HISTORY/r~' iW,fTOl S'll\TESARMYG" • rr'rt >;■■;■ ;MOJ)P sAL hi). 10 UH 470 A2 16 1919 14230440R NLM D51DDMT7 3 NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE SURGEON GENERAL'S OFFICE LIBRARY. Section No. 113, W.D.S. G.O. HO.U&.33P7 3—513 NLM051004973 OCT 1 $ 1922 SURGEON SFHFiiAL'S OFFICE J GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 z HISTORY AND ROSTER OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT t NEW HAVEN PRINTED BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS MDCCCCXIX AG\V '( • \* LIBRARY UH f 70 AZ lb If 19 COPYRIGHT, 1919, BY YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Staff ....... 7 History of U. S. Army General Hospital No. 16 . . 9 Camp Diary ....... 24 Roster of Officers Arranged by States ... 80 COMMANDING OFFICERS. STAFF AND STCDENT OFFICERS. NOVEMBER, 191* STAFF Lieutenant-Colonel Estes Nichols, Medical Corps, Commanding Officer. Captain Daniel C. Donovan, Sanitary Corps, Adjutant. Chief of Medical Service: Major Roy D. Adams, Medical Corps. Chief of Surgical Service: Captain Jacob G. Chichester, Medical Corps. Chief of X-Ray Service: Major James A. Honeij, Medical Corps. Chief of Laboratory Service: Captain Harry J. Corper, Medical Corps. Medical Supply Officer: First Lieutenant Gustav Fonteyne, Sanitary Corps. Quartermaster: First Lieutenant Amasa K. LeMunyan, Quartermaster Corps. Mess Officer: First Lieutenant Lloyd G. Balm, Sanitary Corps. Registrar: Captain Samuel A. Loewenberg, Medical Corps. Chief of Reconstruction Service: Captain Frank A. Waugh, Sanitary Corps. SCHOOL OF INSTRUCTION Major James W. Price, Medical Corps, Chief. Captain Francis B. Trudeau, Medical Corps, Instructor. Captain Edward N. Packard, Medical Corps, Instructor. Captain Charles M. Montgomery, Medical Corps, Instructor. Chief Nurse: Mary L. Whitney. A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO THE SIGNING OF THE ARMISTICE, NOVEMBER 11, 1918 The United States Army General Hospital No. 16 occupies the buildings erected as a memorial by Mrs. William Wirt Winchester to her husband and pre- sented by her as a tuberculosis annex to the New Haven Hospital. When the Government took possession of the hospital it had just been completed. The hospital is T-shaped, well built, modern in con- struction, and suitable in every respect to the purposes for which it was intended,—in fact, a model hospital, able to accommodate, according to the original plans, 126 patients. The buildings are of red brick and the group comprises the hospital, a nurses' home, a house intended for the Superintendent and a heating plant also containing the laundry. The hospital is situated on a hill, well wooded, some two hundred feet above sea- level, in latitude N. 41° 18' and longitude W. 72° 56'. It overlooks the City of New Haven, the centre of which is slightly over two miles distant, and gives a good view of Long Island Sound in the distance. Approximately forty acres of ground, mostly clay and loam, surround the hospital, some of which has been cultivated and also artistically laid out by the well-known landscape archi- 10 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY tect, Mrs. Max Farrand, at a cost of many thousands of dollars. The remainder of the grounds not occupied by buildings are left in their natural wooded state, and are directly back, or to the west, of the hospital. Well- constructed roads and paths lead up the hill to the build- ings and approach the pillared main entrance. The trolley line passes along Campbell Avenue to the east of the hill, making the city easily accessible. To the north the Milford Turnpike runs, which is the main automobile road between New Haven and New York. The usual New England climate prevails here; fre- quent and somewhat sudden changes of temperature occur, due, as is well known, to the manner of storm current movements in this region. In winter the tem- perature rarely falls below zero; the lowest temperature recorded is 14° below zero, during the winter of 1872. Occasionally there are heavy snowfalls, twelve to eight- een inches in forty-eight hours as was the case last winter, but it is seldom that the snow covers the ground for more than a few weeks at a time. The prevailing direction of the wind is from the northwest; it seldom attains a high velocity—usually an average of ten miles—but on the other hand, seldom drops to a dead calm. The humidity, which is often spoken of as rather bad, is in reality somewhat below that of the usual coastal stations, being on an average only 72 per cent. Sunshine occurs practically two out of every three days, or 61 per cent, of the time. In the spring the temperature rises rapidly and there is some increase in the amount of moisture in the air, with a result that at this time fogs are most likely to occur. Light rains are frequent, although the percent- age of sunshine is about the same as in the winter season. On account of both land and sea breezes the summers are not extremely hot; the temperature does not often GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 11 rise above 90°, with an average of 69°. During the summer the prevailing direction of the wind is from the south, with an average velocity of eight miles an hour. The storms are of short duration, but occasionally severe thunderstorms occur and the humidity during this sea- son averages 78 per cent. In the fall the nights are cool, while the days are warm and delightful, the mean temperature for the fall months being only 53° and with a daily range of only 16°. The winds are generally light and variable. The Government leased the buildings and grounds from the New Haven Hospital on February 23, 1918, to become effective March 1, for the period of the war and six months thereafter, for the purpose of caring for soldiers affected with tuberculosis. Lieutenant-Colonel (then Major) Alexius M. Forster was appointed Com- manding Officer. Under his direction a receiving ward, four general wards, an officers' ward, two wards for cases of intercurrent venereal infection and two wards for ambulatory patients were opened, accommodating in all about two hundred patients. On March 19 the first ward was opened and by August 10, under the Commanding Officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Nelson E. Nichols, the remaining wards were occupied, and, in addition, ten new temporary wards had been con- structed for ambulatory cases, increasing the capacity of the hospital to five hundred beds. The attached plan will show clearly the distribution of the wards and the new buildings. Besides the buildings erected as wards, four buildings were erected as barracks for the enlisted personnel, with a capacity for 74 men each, and a building to accommo- date additional nurses, as the original nurses' home with rooms for only 30 nurses was insufficient. At the time of its organization the hospital staff con- 12 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY sisted only of the Commanding Officer, five officers and a chief nurse. The growth has been so rapid that nine months later the staff has been increased to 18 officers besides surgeons for each ward. The personnel has likewise grown rapidly and it may be of interest to com- pare in numbers the organization as it was at its incep- tion and at the time of the signing of the armistice. April 1, 1918 November 11, 1918 Corps Men ... 57 341 Nurses .... 27 70 Officers .... 15 76 In regard to the sanitary conditions at the hospital, the main question is, as always, one of water supply and sewerage. The water is obtained from Maltby Lake, belonging to the New Haven Water Company, situated some three miles from New Haven. The water, before it is brought to the reservoir, however, taps three other watersheds. There is no filtration, but on account of the water being largely from the surface, chlorination has been used for the past few years. The watershed is well protected and analytical examination of the water itself is frequent. It is interesting, therefore, to know that only one water-borne epidemic of typhoid has developed since the origin of the present water com- pany's organization in 1845. The direct supply to the hospital is by pipe to an underground reservoir of 200,000 gallons and also by pressure to an elevated tank of 75,000 gallons capacity. The upper 25,000 gallons in this tank is used for do- mestic purposes, while the remainder is for fire emer- gency, until the fire pump can be started which draws from the main reservoir and pumps a thousand gallons a minute. The sewer system consists of all underground piping, -t,p. ■-trq^ f £t ^5 BHjBTWl 1 i_jg Qh lip;; v"-/^ COMMANDING OFFICERS. STAFF AND STUDENT OFFICERS. NOVEMBER. 191s • Hydrants. ■ Hydrants with Hose Attached in Present Houses. 1 Barracks A. B. C. D. 2 Animal House. 3 Water Tank. 4 Lavatory. 5 Garage. 6 Store House. 7 Detachment Mess Hall. 8 Guard House. 9 Nurses' Barrack. 10 Nurses' Red Cross House. 11 Y. M. C. A. Platform. 12 Main Hospital Building. ■ Apparatus Houses. I Alarm Boxes. 13 Laundry. 14 Nurses' Home. 15 Commanding Officer's Quarters. 16 Preventorium. 17 Patients' Mess Hall. 18 Reconstruction School and Post Office. 19 Post Exchange. 20 Y. M. C. A. Hut. 21 Red Cross House. 22 Ambulatory Wards. 23 Telegraphy School in Ward 9. 24 Automobile School. GROUND-FLOOR PLAN OF THE HOSPITAL 14 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY discharging into the city main on Campbell Avenue from all buildings on the reservation. The arrangement of the toilets and water-closets in the hospital is good. In some of the wards in the main building this is one large washroom containing four washbowls, two toilets, and one urinal, the bathtub being in a separate room. Other wards have two washrooms, each equipped with two washbowls, two toilets, and two bathtubs. On these latter wards there are two private rooms with private baths. In the centre of each of the temporary wards, which have been put up by the Government, is a large room with two shower-baths, six washbowls, and three toilets. This room also has a clothes locker for each man and serves as a dressing room for the patients, as the rest of the ward is open. Here the plumbing is of the ordinary house type, the fixtures being less expen- sive than in the main building. The question of garbage disposal, although quite a formidable one when the hospital was started, has been settled very satisfactorily by an arrangement with a near-by farmer who hauls away daily all the hospital garbage at a flat rate of $20 a month. The heat is from a central plant consisting of four large boilers of two hundred horse power each, which are situated in the basement of the main building. The main hospital buildings are heated by a forced circulat- ing system, while in the more recent temporary struc- tures, steam, with a vacuum return, is used. Up to the present date this system has proved entirely satisfactory. Electricity is used exclusively for the lighting of all the hospital buildings and grounds. The power is generated on the place, but there is also an attachment to the city lighting plant for use in emergency. The officers' quarters consist of some sixty rooms, the majority of which are in the Administration Building, GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 15 the others being in the house occupied by the Command- ing Officer. Ordinarily each officer is assigned a room of his own. The mess system as used here is made up of four units: first, a kitchen for detachment men, which is directly behind the main building; second, a kitchen for ambulatory patients, situated near the temporary wards; third, a kitchen for officers, nurses, and bed patients, located on the third floor of the main building; and fourth, a diet kitchen on the ground floor. These combined kitchens are at present preparing food for about eleven hundred people. In addition, there is a central butcher shop and refrigerating plant to which perishable products are brought and redistributed to the various kitchens as needed. A central storeroom for groceries is run on the same plan. The equipment is modern throughout, consisting of large ranges, steam roasters, stock pots, mechanical potato peelers, etc. All the floors are of either concrete or tile. The cafeteria system is used to serve the men in both the detachment and the patients' mess hall. The food prepared in the main building for bed patients, officers, and nurses is sent down from the kitchen, which is located on the third floor, by means of dumb-waiters and then distributed to the wards and the officers' and nurses' dining rooms. The hospital laundry is directly over the engine room and is equipped with the most modern American laundry machinery. Ten enlisted men and eight civilian women are employed here. All towels, sheets, pillow cases, table linen, etc., for the entire institution, as well as all the personal washing of the patients, is taken care of in this laundry. Between fifty and sixty thousand pieces are done each month. In giving a description of the various storehouses on 16 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY the hospital grounds, it is necessary to mention five rooms located in the basement of the main building, used as storerooms by the Medical Supply Officer. The Quartermaster also has two warehouses for his supplies, together with seven small buildings used as paint shops, hay shed, miscellaneous equipment, and garage, the latter having a capacity for eight cars. The organization of the hospital includes, at the present time, the hospital proper, providing for 650 patients, the nurses' home for 72 nurses, and the mess provided to feed 1,200 men. There are also the admin- istration quarters; a surgical department; a complete laboratory; a radiographic department; a dispensary; throat, ear, eye and nose clinic, and a dental office. Besides this there is the Quartermaster's Department. The hospital, being intended for tuberculous cases, includes, however, other respiratory diseases. Similar to other institutions of this nature, the medical chief is responsible for the direction and control of all ward surgeons, whom he meets at conference twice a week and with whom he consults and advises regarding any special case or those patients dangerously ill. He also makes daily rounds of each ward and conducts the in- struction of the medical officers regarding therapeutic routine as carried out in the United States Army tuber- culosis sanatoria. Besides this, it is necessary for the Medical Chief to pass on all cases which are to be either discharged for disability or returned to duty. Up to the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1,134 persons had been patients in this hospital. This includes not only tuberculous cases but also all those admitted to the medical service, among whom were officers, corps men, and civilians. Of a total of 1,134 patients, 651 were tuberculous; 21 of these died; 24 were discharged for disability; seven were transferred to ALEXILS M. FORSTER LIEUTENANT COLONEL. MEDICAL CORPS, U. S. A. COMMANDING OFFICER MARCH 1, 1918, TO SEPTEMBER U, 1918 GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 17 other hospitals, while 116, or over 10 per cent., were returned to duty, leaving 483 under treatment. During the past year, besides tuberculosis, the following dis- eases have come under the supervision of the medical service: pneumonia, lobar and lobular, bronchitis, gassed cases, influenza, tonsillitis, Vincent's angina, pharyn- gitis, epididymitis, gastroenteritis, neuritis, mitral in- sufficiency, measles, and mumps. The pandemic of influenza, so prevalent throughout the country, began here on September 25 and continued up to the early part of November, reaching its highest point on October 9, when 27 new cases were reported on the reservation. In all, 228 cases developed, or nearly 27 per cent, of the population. Of this number 72 were complicated by broncho-pneumonia, with 13 deaths. One of the most interesting features of the epidemic was the fact that only slightly over 16 per cent, of our tuberculous patients had the disease, while among the corps men, all presumably healthy, the percentage of cases was more than twice as large. The surgical service at this hospital is necessarily very limited, as no surgical cases are admitted, the only sur- gery being that developing from time to time. Never- theless, the equipment and facilities in this department are complete in every detail. The operating amphi- theatre is large, well lighted and ventilated. There is also an accessory sterilizing room, preparation and dressing rooms, and a surgeon's dressing room and office. The major operative work recorded to date in- cludes: thoracotomies, rib resections, appendectomies, herniotomies, fractures, hemorrhoidal operations, ischio- rectal abscesses and rectal fistulse, internal and external urethrotomies, turbinectomies, mucous resections, and mastoid operations. The minor operations done during the year comprise gunshot and stab wounds, circum- 18 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY cisions, epididymectomy, varicocele operations, artifi- cial pneumothorax, aspirations, and the injection of arsphenamin and mercury. The surgical dressings have averaged from twelve to fifteen daily. All genito- urinary cases are also under the care of the surgical chief. Since July 26, 33 major and 49 minor operations have been performed, while 52 injections of arseno- benzol were given. No deaths have occurred on this service since its organization. The separate departments have been run efficiently. The dispensary was opened on March 22, 1918. It is situated in the centre of the basement in the main build- ing of the hospital. Since its opening over seven thou- sand prescriptions have been filled, or an average of about thirty-five a day. Besides this, all vaccinations for typhoid and other diseases, for officers, nurses, and corps men, have been administered by the Detachment Commander, on Tuesdays and Fridays, from this office. An important part of any hospital is the laboratory. Here there is a well-established department, organized in April. The actual laboratory work of the hospital in the beginning was done at the Brady Laboratory, with the exception of all routine ward examinations, such as urine and sputum. After July 23, however, the laboratory handled all the clinical material. This de- partment deserves much credit for the work done during the influenza epidemic, all its resources, both in men and material, being taxed to the utmost. This being a military institution, practically all patients dying here are autopsied. Up to July 22, there had been only three deaths, but from that date to November 11, this number has been increased to 26, the rapid increase being largely due to the influenza epi- demic. All gross and histological specimens are ex- amined at the Brady Laboratory. The autopsy room GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 19 is situated in the basement of the west wing of the hos- pital. It is sufficiently large, well lighted and venti- lated. The table is porcelain over iron. There is a brine refrigerator in it and opening off the room is a gas incin- erator where any undesirable material may be burned. The X-Ray Department was organized in April. On account of the delay in receiving part of the equipment, however, the first radiograph was not taken until June 21. The department consists of a Roentgenologist and staff. The equipment at the present time is very com- plete. The work carried on in this department has been the usual routine radiographic examination of patients, conferences with the clinical teaching staff, lectures and demonstrations to the student officers, and special re- search work. Mention should here be made of the work and cooperation with the clinical staff by this depart- ment during the recent influenza epidemic. From June 21 to November 11, 666 patients have been radio- graphed and 2,672 plates and films used. The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Department was organized in April with a chief and one assistant. Here, as in other departments, the equipment is most satis- factory and complete. All the enlisted men from the Yale Army Laboratory are given attention in addition to those of this post. On an average 60 patients are treated daily, while the number of refractions and oper- ations per week averages 10 and 12 respectively. In addition to the routine work, special research work in tuberculous laryngitis has been carried on. The Dental Department, first opened July 10, with a chief and an assistant, is located in two rooms in the east wing of the main building, one room being used as a laboratory and workshop, the other as an office for the treatment of patients. Up to date there have been 296 cases treated, 200 of which have been completed, while 20 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY 96 are still under treatment. An average of 51 cases has been completed each month. As this hospital was designated by the War Depart- ment as the parent hospital to all Army tuberculosis institutions throughout the country, a school was estab- lished and opened in the middle of May for the instruc- tion of medical officers, who were either to be sent as examiners on the various tuberculosis boards, or were eventually to become part of the personnel at any of the other Army hospitals for the treatment of lung dis- eases. This being the case, courses were opened in: the normal chest, the pathological chest, routine laboratory work, X-Ray work, nose and throat, pathological lec- tures and demonstrations, treatment, administration and customs of the service, the duties of the Supply Officer, the duties of a Mess Officer, the duties of an Adjutant, duties of a Registrar, duties of the Detach- ment Commander, reconstruction, ward work, officers' drill and setting-up exercises. The course was designed to take six weeks for its completion, but of necessity, many men were ordered away before being able to com- plete all their work. A total of 209 officers have had either all or a great part of this training, which neces- sarily had to be abandoned shortly after the signing of the armistice, as no new men were entering the service. It is also of interest to note that from March 7 to No- vember 1, 266 drafted men, together with 29 commis- sioned officers, came to this hospital for their general physical examination. The Post Exchange has been most successful. Open- ing in March, it was located in the basement of the main building. During the latter part of August, it was moved to a wooden building constructed particularly for its use. It was opened on credit with the local deal- ESTES NICHOLS LIECTENANT COLONEL, MEDICAL CORPS. U. S. A. I'RKSENT COMMANDING OFFICKR GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 21 ers of New Haven, and today shows all debts paid and assets amounting to $3,431.19. Although apart from the description and functions the hospital itself, there are other departments and activities that have a valuable share in the life of this post. In August, a large and homelike Red Cross building was erected, at a cost of $25,000, and was opened for the use of the patients and corps men. Shortly after this, another Red Cross building was con- structed, at a cost of $10,000, for the exclusive use of the nurses. In May a Field Director arrived and as- sumed the general supervision of all Red Cross activi- ties. In July an assistant was appointed, and since that time has acted as song leader for the post, as well as having much to do with the securing of entertainment for the patients. Upon the opening of the Red Cross House, a hostess was appointed, her duties being mainly to give information regarding various subjects, to be- come acquainted with the men individually in order to be of aid or comfort, and to give a home atmosphere to the Red Cross building. In August a Social Service Visitor was appointed, her work being mostly with bed patients, and in September an office assistant to the Field Director was appointed. A brief summary of the work done by the Red Cross here includes advice given to the patients and corps men on their many home and business problems; assisting them in seeing that the proper allotments reach the allottees; in acting as a connecting link between the family and the patient, who often neglects to write home; the supplying to the corps men and patients of various articles; and lastly, in trying to keep the men happy and contented by entertainment such as vaude- ville, dances, boxing and other forms of amusement which are usually carried on in the Red Cross House, 22 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY the corps men, not the patients, participating in the latter activities. The Chaplain, the Y. M. C. A., and Knights of Columbus have also been active along these same lines, as well as doing much for the men in a religious way. The Red Cross House is used alike by all, services being held there every Sunday. The Y. M. C. A. has just started to erect a building 40 x 80 feet, to be used for recreation and as a gymnasium by the officers and corps men of this post. The civilian population of New Haven have pro- vided abundant entertainment for the officers. Nearly every Saturday afternoon of the summer months there were sailing trips, automobile rides, baseball games, and outdoor picnics, while on several occasions tickets were supplied by the various theatres. The reconstruction service in this hospital is one of the most useful and far-reaching of the varied activities. It can really date its beginning from the arrival of the first patients, as the first step was taken with garden work in June, 1918. In July the Reconstruction Chief arrived and began his duties. From this time forward the work grew rapidly. The staff was enlarged by additional induc- tions and by the assignment to this post of several Re- construction Aides. At the same time the efficiency of the staff was increased by appropriate organization, by teacher training, and especially by added experience. Various schools have been opened in which general and special instruction is given and what is of especial in- terest is that occupational therapy upon the wards has been successfully undertaken by a well-selected staff of trained women enlisted as Reconstruction Aides. Another important point in the list of activities car- ried on is the organization of the Reconstruction De- GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 23 tachment. This is made up of patients who, after care- ful observation and examination, will be fit, in the near future, to return to duty. Their minds are gradually led back to regular army routine, and are at the same time watched carefully to see how they stand the work. If all goes well, they are eventually discharged from the hospitals as patients and returned to their organ- ization. At present the Reconstruction Chief has under him two commissioned officers, 25 enlisted men, most of whom are instructors, and 12 Reconstruction Aides. As to the practical application of the work, the last report shows that approximately two-thirds of the en- tire corps of patients are engaged in the various lines of physical reconstruction under medical prescription. U. S. A. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT CAMP DIARY February 20, 1918. Lieut.-Colonel Alexius M. Forster (then Major) ar- rived to organize and open U. S. Army General Hospital No. 16. February 23, 1918. Lease for hospital signed, effective March 1, 1918. February 2^, 1918. First three officers of staff arrived—Major Will H. Swan (then Captain), Captain Harvey O. Byrd (then 1st Lieutenant), and 1st Lieutenant Charles K. Erwin. February 27, 1918. First enlisted man reported for duty. March 6, 1918. First detachment of enlisted men, twenty-five in num- ber, arrived. March 9, 1918. Miss Mary L. Whitney, head nurse, arrived. March 19, 1918. First patient arrived. March 20, 1918. Major Will H. Swan appointed Medical Chief. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 25 March 22, 1918. Dispensary opened. March 23, 1918. 1st Lieutenant Eugene M. Blake arrived, in charge of Nose and Throat Clinic. April 13, 1918. Laboratory and X-Ray Departments organized. April 17, 1918. John J. Finn arrived—first Chaplain (Catholic). May 2, 1918. Construction started on new additional wards. May 3, 1918. Thomas F. Carter, Chaplain, U. S. A., arrived. May 18, 1918. Lieut.-Colonel Estes Nichols (then Major) and Major James W. Price, reported for duty as Instructors. May 23, 1918. Mr. F. W. Aldridge, Field Director, American Red Cross, arrived. June 3, 1918. Major Charles J. Harbeck, M.C., arrived. Chief of Surgical Service. June 15, 1918. Mr. Harry Ranks arrived—first Y. M. C. A. worker assigned to hospital. July 5,1918. Mr. Arthur Lynn, Assistant Field Director, American Red Cross, arrived. 26 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY July 16, 1918. Captain Frank A. Waugh, S. C, arrived. In charge of reconstruction work. August 10, 1918. 2d Lieutenant Ajnasa K. LeMunyan, Q. M. C, re- ported for duty. Ward 3 opened, first temporary ward to accommodate patients outside main building. August 14, 1918. Captain Charles S. Christenson relieved Major Harbeck as Surgical Chief. August 27, 1918. Disciplinary Ward opened. August 28, 1918. Red Cross House No. 2 opened to enlisted men. September 16, 1918. Lieut.-Colonel Alexius M. Forster relieved of duty as Commanding Officer. Lieut.-Colonel Estes Nich- ols, successor. Captain Harry J. Corper placed in charge of laboratory. September 20, 1918. Nurses' Red Cross House officially opened. September 23, 1918. Captain Francis B. Trudeau appointed Historian. October 1, 1918. All buildings across track, with warehouses and bar- racks, turned over to Quartermaster Corps. October 3, 1918. Barracks A opened as observation ward. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 27 October 8, 1918. Red Cross buildings Nos. 1 and 2, containing 20 and 40 beds, respectively, opened as emergency influenza wards. October 12, 1918. Liberty Day. At a special conference the proclama- tion of the President, setting aside this day as Liberty Day, read. During day President's proclamation read to all organ- izations on reservation. November 1, 1918. Captain Charles S. Christenson, Surgical Chief, left. Lieutenant Abraham E. Jaffin appointed acting Surgical Chief. November 9, 1918. Red Cross House No. 2 abandoned as ward and re- opened as under normal conditions. November 10, 1918. Memorial Service held in Red Cross House at 10.00 a.m. for men who died here during the influenza epidemic. November 11, 1918. Armistice signed. Conference given over to patriotic rejoicing. November 12, 1918. At conference, Majors Green and Granger from the Office of the Surgeon General spoke on work of reconstruction in Army. November 16, 1918. Victory Day. All instruction was cancelled for the day and a semi- holiday declared. 28 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY November 18, 1918. At conference Thanksgiving proclamation read. A communication from Secretary Baker, expressing appreciation of War Department for services of men and officers serving in this country and urging them to realize that they are as vital a part of the Army as the men serving overseas, was read. November 20, 1918. Nurses' Red Cross House was abandoned as an In- fluenza Ward and turned over to nurses for their use. November 21, 1918. Mr. Aldridge, Field Director, American Red Cross, left. November 27, 1918. "Development Detachment" formed, Captain David B. Jewett in command. November 28, 1918. "Thanksgiving Day." Services were held. Luncheon served to Officers and their families at 12.30 p.m. In the evening, moving pictures and music. November 29, 1918. Captain Orril L. G. Suggett arrived, relieving Abraham E. Jaffin as Surgical Chief. Mr. L. F. Froelich arrived to take charge of Home Ser- vice Department of Red Cross. December 3, 1918. President Wilson's address to Congress, delivered prior to his sailing for France, was read. WESTERN VIEW OF HOSPITAL BUILDING GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 29 December 4, 1918. Colonel George E. Bushnell arrived. Read paper on "Immunity in Tuberculosis." Major Will H. Swan, Medical Chief, honorably dis- charged. Presented with a silver pitcher by Officers. December 5, 1918. Captain Jacob G. Chichester relieved Captain Suggett as Surgical Chief. Colonel Bushnell's lectures. Discussion of tuberculosis of the lymphatic system and the diagnosis of tuber- culosis. December 6, 1918. Colonel Bushnell lectured on "The Treatment of Tuber- culosis." December 7, 1918. Major Roy D. Adams, M. C, arrived to relieve Major Swan as Medical Chief. December 21, 1918. Military wedding celebrated in Red Cross House No. 2, bridegroom, Captain Everett Morris, and bride, Miss Helen Freer, a Red Cross Nurse recently returned from France. December %h 1918. Christmas Eve. During evening Christmas carols sung in Red Cross House and in various wards by choir, followed by distribution of presents to patients and corps men. December 25, 1918. Christmas. In the morning, services held. A special dinner for Officers, their families and several invited guests. Music and dancing at American Red Cross House. ROSTER OF OFFICERS ARRANGED BY STATES ALABAMA. McFadden, Albeet D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Ariton. ARIZONA. Cohen, Moeeis D., Major, M. C, Bisbee. Richstein, Edwaed J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Bisbee. ARKANSAS. Holt, Elmee E., Captain, M. C, Mena. CALIFORNIA. Bybnes, Ralph L., Major, M. C, Los Angeles. Haebeck, Chaeles J., Major, M. C, Hay ward. COLORADO. Downing, Edgab D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Woodmen. Foestee, Alexius M., Lieutenant-Colonel, M. C, Colorado Springs. Haelow, William P., Captain, M. C, Boulder. Kgeeney, Madison J., Captain, M. C, Pueblo. Little, Wilbue T., Captain, M. C, Canon City. Simon, Saling, Captain, M. C, Denver. Swan, Will H., Major, M. C, Colorado Springs. CONNECTICUT. Aenold, Harold S., Captain, M. C, New Haven. Beck, Maecus C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Bridgeport. Blake, Eugene M., Captain, M. C, New Haven. Beaude, Samuel H., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New Haven. Beayton, Howaed W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Hartford. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 31 Bunnell, Geoege L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Hartford. Eneight, John J., 2d Lieutenant, S. C, New Haven. Fleck, Haeey W., Captain, M. C.,' Bridgeport. Geiggs, John B., Captain, M. C, Hartford. Honeij, James A., Major, M. C, New Haven. Loewe, Leonaed J., Captain, M. C, Higganum. Maeantz, Beenaed C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New Haven. Muedock, Thomas P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Meriden. O'Connell, William M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, West Haven. Ronayne, Feank J., Captain, M. C, Hartford. Whiting, Leonaed C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New Haven. Winteenitz, Milton C, Major, M. C, New Haven. DELAWARE. Samuel, Meeedith I., Major, M. C, Wilmington. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Adams, Roy D., Major, M. C, Washington. FLORIDA. Byed, Haevey O., Captain, M. C, Trilby. GEORGIA. Elkin, Aech, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Atlanta. ILLINOIS. Andeeson, James L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Winfield. Bay, Hieam H., Captain, M. C, Chicago. Beebe, Aethue, Captain, M. C, Stillman Valley. Butteefield, Eveeett H., Captain, M. C, Chicago. Caepentee, Robeet M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, St. Charles. Caetee, Thomas M., Chaplain, Bloomington. Compton, Aethue G., Major, M. C, Chicago. Coepee, Haeey J., Captain, M. C, Chicago. Dufour, Emery H., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Fenn, George K., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago Heights. Harrell, Roy W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Hoffman, John N., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Champaign. Hogan, Thomas A., Captain, M. C, Chicago. 32 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY Kleutgen, Aethue C, Captain, M. C, Chicago. Leigh, Claeence W., Captain, M. C, Chicago. Levy, Emanuel, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Winfield. Maueicau, Van Buren, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Meyers, Jacob K., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Miller, Henry C, Captain, M. C, Chicago. Moran, James M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Oak Forest. Peschman, Robert G., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Reinhart, Maurice D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Rice, Imas P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Oak Park. Schlesinger, Jacob, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chicago. Teapp, Albert R., Captain, M. C, Springfield. Wagner, Guy W., Captain, M. C, Chicago, 111. Wallingsford, William J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, May wood. Watterson, Walter H., Major, M. C, Chicago. INDIANA. Crull, Eric A., Captain, M. C, W. Wayne. Gordon, Joshua M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, South Bend. McBride, William A., Captain, M. C, Indianapolis. Pettijohn, Blanchard B., Captain, M. C, Indianapolis. Samms, Malcolm L., Captain, M. C, Batesville. Stevens, Clark J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Rockville. IOWA. Buck, Samuel C, Captain, M. C, Grinnell. Jewell, Milton D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Decorah. Padgham, John T., Captain, M. C, Grinnell. KANSAS. Brickell, John B., Major, M. C, Americus. Ensign, Charles F., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Lawrence. KENTUCKY. Claypool, Don P., Captain, M. C, Waverley Hill. Lackey, Walter A., Captain, M. C, Paducah. Morris, Everett, Captain, M. C, Sulphur. Wells, George M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Glasgow. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 33 LOUISIANA. Heninger, Ben R., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New Orleans. MAINE. Adams, Lester, Captain, M. C, Bangor. Frisbee, Edward B., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Bridgton. Nichols, Estes, Lieutenant-Colonel, M. C, Portland. O'Brien, Cael R., Captain, M. C, Bangor. MARYLAND. Bridges, William A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Towson. Cheistman, Paul W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Baltimore. Eisenbeeg, Albeet, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Baltimore. Leopold, Eugene J., Captain, M. C, Baltimore. Snydee, Samuel, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, State Sanatorium. MASSACHUSETTS. Baetlett, William B., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Concord. Claek, Cecil W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Newton. Fonteyne, Gustave J., 1st Lieutenant, S. C, New Bedford. Ganley, Edward H., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Methuen. Haywood, Nathaniel J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Willimansett. Jensen, William C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Worcester. Kelly, John M., Captain, M. C, Boston. Perey, Charles E., Captain, M. C, Haydenville. Pillsbuey, Eenest D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Somerville. Riley, Chaeles A., Captain, M. C, Boston. Townsend, David, Captain, M. C, Brookline. Teeanoe, John T., Captain, M. C, Boston. Watts, Heney F. R., Captain, M. C, Boston. Waugh, Feank A., Captain, S. C, Amherst. Zimmeeman, Heney, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Springfield. MICHIGAN. Harkness, Robert B., Captain, M. C, Houghton. Merrill, Charles H., Captain, M. C, Detroit. Schmidt, Albert W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Gay. Schroeder, Leo P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Calumet. Wehinkel, Albert M., Captain, M. C, Detroit. 34 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY MINNESOTA. Beach, George W., Captain, M. C, State Sanatorium. Brelsford, Guy, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, State Sanatorium. Buyer, Leo, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Waseca. Christenson, Chaeles R., Captain, M. C, Starbuck. Coneoy, John M., Captain, M. C, Nopeming. Elliot, James N., Captain, M. C, Minneapolis. Hubeet, Robeet I., Captain, M. C, St. Paul. Pollock, Lee W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Rochester. MISSISSIPPI. Bernard, Bethune C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Indianola. Bourdeaux, Thomas D., Captain, M. C, Meridian. MISSOURI. Butzke, Ernest J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Bowling Green. Huff, Claude V., 1st Lieutenant, D. C, Knob Noster. James, Frank, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Sheldon. Marder, John L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, St. Louis. Paugh, Phreeborn G., Captain, M. C, St. Louis. Suggett, Orril L. G., Captain, M. C, St. Louis. Thomas, Hollis S., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Kansas City. NEBRASKA. Reeder, Grant S., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Fremont. Robinson, Louis B., Captain, M. C, Lincoln. NEW JERSEY. Barishaw, Samuel, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Jersey City. Cook, George L., Captain, M. C, Perrins Grove. Curtis, Grant P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Union. Harhen, George E., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Newark. Jaffin, Abraham E., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Jersey City. Johnson, William C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Summit. Mutter, Alfred, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Arlington. Rubacky, Joseph F. A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Jersey City. NEW YORK. Amols, Alexander, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. RED CROSS HOUSE Y. M. C. A. HUT GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 35 Bennett, Edwin S., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Boland, John J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Boek, Milton E., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Buffalo. Bowen, Feedeeick J., Captain, M. C, Mt. Morris. Bullen, Beenaed C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Ceeeden, Edwaed L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Ebeling, William B., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Brooklyn. Ellis, Thomas F., Captain, M. C, New York City. Feestler, Mathias P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Brooklyn. Glass, Francis A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Greenwald, Max, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Hatzel, Geoege G., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Hayward, Walter G., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Jamestown. Jewett, David B., Captain, M. C, Rochester. Johnson, Frederick A., Captain, M. C, New York City. Joyce, Edgar C, Captain, M. C, New York City. Judkowitz, Herman, Captain, M. C, Brooklyn. Karmiohl, Louis, Captain, M. C, New York City. Kaunitz, Julius, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Kelly, Bernard R., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Kraner, Joseph, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Latane, Henry A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Mt. McGregor. Leary, Montgomery E., Captain, M. C, Rochester. LeMunyan, Amasa K., 1st Lieutenant, Q. M. C, Elmira. Lennon, Francis J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Buffalo. Liss, Edward I., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Lloyd, John J., Captain, M. C, Rochester. Mann, Charles M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Petersburg. McPartlon, Peter, Captain, M. C, Schenectady. Nesbitt, Eugene N., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Brockport. Noeman, Max, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Bedford Hills. Packaed, Edward N., Captain, M. C, Saranac Lake. Parkinson, Vernon M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Amsterdam. Pollini, Emil J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Plunkett, Robert E., Captain, M. C, Whitehall. Price, James W., Major, M. C, Saranac Lake. Randall, John J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Albany. 86 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY Rejall, Alfred E., 1st Lieutenant, S. C, Brooklyn. Sagowitz, Morris A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Sampson, Edwin F., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Seiff, Harry J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, New York City. Shaw, George H., Captain, M. C, Camillus. Spofford, Henry M., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Batavia. Sprague, Leonard P., Captain, M. C, Chateaugay. Stygall, James H., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Buffalo. Taylor, Ewing, Captain, M. C, Riverdale. Trudeau, Francis B., Captain, M. C, Saranac Lake. Wang, Stanley L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Staten Island. West, Theodore S., Captain, M. C, Yonkers. Whipple, Edward G., Captain, M. C, Rochester. White, John E., Captain, M. C, Malone. NORTH CAROLINA. Cheesborough, Thomas, Captain, M. C, Asheville. Cocke, Jere E., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Asheville. Hays, Benjamin K., Captain, M. C, Oxford. Jordan, Charles S., Captain, M. C, Asheville. Long, Walter T., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Roxboro. MacPheeson, George S., Captain, M. C, Highlands. Willcox, Jesse W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Laurel Hill. OHIO. Baldfrrey, Frank C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Warrensville. Bay, William F., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Columbus. Eewin, Chaeles K., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Cincinnati. Fallee, Albert, Captain, M. C, Cincinnati. Gath, Philip, Major, M. C, Cincinnati. Kennedy, Clifford C, 1st Lieutenant, M: C, Bethel. Merwin, James T., Captain, M. C, Athens. Young, Harry C, 2d Lieutenant, S. C, Millersburg. OKLAHOMA. Allen, Edward P., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Oklahoma City. Dill, Glenn E., 1st Lieutenant, S. C, Okemah. GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 37 PENNSYLVANIA. Alexander, Isaac H., Captain, M. C, Pittsburgh. Crawfoed, James S., Captain, M. C, Ingram. Depta, Michael, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Mt. Pleasant. Epstein, Abeaham, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Philadelphia. Flanneey, Leo G., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Philadelphia. Foltz, Jonathan C, Captain, M. C, Philadelphia. Fox, Robeet F., 1st Lieutenant, D. C, Meadville. Goldstein, Julius H., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Pittsburgh. Hamilton, Weir M., Captain, M. C, Pittsburgh. Kindeeman, Haeold W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Philadelphia. Loewenbeeg, Samuel A., Captain, M. C, Philadelphia. MacAetan, Neill D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Cresson. Malone, Clarence M., Captain, M. C, Shamokin. McDermott, Bernard A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Philadelphia. Montgomery, Charles M., Captain, M. C, Philadelphia. Moore, Thomas F., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Pittsburgh. Reckord, Frank F. D., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Harrisburg. Stalberg, Isaac Z., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Philadelphia. Turnbull, William G., Captain, M. C, Cresson. Walsh, Joseph P., Captain, M. C, Philadelphia. Wood, James W., Captain, M. C, Chester. RHODE ISLAND. Davidson, William B., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Pawtucket. SOUTH CAROLINA. Malone, Henry B., Captain, M. C, Chester. McDowell, James D., Major, M. C, York. SOUTH DAKOTA. Chichester, Jacob G., Captain, M. C, Redfield. TENNESSEE. Baird, William O., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Memphis. Givlee, John P., 1st Lieutenant, S. C, Knoxville. Shumakee, Leopold, Captain, M. C, Chattanooga. Stem, Leon T., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, East Lake. Sullivan, Bayaed, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Chattanooga. 38 HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARMY TEXAS. Beenaed, John T., Captain, M. C, Dallas. Beadbrook, James A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Asherton. Gowen, Charles R., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Carlsbad. Hogg, Garrett, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Edna. Kahn, Isidore S., Major, M. C, San Antonio. Stansell, Ivy, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Sanderson. VIRGINIA. Anderson, James B., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Roseland. Baefield, James J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Catawba Sana- torium. Beown, William E., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Catawba Sana- torium. Daeden, St. Clair, 1st Lieutenant, Branchville. Franklin, Albert G., Captain, M. C, Richmond. Gould, Nathaniel J., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Norfolk. Harmon, William C, 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Dolphin. Stringfellow, James L., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Norfolk. WEST VIRGINIA. Gilmore, John W., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Wheeling. WISCONSIN. Brockway, Frank, Captain, M. C, Oshkosh. Dudley, Lewis W., Captain, M. C, Milwaukee. Pleyte, Arthur A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Delafield. Ruschaupt, Louis F., 1st Lieutenant, M. C, Milwaukee. Wilkinson, Michael R., Captain, M. C, Oconomowoc. WYOMING. Newell, Marcus A., Captain, M. C, Sheridan, UNITED STATES ARMY. Balm, Lloyd G., 1st Lieutenant, S. C. Brotherton, Harry, 1st Lieutenant, S. C. Donovan, Daniel C, Captain, S. C. Freer, Arden, Major, M. C. Heazlit, Frederick J., Captain, S. C. COMMANDING OFFICEKS. STAFF AND STUDENT OFFICERS. MARCH. 1919 GENERAL HOSPITAL NO. 16 39 Karlson, Ivan N., 1st Lieutenant, S. C. Marsh, George E., 1st Lieutenant, S. C. UNKNOWN. Binderman, Saul A., 1st Lieutenant, M. C. Cohen, Oscae, 1st Lieutenant, M. C. Silveeman, Jacob G., 1st Lieutenant, M. C. :-.;:-: F-- msr -_-' ^r &,■!,'. : ■■ / - - ^ZMt^i'-l^ '-■ ■- -'- -~'' ■' NLM051004973