A PRELIMINARY STUDY CF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND-PSYCHIATRIC OBSERVATIONS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS OF SEVERE COLD, WIND AND ISOLATION Fort Churchill Experiment 19hl - 19U8 A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PSYCHIATRIC OBSERVATIONS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS OF SEVERE COLD, TWINE) AND ISOLATION Fort Churchill Experiment 19U7 - 191*6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The data upon which this study is based were assembled at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, during the winter of 191*7-191*8 • The purposes of this study were: a* To gather preliminary information which will aid in determining the personality factors correlative with successful and unsuccessful adjustment to conditions of extreme cold accompanied by isolation so that techniques may be devised to select for this service the type of man who has the best chance of succeeding* b* To observe and evaluate reactions and changes in the personality and mental processes of military personnel under natural conditions of extreme cold accompanied by isolation* c* To gather information on problems of morale which present themselves under Arctic conditions# One investigator, an Army medical officer with psychiatric training, was selected to live at Fort Churchill during the winter of 19U7-19U8 for the purpose of gathering data and making observations pertinent to the purposes of the study# Because of administrative conditions beyond the control of the researcher a number of modifications and changes in the original method- ology were required to be made# The data which were gathered are tentative# No definite con- clusions will be drawn from this limited preliminary and pilot study# This report summarizes certain objective and subjective observations descriptive of a group of U* S* Army soldiers and officers living under the conditions existing at Fort Churchill during the winter 19U7-19U8, Assembling of data and observations began 3 December 19V7 and continued until 1 May 19148* From an analysis of the assembled data certain general trends may be indicated and inferences drawn which may be explored through further experimentations and research* a* Military personnel living under Arctic conditions experience certain emotional and mental reactions and personality changes which are believed to bo peculiar to Arctic living* b. The reactions and changes vary in individuals in type as well as in degree and the amount of time spent in the Arctic has a direct influence on these reactions and changes. c. Personality changes tend to move in the direction of those that are needed for apparent satisfactory adjustment and tend to be established within the individual after approximately fpur to six months after arrival in the Arctic* d* Personality changes ’which were observed among military personnel were mainly in the direction of decreased drive, increased tolerance and patience, inflexibility of behavior, increased sociability and cheerfulness, indifference and relaxation of inhibitions, all of which appear to be related to satisfactory Arctic adjustment. e* Certain adjustive personality changes, such as in-* creased euphoric tendencies and indifference, could, after a time,, become personality liabilities* An apparent satisfactory Arctic adjustment may, there- fore, be deceiving* f* The Arctic tends to magnify basic personality characteristics* It appears that the longer a man remains in the Arctic the greater is the degree of (emotional stability required* A stable, well-integrated personality is the most important single requisite for longtime Arctic living. g« Between the second and four month after arrival in the Arctic, the soldiers* main emotional reactions are frustration, irritability and restlessness# h# There appears to be a decrease in mental alertness after several weeks of contact with severe Arctic conditions* This decrease in mental alertness is most marked during the midwinter period and approaches the normal level as the winter subsides. i# Above-average intelligence appears to be related to more successful performance and adjustment under Arctic conditions according to observations by the psychiatrist# However, successful adjustments are made by men below average in intelligence provided they have well-integrated personalities and further provided that the tasks assigned are within the capabilities of these individuals# j. The Control group (volunteers) as compared with the Experimental group (non-volunteers) made a better total / adjustment during the study period# k# Those stucfy- subjects who had been in the Arctic for from four to eight months before the study began made the most successful adjustment during the study period# RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of the findings from this preliminary study the following recommendations are made: 1# That a large scale psychological and psychiatric research project be established further to explore the leads and trends indicated in this study# 2# That personnel assigned to the project suggested (in 1) above consist of clinical and research psychologists, neuropsychiatrists, psychiatric social workers, physical anthropologists and statisticians# 3# That future Arctic psychological and psychiatric research be conducted by a civilian university on a contract basis unless there is assurance that the Army is able adequately to staff the research teams necessary to complete the re- search. That the suggested future research project be set up so that testing and data gathering on the study subjects can begin well in' advance of their departure for Arctic areas and continue with the same men throughout the entire study period# 5# That research be carried out with several different groups of military personnel at several different Arctic localities by separate research teams# 6# That future research techniques for personality evalua- tion and change include projective techniques such as the Rorschach examination and Thematic Apperception Test as well as periodic comprehensive subjective intern- views and an individual intelligence scale, e#g#, Wechslei>-Bellevue; that anthropological data and extensive social work histories be conpiled on each study case* In addition to psychiatric and clinical psychological observations, a prescribed plan for the obtaining of data in the field of psychophysiology should be prepared# This data would include such factors as visual and auditory acuity, reaction time, steadiness and other sensory and motor phenomena# 7* That future psychiatric and psychological Arctic re- search teams be provided with a sufficiently large number of test subjects to render reliable statistical data obtained and that arrival at, departure from, and presence during the study period be in accordance with a prescribed research plan. 8* That consideration be given to future research and experimentation in the use of supportive group psycho- therapy as an aid to Arctic adjustment# \ WrabtVI JEROMENGl sacks Major^WSC ALEXANDER SWEEL 1st lieutenant, MC Introductory remarks Increased interest in the Arctic as a possible area for military training and operations has emphasized the necessity for investigating the psychological adjustments and reactions of military men who are assigned to duties under natural conditions of extreme cold accompanied by isolation. For several years the U. S. Army has conducted experiments on clothing, equipment and weapons under Arctic conditions. In addition, certain physiological observations have been made of military personnel under cold weather conditions by Medical Department research teams. In the summer of 19U7, it was proposed by The Surgeon General, in conjunction with the Chief, Neuropsychiatry Consultants Division (Office of The Surgeon General) and Chairman, Medical Research and Development Board (Office of The Surgeon General), that winter operations at Fort Churchill, Canada, 19U7-19148, include plans for preliminary psychiatric and psychological observations of military personnel assigned to this Arctic installa- tion during this period. It was believed that information obtained from this preliminary or pilot study might serve as a batfis for future experiraentation and research of a psychological and psychiatric nature in the Arctic* With this in mind, the present study was organized. No definite conclusions will be drawn from this limited and preliminary stuc|y. However, the objective and subjective observations which have been made are descriptive of a group of U. S. Army soldiers and officers on whom certain data were collected in a specific Arctic locale for a period of approximately five months* (3 December 19i*7 to 1 May 19i$). Methodology A detailed outline of the methodology planned for the study is given in Appendix A* On the experimental teams at Fort Churchill a place was made for one officer to represent the Neuropsychiatry Consultants Division, SCO, in the conduct of this study* A Medical Officer (Lieutenant Sweel) with psychiatric training was assigned to gather the data incorporated in this Certain modifications and changes in the original methodological approach (Appendix A) were necessary* The original plan was required to be made more flexible in line with the conditions prevailing at the locale of the study* It was not possible, for instance, to control the arrival and departures of the military personnel for the purpose of the stucty* Therefore, it was not possible to begin, as initially planned, with a group of 200 newly arrived men and follow them until their period of Arctic service terminated* At the time of arrival of the investigator, some of the men had been at Fort Churchill for less than a month and others had been there for more than a year* Also, throughout the winter, various groups of men arrived and left and others who were there in December 19hl left before May 19U8 when the study was completed while others remained after the study was completed. For these reasons, and additionally to have a fairly sizeable sample, the selection of cases was changed to encompass all U* S. military personnel who were on duty i at Fort Churchill when the study began on 3 December 19hl• In addition, those who arrived prior to l£ January 19U8 were included in the project* These men were followed until 1 May 19U8 if they remained until that date* The total number of cases was 15>2* For testing purposes. Phase I covered the period 3 December 19i*7 to 21 January 19^8; Phase II, 21 January to 10 March 19U8; Phase III, 10 March to 1 May 19U8. The first phase and most of the second phase covered the midwinter period* The investigator gathering the data lived with the men at the locale of the study* He was subjected to the same hardships and inconveniences as the men in the study groups, participated in the same recreational activities and lived and ate as they did* Subjective and objective data were gathered by the researcher in his role as participant observer* Because of the role which the investi- gator played in the project, it is believed that a high degree of rapport and confidence was established with the study subjects which increased the value of the observations made* Distribution of cases studied The criteria of selection of cases has been discussed in an earlier paragraph. The cases were divided into two major groups as follows: 1. Those who had volunteered for Arctic service (the Control group). 2. Those who were sent to the Arctic as non-volunteers (the Experimental group)* In analyzing the assembled data, the Control and Experimental groups further were divided into officer and enlisted groups and then sub- divided into three subgroups according to the length of time they had been in the Arctic prior to the time they came under study* The dis- tribution of the study cases is given in Table I, Appendix C* Locale of the study This study was conducted at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, the most northerly of all permanent Canadian Army bases. It is located four miles south of the village of Churchill (population 100), Manitoba, on bluffs overlooking the Hudson Bay, Its exact geographic location is longitude 9U° 07*, latitude £8° k71, 530 miles south of the Arctic circle at the timberline. The conditions of isolation and climate were average winter conditions at Fort Churchill during the period of the study except that the highest wind chill* ever recorded on the North American continent occurred. The sub-freezing weather (0° C -U5° C) begins about 1 November and lasts until 1 June, Heavy winds average fifteen miles per hour with velocity frequently increasing to blizzard pro- portions of forty and fifty miles per hour, At times there is a blowing snow with visibility being less than ten feet. The camp consists of approximately fifty semi-permanent frame buildings. Recreational facilities Recreational facilities include a theater, -which is used for nightly movies and for basketball games -when movies are not showing. Although attempts were made to heat the theater, moviegoers usually * Over 2300 kg, cal,/sq, m,/hr. Wind chill or dry shade atmospheric cooling, as defined by Paul A* Siple, Ph,D., Scientific Advisor, Research and Development Group, GS, USA, is a measure of the quantity of heat which the atmosphere is capable of absorbing from one square meter exposed surface within one hour. It is expressed in kilogram calories per square meter per hour per degree C, (0,369 BTU per square foot per hour per degree F,), "Ultra cold” is over 1800 kg, cal,/sq, m,/hr. wore their parkas during the performance. The acoustics in the theater were poor. At times one had to wait outside the building In the severe cold to obtain a seat for the performance. Two recreation buildings were provided. One was large enough to house three bowling alleys. pool tables, a small library and a lounge. The other was small and contained a few card tables and a piano. An ice hockey rink was avail- able outside the larger recreation building but was seldom used because of the severe cold and difficulty in snow removal. A Canadian post exchange with an adjacent beer tavern was available to U. S. military personnel. Other recreational facilities included iceskating, skiing, snowshoeing, basketball, photography and woodworking. There was one officers* club and a non-commissioned officers* club. Several stag parties were given for the enlisted men during the winter. Churchill, with its population of one hundred whites and Indians, has two taverns. Two dances in town were held during the winter which were attended by some of the soldiers. Four enlisted men and three officers had their wives at Fort Churchill. Two of the officers and one of these enlisted men had one child with them in addition to their wives. Conditions surrounding the study The men stationed at Fort Churchill during the winter 19ii7- 19U8 were under stresses other than those due to cold and isolation. The number of men was inadequate for the work to be done. Some men were poorly qualified for their assigned tasks and certain equipment was lacking. Recreational facilities were poor and inadequate for the type of situation in which the men found themselves. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS Personality and adjustment From the tentative data and the observations by the in- vestigator, the following general trends are indicated in the cases studied. On the basis of the findings from the Guilford-Martin battery of tests (Personnel Inventory, Inventory of Factors GAMIN and Inventory of Factors STDCR) the personalities of all of the study cases. Control as well as Experimental, showed more indication of favorable adjustment toward the end of the study period (April 191+8) as compared with the early part of the study period (December 191+7)* As the severity of the winter began to subside the following per- sonality differences from the December period were noted. Objectivity (0), agreeableness (Ag) and cooperativeness (Co) increased* As the severe winter began to set in, the test battery showed low (below average) scores on the traits ’• agreeableness11 and •’cooperativeness” for all the study groups. In April, although the degree of agreeableness and cooperativeness did not approach the favorable averages for the majority of the other personality features observed, there was, nevertheless, an increase approaching the average for the test based on general non-Arctic population standards.* Increased factor Ag in April 191+8 was most marked in the group of enlisted volunteers who had been in the Arctic from between four and eight months before the study began* * For all statistical findings, see Appendix B. Analysis of personality factors relating to general activity (G), ascendance-submission (A), and rhathymia (r), indicates a decrease in the degree of factors G and A and an increase in factor R from December 1947 to April 1948 • Clinical observation by the psychiatrist-investigator, supported by test findings, seems to show that lowered general activity follows after several months of living in the Arctic# Initial contact by the soldier with Arctic conditions produces frustration, irritability and increased general activity 'which changes to an eventual passivity accompanied by lowered general activity and drive. The G factor for the total group of study cases was lower than for the general non- Arctic population in December 19U7 and became still lower in April 19i*8, For the men who had been at Fort Churchill for a year before the study began their general activity and drive, as measured by the G factor, were markedly below the general non-Arctic population average and significantly below the G factor average of the men who had arrived at the time the study began. This seems to indicate that the longer a man remains under Arctic conditions the greater is the degree of decrease in his general activity and drive. This was observed clinically. Observation was made also that, associated with decreased activity, were lethargy, apathy and indifference. Increased factor R manifested itself clinically by decreased inhibitions and impulsive-* ness. The group in which increased factor R was most marked was among the enlisted volunteers who had been in the Arctic for from four to thirteen months before the study began. There appears to be some indication that as the men increased their length of stay under Arctic conditions so there was an increase in the degree of euphoria, freedom from -worry and impulsivity. The psychiatrist-investigator observed that the seeming outward good adjustment of the euphoric, carefree and indifferent subject was often the first sign of the begin- nings of personality maladjustment in these individuals* Factor M, masculinity of emotional and temperamental makeup, increased in April 19U8 over December 19U7 for the group of study cases* There may be some indication from the findings that the more rugged existence intensifies the masculine components of the personality makeup* Examination of factors I (self-confidence) and N (freedom from nervousness and irritability) appears to show that the study subjects acquired a greater degree of self-confidence, self-reliance and freedom from tenseness and irritability in April 19U8 over December Especially was this true of the group of enlisted volunteers who had lived under Arctic conditions for from four to eight months before the study began. This may indicate that gradual familiarity with Arctic conditions produces greater confidence which lessens tenseness and anxiety over the fears of an alien and com- paratively difficult mode of life. Sociability, as measured by factor S, increased in April 19i+8 over December 19U7* Especially was this true of the group of enlisted volunteers who had arrived at Fort Churchill between four and eight months before the beginning of the study. An inclination to meditative or reflective thinking, philosophizing and self-analysis (introversion) as opposed to extravertive orientation of thinking (extraversion) was evaluated by factor T. Factor T increased in April 191$ over December 19U7 for the study cases which indicates greater extravertive orientation of thinking. There appears to be some indication that increased sociability, extravertive orientation of thinking and euphoric, carefree and impulsive tendencies become more apparent in the men after they have spent several months in the Arctic* Freedom from depression and gloominess, factor D, and freedom from cycloid disposition or strong emotional fluctuations, factor C, increased for all the cases studied in April 19U8 as com- pared with December 19i*7* This would appear to indicate that as time went by the men developed a higher degree of stability of mood and a more cheerful, optimistic outlook. This cheerfulness was accompanied and perhaps furthered by a feeling of apathy and indifference. Comparing the total cases in the Control (volunteer) and Experimental (non-volunteer) groups, the general trends in the per- sonality changes were the same for the period of the study except in factor R discussed below* Specifically, however, tl*e Control group presented the following differences* Over the study period it became more objective than the Experimental group and remained at a higher level of objectivity. The Control group showed a larger proportionate increase in the ”agreeableness11 trait as well as in cooperativeness. The ascendancy factor. A, decreased more for the Experimental group than for the Control* As compared with the Experimental group, the Control group had a greater tendency toward being calm, unruffled and relaxed, as indicated by factor N, at the beginning of the study, and remained so throughout the study period. As to the sociability factor, S, the Control group had a greater tendency to seek social contacts and to enjoy the company of others. In connection with factor S, factor T, thinking extraversion, was higher in the Control group in December 19U7 and remained so in April 19U8, Factors D and C, freedom from depression and cycloid tendencies, were higher for the Control group in December and increased more than the Experimental group over the test period* Factor R, indicative of a happy-go-lucky and impulsive disposition, was higher in December 19U7 and increased over the test period in the Control group, while in the Experimental group there was a slight decrease. In general, the personality factors of the Control group in comparison 'with the Experimental group as indicated by the Guilford- Martin battery were more favorable in comparison with the test norms in December 19U7 and became more so in jftpril 19i*8. The psychiatrist-investigator found in his clinical inter- views and observations of the study cases that all men. Control and Experimental alike, experienced essentially the same emotional re- actions and changes. However, the Control cases did not experience certain unfavorable characteristics, such as irritability and restless- ness to as marked a degree as the Experimental group. In other traits. such as decreased drive and activity, there were no noticeable dif- ferences observed clinically between the Control and Experimental cases. All personality changes gradually were in the direction of those which appeared to be required for satisfactory Arctic adjust- ment. Certain of those personality changes which seemed to be related to adjustment in the Arctic are decreased or low drive, increased sociability and cheerfulness, absence of depressive and cycloid tendencies, rigidity of personality and habit characteristics, ability to withstand monotony and frustrating experiences, ability to live and work well in small groups, adventurousness and ingenuity* Examination of the results obtained from the Neuropsychiatric Screening Adjunct (NSA) which was administered during Phases I and HI was not indicative of any significant findings relating to the per- sonalities of the cases studied. From clinical observations of the men in the study groups it appears that what is usually considered to be a stable, well- integrated personality is the most important requisite for longtime Arctic adjustment. It appears that the longer a man remains in the Arctic the greater is the degree of emotional stability required* It seems that the Arctic tends to magnify basic personality character- istics. The adjustive personality changes could, after a time, become liabilities and an apparently satisfactory adjustment may be deceiving* There is the impression that the Control group, as a whole, was making a moderately better adjustment in December 191*7 than the Experimental group. In April 191*8 * this difference was more apparent. Of all the study cases, those who seemed to make the best adjustment during the study period were men who had been in the Arctic for from four to eight months before the study began* Further trends indicated in the adjustment of the groups studied are the following. Officers (both Control and Experimental) showed a progressive decline in their Arctic adjustment during the study period. This was indicated from the test data collected as well as from their own subjective statements during psychiatric inter- views* All of the enlisted study cases showed a progressively better adjustment over the test period* While there appeared to be some decline in the level of officer adjustment and a rise in the level of enlisted adjustment, the total officer adjustment was better than the enlisted. Observa- tions made during psychiatric interviews led to the impression that all officers. Control and Experimental, adjusted equally well* The enlisted Control group, however, adjusted better than the enlisted Experimental group. In evaluations of their own Arctic adjustment, the Control groups, both officer and enlisted, felt that they were making a better adjustment than that indicated by the Experimental groups, both officer and enlisted. The group that made the poorest psychiatric adjustment was the enlisted Experimental group while the group that thought it made the poorest adjustment was the officer Experimental group. The Guilford-Martin battery appeared to correlate closely with the actual adjustment of all the study cases. The total person- ality integration in order of decreasing favorability from the Guilford-Martin tests, is as follows in the groups studied: Officer Control, officer Experimental, enlisted Control, enlisted Experimental* In general, the impression was gained that all men, officer and enlisted, volunteer and non-volunteer, were tending toward an equal level of adjustment at the end of the study period* Officers made a higher evaluation of the adjustment of enlisted men under their command than the same enlisted men evaluated each other*s adjustment. The psychiatric evaluation corresponded more closely with the enlisted menfs evaluation of each other*s ad- justment than the evaluation of the adjustment made by officers of these same men. The psychiatric evaluation of the adjustment of the officers was higher than their evaluation of each other’s adjustment as equals* On the other hand, the psychiatric evaluation of the adjustment of the enlisted cases was lower than the enlisted men rated each other* In this connection, the psychiatrist-investigator observed that the officers could have been better acquainted with the men in their com- mand and the personal problems which they encountered* This information was gathered from psychiatric interviews with the enlisted study cases and from general observations made during the study period* All study cases, both officer and enlisted, were making a better adjustment in April than they indicated they would make in December 19U7 on the basis of their test perfomance and psychiatric interviews. It was observed that the midwinter period (January and February) was the time when all of the study cases were under the greatest strain and showed the highest degree of frustration. irritability and restlessness* There may be some indication of this greater strain in the midwinter period from an examination of-“thfe liquor and beer consumption for the study period at Fort Churchill* While the population remained fairly constant except for January 191*8 when there were approximately twenty-five visiting officers, the consumption of beer by officers and enlisted men varied as shown in Table II, Appendix C* The amounts of beer consumed are for approximately $00 enlisted men and officers, both U. S. and Canadian. Figures for U. S. personnel alone are not available• It will be noted that the consumption wf beer rose from 30,621* pints in November 19l*7 to 39,120 pints in February 191*8, the height of the winter season, or an increase of 8,1*96 pints* These figures are for the camp only* No figures are available on the amount of beer drunk by military per- sonnel in the town of Churchill. Enlisted personnel were permitted to drink beer only while officers were allowed both liquor and beer* Among approximately fifty U* S. and Canadian officers, liquor con- sumption rose from 21*3 twenty-six ounce bottles in November 191*7 to 1 ■ I, ; 1*31 in February 191*8. (Table II, Appendix C). Again, these figures represent amounts of liquor consumed in camp only* No figures are available for the amount of liquor consumed by officers in the town of Churchill or as a result of shipment from other sources* Mental alertness and adjustment During psychiatric interviews and from conversations with the investigator at other tines, approximately one fourth ef the study subjects remarked that they were having some difficulty concentrating or that they were lfbeing slowed up,** (referring to their drive) or both. The findings from the results of the Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability tend to indicate a moderate decrease in degree of mental alertness among all of the study subjects as a group. Form A of the Otis was administered in December 19U7* Form B in February 19U8 and For® C in April • The average intelligence quotients of each of the study groups, both officer and enlisted, and of all of the study cases as one group were lower in February 19U8 than they were in December 19U7* The intelligence quotients of the enlisted men dropped more than those of the officers and the scores of the volunteers dropped more than those of the non-volunteers * The average intelligence quotient of all of the test subjects dropped 6.U points in February* of all enlisted subjects, 6*8 points at this time* of all subjects, officer and enlisted, who had been at Fort Churchill for from four to eight months before the study began, there was a drop of 9*2 points in February 19U8« The enlisted volunteers who had been at Fort Churchill for from four to eight months before December 19U7 showed an intelligence quotient decrease of 8.U points in comparing scores of February 19i|8 with December 191*7 • Since their December intelligence quotients and average intelligence quotients for the entire period were 6*1 and 6*2 points, respectively, lower than the group of enlisted men who arrived at the beginning of the study period, they fell into the dull average group in February 191*8 with an intelligence quotient average of 87*2 points* There may be a suggestion from these data that long periods of exposure to Arctic conditions produce decreased drive and motivation, increased apathy and attendant decreased mental alertness* However, this decrease in mental alertness may aid in acclimatization since the data suggest that the group which made the best overall personality adjustment during the period of study were those men, both officer and enlisted, who had been at Fort Churchill for from four to eight months before December 19U7* This same group showed greatest decrease in mental alertness during the midwinter period* The average intelligence quotients of each of the study groups, as well as the average intelligence quotient of the total group of study cases, rose in April 19U8 from the February 19U8 scores but usually did not rise to the December 19U7 levels* The average intelligence quotient of all the test subjects dropped 6*1+ points from December 19U7 to February 19ij8* In April the average intelligence quotient for all the study cases remained 1*2 points below the December 191+7 level* The average intelligence quotients of the enlisted study subjects shoited a greater fluctuation, from phase to phase, than did those of the officers. From the results obtained from alternate forms of the same intelligence scale taken by the study subjects, there may be some indication of the following trends. Mental alertness among the men showed a moderate decrease after several weeks1 contact with Arctic this decrease is most marked during the midwinter period and there is a tendency for the mental alertness level, as indicated by intelligence test performance, to approach the return to the pre- midwinter mental alertness level as the severity of the midwinter period subsides# There is a suggestion from the data also that the enlisted volunteers suffer the greatest decrease in mental alertness during the midwinter period* While no specific reason can be sug- gested for the greater decrease in mental alertness among the enlisted volunteers as against the enlisted non-volunteers, it may be of interest to suggest that the study cases in the Control group (volunteers) may have entered more readily into the spirit of the assignment and may have worked harder at difficult tasks involving longer periods of exposure to cold and wind# When the officers1 evaluation of the lower ranking officers and of the enlisted menfs performance and adjustment was compared with the Otis intelligence quotients of all the study cases it was found that essentially the same number, 7h per cent, of men with intelligence quotients over 100 were rated as average or above in perfomance and adjustment as compared to those so rated who had intelligence quotients of 100 or less (70 per cent)# Also, essentially the same number (26 per cent) of men with intelligence quotients over 100 were rated as below average in performance and adjustment as compared to those so rated who had intelligence quotients of 100 or less (30 per cent)# This would seem to indicate that, according to the officers, intelligence did not influence performance and adjustment. However, when the psychiatrist's evaluation of the men's performance and adjustment was compared*with their intelligence quotients, it was found that 76 per cent with intelligence quotients over 100 were rated as average or above in performance and adjustment as compared with $2 per cent so rated with intelligence quotients of 100 or less. Also 2U per cent of the men with intelligence quotients over 100 were rated as below average in performance and adjustment as compared with i;8 per cent so rated with intelligence quotients of 100 or less. Therefore, according to the psychiatric evaluation, more men with intelligence quotients over 100 adjusted and performed well than did those with intelligence quotients of 100 or below* However, the test subjects who had been at Fort Churchill-for from four to eight months before December 19U7 and had an average intelligence quotient in December of 96*£ and in February of 87 .3 and April of 9U»8 adjusted well during the test period. Although decreased alertness seems to accompany acclimatisation it would be, perhaps, unwise to say that a person with dull average intelligence to begin with would be more likely to adjust to Arctic conditions. Although no definite conclusions can be made at the present time concerning intelligence and adjustment in the Arctic, it would seem that a person going into the Arctic should have average or above average intelligence so that he would have “more to spare” in the event that a decrease in mental alertness takes place. It appears that below average intelligence necessarily does not prevent a man from adjusting successfully to an Arctic assignment provided that his personality is stable and well-integrated and his tasks are within the capabilities of his intelligence. While it cannot be concluded definitely from this study that long periods of exposure to conditions of severe cold and wind do reduce mental alertness, the trends indicated in this study sug- gest this at a problem to investigate more conclusively In future experimental.!* n and researcn* necrease m mental alertness, which accompanies decreased drive, apathy and moifference may play a large part in the psychological component of acclimatization to Arctic conditions. There may be a suggestion from the data and from observations maae at the locale of the study that prolonged living under Arctic conditions modifies and changes the personality so that one may adjust more effectively* The men1 s evaluation of their own emotional and situational adjustment Each soldier in the test groups was asked during April 19i|8 to evaluate (Opinion Poll - Form E, Table V, Appendix: C) his own adjustment to cold and isolation and also to evaluate changes which he believed had occurred in his personality and attitudes# The question- naires were designed to indicate changes since they came into the unit in specific traits such as ambitiousness, worry, anger, cheerfulness, cooperation and tolerance of others# The answers were given in terms of "More,11 “Less,0 or MNo Change#11 On the average, approximately $6 per cent of the answers to all the questions for both Control (volunteers) and Experimental (non-volunteers) indicated "No Change" or that their attitudes and personalities were not affected by their presence at Fort Churchill. However, in answer to the Individual questions included in the poll. those expressing "No Change" varied within a range of from 36 per cent to 75 per cent among the various questions# • Those answers to the questions which reported changes were interpreted in terms of "favorability" or "unfavorability," Of the total number of answers which indicated a change either in attitudes or personality caused by their stay at Fort Churchill, £6 per cent of the answers favorable changes compared with Ui per cent which showed unfavorable changes* The answers further were analyzed by separating those who volunteered and those who did not volunteer for the Churchill assignment# Of the total answers for each group, among the volunteers and non-volunteers, 6l per cent and kS per cent, respectively, reported favorable changes in their emotional adjust- ment while 39 per cent and 55 per cent of the answers for volunteers and non-volunteers, respectively, reported unfavorable changes* There were two questions to which there were more answers of "More" or "Less" than of "No Change." To the questions (15 and 29) concerning acceptance of responsibility and of acquiring wider interests, more men felt that they could accept more responsibility and had developed wider interests than those who believed that they had not changed or who had experienced unfavorable emotional changes* Considering the total group of study cases, more men answered the remaining questions either "More11 or "Less,11 although not so many as answered "No Change," More thought that they had become less ambitious than thought they had become more ambitious; more thought that they had become moodier, more thwarted, less cheerful, more hardboiled, more easily angered, more easily disgusted, less happy, more restless, more easily depressed, more easily annoyed, and more critical of themselves* More thought that they had become less regretful, had become more self-confident, were more optimistic, more easily satisfied, more sociable, more independent, more tolerant, less critical of others, less worried, had less resentment for authority, concentrated better, were more cooperative, patient and perseverant. Considering the Control and Experimental groups, the Control group had more men that answered favorably the questions on acceptance of responsibility and development of wider interests (lf> and 29) than answered unfavorably or "No Change*" Similarly in the Experimental group, more men answered as "More" the questions (9 and 13) on becoming disgusted and restless than answered "Less" or "No Change*" Both the Experimental and Control groups thought that on the follow- ing personality traits they had become "More." They were moodier, angered more easily, more self-confident, disgusted, restless, sociable, more able to accept responsibility, independent, depressed, tolerant, more easily annoyed, cooperative, self-critical, tense, perseverant, and had developed wider interests. Both the Control and Experimental groups thought they had become less cheerful, regretful and worrisome. The Control group varied from the Experimental group in that it thought it had become more ambitious, less thwarted, less hardboiled, more optimistic, more satisfied, happier, less critical, less resentful of authority, concentrated better and more patient* Study of the Opinion Poll (Form E) shows that all test sub- jects experienced essentially the same emotional reactions but that the Control group felt it had adjusted better. These subjective remarks by the men were observed clinically and indicated on the tests conducted during the winter. However, all the reactions described by the men were not observed in April 19U& when Form E was completed but may have occurred at different times during their assignment at Fort Churchill. For example, all the test subjects believea, when they were polled in April 191*8, that they had become more restless* From observations by the psychiatrist- investigator and the test results, all of the subjects were more restless during the midwinter which did not increase but decreased as April approached. Therefore, the trait "restlessness11 was not observed to have carried over to the conclusion of the study period* The Control group believed that it was concentrating better in April 191*8 as it expressed itself on Form E. However, test results show that while there was, for this group, an increase in concen- tration ability from February 191*8 to April 191*8, there was not a gradual increase in concentration ability from the beginning of the study period to the end* As has been mentioned previously, the Control group showed an intelligence quotient drop from December 191*7 to February 191*8 and an increase in April over February but not quite a return to the December 191*7 intelligence quotient level# The men in both the Control and Experimental groups com- pleted the Attitude Questionnaire (Fom F, Table EC, Appendix C), to express their likes and dislikes at Fort Churchill, and also to report the influences of the environment on their physical and mental weUrbeing* For the purpose of analysis, the questions were grouped into the following categories! (a) Physical and mental well-being; (b) Weather; (c) Food and water; (d) Housing; (e) Recreation; and (f) Work. Each answer, stated as ‘‘Yes*1 or “No1* within the above groups, was then interpreted as being either ’favorable” or 0 Unfavorable •tt Of the total number of questions answered, 72 per cent of the responses were favorable compared with 28 per cent unfavorable. However, when the Control and Experimental groups are compared, 7h per cent and 69 per cent of the total Control and Experimental groups answers, respectively, are favorable as compared with un- favorable responses of 26 per cent and 31 per cent, respectively, for each of the groups. The majority of the responses are favorable in the categories related to physical and mental health, weather, feod and water, and work* However, relative to housing and recreation the number of favorable and unfavorable answers are almost equally divided* It should be observed also that in all the subject categories dis- cussed, with the exception of housing, the percentages of'favorable replies compared with unfavorable replies are larger among the Control than the Experimental groups* The Attitude Questionnaire (Form F) showed, as did the Opinion Poll (Form E) that the men were adjusting favorably in April 19U8. This again especially was true for the Control group* On the questions concerning changes in reasoning power and memory, 2£ per cent of the men felt that there were changes* Thirty-five per cent of the men noticed changes in their drive or enthusiasm* There was no marked difference between the Control and Experimental groups in these answers. General observations As a result of his close participation in the life and activities at Fv,rt Churchill during the winter of 19U7-19U8, the psychiatrist-investigator has made certain general observations which he believes relate importantly to the psychiatric and psy- chological adjustment of military personnel under Arctic conditions* Since the very nature of the Arctic, because of the severity of its weather and inherent isolation, presents numerous stresses and frustrations, all other conditions which might produce stress and frustration should be eliminated insofar as possible* Possible sources of added mental discomfort for military personnel in the Arctic lie in the following areasj Inadequate numbers of personnel for the job to be done; poorly qualified personnel for jobs; job malassignments; poor leadership among commissioned and non-commissioned officers; poor administration and lack of coordina- tion among military units; inadequate recreational facilities; in- adequate orientation and education to the mission of the unit* While the above deficiencies are undesirable in any military organiza- tion, particularly they are provocative of lowering of mental health if they exist in the Arctic* When a man volunteers for Arctic assignment, the reason for his volunteering should be analyzed carefully* The volunteer who docs best in an Arctic assignment is the one who is interested in his own military job assignment under Arctic conditions* Some of the reasons, which are considered unfavorable, given by soldiers at Fort Churchill for volunteering for the assignment were the followings a* To get away from previous post* b* To get away from marital and domestic difficulties* c* To get foreign duty and pay but still be close enough to come home on furlough* d* To get any foreign service without specific preference for geographical assignment. e. To satisfy curiosity about the Arctic* f* To achieve more rapid promotions* Some of the reasons for volunteering, which appeared to be related to favorable adjustment in the Arctic, are the followings a* To perform his military occupational specialty under Arctic conditions and add to his knowledge and experience in his job* b* To accompany an officer, whom the soldier admired, at the officer*s request* c* To enjoy the type of life afforded by the Arctic because he is interested in this type of life* It was observed that what seemingly may be a satisfactory adjustment to Arctic living after a protracted period actually may be a deterioration of certain of the personality factors associated with normal adjustment under non-Arctic conditions* For example, after prolonged residence in the Arctic the seemingly adjusted, care- free individual often, through psychiatric examination, discloses an individual with indifferent, euphoric, inappropriate affect. For this reason, in order to keep a soldier at the peak of Arctic acclimatization and to forestall personality deterioration, he should be required to leave the Arctic periodically, preferably every six months, for a minimum of two weeks. APPENDIX A JGS/krt SURGEON GENERAL*S OFFICE NEUROPSYCHIATRY CONSULTANTS DIVISION 13 October 19i*7 INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING PSYCHIATRIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS OF MILITARY PERSONNEL UNDER ARCTIC CONDITIONS 19U7 - *U8 1. Purposes of observations a. To gather preliminary information which will aid in determining the personality factors correlative with successful and unsuccess- ful adjustment to conditions of extreme cold accompanied by isola- tion so that techniques may be devised to select for this service the type of men who has the best chance of succeeding. b. To observe and evaluate reactions and changes in the personality and mental processes of military personnel under natural condi- tions of extreme cold accompanied by isolation. c. To gather information on problems of morale which present them- selves among military personnel under Arctic conditions. 2. Cases to be studied The study groups should be comprised of two groups as equal in number as possible designated as follows: a. Control group - those men •who have volunteered for assignment to the cold weather unit. b. Experimental group - those men who are non-volunteers, i.e., house- keeping personnel and others. 3. Plan of study - The study will be divided into three parts known as Phase I, Phase II and Phase III, a. Phase I This phase is that period prior to departure from the United States or a period occurring as soon after arrival as possible in the Arctic area. The techniques to be administered to all subjects under study during the period are the following: (1) Form D with brief psychiatric interview (2) Form A (Autobiographical Blank) (3) Form H (Guilf or d-Mar tin Battery) (U) Form G (Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Ability, A) (f>) Form I (NSA) b. Phase II This phase is a period sometime near the middle of the period of Arctic service. The techniques to be administered to all subjects during this phase are the following; (1) Form G (Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Ability, B) (2) Form D with psychiatric interview (a thorough psychiatric interview will be held with those who in the opinion of the psychiatrist show evidence of maladjustment,) c. Phase ITT This phase is a period as close as possible to the conclusion of Arctic service after the departure date has been announced. The techniques to be administered during the phase are the following; (1) Form H (Guilford-Martin Battery) (2) Form G (Otis Self-Administering Test of Mental Ability, C) (3) Form I (NSA) (U) Form B (Rating of EM by officers) (b) Form G (Parts I and II), (Rating Form lor EM by EM and Officers by Officers) (b) Form E (Opinion Poll) (7) Form F (Attitude Questionnaire) (8) Form D accompanied by final psychiatric interview. Um Techniques to be used a. General The psychiatric interview together with the Check last for NP Interview (Form D) will serve as the basic clinical -cool. Together with this certain standardized tests and non-standardized rating forms will be used. These are referred to below. The Foms are to be administered to all subjects during the Phases as indicated. With the exception of the psychiatric interview, which is held with each man individually, the remaining forms may be adminis- tered individually or in groups. Group administration is preferable in order to save time. Instructions for administration, scoring and interpretation of the Guilford-Martia Battery (Form H), Otis Test of Mental Ability, and Neuropsychiatric Screening Adjunct (NSA) are contained in the Manual accom- panying each test. Additional notations for interpretation of the Guilford- Martia Battery are appended to these instructions as Appendix A, b, Specific techniques (1) Form A - Autobiographical blank Purpose; To gather information on the cultural background and stabil- ity of the subject from autobiographical information and self-evaluation. This form "will be administered to all subjects during Phase I* There is no time limit* Subjects will be permitted to wprk until all of the answers are complete* Assistance in the completion ©f the form will be given freely* The form* is evaluated subjectively and a rating (From -h to /U) assigned based on the degree of strength or weakness of cultural background and stability# (2) Form B - Rating of Enlisted Men by Officers. Purpose: To secure performance evaluations from officers on enlisted men who have worked under their supervision during the period of study. This form will be completed on all study subjects during Phase HI of the research project* The officer under whom the study subject worked in the unit or the one who is best acquainted with the subject’s personality and performance will complete this evaluation* The foim will then be evaluated and a rating assigned based on the various degrees of efficiency of performance and adjustment* (3) Form C - Rating of Enlisted Men by Enlisted Men and Officers by Officers* Part I - Rating form for the evaluation of officers by officers and enlisted men by enlisted men. Part II - Additional information for the rating of officers by other officers. Purpose: To gather information on performance and adjustment of officers and enlisted men where the evaluation is made by military equals. Part I of this form will be administered during Phase III of the project to ail study subjects, both officer and enlisted. Part II of this form will be used additionally in the cases of officers. If no officers are included in the study groups, then ratings will be obtained on those officers who rate the Enlisted subjects (Form B). Where Form C is used for rating officers. Parts I and II should be stapled together and evaluated as one fora. Form C (Part I or Parts I and II combined) will be rated on the basis of varying degrees of efficiency in performance and adjustment. (U) Form D - Check List for Neuropsychiatric Interview Purpose: Guide sheet for the conduct or brief psychiatric interviews to aid the psychiatrist in predicting and observing adjustment during the period of study* The neuropsychiatric interview will be conducted during Phases I, II and HI of the project with all study subjects# The interview will be clinical in nature and Form D will be used as a guide sheet. Information not covered in Fora D will be elicited and recorded in all cases where this is indicated* Based on the interview, an evaluation of degree of adjustment will be made and the rating entered on Form J. The interview will be summarized after each interview on Form D under the heading, "Summary* “ *See “Notes for Rating" on Form J for further instructions on this and other forms used in this stucfcr# (i>) Form E - Opinion Poll* Purpose: To obtain information on personality changes •which the subjects have undergone as they themselves evaluate these changes. This form will be administered to all study subjects during Phase III of the study. There is no time limit. The men will work until finished. As much assistance as is necessary will be given the study subjects in completing the form. The answers will be evaluated subjectively on the basis of degree of change, as the man himself evaluates his own personality changes. Hating will be entered on Form J* (6) Form F - Attitude Questionnaire* Purpose: obtain information from the subjects on their evalua- tion of their situational adjustment* This form will be administered to all study subjects during Phase III of the study. There is no time limit. The men will work until finished with as much assistance given as the men require. The answers will be evaluated subjectively on the basis of the subjects own evaluation of his situational adjustment. Rating will be made on the basis of degree of adjustment stability and entered on Form J. (7) Form G - Otis Test of Mental Ability Purpose; To make an objective assessment of the intelligence, mental alertness, and changes. If any, of these processes during the expedition* The Otis Test of Mental Ability will be administered three times: once during Phase” 1, once during Phase II and once during Phase IU. Three forms of the Otis are supplied (A, B and C). Form nkn of the Otis will be used during Phase I; form "E11 of the Otis during Phase U$ form MC" of the Otis during Phase III. Tests will be administered and scored in accordance with the Manual of instructions furnished with the test* Based on the test performance, a separate rating will be entered on Form J. (8) Form H - Guilfordr-Martin Battery a. The Guilford-Martin Personnel Inventory I b. Inventory of Factors GAMIN (abridged edition) c. in Inventory of Factors STDCR. Purpose: To obtain an evaluation of each subject in relation to certain components of the personality and to determine whether any aspects of the personality undergo change during the period of study* The Guilford-Martin Battery consists of three tests, each of which explores a different set of personality traits (See Appendix A)* The three tests in the battery will be administered to each study subject during Phase I and the same tests repeated with the same subjects during Phase IH. Tests will be administered, scored, and interpreted in accordance with the Manual of instructions accompanying the tests. Based on the standard scores, a separate score will be arrived at and entered on Form J. To arrive at the score to be entered on Form J for this battery, the ratings on each of the three tests in the battery will be considered and, based on this, a composite rating made. •w—These forms were prepared by Captain Moody C. Bettis, MC, and Mr. Daniel Malamud. (9) Form I - Neuropsychiatric Screening Adjunct (NSA) Purposes To obtain information on the psychosomatic complaint; made by the subjects at the beginning of the expedition and at the end in order to observe changes, if any* Form I, NSA, will be administered during Phase I to all study subjects and repeateTTo the same subjects during Phase III* The test will be administered and scored in accordance with the manual of instructions provided with this form. Based on the standard score, a separate rating will be made and entered on Form J* (10) Form J - Summarized Rating Scale Purpose: To provide a cumulative summary form for all the in- formation obtained during the course of the study; to objectify recording of results; and to arrive at an objective rating of performance together with a subjective evaluation of the reasons for the performance. This form will be maintained on each of the study subjects. It will be initiated at the time of the administration of the Autobiographical Blank, Form A, in Phase I and closed out with a "final total average” rating at the conclusion of Phase III. In addition to the ”final total average11 rating (See ”Notes for Rating” on Form J), a subjective evaluation summary will be completed on the reverse side of the form. The rater will sum up, briefly, the salient fea- tures in the total performance of each of the study subjects which have formed the basis for the total average performance rating* Read the "Notes for Rating" on Form J which outline the meaning of the ratings which run from through "/U" and "0" is the average. The ”X” marks on Form J indicate when a form will not be administered. Forms A, B. G, E and F will be administered only once, hence the average rating for these forms will be the same as the rating for the one administration* 5. Additional General Instructions and Remarks As stated in the purposes of this study, the research is to gather preliminary data from which more accurate measures and techniques may "be devised* Therefore, much of the rating to be done will be subjective and will be based on the opinion of the psychiatrist in charge of the project* Any observations which are additional to those gathered by the techniques which have been prescribed for use will be helpful and should be recorded* At the beginning of Phase I an individual folder should be initiated for each member of the study group. In this folder will be placed all of the completed forms together with the scoring and interpretation. Also, Form J will be kept in this folder and an appropriate rating entered after the completion of each test or interview. With the exception of the psychiatric interview, all of the forms may be administered under group conditions and should be in order to save time. Before the administration of each fom the study subject should be impressed with the idea that the material to be obtained is confidential; is for purely scientific research in the Medical Department; and will have no bearing whatsoever on the individuals military career now or at any time in the future* The remarks to be made before the administration of each fom should be in substance as follows: "The Army Medical Department is studying the effects of extremely cold climate and limited environmental conditions on the morale, efficiency, and health of military personnel* We are as interested i** adjusting men to this climate as we are in adjusting equipment* You can be assured that the information obtained will be regarded as confidential and is for purely scientific research in the Medical Depart- ment* It will have no bearing whatsoever on the military career now or in the future* With this in mind, it is evident that only honest and complete answers will be of any value*" Since the material to be gathered is regarded as confidential, care must be exercised to insure against the data being seen by unauthorized persons* When not in actual use by the psychiatrist the material should be kept under lock* This is true for the completed tests as well as for the unused material* At the conclusion of the study, the data gathered on each of the sub- jects should be shipped in the individual folders to; The Surgeon General Attentions Chief, Neuropsychiatry Consultants Division, The Pentagon Washington 25>, D. C* Together with the individual data submitted, the psychiatrist should prepare a report summing up the findings of the study, including observations and suggestions which will be helpful in planning future experimentation and re- search* It is desirable that the scoring of all tests be completed locally as soon as possible after the administration of the tests* However, if condi- tions do not permit the scoring of certain tests during the period of the cold weather exercise, they may be held until opportunity permits their scoring and evaluation* Guilford-Martin Battery Interpretation of the Scores on the 13 Temperament Traits a• From Guilford1s Inventory of Factors S T D C R S - Social Introversion-Extraversion* - A high C-score indicates socia- bility, a tendency to seek social contacts and to enjoy the company of others. A low C-score indicates shyness, a tendency to withdraw from social situations and to be seclusive. A high C-score is more desirable for mental health than is a low C-score* A very low C- score on S indicates a need for guidance directed toward increased social participation* T - Thinking Introversion-Extraversion. - A high C score indicates a lack of introspectiveness and an extravertive orientation of the thinking processes, A low C-score indicates an inclination to medi- tative thinking, philosophizing, analyzing oneis self and others, and an introspective disposition. The middle range of C-score is more desirable for mental health than either extreme on trait T. Each extreme, however, may have its value for certain types of occupation. D - Depression. - A high C-score indicates freedom from depression, a cheerful, optimistic disposition. A low C-score indicates a chroni- cally depressed mood including feelings of unworthiness and guilt. The higher the C-score on trait D, the better is likely to be the emotional adjustment of the individual. C - Cycloid Disposition, - A high C-score indicates stable emotional reactions and moods, and freedom from cycloid tendencies, A low C- score means the presence of cycloid tendencies as shown in strong emotional reactions, fluctuations in mood, and a disposition toward flightiness and instability. The higher the C-score on trait C, the better will be the emotional adjustment of the individual, except that scores that are too high may indicate a colorless, inert indi- . vidual. R - Rhathymia. - A high C-sc©re indicates a happy-go-lucky or carefree disposition, liveliness, and impulsiveness, A low C-score indicates an inhibited disposition and an overcontrol of the impulses. Both extreme of O-scores may represent psychological maladjustments and a C-score in the middle range is desirable for mental health. b. From the Guilford-Martin Inventory of Factors GAMIN G - General Activity. - A high C-scorc indicates a tendency to engage in Vigorous overt action. A low C-score indicates a tendency to inert- ness and a disinclination for motor activity. An extremely high C- score on trait G may represent manic tendency while an extremely low C-score may be an indication of a nypothyroid condition or other causes of inactivity. Thus, for good mental health a C-score on G in the middle range is usually most desirable. A - Ascendance-Submission. - A high C-score indicates social leadership and a low C-score social passiveness. The C-score of a person on trait A must be interpreted in the light of his other characteristics of temperament as shown on the profile chart, and no general rule can be set forth as to what C-scores on trait A are most desirable for mental health. However, there is emphasis in our culture on the general desirability of a high C-score on Trait A* Females tend to have distinctly lower C-scores on A than do males* M - Masculinity-Femininity. - A high C-score on this trait indicates masculinity of emotional and temperamental make-up and a low C-score indicates femininity* The C-scores of the majority of males are above $ and the majority of females have C-scores below f>. Males whose C-scores are very low are sometimes found either to lack their full quota of male hormones or to have an oversupply of female hormones* I - Inferiority Feelings. - A high C-score indicates self-confidence and a lack of inferiority feelings. A low C-score indicates a lack of confidence, under-evaluation of one*s self, and feelings of inade- quacy and inferiority. The higher the C-score on trait I, the better for mental health, with the exception of extremely high cases in which clinical investigation may reveal a superiority compensation for hidden inferiority feelings. Many psychoneurotics have very low C-scores on trait I. N - Nervousness. - A high C-score indicates a tendency to be calm, un- ruffled, and relaxed; a low C-score indicates jumpiness, jitteriness and a tendency to be easily distracted, irritated, and annoyed. The higher the C-score on trait N, the better for mental health unless there are clinical indications that an overly sluggish and torpid condition is the basis for an extremely high C-score* Extremely low C-scores in some cases may involve a lack of calcium in the blood. In many cases, a mental conflict may be the basis for the emotional tension expressed in jitteriness and irritability. c* From the Guilford-liar tin Personnel Inventory I 0 - Objectivity* - A high C-score on this trait indicates a tendency to view one*s self and surroundings objectively and dispassionately* A low C-score indicates a tendency to take everything personally and subjectively and to be hypersensitive* The higher the C-score on trait 0, the better for mental health* Pathological cases may develop paranoid ideas of reference and delusions of persecution* Co- Cooperativeness* - A high C-score indicates a willingness to accept things and people as they are and a generally tolerant attitude* A lew C-score indicates an evercriticalness of people and things and an intolerant attitude• The higher the C-score on trait Co, the better for Mental health unless the C-score on C or clinical signs indicate a torpid and sluggish condition to be the basis of the lack of criticalness* Overcriticalness is often a compensation fOr hidden feelings of inadequacy. Pathological cases nay exhibit a paranoid projection of their conflicts and impulses. Ag- Agreeableness. - A high Oscore indicates an agreeable lack of quarrelsomeness and a lack of domineering qualities. A low O-score indicates a belligerent, domineering attitude and an overreadiness to fight over trifles. Very low scores on trait Ag indicate an extreme craving for superiority as an end in itself developed as a compensation for some chronic frustration and in pathological cases may lead to paranoid delusions of grandeur. It is possible that a sadistic component may occur in some of the pathological cases. Further investigation should be made of the psychological structure of extremely low C-scores on traits 0, Co, and Ag, as the paranoid area of temperament which they cover is predisposing toward trouble' making behavior in industry, marriage, and other social situations. 39 Name Grade ASN FORM J (Date of Arrival) (Summarized Rating Scale) (Date of Departure) Test or Technique Form Variable Phase I + U32101234 h 3 Phase II + 2 10 12 3 1* Phase III + U2101231* Average Autobiographical Blank A Cultural background and stability n X X X t: : 3 X r i x|x X T X X rr I % J 1 x I 3L X X X Rating of EM by Officers B Performance and adjustment X [ 3 3 X 1,1 X X X X X C 3 X X X X X X X 3 : j 1 Rating of EM by EM and Off. by Off. d Performance and adjustment x : [ 3 ; 3! X x X X X X [ 3 X X X X X 1 J : j Check list for NP Interview D Evaluation of Suc- cessful adjustment C 3 : 3 Opinion Poll E Self Evaluation of Change x : L 3 >x X X X X X c : 3 X X X X X X Attitude Questionnaire F Situational adjustment x : C 3 : x X X X X X c [ 3 X X X X X X I 3 ; 3 Otis Test Mental Ability (A, B, C) G Intelligence and mental alertness Guilford-Martin Battery H Personality evaluation X X X c; : 3i 2 X X X NSA I Psychosomatic complaints X X X c; : 3i X X X X Notes for Rating: 0 means average +1 means just above average -1 means just below average +2 means better than two out of three subjects -2 means falls within the lower third 6 21. Do you worry more often, or less often? J_ _17 10_ _21 29_ 62 22. Do you resent being told what to do more than you did before, or do you resent it less? 8_ J9 JL _12 30_ Jf) 23. Can you concentrate and keep your mind on what you are doing more easily, or less easily? j6 Jh 9_ 20 29_ 66 24. Do you feel more cooperative toward others, or less cooperative? 16 -36 2b 22_ 25* Do you criticize yourself more often than you used to, or less often? 10 -23 e_ 2b 2i- _ 63 26. Do you have more patience, or less patience? \ JL -16 16_ 37 2_0_ 27• Do you feel more tense and keyed up more often than you used to or less often? 17 -38 9. _20 19. _1|2 28. Do you have more perseverance or are you unable to keep at things you are doing? _12 -27 _6_ lb 26 J>9 29* Do you have more and wider interests now than you used to have, or are your interests less wide? 13 -30 16_ J6 _3U Total nk A 21? t 706 , 5S$ Signature Grade fer columns headed "Mere" and "Less" were net confuted because each answer was analyzed separately in terms of changes "Favorable" and "Unfavorable" which are discussed in the text* TABLE YIIJ Total Number Answers Reporting Changes in Attitudes and Personality, Interpreted in Terms of Favorable or Unfavorable Favorable Unfavorable Total No. answer 1001 791 Control and Experimental % 56 u* Control No. answer 7hh 1*79 % 61 39 Experimental No. answer 2£7 312 % 1*5 TABLE IX KUfiM F TOTALS ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE We are studying the effects of extremely cold climate and limited environmental conditions on the morale, efficiency and health of enlisted men. We are as interested in adjusting men to this climate as we are in adjusting equipment. You can help us greatly in this project by answering the following questionnaire as frankly and fully as possible. Only by letting us know your own personal reactions, can we hope to grasp the problems involved in your adjustment and the necessary steps to be taken for their solution. Use separate sheets for your answers and number each answer carefully. YES NO %_ 1. Were you used to cold weather on arrival? 41 57 82 59 2. Do you like winter sports? 78 107 30 22 3. Are you used to cold weather now? 86 119 20 14 4. Did you volunteer for this assignment? 68 95 44 32 5. Did you find the work situation that you expected? 38 53 85 62 6. Are you satisfied with the work situation? 53 72 « 47 7. Did you find the housing as you expected? 45 63 76 55 8. Are you satisfied with the housing conditions? 47 & Ik 53 9. Are you satisfied with the meals here? 60 84 55 40 10. Do you get enough to eat? • 88 121 16 12 11. Do you like the type of food you get? 58 78 57 42 12. Do you have a good appetite? 91 126 13 9 35 ,0 13. Have you noticed any change in your food likes or dislikes? y8 21 o5 14. Do you find yourself in need of something to do in your spare time? 42 58 80 58 15. Are recreational facilities adequate? 37 50 §k 63 16. Do you like to visit nearby villages? 63 as. 4i 37 17. Are the hardships of this climate frequently discussed? 64 89 k2. 36 18. Are you interested in your work? 85 115. 21 35 19. Do you feel that officers or associates have it Min for you"? k 131 96 (Over) L YES NO t. 20. Are your officers tolerant and understanding? 90 u$ 13 10 21, Have you noticed any change in your reasoning power? 25 __35 103 75 22. Have you noticed any change in your memory? 25 _35 103 75 23. Are you restless? 38 Jf2 86 62 24. Are you irritable? 29 _39 95 71 25. Are you apprehensive? 29 -38 92 71 26. Do you have any trouble sleeping? 13 _18 120 87 27. Do you have any dreams or nightmares? 31 Jf2 92 69 2». Have you noticed any change in your drive or enthusiasm?35 J*8 89 65 29, \re you afraid of getting lost? 1 _2 336 99 30. Do you get lost easily? 5 7 330 95 31. Have you ever been lost? 37 J>1 86 63 32. Do you feel that you would be found if you were to get lost? 93 _ 123 2 7 33. Do you frequently get lost in this climate? 5 7 128 95 34. Do you take adequate precautions to dress properly? 91 126 12 9 35. Do you feel that this climate is dangerous to life and health? 20 _27 109 80 36. Would you say that the majority have the same attitude as you concerning this experiment? 81 1Q5 24 19 37. Is sex a problem with you? 17 -23 331 83 38. Have you been able to-, find sex gratification at nearby villages? 17 J? 109 83 39. Do you go on sick call? 31 2k 69 40. Do you like the drinking water? 52 -Ii £ 48 41. Do you feel that the work you are doing is important? 89 120 15 11 42. Do you feel that you have been given sufficient credit for the work you are doing? 81 108 25 19 43. Do you object to this questionnaire? 10 .J3 312 90 Signature Grade TABLE X FORM F CONTROL (VOLUNTEERS) ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE We are studying the effects of extremely cold climate and limited environmental conditions on the morale, efficiency and health of enlisted men. Vie are as interested in adjusting men to this climate as we are in adjusting equipment. You can help us greatly in this project by answering the following questionnaire as frankly and fully as possible. Only by letting us know your own personal reactions, can we hope to grasp the problems involved in your adjustment and the necessary steps to be taken for their solution. Use separate sheets for your answers and number each answer carefully. L YES NO 1. Were you used to cold weather on arrival? 15 U3 52 55 2. Do you like winter sports? 85 79 1U 15 3. Are you used to cold weather now? 91 86 J9 9 4. Did you volunteer for this assignment? 100 95 0 0 5. Did you find the work situation that you expected? 11 12 53 56 6. Are you satisfied with the work situation? 61 57 37 39 7. Did you find the housing as you expected? 19 17 48 51 8. Are you satisfied with the housing conditions? 51 18 17 k9 9. Are you satisfied with the meals here? 59 56 39 11 10. Do you get enough to eat? 87 81 12 13 11. Do you like the type of food you get? 60 55 37 10 12. Do you have a good appetite? 92 87 j8 8 13. Have you noticed any change in your food likes or dislikes? 33 62 65 14. Do you find yourself in need of something to do your spare time? in 15 i£ £ 55 15. Are recreational facilities adequate? 12 38 53 58 16. Do you like to visit nearby villages? 63 57 33 37 I?. Are the hardships of this climate frequently discussed?^- 57 37 39 18. Are you interested in your work? 89 Si IQ 11 19. Do you feel that officers or associates have it for you”? "in 5 _5 90 95 (Over) ' L YES MS L 20. Are your officers tolerant and understanding? 92 ±2 * _7 8 21. Have you noticed any change in your reasoning power? 28 26 68 72 22. Have you noticed any change in your memory? 2k 23 71 76 23. Are you restless? 31 29 « 69 24. Are you irritable? 27 i? 66 73 25. Are you apprehensive? 30 rt 64 70 26. Do you have any trouble sleeping? „ .. 2k 23 81 86 27. Do you have any dreams or nightmares? 25 23 68 75 j 28. Have you noticed any change in your drive or enthusiasm? 37 jk 59 63 29. Are you afraid of getting lost? 2 2 92 98 30. Do you get lost easily? k _4 89 96 31* Have you ever been lost? 34 32 61 66 32* Do you feel that you would be found if you were to get lost? 93 i? 6 7 33, Do you frequently get lost in this climate? 6 _6 87 94 34- Do you take adequate precautions to dress properly? 91 jks _8 9 33• Do you feel that this climate is dangerous to life and health? 20 18 74 80 36. Would you say that the majority have the same attitude as you concerning this experiment? 83 73 2S 17 37* Is sex a problem with you? 17 JL6 76 83 38. Have you been able to find sex gratification at nearby villages? 18 16 73 82 39. Do you go on sick call? 33 Jtt 62 67 40. Do you like the drinking water? 49 I6 47_ 51 41. Do you feel that the work you are doing is important? 91 ±6 _8 9 42. Do you feel that you have been given sufficient credit for the work you are doing? 88 80 11 12 43. Do you object to this questionnaire? 12 11 79 66 (Signature Grade TABIE XX EXPERIMENTAIS (NQN-VOLDNTEERS) FORM F ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE We are studying the effects of extremely cold climate and limited environmental conditions on the morale, efficiency and health of enlisted men. We are as interested in adjusting men ta this climate as we are in adjusting equipment. You can help us greatly in this project by answering the following questionnaire as frankly and fully as possible. Only by letting us know your own personal reactions, can we hope to grasp the problems involved in your adjustment and the necessary steps to be taken for their solution. Use separate sheets for your answers and number each answer carefully. 2L YES NO L. 1. Were you used to cold weather on arrival? 32 3 3_0_ 68 2i Do you like winter sports? 6U 28 16, 36 3. Are you used to cold weather now? 75 32 1L 25 4. Did you volunteer for this assignment? 0 _g Ul 100 5. Did you find the work situation that you expected? 26 n 32. 7k 6. Are you satisfied with the work situation? 35 ZL 65 7. Did you find the housing as you expected?. 36 16 3L 6k 8. Are you satisfied with the housing conditions? 39 JLZ ZL 61 9. Are you satisfied with the meals here? 6k 28 16. 36 10. Do you get enough to eat? 91 jL 9 11. Do you like the type of food you get? 53 23 20_ 12. Do you have a good appetite? 89 22 L 11 13. Have you noticed any change in your food likes or dislikes? £ 22. 66 14, Do you find yourself in need of something to do in your spare time? 36 16 28_ 6k 15. Are recreational facilities adequate? 28 1Z 3L 72 16. Do you like to visit nearby villages? 6k 22 24. 36 n 17. Are the hardships of this climate frequently discussed? 21 12_ 27 18. Are you interested in your work? 7h 21 20. 26 19. Do you feel that officers or associates have it “in for you“? 0 0 l0_ 100 (Over) YES NO 20. Are your officers tolerant and understanding? 85 33 _6 15 21. Have you noticed any change in your reasoning power? 20 _9 35 80 22. Have you noticed any change in your memory? 27 12 32 73 23. Are you restless? 52 23 21 48 24. Are you irritable? 33 XU 29 67 25. Are you apprehensive? 28 n 28 72 26. Do you have any trouble sleeping? 11 A 39 89 27. Do you have any dreams or nightmares? 44 19 24 56 28. Have you noticed any change in your drive or enthusiasm? 2k 30 68 29. Are you afraid of getting lost? 0 0 44 100 30. Do you get lost easily? 7 J. id 93 31. Have you ever been lost? 43 19 25 57 32. Do you feel that you would be found if you were to get lost? 93 38 J. 7 33. Do you frequently get lost in this climate? 2 hi 98 34. Do you take adequate precautions to dress properly? 91 40 A 9 35- Do you feel that this climate is dangerous to life and health? 20 j? 35 80 36. Would you say that the majority have the same attitude as you concerning this experiment? 78 32 J> 22 37. Is sex a problem with you? 17 JL 3S 83 38. Have you been able to find sex gratification at nearby villages? 16 _7 36 84 39. Do you go on sick call? 27 12 73 40. Do you like the drinking water? 58 25 18 42 41. Do you feel that the work you are doing is important? 83 2k JZ 17 42. Do you feel that you have been given sufficient credit for the work you are doing? 67 28 2k 33 43. Do you object to this questionnaire? 5 J2 ho 95 Signature Grade TABLE XII REPLIES TO ATTITUDE QUESTIONNAIRE (FORM F) GROUPED BY SUBJECT AND SHOWN AS PERCENT FAVQRABIE AND PERCENT UNFAVORABLE FT. CHURCHILL 19U7 - 19U8 Percent Favorable Percent Unfavorable PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELL BEING (Questions - 21, 22, 23, 2l*, 25, Si',' 27, S«',' 29, 50, 31, 32, 33 , 37, 39) Control Group 79 21 Experimental Group 76 21* Total 78 22 WORK (Questions £, 6, 18, 19, 20, 1*1, 1*2) Control Group 80 20 Experimental Group 66 3k Total 76 21* WEATHER (Questions 1, 2, 3i 3l** 35) Control Group 78 22 Experimental Group 68 32 Total 75 25 FOOD AND WATER (Questions 9* 10, 11, 12, UO) (Control Group 69 31 Experimental Group 71 29 Total 70 30 RECREATION (Questions li*, 1$, 16) 'Control Group 53 1*7 Experimental Group 52 1*8 Total 53 1*7 HOUSING (Questions 7 and 8) Control Group 50 50 Experimental Group 38 62 Total k6 5U ALL CATEGORIES Control Group 7h 26 Experimental Group 69 31 Total 72 28 ,