THE Compleat Ilorfeman: Difcovering the SUREST MARKS OF THE Beauty, Goodnefs, Faults and Imperfections H O r’s E S: The Signs and Caufes of their Dlfeafes, the True Method both of their BreferVation and Cure ; With Reflexions on the Regular and Pre- pofterous Ufe of Heeding and Surging. ALSO The Art of Shooing, with the feveral Kinds of Shooes, adapted to the various Defedfs of Sad Feet, and the Prefervation of Good. Together with The befl: Method of Sreeding Colts ; Sacking ’em, and Mating their MOUTHS, Crc. By the Sieuh de SOLLEJS ELL, Querry to the prefent French King for his Great Horfes, and one of the Royal Academy of Darts. To which is added, A moft Excellent Supplement of R I D IN G, Collected from the beft AUTHOR S. With an Alphabetical Catalogue of all the Rhyfical Simples in Englijh, French, and Latin. By Sir WILLIAM HOSE, Kc. Deputy-Lieutenant of the Castle of ED IN BU 0 H. Made Englifh from the Ctgljt!) (CtUttOlt of the Original, and Adorn d with Figures. LONDON, Printed for M. Gillyflower, in Weftminfter-Hall; R. Bentley , in Covent-Garden • H. Bonwick, in St. Paul’s Church-Tard; J. Tonfon , W. Freeman, 7. Goodwin, M. Wotton, in Fleet-flreet; J. Walthoe, in the Temple; S. Manfbip, and A. Parker, in Comb ill. M DC XCVI. TO THE KING MAy it pleafe YOUR MAJESTY, T is generally a Token of the Worth and Ex- cellency of a Book, when thofe concerned in it, adventure to place in its Front the Name of a Prince; This before hath imholdend Me GRj&AT SIR, to prefix Your mod Augu ft, Name to this Work, which, if / The Epiftle Dedicatory. may be allowed to carry the Parallel fo high, is amonglt Books of Marftialry and Horfemanlhip, what Your Royal Perfon is amongft Mem It needs not then (/ think) be thought very ftrangejf 1 have prefumed upon the Choice of fo mighty a Patron; for to whom could I have fo juftly Dedicate the be ft of Books in its kind,as to the moft Clement, Belt 0/Kings ,and(which is moft agreeable to my Subject) the moft Accomplilhed and Graceful amongst Horfemen? Of the fir ft whereof Your Majefties most happy Subjects feel the good effects,and of the Latter Your great- est Enemies bear witnefs, and therefore cannot but acknowledge it; for SIR, Your great Wifdom and Conduct, as well as fingular Courage, force them all to confefs, that You are among the Humber of the moft Glorious Mo- narchs that ever Reign d. 1 am therefore Hopeful, that as Your Majefties extraordinary Valour hath The Epiftle Dedicatory. brought thefe Illands once again to the Praft ice of Arms, Jo this Tranllation, affifted by~iur Royal Approbation and Protection, will not only Mr lift them, to raife a Breed of Warlick and Serviceable Horfes (till of late almoft quite out of Fajhion amongjl us) but alfo teach them to train them up, for the benefit of Your Majeftie s pub- lick, and their own private Diver- tifement; That as we are a People, who delight as much in Horfes as any Nation in the World, fo we may be Inferior to none, in the true Knowledge of every thing relating to them, Big with thefe Expectations, and alfo hoping Your Majefty will pardon this hold Attempt, I humbly lay it at Your Royal Feet, and jhall Repute my felf too Happy, if you Vouchafe it but the leaf favourable Glance. Now that God may Profper Your Majefty, in all Your Great and Glorious Undertak- give You a Long and Happy The Epiftle Dedicatory. Reign, to the Joy and Comfort of aU Your Loyal Subjects, is bfch heartily Wifbed, andfervently Prayed for3 By Gracious Sir * : i p : ..4 / \.f .' > u\ * . , i. Moft Humble and Moft Obedient Subjed: and Servant ' C*> l "■ • - * * £ t W\m vjw - -V tvv.; 1 , .._ . A v c a \ ' X > f *• • *'/■♦ * t- >' * # f, < > V v * ft l '4 I'M \ v-V\V-V • . ? *4' 1 • * - X - * rV q V >NfA \ ..... -v. / I p: r,r\ r: WILL: HOVE< THE PREFACE ALTHOUGH lam no great friend to Tedious and unrte- ceflary Prefaceing, and that I alfo believe the mofl part of Gentlemen, who have had any opportunity of converting with Horfemen abroad,know the great efleem they have foe this Book, fo that I fancy, there are but very few Country Gentlemenofany Note inthefelflands, who have not heard fomewhat of ir; yet at prefent I find my felf obliged, both becaufe of the relped I bear to the Authors Memory, as alfo for the benefite of fuch, who perhaps becaufe of their retired dwellings have had but little or no notice of it,to give theReader a fhort account of three things: Fir Ft of the Author, Secondly of his Book, and Thirdly efthisTranflation. As for the Author, hewasaperfon delighted mightily in Horfes, and dur- ing his whole Life, made it his Bufinels to improve all the parts of Horfeman. ihip, this Book of his being a fufficientTeftimony of his great Knowledge in one part of it, to wit, the Cureing of Difeafes ; and his excellent Illuftrations, upon the Duke of Newcastle's Book of Riding laft published in Engiifh, and which he took the pains to Tranflate into French) a cleat demonftration of his extraordinary Addrefs and skill in the other; He was alfo to my certain knowledge, very well known by many of the Nobility and Gentry of theft Kingdoms, who had the good fortune to be taught by him, when they rode in the late Mr. Bernards Academy at Taris; and at that time,he had by this Book of his (o outftript all Authors upon the fame fubjeft, who had gone before him,that he very defervedly acquired the efteem of all the confiderable Efcuyers in France, and thereby an univerfal applaufe, which fo long as Horfemanfhipisin requeft, will make his Name and Writings famous. Yea his Inclinations were fo much bent this way, that he made it a part oi his butinef$,to inftruft many of theNobility andGemry in theArt olRiding.for notwithftandingof his being one of the Overfeers, he did alfo official as atl Efcuyer in the French Kings Royal Academy of Riding in SB or isand he was in fuch Repute for his great Knowledge and Judgement, in what related ro horfes and Horferaanffiip, that the Trince of Horfemen, the Unparalleled and Famous Duke of Newcastle (whole Memory for his extraordinary skill in this Art, will be for ever an Honour to his Nation) did not think it below him to communicate his thoughts upon it to him, and willingly accept of hisap* The PREFACE probation and afliftance, of giving which he judged him no doubt very Ca* pable, other wife he would never have kept that intimate corrcfpondcnce with him, which it is very well known he did. He was alfo a perfon of a pleafant Converfation, and altogether free of Ce- remony, took delight when defired, todifcourfeofhis Art, and to commu- nicate it to fuch Gentlemen, whom he thought inclined to like horfes, and alfo without any kind of refervednefs anfwered them fuch Queftions, as rhey (out of an earned defire to be inftrufted by fo knowing and excellent a Matter) thought fit to ptopofe to him: And I can fay this with the more cerrainty .being my feif many times anEye-witnefs toir,becaufeoi my good fortune in being for near two years his ScholUr; fo that for my own part, T doingenuoufly ac- knowledge. that the very little I underttand of Horfemanfhip, 1 owe either to his good inftru&ions when alive, or to his Writings now he is gone, and I make no doubt, but they fhall have the like good effefts upon any ingenious Reader, who with a fincere Intention and judicious reflection, ihall dehberat. ly and ferioufly perufe them. T'is true his Writings are not many, but of all of them which to my knowledge are extant, this Intituled rheTarfattMarelchal, which 1 hare taken the pains to Tranttate, is accounted the chief, and alfolookt upon by the molt part of ondetftanding Horfemen, who have throughly perufed it, to be indeed a iMaflerpeice upon the Subject whereof it treateth ; and that I may in a few words give you a general Idea of its Contents, fuch fhort and fu- perficia! accounts proving frequently very acceptable. Specially of a Book wherein there is fomewhac more chan ordinary expelled; I fhall briefly run through the general heads of the whole. The Book rhea is divided into twoparts.andinthe Fir ft Tart you have, firft, fevetal difeourfes fhowing the true fhapes of a horfc, with moft ex- all directions to prevent beingimpofed upon, and Cheated when you come to buy one,where alfo all the imperfections of a horfe both Before and Behind, aredefcribedfototheLife, that a Man mutt be very dull if he come not to underttand them: Secondly, You have a difeourfe of Shoeing, and excellent dire&ions to keep herfes of all kinds, whether for Saddle or Coach, either ac home or upon Travel,with an exact defetiption of what Furniture is moft con- venient for Travel, and how to preferve your horfes from being fpoilr by ir; which is no fmall matter, as I believe ail who have made either a Campaign, orany great Journey,can teftify: Thirdly,you have methods fet down to be tried in the Spring, for preventing Difeafcs in horfes, togerher with the Art of Bleeding and Purging; Fourthly, Y ou have an account of all the Piaifters and Ointments, that are moft ufefolintheCurcingof Horfes; and then Laftly, this FirftTart is clofed with two moft ufeful Difeourfes,The Firft concerning the railing a true Breed of Horfes, and the Second of Bits and Branches, where you have exalt Inftrultions, for fitting all kinds of horfes with proper and convenient Bridles* let their Mouths be never fo bad; of all which to re- late the particulars, would be too Tedious in this place, and therefore 1 forbear it, but they are indeed the very beft that ever 1 read upon theic Sub- jells. In the Second Tart, You have a moft exalt and learnd Defcription, of all the Difeafes this moft ufeful Creature is fubjelt to,together with their Reme- dies, and a moft methodical way of applying them, either according to the different Conftitutions of the Horfes you have to deal withal, or the mildnefs and Malignity of the Difeafe: And indeed in this point he fo far exceeds all other Authors, that they may be very well (aid only fuperficially to recom- mend Receipts, but he both to recommend and apply them to the bottom, and that for the moft part with fuch fuccefs, that they rarely fail to eradicate, The PREFACE. she very principles of that Ferment which occafioned rhe diftemper; Thus much of our excellent Author, and the general Heads of his Book. It now remains that I give the Reader a fhort account, of that wherein J think myfelf alittle more particularly concerned, and chat is, of this Tranflationof it into Englilh, which I aifo Judge fo much the more neceflary, becaufe of lome considerable alterations 1 have made in it, which arc not to be found in the French Coppyy for Firff, Whereas in the French Impreftion the Treatife of Difcafes is in the Firft Tart, l have in this Tranfhtion placed it in rhe Second, which was the true form and order, it was firft writandpublifhedin at 'Paris by the Author himfeif, he being neceditate (as you may fee more at large in his own enfueing Preface.) to tranfpofs the paus of this laft Edition,that by fo confiderablc an al- teration, his own True and Genuine Copies, might be diftinguifhed from fome Faifeoncs, which wete about that time Counterfeit at Lions; and even although it had not comeat fiift from our Authors Hands in this Order, yet would f have inclined for feveral Realons to make this Alteration; for to inftance but one; is it not a great deal more methodical, yea even more natural, that a man Ihould firft know the true Shapes of a horfe, and wherein the Periedion and Im- perfedion of each particularMembct confifts,as alfo how toGovern him atHome and upon Travel, then that he at very firft engage bimfeU, in the ftudy ofCureingallthe Difeafes,and Accidental Difafters, towhichthismoftfpright- ly and ufeful Creature is but too frequently fubjed? To do otherwife,is me-thinks to Renverfe the Order of things,and a man had as good attempt to read before lie can Spell, or run before he can walk, as endeavour to know what belongeth to the Cure oi Hoifes, without firft underftandingthefe very firft Rudiments of Horfemanfhip I have named ; Now this is what the Second Tart of this Bock in the French Coppy treateth of. and therefore I thought fit in this Tranfhu- on to make it the F/r/?; fohereyouhave theReafonr, and I think a very good one too, for the firft confiderable Alteration in this Bock, to wit the Tran/po- fition of its parts. Ths Second is % the dividing the moft part of the Chapters into Sedions/which fomefeemeda much morediftind way, efpecially for the Second Part, then thatufedby the Author, becauleinthat Parr, be makethalmoft always a Chap- ter ofeach different Receipt, as well as of every particular Difeafe or Diftemper, which did fo mightily encreafe the Number of Chapters, that they amounted in that one Part to 180. and were in my Opinion very inconvenient, not fo much becaufe of their great Number, as becaufe no man could eafily at firft view,know by the Title of the Remedy,to what Difeafe it was chiefly appropriate; at prefenc 1 have endeavoured to redify this,by making almoft no more Chapters in the i d ‘Part, than there areDifeafes or Infirmities incident to Horfes (which however if ill amount to about i xo)and reducing all the Remedies for each particular Dif- eafe, to Diftind Sedions onlyySo that a man may now at firft opening the Book, know certainly by the diredion for the Chapter at the head of each Page, that fucha Difeafe is particularly treated of in that Chapter, and confequcntly that all the Sedions contained in it, are only fo many different Remediesv but chief* ly appropriate to that Difeafe or Infirmity, although they may be ano good for fome others, according as they (hall be particularly preferred by the Author. The Third Alteration, or rather Improvement I have made, and which is not to be found in any of the French Imprefiions, isFjr/?, the Addition ol a moft: exadColledionof Horfemanfhip,which 1 have taken from the very belt of Wri- ters upon that Subjed,and which l thought fit to add to rhe Firft Parr by way of Supplement,there being little or nothing of the Art of Riding contained in it: Se~ coudly, An Alphabetical Catalogue, of all the Simples and Drugs difperfed through the whole Book, together with their French and Latin Appellations; The PREFACE as alfo for the benefice of fuch asdonotundetffandthem, a fhort explication of fheWeiphts and Meafures, with themoftufeiul French Terms oi Horfemanfhip, mentioned thioughout the whole work, all which are likewife fee down in an Alphabetical order, immediarly after the Catalogued Simples, Now this little Engltjh, French and Latin Catalogue, I judged would be of fingular ufe, for although the Book be in the Enghfh Language, yet the Cataloguemaketh italmoituniverfally ufeful, all Europe over; for exam- ple, fuppofe a Gentleman buy this Book, and for the benefit of his Horfes take it along with him to the Army in Flanders, Germanyt &c or ro any o- fher Kingdom in Europe, I fay undemanding Englilh, it he intend to caufe compofe any Remedy, he needs but apply himfelf to feme skilful Apothe- cary ( who if he be fuch, mud be Maher of Latin, or at lead ought toun- derftand the Larin Names of all Sipiples ) to whom reading over the La- tin Names of the Druggs, together with their Dofes, which compofe any Remedy, the Gentleman himfelf explaining, in any Language, wherein he can be belt underftood by the Apothecary, the method of Compofition from this Eoglifh Impreflion; the Apothecary, I fay, if he be not a meer igno- rant or blockhead, cannot fail being thus directed, to make up exactly the moft compofed Remedy in the whole Book, and the Ointment, Charge, Drench, or whatever elfe, being once prepared, the Gentleman may give Orders anent it himfelf, according to the Direftions of the Book, with the fame dexterity and certainty, as if he had been at home in his native Countrey, or the Re- ceipt made up by a London or Edinburgh Apothecary; all which is certainly no fmall Advantage to any of our Countreymen, who by their employments in time o! War, are obliged to a frequent attendance upon the Army in Flan- ders, cr ellewhere, as his Majeftie’s Service (hall require. So you fee, you have in this one Book, all thar any Gentleman needs know, either as to Breeding, Backing,, Bitting,, Keeping Cure itig, or Shoeing any kind of Horfe, for whatever Service he bedefigned, and therefore I am confi- dent, no judicious Perfon, who is a lover of Horfes, will difpute the ufefulnefs of this Tranflation. The Book, as I told you before, is in French, Entituled, Z> 'Tarfait tJMareJchal, or Complear Farrier, and how much we Band in need cf good ones, whereof there is fuch afcarcityin thefe Itfands, I leave to thofe. Who having Horfes of a confiderablc Value, fometimes falling Tick amongft their5 hands, and know not poflibly what methods to take for their Recovery, to judge; And indeed, to deal ingenuoufly, it was chiefly this Confederation, to- gether with theefteem I had for the Author, and great delight I take my felt in Hotfes, which firfl: put me upon the Fancy of Tranflating its wherein, if I have gratifyed a good many Curious Gentlemen, whoearneffly willlt for ir, yet I am perfwaded I have difappoinred not a tew Criricifing, I fhould have ra- ther faid,Invidious and Self conceited Sparks, who with alltheir hearts I know expe&ed, and wifhed me to fail in my undertaking, and who are lo mean fpiri- ted, that they cannot endure any publick Work fhould begone about, which they either capable to periorm themfeives, or of the Theory whereof they are not at leaftfo much Mafters, as to be in a capacity, without dffedve- ring their ignorance, to prerend and alledge rhecommillion of fome few faults orefcapes,, whereby they may have a kind of pretext ro backbke and con- demn the Performer: But for theexaftnefsof the Tranflation, I leave it-to an- fwer for it felf, being very certain, thar whatever Faults fome Nice people may find in the Language, yer they will find none in the Sence, which is what I chiefly aimed at inthe Verfion: and for their Critical Backbiting, and Gen- forious Humour, I am refolved not to be in theleaft concerned at ir, feeing in my opinion, the very Vice it fell, carries along w ith it irsown punjfhmenc, The PREFACE be Tides, l am of St Valerian's mind, that, Tiena vifforia eft ad clamant em tacere, non re(pondere provecanti. In fine, feeing this Book in French is acknowledged by all who everperufed it, to be the belt, and molt methodical that ever was writ upon the Subject, I cannot comprehend, how we in Britain have lo far overfeen our feives, as altogether tonegled its Tranflation till now, efpedally, when fo few Curious Books are publtfhed in French upon any other Subject, but what are im me* diatly made Engltfb> but I judge the Reafons of it to be chiefly thefe four. Fir ft, It was too great, nay 1 may rather fay too difficult a task for any com* mon Farrier to undertake, both becaulecf the French Language;' which few of ihat Profeffion are Mafiersof; asallo, becaufe there is in it, a great deal more of what by Phyftcians is called Method, than in any Book as yet writ upon the fame Subject; No wonder then, the Englifhing of it was not attempted by fuch,whofe knowledge in Phyfick is generally but very fuperficial, and Pradicc not performed with near fo much Order and Method as is to be found here? It may alfo be lnppofed, that Carriers, whofe Tread and Calling is-Tieir Live* lyhood, may have willingly omitted it, ( even although otherwife very ca- pable of performing it) left its accuracy and plainnefs, for both which this Book is fo highly efteemed, might have prejudged their Employment. • Secondly, There are but few Gentlemen, who although very capable to undertake fuch a Work, will yet be at the trouble and pains to engage in it, be- ing fenfible what a vaft difference there is, between Englilhing a few Pages,and rranflatmg a confiderable Volume ,• and I know/ that many have for this very reafon admired, bow that I, whofe Employment and Bufinefs lay not at all this way, fhould have ever concerned my felt w ith it : But to fatisfy a little fuch inquifitive Perfons as to this. I fay, that the Subject I have made choice of, is not only very Gentlemany, and Therefore worthy any mans all®wingfome fpare hours upon the ftudy of it,but l muff alio let them know,that feveral dungs which many other Gentlemen look upon as toils and troubles, are to mereai Recreations and Divertifements; and as it is my humor CO abominate idlenefe, fo I alwaysdefigned that my innocent Occupations, might not only be divert* ing and ufeful to my felfbuc alfo beneficial, if poffible, to others, whereof I have already given feveral Proofs, in treating of a Subject no left ufeful and Gen- tlemany than this; andasthediverdfementand fatisfadion I have had in com* pleating this Tranflation, hath abundantly recompenfed my labour (forlafr fure you what ever m3y be the thoughts of fome narrow and mean fpidtsed Peo- ple, I never intended any profped of gain fhould) fo I make no doubt, but the lerious perufalofit wilHufficiently aoiwer my expedation* by giving all imagi- nable fatisfadion to the Reader. - ••»>■:« -c The Third Reafon proceeds from an Objedion, which I have heard fome- times made againftthe Book in General,' viz. That many of its Receipts are not only difficult to prepare, but alfo very chargeable; now although'I know* this will have no weight with any who know the Booklet feeing it hath been.and1 ffill may be a Stumbling-block to many, who know not its Worth and Excellent cy. I lhall endeavour to remove it. Err/? then, as to the great difficulty there is in prepareing Lome of the Receipts, I fay that is eafily remededplby either making ufe of fuch as arc leaft compofed, (and whereof there are a great many in the Book, of the fame narure and vertue, although nor akogether f® great,with thofethatare moft difficult to prepare) or otherwife,where there is an abfclute neceffity to make ufe of any which are more compofed ; by employing fome difereet and skilful Apothecary, who may be commonly found in the nexr ad- jacent Town or Village: And as to ch t Second, which is their chargeablenefs and exceffive Rate, befides, as I have already faid, that there are many Re. medies of an eafk compofition, as well as more difficult, fo there are alio others The PREFACE which may be had at a very eafy Rate, and are therefore mod proper for Horfes of a fmall value; not but that they are alfo good for the fined ofHoifes,however I judge them more proper for the courted and mod common,fuch asyourordinary Hackneys, plough and Cart- horfes, &c. and where a man hath Horfes which arevcryfinc, and ©fa great value, I cannot imagine, that he will grudge at the giving out twenty /hillings, that fo he may fave himfelf ioo, 200, or 300 ‘founds, many Horfes in Europe being known to be valued at thefe Rates, and even in England there are fome of 100, iyo, and 200 founds price, fo that I fay, to fave Horfes of fo grear a value, 1 cannot fancy that any Nobleman, or Gentleman, who takes delight in them, will fcruple the laying out of 20 or 30 (hillings, which is more than the price of the mod compofed Remedy in the whole Book ; and although the common Vehicle recommended by our Author, be Claret or White Wine, both becaufe the courted kind of it, which is good enough for Hotfcs, is procured at a very eafy Rate in Franee, as alfo becaufe they have not in that Country the conveniency of getting good Ale, yet it doth not hinder, but that in many cafes where he ordereth Claret or White Wine, we in thefe Iflands, (where Wines are fold at a pretty dear Rate, and where good Ale may be eafily had ) may make ufe of Ale, if we find no indifpenfible ne- cefiity lying upon us, to make only ufe of Wine, which in fome cafes there is, as the nature of the Remedy, with a little Experience will quickly difeover to any: And thus I hope I have removed a common, but in my Opinion, very weak and frivolous Objection, made by a kind of men, who value a Crown or Noble, more than the fined Cour/er of Naples. But the fourth and lad Reafon,why this Tranflation hath been omitted,and which will, I believe, be found to be the drongedof all, is that we are general- ly fo much perfwaded of the Ezcellency of our old Writers, fuch as Blundcvil\ Markham, De la Gray, and fome others, that we imagine none can outdrip or exceed them, and yet the mod part ofthofe who have writ in the Engli/h Language upon this Subject, were french Men; For the Duke of Newcdfile, by what I can learn, never writ any thing of Mar (hairs, what ever he might have done, had he lived, for we find in his EnglilhBook of Horfemanfliipiaft Publifhcd, thathedefigned fuch aTreatife, but that it wasever either fimihed, or fo much as begun to, is what I could never as yet be certainly informed of; fo that,generally fpeaking, I fay we mud dill acknowledge,that we are in a great meafute beholden to the french, for our chieled Knowledge and Skill in this Science; and who ever lliall take the pains to perufe thefe Writers and this, as I have done the mod part of them, will find fuch a difference betwixt them, that I am confident,if he be any thing of a Horfeman, he will make no Com. parifcn. Let this long neglcft then of ours, now we have this admirable Piece incur own Language, make us the more tore ward, throughly to perule and pra&ife its Direidions, that fo we may with the greater fuccefs, improve in the know- ledge of a Science, which (asthe Art Military J is lookt upon not to be be- low the dudy even of Princes, whereof fevcral indances might be given; and that this Tranflation may have fo good and wifhed for effeft, is the earned defireof him, who is not only a WelFwifhcr toMarfbalry and Horfeman- fhip, but alfo according to his fmall power and capacity, an Encourager and Promoter of all Heroisk and Gentlemany Studies and Exercifes whatfoever. THE AUTHORS EPISTLE To the ERE *s a new Edition of the r>arf ait Marefchal wherein 1 am to give you new discoveries, which without doubt will make ‘ "H itprefe* able to the for wer ; t changed many things in the lad, to dtfhnguijh it from thoje which were Counterfeit by feme ftockfeUtrs at Licns,accuftomed to deceive the / ubhek by defective Editions, wher e n they (hamefully jo>n Negligence witb 7)t/ho* e/fy; They altered in this my Wor kthe Names of the Drugs, and thet eby rt ndered them unintelligible; they falfified in many remedies the 'l>efe. and cmfesjuently made the Cure wo fe than the Dtfeafe: To free thepubltck of this inc >nvemency l have in this newEdition change a the order of the preceeding, by tran/pofing the twoP arts which compofe the IVhole,and putting the Second in place of the Fir ft, To the end fo remarkable a change, which immediatiy Hr ikes the / yes, mght without Lhoqumgett her Re afon or iSymmetry, fervetodifungnjhthe true and genuine Copies from thefalfe. S ince that time, Experience and Reflections have given me new Dfcove• Ties, whereof l intend to make the Pubhek a Sharer; thereby the better to Anfwer the expectation of many Strangers, who having ah eady T ranflat ed this B Oik into (ever al Languages, and preparing for new Editions, will be no doubt very well Satisfied, to find it more l xaCt and Lorr eCi than her etijor e : In many par ts l have taken away whole Remedies, which appeared to me not Jo good as tboje / have put in their places, and 1 have cleared the moH part ef the'Pages, of tboje troublefome Characters, fuch as Crochers, Stars, 2nd Little Hands, that marked the additions made from time to time, and which empofed a Bizarre and fantafUcal body of IVork, more prop- er to difraCi and confound the Reader, than render him attentive, and tn- HruHhim. I had left in my former Editions, out of an indulgent Humor, and in be• half of many Farriers, and forneopimative Humours, certain Remedies,or rather ccrtatnOldKowsand Practices, which along cuflom hadfo rfutho- nfed, that l(carcclybelievedl could whollydeHroy*hem; at prefent l ba- ntfh this T oiler at ion, and although l put my [elf in hazard ofexciteing againft me this Croud of Ife op le, infatuated with theirfalfe Opinions, yet l declare that l am abjoiutely againft thefe Old and dcjptcable Routines, and pretend The Author’s Epiftle after having firtt re jetted them, te fubftitute in their places wholfome Reme- dies j for example, amongtt the different Remedies which 1 had given for Foundering in the feet, 1 hadftipt in that bad Cufiom of Gartering for Keafons 1 /ball explain in the Chapter Treating of that Infirmity \ If l had omitted that Routine, Teople would either have accufed me offtngnlar it y, or that 1 bad been ignorant of a pr attice, which had been by time beyond the compdfs ofCMemorte, rooted and e tt abltfhed among the Farriers; Now, l quit that Ctrcumfpettion, and intend to prove that the ufe of Garters is to be abolfhed, and that ifthey are not altogether unprofitable, yet they generally do more pre- judice than good. T his / Jhall make clearly appear to fuch,who are endued but with a moderate portion of Re a(on and good fenfe-. It is the fame with what they Commonly prattife upon a Horfe that is ttrained in the Shoulder or Haunch, for (ever V burnt lees or dregs S> of IVine ) Cendrcs gravslee Cineres faciumvini Afp®us Afperge A fp tragus Ajfa fatida Afle iaetid A jfa fat ida Avens or Herb Rennet Bencift Qaryophilln*a Azure or Lazule Bone Pierre dont fe f ait i’ Azur Lapis Uazult B B B T? Aeon Skin Couenne, ou Coine de 7 lard J Gorium Lardi tlalm Citronilleoumclifle Me Iff a 'Barberry tree Efpine Vinetce Berberis Bar kef any Tree Ecorce Cortex Barley Orgei Hordeum Barly flower or Meal Farmed* Orge. Farina horde's Baftard black Trie He-7 Ellebore baftard ou 7 Helleboraftrum tor or bears foot S Helleborafter Baftard Dittany Fraxinelle Fraxinella Baftard Saffron Cartham Qarthamus Bay berries Bays de Laurier Baccttlaurt Bay or Laurel wood Bois de Laurier Lignum laurinum Bdellium a Gum Bdellium Bdellium Beans Feves Faba Bears breech, or by ank\ Branque urfine mr ftvip ** Acanthus vel Branca• urfina Bears foot or baftard ( > Ellebore baftard, ou ; black Hellebor j > Helleborafter * Helleboraftrum An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin B B B Beert a kind of drink Biere Cerv'tfia lufulata beet Bette ou Poirce Beta beetle Efcarbot Sc arabr us Beetrave Bette rave Beta rubra Benedttta Uxativa, or ( the blefted Laxative C Benedifte Laxative Beneditta laxativa benjamin Benjoin Betizoinuxn Bctony Betoine Betomca Bezoar ft one Bezouarc Lapis Bezoar Bindweed or fe a bind' $ weed .? Soldatielle Soldanella Birthwort long or "Male Ariftoloch longue Anflolochia lenga Birthwort rounder ? female > Ariftoloch ronde uiriftolochia rotunda Bill or t or fnakc-weed Biftorte Biftorta vel radix fer- pt nt aria Blites or Blite Blettes blit urn B leffom orflower of the i !Romegranat entree S Ballauft balauftium Bole Krmomack, fine Bole, or Oriental / Bolarmenie J Bol fin d’Armenic, ou de Levant Bolus Krmenus vel Ori- ent alts Bole common Bole commun Bolus Vulgaris Borage Bourache Borago Bor ace or Borax Borax Borax vel Chryfocolla Borax of Venice Borax de Venice Borax Venetie Box wood Buys Buxus Bramble Ronce Rubus Sylveflris Bran of Wheat Son Furfur (aduflum Brandy Eau de vie Spirit us vim vel vinum Brier wild or Eglantine Eglantier, ©u Rofiet fauvag® Lynosbatus vel Rofa (yl- veftris Brimflone or Sulfur Soulfrc Sulphur Brim ftone live ornatu. / ral S Soulfre vif Sulphur vivum. Briony black Brioine Noire Bryonia Nigra Briony white Brieine ou Couleuvree Bryonia vel vitis alba Broom Genefte Genifta Buglofs Buglofe Bugloffum Bulrufh of the Sea Jonc marin Juncus aquaticus Burdock the great Bardane ou giouterone autrement aureil d'afne Bardana major Butter Beurre Butyrum Butter-burr Petafites. T eta fit is. of all the Simples &c. Englifb French c Latin. c kb b age V_/ Csiamint Choux pommez c Br affic a c a pit at is Calilment Calamintha Camomill Camomille Chamamelum CamemiU Reman Camomille Romaine Cham Capparis radix Carawdy Cardamoms the leffer, Carvi Carum the greater being com - > monly called grains oP Cardamome Cardamomum Taradtfe Cardum benediflus.or > Char don Benit Carduus BenediClm buffed ThiHle * Carline Car line Thi (lie Carhna vel Chantalecn ft Carrot Carote TDaucus (album Cafia C^lTe Caffia (data Caffia fifiula cleanfed Cade mondee Caffia fi(hilaris mm- Cafioreum of the indies Caftoreum de Levant Caftoreum Indicum CathoUcon double, or-j the double univerjai > Catholicum double Catholicum duplex purging EleCluary ' E’claire Cheledonium, vel her ha Celandine Wirundinana C entory great Centaurce grande Centauree petite ou 7 Centaur mm majus Cent annum minus, vel Centory leffier fiel de Terre i ■ Eel Terra Cerecloth of Galen Cerat de Galien Ceratum Galeni Ceruffa C ret a Car bo ligneus, five ex Cerufe, or White dead Chalk Cerufe Craye Charcoal of wood Charbon de Bois Ligno adufto (nenfe China Root Efquine China vel lignum Chi- Cinnamon Candle Cimamomum Cinq; fetl or five leav'd) gra/s. A Citron or Lemmon Pentaphilon ou Quin-7 te-feuille S Tentaphyllum (treum Citron ou Limon Limonium vel Malum c 't- Claret Wine Clairet Vinum rubrum Clay Terre glaife Lutum (Ima Clay of Totters Terre a Potier Argilla, vel Terra figu- Clove Gilly flower Cloves Girofflee Caricphillum Clous de Girofflc C&riophtUa aromatic a Cloves of Car lick Colewtrt Goufles d’aile Choux Agltdia.velallii Nuclei Caulis Celewert red Choux rouge Cauhs ruber Colocynth, orCeloquin- Celts foot [tide Gmfrey the great Coloquinre Pas d'afne Confoude grand Colocynthis Tuffiilago Symphitum, vel confolt* da major An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin c ' c c Comfrey middle, other- 7 ways Lung-wort * Conioude moyen Tulmonaria • Contra yerva or com-} ter poifon Root £ Copperas German Contra jerva Coupcrofed’ Alemagne Contra yerva vet ra- dix Drakena Vitriolum Germanicum Copperas Green Couperofe Vert Vitriolum viride Copperas white Couperofe Blanch Vitriolum album Copper brunt Calcantum Calcanthumvel Ms u- Coral Coral Corallium (flum Cor aline or Sett-ttlofs Coralline Coralhna Coriander Coriandre • Cortandrum Cornachinus's powder Poudrc do Cornachine Pulvis cornacmni vul- garis Tapaver Rhaas Corn ToppyjrCorn-rofe Coquericot Coflus bitter Coitus amere C oflus amarus Cow flip or Tyimrofe Primever \Trtmula veris vel Ver- Crab Cancre Cancer ibafculum Crabs-Eyes Yeuxde cancres v J Ocult Cancrorum Craw-fijh or Crevice Ecrevifle Aflacus Fluviatilis Cream of Sweet-milk Crefme de laic Apbrogala, velcremor Crefees of the Garden Nafirort laths Crijs wort Ccoisee Najturtium Cruciata Ranunculus pr&tenfls, vel Fes Corvi Qraw foot yellow of the Meadow JaunetouBafinec Crums or Joft of i Bread * Miedepain Medulla pants C riHal ofTdrtar CriftaldeTartre CriHallum Tart art G riflal Mineral or fall Criftal Mineral oufel prunella S prunelle A Sal Vrunella C ubebs Cubebes Cubeba Cucumber Concombre Cucumer vel Cucumis Cuttle bone OsdeSeche Os Septa Cyprefs T ree Cypre Cupreffus Cyprefs Nut Noix de Cypre Galbuhs velnuxCypria D D D IAA ifiewild 1 J Dandelion, Lyons'? tooth or pifs a bedA Marguerite fauvage Belts minor Sylveffris Dent deLion ou piffenlic Dens Leonis Darnel. Yvraie Lolium Devils Bit Mors du Diable blorfus Diaboh Digred or Diagridtum Diagrede Diagridtum D\U or xyinet Anec i^Anethum Dittany baHard FraxinelU Fraxtnella of all the Simples &c. Englijh French Latin D D D 'Dittany of Crete Di&ame de Crete DiCtamnus Qreticus Divine Tlaifter Emplaftre Divine , Empladrum Divinum] Dock /harp pointed Lapas aigu ou parelle Lapathum acutum Dog or Quitch gra/s Ghien dent ou Gramen Gramen Canimm. Dragons blood. Sang de Dragon Sanguis Draconis Dragon wort Serpeotaire Dracontium Dregs, grounds, or lees 7 of Wine* $ Baiftier ou Befltere de Vin Floces, vel feces vim Dwarf Alder Hyeble ou Hieble Ebttlm Dung of any be aft. Fiance Retrimentum. E E E 17 Arth fealed Xjj Earth Worm Terre Sigillee Terra fipttatu Lumbrique Lumbricm Egg ceuf Ovum oo Eglantine, or wild Brier Eglantierou Rofierfau- r vage » Cynosbatm fyU vejlris Elateritem, or condenf \ SUc de Concombre 7 Elattrium ed jutce of the wild> Cucumber j Sauvage «S Elecampane Enulc Campane EnuU Campana Elettuary of Cartba-7 mm Seeds * de Cartham Diacarthamum Electuary of the juice f of R efes * Eleftuaire du fuc de 7 Rofes 3 Ele&uarium e fucco Ko/arum EleCluary of Trunes l purging * Diaprunis Solutif i Diaprunum folutivum i- O D Endive Endive Endivia Eringo root Racine de Erynge frtngij radix? Euphorbium a Gum Eufcrbe Euphorbium. ExtraCl of Juniper Extraic de Genevre fxtradum Junipers Eye Bright. Eufraife fuphrajia F *J7E negreek Fennel F Fenouil Grec F Fmum Cr tecum Feaouil foeniculum Fig Figue Ficus Fig tree piguier f icus vel Arbor ficuinea Figwort Scrcfutaire Scrofularia major vul- garis Fileings of Steel Limailie d acier Limatura Chalybis Ftax,Hurds or Trio Bourre Stupa Flea wort, or flea bane He?be aux puces Tfylhon flint Cailiou Silex An Alphabetical, Catalogue Englijh French Latin F F F Flower, or blojfm in general Fleur F los Flower of Brimftone ■% or Sulphur i Fleur de Soulfre F los Sulphur is Slower, or blofiom of Tomgranates Ballauft Balauflium flowers of Violets Fleurs dt Violettes F lores Vtolarum fluellin, or fpeedwell Veronique Veronica Erank-inccnfe, or Oh- banum Oliban Oiibanum, velThiu fumitory Fume Terre fumaria. G G G Galens Gere-death Cerat de Galien Cera turn Galeni Galingal Gaiangue G dang* Gall of any Beafl Fiel Fel Galls, or Gall nuts Galles Gall/e Garlick Ail tsSlhum Gentian Gentiane Gentiana Germander Germandree Chamadrys Ginger Gingembre Gmgiber (ria Goats Rue Rue de Chevre Galega, vel Rut a capra* Goof berry-bu(h white Grozelier blanc Groffularia atba Gourd Citrouille Citrullum Grains ofCher me st or Scarlet grains Grains of !Varadife, \ Graines de Kermes ? Grains de Paradis, ou / i Maniguette ' G rana J li- ds tiaccifera or the greater Car- G rana Taradifi damoms Grape Raifin Vvd Greafe, or fat of any GrailTe , Gruau d* Aveine ou A- 7 A voine gruee \ xyidepsvel T'tnguedo thing Groats, or courfe oat tneall Farina avenacea vel tyjvenarum Chondri Lythofpermum feu mi- Gremil Gromel common lium folis Ground Fine Ghame pitis ou petit pin Chamapitys Groundfel Senecon Senecio vel Erigerum Guajacum, lignum vi- ta, or Tock wood Gayac Guajacum, vel lignum fandum Gum Ammoniack Ammoniac Ammoniacum Gum Bdellium Bdellium Bdellium Gum Cambugia, or Gum gutte £ Gomme gutte Cambogta, vel gutta gamba Gum Camphir Camphire Camphora Tragacanthum GumDragon, or Dra gagant \ Gomme a Dragon of all the Simples &cl Englijb French Latin G G G Gum Elemi Gamme Elemi Elemi Gttmm't Gum Ettpborbium Euforbe Euphorbium Gum CMaffick Maftic Maftiche vel kntifei re* fina Gum Olibanum, or i Eranktncenfe j Oliban Olibanum, vel Thue Gum Sagapen Gomme fagapens SagaPenum Gum Sarcocel Sarcocolle Sarcocolla Gun Towder. Poudrs a Canon. Tulvit Bombardicui H H H Harts horn Corn de Cerf Cornu Cervi Harts tongue Languede cerl on fco.7 lopandre S Lingua Cervina, vel fee* lopendria Hawkweed Chichorce amere ou 7 jaulne * /Hccipitrina vel Hiera- cium Hazel tree Couldre Corylus Sy he frit Hellebore black Ellebore noir Helleborus ntger Hellebore white Ellebore blanc Helleborus alius Hemp feed Chamvre ou Chenevis Cannabis femen Hermodatts Hermodaftes Her mo dafly lm Honey Mid Mel Honey of the herb Mcr- ? cury \ Honey of Rofes Mid Mercuriel Mel Mercurials Mid Rozat Mel Kofat urn Honey of Vto lets Miel Violat Mel Violat mm Honey fuckle Chevre-leuille Caprtfohum Here-bound Maihube ou Mauube Marrubiune Horfe tail Prefle ou Prele Cauda equina vel equm fetum Houfleek the great, or i Common S Hundred beadedTm- 7 Joubarue Sedum&effemper vivum majus Eryngium Chardonacent cedes file, or field E ringus S Hurds, Tow, or Flax Bourre Stupa H yfericon,or St.John's; * wort S Mille percuis Hypericum Hy (op Hyfope Hyffopm An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin i i i T Acinth or con fell ion? 3 of Jacinth £ Confeftion de Jacinth, / ou Hiacimh i C onfetfiode Hyacintho Jallaf Indian ieaf Si- John's wort,or Hy-7 Jalappe Feuille de Jnde Mills pertuis J a lappa LMalabathrum vel fo- lium Indicum Wypericum per teen $ Iris common Iris Commun Iris vulgaris Iris of Florence Iris de Florence Iris Florentina ipuiccof Liquorice com- 7 tmn i Sue de Regalife Succus Glycyrrhiza vulgaris Jnice of black Liquorice Sue de Regalife noire Succus Qlycyrrhizani- ger tfuice of Tale Kofes Juniper Berries Sue de Rofes pale* Bays ou grains deGe- nevre v Succus Rojarumpallid. Race a Juniperi Jumper fVood Bois de Genevre Lierre commun ou 7 . rempant * Lignum Juniperi Ivie common Wader a vulgaris Ivie of the wound Lierre tetreftre Hadera terrejlris Ivory. Ivoire Ebur K K K j&raJs Reneue ©uTralnafic Tolygonum, vel Centv nodia- L L L T Adies Mantle, or P > Lyon's foot, J, Pied de Lion Tes Lewis, feu Alchi- W’Ua Lard or fat of Bacon Lard Ltquawenvel Lardum Lavender Lavande Lavendula Laurel wood Bois de Laurier Ltgnum Laurtnum Lazule, or Azure flone Pierre dont fe fait PAzur Lapis Lazuli Lead Plombe Plumbum Leek Poireau Torrum Lees or \5re%s of Wine Baiftier ouBefiierdevin Places vel faces Vmi Lemmon or Citron Limon ou Citron Limonium, vel malum Lemmon Teel or skin Ecorce de Citron Otreum Cortex Limonum Lettuce Laitue L aBuca Lilly Lis Lilium Lilly Com fancy,or Lilly Convally £ Grand Muguet Lilium Convallium Lilly Root Oignion de Lis Lilif Radix of all the Simples &c. Englijb French Latin L Lillies of the water, t white and yellow i L * Lis d’Etangf . L Nymphea alba & la- tea ' Ladies Bedftraw Fetic Muguet; Gallium Lime unflacked Chaux Vive Calx viva Linfeed Lin Uni Semen Linjeed flower, or meal Farine de Lin Farina Lint (milla Lions foot, Emblica, Belle* C Myrabolansde cinq forts, &c \ CMyrabolan* Citrin*, ChebuU, &c. Myrrh Myrrhe Myrrha Myrtle berries Mirciiles Myrti Bacca. N N N 2&/J& Night - (hade‘W a* Ortie Ur t ic a Eaude Morelle Aqua Sofani vel Morelia Nitre or (alt-fetre Nitre ou Sal*peftre N it/um Nutmeg Mufcade Nux Mofchat a, vel My- rifhca. O O O \_JOat meal courfe, / Avoine Avena Avoine grueeou gruau? d’Aveine i Farina kvenacea, vel er rather Groats 1 Avenarum ckondri Onion Opium or the condenfed y juice of black poppy- S Oignon Cape Opium Opium heads j Opopomx, a Gum Opoponax Opoponax Orange Orange hurantium Orange peel Ecorce d Orange hur ant tor urn Cortex Organy, or wild' Mar - / jeratn * Origan Origanum Orpiment Orpiment huripigmentwn Orpine Orrice commoner ordi- Orpin Telephium mry flower de luce > Iris commuti Jr is Vulgaris root S of all the Simples &-c. Englifh French Latin o 0 o Orrice root of Florence Iris de Florence Jr is Florentina Or vie tan Oivietan EleCluarium Orvieta* Oxycrat ,or a compofiti- y mm on of water and vi- > Oxycrat 0 xycratum negar 3 (urn Oxycrotium-plafier Emplaftre Occicrocium Emplaftrum Oxycrcci- Oil Huile (res Oleum Oil of bitter Almonds Huile d’Amandes ame- Oleum Kmygdal. amar. Oil of fweet Almonds Huiled’Amandesdouces Oleum Amygdalarum dulcium Oil of Amber Huile d’Ambre Oleum Succini Od of Bays or Lawrel Huile de Laurier Oleum Laurimm Oil of Cafior or taflo- Huile de Caftor Oleum de Caftor eg Oil of G loves {re tm Huile de Giroffles Oleum Qaryopbtllorum Oil of Earth worms Huile de Lumbris Oleum Lmnbricorum Oil of Hemp feed, Huile deChenevis Oleum Cannabis Oil of Hypericon or St. Johns.wort Huile de Hypericon 7 Q.fum . ou mule pertuis r Oil of Lillies Huile de Lis Oleum Ltliorum Oil of Lin/eed Huile de Lin Oleum feminis Lini Oil of Myrtles Huile de Mirtles Oleum Mir t mum Oil of 0I ves Huile de Olives Oleum Ohvanm Oil of Petre, or Te- 7 trolium S Huile de Petrols OleumPetra, velPe~ trolaum Oil of Quinces Huile de Coins Oleum Cydomorum Oil of Rofes Huile Rofat Oleum Rofaceum Oil of Turpentine Huile de Tcrebentine Oleum Jerebinthma Od of IValnuts Huile de noix Oleum Carynum Oil of fVax Huile de Cire Oleum Cera Oil of Vitriol Huile de Vitriol Oleum Vitrioli Ointment of \ydgrippa Onguent Agrippa Unguentum Agrippa Ointment of the Apo. 1 files S Onguent des Apoflres fio/g* rum Ointment of Marfb- v Mallows \ Onguent d'Althea Unguent um Oialthaa Ointment Martiatum Onguent de Soidats Unguent urn Martiatum or of fouldiers \ Unguentum OppodeR Ointment Oppodeldoch Onguent Oppodeldoc doch Ointment of Pompho* Itx, or nothing Onguent Ponpholix Unguentum Oiapompho- Itgcs, vel nihil Ointment of Voplar buds Ointment Refumptive or Kefloring Onguent de Populeon Onguent Refumptif Unguentum Populneum Unguentum refumpit- Ointment of liofes Oyfier fhells Onguent Rofat Ecailles des Huiftres vum Unguentum Uofatum 0(lt earum concha. An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin p p TT\Armacity X Tar (ley Parfnip Sperma Ceti Sperma Ceti Perfii Paftenade Petr oft imuvo Paflmaca 'Patience, or Monks 7 rhubarb $ Patience Tat tent in vel Hippo la- pat hum Peach tree Pefchier Arbor Perftca Pearls Perles Mar gar it* Peafe FeveroIIes Pabule vel pi fa Pelhtory of Spain Peretreou Pyrethre Pyret hrum (muralis Pelhtory of the IVatt Parietairt F arietaria vel htrba Pennyroyal common Pouliot P ulegium hortenfe Jen Pulemm Pennyroyal wild Pouliot fauvage Pulegium Sylveftre Pepper Poivre Piper Pepper long Poivre long P iptr Ionium Pepper white Poivre Blanc P fper Album Periwinkle Pervenche V me a pervmca Petrol\ or oil of petre Petrole Petrohum Phagedenick water Eau phagedenique Aqua P hagedenica Pine Kernels of the * Indies c Pignons d’ Inde Nuclea pini Indie* Pine tree Pin Pinas Pine-tree‘bark Ecorce de pin Cortex pint Pine tree Gum Goname de pin f tnt Gummi Pitch black or common Poix noire P ix mgr a feu ficca Pitch of Burgundy Poix de Bourgogne P ix Burgundte Plantain Piantin P lan t ago Plantatn water Eau de piantin Aqia Plantaginit Polypody Poiipode Polypodium Pomgranet Grenade Malum granatum Pomgranet blofloms, 7 or flowers S Pomgranet skin Ballauft Balaufium Ecorce de Grenade Cortex Mali granati Poppy of the Corn, or , Corn Rofe \ Poppy white Coquericot Pap aver Rhdas Pavot blanc Pap aver album f na Potters clay Terre a porier ArgiUa, vel terra flguli- Powder of Cornachinus Poudre de Cornachini Vnlvis Cornachmii vul- garis Precipitate red Precipire rouge Precipitatus rubrus Precipitate white Precipice blanc Precipitatus a lb us Pulp, or flefhy part of any Fruit * Poulpe Pul pa Purflain Peurpier Portulaca /A • P of all the Simples &c. EngJifh French Latin Q. Q. Q. Vick [liver Quint es Argent vif ou Mercure \ courant * i_Argentum vivum Coins Mala Cydonta Quitch grafs, or cDog* {, grafs v Chien dent ou gramen Gramen Caninum. a R R water Raifort ou Rave R aphanrn Faude pluie Pqua pluvialis K a fins, sr dryed Grapes Raiftns Tecs Dva papa Rape feed Navette Semen rapt oblongt R eed hromatick of the ? S hops ' Calamus Aromatique Calamus Promaticus Regulus of Pntmony Regalle d’Antimoine Regulus antimony Rennet Apple Pomnae de Reynttte ?eutmm Malum Refl-harrm Acutellc hnoms,vel \rejla Bovis Rhubarb Rhubarbe Rh a bar bar um Rofemary Romarin R of mar mum Ikofe Rofe Rofa Rofe Damask, or pa>e ; Rofe de Damas Rofa Damafcena, vel Re/e \ Pallida Rofe red common Rofe rouge Rofa rubra Rofe red double, or?70 7 vince * Rofe de provins ofa rubra Batava, vel Rrovincialis Rofe water Eau de Rbfe Bqua Rofarum Rofin common Poix refine Refma nativa Rue Rhue, ou Rue R uta Rue of the Wall Rhue domed que Rut a murar'ta Rue water Eau de Rhue Aqia rut a Rye Seigle ou fegls Sec ale S A ck sr Spanifh-wine S Vin d Efpagne S Vinum Htfpanenfe Safran^ Crocus, vel fpica Ctlifja Saffron Oriental Safrande levant Crocus Orientals SagApen a Gum Sagapens Sagaptnum iage Sauge Salvia Sal prunella, or Crip ah Mineral S Sel Brunelle Sal prunella Salt Sel Sal Sait Krmoniac Sel Armooiac Sal Prmoniacum Sal Gem, or CMmeralX Salt 1 Sel Gemme Sal Gemmae An Alphabetical Catalogue Englifb French Latin s s s Salt great Sel gros Sal Hifpanicum Salt of lead Sel du Saturne, ou Se 1 7 de Plombe \ Sal %aturni Salt Tctre or Nitre Sel Peftre ou Nitre Nttrum, vel falTetra Salt of Tartar Sel de Tartre Sal Tartari Salt Treacle of Vipers Sel Theriacal de Vipe* f res £ SalTbettacum Vipe- rarum Sandiver or glaf r fait Sel de Verre Axungia Vitri Sanicle Sanicle SamcuU Sarcocol, a Gum Sarcocolle Sarcocclla Sarfaparilla Salfepareille Sal/apariUa SaJTafras Saffafras SaJJdfras Satyrion Satyrion Satynum Saunders Sandal Sant alum Saunders the three kinds Trois Sandale T rtajuntalum Savin Sabine Sabina Savory Sarietce Satureia Scabious Scabieufe Scabtofa Scammony Scamonec j Scammonium Scorzonera or Viper si grafs S Scerzonere Scorzonera Sea- bind-weed Sea rufh- grafs, or Jea- ? Soldanelle Jonc marin Soldanella Bull-rufh S J uncus aquations Sea holly, or hundred ; headed T hi file S Chardon a Cent teftes Eryngtum Sealed Earth Terre figillce Terra fifiUata Self-heal Brunell BruneMa, vel confolida minima Sene Sene Senna Serpent,or Adders tongue Langue de ferpent Lingua Serpentic Services Cormes Sorba Sharp-pointed dock Lapas aigu ou parelle Lap at hum acutum Shepherds pur/e Bouile depaftme Burja paffotis Skirrets Chervi Ctcer Sloe Pruneile de Buitfon ' Trmum fylveftre Stnallage Ache Apium Snails red without (hells Limaces rouges Limaces rubri Snake-weed, or Biflort Biftorte Biftorta vel radix [er. pentaria Soap Savon Sapo Soap black Savon noire S apo niger Soap of Caft He, or Spa- ? n ifh fo ap \ Savon d'Efpagne Mar-; bre S %apo Hifpanicus Solomons feal Signet de Salomon Sigtllum Solomonts Soot of wood Suye de Bois Fultgo Ligni Sorrell of the Garden Ozeille Acetofa hortenfis, five Franca Sorrell long-leaved Ozeille long Acetofa vulgaris folio Sow bread Ciclamen ou painde l Pourceau longo Ciclamen, vel pants por- cinus of all the Simples &c. EngHjh French C Latin € s Spech greafe, orpeece } O o greafe, being the fat( or greafe of boited ( Surpoinc 1TinguedoCorjj concetti oleo delibuti oiled Leather j Speed-well or Fluelltn Veronique Vironic a Spicknard Spica nard Sptca Indie a, feu fpica nardus Sp inn age Efpinars Sptmachia Spirit of Nitre Efpric de Nitre Spiritm nitrt Spirit of fait Efpric de fel Spintus falls Spirit of Turpentine Efpric de Therebentin Spirit us T ere bint hints Spirit of IVme Efprit de Vin bpiritus Vim Spirit of Vitriol Efpric de Vitriol Spiritm Vitrioli Spleen-wort Ceterac Afplentum vel Getarach Spodium, alfo Nothing Poopholix !Rompholtx Spuige leffer or wild Epurge, une Efpecede Efula, velTithymalus Tichymale (ylvaticus lunato flore Starch Amidon A mylum Staves acre Stafis agre St aphis agria Steel Acier Chalybs Steel duff or fileings Limaillede Acier Limatura Ghalybis Sublimate corrojive Sublime corrofif Mercurim (ubiimatm corrofevus Sublimate fwcet Sublime doux GMercurius fublimatm dulcis Succory Chichoree Cichoreum Succory bitter or yellow or r At her hawkweed * Chichoree amere ou Act ipitrina,Hieracium% jaulne vel Cichoreum amarum Succory water Eau de Chichoree Cuhoret Sugar Sucre Saccharum Sugar candy brown Sucre Candy roux Saccharum candum ru- brum [bum §ugar*candy white Sucre Candy blanc Saceharum candum alm Sugarcoarfe^orTow* 7 CaUonade Saccharum pnlveratum der-fugar $ non purifaatum Swine fearn Graifle de pore, ou fain doux Axungit porcina Sulphur or Brimflone Soulfre Sulphur Sulphur golden of AntiJ Soulfre aurc d’Antimo* Sulphur auratum Anti• mony £ ine tnonjj Sumach Sumach Rhus Sumach berries Grain de fumach Eruthros T T T tnT^kmarinds Tamarisk a fhyub Tamarins Tamar indi Tamaris Tamarifeus Tan fie Tanaife, ouTanacec Tanacetum Tar Tare ou Tare *Pix liquida Tartar (ned Tartre Tart arum Tartar white or calcic Tarcre blane Tart arum Calc mat urn An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin T T T Thee 7 hi file with a hundreds he a as, or fea holly A Thyme Thyme wild, or mother of Thyme \ The Chardon a cent teftes thie Eryngtum Thymum Serp ilium Thim Serpolet T oad Crapsut Bufo Tobacco Tabac ou herbe a la Rein Tetim vel Nicotian a Tobacco of Barfil Tabac de Brefii Vetum indicum To* went il Tormentille T ormentilla Tow, Hurds, or Flax Bourre fque Theriaque d’Androma- Stupa Treacle of Andromach Theriaca Andro nachi Treacle of T enice Theriaquede Venice TheriacaVtneta Turbtth, the herb Turbith 7 urpethum Turnip Rave Rapum Turpentine common Terebentme commune Ter ebmthma laricia vel communis Turpentine of the IJle , of Qhio \ Terebentine dc Rifle 7 de Ohio A T er ebmthma eChit Turpemme of Venice Tercbeaunede Venice Terebmthma Veneta> U U U IT*** hofn Corn de Licorne Unicornis vel Monocero- tis Cornu W W W ”\/\/* lyAnut • Noix Juglans Water in which hotT ron hath been quen- > ched. j Eau ferre lAlquaferro calido ca- lefatfa Water Germander Scordion,ou German* 1 dree acatiquc A Scordium Wax Gire Cera Wax bard, or fealing i Wax X Cired’Efpagne Cera figiUarts Wax red Wax white, or virgin ? Wax * Cire rouge Cera miniata Cire blanche Cera Virginea Wax Fellow Cire jaune Cera fldva Wayfaring Tree, or l Viorneou VigneSau* ? Viburnum wild Vine i vage a of all the Simples &c. Englijb French Latin w w w fVbay Petit lait Serum laShs Wheat tfroment Trtticum Wheat* Fran Son Fu/fur Wheat flower the fmefl Farine fine de froment To lien Wheat meal, or courfe ? wheat flower * Farine de froment Far, vel farina Tritiei Whelp Jut king Chien de lair Catulus latte anus White of an Egg Glaired’un ceuf wAtbumen White lead or Cerufe Cerufe Cerujfa Willow or Jallow Tree Saule Saltx Wine Vin (vin Vinum Wine lees or dregs Baiftier ou Befliere dc Floces vel faeces Vim Wme t ed or Claret Vin rouge ou Clairet Vinum rubrum Wine white Vin blanc Vtnum album Winter green Pirole Tyroia Wolfs bane, or Aconite Reagal Acomtumvel lufaria Wtod lou/e, Sow, or / CheefUp i Cloport Tilus velTorcellio Worm’jeed Semance comre Ies vers Semen contra Vermes Worm wood Abfinte isZbfynthium X V V T Alert an \t Veraegreafe Valerians Valeriana Vert de gris.ou verdet tyErugo Verjwce Verjus Xtnum Omfhacium or Cinnabar i natural Cinabre naturel Cinnabris nativa Vermilion,or Cinnabar 1 Cinabre artificiel Cinnabris fattiva artificial $ Vervaine Verveine Verbena Vine T ree, or (brub Vigne Vttis Vine wild, or way far- j tng tree 5 Viorne ou vigne fauvage Viburnum Vinegar Vina:gre Acetum Vinegar of Rofes Vinaigre rofat hcetum rofactum V iolet Violette J' tola Viper (nera Vipre Vtpera V ipers graft, orScorze. Scotzonere Scorzonera Xitriol blew or Roman Vitriol blue Vitriolum coerulenm.Vtl Romanum Vitriol white or common Vitriol Commun Vitrielum album, vel commune Vmtting Nut Notx vomique Nux vomica An Alphabetical Catalogue Englijh French Latin Y i ' XT* A rrew or Milfoil X Tolkof an Egg Millc feuHes A?tile folium Jauned’un ceuf X it dim vel ovi luteimi % . V- Z Z Z Edoary Xedoaria A N EXPLICATION O F Some French Terms of Horfernan- fhip, mentioned in this Book. A AIDES. Are Afliftances or Helps,which the Rider draws from the gentle and delicate Effects of the Bridle, Cavezon, Spurs, Rod, A&tonofhisLegs, and preffure of his Thighs; As alfo from the found or Clack of his Tongue, to make a Horle ride juft,and as he ought; They are alfo made ufe of to prevent Chaftilements, which a man is fometime* obliged to make ufe of,while he is a drelling Hoi (ts.SeeSupplp.i6 &c AIR. An Air, is a Cadence and Liberty of movement, accommodate to the natural Difpo- fition of a Horfe, which maketh himRide,and Raife himfelf, according to the Riders Inclinati- on, and that both in meafure and Cadence : They are generally reckoned to be fix. See Supplement. p. 36 AMBLE. See Sup pi. p. and 60 APPUY. An Appuy may be confidered fevcral ways, as Fnji, it may be taken for a Reciprocal Sentiment or Feeling, betwixt the Rider’s hand, add the Horfe’s mouth : zly. For a Horfe’s reft upon the Bit mouth: And $/y.For the Preflure of the Bit-mouth on the Barrs APPllY d Pletne-matn. Is a firm Preffure of a Horfe’s Barrs againft the Bit-mouth,but how- ever, fo as not to be heavy on the Rider’s hand; and this isaQuality which all Horfes appointed for the Warrs, ought to have; becaufe they are thereby the more fure for the Rider,who in time of Adtion, cannot befuppofed toconfider atten- tively the Aides of his Bridle-hand. A- APPUY 4« de id de Flerne-main. Is a very hard preffure of a Horfe’s Barrs againft the Bit- mouth, but however, fo as not to force the Rider’s hand, and therefore may be turn’d,and Stopt with a little ftrength :This kind of Appuy is thought convenient tor fuch people, as hav. ing weak Thighs, cannot keep themfelves firm oil Horfe-back with them* and therefore hold fall, and cleave to the Bridle-reins. ARMER, See Fart. I. p, 25:4 and Supple- ment p. (5$ B BALOTTADE, SeeSuppl. p. 36 C CAPRIOLE. See SuppL p. 56 CAVESSONi A Cavezon, is a kind of Mufrole or Nofe-band, made cither of Iron, Leather,or Rope,fometimes flat upon the infide, and fometimes hollow,as alfo twitted,and which is placed by help of a Head-ftale upon a Horfe’s Nofe, the better to conftrain him,and aflift the Rider in the fuppling of his Shoulders : Thofe of Iron, flat upon the iniide, and alfo quilted with fott Leather, are moil proper for this,and thofe ot Cord or Leather flttett to be made ufe of betwixt the Pillars. See Tafaer. CORVTT. See Suppi. p. CROUP ADE. SecSttppi. p. D DEMY-VOLT. Is a half Circle, or Round * which a Horfe performed upon one of the Cor- ners of the Squire wherein he is Riding, or at the end of a ‘/‘a fade, and which he marked with cither one or the Rider pleafes, that lb he may change hands,and fall in again exa&Iy to the fame Line of the Square or Pafade from whence he turned and when it happens that he falls not in exactly upon the fame Line, then People fay, He hath not Vofed exactly his Demy- volt. Not4. That it is always better to form a Square in Riding, than a Circle * this is agreed to by all good A/otie men. DEJ*UNY. Or Difunited, Sf? Suppl. p. E ENTIER. See Suppt, p F FERME k Yerme. Is when a Horfe per- formed Qorvetsox Pefades in one place, with out in the leaft either advanceing or retireing G GALLOP* SeeSuppl. p- 54 H HEAVY. On the Hand. See Tart / p. 242 M MANEGE, May be confidered two ways, as i* It may be taken for the place where People ride. x. For any particular Air that is taught a //orfe " MES-AIR, is an Air or Manage betwixt the Terre d Terre and Cor vet, and is commonly cal- led the Volts. N NOUER. Tegmllette, See Capriole. P PAS. S« Walk. PASSADE- See SuppU p. 48 FASSAGER. See Suppl. p. I (Vc. PIROUETTE. See Sue*-. p. 47 PISTE. Is the Print o Mark, made by a Horfe’s Feet upon the ground as he is Rideing, fo that he may either mark one or two, if he be a ready Horfe, as the Rider hath a mind for it, For Example, if the Rider make him go but at an ordinary Gallop in a Circle, or rather j Square, then he will mark but one Pift,butif i he make him Gallop either with his /launches 1 in, or go the 7 erre 4 Terre, then he will mark < p twoPifts, and the fame if the Rider make him or gofidewile, eider in a [freight Line or upon a Circle. Q. QUART EN QUART. Is when a //orle is wrought or Rid upon a Square, to ride him three times Together along the firft of its four Tides,and at the third time,to pafsthe hrfl Angle* and ride him as many times along the fecund,and and fo fucceffively to the relt, untill the Rider hath made him go over the whole four fides of the Square,that fo he may hnilh his Reprise upon that fide of it wiiere he began- R. REPRISE- Is the Reiteration, or Repeti- tion of a Z/orfe’sLePon. S SACCADE. Is a ludden twitch that the Rid- er giveth a Horle with the Reins of the Bri- dle, when he either with Opiniatrety, Arms himlelf, or reds too much on the hand : it is a kind of Corredhen, but (liquid be very rarely made ufe of, becaule it is apt to Ipoil a horfe’s mouth. SERPEGER. Is to ride a horfe in a Serpen- tine or Undulate Line, SOUTEN1ER. Is to ftay or keep up a horfe’s head with the Bridle-hand. T TERRE k terre. See SuppL p. 36 T1RER k U main. Is to rehft and prefs a- gainft: the Rider's Bridie-hand. dee 7Vr Is p. 242 TRIDE. Is the quick and fhort motion of a horfe’s Legs, upon any natural or artificial A&ion. TROT. See SuppU p. W WALK. See SuppL p. j* VOLTE. May be confidered two ways* As 1.Forby the Circle orRound wherein a horfc rideth. 2. For a kind of Air betwixt the Terre k Terre and Cor vet, called alfo a ATes-atr, VOLTE Renverjee. Is when a horfe per- formed a Mannage or Volt of two Pills, his fore-parts making the lefler Circle, and his bind the larger, or his Head being next the Center, and his Croupe out. Of Weights and Meafnres, as well Dry as Liquid. it is only the Englifh Liquid Measure, and Goldfmith or Mar that are made ufe of throughout this whole whereof Weights, 3 Scruples 8 Drachms 8 Ounces x Markor 16 Ounces One Drachm One Ounce One Mark, or * Pound One Pound Make Liquid Meafnres, Englifh half Pint Scots halt Murchkin Taris Murchkin Equal. Half a Pound Enghfh Pint Scots Murchkin Vat is choppin Make Equal One Pound Eughfb Quart Scots Choppin Tuns Pint Equal Two Pounds Dry Meafures. Engltjh Meafares. x Engli(h Pints 1 Scots Choppin Equal One Quart x Englifh Quarts 1 Scots Pint Equal One Pottle x Pottles or 4 Engl, Q 1 Scots Quart Make Equal One Gallon x Gall/- or 8 Engl Q x Setts Quarts Equal One Peck 4 Pecks, or 3 i En. Q. 8 Scots Quarts Equal One Bufliel Nota. The French Bvfhel is fomewhat lefs tham Englifh Beck stnd sin half, which is ix Englifh Quarts Jo that the French Teck or Vi cotin which is the fixt part of the French Bufhel, is fomewhat lefs than * Englifh or x Scots Qhoppms. part I THE PARFAIT MARESCHAL, Or Compleat FARRIER Part I The Introdu&ion. AMongft all the Creatures, there is none which yeddeth more profit and pleafurc to Man than the Horfe; He is Stately in Triumphs, adroit and bold in the moft Dangerous Engagments, and ftrong and hardy to endure any kind of Fatigue or Labour : A Horfe is ufet’ul in al! the great lnterprifes of War: There is none more fitforTraffick and Husbandry, nor io agreeable for divertilement: But all Horfcs which People soake choice of both for War and the Maimage, do not always anfwer Expe&ation : and of thofe alfo which are defigned for draught, many are overcome by a Moderat Labour, and can endure no extraordinary Fatigue; yea Travellers do not always meet with that conveniency and plcafure which they expedt from their Journey Pads; All the advantages which may juftly be expe&ed from Horfes are not cafy to be met with, and that which is moft troublefome of all to thofe who diligently feek after them, is, that after they have met withagood and well fhapt Horfe, and one that is adroit and vigorous, oft times for want of skill to Govern him, orthorow the remifnefs of a Groom who negledleth to drefs him, for not having regulat his Dyet, or for having watered him unfealonably, or by any other accident, ('which the want of skill in this Art may have made a Man fall into) the Horfe is brought to fuch a Condition as renders him altogether unferviceablec thele Malheurs are oft-times of great importance, and prove alwayes hurtful, yet they fo frequently fall out, that without a little experience and Skill, a particular application, and exaft precaution for preventing them, a Man cannot fometimes (hun lofeing /j'orfes of confidcrable value. I am therefore perl waded, that thofe who delight in Horfcs will be very well fatisfied, that I have taken the pains to make this Book appear in publick, with all the perfe&ion imaginable lay in my power: In the feveral impreflions which have been hitherto, I made the publick a fharcr of the skill, which I acquired not only from new Remedies, but alfo from feveral Experiences and obfervations for the application of thefaid Remedies; I therefore hope that this laft Edition will clear all the Doubts which have been pro- pofed to me, and that People will find in it wherewithal to fatisfie themfilves: I am in a continual practice, and I fee an infinite number of Difeaf’d Horfes, fb that daily I learn and difeover things, which were either doubtful, or unknown to me; It was alwayes my aim to find out eafie Remedies, and alfo fufficientto recover Aforfes, and put them in a condition to fcrve,in which I fucceeded fometimes: And in this Edition if you will give vour felf the rtouble toperufe it, you will find that 1 have taken away (©me Re- medies which were too difficult to be pra6fifcd,and have put in their places others farmore eafy and as good,that l have alfo amended the faults which were in others,and finally that I have put all things in fuch a condition, that I believe thofe who are curious will confefs, that I nauft ueeds have been at a great dale of pains,to bring this Book fo that exa&nels in The Ir,tro« du&ieil. 2 The Parfait Marefchal, Part I. which it is at prelent;! preferibe nor in it any new Recept, but what by experience hath been found good, and for the convenience of thofe who deftred it, I have reduced it in- to two parts. That I may therefore inftrueft you methodically, to prevent all the above-mentioned ineonveniencies, I (hall firft teach you to know all the parts of a Horft, the fame figures which are in the Difcourfe, being to be found upon the following print in their refpc&ive places, fee plate 1/. The Intro- duition, CHAP I The Names of all the Parts, which generally frame or compofe the Body of a Horfe. THE Afead being the feat of the Animal faculty, the lburce of docility and Caprie$, the Principle of motion and reft, is without debate the moft confiderablc part of a//orfes Body* it coniifts ofdiverfe parts, which according as they arejuftly proportion- ed, give it iCs exa£t fliape and comlinefs; I (hall name them briefly and in order, contenting my felf for the moft part with the reprefentation of them, as they are mark- ed with Figures in the following Plate which is the firft. The LARS are a part well known, The FOREHEAD is marked i. The TEMPLES are marked 2. The EYE-PITS, or Afollowes which are above the Eye-brows, and which when very deep caufe a horfe look furly and ugly, b.y making him appear old, are marked 3 The EYE-BROWS are above the eyes, and below thofe above mentioned Pits. The EYES (by which as in a looking Glafs may be perceived the mettle, Courage, Malice, //ealth, and Indifpofitionofa i/orle) fhould be confidered with attention; they confift of two parts, not to mention the Eye-lids, which are thofe Skins which cover the Eyes, when a #orfe is either afleep or (hutting them. The flrft part is the Glafs or Criftal, which enclofeth the whole fubftance of the Eye, and giveth it the form of a tranlparent Glob: I will notdilcourfe here of the //umours whereof the Eye is Compofed, that difeourft belonging properly to Phyficians. The (econd part is the ground or bottom of the Eye, which is propperly the pupil or Apple of the Eye, and which is called by fome the joy or Life of the Eye; the confiderati- on of thisdivifionof the eye isof€onfetjuence, that theft two parts may be the better Diftinguiftied and not confounded together, for the Criftal is that part of the Eye peopkperceive at the very firftlooking to it, and the bottom or apple of the Eye is not perceived, but by looking attentively, and in through the criftal to it, and then will the ground or inward part of the eye appear. Behind the eyes and towards thcThroat, is the G ANACHE(as they called it (n French) ©r that part of the Nether which when a A/orfe hath his head exactly well placed, toucheth the neck next to that part of it, which is called the Onfet of the Head; it is moveable, and (erveth to give his under-jaws that motion, by which witfi the help of the teeth, they chaw and grind his provender; it is marked 4. The NOSTRILS are thofe overtures, through which a Horfe doth breath. The NOSEisat the end of the head, and below the Noftrils marked y. The word MOUTH is only appropriat to men, and by a particular priyiledge to /forfes; that part is divided into feveral others, whereof fome are External, and Others internal. The External or outward parts of the Muutb, are firft the £/FS, which are thefe thick fiki» that cover the teeth and gums* w- . . — - ' nr I _ CHAP. I. The Names of all the parts.whieh generally frame or Compote a Horfes Body. Part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 3 The BEARD is the fecond External part, it is the place where the curb reftetl and preffeth the Horfe, when the bridle is drawn a little firm to bring in his head to it’s right place} it is marked, 6. The third part of the Mouth, is the TIP of the NOSE, which is as it wereacontb nuation of the upper lip, which covereth the teeth, and preferveth them from cold and the injuries of the Air. The fourth External part of the Mouth, 'is the CHIN, which is alfo a part of the under-lip which covereth the teeth; Marked 7. In the Internal parts of the Mouth, people confider firft the BARRS, whichlare a part oftheGumrns, but without any teeth, fothat Nature feemeth to have appointed them as a place, for the mouth of the Bit to reft upon. The BARRS are propperly the very ridges or upper parts of the Gumms, betwixt the under Tulhesand Grinders, for the outward fides of them are always called the Gumms. The lecond part is the TONGUE. The third is the CHANNEL which is the hollow betwixt the two Barrs or nether jaw-bones, in which the Tongue is lodged. The fourth is the PALAT, which is the Roof ©f the mouth, and the place where Horfes are commonly bled with a lliarp pointed home, to refrelh and give them an Appetite. The fifth and laft is the TEETH which are of five kinds. The firft are the JAW-TEETH or Grinders, which are in Number Twenty four, viz., Twelve in the upper Jaw, and as many below, with which the Horfe doth . bruiieand grind his provender by the Motion of the inferiour jaw, the fuperior remain- ing always immoveable and fixed, Thefecond are thole Small teeth which come forth before, when a Foal is about three Months old, and which he beginneth to call about two Years and a half thereafter, fit the lame order as they did firft grow; they are therefore upon that account, called MILK or FOAL-TEETH. The third are the TUSHES, which Mr. De La Jlrero callcth Efchahons, thofe are Teeth placed alone in the Barrs, betwixt the Fore-teeth and Grinders,one upon each fide below, and as many above almoft juft oppofite to them : Mares have feidom any of thefe Tufhes, and when they have them they are but finall; it is alfo thought animper- fe&ion in thofe which have them. The fourth kind are thofe which grow before in place of the Foal-teeth, and with which Horfes draw their Fodder, or cut their grafs when they are a grazing, they are called GATHERERS, and being fix above and as many below, are divided int© three kinds, viz the NIPPERS, the MIDDLE TEETH or SEP ABATERS, aud the OUTWARD or CORNER ones} The Nippers which are the two teeth in the midle both above and belaw, arc thofe which a Horfe firft changeth, the middle Teeth or Se- parates, which are the two next the Nippers one upon each fide of them both above and below, ( and called Separaters becaufe they Separate the Nippers from the Corner teeth ) are thofe which change next, And the Outward and Coraer ones, which are thofe next the Tufhes both above and below, and by which the age ©fa Horfe is known, are thofe which he cafteth laft; the age is alfo known by the Middle Teeth or Separates So the Number of the fore teeth are twelve, fix above and fix below, by which it is eafie to conclude, that a Horfe hath in all Fourty teeth, and a Mare but Thirty Six. Having named and made known to you the parts of a Horles Head, which are mofii apparent to our fight, /{hall not mgadge myfelfto deferibe the Internal and moft hidden parts thereof, which lye not fo open and difeovered to us,fuch as thofe of the brain and nerves, becaufc thofe Perfons who have the curiofity to be more particularly in- ftru&ed in them, may receive that fatisfa&ion from the Anatomy of the Sieur Rainy, or Mr S naff Anatomy of a Horfe in Englifh, who hath treated very exatftly of them. The NECK is limited above by the CRES T OR MANE, ( which is that longhair which goeth from betwixt his Eares,all along the very Top or Ridge ef the Creft, down almoft to the tip of his ihoulders) and below by the Throat or wind-pipe: It is Mark- ed 8. 8. The WITHERS begin where the Mane endeth,afid are joytied to,and end at the very top of the fhoulder blades, they are Marked 9. The SHOULDERS are below the Withers on each fide, and in a manner inclofethe Breaft, which is called by fom* the Counter, and defeend to the place of their iafertion, or joyning to the fhoulder bone; they are marked 10. to. 10, , CHAP, t The Names of all the parts, which generally framt or compofe a Kories Body, 4 The Parfait Marefchal, part j The BREAST or COUNTER is below the wind-pipe, and betwixt thc two Ihoulders before : Marked n. n. The BACK or REINS, beginneth at the Withers, and taketh up as much length as a pad-fadle of a rcafonable bignefs will covers h is Marked 11. 13. Thc LOYNS begin at that place where the hinder part of the Sadie refteth, and although they be called the Loyns, yet properly they are nothing cllebut a continuation of the Back or Reins. The RIEBS begin at the Back, and environ the Cheft or Belly: they are marked 14: 14. The BELLY is well enough known, it is oppofite to the Back, and that part which People commonly ftrike when they make ufe of their Spurrs. The FLANKS are at the extremity of the Belly where the Ribbs are wanting, and below the Loyns: marked 15. 15. The RANCHES begin atthofe two Bones, which are at the upper part of the Flanks near to the Crupper, although the whole hinder part upon each fide, froua the Crupper to the Hana or Hough, goeth commonly under that name., The CROUPE or upper part of the Buttocks,beginneth betwixt thofe two abovemen- tioned Bones, and near the Loyns, and rcachet'n to the very Rump or Dock, com- prehending all that fpacc which is of a round or circular form, and where commonly the Crupper of the Sadie doth reft. The FORE-LEGS are compofed of thole following parts. The SHOULDER, or rather SHOULDER-BLADE which we mentioned before, marked 30. 10. 10. doth fomewhat relemble a Shoulder of Mutton, and is placed much after the fame fafhion. The SHOULDER-BONE, itisi Bone which reachcth betwixt the Shoulder-blade, and Elbow-joy nt, and is placed oppofite to that part of the Belly, where the girths ly after a Horfe is fadled, it is marked 1 6- When that Bene lyeth fo clofe to thc body, that a Maw findeth difficulty in putting his hand betwixt the Horfes body and Ri6o>*, it is a deformity which always difeorers, that the Horfe when riding will carry his Leg6 out- wards: It is very lit to make this oblervation in Colts, and albeit this be not the, proper place to mention it, yet left it might have memory, for lack of an oppor* tunity to dilcourfe of it, I have herefet it down. The ARM or FORE-THIGH, reacheth from the Elbow Joint to the Knee, and beginneth the Foreleg; it is marked 17. 18. At that part where the Arm or Fore-thigh beginneth, upon the fore parr of the Leg near to the Elbow-joint, and a litle inclining towards the infide, there lyeth a vein, called the Bafilirk Vein (in French L’ ars and by common Farriers the Plat-veine ) in which Horfes are bled upon feveral occafions: it is marked 17. . The KNEE is below the or Fore Thigh, and juft oppofite to the ply or bending ©f the forelegs-, it is marked 19 in the left leg of the figure plate 1 ft. The SHANK is that part of the Fare leg, which is betwixt the Knee and fecond joynt next to the foot, which is called thc Fct-lock or Paftemjoynt, and is marked 19 19. The FET-LOCK or PASTERN joynt, is thatjoynt / juft now mentioned, it is marked 20 , and is the very next to the Foot. The PASTERN,is the diftance betwixt theforefaidjoyntandthe Coronet of the hoof: it is marked 2 1. The CORONET is that part found the very top of the Foot, where the hair gro weth and falleth down upon the hoof; it is marked 22. Thefeare the names of all the parts belonging to the Forerlegs. The FOOT confifts of the HOOFor COFFIN, which is all that//orn that ap- pears when the Horfe has his foot let to the ground : it is marked 22, 24, 25. The QUARTERS are the two fides of thc foot from 24 to 23. The HEEL is the hinder part of the foct, ami hath two fides where the Quarters terminate; it is marked 23. The TOE is the fore part of the foot, marked ay. The foot mu ft be taken up, that the parts following may be perceived. The FRUSH or FROG, which is placed from the raidlc of the lole towards the //eel upon both fides, is a part more fofc and more elevate than the reft of the foie, and ter- minates juft at the Heel. The SOLE is as it were a plate of horn, which environing the Frufh covereth the whole bottom of the Foot, all people know it, becaule when a (hoe is right placed, it fhould not at all reft upon it, and but very feldooa touch it. The CHAP. 1. The Names of all the parts,which generally frame or com pole a Horfes Bo«ly. part I. Or Compleat Farrier. The COFFIN BONE or LITTLE-FOOT, is that bone which is to the foot as a heart or kernel, It is quite furrounded and covered by the hoof, frufh, and foie, and is not perceived when even the Horfes folc is quite taken out, being covered upon all Tides by a coat of flefh, which hindreth the bone to appear. It now remains that I name the parts of the hind-legs, whereof the molt ernfider- able are, the upper bone of the hanch near to the Croup and upper part of the buttocks, called O/ ilium, and marked 26. The ST1FFLE, other wayes called the great Mufcle, is that part of the hind leg,which advanceth towards the Horles belly as he is riding, it is marked a;; and is a moft dan. gerous part to receive a blow or ftroke upon. The THIGH or GASKOIN begineth at the 5tiffle, and reacheth to the ply or bending of the ham and is contained betwixt the figures 27, and 19. r 1 The HAM or HOUGH, is the ply or bending of the hind-leg marked 29. 19. and comprehended! likewayes thepoynt behind, and oppofite to the ply, called the hock,it is marked 30. The PLY or bending of the Ham where the Sclender cometh, is marked The part where the SPA VEN cometh, which is a little beneath the ply and in the infide, is marked 31, and where the Excrefcence cometh, which is called in French Le jardoni, and which is almoft of the fame nature with the Spaven, only that it is upon the out fide, is the number 32. From the #amtothe Pattern joynr, is that part of the leg which in the fore-legs is called the SHANK, but in the hind the INSTEP, marked 33; the reft of the parts to the very lole, have the fame denominations as in the fore legs, viz., Fet-clock joynt, Pattern, Coronet, Hoof or Coffin, with the reft of it’s parts. h The Names of *H the parts,which frame m comP°fe a Horles CHAR II How the parts of a Horfe jhould be framed, to appear comely and well fhapt. HAving in the preceeding Chapter, given you only the names of the parts which ge- nerally compole a Horles body,it will befit to reprefentto you in this, how they (hould be framed, to be perfectly proportioned and well fhap’t. The goodncls and beauty of this creature are almoft infcparable, fo that being capable to know a well fhap’t /forfe, a man will come by degrees to know a good one; for,##iw pule brum eft ettom bonum\ and becaufe the definition which Cicero giveth of beauty is In my opinion pretty,and may very well anfwer my fubjedf, 1 fhall here let it down: pulchn- tudo corpora apt* compofetione membroruntyCum colons (juadatn fuavitote movet oculos, & dele flat hoc tpfo, c]uod enter fe omttes portes confentiunt; if this or any other paffages of latinc ill this book, appear ftrange to fome, let them comfort themfelves with this, that the not uaderfhnding of them will not make them a whit the lefs skilful!. The Head of a Horfe fhould be fmall, narrow, lean and dry* every Horfe which hath a big and grofshead, may come eafily becaufe of it’s weight, to reft and loll upon the bridle, and thereby in a journey incommode the hand of the Rider; befides that he can never be very agreeable, and appear (lately with a big //ead, unlefs he have a very long and well turned neck,and place hisHead well,in which cafe,he will not fail to make a pretty good appearance; the head is an effential part for beauty, without the good fhapes of which a Horfe can never look well, for although all the reft of his body be well lhap’t, yet if hisHead be fquare and grofs, he will appear a great deal worfe, and be lefs efteemed, than if that imperfection lay in any other part of his body; as for the legs, their fhape is far more important for goodnefs and lervice, than beauty* Horfes which have theirHeads grofs and charged with flefh,are fubjedi: to the infirmities of the Eyes, but this is not to be underftood of all big Heads, for a Horfe may have a /fcad, big with bones, aud but a very little flefh upon it, fo that he will not bemore fub- chap, it How the parts of a Horfe should be framed, tof appeac comely,and well Shap* of the Head in generals 6 The Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAP, II. Htfw the parts of a Horfe should be framed, to appear comely and wsellshap‘t. je& in that cafe to fuch defluxions, than if his Head were fmaller; thole Heads which are overcharged with Flelh, are thole we call fat or grofs Heads* and not the other, which although big yet are very lean and bony. Now there being a particular fhape required in every part of the //ead, it will be fit to treat of them in order. The Ears fhould be little, narrow, ftraight and hardy, and the whole confiftance of them thin and delicat, that is to fay, the Cartilage whereof they are cornpofed fhould be no wayes thick, they fhould be well placed, and to know how, there fhould be but a little diftance betwixt them*, that is, they fhould be placed Upon the very top of the Head, and their poynts when ftiled or prickt, Ihould be nearer to other than their ' roots; when a //orfe in galloping or travelling, carrieth his Eares pointed forwards as much aspoflible, then he isfaid to have a bold, hardy, or brisk Ear; alfo when a Horfe travelled! he fhould keep them firm, for if he marketh every ftep he maketh by a motion of his Eares, then he will referable a Hog; when the Eares are low they arc not right placed, and then they have them alfo ordinarly long and lolling, which are called Leave- eares, fuch Horfes are commonly very durable, but however, upoa this obfervation I would not buy a Horfe who hath his Eares fo placed, becaufe although this imper- fe&ion doth him but little prejudice, yet he is nothing the better for it, and it is alfo very unbecoming, *ZHvny hath made a pretty enough remark upon the Eares of a Horfe, for he faith that by the motion of the Ears a man may judge of the intention anddefign, or courage of a //orfe, juft as one doth a Dogs inclination by the motion of his Tail; the obfervarion is good and holds for the molt part, efpecially in ill natur’d and vicious Horfes, for it may be very well obferved by the motion of their Ears, if they deflgn anydefperac A&ion, when a man requireth any thing of them they are not capable to perfoim, or when he conftraineth them to do any thing by violence, or the force of blows. The Forehead or Brow, fhould be fomewhat broad, forne will have it not altogether flat but a lirtle raifed, becaule they think it maketh a Horfe look more bold and ftately, this fhape refembleth fomewhat that of a Ram; my opinion is that a flat forehead is the moft beautiful; thefe Horfes which are called Difh fac’d ( in French Camus ) have the forepart of their head, from a little below their Eyes to the place where the Nofe-band of die bridle refteth, a little low and hollow, fuch Horfes are commonly durable, but very oft ftubborn and ill natur’d. All the forepart of the Head in general, fhould be narrow, contrary to that in Men, for if it were too broad it would bean imperfection. A Horfe fhould have in his Fore head, that which we call a Feather, which is a naturaji frizling, or rather a turning of the Hair which forsneth as it were a Center, from whence the reft of the neighbouring Hair doth proceed; if he have two of them one near to the other, or that even touch other, the mark is fo much the better. Some people are fo far miftaken, as to believe, that when the Feather is below the Eyes it is a fign of a weak fight, and the contrary if it be above them; but experience will dilcover to you the uncertainty of this obfervation. If a Horle be neither White, Dapled, nor approaching thefe colours, he fhould have a Star or Blaze in his Fore-head, it is almoft always a defeft not only for the beauty, hut alfo for tiie goodnefs of a Horfe when he is of any Dark colour, to be without one, as t fhall (how you in it’s proper place. The Eye-fits or hollowes above the Eye browes, fhould no wayes be too much funk, foT if they are deep and hollow they are ugly, and the more they are funk, the more they make the //orfe appear to be old; neverthelefs fuch Horfes which come of an old Sire or Stallion, have thatdeffeCf from their very youth, forae more and others lefs. The Ejes which are bright, lively, full of fire, and pretty large and full, arc moft efteemed; thofe which are very big are not the beft, neither fhould they be too goggling, or ftareing out of the //ead, but equal with it, and have a large and full pupil or ground. Moreover the Eye fhould berefolute, impudent, and brisk; a//orfe to appear well, fhould look to his objeeft fixedly and with a kind of difdain, and not look another way, for a brazen face and impudence do mightily become! //orfe; and in the Eye is alfo difeovered his Inclination, Paflion, Malice, Htalrh, aaid Indifpofition; frofefto tx oculie animus habitat. Littly hollow Eyes are ugly, and are called Pigs-eyes, it is true they prove fometimes good, but they mull be very narrowly confidcred. When tfie /yes are funk, or that the Eye-brow#s are fo© elevate, and as they were of the Ears. of the fore- head. of the Eye- pits. of the Efts. part, I. Or Compleat Farrier. 7 fwelled, it is a fign of vitioufnefs and ill nature; fuch kind of horfes have ordinarly a melancholy afpe£t or countenance, but are commonly ol great fatigue. The Eye is the mod tender and delicate part of the whole Body, being the laft which is formed in the Womb, and thefirft that dyeth. The fow-bpnes, from top to hottom fhould be narrow and lean, the diftancc betwixt them at the throat fhould be pretty large and hollow, and fo proportionally tapring to the very chin, that he may with the more eafe place his Head when required; if the jawbone be too fquare, that is, if there be too great diftance betwixt til* £ye, and rhat part of it which toucheth his neck, It is not only ugly and unbecoming, but alfo hindereth him to place his Held', alfo if the Jaw bones be fquare or broad, and but a little diftance betwixt them, fo foon as the bridle is pulled to bring m his he;:d to its moft becoming pofture, the Bone meeting with his Neck will hinder him to place his Head, efpecially if he hare alfo with that imperfe&ion a Ihort and thick neck; but becaufe this is not the propper place to difcourle of the inconveniencies which flow from a narrow jaw’d A/orfe, / fhali at prefent forbear faying any more of it. From that part wnere the Nofe-band of the bridle reftetb, which is fomewhat below the middle of the Jaw-bone, and where it begineth to ftraiten and become narrow, I fay from that part to his very M«*>, he ffiould have nothing but skin and bone, fo confequently the fmaller the better* and to make you the more ealily comprehend how this part of a Hoiks head fhould be ffiap’t, people commonly fay that he fhould drink out of a Bear-glafs. by reafonof the fmalnefs of his A4uz.le. That which will mightily contribute to the right fluping of this part in Colts,is to caufe cut out the Nerves in that place, this doth extrcamly dry up and macerat the lower parts of the A'ead, and alfo as lome people fay, preventeth the fat and thick growing of the neck. Alfo that a He ad mav be the better fhap’t, it fhould not be too long* the Heads which are too long are unbecoming, and are called Cymbal heads, f in French Tefles de vitile ) That which doth molt contribute to the good appearance and air of a Head, is a fineonfet, and exatt fituation when it is placed, for without that a well fhap’t one will appear hut ugly, and with it an ill fhap’t will appear pailible well and indifferent; a iiorfehath his head well placed, when it isfethigh, and that he can bring it in to it’s natural fituation, which is fo, that all the fere-part of the head from the very brow tci the nofe, be perpendicular to the ground, and that if there were aline and plummetap- plyed to it, it would hang equally alongft it, and but juft (have or raze it, The Nojirtls fhould be large and extended, thatfo one may perceive the Vermilion, or red that is a little within them, efpecially when the horfe fneereth; the widenefs of the Noftrils doth not a little contribute, to that ealinefs which a horfe fhould have in breathing. /t is therefore upon this account, that the Spaniards and many others, cut up their horfes Noftrils, to facilitate their Breathing in violent courfes, which when fuch horfes are brought to France, is the caufe of their being thought purfy or broken winded ; but they are reputed fuch, only by thofewho have never been farther then their own Country Village or home, even although they have been born in or about Paw; but this cutting up of the Noftrils hefides the eafe it giveth in breathing, bringeth alfo another advantage alongft with it, for it preventeth a horfes neighing, which is very convenient for fuch perfons as go upon party, for then the neighing of their horfes cannot difeover them, and 1 believe this is the chief reafon wny feme horfes noftrils are cut up, becaufe after it they neigh very rarely or not at all. In Germany and the North, almoft all the curtail’d horfes have their Noftrils cut up, although their Wind be abundantly good, but in France quite the contrary, for there they never cut up the Noftrils, but of fuch poor horfes as have their wind broke, and their Lungs quite (pent and conlumed with purfynefs. The Mouth fhould be indifferently well cloven, when it is too much, there is a great difficulty fo to bit a horfe, as that he do not fwallow it as we fay; And if he have a little Mouth and not enough cloven, then with difficulty can theMouth of the Bit be right lodged in it, without either making him wrinkle his Lips, or the mouth of the Bit to *eft upon his Tufees; a reafonahle big Mouth is more ufeful for the goodnefs, then beauty of a horfe,as are alfo all the internal parts which doe not appear but when the Mouth is opened, neyerthelefs feing they are fo effential to goodnefs, and are in place of a Rudder whereby to govern him right or wrong, i (ball without ftri&ly tying my ielf to fee every thing in it’s proper place, continue this matter, which will be foaaUch < skill and knowledge %breadv acquired* for the right bitting of horfes, CHAA II, How the parts of a Horfe should be framed, to appear comely and wellshap‘t of the Jaw- hones. of the Ajuzle* , of the no- ftrils. of the Mouth; oft!)? Tongue; 8 The Par fait Marefchal, part, I CHAP. II, How the parts of a Horfe should be framed, to appear comely and Well shap't. The Tonguefhould be fmall, otherwayes it will be difficult to keep the bit fr*m prefling it, which making the tongue to extend over his bans and cover them, will i render his Appuy ( as the French call it) or feeling of the preflure of the bit dull, by hindering it’s operation and effedl upon the Barrs; for no liberty of any bit wharfoever , is capable to contain thele big Tongues, although the Channel or hollow betwixt the horfes Jaws, be abundantly deep and large: fuch horlesas have very big Tongues, 1 have feldom or never a good and fallible A/outh, bccaufe the barrs are commonly flat ' and low, A horfe fhould have his 'Barrs fliarp ridged, and lean, for all the (ubjc&ion which a , horlc fuffereth by the Bridle proceeding from the Barrs, if they have not the above- mention’d qualities, they will be very little or not at all fallible, fo that he can never have a good Mouth-, for if they be flat, Round, and unfenfible, the Bit will not work it’s effc5, and to take hold ofluchahorlc by his Tail, or by the Bridle to govern him, will prove much about one. The Channel or hollow hetwixt the under-jaws, fhould be large enough to contain his Tongue, that it be not prefled with the mouth of the Bit, which Ihould alwayeshaye a little liberty in the midle of it. His Falate Ihould be lean, for if it be fat, that is, if it be full and high, lo that it be equal altnoft with the extremities of his upper Teeth, the leaft height in the liberty of a Bit will incommode him, and if that part prove too lenfible and ticklilh, the horfetoe- vite the trouble andi pain he receives from the liberty of the Bit, which hurteth him in that place, will either chack in the Bridle and be alwayes throwing up of his head, or otherwayes carry it too low, which befides the deformity of it, will alfo very much in- commode the hand of the Rider. Thin and little Lipx contribute to a horfes having a good Mouth, but the contrary if they be large and thick. The Beard ihould be neither flat, nor too highraifed or pointed; if it have any of thefe imperfections it is ill fhap’t, and the Curb can never be made to reft in it’s right place; it fhould alfo have but little flefh upon it, andalmoft nothing but skin and bone, without any kind of Chops, hardnels, or fwelling; all thefe conditions niaka a good Mouth, whereas if the horfe had any of them in too great a degree or excefs, his Mouth would prove bad by being too good : For example, if his Barrs were fo fenfible and (harp, that they could not futfer the preflure of the Bit, and confequently -that the horfe could not endure the pulling of the Bridle to keep him in fubje&ion, this would be a great defe&j ’tis true, the other parts particularly the Beard, have feldom that degree of fenfibility and tendernefs, although it is affirmed by the Duke of Newcafle,in his book of riding, that the beard is the ruoft fenfible part ofia horfes mouth. The general qualifications of a good Mouth, are to have the feeling equal, firm, and gentle* the flop Eafie and Firm, to have neither Swelling, Hurt, nor Bruife, to have the inward parts of the Mouth Frefh and full of froath; this Froath denoteth the right * conftitution of a horfe, who having his Mouth alwayes moift will not fo eafily over- heat, and is a token that he delighteth in the bit, bccaufe it maketh his Mouth to froath, and thereby giveth him pleafure. This is what is mod confiderable and neceflary, for the knowledge ofa beautifull and well fhap’t head: 1 fhall not flop to tell you the number of bones whereof it is compofed, nor their names, that being altogether of no ufe to a Gentleman, and but of very little even to a Farrier. As for it fhould be lean and have but little flefh upon it; and to be well fhap’t, it fhould at it’s outgoing from the Withers rife with a flop upwards, diminifh- ingby degrees towards the head,and framing very near fuch a compafs or turn as doth the neck of a Swan; it ihould be long, raifed, lean, and thin towards the Mane, that is, it fhould have but a little flefh upon it near t#the growing of the Mane, and the whole Neck confidered in it’s bulk, fhould neither be too flender nor too much turned, becaufe either of thefe two extremes will give the horfe occafion farm htmfelf, or reft his chin upon his Counter. The Barbs and Spanifh horfes, which have their Necks thick and fome-what charg- ed with flefh, are tne better of it, for they have their heads more fixed, their feeling of the bit better, and are not fofubjedt to the throwing up of their heads; for my own part, I efteera far more a Spanifh horfe with fome what of a thick Neck, than it he had it altogether fmall and flender;befides their Necks do not increafe in thickncfs as they be- come aged, but upon the contrary, the Neck ofa Spanifh horfe the older hegroweth, the more it diminiflbetb. oftheBarr; of the Channel. ofthepalat. of the Lips. ofcheBcard. The general qualificati- ons of a goodmouth- of the Neck. part i. Or Compleat Farrier. 9 In mares, it is a good quality to have their Necks a little grofs and charged with flelh, becaufe they have them for the molt part but too thin and delicate and to com- ■ mend a mare that hath home what of a thick Neck and railed Creft, people fay that j ihe hath a horfes New k, which is a perfection in her, becaufe as lfaid, they have alrnoft i all that deleft of being too fine and {lender necked. f The Necks which are called Reaver (ed, or turn’d as it were up fide down, arethofe £ in with the Flelh that (hould be next the Mane, and give the Neck it's juft turn in 4 that part, is placed quite below and next to the Throat,which rcndereih the Neck ug- ly and ill fhap’t, andisalfo the caufe of the branches of the Bit’s more readily refting upon the Counter. They are alfo called Deer-Necks, becaufe of the refemblance to thofe of Deers* or Cock throfled, in refpedt of their relemblance to thofe of Cocks: There are alfo A/ecks which at the Crelf incline to one fide, which by feme are called Kenverfed Necks, but very impropperly; for although the top of the Neck or Creft hang and incline to one fide, yet it is not of theie People mean, when they difi- courle of a Renverjed Neck, for thefe incline only to one fide, by reafon of having too much Flefh next to the Mane, but the other to wit the Renverfed, for having it below upon the nether partofthe Neck, and near eo the Throat. To know if the neck be well (hap’t, you muft with the bit bring in the Horfes head, and place it in it’s mod becoming pofture, and to be right ftiap’t, the under part of it next to the Throat, (hould not rife perpendicularly, for thofe which doe (o are called fnlfe Necks, and the other which have that part of the Jaw-bone next to the Throat more backwards than the lower part of the faid Throat next to the Counter, are thofe Renverfed or Cock-tbropled Necks 1 juft now difeourfed of; lo that a Neck which is well (hap’t, (hould delcendfrom the upper part of the Jaw-bone or onfet of the Head, all along llorwayes to the very Counter, that is, that part of the Neck next to the up- per part of the Jaw-bone, (hould be more advanced than the lower part next to the breft or Counter, this is what I underftand by faying it (hould defcend flopwayes, and not altogether perpendicularly andftraight. The Hair of the Mane (hould be long, thin, and fine, if it be frizled (o ‘ much the better* large and thick Manes are a burthen to the Neck, and make it oft times incline and ly to one fide, befides that they are very unbecoming, and without an extraordinary care a perfect neft for filth and duft; large and thick Manes do alio occafion the itch, in Horfes which are not carefully lookt alter. A well ftiap’t neck,is yet morerequifite for the beauty of a Horfe, than is a fmall and (lender head, for if a Horfe have his Neck very long, well raifed, and turned, nodoubt but he will appear comely,even although his head be a little (quare and grofs and that he but place it right, efp ci-illy if with fuch a Neck he have a Well turn'd Buttock, atld withall a good Horfe- man upon his Back. John Taejuet who hath writ a difeourfe of breeding Horfes, and how to know their fhapes, which is pritty good for the time in which he lived, will have a Horfes neck to be thick and round, from the upper part of the Jaw-Bones to his very (houlders, to the end faith he, that he may not have the fault which the Turkifh Horfes have* who but too eafily ply their Necks, and who although he have it (lift and no ways flexible, yet becaufe of that fhape of the Neck will turn with the more ea(e as he layeth; this reafoning of his might have been good about two hundred years ago when thisHorfe- man lived, but now adayeswelook upon it as a confiderable imperfection in a /forfe, to have a very ftiff neck, and which will not ply but with difficulty; /therefore re- commend the faid \obn Tacjuet to the Duke of 7\£r*>.C*^/i,4wh© willdilcover to him,that one of the greateft imperfections a /iorfe can hare, is to be too Straight, Round, and Stiff necked. //orfes which have a well fhap’t Neck, although their Jaw-bones be fome-what broad, yet if they bring in their head well, and that the fore part of it be narrow, they will make a very good figure* but although a hoik have a very fine head, if he have not alfo with it a fine turned and well-(hap’t Neck, he will never appear handfome and comely. A well fhap’t Neck, befides the agreeablenefsand beauty it giveth to a //orfe, con- tributes alfo very much to the other good qualities he (hould have, infofaras it mak- eth him either light or heavy on the hand, according as it is fine or courfe* but it is not the (hape of the Neck alone, which maketh a //orfe light or heavy on the hand, but good or bad legs and feet, and ftrongor weak Reins ; however the Neck hath 9 greai (hare in it. CHAP. II. How the parts of a Horfe [hould he framed, tm appear toniclv and w dl sfcap‘t, >f the Man*, of the with- cis, The parfait Marcfchal, part i. 10 CHAP. II Hov» the parts of a Horfe should be framed, to appear comely and well shap t At the Lower part ot the Neck upon the upper fide, and at the end ot the Mane, is the (Vrfhers, which fhould be Tome what elevate and pritty long, becaufe it is a fign of ftrength and goodnefs; Moreover when the Withers are well raifed, they keep the fadle in its juft place, and hinder it from coming forward upon his fhoulders and Neck, which doth immediatly fpoil and gall a Horfe; and if to keep it back you make ufe ©f a Crupper, it will not fail alfo to hurt him, becaufe ot the great weight of the Sadie inclining, and of the Rider prdling alwayes forwards. The Withers although railed, fhould not be too flefhy, for thenthey will be much more fubject to galling, and when hurt very difficult to cure; but if he have them lean, and but little more than skin and bone upon them, then they will be juft fo as a good and fine Horfe fhould have them. A large and iwW'Breujl or Counter,is alwayes efteemed in light or fmall fized Horfes, but in Dutch and Frizland Horfes they are commonly too large, which maketh them heavy, this is not to fay but for Horfes defigned for draught, large and broad Counters do very well, for they make them draw with the more eafe, and the Harnefs galleth them lefs, but to ballance that advantage, fuch Breads or Counters make them much more heavy, having by that means the perfect quality of a Cart-horfe, who the more he is tyed to the ground and the bigger, the better he is, and if with all this he have alfo a good wind, then he is moft excellent, all horfes which have their mouths nought may draw in a Cart, but not in a Coach, where they muff be light, and have a pritty good and lenfible Mouth. Th t Shoulders fhould be of a middle fize, flat, and but little flefti upon them, the joint next to the breaft and the reft of the whole Ihoulder very glib and moveable, a horfe which is charged with fhoulders can never be agreeable to the Rider, for he will not only weary fooner, but trip and ftumble every minute; if a horfes fhoulders be not very moveable, but ftiff and unwieldy ( which People call fixed or pegged fhoulders, ) then he will never have any nimblenefs or agreeablencfs; but above all if withfuch large fhoul- ders he have a thick and big Neck, then his legs will be the fooner fpoylt and ruined, becaufc the weight of both the one and the other will very fbon undoe the legs, which inuft fupport that great burthen, as well in the Stable as upon Journey. The fhoulders are one of the parts of a horfe chiefly to be confidered, becaufc in buy- ing a horfe they fhould bcexa&ly looktto, and you fhould not take it for a commen- dation of a horlcs that people fay he is broad and large over all; it is a commendation indeed for the buttock, but if his fhoulders are too large it is a great imperfection. Befides the dire&ions 1 (hall give you, to know when a horfe hath too large fhoulders, you may obferre this; a horfe which hath roogreatadiftanee betwixt his fore thighs, juft at the top next to his fhoulders, if he be a horfe of an ordinary fize, and that that diftance exceed half a foot, it is too much, and I can allure you fuch a horfe is charged with fhoulders, or hath them too big and large; he may have alfo too little a diftance between them, and then he will be narrow breaftedor ftraitnedin the fhoulders, which is a confiderable fault, therefore a horfe of a middle fize fhould have about half a foot, or, five inches diftance betweeu his fore-thighs, and when he isftanding ftraight upon his limbs, there fhould be a lefs diftance between his feet, than betwixt his fore thighs near to the fhoulders, Thcfe who leek after horfes which are moft open before, ( which is to have a great diftance between the fore-thighs near to the fhoulders) mightily deceive themfelves, lor fuch horfes have almoft always but too large fhoulders; it is not that I would advife you to choofe them too narrow, becaufe fuch horfes as have them are apt to ftumble, and eafily fall either in galloping » or upon an ordinary pace, befides that fuch shoulders are unpleafant to look to, and make a horfe appear ugly, narrow shoulder‘d horfes do alfo commonly crofs their legs and cut themfelves in travelling;! shall fpeak a great deal more of the knowledge of fhoulders, when I difeourfe of what is to be obferved in buying a horfe. A horfe should have double Rems, which is when he hath them a little more elevate upon each fide of the back bone than upon it, and that parting your hapd along it, you find it large, well furnifhed, and double, by the hollow that all along the back-bone; the back fhould be fir me, and not at all hollow or bending from the the Withers to the Croupe, but ftraight, and fashioned after the Reins of certain ovules. Thofe horfes which are hollow backct, are commonly light and have their Necks raifed and high, but it is an imperfe&ion; they are called Sadie-backed; and befides that fuch horfes have not ordinarly much ftrength, it is alfo difficult fo to fit a fadle for them that it do not gall them, they have alfo commonly excellive big bellies, called Of the Breaft ®r Counter. Of the Shoulders, Of the Reins or Back. i. Or Compleat Farrier. 11 iwallowed or gulped bellies, in French Ventres which render them verj uncomely. The Ribbs fhould be circular and full, taking their tour or compafs from the very back bone, to the end that thole parts which they contain, which arc the Lungs and others, may be the more eafily lodged, and that the Horfe may have alfothe better belly and fuller flank. The Belly fhould be but of an ordinary bignefs in middle fixed Horfes, but in Coach Horfes the larger the better, provyding they be not altogether gulped or fwallow«d, fuck as thofe of Cowes or of a Mare with foal, but that it be round and well inclofed within the Ribbs, and rather extending upon the tides than dounwards. The flunks Ihould be full,at the top of which upon each fide,there ftiould be a kind of frixour of the hair, or feather as we call it, the nearer thole feathers approach one an- other upon the top near to the loyns, fo much the better, but if they be as it were within view of other, then the mark is excellent. The diftance between the laft Riband Haunch bone, which is propperly the Flank, fhould beJbutihort; which we terme well coupled. The Horfes which are shorteft in that place, are longeft of having their flanks ruined or fpoilt by excelfive labour, but the contrary is obferved in thofe who have it long. The Croupe should be large and round, and fo turned, that the tops of the two haunch bones be not within view of other 5 the greater diftance there is between thole two bones, the better is the mark, and the Croupe fo much the finer and larger, but it is an iinperfedfion if thofe two bones appear too high, and then a Horfe is called horn-hip- ped by fuch as have but ordinary skill * for my own parti never met with a horn-hip- ped Horfe, becaufe I make all thole lufty and plump which People call fo, and when they are thus in good cafe, thole high bones do no more appear, ’tis true I have had more difficulty in making fonie fat and plump than others, becaufe they had thofe two bones extremely elevate, and even in view of other, but at laft 1 made them abundantly lufty, and then theywerenomore that which People call horn-hipped. The Croupe fhould not be ftraight nor fwallowed up next to the tail, but take it’s tour and compals from the haunch bones, to the very dock or onfet of the tail, and fhould be divided in two by a hollow or channel, going from between the two haunch bones al along to the very dock. The Tati fhould be firme, ftrong, immoveable, and well furnifhed with hair 5 the , Dock fiiould be big, ftiff,and placed pritty high, thofe who have it too low fet have fel- dom good Reins, and never a beautyfull Croupe 5 fome Horfes have it too high fet, which maketh their buttocks appear poynted, and of the fhape of a plum,which is very unbecomeing; thole Horfes which have but very little hair upon their tails are called Rat-tail’d, and pats commonly tor good ones, but this one mark is not futficient to make a Horfe be efteemed, becaufe to be a good one their are a great many more required ; having gone through all the parrs of a Horfes body, we mull now come to his for-legs. The Fare-legs havefeverall parts, and each ofthem their particular beauty and fhape ; the arm or fore-thigh fhould be large and Nervous,and ifthemufcle marked 17 below 1 the Bafilick veine, in French V ars, be big, nervous, and flefhy, fo much the better, 1 for although the ("hank from the knee to the paftern joynt he frnall, yet if his fore thigh be ftrong, and that the above mentioned Mufcle be large, it will in fome meafure fupply the defeft of the fhank. Another obfervation relateing to the fore-thigh, is that it fhould be pritty long, which wll make the Horfe the longer a wearying upon travell, becaufe the greateft ftrength of the leg lying in the fore-thigh,and the leaft in the Ihank and other parts,it is to be prefumed that the part which is moft weak being fhorteft, it will be in a better con- dition to endure fatigue, but then the leg will not have fo gracefull a motion, that is to fay, (o fine and delicat a ply and movement in ftepping and galloping * this great motion, is that which maketh Horfes defigned for hunting and Courfiug, or even for Iourneying, to become fooner wearied, but then it is very graciull and much efteemed for the mannage. For in Mannag’d/horfes it is quite contrary, becaufe the fhorter the fore-thighs or arms are, fo much the better, and one of the moft becomcing things in a mannaged //orfe, is to have a ftately and gracefull motion with his fore-legs, now the ftiorter the fore-thighs are, the greater motion the legs make, which is very much to be taken notice to in buying of Colts,or Barbs newly come over which people defign for the Man- nage,becaule no //orfe which wanteth this comely movement,can be agreable and charm- ing, to thofe who behold him in his mannage. C % For CHAP, if How the parts of a Horfe s I ould be framed, to appear comely and well shap‘t Of the Flauki, Of the croupe* of the Tail* of the fore. :highs# 12 The Parfait Marefchal, part i. chap. II, How the parrs of a Hor fc should be framed, to appear comely and well shapctk of the shank. For fuch //orfes there is required a great deal of art, with an extraordinary patience, he molt part of them having no natural difpofition to it * for Horfes wanting a grace- all motion of their legs, although well inannaged, yet are very difficult to be kept uft and in order, that is, to be made to go well. The larger and broader the is, or that part of the fore-leg from the knee to :he pattern joynt,fo much the better* you will know when it is fo, by the back finew be • mg at a diftance from the bone, or pritty Well feparate from it, and having no kind of fuelling or humor betwix'r it and the bone, which may caufe the leg to appear round; Horles which have a final! back-tinew, have it almoftalwayes clofc upon the bone, and are fubje£t to become round legged, people call luch legs, 0* legs, becaufe of their refemblance to thole of Oxen. The AWe ffiould be flat and large, without any fwelling orroundnefs upon the top of it, and the (hank aslfaid, broad, flat, and (hort, the back-Anew well detatched from it* and near to the pattern joyntlhould be perceived the two little bones which lye upon each fide of theffiank bone, but thele little bones do but feldom appear except in frnall fized Horfes, fuch as Barbs and Spanifli Horles 5 the back-finews ffiould be alfo lirme and large without any hardnefs. The Back-finews are the moft confiderable parts of a Horfes legs, thole which are big and without any fwelling are the beft,becaufe fuch legs as have them frnall will be fooi* fpoylt, the Horfe will eatily halt, and upon the leaft travell or fatigue, the leg will be- come round and gourded, which as it is an imperfection in the ttiape, fo far more in the goodnefs of a leg. The fdfterve joynt ffiould be proportionally large to the fize of the Horfe, broad, and without any fwelling or Torrance, haveing a little tuft of hair behind called the fet-lock, in french Le Ftnon. The Ptjlernt ffiould be fhort, efpecially in middle ttzed Horfes; the patterns which are too long, are weak and cannot endure travell, Horfes which have them are called longjoynted; Large and big Horfes which have too ffiort patterns become foon Bou e as the French call it ( which is When the pattern at the joynt bends forwards, and is as it were diflocat ) efpecially if with Ihort patterns they have alfo high heels; the Horles in Normdrtdy are Very fubjedt, to have their patterns bending forward at the joynts, becaufe they are commonly all fhort pattern’d. Upon the the edntrary there ate Barbs, and Horfes whofe Sires and Dams are of different codntreyes, called in french Chevtux Echdppez, that are extreamly long patt- ern’d, fo that in travelling their pattern joynts do alinoft touch the ground, which is a fign of great weaknefs, at leaft in that part, if it be not alio univerfal. This imperfe&ion of being long joynted, is of more confequence againft the goodnefs than beauty of a Horfe, and proceeds commonly form an old ftallion, therefore a man ffiould never makcchoife of a middle fized Horfe for a ftallion, which is long joynted. The Coronet ffiould be no more elevat than the hoof* nor make as it were a ridg or hight round it* if it do, it is a fign that either the foot isdryed up, or that there arc a greatfcnany humors in the Corsnet, which do oecafion the Croun-fcab, in french Les Pttgnesy and feverall other Sorranccs which come in that part. The home of the hoof ffiould be of a dark colour, fome what ffiineing, high, and fmooth,the white is commonly brittle* to be excellent it ffiould be of the colour of a Deers hoof* and the whole foot of a round figure, but a little larger below then above; we ' (hall continue to deferive all the parts of the foot one after the other, i The heel ffiould be high and large, and one of it’s Tides fliould not be higher than the other, that is, it ffiould not rife higher upon the pattern than the other. The Ernfh although little, ffiould yet be well nouriffied * in Horfes which are hoof- bound it is too little, for it is almoft quite dryed up, and as it is a fault to have it little, fo is it one to have it too large and fat as it were, efpecially in Horfes which have low heels or are flat footed . The Solet ffiould be thick and ftrong, and the whole lower part of the foot where ’ the ffioe is placed, hollow. A Horfe ffiould alfo ftand firme upon his legs, which will contribute fome*what td his comelinefs, Ind when he ftandeth ftiil in one place, their ffiould be a greater diftance between the upper parts of his two lore-thighs, than between his feet, that is, the diftance betwixt the fore-legs, ffiould enlarge by degrees from the feet to the breafl or Counter, and by this meanes a Horfe will be more firme upon his Limbs, and alfo appear more beauty full. Having considered the fore-legs* let us go to thofe behind * I hare already fpoken of the Knee. of the pa- fterM joynt and pattern of the cor- onet and hoof. of the hcej *nd flush. of the Sole part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 13 CHAP i R How the parts of a Horfe should be framed,to appear corndy and well shapfe. of thefhape the Croupe, it therfore remains, that we examine the other parts of the hind quarter. The Thighs fliould be long andflefhy, and theMufcles which are upon the outfides of them, called the GafkoineS, Ihould be large* fleftiy, and well fpread, it is an effen- tiall defied in the beauty of a horfe, when the Thighs are not well furnilhed and flelhy, and although the Croupe be Excellently well turned, yet if the thighs be (lender and lean, a horfe will appear narrow behind, which is called Cat-thighed ; people know it when they pe-rcieve that the Croupe is broad and large, and the thighs do not an- fwer it proportionably, but are fmall and not well furnilhed with fleh, which mak- eth the whole hind hand to appear mishap’t; it is almoft alwayes a fign of a weak hindquarter, and horfes which have a draught in their hinder legs as they ride, are very fubjed to have this imperfedion of a thin and weak hind quarter, which appeares to me confiderable. The Houghs or Haws fhould be large, full, and not much bended, dry, difeharged of fleh, nervous and fupple, all which qualities areas neceflaryfor the goodnefs* as right fhape and beauty ot the hams, The 'Bone of the hind leg, from the ham to the pattern joynt, called the lnflep,, fhould be big and flat, and in a perpendicular line to the ground, when the horfe is in 1 his naturall poflure of Handing * when the infteps hand not pcrpendiculary, it is a cer- tain fign of weaknefs either in the Reins or hinder quarters ; the other parts of the hind legs fhould be coniidered juft as thofe of the fore; the fhorter the hair is in either of them lo much the better,except in horfes of a middle fize, to whom alfo a little tuft of hair upon the back part of the hind Paftern joynt, called as 1 have already laid the fet-lock, in french Lt Fanonf is very becoming. A horle who hath good feet before, hath feldome bad ones behind, except by ac- cident ; therefore people look to the hind feet but flightly, and ( as the French fay) En pajjant. Commonly the hind-feet are good, when the forefeet are weak and tender, the Semes as the freneh call them, which are rents or clifts in the quarters of the feet from the Coronet to the fhoe, are almoft the only Sorrances which the hind-feet are fubjed to, except fometimes the Crown-Scab upon the coronet, thefiggin the foie, ai d the hornfrufli and brittle. There remaines as yet one very vifible imperfedion to be confidered, which is when Horfes are fet too high upon their legs, that is, when their legs arc longer than the proportion of their bodies requireth, whereby not only their beauty but good- nefs is diminifhed. The Antients hare determined a meafure for them, although in my opinion there is no other required than that which is given by ones eye, feing any perfon who is a little accuttomed to look to Horfes, will eafily know if a Horfes body be too high fet, or have trap de jour as the french term it: but to fatisfie the Curious in this point, they may take a threed and meafure from the Withers t© his elbow, and what ever length that is, he fhould have the fame diftance betwixt the Elbow and lower pait of his heel, for if he have more, his legs will be too long; many people meafure their Colts when a year old, and take the diftance from the lower part of the heel to their elbow, and fay that their body will alwayes grow, untill there be the fame di- ftance between their Elbow and Withers, as there was betwixt the elbow and lower part ot the heel; becaufe fay they, at a year old a Colt hath his legs as long as ever, which l have indeed obferved in fome, but not in all: The Duke of New-Caftle in his book af Horle.aaanlhipi condemnes mightily this obfervation, and in my opinion not without good ground, oT the in* ftep. 14 The Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAP, m Some curious Remarks upon Horfes Reprefented either in Relievo, Imbofsed Work, or flat Tainting. CHAZUII Curious re- marks upon Horfes, re- prefented either in Relievo or fat paint- ing. BEfore I begin another Chapter, wherein I intend to treat of the knowledge of Horles, and of the methods to be obferved by every one, who intends to become 3 that which we call knowing or skillful, I fhall give fome advices, which may perhaps fatilfie fuck of my readers as delight in Horfes, for by them they will be more cap- able to judge of the workmanfhip and Ihapes of a Horfe, painted, carved, or caft in Imbolfed metal, than it could be pollible for them to doe, if they had not the in- fight which 1 fhall give them. Thole who comprehend not ray defign, and have not the true taft and relifh of fuch kind of curiofities, may pafs over this third Chapter and go to the fourth. Firft, it is certain that all the famous Painters and excellent Carvers, defign and aim at nothing fo much as to imitate antiquity, and all of them are perlwaded there can be no part of their work found fault with, if they can but fhow you in any old original), that the famous antient Painters and Sculptors have delineat thofe parts fwhole fhapes you condemned after the fame manner, and with the very fame features which they have done ; for example the Horleof Marcus Amelias the Emperour, and others which are in Rome and other places. I do with them acknowledge, that thole who imitate not the Antients have not that juftnefs and skill, efpecially in what relateth to the delineation and exadf Shaping of humane bodies, but as to the matter of Horles, although Antients have obferved the ;'uft delineation of many parts, yet they have failed in fome, and to give you a few inftances of it, I fhall difeourfe of the Attitude or fituation, which is properly the poftures in which they put the Horles they reprefent, and 1 fay that the moff part of the poftures they have given to Horfes, Ihould not be imitate in this age wherein we live. The Horfes of the Antients were no wayes mannaged, and but under little fub- je&ion, yea they were more oddly bridled, than the Cravats and Turkifh Horles are in thefecountreyes, and all the actions they reprefetifed them performing under a man, appeared defperate and furious, becaufe the Riders themfelves did not know what to require of them, and the Horfes being full ofmettal and Choler, performed fuch acti- ons as did rather difeover their being tranlported, and in a kind of fury, than fhow their obedience and fiub/e&ion to the will of the Rider, Their Bits which were badly chofen, and capable to render a Hcrfe defperate, might contribute much to it, efpecially the Riders being not at all Horlemen ; and the horles having alio no fadles, but only a kind of cloath or houle upon them, did fo incommode their Riders, that they could Icarce keep their backs, and then Cling- ing to them which their heels and fpurrs, they cauled their horles, fome of which were extraordinary well lhapt and vigorous, to perform fuch actions as .would appear to us nowadayesfo flrangeand extravagant, that we could fcarce endure to look to them, being fo diforderly and contrary to all the Rules of art. Now the modern Painters and Sculptors, endeavour to imitate thele ugly, fright- full, and vitious actions, becaufe the Ancients have reprelented them-, t’is true, in them it was pardonable, for they knew none better, in which to caufe their horles appear either more lively or vigorous,but now that the art of rideing is brought to fuch a per- fection, and that people have fallen upon methods to reduce horfes*and bring them under part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 15 a perfeft fubje&ion and obedience, and to have no other will lave that of their Riders, it is known more and more, that the adlions of obedience wherewith a Horfe is accu- ftomed,caufe him performe Ayres a great dale more line, and infittitly more agreeable to the fpeducors j and in thofe adiions or Ayres, there appears fuch a harmony and beauty, that what ever they do contrary to them is difpleasing, and cannot be endured. Moreover, fince the art of bitting Horfes is arrived at it’s greateft perfe&ion, the bits which are made ufe of now a daves, befides that they plaee a Horfes head right, give alfo his neck the rnoft beautifull turne and fituationitis capable of, without force* ing him to open his mouth as the bits of the Antients did, which cut and fpoylt the Barrs, and were of no other ufe but to torment a Horfe, and make him ihow a pair of wide frightfull Jawes, for in the very inftsnt that a Horfe openeth his mouth, the a&ion and figure it maketh are fo difplealmg, that people lay he openeth his jawes out of derifion and contempt ; Neverthelefs all the kiorfes reprdented by the Antients, either in Imbofsed metal or flat painting, do open their mouths after fuch an Extraordinary manner, that it is one of the rnoft horrible and chocking fights, in fine the rnoft unpleafant and unbecoming adion, that a //orfe can poflibly perforsie under a roan. All this being confidered, I ask any man of fenfe if we fhould imitate the Antients in thofe things, wherein they were wrong and erred * if they have only reprefented Horfes in pofturcs of rage and defpair, they could not do otherwayes, becaufe they knew no better; but now a dayes toreprefcnc under a King, great Prince, or Gene- rali of an army, a/-/orfe in fuch adious of fury and tranfport, would be enough to make the Spedators believe, that either the Rider knowes not to Govern him. or that the //orfe is altogether difobedient, which would be thought ridiculous for any to imagine, in this age wherein we live ; becaufe perfons of that condition and quality, mount no//orfes but fuch as are very well adjufted, and under a perfed fubjedion, having their heads and necks exadly well placed, and performing feme fine Pefade or becomeing Paffage, which make them appear brisk and ftatelv, and without feeming in the leaft to deny, that perfed obedience which they fhould give to their Riders. Perhaps people may anfwer to this, that a //orfe reprefented in fuch an obedient pofture, will appear no ways gracefull, and that unlefs he be reprefented performing fome extraordinary adion, which may dilcaver his mettle and be a token of his Courage, he will appear altogether dull and without life*, but there is a great dif- ference in reprefentations, that is, to put a //orfe in fuch a pofture as may make him appear full of Courage, extraordinary Nervous, and with a kind of fixed„ nefs and ftayednefs in his motions, and to paint him in Defpair and rage as the An- tients have done *, and I believe I am not much deceived, that if a Horfe be repre- fented with aftately carriage, and well upon his Haunches, performing a beautifull Fefade or Corvet, with a good motion ot his arms or forethighs, which will difeover that he hath a gracefull movement, and if withall, his mulcles, nerves and Veins, be marked in their due places, 1 fay fuch a //orfe will certainly appear a thoufand times more lively and beautifulfsmd alfo more gracefull and agreeable in luch a pofture, than thofe ofthe Antients in their extravagant adhons. having their mouths open, their necks Renverfed, arid endeavouring to force the hand of the Rider. The Antients have placed the head wrong, in rnoft part ofthe defigns they have left us of Horfes, either in paint or lculpture; lor the forepart of the head fhould ftand alwayes perpendicular or plum, whatever pofture the body ol the //orfe be in which is beneath the Rider,therefore to have theNofe extended in galloping or other wayes, as they have reprefented them, is a contiderable errour ; the neck in the upper part of it next to the mane, fhould make a Tour very near like that of a Swans neck, it fhould be tfeinneft towards the mane, and the under part fhould flop towards the breaft or Counter, that is, that part of the throat next to his nether jaws, fhould be four inches more advanced than that part of it next his Counter, for if the Throat ftand perpendicular itisfalfe, and if'it be further back at theonfet ofthe head, then iris at his Counter, then it is that we call Deer-necked or Cock-tbropted, which is an dmperfedion the Antients have very wrongoufly given to all their//orfes, reprefented either in painting, carv’d work, or imboffed metal } as alfo to make the Creft, which is the part out of which the mane groweth, too thick and grols, efpecially betwixt the eares, where it maketh that part too broad, is a fault-,for the neck fhould be almoft flat upon each fide of the mane, and but a little flefti upon it. CHA/Uil, Curious remarks uponHorles reprelencci either in Relievo or fiat paint- ,nir 16 The Parfait Marefchal, part: I, CHAP 111' % Curious re- marks upon Horfes reprefented either in Relievo or flat Paint- illrr, For the Eares, it is indeed becoming to have their points placed nearer other than their roots, to make them appear more hardy and brisk, but if they are too much doled at the points as many painters reprefent them,then they are wrong, which 1 could eafily m appear, would it not prove too tedious to confurne time upon fo fmall a matter; the Fares fhould be placed on the very upper part of the head,and pretty near to one another. For the Ihoulders there is a great debate anent them; the fculptors fay that the biggettand larged are the molt beautifull ; t’is true they are the bed for draught Horfes, but if fadlc Horlcs had their fhoulders large, flelhy, and broad, as the painters affect to reprefent them, they would be fit only for a Cart, for they would be heavie and fixed to the ground, which is properly what they call in french Vne grande Carogne,or great Canon; but for this they fay, that to make a //orfefeem a&ive his Mufcles mud appear, and if he be not very full in the fhoulders, and have alfothe joynt at the infertion of the fhoulder bone with the blade, much advanced, they cannot be decerned, and fo he will never appear with any kind of life or vigour; 1 again man- tain the quite contrary, that in a full and large fhoulder charged with fleih, the Mufcles will appear but little or not at all; do they appear in a very grofs- or corpu- lent man i9 they will appear judas little in fuch large andfiefhy fhoulders, and 1 allure you, that in a flat fhoulder with little flefh, and which hath in a manner nothing upon it but skin and bone, which is as the fhoulder of a fine and will fhapt Horfe fhould be, the Mufcles, and Nerves will all appear as if they were natural; whereas if the Nerves and Mufcles be reprefented in a large and round fhoulder, they will be contrary to Nature and perhaps wrong placed, becaufe they cannot be well perceived in any Horfe who hath his fhoulders fo full and flefhy. Moreover, reprefenting thole big fhoulders with the joint which toucheth the poitrall of the fadle, much advanced, there is fuch a didance and breadth in the Counter of the Horfe, that he is as full and broad in the fhoulders as in the Croupe, and that is alfb another fault accompanying the Errours ot fhe Painters and Sculptors, for although a Horfe to be well fhapt, fhould be open and a little full before, yet if he be too much it is an imperfection, and quality only fit for a Cart Horfe; for the fore parts of a Horfes Ihoulders, that is, the diftance which is between the one and the other, fhould be only a little more than half the breadth of his hinder quarter, or haunches,, fo that when people fpeak of a well fhapt Horfe, they fay he is full and broad in the Croupe bat not in the Shoulders, that is to lay, the didance hetween them fhould be but fmall, and therefore the Shoulders of an exact fhapt Horfe, are compared to thofe of a//are; judge then if Painters have reafon to make fuch mon- flrous Shoulders, when they defign to reprefent a brave and beautiful horfe. That Mufcle which is upon the inlide of the fore thigh and below the Soul- der, cannot be reprefented too full and flefhy, for fuch a fhape becomes it ex- tremely ; the red of the fore-thigh fhould be large, the Nerves and Mufcles well placed, and the knees big and pretty flat ; fome paintets place Mufcles upon them : I have feen in horfes reprefented in Relievo or cad Metal, to the number of three placed upon the flat of the knee, which is contrary to Nature, for horfes have never any in that part: as for the padern joynts of the fore-legs, they make them commonly too big; people to look to them would take them t© be fwelled or geurded, their patterns too long, and to compleat all a very big toot which is difproportionable to the leg, and confequently a grofs imperfection; for the thighs they make them too lean ; you will fee in fome of their horfes a large Croupe, and flefhy haunches, Which is very right, but then they give them lean and llender thighs, which is wrong ; the Mufcles which are upon the outfides of them fhould be large and flefhy, and the whole thighs well furnifh’d: one needs not go far to difeover this fault in a horfe reprefented in imboffed Metal, which is much efteemed and with reafon, for it is done by an excellent Workman; thefe faults of the thigh and knee which I have remarked, are there all Vifible. When a horfe is upon his haunches, makeing a Corvetor pefade9the whole weight of his body refteth upon his Hams, fo that truly in that cafe all the Nerves, Mufcles and Veins, fhould appear; but as a horfe does not continue long in that action, that fo he may he exactly defigncd,thc Painters in ftead of placeing thofe heights and hollows where they fhould be according to nature, make too many of them, and reprefent a Bam full of Courbs, Jardons, or Spavens,and alfb make large plyes or folds in that part of the Ham where theSellender cometh,to the number of two or three, which is abfblutly contrary to the order of Nature, for fuch large folds are called wreaths or rouls, in part L Or Compleat Farrier. 17 french des rBowl(ts(- which are vifible marks of a horfe which hath been much ufed ; and if a Horfe have iuch Swellings in the bending of his Hams* he would not be found enough to be reprefented in unboiled work \ yea although he fhould be beautifull enough for that purpofe, yet at If aft his faults fhould not be imitated, which are thefe wreaths or Bouriets which he hath in his Hams: The fi'am or hough fhould be large, broad, lean, and very hollow, fo that if people make Swellings where there Should be none, in place of reprefenting a beautifull Horfe, they will difeoverone Cripple and Maimed. As for the paftern joynts of the hind legs, of rhefe Z/orfes which the Painters re* prefent upon their haunches, they make them and the infteps all of one peicc as it were, and the paftern the fame, as if the horfe had no ply in his paftern joynt, which can no wayes be j for every Horfe that performed! any motion upon his haunches, for example a Cs^vet; as the paftern joynts of the hind legs are thereby much ftrefied, and that all the weight of his body refteth upon them, they muft of necefiity ply and bend, and that fo very much, that the back parts of the paftern joynts touch almoffc the ground, which is what may be dayly teen in the Academies of riding •, yet the Sculptors never fail to reprefe'nt the Inftep of the hind leg,paftern joyut and paftern, all in a ftraight line as if they were of one peice, like to the leg of a dog, which is ri- diculous ; almoft all the Hories which 1 have fecn either painted or carved in my time, had this fault. T he painters may have this to retort upon me, that in the representation of a na* turall humane body, they affift nature as one may fay, becaufe the moft perfectly fhapt bodies that they make choice of tor a model, have fome parts fo formed, that if they wer* reprefented according to nature, they would be found no wayes agreeable,and people would judge them defective * /grant this is true, but then they do it be- caufe men which are exactly well fbap’t, have all the parts of their body fo framed as they reprefent them \ upon the contrary Horfes are feldom found perfectly well fhapt, neither are the moft beautifull fo in all their particular members; and therefore nature fhould only be imitated in that wherein fhe is right and beautifull, but not wherein fhc is deformed, which is what the Painters and Sculptors do: for to enlarge a Hories fhoulders, and to give him Mufcles where he fhould have none, is to make him fright- full and monftruousjindofa beautifull and well fhapt Horle, to make one fit only for a Cart. If thofe Gentlemen, I mean the Painters and Sculptors, read what I have been faying, I believe they will contefs that antiquity fhould only be imitated in that wherein it is right, and not where it is defective \ for it’s being Antient maketh it no lefs an im- perfection and errour : Many people very dextrous in their art, to whom I have re- lated thefe reafons, have agreed with me in what 1 faid. 1 know very well that what the Greeks have left us of railed and carved work in monuments, are moft exa ctmo- dels for Sculpture and Painting, but it is not the lame in refpeCf to the poftures wherein they put their //orfes *, and that which Monlieur Aftgnar hath painted under the King the year he took Mrfuck,and which is in one of the Galleries of yerfatlesjt the moft beautifull, the belt defigned, and the moft exadtly lhapt that hath ever yet appeared* for it is placed according to the rules of Horfemanfliip, and is in truth juft as it ought to be * for it is conform to beautifull nature, and every part of it lo exa&ly and deli- cately defigned, that it may for everferve as a model for all the Painters, by which they may ftudy and learn how a beautifull Horfe fhould be (feapt; for let any man exa- mine it critically and to the outmoft rigour, but without prejudice or humour, and he muft acknowledge, that there hath never as yet appeared one more perfect. This digrellion is a little too long for an impatient reader, who very little con- cerns himfelf, whether Horfes be well or ill defign’d and painted, for providing he have good ones himfelfe he is latisfied; perhaps he is in the right on’r, and it is probable the threed of my dilcourle hath infenfibly drawn me on; but I entreat him to confider my intention and defign, and if that will not fatisfic him, I muft be fo plain as to tell him, tbit 1 have had a great dale more trouble in writing, than he in reading of it, efpcclally not being obliged to it, as I advertifed him in the begin- ning of this Chapter, and fo we are quits. I am now going to difeourfe of the goodnefsof a Horfe, and of his faults and imper- fections,and 1 dare promife that everyone who can underftand what I am going to write, may call himfelf skilful in this matter: expcrienc will teach him, that a man may eaftly arrive at this knowledge, if lie carefuly apply hirafelf to underftand, what is con- tained in the following Chapters; it is not enough to read them over once or twice,he CHAP. III. Curious re- marks upon Hories, re- pre fenced either iuRe- licvo or flat painting. 18 The parfait Marefchal, part I. muft underttand them; yea after he hath read them go rifit and confider Horfes, and obferve all the particulars which have been taken notice of * it is true there is required fomewhat of pains and application to do this, and it is a kind of trouble to thofe who do not delight in it, which perfons may affure themfelves, that without having a liking for Horfes, they fliall but with difficulty become knowing and skilful. CHAP. Ill- Curious re- marks upon Horles, re- prefemed either inRe- licro or flat painting. CHAP. IV The perfect knowledge of the faults and imperfections in Horfes, or that which fhould be obferved to prevent being deceived, when a man is a buying one. CHAr. IV The perfeA knowledge oi the faults and imper- fections in Horfes. BEing to treat of the goodne/s of Horfes, one of the chief things a man fhould tyehimfelf to, confifts in the right examining it the Horfe which he de- fignsfor his fervice, hath any fault, or if he will be fit for that imployment or work for which hedefignshim* for there are other qualities required in a Pad or journey Nagg, than in a Horfe which is defigned for hunting* the quali- ties of a Horfe for the Mannage, differ alfb from thofe of a Travelling Horfe; there is therefore a great dale of judgement required (befides the knowing of his particular faults) to judge if he will be fit for that ule for which you defign him : It is very diffi- cult to give in writing fuch precepts, as may be fufficient to make a man know any other thing, fave that which is called Stundnefs * for to require a perfe& knowledge of the nature and couftitution, of the Vigour, and a certain connexion and agreeablenefs in the motions, of the agility, of the Mouth, of the force, and of the gentlenefs and delicatenefs of a Horfe, as whether he will be fit for a matter, or only proper for a fer- vant, is a delicatenefs which few people are Matters of, and is that which maketh an un- derftanding and skilful perfonbe eafily diftinguiftied, from one but of an ordinary ex- perience. For both may judge of the foundnefs of aHorfc; that is, that the leaf! lamenefs or im- perfe&ion fliall not efcape any ofthem,but then the one will judge of the agreeablenefs and eafinefs, of the united and equal ftrength which is found in his A£f ions,or of a rude knit and uneafy force* in fine, the one will defeem that the Horfe is fit for a perfon of qua- lity, and the other will only know, that he is a good found Horfe and without fault, but will not be able to penetrat farther, and this is what cannot but with great difficulty be taught by writ; there is required for it a long pra&ice and a nice fancy * I (hall dif- cover all 1 knofr of it which is but little, yea it is alfb difficult to arrive at that de- licatenefs of Knowledge, without being a Horfeman, having a great experience, and having alio Rid a great many Horfes. Neverthelefs to proceed in it Methodically, when you have caft your eye upon fome Horfe you like, and whofe fue and ttature anfwers your defign and fancy, for fomc would have their Horfes large, others would have them of a fmall fizc, fome again would have them long, and others fhort and well knit* fome would have them heavy, others would have them light, fo that that fancy which people have for different f12.es In Horfes, fhould be conform and agreeable to the fervice for which they defign them* for example, a Horfe to go upon the Street fhould be large and broad towards the ground, which they call in French V cache, now a Horfe of that fhape would not at all be fit for hunting, for hewould have certainly too much ffioulders, too fhort a wind part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 19 to gallop long,and but very little fwiftnefs; you muft therefore begin by degrees, and or- derly coiifider every particular part, which will give a certain knowledge of the Horfes goodnefs you intend to make choice of, and whether he will be propper for that fervice for which you defign him, which is the quintclcence of the knowledge of Horfes, be- caufe it is the moft neceffary and ufeful . CHaP.iV* ; T he perfeifl knowledge! of the faults and impel- fedions in JHorfcs. CHAP, V How to know a Horfes Age, while he hath Mark. TO begin then you muft firft examine his age, to do which, take hold with your left hand oi one of the Branches, of the Bridle* to prevent his hurting you with his fore-feet, which Branch youfhall raifeup, and with your o- ther hand taking him by theChin,open his mouth that io yow may perceW his Age, which may be eafily enough known as followeth. A Horfehath lour kinds of Teeth,his age is known by fome of them,and others ferve to grind the provender where with he fubfifteth; the firft which grow are the Ftal-Teetb, which come forth a few months after he is foaled, thefe are little and very Whyte, not at all hollow, and are ealily diftinguifhed from the reft * the iecond are the Tuflses, and the third are thefe Teeth, which grow in place of the Foal-tecth after they are caft, of which the outward ones, or thofe next the corners fhow the age; thefe Corner teeth are placed next to the Tulhes, and upon the out Tides of the fore-teeth both above and below : fome people in confidering a Horfes Age look to the upper teeth, bir then it is only when the Horfe is pretty Aged, and that there can be nothing known by thefe below. A little before a Horfe hath attained to the Age of thirty Months, which is two years and a half, he hath twelve Foal-teeth in the fore part of his mouth, fix above and fix be- low, ( I do not hear fpeak of his Chop-teeth or Grinders ) at thirty Months or a little after, four of thefe Foal-teeth fall, two above and two below in the very middles in fome Horfes they do not fall till they have three years, the obfervation not being foexadt and juft as to Anfwer always thirty Months: there groweth then in the place of thefe four Foal-teeth which fell, four others which are called Nippers or Gatherers, they are thofe in the middle, and with which a Horfe cutteth his grafs when he is a grazing;you muft remark that the Teeth which come in place of the Foal-teeth are a great deal bigger, ftronger, and larger than them, alfo they are thefe which a Horfe keepeth all his life- time, ieing he never changeth than more. When a Horfe hath changed but two Teeth above and two below, which Teeth arc as I faid called Gatherers, then it is certain that he is at moft but three years old,and com- monly but thirty Months which is only two years and a half. At three years and a half, but rarely at four, there falleth other four Foal-teeth, two above and two below, whereof one upon each fide of the Gatherers both above and be- low, and in their places come four others, very rear as big, large, and ftrong, as the Gatherers, which are called Separaters, becaufe theyfeparate the Gatherers from the outward or Corner Teeth; when a Horfehath changed four Teeth above and as many below, then he may be faid to have three years and a half, and very oft four. There remaineth after this to a horfe, only lour Foal-tecth in the Corners, which he changeth moft commonly at four years and a half; you now fee after what order a horfe changeth his Teeth,to wit four teeth at two years and a half, which is thirty Months, aud are called Gatherers; four at three years and a half,which are thofe between theGatherers and Corner- teeth, called Separaters-, and at four years and a half the outward or Corner- teeth:to begin therefore to know the age of a horfe exa&ly by the Teeth,it will bene- chaj, v; How to ktr'w a Horfes age* while he" hath Mark* 20 The parfait Marefchal, part 1. GHAP. V How to know a Horfes age, while he hath Mark. ceffary to keep in your memory, two years and a half, three years and a half, and four years and a half; that is to fay, when a horfe hath caft but two Teeth above and as ruany below,that then he hath but two years and ahalf,if he have changed four above and as :> many below,that he hath three years and a half,and that if he have call all fix both above and below, which is to have them all changed, that then he his four years and a half. ' It is to be obferved that the Corner-teeth in the upper Gums, are call before thele in the nether, and that upon the contrary the Tuflies grow out in the under Gums, be* fore thefe in the upper, and oftimes Horfes arc very lick when the Tulhes of the Upper- Gums cut, but are never fo when thefe below come forth ; there are alfb fome Horfes which hare no Foal-teeth, they being already all changed, and whofe Tufhes neverthe- lcfs hare not as yet cut the Upper-gums, although they have changed their Corner<- tecth, which are thefe of the Fore-teeth by which the age of a Horle is heft known. It remains now to difeourfe of the Tuflies, which are not as the other Teeth, for they are preceeded by no Foal-teeth in the places where they come, but grow up when a Horfe is about three years and a half old ; the obfervations which are taken from the Tuihes, arc the abfolutly molt certain for the knowing of a Horfes agt, and fliall be dif- courfed of in their proper place. Sofoon as the Gatherers and Separaters have peirced or cut the Gums, they make til their growth in fifteen days, but the Corner teeth do not grow fo fuddenly, yet that doth not hinder but that at their very firft appearing and coming out, they are as thick and broad as the other, but they are no higher than the thicknels of a Crown price, and very (harp and hollow ; it may fometimes fall out that the Corner-teeth, will appear almoft at the lame very time with the Tuihes, fometimes before them, but molt frequently after, for it is moft ordinary for the Tufhtsto gr®w up before the Cor- ner-teeth are call. 1 obferved inGermany(the fatigue of the War having killed a great many Horfes) tha; the Horfe Courfers did pull out their Horfes Foal-teeth at three years old, to force nature ta produce fooner Teeth of a bigger fize ; and becaufe a Horfe of three years is not fit for the Wars, and only begins robe ferviceableat four or five, they, that they might the better fell or put them olf, madeule of this trick and cunning to make them appear of the age ©f four or five, which is an age in which the German Horfes are as good and capable to ferve, as if they were full eight; but it is not the fame in France, for the Horfes there of four years old are but very unfit for the Wars. It is very rare to find a Mare who hath Tuihes, and when they have them they are a great dale Imaller than thofe in Horfes, and are no wayes ufcful for the knowing of their Age; there are alfo fome People wholefs efleem fuch Mares as have them, and / am alfo of their Opinion. Horfes which have been accuftomed to eat Oats or Straw when very young, that is at two years or two years and an half old, appear by the Teeth to he elder then really they are, for befidcsthat it maketh them fooner to change their Foal-teeth, it alfo very much ufeth and weareth thole which come in their Places, by which means the mark is fooner worn out, as I fhall Ihowyou hereafter. When a Horfe hath no more Foal-teeth, and that his Outward or Corner-teetk begin only to appear, he is then in his fifth yea,r, that is, he hath about four years and an half,and is feeding, or as we fay going in his fifth ; for it is a common way of ex- preffingones felfand underftood by all, that untill the inner fide of a Horfes Corner- teeth be as high as the outward, he is ftill but five years old, as I fhall afterward explain. So foon as the Comer- teeth come forth, they appear to be only of equal height with the Gums, after which they grow by degrees, and at full five they are above the Gums as I fliall explain; now the difference between thofe teeth and the others which are next to them, is that they are fharp upon the out fide and the inward part as yet full of flefh, and then proportionably as they grow the flefh within difappeareth, and there re- tnaincth in the place of it a hollow over all the inward part of the Teeth, which as yet are not flat in the top, that is, they are not fo high upon the infide as upon the out, which they will come to be, about a year after they have cut and appeared. I fhall repeat it again that I may be the better underflood; fo foon then as a Horfe puts forth his Corner-teeth, they are only of equal height with the Gums upon the outfide, and the infide of them is filled with flefh untill he be near five; fo when a Horfe hath put forth his Corner-teeth, and that they are as yet filled with Flefh, you may confidently affirm that he is not as yet five, becaufe at five years old, the flefh which filled the in- fides of thefe Teeth difappears; from five to five and auhalf, the Corner-teeth remain al- part i. Or Compleat Parrier. 21 together hollow in the infide, and that part which was filled with flefh is empty, and will continue fo till five and a half; from five and a half untill fix, that hollow which is upon the inlide filleth up, the Teeth grow, and become fiat and equal on both lides on the top, and there remaineth but a little cavity in the middle, both edges ol the Teeth being as I faid of an equal height* People obferve this Cavity or Mark in the very upper parts of thefe Teeth, which Tornewhat refembleth the Bud or Eye of a dry Bean, arid then they lay a Horfe is entring fix; for lo long as a Horles Corner teeth, are not fo high upon theinfideasupon the out, he is foil faid to be but five, although he be five and a half and fometimes fix. Now bccaule this matter is of confequence, you would do well to remember, that at two years and a half the Gatherers are put forth, at three years and a half the middle Teeth or Separaters, and at four years and a half the Corner teeth, which are filled upon the infide vith fldh, and upon the out fide are only about the thicknefs of a Crown- piece above the Gums, andfo they continue till five; from five to five and a half, the flefh difappears and the Teeth remain hollow, that is, the inner edge is not fo high as the ourward, which at that time will be about the thicknefs of two Crown-pieces above the Gums* from five years and a half to fix, that hollow diminifheth, and the Teeth at fix are level and equal upon the top, that is, have there inlides as high as their outward, and there remaineth only a little hollow or black fpeck in the middle,which as 1 laid re- lembleth the Bud or Eye of a dry Bean, and then the Teeth are above the Gums about the breadth of ones little finger* thus have you the age of a Horfe very diftin61 ly ex- plained until he be fix years old, and perhaps a little too tedioufiy. After a Horfe hath come to this age, people look only to the Corner-teeth, the Sepa- rates, and Turtles, to know if he have Mark; becaufe the firfi: Teeth which grow up, after a Horle cafteth his Foale-teeth,are theGatherers,and as they are firfi put forth, fo the mark doth firft wear out of them * after them do the Separaters grow up, and they alfo by degrees lofs their mark; and lafi of all are the Corner-teeth put forth, and it is only upon them which people look, to know if a Horfe as yet marketh, for in the reft there is but very little to look to, unlefs that the Horfe were naturally hollow or fhel- tooth’d,which 1 (hall explain hereafter, A Horfe is faid to have mark, when his Corner-teeth are a little hollow and black in the middle; yet to be black is not enough, for they mutt alfo have a little hollow in the middle, about the breadth of the thicknefs of a Farthing, and the black fpeck muft be in the bottom of it. A Horfe of fix years old marketh after the manner I have (hewn you, and the fore- faid Corner-teeth are above the Gums about the thicknefs of ones little finger, in forae a little more but not much. I fay at full fix,a Horfe will have his Corner-teeth the breadth of ones little finger above his Gums, and the black and hollow part of his Teeeth will be diminifhed, but then his Tulhes will be at their full length $ at feven years old his Corner-teeth will be yet longer, as about the thicknefs of thefecond, or Ring -finger, and the hollow al- molt quite worn out and gone. At eight years old the Horfe will have Razed, that i», none of Ids Teeth will have any hollow in them, but be flat quite over which we call Razed, and then they will have of height about the thicknefs of the middle-finger above the Gums; you muft then after that a Horfe hath put forth his Corner-teeth, confider well the height they have above his Gums, befides the little black Cavity that ftiould be alwayes in the middle of them, that fo you may the better judge of his age, and you fhall make your Obfervation after this manner following. From four years old and a half untill five, the Corner-teeth will be above the Gums about the thicknefs of a Crown-peice, from fire to five and a half, about the thicknefs of two Crown-pieces,and at fix years old the breadth of ones Little-finger, at feven years the breadth of ones Ring- finger,and at eight the thicknefs of onesMiddle-finger*thofe different heights are thus difonguifhed, to be in place of a local memory to thofe who intend to be inftruifted * when T lay height or thicknefs, I mean the length of the Teeth, and when I mention Fingers,! underhand thofe of a mans hand who is of an ordinary fiature. Now perhaps forae pretender or half skilful perfon will fay, that there is here a great many Repetitions of one and the fame thing, and that it had been enough to have men- tioned each particular but once; that to know the age is no fuch difficult matter, as that it fhould be needful fo frequently to repeat the particulars of it; But 1 muft anfwer this Dodlor or Teacher,that it is not for him l have writ, and that whoever readeth this withadefigutoprofite by it, will be fo far from finding fault with Repetitions, that CHAP, V Hew to know a Hoilcs age, while he hath Mark 22 1 he Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAP. V; Hsw to know a Horfes age while he hath A/ark upon the contrary they will be rather a fatisfa&ion to him, and that whereby he will be the better inftru&ed and cleared. It isa common received opinionamongft moftpeaple, that Horfes Raze, or abfo- , lutely Iofe their mark at eight years old, but! have ieen a great many which had not Razed even at nine, who according to that ordinary obfervation, would have palled but for Horles of (even,but that is of fmall confequence providing they be thought young ; for the age or youth of Horles confilfs much in fancy, although in France their being young maketh a part of their value and price, and yet when they are above eight they are in their full ftrength and beauty, and fit for any fervice, but feldom before they ar- rive at that age, efpecially the Horfes of Brefs, Auvergne, and Lmofm, fo that it is at that age in which /Tories begin to be ferviccable and good, (providing they have not been over-rid and fpoilt in their youth,) that the French rejedf and will have none of them. As to Horfes defigned for the Manage or Wars, they do not fo much confider their age as to make it augment or diminilh their prices, becaufeit requireth a good dale of time to render aHorfe adroit, fupple, andeafy, efpecially if tney do not refolve to Ipoill him in drelTing, but to preferve his Gentlenefs; for it is rare to find Horfes of fix years old brought fuch a length, andfo confirmed in their Lelfons, as to be fit to give fatisfadfion in the Manage, or be ftryiceable in the Wars: Therefore although Horles have eight, nine, yea ten years of age, yet if they have all the qualities of goud and ready Horfes, people do not hand or fcruple at their having no mark, but pay very dear for them, without making their value any wayes confift in their being only fix years old, as is done in Runners and other Horfes. Befides, according to the Calculation of the French, who effeem none but thofc of fix, a Horfe will be only good for the (pace of one or two years, confider then if it be not ridiculous, to fubmit to an opinion fupportea by fo bad a foundation as that is, of only efieeming a Horfe for the fpace of one or two years; at that rate, good-buy to all the Horles of Trefs, Auvergne, Lmofirt, and others which are not at their very belt till full eight, for Ihould we only efteem thefe Horfes at fix years old,w£ Ihould never find a good one, andean people be guilty ofa greater folly,than never to defire A/orfesbut when they are worth nothing, and to put them off when they are be- ginning to prove good and ferviccable. It is therefore a very great overfight fo to tye up ones lelf, as never to buy any but young Horfes for prefent fervice, for befides that their being young adds to their price, and although that they may be fo fhaped.a s one may juftly expedf they will be long ler- viceable without being fpoilt,yet we fee manv of them whole Legs are quite ruined and gone with one years fatigue,whofe Hams become fo weak that they tan endure no Travel, and who at lalf grow even Blind although they have had very good eyes when firft bought *, fo that a man when he cometh to part with them, either abfolutely looleth them, or at leaft a confiderable part of the price they flood him; but when a man buyethHorfes of nine or ten years of age that are not fpoilt, and which have good Limbs, with their Flanks and other parts proportionable, then he is certain feing thofe parts have been fo l6ng right preferved, that they are found and willlaflalong time, efpecially be- ing at their full goodnefs and vigour ; and that which I like bell in fuch //orfes, is that they are bought at a third, nay half the rate of young //orfes, and alfo oft-times la A longer, fo that the hazard is not fo great as in buying of young Horfes, from whom youfuflfer all the inconveniences and bad fervice, to which their younger years are fubjedf, befides your being very uncertain how they will at laft prove and fucceed: However feing it is in this fnare and miflake that all fuch perlbns who have but little skill doeafily fall, I am latisfied that they buy firft young Z/orles, and at a great rate, that they keep them but a year, and then lofs half it not their whole price, becaufe they like this me- thod befl their fancy leading them to it; for after what I have laid, I leave every man to follow his own humour and fancy. 1 rauft likewayes tell you that it is quite contrary in Hcrfes as it is with men ; young people labour, and endure fatigue incomparably better than old, Horfes again, toil better when they are old than young: Men when young, eat and fleep better than when they are aged, but Horfes up@n the contrary eat a great dale more when a little aged, and alfo reft better; finally people may lay their account with this,that the greateft fatigues of War are always performed by Horfes of a middle age, and that hut few die of old age in a CampaigneTut moftly by accidents which might alio have befallen thofe that are youngi parti Or Complete Farrier. 23 It isto be oblerved that the Teeth wear, and are ufed upon the upper parts where the mark is, which is as 1 have faid that black Cavity in the middle of them; beeaufe it is that part of the Teeth, which is molt made uie of, for with it the Horie cuts ins Grafs, and draws his provender or Hay and Straw from the Rack, yet notwithftanding of that, they do not forbear to grow infenfibly, and as the Gums through time become lean, fo they make the Teeth to appear long, and it is certain that fo much the longer a Horles Teeth are, he is ftillfo much the elder, they alfo about that age contract a great dale of Naftinefs and Ruft upon them, and become yellow; there are however lome old Horfes which have very white and Ihort Teeth, people fay of fuch that they have a good-drouth confidering their it is alfo worth noticing, that fome Horfes will have a black fpeck in their Teerh refembling the true Mark, a long time after they are paft Eight or iVine, but then it is not hollow, therefore People ftiould not lay any ftrefs upon it, although the //orfe Couriers may warrant it for a true Mark, affirm- ing that they have not counterfeited it, but that it is altogether natural; however al* beit it be not artificial, yet 1 fay People Ihould lay no hold upon it, for although old Horfes have fometimes that black fpeck without any Cavity, and alfo that it be natural, yet it does no wayes relate to their Age, and they are ne’re a whit the younger for it. CHAP y Hom.o kaow d Horles age, while he Mark, CHAP. VI How to know the Age of a Horfe, which is either pafi Mark, Shell, or hollow Tooth d, or even Counter-mark- ed, that is, whojemark is ar: tificially counterfeit. I Have fufficiently explained, how a Horfes Age is to be known by the Teeth which mark, I muft now confider fome other obfervations, which I ihall explain as di- ftin&ly as poffible,andiflhave been a little too prolixe upon this matter, perhaps it will not be the worfe for the Reader. So foon as a Horfe hath A’azed, which the Italians call CavtlU Serrado, a man can- not judge of his age but by the length of his fore-teeth, or Tufhes* and firftby the Tulhes which are in his upper jaw, which are almoft Oppofite to thofe below, you muft feel them with your Finger, and if they be quite worne and equal with the palat, the Horfe is then at leafb Ten years old, however this obfervation is not lb certain, but that it fometimes faileth, elpecially if the Horfe when young, hath carried a bigger mouth’d bit than was proper for him, which with a little time may have ufed and con- fum’d hisTuflies % yet 1 have found it fail but very feldom. People alfo draw a very good obfervation from the under Tufhes, for young Horfes have them always fharp and poynted, pretty long, fome what edged upon both Tides, and without any kind of Ruft, Scales, or Naftinefs upon them* but as they become aged their Tulhes grow very big and Blunt, become round and fcalie, and in very old Horfes they grow extremely thick and round, and at laft appear altogether ufed and yellow. The upper Tufhes do alfo difeover a Horfes youth, for ifaHorfe be but fix, the up- per Tulhes will be a little channel’d, or fome-what hollow'd and grooved upon th£ infides, and when he is above fix, they fill up and become as it were a little round in the mfides, this Obfervation isfo good, that it never or but very rarely faileth. A man ftiould therefore make it his bufinefs, to underftand the Tufhes, for they are abfolutely the moft certain marks whereby to know * Horfes age, and by^rhem How to know a Horfes age. which is cither paft Mark, Shel Tooth’d, or Counter- marked, 24 The Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAP. VI. How to know a Horfe age which is either paft .Mark, shell tooth’d, or counter Marked, with the affiftance of the Corner-teeth, a man will hardly fail to judge pretty near of a Hories Age. The Fore-teeth and Tufties are the fureft Marks whereby a Horfes Age is known, yet a man may know if a Horfe be very old, by lifting up his Upper-lip, for if the Up- per-teeth be exceffive long, it is a token of very great Age; it may be alfo obferved at the lame time if they be ufed and worn in the middle, which if they are, will be a 1 fign that the Horfe is fub/edt to the lick-, which is an imperfe&ion, that cannot be ex- actly difeovered without leing him eat, fee Chap. ay. of this part,yet if a man perceive aHorles Gatherers to be ufed, and the other Teeth upon each fide of them fbmewhat longer then they, then he may affuredly conclude that he is a Ticker and very old. All other Marks are for the moft part uncertain, as to have recourle to the Joints of the Tail, to the folds of the Under-lip, and other different obfervations in which I never foand any great certainty; as for example, there cometh forth a knot or joyntin the upper part of a Horfes Rump when he is bet ween Ten and Twelve, afecond when he is Fourteen; people perceive thefe knots or joynts by paffing their hand alongft the Horfes Rutnp, from the very onfet of it, or that part where the Crupper of the Saddle refteth, to the lower end of it; thofe who are fatisfied with this mark may make ule of it, for my part I efteem it very little. As for that knowledge which is acquired by the Undcr-lip, I faw'oncea Gentle-man hit luckily enough upon the age by it; he did it thus, he confidered how many plyes or folds the Horfe had irt his Under-lip when he thruftit back, and as many folds as he obferved in the Lip, fomany years old he faid the Horfe had, he who will ftudy, and give faith to fuch a kind of knowledge as this, (hall have full liberty to do it. For my own particular, I have alwayes recourfe to a Horfes Legs after his mark is gone, to know if they be neat and good, to his flank if it be well trufled and not too full and fwallowed up, but frefli and without any alteration ; alfo to his feet, to fee if they are not fpoilt, and if he walk after the manner which I fhall hereafter explain, and laft of all to his Appetite; Thefe are the Tokens and Symptoms of Youth which I ty/'my lelf to ; but as in H»rfe-cr*ft more than in any other affair, every man hath his own humour and thoughts, I fhall here difeourfe of the moft certain obferva- tions a man can make ule of, whereby to know the Age of a Horfe that is paft mark. When the Pits above the Eyes are extremely hollow-,it is almoft always a certain Tok- en of old Age, although Horfes which arc of an old Stallions get, have alfo thofe Pits very deep even at four or five years old, as alfo their Ey-lids and Eyes, wrinkled and hollow. When that part of the nether-jaw-bone, which is about three or four finger breadth above the Beard, and fo upwards, is fharp and thin, that is,if in palling the hand alonoft it, it feel edged, it is a certain fign of Age, but upon the contrary, if it be round it is a token of Youth ; it is certain that in young Horfes, that part of the Nether-jaw-bone is alwayes round, but in old Horfes fharp and edged, lo that a man who is a little ac- cuftomed to it, will before ever he open aHorles Mouth judge pretty near of his Age, by only feeling this part of the Nether-jaw-bone ; this is a very good Remark. People allb with their two fingers and Thumb, pull the Skin of the Neither-jaw-bone or Shoulder, a little to them, and if the Skin continue a longtime without returning a- gaintoit’s place, it is a fign fay they that the Horfe is not young, and that the longer it is of returning the older he is; a man ftiouldnot much truft to this obfervation, bc- caufe the Skin of a Lean Horfe although young, will be longer of returning to it’s place, than the Skin of an old Horfe that is fat and plump ; but this obfervation follow- ing is very goodjthe points of the Gatherers in the Nether-jaw, when a Horfe groweth old ftand outwards a little, and when he is extremely old point almoft ftraight forewards but when He is young they ftand almoft: ftraight up, and form as it were a hollow be- neath the T onguc, fo that they are juft equal with the outter edges of thefe above; it fometimes fallcth out that they arc the upper-teeth which thus extend themlelves forewards, but for the moft part it is the under that do it, and when a Horfe hath his Under-teeth thus fituate,he is laid to be Sfrungm the £<-4, and it is a very good obfervation whereby to know Horfes which are extremely old. Another certain Mark of old Age, is when a horfe Seeieth, that is, when upon his. Eye-brows there groweth about the breadth of a farthing of white hairs, mixed with thofe of his natural colour; a horfe never See/etb untill he be fourteen years old, and al- ways before he be fifteen or fixteen at fartheft;The light or lyard forel and black, do fooner Seel tficn any other colours ; but this may be relyed upon, that a Horfe never Stelttht or becometfi lyard above the eyes, untill he be fourteen or fifteen years old. part I Or Compleat Farrier. 25 But becaufe it is cafy for a man, although he have but very little skill, to perceive when a Horfe fecleth or islyard above the Eyes, the Horfe Courfers cl. therefore pull out all thole white Hairs with pincers, being rather fatished that there Horfes fhould appear bald then feeled j and when their Horfes have fuch a number of white hairs,that they cannot conveniently pull them all out without making them look ugly, they then collour over or bedaub all their Eye-browes, that fo that insperfedfion of old age may not appear. . A Man may alfo judge of a Horfes Age, by looking to his Palate, becaufe proportion- ablyas a Horfe groweth old. the roof ot his Mouth becometh Leaner, and dryer to- wards the middle, and thole Ridges which in the Palats of young Horfes are pretty high and plump, do by degrees diminifhas they increafe in Age ; as for example,at iix years old the l alace is more iielhy, and thofe Ridges higher than at eight, and at Ten, Tweive* or Thirteen, they will be ftili proportionally more low and lean than they were at eight or nine, fo that at 1 all the root of the Mouth, in very old Hories, hath nothing elfe upon it but skin and bone ; this remark is extreamly good, efpecially in Marts, who have very feldom any Tufhes whereby one may know their age In Spain pe pie are more certain ot the Age of Horles, fur all thofe who have good breeds, and amongll them young Horfes which they expect will one day prove good, go to a publick Notrar, and their in prefence of WitnefTes, receive an atteftation of the Age of their young Horfes or Colts, at luch a time as it can be certainly known, which 13 fo long as they have their Foal teeth, lo that the A/ottars declare that fuch a horfe, of fitch a colour,and fuch aMark,fueh a (hape, and luch a Breed or Race, and marked after fuch a fafhion,was at fuch a time fo many years old,and this he figneth together with the WitnefTes,and delivereth it to the owner of the hotfe-, who when he hatha dcltgu to lelL him, pr oduceth his Teltifacut to prove the horfes age * if people cbferved this method in franc* and Enviand, there would not be fo many horfes Counter-marked, and the Tricks and fubtilties which are frequently performed by horfe Courfers, in the Puee- Monbnt and Smith-field, w uld be of no ufe. Gray horles become W ite proportionably as they grow old, and when they are very- aged they are White -all over, but this doth not conclude that there are' no horfes foaled White; although but very rarely : But people know thofe which have been Foaled Gray, by remarking tbeir excremities, as Knees and Hams,which continue far the moft part hill ofthac colour. , There are fome horfes whofe Teeth continue alwayes beautiful and White, and as fliort as if they were but fix, although they have oft-times more then Twelve Years, if fuch horfes tall into the hands of any Rogues or Cheats, they never faill to Counter- mark them, and fell or put them off as it they had but only fix. To prevent therefore being impofed upon after this manner, and alfo to underftand when a horfe is Counter-marked, you muff know hrft, that a horfe is laid to be Coun- ter- marked, or to have the mark in his Teeth counterfeit, when his Corner-teeth arc made hollow with an ingraving Iron, and made black within, to imitate as much as poflible the true and natural Mark ; they make the cavity or hollow black immediatly after it is made, by putting a little double-ink into it, and there letting it dry, which will remain fo long as the Te eth continue hollow; thofe who are more cunning and dexte- rous, with a red hot Iron burn a grain of Rye in the hollows of the Teeth, which mak- eth them perfedly black, for there p'oceedeth from the Rye a kind of Oyl, which by the help of the burning cleaveth extremely clofs and faff, to the hollows of the Teeth which are newly cut: There are other methods of Counterfeitting a horfes Mark,but as it is below a man of honour to pradife any of them,fo is it enough that I have fau] as much of them, as may prevent your being deceived, when you fhall meet with any which fo will know when a horfe is Counter marked, by looking to the hollows of his Teeth, which will never fo very exactly refemble the natural Mark, but with a little practice the Cheat may be difeovered ; befidesthe graver maketW fometitnes little flips which fcratch the other pans of the Teeth, becaufe the Horfe doth fometimes ftir and move, and is not fo very quiet as he ought: the Teeth are alfo hard which rnaketh the Operator’s hand nuiledy, andfois the occafion of thofe irregular fcratches ; when a man perceives fuch fcratches upon the ouefides of the hollows ot the Teetn, then is the Horfe Counter-maiked: Moreover the upper Tufhes fhould be confidered, which fboulcl be groov’d, that is, that upon the infides of them from the very PalateJo their points they fhoald be hollow, and that untill the Horfe be feven years old 5 befides when a Horfe is old the. upper Teeth w\il b.e too long, over palling thefe below* and yellow,the CHAP, VI. Hew to know a Tories age which is either paffc Marie,shell tooth’d, or Counter Marked* 26 The Parfait Marefchal, part I. chap yi How to know a Horfes age which is either pad Mark,lUcli- tooth’d, or Counter Marked, low part of the neither Jaw-bone fharp arid edged* the under Tufhes ufed, Mg and fcaly, Whereas if he had but fix, The under Tufhes would be fmall, pointed, and pretty (harp upon both the edges. If a Horfe which appars marked, have alfo many other figns and Tokens of old age, it is very probable that he isCountermarked, you will alio know if he be Ioj becaufe the falfe Mark is never fo exaftly Counterfeit, but with a little experience you will come to know it’s very fhape, Eefides that the Teeth will be oft-times longer than they (hould, and the artificial hollow a great dale blacker than the natural ; it requireth indeed a little practice to difeover exadfly when a horfe is Counter-marked, and alfo a man rauft have obfervedwell, how a Horfe is Marked with the true and natural Mark, and how he hath his Teeth placed and framed, after which he will very rarely be miftaken or deceived by the falle one. To believe that people file or faw a //orfes Teeth to make them (hort, is what I could never as yet feefucceed, although l have ufed all Diligence imaginable, to inform my (elf if it was pra&icable ;It is true forne do it to Men,but 1 never knew any who fuc- cefsfully tryed it upon Horfes; for it is certain that people never Counter- mark any Horfes, but fuch whofe Teeth appear beautiful aud youug, that is (hort and white, and all thofe who have attempted to faw a Horfes Teeth thereby tofhorten them, meet but with a great dale of trouble and vexation, neither do l blieve that ever any Rian mad# twice tryal of it in his Lifetime j for if people (hould only file or faw the under teeth, which are thofe at which people look to know the age, then thofe above wili be obferv- cd to be longer than thofe which have beenfhortned, and if the teeth both above and below befhortned, it will fo fallout, that the jaw-teeth or Grinders being at their full length, will join, and fo hinder the upper and lower Teeth which were Ihortned, to clofe upon other, which will manifeftly difeover the Cheat *, for the horfes mouth being ftiut, the Fore-teeth will be at as great a distance from other,as that jength is which was taken from them •, Befides, thofe horfes upon whom this operation is performed, are a long time without being in a condition, to chaw their meat with any tollerable eafe, becaufe of the ftrefs they have received by the filing, neither can they draw their hay or draw from the Rack, becaufo of the diftance which is between their lower and upper teeth. Horfes whofe Teeth have beenfhortned are eafily known, not only by what I have (aid, but alfo by their Tufhes, which will not be fo falhion’d and fhap’t, as I have dif- coveredthey (hould be in young Horfes ; therefore 1 advife no to man try it, not only becaufe it will prove prejudicial to the Horfe, but alfo becaufe fuch kind of Tricks or whatever you call them, are in truth below a man of any ngenuity or Candour. There are fome Horfes which have their Teetfi very long, and yet have a black fpeck in the middle of them ; fuch Horfes are faid to be Shell-tooth’d, fo freneh 72equtj, and they have that mark all their Life, at leafta great part of it ; Geldings are more fubje<5t to this of being Shell-tooth’d then Ston’d Horfes, but Marcs more than either j Moft part of the Hmgartan, Peloman, Cravat, and Tranjtlvaman Horfes which I have feen, were thus Shell-tooth’d. It is eafily known when a Horfe is fo, becaufe he appeareth to mark in all the other Fore-Teeth as well as in the Corner, that is, both in the Separatersand Gatherers, and therefore to know his age, the fame methods muft be taken as to know the age of a Horfe which is Counter-marked, fuch as the length of his Teeth, ufed Tufhes, fharp and edged nether Jaw-bones, and feveral other which I have before fet down. Horfes put forth their Gatherers, when about thirty Months old, thereafter the Marks which were fo them begin to wear ; when the Separaters come forth, the Marks which were in the Gatherers are half worn out, and then at fix years old they quite difappear, fo afterwards a Horfe hath no more mark in them; thofe again next to them call’d the Separaters have about that time, or when the horfe is fix, the Marks which are in them half worn out, but in horfes which arc Shell-tooth'd the Mark never almoft wcareth out or difappeareth,but remaineth in them asit alfo doth fo theGatherers and Corners, which is theReafon that people, when they perceive a horfe to have Mark in the Gatherers as well as fo the other Fore-teeth,do conclude that he is Shell-tooth'and with fo much the more certainty, if he have alfo with it very long Teeth,and of a greater growth than they fhould be at fix, with other obfervations which I have already given you. It is certain that Shell-tooth’d horfes, have been once in their Lifetime only five or fix year old, and that at the faid age of five or fix they have had their Mark true and good, although it appeared equally in all their Fore-teeth at one and the fame time, and there- fore in that cafe it would be a great overfight, to conclude them old, becaufe they arc Shcll-t09th’d,efpecia!ly when other Tokens of youthare difeovered in them;fuch as (hort parti. OrCompleat Farrier. 27 Teeth, fmall and (harp Tu(hcs, &c. for it is to thofe that a man muft chiefly take notice, before he pronounce his Opinion. Neither doth this conclude but that there are forne Shell-tooth’d horfes, which al- \ though they have Mark all their Life--ime,yet have it net in all their Teeth,but in fuch horfes the age is alio known by the length of the T ceth, Tuflies, and other figns of old age 1 which 1 have already mentioned. c 1 am apt to believe, that if a man apply himfelf to confider all I have faid, tJ concerning the knowledge of a Horles age, and that he alio put it in pra- < dice, by taking care to look at a great many Horfes Mouths, and obfeive the differences amongft 'them ; 1 lay without doubt he (hall never be deceived, but above all he muft make it his bulinefs, to know vhenthe legs are good, the feet found,the flank right, for if he think that this knowledge can be acquired by the fimple reading over of this Book, it is what will deceive him, becaukit is only cultome and experience that can confirrne him in it. Several perions have thought it ftrange, that after the reading of this Book over and over, they did not find themlelves Skilful, efpeciaily as to the knowledge of a fi/orfes Age, lb that if they had not frequently heard the Book commended,they acknowledged they would have condemned if, for not be ng diftind enough in its diredions, be- caule they fucceeded fo ill with them ; 1 do therefore with a great dale t f ingenuity and fincerity declare to fuch Gentlemen, that the knowledge ot Horfes is not acquiied by fimple reading•, one it’s true muft underftand the theorie, hut he muft put in pradica what he hath Read, go vifit Horfes, examine all the different Circumftances, and earneftly apply himfelf t« it untill he firft underftand it, and then be Maftcr of it ; themoft common Sciences arc not acquired by one (ingle reading, they muft be ftudietl and carefully considered; and far more this * am Treating of which is more Pradical than Speculative, for if you do not pradifev and by your own Judgement joyn the Spe- culative part to the Pradical, you will but in vaine make ufeof this Book, and I fay not only this Book, but the very beft that can polfibly be compiled on this Subjed ; if therefore thofe Gentlemen, do not become knowing and Skilful by rneer reading with- ont pradice, let them only blame thcmfelves,feing if they be interrogat upon any of the defeds or difeafes which are fpecified in the Book, they can give no reafonable account of any of them *, for firft of allthcfenle and meaning muft be well underftood, and then fixedin the memory and made fo very familiar,that fo foone as any Difeafe or Imper- fedion is named, a Mail may be able to give immediatly the defenition of it, and tell in what part of the Body it cometh, and afterwards put what reiateth to it in pradice; fo here are three things required in a Man to be Skilfull, to comperhend or underftand* to learn or to ha ve the cheif things relating to the Difeafe fixt in his memory, and to pradife; for without this pradice,a common Stable boy will let you know, that he is more Skilfull than you. Having explained every thing which reiateth to the age, we nod now confider the other faults and Imperfedions to which Horfes are Subjed, I Suppofe a Maa hath made himfelf as much Mafter of the knowledge of a Horles age as poflible; let him therefore fhut his mouth, and look after his other Imperfedions, holding this always for an infallible Maxim,that when once you find a fault, vou muft apply your fe If with all polfible Attention to difeover it to the very bottom, and having fo difeovered it, think no more on’t, but go to another, and proceed thus orderjy from one Imperfedien to an- other I give not thefc diredions to fuch perfons as are Skilful, and who in the twinkling of an eye can difeover every fault, and who fo foon as they look to a Horft* if there be any thing wrong about him, it is the very firft thing that cometh in their View, fo that it would feem their eyes could look to nothing elfe but that fault; but it is not thus with thefe Novices for whom I write, for they muft have more time to examine one Horfe, and go over him from head to foot, than a knowing perfon will take to confider four, for it is enough for him only to look to a //orfe, and walk gently about him, and in that (hort time he will preceive all that can be feen. CHAP Vi HoVv to know a Horles age which is either paft Mark, shell tooth’d, or Counter Marked., 28 The Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAR VII of the knowledge of the Eyes. CHAP Vll How to know if a Horfes Eyes be good. A tcr av^ng known a E/orfes age, you muft confider his Eyes, the perfed: know- r\ ledge of which is difficult enough, and requireth a very long and affiduous 1 jL. practice without being difcouraged;at firft when one looketh to good kad aPPcar ahke, but if yow perfift to look to and confider them attentively, you will difeover the third time what you did not perceive the firft, and the twentieth time, what you have not as yet been Scnfible of, and finally by the cuftome and practice of looking to them, a Mans Eyes as one would think are opened, fo that he perceives and fees diftin&ly, what at the beginning appeared to him Darknefs and obfcurity ; There- for do not difquict yourfclf, but perfift continually to look to them, and I allure you youihall lucceed : That Eyes may beexa&ly well perceived, the Horfe muft be right Situate; the Eyes are perceived with a great dale of more eafe, when a Horfe is taken from a Dark place to another which is very light, for example, in coming out of the Stable,and juft as his head is without the door, you may then look to his Eyes and con- fider them, not by looking as it were ftreight upon them, but a little a fquint, for looking thus flopvrayes to them, you will perceive them to the very ground or bottom. But if you be in the open teilds upon a march,or in a publick Mercate place or Fair, it is very difficult to perceive Eyes in the Sunlhine, therefore yen muft alwayes take the Horfe to a {hade, and alfo that you may the better difeer* them, place your hand above his Eye to keep away the too great light, for is the Sun all Eyes appear to be bettet than really they are. Any Man who hath an inclination to know, and judge truely of a Horfe’s Eyes, let him firft conlider them at night in the Stable, by the light of a very Irriall wax Candle or Bugie, and there he will perceive the ground of the Eye to the very Jeaft taffi, but then the Horfes £ye muft be placed between you and the Hugie or candle, and when once you come to know and underftand them well by the Bugte, you will difeern and diftinguifh them with the more eafe in the day time ; yet although a Man may fancy, that he perceives and knowes the Eyes very well with a candle or Tugte, 1 would not adventure to buy a Horfe upon that obfervation, becaufe 1 might be deceived by it, therefore I do not Ihew you this Method, as one by which you may certainly know the Eyes of a Horfe, but only as a help for your more eafily corning to underftand them. A Man may quickly know to place a Horfe right, that fo he may oblerve his eyes, if he but refleft, that when he is upon his back andftooping a little fore wards with his Body, he will perceive them very well, but he will yet percieve them better, being on foot and Handing before him. Having placed the Horfe right that fo you may conveniently perceive his £yes, wrc fhall next confider it’s parts, Qui bene dijhnguit bene decet, and to evire confufion, 1 fay there are two parts to be chiefly confidered in the -Eyes, to wit the Criftal and the bottom or ground of the Eye; The Criftal is that ro undnefs of the Eye, which appeareth at firft view, being the moft tranfparent part of it, and ftiould for clearnefs refemble a peice of Rock-Criftal, fo that one may fee clearly thorough it, neither fhould it be covered with any cloud, obfcurity, fpor, or Whitenefs, becaufe if the Criftal appear obfeure and troubled, Co that you cannot fee through it, it is a fign that the £ye is not good; the Eye fhould have alfo no white Circle about it, yet there are Horfes who have this Cricle and have alfo very good Eyes, but however it were rather to be wiflied that they wanted it; now upon the exa& confideration of 'he Criftal does the knowledge of the Eyes depend, you are therefore to ufe your utmoft endeavours to know certainly if it be exactly tranfparent,and although per- haps at firft view you cannot come to know it, yet you are not to be concern’d at it, part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 29 but ftill to continue looking untill you have acquired the perfect knowledge of it, for by degrees your eyes will be opened,and you will perceive it diftindily;that which is the caufc why many people arrive not at the true knowledge of the Eyes.is becaufe they are at the very firft difeouraged, and fay, I can perceive nothing in fuch and fuch Eyes, for the good and bad appear to me alike; but 1 mult tell you, that although you fhould be ten or fifteen dayes without making any diftin&ion, and that they fliould all appear alike to you, yet do not give it over, but continue to confider them with care and attention, and at laft you will gain your point. A Horle may have upon his Eye, that is upon the Criftal of it, a whitenefs which may have proceeded from, and be the remainder of feme ftroke, and which yet will not? make him blind, but there is required tome experience to difeernir, yet not fo much neither to difeover it, for it is very calily perceived, as to know exa&ly if that wbite- hefs will prove prejudicial or not to his fight-, to Novices every thing caufeth fear, and oft- times afmallevil appeareth to them a confiderable tault, when a greater im perfection is palled over without taking notice to it; iuch Novices in relpe& to their knowledge in Horles, are called but HalLskill’d, who being too nice and critical in their ©bfervations of Horfes, render themtelves incapable of buying any at all, for they would have the whole ffiapcs of a Horfeat fifty Crowns, to be as exact and perfect as if he were worth fifty Piftols, without ever reflecting that there are Merchandizes at all rates, and that without an ellential fault, they fhould not reftriit therafelves to fuch particularities, efpecially in Horfes of a fmall value. A reddifti Criftal is a bad Symptom, being a fign that the Eye is either inflamed, or that it is influenced by the Moon. A Criftal that is Feuule.mort, or of the colour of a dead leaf upon the lower part, and troubled upon the upper, is an infallible mark that the Horle is Lunatick, but it con- tinued! no longer but while the humour doth actually poflefs the Eye, for tfie defluxioil being once over, the FeuiUe-mort colour doth alfo immediatly difappear Therefore in horfes which are Lunatick, it is in vain to look for this mark when the Humour and Defluxion is not upon the Eye, now you fhall know when the Defluxion is upon it, by the Eye being {welled, and emitting a great dale of hot water or humour; this infirmi- ty is of fuch confequence, that the horfe will become blind of that Eye which was influ- enced by the Moon, and alfo of both, it the Moon do influence and govern both; this mark of the Eyes being ot a Feu lie-mort colour, and Reddifti, aS if the Eye were full of bloody Water, is one of the moft certain whereby to know when a horfe is Lunatick, but obferve it is only lo when the Defluxion hath fallen down, and then the horfe feeth none with that Eye upon which the Defluxion is: But to know a Lunatick Eye when the Defluxion is not actually upon it, confider, that if only one of the Eyes be fub- jeQuickly-> and E*Jily9 here are four Adverbs,which exprefs all that the moft Nice and Curious can wifh for in a Horfes walk, and I am going to explain thsm, for the behoof of fuch as defire to be inftructed, becaufe thofe who are abundantly knowing already, have no need of it. To walk quickly, is to advance confiderably upon the flep; now every one is a com- petent judge to know and determine whether a f/orfe fteps quickly, or advances but little and (lowly upon his Walk, and therefore I (hall at this time lay no more of it. For a Horfe to walk very lightly, he fhould be light on the hand, that is, he fhould not prefs or reft too much upon the bit, but be alwayes Champing upon it, keep his head high, and move quickly his fhoulders; a Horfe which walketh thus cannot be faid to be too much upon his fhoulders, becaufe it is impoiTible but he muff be upon his haunches if he walk as l have told you, and befides all this, if a Horfe be not nimble and glib in the fhoulders, but ftiff, and want as it were the ufe of his Limbs, he (hall never walk lightly nor eafily, but be heavy and unweildy,and although fome vigorous and mettl’d H*rfes, which have ftiff and unmoving (boulders, lift their Legs commonly high enough, and alfo ply and bend them very well, yet it is not fuch Horfes which walk beft, becaufe they doe not continue at it; neither do they walk nimbly nor eafily, be- caufe they have all an uneafie and hard fet in their walk, which proceeds from the force and violence with which they raife and lift up theirLegs, and they likewife becom* very foon wearied, by reafon of what I told you, when I difeourfed of ftiff and un- moving fhoulders; and alfo very much fatigue the Rider. chap. :!»• How to know, if a horfe be : right plant* ed upon his Legs and walked* well. The Parfait Marefchal, part I 44 GHAP,X1. How to know, if a Porte be right plant- ed upon his Legs and walked! well. In thefe four conditions or qualities which I wifh for in a //orfc, that fo he may go well; which are to walk tightly, fureiy, quickly, and eaftly, there isaneceility that the motion of the ftep be nimble and quick, that fo the Horfe may walk lightly and ealily, for he (hall never walk lightly and ealily, if his ftep be llow, long, and too ftretched; therefore a Horfe Ihould remove his Legs often, without making a clattering motion with his feet, or beating the dull as we fay, for to ftep Ihort and fwift, is very far diffe- rent from trampling, or making a clattering motion with the feet* When I difeouried of the Raifing and keeping up of the Leg, 1 forgot to tell you that thofe Horfes which raile their Legs higheft, and alfo flay them longeft in the Air, are not the molt propper for the Walk, nor thofe which go heft, for upon the contrary they ordinarly walk very badly, flowly, and uneafily; fuch Horfes are called vain and proud Herfes, in Spaine which is indeed a very becoming action in a Horfe under a King, Prince, or General of an Army,who Ihew themfelves to the People or to their Souldiers, upon a review, or day of Parade; for it would feem that the //orfe, by that keeping up or long ftay of his Leg in the Air, is high fpirited, and vain of the honour he hath to carry his Mafter, and that he on purpofe retards his Walk, that he may give the longer time to the fpe&ators to view and con fider his Rider; fuch kind of Horfes make alfo a very good figure in a mannage, for they are brisk and lively, their Gallop and other Aires are graceful, and they are admirable fora publick Entry or Carroufe/; but for the ufe of a private Perfon, who requires nothing elfe of his Horle but to goe well at a foot pace, they are not at all propper; a Horfe alfo which raifeth his Leg fo very high, fets down his foot again with fo much the more violence upon a hard or paved way, and fo benummes and furbaits fooner bis feet, and alfo ruines and fpoyls the back finews of his Legs, by which he is rendered very loon unfervicable; fuch Horfes are likewayes lubjed to another inconveniency, which is, that keeping their feet lo long in the Air, with lhoes upon them which are of a pretty good weight, the back fmew is fenfible of it, and the Leg thereby becometh fooner opprefled. A Horfe will walk ealily if he be united, that is, if his fore-hand and hind, are as they were both one when he walketh, and if they both make as it were but one motion, if I may fo fpcak; There are fome Horfes whole fore-quarters go right, but their Croupe when walking fwingeth from fide to fide, which is called a Rocking Croupe*, Now this impefe&ion is very ealily difeovered when a Horfe is Trotting, for the Trot of luch Horfes, is as it were at two motions, becaufe of the Rocking of tfieir Croupe as l have explained to you, and it is a token that the Horfe is of no great ftrength, for at each ftep, one of the haunch bones falleth and the other rifeth, like to the beam of a Ballance; fuch Horfes are commonly not very vigorous. Likewife to go eafily, a Horfe Ihould not caufe the Rider make any falfe motion upon his back, people perceive when he doth it not, when they fee him go along fmoothly without any waye* troubling the Rider, or making him Ihift his feat, al- though he be no very good Horfc-man, and that he but make very little ufe of his Thighs to keep him fteddy in the Sadie. It remains to know how a Horfe (hould go to walk Surely, he mull then lift his Legs indifferently high ; if he did not bend them enough, he would be cold in his Walk,which would caufe him to llrike upon the ftones and clods;this cold way of walk- ing or Riding, is for the moft part a token that the Horle hath his legs fpoilt, although there are alfo Colts which have a cold walk before ever they be wrought*, the Barbs are very lubjedf to this, and it is one of the greateft imperfe&ions which a //orfe of Man- nage can have, for with it he hath no life or Air, it is likewife one of the moft difeou- raging undertakings that a Horleman can ingage in, to endeavour to drefs fuch Horles as have neither movement nor Life; if a man be not skilful enough’ to forme an Air to fuch "a Horle, Ialfure you he will (bon run hirnfelf a ground : Let us now return to our fubjc£t, and lay that there is no fecurity in thofe cold kind of Walks for Journey Horfes; moreover to walk fureiy, a Horfe Ihould have his Tread good and firm, and fo he will not be fubje& to Humble, but ride fecurely. To have thefe four Qualities, of going, quickly, fureiy, eafily and lightly, a Horle muft be forne what long, for thofe which are too Ihort, although they have a better force and be good for other things, yet they have the motion of their lower parts too hard and fet, becaule the movements are almoft juft below thcSadle, and being fo very near to the //orfeman, do therefore incommode him, which is contrary in long Horfes, which give conveniency and room for the Horleman lo to pla.ee hirnfelf, as to be too near nei- ther of the Qartets, that is neither upon the fore-quarter nor hind, and fo being betwixt the two,and at a good enoughdiftancefrom either,he willbeiefs fenfible of their motions. part I. Or Compleat Farrier. Morover, along Horfe advances more in hii gallop with one ftroke, than a (hort does with two, and alfo cuts the double of the way without augmenting his Labour, feing they make both their motions at the fame time; neverthelefs long Horfcs have fat the mod part lefs ftrength, and become foonerlow and out of cafe than fhort: In fine, as they are more commodious and eafie than the (hort, fo one may fay that they are the moft proper Horles for great people and Princes. The opinion of moft part of people is to be admired, in that they will pretend to know if a Horfe goes well, by obferving if when walking he overpaffes the T read of his fore-foot very much with his hind, which is a moft ridiculous miftake, and Ihould be ioyn’d with that of palling the hand before a //orfes Eyes, to know if he have a cood fight. Moft part of Horfes which thus overpafs with their hind-foot the Tread of their fore, if they doit confiderably, fwing their Croupe from one fide to Pother, and Rock, which is contrary to thofe conditions we required in a good Walk ; Befides fuch //orfes commonly Forge, that is, that with themoesof their hind feet they over- take thofe of their fore, and (o pull them off upon the road, neither have they any Reins or Mettle; this is the fignification of forgeing, and the qualities of fuch Horfes as are guilty of it, fo you fee it is but a bad enough mark, whereby to know if a Horfe waiketh well. I don’t deny but a Horfe which thus overpafles with his hind foot the tread of his fore, may walk fwiftly, but luch a Horfe will have rarely good Reins, neither can he goealily, becaufe he hath not a quick, but long and ftretched ftep all upon his fhoul- aers, which will make him fo much the more fubjedf to humbling, becaufe he is not fupported by his Reins. This oblervation which is made of a Horfes overpaffing much with his hind foot the tread of his fore, is fo much a better remark to know it he ambles well, as it ij bad for knowing if he walk well; for it is certain that a Horfe can never amble upon his haunches nor go well, if he doe not with his hind feet overpafs the treads of his fore, at Icaft a foot, ora foot and a half, and the more he overpaffes the better will he amble, which is quite contrary to the walk, and folsalfothe way of removing his legs in thefe two Adfions quite different; for in the amble he lifts both the legs of one fide, and has them both in the Air at one and the fame time, but in the ftep or walk he lifteth them Groff; for example,in a walk he lifts the near forc-leg andfar hind-leg together, and has them in the Air at the fame time, and when he fets them down, he lifts the other two which were crofs upon the ground, to wit hisfar fore-leg and near hind-leg, and fo alternative- ly each remove; this is the true motion of a Horfes Legs upon a walk, which is the fame with that of the Trot, although the paces are different: Ourdutbor is here iu 4 little mif- t*ke dnent the motion of4 Horfes hein the Wdlkt 10 convince jou of which, l rtferr Jett /» the Supplement §f Horfe mMfhipy Chap: 1J. A //orfe in walking,fhould not carry his Hams outward every ftep that hemaketh, for it is a fign of weaknefs, and to which Horfes that amble are more (ubjedf than thofe that only walk, but is not a lefs imperfection in the one than in the other; any Horfe which is defign’d for galloping or the mannage, if he have this Imperfection of turning his [arrers or Hams outwards m running, (hall never fuccced at it, for he cannot endure to be put upon his Haunches, and if he be not upon his Haunches, he cannot chufe but be very difagreeable. Likewayes, a //orfe fhould not in walking rub or ftrike his //ams oneagainft the 0* ther , as thofe which are bow-legged do, which is an action quite contrary to the for- mer; Bow-legged Horfes are commonly reputed iwift and good, but they are not proper for Hilly Countreyes, and for the mannage they are altogether difagreeable. Thefe are all the conditions required in a Horfe to walk well, which are not the fama with thofe of a Galloper, for in the walk a Horfe fhould fet down his foot firmly without putting it down with force, which is quite contrary in a Gallop, for in it he Ihould fcarcely touch the ground, that is, he fhould Gallop fo lightly as that it would feemhe difdained to touch it, and without doubt that is a token that he will Gallop long, becaufe of his performing it with fucheafe; fuch Horfes as gallop heavily fet their Feet very rudely to the ground, folikewife do thofe which go upon their flhouldcrs, but thefe which Gallop upon their haunches does fcarcely with their fore feet touch the ground; but it is not the fame with Horfes which walk, for thefe which have the belt and moft nervous Legs, arc them which fet their feet moft firmly to the ground, and with a kind of noife; however they muft not put their feet fo heavily and Rudely to the ground as if they were defin’d for a Coach, which is a thing as eafie to be underftood as . CHAP. XI How to know, if a Horfe be rjghc planted upon hi* legs a: d waiketh well. 46 The Parfait Marefchal, part I. CHAP. XI. tfow to know if a Horfe be right plant- ed upon his legs, and walkcth well. it i* difficult to be expreffed: This is enough of the Gate or Walk,we muft now proceed to the other imperfe&ions, which we fliall doe in the following Chapter, where 1 fliall endeavour to make you know if a Horfc have good feet ? for if he have not that part good, he will be foon fpoilt, and his lervice of no long continuance. There are fome /-/orfes which although they have too long Haunches, yet commonly walk well, but their fore-quarters are quickly ruined, becaufe the hind preffes upon it with fo much violence,that the fore part cannot refill it, fuch Horfes are admirable for Hilly Countreys, for they Climb like Oxen, but to ballance that, they arc no wife furc upon a defeent, for they cannot ply their hafris; and a certain fign of it if, that when they Gallop they can never perform it flowly, but almoft always at full fpeed, becaufe they cannot fo ply their Haunches beneath them, as to put them in a capacity to Gallop flowly : The Mannagc is the greateft (tumbling block fuch horfes have, for whatever good Reins they have, People have great difficulty to put them well upon their //aunches, and if ane Efquire be not all the more skilfull I would not advife him to un- dertake it; ifhefucceed it will be by chance, and perhaps once in his life time, and will take two years to caulc him perform that, which another Horfe will do in three Months. You fliall know when the haunches are too long, in that when the horfe is (landing in the liable, he Camps with his hind Feet farther back than he ought, and that the top or onfet of his Tail doth not anfwer in a perpendicular Line with the tips cl his bocks, as it doth alwayes in horfes which have their haunches of a juft length. CHAP XII A further continuation, of the know- ledge of the faults and imperfections in Horfes, and what is to be objerv- ed when a buying them. IN this Chapter, T fliall teach you to know the feet and. what belong* to them, after- wards the good or bad Flank, and all which belongs to that knowledge; in the pre- ceeding Chapters we have regularly confidered fome imperfe&ions* my defign in this place is not to difeourfe of the Gallop, Amble, a good or bad mouth, and of the means to know every thing elfe, which a man ftiould confidcr in the going of a horft, as fwiftnefs, and other good Qualities* that which oblidges me to take this method, is that 1 obferve People alwayes conlidcr the faults and Imperfections we arc going to difeourfe of, before ever theycaufe either Run or Gallop a horle*forit would be but loft labour to advance fo far, if a man perceived other faults which would hinder his buying him* and provid'ng that I make the Reader utiderftand them all, it is no great matter in what part of the Book I doit. There are four Marks which all Horfes hare, and which few Authors make mention of, they are fituate in the fore legs above the knees, and upon the inGdes, and almoft upon the back parts of the Hind-legs a little below the Hams * the part is without hair and rcfemblcs a little peice of hard and dry horn, it is termed the Srvimrr, the Greeks call this part Lichenes, and the French call it the Chefttut.bccmCc of the refemblance it hath to One* the fnialler this part is the mark is the betrer, becaufe it is a Token that the leg is dry and Nervous* in fome Horfes this part as they grow old becometh hard as their Soles; people (have fuch from time to time,becaufe if they pull them awav, the Blood will follow, and there would remain a wound* Theft Switucr* proceed from Humidity, and there are fome Horft* which have them CHAPXIT, A further Continu- ation, of the know- lege of the faults and imperfc&i- ons in Horfes. part I: Or Compleat Farrier. 47 fc> very fmall, thit they can Scarcely be difeerned, and they are the better for it. This part is of fmall confequence,but a Man Should know every thing, btcaufc Na- ture hath made nothing in Vain; Horfes have upon the back parts of their fore and hind paftern joynts* a kind of Round Hub which rdembles a ptice of '1 ender Horn, and about the bignefs of a nut, they are alwayes covered with the little Tufts of hair, thatarc upon the back parts of the paflern-joynts called the fetlocks; thde flubs, or round little knobs, are of the fame Nature which thofe Switnersor Chcfnuts I was dilcourfing of,but the Switners are commonly more dry, and fo coniequctitly harder. Horfes are Subject to the Prints, or Crown-Scab, which is a kinds of Itching feurf that comcth upon the Coronet of the hoof, and keeps the Hair upon that part which 1$ already Swelled, alwayes brifily and ftareing; there are two kinds of them, one is humid, and fendeth forth ferofities through the pores,which fome times encreafe 1 o abundantly, that they mount up to the very paftern-joynt, caufing a part of the hair to fall away where they come, efpecially if the humor be very fharp; but if the JHotCc Labour in dry grounds, than they dry up fome times in the Summer time, fo thatfcarcely any of the moift humor can be perceived, but if the hair be fain of, then the part will remain bald and ugly* this lafl kind of Crown-Scab which caufeth the hair tall, is only feen in old Coach-horfes, but rarely in Young. The other kind is dry, and never cxpelleth any moiflure but only fendeth forth this kind of itchy feurf, which maketh the hair to flare and keepeth the Coronet Swelled j 1 would not take a Horfc which had either of thefe imperfections, although they do not much hinder him to labour, unlefs the perfon who ought hirn diminifhed tonfider- ably his price, and if he be a Horfc of value.he mull be abfolutcly rejeAed having themj people know this infirmity cheifly by the Coronets being Swelled, and full of that humor which occafions the Crown-Scab; the Swelling is eafily perceived by th« Coronets being bigger and more Elevate than the reft of the hoof; a Coach horfc with Crown-Scabs is worth nothing in a City, This infirmity is as troublefbme as any a Horfe can have, for firft they rarely fecovet of them, and befides many perfons abfolutcly rejedt them, fo that you your felf art the lift Mafter of the Horfe ; when the Horfe-Courfcrs have any fuch, they will tell ynj* that their Arorfes have been Labouring iu flrong and clay ground, which hath occafion* ed the hair upon their Coronets to brittle; 1 am oftheopinion thata man fhould nut give above eight pieces for fuch horfes. You arenexr to confider,if the horfe you intend to buy have noFarwc,which is a kind of Swelling upon the patterns, this imperfe&ion is not very common, and people rarely fee it in journey horfes, but only in thofe which are appointed for the Coach andmannage; as it is of great confequencc a Man fhould know it exadlly ; I have already difeourfed of it a little, and believe what 1 am to repeat will not be altogether unneceffar, feing every horfe which hath formes, may be lookt upon to run a very great hazard of becoming lame* A Forme is a Swelling, which cometh as well in the patterns of the hind as fore legs, above the Quarters of the foot both within and without, hard as the reft of the fubftance of the paftern, and even like a Griflle, and it is not only upon the skin,but fixt to the Subftance of the paftern; it maketh a horfe to halt, and at laft to become, alto- gether Lame ; in the beginning it docs not exceed half the bignefs of a pigeons egg, bat labour and cxercife maketh it to become through time, about half the bignefs of a hens egg, and the nearer it is fituate tQ the Coronet upon the Quarters, fo much the more dangerous is it. CHAPXIt. A f urthci Continu- ation, of the knowledge of tlief aults and imper- fedions in Horfes, 48 The Parfait Marefchal, part I. CHAP. XIII How to know a Horfes Feet; €HAP XIII How to know ifa Horfes fcct are good. TH« Feet are to be confidered as one of the effential parts of a //orfe, without which he isufelefs and for no kind offervice, and although a Man may have //iorfes with very good Feet, yet he is oft times ncceilitat to let them reft,that fo they may grow and be in a condition to receive a fhoc,if they have eitherRid bare foot- ed, and thereby ufed and worn their hoof.or that it be naturally brittle; it is a part of the Body which fuffers moft,and a/forfe which hath them not good for what can he be pro- per, efpecially in hilly Countreys or unequal and ftony High-wayes ? he is fit for nothing but the Plow, or for fuch Countreys which are free of ftones, where he may work now and then, and but indifferently neither, or to be confined to a common Riding fchool, where the ground is extremely foftj it is always at an eafy rate, that people buy fuch Horfes as have tender and bad Feet, and of it they make oft times a bad enough bargain, altho to tell the Truth, there is to be feen odd enough Varietie* in the matter of Feet, for lome will appear to be weak, when they are really good, and and the little horn that they have is tough, folid, and capable to ferve, others again appear good, which are pained for being too fat and full of.Fleftt j the fureft way then is te take them of a good ftiape, and where there is nothing to be complained of, and with the right method of ftioeing, people recover thofe that are bad,and the good they main- tain in a condition, A Man muft be a good knower of Horfes, to judge exa£Uy of certain kinds of feet, efpecially thofe ofDutch Horfes, which come from H olhnd about the age of four or five years, for with difficulty can it be known if thofe feet,which to many people appear good, will not become in a little time very bad,as it frequently falleth out,either through the de- fed of the foot,or fault of the Smith who ffioerh them, or fometimes both j therefore the fureft way is to chufe them as 1 am going to (hew you. Let us begin with the hoof, which ftiould be of a form very near round, and not long- ifti efpecially toward the heel,for long feet are worth nothing; the horn ftiould be Tough and Solid, High, Smooth, and of a dark colour, and if pofTiblc without any Circles j a Man may know thofe that are brittle, when the Horle by lofting often his Shoes has fpoilt his feet, by having many pieces broke from the horn around his foot, and feveral wants in it near to the Shoe, fo that it doth not follow the exad ftiape of it * brittle hoofs fplit in the places where the nails are rivetted, which fometimes raketh away the very piece: a Man may alfo know a badhoofby lifting up thefoot, and confidering if it have a fhoe forged exprefly for it, and that it be pierced extraordinarly, and the holes of it placed in fuch parts where it is not very ufual, that fo they might fhoe the horfe more conveniently, feeing he had not horn enough to take hold by, in thofe parts where com- monly the Nails are driven ; fo people are conftrained fometimes to peircc the flioes near to the Heels, although they arc for the fore-feet, it not being in their power to do other- wife 5 people commonly drive no Nails near to the Heels of the fore-feet, and when they do, it is becaufe the Toe is fo much fplit and broke, that they can place none in it. Circles in Horfes hoofs, make a man know that they are altered, and if they quite fo- round the feet and be higher then the reft of the hoof, they make them halt, for they look as if one had put exprefly a Circle of horn in that place, to keep the hoof together; when a Man fees that the foot is circled.although theCircle doth not make theHorfe halt or mean his foot upon the Street, yet it is a fign that the hoof is either altered or that the nature of the horn is nought; therefore it muft be confidered very exactly and all the other circum- ftances taken notice to,as firft if the horn be thick,feeing thofe horfes which have a thin horn are fuch which are faid to have fat feet.and cannot be known but by feeing the foot pared, for in that cafe the horn will not only be thin, but the Sole alfo, by having but a part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 49 very little thicknefs;fuch thin hoof’ dHorfes halt and mean their feet a long time after they c: are lhoed, before they recover ftrength in them, fo that a man is neccilitat to let them reft fotue dayes after they arc lhoed, before he can make ufe of them, ki- To know exadtly when feet are Fat, is one of the moft difficult things in the know- h« ledge of Horfes, and I am of opinion few people can judge certainly of them, feing their at fhape is as beautiful as that of any other foot, and the horn makerh the beft appearance and (hew in the World, only that the hoof is fomewhat bigger than ordinary, and larg- er than the iize of the Horfe will allow of. You are moreover to confider, if the Horfe have not a kind of clift in his foot, cal- led a F which is occafioned by the Horfes calling his quarter and getting a new one, for then the Horn beginning to grow is uneven and ugly, and bigger and fofter than the reft of the hoof; if the clift be conliderable and take up a quarter of the foot, it fhould keep a man from buying the Horfe. There are Horfes which have over-reaches or calkin treads upon the coronet, which become hollow and groov’d in curing,but then the hollow of the Tread defeends pro- portionably as the hoof groweth, and is vifibleuponit; it doth little or no prejudice to the I lorfe, if there remain no fwelling upon the Coronet. There are fome Clifts very dangerous, for when Farriers have fometimes fired the Coronet, and that they have burnt down a little upon the top of the horn, there is oc- cafioned a clift or groove along the hoof, which renders it ugly and hard lo long as his foot remaineth, and is confiderably prejudicial to him, becaufe it commonly ftraitens and dryeth up the foot in that part* however it'is not at all dangerous to apply Raycs of Fire upon the hoof, providing that people do not burn the Coronet, yea it is fo far from being dangerous, that it is very profitable upon many occafions to perform it* for example, when a heel or quarter is fo ftraitned that it prefles the little foot or coffin bone, a man in that cafe may in Head of grooving the hoot with a drawing Iron, with fuccefs apply the Rays of Fire after the manner 1 have taught you in the fecond part. Chap. 5 o. and y 9. Therefore when people fee a foot thus fired they fliould not be much ftartled at it, but only conclude that it hath been ftraitned, and that thofe Rayes of fire have been applyed to enlarge it. You mult now lift up the foot, the heel of which (hould be pretty high, broad, lafgfc and open, that is, without being hoof-bound, which is to have it too narrow and ftraitaslam going to fhew you; you (hall alio at the famo time confider if the Frog, or Frufti be of a largnefs proportionable to the foot, for if it be too little and dry it is a fault, and it is alfo one if it be too large and fat; Thofe which are little and too much dryed up, fall to the fliare of hoof*bound or narrow heel’d Horles, becaufe the heels be- coming ftrait hinder the frufti to be nourifhedas it ought, and fo it remaineth fmall and ftarved; when the frufti is too large and fat, it is higer then the foie at the heels, and is alwayes a token of a very bad foot. The moft part of Horfes which have low heels, have large and fat Frufhes, fo that they cannot walk but they touch the ground, and many times caufe them halt, which fhould be confidered very carefully, becaufe the moft part of people who underftaad ffioeing,caufe take down their Horfes heels to preferve the back Sinews of their Legs, or for other Reafons which I (hall difeourfe of hereafter *, the Ignorant feing a heel cut and taken down after that faftrionj boldly pronounce that a Horfe hath none,but in thaS cafe you are to take notice to the Frufti, which being but of a middle fize, the Horle can fcarcely be too low heel’d; The tour and circumference'of the hoofmaketh one alfo know if the heels are low, if he have but a very little experience. You (hall in the next place, keeping always the Horles foot up, confider if the foie be ftrong, and the whofe foot hollow, and at a pritty diftance from the fhoe; it is an excellent fign in Coach*horfes to have hollow feet, and therefore you are to know that thofe who fell fuch Horles, that they may make their feet appear good, caufe them to be made hollow by the Smith as much as poffible,and fo leave their foie very thin and weak, and indeed by this a man may be deceived ; but a foot fhould be hollow, with- out having the foie of it too much weakned and thin; to commend a foot people fay that it will hold an Englilh halt pynt of Wine,that lo they may certainly know it is very hollow. When the foie is higher than the hoof, and that the whole foot is quite filled up upon the lower part, fo that in ftead of the foot being hollow the foie is in a manner round and bilged, they are then called Crown’d-loles, in French Tied* Cembles $ thefe kind of Feet have alwayes the upper parts of them framed like an Oyfter ftiell, that is, flat and ugly, and almoft all feet faftuoned after this manner, have their heels although CHAP:ilH How to know if 2 horfes feet ate good. 50 The Parfait Marefchal, part I. CHAP: Xlll How to knowit a Horfes feet are good, i ill low,jet ftraitned and narrow towards the (hoe, and become in a little time abfolutely ulelefs, it not being poliiblc without a great dale of difficulty to adjuft their (hoes to them, nor drive the Nails but at a great chftance from the heels, that is, only at the etToe; fuch Horfes are fit for nothing but the llow, it is not but by methodicaUhoeing care, and time, fuch high and Crowned Soles may in (ome meafure be rectified, and alfb receive a pretty good fhape, it the heels be only ftraitned near to fhe ffioe, as they are alwayes for the moli part, and if they have not their Frufhes over large and heels tco low .• for thefe laft there is little or no poffibility to recover them, but for the firft whofe hoof at the heel doth only ftraiten near to the fhoe, although their heels be low, yet the method of ffioeing will recover them •, 1 (hall (how how it is to be done when 1 difeourfe of (hoeing, but becaule people do not buy Horfes with faults which arc to be re&ified, and that Horl's are but !ubjc& to too many infirmities, I think a man (hould endeavour to chu(e them with the beft feet he can, becaufe they are the foundation of the Building ; elpecially for your large Dutch, and Vrizland Horles when a man lees them have low heels and a high lolc, that is, which refteth almoft upon the (hoe, or that they have large and fat Frufhes, he fhould never think of buying them, for 1 aflure you they will create a great dale of trouble to him when they begin to change or Mexv, for it is molt certain that the Feet of fuen Horfes change,and alter after they are brought to jFr*nce, fo that ihofe which are pretty good become bad, and thole which are arc bad, do in Mewing become abfolutely ufelels. There are other kind of Feet which people call weak, becaufe although their heels be indifferent high, yet they are but thin, fl at is, that at the point of the Frufh, be- twixt it and the upper part of the hi of they have bur a fmall thicknels, and although they have the inward part of the foot, that is, the foie hollow, yet they have fo little ftrength in their Feet that they eafily halt, and are alfo fubjedf to heat their feet upon hard ways, which at laft becoming painful maketh them lame ; thefe kind of Horfes are very oft upon their litter,that isvpeople are obliged to let them ftand loft and give them but very moderate labour, a man fhould therefore take (pedal notice to fuch Horfes, particularly if they be de/igned for the Coach. The Foot being alwayes kept up, you may alfo cemfiderifhe be ftrait heel’d or hoof*bound, to which your fmall fized Horfes, as Barbs and Spanifh Horlcs are more fubjedt then others, elpecially fuch of them which have high heels, and dry’d hoofs. Hoof-binding is known, when the heels do not take aright Tour or Compafs, but ftraiten towards thcClift ©ftheFru(h5(b that upon each fide of the faid cliff,there is not above a finger breadth of diftance, and that the whole heel is little more as two finger breadth j Whereas a Horfe fhould have alwayes about four at the heel, but that is either a little more or Ids according to the fize and bigncls of the Foot. There are narrow heel’d Horfes which have high heels, but fo weak, that by preP ftng the two fides of the heel one againft the other they yeeld and move, which is a token of tendernefs in the foot, and although the Horfe were not hoof-bound,yet fuch yeelding heels are al wayes weak. Some narrow heel’d Horfes have not high heels, but upon the contrary abundant- ly low, but then that part of the hoof next to the heel,and which refts upon the (hoe,is much more ftraitned rhan that whic is next to the Cornet, and it is that which hoof- bindeth a Horfe ; Now for thdclaft the Panton or pAnuUe fhoes have a very good effedf. There are Horfes which'have the back parts of their pafterns next to the heels, as if they were pointed, and by that mcanes have their feet too long, becaufe they exceed the ordinary roundnclsat the heel, and extend too much back-wards ; Com- monly furh have very bad feet, and are almoft alwayes hoof-bound j They have like- wayes that part of the pafterns too flefhy and Subject to the Former»which is an imper- fection lufficient to make a man reje&a Horfe and not to meddle with him, you are therefore by this to regulate your felfe as to the fhape of the foot, that it (hould ap- proach as near to a round form as poflible, and that thofe whofe heels extend back- wards, and have their foot almoft of an ©vail (hape, have a bad figure of a foot for fervice. Befides this fauJt in fmall fized Horfes of being hoof-bound, they are alfb Subject to have one of the fides of thtir heels higher by an inch than the other; This is a con- fiderable fault, but not altogether fo bad as hoof-binding, becaufe befides that hoof- binding doth for the moft part make a Horfe to halt, it is alfo a token of a great dry- neli in the foot; Alfo bad (hoeing may occafion this cf the heels being higher upon part I. Or Compkat Farrier. 51 one fide than the other ; neither is this imperfe&ion incureable, but it is fomewhat expenfiveto perform e it*, itproeeedcth partly from the aridity and drynejs of the foot, and the method to prevent it, is to caufe (hoe and pair fuch kind of feet each month, that fo you may keep them from taking that bad fliape 5 {'mall fized Horfes which have narrow heels and which never ride in humid and wet ground, that fo they may have occafion to moiften their feet, are moft fubjedf to this infirmity; I am of opinion that no man fhould buyaHorie of Value that is fubjedf to it. Horfes which are hoof-bound, are alfo lubjedi to. have Seymes or clifts in their Quarters ; Thefe two imperfedtiones proceed from one and the fame interuall caufe, which is the drynefs of the foot; the externall caufe proceeds from the Horles Riding upon hard ground, or in ftrong froft, or by jetting their feet with too much Violence to the ground, as thofe/yorfes do which trot upon theftreets having their legs ruined and fpoilt, alfo by leaping upon a very fofc ground, and many rimes alfo by gallop- ing too high, or making too great a motion with their legs; it is eafy to perceive this imperfection by their walking,for they do not fet down their feet firm upon the ground, and fo their Tread is not fuch as we have already deferibed it fhould, becoufe for the moft part they alwayes halt with it; a foot which is ©t a right fhape and well nourifhed, will never be fubjedt to Stjwej or cloven Quarters, and very rarely do people fee hoofs which are round and folid have any of them. Seyms < or Cloven Quarters are known,by looking to the Quartets of the hoofs upon the infide, which will be found cloven from the Coronet to the very fhoe, quite thorow the horn, and fuch Quarters are almoft alwayes ftraitnedjdome of thd'e Clifts do notafeend fo high as the Coronet,and therefore are thekfs dangerous, how»* ever although they may be recovered, it is a very confiderable imperfection, and yet * greater in fat feet which have a thin home, where oftiffies fuch Clifts occafion a )4var tacorne as the french call it, or fcratchcs upon the onletr or Corone?of the hoofibccaufe the matter which formeth in that part fpoileth and corrupteth the Tendon or Cartilage, which is the caufe of a Coronet-fcratch ; the difference be- tween thofc, and thofe other I was difeourfing of ( which are the moft com- mon ) is that in thofe which are the moft common there gathereth no matter* but ia thefe other there doeth; people know when the matter hath formed in a cloven Quarter, in that it appeareth upon the Coronet near to the hair, at which part the matter which hath its origine and fource in the Cartilage, iffueth forth and maketh the Horfe halt ro the ground ,fuch cloven Quarters are as difficult to be cured as a crowned fcratch,for rheymuftbe treated a ter the very fame manner; Although Horfes haveonly the moft common kind of they cannot work but in very foft and Carpet kind of ground, for upon a ftreet or hard ground, they but criple upon them, aacj a8 they are walking, the Blood frequently comcth out of the Clefts; Cloven Quarters are alwayes a token of adryed foot and bad temperature; A cloven Quarter is enough fo make a Man rejg& a journey-Horfe who hath it,but yet more one which is appointed for the Coach, and l am of opinion that the fault is aboundantly fufficient to do it, unlefs the horfe he defigned for a Rideing fchool, where he may be recovered, but then he fhould be alio bought at a more eafy rate. Sometimes the horn of the hind feet.cleaveth juft in the very middle of the fore part of the hoof from the Coronet to the Shoe* this iraperfe&ion dsnor very comrnonffiut it is very troublefome,and maketh the horfe fometiraes halt They are called Ox feet in French Ptedrde Bauf beeanfe of their being cloven in the middle, after the fame manner as the feet of Oxen are;Mules are more fubjedf to this imperfedion than Horfes, audit fhould hinder the buying of them.efpecialy if the clift be large, b'ecaflfe the land and clay mix and incorporate in it, and make them to halt by the pain it OCcafions. There is another imperfection to which the hoof and Coronet are fubjedt calk- ed in French Craptadine, or Tread upon the Coronet, which is a kind of ulcer that comcth upon the Cororiet, and from which there iffueth a filthy fort of matter,which by its fharpnefs dryeth up the horn beneath the part Where the tread is made, in which there is made a kind of hollow or groove down to the 'very fhoe, and it would foem that the hornfhrinketh in that part, by reafbn of that humOttr, which inftead of moiftning as it ought, changeth its nature by the corruption it receiveth from the wound made by the tread, and is the caufe of this diforder , Horfes of mannage which do not crofs their legs enough in paflaging, hut knock; and bit frequently their Coronets in one and the fame place with the nails of their flsoes, and may very readliy occafion fuch ulcers,of which they will halt very ill, if they be not lookt to and kept clean; however they are of no great c®sfequetfce, and kerne for the moft part rather ia the hind feet than in the fore. It CHAP:Xiii How to know if a horles feet arc good, 52 The Parfait Marefchal, part I, CHAP;X1!1 How ro know it a horlcs feet are good It is a great imperfe&ion, to have upon the one hand feet which are too large or fat, or upon the other to have them too little, fuch Horfes as have them too big and large,are for the moflpart very heavy and but rarely light; when their feet are of that fbape, they are likeways fubjed to lofe their fhoes,and give no kind of agreeable fervice. At p4tfS people lell horfes for the Saddle, which they call FUndrtns, from f landers the name of the Country they came from, and becaufe they are Well ftiap’t and make a good appearance * although generally thofeofthem which are good, are very rare, therefore they make fuch pafs for Normandy Horfes; and we have not a more certain mark whereby to know thefe than by their big and large feet, for when once they have been made a little ufe of, they are but too well known for what they are, the moll part of them giving always upon the kaft toyl, a belch as they are Ipurred; too fmall feet are very much to befufpe&ed, becaufe they are frequently painful, and fub- fo cloven quarters and other imperfe&ions we have been dilcourling of; again, very big and large feet are alfo very incommodefor Traveling inTough and Clay high- ways, neither do they endure Fatigue, and the molt part of Horfes which have them, ftumble; but if with futh feet they have alfo weak Legs and too long patterns, they fhall never have great ftrength. There are other kinds of Feet, whofe form and fbape are foratwhat extraordinary be- caufe of their being foundered, io that the hoof towards the middle ol the foot is Ihrunk and fallen in, hath many circles quite round the foot, and appears altogether altered and dry, with the heels all circled; A Horfe which hath fuch kind of feet,that become fhll worfe, fets alwayes his heels firft to the ground when he Trots, having the middle part of his hoof hollow, and the foie high and round, after the form of Crorpnea-Joles; There are alfo fbmetimes extraordinary founderings which fall down upon the feet,and make them of fuch an odd ftiape, that that form which they fhould have above upon the hoof, they have beneath upon the Sole, fo that the feet are in a manner renverfed; now all thefe bad kinds and fhapes of feet fhould be rejeded. CHAP: XIV. How to know if a Horfe be well body d, or have a good Belly. CHAF.-X1V How so know if a herfc be well bdlj'd HAving narrowly examined the feet of any Horfe you intend to buy, you muft next confider if he have a good Body and be full in the Flank, or if he want a Belly, all which fignify but one and the fame thing • but to fptak properly, a Man fliould only fay that a Horfe hath not a good Body, or a full Flank, for to fay he hath no Gutts, is an expreffion not much in ufe, although a man may very well fay that a Horle hath no Belly; therefore that I may be the better underftood by all, I fhall without prejudice makeforpetirnes u(e of it. This imperfe&ion may proceed from feveral caufes which it willbe fit to ex amine,that fo you may with the more certainty judge of it, and prevent being deceived by it j and firft if the laftofthe fhort Ribs beat a confiderable diftaiice from the Haunch-bone, which is known by the great fpace there is between that and the laft or hindmoft Rib5 now although fuch Horfes may for the time have pretty good Bodies,yet when they come to any confiderable labour or exercife, they abfolutely lofe it, and thefe are pro- perly theHorles which have no flank. A //orfe hath alfo no flank, when his Ribs are too ftraitned in their tour oj compafs, which is eafily perceived by comparing their height with that of the Haunch bones, for they ought to be as high and elivate as them,or but a very little lefs when the Horfe isLufty and in good cafe, becaufe when he is lean and no flefh upon his Ribs, they can- not in that cafe appear fo high and well raifed as the Haunch bones. parti. Or Compleat Farrier. 53 The iirmerfe&ion of being narrow chewed, befidesthat it hindreth a Horfe to have a good body, his wind and breathing is alio never io very free, by reafon of the laft or hindmoft Ribs fqucezing and cornprtiling too much the inward parts* If fuch Horfes as have their Ribs ftrait, be great Feeders, then their Bellys will be guloed up, fo that it not being poflible for the Entrals to be contained within the Ribs, they will prefs downwards and make the (Rape of a Cows Belly which is very unbecom- ing j befides that thofe Horles that are ftrait Rib’d, arc very difficult to Saddle, tor there mult be Saddles made exprefly for them, they have no wind, and are fubjedt to the Cough * But they have all of them for the moft part a good Chine or Back. If a Horfes not having a good Belly proceed from Leannefs, or for having fatigu’d too much, it is not fo much to be apprehended, cfpecially if his Ribs hare a good turn or compafs; for reft and eafe, with the atfiftancc of cooling and moift nourifhment,may come to recover bim;SuchHoriesas arc naturally lightBelly’d although otherwifefat and plump enough,cannot endure any great Fatigue * the precaution which people obferve, in buying fuch Horfes,is to take notice it they eat heartily theirHay and Oats, and drink luftily, ir r then there is little to be feared; if you intend to make choice of a Horfe for Courfing or Galloping, he will be Lighter and Cleverer with fuch a Belly, than if it were a great dale bigger. However it doeth nor follotv of conftcjuence. that all lean Horfes are light Belly’d ; *ti$ true there arc fome to whom Leannefs occafionsthis diforder,but there alto a great ma- ny which become Lean,and yet have as full a Flank and good Belly as can be defired. The true method to know a Horfe, which can but with d fficulty be made to have a good Belly, is when you perceive him to be Lufty, and have a good dale offWh upon his Ribs, but little or no Flank ♦, of fuch a Man may lay that they have naturally no Flank, and with difficulty can be made to have a good Belly, becaufe they have taken on fat and flefh abundantly wi hout either encreafing their Flanks, or augmenting their Belly. If a Horfe be ftraitned in the Flanks, for not having his Ribs well enough turned# but fo narrow cornpaffed, that they furnifh no room fufficient to lodge his Entrals eafily within them, it is a confiderable imperfection, and is known by the narrownefs oi the Flanks and ftraitnefs of the Ribs which are next to them 5 yet if thofe Horfes which are to, eat heartily their Hay and Oats, and drink well, they will prove as good as any for the Saddle, if they are not too fiery, but 1 would not meddle with them tor a the moft part of Hortes which have ftrait turned Ribs, have good Chines or Backs, for a Man needs but confider the Mules which have the ftrongeft and beft fhap’t backs can be; and they have all of them theii fhort Ribs, or thofe next to their Flanks ftrait turn- ed; and lo all horfes which have their Reins very much elevate,have their Ribs likeways ftrait turned,’tis true their croups are not beautiful, becaufe they are for the moft parr pointed,but then to fupply that their Reins areexcelltnf;fuch Hortes arc commonly called SlH’-Btck?:. Again, although a Horfe be naturally light body’d, yet if his Ribs be well turned# and that heal fo eat as I have been telling, he wil1 no doubt prove ferviceablc; eipecially if his hind hand be large and well turned, and that he be not fiery: It is an infallible maxim. that a Man fhould never buy a Horfe which is both light body’d and fiery, be- caufe fuch Horfes deftroy themfeU es in an inftant. If a Horfe which hath no Flank have his Ribs too fliort, then although you bring him to a good Belly, he will lofe it upon the 'eaft Travel or Fatigue; Ribs which are too fhort are cafily known by their not extending fo much downwards as commonly they ought. You are alfo carefully to confider, if a Horfe which hath no Belly be fretful or fiery j for if he be,although he may have a good Appetite,yet he fhall never become well Belly’d* I purpofely repeat this becaufe it is of conference. Now many people do ignorantly confound fireynefs with vigour or high Mettle; Fireynels is an earneft and immoderate defire to go forwards, fo th»t Horfes which arc fubje& to it, Fret, Trample, Dance, and put themfelves all in a fweet thorow the de- fire they have to Gallop, neither can they fuffer any Hoife to go before them with pa- tience. but fret and Torment themfelves untd they have got before them again, in fine they are good lor nothing but to fatigue the Rider, and weary thcrnfelves to no purpofej young giddy headed people who have no experience, value their Horfes the more for be- fog firey,and they fay defign’dly to commend them, that they are very hearty and have a great dale of fire, which is juft to fay they are worth nothing, and to praffe them for that, for which they fhould be rcjc&ed; true vigour and mettle doth not confift in haV* CHAP:XIV H knoVifa horiebe wc^belly d> 54 The Parfait Marefchal, part I. CHAP.X1V How to know if a h orfe be well belly’d- ing this Fieryncfs and troublefome motion,but in being very fcnfible and fearing the ffur, in being a little cold in his A&ions, and not to have more ol this forwardnefs than what his Rider insends he fhould: In a word, a vigorous and true mettled Horfe, is one which is fomewhat cold in his A&ions, and very obedient to the Spurrs, that is, whole fides are very fcnfible ; yet this is not to fay but Firey Horfes are many time* very high Mcttl’d, but their fault is in being fb, with this fretful and firey difpofition. Horfes which have any great pain or weaknefs in their hind quarters, arc common- ly light Belly’d,and experience difeovers to us daily,that Horfes for only having in their hind-legs painful fcratches will lofs their Bellies extreamly, and far rather than if they be any ways pained in their /yams by SpMvw, J4rdonst or Capeiets, which arc fituatc upon Nervous and fenfible parts, and where by confluence fuch infirmities muft caufe an exceflive pain ; therefore when you are fhown a Horfe which is light Belly’d, look immediatly to his Hams, and in all probability you will there find one of thefe three impeYfedions 1 juft now mentioned, or at leaft fome other thing which paineth hishiwd quarters, that is,in fome one or other of its parts j neither is this to fay, that there are not fome times light body’d Horfes which have none of thefe infirmities in their Hams, but there is none which have any one of thefe above fpecified imperfe&ions, but what are light Belly’d ; fuch Horfes cannot endure Fatigue, fo are not fit for the Saddle, and far ltfs for the Coach : If the pain and weaknefs which is in the hind-quarter, and which is the occafioti of the Horfes being light Belly’d, proceed from a caufe which may be in afhort time removed , it fhould not ftop your buying of the Horfe; for ex- ample,painfulfcratches in the hind-legs will fometimes take away a Z/orfes Belly, but then there is no great hazard, hecauie they may becafily cured ; and fo of feveral other Infirmities. If the fcratches are Nervous, that is, if they be fituate upon the back finew of the Leg, a pretty way above the paftern joint, in that cafe although people may endeavour to make you believe they arc nothing, yet it is one of the moft troublefome external maladies to cure that a Horfe can have; I have known Horfes to have them fix,eight, and'ten Months, others to have become lame by them, and fome at laft to have dyed of them. Thereafon befules what I have given, why horfes which have fuch infirmites in their Hams, become for the moft part very light Belly’d, is, that the Hams or Jarrets are compofed of Nerves, Ligaments, and Tendons, fo that the leaft ftrange body which infinuats it felf amongft thofc parts, will produce fuch ftreng effe£fs, as will caufe the Horfe not only to lofc his Belly and Flank, but alio his Appetite ; now feing the queftionis here concerning the buying of Horfes, 1 fay that every horfe which is light Belly’d, by reafon of incurable infirmities in his Hams, fhould be reje&ed as altogether ufelefi, and by no means be bought let his rate be never fo inconfiderable, and that not becaufe he is only light Belly’d,but becaufe that gauntnefs of hisBelly is a token that b? is much pained in his hams; there are however fome horfes which have infirmities in their hams, and yet do not become light Body’d, as I have a hundred times feen one or two large Bone-fpavins,in French Efptrvitis de rB*uf\ not to caufe the Horfes w hich had them to diminifh in the leaft in their Flanks, or become light Belly’d, but this was a fign that either the horfes were not fenfible, or that thofc Spavins were not very painful; however I would take no horfes with fuch fpavins, which 1 (hall d'fcourfe of more at large in their proper place; I muft alfo tell you, that there are fome hoffes which are lefs fcnfible of the effects of pain than others. 1 here is another imperfedHon, to which Horfes which are brought up in thofe Pro- vinces where they feed them wichagreat dale of Hay, and a very few Oats, are fub- je£t; which is, that this method of feeding caufeth their Bellies to become very big and take the Form and fhape of a Cows Belly with Calf, which is a thing not only very unbecoming, but luch Horfes are likeways never fo light and clever, nor well winded as they ought ; Alfo when a Man would make a horfe Fat and Lufiy which vis very low, and that he let him eat abundance of Hay, without which he will have difficulty to make him very plump, in this cafe I fay, the Horfe belly will be at firft Swallowed up.or fall too low, and at laft pafs to t’neCroup and infenfibly diminifh, for the moft part cf horfes never begin to take on flefh, untill they become big and well belly’d;to prevent and remedy thefe bcllys which incline to be thus fwallowed up or fall too low,the Englifh take a very good method, which is to make a good broad fine ingle of a foot and a half broad,taking care to adjuft two little cufhions to it,which may anfwer to the top of the i?ibs upon each fide of the Back-bone,and fo preferve the Back from being galled with the furcingle;with this furcingte they girt pretty hard the Horfe Belly which part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 55 inclines to fall too low, and thus continue it for awhile, ftraitning it a hole now and then by degrees, and by this means the b’gor low Belly is made to pals fooner towards the Croup,and fo infenfibly diminifhi There are alfo fome horfes which have very big bellys, but pointed and narrow hind quarters, to fuch the ufe of thefe Sur- cingles do very well; before I fee the proof of this 1 had enough a do to believe it, but I am now convinced of it by my own experience, and therefore was willing to fet itdown in this place for the behoof ofthc Curious:Let us now return and dilcourfeof cnc flanks. CHAP.X1Y how to know if a Ho^c b® vvc e CHAP. XV, How to know when a Horfes flanks are altered and out of order. IF a Horfe hare a full enough Flank, you arc to confider if he have it not too large, becaufe if it be too much fwallowed up, that is, if over againft that part of the thigh which is called the ftiffle, marked 27. in the figure of the firft plate, the Flank fall too low, it is a great advance to purlynefs, efpecially if the horfe be not very young. If he make a firing or cord in breathing,which is, when in the A& of refpiration he attracts to him theskin of his Belly where theRibs fail,fo that he maketh as it were a chan- nel or groove all along them, then it is a token that hisFlank beginneth to alter,or at lead: a certain figne that the horfes Body is overheated, that he hath been fick,or will in a (hort time become fo: This Cord or rather Hollow along the Ribs doth many times appear in Vigorous Horfes, which have been too undifcreetly puflied on or over Rid, it will alfo appear inHorfas which have made any extraordinary journeys,and then it will be a ligne not of agnail purfynefs,but only that in a fhort time they may become fo ; But at leaf!:, it is a token of a great inward heat occafioned by the preceeding fatigue# and which will prove very difficult to extmguifh, efpecially if the Horfes are old. Purfynefs ii a confiderable enough imperfection in a Hoxie to keep him from being bought; for if he be quit fpent with it, it is eafily known, yet at firft a man may readily be deceived with it* therefore the cautions which a man ihould make ufe of to prevent being impofed upon by it,are thefe which follow;You are firftthento obferve the Horfes age, becaufe young Horfes are very rarely purfy; next to confider if his Flank be not fwallowed up, or fain too low, that is,if it defeend too much over againft that part of the thigh which is called the ftiffle joint, you are then to defye or miftruft that Flank. This is the language of the Horfe-courfers, or thofe who trade in Horfes; They fay alfo there h a trouble in fuch a Flank, to exprefsthat the Flank is not frefli, but beginneth to become purfy ; But to render your ielf more certain, you mud prefs his throple or wind-pipe near to the upper part of the nether jaw bones, or onfet of the head, that fo you may make him cough, which is very eafely done, and then take notice to the found of it; if it be dry it is nought, and if it be dry and ofeen reiterate,it is yet worfe,if it be moift there is not fo much hazard,but if he fart as he coughs, then it is almoft always a fign of purfynefs;Yet to judge certainly if there be any appear- ance of purfynefs, the fureft way is to confider him in theStable when he is performing no violent exercife, and if poffible irnmediatly after he hath drunk, or when he is eating his Oats . I am now giving dire&ions to fuch people as have no gre at experience, for when a Man is once become Skilfull, let the Horfe be either ever heated, or only warm C P: Howto if a have his** Flanks alta The Parfait Marefchal, part I CHAP:XV **owt® hork be 3 purfy, or havchis Flanksalte- rc ’ with Biding, and he will know if he be purfy, as well if he were cold and ftanding Hill and quiet,but for fuch as have not that experience, the fureft way is toobftm him when cold, lor wh n a Horse hath been galloping or traveling,or that he hath not drunk for a pretty while, a Man cannot judge lo certainly of him ; neither alfo when he is at foilorgrals, which although it may have been thought to recover iome while they were at it, yet i# quire contrary, and a great enemy to the cure ot purfy nefs For io foon as ever they are taken up, and put to their Hay and Oats again, they w ill be worle than ever, becaufe they will be ready to burft, fo greatly will they beopprefled for lack of Breath: This is however the common millake of the Country > eople, who fo foon as ever their Horfes become purfy, put them to grafs and yet find them hill the w orfe ot it. 1 do not pretend to reform all abufes of this nature, only 1 tell this by way of ad- vice to fuch as have purfy horfes, that grafs is abfolutclv an enemy to them, becault it cools and refrefhes ti em too much, and ihickens and maketh tough thofe phlegms, which l\op theVeins and paflages that terminate in theL ungs,fo that it both augments the horfes difficulty in breathing, and their Cough j and iris in this which many people are deceived, who when they have purfy horfes think of nothing die but of cooling and refrething them,by which their jrurfynefs becou.eth ftill worfe: Now although thi* fliould not have been the place where 1 ought to have diftourfed of this, yet 1 thought my ielf obliged tolet it down, let them bedifla isfled or pleafed at it who will. The whole knowledge of purfynefs confiils. in obferving exactly if the horfes Flanks redouble as he is breathing, which is, when haying breathed and drawn up 1 isF.lank to him, he letteth it down all ofa iudden, and maketh at the very fan>e time,and with ihc fame brearh,a redoubled motion as if he breathed a fecond time with one and the lame breath : You are alfo to obferve if when the horie raketh in his wind, the morion of his Flanks appeareth at the upper part of his ihort ribs, which is a fign that hisFlanksare altered, but yet a great dale more if they beat aad make their metion at the ver\ top and juft by his back bone, for that will be a certain roken of pur'ynefs, as it is alfo when they kept too low and over againft the flat-parts of his thighs ; feing it is lomc- whar difficult at firft looking to obferve the redoubling of a horles F lank, you are there- fore to take notice to and remember thefe little remarks. T he redoubling of the Flank cannot be oblervcd hut by a great attention,and when the horfc is ftanding ftill in one place jyou have bten told the preceeding Syn ptoms w here- by vou may know that hisFlank is out of order.fu h as having a very big and fwallowed up Belly, or which fallcth too low, efpccially if the horfe be any thing old, and it he Cough from time to time, thefe are the chiefeft tokens ; hut aho' e ad, you are te fupt & fuch horfes as are great feeders and cough frequently, and you are never to meddle with thcle laft if of any confiderable age, although their Flank appear to be putty frefh and good. If the horfe be (pent with purfynefs then he will not only cough, but redouble it frequently, and then he is incureahle, for although people may promife vou remedies for it, \ afture)ou you’l find none,becaufe if there were fuch, 1 would have had them, having neither wanted curiolity nor negledied pains to enquire after them, and yet I never Knew a horfe fpent and decayed with purfynefs, nor which had it once well form- ed and fettled in his Lungs, to recover perfe&ly of it,fo that you may join this diicaic with the worft kind of Glanders,and look upon both as incurable, let people promiie to you never fo confidently the contrary:! have been told a rhoufandStoriesof horfes which have been cured of Purfynefs and the Glanders, but they were all Shawms, and if luch horfes have been recovered, they have neither been fa» gone in their purfynefs not thorowly Glandered * when I fay thcrowly Glandered, ! mean fuch a Glandcr by which the inward parts are confirmed and ulcerate, and fo of purfynefs, by which the Lungs are dryed up, arid made to cleave to the Ribs. Horfes which have been fpent and confumed a longtime with purfynefs, take or draw in wind at their Fundamenr, and fometicnes aHo people fix a ihort hollow pipe in that part to facilitate their breathing* fuch Horfes are rejc&ed by all the World. There arc fome which are fo very purfy and fpent with it, that their flanks beat and move at the v ery upper part of their back or reins,and yet make a part of the motion which is preform? d by the flank below, fuch /Tories are not worth their maintenance, although they may labour and work a little. The moft part of people which buy from horfes-courfers, never canfider if a Horfe* Ranks be good and found, becaufe they are obliged to warrant him, and by the Law forced to take him back again within Nine days * but if the horfe be not nearly purfy, attd only but beginning to be fo, a Man cannot in that cafe oblige the part I. Or Compleat Farrier. 57 Seller or Merchant to take him again, and fo the Buyer himfelf becomcththe Gully and C Fool; or it you have had thehorfebyaTroque or Exchange, or that the perfon from H whom you had him did not warrant his Flank, or any other imperfection, in thefe cafes you will be but gulled and laught at,notwithftanding of the Law of Reftitution, el Hi quanta mtnaus,which obliges the Seller to reltorc within the fpace of two Month the full Pu rate of the horle when he is returned to him, or at leaf!: to rebate a reafonable part of his price, if the Buyer,notwithftanding of any imperfections he may have, content to keep rc himjbut no doubr people are now a days,both more cunning and skilful,leing they do not fo much rely upon this ; and therefore the fureft way is not to trull fo much to the Sellers warrandice, but that you otherways confider the horle very narrowly and with all the circumfpedHon imaginable, before you part with your Money; for when once it is touch- ed, there are many difficulties in recovering it again, and the de6atc will at laft end in a procels or law fute which is both troublefome and expenfive, and in my opinion a verv confiderable matter. You are in the next place to contider if the horfe be Cheft-foundered, in French Cour- lattu, which is known by the very lame Symptoms alraofLs purfynefs, the only diffe- rence that can be made, is that young horfes are fubje& to Cheft* foundering as well as old, whereas they are commonly horfes of fix years old and above that arc troubled with purfynefs, at leaft it is a Difeafe which rarely happens to very young horfes, and when it doth, they have their purfynefs naturally either trom their Sire or Dame* Cheft-foundering may proceed from Crudities in the Stomach, or other Infirmities which may have obllrucfted the Conduits and paffages of the Lungs, which make them fo to alter that they may appear to be purfy when really they are not ; the difference be- tween Chelt-foundering and it, is that when a horfe is only Cheft-foundered there is hopes of recovery, but not when he is fpent in Purfynefs ; Grafs,and much rcfrefhing and cooling cure Cheft-foundering, but augment and encrcafe Purfynefs. When Horfes are Tick their Flanks will beat as if they were purfy and broken winded* but people buy not commonly Sick liorles, at leaft they Ihould not; therefore 1 ftiall not infill longer upon this point. 1 have in the fecond part or rreatife of difeafes explained at large what Purfynefs aocl Chcft-foundering are, there are there two whole Chaptersconcerning them, which that you may be the better inftru&ed it will be very fit to read over* I have known fome young people who had a great inclination to become skilful, to whom having recom- mended the reading of thofeChapters in the treatife ofDifeafes which treated of the Infir- mities they defired to underftand, have told me that they did not inquire after Remediet for thefe imperfections or Difeafes,but only directions to come to know and underftand them; Neverthelefs having made them fenfible of their miftake, and that the only me- thod to be perfectly inftru&ed, was to read over the whole Chapter where the cure <&hc Difeafe they look’t for was difeourfed, becaufe the Tokens and Symptoms of ic were deferibed there at full length, and a great dale more particularly than in this firft part, they at laft followed my advice, and declared to me that by reading attentively the fecond part or Treatife of Difeafes, they had acquired as great infight for the knowledge and exad underftanding of them, as they could do in this j Let us now re- turn to our fubjedf. After you are certain that the Horfes Flank is right and found, you are to obferre if he be not a Whcezer or Blower, which is quite different from Purfynefs, for he that is a Wheezer or fhort breather, when ever you either gallop or trot him, will in a little puff and blow fo exceffively that he will furprize you, but then ftop him and confider hi* Flank and you will find it but very little moved, and almoft in the fame condition as 2 horfe fhould have it; again Trot or Gallop him a little and you will perceive him to blow furioufly, and as if he were going to burft ; immediatly ftop him and you will fee his flank beat oi move naturally, fo that one would not imagine it were the Flank of that horfe he but juft now obferved Wheezing and Blowing at fuch a rate; however thefe Blowers or fhort Breathers, or as fbme call them Wheezers, do r.ot otherways want wind,becaufe if this imperfedHon did proceed from lack of wind, their Flanks would be agitated,and that molt violently after exercife, but it is not fo, for they have their Flanks almoft as good as any other Horfes which are found, and hold out very near as well as if they had not that imperfection; but then they wheeze and blow at fuch a rate and with fuch violence, that they laft not fo long as other horfes do, for one would think they were going to Crevte and burft upon the very fpor, and this exceffive blow- ing doth alio furprife, and even difpleafe the generality of people, who for the moft part take them to be purfey. CHAP:XY How u fcnowit a Horfe be Purfy>. pranks al-c rcd. *** 58 The Farfait Marefchal, part I. CHaF:Xv knowifa //ode be purfy, or havc his S tCC’ 7 Now this wheeling and blowing imperfection, doth not proceed from any dcfe