interoffea communis. It then fends fmall 
branches to the adjacent mufclcs, as it proceeds down to the wrift; juft before it arrives here, it 
gives off A, dorfalis ulnar is, which goes round to 
the back of the little finger. At the wrift it gives 
off A. palmaris profunda/ then forms a great arte- 
rial arch, called the fuperficial palmar arch, which 
fupplies branches to the fingers. 
The radial gives off the radial recurrent, pro- 
ceeds to the wrift, where the pulfe is felt, and gives 
off the fuperficialis volte, and then divides into the 
A, dorfalis pollicis, A. radialis indicts, A. magna pol- 
lieu, and A, palmaris profunda. 
The descending aorta gives off, in the hreaf, 
I. The bronchial, which nourifli the lungs. 
a, The afophageal, which go to the refophagus, 
3, The intercofals, between the ribs. 
4. The inferior diaphragmatic. 
Within the abdomen, it gives off eight branches. 
1, The cceliac, which divides into three 
branches. 
I. Afteria Hepatica, which gives off, 
a. A. Duodeno-gafrica, which fends off the right 
gajlro-epiploic and the pancreatico-duodenalis. The 
latter tranfmits the pilorica inferior and the tranfverfe 
pancreatic. 
(3. A. Pilorica Juperior hepatica. 
The hepatic artery then ramifies through the li- 
ver. 
2. A. Coronaria ventriculi, or Gaftrica, which 
gives off the fuperior coronary and fiber icr piloric 
arteries. 3. A. Splenica, from which Strife the pinner ea~ 
tica magna and pancreaticce parties, the JioJleriof 
gafir'tc arteries, the left gafro-eptploic artery, and 
the va/a brevia. 
a. The fuperior mefenteric, or meferaic, of which 
the colic a media, colic a dextra, and the ileo-colica are 
branches. 
3. The renal arteries, or emulgents, which are 
iliort, and divide into three or four branches in the 
pelvis of the kidney. 
4. The fpermatic arteries, which are very fmall 
and long, and proceed with the fpermatic cord to 
the tefficles. 
5. The inferior meferaic, from which arifes the 
left colic artery and the internal hemorrhoidal. 
6. The lumbar arteries, which nourifll the muf- 
fles and vertebrae of the loins. 
7. The middle facral artery, which is diflribu ted 
about the facrum. 
The aorta then bifurcates, and becomes the iliac 
arteries. 
The iliacs foon divide into internal and external. 
Each INTERNAL ILIAC or HYPOGASTRIC AR- 
TERY gives off five branches: 
1. The lateral facral arteries, three or four in 
number. 
2. The gluteal, which ramify upon the back of 
the haunch bone, and fupply the gluteal mufcles. 3. The ifcJiiatic, which turns downwards along 
the hip, and gives off the coccygeal artery. 
4. Arteriapudica communis, which is fometimes a 
branch of the fciatic artery; it proceeds out of the 
pelvis, through the fciatic notch, returns into the 
pelvis, and runs towards the fymphyfis of the pubis. 
In this courfe it gives off branches to the veficulae 
feminales and proffate gland; and the lower or ex- 
ternal hcemorrhoidal artery to the anus, and then- 
forms the A. perinei, the A. penis, which proceed 
one on each fide; and a branch which plunges deep 
into the fubftance of the penis. 
5. The obturatory, which paffes through the oval 
foramen, and is diftributed on the thick mufcles in 
.the centre of the thigh. 
Each EXTERNAL ILIAC gives off, 
1. The epigajlric, which is reflected from Pou 
•part’s ligament upwards, along the abdomen. 
2. A. Circumflexa iliac a, which runs backwards 
the crifta ilii. 
The external iliac then paffes under Pou- 
part’s ligament, becomes the femoral or cru- 
ral artery, and is continued along the thigh 
into the popliteal. In this courfe it gives off near 
the groin, 
i. The profunda femoris, which gives off the 
A. perforate [inma ; the A. perforans fecunda magna; 
the A. perforans tertia; the A. perforans 
which nourifli the mufcles of the thigh. The fe- moral artery then makes a fpiral turn round the os 
femoris, and fends off fmall branches of no im- 
portance to adjacent mufcles. About two hands 
breadth from the knee it gives out, 
2. The Ramus annftomoiiacs magnus, which ra- 
mifies about the knee joint. 
The femoral artery having reached the ham is 
called the popliteal, which gives off feveral fmall 
branches about the joint, and divides below the 
ham into the tibialis antica and tibialis po/iica. 
The Tibialis antic a foon perforates the in- 
teroffeous ligament, and paffes along the tibia over 
the bones of the tarfus, and then inofculates with 
the back arteries. In this courfe it gives off. 
i. The recurrent, which inofculates with the 
articular branches of the popliteal: it then feuds 
off fmall branches to neighbouring mufcles, as it 
paffes down the leg. 
2. A. Malleolaris interna, about the inner ankle. 
3, A. Malleolaris externa, about the outer ankle. 
4. A. Tarfea, which lies upon the bones of the 
tarfus. 
5. A. Metatarfea, to the tendons of the pero- 
nei mufcles. 
6. Dot falls externa halucis, which runs along 
the metatarfal bone of the great toe. 
The Tibialis postica paffes along the back 
part of the tibia, goes round the inner ankle, and divides at the heel into the two plantar arteries. 
In this courfe it fends off, 
i. A. Nutritia tibia,, which gives branches to 
the popliteus, foleus and tibialis anticus mufcles, be- 
fore it enters the bone. 
3. A. Plantans interna, which runs along the 
inner edge of the foie of the foot, and fends off 
four branches about the foot. 
2. Many fnall branches, as it paffes downwards. 
4. A. Plantaris interna, which forms an arch and 
inofculates with the anterior tibial artery, and 
gives off the digital branches to the toes. 
PULMONARY ARTERY. 
The pulmonary artery arifes from the right ven- 
tricle of the heart, and conveys the blood into the 
lungs, that is returned to the heart by the veins; not 
for their nutrition, but to receive from the air in 
the lungs a certain principle, neceffary for the 
continuance of life, and which the arterial blood 
diffributes to every part of the body. It foon 
divides info a right and left, the right going to the 
right lung and the left to the left lung, where they 
divide into innumerable ramifications, and form a 
beautiful net-work, or plexus of vejfels, upon the air 
veficles, and then terminate in the pulmonary veins. 
The arteries, by the impulfe of the blood from 
the ventricles of the heart, are dilated and irritated, 
THE ACTION OF THE ARTERIES. and by means of their mufcular coat contraCl upon 
the blood, and thus propel it to the glands, mufcles, 
bones, membranes, and every part of the body for 
their nutrition and the various fecretions, and then 
into the veins. This dilatation and contraction is 
called the pulse, which is perceptible In the 
trunks and branches of the arteries, but not in the 
capillary veflels, except when inflammation is going 
on. 
OF VEINS. 
Veins are membranous canals which do not. 
pulfate: they gradually become larger as they ad- 
vance towards the heart, in vhich they terminate, 
and bring back the blood from the arteries. 
Origin. From the extremities of the arteries by 
anaftomofis. Termination of all the veins is 
into the auricles of the heart. Division, into 
trunks, branches, ramuli, &c. Situation. They 
run by the tides of arteries, but more fuperficially. 
Composed like arteries of three membranes, but 
which are femi-tranfparent and more delicate. 
Valves are thin feml-lunar membranous folds, 
which prevent the return of the blood in the vein. 
The blood is returned from every part of the 
body into the right auricle;—the vena cava fupe- 
rior receives it from the head, neck, thorax, and 
fuperior extremities:—the vena cava inferior from 
the abdomen and inferior extremities:—and the co- ronary vein receives it from the coronary arteries of 
the heart. 
This vein terminates in the fuperior part of the 
right auricle, into which it evacuates the blood, 
from 
THE VENA CAVA SUPERIOR. 
The right and left fubclavian veins, and the vena 
azygos. 
The right and left fubclavian veins receive the 
blood from the head and upper extremities, in the 
following manner. 
The veins of the fingers, called digitals, receive 
their blood from the digital arteries, and empty it 
into, 
i. The cephalic of the thumb, which runs on the 
back of the hand along the thumb, and evacuates 
ipfelf into the external radial. 
2. The falvatella, which runs along the little 
finger, unites with the former, and empties its 
blood into the internal and external cubital veins. 
At the bend of the fore-arm are three veins, called 
the great cephalic, the bafilic, and the median. 
The great cephalic runs along the fuperior 
part of the fore-arm, and receives the blood from 
the external radial. 
The basilic afeends on the under fide, and 
receives the blood from the external and internal 
cubital veins, and fome branches which accompany 
the brachial artery, called vena fatellitum. The median is fituated in the middle of the 
fore-arm, and arifes from the union of feveral 
branches. Thefe three veins ail unite above the 
bend of the arm, and form 
The brachial vein, which receives all their 
blood, and is continued into the axilla, where it is 
called 
The axillary vein. This receives alfo the 
blood from the fcapula, and fupcrlor and inferior 
parts of the cheft, by the fuperior and inferior thoracic 
vt in, the vena mufcularis, and the fcapulans. 
The axillary vein then pafies under the clavicle, 
T.’here it is called the subclavian, which unites 
with the external and internal jugular veins, and the 
vertebral vein which brings the blood from the ver- 
tebral finufes; it receives aifo the blood from the 
mediaftinal, pericardiac, diaphragmatic, thymic, inter~ 
nal mammary and laryngeal veins, and then unites 
with its fellow, to form the vena cava fnperior, or, 
as it is fometimes called, vena cava defcendens. 
The blood from the external and internal parts of 
the head and face is returned in the following man- 
ner into the external and internal jugulars, which 
terminate in the fubclavians. 
The frontal, angular, temporal, auricular, fublin- 
gual, and occipital veins receive the blood from the 
parts after which they are named; thefe all converge 
to each fide of the neck, and form a trunk, called 
the EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN. The blood from the brain, cerebellum, medulla ob- 
longata, and membranes of thefe parts, is received in- 
to the lateral finufes,or veins of the dura mater, one of 
which empties its blood through the foramen lacerutn 
in bafi cranii into the internal jugular, which 
defeends in the neck by the carotid arteries, receives 
the blood from the thyroideal and internal maxillary 
veins, and empties itfelf into the fubclavians within 
the thorax. 
The vena azygos receives the blood from the 
bronchial, fuperior cefofihageal, vertebral and intercof- 
tal veins, and empties it into the fuperior cava. 
The vena cava inferior is the trunk of all the 
abdominal veins and thofe of the lower extremities, 
from which parts the blood is returned In the follow- 
ing manner. The veins of the toes, called the digital 
veins, receive the blood from the digital arteries, and 
form on the back of the foot three branches, one on 
the great toe called the cephalic, another which runs 
along the little toe, called the vena faphena, and one 
on the back of the foot, vena dorfalis pedis; and 
on the foie of the foot they evacuate themfelves 
into the plantar veins. 
VENA CAVA INFERIOR. 
The three veins on the upper part of the foot 
coming together above the ankle, form the anterior 
tibial; and the plantar veins with a branch from 
the calf of the leg, called the Jural vein, form the fojlerior tihial: a branch alfo afcends in the direction, 
of ihe fibula, called the peroneal vein. Thefe 
three branches unite before the ham, into one 
branch, the fub popliteal vein, which afcends through 
the ham, carrying all the blood from the foot: it 
then proceeds upon the anterior part of the thigh, 
where it is termed the crural or femoral vein, receives 
feveral mufcular branches, and pafles under Pou- 
part’s ligament into the cavity of the pelvis, where 
it is called the extern al iliac. 
The arteries which are diftributed about the pel- 
vis evacuate their blood into the external bcemorrhoi- 
dal veins, the hypogajlric veins, the internal pudendal, 
the vena magna ipjius penis, and obturatory veins, all 
of which unite in the pelvis, and form the inter- 
nal ILIAC VEIN. 
The external iliac vein receives the blood from 
the external pudendal veins, and then unites with 
the internal iliac at the lafl: vertebra of the loins, 
and form the vena cava inferior, or ascen- 
bens, which afcends on the right fide of the 
fpine, receiving the blood from the facial, lumbar, 
right fpermatlc veins, and the vena cava hepatica; 
and having arrived at the diaphragm, it pafies through 
the right foramen, and enters the right auricle of 
the heart, into which it evacuates all the b <> ?d from 
the abdominal vifcera and lower extremities. VENA CAVA HEPATIC A. 
This vein ramifies in the fub fiance of the liver, 
and brings the blood into the vena cava inferior 
from the branches of the vena portae, a great 
vein which carries the blood from the abdominal vif- 
cera into the fnbflance of the liver. The trunk of 
this vein, about the fuTure of the liver in which it 
is fituated, is divided into the hepatic and abdomi - 
nal portions. The abdominal portion is compofed 
of fplenic, meferaic, and internal hemorrhoidal veins, 
Thefe three venous branches carry all the blood 
from the ftomach, fpleen, pancreas, omentum, me- 
fentery, gall-bladder, and the fmall and large intef- 
tines, into the finus of the vena portae. The he- 
patic portion of the vena portae enters the fub- 
flance of the liver, divides into innumerable ra- 
mifications, which fecrele the bile, and the fu- 
perfluous blood pafies into correfponding branches 
of the vence cave hepatice. 
THE AC lON OF THE VEINS. 
Veins do not pulfate; the blood which they re- 
ceive from the arterks flows through them very 
flowly, and is conveyed to the right auricle of the 
he :rt, by the contraftility of their coats, the pref- 
fure of the blood from the ax series, called the vts a 
tergo, the contraction of the mufcles, and refpira- tion; and it is prevented from going backwards in 
the vein by the valves, of which there are a great 
number. 
OF THE ABSORBENTS. 
Absorbents are very thin and pellucid veffels, 
which carry the lymph from every part of the body; 
fubftances applied to the furface of the body, and 
the chyle from the inteftines; into the thoracic duft. 
Di v ision, into la Heals and lymphatics. They are call- 
ed lafteals in the inteftines and mefentery, and lympha- 
tics in every otherpart. Figure, branching, becom- 
ing broader as they proceed towards their termina- 
tion. Valves, numerous, giving them a knotted 
appearance. Situation. It is fuppofed that they 
exift in every part of the body, although they have 
not been as yet detefted in fome, as the brain, &c. 
Origin. The cellular membrane, the vifcera, the 
excretory drifts of the vifcera, the external fur- 
face, and every part of the body. Termination, 
in the thoracic duft, or fubclavian veins. Lympha- 
tic or conglobate glands are fituated every 
where in the courfe of the lymphatics. Substance. 
They confift of tender, pellucid, ftrong tunics. The 
use of the ahforhents is to carry back the Ivmph from 
different parts; to convey the chyle from the intef- 
tines to the thoracic duft, where they become mixed 
and diluted-; and to abforb fubftances from furfaces 
and parts on which they originate. ABSORBENTS OF THE HEAD AND NECK, 
Abforbents are found on the fcalp and about the 
vifcera of the neck, which unite into a confider- 
able branch that accompanies the jugular vein. 
Abforbents have not been detected in the human 
brain; yet there can be no doubt of there being 
luch veflels: it is probable that they pafs out of 
the cranium through the canalis caroticus and fora- 
men laOcnum in bafi cranii, on each fide, and join 
the above jugular branch, which palles through forne 
glands as it proceeds into the cheft to the angle of 
the fubclavian and jugular vein. 
ABSORBENTS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES, 
The abforbents of the upper extremities are di- 
vided into fuperficial and deep-feated. The fuper~ 
ficial abforbents afcend under the fkin in every 
direction to the wrift, from whence a branch pro- 
ceeds upon the pofterior furface of the fore-arm to 
the head of the radius, over the internal condyle 
of the humerus, up to the axilla, receiving feveral 
branches as it proceeds. Another branch proceeds 
from the wrift along the anterior part of the fore- 
arm, and forms a net-work with a branch coming 
over the ulna from the pofterior part, and afcends 
on the infide of the humerus to the glands of the 
axilla. 
The deelt-fealed abforbents accompany the larger blood-velfels, and pafs through two glands about 
the middle of the humerus, and afcend to tire glands 
of the axilla. The fuperficial and deep-feated ab- 
forbents having patted through the axillary glands, 
form two trunks, which unite into one, to be in- 
ferted with the jugular abforbents into the thoracic 
duft, at the angle formed by. the union of the 
fubclavian with the jugular vein. 
ABSORBENTS OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITIES. 
Thefe are alfo fuperfkial and deep-feated. The 
fuperficial ones lie between the fkin and mufcles. 
Thefe of the toes and foot form a branch which af- 
cends upon the back of the foot over the tendon 
of the crurreus anticus, forms with other branches 
a plexus above the ankles, then proceeds along the 
tibia over the knee, fometimes pafles through a 
gland, and proceeds up the infide of the thigh to 
the fubinguinal glands. 
The deep-feated abforbents follow the courfe of 
the arteries, and accompany the femoral artery, in 
which courfe they pafs through fome glands in the 
leg and above the knee, and then proceed to fome 
deep-feated fubinguinal glands. 
The abforbents from about the external parts of 
the pubis, as the penis, perineum, and from the 
external parts of the pelvis, in general proceed to 
the inguinal glands. The fubinguinal and ingui- 
nal glands fend forth feveral branches, which pafs through the abdominal ring into the cavity of the 
abdomen. 
ABSORBENTS OF THE ABDOMINAL AND THO- 
RACIC VISCERA. 
The abforbents of the lower extremities accom- 
pany the external iliac artery, where they are joined 
by many branches from the uterus, urinary bladder, 
Jpermatic chord., and fome branches accompanying 
the internal iliac artery : they then afeend to the la- 
crum, where they form a plexus, which proceeds 
over the pfoas mufcles, and meeting Avith the lac- 
teals of the mefentery form the thoracic du£t, or 
trunk of the abforbents, which is of a ferpentine 
form, about the lize of a crow-quill, and runs up 
the dorfal vertebrae, through the pofterior opening 
of the diaphragm, between the aorta and vena azy- 
gos, to the angle formed by the union of the fubcla- 
vian and jugular veins. In this courfe it receives 
The abforbents of the kidneys, which are fuperfi- 
cial and deep-feated, and unite as they proceed to- 
wards the thoracic dmfL 
The abforbents of the fpleen, which are upon its 
peritoneal coat, and unite with thofe of the pan- 
creas. 
A branch from a plexus of veflels palling above 
and below the duodenum, and formed by the ab- 
forbents of the ftomach, which come from the lelTer 
and greater curvature, and are united about the py- lorus with thofe of the pancreas and liver, which 
converge from the external furface and internal 
parts towards the portae of the liver, and alfo by 
feveral branches from the gall-bladder. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF ABSORPTION. 
Abforption is the taking up of fubftances which 
are applied to the mouths of abforbing veffels; 
thus the chyle is abforbed from the inteftinal tube 
by the lafteals, the vapour of circumfcribed cavi- 
ties, and of the cells of the cellular membrane by 
the lymphatics of thofe parts; and thus mercury 
and other fubftances are taken into the fyftem, 
when rubbed on the fkin. 
The principle by which this abforption takes 
place is a power inherent in the mouths of abforb- 
ing veffels, a vis infita, dependent on the high de- 
gree of irritability of their internal membrane by 
which the veffels contrafl and propel the fluid for- 
wards. Hence the ufe of this fumftion appears to 
be of the ntmoft importance, viz, to fupply the 
blood with chyle; to remove the fuperfluous va- 
pour of circumfcribed cavities, otherwife droplies, 
as hydrocephalus, hydrothorax, hydrocordis, af- 
cites, hydrocele, &c. would conftantly be taking 
place; to remove the fuperfluous vapour from the 
cells of the cellular membrane difperfed through- 
out every part of the body, that anafarca may not take place; to remove the hard and foft parts of 
the body; and to convey into the fyftem medicines 
which are applied to the furface of the body. 
Sanguification appears to be nothing more than 
the mixing, by the aftion of the blood-veflels, of the 
chyle with the blood; for as it pafles from the 
fubclavian vein, it changes its colour, and when 
it has reached the heart, cannot be diftinguilhed 
from the mafs of circulating blood. 
SANGUIFICATION. 
NEUROLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE NERVES. 
Nerves are long whitifli cords, compofed of 
bundles or fafciculi of fibres, which ferve for fen- 
fation. Origin. The cerebrum, cerebellum, me- 
dulla oblongata, and medulla fpinalis. Termina- 
tion. The organs of fenfe; vifeera; veflels; muf- 
cles; bones, &c. Figure,branched. Divided into 
trunks, branches, ramuli, capillary fibres, papillae, 
nervous plexufes, and ganglions, or knots. Sub- 
stance, pulpy. Division, into cerebral and 
fpinal. Number, thirty-nine pair; nine pair of 
cerebral nerves, and thirty pair of fpinal. The .fiine pair of cerebral nerves are, i. The olfac- 
tory. 2. The optic. 3. Oculorum motorii. 4. 
The pathetic, or trochleatores. 5. The trigemini, 
or divifi. 6. The abducent. 7. The auditory and 
facial. 8, The par vagum, or great fympathetic 
nerves. 9. The lingual pair. The thirty fair of 
fpinal nerves are divided into eight pair of cervical, 
twelve pair of dorfal, five pair of lumbar, and 
five pair of facral nerves. Use, for fenfation in 
fenfible parts, for the five external fenfes, as touch, 
fight, hearing, fmelling, and tafte; and for the mo- 
tion of mufcles. 
OF THE NERVES OF THE BRAIN. 
The first pair, or Olfaflory nerves, arifc 
from the corpora ftriata, pafs forwards over the 
fphaenoid and frontal bones, one to each fide of 
the crifia galli, where they fend off a number of 
branches, which go through the cribriform fora- 
mina of the ethmoid bone, to be diftributed on the 
pituitary membrane of the nofe. Use, for fmelling. 
The second pair, or Optic nerves, a rife from 
the thalami nervorum opticorum, decuflate each 
other, then pafs through the foramina optica, and 
perforate the bulb of the eye, and in it form the 
retina, .which is the organ of vifion. The third pair, or Oculorum motorii, arife 
from the crura cerebri, near the pons Varolii, pafs 
for wards towards the top of the petrous portion 
of the temporal bone, where they perforate the 
dura mater, and proceed to the orbital filTure, to 
be inferted into the mufcles of the bulb of the eye, 
which they move. 
The fourth pair, or The Pathetic nerves, 
arife from the crura of the cerebellum laterally, 
pafs forward, and pierce the dura mater below the 
third pair, and proceed with them through the or- 
bital fiffure, to be inferted into the trochlearis muf- 
cle of the eye. 
The fifth pair, or Trigemini, arife from the 
anterior part of the crura of the cerebellum, and are 
divided within the cavity of the cranium into three 
branches, viz. the ophthalmic or orbital, and the 
fuperior and inferior maxillary. 
The orbital nerve gives off a branch, near its 
origin, which unites with a branch of the fixth 
pair, to form the great intercoflal nerve: it then 
divides into three branches, the frontal, which goes 
through the fuperciiiary foramen to the mufcles and 
integuments of the forehead ; the lachrymal, which 
goes to the lachrymal gland; and the nofal, which 
goes forwards to the inner canthus of the eye, 
where it gives otf a branch or two, then returns 
into the and palfes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, and is diftributed oh 
the pituitary membrane. 
The fupe' ior maxillary nerve goes through the fo- 
ramen rotundum, is divided into, ift. thefplueno-pa* 
latine, which goes through the fphaeno-palatine fora- 
men, fends twigs to the internal pterygoid mufcle, then 
enters the cavity of the noftrils, and is loft on the 
Euftacbian tube, foft palate, and pituitary finus of 
the fphaenoid bone; ad, theJioferior alveolar branch, 
which defcends through the foramen by the laft grind- 
er, and is diftributed to the molares: 3d. the infra-orbi- 
tal nerve, which goes through the infra-orbital fora- 
men, and is diftributed on the mufcles of the cheek, 
nofe, lips, and communicates with the facial nerve. 
The inferior maxillary goes out of the cranium, 
through the foramen ovale, giving branches to the 
mufcles and glands in its courfe, and to the facial 
nerve, and divides as it pafles over the pterygoid 
mufcle, into, ift. the Internal lingual, which is con- 
nected with the chorda tympani, and fupplies the 
fublingual glands and contiguous mufcles, but 
more efpecially the tongue: 2d. the more proper 
inferior maxillary, which goes into the canalis men- 
talis of the lower jaw, and gives a branch to each 
tooth, and comes out again, to fupply the lower 
lip and chin. 
The sixth pair, or Abducent verves, arife from 
the pofterior part of the pons Varolii, proceed for- wards, perforate the dura mater, and fend offfome 
branches near the fella turcica, which unite with 
branches of the ophthalmic nerve of the fifth pair, 
to form thegreat intercoftal nerve; they then accom- 
pany the third and fourth pair through the orbital 
fiflure, and are difiributed on the redli extend 
mufcles of the bulb of the eye. 
The seventh pair, or Auditory nerves, as they 
are commonly called, originate on each fide by two 
branches, the Jiortio dura and portio mollis. The 
portio dura is, in fa£t, a nerve of the face, and is 
therefore, with more propriety, called the Facial 
nerve: it arifes from the fourth ventricle of the 
brain, pafies through the petrous portion of the 
temporal bone, where it gives off the chorda tym- 
panic proceeds through the ftylo-maftoid foramen, 
perforates the parotid gland, and then divides into 
feven or eight branches, which conftitute the pes 
anferinus, and fupply the ear, parotid gland, and 
mufcles of the face, and communicate with the 
branches of the fifth pair on the face. 
The portio mollis arifes from the medulla ob- 
longata and the fourth ventricle, enters the inter- 
nal auditory paflage, and is difiributed by innu- 
merable branches on the membrane of the cochlea, 
veftibulum, forming the immediate organ of hear- 
ing. 
The eighth pair, or Par vagu?n, arife by fe- 
veral branches, partly from the medulla oblongata and partly from the fourth ventricle behind the 
pons Varolii. It is conncfied at its origin with the 
accejjhry nerves of Willis, which aicend through the 
great occipital foramen from the fifth cervical nerve: 
thefe nerves proceed together through the foramen 
lacerum in bafi cranii. The acceflbry nerves then 
feparate from the par vagum, and vanifh in the 
fterno-clido maftoideus and cucu'ilaris mufcles : the 
par vagum then gives off branches in the neck to 
the tongue, larynx, and thyroid gland, from which 
parts they acquire names, and then defcends into 
the cavity of the thorax, where it gives off, 
ift. The right and left recurrent; the former 
arifes on the right fide, near the fubclavian artery, 
which it furrounds, and then returns upwards to 
the thyroid gland; the latter arifes under the arch 
of the aorta, which it furrounds, and then afeends 
to the oefophagus. Both nerves are loft in the muf- 
cles of the larynx and pharynx. 
2dly. Several branches which proceed to the fupe- 
rior part of the pericardium, to form with other 
nerves the cardiac -plexus, which fends branches to 
the heart. 
3dly. The par vagum then extends on the pof- 
terior furface of the lungs, on each fide, and gives 
off fome branches, which, with others from the car- 
diac plexus and recurrent nerves, form a right and 
left pulmonic plexus, which fupplies the lungs and 
trachea. 4-thly. Both trunks of the par vagum then de- 
fcend with the oefophagus, and give off many ra- 
mifications, which/orm the ccfophageal plexus, from 
which the oefophagusand adjoining parts arefupplied. 
sthly. Having paffed the diaphragm with the 
ccfophagus, they form, about the cardia, two Jlo~ 
machic plexufes: the anterior is expanded over tlie 
anterior furface of the llomach and its greater cur- 
vature ; the pofterior over the pofterior furface and 
lefler curvature, and it tranfmits alfo branches to the 
liver, pancreas, and diaphragm. 
6thly. The par vagum alfo fends fome branches 
to unite with the great intercoftal, and thus con- 
curs in forming the hepatic, fplenlc, and renal 
plexufes. 
The ninth, or Lingual pair of nerves, arifefrom 
the medulla oblongata, between the corpora olivaria 
and pyramidalia, pafs out of the fkull through 
the foramina condyloidea anteriora, and commu- 
nicate with the par vagum and firft pair of cervi- 
cal nerves: they then proceed forwards between the 
jugular vein and carotid artery, to be diftributed 
on the mufcles of the tongue and os hyoides. 
Thus it appears that the olfa&ory, ophthalmic, 
and oculorum motorii arife from the cerebrum; 
the-trochleatores and trigemini from the cerebel- 
lum ; and the auditory, par vagum, and lingyales, 
from tire medulla oblongata.. OF THE NERVES OF THE MEDULLA 
SPINALIS. 
Thofe nerves are called spinal which pals out 
through the lateral or intervertebral foramina of the 
fpine. 
They are divided into cervical, dorfal, lumhar, 
and Jacral nerves. 
CERVICAL NERVES. 
The cervical nerves are eight pairs. The firji 
are called the occipital; they arife from the begin- 
ning of the fpinal marrow, pafs out between the 
margin of the occipital foramen and atlas, form a 
ganglion on its tranfverfe procefs, and are diftributed 
about the occiput and neck. 
The fecond pair of cervical nerves fend a branch 
to the acceflbry nerve of Willis, and proceed to 
the parotid gland and external ear. 
The third cervical pair fupply the integuments 
of the fcapula, cucullaris, and triangularis muf- 
cles, and fend a branch to the diaphragmatic nerve. 
The fourth, fifth, fixth, feventh, and eighth pair 
all converge to form the hrachial plexus, from 
which arife the fix following 
NERVES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES. 
i. The axillary nerve, which fometimes 
arifes from the radial nerve. It runs backwards and outwards around the neck of the humerus, and 
ramifies in the mufcles of the fcapula. 
2. The external cutaneai, which perfo- 
rates the coraco-brachialis mufcle, to the bend of 
the arm, where it accompanies the median vein as 
far as the thumb, and it is 101 l in Its integu- 
ments. 
3. The internal cutaweal, which descends 
on theinfide of the arm, where it bifurcates. From 
the bend of the arm, the anterior branch accompa- 
nies the bail lie vein, to be inferted into the (kin of 
the palm of the hand; the poflerior branch runs 
down the internal part of the fore-arm; to vanilh 
in the (kin of the little finger. 
4. The median nerve, which accompanies the 
brachial artery to the cubit, then pafies between 
the brachialis internus, pronator rotundus, and 
the perforatns and perforans, under the ligament 
of the wrift to the palm of the hand, where it 
fends off branches, in every direction, to the muf- 
cles of the hand, and then fupplies the digital 
nerves, which go to the extremities of the thumb, 
fore and middle fingers. 
c. The ulnar nerve, which defcends between 
the brachial artery and bafilic vein, between the 
internal condyle of the humerus, and the olecra- 
non, and divides in the fore-arm into an internal 
and an external branch. The former pa lies over 
the ligament of the vvrift and fdamoid bone, to the hand, where It divides into three branches, two 
of which go to the ring and little finger, and the 
third forms an arch towards the thumb in the palm 
of the hand, and is loft in the contiguous mufcles. 
The latter paftes over the tendon of the extenfor 
carpi ulnaris and back of the hand, to fupply alfo 
the two laft fingers. 
6. The radial nerve, which fometimes gives 
off the axillary nerve. It paftes backwards, about 
the os humeri, defcends on the outfide of the arm 
between the brachialis externus and interims muf- 
cles to the cubit; then proceeds between the fupi- 
nator longus and brevis to the fuperior extremity 
of the radius, giving off various branches to ad- 
jacent mufcles. At this place it divides into two 
branches: one goes along the radius, between the 
fupinator longus and radialis interims to the back 
of the hand, and terminates in the interofteous muf- 
cles, the thumb and three firft fingers:—the other 
paftes between the fupinator brevis and head of 
the radius, and is loft in the mufcles of the fore-arm. 
The dorsal nerves are twelve pairs in number. 
The firji pair gives off a branch to the brachial 
plexus. All the dorfal nerves are diftributed to the 
mufcles of the back, intercoftals, ferrati, pefto- 
ral, abdominal mufcles and diaphragm. The five 
inferior pairs go to the cartilages of the ribs, and 
are called cojlal. 
DORSAL NERVES. LUMBAR NERVES. 
The five pair of lumbar nerves are be- 
llowed about the loins and mufcles, and fkin of 
the abdomen and loins, fcrotum, ovaria, and dia- 
phragm. The fecond, third, and fifth pair unite 
and form the obturator nerve, which defcends over 
the pfoas mufcle into the pelvis, and pafies through 
the foramen thyroideum to the obturator mufcle, 
triceps, pe<ftineus, &c. 
The third and fourth, with fome branches of 
the fecond pair, form the crural nerve, which 
pafies under Poupart’s ligament with the femoral 
artery, fends off branches to the adjacent parts, 
and defcends in the direction of the fartorius 
mufcle to the internal condyle of the femur, from 
whence it accompanies the faphena vein to the 
internal ankle, to be loft in the fkin of the great toe. 
The fifth pair are joined to the firft pair of the 
facral nerves. 
SACRAL NERVES. 
There are five pair of sacral nerves, all of 
which arife from the cauda equina, or termination 
of the medulla fpinalis; fo called from the nerves 
refembling the tail of a horfe. The four firft pair 
give off branches to the pelvic vifcera, and are 
afterwards united to the laft lumbar, to form a 
large [ilexus, which gives off the ifchiatk nerve, 
the largeft in the body. The ifchiadc nerve im- 
mediatehr at its origin fends off branches to the bladder, reftum, and parts of generation; pro- 
ceeds from the cavity of the pelvis. through the 
ifchiatic notch, between the tuberofity of the if- 
chium and great trochanter, to the ham, where it is 
called the popliteal nerve. In the ham it divides 
into two branches, i. The peroneal, which de- 
feends on the fibula, and diftributes many branches 
to the mufcles of the leg and back of the foot. 
2. The tibial, which penetrates the gaftrocnemii 
mufcles to the internal ankle, pafles through a notch 
in the os calcis to the foie of the foot, where it divides 
into an internal and external plantar nerve, which 
fupply the mufcles and aponeurofis of the foot and 
the toes. 
OF THE GREAT INTERCOSTAL OR SYMPATHE- 
TIC NERVES. 
The great intercoftal nerve arifes in the cavity of 
the cranium from the union of a branch of the fixth 
with a recurrent branch of the fifth pair, called the 
Viduan nerve. It pafles out of the cranium through 
the carotid canal, and defeends on the fides of the 
cervical, dorfal, and lumbar vertebrae and facrum, 
in which courfe it is joined by filaments from all 
the fpinal nerves, forming finali ganglions at their 
junftions. 
In the neck it forms only three cervical ganglions, 
from which arife the cardiac nerves and pulmonic 
plexufes, which fend nerves to the heart and lungs. 
In the thorax there arife five branches from the third, fifth, feventh, eighth, and ninth ganglions, 
which defcend in the courfe of the vertebrae, and 
pafs through the diaphragm, where they unite on 
each fide into one trunk, the fplanchmc or anterior 
antercajial .nerve, which foon unite together, and 
form the great semilunar ganglion, from 
which nerves are given off to all the abdominal 
■vifeera, forming ten plexufes, which communicate 
with one another, and are named after the adja- 
cent vifeera, viz. the cceliac plexus, fituated near 
the cocliac artery, and fupplying the ftomach; the 
Jplemc, near the fpleen; the hepatic, near the portae 
of the liver; the fuperior, middle, .and inferior me- 
fenteric plexus; two renal and two fpermatic plex- 
ufes. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF THE 
NERVOUS SYSTEM. 
Nerves are the organs of our fenfes. Bodies ap- 
plied to certain parts of our fyftem produce changes 
in thofe parts, which changes arc conveyed in an 
unknown manner to the brain by means of the 
nerves only, and sensation is produced; fo that 
fenfation is a property peculiar to the nervous fibre, 
as irritability is to the mufcular fibre; and hence all 
fentient parts are fupplied with nerves, although 
they cannot be detected by the eye. 
The fenfes are diflingurfhed into internal and 
external. The internal senses are ideas which the 
fenforium commune, or mind, forms to itfelf, and 
may be produced from the external fenfes, or they 
may be excited fpontaneonfly ; fuch are, memory, 
imagination, confcience, the Jiajfons of the mind, and 
reafoning, by the fuperior excellence of which, man 
differs fo eminently from the brute. 
The external senses are, fmelling, feeing, 
hearing, tailing, and touching. 
Smelling is a fenfatiorc by which we perceive 
the fmell of fubflances. The organ of fmell is the 
nervous papillae of the olfadlory or firft pair of 
nerves, which are diflributed on every part of the 
pituitary membrane of the nofe. 
OF SMELLING. 
OF SEEING. 
Seeing is a fenfation by which we perceive bo- 
dies around us, and their vifible qualities. The or- 
gan of fight is the retina, an expanfion of the optic 
or fecond pair of nerves. The objed of fight is 
the rays of light which penetrate the bulb of the 
eye and ftimulate the retina. Light is a fubtile 
and folid material, which emanates from the fun or 
any lucid body with a very rapid motion, in right 
lines,k which are called rays of light, and penetrate 
to the retina in the following manner: the rays of 
light fall on the pellucid and convex cornea of the 
eye, by whofe denfity and convexity they are united into a focus, which pafTes the aqueous humour and 
pupil of the eye, to be more condenfed by the 
tryftalline lens. The rays of light thus concen- 
trated, penetrate the vitreous humour, to Simu- 
late the retina, upon which they imprefs the image 
of external objects to be rep relented to the mind 
through the medium of the optic nerves. 
Hearing is a fenfation by which we perceive 
the found of any fonorous body. 
OF HEARING. 
Sound is a tremulous motion of the air excited 
by linking any fonorous body. Sound is con- 
veyed to an enormous diftance in the atmofphere, 
in ftraight lines, which are called fonorous rays. 
Soft bodies diminifh or flifle found; elaftic ones 
increafe it. The organ of hearing is the portio 
mollis of the feventh pair of nerves, whofe pulp is 
'beautifully diftributed in the vefl.ibulum,femiclfcular 
canals,and cochlea of the ear. Hearing is performed 
in the following manner: the rays of found ema- 
nating from a fonorous body arrive at the ear, 
which, by its elallicity and peculiar formation, 
concentrates them, that they may pafs along, the 
external auditory foramen to the membrana tym- 
pani, which they caufe to vibrate. The trem- 
bling tympanum communicates its vibrations to 
the malleus, which is in contact with it: the 
malleus conveys them to the incus, the incus to the os orbicular©, and the os orbicular© to the 
flapes. The ftapes adhering to the feneftra ova- 
Hs caufes it to vibrate. The trembling feneftra 
ovalis communicates its vibrations to the water con- 
tained in the vefribulum and femicircular canals, 
and caufes very gentle motions of the nervous ex- 
panfion contained therein, which tranfmit them to 
the fenforium commune, where the mind is in- 
formed of the prefence of found, and judges of 
its difference. Gravity and acutenefs of found 
depend upon the number of vibrations given at the 
fame time. 
OF TASTING. 
Tailing is a fenfation by which we diftinguifh the 
qualities of bitter, fweet, four, &c. fubftances, Thr 
nervous papillae of the ninth or lingual pair of nerves, 
which are fituated in the apex and margins of the 
tongue, are the chief organs of tafte. The parts fub- 
fervient to tafte are—The tongue, which gives a con- 
venient fituatiou to the nervous papillae, and by its. 
extenfive motion applies them to the fubftance to be 
tailed—The epidermis of the tongue, which mode- 
rates any exceffive flimuli—The faliva and mu- 
cus of the mouth, which alii 11 the organ of talle 
when it is neceffary that the fubftances Ihould be. 
diflblved in order to be tailed,, and which alfo 
keep the nervous papillae moift,. 
Touching is a fenfation by which we diftinguifh 
OF TOUCHING. the qualities of hardnefs, foftnefs, heat and cold, 
&c. of fubftances, and by which we perceive any 
fubftance that comes incontad with the fkin, parti- 
cularly at the points of the fingers. The organs of 
touch are the nervous papillae of the fkin, which 
are extremely numerous and fenfible at the points 
of the fingers. 
Too great a fenfation is moderated by the epider- 
mis, which alfo defends the papilla; from being 
dried by the air. 
ADENOLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE GLANDS- 
A gland is a fmall round body, which ferves for 
the fecretion or alteration of a fluid. Division,. 
into folliculofe, globate, glomerate, and conglome- 
rate; thev are alfo divided from the liquid they fe- 
crete or change, into febaceous, muciparous, lym- 
phatic, lachrymal, falival, bilious, ladeal, &c. 
A folliculofe gland con lifts of an hollow vafcular 
membrane, having an excretory dud ; as the mu- 
ciparous and febaceous glands. 
A globate gland confifts of a glomer of lympha- 
tic veflels, conneded together by cellular mem- 
brane, and has no cavity nor excretory dud, as the 
lymphatic glands of the lymphatic veflels. 
A glomerate gland is formed of a glomer of fan- 
guineous veflels; has no cavity, but is furnlflied with an excretory dufhj aa the lachrymal and'mam- 
mary glands. 
A conglomerate gland is a gland compofed of 
many glomerate glands, vvhofe excretory duffs 
unite, and form one large canal, or duff. The 
pancreas and falival glands belong to this clafs. 
The excretory duft of glands is a thin canalj which 
goes out of the gland, and excerns the fccreted 
Jtuid, by the contraffility of its coats. 
The nerves and veffels of glands are numerous, 
and come from the neighbouring parts. 
Glands are connected with other parts by cellular 
membrane. They are larger in infants than in adults. 
Use, to.fecrete or change a fluid. 
Glands of the skin. The fihattaneous- 
glands are lebaceous,. and fituated'under the inferior 
furface of the fkia> which they perforate by their 
excretory duffs.. 
Glands in th-e cavity or the cranium, i. 
Glands of the dura mater, called alio, after their dif- 
«overer, Bacchonian, are fituated near the fuperior 
longitudinal finus of the dura mater, in peculiar fo- 
veolae of the os fronds and parietal bones. They ap- 
pear to be globate. 2. Glands of the choroid plexus 
are globate, and fituated in the choroid plexus of the 
lateral ventricles of the brain. 3. The pituitary 
gland., fituated in a duplicature of the dura mater, 
in, the fella turcica of the fphsenoid bone. The 
infundibulum of the brain terminates in this gland. Glands of the etes. i. Meilomius'sglands. 
Thefe are fmall and numerous febaceous- glands, 
fituated under the Ikir* of the eyelids, near their 
margins. Their excretory duds open on the mar- 
gins of the tarfi, and are called punfta ciliaria. 2. 
The lachrymal gland.\ which is glomerate, and 
fituated above the external angle of the orbit* in a 
peculiar depreflion of the os frontis. This gland 
has fix or eight excretory canals,, through which 
the tears are conveyed, and' which open upon the 
internal furface of the upper eyelids. 3, The ca- 
runculd lachrymalis, a fmall and red prominence, ob- 
vious in the internal angle of the eye, between the 
tarfi of the eyelids. It confifts of fmall febaceous 
glands, which fecrete a faeculent humour.. 
Glands- of the nostrils. The pituitary 
membrane lining- the nofirils and its finufes, is 
every where furniflied with- muciparous gland:± 
which fecrete the mucus of the nofe. 
Glands of the ear. The ceruminous glands 
are fituated under the fkin of the meatus audito- 
rius externus, and fecrete the wax of the ears. 
Glands of the mouth. The glands, of the 
mouth, which fecrete the faliva, are called./alival, 
and are, 1. The parotid, two- large conglomerate 
glands, fituated under the ear between the ma- 
millary procefs of the temporal bones and angle of 
the lower The. excretory canal of this gland 
opens in the mouth, and is called, from its difea- 
the Stenonian. dud. a. The maxillary9 140 
which are conglomerate glands, fituated under the 
angles of the lower jaw. The excretory dudds of 
thefe glands are alfo called, after their difcoverer, 
IVarthonian. 3. The fuhlingual glands, fituated 
under the tongue. 4, The glands of the cheek, 
fituated on the internal furface of the cheeks. 3. 
The labial glands, on the internal furface of the 
lips, under the common membrane of the mouth. 
6. The molar glands, fituated on each fide of the 
mouth, between the mafleter and buccinator muf- 
cles, and whofe excretory ducts open near the laid 
dens molaris. 
External glands of the neck. i. The 
jugular glands, which are globate, and found un • 
dcr the (kin of the neck about the external jugu- 
lar veins: they are in general about 20 in num- 
ber. 2. The fubmaxillary glands, alfo globate, 
and fituated in the fat under the jaw. 3. The 
cervical, found under the cutis in the fat about the 
neck. 4. The thyroid, a large gland lying upon 
the cricoid cartilage, trachea, and horns of the- 
thyroid cartilage. It is uncertain whether it he 
globate or conglomerate. Its excretory du£d has 
never been detedled, and its ufe is unknown. 
Glands of the fauces. The glands fituated 
under the membrane which lines this cavity, are 
muciparous, and divided, from their fituation, into 
palatine, uvular, tonfl, lingual, laryngeal, and pha- 
ryngeal. i4r 
Glands of the breasts. The mammary, or 
lafleal glands, are fituated under the fat of the 
breads. Their excretory duffs are called tuiuli 
laflferi, tahuli galnfioferi, and run from them to 
the nipple, in which they open. 
Glands of the thorax, i. The thymus, a 
large gland, peculiar to the foetus, and which difap- 
pears Toon after birth ; it is fituated in the anterior 
dnplieature or Ipace of the mediaftinum, under the 
fuperior part of the fternum, and above the pericar- 
dium. An excretory duff has not been as yet de-- 
tefled, but lymphatics are Teen going from this gland 
to the thoracic duft. 2. The bronchial, which are 
large blackilh glands near the end of the trachea, and) 
beginning of the bronchia, and which fecrete a 
blackifli mucus. 3. The cefophageal glands, found 
under the internal membrane of the cefophagus,. 
and which fecrete the mucus of that canal. 4. 
The dorfal glands, fituated upon the 4th or sth ver- 
tebra of the back, between them and the pofterior 
lurface of the cefophagus. They have no excretory 
duffs. 
Glands of the abdomen, i. The gajlric 
glands, which are muciparous, and fituated under* 
the external membrane of the ftomacfu 2. The 
intcjiinal glands, which are alfo muciparous, and 
found under the internal membrane of the intef- 
tines, efpecially the large. 3. The mefaiteric 
viand:, fituated here and there in the cellular mem- 
u 7 brane of the mefentery. The chyle from the In- 
tel! in es pafles through thcfe glands to the thoracic 
duct. 4. The hepatic glands, alfo called acini 
bilinfiwhich form the fuhftance of the liver, and 
feparate the bile into fmall du£U, which, at length, 
terminate in the duilus hepaticus. 5. The cjjltc 
glands, which are muciparous, and found under 
the internal membrane of the gall-bladder, efpe- 
cially about its neck. 6. The pancreatic glands, 
which conftitute the pancreas; a fmall duft arifes 
from each gland, which unite to form the duftus 
pancreaticus. See Splanchnology. 7. The epi- 
ploic, or ometital glands, which are globate, and 
lituated in the omentum. 
G lands of the loins, i. The fupra-renal 
glands, fituated in the adjpofe membrane, one above 
each kidney. An excretory dudl has never been 
dctedled, and their ufe is unknown:" 2. The kid- 
neys. See Splanchnology. 3. The lumbar 
glands, which are globate, and fituated about the 
beginning of the thoracic du£h 4. The iliac 
glands, found about the beginning of the iliac 
veflels. 5. The Jacral, which are globate glands, 
and adhere to the os facrum. 
Glands of the organs of generation of 
man. i. The odoriferous glands of the glans pe- 
nis, which are febaceous, and fituated around the 
corona gland is. 2. The, mucous glands of the urethra, 
fituated under the internal membrane of the ure- J43 
tlira. The mouths of their excretory duffs are 
called lacunee. 3. Cozuper's glands (fo called from 
their inventor) are three large muciparous glands, 
two of which are fituated before the proftate gland 
under the accelerators urinae, and the third more 
forward before the bulb of the urethra. 4. The 
proftate, a very large, heart-like, firm gland, fitu- 
ated between the neck of the urinary bladder and 
bulbous part of the urethra. It fecretes a lafleal 
fluid, which is emitted into the urethra by ten or 
twelve du£ls near the verumontanum, during coition. 
Glands of the female organs of gene- 
ration. l. The odoriferous glands of the labia ma- 
jor a and nympho;, which are febaceous, and fituated 
under the Ikin of thofe parts. 2. The odoriferous 
glands of the clitoris, which are numerous, fituated 
about the bafis of the clitoris, and are of the fame 
nature as the former. 3. The mucous glands of the 
urethra, fituated under the internal membrane of 
the female urethra. 4. The mucous glands of the va- 
gina, fituated under the internal membrane of the 
vagina. 
Glands of the extremities. The glands 
in the groin, or inguinal glands, are globate, or lym- 
phatic, are fituated in great numbers in the cellular 
membrane of the inguinal region, and receive the 
lymphatic veflels from the glans penis, and lower 
extremities. The fubaxillary glands are alfo glo- 
bate, and are fituated in the cellular membrane of .the arm-pit: they are alfo numerous, and receive 
the lymphatic veffels from the breads and fuperior 
.Glands of the joints. The (mall fat- 
like maffes, fituated within the moveable joints, arc 
.erroneoufly called fynov'ud glands: their ft ru chi re 
is not glandular, they are compofed of adeps and 
.an arrangement of the internal vafcular membrane 
of the joint, which gives them a fimbriated ap- 
pearance. By thefe little maffes the fynovia is fepa- 
rated from the blood for the eafy motion of the 
joint. 
.PHYSIOLOGY OF SECRETION. 
Secretion is a particular function in an animal 
.body, by which a fluid is feparated from the blood, 
different in its properties from the blood. 
The organs which fecrete the various humours 
are the glands. The proximate or immediate caufe of 
fecretion is a fpecific a&ion of the arteries of the 
glands; for every fecretion is formed from the extre- 
mities of arteries (the fecretion of the bile is no ex- 
ception to this law, for the vena portae takes upon it- 
felf the function of an artery); thus the mucous glands 
fecrete mucus, the falival glands faliva; the acini of 
the liver, bile; thepenicelli of thekidnies, urine, &c. 
The fecreted fluids are the proper frimuli to the 
receptacles and duets through which the fecretion is 
to pafs to its place of deffination; fo that the fecre- tions move along the excretory dudls by means of 
the contractility of the coats of the duds and the af- 
fiftance of neighbouring moving powers. 
SPLANCHNOLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE VISCERA. 
Body, divided externally into head, trunk, and 
extremities. Head, divided into face, and hairy 
part. Hairy part, into vertex, or crown, iin- 
cipnt, or the fore part, occiput, or hinder part, and 
Tides. Face, into forehead, temples, nofe, eves, 
mouth, cheeks, chin, and ears. Trunk, divided 
into neck, thorax, and abdomen. Neck, into an- 
terior and pofterior part. Thorax, into anterior 
and pofterior part and Tides. Abdomen, into ante- 
rior, posterior, and lateral regions. Anterior re- 
gion, fubdivided into three regions, i. the efigaf- 
/ric, which lies over the ftomach, and whofefides are 
termed the hypochondriac regions; 2. the umbilical, fur- 
rounding the navel, and whofe (ides are called the 
flanks; 3. the hy/iogajiric, which lies over the urinary 
bladder, and whofe Tides are called groins. Tii/- 
tubes is the hairy part under the abdomen, be- 
tween the groins. Under the pubes an the parts of generation—in men, the fcrotum and penis—in 
women, the labia and rima vulva?. The fpace be- 
tween the genitals and anus is called the jierinteum. 
Extremities, divided into fnperior and inferior, 
Sx/perior extremity, into top of the humerus, 
brachium, fore arm, and hand. FI and, into car- 
pus, metacarpus, and fingers. Fingers, into pol- 
lex, index, digitus medius, digitus annularis, digi- 
tus auricularis. Inferior extremity, divided 
into femur, or thigh, crus, or leg, and extremity 
of the foot. Foot, into tarfus, metatarfus, and 
toes. 
Internal division of the body, into three 
cavities, viz, cavity of the cranium, thorax, and 
abdomen. 
COMMON INTEGUMENTS. 
Thefeare fo called, becaufe they are the common 
coverings as it were to the body; they confift of 
epidermis, rete niucofum, cutis, and membrana 
adipofa. 
A thin, pellucid, infenfible membrane, covering 
the external furface of the body. Connexion, 
with the cutis, hairs, exhaling and inhaling vefiels. 
Colour, white. Use, to cover the fenlible cu- 
taneous papillae. 
epidermis, or scarf-skin. RETE MUCOSUM. 
A mucous fubflance, difpo£ed in a net-like form, 
between the epidermis and cutis. Colour, white 
in Europeans, black in Ethiopians, &c. &c. 
Use, to cover the fenfible cutaneous papilla:, to 
connedt the epidermis with the cutis, and give the 
colour to the body. Synonims. Mucus Malpi- 
ghian us. 
cutis, or true skin. 
A thick membrane between the rete mucofum 
and adipofe membrane, covering the whole body. 
Substance, fibrous, vafcular, and nervous. 
Use, for the fituation of the organ of touch, ex- 
halation, and abforption. Seepages 120 and 136. 
Perfpiration is a fpecies of fecretion by which the 
blood is freed of a quantity of aqueous fluid by the 
exhalent arteries of the fkin. Jt-is divided into in- 
fenfible and fe7ifible fier/piration: the former is conti- 
nually going on, by which means the furface of 
the body is kept fmooth and moift, and may be 
detedled by placing any part of the fkin near a 
looking-glafs, which will become foiled. The 
latter, commonly termed fiveat, is obferved only 
occafionally. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF PERSPIRATION. 
UNGUES, OR NAILS, 
Are horny laminte, fituated in the extremities of the fingers and toes. Use, to defend the nervous 
papillae from contufion. 
riLi, OR HAIRS. 
Thin, elailic, dry filaments, growing out from 
the fkin. Colour and situation, various. 
Called capilli on the head; fupercilia, or eye- 
brows, above the eyes; cilia, or eyelafhes, on the 
margin of the eyelids; vibriflaa in the noftrils; pill 
auriculares in the meatus auditorius; mvftax on 
the upper lip; barba on the lower jaw, Sec, Sec. 
A membrane formed of ftnall membranous cells, 
which are fometimesdiftended withfat. Situation, 
under the cutis, and in fome foft parts. Use, to co- 
ver and defend the mufcles; to unite the foft parts; 
and to render the mufcular fibres flexile. When 
without fat, it is called tela celhdofa, or cellular mem- 
brane, which forms the fubftance of almoft all the 
membranes, and connedfs various parts together. 
ADIPOSE AND CELLULAR MEMBRANE. 
OF THE HEAD. 
The parts which form the head, are divided 
into external and internal. The external parts are 
the common integuments; hair; a tendinous ex- 
panfion; three pair of mufcles; pericranium; and 
cranium itfeif. The internal parts are, the dura mater; membrana arachnoidea; pia mater; cere- 
brum; cerebellum; medulla oblongata; nine pair 
of nerves; four arteries, and twenty-two venous 
finufes. 
DURA MATER. 
A thick membrane, which Itronglv adheres to 
the internal furface of the cranium, efpecially about 
the futures. Processes. The falciform procefs, 
which divides the hemlfoheres of the brain; tento- 
rium cercbdli, which fe pa rates the brain from the 
cerebellum ; and f-jitum csrehelll, which feparates the- 
two lobes of the cerebellum. Composed of two 
ft rang membranous layers adhering together by 
fibrous texture. Arteries. Meniirgea. anterior, 
media and pofterior. Veins are called venous 
fiaufes; in number they are twenty two, the princi- 
pal of which are thefufaior longitudinal, lateral., and 
inferior longitudinal, .all of which evacuate their 
blood through the foramen laccrum in bafi. crauii, 
into the internal jugular veins. Nerves, none. 
Glands, fituated about the longitudinal fin us, 
are called Bacchonian. Use, to form the inter- 
nal periofteum of the cranium, and to contain and 
defend the' cerebrum aiid internal parts of the 
brain from compreflion. 
A very delicate arid traufparent membrane, si- 
tuated between the dura and pia mater, fur- 
rounding the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla ob- 
Iy, t i i• j • v * J;r ■ • it 
ME M BRAN A' AB ACHNO I D E A . longafa, and medulla fpinalis. Substance, very 
thin and filamentous, and apparently without vefTels 
and nerves. Use, not known. 
PI A MATER. 
A thin membrane, firmly accreted to the convo- 
lutions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla ob- 
longata and fpinalis. Substance, almoft wholly 
vafcular. Use, to diftribute the vefTels to, and 
contain the fnbflance of, the cerebrum. 
A great vifcus in the cavity of the cranium. Fi- 
gure, oval. Size, larger in man, in proportion to 
hisflze, than in any other animal. Substance, cor- 
tical and medullary. Divided into two hemfftheres, 
right and left. Each hemifphere fubdivided on its 
inferior furface into three lobes, an anterior, middle, 
and pofterior. Principal gravities, two anterior 
or lateral ventricles, in each of which are feveral 
eminences and a loofe vafcular production of the pia 
mater, called the plexus choroides; a third and fourth 
ventricle. Principal parts; corf us call ofutn, feen 
when the hemifphcres are feparated from each other; 
fptum pellucidum, which divides the lateral ven- 
tricles; the fornix ; the digital procejfcs; fedes hippo- 
campi ; cor for a ftriata, and thalami nervorum oftl- 
corum, which are found in the lateral ventricles; 
valvula magna cerebri; commijfura anterior et fof- 
terior; corpora quadrigemina, i. e. nates and tefles; 
CEREBRUM, OR BRAIN. glamlula pinealis; glandula pituitaria; eminently 
candicantes, and the crura cerebri, all of which 
can only be learnt upon the fubjeff, Arteries, 
branches of the internal carotids and vertebrals. 
Nerves, none, but emits nine pair. Veins, re- 
turn from the cortex of the cerebrum, and eva- 
cuate themfelves into twenty-two venous finufes of 
the dura mater. Use. It is the organ of all the 
fenfes. 
cerebellum, or little brain. 
A fmall brain fituated under the tentorium In 
the inferior occipital depreffion. Figure, round. 
Division, into a right and left lobe. Sub- 
stance, externally cortical; internally medullary. 
Eminences, two crura cerebelli; an anterior and 
pofterior vermiform proofs, and the arbor vita’. 
Cavities, none. Vessels, common with the 
cerebrum. Use, the fame as the cerebrum. 
MEDULLA OBLONGATA. 
A medullary part lying upon the bafilary or 
cuneiform procefs of the occipital bone, formed 
by the connexion of the crura of the cerebrum 
and cerebellum. Eminences, pons Varolii; cor- 
pora pyramidalia; and corpora olivaria. Use, the 
fame as the cerebrum. 
MEDULLA SPINALIS. 
A continuation of the medulla oblongata, which 
defcends into the fpecus vertebralis, from the fora- 
men magnum occipitale to the third vertebra of the loins, in which conrfe it tranfmits between the 
vertebrae thirty pair of nerves. Figure, cylin- 
drical. Terminates in various nerve?, which 
form the canda equina. Integuments, the dura 
mater; tunica arachnoidea: and pia mater. Sub- 
stance, externally medullary; internally cortical. 
Arteries, anterior fplnal. Use, to emit thirty 
pair of nerves, called fplnal. 
OF THE ACTION OF THE CEREBRUM, CERE- 
BELLUM, MEDULLA OBLONGATA, AND ME- 
DULLA SPINALIS. 
The moil important functions of an animal 
bodv are thofe of the brain. In order to explain 
thefe accurately, it is nceeflary to mention a few 
experiments which have been made upon animals. 
Upon dividing, comprefling, or tying a nerve, 
the mufcles to which the nerve goes become pa- 
ralytic. If the nerve thus divided, comprefled, 
or tied, had any particular fenfation, that fenfa- 
tion no longer exifts; but upon untying or remov- 
ing the compreflion, its peculiar fenfe returns. 
If the cerebrum, cerebellum, or medulla ob- 
longata, be irritated, dreadful convulfiohs take 
place all over the body. 
If anv part of the brain be comprefled, that 
part of the body is deprived of motion which has 
nerves from the comprefled part. 
From thefe phenomena, it is evident that the caufe oi every fenfation and motion in an animal 
body arifes from the brain and fpinal marrow, 
and that from thefe parts it is conveyed to every 
fentient part through the medium of the nerves, 
Hence it follows, that the nerves are the organs by 
which the various fenfations are produced. The 
manner, however, in which the nerves exercil’e fenfe 
and motion; bow the wall is conveyed from the 
brain to the different parts, and how, from the 
different parts fenfations are conveyed to the brain, 
remains involved in obfeurity; feveral hypothefes 
have been deduced to explain it, but none ap- 
pear to be fatisfadlory. See alfo page 133. 
The parts which form the eye are divided into 
external and internal. The external parts are 
the fupercilia, or eyebrow's; the palpebrae, or eye- 
lids; the cilia, or eyelafhes; the lachrymal gland; 
the lachrymal caruncle, a fmall flefhy fubftance at 
the inner angle of the eye; the punfta lachryma- 
lia, two fmall openings on the nafal extremity of 
each eyelafh; the canalis lachrymalis, formed by 
the union of the dudts leading from the punfla 
lachrymalia, which meet and conflitute it at the 
internal angle of the eye; the faccus lachrymalis, a 
dilatation of the canalis lachrymalis, and which ends 
in the du&us nafalis, a continuation of the fame 
EYE. canal, which conveys the tears into the nofe; the 
mufdles of the eyelids; the mufcles of the bulb of 
the eye, and the fat of the orbit. The bulb op 
the eye eonfifts of eight membranes, two chain* 
bers, and three humours. The bulb is covered an- 
teriorly by an exquifitely fenflble and delicate mem- 
brane, which begins from the edge of the eye- 
lalb, and is reflected over the eye to the edge of the 
other eyelalh. This membrane is the feat of in- 
flammations of the eye, and is called the tunica 
conjunfUva. Membranes, i. The filer otic, which 
is white, and the outermoft. s-. The dor aid. which 
is highly vafcular, and whofs veflels are called, from 
their direction, the vafavorticofa. 3. The retina, which 
is the innern.oft; and, 4. The hyaloid, or arachnoid., 
which includes the vitreous humour. In the ante- 
rior part are, 3. The cornea tranfparens, which is a 
part of the fclerotic. 6. The iris, a part of the cho- 
roid : it is of various colours; hence white, black, 
blue eyes, &c. 7. The uvea, which is the pofterior 
part of the iris; and, 8. The cajfule of the cryjlal- 
hne lens. The chambers of the eye arc 
diftinguiflied into anterior and pofterior. The 
anterior is the fpace between the tranfpareat 
cornea and the fore part of the iris; the pofterior 
the fpace between the uvea and capfule of the 
cryftalline lens. The humours are the aque- 
ous, the cryftalline lens, and the vitreous. See 
ffvgrolocy. Connexion of the bulb. Ante- riorly, it Is connected with the membrarta con- 
junctiva; pofteriorly, with the orbit, by means 
of mufcles and the optic nerve. Arteries, or- 
bitalis interna, the centra!, and the optic. Veins, 
empty themfelves into the external jugulars.— 
Nerves. The optic, or fir ft pair, and branches 
from the third, fourth, fifth, and fixth pair. Use. 
It is the organ of vifion. See Phyfology of Vifoiiy 
page 134. 
The foft parts which form the ear are divided 
into external and internal. The external soft 
parts are, the auricula, in which are various pro- 
minences and finufes, as the helix, antihelix, tragus, 
antitragus, concha auriculae, fcapha, feu fofta navi- 
cularis, and lobulus; the meatus auditorius exter- 
nus, and membrana tympani. The ‘internal 
soft parts are the periofteum, a proper mem- 
brane, which lines every parr of the internal ear, 
and the Euftachian tube, which begins by a large 
opening in the fauces, and gradually diminifhes as 
it pafles along its bony canal into the ear. Ar- 
teries, auditoria interna and externa. Veins-, 
empty themfelves into the external jugular. Nerves 
of the externa] ear are, branches of the feventh 
pair, or nervus auditorius durus; and thofe of the 
internal part are branches alfo of the feventh pair, 
but of the portio mollis. Use. It is the organ of 
hearing. See Phyfiology of Hearing, page 135. 
EAR. NOSE. 
A prominence of the face between the eyes and 
mouth. Division, into root, back, apex, and 
ala:. Soft parts. Common integuments, mnf- 
cles, cartilages, periofteum, perichondrium. Soft 
parts of the NosrßiLs. A pituitary membram, 
which lines the internal furface of the nofe and all 
its cavities, contains the mucous glands, and has 
diftributed on it the olfactory nerves; and the pe- 
riofteum. Arteries, branches of the internal 
maxillary. Veins, empty themfelves into the in- 
ternal jugulars. N'ERves, branches of the olfac- 
tory, ophthalmic, and fuperlor maxillary. Muci- 
parous glands, fituated everywhere in the pi- 
tuitary membrane. Use, for fmelling, refpiration, 
and fpeech. See Phyjiology of Smelling, page 134. 
CAVITY OF THE MOUTH. 
The parts which form this cavity are external 
and internal. The external are the lips, the 
philtrum, the chin, and the cheeks. Composi- 
tion, common integuments and the mufcles of 
the upper and under jaw. Arteries of the ex- 
ternal part are branches of the infra-orbital, in- 
ferior alveolar, and facial. Veins, empty them- 
felves into the external jugular. Nerves, from 
the fifth and feventh pair. The internal parts 
of the mouth are the palate, two alveolar arches, 
the gums, tongue, cavity of the cheeks, and three pair of falival glands. Use, for maftication, 
fpeech, refpiration, deglutition, fudlion, and tafte. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF MASTICATION. 
Maftication is the comminution, of the food be- 
tween the teeth, effeffed by the jaws, the tongue, 
cheeks, and lips. The powers which move thefe 
parts are their various mufcles, by which the lower 
jaw is pulled from the upper and again brought to 
it, whilft the tongue perpetually puts the food 
between the teeth, and the cheeks and lips impede it, 
when mafticated, from failing out of the mouth. 
By this procefs, the food is divided, lacerated, and, 
as it were, ground, "and mixed with the faliva and 
mucus of the mouth and the atmofpherical air, 
and thus rendered fit to be fwallowed and digefted; 
fo that maftication is in fa£l an incipient digeftion. 
TONGUE. 
A mufcular body, moveable in every direction, 
fituated in the cavity of the mouth. Division, 
into bafts, body, fides, apex. Connexion, with 
tire os hyoides, bottom of the infra-lingual cavity, 
and lower jaw. The nervous pafill.l, which 
are fituated at the apex of the tongue, are pyrami- 
dal, fungiform, or conoid. Substance, fieftiv, 
covered by cuticle, rete mucofum, cutis, and cel- 
lular membrane. Lingual arteries, branches 
of the external carotid. Veins, empty them- 
felves into the external jugulars. Verves, from the fifth, eighth, and ninth pair. Glands are 
muciparous. Use, for fpeech, maftication, de- 
glutition, fuftion, and tafte. See page 136. 
OF THE NECK. 
The parts which form the neck are divided into 
external and internal. The external parts are 
the common integuments ; the mufcles of the neck; 
eight pair of cervical nerves; two carotid arteries; 
two vertebral arteries; two external jugular veins; 
two internal jugular veins; the jugular glands; 
the thyroid gland; the eighth-pair of nerves of the 
cerebrum; and the great intercoftal. The inter- 
nal parts are, the fauces; pharynx; oefophagus; 
larynx, and the trachea. 
The cavity behind the tongue and the curtain of 
the palate, or velum palatinum. Soft parts, 
common integuments and muciparous glands. Ar- 
teries, branches of the external carotid. Veins, 
empty themfelves into the internal jugular. Mus- 
cles, fee Myology. Nerves, from the fifth and 
eighth pair. Use, for deglutition, refpiration, 
fpeech, and hearing. 
FAUCES. 
PHARYNX'. 
A mufcular fac, like a funnel, fituated behind 
the larynx, adhering to the fauces, and terminat- mg in the cefophagus. Connected, by means 
of rnufcles, with the cranium; vertebrae; and os 
hyoides. Use, to receive the mafticated food, and 
convey it into the cefophagus. 
(ESOPHAGUS. 
A membranous mufcular tube, defcending from 
the pharynx to the ftomach. Composed of three 
membranes, viz. a common, mufcular, and vil- 
lous. Arteries, branches of the aorta. Veins, 
empty themfelves into the vena azygos. Nerves, 
from the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Muci* 
parous glands, every where. Use, for de- 
glutition. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF DEGLUTITION 
Deglutition is the conveying of the mafticated 
food from the cavity of the mouth into the fauces, 
and from the fauces through the cefophagus into the 
ftomach. This is performed by the jaws fliutting, 
fo as to prevent the food from falling out of the 
mouth; the tongue is then applied to the palate, by 
which the food lying upon the back of the tongue 
is preffed into the cavity of the fauces, where it is 
received by the dilated pharynx. The pharynx 
then is irritated to contract, by which the food is 
expelled into the cefophagus, by the contra£lion of 
whofe mufcular fibres it is conveyed through the 
cardia into the ftomach. 
The pharynx is dilated by its dilatatory mufcles, 
and by the root of the tongue, os hyoides, and la- rynlt being drawn forwards and backwards by 
their proper mufcles. 
The food is prevented during the act of fwal- 
lowing from paffing into the pofterior opening of 
the nofirils, the Euftachian tube, and larynx, 
by the velum pendulum palati and uvula being 
pre (led againit the former, and the epiglottis be- 
ing bent backwards over the glottis. 
When a fluid is to be drank, the head inclines 
backwards, the fame actions take place, and the 
fluid pafles on each fide of the epiglottis. During 
deglutition the food is covered with the mucus of 
the fauces and ccfophagus. 
A cartilaginous cavity, fituated behind the tongue 
in the anterior part of the fauces. Composed of 
five cartilages; various mufcles; and an internal 
nervous membrane. Cartilages, the epiglottis, 
at the root of the tongue; the thyroid, orfcutiform, 
which is the largefi, and two aryteenoid cartilages; 
and the cricoid cartilage, which is below the thy- 
roid. A very fenjible membrane covers their internal 
furface. The fuperior opening of the larynx, 
through which the air pafles, is called the glottis. 
Arteries, branches of the external carotid. 
Veins, empty themfelves into the external jugu- 
lar. Nerves, branches of the eighth pair. 
LARYNX. Glands, the thyroid. Use. It is the organ or 
the voice, and ferves alfo for refpiration. 
The voice is caufed by the found of the air pro- 
pelled through the glottis; fothat the organ of the 
voice is the larynx and its mufcles. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VOICE. 
The fhrillnefs and roughnefs of the voice depends 
on the diameter of the glottis, its elafticity, mobilitv, 
and lubricity, and the force with which the air is 
expelled: thus when the diameter is increafed, the 
voice is more bafs, and vice wrfa. 
SPEECH 
Is the modification of the voice in the cavity of 
the mouth and noftrils. 
Confills in the motion of the uvula, epiglot- 
tis, and fauces, by which the founds are 
la ted without the lips, teeth, or palate. The mouth 
being nearly flint, and the voice refounding between 
the larynx and cavity of the nofe, the found is re- 
turned as if emitted by fome one at a diftance. 
VENTRILOQUISM 
A tube, compofed of cartilaginous rings conti- 
nued from the larynx, and fituated before the oefo- 
phagus. It defcends to the fternum, and there 
divides into tw7o branches called bronchia. The 
TR ACHEA. bronchia, entering the fubdance of the lungs, di- 
vide into innumerable little branches, which termi- 
nate in the vejiculm pidmonales, or air-cells. The 
cartilaginous rings of the trachea and bronchia are 
not completely cartilaginous, but flefliy on the back 
part. The internal furface is lined by a very fen- 
Jible membrane continued from the larynx. \ essels 
ana nerves, common with the larynx. Use, for 
refpiration and fpeech. 
OF THE THORAX. 
The cavity dtuated between the neck and abdo- 
men is called the thorax, or bread. The exter- 
nal parts are, the common integuments; the 
mammae, or breads; various mu foies and bones. 
The internal parts are, the pleura; lungs; 
heart;, thymus gland; oefophagus; thoracic duft; 
the arch of the aorta; branches of the vena cava; 
the vena azygos; the eighth pair of nerves, and 
part of the great inter codal nerve. 
Two foft hemifpheres adhering to the anterior 
and lateral region of the thorax, mod confpicu- 
ous in females. On the middle of the external fur- 
face is the papilla, around which is the coloured 
orb or difc of the papilla, called areola. Sub- 
MAMMI, OR BREASTS. stance, common integuments; adipofe fub- 
ftance; lafteal glands and veflcls. Arteries, 
external and internal mammary. Veins, empty 
themfelves into the axillary and fubclavian vein. 
Nerves, branches of the coftalis fuperior. Lym- 
phatics, empty themfelves into the fubaxillary 
glands. Use, to fuckle new-born infants. 
A membrane lining the internal furface of the 
thorax, and covering its vifcera. It forms a great 
procefs, called the mediafiinum, which is a mem- 
branous feptum to the cavity of the thorax, dividing 
it perpendicularly into two cavities, arifing from the 
duplicature of the pleura. It is connected with 
the ribs, mufcles, frernum, bodies of the dorfal 
vertebrae, pericardium, and diaphragm. Sub- 
stance, fibrous and vafcular. Arteries, from 
the intercoftals. Veins, empty themfelves into 
the intercoftals. Nerves, very few. Use, to 
divide the thorax into two eavi.ies, and render the 
furface moift by the vapour it exhales, and to 
give a membrane to the lungs and pericardium. 
PLEURA. 
DIAPHR AGM. 
A flefhy and tendinous divilion, feparating the 
cavity of the thorax from the cavity of the abdo- 
men. Adhesion, anteriorly with the fternum and 
ribs, pofteriorly with the vertebrae. Substance, in the centre, tendinous; in the ambit, flefhy: its 
fuperior furface is covered by the pleura; its infe- 
rior by the peritoneum. Apertures, a rightfo* 
ramen, through which the vena cava afcendens 
pafies to the right auricle of the heart, a left fo- 
ramen, through which the oefophagus and the 
par vagum pafs into the cavity of the abdomen, 
and a jtojienor opening, which tranfmits the aorta 
into the abdomen, and the thoracic duct and vena 
azygos, into the thorax. Arteries, from the 
defeeriding aorta. Veins, empty themfelves into 
the vena azygos. Nerves. The diaphragmatic, 
or phrenic nerves, arife from the fpinal nerves of 
the neck. Use, for refpiration, fituation of the 
heart, expulfion of feces, and parturition. 
LUNGS. 
Two vifcera, fituated in the cavities of the tho* 
rax, by which we breathe. Division, into right 
and left lung ; the right has three lobes, the left 
only two. Connexion, with the neck and heart. 
Substance, veficular, vafcular, and bronchial, 
connected together by a parenchymatous fubftance. 
It has an external membrane from the pleura. 
Vessels, pulmonary and bronchial. Nerves, 
from the eighth pair and great intercoftal. Lym- 
phatics, are to be feen on its external furface. 
Glands, called bronchial. Use, for refpiration, 
fanguification, and voice. PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION. 
Refpiration conlifts of m/firation, or the in- 
grefs of the air into the lungs, and expiration, or the 
egrefs of the air from the lungs. 
During fleep, refpiration is performed without 
our knowledge, and therefore termed fpontaneous; 
but when it can be augmented or diminilhed accord- 
ing to our will, it is termed voluntary. The excit- 
ing caufe of infpiration is the air milling into the 
lungs and irritating its nerves, which irritation is 
by confent of parts communicated to the diaphragm 
and intercoftal mufcles, and compels them to con- 
trad!. The contraction of the intercoftal mufcles 
and diaphragm, and the preffure of the elaftic air, 
therefore dilate the cheft. The air being deprived of 
its ftimulus, the intercoftal mufcles and diaphragm 
become relaxed, the cartilages of the ribs and ab- 
dominal mufcles, before expanded, return to their 
former ftate, and thus the air is expelled from the 
lungs. The fmall branches of the pulmonary artery 
form a beautiful net-work of vejfeh on the internal 
membrane of the air veficles. During expiration, 
the air-veftels are collapfed; confequently the blood- 
veftels become tortuous, and the blood is prevented 
palling. In infpiration then, the air veficles being 
dilated, the tortuous veftels are elongated, and a- free 
paftage afforded to the blood : the very delicate coats 
of thefe veftels are alfo rendered fo thin as to fuffer a chemical aftion to take place between the air in the 
veficles and the blood in the veflels. This con- 
ftitutes the primary ufe of refpiration; viz. the 
blood abforbing the oxygen from the atmofpheric 
air, by which the nervous energy is increafed, and 
it is generally believed, heat generated; but this 
fubjedl is yet undetermined. 
PERICARDIUM. 
A membranous fac furrounding the heart. Ad- 
hesion, with the diaphragm, pleura, fiernum, 
cartilages of the ribs, cefophagus, aorta defcendens, 
and the veins and great arteries going to and from 
the heart. Arteries, branches of the internal 
mammary and mediaftinal. Veins, empty them- 
felves into the internal mammary. Nerves, from 
the fuperficial cardiacs. Us> : to contain the heart, 
and to feparate a fluid, which may lubricate and 
preferve it from concretion with the pericardium. 
heart. 
A mufcular vifcus, fituated in the cavity of the pe- 
ricardium, which ferves for the motion of the blood. 
Division, externally into bale, furfaces, and mar* 
gins; internally, into auricles and ventricles. Si- 
tuation, oblique, not tranfverfe. The cavities 
of the heart are called auricles and ventricles. 
The auricles are fituated upon the bafe of the 
heart, and are fo named from their refemblance to 
dogs ears. They are compofed of mufcular fibres, which are very delicate, and are lined by an ex- 
tremely fenfible and contractile membrane. They 
furround the origin of the aorta and pulmonary ar- 
teries, when di(tended, and are feparated from each 
other by the feptum auricularum. 
The right AURieiE has opening into it, at its 
upper part, the vena cava fuperior, at its lower 
part the vena cava inferior, and at one fide the 
large coronary vein; fo that its office is that of re- 
ceiving the blood from every part of the body. 
Befides thefe o/tenings, it has one much larger, 
communicating with the right ventricle, from the 
margin of which there hangs into the right ventricle, 
connected with the chordae tendineae, a valve, called, 
from its fhape, the tricufpid, or triglochine valves. 
The left auricle is compofed of the fame 
materials as the right; it has opening into it the four 
pulmonary veins; fo that the blood of the pulmo- 
nary artery pafles through the lungs into the left 
auricle. Befides the openings of the four pulmo,' 
nary veins, the left auricle has a communication 
with the left ventricle, and from the margin of this 
opening there hangs into the left ventricle a valve, 
which, from its refemblance to a bifhop’s mitre, is 
termed the mitral valve. It is alfo connected to the 
chordae tendineae of the ventricle. 
The ventricles are fituated in the fubftance of the 
heart, and are divided from each other by a thick 
mufcular feptum, called fe[itum cordis. The pa- rietes of the ventricles are very thick, and competed 
of ftrong mufcular fibres. In the ventricles are 
a number of fiefhy cords, running in various di- 
rections ; thefe are called carnea columns, and 
many of them are connefted with the valves of the 
auricular openings by tendinous cords, termed 
chorda tendinea. The ventricles are lined by a 
fimilar membrane to that which lines the au- 
ricles. 
The right ventricle has a communication 
with the right auricle, as before mentioned, in order 
to receive its blood; it has alfo an opening into the 
pulmonary artery, which arifes from it, and through 
which organ the blood is expelled from the ventri- 
cle. At the origin of the artery three large valves 
are placed, called, from their fhape, femilunar -valves. 
The left ventricle is much ftronger than the 
right: befides the opening for the entrance of the 
blood from the left auricle, it has alfo an opening 
through which it tranfmits its blood, and this is into 
the aorta, which arifes from it, and has, like the 
pulmonary artery, three /emilunar valves placed at 
its origin. 
Vessels are common and proper : the common are 
the aorta, pulmonary artery and veins, and the vena 
cavas; the proper are the coronary arteries and veins. 
Nerves, branches of the eighth pair and great 
intercoftal. Use. It is the primary organ of the 
motion of the blood. The blood is continually in motion, palling from 
the auricles of the heart into the ventricles; from 
the ventricles into all the arteries of the body, and 
from the arteries into the veins, which return it again 
to the auricles. The blood is brought from every part 
of the body to the heart by the two venae cavae (the 
fuperior bringing it from the head, upper extremities, 
and thorax, and the inferior from the abdomen and 
inferior extremities), which terminate in the right 
auricle. The right auricle, when diftended with 
blood, contracts, and empties itfelf into the right 
ventricle; the right ventricle then contracts, and 
propels the blood into the pulmonary artery, the 
opening between the ventricle and auricle being 
fliut by the tricufpid valves. The pulmonary artery 
conveys the blood by its numerous ramifications into 
the linall branches of the air-cells of the lungs, where 
it undergoes a change, and paffes into the veins which 
bring it by four trunks into the left auricle of the 
heart. It is prevented returning from the pulmo- 
nary artery into the right ventricle, by the three 
femilunar valves which are placed at its origin. 
The blood having thus palled through the lungs, 
and become of a florid colour, diflends the left au- 
ricle, which is then ftimulated to contract, and 
pours the blood into the left ventricle. The left 
CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. ventricle next contracts, and propels the blood 
through the aorta, to be conveyed by its branches 
to every part of the body. The mitral valves, 
which are placed at the auricular opening into the 
left ventricle, prevent the blood from returning, 
when the ventricle contra(sls, into the auricle ; and 
left the blood fhould be prevented by any impedi- 
ment palling immediately along the aorta, the three 
femilunar valves placed at its origin prevent its re- 
gurgitating into the ventricle. From the numerous 
arteries of the aorta the blood is conveyed into the 
veins, where it lofes its florid colour, and becomes 
darker, to be returned, in the way above mentioned, 
to the right auricle. Thus the blood of the right 
auricle and ventricle, and of the pulmonary arte- 
ries, is of a dark colour; and that of the pulmo- 
nary veins, left auricle, ventricle, and ail the arte- 
ries (except the pulmonary), of a florid hue. 
From what has been faid, it is evident that the ac- 
tion of the heart con lifts in the alternate contrac- 
tion and dilatation of its auricles and ventricles. 
The dilatation of the heart is termed diajlole, and 
the contraction fyjiole. The exceflive fenfibility of 
the membrane which lines the auricles and ventricles 
difpofes them to contraction, which is effected by 
the irritation of the ftimulus of the blood, and by 
that of the diftenflon of its cavities. A cavity firuated between the thorax and pelvis. 
Divided into feveral regions, as has already been 
mentioned. The external parts are the com- 
mon integuments, five pair of abdominal rmrfcles, 
and the peritoneum. The internal parts, or 
viscera, are the omentum, ftomach, fraall and 
large inteidines, liver, gall-biadder, mefentery, lac- 
teal vefTels, fpleen, pancreas, kidneys, fupra-renal 
glands, aorta defeendens, and vena cava afeen- 
dens. 
OF THE ABDOMEN. 
PERITONEUM!. 
A membrane lining the internal furface of the 
abdomen, and covering all its vifeera. Connect- 
ed, by means of cellular membrane, with the 
diaphragm, abdominal mufcles, vertebrae of the 
loins, bones of the pelvis, urinary bladder, ute- 
rus, inteftinum reddum, and all the vifeera of the 
abdomen. Vessels of the peritoneum, from 
the adjoining parts. Use, to contain and ftrength- 
en the abdominal vifeera, and to exhale a vapour to 
lubricate them. 
OMENTUM, OR EPIPLOON 
An adipofe membrane, a production of the pe- 
ritoneum, attached to the ftomach, and lying on 
the anterior, furface. of the inteftines.. Division, into large and J.'mall omentum. The former hangs 
pendulous from the great curvature of the ftomach. 
The fmall omentum fills up the fpace between the 
fmall curvature of the ftomach, liver, &c. Imme- 
diately behind the biliary duds there is an opening 
which will admit the finger, called the foramen of 
Window. Arteries, branches of the coeliac. 
Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. 
Use, to lubricate the inteftines; keep them warm; 
and to preferve them from concretion. 
A membranous receptacle, which receives the 
ingefta from the oefophagus. Situated in the 
epigaflric region. Divided, when empty, into 
an anterior and a pofterior furface; a great and little 
curvature; the cardia, or fuperior opening; and 
the pylorus, or inferior opening. Connexion, 
with the oefophagus, duodenum, omentum, and 
pancreas. Composed of three membranes, or 
coats, viz. a common, mufcular, and villous coat. 
Arteries, branches of the coeliac—the corona- 
rla, which goes to the fmall curvature—the gaf- 
trica finiftra, which is diflributed to the great and 
arifes from the fplenic artery,—gaftrica dextra, 
which pafles to the great curvature, and the pylo- 
rica, fupplying the pylorus; all of which unite 
with each other, and form a net-work of blood- 
veflels. Gastric veins empty themfelves 4nto 
STOMACH the vena portae, correfponding with the trunks of 
the arteries. Nerves-, branches of the par va- 
gum. Absorbents, thofe of the fmall curvature 
terminate in the thoracic duct, where the coeliac 
artery is given off, and thofe paffing along the 
great curvature join with the abforbents of the 
fpleen. Glands, muciparous, under the inter- 
nal tunic. Use, to receive the ingefta from the oefo- 
phagus, and to retain, mix, digeft, and expel it into 
the duodenum. 
DIGESTION, OR CHYMIFICATION. 
Digeftion, or chymification, is the change which 
food undergoes in the ftomach, by which it is con- 
verted into chyme. 
The circumftances neceflary to effect a healthy 
digeftion of the food are— 
1. A certain degree of heat of the ftomach. 
2. A free mixture of faliva with the food in the 
mouth, 
3. A certain quantity of healthy gaftric juice. 
4. The natural periftaltic motion of the fto- 
mach. 
5. The prefture of the contraction and relaxa- 
tion of the abdominal mufcles and diaphragm. 
From thefe circumftances, the particles of the food 
arefoftened, diflblved,. diluted, and intimately mix- 
ed into a foft pap. called chyme, which paftes through 
the pylorus of the ftomach into the duodenum. IN TEST IN »S. 
The membranous tube, fix times longer than the 
body, in the cavity of the abdomen, yarioufly con- 
torted from the pylorus of the flomach to the anus, 
is fo called. Division, into fmall and large. The 
small are the duodenum, which begins at the pylo- 
rus of the flomach, and is relieved over the fpine 
under the peritoneum. It is about twelve fingers 
breadth in length, and has an oblique perforation 
near its middle, which is the common opening to the 
pancreatic dudl and duftus communis choledochus. 
The jejunum and ilann compofe the remainder of 
the fmall intefrines. They always hang from the 
mefentery into the cavity of the pelvis. There is 
no alteration of ftrudlure in any part of the fmall 
inteflines, the termination of the one and begin- 
ning of the other is imaginary. The jejunum 
conftitutes the firfl half from the duodenum, the 
other half is ileum. The fmall inteflines have 
internally a number of annular folds, which aug- 
ment the furface for the fituation of the lafteal 
and other veflels; thefe are called vnlvuhe conniventes. 
They are peculiar to the fmall inteflines. The 
large inteflines are divided into the ccccum, colon, 
and re&um. The ccecum lies upon the right hip over 
the iliacus internets mufcle, to which it is attached 
by cellular membrane: it is a large cul de 
fuc: the fmall intefline opens obliquely into it, in fuch a manner as to form a valve to impede 
the return of the faeces; and nearly oppofite to 
this valve there arifes from the caecum a final] ver- 
miform canal, imperforated at its extremity, called 
the append'u ula cevet vemi formis. The inteftine is 
now called colon; it afeends towards the liver, and 
is called the afeending portion of the colon, and 
having reached the liver, forms a tranfvefe arch 
acrofs to the other fide. The colon then defeends, 
forming what is termed its flgmoid flexure into the 
pelvis, where the gut is termed the redbait, 
which terminates in the anus. The large intef- 
tines are lobulated, have fometimes little fat por- 
tions adhering to them called appenditulre epiplo- 
ic re, and alfo three longitudinal bands upon their ex- 
ternal fur face. Composed of three membranes, or 
coats, one common, a mufcular one, and the third 
villous. Connexion, with the mefentery, kid- 
iiies, os coccygis, and urinary bladder, and in 
women with the vagina. Arteries, branches 
of the fuperior and inferior mefenteric, duodenal, 
and internal hicmorrhoidal. Veins, run into the 
meferalc. Their nerves are, produftions of the 
eighth pair and intercoftals. Lacteal vessels. 
Thefe arife from the fmall inteftines, and run into 
the mefenteric glands. Glands, muciparous, un- 
der the villous coat. Use, to receive the chyme, 
and retain it for a time; to mix it with the ente- 
ric juice and bile; to feparate and propel the chyle 
into the lacteal vefiels; and to eliminate the fieces. CHYLIFIC ATION, 
This is the change of the chyme in the final! intes- 
tines into chyle. The chyme in the duodenum is 
mixed with the pancreatic juice, the bile, and en- 
teric juice; from which mixture, effected by the 
continual periftaltic motion of the inteftines, a 
milk-like fluid is Separated, which is termed chyle, 
and is abforbed by the pendulous opening of the 
laCteals, and conveyed through the meSentery into 
the thoracic duCt, to be lent into and mixed with 
the blood, to form new blood. 
Chylification is performed quicker than chymi- 
fication, and both are effected within three hours. 
The excrementious particles of the food, called 
the faeces, are propelled into the caecum, through 
the colon, and where they acquire a peculiar Smell, 
into the reCtum, to-be expelled. 
EXPULSION OF THE FAECES.- 
The irritation of the faeces in the reCtum Induces 
it to contract, the fphinCter relaxes, and the faeces 
are protruded through the aperture of the anus, 
by the preflure of the abdominal mufcles, and the 
anus clofed again by the contraction of its 
fphinCter and levator mufcles. 
MESENTERY. 
A membranous dupiicature, formed of a pro- 
duction of the peritoneum, te which the intef- tines adhere. Division, into mefentery, to which 
the inteftines adhere, and mefocolon, to which-the 
colon adheres. Connexion, with the lumbar ver- 
tebras. Arteries, inferior and fuperior, mefente- 
ric, branches of the aorta defcendens. Veins, 
empty themfelves into the vena porta;. Nerves, 
branches of the eighth pair and intercoftals. The 
glands, which are fmiated in the mefentery, are 
called mefcnteric glands. The lafteals proceed to 
thefe glands, and from them to the thoracic du<ft. 
Use, to ftrengthen the inteftines, and afford a fitua- 
tion to the lacteal veftels, glands, and nerves, 
blood-veftels, &c. of the inteftines. 
The largeft of the abdominal vlfcera, placed in 
the right hypochondriac region, and foinevvhat in 
the epigaftric. Division, into three lobes; the 
great, (mall, and a lefs one, called the Spigelian. 
Connexion, with the diaphragm, by means of 
the fufpenfory and other ligaments. Substance, 
vafcular. The glands which compofe the fub- 
ftance of the liver are called acini biliofi. The 
EXCRETORY DUCTS OF THE GLANDS ETC termed 
pori biliari; they arife from the acini of the liver, 
form larger trunks, called duftus hejtatici, which 
converge together, and conftitute a common ca-* 
nal, the dufius hjiaticus, which unites with the 
cyftic duct, and forms the dudtus communis cho- 
ledochus. Use, to fecrete bile. 
LIVER. An oblong membranous receptacle, fituated un- 
der the liver, in the right hypochondriam. Divi- 
sion, into bottom, body, and neck, which termi- 
nates in the du&us cyfticus. The duflus cyfttcus 
arifes from the gall-bladder, proceeds to the duo- 
denum, and unites with the dnilus he/taticus, to 
form the dufius communis choledochus, which perfo- 
rates the duodenum, and conveys the bile into the 
inteftines. The gall-bladder is composed of three 
membranes, a common, fibrous, or mufcular and 
villous. Arteries, branches of the hepatic. 
Veins, empty themfelves into the vena portae. 
Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, from 
the eighth pair and intercoftals. Glands, muci- 
parous. Use, to retain the gall, which regurgi- 
tates from the hepatic dudd, there to become thicker, 
more bitter, and acrid. 
GALL-BLADDER. 
SPLEEN. 
A fpongy vifcus, fituated in the left hypochon- 
drium, near the fundus of the ftomach, under 
the ribs. Figure, oval. Connexion, with 
the omentum, diaphragm, pancreas, and colon. 
Arteries, the fplenic artery is a branch of the 
coeliac. Veins, empty themfelves into the vena 
portae. Absorbents, very numerous. Nerves, 
from the par vagum and great intercoftal. Use, 
unknown. A glandular body, of a long figure, compared 
to a dog’s tongue, fituated in the epigaftric region, 
under the ftomach. Composed of innumerable 
fmail glands, the excretory dudfs of which unite 
and form the pancreatic duct. Its external mem-* 
brane is from the mefocolont Arteries, from 
the neighbouring parts and fplenic artery. Veins, 
evacuate themfelves into the fplenic. The pan-' 
creatic dud perforates the duodenum with the 
dudtus communis choledochus, and conveys its 
fecretion into the inteftines. Use, to fecrete a 
humour fimilar to faliva, and carry it into the 
duodenum. 
FAN OR E AS. 
LACTEAL VESSELS. 
The abforbing veflels of the mefentery are fo 
termed, becaufe they convey the chyle, a milk- 
like fluid, from the inteftines into the thoracic 
duct. Origin, from the furface of the duode- 
num, jejunum, and ileum. Termination, in 
the thoracic dudf, or trunk of the abforbents, 
which runs near the aorta on the fpine, and emp- 
ties its contents into the jugular vein. As they 
run through the mefentery, they pafs through a 
number of glands, in which the chyle is altered, 
and then proceed to their trunk. Use. To carry 
the chyle from the inteftines into the blood. See 
the PhxJioLogy of Abforption and the Abforbents, pages 
116. 120. Two vifcera, which fecrete the urine. Si- 
tuated behind the fac of the peritoneum, near 
the bodies of the fuperior lumbar vertebras. Sub- 
stance, of three kinds; cortical, tubular, and 
papillous. Integuments, or coverings, adi- 
pofe membrane, and a membrana propria. The 
renal arteries, or EMUi.GENTs, are branches 
of the aorta defcendens. The veins empty 
themfelves into the cava inferior. The nerves 
of the kidneys are branches of the eighth pair 
and intercoftal. The excretory dufts of the 
kidneys are called the ureters, canals which con- 
vey the urine from the kidneys into the bladder. 
Use, to fecrete urine. 
KIDNEYS. 
EXCRETION OF THE URINE. 
The urine is feparated from the blood by the 
extremities of the renal arteries, which open in 
the fubftance of the kidney into the tubuli urini- 
feri, from whence it is received into the pelvis of 
the kidney, and paiTes along the ureter into the 
urinary bladder guttatim, where it ufually re- 
mains a few hours, in confequence of the fphinc- 
ter of the bladder being contra iff ed. It is pre- 
vented returning into the ureters by their en- 
trance being oblique and valvular. The urine 
having remained a few hours in the bladder, ex- 
cites a defire to void it, by which ftimulus the fphin&er becomes relaxed, the mufcitlar ftnufture 
of the bladder contra&s, and by the affi(lance of 
the abdominal mufcles and the acceleratores urinat 
the urine is propelled along the urethra. 
SUPRA-RENAL GLANDS. 
Two triangular flat bodies, situated, one 
above each kidney. Use, not known. 
Of THE PELVIS. 
The pelvis is a cavity below the abdomen and 
under the pubes, containing the urinary bladder, 
redlum, and organs of generation. 
A membranous fac under the peritoneum, in. 
the cavity of the pelvis. Situation, in men, be- 
tween the pubes and rectum; in women, between 
the pubes and uterus. Division, into fundus, 
body, and neck. Composed of three mem- 
branes, like the inteftines. Arteries, branches 
of the hypogaftric and haemorrhpidal. Veins, 
empty themfelves into the hypogaftric. Nerves, 
branches from the intercoftal and facral nerves. 
Glands, muciparous. Use, to receive, retain, 
and expel the urine. 
URINARY BLADDER. THE MALE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
Thefe are, the penis, tefticles, and veficulas fe- 
rn inales. 
Alfo called membrum virile, or yard, is that 
cylindrical part which hangs down under the mons 
Veneris, before the fcrotnm. Division, into 
root, body, and head, called glam. The hairy 
prominence, which covers the pubes, is called 
mons Veneris. Substance. Itconfiftsof common 
integuments, two corpora cavernofa; the corpus 
fpongiofum urethrae; and the urethra. The cor- 
pora cavernofa, which form the chief bulk of the 
penis, are compofed of a cellular and very elaftic 
fubflance, and arife by two crura, one from each 
afcending ramus of the ifchium. The corpusfpongio- 
fupi begins before rhe proftate gland, and furrounds 
the urethra. At its beginning it forms the bulbous 
part of the urethra, and then proceeds forwards, to 
be e-xpanded at the extremity of the penis into a very 
vafcular fubftance, called glam penis, which Is natu- 
rally covered by a fold of the fkin, called the pre- 
puce. The urethra is a membranous canal, which 
proceeds from the bladder through the corpus fpon- 
giofum urethrae to the meatus or opening in the glans 
penis. It is endowed rvith a high degree of fen- 
PENIS, Ability and contraftiliry. The verumontanum, or 
caput gallmaginis, is a cutaneous eminence in 
the urethra, before the neck of the bladder. 
Glands, muciparous; odoriferous; Cowpcr’s 
glands; and the proflate. See Adcmlogy, The 
penis is connected with the urethra, pubes, and 
ifehium. Arteries are branches of the hypo- 
gaftric and ifchiatic. The dorsal vein of the 
penis, called vena magna ip/ius pints, empties itfelf 
into the vena hypogaftrica. Absorbents, run 
under the common integuments, to the inguinal 
glands. Nerves, branches of the facral nerves 
and ifchiatic. Use, for eredion, coition, ctfufion 
of femen, and of urine. 
TESTICLES. 
Two oval bodies contained in the cavity of the 
ferotum. The epididymis is an hard vafcnlar 
fubftauce, formed of convoluted vas deferens, ly- 
ir.g on the teftide. Integuments of the tef- 
ticle are, the ferotum; tunica albuginea, which is 
fmooth, and adheres very firmly to the body of the 
teftide; and the tunica vaginalis, which defeends 
with the fpermatic chord, and furrounds the teftide, 
as the pericardium does the heart. Composed of 
white Header canals, which terminate in the epi- 
didymis, and form into one great canal, the vas 
deferens, which proceeds from the teftide into the 
abdomen, - over the ps pubis, and then defeends into the pelvis, to be inferted into the veficula; 
feminales. Spermatic arteries, are branches 
of the aorta. Spermatic veins, empty them- 
felves into the vena cava, and left vena renalis. 
Nerves, branches of the lumbar and great in- 
tercoftal. Absorbents, afeend from the tefticle 
through the chord. The funiculus fpermaiicus, or 
fperrnatic chord, confifts of the vas deferens, fper- 
matic artery and vein, fperrnatic nerves, abforbent 
veffels, and tunica vaginalis, which the cremafter 
mufcle furrounds. Use, to fecrete and prepare 
femen. 
SECRETION AND EXCRETION OF THE SEMEN. 
The femen is fecreted by minute branches of 
the fperrnatic arteries, that depofit it into corre- 
fponding feminal veffels, which compofe the great- 
efb part of the body of the tefticle. The femen 
is the proper ftimulus to thefe veffels, which are 
therefore Simulated to contra#, and by a very 
flow motion convey it into the epididymis and 
vas deferens, by which it is carried through the 
inguinal ring into the pelvis, to be depofited in the 
veficufee feminales, where it excites a defire to emit 
it. The celfs of the corpora cavernofa penis are 
diftended with blood by the venereal ftimulus; 
hence the penis fwells, and is inclined for coition, 
during which a#ion, at the time of the cefrum 
venereum, the veficulas feminales contra#, and the emen is thrown with an immenfe force, througu 
he ejaculatory dudls, opening into the urethra, 
vhere it is mixed with the fecretion from the 
)roftate gland, which is expelled at the fame 
moment, and patTes with it along the urethra, 
to be propelled by the contraction of the eja- 
culatory mufcles into the cavity of the uterus. 
Two membranous receptacles, which receive 
and contain the femen from the vafa deferentia. 
SEMINALES. 
They are situated on the back part of the 
bladder, above its neck. Substance, mem- 
branous, white, and covered with a fibrous fub- 
fiance. The ejaculatory dnfts are fome lines long, 
and enter the cavity of the urethra from each ve- 
fide, by a peculiar orifice at the top of the ve- 
mmontanum. Vessels and nerves, from the 
neighbouring parts. Absorbent vessels, arife 
from the veficulae fern in ales, and run to the iym* 
phatic glands about the loins. Use, to contain, 
retain, infpillate, and cxcern the femea into the 
urethra*- 
THE ORGANS of GENERATION IN 
WOMEN. 
The parts which ferve for generation in wo- 
men are divided into external and, internal* ,-The external parts are the mens Veneris;, the la- 
bia majora, two cutaneous folds, fituated exter- 
nally ; the labia minora, or nympha, alfo two cu- 
taneous folds, like a cock’s-cpmb, placed at the 
fidcs of the vagina; the clitoris, a fmall glandi- 
form body, like a penis in miniature, placed un- 
der the fuperior commiffure of the nymphos; and 
the hymen, a membrane for the moil part femi- 
lunar, fituated at the entrance of the virgin vagina. 
The internal parts are the vagina; uterus; 
Fallopian tubes; ovaria ; broad and round ligaments 
of {he uterus; and the urethra. 
An elaftic canal leading from the external open- 
ing of the vulva to the uterus. Composed of 
three membranes; the outermoft is cellular, the 
middlemufcular, and the internal rugous. Glands, 
mucous; fituated under the internal membrane. 
Use, to receive the penis, and for the paflage of 
the child in delivery. 
VAGINA. 
A fpongy receptacle, like a flattened pear; fitu- 
ated in the pelvis between the urinary bladder and 
re&um. Division, into fundus, body, neck, 
and orifice, called os tinece. Substance of the 
uterus, fpongy, interwoven with mufcular fibres. 
Arteries, the fpermatic, which are branches of 
the aorta; and the uterine, which are from the 
UTERUS, OR WOMB i8; 
liypogaftric and hemorrhoidal. Uterine veins 
are without valves, and empty themfelves into the 
fpermatic, hypogafhic, and external hasmorrhoi- 
dal veins. Absorbents run into the iliac glands.- 
Nerves are branches of the facral and ifchiatic. 
Glands, mucous. Use, for conception, nutri- 
tion of the foetus, parturition, and menflruation. 
By a law of nature women menflruate in this 
climate from about the age of fifteen to forty-five. 
Menflruation is the efflux (by fome thought to be a 
fecretion) of blood from veffels opening into the 
cavity of the uterus. During pregnancy, the ca- 
tamenia, or menfes, for fo the difeharge is called, 
flop, except in fome few inftances, where it is 
fupplied by the veffels of the vagina. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF MENSTRUATION. 
The nature of menflfual blood, if women be 
healthy, differs only from other blood in its not 
coagulating, which may be caufed by its flow exk, 
and its mixture with the fecretions of the uterus 
and vagina. It differs, however, in quantity, the 
period of its firft appearance, its duration, and the 
fymptoms which precede and accompany it, ac- 
cording to the age, temperament, habit of body, 
climate, feafon of the year, mode of living, and 
other circumflances. 
Women are faid to be moft fufceptible of the action of the vivifying principle of the femen dur- 
ing the period of menftruation. 
PHYSIOLOGY OF CONCEPTION. 
The congrefs between man and woman is called 
coition, which is fo well known as to require no 
defcription. 
During coition the nymphae and clitoris are tu- 
mid with blood, and the fimbriae of the Fallopian 
tubes, by a power inherent in them, are {{retched 
out, and applied over die furface of an ovum in 
the ovarium. 
The pleafure which women experience during 
coition is very great, and a quantity of mucus is 
fuddenly emitted from the glands of the vagina, 
during the venereal orgafm, which in former times 
was erroncoufly fuppofed to be the femen of the 
female, but now it is the opinion of phynologifts 
that women have no femen, as anatomy cannot de- 
tect any organ by which it can be fecreted. 
In order that a woman may conceive, it is requi- • 
fite that £lie {hall have menilruated; that the ovum 
in the ovarium fuall have arrived at a date pf ma- 
turity, and that the fimbrise of the Fallopian tube 
{hall be ft retched around the .mature ovum, fo 
as to let the cavity of the.. Fallopian tube come im- 
mediately over it. In this ftate, the male femen 
is emitted into the uterus, and its vivifying part, 
which is extremely fubtile, and called the aura 189 
feminis, flies through the cavity of the uterus 
dong the Fallopian tube to the mature ovum, to 
which it imparts a principle by which it begins to 
circulate its fluids and is animated. The ovum be- 
ing thus vivified, enlarges and ruptures the (len- 
der tunic of the ovarium, in which it was en- 
clpfed. At the time of its rupturing, the fimbriae 
of the Fallopian tube embrace it, and it is rolled, 
by the periftaltic motion of the latter, into the 
cavity of the uterus, there to be perfected, and 
at the expiration of nine months to be fent into- 
the world. 
OF THE GRAVID UTERUS. 
The parts of the gravid uterus are, the uterine 
placenta, the umbilical chord, the membranous 
ovum of the foetus, the liquor amnii, and the 
foetus. 
UTERINE PLACENTA. 
A fpongy mafs, like a cake, generally adhering 
to the fundus of the gravid uterus, compofed of a 
net-work of very numerous veflels. Substance, 
cellular, like a fponge filled with veflels. Ab- 
sorbents have been lately difeovered. Nerves, 
none. Use, to receive and prepare the blood 
from the uterus for the foetus, and give off branches 
to the umbilical vein. FUNICULUS UMBILICALIS, OR UMBILICAL 
CHORD. 
A chord of an internal form, which runs from 
the navel of the foetus to the centre of the pla- 
centa. Length, mcftly about half a yard. 
Composed of a cutaneous vagina, or ftieath, a 
cellular fubftance, one umbilical vein, and two 
umbilical arteries. Use. The umbilical vein of 
the fcetus conveys the blood from the placenta to 
the fcetus, and the two umbilical arteries return it 
from the fcetus to the placenta. 
The foetus is enclofed in a membranous ovum or 
bag within the cavity of the uterus. The ovum 
confifts of three membranes; an outer, or fila- 
mentous, called decidua; a middle one, called the 
chorion; and an inner one, termed the amnion. 
Use, to include the liquor amnii, to prevent its 
flowing into the uterus, and at the commencement 
of parturition, to aflift in dilating the os uteri. 
MEMBRANOUS OVUM OF THE FOETUS.- 
LIQUOR AMNII, OR LIQUOR OF THE AMNION. 
A lymphatic liquid, enclofed in the cavity of 
the ovum furrounding the fcetus, fecreted by the 
exhaling arteries of the membranes of the ovum. 
Quantity, about the time of parturition, two 
or three pounds. Property, gelatinous, like I9I 
turbid femm of milk. Use, to defend the foetus 
from the preflure of the uterus, to give it nourifh- 
ment, to dilate -the orifice of the uterus in labour, 
and to lubricate the vagina. 
During the firft month of pregnancy, the ovum 
is about the fize of a pigeon’s egg; the foetus fwims 
in the middle of the liquor amnii, and reprefents 
a little cloud, which gradually enlarges, and its 
parts become more firm and perfeft. The parts of 
the foetus at birth differ from the adult, in having a 
' O 
foramen ovale, a canalis arteriofus, and a canalis ve- 
jsofus. The lungs are black, coilapfed, and fink in 
water. The liver is large. All the frnall glands 
are alfo proportionately large, and the large intef- 
tines are filled with meconium. Ail the canals 
and vefiels peculiar to the foetus are obliterated 
after birth, and become ligaments. 
F CE TVS. 
PECULIARITIES IN THE ARTERIAL AND 
VENAL SYSTEM OF THE FGETUB. 
The foetus has—an umbilical vein, which goes to 
the liver, and two umbilical arteries, which arife 
from the internal iliac—a canalis venofus, or vein, 
which proceeds from the finus of the vena portse 
into the vena cava inferior—an opening in the 
fepnam of the auricles, called the foramen ovale— 
and a cam'is arteriofus, or artery which arifes from the pulmonary artery, and paffes obliquely int« 
the aorta. After birth thefc veflels gradually be- 
come impervious, and at length are removed by the 
abforbents. 
CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD IN THE FCEIUS. 
The foetus receives its blood from the mother 
through the umbilical vein of the funis, which 
tranfmits it along the dudhis venofus into the vena 
cava, to be carried to the right auricle of the heart; 
from the right auricle it paffes partly through the fo- 
ramen ovale into the left auricle, and partly into the 
right ventricle. From the right ventricle it is pro- 
pelled inco the pulmonary artery, which fends a very 
final 1 proportion through the lungs and the remain- 
der through the canalis arteriofus into the aorta. 
The blood is returned from the foetus by the two 
umbilical arteries, along the chord, to the mother. 
HYGROLOGY, 
OR 
DOCTRINE OF THE FLUIDS. 
The fluids of the body are divided into crude, 
as the chyle; fanguineous, as the blood; lymphatic, as 
the lymph of the lymphatic veflels; fecreted, or 
thofe feparated from the blood; and excrement it lout, 
as urine, foeces, &c. The fecreted fluids are fubdivided into la bleat, 
as the juice of the proftate gland; aqueous, as the 
aqueous humour of the eye; mucous, as the mucus 
of the noftrils; albuminous, as the ferum of the 
blood: oleous, as the oil of the adipofe membrane; 
and bilious, as the bile. 
Fluids are alfo divided, from their motion, into cir- 
culatory, which continually circulate in the veflels; 
commorant, which circulate with a flow motion, as 
the femen, oil of the adipofe membrane; Jiagnant, 
which remain for a certain time in any receptacle, 
as cyftic bile, &c. 
FLUIDS COMMON TO THE WHOLE 
BODY. 
THE BLOOD 
A red fluid, which circulates in the cafities of 
the heart, arteries, and veins. Colour, in the 
arteries, of a florid hue; in the veins darker, except 
in the pulmonary veins, in which it is of a lighter 
cafi. Blood expofed to the atmofphere fpontane- 
oully feparates by degrees into two parts, viz. the 
ferum, a yellow and fomewhat green ilh fluid; and a 
cake, called alfo the cruor, or cr off amentum, which 
refembles a red mafs fwimming like an ifland in the 
ferum. Use, to flimulate the cavities of the heart 
and veflels to contraftion; to generate the heat of tlie body, and propagate it to every part; to nou- 
rifli every part; and to fupply all the fecretions, 
they being all feparated from the blood. 
A taftelefs cryftalline liquid, contained in the 
lymphatic veflels. Absorbed from the furface; 
tela cellulofa; vifcera; and cavities of the vifcera 
of the whole body; and conveyed into the 
thoracic du£l. Use, to return the fuperfluous nu- 
tritious fluid, the vapours of cavities, and fub- 
Rances applied to the fldn, to the thoracic duft. 
THE LYMPH OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS. 
THE VAPOUR OF THE SHEATHS OF THE 
NERVES. 
The aqueous vapour contained in the vaginae 
and between the fibrils of the nerves. Secretory 
organ, the arteries of the flieath. Use, to 
moiften the nervous fibrils. 
FLUIDS PROPER TO EACH PART. 
The vapour in the ventricles of the 
brain. A thin vapour contained in the cavity of 
the ventricles of the brain, and secreted by the 
exhaling arteries of the choroid plexus. Use, to 
IN THE CAVITY OF THE CRANIUM. prevent the concretion of the ventricles, ■ and keep 
the medulla raoift. 
IN THE- CAVITY OF THE NOSTRILS. 
The mucus of the nostrils. The mucus 
secreted by the muciparous glands of the pitui- 
tary membrane, lining the feptum and conchas of 
the noftrils. Use, to preferve the nervous pa- 
pillae of the olfaflory nerves moift, and to mode- 
rate exceflive fenlibility. 
IN the cavity of the mouth. 
The saliva, A fluid fecreted by the falivary 
glands into the mouth. The secretory organ 
is compofed of the parotid; fub-maxillary; and 
fub-lingual glands. Use, to augment the tafte of 
the food; to mix with, diflblve, and refolve the 
food into its principles; and to moderate third. 
The mucus of the fauces. A mucus fe- 
creted by the muciparous glands of the tonfils, pha- 
rynx, &c. Use, to lubricate the fauces. 
in the cavity of the fauces. 
in the eyes. 
The aqueous humour of the eye. The 
very limpid water which fills the anterior and pof- 
terior chambers of the eye. Secretory organ, 
the floating veflels of the corpus ciliare, and ex- 
haling veflels of the iris. Use, todiflend the cor- re a; retain the cryftalline lens and vitreous hu- 
mour in their places; and to tranfmit the focus of 
the rays of light to the cryftalline lens. 
The crystalline lens. A lentiform, pellu- 
cid, cellular body, diftended by a very limpid aque- 
ous fluid, enclofed in a membranous capfule, and 
fttuated in adepreflion in the anterior furface of the 
vitreous humour. Use, to tranfmit and refract 
the focus of the rays of light to the vitreous hu- 
mour. 
The vitreous humour. The pellucid vitri- 
form body, which fills the whole bulb of the eye 
behind the cryftalline lens. Composed of fmall 
cells diftended with a limpid water. Use, to ex- 
pand the bulb, and tranfmit and moderately aug- 
ment the focus of the rays of light from the cryf- 
talline lens to the retina. 
The water in the capsule of the crys- 
talline lens. Secreted by the pellucid 
branches of the artery of the cryftalline lens. Use, 
to prevent the concretion of the cryftalline lens 
with its capfule. 
The pigment of the iris. The coloured 
mucus, which covers the anterior and pofterior 
furface of the iris. Use, to reflect the rays, of 
light. 
The pigment of the choroid membrane. 
The black or brownifti mucus, which covers the 
anterior furface of the choroid membrane, and the 
interior of the corpus eiliare. The tears. A limpid fluid fecreted by the 
lachrymal gland, and flowing on the furface of the 
eye. Use, to moiften the furface of the eye and 
eyelids. 
The juice of Meieomius’s glands. The 
undfuous humour fecreted by the febaceous glands 
of Meibomius, and lubricating the tarfi of the 
eyelids. Use, to lubricate the tarfi of the eyelids, 
and involve the faline acridity of the tears. 
IN THE CAVITY OF THE EARS. 
The cerumen, or wax of the ears. The 
bitter ceraceous fluid fecreted by the ceruminous 
glands of the meatus auditorius extern us. Use, 
to lubricate the fenfible membrane of that canal, 
and to prevent infedls from entering. 
The water of the labyrinth. An infipid 
water contained in the cavity of the tympanum. 
Use, to preferve the nervous fibrils of the auditory 
nerve foftand moift, and to moderate the tremors of 
founds. 
The juice of the thyroid gland. Of a 
yellowifti white colour, efpecially in infants. Use, 
not known. 
in the neck. 
The mucus of the oesophagus. Secreted by 
the muciparous glands, fituated in the cellular 
membrane. Use, to lubricate the cavity of the 
oefophagus, and prevent the concretion of its fides. The mucus lining the internal furface of the 
trachea, bronchia, and vcjicula’ puhnonales. Se- 
cretory organ, the muciparous glands fltuated 
under the internal membrane of thofe parts. Use, 
to prevent the furface of the trachea, bronchia, 
and veficulas pulmonales from becoming dry by the 
continual paflxng of the air. 
IN THE CAVITY OF THE THORAX. 
The vapour in the cavity of the tho- 
rax. A vapour which exhales from the exhaling 
veffels of the pleura of the lungs and ribs, into the 
cavity of the thorax. Use, to preferve the pleura 
foft, moift, and flexile; and to defend and prevent 
it from the friftion of, and concretion with, the 
lungs. 
The vapour or liquor pericardii. Se- 
creted by the arterious exhaling veflels, which open 
upon the external furface of the heart and internal 
of the pericardium. Use, to prevent the concre- 
tion of the heart with the pleura; to diminilh the 
friftion; and preferve the parts foft. 
The juice of the thymus gland. A milky 
juice fecreted by the arteries opening into the cells of 
this gland. Use, not known. 
IN THE BREASTS. 
The milk of the breasts. A white,fweetifh 
fluid, fecreted by the glandular fabric of the breafts r99 
of women. Use, to be an aliment to new-born 
children. 
IN THE A-BDOMEN. 
The gastric juice. A limpid colourlefs fluid, 
fecreted by the exhaling veflels of the very nume- 
rous arteries, which bedew every part of the flo- 
mach. Use, to digefl: the food. 
The pancreatic juice. The limpid juice fe- 
creted by this gland, and conveyed through its ex- 
cretory du£l into the duodenum. Use, to alfift in 
the formation of chyle. 
Bile. A yellowifh-green bitter juice, fecreted 
by the glandular fubllance of the liver, and con- 
veyed by the biliary du6ts, in part, into the duo- 
denum, and in part into the gall-bladder: hence 
cyftic and hepatic bile. Use, to extricate thechyle 
from the digefled mafs of food; to ftimulate the in- 
teftines; and to prevent the abundance of mucus 
and acidity in the primse viae. 
Chyle. A white fluid, feparated from the food 
in the priraae viae, and obferved fome hours after 
eating in the lafleal vdfels of the mefentery, and in 
the thoracic dufl. Use, to form the blood. 
The enteric juice. A limpid liquor, fecreted 
by the exhaling arteries in the whole courfe of the 
fmsil and large inteftines. Use, to affift in di- 
gellion; and to cleanfc and moiften the intef- 
tines. The mucus of the prim/E Secreted 
by the muciparous glands fituated under the vil- 
lous coat of the primae vise. Use, to lubricate 
that canal. 
The vapour or fluid in the cavity of 
the abdomen. An aqueous vapour, fecerned by 
the exhaling arteries of the peritoneum. Use, 
to preferve moift and prevent the concretion of 
the abdominal vifcera. 
Urine. A faline liquid, of a citrine colour, fe- 
creted in the kidneys, and dropping down from 
them guttatim through the ureters into the cavity 
of the urinary bladder. Use, to liberate the body 
from the fuperfluous water, &c. 
The mucus of the bladder. Secreted by 
the muciparous glands fituated under the innermoft 
membrane. Use, to lubricate and defend the in- 
ternal and very fenfible furface of the urinary 
bladder. 
The mucus of the urethra. Secreted by 
the muciparous glands fituated under the internal 
membrane. Use, to lubricate and defend the very 
fenfible furface of the urethra againft the acridity 
of the urine. 
IN THE PARTS OF GENERATION IN MEN. 
The smegma of the clans penis. An 
un&uous humour, fecreted by the febaceous folli- 
cles on the furface of the glans and prepuce. Use, to lubricate and defend the fenfible furface of the 
glans, and prevent its concretion with the pre- 
puce. 
The vapour of the tunica vaginalis 
testis. The aqueous vapour, which exhales from 
the arteries into the cavity of the tunica vaginalis 
teftis. Use, to prevent the concretion of the 
tefies with the tunica vaginalis, and preferve them 
moift. 
The liquor of the prostate gland. A 
milky juice, feparated by the arteries of the pro- 
fbte gland, and fent through its dufts, fub cohu, 
into the urethra with the femen. Use, to ferve 
as a vehicle to the femen. 
The semen. The prolific liquor fecreted in the 
teftes, and carried through the epididymis and vas 
deferens into the veficulse feminales. Use, to be 
emitted, fub coitu, into the female vagina, and there, 
by its aura, to penetrate to, and impregnate, the 
ovulum in the female ovarium. 
in the parts of generation in women. 
The smeona of the labia and vulva. The 
inufhtous juice fecreted by the febaeeous glands, and 
covering the internal furface of the labia and nym- 
phae. Use, to lubricate their fenfible furface, and 
prevent any irritation poft miftum, s r 
The mucus of the vagina. Secreted by 
the muciparous glands imderi the,.internal .mem- brane. Use, to lubricate the vagina, left it be 
pained by friftion, Juh coitu, and to prevent the 
concretion of its fides. 
The liquor of the cavity of the ute- 
rus. Secreted into it by the exhaling arterious 
veflels. Consistence, in the virgin uterus, fe- 
rous and turbid; in the gravid, milky. Use, to 
moiften the cavity, and prevent its concretion. 
in the articulations. 
The synovia. An unftuous fluid, fecreted by 
the internal membrane of the capfular ligaments 
furrounding the articulations of the bones. Use, 
to lubricate the cartilaginous furfaces of the arti- 
culatory bones, and facilitate their motions. 
Th £ JUICE OF THE BURSAE MUCOSAE. An tmC- 
tuous and fomewhat mucilaginous juice, fecreted 
by the veflels of the internal membrane of the 
burfae mucofae. Use, to lubricate the tendons 
for motion. 
IN THE BONES. 
The marrow of bones. The oily fubfiance 
fecreted by the arteries of the internal periofteum, 
and contained in the medullary cavities of the long 
bones, and fpengy fubftance of others. 
FLUIDS OF THE COMMON INTEGUMENTS. 
The mucus of Malpighi, or rete muco- 
sum. The mucus fituated between the epidermis 
and cutis of the whole body, and fecreted by tke arteriotis veflels of the fkin. Use, to congluti- 
nate the epidermis to the cutis; to moderate the 
fenfe of touch; to moiften the nervous cu aneous 
papillae; and give the external colour to the body; 
hence it is white in Europeans, black in iEthiopi- 
ans, &c. 
The oil of the adipose membrane. Se- 
creted by the arteries of the cellular membrane. 
Use, to facilitate raufcular motion. 
Sweat. The aqueous perfpirable matter excreted 
through the exhaling arteries of the Ikin. Use, to 
keep the fkin moift. A 
GLOSSARY, 
OR 
EXPLANATION 
OF 
ANATOMICAL TERMS. 
A. 
Abdomen. The cavity of the helly; from ah do to hide, 
as including the inteftines and other vifcera. 
ACETABULUM. The cavity which receives the head of the thigh 
hone; from acetum vinegar: fo called, bccaufe it represents 
the acetabulum or faucet of the ancients, in which vine- 
gar was held for the ufe of the table. 
Acini. The glands of the liver ; from acinus a grape. 
Acromion. Aprocefsof the fcapula ; from axpos extremity, 
and upas the Shoulder. 
Adenologv. The doQrine of the glands; from «sn» a gland, 
and tioyof a difcourfe. 
Amnion. A membrane that furrounds the foetus, which is foft 
and fhaggy; from apcvtos a lamb’s Ikin. 
AmpiiyarthroslS. A fpecies of connexion of bones, which 
admits of an obfcure motion ; from ay.<pu both, and apQpxais 
an articulation. Anastomosis. The communication of rejfels with one another ; 
from through, and a mouth. 
Anatomy. The djfeciion of the human body ; from at*, and 
rifAVU to diffeft. 
Ancon. The elbow; from «7*« v, from *7y.aZpfj.o.l to embrace, 
onto ru a'yxtioQ'd inpia ofew to oj-sov, becaufe the bones 
meeting, and being there united, arc folded one into ano- 
ther. 
Anconeus. A ntufcle ; fo called from aytiuv the elbow. 
An conoid. Procefs of the cubit; from ayxuv the elbow, and 
tiSoj fhape. 
Anoiology. The doffriue of the veffels j from atyiyEjov a veffel, 
and >.0795 a difcourfe. 
Aorta. Aoprn ; from ang air, and nopi® to keep: an artery 
fo called becaufe the ancients fuppofed that only air was 
contained in it. It may rather be derived from aupu to 
convey, as ferving to convey the blood to the reft of the 
body. 
Aponeurosis. A tendinous cxpanfon ; from ano from, and 
vivpoy a nerve; from an erroneous fuppofition of the an- 
cients, that it was formed by an expanfiun of a nerve. 
Apophysis. A procefs of a bone; from aototfvu to proceed 
from. A fynonym of procefs. 
Ahachn6id.es. A net~like membrane; from ecpayyr) a fpider, 
and ttSot likenefs. 
Artery. From ung air, and rnptw to keep ; becaufe the an- 
cients fuppofed that only air was contained in them. 
Arthrodia. A /pesies of connexion of hones \ from apQpou £0 
articulate. 
AnvTAtNOIDES. The name of two cartilages of the larynx; alfo 
applied to fome muffles of the larynx; from etpvrxivi* a fun- 
nel, and tiSos fhape. 
Astragalus. A bone of the tarfus\ fo called from its refem- blance to a die ufcd in ancient games, from a 
cockal or die. 
Anns. The frjl vertebra of the neck ; fo called, becaufe it 
fullair.s the head ; from the fable of Atlas beingfuppefed 
to have fupported the world; or from orX«« to fuflain, be- 
caufe it fuflain* the head.. 
Azvoos. A term applied to parts without a fellow, from cc 
priv. and %vyos a yoke, becaufe it has no fellow. 
Bsac HtUM. The arm; hence os brachii, brachialis extcrnus 
&c. from &pa.yys fhort, becaufe in a well-proportioned 
man it is fhorter from the fhoulder to the hands than from 
the hip to the feet. 
Bronchia. The ramifications of the trachea or windpipe ; from 
&ptx,a-to pour, becaufe the ancients believed that the flu- 
ids were conveyed into the ftomach by the bronchia, 
Bursa. A bag-, from (3itpact: generally applied to the burfte 
mucofae. 
BursXi.ogy. The dofirine of the hurfe mucofe ; from fovpax a 
bag, and Xo7os a difcourfe. 
B. 
C. 
Cai.v arTa . The top of the cranium ; from calvtts bald. 
Cancelli. Lattice work-, generally applied to the reticular 
fubftance in bones. 
Card!' a. The ftipirior opening of ihefontacfl; from xxpoia the 
heart, becaufeit is fituated near it. 
Carotid. The name of fame arteries of the neck and head; 
from xapou to caufe to deep; for, if tied with a ligature, 
the animal becomes comatofe, or has the appearance of 
being afleep. 
Carpus. Kosher; the ivrift. Chorion. The external membrane of the foetus In utero. 
from yypix to cfeape, becaufe it always efcapes from the 
uterus with the fetus. 
Choroid membrane and plexus; from yoptci the chorion, and 
uSor likenefs-; fo caller! on account of its many blood- 
veffeis refembling the chorion. 
ClavTcula. The clavicle or collar hone, a diminutive of cla- 
•vis a key;, fo called from its refcmbiance to an ancient 
key. 
Clinoid. Four proceffes of the fella turcica of the ethmoid hone ; 
are fo called, from x?.iy% a bed, and eiJos likenefs, from 
their fuppofed refemblance to a couch. 
Clitoris. A part of the female pudenda, rnclofed hy the labia 
mnjora ; from xXitu to enclofe or hide. 
Colon. The fift of the large inteftinesfrom xu\oy, quafi 
xo.Xoy, from xoj\os hollow ;it generally being found emp- 
ty, and full of wind, in the dead body. 
Condyle. An eminence in any of the joints', xoySvXos, from 
xovSoan ancient cup fhaped like a joint. 
Coraco. Names compounded with tins word belong to 
mufcles, which are attached to the coracoid protefs of 
the fcap'ula; as coraco-hyoideus, &c. 
Coracoid procefs of the fcaptiLi; from xofa.% a crow, and 
tiSor refemblance, it being fhaped like the beak of a crow. 
Coronary. From corona a crown. The -vcffeh of the heart, 
Jlomach, &c. are fo called becaufe they furround the parts 
in the manner of a crown. 
Coronoid. A procefs fo called, from xopwvn.a crow, and tiSos 
likenefs,. from its refemblance to a crow’s beak- ■, 
Cotyloid cavity of the os innominatum, which receives, the 
head of the thigh bone; from xoruXn the name of an old 
meafure, and siSoy refemblance. 
Cranium. The jkull; quafi from xttpa. the 
head. Cremaster. A mufch fo called; from xpiju.au tq fufpcnd, 
becaufe it fufpends the tefticle. 
CrTbriform, or ethmoid lone of the fhull; from cribrum a 
fieve, it being perforated like a fieve. 
Cricoid. Annular, round, like a ring; from xpixos a ring, 
and £iSos likenefs. 
Crura. The plural of crus, a leg or root; applied to fomc 
parts of the body from their refemblance to a leg or root, 
as crura cerebelli, &c. 
Cuboldes. A lone of the foot; from *v»or a, cube, and 
likenefs; becaufe it refembles a cube. 
Cuneiform. Some bones are fo called-, from cuneus a wedge, 
and forma likenefs ; being fhaped like a wedge. 
D.Ahtos. A mufcle of the fcrotum-, from Sipu to excoriate. 
D. 
Deltoid. A mufcle refembling the Greek letter A; from A and 
siSor refemblance. 
Diaphragm. The mufcle which feparates the thorax from the- 
abdomen ; from bicbQparlu to divide. 
Diarthrosis; A moveable connexion of bones ; from Sixp9fou 
to articulate. 
Digastric mufcle; from Sir twice, and a belly j 
having two bellies. 
DiploE; The fpongy ftbfance between the two tables of the 
full; from Si9rXot» to doublet; 
Duodenum. The frfl portion of the fmaH Intefline', fo called 
becaufe the ancients fuppofed that it did not exceed'the 
breadth of twelve fingers ; from JuoJemrs, confiding of 
twelve. ' 1 v x. ' ■o : . 
Dun* matk'R. The outermofl- membrane of the brain .called 
Jura, becaufe it is much harder than the other mem- 
branes, and -neater, from the ancients fuppofing it was 
the fource of all the other membranes. Embryo. The child in the womb is fo called before the fifth, 
month, after which it is termed foetus-, from to 
bud forth. 
E.varthrosis. An articulation of hottest, from e» in, and 
afOpav a joint or articulation. 
Enteric. Belonging to the iniefines; from ivrtfov an entrail 
or inteftine. 
Epidermis. The fcarj or outermof Jkin\ from tir» upon, and 
iip/xtt the fkin. 
Epididymis. Thefmall oblong body •which lies above the tcjli- 
cles; from ms upon, and hidv/xns a teftide. 
Epigastric. The fuperior part of the abdomen; fromnri upon, 
and 7«r>i£ the ftomach. 
Epiglottis. A cartilage of the larynx fo called; from tin 
upon, and y\uT%> the aperture of the larynx, being lltu- 
ated upon the glottis. 
Epiphysis. A portion of bom growing upon another bone, hut 
Jepara/eJ from it by cartilage ; from ton upon, and (vw-.to 
grow. 
Epiploon, The membranous vfcus of the abdomen, which co- 
vers the iniefines, and hangs to the bottom of the fomach', from 
svioXiu to fwim upon. 
Epistropheus. The fecond vertebra »f the neck; from tvi- 
rpopau to turn round, becaufe the head is turned upon it. 
Et hmoii) bone of the cranium ; fo called, from iO/ao* a fieve. 
and hMi refemblance, it being perforated like a fievc. 
F. 
Fascia. An expanfon of a mufcle, enclofng others like a band', 
from paiskA a band. 
F.U.CI rpuM Sloped like a Jcythe; from falx a fcythe. Fascicules. A Tittle bundle. 
Fauces. The plural of faux, the top of the throat. 
G. 
Galactothorods o/- the breafs of "women; from <ytt\s. 
milk, and Qipu to carry, becaufe they convey the milk to 
the nipples. , 
Ganglion. F«77Xio», a knot in the eourfe of a nerve. 
Gastrocnemius. Thentufcle -which forms the thick of the leg.', 
from 7a belly, and nv-n/xn the leg. 
GekiO. Names compounded with this word belong to muf- 
cles which are attached to the chin, as Genio-gloffiis-'- 
Genio-hyoideus Genio-pharyngeus, &c.; from 7EVtioy 
the chin 
Genu. The knee-, from yovv, mctpccro tit yw vcvtiv, beckufe by 
it the body is bent towards the earth. 
Ginglvmus. Art articulation-, from 7(77>,uJuora hinge. 
Glenoid cavity; from a cavity, and oSor refemblance. 
Glome it. A convoluted bundle of vcjfels-; generally applied 
to the lymphatic glands. 
Glosso. Names compounded with this woid belong to 
mufcles, from their being attached to the tongue 5 as 
Gloftb-pharyngeus—Gloffo-ftaphylinus, &g. from »jXoaaa 
the tongue. 1 >q- . i,-.l o* 
Glottis. The fuperior opening of the larynx at the bottom of 
tire tongue', from <y>,wr?<3c the tongue.. a*, ■, ■ 
Gluteus. -The name of a mufcle; from "yXurot the buttocks. 
GoM Ph cSis. Fo/xpMtis inclmvation, a fpedes of immoveable 
connexion of bones; from yo/xipos a nail, becaufc one bone is 
fixed in another bone like a nail in a board. 
H; 
Harmonia. A fpecies of immoveable connexion of bonis; flora 
ie<a to fit together, Hei.ix. The outward circle of the ear\ from tti.u to turn 
about. 
He par. The truer. ‘Hotoia, an abdominal vifcus. 
Hyaloid membrane of the eye; from uaXor glafs, and eioor 
likenefs; fo called from its tranfparent and glafiy appear- 
ance. 
Hygrology. The do Hr Ine of the finds ; from hypos a fluid, 
and XO7OJ a difeourfe. 
Hymen. The membrane ftuated at the entrance of the virgin 
vagina; from u/cnv hymen. 
Hvo. Names compounded with this word belong to muf- 
cles which are attached to the os-hyoides, as hyo-gloffus 
—hyo-pharyngeus—hyo-thyroides; from voudts the os 
ftroides. 
HVo'i des. A bone of the tongue fo called from its refemblance 
to the Greek u; from v and tiSor refemblance. 
Hypochondrißm. That part of the body-which lies under the 
cartilages of the Jpurious ribs; from is«o under, and ypvbpot 
■ a cartilage. 
Hypogastric. The lower region of the fore part of the abdo- 
men-, from v-no under, and the ftomach. 
I. 
Ileum. Aportionof the fmall intefines; from t.Xto to turn; 
being always convoluted. 
Ilium. Part of the os innmindtumf fo called becaufe it fup- 
ports the ti\u» or fmall inteftines. 
Ischium. The part of the os innommatum upon which tvt Jit; 
from icryui) to fuftain. 
L. 
Lacuna. The excretory dubt of the glands of the urethra and 
vagina; from lapus a channel. 
I.amdoidal future-, fo called becaufe it is fliaped like the 
lettei X: from X and nSoj refemblance. La iVi NX. 7/h jupenar part of the windpipeXapt*'/* the Is~ 
rynx. 
ManseTT, u. /f mu felt of the face, •which ctjffs in the aftion of 
chewing ; from ixanaao/xo-i to ch^'.v. 
AT. 
Mastoid procefs-, fo called, from a breaft, and tnSat 
likenefs, being fhaped like a nipple or bread. 
M kdiastlnum. The production of the pleura, ‘which divides the 
thorax- into two cavities; from medium the middle, quafi in 
medio fare. 
Mesentery. The membranes to which the inttftirtes are at- 
tached-, from /xioos the middle, and an inteftinc, 
becaufeTt is in the middle of' the internes. 
Mesocolon. That part of the mefentery in the middle of the 
colon; from /xsnos the middle, and xoXoy the colon. 
M’etacar-pus. That part of the hand Jbeiween the carpus and 
- fingers; from rafter, and napmos the wrift. 
Metatarsus. That part of the foot between the tarfus and toes-; 
from fxiroc after, and rapoos the tarfus. 
Mylo. Names compounded with this word belong to 
mufcles, which are,attached near tire grinders, as mylo- 
hyoides-, rnylopharyngeus, See.; from //.vXr, a grinder tooth. 
Mvologv. The doQrine of the mufcles; from /xvs a mulcla, 
and Aoyor a difeoutfe.- 
Neurology. The doflrine of the-nerves-, from vivpov a nerve, 
and Xo<yoj a difeourfe. " " 
N. 
Odontoid, or tooth-lihe procefs-, from alns a tooth, and 
EiSor refemblance. 
o. 
(Esophagus. The canal hading from the pharynx to fhe’/io- 
tnach; from, oiw to carry, and tfayu to eat; becaufe it 
carries the food into the ftoraach. Olecranon. The elbow or head of the ulna; from tXivD the 
cubit, ami xpasov the head. 
Omentum. An abdominal vifcus; fo called from omen a 
guefs; becaule thefoothfayers prophefied from theinfpec- 
tion of this part. 
Omo. Names compounded with this word belong to muf* 
cles which are attached to the fcapula, as omo-hyoidtus> 
Sec. from ufjeos the Iboulder. 
Omoplata. The fcapula or Jhculdet-llade; from tip,t,os the 
fhoulder, and %c\onvs broad. 
Orgasm. A violent falacioufnefs, attended with turgefcence in 
the parts ; from opyaa to delire vehemently. 
Osteology. The doctrine of the bones; from errov a bone,, 
and XO7Ol a difeourfe. 
Pancreas. A vifcus of the abdomen; fo called from its flefhy 
conlillence ; from «rocv all, and xpexs flefh. 
p. 
Parenchyma. The fubfance connecting together the vcjfelsy 
See, of the lungs is fo called, from aapt'yxvu to pour 
through. 
Parotid gland; frommxpx near, and cos the ear; becaufe 
it rs lituatednear the ear. 
Pet.vis. /) hony cavity Jhaped like a hafon; from tciXvs a ba- 
fon. 
Pericardium. The membrane which furrounds the hearty 
from vnpi around, and xapbix the heart. 
Pericranium. The membrane which covers the bones of the 
Jkully from cspi around, and xpxsios the cranium or 
head. 
Periosteum. "The membrane which furrounds the bones; from 
«ep\ around, and ottos a bone. 
Peristaltic motion of the int fines; from mpiffXXu to con- 
trast 215 
Vkrii ONRi.'M. The membrane lining the abdomen, and covering 
its vifcera; from vnpiruvu to extend around. 
Phalanx. The bones of the fingers and toes are called pha- 
lanxes, from their tegular fituation, like a or 
army of foldiers. 
PIIAHVNX. A membranous hag at the end of the mouth ; anrt 
ro tpiput), bocaufc it conveys the food into the flomach. 
PItRRMIC or diaphragmatic nerve, <l>pcves the diaphragm; 
from f>pn)i the mind, hecaufe the ancients fuppofed it to 
be the feat of the mind. 
PltY.ndr.6oY. 'That part of natural hiflory which treats of the 
a//ions and funfhons of an animated body; from ipvats na- 
ture, and xo-pot a difeourfe. 
Pi a ma’li.h. 'The innermofi membrane of the brain; fo called, 
becaufc it embraces the brain as a good mother folds her 
child. 
Placenta. The after-birth; from raXxxus a cake, from it* 
rtfcmblance to a cake. 
Platysma-m yoiok*. A mu file of the neck; from tsXctris 
broad, //.vs a mufclc, and tiSor refemblance. 
Pled BA. 'The membrane lining the thorax’, mXvjpx the fide. 
Plkxv*. A kind of net-work of vcjftds or nerves; from ple9ot 
to weave together. 
Pnif.PUCB, or forr/kin of the penis; from prdtputo, to cut off 
before, becaufc the eaftern nations ufually cut it off. 
Psoas. A mufile fo called ; from the loin, being fitu- 
ated in the loin*. ■: ■.t 
Piebyooio proofs’, fromt»7ipv% a pen or wing, and n?or 
likenefs; fo called from its likenefs to a pen or wing. 
Pvr d R’.S. The Irvuer orifice of the Jlornach, which opens intoJie 
intejlines; from nvXou to guard an entrance, becaufe it 
(tunfe at it were the entrance of the bowels. R. 
■Raphe. A future. ‘Pctsn, from pmel-u to few. 
Renes. The kidneys, ora-o rs pur, becaufe through them the 
urine flows. 
Retina. The net-like expanf on of the of tic nerve, on the inner 
furface of the eye ; from rete a net. 
Rhomboides. A mufcle fo called from its Jhapc\ from pn/j£os 
a geometrical figure, whofc fides are equal but not right 
angled, and nSo* a likenefs. 
Rotut.a. The knee-pan-, a dim. of rota a wheel, from its 
fhape. 
s. 
Sacrum. A bone fo called; from facer facred, becaufe it was 
once offered in facrifices. 
Salvatella. A vein of the foot, fo called becaufe it was 
thought the opening it preferved health, and cured me- 
lancholy ; from falvo to preferve. 
Sanguis. The blood; «w tb -ratty ymoi, becaufe it preferves 
the body. 
Sartoiu us. A mufcle fo called, becaufe toy lors crofs their legs 
‘with it j from fartor a taylor. 
Scapha. The dcprejjion of the outer ear before the anti-helix; 
from <rx*pD a little boat or fkiff; from anaoTia to dig, be- 
caufe fkiffs were formerly only trees made hollow. 
Scaphoides. A bone of the carpus, fo called from its refern- 
blance to a fkiff; from oxupn a fkiff, and t<S<w a likenefs. 
Sclerotic. A term applied to the outermoji or hard ft membrane 
of the eye; from axhnfoli to make hard. 
Sella turcica. Part of the fpheenoid is fo called from its 
fuppofed refemblance to aTurkifli faddle. 
Sesamoid bones; from ariootpcv an Indian grain, and tioos a 
likenefs, from their refemblance to the femen fefami. Sigmoid. Parts are fo called from then refemblance to the 
letter E ; from E the letter Sigma, and oSos likenefs. 
SpiiiNom bone; from trpnv a wedge, and eiSos likenefs, it 
being fhaped like a wedge. 
Sphincter. The name of J'everal mufcles, •whofe office it is to 
fait up the aperture around ‘which they are placed; from 
<7"yw to flmt up. 
Splanchnology. The dodrine of the I’ifcera ; from cnXory- 
yyov an entrail, and Xoyos a difcourfe. 
Symphysis. A connexion of bones; from cv/j.pva to grow to- 
gether. 
Synarthrosis. A connexion of bones; from aw with, and 
af&pov a joint. 
Stynchondrosis. A [pedes of union of hones by means of 
cartilage; from aw with, a cartilage. 
Syn uesmqlogy. The dodrine of the ligaments; from avv- 
Itafxos a ligament, and a difcourfe. 
Syndesmosis. A [pedes of union of bones by means of liga- 
ment ; from crwoea/xos a ligament. 
Syneurssis. Afpecies of connexion of bones by means of mem- 
brane ; from aw with, and vsvpov a nerve ; becaufe mem- 
branes, ligaments, and tendons, were by the ancients 
coniidered as nerves. 
Syssarcosis. A fpecies of connexion of bones by means of muf- 
de\ from tw with, and <sa.f, flefh. 
Systole. The contradile motion of the heart and arteries', 
from ffuftXXw to contract. 
T. 
Tendon. From tfivcj to extend. 
Theca. The fpinal canal is called theca •vertehralis; from 
from /xi to put. 
Thorax. The breajl or chef; from sopw to leap, 
becaufe in it the heart beats. Thyro. Names compounded with this word belong to 
mufcles which are attached to the thyroid cartilage. 
Thyroid cartilage; from Svptos a fhield, and tibos like- 
nefs, becaufe it is fhaped like a fhield. 
Trachea. The •wind-pipe; fo called from its roughnefs, 
from ffetyvs rough. 
Trapezoid hones of the carpus; from rpomt^io» a four-fided 
figure, and utios likenefs. 
Trochanter. A procefs of the thigh-bone, fo called from 
rpi%u to run, becaufe the mufcles inferted in thefe parts 
perform the office of running. 
Trochlea. A kind of cartilaginous pulley, through which the 
tendon of one of the mufcles of the eye paffes; from 
to run. 
Trochoides. A fpecies of articulation of hones ; from rpoyys 
a wheel, and tiSor likenefs; becaufe one bone moves 
round upon another, like a wheel upon its axle-tree. 
Ulna. A name for the cubit; from «Xevr the cubit. 
u. 
Ureter. The canal •which conveys the urine from the kidney to 
the bladder; from upov urine. 
Urethra. The pajfage through which the urine paffes from the 
bladder; from spot the urine. 
Uvea. The pojierior lamina of the iris, fo called becaufe in 
beads (which the ancients chiefly difledled) it is of the 
colour of unripe grapes; from uva an unripe grape. 
Uvula. The glandular fubfance which hangs down from the 
middle of the foft palate; fo called from its refemblance to 
a grape. A dim. of uva a grape. 
V. 
Valves. Little membranes, that prevent the return of the blood 
in the veins and arteries; from valves folding doors. Vertebra. The bones of the jpine are fo called, from verto 
to turn. 
Vomer. A bone of the nofe, fo called from its refemblance 
to a ploughflrare; from •votno to turn up. 
X. 
Xiphoid cartilage, fo called from its refemblance to 
fword j from a fword, and eiSos likenefs. 
Zygoma. The cavity under the -zygomatic procefs of the tempo- 
ral bone; from £u<yos a yoke, becaufe it tranfmits the ten- 
don of the temporal mufcle like unto a yoke. 
z. 
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