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WALTER E SEGSWORTH M E 
FORMERLY ............. 0F TRAINING 
' EPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS' 0] HL RE' ESTA BLISHMEN1 
Canada Retraining 
Canada's Disabled Soldiers 
WALTER E. SEGSWORTH, M.E. 
Formerly Director of Vocational Training 
Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment 
CANADA 
Onaba 
OTTAWA 
J. de LABROQUERIE TACHE 
PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 
1920 CONTENTS 
PAGE 
Foreword .- 3 
Preface 5 
Chapter I. Scope of the Work 7 
II. History and Growth 10 
III. Present Organization 24 
IV. Ward Occupations 34 
V. Curative Workshops 42 
VI. Interviewing • 52 
VII. Industrial Re-training 63 
VIII. Industrial Surveys 100 
IX. Medical Aspects 123 
X. Care of the Blind a 128 
XI. Statistics 145 
I 
XII. Costs ; 155 
XIII. Results and After-care 163 
APPENDICES. 
I. Hours per day or week required for Training Disabled Soldiers 172 
II. Length of Courses in Other Countries 174 
III. A Selected Bibliography 184 
IV. Pay and Allowances during Training 190 
V. Statistics to December 31, 1919 191 CLASS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING. 
Electrical engineering is not taught as a separate subject except to those men who are taking a course for a degree. The men 
in the class in the illustration are men taking part time courses in school and will finish their training in some industrial establish- 
ment. They are being taught the basic principles in the class room. These men will become sub-section tenders, meter testers, 
house wire men, etc. 
Face page 3. FOREWORD. 
For the purpose of re-establishing in civil life those ex-members of the 
Canadian Forces so far disabled by service as to be unable to resume their pre- 
war activities, Industrial Re-training was commenced by the Canadian Govern- 
ment in 1915. Mr. W. E. Segsworth, a mining engineer, was appointed Director 
in July, 1917. The salient features of the Canadian system have been outlined 
in this volume so that they may be available to those interested in the re-training 
of the disabled, whether by war or otherwise. This publication should form a 
distinct contribution to the available knowledge on this subject. 
There may have been some who, not being familiar with the difference 
between training normal men and disabled men, were unable to appreciate the 
basic soundness of the scheme so promptly inaugurated in Canada, and who 
therefore felt somewhat sceptical of its effectiveness. The practical results 
obtained from operation over a period exceeding three years, demonstrates its 
success. Not only had Mr. Segsworth the vision to foresee the value of the 
plan when started, but with the courage of his convictions he made it effective 
when requested by me to do so. Although he retired from the active direction 
of the work nearly a yeai' ago, the organization he developed has been capable 
of continuing what he so well started, despite an amazing growth in the number 
of men seeking and receiving the benefit of re-training. 
An indication of the rapid growth of the activities of Industrial Re-train- 
ing since Mr. Segsworth became Director in July, 1917, until he retired in 
March, 1919, to resume his practice as a mining engineer, and thereafter, is 
obtained from the following:- 
When the present policy of re-training was adopted and undertaken by 
him in July, 1917, there were but 638 men in training classes of all kinds. The 
men receiving their re-training were for the greater part to be found in class 
rooms which were shared by those taking convalescent training. By December 
of 1917, the groups were divided, there being at that time 954 men in re-training 
and 2,199 in convalescent classes. The work has steadily and rapidly grown 
to the present date, December 31, 1919, at which perid there are 23,626 men 
receiving re-training and 9,505 graduates. Of the men in retraining, 12,342 
are attending schools and 11,284 are training in industries. Classes for convales- 
cents are providing occupational work for an additional 4, 323 hospital patients. 
The figures - as of December 31, 1919, include 7,454 minors, young men who 
enlisted prior to their eighteenth birthday and who, through war service, suffered 
severe interruption to their training for civilian life, provision for whom was 
made by the Government as from April 16, 1919. 
Quite rightly, Mr. Segsworth maintained that unless an unequivocal survey 
of results was continuously made, the value of the expenditures in money and 
energy could not be estimated. By his periodical follow-up at their new occupa- 
tions of those who had been re-trained, data was secured which, I believe, is not 
available with respect to similar work being conducted in other countries. It 
might have been reasonably expected that with the rapid and unexpected sudden 
increase in the number undergoing re-training, combined with the general 
industrial unsettlement during the transition from war to peace conditions, 
there would be an appreciable drop in the efficiency of the work. An analysis 
of the follow-up surveys, however, shows that the organization stood this abnor- 
mal strain satisfactorily. 
In the appendix will be found charts and tables which show the growth of 
the work since the manuscript of Mr. Segsworth's book was prepared, and the 
3 4 
latest analysis of the success of the disabled men who have been re-trained and 
re-claimed and are now re-established in a trade or occupation wherein their 
disability does not affect their success or earning power. 
Minister, Department of Soldiers' Civil 
Re-Establishm ent. PREFACE 
The industrial rehabilitation of soldiers who have been disabled in the war 
has aroused a great deal of interest among labour unions, employers, sociologists, 
educationalists and the public at large in all the belligerent countries. 
In former wars the disabled soldier was given a pension, often far too small, 
and was then discharged to eke out a living as best he could without further 
assistance from the Government. The present war has, however, awakened 
a keen sense of public duty toward those who have so bravely defended their 
country, with the result that provision has been made in every country for the 
re-training of those disabled in the war. Growing out of this work is a feeling that 
industrial re-training should be extended for the benefit of men crippled in civil 
life. 
In Canada the work has grown so quickly and for a long time has been so 
much a matter of development that there was no time to write. As experience 
was gained changes were made to fit the needs as they occurred. These changes 
came so quickly that if any attempt had been made to set down the system as 
it stood, such statement would be out of date before it could be published. By 
the end of the year 1918 however, certain broad general principles had emerged 
and the main features of the system had been established. Also sufficient 
statistics had been gathered to permit a review of the actual results. Naturally 
enough, any work which aroused such great public interest and about which so 
little was known, was often misunderstood. It seemed desirable therefore, 
at this time to place before the public a plain statement of fact as to the principles 
adopted and the results obtained in Canada with the hope that such statement 
would inform all those who wished to know more about the work, and bring out 
helpful and constructive criticism which is one of the greatest spurs to progress. 
Much of the misunderstanding as to Canadian principles and methods has 
been due to statements by authors not connected with or authorized to speak 
for the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment which is charged with 
the administration of this work by the Government of Canada. 
For the most part they have not been in sympathy with the practical aim 
of the Canadian work for the disabled. Many are sentimental or theoretical 
amateurs possessing a very limited knowledge of the facts. To these facts they 
add surmises, and these are taken as facts by the next writer. Among other 
misconceptions, they have succeded in creating the impression that all disabled 
soldiers are physical or mental wrecks, mere human drift-wood, broken in mind, 
body and spirit and devoid of will. This is none the less an unfortunate if 
unintentional libel. Once these disabled soldiers have overcome the state of 
institutionalism due to their long period in hospital, and are given an opportunity 
to learn a new occupation, they display more initiative, will power, concentration 
and desire to learn then do civilians. It is hoped that the plain statement of fact 
in this volume will clear away these misunderstandings. 
An endeavour has been made to show that the problem is first of all a human 
one; that the re-training of each man must be considered a separate problem, 
to the solution of which must be applied not only training, but all other social 
agencies such as medicine, psychology, social service, trade, industrial and 
labour relationships, and many others which enter into special cases. 
This problem cannot be solved by any scientific formula, for the factors 
due to varying individuality are not susceptible to accurate measurement. 
These men cannot be sorted and classified and then each group treated according 
to some pre-arranged scientific plan. The most complete system charted, 
organized and planned in advance will fail if it does not provide a ready means of 
5 6 
adapting it to individual need; and unless it provides at all times for the fullest 
application of the understanding of human nature. 
If in the endeavour to describe the completely unified organization built up 
to supply, control and apply all these agencies, the impression has been created 
that the human element has been sacrificed to efficiency and economy, then the 
author has entirely failed to present a true picture of the Canadian system. 
This volume has been prepared amidst the hurry and rush of work, and if in 
places it lacks logical arrangement and literary merit it is hoped that the facts 
contained therein will excuse the faults. 
The writer wishes to acknowledge the kindness of those who helped to 
prepare the work-to Mr. N. F. Parkinson, Director of Vocational Training, 
to Dr. J. G. Cunningham, Deputy Director of Medical Services who reviewed 
the chapters on Ward occupations and Curative Workshops, and to Mr. 
V. G. Rexford and Mr. N. L. Burnette who furnished much of the material for 
these chapters; to Dr. D. A. Kingston, Vocational Medical Officer for the 
Province of Quebec, and Dr. Geo. Graham, Vocational Medical Officer for the 
Province of Ontario, who furnished the material and reviewed the chapter on 
Medical Aspects; to Capt. E. A. Baker, M.C., Croix de Guerre, who is in charge 
of the training of the Blind for the Department, and who furnished the material 
for the chapter on the Blind; to Prof. H. E. T. Haultain, Vocational Officer for 
Ontario, and Professor of Mining at the University of Toronto, who reviewed 
the chapter on Industrial Re-training; to Mr. G. A. Boate, Superintendent of 
Training, who furnished the statistical information and reviewed the book 
before publication, and to Miss K. Calhoun and Mrs. L. Timbrell who rendered 
invaluable assistance in its preparation. 
Ottawa, Canada, 
April 15, 1919. 
W. E. S. CHAPTER I. 
SCOPE OF THE WORK. 
From the moment a man enters the army every effort is made to make him 
a small unit in a large organization. He is taught to obey first and to think 
afterwards. If he is wounded he is taken to a hospital where he will likely pass 
through a long period of idleness during which he is prone to brood on his mis- 
fortunes and those of the other 'wounded about him. 
The soldiers with whom the Vocational Branch deal, have all incurred 
some disability which prevents them from following their former occupations. 
While they are in the hospital they are constantly wondering what they are 
going to do in order to recover the earning power which they had in their former 
occupation. The state of mind so produced is what has been termed "institu- 
tionalism." Once this state of mind has been overcome the ex-soldiers are far 
superior to the average civilian as students. 
The problem of bringing men who are thus disabled back to their full 
earning power in civil life, can be divided into two parts-medical and industrial. 
The medical part is taken care of by the Army Medical Corps and the Medical 
Branch of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. 
The Vocational Branch is concerned directly with all those agencies necessary 
to bring the .handicapped soldier back to civil life from an industrial standpoint. 
The problem is not always entirely that of teaching a man a new occupation, 
but is in part that of teaching him that he is not really a cripple in the ordinary 
sense, and that he is not even as badly handicapped as he may think. 
Disabilities incurred on service may prevent a man from following or 
returning to his former occupation from three causes:- 
1. He may be physically unable to return to his former occupation. 
2. He may sincerely believe that he is unable to go back to his former 
occupation, or 
3. The man for whom the Medical Branch can do nothing more, may not 
immediately be able to return to his former occupation, but may 
become so later. 
In the first case it is necessary to teach him a new occupation. 
For the second class the problem is to bring the ex-soldier to believe that 
he can go back to his former occupation, if he will. In a good many cases it is 
sufficient to reason with him and show him that he can and ask him to try; 
success usually follows, but there are other cases in which the man cannot be 
got by reason or persuasion to believe that he can return to it, and he is then 
granted a course in some other occupation, and before long merely working has 
such a curative effect mentally, that he goes back to his former vocation. 
The third case is the man for whom the Medical Branch can do nothing 
more, who cannot immediately return to his former occupation, but whose 
disability will so decrease in time or by exercise that he may be able to do so 
later. Usually he does not know or believe that at the end of three, four or six 
months, he will be able to resume his former occupation. He is treated as a 
man of the second class, usually with successful results. 
In re-training disabled soldiers, most of whom by the way are unskilled men 
without definite occupations, or of the less highly skilled occupations, two 
policies are open to the Government:- 
7 8 
1. To take all these men and train them in highly skilled trades, such as 
carpenters, printers, plumbers, machinists, etc. which if they have 
no skill to build upon would take from one to three years, or possibly 
more. 
2. (a) If they are skilled in some occupation to build on that foundation 
by training them in some lighter occupation closely allied to it where 
their former experience may be made use of, or 
(b) If they have no former skill to build upon to train them in some 
occupation (not piece work) in which they will be able to earn the 
full going wage. This can be accomplished in an average of from 
6 to 8 months. 
The second method has been adopted as a general principle in all allied and 
enemy countries, and also in Canada. While we speak of training a disabled man 
for a new occupation this should not be misunderstood. It is definitely part 
of the policy of the Department in every case of disablement, to train a man 
in an occupation as closely allied to his former one as possible. If a man has 
been a printer and has an amputation of the leg, he should be trained to operate 
a linotype or monotype machine. If he has been a house carpenter and is so 
weakened that he cannot climb over a building, he should be taught cabinet 
making. If he was a high tension wireman and cannot carry on he should be 
given some of the lighter lines of electrical work. A disabled railroad brakeman 
should become a telegrapher, train despatcher or something on the railroad, thus 
carrying on in his own environment. However, for the disabled unskilled 
labourer, some occupation should be selected in which he can earn the full going 
wage in the locality in which he resides. The illiterate mine labourer if he has 
mechanical aptitude should be taught to run concentrating tables or the stamps 
in a gold mill. The unskilled labourer may be taught shoe repairing or some 
such occupation, and the unskilled European who has fought in our armies, 
may be taught some occupation suited to his nationality. For instance Finns 
and Italians take kindly to tailoring. 
The whole policy of the Vocational Branch therefore may be stated shortly 
as follows: 
First to introduce to the man at his bedside the idea of work in ward occupa- 
tions. To start at that place to train his mind away from a state of institu- 
tionalism-to continue this work in a more intensive form in the curative 
workshops, and in these two branches while the doctor is curing him to gain some 
knowledge of his industrial adaptability, and then when he is discharged by the 
medical board if he is too disabled to follow his former occupation, to train 
both his mind and hands in an occupation at which he can earn the full going 
wage. Having trained him, to assist him to find employment and readjust 
himself to the conditions of civil life. 
As far as unionised occupations are concerned, the policy of the Department 
is to work in close conjunction with the labour organizations. 
It is also a definite principle of the Department to train the whole number 
of disabled men in as many occupations as possible instead of in a few, so that 
competition between the men themselves and others in these occupations, will 
be as small as possible. 
Those who receive this training are in age all the way from youths to men 
of 50 years; in education, from the illiterate to the university student; indus- 
trially, any where between the limits of the lowest grade railway labourer and 
the highly skilled mechanic. While a large number are single, fully half the 
men taking training are married and have children, or have dependents as well 
as other responsibilities. In industrial experience they range from the boy 
who has never worked for wages, to the mechanic, artisan, clerk and professional 
man, who has been engaged in industrial life 15 or 20 years. 9 
In public and techincal day schools, the students vary between certain well 
defined ages. In high schools, technical day schools and universities besides the 
ages of the students being confined within fairly well settled limits, the students 
are drawn from the higher classes, mentally, of the population, and for the most 
part have not been wage earners. In the ordinary educational institutions the 
students all enter at one time and leave at one time, and in the university espe- 
cially those students who get so far are of a high mental type compared with 
the rest of the population. 
The disabled men who are eligible for industrial re-training are really a 
cross section of the male society of the country from 16 to 45 years of age, while 
in the Universities or other educational establishments only a small section is 
obtained by process of natural selection. The disabled ex-soldier has to enter 
on any day of the year and graduate at any time during the term. 
These are conditions which must be known and recognized to build up an 
effective system of re-training for the disabled. The slightest consideration will 
show how different this is from the ordinary educational problem. 
With the policy herein stated in view, and in consideration of the new factors 
introduced, a system of re-training has had to be built up to meet these new 
conditions which is totally unlike any training or educational system heretofore 
in operation. 
The evolution of re-training has taken place by natural growth. Hand in 
hand with the re-training has gone study, research and experiment, and as new 
ideas have developed and been found to be effective in one part of the country, 
they have been put into effect throughout the whole country. It is the policy 
of the Vocational Branch to continue this research and improvement, and to 
put change into effect as soon as found beneficial. CHAPTER II 
HISTORY AND GROWTH. 
Before the present war attempts had been madt; in several places to train 
crippled soldiers and the industrially handicapped. Nothing had ever been 
definitely done to put systems of training in force for all crippled soldiers or 
civilians. The training of industrial cripples had probably reached its greatest 
development in Belgium, in one or two small isolated schools in Holland, the 
United States and the Lord Roberts' Workshops in England, but little substan- 
tial progress had been made. 
On the 30th June, 1915, the Government of the Dominion of Canada created 
the Military Hospitals Commission to take care of the interests of returned 
soldiers. The President of this Commission was the Honourable Sir James A. 
Lougheed, P.C., K.C.M.G., and the Secretary, Mr. E. H. Scammell. The 
Commission consisted of prominent men throughout Canada who gave their 
time voluntarily to the work. The history of this Commission is told more fully 
elsewhere, and this article will only treat with the history of the vocational work 
under its care. 
In the early months of its existence the attention of the Commission was 
directed to the problem of re-training disabled soldiers by Mr. E. H. Scammell, 
the Secretary of the Commission. Mr Scammell about this time received a 
short unsigned report from Mr. E. M. MacDonald, M.P., Pictou, N.S., which 
afterwards was found to have been written by Miss Ina Matthews. This report 
urged the establishment of a comprehensive system of vocational training. 
In view of this and other information, Mr. Scammell requested Prof. F. H. 
Sexton, Director of Technical Education for Nova Scotia, to prepare a full 
report on the matter. He also conferred with Professor Sexton, Miss Matthews, 
Mr. MacDonald, Senator Smeaton White and others, after which he prepared 
a report outlining a National System of Vocational Training, which was pub- 
lished by the Government in Sessional Paper No. 35a, dated October, 1915. 
It was proposed in this report that the maintenance of men undergoing training 
should be paid out of a voluntary fund which had then been started, known as 
the Disablement Fund, an account of which is to be found in the Annual Report 
of the Commission, dated May, 1917. This fund was the forerunner of the 
present Pay and Allowances of the Government. In view of the recommenda- 
tions made the Government of Canada determined to have a centrally directed 
system, so that the benefits of Vocational Training could extend to all soldiers 
entitled to the same, no matter where they resided in Canada. The Govern- 
ment looked upon itself as responsible for this problem and determined to shoulder 
the responsibility and to carry it through. 
During the year 1915, practically all the civilized countries at war had 
started a movement for the systematic training of the handicapped soldiers. 
These early beginnings have been treated fully by other writers and need not 
be described here. 
A study of the work in other countries at this time revealed the fact that in 
most of them the work of re-training crippled soldiers was being taken up by 
local committees and municipalities, who directed their own work and also 
supplied the money, or where the money was supplied by the central Govern- 
ment, the work at least was directed by the local authorities. There was no 
unified system of control; in some parts of these countries the work was ad- 
ministered well and great progress was made; in other parts little or nothing 
was done. 
10 11 
At the request of Sir Robert Borden, the Prime Minister, the Premiers of all 
the Provinces met in conference in Ottawa on the 18th October, 1915, and 
among other things considered was the problem of vocational training for dis- 
abled soldiers. It was decided at that conference that the training and em- 
ployment of those men who were so disabled that they could not return to their 
previous occupation, should be left in the hands of the Dominion Government, 
and that the various Provinces would co-operate with the Federal Government 
by placing at its disposal those educational and other training institutions under 
their control. Mr. F. H. Sexton, Director of Technical Education in Nova 
Scotia, attended this conference as adviser. 
This cleared the way for the present centrally controlled system of training. 
During these early days Mr. T. B. Kidner, who was Director of Technical 
Education in the City of Calgary, Alberta, was with a few friends voluntarily 
interviewing returned soldiers in regard to their future plans. In January, 1916, 
Mr. Kidner was called to Ottawa by Sir James Lougheed, to undertake the organ- 
ization of this work in Canada for the Commission. 
When Mr. Kidner arrived in Ottawa he had already made a close study of all 
that had been done up to that time both in Canada and other countries, and had 
plans partly matured to put into effect. In the month of March 1916 he visited 
the various Provinces of Canada and made arrangements to secure the co-oper- 
ation of the Provinces. It was arranged that in each province a voluntary com- 
mittee would be appointed, on which there would be representatives of education, 
labour, agriculture, manufacture, and others who were interested and could 
bring light to bear on the training of these disabled soldiers. It was also 
arranged with the various educational departments that they should loan to 
the Dominion Government men to undertake this work. 
In the Province of Ontario it was arranged that the Military Hospitals Com- 
mission should select the men for training and designate in what subjects they 
were to be trained, and that the Ontario Government would create a body to be 
called the Ontario Soldiers' Aid Commission, which should undertake the training 
as agents for and at the expenses of the Dominion Government. 
As a result of this organization trip, work was started in the spring of 1916 
in a number of hospitals throughout Canada. At the commencement of the 
work in the hospitals classes in general subjects were established, in which those 
who desired to do so might brush up their education before taking up new sub- 
jects. One of the earliest classes put on was to teach English to foreign born 
members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force of whom a number had been 
returned. 
More from a recreative than an educational point of view instruction in 
simple work of arts and crafts was introduced. This work often involved 
draughting, and led to the installation of apparatus for instruction in mechanical 
and architectural drawing. In practically every centre classes in general subjects 
developed a definite commercial side, in which shorthand, typewriting, book- 
keeping and relative subjects were taught. A little later on shoe repairing, 
novelty making, wood working and auto mechanics were introduced, and in some 
of the hospitals where land was available market gardening and poultry raising 
were taken up. 
It was soon found however, that while a few men could be sufficiently trained 
before discharge to become proficient in some occupation, that a large number 
were being discharged before their training was complete. In order to take care 
of these men it was found necessary to continue their training after discharge, 
and some authority had to be granted for their support during this period. On 
the 29th of June, 1916, an Order-in-Council (No. 1472) was passed, fixing a 
scale of pay and allowances, and giving the Military Hospitals Commission 
authority to train after discharge men who were so disabled by war service 
that they could not follow their previous occupation. The practical develop- 12 
ment of the system of industrial re-training dates from the passing of this Order- 
in-Council. 
The gradual expansion of the work outlined in the previous paragraphs 
continued until December 1916, when Mr. S. A. Armstrong was appointed 
Director of the Military Hospitals Commission. Under his able leadership the 
universities throughout the country were induced to take up part of the work, 
and McGill University in Montreal and the University of Saskatchewan in 
in Saskatoon were the first to be brought in. Mr. Armstrong made a visit to 
Saskatoon in the spring of 1917 and met Dr. Walter C. Murray, LL.D., President 
of the University of Saskatchewan. At that time no facilities existed in the 
Province of Saskatchewan for technical training. The only place available to 
carry on this work in that province was at the University where a very complete 
equipment existed for teaching farm engineering. Mr. Armstrong induced Dr. 
Murray to undertake the training of disabled soldiers, and from that time for- 
ward all work in mechanical lines and agriculture in Saskatchewan has been 
done at the University. 
This policy of using the universities once introduced by Mr. Armstrong has 
been extended throughout Canada until nearly every university in the country 
is taking its part. 
Mr. Armstrong's experience in creating a system of industries under the 
Ontario Provincial Government enabled him to visualize the importance of 
developing the practical side of vocational training and introducing into it some 
broader views than had hitherto existed. 
During these early days when the work was developing little distinction 
was made between the curative side of vocational training and industrial re- 
training or training for new occupations. Part of the work was done prior to dis- 
charge and part after discharge. Those students taking work for curative pur- 
poses were mixed in the same classes with those who had the more serious aim of 
learning a new occupation. Men who were learning a new occupation were 
taught part of it before discharge and the balance after. 
It was found however that this system was full of defects and did not fill 
the needs of the students. When the men were in hospital they had to attend 
at medical parades and orderly room at all times of the day, and had also to 
attend for treatment. These appointments broke up the day for those men 
who were taking industrial re-training. The men who were not taking industrial 
re-training but did work with a curative object in view only, attended the 
classes one or two hours a day under the direction of the doctor, and this caused 
discontent among the other men who were learning a new occupation and had 
to attend five or six hours a day. The mixing of different classes of students 
led to serious misunderstanding as to the objects of the work, both among the 
men, the doctors and instructors, and led also to a conflict of interest and control. 
It was therefore decided to divide the work into two distinct branches-the 
curative work and industrial re-training. 
The curative work was to take place prior to discharge while the men were 
in hospital, and under the direction of the doctors. 
Industrial re-training was to take place after discharge and after medical 
treatment had ceased. 
The two classes of students were to be separated while being trained, and 
where possible put in different institutions. 
The men taking curative work were referred to as patients and not students, 
and the work was all to be under the control of the doctors. 
In the second class-industrial re-training-the men were to be students 
and not patients and the doctors would become advisers instead of being in 
control of the direction of the work. 
It would not have been possible to make this distinction with economy 
in the early days, owing to the small and scattered numbers of those for whom 
the work was being administered. This division of the work however was 13 
possible at the time it was made owing to the increasing number of students 
and the large number of institutions in which the work was being taken care of. 
During the year 1915 Mr. W. M. Dobell and Major J. L. Todd, were asked 
by the Dominion Government to proceed to Europe and study the work of 
rehabilitation of the returned soldiers in various countries, and on their return 
they made a very complete report. 
They found that attempts had been made to train crippled soldiers in the 
industries but there had been a tendency on the part of the French employers 
to exploit the labour of these soldiers rather than to train them. This led 
the Commission to adopt definitely the policy of training all men in schools 
and institutions and to discard the apprenticeship system. This policy was 
definitely stated in the annual report of the Commission in May, 1917. 
During the spring of 1917 a few technical men in the city of Toronto 
formed themselves into a Joint Committee of Technical Organizations, for the 
purpose of putting at the disposal of the Government the services of those 
engineers and technical men in Canada who were not able to go overseas and 
who desired to offer their services part time to the Government. On this 
committee were not only technical men who were manufacturers and employers 
but'technical men who were foremen and managers of works. 
Among other subjects investigated by this committee was that of training 
handicapped soldiers, and after discussion it came to the conclusion that the 
Commission was at fault in deciding not to adopt the apprenticeship system, 
They felt that the employers of Canada were willing to shoulder their part 
of the burden of training crippled soldiers if properly approached, and would 
not exploit their labour. 
Up to July, 1917, 39 occupations were being taught, and the following table 
shows these courses with the cumulative and direct percentages:- 
1. Commercial work 16-9 16-9 
2. Civil Service 26-6 9-7 
3. Motor Mechanics 42-1 15-5 
4. Gas & Steam Engineering 51-4 9-3 
5. Telegraphy 58-1 6-7 
6. Tractor Engineering 62-6 4-5 
7. Farming and Poultry Raising . 67-1 4-5 
8. Electrical Work 70-4 3-3 
9. Shoe Repairing 73-7 3-3 
10. Farming 76-7 3-0 
11. Machine Shop Practice 79-4 2-7 
12. Poultry Raising 81-8 2-4 
13. Draughting 84-0 2-2 
14. Farm mechanics 86-0 2-0 
15. Commercial art 87-5 1-5 
16. Municipal accounting 88-8 1-3 
17. Occupations for the Blind 90T 1-3 
18. Building inspection 91-2 1-1 
19. Manual training teachers 92-3 1-1 
20. Miscellaneous courses 100-0 7-7 
This study was macle by Dr. C. C. Brigham, Ph.D., a doctor of Psychology, 
and in presenting this table he says as follows:- 
"It may be seen from the above table that although the number of courses offered is 
comparatively large, the majority of the men are in very few courses. For instance 
50% of the re-training cases are taking one of 4 courses, 75% are included in 10 courses. 
If the cases were distributed equally among the 39 courses offered 8.4% of them 
would be in each course." 
This state of affairs was the result of the policy of the department up to 
that time as hereinbefore stated. It will be seen that if this policy continued-• 
three courses which absorbed 42%, viz., Commercial, Civil Service and Motor 
Mechanics would become overcrowded and the disabled men would not only 
be competing with other disabled men but with those already in these occupa- 
tions. It was, therefore, realized that a larger number of courses must be made 14 
available to prevent this competition. It was apparent also that too many 
men were being placed in sedentary occupations instead of productive ones. 
Experience in technical schools had shown that there were only a small 
number of occupations in which men could be successfully trained in a school, 
therefore the obvious solution of the difficulty was to train them in industry. 
Another reason for this policy was that the cost of equipment and buildings for 
training men in occupations in schools was very high and the transition from 
training to wage earning was easier if the men were trained in the industry 
itself rather than in the school. 
Mr. Armstrong met several members of the Joint Committee of Technical 
Organizations in July, 1917. As a result of these meetings the policy of the 
Commission in this respect was changed, and Mr. Armstrong asked the author, a 
Mining Engineer and who was a member of the committee, to become Director of 
Vocational Training, in order to put into effect the apprenticeship system, bring 
the work into closer touch with labour and employers and give a more practical 
trend to the whole policy. The author took charge on the 1st of August, 1917. 
The result of this change in policy has been that at the present time the 
department is training, or has trained, men in 314 occupations and in chapter 6, 
page 60, will be found a list of these occupations. This list is being added to 
constantly. 
At the inception of the work in 1916, an arrangement was made with the 
Soldiers' Aid Commission, in Ontario, that in addition to training the returned 
soldiers under the agreement made with them they should also act as general 
agents of the department in selecting the men for training. 
The expansion of the work however, had progressed so far by September, 
1917, that it was found desirable for the department to put its own staff in the 
province of Ontario in order to take charge of the interviewing, the selection 
of men for training, the introduction of the apprenticeship system, social service, 
after care, etc., and to provide ready means for the purchase of equipment and 
for the issue of pay and allowances for men; also to provide more direct means 
of communication between the department in Ottawa and the Soldiers' Aid 
Commission, so that new policies adopted could be put in force without delay. 
Prof. H. E. T. Haultain, Professor of Mining at the University of Toronto, 
was induced to take charge of this work and act as Vocational Officer for the 
province of Ontario. Under his administration the expansion of the work 
and the introduction of the new policies were put into effect without delay. 
Prof. Haultain rendered voluntary service and to him are due many of the 
changes of policy introduced. 
During the year 1916 the work of the Vocational Branch received so little 
encouragement from either the public or the men that the increase in the number 
of students was small, but the rate of increase was largely accelerated during the 
first half of 1917, and in the latter half of that year, owing to publicity among 
the soldiers and the public, this acceleration was very marked indeed. 
The question of staff had become a pressing one. Up to that time both the 
executive and teaching staff had been drawn from men who had had previous 
training in educational work. It was clearly seen that very shortly this source 
would fail to supply the requisite number of men. Further it was not only 
desirable but necessary to have returned soldiers administering the work and 
there were not enough educationalists returning to form a sufficient staff. 
It was also felt that in order to bring the work more closely in touch with 
the labour and manufacturing interests and put it on a practical basis, the 
executive staff at least should be composed in some part of men who had had 
previous experience in industry and trades, and who understood both the point 
of view of the labour organizations and the employers. With regard to this 
it was felt that soldiers who had been craftsmen, if properly selected, would make 
better instructors for other returned men than men who had spent their lives in 
teaching. It was therefore decided to build up both the administrative and 15 
instructional staff so that there would be a happy mixture of educationalists 
and industrial men, and to have on this staff as large a proportion as possible of 
returned soldiers. While it was desirable to have returned soldiers it was seen 
that the question of efficiency and administration must come first. This policy 
was immediately put into force and has been adhered to ever since, and among 
the male members of the staff the percentage of returned soldiers has risen from 
thirty-seven per cent at the end of 1917, to seventy-three per cent at the end 
of 1918. On the 1st February, 1919, the returned soldiers on the staff of the 
Vocational Branch numbered five hundred and nineteen, male civilians one 
hundred and eighty-four. 
At the beginning the instructor in charge of the work in any hospital, was 
assigned the duty of interviewing soldiers to see whether they needed re-training 
or were entitled to its benefits. There was no compulsory system of interview- 
ing. The principal of the school simply picked out those men whom he thought 
needed training and interviewed them. A large number of men were discharged 
and passed into civil life who could not compete with their fellow workmen, and 
these men kept constantly returning to the department for training. Those 
who needed training and did not return spread dissatisfaction throughout the 
country. It was therefore decided that all men who were discharged through 
the invalided section of the army must be interviewed by a representative of the 
Vocational branch before discharge. This policy was put into force in the fall of 
1917, and at this time the Vocational Branch began to go through all the back files 
and write to all invalided soldiers who had been discharged without an inter- 
view, in order to call their attention to the advantages of industrial re-training. 
About this time also an order was put into force that all men in hospital 
should spend some time each day in the curative workshops, provided it did not 
interfere with medical treatment. This resulted in an increased number of 
men attending curative workshops and materially shortening the time of treat- 
ment. This order could not be put into effect everywhere as facilities did not 
exist at that time in every hospital, but these deficiencies have since been made 
up in practically every instance. 
During the fall of 1917 the Director of Vocational Training visited the 
officer in charge of every province in Canada and made plans for the introduction 
of the apprenticeship system. It was, however, necessary, before introducing 
this system, to get into touch with the manufacturers and labour unions, and 
Mr. G. A. Boate, who was a Canadian by birth and training but had been for 
some years in the United States, was brought from Newton Technical School 
to plan and introduce the industrial surveys referred to elsewhere. 
Briefly then, the changes in policy which were put into effect during the 
year 1917, were:- 
1. To make a sharp distinction between occupational therapy and indus- 
trial re-training. 
2. To introduce the apprenticeship system into Industrial re-training. 
3. To aid this purpose, the organization of a system of industrial surveys 
of employers. 
4. To make occupational therapy in the hospitals compulsory provided 
the doctors concurred in each case. 
5. To increase the number of returned soldiers on the staff and introduce 
a large number of men on the executive staff with industrial exper- 
ience. 
6. To interview all men in the invalided section before discharge in 
regard to their ability to carry on in civil life. 
7. To introduce measures to see that all men already discharged through 
the invalided section, were communicated with either by letter, 
personal interview, or through the travelling visitors of the Pension 
Board. 16 
During 1918 however, further changes and expansion of policy were made 
and put into effect. 
At the beginning of 1918 the graduates numbered 133. The Department 
began to feel that a very searching inquiry should be made as to the success 
being attained in the work. Up to that time men had been taken on the strength 
for training but, owing to the length of the courses, few had graduated. It was 
impossible to measure results except through the success of the graduates. It 
was also felt that it was not sufficient merely to graduate the men from courses 
and turn them out into civil life without assisting them to get positions suitable 
to the training taken, and disabilities from which they were suffering. The 
Department therefore introduced and organized the follow-up and after-care 
section. Its duty was to receive notification a month before a man was about 
to graduate and see that a position was waiting for him; to place him in this 
position, and then to see that it was suited to him and that he was making a 
success of his work there. It was also its duty to obtain and keep statistics as 
to the work graduates were doing, the wages they were receiving, and their 
relations with their employers, fellow workmen and the unions, if they were 
engaged in a unionized occupation. 
At first this section of the work met with a great many difficulties, for the 
men who had graduated did not freely give information as to what they were 
doing. However it was finally found that on assuring the men that the informa- 
tion was confidential and only for the purpose of assisting them and obtaining 
support for further work, these difficulties were overcome. 
The follow-up and after care section aims to follow the man in civil life only 
until he becomes stabilized. The Department does not wish to introduce any 
paternal system of after-care. So far it has met with such success that we have 
been able to trace over 90 per cent of all the graduates. The reason the balance 
cannot be traced is that on graduation or shortly after they move to other pro- 
vinces or countries without leaving any address, but even of these who have been 
lost track of for some time, many are gradually being found and recorded. 
In the early months of 1918 it was found that a number of men who were 
taking courses were absent from their classes without excuse, and it was felt that 
the money spent so far by the Government on these men would be wasted if 
something was not done to overcome this laxness. 
In the largest centre of training, viz, Toronto, Prof. Haultain suggested that 
a social service worker should be put on the staff,whose duty it would be to investi- 
gate these cases. In Montreal a part time social service worker was engaged. 
Investigation by these social service workers showed that there were two or three 
causes for these chronic absentees. It was found that the domestic relations of 
some of the men were not satisfactory and this caused them so much worry that 
they could not continue their work. The social service worker was successful in a 
great many cases in adjusting this. In other cases it was found that the wives 
and dependents of the men were not encouraging them but after being en- 
lightened as to the work, instead of discouraging the disabled soldier, they took 
an active interest in his training. 
In other cases it was found that owing to lack of management on behalf of 
part of the family, the pay and allowance in a few instances were not meeting 
the needs of the man and his dependents. The social service worker was able 
to assist the family with her advice in this regard and so solved this difficulty 
in a number of cases. Again it was found that the children of the disabled 
soldier were sick, and a little instruction was given to the mother along the lines 
of nursing and sanitation together with a little assistance for a day or two, thus 
relieving the man from worry and allowing him to give his undivided attention 
to his work. 
In a very few cases men were found to be ill and they were immediately 
turned over to the medical branch of the Department for care. 17 
Montreal and Toronto were the only places large enough to require the time 
of paid social service workers. In other centres advantage was taken of the 
Canadian Patriotic Fund, the Red Cross and other such organizations. It 
z should be stated here that there is no attempt to extend this social service work 
on a paternal basis and investigation is not made unless the man is absent from 
his classes, or for some reason unknown to the Department he is not making 
progress. 
As the work continued it was found that a small number of men were 
falling ill not only from a recurrence of their disability, but also from minor com- 
plaints. When a man fell ill his course was interrupted and after a lengthy 
illness a great deal of time was lost in picking up the work again. It seemed 
therefore to be the best policy from a standpoint of economy to get these men 
well and have them continue their courses at the earliest possible moment, and 
as pay and allowances were only sufficient to cover reasonable necessities of life, 
a regulation was put into force that all men receiving training should get medical 
treatment during their course of training. 
Apart from the standpoint of economy this seemed the just course in any 
case. These men were still wards of the Government and should be taken care 
of until their course of training ended. This medical treatment is given by the 
Medical Branch of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. 
During the latter part of 1917 the department began to collect statistics 
in regard to the work, and make some investigation of the costs. During the 
early months of 1918 the work was increasing so rapidly and assuming such large 
proportions that it was decided that both the statistical and cost sections should 
be put on a firm basis, and this has been done. 
This statistical section was organized by Mr. G. A. Boate, who had put the 
industrial surveys in running order, and it is now in excellent shape. The statis- 
tics are treated more fully in Chapter 11. 
The cost system was introduced and is well on the way to becoming com- 
plete. The costs are shown in Chapter 12. 
On the 21st February, 1918, an Order in Council (P.C. 432) was passed, 
changing the name of the Military Hospitals Commission to the Invalided 
Soldiers' Commission and creating the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Estab- 
lishment. This change, while affecting the work of some of the other branches 
carried on by the Military Hospitals Commission, had little effect on the work of 
the Vocational Branch, except as set out in the next paragraph. 
One far reaching decision arrived at by the Government at that time, which 
has since worked out to the advantage of all, was that in the hospitals controlled 
by the Department of Militia and Defence, Occupational Therapy should be 
administered by the Vocational Branch of the Department of Soldiers' Civil 
Re-Establishment, this Department supplying and controlling the equipment 
and personnel but the work to be directed by the Army Medical Corps of the 
Department of Militia and Defence. 
This settled the jurisdiction of the work in the hospitals. The doctors pre- 
scribed and the Vocational Branch administered the prescription under the 
direction of the doctors. Since the Department of Militia and Defence were 
charged with supplying accommodation, the Vocational Branch were their 
guests in these hospitals, and this arrangement has worked out most satisfac- 
torily. 
A new section for the training and after-care of blinded soldiers was created 
in August, 1918, under the care of Capt. A. E. Baker, M.C., Croix de Guerre. 
This is distinct from other branches of training. 
The training of the blind is a problem in itself. No one thoroughly under- 
stands the blind except the blind. The Department had for some months been 
in communication with Sir Arthur Pearson in England, and had made an ex- 
haustive investigation of facilities for training the blind in Canada. It was 
found that there was no place in Canada where the training of adult blind was 18 
made a specialty. However, Sir Arthur Pearson, at St. Dunstan's, had suc- 
ceeded by his broad sympathy and his business and organizing ability, in putting 
the training of the adult blind on a firm basis, and introducing into it methods 
which had never been used before. By arrangement with Sir Arthur Pearson, 
the Department adopted the policy of having all Canadian blind soldiers who 
so desired, trained at St. Dunstan's. A number of blind soldiers who had been 
returned to Canada without training were, at their own request, returned to St. 
Dunstan. 
The history and training of the blind with statistics is treated fully in 
Chapter 8. 
Shortly after the department was created it was decided that the pay and 
allowances which were in existence up to that time were hardly adequate to meet 
living expenses which had been increasing for some time. A new Order in 
Council (P.C. 1366) was passed on 22nd June, 1918, providing a new scale of pay 
and allowances effective until 1st March, 1919, when an increased rate went 
into effect. This increased scale is shown in appendix No. 3-together with that 
of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the United States. 
During the latter part of 1917, Major R. T. MacKeen, District Vocational 
Officer for the province of Quebec, came into touch with Mrs. W. A. Peck of 
Montreal, and *\sked her to organize craft work for the soldiers who were con- 
fined to the war Is of the hospitals in the city of Montreal. At the same time 
Mr. Burnett at Whitby Hospital was introducing craft work. Mrs. Peck's work 
was so successful \hat it was decided to extend it all over Canada. The history 
of this work and i ;s growth is treated fully in Chapter Four. Its growth was so 
remarkable that in order to handle it properly it was separated from the curative 
workshops of which it formerly had been a part, and the occupational therapy 
was then divided into two sections-Ward occupations and curative workshops. 
The literature regarding the expansion and growth of the work in Canada, 
had its counterpart in other countries, and was becoming quite extensive. It 
was therefore decided to introduce a Research section in order to obtain, record 
and study this mass of literature coming in from all countries, and to keep in 
touch with developments everywhere. 
It was part of the duty of this research section to bring to the attention of 
the Director of Vocational Training, the District Vocational Officers and all 
others interested, new features so that if valuable or applicable to Canada they 
could be put into force. Every endeavour has been made to keep in touch with 
the advancement of the work in all countries so that the Department may take 
advantage of any new ideas. 
The changes and growth in 1918 may then be stated as follows:- 
1. The institution of the follow-up and after-care section. 
2. The introduction of a small amount of social service work. 
3. The provision of medical treatment for men taking industrial re- 
training. 
4. The organization of Statistics and Cost sections. 
5. The creation of a section for the Blind. 
6. The introduction of ward occupations as a separate and distinct 
branch of the work. 
7. The creation of a research section. 
Together with these changes in policy an enormous expansion of the work 
was taking place. While at the beginning of 1918 there were 133 graduates, at 
the end of 1918, 2,285 students had completed their courses. At the beginning 
of 1918, there were 954 re-training students and on the 31st December, 1918, the 
number had increased to 3,189 notwithstanding the number who had graduated 
in the meantime. 
This growth of the work necessitated the provision of a larger amount of 
equipment and space. Arrangements were made with different universities and 19 
schools throughout Canada to provide for this expansion. Practically every 
educational institution of any size is now taking part. Various arrangements 
have been made with these institutions depending upon local conditions. Some 
are paid their out of pocket expenses, others are paid so much per pupil per 
month. In nearly all, separate branches of the work have been organized. In 
some instances the Department has supplied the equipment which is still the 
property of the Government; in others equipment has been supplied on a dif- 
ferent basis, becoming the property of the institution when the work of the Voca- 
tional Branch ceases. 
It would not be right to close this history of the development and growth 
of vocational work in Canada without giving credit to those who contributed 
so much. Practically every member of the staff of the Department has given 
ideas as to the formation of policy. Suggestions have also been received from 
educationalists and laymen at large. It is impossible to give credit by name 
to all those who have so unselfishly assisted in the work. 
The Minister of the Department, the Hon. Sir James A. Lougheed, P.C., 
K.C.M.G., by his confidence in his officers and the support he has given them at 
all times, has lent the encouragement necessary to overcome the numerous 
difficulties. 
Mr. S. A. Armstrong, the Director of the Military Hospitals Commission and 
later Deputy Minister of the Department, through his sympathy, imagination 
and practical knowledge of trades, gave a great incentive to the work, and to 
Mr. F. Gerald Robinson, the present Deputy Minister, who has in every way 
supported the efforts of the Director of Vocational Training by advice and 
assistance. 
The Vocational Officers and District Vocational Officers each contributed 
to the policy and administration. 
The various Provincial Governments through their Ministers of Education, 
Deputy Ministers and principals and staff of Technical Schools, have heartily 
co-operated and assisted. 
McGill University, Montreal, through the President, Sir William Peterson, 
and the Faculty of Applied Science, placed its facilities at our disposal. 
The University of Saskatchewan likewise has contributed, and Dr. Walter 
Murray, LL.D., its President, has assisted with advice, counsel and active work 
on the Advisory Committee of Saskatchewan, practically from the beginning. 
The University of Toronto became actively interested in the Fall of 1917, 
through loaning Prof. H. E. T. Haultain, Professor of Mining, who voluntarily 
took charge of the work in Ontario, and through the sympathy of the President, 
Sir Robert Falconer, and Prof. Ellis, Dean of the Faculty of Science. 
The University of British Columbia through its President, the late Dr. 
Westbrook and Prof. Klink, Dean of Agriculture, for the introduction of the 
work in British Columbia. 
Queen's University through the activity of the President, Dr. Bruce Taylor 
and Dr. Chowan took over all the industrial retraining in the Kingston district. 
The Department is particularly indebted to Mr. T. A. Stevenson who was 
appointed to co-operate with the Vocational Branch in respect to matters 
affecting the interests of organized labour. To Mr. Stevenson's assistance and 
advice is due in a large measure the cordial co-operation of labour in this work. 
To all these and many others, is due such credit as may be given for the status 
of the work at the present time. 
The growth of the work of the Vocational Training branch is shown in the 
accompanying graphical charts:- 
1. Attendance in Curative Workshops by Units. 
2. Attendance-Industrial Re-training-by Units. 
3. Attendance in Curative Workshops and Industrial Re-training in Canada. 
4. Growth of Pay and Allowances. 20 
QR9W7H SY ygrr> 
of ATTENDANCE '"CURATIVE WORKSHOPS 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
mft- of mwW ovn, re-establismnent 
LEGEND'. 
QUEBEC A&E UNITS 
NOVA SCOTIA ft B UNIT 
ONTARIO -CA»F UNITS 
MANTTOBA • UNIT 
SASKATCHEWAN -H UNIT 
ALBERTA 1 UNIT 
BRITISH COLUMBIA- J UNIT 
NEW BRUNSWICK- K UNIT 
RECORDS OFFICE,VOCATIONAL BRANCH, 
OEPT Of SOIWERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABUSMNENT, 
OTTAWA 21 
GROWTH BY UNITS . I I 
57 RI AL R EJRA I.NING. 
DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS*CIV1L_5E_-E5TA0USHNENT 
i I r u<£hl| । i r 
QUEBK L A &E UNITS 
NOVA SCOTIA & P E-K BUNIT 
ONTAHKL- S^FUMITB 
MANITOBA 4'UWT 
SASKATCHEWAN_ ■ HUN1T 
ALBERTA IlUWT 
BRITISH COLUMBIA JUNIT 
NEW BRUNSWKK_| KUNTT 
RECORDS OFFICE .VOCATIONAL 
~ mwniiB<ra-sbje 
QTWA 22 
GROWTH OF "J 
ATTENDANCE >" CURATIVE WORKSHOPS 
&INDUSTRIAL RE-TRAINING CLASSES - 
SHOWING TOTALS 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
DEPARTMENT SOLDIERS* CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
LEGEND 
RE-TRAINING CIASSES - - 
- CURATIVE WORKSHOPS 
TOTAL OF RE-TRAIINI16 _ 
CIASSES,& CURATIVE 
WORKSHOPS 
RECORDS Omce.VOaTlOHAL BRANCH, 
ocrr or socacR? cml RE-tsrA»uwr«irT 
OTTAWA 23 
PAY & ALLOWANCES, 
VOCATIONAL EXPENDITURES. 
RECORDS OFFICE, VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
DEPT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
OTTAWA 
TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO FEB-28,1918- J 217,130-1 I 
EXPENDITURE FEB-28,1918 TO DEC-31.18-1.308,995-04 
TOTAL EXPENNTORE TO DEC3I,I9I8- 1,586,131 15 CHAPTER III. 
PRESENT ORGANIZATION. 
At present the work of the Vocational Branch is divided into three parts:- 
1. Ward Occupations. 
2. Curative Workshops. 
3. Industrial Re-training. 
Ward Occupations is work done by men who are confined to the wards 
of the Hospital. This work consist of light basketry, embroidery, bead work, 
weaving, light wood carving, toy making, light ornamental leather work and other 
handicrafts of a simple nature. These occupations are not taught with any idea 
that men should follow them on return to civil life, but are purely curative, in char- 
acter, the curative value of the work being both mental and physical. Its mental 
effect is to keep the man from having an idle mind and to prevent him from 
brooding on his misfortune and disability, and again to introduce the idea of 
work to him. It has a curative value from a physical standpoint in that it pre- 
vents his muscles from becoming stiff and atrophied through idleness and has a 
positive value in restoring the lost functions of the muscles or nerves. 
These occupations are taught and administered in pratically every hospital 
in Canada by girls in distinctive uniform on the staff of the Department. As the 
work is curative, it is entirely under the direction of the Officer Commanding the 
hospital, and his doctors. The doctors prescribe the work in order that the 
proper curative results may be obtained, and to see that the men do not suffer 
from fatigue. 
This work was first started in Montreal by Mrs. Peck, who for some years 
has been active in promoting handicrafts in the Province of Quebec. Work 
started there was found to have so much value and was regarded with such favour 
by the doctors that it was decided to spread it throughout all the hospitals in 
Canada. The Department has received many unsolicited letters from the 
C.A.M.C. doctors endorsing the Ward Aides. 
To this end, the Department made arrangements through Prof. Haultain, 
with the University of Toronto, to train girls for the work, and special classes were 
commenced in that University on the 3rd of June, 1918. These classes finished 
on the 5th of February, 1919, during which time 274 girls were trained and sent out 
to practically every hospital in Canada. 
It was thought that in order to administer the work properly, girls of good 
education and high mental ability should be selected, and with those qualifications 
in view the girls engaged were chosen from a large number of applicants. They 
were required to sign a contract that they would remain with the Department 
for one year. The girls are so interested in their work, however, that there is 
no likelihood of any number of them wishing to retire at the end of the year's 
contract. The salary paid is $60 to $75 per month. 
Curative Workshops.-Curative workshops are attached to practically 
every military and departmental hospital throughout Canada. The work con- 
ducted in these shops is for those patients who are convalescing and can leave 
the wards, and has the same general purpose as the ward occupations, except that 
the work is heavier. In these curative workshops the occupations followed are 
in general:- 
24 25 
1. Gas tractors. 
2. Sign writing. 
3. Steam engineering. 
4. Oxy-acetylene welding. 
5. Horticulture. 
6. Music. 
7. Machine shop practice. 
8. Motion picture operation. 
9. Stenography. 
10. Electricity. 
11. Commercial design and illustrating. 
12. Commercial. 
13. General education. 
14. Auto mechanics. 
15. Weaving. 
16. Basketry. 
17. Barbering. 
18. Drafting--General. 
19. Shoe repairs. 
20. Woodworking. 
21. Agriculture. 
22. Civil Service. 
23. Telegraphy. 
24. Art metal work. 
25. Market gardening. 
26. Light leather work. 
In these shops the equipment and personnel are supplied by the Department 
of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment and are under the control of and administered 
by the Department, but since the work is curative in its main purpose, it is 
entirely under the direction of the Officer Commanding the hospital and the 
doctors on his staff. Here also as in ward occupations the work is primarily 
curative in character and aims to cure a man both mentally and physically. 
The physical part of the cure however, is more definite than in ward occupations 
in that the doctors prescribe definite occupations and motions to cure and 
re-educate definite muscles or nerve functions. As a minor object of the 
curative workshops however, a number of the men attain a certain skill in the 
various occupations which they study, which skill is of use to them in after life, 
but there is no definite attempt made here to finish their training in any of 
these occupations completely. Whatever skill they obtain industrially is merely 
incidental to the curative value of the work. 
Another advantage of curative workshops is that men, who later, on account 
of handicap, require to be trained for new occupations, may be interviewed 
here before discharge and (subject to the direction of the doctors) may be moved 
from one occupation to another and some idea obtained as to the most suitable 
occupation for which to train them after discharge. 
At the beginning of 1918-1,461 men were working in the curative work- 
shops. At the end of 1918 their number had increased to 2,050. 
From the foregoing it will be seen that ward occupations and curative 
workshops are both curative in character. The collective term for the work 
is "occupational therapy" or curing by work. 
During the past year, very close co-operation has been established between 
the doctors and the Vocational Branch, and the principle of having the work 
administered by one Department and directed by another has been found to be, 
not only practical in application, but of advantage to both. The sharp distinc- 
tion between this curative work and the later industrial re-training, should be 
definitely recognized and insisted upon,-as the failure to distinguish between 
the two has led to a great deal of misunderstanding. Some have thought the 
Department was endeavouring to teach men to be carpenters while they were 
in Hospitals, and consequently criticized the Department because men are 
turned out of the army and hospitals before they are competent artisans; but 
if it is remembered that this work is purely curative in character, this misunder- 
standing will disappear. 
The only branch of the work in which the aim is definitely to make a man 
efficient in some occupation, is: 
Industrial Re-Training.-Industrial re-training is conducted entirely 
after discharge and is open only to those men, who through injuries received on, 
or aggravated by, war service, are prevented, by reason of their disability, 
from following their pre-war occupations. 
This division is called the Disability Line, and has been adopted by prac- 
tically all countries at war, with the exception perhaps of England and Australia. 
In England the advantages of industrial re-training have been extended to 
other classes, such as boys who were under age when they enlisted, university 26 
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE. 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH, 
PEPT OF SOLPIERS' CIVIL K-ESTABUSHMENT 
CANADA - SEPT ,1918 
RECOPPS OFFICE,VOCATIONAL BRANCH. 
Chart No. 1. 27 
students who had interrupted their academic studies, widows of soldiers killed 
in the war, and some other special classes of officers. 
Chapter 7 discusses fully the various phases of Industrial re-training. 
Chart No. 1 shows the organization of the Vocational Branch throughout 
Canada. In Ottawa there is a central administrative office presided over by 
a Director of Vocational Training with his staff. In each Province with the 
exception of Prince Edward Island (which is attached to Nova Scotia) the 
Director of Vocational Training has a representative called the District Voca- 
tional Officer, who administers all the work in his territory. These officers 
are as follows:- 
Prof. H. E. T. Haultain, Vocational Officer for Ontario, 185 Spadina 
Avenue, Toronto, Ont. 
The following districts are under his jurisdiction:- 
Lieut. S. T. J. Fryer, 185 Spadina Avenue, Toronto. 
Prof. M. B. Baker, Golden Lion Block, Kingston, Ont. 
Lieut. R. S. Kennedy, 432 Rideau Street, Ottawa, Ont. 
Lieut. A. W. Crawford, 30Q Clyde Block, Hamilton, Ont. 
Lieut. H. D. Robertson, Technical School, London, Ont. 
Lieut. K. D. McDonald, Guelph Military Hospital, Guelph, Ont. 
Prof. F. H. Sexton, Vocational Officer Quebec and Maritime Provinces, 
Bellevue, Spring Garden Road, Halifax, N.S. 
Major R. T. MacKeen, District Vocational Officer, 109 Drummond 
Building, Montreal, Que. 
Major J. P. Oliver, District Vocational Officer, 400 Notre Dame Invest- 
ment Building, Winnipeg, Man. 
Mr. F. M. Riches, District Vocational Officer, MacCallum Hill Build- 
ing, Regina, Sask. 
Lieut. L. L. Johnson, District Vocational Officer, Lancaster Building, 
8th Avenue and 2nd Street, Calgary, Alta. 
Mr. G. H. Deane, District Vocational Officer, Board of Trade Building, 
Vancouver, B.C. 
Capt. G. H. Boyd, District Vocational Officer, Royal Bank Building, 
Fredericton, N.B. 
The principle has been adopted of giving the District Vocational Officer 
as much freedom of action as is consistent with the administration of a 
Government Department, and holding him responsible for results. Certain 
parts of the work however, are centralized in Ottawa, such as the final approval 
of courses, renting and purchase of buildings, the purchase of equipment and 
materials, the approval of pay and allowances, statistics, and those things 
in general which are matters of Government policy. 
The decentralization of the balance of the work is necessary for certain 
definite reasons. The training given the men must necessarily be adapted 
to local conditions. Training which is proper for men in British Columbia, 
would not always do for men in Nova Scotia, and the Prairie Provinces differ 
considerably in this respect from Ontario and Quebec. 
In addition to this, the District Vocational Officer must be given consider- 
able freedom of action in order to obtain the co-operation of the Provincial 
Departments of Education. Labour conditions also vary in each of the Pro- 
vinces and apart from matters of general policy, each District Vocational Officer 
makes his own arrangements with the local Unions. 
The organization of the Ottawa office, shown on Chart No. 2. 
Attached to the Director of Vocational Training, is an Assistant Director- 
who is responsible for the detail administration of the branch and is in charge 
of all the work when the Director is absent from Ottawa. The Director at the 28 
ORGANIZATION OF HEADOFFICE 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
DEPT. OF 50LDIER5 CIVIL RE-E5TABL15HMENT 
CANADA-- SEPT. 1918. 
RECORDS OFFICE-VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
Chart No. 2. 29 
present time spends the major portion of his time on matters of policy and keep- 
ing in touch with the work outside. 
Under the Assistant Director, the administration in Ottawa is divided 
into two divisions:- 
1. That which controls the granting of courses, extension of same when 
necessary, and the personnel. 
2. What might be called the operating division. 
The first division is controlled by Mr. A. T. Jewitt. When the District 
Vocational Officers, in consultation with the Vocational Medical Advisor and 
the Advisory Committee, have decided that an ex-soldier should be given a 
course, and what course he should have, all the papers are sent to Ottawa to 
Mr. Jewitt's division and examined carefully. It is there decided whether or 
not the man is eligible and the course is either approved or not. The same 
procedure is followed in regard to extension of courses. 
There has been some criticism of this procedure of having courses approved 
in^Ottawa, but the Ottawa office is responsible for the administration of the Act 
and the control of the expenditure. The Order-in-Council reads-"only those 
men are eligible for pay and allowance who have been so disabled that they 
cannot follow their previous occupation." The question of whether a man falls 
on one side or the other of this disability line, is necessarily a matter of opinion 
and judgment-no hard and fast rule can be made. A man with two fingers off 
one hand might be too disabled to follow his former occupation as a watchmaker, 
but this disability would not debar him from following his previous occupation 
if he had been a machinist. A man who has an amputation of the right leg 
would be capable of carrying on as a bank clerk if that were his previous occupa- 
tion, but could not continue as a house carpenter. If each district were allowed 
to award courses without reference to Ottawa, injustice would be done in some 
Provinces, and in others too liberal an interpretation might be made. By having 
all the recommendations go through what might be called one channel or gateway 
at Ottawa, these inequalities can be remedied. 
It is evident that as men are moving from one Province to another, satis- 
faction would never be obtained if inequalities existed between the different 
Provinces, and if there was a failure to render substantial justice to all. 
Mr. Jewitt also keeps a very close record of the personnel. The educational 
and industrial history of each man on the staff, together with the qualifications, 
is obtained and recorded so that at any moment there is available in Ottawa 
a full history of each employee. 
General rulings to be made effective are sent out by Mr. Jewitt who keeps a 
ruling file which must at all times be kept up to date. 
After the courses are granted, the work is handed over to the operating 
division, which is presided over by Mr. G. A. Boate, who is a specialist on indus- 
trial training. This division controls the following:- 
1. Pay and allowances. 
2. Equipment. 
3. Statistics. 
4. Industrial Surveys. 
5. School organization. 
6. Follow up and after care. 
7. Costs. 
Pay and Allowances-With the recommendation to Ottawa that a man be 
granted a course, information is sent in regard to the number and classification 
of his dependents, and when the course recommended is approved, pay and 
allowances are computed and wired to the district, so that the man is put on pay 
immediately his course commences. Mr. Jeschope, a returned soldier, is in 
charge of this section. 30 
Equipment.-When the District Vocational Officer requires equipment, 
he sends his requisition to Ottawa. This is examined and passed upon by a 
mechanical engineer-Mr. Kearns-who is a specialist on the equipment of 
training schools. He also advises the District Vocational Officer as to the 
proper equipment to be installed. These requisitions when approved by the 
Head Office are sent to the Purchasing Branch of the Department for purchase 
through the War Purchasing Commission. 
Statistics.-The statistical work of the Vocational Branch during the past 
year, has been brought up to a high state of efficiency. On account of the policy 
adopted of giving the District Vocational Officers as much scope as possible in 
the administration of the work, it is necessary to have a very complete system of 
gathering statistics and reports in Ottawa to see that the work is being properly 
accomplished. This Statistical section is in charge of Mr. Campion, a returned 
soldier. Some returns are made every week, and others every month. 
By a complete system of weekly returns we can ascertain in Ottawa at any time 
what subjects any man is taking to complete his course-the number of hours 
per day he is attending school and the number of hours per week. We can also 
ascertain at any time what subjects each instructor is teaching, the number of 
students he instructs and the number of hours per month he is instructing. 
Chapter 11 covers this section of the work fully. 
Industrial Surveys.-As pointed out elsewhere, before the adoption of the 
apprenticeship system of training men, it was necessary to find out the occupa- 
tions suitable to certain disabilities, the openings available, the attitude of the 
managers and foremen, the hours of work, etc., This was done by instituting a 
system of industrial surveys-a fuller treatment of which is given in Chapter 8. 
This work was primarily organized throughout Canada by Mr. G. A. Boate. 
School Organization.--This section of the work is to supply advice to the 
different District Vocational Officers, as to the organization of training schools, 
equipment and general administration of school work. Further details in regard 
to school organization will be found in Chapter 7. 
Follow up System.-Each man granted a course is followed up to see what 
becomes of him either after graduation or after he discontinues his course. This 
following up of the man is continued until such time as he is either stabilized in 
civil life or lost track of. 
In commercial business, there exists a profit and loss account, with the 
expenses on one side and the receipts on the other, the balance being profit. 
An endeavour is being made to administer the Vocational Branch on a commercial 
basis. On the debit side of the profit and loss account, we have the costs and 
on the other side disabled men stabilized in civil life. The follow-up work is 
designed to serve two purposes. 
1. To assist the man after graduation. 
2. To ascertain the credits in the profit and loss account. 
Great care is taken to prevent this branch from being too paternal. 
The idea is merely to give the man every opportunity of establishing himself 
after graduation from his course, and to assist him if he is likely to fall down from 
lack of encouragement or assistance at a critical moment. As soon as the man 
becomes stablized in civil life the Department ceases to watch over him. 
This follow up section is a most vital part of the work when it is considered 
from the standpoint of assessing or judging results. Without carefully gathered 
information as to the after life of these men, we would have no yard stick by 
which to measure the success or non-success of the work of the Vocational Branch. 
The follow up system and its results are treated in Chapter 13. 
Costs.-The work of the Department is carried on in a large number of 
institutions, a schedule of which is given elsewhere. In order to control efficiently 31 
the expenditure in these institutions, it is necessary to have a proper cost 
system, so that the costs in one institution can be compared with those in another, 
also with a civil institution of as similar a character as possible. 
These costs are treated more fully in Chapter 12. 
Owing to the rapid expansion of the work and to the fact that it is new and 
has had to be evolved, the system of costs accounting is not yet in as efficient a 
state as the Department-desires, but it is rapidly approaching that state. 
This section is in charge of Mr. Russell, a returned soldier. 
In addition to these two main branches of the work, the Vocational Branch 
has a library and research section, conducted by Miss Calhoun. In this library 
the Department has probably the second or third best collection in America of 
literature on the subject of the rehabilitation of soldiers. It subscribes to and 
collects publications from all the allied as well as the enemy countries, and the 
more important foreign articles are translated and circulated among the branches 
of the Department. 
The librarian is prepared to issue at any time a precis of all the literature 
extant on any branch of the work and is of immense service. 
A special section of the Vocational Branch has been created to take charge 
of the blind. This section is presided over by Capt. E. A. Baker, M.C., Croix 
de Guerre. Before going overseas, Capt. Baker graduated from Queen's Univer- 
sity in Electrical Engineering. He himself is completely blind having lost both 
eyes. He returned to Canada in 1916, after graduating from St. Dunstan's, 
and was later employed in the Ontario Hydro Electric Commission at Toronto. 
Full particulars regarding the care of the blind appear in Chapter 10. 
Another section is the medical work. The Vocational Medical Adviser at 
the head office is detailed to the staff of the Director of Vocational Training 
by the Director of Medical Services of the Department, and is under the control 
and administration of the Director of Vocational Training, but is subject to 
the criticism, advice and inspection of the Director of Medical Services in tech- 
nical medical matters. It is the duty of the Vocational Medical Adviser to 
advise the Department in all medical matters regarding re-training. 
The medical aspect of industrial re-training is treated in Chapter 9. 
There is an Inspector attached to the Director of Vocational Training in 
Ottawa, whose duty it is to inspect the administration and training in the Units. 
In the administration of the districts practically the same sections of the work 
as outlined above exists, except that owing to the smaller amount of administra- 
tion, instead of each section being presided over by a head, several may come 
under one head in order to reduce expense of staff. 
As an example of the administration in the districts Chart No. 3, on page 33, 
shows the organization of the district of British Columbia. 
The other Provinces are organized in much the same manner, except that 
changes and adjustments are made owing to local circumstances and to meet 
local conditions. The administration in the Units may be divided into the 
following sections:- 
Interviewing and boarding for courses. 
Industrial Surveys. 
Pay and Allowances. 
Medical advice and social service. 
Training. 
Inspection. 
Discipline. 
Follow-up and after care. 
Employment. 
Interviewing.-By arrangement with the Department of Militia and 
Defence, a standing order has been issued that no soldier shall be discharged 
from the invalided section before a certificate has been furnished that he has 32 
been interviewed by a representative of the Department of Soldiers' Civil 
Re-Establishment to ascertain whether he needs, or is likely to need industrial 
re-training. Particulars are taken as to his educational, industrial and social 
history and especially as to his former occupation. He is asked whether he can 
return to his old occupation or not and if he says that he can do so, the facilities 
for industrial re-training are pointed out and explained to him and he is allowed 
to receive his discharge. If, however, he says he cannot, on account of dis- 
ability, he is brought before the Vocational Medical Officer, who advises the 
Department as to whether, from a medical standpoint, he can or cannot return 
to his former occupation. If the Medical Officer advises that he cannot do so, 
he is offered industrial re-training. The interviewer then consults with him as 
to the occupation for which it is desirable that he should be trained. 
Industrial re-training is not compulsory nor is a man's choice restricted 
except where it is obviously a bad one. Interviewers are trained to use the power 
of suggestion in guiding a man into the proper course and in a great majority of 
cases the power of suggestion is found sufficient. 
After the man himself, the interviewer and the vocational medical adviser 
have tentatively made up their minds as to the proper occupation for the man to 
learn, he is brought before a Disabled Soldiers' Training Board. This Disabled 
Soldiers' Training Board is composed of the District Vocational Officer or his 
representative in the person of the interviewer, the Vocational Medical Adviser, 
and from one to three or four members drawn from the district advisory com- 
mittee. As far as possible, the Department endeavours to have on the Disabled 
Soldiers' Training Board a member of the advisory committee who is familiar 
with the trade or occupation into which the man is about to enter. For instance, 
if it is proposed that a man should take a course as an electric station tender, 
the Department endeavours to have a man familiar with electrical power work 
to sit on the Board. This member of the local advisory committee sits on the 
Disabled Soldiers' Training Board in order to bring to the work the point of 
view of one not connected with the Department and also to represent the public 
in their district. The Disabled Soldiers' Training * Board talks over confiden- 
tially and intimately with the man, the work he intends to undertake, and 
their recommendation is sent to Ottawa, and either concurred in or rejected. 
If the man is to be given a course of training in an industrial establishment, 
the interviewer usually arranges a conference of himself, the hand capped soldier 
and the employer who is going to train him, before the recommendation is sent 
to Ottawa, so that his advice may be taken. 
These Interviewers and Disabled Soldiers' Training Boards also exercise 
the same functions in regard to the extension of a man's course or change of 
course, if after a probationary period, it is found that the man is not succeeding 
in the course selected. 
The Interviewers are practically all returned soldiers and selected from 
men who before the war had industrial experience. 
Chapter 6 deals more fully with this important subject 
Industrial Surveys.-The object of this work is given under head office 
organization in this chapter. It is fully discussed in Chapter 8. 
Pay and Allowances.-The pay and allowances section of the local 
administration takes care of the men's pay and adjusts differences, and co- 
operates with the pay and allowance officer in the head office, Ottawa. 
Medical Advice.-The medical advisers in the districts are detailed to 
the local office by the local Unit Medical Director. They furnish the District 
Vocational Officer with medical advice:- 
1. As to whether the man's disability was received on or aggravated 
by service, and as to whether the man can return to his former 
occupation. 33 
ORGANIZATION 
BRITISH COLUMBIA IT UNIT 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
DEPT.OF SOLDIERS CIVIL RE-E5TA8LI5HMENT 
CANADA - SEPT., 1918. 
RECORDS OFFICE, VOCATIONAL BRANCH, 
Chart No. 3. 34 
2. As to whether he is medically fitted for the new occupation selected 
by him. 
3. After he has started his course as to his continued suitability for the 
occupation he is learning. 
4. To inspect men reporting sick during training, and if necessary to send 
them to the Unit Medical Director for treatment. 
5. To undertake research regarding the medical aspect of industrial 
re-training. 
These medical officers are required to make themselves familiar with 
industrial conditions so that they can competently advise the Vocational branch 
in this work. The medical aspect of the work is fully explained in Chapter 9. 
Training.-Training is conducted in inside schools, outside schools and 
industries. A list of these schools with the definition of these terms is given at 
the end of Chapter 7, which discusses the whole question of training after the 
man's course is selected. 
Inspection.-As a great many of our men are being trained in industry 
it is necessary to have these men inspected every week and a confidential report 
made for the following reasons. 
1. To prevent exploitation of labour:- 
2. To see that they are actually receiving the training necessary to 
bring them to a state of efficiency. 
3. To see that their health is not breaking down, and if there is any sign 
of this to report the matter to the doctor and to see that medically 
their work is suited to their disability. 
4. To see that the relations of the men with their employers and fellow 
workmen are satisfactory. 
5. To see whether they are likely to succeed in the courses of training 
undertaken, and if not, to advise that a change be made. 
Discipline.-The discipline exercised over the men is that ordinarily 
exercised in civil life-the pay cheque. These men are as far as possible treated 
in every way as civilians. Their time is kept the same as in employment, and 
if they present themselves every day to take training they are paid for that 
time. If, on the other hand, they absent themselves from the class or place 
where they are training, without excuse, the pay is deducted. If the men are 
sick they are given free treatment and excused from classes. 
The District Vocational Officer has power to excuse men to attend to urgent 
private business, but unless this excuse is obtained pay is stopped for the time 
they are absent. 
When men enter the classes they also sign an agreement with the Depart- 
ment that they will obey the rules and regulations; and if they absent them- 
selves from training they are not obeying the rules of the Vocational Branch 
and therefore pay is stopped. If men persist in disobeying the rules, the courses 
are cancelled and the benefits of training are forfeited. 
- All men being trained board out. This is part of the general policy of the 
Department to cast the men as soon as possible upon their own responsibility. 
In civil life each man arranges his own place of living and makes his own domestic 
arrangements. If the men boarded in institutions they would still maintain 
part of the army life and sense of irresponsibility as to these matters. 
Follow-up and after-care.-This branch of the work has been noted 
under head office administration in this chapter. It is more fully discussed in 
Chapter 13. 
Employment.-The Vocational Branch is charged with the finding of 
employment for all disabled men who have graduated from its classes. This 
employment or placement is done through the industrial surveys section as a 
rule, but in some of the larger units such as Toronto, the work is put into the 
hands of one man definitely responsible for it, called the placement officer. CHAPTER IV. 
WARD OCCUPATIONS. 
As stated in a previous chapter, vocational work in the hospitals in Canada 
was started from an educational point of view. It was not long, however, before 
the curative value of the work became evident. Classes were made more 
practical and work requiring physical exertion such as auto mechanics,- carpen- 
try, etc., was introduced. This was the beginning of curative workshops. This 
need for curative work naturally grew out of our experience in vocational 
training. 
The first year's work was largely one of experiment. Looking back over 
this period it does not seem unfair to suggest that what we all had at the start 
were ideals rather than ideas. The return of the first wounded awoke within 
the nation a new social consciousness. It was borne upon us that the duty of 
the State did not cease with the patching up of the bodily infirmity nor was the 
cripple himself released from all responsibility despite his sacrifices and dis- 
abilities. The fitting of these men once more for industrial life was the goal 
sought by every vocational officer. There were successful results achieved 
right in the hospitals, but it soon became evident that in the majority of cases 
men who were still under treatment were both physically and mentally unfitted 
to apply themselves seriously to study. Medical treatment took up much of 
the man's time and the moving of men from one institution to another made 
it very difficult to get them into the curative workshops. The difficulty was 
intensified by the attitude of the men themselves. Hospitalization had in too 
many cases done its work. Long periods of enforced idleness in overseas hos- 
pitals, aggravated by a mistaken form of public sympathy manifesting itself 
in too many tea parties and like entertainments, made it easy for men who had 
been weakened by hardship and nervous strain to slip down into a state of 
chronic invalidism. To overcome these difficulties industrial re-training was 
separated from the curative workshops. 
At this time although curative workshops had been provided, it was no 
uncommon sight to see hundreds of men in an institution spending their time 
in complete idleness, or else in card playing, chess or checkers. Owing to these 
things it seemed impossible to get the majority of the men out of the habits 
of idleness and into the curative workshops. It would seem that some vital 
link was missing between the state of idleness and the habit of work in the shops. 
This has now been successfully overcome by the work of the Ward Aides. 
In the curative workshops the work is somewhat heavy, and while it has 
a diversional side this aspect has been reduced to a minimum. In ward occupa 
tions, however, the diversional side of the work is found to its greatest extent. 
In the whole process of bringing the invalid back to his proper relation to civil 
life we must begin by diverting his mind from the morbid state in which we 
find it. In doing this we first introduce a mental stimulus. As the work 
proceeds through the more serious subjects taught in ward occupations and 
curative workshops the diversional side of the work decreases, the mental 
stimulus increases, and this together with the increased physical activity hastens, 
the functional cure. 
It has been proven without a doubt that properly trained girls are the only 
ones who are uniformly successful in introducing the idea of work and bringing 
about the first mental stimulus at the bedside. Such work as is conducted in the 
curative workshops cannot be carried into the wards on account of the equip- 
ment. Before the Ward Aide work was introduced the men in the wards were 
idle. Ward occupations however, such as basketry, weaving, bead work, 
35 36 
embroidery, light wood carving, etc. can be carried into the wards and even 
men lying in bed can undertake them. 
> The peculiar value of this work lies in the fact that no matter how helpless 
the invalid is there is something he can do to occupy his mind. In severe cases 
the Ward Aide may find it necessary to read to the patient first in order to 
stimulate his interest. The whole idea underlying the work is to induce the 
man to engage actively in something, whether it be amusement, reading or light 
work. Having stimulated his mind we must increase its activity by gradual 
steps and then transfer the interest so awakened to some more serious occupation. 
By gradual steps the man's physical and mental activities are transferred from 
diversion to occupation, from unconnected work to processes having sequence 
and order. The whole secret lies in the gradual progression of the mental and 
physical processes. 
Occupational therapy has become a recognised curative agency in civilian 
hospitals. If it is necessary there it is much more necessary in the military 
hospitals. The convalescent period for the military patient is much longer 
than that of a civilian patient, owing to the fact that the civilian paying hospital 
fees leaves the hospital as soon as possible and spends his convalescent period 
in his home, whereas the man in the army is entitled to full treatment and 
remains in the convalescent hospital until such time as his treatment will cease 
to benefit him. 
During this period men in this physical and mental condition when left 
to their own devices usually expend their newly acquired energy in non- 
productive ways, and very often in ways detrimental to their own convalescence, 
unless guided. In the old days some would read, others enjoy a quiet game of 
cards, but more often than not, if able to leave their beds they would wander 
aimlessly about the hospital getting in the way of doctors and nurses, playing 
practical jokes on one another, and not infrequently causing disturbances 
detrimental to the quiet and rest essential to fellow patients less fortunate than 
themselves. Others again, tiring of all forms of amusement, would lie on their 
beds brooding over their troubles and thinking how black and hopeless the 
future was. The crux of the whole situation was this, that games, pleasures 
and entertainment, although occupying a very important part in hospital life, 
are not of themselves satisfying. They do not engage the man's mind sufficiently 
and something more tangible, more difficult and more absorbing was necessary, 
and it was to combat this most unsatisfactory state of affairs and to provide 
some form of work to lead up to curative workshops that Ward occupations 
were first introduced, into hospital life, offering to the men congenial and 
absorbing occupations of almost unlimited variety. 
Today the first impression made on a visitor to one of our military hospitals 
is the great activity displayed by the patients on all sides engaged in a variety 
of occupations, the smartly uniformed young ladies busily engaged in guiding 
and helping in the work, and the happy, contented atmosphere pervading the 
whole place. Baskets in every stage of operation and of every variety, weaving 
looms both large and small, turning out every pattern and design one can think 
of, frequently operated by a man with only one arm; some patients doing wood 
carving, some making bead chains, others doing knitting And fancy work; still 
others, with an eye to the future, being engaged in a course of study in order to 
brush up their former vocation, and so on. Upon inquiry the visitor learns that 
the young ladies in uniform are Ward Aides who have been through a three 
month's course of training and are competent to instruct in over a dozen different 
handicrafts. The change is wonderful; the patients are keenly interested and 
the various occupations absorb their whole attention; they are no longer self 
centred and idle and they cease to brood over the future. 
There has been a great deal of argument about the value of ward occupa- 
tions, the aims and objects of this work, and as to whether girls should be used 
for it. A great deal of this has been due to a misunderstanding of the aims of the CONVALESCENTS USING LOOMS. 
r 1 hj ^>PP?r P*ctu™ shows the Canadian single saddle bed loom, and the lower picture the 
four saddle loom Many of the looms used in the Canadian Hospitals have been specially 
designed by the Department and made in the curative workshops. 
74947-Face page 36. 37 
work. Some say that basketry, weaving, etc., should not be taught to men, that 
they are effeminate occupations; others say that women should not be used 
as the training should aim at some practical vocation in life. Those who argue 
in this manner are probably not conversant with the whole policy. There is no 
idea that the occupation taught in the wards should be followed for gain after 
leaving the hospital. Others forget that this work only leads up to the more 
serious work in the curative workshops, that there is no intention of teaching 
a gainful occupation but only to assist in a cure by preventing idleness, and 
awakening mental activity. Ward occupations are only used to bridge the gap 
between chronic invalidism and idleness, and the work in the curative workshops. 
It is the medium through which the first mental stimulus is introduced. It is 
the agency by which the melancholy patient is induced to forget himself and take 
an interest again in other people and other things. Actual experience in Canada 
has shown this to be the best method. We did not see this clearly until the ward 
occupations were separated from the curative workshops, and both these forms 
of occupational therapy separated entirely from the industrial re-training for 
a new occupation which follows later. 
Each of these three methods of training has its own peculiar object, and 
these being different they must be administered each in its own way, by a differ- 
ent class or personnel. 
Ward occupations were started at about the same time in 1917 in two centres 
-one in Montreal and the other at Whitby Convalescent Hospital, Ontario. 
In both these places the work was started as an experiment to fill a long felt want. 
By the spring of 1918 the value of the method had been so demonstrated that it 
was thought desirable to spread it quickly throughout the whole of Canada. 
At first the work was received cooly both by various officers of the Vocational 
Branch and by the hospital officials. A few enthusiastic workers; however, viz., 
Mrs. W. A. Peck in Montreal, and Mr. Burnette at Whitby, pushed their ideas 
in season and out of season, and finally won recognition. This work was brought 
to the attention of Major MacKeen the District Vocational Officer for Quebec, 
and Prof. Haultain, the Vocational Officer for Ontario, who received it enthu- 
siastically. 
From the first Dr. Archibald, the officer commanding Whitby Hospital, gave 
Mr. Burnette every support in the furtherance of his work, as also the doctors 
in charge of the hospitals in Montreal. 
When it was decided to train a large number of girls for the work, inquiry 
was made as to the experience of others in training handicraft instructors. All the 
information we could obtain pointed to a training period of over a year, but it 
was felt that if it took this time to train the staff the opportunity to apply their 
work would be to a large extent past. The Department therefore determined to 
try what could be done with short courses of training, the idea being that after 
a short course the girls should be sent to the hospitals for a probationary period 
and then if necessary brought back for further training. 
The experience of the Department, however, has shown that a period of 
three months is quite sufficient to train Ward Aides. 
Prof. Haultain, the Vocational Officer for Ontario, was asked to organize 
the training school, and he placed the matter in the hands of Dr. Geo. W. Graham, 
the Vocational Medical Officer for Ontario. Prof. Haultain made arrangements 
with the University of Toronto for space and accommodation; a committee of the 
Faculty of Applied Science took charge of the training under the University. 
Mr. N. L. Burnette who was interested in the beginning of this work at 
Whitby, was attached to the staff of the Vocational Officer for Ontario in an 
advisory capacity in regard to occupational therapy and exercised a guiding 
hand on the training. A Committee of Management of the University had as its 
first Chairman, Prof. C. H. C. Wright, Professor of Architecture, and later 
Dean Ellis, of the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, became Chairman 
and Prof. Arkley of the same Faculty was appointed Secretary. On the 1st 38 
October, 1918, Prof. Arkley, resigned owing to press of duties and Mr. Geo. A. 
Guess, Professor of Metallurgy, took his place as Secretary of the Committee of 
Management, and assumed active charge. 
After a little experiment with the first two classes it was finally arranged 
that the pupils should be assembled in groups of 50 for a three months' course, 
the first half of the course to be spent in the University and the second half partly 
in school and partly on practise work in the hospitals. Some of the later classes 
were composed of 70 and 80 students. 
The teaching staff consisted of:- 
Miss M. A. Wathen who was instructor in manual training and handwork 
in New Brunswick Normal School, Fredericton, and who had had two years 
experience as Supervisor of Craftwork in the Public Schools of Calgary, Alta. 
Mr. J. W. Chester, A.R.C.A., who had just returned from overseas and 
had been a patient in Whitby Military Hospital. 
Mr. W. D. Paton a graduate of the Faculty of Education who had been an 
instructor at Whitby Military Hospital, and 
Miss Lillian Scott an Arts and Crafts teacher of wide experience. 
Other instructors and assistants were added from time to time, most of 
them, however, being drawn from the students as the classes progressed. 
In the early part of the work Miss Brainard assisted. 
The work was divided as follows:- 
For the first four weeks each girl received daily a lecture in "Design applied 
to all the crafts" by Mr. Chester. During these four weeks she spent 2| days 
at each of the major crafts. In the next two weeks she specialized in one craft. 
During the first six weeks lectures were given on the principles and practise of 
Occupational Therapy by Mr. Burnette. Starting with the 7th and running 
through to the 12th week the girl put in one half of her time specializing in craft 
work and further instruction in design at the school. During the twelve weeks 
lectures were given by Prof. Haultain, Vocational Officer for Ontario, on the 
general work of the Department; 
Dr. Geo. W. Graham, Vocational Medical Officer, on the medical aspects 
of the work; 
Dr. Margaret Patterson on hospital etiquette and procedure; 
Nursing Matron Leishman, who was matron of all the hospitals in "DV 
unit, on hospital organization and the relations between the ward aides and the 
nurses; 
Major Boyer, C.A.M.C., and 
Major Baillie, C.A.M.C., on various medical aspects of the work. 
It will be noticed that the last three lecturers were attached to the Army 
Medical Corps and through their instruction the Ward Aides were taught 
hospital etiquette and their relations with the medical branch, so establishing the 
proper relation before the girls entered the hospitals: 
Instruction was given in crafts as follows:- 
Basketry.-Miss Wathen and assistants. Types of baskets-Indian 
baskets, reed baskets-knowledge and choice of materials-use of reed and 
raffia-weaving-staining and finishing. 
Book Binding.-Mr. Harod and assistants. Various types and methods 
of binding and re-binding. 
Leather Work.-Mr. Harod and assistants. Tooling-inlaying-cutting 
and applique. 
Weaving.-Miss Scott and assistants. Pla'n and pattern weaving, the use 
of two and four harness looms, with special attention to use of the bedside loom- 
rug making. 39 
Blockprinting and Stencilling.-Miss Scott and assistants. Design and 
cutting of stencils-making of wood and linoleum blocks-application of this 
knowledge to the various textiles. 
Bead Work.-Miss Wathen and assistants. Modern and Indian designs 
stitches and weaves-the use of bead work in combination with other crafts. 
Wood Work.-Mr. Paton and assistants. Nature and property of wood- 
identification of woods-tool operations-the making of mechanical toys-wood 
carving-chip and relief -staining and finishing of woods. 
Metal Work.-Mr. Paton and assistants. Pierced work, bent work, 
chased work, raised work, riveted work, finishing, colouring and preserving. 
Design in Theory and Practice, and Modelling in Clay and Plas- 
tecine.--Mr. Chester, A.R.C.A., and Miss Patterson. 
During the period from June, 1918, to February, 1919, 271 girls were trained 
and are now working in the hospitals. 
The choosing of a young lady to be trained as a Ward Aide is important. 
She must be of the very best type, well educated, and possess a personality that is 
bound to please, together with a healthy constitution. It is desirable that she 
should be between the ages of 25 and 35, have unlimited patience, be intelligent 
and not too emotional. She must be prepared to meet all kinds of difficulties 
and all kinds of treatment. The work is very hard. On the staff of the Ward 
Aides there are many nurses, teachers of several years standing, and girls who 
have followed various professions and occupations, all of whom claim they find 
this work harder than any other occupation they have followed. This is 
largely due to the mental strain to which these workers are subjected. They 
are forced, and indeed it is part of their duty, to listen to the patient's worries 
and troubles, and not infrequently they are made his confidant in regard to 
various family troubles which the patient must tell to some one for his own peace 
of mind. It is essential that the Aide, while being sympathetic, should not be 
over sentimental otherwise these enormous tragedies of life, that are daily being 
enacted before her, are sure to wear her down beyond her resisting power and she 
will be obliged to give up. This has been the case with several. In order that 
these girls should have the qualities of endurance, the training course is made quite 
hard, so that those who are weak of will, and are physically unable to stand 
the strain, will be weeded out. 
It should not be forgotten that the Ward Aide is not instructing normal 
people, that the most important part of her duty is not to teach basketwork or 
weaving but to provide the mental stimulus which brings the man out of his 
state of morbidity. 
Those who examine the work of these girls superficially are prone to forget 
the mental strain under which they work. These considerations are of first 
importance when selecting the staff. 
It is necessary that they should have a large amount of tact and diplomacy, 
for while they are on the staff of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Estab- 
lishment, they work under the direction of the doctors. While they are in the 
hospitals of the Department of Militia and Defence they are guests in another's 
house and must get their work done not as a matter of right but by co-oper- 
ation. 
All the Ward Aides in Canada are paid and have regular hours, there are 
no voluntary workers. During training they receive $45 per month, and after 
graduation $60-$75 per month, out of which they pay their own living expenses. 
They are also supplied with uniforms. Every girl must take a course of training 
and sign a contract to stay with the Department at least one year and must 
go to any part of Canada where she is sent. 40 
A good many of the girls who have entered this work have had nursing 
experience, some have been social service workers, and others teachers, but for 
the most part they have been girls who wished to share in the work of 
the Empire during the war. A large number have husbands or brothers over- 
seas. 
An interesting development has been the special training given to a group of 
students preparatory to their going into institutions caring for the mentally ill. 
After completing the general course and having some experience in the hospitals 
these students were sent out to the Toronto Reception Hospital, where, through 
the courtesy of Dr. Clare, they received a series of special lectures. Afterwards 
through the kindness of Dr. Forster these students were given practice work 
among the patients in the wards at Queen Street Asylum. Girls who took this 
course are now at work in mental hospitals operated by the Department of 
Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment and also in civil institutions caring for ex-soldier 
patients suffering from mental disabilities. 
The organization of Ward Occupations throughout Canada is as follows:- 
In Ottawa there is a Supervisor of Ward Occupations who controls the work 
throughout Canada, through the Director of Vocational Training. 
In each district the Ward Aides come under the District Vocational Officer 
for administration. This officer has a Supervisor of Ward Aides in charge of 
all the Ward Aides in his district. 
In each hospital one Aide is in charge of all the Aides in that hospital; in 
large hospitals where there are a large number of Ward Aides her duty is purely 
administrative, but in small hospitals where the number is small she may assist 
in the work herself. 
The Supervisor of Ward Aides in Ottawa has charge of the distribution of 
girls as between provinces and has charge of the general policy. He makes his 
policy effective by orders given through the Director of Vocational Training 
to the District Vocational Officers. It is part of his duty to see that the central 
stores in each district are supplied with sufficient material at all times, and that 
the sales of the articles in the districts are conducted in accordance with the 
uniform policy, and that the cash returns for material sold to the patients reaches 
the Receiver General and is credited to the Vocational Branch. 
The Supervisor of Ward Aides in each district under the District Vocational 
Officer is charged with the distribution of Ward Aides in his district, and the 
general supervision of the work. It is his duty to see that the Ward Aides are 
supplied with materials at all times, and that the proper arrangements are 
made as to the sale of the product. 
When material is supplied to a patient he is charged with the cost of same 
in his account, also with a small amount to cover overhead expenses, freight 
handling, etc., but nothing for administration. When he completes the article 
he is allowed to keep it on payment of the charges in his account; if he wishes 
to sell it, it is given a distinguishing number and he is credited with it in his 
account. When the article is sold the balance of the cash received over the 
debit in his account is given to him. 
The Supervisor of Ward Aides in the district arranges for the sale of 
these products through departmental stores or other commercial mediums of 
sale. All articles are sold on a commercial basis and not on a compassionate 
one. No patient is allowed to sell his work individually in the hospitals nor 
are individual sales recognized by the Department. No orders for work are 
taken for future delivery. 
The Ward Aides, however, have instructions that production is not to be 
pressed, but is to be in all cases subservient to the curative value of the work. 
It is difficult to say which form of handicraft work is the most popular, 
basketry is probably the most universal, and a great many articles of real value 
have been made by the men. The men are encouraged to make up their own 
designs and develop whatever artistic ability they may have. THE VALUE OF WARD OCCUPATIONS. 
Note the active interest the men take in their work. This work is curative in character. 
There is no attempt to teach craft work in the wards as a gainful occupation except to the blind. 
Typical scene showing patients confined to Hospital being taught handicraft. This work 
in curative and diversional and done under the direction of the doctor. The girls in uniform 
are not nurses or masseuses but Ward Aides who have taken a course in Toronto University 
in Occupational Therapy. This work is not Vocational or educational. It, however, in 
addition to assisting the cure, develops the patient's artistic sense. 
HANDICRAFT IN THE HOSPITAL. 
Face page 40. 41 
Weaving is another very popular subject and in this also the men are 
encouraged to put into effect their own ideas as to colour and design. In the city 
of Montreal and in Quebec province generally, weaving has reached its highest 
development. A great many of the patients in this province have natural 
aptitude for getting the proper colour effects. A great deal of the material woven 
in Montreal is suitable for use-ladies' scarfs have been woven out of wool and 
silk-material for hats is woven out of raffia. Most of this material finds a 
ready sale. 
The variety of looms on which weaving can be done lends itself to work by 
men in all stages of invalidism. For those who have to lie down in bed, a small 
bead loom for making bead chains is suitable. This is illustrated in the photo- 
graph herewith. For men who can sit up in bed the small bed loom shown in 
the illustration is suitable. These looms can be used by patients able to sit up 
in wheel chairs, etc. For those patients who are confined to the wards but who 
can move around the treadle loom shown in the illustration is suitable. 
While there is no attempt to teach these handicrafts as a gainful occupation 
their value in awakening the artistic sense of the men should not be discounted. 
Many more men than is generally thought have a certain artistic sense which 
is dormant, but with the teaching of these handicrafts and a slight amount of 
guidance, this can be developed. This artistic sense may never be turned into 
dollars and cents, and it is unnecessary that it should be, but no doubt when 
the men leave the hospitals and go back to their own homes they will apply 
the artistic sense which they have developed in the selection of more suitable 
house furnishings and decoration. They learn that artistic effects do not 
necessitate expensive or gaudy materials, but that the general blending of line, 
form, colour and proportion to make a harmonious whole is the basis of good 
design; that simplicity is more effective than a complex arrangement, and that 
artistic effects can be obtained by the expenditure of small sums of money if 
properly applied, where large sums might be spent with a total lack of artistic 
effect. 
It is only within the last four months that the uniforms for Ward Aides 
have been introduced. These uniforms have had a very beneficial effect. The 
girls have now a recognised standing in the hospitals; having a definite place 
and uniform they try to make that uniform stand for useful service. These 
uniforms serve to build up the esprit de corps which is so desirable in any organiz- 
ation. The illustration shows the uniform but not the colour, which is a quiet 
apple green, very pleasing and restful to the eye. The uniforms have white 
collars and cuffs, and a red badge with the initials of the Department of Soldiers' 
Civil Re-Establishment. Each girl is given:- 
3 uniforms, 
1 dark green winter coat, 
1 felt hat to match for winter, 
1 straw hat for summer. 
This uniform was designed by Mr. S. T. J. Fryer, the Deputy Vocational Officer 
for Ontario. 
Another important feature of the work of the Ward Aides is the information 
they are able to give to the men in the wards in regard to the activities of the 
Vocational Branch. They describe the curative workshops and industrial re- 
training and give the men information as to the regulations of the Department 
in regard to them. If a man is too disabled to go back to his former occupation 
this information immediately sets his mind at rest as to his future. 
While the girls are training they are given lectures on the work of the 
Department, so that they will be carefully informed on all these matters in 
order that the information they give will be accurate and not lead to misunder- 
standing. It is very important that the information which gets to the men 42 
should be correct as it would do a great deal of harm to encourage a man in 
the belief that he could take a course, when he is not eligible, as the disap- 
pointment would be great. 
The Ward Aides are instructed not to give advice to the man regarding 
the occupation he wishes to follow if he is to be re-trained. This is left entirely 
to the interviewers who are familiar with the trades and occupations available 
in their district. This is very important as it is sometimes difficult to alter a 
man's mind when he has decided to take a course which is not suitable for him. 
It is very desirable that the first man to talk to the disabled soldier about a 
new occupation should be very familiar with the occupation which it is desirable 
for him to learn. Girls owing to their lack of experience in trades and occupations 
can very seldom gain the necessary knowledge to advise in connection with new 
occupations. gardening as a curative aid. 
. hisjllustratwn shows the soldier garden at the Convalescent Hospital in Edmonton, Alta. Note the individual gardens. Each soldier 
a sma p pn.z.es ,are awarded for the best garden. Industrial Re-Training is not taught in these gardens. The idea here is 
to assist in the recovery of the patient and to teach him to take care of his own individual vegetable and flower plot. 
Face page 43 CHAPTER V. 
It is not easy to draw a hard and fast line dividing the ward occupations 
from the curative workshops. The division depends both upon the physical 
and mental state of the patient. From a physical standpoint the ward occupa- 
tions should be reserved for those men who are confined to the wards and who 
can only do the lightest kind of manual work, for the most part with the hands. 
Training in curative workshops, however, should be undertaken by men who 
have so advanced in their period of convalescence as to be able to move around 
freely, leave the wards, enter the shops and undertake considerable physical 
work. From the mental standpoint the patient's attitude towards work should 
form the dividing line. Both forms of treatment are therapeutic and curative 
in their object. 
The curative workshop is the final step in occupational therapy, and ward 
occupations should lead up to and dovetail into the curative workshop. 
The four benefits to be derived from the curative workshops are:- 
1. To provide mental stimulus. 
2. To provide functional re-education. 
3. To provide mental diversion. 
4. Least of all, training, and knowledge as to a man's adaptability for a 
future occupation. 
The first two of these are purely medical agencies, and should be ever 
uppermost in the minds of those administering the work. Their effect is one 
of progression. In ward occupations the first effort is made to promote mental 
activity and to re-awaken the functions of the muscles and nerves. The work 
started here should progress through the heavier forms of ward occupations 
into the curative workshops, until the date of discharge. 
The third and fourth benefits may be looked upon as more or less incident 
to the first two. There is no doubt that considerable benefit is derived from 
the diversional side of this work, and this factor is probably more important in 
the early stages than later. A time comes when diversion should be abandoned, 
otherwise the treatment will miss its objective. Too much diversion is just as 
liable to produce idlers as complete inaction. 
The benefits of training in all cases should be subordinate to the curative 
effect. 
The functional value of the curative workshops is much greater than that 
of ward occupations. In ward occupations the functional cure is limited, perhaps, 
to the muscles and nerves of the fingers, hands, arms and shoulders, and the 
upper part of the body, and, to a very minor extent, the muscles of the lower 
part of the body. In curative workshops, however, all the muscles of the body 
may and should be brought into action and the work should be heavier and 
more intensive. 
_ Moreover, the work in these shops can approximate more closely the occu- 
pations carried on by normal workers in industry. Not only can the hands, 
arms and back be brought into play, but exercise can be given to the lower part 
of the body through the use of such tools as the treadle jig saw, the lathe, and 
through locomotion at the planing bench or other forms of carpentry or shop 
work. 
There is one distinct difference between functional education given in 
the curative workshops and mechano therapy given by the Zandler and Bott 
apparatus. The patient's mind is engaged in his work and the exercise of his 
CURATIVE WORKSHOPS. 
43 44 
muscles is quite unconscious. He is not worried by the monotony of set treat- 
ment. In the other forms of mechano therapy, however, the man's mind is 
constantly concentrated on his disability and the movements are monotonous 
and without interest. The same amount of work which in other forms of 
mechano therapy will create great mental fatigue will not produce any mental 
fatigue in the curative workshops. 
Fox in 11 Physical remedies for Disabled Soldiers" describes a man who was 
easily tired if set at exercises with a spring dumb-bell, but who would cheerfully 
grasp a large cloth in his injured hand, and clean windows. It is possible that 
there are not many men who would get much enjoyment out of this form of 
work, but it is easy to believe that men will become absorbed in the making of a 
piece of furniture and will work at it outside of regular hours and therefore give 
themselves self treatment. 
A remarkable case came to our attention of an officer with university 
training and high mental ability, whose right leg and hip had been badly injured 
by shrapnel. After treatment the leg was 1|" shorter than normal. He had 
been discharged from the hospital and for months walked with a cane with very 
slight movement of the knee joint. Very little improvement was taking place 
in his condition as time went on. However, shortly after this his duties neces- 
sitated his driving an automobile and the exercise given his right leg by pressing 
the brake was just the movement necessary to restore the functions of the 
muscles, and effected a speedy cure, so that he now walks normally without 
a cane. 
In the curative workshops in Canada classes in general education, commer- 
cial work, stenography and typewriting find a place. Typewriting has a direct 
functional curative effect on the muscles and nerves of the fingers, arms and back, 
but these subjects have also a curative effect mentally, as they teach a man 
mental concentration. 
In connection with the School of Physiotherapy at Hart House, Toronto, 
at which school special attention is given to amputation cases, the Vocational 
Branch installed a curative workship, and the following is part of a report from 
Mr. Ross, the Supervisor:- 
"At the present time with the improvement of artificial appliances 
and the facilities for training, a man with one arm need not despair. 
Take the case of a Sergt. Major and a Corporal of the 42nd Battalion. 
Both these men were wounded at Vimy on the 9th April, 1917 the Sergt. 
Major with his battalion, and the Corporal with the trench mortar 
battery, and in both cases amputation of the upper arm was necessary. 
Neither of these men had any hope of even being able to take up their 
previous occupations again. The Sergt. Major was a machinist before 
enlisting and felt so convinced that he would be unable to follow his 
trade that he took advantage of a course in book-keeping and general 
office work. The Corporal was a moulder, a trade where ten good fingers 
are a necessity, therefore he decided that he would have to find some other 
job more suited to his disability. 
"About a month ago for the sake of experimenting with wood- 
working tools and the 'Bowler-Hook' these two men commenced work 
in the shops at Hart House. 
"It should be mentioned here that these men were of the very best 
possible type, neither of them possesses a stump longer than five inches, 
but they have that which is possibly just as valuable as a longer stump, 
namely, the grit and determination to do the very best with what they do 
possess. At first they experienced some difficulty in handling the various 
• tools and the time expended on small and simple articles was necessarily 
great, but each day an improvement was noted, and now after only 
a month in the shop, they are turning out good work on useful articles. Class in wood-working in the Ontario Hospital Curative Workshops. Work is pres- 
cribed for each patient by the Doctor. Each prescription is designed to assist in restoring 
the lost functions of the muscles or nerves in some wounded member. Gainful occupations 
are not taught in the curative work-shops. The curative work-shop however serves as a clinic 
where a man of industrial adaptability may be tried out if he needs to be trained for a new 
occupation after discharge. 
A CLASS IN WOODWORKING. 
A POPULAR CURATIVE COURSE. 
Elementary sign writing is another popular course in the Hospital curative work-shops. 
If a man shows artistic talent here and after discharge needs Industrial Re-training for a 
new occupation, he is trained in some line of commercial art. Sign writing is very popular. 
Face page 44. CURATIVE WORK-SHOPS AT LONDON, ONTARIO. 
This work is excellent for wounds in the hands, arms or shoulders. It provides light 
interesting occupation and assists in restoring the lost functions of the muscles and nerves. 
Note all the men are in uniform. Curative work-shops are for men during convalescence and 
are administered under the direction of the doctors. Industrial Re-training is all taught after 
discharge. 
74947-Face page 44. 45 
They have gained some knowledge of carpentry, but what is more 
important they have discovered that the loss of an arm has not made 
them 'one-armed' in the strict sense of the term. The Sergt. Major 
is now going to commence work in the machine shop to see if he can 
possibly go back to his old trade and the Corporal intends to carry on 
with carpentry, and later on to go in for farming. 
"Both men are satisfied that the time spent in the shops has been 
well repaid and they are prepared to advise any man suffering from 
a similar disability to spend some time in a work shop even if he intends 
going into clerical work, as they state, apart from the knowledge of tools 
great benefit can be obtained in making both the good arm more pro- 
ficient, and the stump longer." 
The School of Physiotherapy at Hart House, Toronto, was established as a 
centre for training doctors and others in physiotherapy. Instruction was given 
there in massage, electro therapy, hydro therapy and mechano therapy, and 
in it the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment established a curative 
workshop. Doctors were brought in from all parts of the country to learn physio 
therapy methods and masseuses were trained under their care. 
The Vocational Branch also trained at this institution supervisors of 
curative workshops, and the doctors who came from all parts of the country 
learned to appreciate the value of these curative workshops, and when they 
returned to their own hospitals they co-operated more fully with the officers 
of the Vocational branch. The supervisors of the curative workshops who 
were being trained at Hart House became acquainted with the doctors and their 
methods, so that each understood the other. This led to the hearty co-operation 
which at present exists between the two Branches. 
Hart House has now been closed, but this work will be conducted in the 
curative workshops at the Dominion Orthopaedic Hospital, Toronto, from now 
on. The curative workshops should be very carefully controlled by the super- 
visor and the doctors who direct the work, so that the greatest amount 
of benefit may result. The man is sent into the shop for the specific purpose 
of giving exercise to certain muscles, and it must be so arranged that the work 
prescribed is carried out. For instance, a man sent into a carpenter shop to 
strengthen a crippled right hand must not be allowed to perform every action 
left handed. 
Several attempts have been made to measure mechanically the decrease 
in disability after a period of work in a curative workshop. Authorities differ 
as to the real accuracy of these measurement and their value in judging results. 
The value of the curative workshops in connection with mental cases 
should be fully realised. In the hospitals for mental treatment, both at Cobourg 
and Newmarket, very surprising results have been obtained in these workshops. 
Ward occupations and wood working seem to give the most benefit. 
As shown in the chapter on the History and Growth of Vocational Training 
in Canada, the work was first started in this country from an educational and 
diversional standpoint. Later on the industrial re-training of the disabled 
soldier was brought in. It was soon found, however, that these two could not be 
carried on together. About this time Mr. Burnette, who was in charge of the 
vocational work in the hospital at Whitby, Ont., began to develop the curative 
and functional side. Development proceeded apace; industrial retraining was 
entirely separated from occupational therapy. An order was promulgated 
to grant no more courses in industrial re-training until after discharge, to put all 
work in the hospitals on a curative basis and make education entirely subordinate 
to the therapeutic effect. 
It is the intention of the Vocational Branch to continue to press the curative 
object of the work in the hospitals and at all times to enlist the sympathy and 
co-operation of the doctors in directing the work. The Vocational Branch 46 
takes the view that the hospital is an institution for effecting a cure rather than 
an educational establishment. 
From a training standpoint, the curative workshop is most useful in that 
it may be used as a clinic where the supervisor may move a man, under medical 
direction, from one occupation to another and by actual trial select what 
he is best fitted for, and help to determine what course he should take, if it is 
found after discharge that he needs re-training. It can be determined here 
whether the man has mechanical ability or not, or whether he is best fitted for 
clerical work. If he is best fitted for mechanical lines it can be determined 
whether he should train for some of the finer mechanical occupations, such as 
dental mechanics, or whether he is best fitted for some of the heavier lines, such 
as motor mechanics, machine shop practice, etc. 
If he is best fitted for commercial work it can be determined whether he has 
aptitude as an accountant or clerk, or whether his vocation should be something 
with an artistic trend, such as sign writing, commercial illustrating, mechanical 
draughting, etc. It should be remembered that while a number of vocations 
are taught in the curative workshops there is no intention seriously to teach 
a man a new occupation there. What he learns is merely incident to his. cure. 
We have, however, remarkable cases of men with latent ability who had no occu- 
pation before the war, who in the curative workshops learn some useful vocation. 
From a training standpoint another benefit of the curative workshops is in 
the brushing up in his regular calling which a man may get while he is there. 
For instance a machinist has spent three or four years in the army, and has lost 
some of his skill, and in the curative workshops he has the opportunity before 
going out into the wage earning world, to brush up that skill. 
The accountant whose mind has been dulled by idleness and institutionalism, 
can once again study accountancy and learn to concentrate his mind on the 
figures and problems before him. The stenographer who has not handled a 
pencil or typewriter for three or four years and has lost his speed, can before 
leaving the hospital, attain the speed and accuracy necessary in that work. 
It should be made perfectly clear that while the curative workshops in 
hospitals in Canada are under the administration of the Vocational Branch of 
the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment, the work itself is entirely 
under the direction of the officer commanding the hospital. The relation is 
that of the doctor to the druggist, the doctor prescribes and the druggist follows 
the prescription, not until this relation is fully realised will the greatest success 
be obtained. 
For the work to be of the greatest benefit the doctor must direct it and see 
that the work given exercises the proper muscles in the right way, that sufficient 
work is given to effect a cure, but not so much as to produce fatigue. 
In this, as well as in ward occupations and the re-training schools, production 
is always a secondary consideration. The main object of the work is to cure, 
not to produce. However, in these curative workshops a great many articles 
are made for the hospital. Many of the looms which are used by the ward aides 
have been made in these shops, besides desks and furniture, also bed trays and 
other small articles for use. 
As in the ward occupations, any man making an article in the shops can 
obtain possession of it by paying the cost of the material. No articles produced 
in the curative workshops are allowed to be sold on the premises nor is anyone 
allowed to take orders for fature delivery. 
In July 1917, there were 544 men taking curative workshop and'industrial 
re-training combined. The number in each class at that time was not known. 
On 31st December, 1918, there were 2,581 pupils taking this work. 
In the chapter on History and Growth of Vocational Training will be found 
a chart showing the growth of curative workshops. The list of institutions in 
which the curative workshops are placed shows how widely this work is distributed 
through all the hospitals in Canada 47 
The attached list shows each institution in which there is a curative work- 
shop in Canada, the subjects taught and the number of pupils in each subject. 
This list does not include gardening. This is due to the fact that the list refers 
to subjects taught as of 31st December, 1918. However, in the summer probably 
one of the most popular and beneficial subjects in the curative workshops is 
that of gardening. At a great many of the hospitals truck and flower gardens 
are laid out for the soldiers in grounds adjoining the hospital, each soldier is given 
an individual plot which is his particular care and prizes are awarded for the 
best gardener. No attempt is made to teach gardening in the curative work- 
shops as a gainful occupation. However, besides the curative value the men 
learn to take care of small plots of vegetables and flowers, and we hope when they 
leave the hospital they will have their own little vegetable and flower gardens, 
so beautifying their homes. 
Number of Pupils Taking Curative Workshop Training and Subjects 
Taught January 31, 1919. 
"A" UNIT-QUEBEC. 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
Montreal Technical School 
Business 
1 
Machine Shop Practice 
1 
French-English 
1 
Commercial Illustration 
1 
4 
Laurentide Inn 
Wood W'orking 
12 
Business 
5 
Ward Occupation 
21 
38 
Ste. Anne's M. Hospital 
Business 
18 
Wood Working 
17 
Unit Total-82 Pupils and 
3 Institutions. 
Draughting 
5 
40 
"B" UNIT-NOVA SCOTIA 
Camp Hill Hospital 
Barbering 
1 
5 
5 
20 
4 
1 
4 
106 
4 
9 
5 
13 
1 
15 
146 
31 
1 
15 
N. S. Sanatorium 
Shoe Repairing 
Wood Work 
General Education 
Telegraphy 
Stenography 
Art Novelties 
Auto Mechanics 
T elegraphy 
Moxham Ross Hospital 
Motor Mechanics 
Business 
General Education 
Wood Work 
Pine Hill Hospital 
Ward Occupation 
Unit Total-193 Pupils and 
4 Institutions. 48 
"C" UNIT-EASTERN ONTARIO. 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
Cobourg M. Hospital 
Ward Occupation 
62 
Mowat Sanatorium 
Wood Work 
Show Card Writing 
Shoe Repairing 
Typewriting 
Ward Occupations 
18 
3 
9 
1 
18 
93 
Sandford Fleming Home 
Music 
Commercial and Civil Service 
Commercial and Civil Service 
5 
42 
2 
65 
Queen's Military Hospital 
Ward Occupations 
40 
2 
Unit Total-232 Pupils and 
4 Institutions. 
Commercial 
Civil Service 
Draughting 
General Education 
Electrical Engineering 
Farm Tractor 
Machine Shop Practice 
Shoe Repairing 
Orthopaedic Shoe Making 
Telegraphy 
Music 
5 
1 
3 
3 
2 
1 
5 
2 
1 
7 
2 
72 
"D" UNIT-CENTRAL ONTARIO. 
Brantford Military Hospital 
Shoe Repairing 
2 
Wood Work 
9 
General Education 
21 
Central Technical School 
Ward Occupations 
Show Card Writing 
21 
2 
53 
Commercial Design 
1 
Commercial Illustration 
2 
Motor Mechanics. 
Motion Picture Operation 
6 
5 
Power Plant Engineer 
3 
Chemistry 
1 
Electricity 
2 
Draughting 
8 
Machine Shop Practice 
4 
C. M. C. H. Toronto 
Carpentry and Cabinet Work 
Ward Occupation 
Wood Work 
4 
47 
38 
Base Hospital, Toronto 
Motor Mechanics 
General Education 
30 
17 
106 
Central Y.M.C.A., Toronto 
Oxy-Acetylene Welding 
Commercial and Civil Service 
3 
4 
20 
No. 8 Brunswick Ave., Toronto 
Telegraphy 
Commercial • • 
11 
13 
15 
Stenography 
9 
22 This picture shows an exhibition of Vetegables grown by soldiers while in Hospital. This 
exhibit took first prize in open competition for the best collection of vegetables at the Fall Fair. 
Gardening is taught for its curative value. The healthy exercise in the open air developes 
the muscles and tones up the system during convalescence. 
GROWN BY CONVALESCENT PATIENTS. 
74947-Face page 48. 49 
"D" UNIT-CENTRAL ONTARIO-Concluded. 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
Davisville Military Hospital 
Ward Occupations 
70 
Shoe Repairing 
6 
Wood Work 
14 
Commercial 
11 
Civil Service 
17 
Telegraphy 
12 
Motor Mechanics 
12 
Draughting 
9 
151 
Mountain Sanatorium, Hamilton 
Ward Occupations 
36 
Shoe Repairing 
3 
Commercial Design 
8 
Music 
2 
49 
50 
Newmarket Hospital 
Ward Occupations 
50 
Whitby M.C.A 
Ward Occupations 
26 
Motor Mechanics 
23 
Special Classes 
13 
Commercial 
28 
T elegraphy 
12 
Shoe Repairing 
9 
Music. 
10 
Manual Training. 
17 
Draughting 
Civil Service and General Education 
10 
58 
206 
Technical School, Hamilton 
Chemistry 
1 
1 
5 
19 
1 
4 
6 
17 
8 
27 
University of Toronto 
Shoe Repairing 
5 
Broadway Church 
Music ' 
19 
Dominion School of Rail Roading 
T elegraphy 
1 
Euclid Hall 
Commercial 
4 
Lansdowne School 
General Education 
6 
Longwood Conv. Home 
Ward Occupations 
17 
Muskoka Sanatorium 
French 
8 
Spadina Military Hospital 
Ward Occupations 
27 
Unit Total-798 Pupils and 
19 Institutions. 
"E" UNIT-QUEBEC. 
Lake Edward Sanatorium 
General Education 
23 
23 
Laval Sanatorium 
Wood Working 
2 50 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
Savard Park 
Motor Mechanics 
7 
13 
18 
38 
Unit Total-63 Pupils and 
3 Institutions. 
Wood Working 
Commercial and General Education 
"E" UNIT-QUEBEC-Concluded. 
"F" UNIT-WESTERN ONTARIO. 
Byron Sanatorium, Byron, Ont 
Ward Occupations ' 
37 
Wood Working 
9 
Draughting 
8 
Music 
19 
Commercial 
17 
Freeport Sanatorium, Kitchener 
Ward Occupations 
25 
90 
Connaught Hospital, London 
Ward Occupations 
19 
25 
Wolseley Barracks, London 
Ward Occupations 
47 
19 
Victoria Hospital, London 
Ward Occupations 
10 
47 
C.M.C.H., London 
Ward Occupations 
18 
10 
Wood Work 
27 
Guelph M.C.H 
Ward Occupations 
93 
45 
Market Gardening 
1 
Farm Tractor Operator 
1 
Agriculture 
3 
Engineering 
16 
Music 
22 
Horticulture 
13 
Manual Training 
39 
Commercial and Civil Service 
37 
Auto Mechanics 
9 
Oxy-acetylene Welding 
7 
Unit Total-477 Pupils and 
7 Institutions. 
241 
"G" UNIT-MANITOBA. 
Keefer Home, Port Arthur 
Ward Occupations 
13 
3 
3 
3 
6 
16 
13 
31 
M.M.C.H. Tuxedo Park 
Auto Mechanics 
Unit Total-44 Pupils and 
2 Institutions. 
Stat. Engineering 
Prac. Math. Estimating, etc 
Wood Working 
General Education 
"H" UNIT-SASKATCHEWAN. 
Earl Grey Sanatorium. 
46 
46 51 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
St. Chads Military Hospital 
Ward Occupations w 
27 
Fort Qu'Appelle Sanatorium 
Wood Work . 
3 
27 
Moosejaw, M.C.H 
Ward Occupations 
General Education 
Civil Service 
19 
9 
14 
31 
Telegraphy 
Auto Mechanics 
Commercial 
Wood Working 
Draughting. 
Sign Writing.., 
Ward Occupations 
9 
48 
13 
3 
6 
3 
33 
Provincial Insane Hospital, Battleford.. 
Special Steam (Theory) 
Ward Occupations 
1 
11 
100 
Unit Total-215 Pupils and 
5 Institutions. 
11 
"H" UNIT-SASKATCHEWAN- Concluded. 
"I" UNIT-ALBERTA. 
Ogden D.S.C.R. School 
Civil Service 
7 
13 
9 
17 
15 
14 
11 
11 
61 
36 
Edmonton D.S.C.R. School 
Ward Occupations 
Handicraft 
Commercial 
General Education 
Wood Work 
Unit Total-97 Pupils and 
2 Institutions. 
Ward Occupation 
General Education 
"J" UNIT-BRITISH COLUMBIA. 
Qualicum Beach C.H 
Commercial 
10 
11 
21 
Wood Working 
Resthaven C.H., Resthaven, B.C 
Art Metal Work 
5 
Auto Mechanics 
8 
Wood Working 
16 
Agriculture 
5 
Commercial 
10 
Draughting 
1 
45 
Royal Columbia Hospital, New West- 
Telegraphy 
7 
minster. 
Ward Occupations 
8 
Commercial. 
9 
24 
Balfour, C. H., Balfour, B. C 
Ward Occupations 
18 
Wood Work 
17 . 
Commercial 
21 
56 
Vancouver Gen. Hosp. Annex 
Poultry Raising 
4 
Ward Occupations 
78 
82 52 
"J" UNIT-BRITISH COLUMBIA- Concluded, 
Institution. 
Course. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Totals. 
Shaughnessy Military Hospital. 
Commercial 
17 
General Education .< 
Civil Service .• 
14 
5 
St. Joseph's Hospital, Vancouver 
Barbering 
Telegraphy 
Ward Occupations 
Fruit Farming (Lectures at U. of B.C.)... 
Ward Occupations 
1 
10 
8 
19 
9 
74 
Esquimalt C. H 
Boat Building 
2 
9 
Fairmont Military Hospital, Vancouver 
Shoe Repairing 
Motor Mechanics 
Wood Working , 
Draughting 
Agriculture 
Auto Mechanics 
3 
4 
16 
4 
6 
24 
35 
Jubilee Hospital, Vancouver .. 
Shoe Repairing. 
Carpentry and Cabinet Making. 
Draughting .' 
Ward Occupations 
4 
5 
8 
12 
41 
Unit Total-399 Pupils and 
10 Institutions. 
12 
RECAPITULATION. 
Unit. 
Number 
of 
Institutions. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
A 
3 
82 
R 
4 
193 
C 
4 
232 
n 
19 
798 
R 
3 
63 
R 
7 
477 
a 
2 
44 
H 
5 
215 
T 
2 
97 
J 
10 
399 
K 
0 
0 
59 
2,600 CHAPTER VI. 
In the general scheme of industrial retraining there are two features which 
are of the utmost importance, and might be called the essential ones. They 
are:- 
1. Interviewing and aiding the man in the selection of his course. 
2. The actual training for the occupation. 
All the other activities of the Vocational Branch centre around these two 
things. The follow-up and after care merely assist in the placement and take 
care of the results; the industrial surveys branch is really a service department 
for the interviewing and training branches. Ward occupations and curative 
workshops cure the man and lead up to industrial retraining; medical officers 
advise and assist in this work; statistics and costs, purchasing, etc. are no more 
than service branches. 
It is hard to say which is the most important, interviewing or training. 
The success of the training for a man's future life depends so much on getting 
him started in the right course that one might almost say interviewing was the 
most important. This would be absolutely so if it were not that the inter- 
viewing would be useless unless the man received proper training. The average 
cost to the country for retraining a single man without dependents, is approxi- 
mately $560 From an economic standpoint this money is wasted unless the 
man is a success, and he cannot be a success unless the course taken is adapted 
to him, and the degree of success in adapting the course to the man depends 
entirely on the success of the interviewing. 
It is therefore a sound business principle to spend sufficient money on inter- 
viewing to make it successful. It would not be economy to save money here at 
the expense of efficiency. Sufficient interviewers should be provided to give 
all the time necessary to consider the man's course completely and advise with 
him. The salaries paid the interviewers should be sufficient to attract to the 
work the class of man who can give this advice best. 
In large and well conducted industrial establishments at the present time 
the question of employment is given a great deal of thought. There is usually 
one man in charge of employing all the staff. This man must become conver- 
sant with every operation in the establishment. If he is the employment 
officer for a steel plant he must know the duties and work required of the man 
who operates the crane and the man who operates the rolls, and he must be 
familiar with the knowledge and experience required by an employee to be 
successful in the operation of the blast furnace, or the Bessemer plant. To this 
man come all those who seek employment. He interviews them and having 
on his desk the number and classification of all men required by the various 
foremen that day, he allots the applicants to the different foremen. The appli- 
cant is then sent to the foremen for employment, but if it is found after three or 
four days or three or four weeks trial with this foreman that he is not suited to 
the work, he is sent back to the employment officer, who in the light of his expe- 
rience, sends him to some other foreman for employment in another branch of 
the work. Usually, this employment officer has been employed in steel works 
in a number of capacities, himself, and is familiar by actual contact with a great 
many of the occupations in that plant. Nothing but experience and natural 
aptitude can make a proficient employment officer. 
Now, an employment officer possessing tact, diplomacy and a large amount 
of sympathy, would, with training, make a good interviewing officer. The 
INTERVIEWING. 
53 54 
employment officer deals only with the men as he finds them, while the inter- 
viewer must also bear in mind what can be made of them and for this he must 
be trained. 
It is quite evident that the man who has been a book-keeper all his life, a 
bank clerk or a school teacher, has not had the necessary experience with trades 
and occupations to make a good interviewer, There are several classes of men 
whose experience would naturally fit them for this work. For instance, a con- 
tractor who has built buildings, corporation works, or railroads, and operated 
them, and has employed all classes of workmen, skilled and otherwise, neces- 
sarily knows what is required of each. The factory manager also has this point 
of view; the labour representative who has for years been actively in contact 
with the labour movement also understands these things. These qualifications 
are essential, but it is also necessary that the interviewer should have diplomacy, 
tact, sympathy and the ability to enlist the man's confidence and respect. He 
must be able to put at ease the man he is interviewing and to find out what the 
man's aims and ambitions not only are, but have been. Many a man comes to 
us who in youth desired to learn some particular occupation but was unable 
to do so. He is loath to speak of his disappointed ideals, but if the interviewer 
has the proper sympathy and can get the man's confidence, he may draw these 
things out. If, in addition to these qualifications, the interviewer has technical 
training so that he can understand by personal experience the training the man 
has to go through, so much the better. 
The large majority of men being trained, are, as pointed out previously, of 
necessity drawn from the heavier occupations-the unskilled labourer or the 
partially skilled workman employed in the heavier occupations. The man 
who can best understand these men and get their confidence is the one who 
has himself at some time actually earned his daily wage at some heavy occupa • 
tion; who has frequently not known where his next meal was,to come from; 
who has slept and eaten in a lumber or railroad camp and often had to take any 
job that offered to satisfy the immediate necessities of life. 
It is also considered absolutely essential that of all the men on the staff of 
the department, the interviewer at least, if none other, must be a returned man, as 
he is the only one who can talk to the man being interviewed, on an equal footing. 
Voluntary enlistment in Canada is probably responsible for a strong feeling on 
the part of the ex-soldier against the civilian of military age holding official 
positions in any work connected with the handling of army matters or the ad- 
ministration of rehabilitation. He has inevitably the soldiers' conviction that 
all such are slackers, and when forced to deal with them, there springs up a feeling 
of distrust, leading to secretiveness which totally defeats the purpose of the 
interviewer. Although conscription was finally introduced in Canada, such a 
small proportion of the army was raised in this manner that from our standpoint 
we are really handling a volunteer army. 
Any suggestion of army methods has been done away with. All the staff 
wear civilian clothes, and the interviewer must approach the applicant as a 
civilian who is trying to put all the machinery of the department at his service. 
The interviewer is the soldiers' friend, not the guard at the door. 
Contact with the prospective applicant for retraining is first made while the 
man is yet a patient in hospital in Canada. During his period of treatment or 
convalescence, he comes in contact with the organization of the Vocational 
Branch through his occupational work in the ward or curative workshop. In 
each institution all this work is in charge of the Vocational Officer. This man 
is an ex-soldier and preferably a casualty. He is not a part of the military 
organization, but goes amongst the men and treats with them as an adviser 
rather than as an officer. He is also in charge of all personnel carrying out the 
curative and ward occupational work, and is responsible for the initial work 
in guiding a man towards his ultimate course of training. He accomplishes 
this not through one interview, but by a series of actual personal contacts, and CANDIDATES FOR RE-TRAINING. 
A group of men waiting to apply for re-training. Note the average age of these men. This shows what might be called normal cases of 
disabled. There are very few badly mutilated cripples among them. The greater number are well able to follow some light occupation and 
re-training them really means re-adapting them to some light occupation in the line they followed before the war. After the first month 
or six weeks, these men show more initiative, application, and desire to learn, than do students who have not been in the Army. 
Face page 53 55 
through the instructors in ward occupations and curative workshops. During 
the whole period of a man's stay in hospital he is therefore under the observation 
of the Vocational Officer and receives advice from him. The choice of a future 
occupation, if made by a man at this period, is given every consideration and 
the curative training provided is if possible preparatory to this desired occupa- 
tion. The enthusiasm of the man is carefully nursed, and his progress watched 
and noted for reference at a later date. If his interest can be awakened suffi- 
ciently at this point, one of the greatest difficulties in getting him back to civilian 
life is overcome before his retraining really starts. 
The actual application for a course of retraining may be made prior to dis- 
charge from the army, but the course does not commence until after this date. 
In assigning a man to a course the first requirement is that the man himself 
must be satisfied. The succcess he attains will depend almost entirely on the 
amount of enthusiasm and application he puts into his work. If he is not 
satisfied with the course he has selected, he will not apply himself and success 
will not result. 
In some countries vocational retraining is compulsory but it has never 
been made so in Canada. It has not been found necessary. A man is neither 
compelled to take training nor to take any course that he does not desire. The 
department depends entirely on its ability to persuade the man that he should 
take advantage of the tr lining offered. While the man is not compelled to take 
any course, there are a few instances in which a man may not be allowed the 
course which he chooses himself. This is only done when it is quite obvious that 
the course he is choosing would not lead to success. 
While the choice of course is left open to the man himself, a great deal of 
guidance is required. If the interviewers are of the right type they can, by the 
power of suggestion or persuasion, guide the man into almost any course thought 
desirable, for the great majority of the men are reasonable and can be shown 
wherein the choice of the Department Officials is the best. If the Department 
did not use the powers of suggestion, persuasion or reason, in guiding the men, it 
would be found that 50 p.c. of them would take up commercial work, civil service 
and motor mechanics. 'The railroad brakeman who has lost a leg is possibly 
given motor mechanics in the hospital as a curative measure. He comes to the 
interviewer with his mind made up that motor mechanics is the course he wishes, 
but it takes very little explanation in the part of the interviewer to show him that 
motor mechanics is not as well suited to his disability as would be the occupation 
of a telegrapher, train despatcher or railroad billing clerk. The labourer, who 
is 40 years old with a wife and family has his mind made up that he wants to 
become a bookkeeper. It is a comparatively simple matter to show him that he 
would never make much of a success as a bookkeeper, but that if he becomes a 
brass finisher he can earn good wages and have steady employment. 
A summary of the number of men being trained, the number of courses being 
given and the number of men in each, gives the following figures. Of the men 
being trained in July 1917, 42 p.c. were being trained in three courses, motor 
mechanics, civil service and commercial. In all 39 different occupations were 
being taught. It is very interesting study to contrast the figures above with 
those showing the distribution for the present date. On January 31st, 1918, a 
total of 5,754 men had been trained or were being trained in no less than 315 
different occupations. A list of these occupations is given at the end of this 
chapter. Of this total 409 or now 12 p.c. only, are being trained as auto mecha- 
nics, including chauffeurs and garage men; 543 or 15 p.c. are being trained in the 
combined commercial and civil service class. This distribution was not obtained, 
however, through actually closing the door in the face of the man wanting to enter 
one of the congested classes, but through the personal guidance of all the staff 
with whom the man came in contact. The guidance consisted of argument or 
suggestion rather than refusal or command. 56 
Interviewing of adults has never been carried on to any extent before. Voca- 
tional counsellors had their place before the war in some few technical and high 
schools, but this was on a small scale, and they dealt only with the immature boy. 
The interviewer for industrial re-training however, must deal with an entirely 
different problem-an older and more mature subject-and must therefore have a 
broader point of view and immeasurably more experience in occupations and 
trades. 
In chapter 10 on Industrial Re-Training, men are divided into two classes 
according to the occupations they may desire to follow:- 
1. Brain workers, including clerks, book-keepers, civil servants, profes- 
sional men, etc. 
2. Those who are engaged in manual occupations, skilled or otherwise, 
of which the higher types may also be brain workers. 
The interviewer first places the man in one of these two broad classes. In 
order to assist him in doing this he has a report from the hospital where the man 
has been engaged in the curative workshops. While he has been taking curative 
work there, he has been moved around from one occupation to another under me- 
dical direction, and a report is sent, to the interviewing officer on the man's dis- 
charge. Part of the interviewing may be done by the officer in charge of the 
curative workshops. In these curative workshops it is a comparatively easy 
matter by inspection, to find out whether the man has mechanical skill or not, 
or whether he is more adapted to clerical pursuits. This information enables the 
interviewer to decide what the man is best fitted for. 
The word "trades" usually refers to highly skilled occupations which take 
a long time to learn, such as carpentering, machinist, plumbing, printing, etc. 
The word "occupation" however, applies to a large number of vocations in which 
men are engaged. While these occupations may take a short time to learn, the 
wages in some are equal if not higher than in the highly skilled trades. A great 
many of the so called trades are seasonable, and with many occupations the 
seasonable factor does not come in to such a large extent. As examples, of 
occupations, as distinct from trades we might instance-glove cutter in the glove 
factory, collar maker in the harness factory, carriage painter in the automobile 
body factory, the monotype operator in the printing trade, the hoist runner in a 
mine, the glass cutter, silver polisher, electric station tender, meter-tester, gold 
pen grinder or the lens grinder. 
Besides trades and occupations the modern industrial system has developed 
a new class, piece workers. These workers perform only one operation such as 
a certain operation on a lathe, milling or punching machine. This method, the 
result of so called efficiency methods of intensive production, attempts to eli- 
minate the human factor and turn a man into a machine. The work is monoto- 
nous in the extreme. The effect is to dull the workers intellect. Efficiency 
•production has been so lately introduced that socially it must be regarded as an 
experiment. 
We have therefore three divisions-trades, occupations and piece workers. 
If an ex-soldier has a trade and is too disabled to follow it, the Department 
endeavours to raise him higher in that trade. It endeavours to train him to 
become a specialist in some lighter and more highly skilled division in that trade. 
For instance, the house carpenter becomes a cabinet maker, or the printer a mono- 
type or linotype operator. If a handicapped soldier had no trade before the war, 
be may be trained for an occupation. The Department does not train men for 
piece work or single occupations. 
One of the principles of interviewing which must be kept in mind at all times 
is that the occupation chosen by the man must in so far as possible be closely 
related to his former calling. 
The locomotive engineer who is so disabled that he cannot follow that 
occupation, is in possession of a large amount of knowledge in regard to operating 57 
a railroad. He is familiar with the movements of trains, the operation of train 
orders, has a fair knowledge of the duties of a station agent or train despatcher. 
He is also familiar to some extent with the operation of a round house and repair 
of locomotives. Of necessity he must have mechanical ability or he would not 
have attained the position of lomotive engineer. It seems only reasonable that 
advantage should be taken of this knowledge. He might be taught telegraphy 
and become a station agent, or railroad despatcher, or if his disability permitted 
he might become a machinist in the car repair shops, thus obtaining such a start 
that he might become foreman of the repair shops. 
The miner who has worked underground for some years is familiar with a 
great many operations around the mine. It would be folly to put him into rail- 
road work. If he has mechanical skill, he may be trained to be a hoistman or to 
repair the tools which he has used all his life, or he may be taken into the mill and 
taught to run the concentrating tables or he may become a stationary engineer. 
If on the other hand he is more fitted for clerical work and has never had the 
opportunity to do that, he may become a time-keeper or keeper of stores. His 
familiarity with various machinery and supplies used in mining operations would 
give him an immense advantage as a storekeeper over the man who has never 
seen a mine. If a man has been employed in heavy electrical work and cannot 
follow that, it would be unwise to put him into a shoe factory; he should be given 
some lighter occupation in the electrical line. 
It is well known that men have a tendency to continue in the calling in which 
they have worked for some years. A miner is nearly always a miner although he 
may change his occupation within the broad classification. The man who has 
worked on a railroad for years seldom takes to any other occupation with any 
satisfaction. The printer is always a printer although he may change his 
occupation within the printing trade from compositor to that of Linotype 
operator. This is to a large extent due to the fact that men are more or less 
diffident and nervous about starting new things. A man in his own occupation 
also has friends among his fellow workmen and has their sympathy. If a man 
who previously worked in a foundry has been disabled, and is taught the occu- 
pation of a core-maker he will be more likely to receive help and sympathy from 
his fellow workmen when he goes back to the foundry, than he would if he went 
into some other occupation. 
Another consideration in building on a man's former occupation is that the 
lenght of time necessary for training is kept down to a reasonable limit. 
There is a well settled but erroneous idea fixed in the minds of a number of 
people that the Department is attempting to teach trades to men with no 
previous experience, in from six to eight months. This should be emphatically 
denied. It is obviously impossible to take a man unskilled in that line and 
teach him to be a carpenter, machinist, plumber, etc., in from six to eight months, 
but if a man has been a building carpenter and has an amputation of the leg, 
by building on his former skill he can be taught cabinet making in eight months. 
If he has been a machinist's helper and by reason of his disability is not strong 
enough to follow heavy machine work and has sufficient natural mechanical 
ability, he can be trained as an improver in a machine shop in from six to eight 
months. If he has been a printer and has either a single or double leg amputa- 
tion which prevents him from following the ordinary printing trade he can be 
trained to operate a monotype or linotype machine, which is a sitting job, 
in the length of time at the disposal of the Department. This is true of other 
trades provided the man has former experience. 
The general principle is that while building on a man's former occupation 
he should be raised from a heavier occupation in his former line to a lighter one. 
The lighter occupation while being suited to his disability, usually draws higher 
wages. 
However, there are quite a number of men who have no occupation on 
which to build. Some left school without an occupation, and others among them 58 
have always been labourers with practically no education. They have been 
drifters and have formed the great class of transient labour. A great many of 
these men have natural ability which has never been developed. Some are 
natural farmers, others have mechanical ability and others are more fitted for 
clerical and sedentary occupations. With these men it has been the aim of the 
Department by every means possible-by inspecting in the curative workshops, 
by interviewing, or by getting at former ambitions-to find the man's natural 
aptitude and. train him in some occupation along that line. Those who are 
fitted for clerical work are trained as civil servants, book keepers, time keepers, 
etc. For those men who have no former occupation but have mechanical ability 
there are a large number of occupations available such as glass cutting, silver 
polishing, adding machine repairing, gold pen grinding, optical lens grinding, 
dental mechanics, etc., to name only a few of hundreds. 
The foregoing sets out the qualifications for an interviewer and the general 
principles he must apply. 
The first thing the interviewer must endeavour to decide is whether or not 
the man is eligible for training. This depends on two things:- 
1. Whether he is too disabled to return to his former occupation. 
2. Whether this disablement was incurred on or aggravated by service. 
After a short conversation with the man as to his war experience, former 
life and occupation, he is asked whether he can return to it or not. If he says 
he can, the interviewer informs him that he is not eligible for training, but that 
if after entering civil life he finds himself unable to follow his previous occupa- 
tion, he can come back to the Department and ask for training. Particulars 
are then taken as to his educational and industrial history and filed for future 
reference. 
If on the other hand he tells the interviewer that he cannot return to his 
former occupation due to disability incurred on or aggravated by service, he is 
sent to the Vocational Medical Adviser who examines him physically and 
mentally to determine whether in his opinion the man can return to his former 
occupation. In these examinations the advice of specialists is taken when 
necessary. A man may have to be brought before a lung specialist, a neur- 
ologist, an eye specialist or an orthopaedist. His last medical board taken on 
discharge, and his overseas medical board documents are examined to find out if 
the disability has been incurred on service or not. The army medical boards, how- 
ever, are only considered by the Department as evidence bearing on the point in 
question; these boards are not considered final. The Department gathers all 
medical evidence available as to the man's disability, and how incurred, both 
from his army record and medical examination, and makes a decision on these 
points in consideration of all this evidence. ♦ 
If the man is found eligible for vocational training the interviewer then 
consults with him as to what training it is advisable for him to take. Wherever 
possible his former employer is consulted provided the man wishes to return to 
his employ. If there is no opportunity of training him with his former employer, 
an opportunity may be found in his former calling in some other industrial 
establishment. In any case, if the man has to be trained in an industry, a 
meeting is arranged between the interviewer, the employer whom it is thought 
may train him, and the man himself, before the course is decided on. Every 
endeavour is made to take the advice of those particularly conversant with the 
trade or occupation in which the man is to be trained. If the man comes with 
some pre-conceived idea as to the course desirable, and the course he has selected 
is not considered suitable for him, he is shown the reasons why, and very little 
difficulty is found in persuading him to change. After the man himself and the 
interviewer have tentatively selected an occupation the Vocational Medical Ad- 
viser is again consulted as to the suitability of this occupation for his disability. 59 
The Vocational Medical Adviser is furnished from time to time with studies 
showing the relation between disabilities and occupations, and also tabulated 
in the reverse order, of the relation between occupations and disabilities. The 
interviewer has on file for his information all the surveys of industries made in 
this district, which are treated more fully in Chapter 8 on that subject. 
The man is brought before the Disabled Soldiers' Training Board. This 
Disabled Soldiers' Training Board consists of an interviewer, the doctor and one 
or more men drawn from the local advisory committee. At the present time 
these boards usually consist of about five men. In addition to the interviewer and 
doctor, we have the representative of labour, an employer and another man who 
is particularly conversant with the trade or occupation into which the man is 
going. This Board talks over in a personal and confidential way with the man 
himself, the course which has been selected for him. This information obtained, 
they decide on a course of action and their views and recommendations are set 
out in writing, and this recommendation is sent to Ottawa where it is examined 
carefully by other men trained in the work, and special doctors. In Chapter 2 
on pages seven and eight it has been explained fully why it is necessary to send 
these recommendations to Ottawa. It should be remembered, however, that 
all the work of interviewing and the decision, is practically made in the unit 
office by the Disabled Soldiers' Training Board and the Head Office in Ottawa 
merely maintains the right to concur in or veto a decision, the latter course 
being seldom necessary. Itis felt in the Ottawa office that unless there is some 
good reason for not concurring, the concurrence should be given. 
The average length of time taken in getting the concurrence of the Ottawa 
office has now been reduced to ten days for the whole of Canada Of necessity 
there are a few cases in which a little delay occurs, but the decision is only 
held up in cases where extremely bad decisions seem to have been made or 
where further information is found on the Headquarters file. 
It has been pointed out elsewhere that it is of the utmost importance both 
from the man's point of view and the point of view of the Department that the 
man should be started on the right course. Sometimes this delay while irksome, 
is entirely for the man's benefit. 
The interviewers and Disabled Soldiers' Training Board also review the 
cases of all men who desire or need extensions of courses. Where these cases 
come up before the Board they have in addition to the information formerly 
obtained on the man, reports from the principal of the school and his instructors 
to guide them, or if the man is working in industry they have reports of the 
inspectors and factory manager, and the man himself is again brought up and 
interviewed. 
The function of the advisory committee in interviewing is a very important 
one. It brings to the problem the point of view of the laymen. The labour 
representative sitting on the Board will know if the man who is taking training 
will be absorbed by the union, and if not, may suggest some other course of 
training by which he will fall within union regulations. The employer or manu- 
facturer will advise whether the man can succeed in the occupation selected. 
At one time it was possible for the District Vocational officer to handle 
each case individually; now, however, with as many as 700 applications a 
week being received at Head office from thirteen unit offices-which means con- 
siderably over this number in the units-the work has grown beyond the limits 
of a one-man job. 
As I previously intimated the importance of first hand advice at this point 
has been realized more and more as the work has progressed. In an effort to do 
away entirely if possible with a change of course due to faulty guidance, a special- 
ized Disabled Soldiers' Training Board has been introduced. At first it was 
thought sufficient to have on the Board in addition to the interviewer and the 
doctor, one or two men who would represent the laymen or industrial and 
commercial life. This was later developed by the introduction of one or two 60 
more men, four different branches of industrial, commercial or professional 
life being then represented. Even under these conditions, however, it was 
found that men were applying for courses, in some of which perhaps no member 
of the Board was thoroughly familiar with the details of the work involved. 
The new procedure is as follows-If the disabled men warned for a Board on 
any particular day include two men who are applying for cabinet making, then 
care will be taken that one of the members of the Board shall be a man who is 
familiar with the details of this work; and similarly with regard to other occupa- 
tions. In this way expert advice will be available for each individual case and 
the results, which will be carefully watched, should be an improvement over 
those obtained under the old system. 
I have elsewhere called attention to the fact that changing a course once 
started was an evil to be avoided, and that a large number of such changes 
could be taken as an indication of inefficiency in the counsel provided. To a 
certain extent this may be the case, but there are undoubtedly times when it 
is necessary to leave the final convincing of the man that the course he has 
chosen is the wrong one, to the instructor and to the realization that he can 
not do the work-which conviction comes only after trial. 
As has been pointed out, no man is compelled to take training unless he so 
desires, but it has been found by experience that the men are more than anxious 
to avail themselves of the advantages of training if they are eligible. For some 
time however, there was no systematic way of bringing the advantages of training 
home to all disabled men. Many of them were being discharged and were 
going to their homes some distance from the interviewing offices. They did 
not know the advantages available to them and were not succeeding in their 
former occupation. It was therefore decided that every man discharged through 
the hospitals or the invalided section should be interviewed. In every hospital 
or discharge depot through which invalids are passing, there is now a representa- 
tive of the Vocational branch who interviews the men. 
A large proportion of the men interviewed at these points are at once found 
to be ineligible and a record is made of their educational and industrial exper- 
ience, which is sent to the unit office for filing for future reference. If however, 
a man is considered eligible, he is sent to the District office to be further inter- 
viewed by the unit office interviewers. 
From an administrative standpoint the interviewers can be divided into 
two classes:- 
1. Those who interview in discharge depots and hospitals. 
2. Those who interview in the unit offices. 
The first class merely make a rough division between those who may be 
eligible and those who evidently are not. As they do not go into any of the 
details of vocational guidance they do not require to be highly trained. 
The men who do the final interviewing however, are selected from the best 
of those in the first class of interviewers. The interviewing in hospitals and 
discharge depots forms a training school in which the second class of interviewers 
can be trained, and from which w'e can select those with the necessary qualifica- 
tions to do the final interviewing. 
After being selected however, from this source, and being partially trained 
here, the interviewer must receive further training. For a while he is put on 
industrial survey work-sent to study factory conditions, interviewing managers 
and foremen, and the workmen in the factories so that he can get the point of 
view of all these people. He must then thoroughly study our school system, 
to become familiar with the training given there both as to courses available 
and methods used. It is also necessary for him to learn a good deal about 
disabilities. He is then used as an assistant interviewer in our district offices 
until it is thought safe to put him on as a final interviewer. 61 
We have found it very beneficial to interchange interviewers and industrial 
survey officers from- time to time. In a unit where three final interviewers are 
necessary, four are employed, one of whom is out for a week at a time accompany- 
ing the industrial surveyor in his work or doing the industrial survey work 
himself. Each interviewer therefore spends one week in four making this 
detailed inspection of the industries and occupations so that his information 
available for the guidance of the prospective student is at all times fresh in his 
mind. 
List of occupations for which disabled soldiers have been trained or 
are being trained. 
This list is increasing month by month:- 
1. Agriculture 
2. Adding Machine Repairs 
3. Auto Painting 
4. Artificial Limb Making 
5. Art Metal Work 
6. Armature Winding 
7. Advertising 
8. Auto Mechanic 
9. Auto Tire Repairs 
10. Air Brake Mechanic 
11. Architectural Drafting 
12. Aeroplane Mfg. 
13. Auto Salesman 
14. Auto Upholstering 
15. Auto Truck Driver 
16. Accountant 
17. Animal Husbandry 
18. Assaying 
19. Auctioneering 
20. Art Lead Glazing 
21. Bicycle Repairing 
22. Battery Making 
23. Bird Cage Making 
24. Boat Building 
25. Book-keeping 
26. Barbering 
27. Bronze Moulding 
28. Building Construction 
29. Boiler Inspector 
30. Battery Repairs 
31. Brush Back Boring 
32. Brush Making 
33. Boiler Laying 
34. Brass Finisher 
35. Box Factory Foreman 
36. Bee Keeping 
37. Broom Making 
38. Basket Making 
39. Blacksmithing 
40. Book Illustrating 
41. Butter Making 
42. Butchering 
43. Building Inspector 
44. Baking 
45. Book-binding 
46. Brass Novelties 
47. Chemistry 
48. Carriage Painting 
49. Civil Engineer 
50. Cheese Making 
51. Cable Telegraphy 
52. Cabinet Maker 
53. Commercial 
54. Concrete Construction 
55. Coremaking 
56. Carpet Weaving 
57. Civil Service 
58. Carpentry 
59. Commercial Designing 
60. Central Telephone Office Work 
61. Cash Register Assembling 
62. Cylinder Press Feeder 
63. Cloth Weaving 
64. Commercial Illustrating 
65. Confectioner 
66.- Commercial Art . 
67. Comptometer 
68. Chiropody 
69. Clock Repairing 
70. Cigar Making 
71. Cornet Playing 
72. Cleaning and Pressing Clothes 
73. Cartooning 
74. Compositing 
75. Cooking 
76. Cotton Spinning 
77. Dry Goods Salesman 
78. Drafting and Estimating 
79. Dairying 
80. Dyeing 
81. Dentistry 
82. Drafting 
83. Die Polishing 
84. Estimating and Plan Reading 
85. Electric Light Station Operator 
86. " " Wiring 
87. r " Meter Mechanic 
88. " Substation Operator 
89. " Fixture Making 
90. " " Assembling 
91. " Repairing 
92. " Engineering 
93. " Welding 
94. " Winding 
95. " Switch Board Operating 
96. " Wiring 
97. Electrician 
98. Embalming 
99. Engraving 
100. Farm Mechanics 
101. " Carpentry 
102. " Machinery Repairs 
103. Floriculture 
104. Fruit and Vegetable Drying and Canning 
105. Fur Cutting 
106. Farrier 
107. Furniture Polishing 
108. Farm Tractor Operator 
109. Factory Clerk 
110. Forestry 
111. Fancy Wire Work 
112. French Polishing 
113. Flour Milling 
114. Fire Insurance Agent 
115. Fountain Pen Maker 
116. Greenhouse Work 
117. Gas Engineering 
118. Glass Cutting 
119. Garment Designing 
120. " Cutting 
121. Grain Buying 
122. " Elevator Operator 62 
List of occupations for which disabled soldiers, &c.-Continued 
123. Glove Weaving 
124. Gardening 
125. Grain Inspector 
126. Gas Tractor Engineer 
127. Glove Making 
128. Gunsmithing 
129, Gold Penmaking 
130. Hat Blocking 
131. " Making 
132. Highway Engineering 
133. Hydro Inspector 
134. Hardware Salesman 
135. Hospital Technician 
136. Harness Making 
137. " Fitting 
138. Horticulture 
139. Heating Plant Operator 
140. Hog Raising 
141. House Painting 
142. Harness Repairing 
143. Interior Decorating 
144. Iron Moulder 
145. Jeweller 
146. Jewellery Repairs 
147. Janitor 
148. Joiner 
149. Knitting Machine Operator 
150. " " Repairing 
151. Life Insurance Agent 
152. Locksmith 
153. Log and Lumber Scaling 
154. Landscape Gardening 
155. Lens Grinder 
156. Leather Novelties Mfg. 
157. Lead Glazing 
158. Linotype Operator 
159. Lithographing 
160. Law Course 
161. Librarian 
162. Medicine 
163. Meter Reading 
164. Metal Pattern Maker 
165. Metal Spinner 
166. Marble Cutting 
167. Mechanical Drafting 
168. Machine Shop Practice 
169. Motor Mechanic 
170. Milling and Assaying 
171. Mining Engineering 
172. Monotype Casting 
173. Milk Testing 
174. Metal Polishing 
175. Moving Picture Operator 
176. Mining 
177. Machinist 
178. Mechanical Dentistry 
179. Metal Enamelling 
180. Moving Picture Photographer 
181. Meter Construction 
182. Massaging 
183. Mechanical Engineering 
184. Magneto Repairs 
185. Multigraph Operator 
186. Marine Engineering 
187. Meat Inspector 
188. Municipal Secretary 
189. Machine Buttonhole Work 
190. Metal Drill Work 
191. Mattress Making 
192. Machine Wood Work 
193. Navigation 
194. Naval Architect 
195. Nautical Instrument Repairs 
196. Office Equipment Repairs 
197. Optical Work 
198. Oxy-acetylene Welding 
199. Ornmental Iron Work 
200. Orthopaedic Boot Making 
201. Ocean Cable Telegrapher 
202. Photography 
203 Poultry Raising 
204. Printing 
205. Plumbing 
206. " Supplies Assembly 
207. Pharmacy 
208. Piano Tuning 
209. " Polishing and Finishing 
210. " Repairs 
211. " Sounding Board Mfg. 
212. " Hammer Making 
213. Picture Framing 
214. Paper Box Making 
215. Prosetic Dentistry 
216. Power Plant Engineering 
217. Pattern Making 
218. Pressman 
219. Photo Engraving 
220. Pressed Metal Work 
221. Paper Hanging 
222. Pickle Making 
223. Paper Novelty Mfg. 
224. Rubber Turning 
225. Railway Clerk and Accounting 
226. Ring Making 
227. Radiographing 
228. Railroad Station Work 
229. Rubber Tire Repairing 
230. Reed Furniture Making 
221. Railroad Track Inspector 
232. Reporting 
233. Railway Drafting 
234. Shoe Making 
235. " Cutting 
236. " Repairing 
237. Sheet Metal Work 
238. Stencil Cutter 
239. Steel Analysis 
240. Scientific Course 
241. Steam Engineer 
242. Switch Board Operator 
243. " " Installing 
244. Stenography 
245. Shipping Clerk 
246. Stone Drafting 
247. Steel and Cement Construction 
248. Soldering 
249. Street Car Repairs 
250. Surveying 
251. Steam Boiler Inspector 
252. Silversmith 
253. Stationary Engineering 
254. Sign Painting 
255. Sewing .Machine Repairs 
256. Shipbuilding 
257. Steel Stamping 
258. Silver Polishing 
259. Steel Letter Cutting 
260. Sign and Card Writing 
261. Storekeeper 
262. Sanitory Inspector 
263. Seed Inspector 
264. Stamp Making 
265. Stove Moulding 
266. Saw Filing 
267. Steam Fitting 
268. Ship Drafting 
269. " Fitting 
270. Sheet Metal Drafting 
271. Stationery Salesman 
272. Stone Planer 
273. Sash and Door Mfg. 
274. Scale Repairs 
275. Slaughtering animals 
276. Saxaphone Playing 63 
List of occupations for which disabled soldiers, &c.-Concluded 
277. Salesmanship 
278. Sheep Herding 
279. Surgical Appliance Mfg. 
280. Tinsmithing 
281. Tile Setting 
282. Tool Making 
283. Taxidermy 
284. Telegraph Cable Splicing 
285. Time Keeping 
286. Telegraphy 
287. Telephone Installation 
288. " Repairs 
289. " Lineman 
290. Typesetter 
291. Truck Gardening 
292. Theology 
293. Tailoring 
294. Typewriter Repairs 
295. Touch Typing 
296. Trunk Making 
297. Trap Drummer 
298. Teachers' Course 
299. Upholstering 
300. Undertaking 
301. Veneering 
302. Violin Playing 
303. Vulcanizing 
304. Veterinary Work 
305. Watch Repairing 
306. Veneer Lathe Operating 
307. Window Dressing 
308. Wire Cable Making 
309. Wooden Shoe Making 
310. Wood Carving 
311. Wireless Telegarphy 
312. Wood Polishing 
313. Wire Bed Spring Mfg. 
314. X-ray Operating CHAPTER VII. 
The Vocational Branch of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establish- 
ment has always considered that the retraining of handicapped soldiers is a 
new problem and requires an educational system quite different from any 
heretofore established. To understand fully what follows, it is necessary to 
indicate and establish the points of difference. 
It is also necessary in solving any new problem to study the factors to be 
dealt with before attempting to establish a system. At the risk therefore of 
being tedious I will repeat here briefly some things which have been stated 
before. 
The returned soldier has passed through an experience which others of 
mankind have not been through. None can understand this experience except 
the soldier himself. It is far reaching in its effects. 
There is an opinion abroad, due partially to ignorance and a cursory exam- 
ination of the facts, that soldiers as a class return with the idea that they should 
foi ever after be kept by the country, and that they have a tendency to demand 
unjust things and are disinclined to return to work. Close contact with the 
returned soldier has shown that the large majority are anxious to return to civil 
Efe at the earliest possible moment. In Canada the greatest part of the army 
was raised by voluntary enlistment, the young went with the old, the rich with 
the poor; the adventurer served alongside the more sober citizen; the ne'er 
do well enlisted thinking that army life would be easy, and the serious worker 
enlisted through a sense of patriotism. The Canadian Expeditionary Force is 
practically a cross-section of the adult male population of military age, and 
among it is found the same proportion as in civil life of those who did not want 
to work and never would, unless driven to it by necessity. This proportion is 
very small indeed, but before the war they could not be heard to complain if 
they did not work, but the war being finished, some of these men are taking 
advantage of the situation. By far the greater majority of the returned soldiers, 
however, are anxious to return to their daily work at the earliest possible moment. 
Their experience has broadened their point of view. They have travelled 
and seen the world, have discussed things which never before interested them, 
and their minds are more mature than the students found in civil educational 
institutions. 
When a civilian entered the army everything was done t'o make him a 
small unit in a large organization. He was taught to obey rather than to think; 
he was for the most part relieved of the care of his dependents; clothing, food 
and a place to sleep were provided for him. If he was guilty of a misdemeanour 
he was punished, but he was not deprived of the necessities of life, whereas in 
civil life he would have been discharged. Thus the whole system, for the time 
being, tended to reduce the action of his own will and relieve him of all sense of 
responsibility. 
In addition to this the wounded man with whom the Vocational Branch 
deals has spent long idle months in hospital where he had time to brood over 
his misfortunes and disabilities. The resulting state of mind has been termed 
a state of "institutionalism". From the time the man enters the hospital so 
badly wounded that he cannot return to active life in the army, he is on his 
way back to civil life and has to go through the reverse process. It is the business 
of the Vocational Branch to take care of the industrial side of this reverse process. 
Mental and psychological treatment is required as well as training. 
INDUSTRIAL RETRAINING. 
64 65 
It has been found that while during the first month or two the men show 
lack of initiative, as compared with civilians, there seems to be a critical period 
of about a month to six weeks after commencing training, and when this has been 
successfully passed, the majority of the men are better than those who have 
not passed through this experience. 
A great many of the men who come to the department have never spent 
the necessary time to attain any degree of mechanical or mental skill. A 
number wasted their opportunities in their youth, but when the opportunity 
of training is again presented to them, they seize it with enthusiasm. For this 
reason a large proportion of our students show a greater desire to learn and apply 
themselves, than the ordinary civilian students. 
In all the literature on the subject of the training of the crippled soldier, 
there is a tendency to display pictures of men badly mutilated. This is done 
no doubt to enlist the reader's sympathy, and may have its uses, but to those 
who must deal with this subject it gives a wrong impression. 
The term "crippled soldier" in connection with this work does not convey 
the proper mental picture; the "handicapped soldier" is really the correct term. 
All those interested in solving the training problem should become familiar 
with what might be called the normal case of the handicapped soldier. Ordin- 
arily one thinks of the crippled soldier as one who has suffered an amputation 
of one of the members of his body, or who has lost his sight, but out of 113,766 
soldiers returned to Canada by the 15th February, 1919, only about 2,600 had 
suffered amputation of limbs. The rest had suffered from wounds which had 
healed but had left the members of the body either in a normal state of usefulness 
or with a varying percentage of normal function remaining. Others had been 
weakened by wounds in the back, chest or head. Another great class had broken 
down through pulmonary trouble or chronic diseases which had left them well 
able to do light work but unable to follow a heavy occupation. 66 
Summarized Statement of Courses 
Current and Discontinued or Completed on Date of December 31, 1918. 
Showing by Units the Number of: (1) Single Men Without Dependents 
(2) Single Men With Dependents (3) Married Men (4) Widowers 
With Children, Who Have Been or Are Being Paid This 
Department's Training Allowance. 
Current Cases •. 3,469 
Discontinued or Completed Cases 2,992 
Grand Total 6,461 
- 
Current Cases. 
Single men 
without 
Dependents. 
Single men 
with 
Dependents. 
Married men. 
Widowers 
with 
Children. 
A 
234 
44 
179 
2 
B 
160 
7 
80 
1 
C 
176 
10 
124 
D 
481 
57 
333 
F 
63 
10 
65 
G • 
231 
26 
142 
1 
H 
121 
2 
55 
I 
181 
17 
195 
2 
•T 
183 
33 
154 
2 
K 
69 
29 
1,899 
206 
1,356 
8 
Current Cases 
Single men without dependents 1,899 
Single men with dependents 206 
Married men 1,356 
Widowers with children 8 
Total 3,469 
Discontinued or Completed. 
Single men 
without 
Dependents. 
Single men 
with 
Dependents. 
Married men. 
Widowers 
with 
Children. 
A 
101 
26 
185 
3 
B 
72 
21 
40 
C 
102 
23 
103 
D 
397 
71 
417 
2 
F 
70 
10 
96 
1 
G 
181 
40 
213 
1 
H 
97 
15 
65 
1 
I 
168 
38 
174 
1 
J 
116 
20 
91 
2 
K 
18 
11 
Total 
1,322 
264 
1,395 
11 
Discontinued or Completed. 
Single men without dependents 1,322 
Single men with dependents 264 
Married men 1,395 
Widowers with children 11 
Total 2,992 Sign writing is a useful subject for Industrial Re-training for men who have no foundation 
on which to build, but who have a nature aptitude for the work. Industrial Re-Training 
is always given after discharge, and after the patient is cured. 
A CLASS IN SIGN WRITING. 
INDUSTRIAL RE-TRAINING. 
Lance Corporal who was wounded in the legs, was a shipper before the 
war. In this illustration he is shown along with others of his comrades learning gold pen 
grinding with a firm of fountain pen manufacturers in Toronto. Training in industries has 
reached a high state of developement in Canada. 
Face page 66. 67 
The normal case of the handicapped soldier therefore is the man who still 
enjoys the use of the members of his body and his *senses, but in a slightly 
impaired or handicapped condition. While he cannot follow his heavy occupa- 
tion he is well able to follow some lighter form of work along the lines of his old 
occupation, or a new one. 
Those who apply to the department, vary in age from the immature youth 
to the man of 50; in education from the illiterate to the university graduate; 
in industrial experience from the railroad navvy or former sweat shop worker 
to the highly trained mechanic and professional man. There are also single 
men and married men with children or dependents; men who have worked 
for a number of years for wages and boys who left school to enter the army. 
The accompanying table on page 66 shows the classification of men as to 
married, single or dependents. 
Among these it is natural that the manual workers should exceed in number 
all others, since the man who was in clerical or professional work would have 
to be seriously handicapped to be unable to go back to his former occupation. 
These men have to enter training at any day of the year and graduate 
at any time. In civil educational institutions the work starts at a stated time 
of the year and ends at another stated time, all students entering and leaving 
their courses at one time. 
In ordinary civil educational institutions the student has all his life before 
him, and for the most part has never been a wage earner, nor has he family 
responsibilities. On the other hand a large majority of the soldiers coming up 
for retraining have a good part of their lives behind them, have been wage 
earners and have families to support. 
Again, in the civil educational institution the aim is to build a broad 
foundation on which the man may erect the structure of his life, but with the 
large part of our work, the problem is to repair an already existing structure 
which has been partially wrecked. 
As pointed out before, the desire expressed by a great majority of these 
men is to return at the earliest possible moment to a wage earning capacity and 
resume their domestic relations as though no interruption had occurred. The 
man past 30 with wife and children does not wish to be taught why certain 
things are done in the way they are, but rather how to do them. There are, 
of course, exceptions to this. The younger men wish to know the why and 
wherefore and to lay a foundation, the older men wish to know how, and have 
the structure repaired. 
The average man who graduates from a civil institution is not married nor 
has he children, and for the most part he has no dependents. His education 
has given him the ground work for an occupation, and he enters industrial life 
at a small wage, gradually advancing as he becomes more proficient. The men, 
however, who graduate from the training courses of the Vocational Branch 
must be placed immediately in a position to earn full wages in competition with 
other workmen in that occupation, and must resume at once the responsibility 
and care of their families and dependents. 
To sum up'-the returned soldier student differs from the civilian in the 
following points:'- 
1. His experience has been such that he can best be dealt with by returned 
soldiers. 
2. He has a more mature and broader point of view. 
3. He comes to the Department suffering from a state of institutionalism. 
4. After this institutionalism has been overcome and the critical period 
passed, he has more initiative. 
5. In the majority of cases the desire to learn and the degree of applica- 
tion, is greater than with civilian students. 
6. Men of all ages come to the Department at the same time. 68 
7. There are all classes from the illiterate to the educated. 
8. There are manual workers from non-skilled to the highly skilled. 
9. A large proportion are married or have dependents and civil respon- 
sibilities. 
10. A large majority have been wage earners. 
11. They must enter and leave the classes at any time. 
12. They must be in a position immediately on discharge to earn sufficient 
money to support themselves and their dependents. 
13. They require schools which are open all the year. 
The foregoing sets out the points in which this work differs from ordinary 
education. It indicates that for the most part courses should be short, intensive 
and practical, and that the most flexible system of training heretofore in 
existence was rigidity itself compared with the flexibility which must be obtained 
in this work. One might even go further and say that except in a few instances 
no set courses , can be laid down, but every man's training must be individual. 
Of course this individual treatment as far as interviewing is concerned, must 
be put into effect without exception, but so far as training is concerned, every 
endeavour must be made to make the courses flexible within the point of reason- 
able economy. 
For the purpose of discussion, industrial retraining may be divided into 
two sections:- 
1. Academic training including professional courses, general education, 
civil service, book-keeping, accounting, municipal accounting, 
music and like subjects. 
2. Such training as leads to manual occupations highly skilled or other- 
wise. 
The first class needs little explanation or comment, for the method of 
carrying out the training of this class differs little from ordinary educational 
systems. Business colleges, technical schools and universities are used in part, 
but owing to the fact that soldiers are best trained by soldiers, in order to accom- 
modate the men entering and leaving at all times, and in other ways to adjust 
the training to the peculiar needs of the men, the Department has organized 
classes taught by returned soldiers for the carrying on of this work. Those 
taking up professional courses are sent to the universities and colleges where 
they take the ordinary courses. 
It is in the second class of training, however, that the greatest departure 
from existing systems has been made, and what follows will bear almost entirely 
on training for manual occupations. 
The training for manual occupations involves three governing factors:-• 
1. Equipment. 
2. Personnel. 
3. Methods. 
Methods may be broadly divided into:- 
1. Training in schools. 
2. Training by apprenticeship system. 
Training for manual occupations in Canada in schools has not been wides- 
spread when considered from a geographical standpoint. While a few cities 
have highly developed and splendidly equipped technical schools these schools 
have been entirely lacking in other Provinces and cities. In the cities where 
these schools do exist they were found for the most part to be carrying a peak 
load of civilian students, and although they made sacrifices to accommodate the 
soldiers, the time soon came when they could not accommodate the suddenly 
increased burden without doing injustice to the civilian students. 69 
Arrangements were made to have a number of students trained at the tech- 
nical schools in Montreal, Toronto, Hamilton and London, but in most of the 
provinces no facilities of this kind existed. The Department therefore had to 
find other ways and means to accommodate the students. It was found on 
investigation that most of the university students in engineering courses had 
gone to the Front and that these universities had equipment and space lying 
idle. The Nova Scotia Technical College and the Calgary Institute of Tech- 
nology and Art were taken over by the Department and new equipment and 
space added, and are now conducted by the Department as trade schools. 
McGill University, Toronto University, University of Saskatchewan, 
University of British Columbia and Queen's University, Kingston, placed at 
our disposal such equipment and space as they had, and additional equipment 
was added. Arrangements were made with the Agricultural College at Truro, 
N.S., Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que; the Ontario Agricultural 
College; University of Manitoba; University of Alberta and the University 
of British Columbia, to undertake agricultural training. In the province of 
Manitoba the Department built and equiped a trade school of its own. 
The equipment of technical schools is very expensive, from the standpoint of 
capital. It is evident that the vocational training of returned soldiers is only a 
temporary problem and cannot last for long. The problem is in the nature of 
a peak load. The only wise and economical course is to use existing facilities 
as far as possible, and if new facilities are required, to provide them in such a 
manner that they can be used after the Dominion Government has completed 
its task. 
All the foregoing arrangements were made and equipment was supplied 
and installed so that the same could revert to the institution in which it was 
installed, after the work of the Department was completed. 
It became quite evident however, from a standpoint of equipment, that an 
enormously increased outlay in capital would have to be made or some other 
method of training must be found. Training by the apprenticeship system 
was the only solution available. 
It was also clear that the personnel available for teaching or training existed 
in the same proportion as the equipment and space; if the available equipment 
and space was all employed it followed that the available personnel was employed 
or over-taxed in the same proportion. Here again the only solution was in the 
development of the apprenticeship system. 
In Chapter 2 on the History and Growth of Vocational Training in Canada, 
it is shown that the number of occupations which could be taught in schools is 
very limited, and that in order to provide against competition an increased 
number of occupations had to be provided. By the time the use of existing 
schools and universities had reached its maximum, this necessity of increasing 
the number of occupations was becoming more evident, and here again the 
apprenticeship system was the logical solution. 
For reasons explained in Chapter 6, one of the policies of the Department 
has always been that a man should be trained in an occupation as closely related 
to his former one as possible. 
The number of so called trades is small, but the number of occupations as 
distinct from trades is large. For demobilization purposes England has classi- 
fied 3,000 occupations. The Department of Trades and Labour for demobili- 
zation in Canada has classified 5,500 occupations. If therefore we are to build 
on a man's former occupation, provision must be made for training in all of 
these occupations if necessary, and training in industries is the only system by 
which it is possible to do this. 
When the trainee on the completion of his course in school, first enters 
employment on wages, he finds himself among unfamiliar surroundings and feels 
nervous about his ability to make good. If he is trained by an employer in that 70 
occupation his transition from training to wage earning takes place with the 
least possible dislocation. One week he receives his pay from the Government 
and the next week he receives it from his employer. The transition is made 
practically unconsciously. 
The difference between trades, occupations and piece work is not well under- 
stood by the general public, partly because they are unfamiliar with trades, 
occupations and piece work, and partly through the fact that their daily work 
does not lead them to analyze these things closely. It is, however, necessary to 
understand this distinction. This difference is clearly defined in Chapter 6 
page 55. 
The Department is never satisfied with training a man to run a lathe or a 
milling machine. This would be merely piece work. By teaching an occupa- 
tion we mean teaching all the operations included in the occupation and not just 
me operation. 
Training by apprenticeship does not necessarily mean the teaching of trades 
as defined in Chapter 6, but may mean the teaching of an occupation. The 
heavy electrical worker who is disabled in the back may be trained as a sub 
station tender in a short time, and earn better wages, but it would take a long- 
while to teach him a trade. 
Training in trade or technical schools is practically limited to the teaching 
of trades and not occupations, and as a rule only the ground work of these trades 
is given. Training in industry, however, makes available practically every 
occupation which a handicapped man can follow. The advantages therefore 
of training in industry can be summed up as follows- 
That a very large number of occupations for disabled men is made available. 
That it is possible to carry to the logial conclusion the policy of training 
a man in an occupation closely related to his former one. 
That the transition from training to wage earning takes place with the least 
dislocation. 
That the man at the end of his training is better able to earn immediately 
the full going wage in the occupation for which he is trained. 
That the facilities for training are greatly increased without extra capital 
cost. 
In training in factories, the following policies have been adopted:- 
1. The Government will pay the full cost of maintenance. 
2. That the man being trained must conform to the civil discipline of 
the employer as to hours of work, etc. 
3. That the man himself, the employer, and his fellow workmen, must 
be satisfied with the arrangement. 
4. That if the factory is unionized the union must be satisfied. 
5. That the first month or six weeks should be considered a probationary 
period. 
6. That proper inspection must be instituted to see that the man is 
making progress, that he is being actually trained and not exploited, 
that medically the work is suited to his disability and that it seems 
likely at the end of his course he will be able to earn the full going 
wage in that occupation. 
In England, under the apprenticeship system, arrangements have been 
made in a few industries that the Government should during part of the course 
pay something towards the support of the trainee, and the employer should pay 
the balance, the Government bearing the maximum to start with and decreasing 
as the course progresses. These arrangements, however, have only been made 
in about 30 occupations and the Government only contributes for a period of 
three weeks to a year. Conditions in England are very different from those in 71 
Canada. In England it is well known that occupations are localized. In 
Sheffield we have the cutlery industry; in Nottingham the lace industry; in 
the Five Towns immortalized by Arnold Bennett most of the pottery is made; 
in Lancashire we have the cotton industry; these examples are sufficient. This 
concentration of trades or occupations in certain localities renders it possible 
to make these arrangements. However, in Canada the occupations are scattered. 
Shoe making in factories is carried on in Quebec City, Montreal, Toronto, and 
some smaller cities. The wages in each city vary and an arrangement would 
have to be made for each locality, and the small numbers in any occupation in 
any locality would make the system too cumbersome. 
The desirability and necessity of this arrangement also depends on what is 
expected of the employer. In Canada it is expected of the employer-and means 
are taken through our inspectors to see to it-that the man shall be actually 
trained and not kept on piece work, and that instruction and not production shall 
be the prime object. If the manufacturer were compelled to pay part of the 
maintenance of the man he would consider it his right to avail himself of part of 
his labour in order to compensate himself for the time his foreman and superin- 
tendant spend in training, and for the use of machinery, space and material. 
After a year's experience with the system as at present operating, it has been 
found that in only a few instances is there any tendency to exploit the man's 
labour instead of training him, and where this is found to be the case, the inspector 
immediately takes the man out of the factory. 
When the system wag first instituted it was thought there should be a contract 
enforcing certain conditions between the man, the employer and the Department. 
It was felt, however, that this contract would be of no use, as there was no con- 
sideration on the part of the parties to such a contract, and that unless they 
wished to carry it out there was no means of compelling them to do so. It was 
considered that any agreement between them should be based on good will and 
satisfaction. It was therefore decided that the man must obey the ordinary 
rules of the employer which affected all employees in the factory, that the man 
himself, the employer and his fellow workmen must be satisfied with his presence 
and actions there, for if any dissatisfaction developed it would be wiser to remove 
the man than attempt to effect a change in conditions. 
It was necessary that the man should work the same hours as the other 
workmen, otherwise there would be jealousy and the organization of the factory 
would be interfered with. 
If his fellow workmen were not satisfied and the difficulty could not be re- 
moved, no success would be obtained and unless the man himself was satisfied 
he would not work with a will to succeed. 
In unionized occupations it is of course essential that the interest of the unions 
be consulted. 
It is not always possible when interwiewing men to decide without trial 
whether they are fitted for a certain occupation. The first month or so therefore 
is considered a probationary period and the man and his surroundings are in- 
spected very carefully. In some cases it also develops that during this first 
period the conditions are not suited to the man's disability. If the man has an 
artificial limb and the factory is too warm, the limb will sweat and become 
uncomfortable. If the man has a tendency to eczema and the disease is dormant 
it may develop if he is put in the fur trade. If the man is in an indoor occupation 
latent tuberculosis may become active. Trial may show that the man is indus- 
trially and mentally unsuited to the work. If any one of these causes is dis- 
covered during the first two or three months the man may be immediately changed 
to some other occupation. 
To'gain information about the foregoing points the man is visited once a 
week by paid inspectors of the Department. Without this system of inspection 
the work would be a failure, or fall far short of success. 72 
It has been stated that there are two broad methods of training:- 
1. In schools. 
2. By the apprenticeship system. 
But this division cannot be made sharply. These two are the extremes of a 
complete series. There is however, what might be called another method 
lying between these two. New method is a combination of methods one and 
two in any proportion between the two extremes. 
It is desirable in most occupations that some training be given in schools. 
If the average course be taken as eight months it will be found that in certain 
courses it is desirable to give one month's training in school and seven months 
in the industry. In other occupations it is desirable to give six months training 
in the school and two months in the industry. It is possible to teach a man to 
run a gasolene tractor entirely in the shops and fields, but to make him most useful 
as an operator of gasolene tractors he should be taught a certain amount of free 
hand sketching so that if any part breaks down he can draw a sketch of it and 
send the sketch to some factory or repair shop, if one is not available in the locality, 
so that the broken part can be made and sent back. In the ordinary apprentice- 
ship system machinists spend no time in school, but they would be more useful if 
they were taught enough mechanical drawing to make them more proficient in 
reading blue prints It is possible to teach a man to become a house wireman 
by letting him do practical work, day by day, and receive instruction from his 
fellow workmen, but he would be able to grasp the principles of the work more 
quickly, his course would be shortened and he would be a better wireman, if he 
were given some training in the mathematical principles underlying the use of 
the wiring tables, which he uses every day. A man can be taught to be a farmer 
by practical demonstration, but he will be a better farmer if he is given a 
short training in theory in some agricultural college. 
Therefore, in a great many of our schools we find men taking training which 
is used more or less as ground work for later training in the factory. When such 
courses are given in conjunction with training in industry they are made as 
practical as possible. The man who is to become an electric sub-station op erator 
may be given mechanical drawing and shop mathematics, but in these classes the 
examples in drawing are taken from the design and equipment of central stations. 
All his shop mathematics is closely related to the design of sub-stations. If the 
man was a bricklayer and is being given a course to fit him to be a clerk of works 
all his mechanical drawing is along the lines of architecture and building con- 
struction and his shop mathematics will have to do with estimating materials. If 
the man has been a boiler maker and is being taught to be a boiler layer-out all 
exercises in draughting will be drawn from the construction of boilers and pat- 
terns for boiler plates. His shop mathematics will have to deal specially with the 
laying out of rivet holes, curved surfaces and areas. 
When part time training is given in schools for skilled manual operations, the 
basic school work is usually draughting and shop mathematics. In the shop 
mathematics classes, consisting of ten or fifteen men, it will be found that each 
man is working on separate problems closely related to the occupation for which 
he is training. In the draughting class you will find that one man has problems 
relating entirely to the construction of gas tractors; another, construction of 
automobiles, and a third, problems relating to the construction of buildings. 
This makes it necessary for all instruction to be individual, and it is also necessary 
to have a smaller number of pupils for each teacher than in ordinary educational 
institutions. 
It is also essential that each man's course should be laid out to suit his indi- 
vidual needs. These needs depend not only on the occupation the man is going 
to follow but upon his previous education. 
Two bricklayers may be disabled-one is going to become a clerk of works 
and the other an architectural draughtsman; the course will naturally differ for This man who was a heavy machinist before the war had the flexor muscles of his left 
knee broken, is now training with the Armstrong Whitworth Co. in Montreal, as a bench 
machinist and tool maker, so taking advantage of his former occupation. Disabled men 
are not trained as machinists unless they have some previous experience on which to build. 
RETRAINING A MACHINIST. 
A SUITABLE OCCUPATION. 
Disabled soldiers with mechanical ability are trained as adding machine repairers in 
the Burroughs Adding Machine plant at Toronto. There men make good salaries as repair 
men or salesmen. The openings for advancement are good. Suitable for men injured in 
Face page 72. 73 
each and will be laid out to suit the particular needs of the man himself. One may 
be weak in mathematics and have to be coached particularly along that line 
although he may have a natural aptitude for draughting. The other man may 
already have a fair knowledge of mathematics and a natural aptitude for that, 
and will not need so much coaching in mathematics. On the other hand, how- 
ever, he will need a greater amount of training as a draughtsman. 
The organization of the classes for this work, therefore, must provide for the 
greatest flexibility to suit individual needs. The whole success of the school work 
for handicapped soldiers will depend upon the degree of individual training and 
flexibility which is put into effect. 
In applying this part time training the three methods should be taken advan- 
tage of, depending on the needs of the case. A man may be kept in school for two 
or three months and the balance of the time be spent in industry, or he may be 
sent to school for half a day and spend the other half in the industry until the 
school work is finished, or he may be put two or three days a week o_i school work 
and two or three days a week on factory work, during the early part of his course. 
Of these three methods the last two are probably the best in results but most 
difficult to put into effect. The employer as a rule prefers the man to spend the 
necessary time in the school and then come to him full time. To take the man 
into employment part time during the day or week upsets the employers' or- 
ganization, but a number are doing this. We have found employers very ready 
to accomodate themselves in every way possible to the training of these men. 
Summary of graduates from industrial establishments to December 31, 
1918. 
Province 
Unit. 
Total 
Graduates 
Completed 
in 
Industries 
A &'B. 
Training 
Solely in 
Industry. 
A. 
Part School 
Part 
Industry. 
B. 
Percentage 
of Total 
Graduate 
Completing 
in Industry. 
Quebec 
A 
204 
117 
16 
101 
% 
57 
Nova Scotia 
B 
86 
18 
4 
14 
20 
E. Ontario 
C 
169 
21 
15 
6 
12 
C. Ontario 
D 
667 
269 
185 
84 
40 
W. Ontario 
F 
137 
44 
23 
21 
32 
Manitoba 
G 
413 
29 
14 
15 
7 
Saskatchewan 
H 
176 
22 
14 
8 
13 
Alberta 
I 
239 
16 
4 
12 
7 
British Columbia 
J 
163 
41 
27 
14 
25 
New Brunswick 
K 
31 
4 
2 
2 
12 
Total 
2,285 
581 
304 
277 
25 
The preceding table shows the distribution of those graduates who have 
been trained solely in industry or part time in school and part time in industry. 
This table shows that 25% of the graduates as at 31st December, 1918, had 
spent some or all of their time in industry. However, a large proportion of 
the graduates on that date were those who had been granted courses before the 
apprenticeship system had been put in force. If an analysis were made of the 
men taking courses at the present time a much larger proportion would be 
found taking part or all of their work in industry. 74 
We will now discuss the full time training of men in the school. The 
proportion of men training thus for skilled manual occupations is becoming 
smaller from month to month. The method of conducting this training in 
schools is practically that set out in previous paragraphs in regard to school 
work for men training in employment. The organization of the classes must 
permit the instruction to be individual and intensive, and the courses flexible 
enough to meet each man's needs. The schools must be kept open all the year 
round as the men are entering and leaving at all times. 
The schools are kept open 7 hours a day. It is not intended that all men 
should be compelled to put in 7 hours a day school. Many when they leave 
hospital and come to the Department for industrial re-training cannot work 
that length of time, but one of the Vocational medical advisers sees to it that 
the hours of training in each case are not too long. While the students may 
work a smaller number of hours when they first come to the Department, the 
time should be gradually increased so that during the last month or two of their 
courses they should be able to work 7 hours. When they graduate into industrial 
life they will be asked to work 8 hours or more and they should be able to work 
7 hours in the Department's schools, if they are to work 8 or more when they 
leave.. 
Objection has been raised to this policy on the ground that a man cannot 
work 7 hours a day receiving instruction and that other educational institutions 
do not run this length of time. In this connection, however, one must consider 
every point made in the first part of this chapter, wherein the problem differs from 
that of ordinary education. The men for the most part are being taught how 
rather than why, therefore the instruction does not entail so much mental 
effort. The men are more mature than the civilian students and are more 
anxious to put in their time and learn; they are also more anxious to complete 
their training and get back to civil life. Complete statistics are kept in regard 
to the men who break down in training; these statistics are shown in the chapter 
on that subject, and of the total number granted courses only 1.3% discontinued 
their courses on account of ill health. 
It should never be lost sight of that in re-training there are two objects in 
view. Not only must the disabled man be given the mechanical skill necessary 
to work at his occupation, but he must be brought back to the habits of work 
and concentration necessary in civil life. The most critical period in putting 
a man back into civil life is the first week or two after he begins to work for 
wages. The more we can make conditions in the school toward the end of the 
course similar to those he is going to find in the factory, the less will be the 
dislocation or readjustment necessary. Some desire that our schools should 
only be kept open 5^-6 hours a day, but if a man cannot work more than this 
length of time in school he is going to find great difficulty indeed in working 
8 hours or more when he becomes a wage earner. The policy of keeping the 
schools open 7 hours a day is not based as some seem to think on the question 
of economy, but on what experience has shown to be the method which will 
get the best results when placing the handicapped man in employment. 
In the Department's schools, also, no home work is required of the men, 
while in civil institutions such work is required. Most universities are kept 
open from 8 in the morning until 6 in the evening, although of course men do 
not always attend the classes for the full period, but these university students 
not only have to attend lectures and laboratory work during the day, but have 
to study at night. This is not required by the Department. The whole idea 
is to keep the classes open seven hours a day and have the man do as much 
work during that period as they are medically fitted to do, and to bring them 
up to the full 7 hours a day toward the end of the course in order to make their 
transition to wage earning with as little dislocation as possible. 
In appendix No. 1 will be found a precis of all foreign literature regarding 
the length of time schools are open. It will be noticed that in France, from 75 
which country most information on this point is available, the number of hours 
varies, but in all schools they exceed seven, and in a great many schools are 
more. It should also be remembered in this connection that the men taking- 
training in industrial establishments are required to work the full day worked 
by the factory, in none less than 8 hours and in some 10. This being the case, 
there is no reason why the men should not work 7 hours a day in the schools, 
when it is considered that the work is much more practical than it is in the high 
school, technical school or university. 
Experience has taught us in the organization of school work that soldiers 
must be kept apart from civilians. This is due to the fact that the soldier 
students are on the average much older than the civilian students and they 
do not work well together. Also the courses have to be so much more flexible, 
and since the students are entering and leaving at all times, the classes in civilian 
institutions would be upset. The work in civilian institutions is not as individual 
as it is in those of the Department. It was therefore found when we took 
advantage of already existing institutions such as technical schools and univer- 
sities, that special space and apparatus had to be set apart and special classes 
organized for the handicapped soldier. This is done practically without exception. 
Production has always been made subordinate to training in the Depart- 
ment's schools. This has been made possible by the part time training in 
industry. The schools for the most part are reserved for training in such parts 
of the work as must be done there, such as drawing, shop mathematics, general 
education, etc. As has been explained before, as far as possible the training 
staff has been drawn from men discharged from the army, and if possible those 
who have been casualties or in the area of active operations. These men are 
mostly craftsmen or men without former teaching experience. They are, 
however, carefully selected to see that they have the ability to impart know- 
ledge. 
The average length of course varies between seven and eight months. A 
few courses are short, running three and four months, but these are very few 
in number. Some few courses run ten and twelve months but the long courses 
are in such proportion to the short courses that they will average 7 months. 
The great majority of the courses are granted for either six or eight months. 
This is possible by making the courses practical, by building on a man's former 
occupation, and by teaching occupations instead of trades. The system adopted 
provides for getting the men stabilized once more in civil life at the earliest 
possible moment, which is what the men desire. This policy is naturally adopted 
to some extent from considerations of public policy and economy, but these are 
minor, the main point being the desire of the men to get back to civil life. Long 
courses are expensive not only from the standpoint of direct cost, but also 
because the man's energy is withdrawn in the meantime from productive 
operations. 
As stated before, 50% of the men are married or have dependents and it is 
not their desire to spend any great length of time in training, but to become at 
the earliest possible moment wage earners and so pass under their own control 
as before. This is shown by the fact that a number of men, although perfectly 
satisfied with the training they are receiving, discontinue their courses when 
they and their employers feel that they can earn the full going wage in the occu- 
pation for which they are being trained. A considerable number of men find 
that after they have taken a course for some time their disability is so much 
improved by actual work that they can return to their former occupation. 
There is a small class of men who desire to take advantage of longer courses, 
but these men are in the minority, and a system of training when it cannot be 
made all inclusive must be made to fit the majority of cases, and it is a fact 
taught us by experience that the majority of men wish to make their training 
as short as is consistent with getting a full going wage in the occupation. 76 
When a course is granted for 6 or 8 months it is not intended that the man 
must definitely finish his course in that time. It merely means that that is the 
time in which the man is expected to finish his training. If at the end of the 
time allotted, or shortly before, it is found that he has not quite completed his 
work, but that another couple of months would make him proficient, his course 
is extended. These extensions are freely granted. 
In civil educational institutions the time necessary for qualifying as a 
doctor, lawyer, draughtsman or any similar profession is definitely known; 
students in these institutions have passed standard examinations and have 
previously been brought up to a certain point. It must be remembered that 
the men in the courses of the Vocational Branch enter in all stages of preparation. 
This, therefore, points out the necessity of having the length of course flexible 
and giving every facility for extensions. 
The flexibility of the courses in Canada is shown by the table on page 77 
showing the extensions up to 31st December, 1918, with the average length of 
extension in each unit, and month. Very few extensions applied for are refused. 
The length of course in Canada in general agrees with that in other coun- 
tries. In appendix No. 2 will be found a precis of the literature from foreign 
countries on this subject, showing that the length of course in Canada is 
quite as long as in the other countries, and longer than most. 
Reference has been made in the chapter on interviewing and under training 
in factories, to changing courses after starting. The more perfectly interview- 
ers are trained and the more experience the Disabled Soldiers' Training Boards 
gain, the fewer will be the changes, but when it is found that a man is not suited 
to his work the Department does not hesitate to change the man's course with 
his consent. This changing of courses is necessary to success in a number of 
cases, but every effort should be made to make the changes as few as possible. 
The following table shows the changes of courses up to 31st December, 1918. 
Tabulated statement for change of course. 
1918. 
Province. 
Unit. 
Total to June 
30, 1918. 
During July, 
1918. 
Total to July 
31, 1918. 
During 
August, 1918. 
Total to Aug. 
31, 1918. 
OO 
o 
.c ~ 
Total to Sept. 
30, 1918. 
During October, 
1918. 
Total to Oct. 
| 31, 1918. 
1 During Nov., 
1918. 
Total to Nov. 
30, 1918. 
During Dec., 
1918. 
Total to Dec. 
31, 1918. 
Quebec 
A 
7 
8 
15 
6 
21 
9 
30 
13 
43 
6 
49 
1 
50 
Nova Scotia 
B 
2 
4 
6 
0 
6 
1 
7 
1 
8 
2 
10 
0 
10 
E. Ontario 
C 
3 
5 
8 
1 
9 
5 
14 
7 
21 
1 
22 
2 
24 
C. Ontario 
D 
25 
34 
59 
13 
72 
25 
97 
35 
132 
8 
140 
11 
151 
W. Ontario 
F 
2 
5 
7 
3 
10 
6 
16 
7 
23 
3 
26 
2 
28 
Manitoba 
G 
3 
6 
9 
3 
12 
5 
17 
6 
23 
2 
?5 
3 
28 
Saskatchewan 
H 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
2 
3 
5 
0 
5 
0 
5 
Alberta 
I 
8 
13 
21 
4 
25 
10 
35 
17 
52 
2 
54 
4 
58 
British Columbia 
J 
4 
6 
10 
5 
15 
11 
26 
13 
39 
7 
46 
3 
49 
New Brunswick 
K 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
3 
2 
5 
Total 
54 
81 
135 
35 
170 
75 
245 
103 
348 
32 
380 
28 
408 Farm Tractor courses are popular in the western provinces for disabled farmers. They 
are taught the theory and operations of gasoline engines and farm machinery. They also 
receive instructions in elementary sketching, drawing, machine work and blacksmithing to 
enable them to make minor repairs. They become the trouble experts for the farming dis- 
trict in which they reside. Many become farm machinery agents or salesmen. 
INDUSTRIAL RE-TRAINING. 
In Industrial Re-Training blacksmithing is not taught as an occupation. However men 
training for such occupations as Farm Tractor Operators, Auto Mechanics, farming, etc. are 
given elementary instructions in blacksmithing so they can make simple repairs. 
BLACKSMITH'S INSTRUCTION. 
Face page 76. 77 
- 
Unit. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
No. Ex. 
Av. length 
of Ex. 
Total 
Exten. 
April. 
May. 
June. 
July. 
Aug. 
Sept. 
Oct. 
Nov. 
Dec. 
Quebec 
A 
3 
2 
18 
11 
10 
H 
10 
11 
10 
11 
15 
U 
13 
11 
22 
1 
22 
U 
123 
Nova Scotia 
B 
1 
1 
7 
13 
X4 
4 
U 
4 
3 
6 
11 
7 
8 
H 
11 
1 
17 
H 
65 
Eastern Ontario 
C 
3 
2 
25 
1 4 
5 
21 
6 
H 
5 
11 
6 
H 
9 
H 
54 
1 2 
16 
it 
129 
Central Ontario . 
D 
43 
U 
123 
11 
43 
2 
29 
21 
56 
11 
44 
11 
48 
2 
61 
11 
67 
H 
514 
Quebec 
E 
- 
Western Ontario 
F 
3 
li 
6 
21 
8 
U 
5 
3 
9 
21 
6 
2 
7 
11 
52 
3 
5 
it 
101 
Manitoba 
G 
13 
2i 
25 
2 
9 
2 
15 
21 
4 
H 
5 
2 
37 
21 
16 
2 
38 
li 
162 
Saskatchewan 
H 
3 
2 
3 
H 
2 
H 
2 
11 
1 
3 
3 
11 
4 
11 
3 
H 
5 
1 4 
26 
Alberta 
I 
10 
21 
7 
11 
3 
1 
5 
U 
7 
H 
8 
11 
24 
1 
5 
11 
157 
H 
226 
British Columbia 
J 
6 
21 
25 
2 
3 
3 
9 
U 
9 
2 
16 
21 
22 
2 
4 
H 
20 
1 
114 
New Brunswick 
K 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
1 
1 
- 
- 
- 
- 
3 
11 
17 
U 
13 
1 
34 
85 
239 
87 
86 
107 
110 
175 
245 
360 
1,494 
* 
Number of extensions granted during 1918 showing average length of extension by the month, up to 
December 31, 1918. 
1918. 
The Number of Extensions applied for and refused is practically nil. 78 
The functions of the Advisory Commitee have been touched on in former 
chapters. Its two main functions are, however:- 
1. To advise as to the suitability of candidates for training and the course 
desirable. 
2. To advise as to all questions connected with training. 
In some Provinces the usefulness of the advisory committee in regard to 
the duties under the second heading has been highly developed. This committee 
provides the Department from time to time with advice regarding the personnel 
of the teaching or executive staff, and as to their suitability and previous history. 
More important, however, is the means they provide to obtain the point of view 
of the labour man and employer. The representative of labour assists us in 
informing all the labour unions of the policy of the Department, and watching 
the work with their interests in mind. The representavies of the manufacturers, 
employers and agriculturists tell us whether the men are being trained in such 
a manner as will best fit them for finding employment when they graduate. 
They also assist us in providing equipment and space, and making the necessary 
business arrangements. The educationalists on the committee form a connec- 
ting link between the Provincial Departments of Education and the depart- 
mental executives. They co-operate with us in obtaining facilities in existing 
institutions, and, what is probably more important, they correct any tendency 
on the part of the Department to make the work too practical. 
One function of the advisory committee which it is desired to mention here, 
is the service it can render the Department by way of advice and inspection, in 
connection with particular classes. For instance, if there is on that committee 
a man who is specially familiar with the automobile industry, both in regard 
to design, repair, and manufacture, and also from the commercial side of sales 
and operation, this man should inspect the classes of the Department from time 
to time to see that the training given is going to lead to the success and employ- 
ment of the graduates. This man can also assist in placing the graduates. He 
will go out from the Department to his everyday business as an advertiser of 
the work, and the information he gives to those he meets in the automobile 
industry will inspire confidence and lead to a happy reception of our graduates. 
If on that committee there is the manager of an electric power concern, he 
will inspect the classes in electricity, advising as to any desired changes in the 
course or methods of training. 
If these advisory committees properly discharge their functions, the men 
will have more confidence in the work given them. If the men know that the 
classes and training are inspected from time to time by men closely in touch 
with industry and labour they will have more confidence in the work. As 
time goes on these advisory committees are being used to a larger extent as 
their functions develop. They are a very important part of the system. Their 
functions, however, are advisory and not executive. 
Attention has been called to the necessity of training men in as many 
occupations as possible in order to prevent competition. The table on page 80 
shows the distribution among various occupations of the men in re-training 
classes on 31st January, 1919. Notice the small percentage of men in each 
occupation and the wide diversity of subjects. 
In carrying out the training described in this chapter three classes of insti- 
tutions are used, referred to by the Department as inside schools, outside schools 
and industrial establishments. Inside schools are those conducted by or for 
the Department in which special classes have been organized for the soldiers 
and in which the salaries of the instructors are paid by the Department. In 
some of these institutions the space and equipment is loaned to the Department. 
In other cases it is rented and in certain institutions the Department has supplied 
extra equipment. A large number of these schools have been completely equip- 
ped and organized by the Department and are under its exclusive control. 79 
Outside schools are those already existing educational institutions such as 
Business Colleges, Universities, Technical Schools, and Normal schools where 
soldiers are placed for training and their fees are paid and books provided. 
Industrial establishments where men are apprenticed to employers to 
train for an occupation or to complete training commenced in the Departmental 
school. These consist of factories, mines, offices, farms, lumber camps, etc. 
The following table shows the number of each class of institution unit by 
unit:- 
Summary of Schools and Institutions where re-training is given, as 
on December 31, 1918. 
Unit. 
* Outside 
Schools. 
t Inside 
Schools. 
I Industries. 
Total. 
A. Quebec 
6 
3 
33 
42 
B. Nova Scotia 
9 
3 
17 
29 
C. E. Ontario 
8 
2 
25 
35 
D. C. Ontario 
7 
32 
209 
248 
F. W. Ontario 
9 
3 
40 
52 
G. Manitoba 
1 
1 
12 
14 
H. Saskatchewan . 
1 
. 24 
30 
I. Alberta 
4 
1 
29 
34 
J. British Columbia 
7 
5 
66 
78 
K. New Brunswick 
10 
2 
10 
22 
Total. 
66 
53 
465 
584 
*Not controlled by department, 
training. 
fControlled by department. 
iCo-operative industrial 
The following table shows the number of men beng trained in each of these 
institutions unit by unit, and the number of instructors employed in the inside 
schools on 31st January, 1919:- 
Unit. 
Inside Schools 
Number of pupils in 
Total. 
No. 
Instructors. 
Inside 
Schools. 
Outside 
Schools. 
Industries. 
A. Quebec 
22 
381 
31 
58 
470 
B. Nova Scotia 
19 
128 
54 
18 
200 
C. E. Ontario 
25 
284 
26 
28 
338 
D. C. Ontario 
43 
442 
137 
339 
918 
F. W. Ontario 
11 
43 
56 
65 
164 
G. Manitoba 
31 
256 
38 
13 
307 
H. Saskatchewan 
16 
169 
8 
26 
203 
I. Alberta 
21 
421 
70 
31 
522 
J. British Columbia 
28 
275 
65 
81 
421 
K. New Brunswick 
6 
75 
29 
10 
114 
Total 
222 
2,474 
514 
669 
3,657 
Evening classes... 
55 
Grand total 
3,712 
It will be seen from this table that 222 instructors train 2,474 men in the 
inside schools or 11-1 pupils to each teacher. This is a lower ratio than in 
public schools or higher schools, but not much lower, if any, than in trade schools 
or universities. The low ratio is due to necessity of individual and flexible 
instruction. 
The following is a list showing each institution in Canada where industrial 
re-training was being given on January 31, 1919, together with the number of 
instructors, subjects taught, and pupils in each subject. 80 
Courses. 
A 
B 
C 
D 
F 
G 
H 
I 
J 
K 
Total. 
% 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
1. 
Auto Mechanics 
59 
1 
•36 
44 
1 
57 
21 
5 
1 
17 
1 
19 
2 
63 
1 
56 
3 
21 
1 
409 
12-0 
2. 
Armature Winding 
6 
2 
3 
11 
0-3 
3. 
Agriculture 
24 
12 
28 
6 
27 
52 
24 
2 
3 
178 
5-0 
4. 
Auto Painting 
2 
1 
2 
5 
0-1 
5. 
Auctioneering 
1 
1 
0-02 
6. 
Arts 
1 
4 
2 
1 
2 
3 
13 
0-3 
7. 
Art Lead Glazier 
1 
1 
0-02 
8. 
Assaying and Milling 
10 
13 
1 
24 
0-6 
9. 
Art and Design 
1 
1 
0-02 
10. 
Academic 
2 
2 
0-05 
11. 
Adding Machine Repairs 
7 
16 
23 
0-6 
12. 
Applied Electricity 
4 
1 
5 
0-1 
13. 
Accountancy 
2 
1 
3 
0-08 
14. 
Applied Science 
2 
2 
0-05 
15. 
Brass Finisher 
1 
1 
0-02 
16. 
Book-binding 
1 
1 
0-02 
17. 
Boiler Inspection 
1 
1 
0-02 
18. 
Braille Reading, etc 
6 
6 
0-1 
19. 
Brush Making 
2 
2 
0-05 
20. 
Box Making 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
21. 
Bench Hand 
1 
4 
5 
0-1 
22. 
Barbering 
2 
2 
6 
2 
3 
2 
1 
1 
19 
0-5 
23. 
Basket Making 
1 
1 
0-02 
24. 
Building Construction 
1 
5 
1 
5 
12 
0-3 
25. 
Boring 
1 
1 
0-02 
26. 
Baking 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
27. 
Boat Building 
2 
2 
0-05 
28. 
Bed Spring Making 
1 
1 
0-02 
29. 
Commercial 
90 
34 
40 
5 
102 
26 
1 
3 
22 
34 
18 
96 
46 
7 
19 
543 
15 0 
30. 
Civil Service 
14 
16 
13 
17 
1 
13 
74 
3-0 
31. 
Carpentry and Cabinet Mak.. 
22 
8 
17 
18 
6 
7 
2 
5 
10 
1 
4 
4 
5 
109 
3-0 
32. 
Chemistry 
1 
2 
3 
0-08 
33. 
Clock and Watch Repairs 
1 
4 
1 
1 
7 
0-1 
34. 
Commercial Illustrating 
2 
3 
4 
9 
0-2 
35. 
Correspondence 
3 
3 
0-08 
36. 
Cable Splicing 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
37. 
Core Making 
1 
3 
4 
0-1 
38. 
Commercial Law 
1 
1 
0-02 
39. 
Civil Engineering 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
0-1 
40. 
Cotton Spinning 
1 
1 
0-02 
41. 
Cost Production .. 
1 
1 
0-02 
42. 
Cycle Repairs, Ass. and etc... 
1 
1 
0-02 
43. 
Cigar Making 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
44. 
Chiropody 
1 
1 
0-02 
45. 
Crepe Paper Craft 
1 
1 
0-02 
46. 
Carpet Weaving 
1 
1 
0-02 
47. 
Cleaning and Pressing 
1 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment, Distribution of Current Re-Training cases, 
Month ending January 31, 1919. 81 
48. Draughting M. and A 
24 
3 
7 
8 
3 
1 
17 
■"4 
2 
6 
1 
7 
11 
6 
19 
101 3-0 
32 0-8 
1 0-02 
4 0-1 
1 0-02 
141 4-0 
48 2-0 
6 0-1 
3 0-08 
55 
34 0-9 
5 0-1 
22 0-6 
1 0-02 
136 4 0 
1 0-02 
158 5-0 
1 0-02 
2 0-05 
2 0-05 
9 0-2 
10 0-2 
1 0-02 
129 4-0 
1 0-02 
31 0-9 
1 0-1 
1 0-02 
13 0-3 
5 0-1 
1 0-02 
2 0-05 
6 0-1 
2 0-05 
3 0-08 
5 0-1 
3 0-08 
2 0-05 
3 0-08 
3 0-08 
23 0-7 
5 0-1 
10 0-2 
1 0-02 
1 0-02 
133 4-0 
17 0-4 
4 0-1 
1 0-02 
51 1-0 
6 0-1 
11 0-4 
27 0-8 
22 0-7 
4 0-1 
1 0-02 
15 0-4 
3 0-08 
1 0-02 
6 0-1 
49. Dental Mechanics 
1 
2 
12 
50. Dyeing 
51. Dairy Business 
1 
2 
1 
52. Dental 
1 
53. Electrical Work 
37 
1 
2 
8 
14 
11 
12 
2 
9 
2 
22 
5 
23 
2 
3 
54. Elect. Engineering 
12 
24 
55. Elect. Switchboard Oper 
2 
3 
1 
2 
1 
56. Elect. Welding 
57. Evening Classes 
2 
35 
13 
4 
1 
58. Est. Quantity Surv., etc 
33 
1 
5 
59. Elect. Meter Testing Ass 
60. Forestry 
1 
1 
17 
3 
61. Fruit Canning Evaporation.... 
1 
62. Gas Tractors 
12 
23 
3 
2 
28 
21 
31 
16 
63. Flour Milling 
1 
64. Farm Mechanics 
1 
22 
134 
1 
65. Fancy Wire Worker 
1 
66. Furriers 
1 
1 
1 
1 
67. Florists 
1 
68. French Polishing 
8 
69. Field and Animal Husbandry. 
70. Furniture Repairs 
10 
1 
71. General Education 
50 
11 
1 
5 
1 
17 
3 
1 
26 
14 
72. Glass Cutting 
1 
73. Gardening, Market 
10 
5 
11 
5 
74. Garment Design 
1 
75. Glove Making 
1 
76. Gold Pen Grinding 
13 
77. Grain Buying and Inspec 
3 
1 
1 
78. Hat Making 
1 
1 
79. Higher Accountancy 
1 
80. Heating Plant 
5 
1 
81. Interior Decorating 
2 
82. Iron Moulder 
1 
2 
83. Janitors Course 
4 
1 
84. Jewellery Repairs 
3 
85. Knitting Machine Oper 
2 
86. Lathe Hand 
2 
1 
1 
13 
5 
6 
87. Light Machine Repairs 
2 
88. Law 
1 
2 
2 
1 
4 
89. Lens Grinding 
90. Linotypists 
1 
3 
91. Librarian 
1 
92. Log Scaling 
1 
93. Machine Shop Practice 
45 
4 
16 
21 
24 
1 
2 
4 
17 
94. Machine Tool Oper 
14 
1 
1 
95. Lip Reading 
1 
1 
1 
1 
96. Meeh. Engineering 
1 
1 
97. Medicine 
2 
6 
3 
38 
4 
98. Matriculation 
2 
1 
99. Music 
9 
1 
1 
00. Mach. Design and Allied S.... 
4 
23 
13 
01. Moving Picture Oper 
1 
3 
1 
15 
2 
6 
02. Machine Operation 
1 
03. Magneto Repair 
04. Multigraph Operator 
05. Monotypist 
3 
1 
06. Monotype Casting 
07. Machine Woodwork 
n 
1 
5'.... 82 
Courses. 
A 
B 
C 
D 
F 
G 
H 
I 
J 
K 
Total. 
% 
I. 
0. 
Ind. 
I. 
0. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
O. 
Ind. 
I. 
0. 
Ind. 
I. 
o. 
Ind. 
I. 
o. 
Ind. 
108. 
Municipal Secretary 
2 
2 
0-05 
109. 
Manual Training 
1 
2 
3 
0-08 
110. 
Nautical Inst. Repairs 
1 
1 
0-02 
111. 
Nat. Cash Reg. Ass. and Rp.. 
1 
0-02 
112. 
Navigation ... 
4 
4 
0-1 
1 
, 2 
3 
0-08 
114. 
1 
2 
7 
7 
2 
19 
0-5 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
116. 
Ornamental Iron Worker 
1 
1 
0-02 
117. 
Optician 
3 
1 
4 
0-1 
118. 
Piano Tuning, etc 
1 
1 
1 
4 
2 
9 
0-2 
119. 
Plumbing 
2 
2 
4 
0-1 
120. 
Pattern Making 
1 
3 
2 
6 
0-1 
121. 
Power Plant Engine 
10 
1 
xi 
0-3 
122. 
Pharmacy 
2 
3 
1 
2 
8 
0-2 
123. 
Prest-o-lite Battery Wk 
2 
2 
0-05 
124. 
Photo Engraving 
2 
2 
4 
0-1 
125. 
Picture Frame Mkg 
1 
L 
2 
0-05 
126. 
Photography 
8 
2 
1 
1 
1 
13 
0-3 
127. 
Press Work, Stamping 
2 
2 
0-05 
128. 
Plumbers' Supplies Ass 
2 
2 
0-05 
129. 
Printing 
■1 
2 
2 
5 
0-1 
130. 
Pickle making 
2 
2 
0-05 
131. 
Railway Track Superv 
1 
1 
0-02 
132. 
Ring Making 
2 
1 
3 
0-08 
133. 
Reed Working 
4 
- 
4 
0-1 
134. 
Reporter 
1 
1 
0-02 
135. 
Shoe Repairing 
19 
18 
43 
1 
25 
25 
8 
3 
36 
1 
14 
29 
27 
17 
266 
7-0 
136. 
Sign Painter 
1 
3 
4 
0-1 
137. 
Show Card Writer 
1 
3 
1 
1 
6 
0-1 
138. 
Steel Stamp and Letter Mkg.. 
1 
3 
4 
0-1 
139. 
Structural Design 
1 
1 
0-02 
140. 
Steam Engine Stat 
2 
2 
14 
22 
40 
1-0 
141. 
Steam and Gas Engine 
6 
3 
6 
15 
0-4 
142. 
Science 
1 
5 
1 
7 
0-1 
143. 
Salesman's Help 
1 
5 
7 
1 
14 
0-3 
144. 
Sign Writing 
6 
7 
13 
0-3 
145. 
Stenography 
1 
6 
1 
1 
4 
1 
19 
0-5 
146. 
Steel Inspection 
1 
1 
0-02 
147. 
Silver Polishing 
8 
8 
0-2 
148. 
Shipping clerk 
1 
2 
3 
0-08 
149. 
Spec, of Tire Work 
1 
1 
0-0 
150. 
Shins Fitter 
1 
1 
0-02 
151. Switchboard Install 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
152. Stationery Business 
1 
1 
0-02 
153. Sheet Metal Work 
3 
• 
1 
4 
0-1 
154. 
Sanitary Inspector 
7 
7 
0-1 
155. 
Shoe and Harness Making 
6 
4 
2 
1 
1 
14 
0-3 
156. 
Surveying 
1 
1 
2 
0-05 
157. 
Slaughtering Animals 
1 
2 
3 
0-08 
Distribution of Current Re-Training cases, Month ending January 31, 1919-Concluded. 83 
158. Steam Fitter 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
209 
4 
10 
2 
1 
15 
7 
11 
1 
7 
21 
13 
7 
9 
1 
2 
2 
0-05 
0-05 
0-02 
5-0 
0-1 
0-2 
0-05 
0-02 
0-4 
0-1 
0-3 
0-02 
0-1 
0-6 
0-3 
0-1 
0-2 
0-02 
0-05 
0-05 
159. Stone Cutter 
1 
160. Saw Filer 
1 
1 
4 
161. Telegraphy 
16 
2 
13 
1 
53 
28 
15 
1 
29 
1 
9 
21 
11 
5 
3 
162. Telegraphy, Wireless 
163. Tailoring 
1 
4 
3 
2 
1 
1 
164. Tile Setting 
165. Taxidermy 
1 
1 
166. Typewriter Repairs 
1 
4 
2 
3 
2 
2 
67. Theology 
1 
2 
3 
1 
1 
3 
2 
168. Teachers' Courses 
1 
3 
1 
169. Technician 
1 
2 
9 
4 
170. Tinsmith 
3 
1 
1 
1 
171. Upholstering 
6 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
5 
172. Vulcanizing 
1 
173. Veterinary 
1 
6 
174. Wiring Batteries 
4 
1 
2 
2 
75. Wood Carving 
1 
176. Window Dressing 
1 
1 
1 
77. X-Ray Operating 
1 
Totals 
381 
31 
58 
128 
54 
18 
284 
26 
28 
442 
137 
339 
43 
56 
65 
256 
38 
13 
169 
8 
26 
421 
70 
31 
275 
65 
81 
75 
29 
10 
3,657 
100-00 
470 
200 
338 
918 
164 
307 
203 
522 
421 
114 
Recapitulation . 
Inside Schools..' 2,474 
Outside Schools 514 
Industries , 669 
Total 3,657 
N.B.-Above totals exclusive of 55 men attending Evening Classes. 84 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919. 
"A" UNIT-INSIDE SCHOOLS. 
Number 
Sub-total 
Number 
Sub-total 
Institution. 
of 
of 
Courses. 
of 
of 
Teachers. 
Teachers. 
Pupils. 
Pupils. 
Montreal Technical School 
3 
13 
Commercial 
90 
232 
1 
Civil Service 
14 
5 
Auto Mechanics 
59 
1 
General 
23 
1 
Carpentry 
22 
McGill University 
2 
Draughting 
24 
1 
8 
Machine Shop 
45 
1 
Janitor 
4 
3 
General 
27 
1 
Electrical 
37 
1 
lelegraphy 
16 
130 
College of Pharmacy 
■ Total 
1 
Elec. Engineer 
1 
1 
1 
22 
Shoe Repairs 
19 
19 
381 
Mass. Agricultural College 
Agriculture 
1 
L 
1 
1 
22 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
22 
3 
1 
1 
McGill University 
Law 
McDonald College 
Chemistry 
Medicine 
Agriculture 
Hascote Coaching Co 
Meeh. Engineer 
Institute of Agriculture , 
Civil Engineer 
Science and Art 
Agriculture 
Nazareth Institute 
Piano Tuning 
T otal 
31 
"A" UNIT-OUTSIDE SCHOOLS. 
"A" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
DY. Watson 
• 
Dental Mechanics 
5 
Moler Barber College 
Barbering 
1 
J. Bethell 
Harvesting 
1 
Wilder's, Ltd 
Upholstering 
1 
R. Mitchell & Co 
Pattern Making 
1 
Draughting 
1 
Valiquette, Ltd 
U pholstering 
1 
Laurentide Pulp Co 
Forestry 
1 
C.P.R. Shops.? 
Brass Finisher 
1 
U pholstering 
1 
Electrical Welding 
3 
Draughting 
1 
Telegraphy 
1 
Montreal Light, Heat and Power Co. 
Electrical Switchboard. 
2 
G.T.R 
Office Work 
1 
T elegraphy 
1 
Acetylene Welding 
1 
Goodwins, Ltd 
Upholstering 
1 
Commercial Illustrating 
1 
G. W. Bethell 
Harness Making 
2 
F. S. Downham 
Fancy Wire Making 
1 
Hollands' Sons 
U pholstering 
1 
Hill's Nursery 
Florist 
1 
Lamontagne's, Ltd 
Harness Fitting 
1 
Waterman's Fountain Pen Co 
Lathe Hand 
2 
Henry Birks & Son 
Watchmaking 
2 
Dents Sign Co 
Sign Painting 
1 
Mortimer & Co 
Commercial Illustrating 
1 
Dr. Rondeau 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
Ogilvy's, Ltd 
Show Card Writing 
1 
Montreal Public Service Corp 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Can. Con. Rubber Co 
Steel Stamp Making.... 
1 
Shoe Making 
1 85 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"A" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Concluded, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Painter Decorator 
1 
W. H. Read 
Interior Decorator 
1 
Typewriter Repairs 
1 
G.T.R 
Machine Shop Practice. 
4 
U pholstering 
1 
St. Antoine 
Barbering 
1 
D. A. Bethune 
Steam Fitting 
1 
Semi-R.eady Co 
Tailor 
1 
Willis & Co 
Piano Tuning 
1 
United Shoe Machine Co 
Shoe Making 
1 
Canadian Car Foundry 
Draughting 
1 
In Abeyance 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
Total 
58 
Inside Schools 381 
Outside Schools 31 
Industries 58 
Total 470 
"B" UNIT-INSIDE SCHOOLS. 
Nova Scotia Technical School. .. 
1 
Shoe Repairs 
17 
2 
Electrical Work 
12 
2 
Mach. Tool Operation... 
14 
1 
Steam Engineer 
6 
3 
Auto Mechanics 
35 
2 
Draughting 
8 
1 
Structural Drafting 
1 
1 
Janitors 
1 
13 
94 
Nova Scotia Sanitorium... 
1 
Telegraphy 
1 
1 
2 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
2 
Camp Hill Military Hospital 
1 
Telegraphy 
12 
1 
W ood working 
8 
1 
Shoemaking 
1 
1 
General 
11 
4 
32 
Total 
19 
128 
"B" UNIT-OUTSIDE SCHOOLS. 
University of Dalhousie 
Maritime Business College 
Maritime 
Nova Scotia Agricultural College.... 
County Academy 
King's College 
Charlottetown Business College 
Acadia College ; 
Union Business College 
Medicine 
Arts 
Commercial 
Stenography 
Pharmacy 
Agriculture 
General 
Commercial 
Commercial 
Commercial 
Commercial 
2 
1 
29 
1 
2 
12 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
Total 
54 
"B" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
Amherst Piano Co 
Piano Tuning 
1 
Atlantic Cable Co 
Telegraphy 
1 
M. Ross. Charlottetown 
Tailoring 
2 86 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"B" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Concluded, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Dominion Coal Co 
Electrical 
1 
J. B. Studley 
Barbering 
1 
A. Ross, Oxford 
Tailoring 
1 
Imperial Publishing Co 
Printing Press 
1 
C. B. Lowe 
T ailoring 
1 
Nautical Instrument Co 
Vulcanizing 
Vulcanizing 
1 
New Standard Vulcanizing Co 
1 
A. W. McKinley, Ltd.... 7 
Book-binding 
U pholstering 
1 
Gordon Keith 
1 
Grahams, Ltd 
Fruit Canning 
1 
Mar. Telephone and Telegraph Co.. 
Cable Splicing 
1 
Randing & Nile 
Barbering 
1 
Nova Scotia Cleaning and Pressing 
Co 
1 
Walsh and Egan 
Electrical 
1 
18 
Inside Schools 128 
Outside Schools 54 
Industries 28 
Total 200 
Queens Military Hospital, Kingston. 
2 
Civil Service 
16 
1 
Carpentry 
7 
- 
1 
Commercial 
13 
1 
Draughting 
3 
1 
Electrical Engineer 
24 
1 
Farm Tractors 
12 
1 
General Education 
5 
1 
Higher Accountancy.... 
1 
1 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
16 
2 
Auto Mechanics 
20 
1 
Pattern Making 
3 
1 
Steam and Gas Eng 
3 
1 
Shoe Making 
22 
1 
Telegraphy 
2 
1 
17 
Business 
1 
175 
Sir Sandford Fleming Home 
3 
Commercial and C. S... 
26 
1 
Carpentry 
10 
1 
Machine Drawing 
4 
1 
Auto Mechanics 
24 
1 
Telegraphy 
24 
1 
8 
Shoe Repairs 
21 
109 
Total 
25 
284 
"C" UNIT-INSIDE SCHOOLS. 
"C" UNIT-OUTSIDE SCHOOLS. 
Eastern Dairy School 
Dairy Business 
Commercial 
Medicine 
1 
2 
6 
4 
5 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
26 
Cornwall Commercial College 
Queens Military Hospital 
Ontario School for the Deaf 
Arts 
Science 
Lip Reading 
Salesmanship 
Commercial 
International Correspondence College 
Brookville Business College 
Ontario Business College, Belleville 
Commercial 
Matriculation 
Albert College, Belleville 
High School, Campbellford 
Matriculation 87 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"C" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Can. Gen. Electric Co., Peterboro... 
Electrical 
3 
Harrison & Co., Kingston 
Upholstering 
1 
Hull Iron and Steel Foundry 
Machine Repairs 
1 
E. B. Eddy Co., Hull \ 
Light Machine Repairs.. 
1 
McLaughlin Bros., Fort Coulonge... 
Log Scaling, etc 
1 
Oliver & Son, Ottawa 
Stationary Engineer 
1 
Artificial Ice Co., Ottawa.... .~ 
Stationary Engineer 
1 
Fe'deral Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
1 
Electrical Mfg. Co 
Electrical Wiring 
1 
Marchand & Donnelly 
Electrical 
1 
A. J. Freiman & Co 
Shipping 
1 
Ottawa Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
1 
Progress Shoe Repair 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Ottawa Car Co 
Oxy-Acetylene Welding. 
1 
Public Works Dept., Ottawa 
Draughting 
1 
United Typewriter.Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
2 
International Harvester Co 
Farm Mach. Repairs.... 
1 
Halliday Electrical Co - 
Electrical Wiring 
1 
Dr. Bell, Kingston... 
Veterinary 
1 
Edge Co., Ltd., Ottawa 
Oxy-W elding 
1 
Thos. Lawson & Sons 
Core Making 
1 
Costello, Crowe, Bellamy 
Electrical 
1 
Beach Motors, Ottawa 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
H. E. Hobson. 
Electrical 
1 
Gilmour & Co., Almonte 
Building Constrcution... 
1 
28 
Inside Schools 284 
Outside Schools 26 
Industries 28 
Total 338 
"D" UNIT-INSIDE SCHOOLS. 
University of Toronto 
2 
Draughting 
10 
1 
Auto Mechanics 
55 
1 
Farm Tractors 
23 
3 
Est. Quantity and Sur'g. 
33 
1 
Engineering 
11 
3 
Milling and Assaying.... 
10 
1 
Shoe Repairs 
9 
2 
Applied Electricity 
4 
14 
155 
Central Technical School 
2 
Machine Draughting.... 
23 
1 
Boiler Inspection 
1 
2 
Carpentry 
4 
2 
Machine Shop 
8 
2 
Plumbing 
2 
1 
Auto Mechanics 
2 
1 
Motion Picture Oper... . 
13 
1 
Building Construction... 
5 
2 
Electrical 
14 
1 
Power Plant 
10 
1 
Show Card Work 
3 
1 
Commercial 
3 
17 
88 
Lansdowne School 
1 
Civil Service 
12 
Technical and Art, Hamilton 
1 
1 
Machine Shop 
13 
12 
1 
Carpentry 
14 
1 
Draughting 
7 
1 
Civil Service 
1 
4 
35 88 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con 
"D" UNIT-INSIDE SCHOOLS- Concluded, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Central Y.M.C.A 
Commercial and Telegraph School.. 
616 College St 
Totals 
1 
1 
2 
Telegraphy 
Commercial 
Commercial 
Stenography 
Telegraphy 
Shoe Repairs 
14 
26 
40 
2 
1 
1 
76 
6 
14 
4 
96 
1 
16 
1 
16 
43 
442 
University of Toronto 
Medicine 
38 
Royal Dental College 
Forestry 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
4 
Ontario Veterinary College 
Veterinary 
6 
Ontario College of Art 
Commercial Art 
4 
Ontario College of Pharmacy 
Pharmacy 
3 
McMaster University 
Theology 
1 
Broadway Church 
Music 
4 
Sheldon Schools 
Salesmanship 
5 
Normal School 
Teacher 
1 
Dominion Business College 
Commercial 
4 
Central Business College, Toronto... 
Toronto Conservatory 
Commercial Law 
Music 
1 
2 
Canadian National Inst, for Blind... 
Canadian Monotype School 
Lanston Monotype School, U.S.A.... 
Basketry, etc..... 
Keyboard operation 
Machinist 
6 
3 
1 
McKie Business College 
Stenography 
1 
Central Business College 
Commercial 
Commercial 
1 
14 
Barrie Business College 
Commercial 
2 
Shaw's Business College 
Correspondence 
3 
Collegiate Institute 
Academic 
2 
Hamilton Conservatory 
Music 
1 
Phelps Design School 
Garment Design 
1 
Brantford Business College 
Commercial 
3 
Dominion Railroading School 
Telegraphy 
15 
Trinity College 
Arts 
2 
Miss Waddell 
Lip Reading 
1 
Howard Studio 
Music 
2 
High School 
Teacher 
2 
St. Catherine's School 
Commercial 
2 
Knox College 
Theology 
1 
Osgoode Hall 
Law 
12 
- 
149 
" D " UNIT-OUTSIDE SCHOOLS. 
" D " UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 
Burroughs Adding Machine Co 
Machine repairs 
5 
Moler Barber College . . 
Barbering 
5 
Western Hospital. 
Technician 
1 
X-Ray operation 
1 
Crown Mfg. Co., Hamilton 
Steel Letter Cutting 
2 
Packard HJeotric Co 
Electrical 
2 
Multigraph Sales Co 
Multigraph Operation... 
15 
Walker Parker 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Canadian Allis-Chalmers 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
7 
Ornamental Iron worker 
1 89 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
" D " UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Continued. 
Number 
Sub-total 
Number 
Sub-total 
Institution. 
of 
of 
Courses. 
of 
of 
Teachers. 
Teachers. 
Pupils. 
Pupils. 
S. L. Pearson 
Battery Service 
3 
Reo Motor Sales Co 
Auto Mechanics 
2 
Ferranti Electric Co 
Motor Testing 
5 
Newcombe Piano Co 
Piano Tuning 
2 
Phoenix Engraving Co 
Photo Engraving 
2 
Prest-o-lite 
Battery Service 
2 
Mabie, Todd & Co 
Gold Pen Grinding 
13 
Auto Elec. Service Co 
Auto Mechanics 
2 
Martin Electric Service Co 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Toronto Street Railway Co 
Armature Winding 
4 
Palmer Tire & Rubber Co 
Vulcanizing 
1 
J. J. Snorr 
Upholstering 
1 
Smith Morton Optical Co 
Lens Grinding 
1 
International Harvester Co 
Cost Production 
1 
Pattern maker 
2 
Walker Vallance Co 
Vulcanizing 
1 
Fred T. Rrooks 
Sign Painting 
1 
Metallic Roofing Co 
Draughting 
1 
Planet Cycle Co 
Bicycle Assembly 
1 
J. Leslie Weir 
Shoe Repairing 
1 
Murray Kay Co 
Upholstering 
1 
Danforth Plumbing 
Plumbing 
1 
Cameron & Campbell 
Carpentry 
1 
Gendron Mfg. Co 
Auto Painting 
1 
Meakin A Sons 
Office Work 
1 
Bredannez Ltd 
Machine Shop 
1 
Mercury Mills 
Light Machine repairs... 
1 
Light Machine operation 
1 
Meakin & Son 
Machine Shipping 
2 
Boring 
1 
United Brush Co 
Brush Making 
2 
Wearwell Co 
Shoe Repair 
1 
Can. Chadwick Brass Co 
Salesmanship 
1 
West End Shoe Repair 
Shoe Repair 
1 
Westinghouse Co 
Electrical 
2 
Kent Garvin Co 
Tile Setting 
1 
E. S. Collins 
Sign Painting 
1 
H. Greer, 
Shoe repairs 
1 
A. M. Cunningham 
Photography 
1 
Hill Vulcanizing Co 
Vulcanizing 
1 
Riddell, Stead, Graham 
Higher Accountancy.... 
1 
Hupp Sales Service 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Boston Insulated Wire & Cable Co.. 
Cable Splicing 
1 
Westinghouse Co 
Armature Winding 
1 
Core Making 
1 
Harkness Studio 
Photography 
1 
Patterson Auto Sales 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Malcolm & Soultar 
Wood Polishing 
1 
Jas. A Wary 
Plumbing 
1 
Irvin Olmstead 
Barbering 
1 
Modern Shoe Co 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Remington Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
1 
G. Booth & Sons 
Sign Painting 
1 
Toronto Electric Light Co 
Meter Testing 
1 
Electrical 
5 
Robert Simpson Co 
Window Dressing 
1 
W. Pierce Munroe 
Salesmanship 
1 
Massey Harris Co 
Machine Tool operation. 
1 
Williams Watch Repair 
1 
Beal Bros 
Shoe Repairs 
6 
R. Bunt & Co 
Salesmanship 
1 
D. W. Best & Co 
Piano Tuning 
1 
Matthews & Blackwell 
Auto Mechanics .... 
1 
Standard Underground Cable 
Machine Shop practice.. 
1 
Gremlin & Sutherland 
Vulcanizing 
1 
McLaughlin Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Commercial Engravers 
Commercial Art 
1 
Hamilton Stamp & Stencil Co 
Steel Cutter 
1 
Ontario Lantern and Lamp Co 
Pressman 
1 
Marshall Bros 
Florist 
1 90 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
" D " UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Continued. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Massey Harris Co 
Engineering 
1 
Gould, Shapely & Muir 
Farm Tractors 
1 
- 
Stevens Shoe Repairs 
Shoe Repairs 
2 
Hamm & Nott, Ltd 
Sheet Metal Work 
2 
W. McCance, St. Catherines 
Shoe Repair 
1 
Dominion Canners, Ltd 
Machine Shop practice.. 
1 
Imperial Life Insurance Co 
Salesmanship 
1 
Modern Shoe Co., Simcoe 
Shoe Repairing 
1 
Adams Harness Co 
Harness Making 
1 
Beach Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Toronto Carpet Co 
Weaving 
1 
Dyeing 
1 
Wretham 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
W addington 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Auto Strop Co 
Polishing 
1 
Massey Harris Co 
Farm Tractors 
1 
Machine Shop 
5 
Bench Hands 
4 
Ontario Show Case Co 
Cabinet Making 
2 
Mills, Branby & Collins 
Sign Writing 
1 
W. R. Johnston 
Tailoring 
2 
Toronto Welding Co 
Oxy-Welding 
1 
Lyonde 
Photography 
1 
Morrison Brass Co 
Core Making 
1 
Macey Sign Co 
Sign Writing 
1 
Canuck Auto, Ltd 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Publishers, Ltd 
Press Printing 
1 
American Watch Case Co 
Press Work 
1 ■ 
Practical Shoe Repair 
Shoe Repair 
1 
C. Gray 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
W. C. Hunt 
Tinsmithing 
1 
Gold Medal Furniture Co 
Upholstering 
4 
Coleman Tool and Die Works 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
1 
Standard Silver Co 
Silver Polishing 
4 
McBride's Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
C. L. Daly 
Meeh. Dentistry 
2 
A. J. McLean 
Comm. Photography... 
Chamberlain & Hookham 
Applied Electricity 
1 
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co 
Spec. Tire Work 
2 
Dr. Stewart 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
Splitdorf Electric Co 
Magneto Repairs 
1 
Canadian Optical Co 
Lens Grinding 
1 
Dominion Ship Building 
Ship Fitter 
1 
Dalton's 
1 
Core Making 
1 
Minister Myles Co 
Shoe Lasting 
1 
L'Air Liquide Society 
Oxy-Welding 
Gerhardt Heintzman 
Cabinet Making 
1 
National Cash Register 
Assembling, etc 
1 
Moore's Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Mono. Linotype Co 
Linotypist 
1 
Universal Film Co 
Salesmanship 
1 
Clarke Bros... 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
1 
W. J. Mitchell Co 
Jewelery 
1 
C. C. Kawin & Co 
Chemistry 
1 
F. W. Bond 
Sign Writing 
1 
Oxy-Welding Co 
Oxy-acetylene Welding.. 
1 
J. L. Rawbon 
Optician 
1 
Harris & Stall 
Surveying 
1 
P. W. Ellis 
Watch Repairing 
3 
Corley, Wilkie, Duffy & Hamilton.. 
Law 
1 
Toronto Testing Laboratory 
Chemistry 
1 
Can. Drill and Chuck Co....: 
Machine Shop 
2 
Petrie Co 
Machine Shop 
1 
Carter Welding Co 
Oxy-acetylene Welding.. 
1 
Armstrong Co 
Machine Shop 
1 
G. T. R. Nelles Corners 
T elegraphy 
1 
G. A. Browne, Orillia 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Dominion Welding Co 
Oxy-acetylene Welding.. 
1 
Sellers Gough Co 
Furrier 
1 
United Typewriter Co 
Adding Machine Repair. 
1 91 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
W. L. Walker 
Meeh. Dentistry 
1 
Kilgour Mfg. Co 
Cabinet Making 
1 
McLaughlin Motor Car Co 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
W. H. Stevenson 
Sign Writing 
1 
Reliable Auto Repair 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Lawrence Park Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Roden Bros 
Silver Polishing 
1 
Robert Crean 
Hat Making 
1 
J. A. Consaul 
Upholstering 
1 
Ante Bros 
Dental Mechanics.... 
1 
G. T. Smith 
Salesman 
1 
Spadina Hospital 
Dental Mechanics . 
1 
A. Boyd 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
J. J. Taylor 
Tinsmith 
1 
Can. Machine Telephone 
Lathe Hand.... 
1 
Culverhouse Optical Co 
Lens Grinding... 
1 
Hydro-Electric 
Electrical 
2 
Phillips Mfg. Co 
Picture Framing.. 
1 
Consolidated Optical Co 
Optician 
2 
Ideal Shoe Repairing 
Shoe Repairing .... 
1 
Unique Theatre 
Motion Picture Oper.... 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Overland Sales Co 
2 
Dominion Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Eastford Sales Service Co 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Firstbrook Bros 
Box Making 
1 
Toronto Battery Service 
Wiring Batteries.... 
] 
Gale Bros. Mfg. Co 
Tailoring 
1 
Remington Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Excelsior Shoe Repairing 
1 
Williams Shoe Repair 
Shoe Repairs.. 
1 
Otto Higel Co 
Steam Fitting.... 
1 
Roy Co., Ltd 
Ring Making... 
2 
Rogul, A 
Jewelry 
1 
Turnbull Elevator Co 
Electrical 
1 
Geo. Baynham 
Auto Painting... 
1 
J. Ivory 
Sheet Metal Work 
1 
Pringle & Booth 
Photography... 
1 
G. A. Bowerbatik 
Sign Writing.... 
1 
Prov. Hydro Electric Co 
Draughting .. 
1 
International Business Mach 
Adding Mach. Repairs.. 
Building Construction... 
Salesmanship 
1 
Dickie Construction 
1 
Barber Ellis Co 
1 
Monarch Tractors 
Farm Tractors 
1 
Deer Park Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Grundy Clapperton 
Glass Cutting.... 
1 
College Press Co 
Printing 
1 
Parkinson, J 
Jewelry... 
1 
Heintzman & Co 
Piano Tuning 
1 
Imperial Optical Co 
Lens Grinding 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
Machine Operation 
Armature Winding 
Commercial. 
2 
Mooring Mfg. Co 
1 
Steel Co. of Canada 
1 
Swedish Electric Co 
1 
Soo Business College 
1 
Ames, Holden, McCready 
Storekeeper 
1 
T. Eaton Co 
Photography 
1 
Rawlinson, L.-. 
U phoistering 
2 
Richardson Signs 
Sign Writing.... 
1 
J. Simpson 
Cotton Spinner 
1 
I. Whitfield 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
Machine Shop Practice.. 
Stone Mason.. 
1 
Acme Machine Co 
1 
Atkinson Marble Co 
1 
Authors & Cox 
Orthopaedic Appliances. 
Switchboard Install a- 
1 
Bell Telephone Co 
1 
] 
Canada Glass and Lite Co 
tion. 
Tile Setting 
Steel Inspection 
Linotypist 
Carpentry 
Dominion Steel Foundry 
1 
5 
Canadian Linotype 
Green, H... 
1 
"D" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Continued. 92 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"D" UNIT-INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS- Concluded. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
L. Curley & Son 
Canada Cotton Co 
Harness Making 
Machine Operation 
1 
1 
Total 
327 
Inside Schools 442 
Outside Schools 137 
Industrial 339 
Total 918 
"F" UNIT. 
Inside. 
1 
Shoe Repairs 
8 
2 
Auto Mechanics 
5 
1 
Carpentry 
7 
1 
Commercial 
3 
1 
Draughting 
7 
2 
8 
Repairs Farm Tractors. 
2 
32 
C.M.C.H., Guelph, O.A.C., Guelph. 
2 
Market Gardening 
10 
C.M.C., London 
1 
Wood Carving 
1 
Total 
11 
43 
Outside. 
Euler Business College 
Commercial 
1 
O. Agric. College 
Agriculture 
Market Gardening 
Commercial 
28 
CC 
5 
O'Brien Business College 
5 
Cen. Business College, Stratford 
cc 
8 
Windsor Business College 
cc 
2 
Woodstock Business College 
cc 
2 
Western University 
General 
1 
Can. Business College 
Commercial 
2 
Sarnia Business College 
CC 
2 
t 
56 
Industrial. 
Burroughs Adding Machine 
Repairs and Inspection.. 
Machine Wood Working. 
Wiring Batteries 
16 
Belton Lumber Co 
1 
Benson Wiles 
1 
Can. Linderman Co 
Machine Oper 
1 
Coope Auction Rooms 
Auctioneering 
1 
Empire Mfg. Co 
Plumber's Supplies 
Track Supervisor 
Knitting Machine Oper.. 
2 
G.T.R., London 
1 
Hosiers Ltd 
1 
Hulbur Shoe Co 
Shoe Making 
1 
Imp. Rattan Co 
Reed Chair Making 
Ring Making 
4 
C. F. Jones & Co 
1 
A. A. Langford & Co 
Stationary Business 
Tinsmith 
1 
McClary Mfg. Co 
3 
McCraken Show Case Co 
Carpentry 
M. T. Practice 
1 
McKenzie's Machine Shop 
1 
A. E. Nobbs 
Stone Cutter 
1 
J. H. Pollock 
Electrical 
2 
Dr. Hutchison 
Dental Meeh 
1 
A. Norton... 
Dairy Business 
1 
Knetchel Shoe Co 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Robson Motor Car Co 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Somerville Paper Box Co 
Box Making 
1 
L. E. Edwards, Woodstock 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
Strathroy Fur Co 
Carpentry 
1 93 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"F" UNIT-Concluded. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Powell Shoe Repairs 
Shoe Repairing 
1 
Sherlock Manning Co 
Piano Tuning 
2 
Srlverwoods Ltd 
Dairy Business 
1 
Smallman & Ingram 
U pholstering 
1 
F. Spettigue 
Tailoring 
1 
Stewart & Markin 
Armature Winding 
2 
The Signoy Ltd 
Show Card Writing 
1 
Wards Factory 
Cigar Making 
1 
Wolverton Milling Co 
Flour Milling 
1 
Jno. Campbell & Son 
Auto Painting 
1 
Hobbs Mfg. Co 
Art Bead Glazing 
1 
Public Utilities Com 
Electric Switchboard... 
2 
Scott, Chamberlain & Co 
Shoe Making 
1 
London Hosiery Mills 
Knitting Machine Oper.. 
1 
Eureka Planter Co 
Moulding 
1 
Jno. Morrow Screw and Nut Co 
M. S. P." 
1 
65 
Inside 43 
Outside 56 
Industrial 65 
Grand Total 164 
"G" UNIT. 
Inside. 
Winnipeg Re-training Centre 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
31 
Telegraphy 
Building Construction... 
Stenography 
Commercial 
Auto Mechanic 
Stationary Engineer 
General Education 
Gas Tractors 
Photography 
French Polishing 
Sanitary Inspector 
Machine Shop 
Cabinet Making 
Oxy-Acetylene Welding. 
Market Gardening 
Draughting 
Electrical 
Art. L. Making 
Barbering 
Machine Wood Work.... 
Shoe Repairs 
Printing 
Sign writing 
Grain Buying 
Law 
29 
5 
5 
34 
17 
2 
17 
28 
2 
8 
7 
4 
5 
7 
11 
11 
9 
1 
2 
2 
36 
2 
7 
3 
2 
256 
38 
Outside. 
Agricultural College 
Gas Tractors 
Lip Reading 
Fiell & Animal Hsby... 
21 
1 
10 
Industries. 
H. Ceri 
Marshall Wells Co 
F. Burt 
United Grain Growers 
Pitbaldo Hoskins 
Free Press, Winnipeg 
Kamistiquia Power Co 
Shoe Repairs 
Shipping 
Music 
Grain Buying 
Law 
Linotypist 
Electric Switchboard... 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 94 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"G" UNIT- Conclude.!, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
McKinnon, Winnipeg 
Surveying 
1 
Plumas Station 
Telegraphy 
1 
United Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Repairs 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Port Arthur Garage 
1 
Remington Typewriter Co..' 
Typewriter Repairs 
2 
13 
Inside 256 
Outside 38 
Industries 13 
Grand Total 307 
"H" UNIT. 
Inside. 
University of Saskatchewa .. 
3 
Farm Mechanics 
22 
2 
Farm Tractors 
31 
1 
1 
Stationary Gas Engines. 
Auto Mechanics 
3 
19 
1 
Steam Eng 
3 
2 
10 
Mechanical Eng 
Agriculture 
1 
27 
106 
Vocational Sch ol 
1 
1 
Telegraphy 
9 
1 
Shoemaking 
14 
1 
Commercial 
18 
2 
Civil Service 
17 
6 
Municipal Secretary 
5 
63 
Outside. 
Collegiate, Moose Jaw 
Regina College 
Manual Training 
1 
Earl Grey Sanatorium 
Matriculation 
1 
Normal School, Sask. . 
X-Ray 
1 
University of Sask 
Teachers' Course 
1 
Matriculation 
Theology 
1 
1 
Pharmacy 
Arts 
1 
1 
8 
Industries. 
Dept, of Telephones 
Telephone Instructor.... 
Photography 
1 
W. B. Finlay... 
1 . 
Grills & Co., Regina 
Furrier 
1 
Hicks & Pentz 
Clock & Watchmaking.. 
1 
F. Ivey... 
Optician 
1 
John East Iron Works . 
Oxy-Ace. Welding 
1 
B. Massecar .. 
C. Accountancy 
1 
Dr. J. A. Moran... 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
G. C. Rooke & Co .. 
Accountancy 
1 
Stephenson & Colebank 
Upholstering 
1 
Sun. Elec. Co., Regina.. 
Electrical 
1 
United Typewriter Co., Retina. . 
Type Repairs 
1 
United Typewriter Co., Saskatoon.. 
Type Repairs 
1 
Western Gay Double Tread Co 
Vulcanizing 
2 
Gay Light Theatre 
Motion Picture Operator 
1 
L. Dennison & Co 
Electrical 
1 
Regina Meeh 
Oxy-Ace. Welding 
1 
Sask Bread Co 
Baker 
1 
Victoria Theatre 
Motion Picture Operator 
1 
Dominion Government Elevator 
Grain Inspection 
1 
Reid Dental Laboratory 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
Sask. Harness Co 
Harness Making 
1 
Union Meat Market 
Salesman 
1 95 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919--Con 
"H" UNIT-Concluded, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
McGrath Bros 
Palace Garage, Saskatoon 
* 
Auto Mechanics 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
1 
26 
Inside 169 
Outside 8 
Industries 26 
Grand Total 203 
Collegiate Inst., Regina, C. Service.. 23 
Success Bus. Col., M. S. Stenography 1 
Ross, M. H., C. Service 11 
Total 35 
"I" UNIT 
Inside. 
Technical &JArt Institute, Calgary,. 
1 
Commercial 
58 
2 
Telegraphy 
21 
2 
Farm Mechanics 
134 
1 
Auto Mechanics 
63 
1 
Electrical 
22 
1 
Draughting 
6 
2 
Farm Tractors 
16 
1 
Shoe Repairs 
17 
2 
Manual Training 
2 
2 
Carpentry 
10 
1 
Steam Stat 
14 
1 
17 
Heating Plant 
5 
368 
Vocational Sch. Educ 
1 
Shoe Repairs 
12 
2 
Commercial 
38 
1 
4 
General 
3 
53 
Outside. 
University of Edmonton 
Agriculture 
52 
Medicine 
4 
Arts 
2 
Law 
2 
Science 
1 
Pharmacy 
2 
R. C. High School 
Theology 
3 
General 
1 
Normal School, Camrose 
Teachers' Course 
2 
Adlam College Music 
Music 
1 
70 
Industries. 
Rockford, Butcher 
Slaughtering Animals... 
1 
Fiske Tire Service, Calgary .... 
Vulcanizing 
1 
Acme Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Kemphill Barber College 
Barbering 
3 
Fort Pitt Ranch 
Farm Mechanics 
1 
Ewing Harvey & Bury 
Law 
1 
Robinson 
Tailoring 
1 
Edmonton Cigar Factory 
Cigar Making 
1 
Johnston & Walker 
Window Dressing 
1 
Burman & Frith 
Electrical 
1 
McDermid 
Photo Engraving 
1 
Hope & Johnson 
1 ypewriter Repairing... 
1 
Hillas Electric Co 
Electrical 
1 
Economy Electric Co 
Electrical 
1 . 
W. H. Clark Co 
Wood Working & Carp'y 
1 
Dr. Vermilyia 
Chiropody 
1 
Cooper & Brown 
Wiring Batteries 
1 96 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31, 1919-Con. 
"I" UNIT- Concluded, 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Pupils. 
Liley & McCormack 
Harness Making 
1 
Pallison, Calgary 
Dairy Business 
1 
Remington Typewriter Co 
Typewriting Repairs. .. 
1 
Chauncey Ltd 
Watch Repairs 
* 1 
I. E. Black 
Engraving 
1 
Wise Bridge 
Slaughtering 
1 
Metals Ltd 
Heating Plant 
1 
Otis Fensom Elevator Co 
Electrical 
1 
Canadian Govt. Elevator 
Grain Inspection 
1 
Alex Martin 
Tinsmith 
1 
Hotel Palister 
Electrical 
1 
Massie Bros 
Elec., Wiring batteries.. 
1 
31 
Inside 421 
Outside 70 
Industries 31 
Total . 522 
Evening Classes 13 
"J" UNIT. 
Inside. 
M. C. H. Esquimalt 
2 
1 
4 
6 
1 
Auto Mechanics 
Carpentry 
Boat Building 
Shoe Repairs 
6 
3 
4 
15 
5 
22 
Fairmont M.C.H 
2 
2 
1 
1 
Carpentry 
Electrical 
Manual Teachers 
Shoe Repairs 
1 
2 
1 
1 
Fire Hall No. 10 
Shoe Repairs 
Shaughnessy M.C.H 
1 
1 
1 
3 
14 
Barbering 
Commercial 
General 
2 
46 
26 
74 
159 
65 
University of B.C 
2 
3 
2 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
Assaying 
Auto Mechanics 
Electrical 
Machine Shop practice.. 
Draughting , 
Steam Enginee ing 
Telegraphy 
Motion Picture Operator 
13 
50 
21 
17 
19 
22 
11 
6 
Outside. 
Sprott Shaw Institute, Victoria 
Success Business College 
Provincial Normal School, Victoria. 
N. Pacific Co., Oregon 
University of Washington, U.S.A... 
Prov. Normal School, Vancouver... 
University of B. C 
Telegraphy 
Commercial 
Stenography 
Civil Service 
Teacher's Course........ 
Dental 
Librarian 
Teacher's Course 
Agriculture 
Applied Science 
Art 
Forestry 
5 
7 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
24 
2 
3 
17 97 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31st, 1919-Con 
" J " UNIT-Continued. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Industries. 
Alaska Bedding Co 
Bed Spring Making 
Iron Moulding 
1 
Albion Stove Works 
2 
Dr. Brett Anderson 
Mechanical Dentistry... 
Saw Filing 
1 
Atkins Saw File Co 
1 
Madame Avery 
Music... ? 
1 
Battery House, Vancouver 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Bennett & Sons 
Carpentry and Cabinet 
Making 
Law 
Bourne & McDonald 
2 
1 
G. E. Brooks 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
Consaul Mining Co 
Assaying, etc 
1 
C. P. R. Gardens 
Market Gardening 
Armature Winding 
4 
Crossman Electric 
2 
Daily Colonist, Victoria 
Linotypist 
1 
Daily Province, Vancouver 
Lino typist 
1 
Davie Vulcanizing 
Vulcanizing 
2 
Dom. Tel. Wireless Co 
Wireless Telegraphy 
4 
Battery House, New Westminster... 
Boggs Motor Co 
Machine operating 
Vulcanizing 
1 
1 
B. C. Vinegar Co 
Pickle Making... a 
1 
Electrical Maintenance 
Wiring Batteries 
2 
Empress Mfg. Co., Vancouver 
Pickle Making 
1 
Dr. Garesche 
Dental Mechanics 
1 
H. Gleason & Co., Seattle 
Electrical 
1 
Dr. F. Greatrex 
Dental Meeh 
1 
Dr. Lewis Hall, Victoria 
It 
1 
Dr. W. T. Hall, Vancouver 
Ct 
1 
1 
Dr. Stave, Victoria 
it 
H. Hargreaves 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
.1 
1 
1 
1 
Harris, Bull & Mason 
Law 
Hawkins & Hayward 
Electrical 
King's Studios, Vancouver 
Photography 
Dr. Lowe, Vancouver 
Dental Meeh 
New Method Co., Vancouver 
Vulcanizing 
Dr. G. Moody, Vancouver 
Dental Meeh 
C. 0. Morlock, Vancouver 
Upholstering 
O. Olsen, Vancouver 
Show Card Writing 
Taxidermy 
Wm. Quirt, Vancouver 
Remington Typewriter Co 
Typewriter Mecli 
Restmore Mfg. Co 
Cabinet Making and 
Carpentry 
Picture Framing 
Richmond Art Store 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Shaugnessy Pressing and Cleaning... 
Sholvock Bros 
Linotypist 
Smith & Champion 
Furniture Repairs 
A. Sawy, Vancouver 
Agriculture 
Standard Furniture Co 
U pholstering 
Dr. A. H. Tanner 
Dental Meeh.... 
Tupper & Steele, Vancouver 
Auto Painting . .... 
E. J. Wakefield.' 
Basket Making. 
D. Walker 
Agriculture 
Capt. Williamson 
N avigation 
B.C. Veterans' Weekly 
Reporter 
Crebat Mowatt Co 
Accounting... 
Dr. Sterling 
Dental Meeh 
Hodgkinson Ltd 
Auto Painting 
C.P.R., Port Moody 
T elegraphy 
J. Stevens, Vancouver 
Market Gardening 
Glove Making 
Vancouver Glove Co 
Dr. Wright, Vancouver 
Dental Meeh 
Comrades' Lunch Room 
Baking 
Darling & Nabb, Vancouver 
Law 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
Dr. Cunningham 
Dental Meeh... 
Ellis & Brown 
Law 
H. J. Holman, Victoria 
Vulcanizing . ... 
Municipal Power Plant 
Engine, etc 98 
Distribution of Re-Education, week ending January 31st, 1919-Con 
"J" UNIT- Concluded. 
Institution. 
Number 
of 
Teachers. 
Sub-total 
of 
Teachers. 
Courses. 
Number 
of 
Pupils. 
Sub-total 
of ot 4 
Teachers. 
Reliable Electric Co., Vancouver.... 
W. Turcliffe 
Armature Winding 
Barbering 
1 
1 
81 
Inside 275 
Outside 65 
Industries 81 
421 
Evening Class 4 
" K " UNIT. 
Inside. 
Reed School, Fredericton 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
6 
Carpentry 
Stenography 
Civil Service 
General 
Auto Meeh 
Shoe Repairs 
5 
4 
13 
14 
21 
17 
75' 
Outside. 
Mt Alison University 
C. Engineering 
1 
St. John Business College 
Commercial 
6 
Success Business College 
Commercial 
1 
Success Business College 
Stenography 
1 
Fredericton High School 
M atriculation 
1 
Fredericton Business College 
Commercial 
9 
Provincial Normal School 
Teacher's Course 
1 
Reed School, Fredericton 
St Stephen Business College 
Agriculture 
Commercial 
3 
1 
University of New Brunswick 
F orestry 
3 
Mount Allison College 
Commercial 
2 
Industries. 
C G R., Dalhousie 
Telegraphy 
1 
29 
G.T.R. Shop, S. Devon 
Fred Smith 
Machine Tool Operating 
Barb ering 
1 
1 
C G R. Dorchester1 
Telegraphy 
1 
CJ O B. Flatlands 
Telegraphy 
1 
Great Eastern Garage 
Auto Mechanics 
1 
J. Wilson Ltd 
Sheet Metal Work 
1 
H Webb ' 
Electric Wiring 
1 
N B. Power Co 
Electrical 
1 
Harry Moore 
Electrical 
1 
10 
Inside 75 
Outside 29 
Industries 10 
114 
Evening Class • 1 
Definition of Various Terms Employed 
"Inside Schools"- 
Schools conducted in a borrowed or rented building, the Instructors of which are wholly paid 
by the Dept, of S.C.R. 
"Outside Schools"- 
Business colleges, universities, normal schools, etc., where returned soldiers are placed for 
training; school fees and cost of books only being borne by the D.S.C.R. 
"1 ''^ustrial Establishments"- 
Business institutions where men are placed for training, in order that they may gain a practical 
knowledge of their course. 99 
RECAPITULATION. 
Unit. 
No..of 
Teachers. 
Inside 
Schools. 
Outside 
Schools. 
Industries. 
Total. 
"A" 
22 
381 
31 
58 
470 
"B" 
19 
128 
54 
18 
200 
"C" 
25 
284 
26 
28 
338 
"D" 
43 
442 
137 
339 
918 
"F" 
11 
43 
56 
65 
164 
"G" 
31 
256 
38 
13 
307 
"H" 
16 
169 
8 
26 
203 
"I" 
21 
421 
70 
31 
522 
"J" 
28 
275 
81 
421 
"K" : 
6 
75 
29 
10 
114 
222 
2,474 
514 
669 
3,657 
3,712 CHAPTER VIII. 
INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS. 
Shortly after Industrial retraining was organized and schools established 
for the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers it was found that numbers of men 
were asking for training, which it was impossible to give in schools. The reason 
for this was that a great many occupations could only be learned by actual 
contact either in an office, industry or manufacturing plant. 
Specific instances of men in this class are those who desire to enter some 
form of the fur industry, as fur sorters, cutters, stitchers, and so forth; men 
who require work in a shoe factory running, lasting, welting or heel burnishing 
machinery. There are men who have been in the lumber industry all their lives, 
and through injury are no longer in a physical condition to stand the exposure 
and hardship which are necessary in the woods or on the rivers. Such men as 
these will ask for a course which will permit them to become lumber inspectors, 
lumber surveyors, stationary steam engineers, and to enter numerous other 
occupations. 
One of the guiding principles which is ever before our Disabled Soldiers' 
Training Boards, is that the training is given to adults, therefore it must be 
most practical in its nature, and all waste of time eliminated. The training 
must be so condensed that the maximum of information will be gained in the 
shortest possible time. 
It is found from our statistics that it is difficult to keep a great number of 
the returned soldiers in our retraining classes for more than four or five months. 
Therefore, it is most important that the training from the first will be such that 
the men will have an increased earning power were they to leave their courses 
three months after entering, and have an asset, as far as making their living is 
concerned, and be so rehabilitated that they will have courage to undertake a 
wage earning vocation. 
It was found that the number of courses in our schools was limited to a 
small range of trades and occupations, and that if the policy of training men in 
this limited field were followed, there would be an over production of workers 
in this small range. 
In order to broaden the work of our schools and embrace a large number 
of occupations, two ways were suggested-the first being to purchase additional 
equipment and give a greater range of courses in the schools, and the second- 
through a systematic intensive survey of industries to discover openings or 
possibilities, for which disabled workers' could be trained, in which the new 
occupation would be within the limits of their disability, and to place returned 
men in the suitable places found in the industries. 
Furthermore, the feeling was quite strong that in certain occupations our 
schools, although they were doing the best they could in the short period of 
training allowed them, were not in a position satisfactorily to train the men 
so that they could enter these occupations and hope for success, when working 
in competition with men who not only were physically fit but also had a long 
industrial experience. 
It is demonstrated beyond doubt that for most occupations the early 
portion of the training can, with great advantage, be given in the schools, enabling 
the returned soldier who has a disability to accustom himself to a civilian atmos- 
phere, methods of handling tools and doing the work. After he has reached 
this stage of his development the District Vocational Officer should, arrange to 
have the disabled men, through the co-operation of employers, entei that form 
100 101 
of industry for which he was being trained, for the completion of his retraining 
course. Very little information was available as to the number of men employed 
in any occupation, or as to the demand for trained workers. It was evidently 
useless to train men for occupations already crowded, and disabled soldiers 
would necessarily stand a better chance of making good in an occupation in 
which there was an active demand. The Department found it necessary to 
gather this information at first hand so that it would be available to all those 
who were interested in advising the applicant for training as to the best occupa- 
tion for him to learn. 
When it was decided to take up training in industry it was thought that to 
make it a success, it should not be started until a broad foundation had been 
prepared, the foundation to consist of a close study of industry in relation to 
disabled men and the education of the employer and the officers of the Depart- 
ment who were to put it into effect. 
To accomplish this the industrial surveys division was organized to cover 
the following points:- 
1. To ascertain as far as possible under present conditions the occupa- 
tional opportunities for disabled soldiers, the facilities for training 
them, and the possibilities for absorbing them after training, in the 
particular locality in which the survey is carried on. 
2. To give concise, definite and accurate information regarding these 
industrial oppoitunities to each Disabled Soldiers' Training Board, 
District Vocational Officer, or interviewer, in the district where re- 
training is to be given. 
Constant reference should be made by the Vocational Officer to his copies 
of industrial surveys in order that correct information may be given 
to those who are seeking re-training, and that they may be assisted 
in making a wise selection of a new occupation. 
3. To determine the fitness of existing educational institutions in a par- 
ticular locality for the re-training of disabled men for industry. 
4. To grade the opportunities as to the stability of the field in each locality, 
or in the country as a whole, since some industries are similar all over 
the country, while others are peculiar to certain localities, and to 
ascertain when enough men had been trained in each occupation. 
5. To inform an applicant for a course in re-training before he enters upon 
that course as to all its limitations and advantages. He should know 
whether the field is broad or limited; whether employment is tem- 
porary, seasonable, or permanent; whether or not previous experience 
is required, and how previous experience may be utilized in the new 
occupation. Further, he should know the remuneration to be expected 
from a certain grade of work, and be able to give a reasonable estimate 
of the length of time it will take to prepare for that new vocation. 
All this is necessary in order that short intensive preparation may 
be given and wasted effort eliminated; and this is just the 
information which may be obtained from the surveys when they are 
consolidated. 
6. To ascertain the attitude of manufacturers and employers of labour 
towards the disabled soldier and to educate them toward a proper 
understanding and appreciation of the aims and objects of the Voca- 
tional Branch of the Department of Soldier's Civil Re-Establishment. 
7. To establish a direct personal contact between the Vocational Officer 
of the district and the managers and foremen of a large number of 
industries with the result that, when the returned disabled soldiers 
are placed in industries for the completion of their re-training, a 
personal interest will be taken in them by their employers. 102 
8. To enable the industrial surveyor to act as a liaison officer between the 
district office of the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment 
and the employers. It might be stated here that in all cases where 
men are placed in.an industry for the completion of their re-training, 
they are accompanied by a representative of the industrial survey 
section, preferably by the man who has surveyed that particular 
industry, and are brought to the personal attention of their employer, 
so that any difficulties may be adjusted immediately. 
9. To put the industrial surveyor in a position to render assistance in the 
. establishment of aid and advice sections, follow-up systems, 
employment bureaux, and also in the interpretation and working of 
the workmen's compensation laws and regulations. The surveys 
will also indicate the living and working conditions, both in the com- 
munity and in the industry, which would determine whether or not a 
certain occupation was likely to prove advantageous. 
In collecting this information two methods were available, either by ques- 
tionnaires or by personal interviews. During the war manufacturers and em- 
ployers have been flooded with questionnaires and an analysis of many of them 
showed that information so gathered was not dependable. This method also 
lacked the most important advantage of the personal interview in that neither 
the employers nor the officers of the Department received that education in the 
work which is so necessary for success. It was therefore decided to adopt the 
method of personal interviews and have the industrial surveyors carry a direct 
message to employers, showing them directly, simply and clearly how they 
could co-operate with the Government'in the rehabilitation of men who had been 
disabled by war service. This missionary work has resulted in a great deal of 
good. The results are so far reaching that at this time they cannot be fully 
measured. 
For some time the Department was in doubt as to how the industrial survey 
branch should be organized. In September, 1917, however, Mr. G. A. Boate, 
a Canadian, who had spent some time in the United States, placed before us 
copies of surveys made by him for the United States Government in connection 
with the training of workmen for the shipbuilding campaign. Mr. Boate was 
retained by the Department to organize the industrial surveys branch. 
The Department did not intend to demand service from the employer, but 
rather wished to enlist his sympathy and co-operation. The industrial surveyor 
would have to interview and convince the highest executives of each company. 
To do this it was necessary that he adopt the methods of the best class of personal 
salesmen. He should also be familiar with manufacturing and the handling of 
labour so he could interest at the outset the men he was interviewing. 
In making a survey of an industry the chief executives of the concern, the 
President, General Manager, and foremen are interviewed first; finally each 
branch of the industry is visited and the workers performing each particular oper- 
ation carefully observed. Meanwhile the survey sheets mentioned above are 
filled in. It may be clearly seen, therefore, that all of the information gained is 
uniform as to content and has a definite sequence, so that collaboration is made 
easy. Furthermore, the information obtained by these surveys throughout 
Canada is not hearsay, but is the result of actual observation and investigation 
carried on within the industrial concern and among the workers down to the 
lowest grade. 
The first duty of the industrial survey division was to familiarize itself 
with the most common disabilities incurred by soldiers on active service. The 
medical records at Headquarters, Ottawa, were carefully studied, grouped, listed 
and tabulated. With this information in mind the officer in charge of industrial 
surveys visited several of the large hospitals and sanatoria and analyzed very 
carefully the effect of disability on movement. When this study has been 103 
grasped, as far as it is possible for a layman to grasp it, standard industrial 
survey field note forms were designed as illustrated by sheets A, B. and C. 
These sheets form the basis of the industrial survey report and are taken into 
the industry by all the industrial surveyors. It was necessary at the outset 
to train men for this work. Each man selected to undertake it was carefully 
coached, supervised and accompanied through several industries. He must 
familiarize himself with the operation of the schools, the courses of study, the 
equipment and methods used by the interviewers, doctors, and other officers of 
the department. He must work with a man already trained until it is deemed 
that he is competent to make surveys independently. 
In order to provide that at least a minimum amount of information in each 
case should be secured, these fo'm A. B. and C. were provided. 
On form A. is recorded the information obtained from the President or 
Manager and is made out for the concern. 
Form B. must be made out for each occupation in the industry, and deals 
with the elements which enter into the occupation such as hours, renumeration, 
tools used, training required, related experience, and the most satisfactory 
preliminary training which a school could give, and so forth. 
The third sheet is known as the disability sheet and must also be made 
out for each occupation recorded on sheet B. A standard list of disabilities 
(shown at the end of this chapter) was drawn up. This list was taken from the 
disabilities as they appeared on the medical boards of the Army Medical Corps. 
Each industrial surveyor is supplied with a copy of this list and must familiarize 
himself with these disabilities before undertaking survey work. 
Besides the information on the Survey sheets A, B and C. filled in by the 
industrial surveyor when interviewing the workers in the factory, much general 
information is obtained from the chief executives and through personal observa- 
tion. This forms the introductory part of the industrial survey report. To 
maintain uniformity, as far as content is concerned, in this introduction the 
following rules with regard to form have been adopted. 
The title page of the survey report should specifically state the line manu- 
factured, or the type of work carried on, followed by the name of the concern, 
street, number and location. The name of the officer making the survey and 
the date on which it is made must also appear on the title page. 
The following page should contain the index and a summary of the number 
of men who may be placed for training, specified by departments and occupations, 
as well as the qualifications, physical, educational and industrial, which are 
necessary in order to obtain the full benefit from the training offered by this 
industry. After this there should be a full statement from the chief executives 
of the industry surveyed, indicating their attitude toward returned men and the 
co-operation which the Vocational Branch may expect from them when applica- 
tion is made to place certain disabled men in their factory for completion of 
training. 
The next paragraph should contain general information regarding the 
surroundings of the factory (from the surveyor's own observation) and detailed 
observations regarding light, heat, ventilation, number of floors, composition, 
character of grounds, fire escapes, sanitation, whether or not midday meals 
may be obtained within the factory, or the distance which a worker may 
have to walk in order to get his luncheon; lodging, rate and character, rent in 
the locality (both house and room rent) factory societies, unions, amusements, 
recreations, and welfare bureaux which are controlled by the industry. 
The next paragraph should contain a detailed report from observation 
giving the number and occupations of maimed workers already employed, 
comments regarding safety appliances on machinery of various types, any 
extra or additional hazards which may be noted, and an analysis of the employ- 
ment, whether stable or unstable, and general impressions regarding the nation- 
ality of the greater percentage of the workers employed. 104 
This information jotted down in note form at the time of the survey, is 
dictated to a stenographer in the District Vocational office later. 
The body of the report is made up from the information on the industrial 
survey sheets A. B. and C. (which are illustrated on pages ). 
The typewritten copy of the report must at all times follow the sequence of the 
headings suggested on these sheets. 
Qualifications for an Industrial Surveyor. 
A very careful selection must be made of the individuals to be trained as 
industrial surveyors. One of the most important qualifications for this work 
is a convincing personality. In interviewing the highest executives of large 
industrial concerns it is necessary at the outset to gain their interest and to 
convince them of the soundness of the aims of this work. They must be made 
to understand that the objects of it are constructive in every case, and never 
will be destructive or detrimental to their interests. They must be assured 
that all information is absolutely confidential. The industrial surveyor must 
also be a man to inspire confidence. Business secrets and processes are, and 
must be, as jealously guarded by each of the industrial survey representatives 
as though the concern being surveyed were his own. A verbal guarantee is 
given to owners and managers of concerns that the information obtained shall 
not be printed or so placed that others than those who are dealing directly 
with the problem of re-training disabled soldiers, will have an opportunity 
of analysing or digesting it. Undoubtedly, this fact has had a great deal to do 
with the continued co-operation and assistance given to us by all manufacturers 
and employers of labour whom we have interviewed. 
In our experience the most successful industrial surveyors have been men 
who have had university training in engineering, combined with actual experience, 
and who have later worked for several years at various forms of industry to earn 
their own living and have shown suitable progress in the particular field chosen. 
These men are enthusiastic, adaptable, dependable, and wide awake, and they 
believe that the industries offer the widest opportunities for the final training 
of men who, on account of disability, must choose a vocation for earning a 
livelihood. All the industrial surveyors are returned soldiers. 
It is gratifying to note that after one and a half years of this investigation 
work, at least ninety-seven (97%) per cent of the manufacturers who have been 
interviewed, have shown keen interest in the project, and have given their 
unbiased opinions, and many times very helpful suggestions which have been 
introduced into our training schemes. 
At the time of making this report, in December 1918, every province in the 
Dominion had its industrial survey representatives who were gathering first 
hand information from almost every walk of life wherein returned soldiers 
would be absorbed, and reports of 993 investigations have been sent in to 
Ottawa. Some of these reports which were made of the larger manufacturing 
industries embrace an analysis of six or seven thousand workers. Other reports 
are of much smaller volume but contain vita! information. 
Copies of all industrial surveys are forwarded to the central office in the 
Vocational Branch, at Ottawa, where they are carefully read, commented upon, 
contents analysed, tabulated, card indexed, and studies made from them, of 
vital importance, which have a direct bearing on the work, when coming from 
one unit and disbursed to the others. In other words, it acts as a service branch 
in a small way. Constant access is made to these surveys for the purpose of 
analysis when comparing course outlines in the various units, and in establishing 
equipment in a school. 
These surveys are also carefully indexed and filed in the district office, and 
the interviewers are required to keep themselves posted on the contents of these 
files. The information in them is also classified on card indexes under occupa- 105 
tions. If an interviewer or training board wishes information in regard to storage 
battery repairing the card will show the number of openings in that occupation 
and the surveys of plants where it can be found. If a disabled soldier has 
before the war worked at a heavy occupation in a piano factory, the interviewer 
will call for the survey of the piano factory in which the man has worked, and, in 
consultation with the man, endeavour to select some lighter occupation in the 
factory for which the man may be trained. 
In order to make these surveys most useful it has been found that the 
interviewers, industrial survey officers, employment officers and training inspec- 
tors, should be interchanged from time to time. In some of the smaller centres 
the industrial surveyor or training inspector places the graduate in positions, 
but this is not found possible in the larger units. These men should work very 
closely together and make their work interlock with the training conducted 
in the schools. 
Among the "A" group of surveys the following are selected as examples of 
industries surveyed: manufacture of aeroplanes, aluminum ware, adding 
machines, agricultural implements; particulars for garage workers, amount of 
capital necessary to start a garage in a small town, business connections, agencies, 
distribution, remuneration to expect from this class of work; manufacture of 
automobile tops and bodies, manufacture and repair of automobile radiators; 
installation and care of automatic telephones; particulars and training neces- 
sary for assayer or chemist, particularly applied to the mining regions of Northern 
Ontario and British Columbia; apiary or bee-keeping, what a man should 
know and what he should possess, and what his remuneration would be from 
keeping bees for a living; asbestos and mineral wool pipe covering and its 
uses; manufacture of air brakes and air motors; manufacture of axes and lum- 
ber tools; opportunities in advertising, poster work, circulating information 
for a zone, show card writing, window decorating, methods of training. 
In the "B" group such examples as Boot and Shoe manufacturing, surgical 
boots as a special line of hand boot and shoe repairing; manufacture of beds 
and mattresses; bicycle repairing; baby carriage manufacture; brush manufac- 
turing; bread and pastry and confectionery; manufacture of blinds and blind 
cloth; wooden boxes; batteries and battery parts; steel bridges; steam boilers 
and engines; book-binding and publishing; button manufacture; bank clerks 
brewing and malting; baskets and chairs (reed) Motor boats; barrels; billiard 
tables and phonographs. 
In the "C" group a few industries selected aremanufacture of carpets 
and rugs; corsets and brassieres; can making, copper mining and smelting; 
carriage building; cigars and tobbacco; 'coal mining; club management; coal 
tar products; cleaning and dying; cables for telegraph work; cutlery; manu- 
facture of railway cars; coal dock operation; freight handling; cabinet making; 
cash register manufacture; clothing (men's and boys' wholesale), coffee roasting 
and tea blending; cameras and kodaks and supplies; cotton manufacture. 
Through this work an almost endless number of new occupations have 
been discovered for disabled men. At one time it was thought that there 
were very few occupations suitable to the disabled but it has been found that in 
nearly every industry there are many things at which a handicapped man can 
earn the full going wage in competition with able bodied man. 
The results of training in industry, have been very gratifying. At the end 
of December 1918, there were 2285 retraining graduates who had received their 
training through the Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. Of this 
number 581 or 25% had received some part of their training directly in an 
industry or commercial establishment, 304 had received their training directly 
in industry because it was found impracticable to establish courses in schools to 
give this particular kind of training; the remaining 227 had received the final 
stages of their training in industry after attending school for some months. 
This latter method is considered the best because it gives the disabled man an 106 
opportunity of expert guidance, personal supervision and encouragement during 
the earlier stages of his training, which sometimes overcomes many diffi- 
culties. 
After a certain period has elapsed he becomes confident and feels as though 
he were capable of grappling with conditions outside. At this period the work 
of the industrial survey department comes into its own, in so much that the 
placement officers of the Vocational Branch in each city or town have informa- 
tion from the industrial survey representatives telling them where it is possible 
to place a man with a certain disability, in the particular line which he has 
chosen. It is then the duty of the placement officer to bring the disabled soldier 
in contact with the employer or manufacturer with whom he is to continue his 
training until its completion. 
On page 16 will be found a table showing the number of men who had been 
trained, or were taking training, in industries on 31st December, 1918. The 
proportion of the men taking training in industries and the men taking training 
in schools is increasing very rapidly. At the end of the Chapter will also be 
found a typical survey of a brass factory showing all the occupations to be found 
there, just as the survey comes into the office for filing. 
A later development of this survey work is the drawing up of a general 
statement in regard to each group industry for the information of the Information 
and Service Branch of the Department which looks after the employment of 
able bodied soldiers. Each industry has to be treated separately-for instance 
the Vocational Branch is drawing up statements in regard to the shoe industry 
and harness manufacturing, railroad car repairing, electrical manufacturing, etc. 
These studies go into all the various occupations taken up, the hours, wages, 
labour and social conditions, etc. and will be published in book form. These 
handbooks will be turned over to the employment officers of the Information and 
Service Branch to assist them in finding employment for able bodied soldiers. 
At the end of the chapter will be found a typical study of the shoe industry. 
Statement of men trained, or training, in industrial establishments, 
December 31, 1918. 
Units. 
Allocation of Men Numerically. 
Com- 
menced. 
Com- 
pleted. 
Dis- 
continued. 
Sus- 
pended. 
Current. 
No. of 
Surveys. 
A.-Quebec 
200 
117 
32 
5 
46 
22 
B.-Nova Scotia 
47 
18 
4 
4 
21 
29 
C.-E. Ontario 
43 
21 
3 
0 
19 
D.-C. Ontario 
542 
269 
73 
9 
191 
224 
F.-W. Ontario 
104 
44 
9 
2 
49 
42 
G.-Manitoba 
53 
29 
7 
3 
14 
89 
H.-Saskatchewan 
46 
22 
7 
0 
17 
I.-Calgary 
38 
16 
10 
2 
10 
137 
J.-British Columbia 
101 
41 
9 
9 
42 
271 
K.-New Brunswick 
9 
4 
0 
0 
5 
Totals 
1,183 
581 
154 
34 
414 
814 107 
Sheet A. 
Military Hospitals Commission, 19 
Vocational Branch, 
22 Vittoria Street, Ottawa. 
Industrial Survey for determining the openings for training disabled soldiers in industries. 
City Unit 
Firm Name 
Street 
Manufacturing 
General Manager , 
Treasurer 
Supt 
Foreman Dept Section Sheets 
... Vocational Officer Investigator. 
Easiest way to reach Factory 
M.H.C. Form 150. 
Sheet B. 
Division of Labour, Nature of Job. Classification of Grades in Various Divisions of Labour and 
permanency of employment taken from the Pay Roll and Information obtained from the Chief Officers 
of the Concern. 
Div. of Labour Foreman 
No. employed Disabled workers 
Rate per hour or day Hours worked 
First class : Second class 
Nature of job 
Training needed Time to train 
. ; Could place 
How acquired 
Work most closely related 
Advanced from Advanced to 
Experience needed * 
Tools used 
Could a start be made in a school 
Education given in school 
Equipment for school 
M.H.C. Form 151. (Date of Survey). investigator. 108 
Military Hospitals Commission, 19 
Vocational Branch, 
22 Vittoria Street, Ottawa. 
General class of disability. Could do this work having 
Lung wounds 
Lung diseases 
Head x 
Neck..... 
Ear 
Eye 
Shell shock 
Hernia 
General Debility 
Abdomen 
Alimentary canal 
Kidney 
Skin 
Miscellaneous 
Leg 
Toes : 
Arms 
M.H.C. Form 152. 
Sheet C. 
List of Disabilities. 
Lung Wounds- 
Gun shot wound, lungs. 
Loss of lung tissue, one side. 
Loss of lung tissue, both sides. 
Gun shot wound, chest. 
Collapse of lung-Lower lobes. 
Lung Diseases- 
Asthma. 
Bronchitis. 
Asthma caused by gas. 
Bronchitis, caused by gas. 
Lung expansion. 
Debility following pleurisy. 
Tuberculosis. 
Pulmonary tuberculosis. 
Head- 
Gun shot wound, head. 
Dizziness. 
Faintness. 
Gun shot wound of skull. 
Gun shot wound of head, causing impairment 
of speech. 
Partial stiffening of jaw. 
Gun shot wound through cheek. 
Neck- 
Shrapnel wound, side of neck. 
Limitation of movement of head. 
Stiffness of neck. 
Gun shot wound, side of neck. 
Ear- 
Deafness, both ears. 
Gun shot wound in ear. 
Deafness, one ear. 
Slight deafness. 
Ear nerve deafness. 
Concussion, deafness. 
Alimentary-Canal- 
Constipation. 
Gastritis. 
Indigestion. 
Kidney- 
Weakness of back. 
Colic caused by stone in kidney. 
Skin- 
Intractable skin disease. 
Boils. . 
Chronic eczema. 
M iscellaneous- 
Tubercular spine. 
Stiffness of back. 
G.S.W. hip. 
Limitation of movement of hip. 
Rheumatism. 
Rheumatic fever. 
Muscular fever. 
Muscular and articular rheumatism. 
Lumbago. 
Weakness of back. 
Pain when stooping. 
Pain in back. 
Eye- 
Total blindness. 
Loss of one eye. 
Gun shot wound, eyes. 
Blindness, one eye. 
Defective vision. 
Eye taken out. 
Diminished vision of eye. 
Tendency to double vision. 
Detachment of retina of eye. 
Partial blindness. 
Ulcer in eye. 
Shell Shock- 
Nervousness. 
Headaches. 
Dreams. 
Hesitant speech. 
Stammering. 
Loss of memory. 
Insomnia. 
Concussion symptoms. 
Inability to stand or walk freely. 
Momentary mutism. 
Irritable heart. 
Vomiting attacks. 
Erratic and depressed. 
Nerve deafness, resulting from shell shock. 
Hernia (Rupture)- 
Operation for appendicitis. 
Chronic pleurisy. 
Double hernia. 
Post operation for hernia. 
General Debility- 
Frost bite. 
Epilepsy. 109 
List of Disabilities. 
Abdomen- 
Abdominal aperative wound. 
Gun shot wound, abdomen. 
Gun shot wound, injury to muscles of back. 
Lumbago. 
Fracture and injury to back. 
Perforated stomach, result of gas. 
Toes- 
Amputation of toes. 
Gun shot wound in toes. 
Hammer toes. 
Arms- 
Amputation of arms. 
Amputation of forearms. 
Limited flexion of elbow joints. 
Disarticulation of arm or shoulder. 
Partial paralysis of arm. 
Ankylosis of shoulder and elbow. 
Limitation of movements of arm. 
Limitation of movement of elbow. 
Ankylosis of wrist. 
Wrist drop. 
Destruction of wrist joint. 
Destruction of wrist bones. 
Loss of movement of wrist. 
Limited movement of wrist. 
Fracture of wrist. 
Amputation of fingers. 
Limitation of movement of fingers. 
Loss of muscles. 
Leg- 
Amputation, leg, thigh. 
Amputation, leg near hip. 
Disarticulation of leg. 
Amputation of leg above knee. 
Amputation of leg below knee. 
Amputation of thigh of lower third. 
Shortening of leg. 
Gun shot wound, leg. 
Fracture of leg bone. 
Displacement of bone. 
Fallen arches of foot. 
Myalgia in legs (species of rheumatic pains). 
Mal-union of tibia. 
Compound fracture. 
Loss of muscle tissue. 
Loss of muscle substance. 
Weakness and pain in leg. 
Pain in leg when walking. 
Numbness of thigh. 
Limited backward flexion of leg, preventing 
heel being brought to ground. 
Painful scars and shrapnel wounds. 
Gun shot wound, calf of leg. 
Complete loss of power of extension in foot, due 
to loss of tissue and adherent scar. 
Frequent knee locks. 
Dislocation of knee. 
Weak knee joint. 
Limitation of movement in knee. 
G.S.W. in knee. 
Stiffness in knee. 
G.S.W. in ankle. 
Limitation of ankle movements. 
Partial fixation on ankle caused by gun shot 
wound. 
Bayonet wound in ankle. 
Fracture of ankle. 
Varicose veins due to service. 
Foot drop. 
Ankylosis of foot. 
Inverted foot. 
Paralysis of foot. 
G.S.W. in foot. 
Loss of flexion of foot. 
Limitation of foot movements. 
Lameness. 
Flat feet. 
Trench feet. 
Pain in ball of foot. 
Painful and swelling feet. 
Bunions. 
Survey of a brass manufacturing company, in Canada. 
Brass Foundry Page 3 
Brass Finishing Department " 7 
Brass Polishing Department " 10 
Lead Pipe Department " 13 
Shipping Room " 13 
Plating Department " 13 
Stock Room " 14 
Suitable Men Could be Placed for Training to Become 
Coremakers Page 3 
Brass Finishers " 7 
Brass Polishers " 10 
Stock Clerks " 14 
Summary. 
Product.-Brass fittings, valves, lead pipes, and plumbing supplies. 
Pay.-40 cents to 50 cents per hour. There is no piece work done in this 
shop. 
Hours.-9 hour day. 49| hour week. 
Disabilities.-Men suffering from certain disabilities of the lungs, ear, 
eyes, head, abdomen, and from shell shock could be placed for training with 
this firm to become: 
Brass Polishers. 
Lathe Operators. 
Core Makers. 110 
Comments. 
The General Manager and Superintendent of this Company were most 
enthusiastic in their efforts to assist the Survey Division of the Vocational 
Branch. They expressed a willingness to co-operate and gave evidence of a 
feeling of responsibility as manufacturers and employers to do all in their power 
to assist in the re-education of Disabled Soldiers. 
The Company also has an Eastern Factory, also warerooms in the East 
and West. As well as manufacturing brass fittings, lead pipe and lead fittings, 
traps, tanks, etc., they buy and sell all manner of porcelain and enamelware 
used in the plumbing trade. Previously the company manufactured circular 
and band saws for mills, but have lately discontinued the manufacture of that 
line, concentrating their efforts upon supplies for the plumbing trade. 
The factory is modern, light and airy. The working conditions are good. 
The hours are from 7.30 A. M. to 5.30 P.M., Saturdays 7.30 A. M. to 12.00 Noon, 
making a nine hour day and 49| hour week. 
The Company employ 75 hands at this date in their plant. Normally they 
have a staff of 125 men in their factory. 
The factory is 100 feet by 150 feet, five storeys and basement, making 
90,000 square feet of available floor space. The Superintendent drew the repre- 
sentative's attention to the fact that an employee, who was with the firm and 
left in 1914 with the first contingent for overseas returned, and is running a monitor 
lathe. He had been severely wounded in the head by shrapnel, and it was a 
question among the medical officers as to whether a plate would have to be 
used to replace part of the skull. He had been absent two days since returning 
and still felt the effects of his severe wounds, but was able to continue at his 
former occupation on the lathe. He also received a gunshot wound in the leg, 
but claims he does not notice any ill effects from that in spite of the fact that 
he is standing all day. His employers are quite satisfied with his work. He 
was previously a sub-foreman. 
The Superintendent remarked that the work was steady and that the pay 
received by their machinists, polishers and core makers was high in comparison 
with factories in different lines of trade which furnished steady work. 
Division of Labor. 
BRASS FOUNDRY. 
Disabilities for Re-Education.-One opportunity exists for a disabled 
man to learn core-making. 
Number employed.-Eleven men. 
Disabled Workers.-No disabled men were employed in the Brass Foundry 
at the time this Survey was made. 
Pay.-50 cents per hour. 
Hours.-9 hour day. 49| hour week. 
Nature of the Work.'-The foundry is built for the purpose and, high 
ceilings allow any gas and smoke present to rise. The air is remarkably good 
for a foundry. 
The moulders take the pattern of the parts of valves and fittings to be 
produced and make the impressions in moulding sand ready to receive the 
molten brass. They work at the bench in this shop on account of the fact 
that nearly all the pieces moulded arb small. In spite of the fact that the tools 
are light as well as the part to be dealt with, the Superintendent expressed the 
opinion that the handling of the flasks of sand, sometimes six at a time, would 
make it difficult for a man, other than a man with fairly robust physique to 
perform the work in an efficient manner. The weights handled approximate 
80 pounds. 111 
Core-making is much lighter work than moulding. The Superintendent 
agreed that many disabled men who could not return to more active occupations 
could make a good living at core-making. 
Core-making supplements moulding. It deals with the construction of 
separate shapes in sand which form holes, cavities or pockets in the castings. 
Such shapes are called cores. They are held firmly in position by the sand of 
the mould itself. The whole detail of core-making is so different from moulding 
that it is a distinct trade. A trade, however, that is generally considered a 
stepping stone to that of moulding. 
The moulding sand used is damp and contains some binding material such 
as flour, glue, linseed oil, or resin. It is shaped in various ways. The cores 
under process of manufacture in this plant were being formed in brass core 
boxes. There were cores for | inch brass valves which would later be put in 
pickle for cleaning, smoothing and nickel plating. The coremaker tamps the 
sand into place, makes proper provision for minute hole to carry off the gases 
formed in moulding. He places the mould on a core plate, which is a flat iron 
plate on which green cores are placed for baking. The cores are baked in an 
oven by a quick heat, and are then ready for the moulder to put into place. 
Some long cores are made in two pieces to prevent breakage and the pieces 
are made to adhere before they are baked. 
/ The Coremakers were using core boxes less than two-foot long, fill in 
the sand by hand and the top is levelled off by a flat-steel, resembling a ruler 
known in the trade as a "Striker." The working men were standing up, but some 
of the work could be done while seated. 
There were no power machines in the foundry. A battery of eight crucible 
furnaces was seen at one end of the department. They were sunk into the 
ground, so that the covers were on a level with the floor. No noise of any air 
blast could be heard. The core-makers benches are at the other end of the 
room, sixty feet away. 
The work is carried on steadily. No shut down occurs during the summer 
months as in many foundries. One feature may be taken into account, viz., 
that brass moulding and iron moulding are very similar, and that a man who 
is familiar with the one can quickly learn the other. The difference is that 
with brass more allowance must be made for expansion, and finer sand is used. 
Molten brass flows more readily than molten iron. 
Training needed.'-Six months training in the brass foundry working 
alongside a coremaker should make a man fairly proficient, and he could then 
make the simpler cores, though it is doubtful if the average man could make 
the more intricate cores in a satisfactory manner in that time. 
A feature of the training must be noted, that is that the shaping of the core 
does not entail the consumption of raw material and a man may practice making 
core after core without any material loss, and only the man's time need be taken 
into consideration. 
Could place.-One suitable man could be taken in to learn the trade of 
"Coremaker". 
Work most closely related.-Work that includes a knowledge of the 
weights of metals particularly of brass in a molten state would have a relative 
bearing upon coremaking. Coppersmiths, tinsmiths, blacksmiths, boiler makers, 
machinists, etc. could likely learn this line as a vocation if their disabilities were 
such as to prevent them from returning to their former vocation. 
Tools used.-The coremakers use core boxes, core plates, sand shovel, 
riddle or sieve, soft brush, strike bellows, trowel, vent wires, slickers, calipers, 
cutting nippers. 
Experience needed.'-It cannot be said that any previous experience is 
necessary, though a familiarity with metals would be an assistance. 
Could a start be made in school?-If a course in Foundry Practice were 
available the workman could be assisted by such a course. 112 
Education necessary.-The education necessary to engage in Coremaking 
would not require to be above elementary. 
DISABILITIES. 
Lung wounds and lungs diseases.-At such times as the pouring of 
metal was in progress there might be enough devitiated air and fumes present 
to cause discomfort to a workman suffering through lung wounds or disease. 
The actual pouring occupies a small percentage of the time and unless the case 
were chronic, it is unlikely that the situation would prove injurious. 
Head.'-A man might engage in coremaking if he were handicapped by 
occasional spells of faintness or dizziness. Such an attack could scarcely 
result in any injury other than such as would be received anywhere else, in 
falling. 
Neck.'-The muscles of the neck were being used continuously by the 
coremakers in the shop, but a stiffness of the neck would not entirely eleminate 
the possibility of a man engaging in the work. 
Ear.-Partial hearing or one good ear would be sufficient to carry on the 
work as a coremaker. Total deafness would be a handicap, but once learned 
there is nothing in the job that a deaf man could not perform in an efficient 
manner. 
Eye.-It is not essential that the sight of the workman's eyes be up to a 
normal standard. There is nothing fine about cores as there is in jewellery. If 
the eyesight were fair and outlines could be easily distinguished the workman 
could learn to make cores. 
Shell shock.-The only deterrent factor in shell shock as applied to core- 
making would be an unsteady hand. Otherwise the general circumstances 
usually surrounding this trade would be beneficial to such a case. 
Hernia.'-The cores as handled in this plant are small and a coremaker is 
not called upon to lift more than 25 pounds. The workman would have to be 
able to stand a large part of the time. 
Abdomen.-A contraction of the muscles of the abdomen occurs when 
pressing down upon the sand in the core boxes. The effort is slight, but repeated 
continually while making cores. 
Kidney.-It was not thought that the contraction of the muscles of the 
back was such as to cause any trouble with weakened kidneys. 
Skin.-The sand dealt with is in a damp condition, and no dust arises from 
it while being manipulated. It would be a very unusual form of skin disease 
that would be affected by the small amount of gas and odors common to the 
foundry. 
Rheumatism.-There is dampness present but rheumatism is not a 
common complaint amongst the workman and it is not thought that any such 
trouble might be anticipated. 
Leg.-The workman does almost all his work while standing. There is a 
certain amount of moving about and a single amputation case would find the 
work rather strenuous. 
Arms and hands.'-Two arms would be needed, but the loss of one or 
two fingers would not prove a great handicap. No great degree of strength is 
required in the arms. 
BRASS FINISHING DEPARTMENT. 
Possibilities for Re-Education.-'There is an opportunity to learn brass 
lathe work on valves, elbows, tape, shower bath fittings, etc. The Superintendent 
directs the work and has a sub-foreman in charge when he is not there in person. 
Number employed.-Thirty-seven. 113 
Disabled workers.-In this department the returned man previously 
mentioned who had gunshot wounds in the head and leg, was working a monitor 
lathe turning up brass collars. His work was quite satisfactory. 
At another turret lathe a workman was doing efficient work who was 
deformed in the legs, and required a platform to stand on to bring him to the 
proper height to handle the work. 
Pay.-Pay ranges in the department from 40 cents an hour on speed lathes 
to 61| cents an hour for a tool maker, averaging 47| cents an hour. 
Hours.-7.30 a. m. to 5.30 p. m. Nine hour day. 49j hour week. 
Nature of job.-In the shop there are six Fox lathes. Eight speed lathes, 
eight monitor lathes, two machines lathes, one tool lathe, one planer, one circular 
metal saw. Small brass fittings, valves, taps, couplings, and cocks are received 
from the foundry in the rough state. Here they are worked up in lathes, 
elbows are tapped out and threads are cut on taps, unions and all the various 
kinds of brass fittings that are common to the plumbing business. The lathe 
that is used most is the Monitor, the turret is equipped with a horizontal circular 
plate containing six chucks. These chucks hold different tools. The plate can 
be revolved and the different tools brought into contact with the work in 
succession. 
Capstan lathes.'-The revolving of the turret and the feeding up of the 
tool is done with the right hand, operating a four spoked wheel at the height of 
the waist, the left hand controls the starting gear. The part is released by both 
hands and a new part inserted and clamped in place. It must be secure, other- 
wise when reamers or dies meet blowholes or shot in the castings serious results 
may follow, on account of the speed of the lathe. Effort is required with both 
hands to fasten the work into place. 
Speed Lathes.--The speed lathes resemble rather closely the wood tur- 
ning lathe. The work is revolved between two spindles at a speed of about 
800 revolutions per minute. The speed being regulated by the workman and 
depends on the diameter of the part being worked up. The workman stands 
in front of the lathe,- adjusts the speed and starts it with the left hand and plac- 
ing a hand tool upon a rest, brings the cutting edge into contact with the revolv- 
ing brass. Both hands are used, the tool being held very firmly. There is a 
tension of muscles of the shoulders and back as the tool is pressed against the 
revolving work. A fitting was beiffg tapered to prepare it for sweating into a 
pipe. This was not close work, but some of the work would necessitate the use 
of calipers.' The speed lathes are much used in assembling. 
The tool and machine lathes were used in the shop only on the equipment, 
tools, etc., for the other machines. No general machine work is done. 
Fox turret Lathe.-The work done on the Fox turret lathe includes 
valve bonnets, stems, caps, and all the heavier fittings. The workman does 
the starting and stopping with the left hand and reaches for the cutting tool 
with the right, which on the Fox lathes is held in a pivoted arm at the back of 
the lathe and is brought forward and guided either for inside or outside threads 
or cuts, and is raised with the right hand back into place after the cut is made. 
The Fox lathe also has a turret arrangement. The feed is slower and is actuated 
by the right hand. 
On account of the constant repetition in operations the turret or monitor 
lathe is the one most in use. 
Bench work.-Bench work is done in assembling various parts of brass 
fittings such as float valves. The workman uses files, mallet, hammer, etc., 
In this shop the workman does not need to be able to read drawings, and very 
little real close work is done. The exception might be in ground cocks. Those 
must fit exactly. They are tested in a hydraulic machine. 
The workman attaches them to a water feed pipe, with the left hand he 
starts the pump. He watches a pressure dial and if no leak shows at 75 pounds 
pressure he shuts off the power, disconnects the valve and repeats the operation. 114 
Training Needed:-Any course established for a training in Machine 
Shop practice as applied to brass work should specialize in the training of men 
in quick work on the turret lathes. 
Time to Train.'-Six months should give an intelligent man a good work- 
ing knowlegde of Brass Finishing. 
Could Place.-One suitable man could be trained in Brass Finishing in 
this shop. 
Tools Used.-The machinists use few if any tools other than the adjusting 
wrenches, calipers, and taps, aiid taps and dies on the machines. Where assem- 
bling is done, files mallets, hammers and monkey wrenches are used. 
Work most closely Related.-A wood turner could soon learn brass 
finishing. Experience on any power machines would be of service. 
Disabilities. 
Lung wounds and Lung Diseases.-The only fact that needs to be 
taken into consideration is the possibility that continually bending over the 
lathe would have a cramping effect on the lungs. The working conditions are 
good. No gas, smoke or dust is present. The speed lathes might prove too 
strenuous for a man whose lungs had been severely hurt. 
Head.-On account of the speed of the lathes in a brass shop a man should 
have normal mentality. Spells of faintness make it very unsafe to attempt 
this work. 
Neck.'-Limited flexion of the neck to look sideways and down at the clutch 
lever and work is necessary. 
Ear.'-Partial deafness would not be deterrent upon a man following this 
line of work. 
Shell Shock.-Shell Shock cases that affected a man in any way would 
debar. Mutism would not be a serious drawback. 
Hernia.--The brass parts to be handled seldom weigh more than three to 
four pounds, mostly less than a pound. 
Abdomen, Alimentary Canal, Kidneys.-No opportunity offers for 
sitting and with the exception of the speed lathe, no great tension of the muscles 
is necessary. 
Skin, -No feature is present that would have any affect on the skin. 
Leg.; -The disabled workman in this department, mentioned under a differ- 
ent heading, suffered from the effects of a gunshot wound in the leg, but this 
did not prevent him from standing at the work. It is unlikely that severe 
cases could stand continuously. No foot levers were seen to be operated. 
Hands and Arms.-The arms must be fairly normal and the hands supple 
and quick. Speed is an important factor in brass finishing. 
Brass polishing department. 
The Superintendent looks after this Department personally, in co-operation 
with a sub-foreman. 
No. Employed.-Eight. 
Disabled workers.-One of the older workmen was suffering from lung 
trouble. He was unable to work steadily at the vocation. 
Pay.-Polishers receive 47 j to 50c. depending upon their proficiency. 
One handyman was receiving $3.25 per day. 
Hours worked.-9 hour day. 49| hour week. 
First Class.-7 Journeymen Brass Polishers. 
Second Class.-1 Handyman. 
Nature of Job.-After the brass parts, such as taps, valves, etc., are 
finished up in the machine room, they are brought to the Polishing Department. 
The machines used in polishing are similar to emery machines used in polishing 115 
are similar to emery grinders except that the buffing wheel, instead of being 
emery is built up of layers of cotton an inch thick. The buffing wheel has a 
diameter of twelve inches, and is run at a speed of 2,200 revolutions per minute. 
The workman stands in front of the machine, and places a cake of abrasive 
mixture against the revolving buffing wheel. It was noticed, that as this was 
done small particles of this abrasive were inclined to fly. The workman then 
presses the part to be polished against the revolving wheel, manipulating it 
until the entire surface receives the required polish. 
On some of the smaller parts, such as tank handles, and other light articles, 
the workman is able to sit 50% of the time. At the time this survey was being 
made, no such articles were being polished, and the men were all standing at 
the work. The Superintendent showed how easily the workman could meet 
with serious accidents. Taking a brass elbow having an internal diameter of 
1| inches, he showed how by putting the index fingers in the two ends and hold- 
ing the work against the Buffing wheel serious accidents had happened. The 
inside angle of the elbow, if pressed to heavily against the buffiing wheel would 
be inclined to jam, and be carried around with the wheel, tearing the workman's 
fingers. Apart from accidents happening in that manner there was no danger 
attached to the work. The work room adjoins the Department in which are the 
lathes. The place is light and airy, and no particles of dust or abrasive were 
in the air, as they stated some times occured. 
Speed is the essence of this work. The man must have nimble fingers to 
becomes thoroughly proficient. Some men who have attempted to learn 
brass finishing have failed, for this reason. The work is inclined to be rather 
dirty. The preparations put on the Buffing Wheels for nickel polishing seemed 
to be of a plumage composition. No great effort is required to perform the 
work, but the workman must be able to take a firm grip on the article or it 
would be knocked out of his hand by the swiftly revolving wheel. 
Training needed.-A man could learn Brass Polishing as carried on in 
this shop in four months. At the end of that time he should be able to make 
47|c., if he could attain the required speed. 
Could Place.-One suitable man could be placed for re-education in the 
Polishing Department. 
Work most closely related.-Polishing work of any description, either 
on wood, silver, glass, etc., would have a relative bearing upon Brass Polishing. 
Experience needed.-Experience needed would be gained in the Shop, 
and would cover the handling of all the different sizes, and shapes of brass and 
nickel parts manufactured by this factory. 
Tools used.-The tools used by the Polishers are the wrenches necessary 
to change the Buffing Wheel when the old one is worn out. A stick of abrasive 
is also used. 
Could a start be made in school.-The workman would be better able to 
learn and carry on the work if he were to start right in the plant rather than in 
any class, which might cover Brass Polishing. 
Disabilities. 
Lung Wounds and lung diseases.-It is claimed by the workman that 
the particles of abrasive used in Brass Polishing sometimes affect the lungs. 
Though no evidence of any dust in the air or oder of brass was present at the 
time the Survey was made, this may be the case. 
Head.-The man should possess normal mentality to engage in the voca- 
tion of Brass Polishing on account of the danger from accidents from the rapidly 
revolving buffing wheels and belts. 
Neck.-Flexion of the neck downwards, but neither to the right nor to the 
left is necessary. 116 
Ear.-Partial hearing would not debar a man following this vocation when 
once learned. A totally deaf man could perform the work equally as well as a 
man with perfect hearing. 
Eye.'-It can be conservatively stated that normal eyesight is essential to 
Brass Polishing. 
Shell Shock.-Some form of shell shock would not be objectionable such as 
mutism, and temporary lapse of memory. If workman were affected so that 
his hands were shaky it would likely detract from his ultimate proficiency. 
Hernia.'-Articles handled are exceedingly light. Little physical effort is 
called for at the machines. 
Abdomen, Alimentary Canal and Kidneys.-The workman can so 
arrange his work that he may be sitting down and standing up alternately, and 
so find no irritation from the effects of these disabilities. 
Kidneys.'-It is necessary to bend forward a little while placing the part 
to be polished against the buffing wheel. It is not thought that this fact would 
have any injurious effect upon the kidneys. 
Skin.-It is possible that the abrasive used would have an irritating effect 
upon skin trouble. This conjecture should not debar a man from making an 
attempt. 
Leg.-The Superintendent was doubtful if any but cases of minor leg 
disabilities could successfully carry on Brass Polishing. 
Hands and arms.-As mentioned under the heading "Nature of Job" 
the arms must be normal, the hands strong and the fingers nimble'. 
LEAD PIPE DEPARTMENT. 
On account of the unhealthy nature of the work and the weights of the 
materials handled, this department offers no possibilities for the re-education 
of the disabled men. 
The process is as follows: The ingots of lead weighing 150 pounds are placed 
in a die in a Hydraulic Press. When pressure is put on, and lead is forced 
through a small opening, taking the form of lead pipe, the size being determined 
by the size of the hole in the die. As the lead pipe leaves the machine it is 
wound on drums, two feet in diameter, when the drum is full the lead pipe is 
slipped off and the process is continued. 
The City Shipper and the Country shipper do the work required, with the 
assistance of a helper each. The helpers handle and assist in the loading of 
heavy baths, tanks and pipe. It is not a job suitable for a disabled man. The 
shippers must be sufficiently robust to handle this material also, though usually 
they look after the clerical end of the work. Orders are put up and packed. 
The shippers order from outside sources material on their orders that is not 
manufactured by the firm, and order from the factory such fittings as are 
manufactured in the plant. The shippers work is to fill these factory orders, 
and see that they are not unnecessarily delayed. Shippers must have an 
aptitude for system and commercial work. 
The pay is from $14.00 to $17.00 a week. 
SHIPPING ROOM. 
PLATING DEPARTMENT. 
Similarly to the Lead Pipe Department the work in the Plating Depart- 
ment is considered an unhealthy vocation. The fumes arising from the tanks 
containing the plating solutions are of a poisonous nature. The men employed 
showed the effects of the poison. They appeared to be very unhealthy and 
callow. One man is responsible for the technical end of the plating business. 
The helper that assists him is unskilled and draws less than labourers pay. 117 
The system of plating carried on is the usual one viz., after being cleaned, 
and smoothed the brass parts are placed in the solution. Electric current is 
passed through the solution, and the articles take on a thin coating of the metal 
in the solution, either copper or nickle. Sulphuric acid is used to a considerable 
extent. 
This branch of the business offers little possibilities for the re-education of 
disabled soldiers. 
STOCK ROOM. 
This department is under the direct supervision of the Superintendent. 
Possibilities for Re-education.-A man could get an insight into the 
manner in which this Company keep track of their stock. There are over five 
hundred lines of brass fittings. There would not be sufficient work to keep 
one man engaged on small work alone. The pay is not large and the opportunity 
is hardly worth considering as a field for re-education, except in the case of a 
one-armed man who had the advantage of a substantial pension. 
Number employed.-1 stock clerk, 2 helpers. 
Disabled workers. -No disabled men were employed in this Department. 
Pay.-$16.00 per week, $14.00 per week for helpers. These men receive 
pay for holidays. 
Hours worked.-9 hour day, 49| hour week. 
Nature of Job.-These clerks attend to any persons in the plumbing 
trade, who call for material. They watch the bins where brass fittings are 
kept and see that the supply does not run short. They put in requisitions to 
the Superintendent for such supplies as are made in the factory and requisitions 
for purchase supplies from the buyer of the firm. 
The men have to climb ladders to reach the upper tiers of bins. They 
collect the parts on order and by the time they reach the counter they are carry- 
ing perhaps fifty pounds of various iron and brass fittings. 
DISABILITIES. 
There are no factors present that would be necessary to take into consider- 
ation in regard to the lungs. Head: The memory should be normal. Shell 
Shock that affected the speech would debar, as the stock clerk occasionally has 
to meet outsider^ in the plumbing trade at the sales counter. Legs: the man 
must be able to climb ladders and move about the stock-room. Arms: the man 
should have the use of one arm and be able to write. It would largely depend 
on the man whether or not he would be able to do the job satisfactorily to his 
employers if he had the use of only one arm. 
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURE. 
There are at present but five types of boots and shoes ordinarily made. 
1. The "Peg" shoe which is the cheapest type made. 
2. The "Standard Screw" which is used in the Soles of the heaviest types 
of boots. 
3. The "MacKay Sewed" which is made after the fashion established by 
Gordon MacKay in the year 1861. 
4. The "Turn" shoe and light type of shoe which was invented centuries 
ago and which is still worn to a limited extent. 
5. The "Goodyear Welt" which has been universally adopted as the 
highest type of foot-wear. 
The Goodyear Welt Shoe from the state where it is merely "Leather and 
Thread, etc" to the completed product passes through one hundred and six 
different pairs of hands, and fifty-eight different machines are used, each perform- 
ing accurately the various operations for which they are designed. It might 118 
seem with so many details and specifications regarding materials and designs 
of many different lots of shoes in the process of manufacture, workers would 
become hopelessly entangled undergoing the same operations, but such is not the 
case. In a modern well organized Factory where an order is received, all details 
regarding samples to which the shoes have to conform are set down in the Order 
Book and each lot is given a number. This together with details regarding 
preparations are written upon tags, one for each two dozen shoes, which are sent 
to the Foreman of the upper cutting room, sole leather room and bottoming 
room, upon receipt of these tags the Foreman is able to figure out the amount 
and kind of leather, etc. required. These tags remain with the articles until 
finished, thus saving any confusion. 
CLICKING DEPARTMENT. 
In this clicking, or upper cutting room, there are benches with cutting boards. 
Cutting is done by hand, owing to the great variety of shoes made and the 
constantly changing fashions, which would make machine cutting very much 
more expensive. The cutter's use patterns of cardboard with metal edges, 
which are laid upon the leather by the cutter, who then runs a small straight 
knife around the edges of the pattern cutting the leather to conform to it. There 
is in cutting by hand a tendency to cut away from the pattern or, through a 
slip of the knife, cut beyond the required limits. This is only mastered by 
constant practice. Leather often has defects in the skin which are not visible 
at first sight. These the cutter has to find before using his pattern, as there 
are sixteen different pieces or parts to a modern shoe upper. The cutter can 
easily use up the inferior leather upon the top. They use in cutting uppers, 
the Clicker Die Machine, which is very similar to that used by the hand work- 
men. Over it is a beam which can be swung either to right or left as desired 
and over any portion of the board. The skin to be cut is placed upon the board, 
the operator places a die of the design desired upon it, grasping the handle, 
which is a part of the swinging beam, over the die, and on downward pressure 
of the handle a clutch is engaged which brings the beam downward pressing the 
die through the leather. This accomplished, the beam automatically returns to 
its full height and remains there until the handle is again pressed. 
The assembled parts of uppers are here united by the stitchers upon machines 
ofjthe type of the Singer Sewing Machine, which work very rapidly, and accur- 
ately. Then a skiving machine skives the edges where necessary to a bevell. A 
Cementing Machine and a Tipping Machine are then used by means of which 
the pieces of leather to be perforated are placed in a series of dies of various 
designs, which cut the perforations in the leather. Next is the duplex eyeletting 
machine. 
UPPER STITCHING DEPARTMENT. 
SOLE LEATHER DEPARTMENT. 
There are a number of various machines in this Department, large and 
small. The large Dieing out machine which cuts leather soles, etc., by pressure, 
heavy dies being used. The different shaped soles are being cut here, also the 
lifts for making heels and counters for stiffening the back of the shoe, against 
which the heel of the foot rests. After this operation some of the soles are 
rounded out on what is known as a Planet Rounding Machine. The out sole 
next passes to a heavy rolling machine, where it is subjected to tons of pressure 
between heavy rolls. This takes the place of the hammering which the hand 
shoe-maker used to cut his leather to bring the fibres together, and increase 
the wearing qualities. The sole next passes through a Splitting machine, which 
reduces it to an even thickness. The Goodyear Channeling Machine comes 119 
next, it is a very intricate machine requiring skill in operating. It cuts a slit 
along the edge of the insole also a small channel along the surface. The lip 
which has been formed by the Channeling Machine is now turned up on the 
Goodyear lip Turning Machine, which prepares the work for the "Welt Sewing," 
a later stage. There is a Buffing Machine, Stripping Machine also Shank 
Reducing Machine, but they are simply necessary to the finish of the work. 
LASTING DEPARTMENT. 
The Ensign Lacing Machine is used which passes strong twine through the 
eyelets and instantly ties it automatically. This is done so that all parts of 
the shoe will be held in their normal position while being made. The spread of 
the Upper at the throat can be regulated perfectly when this machine is used. 
The various parts of the shoe now commence to come together. The Assembler 
places the toe box in position also the counter at the heel, and draws the upper 
over the last. To the bottom of this last the insole has already been tacked by 
means of the Insole Tacking Machine which drives tacks automatically. The 
Insole conforms exactly to the shape of the last. This last made of wood 
is of utmost importance for upon the last depends the shape of the shoe. 
The workman after placing the last inside the shoe upper puts it on the spindle 
of the assembling machine, taking care that the seam at the heel is properly lo- 
cated. He presses a foot lever and a small tack is driven past to hold the upper 
in place. He then hands the spindle and last over to the Pulling Over Machine. 
This machine is very important, for, as the parts of the shoe upper have been cut 
to conform exactly to the shape of the last, it is necessary they should be correctly 
placed on the last to get the desired results. The pincers of this machine grasps 
the leather at different points on each side of the toe. The operator stands in 
a position where he can see when the Upper is in its exact position, when he 
presses a foot lever, the pincers close and draw the leather securely against the 
last. At this point the operation of the machine halts by moving different 
levers. The operator is able to adjust the shoe upper accurately so that each 
part lies in exactly the position intended when the shoe was designed. This 
done, the operator again presses a foot lever and the pincers move towards 
each other drawing the leather securely around the last and at the same time 
there are driven automatically, two tacks on each side and one at the toe, which 
hold the upper securely in position. These tacks are driven only part way in, 
so that they may be removed later. The shoe is now ready for lasting. This is 
one of the most difficult and important parts of shoe making, for upon the success 
of this operation depends in a great measure the beauty and comfort of a shoe. 
The Consolidated Hand Method Welt Lasting Machine, which is used for this 
purpose, takes its name from the almost human way in which it performs this 
part of the work. It is wonderful to observe how evenly and tightly it draws 
the leather around the last. At each pull of the pincers a small tack driven 
part way in holds the edge of the upper exactly in place, so that in the finished 
shoe every part of the upper has been stretched, in all directions equally. It 
now passes to another lasting machine which lasts the toe and heel. This ma- 
chine is called the "Bed Type". It is provided with a series of wipers for the 
toe and heel, which draw the leather simultaneously from all directions. There 
can be no wrinkles at the toe or heel of a shoe on which it is properly used. After 
the leather has been brought smoothly around the toe, it is held there by a small 
piece of tape fastened on each side of the toe and which is held securely in place 
by the surplus leather crimpled in at this point. The surplus leather crimpled 
in. at the heel is forced smoothly down against the insole and held there by tacks, 
driven by a hand tool. In all lasting the tacks are driven only half way, except 
at the heel portion of the shoe where they are driven through the insole and 
clinched on the iron heel of the last. In making shoes other than the Goodyear 
Welt, with the exception of the Goodyear Turn Shoe, it is necessary to drive the 120 
tacks right throught the insole and clinch them. The smooth interior of the 
shoe is one of the essential features of the Goodyear Welt process. 
In the lasting operation there is naturally a surplus amount of leather left 
at the toe and sometimes around the sides of the shoe. This is removed on the 
Rex Upper Trimming Machine, in which a little knife cuts away the surplus 
portion of the leather very smoothly and evenly, simultaneously a small hammer 
operating in connection. The knife pares the leather smooth along the sides 
and toe of the shoe. The shoe then passes to the pounding machine in which 
the hammer pounds the leather and counter around the heel so that the stiff 
portion of the shoe conforms exactly to the shape of the last. The shoe is now 
ready to receive the welt, which is a narrow strip of leather that is sewed along 
the edge of the shoe, beginning where the heel is placed and ending at the same 
place upon the opposite side. This welt is sewn from the inside lip of the 
insole, so that the needle passes through the lip, upper and welt uniting the 
three securely, allowing the welt to protrude evenly along the edge. The 
needle in making this stitch does not go inside the shoe, but passes, through only 
a portion of the insole leaving the inside perfectly smooth. This part of the 
work was one of the most difficult and laborious tasks in shoe-making, being 
done entirely by hand, the drawing of each stitch depending upon the strength 
and mood of workman. With different operators stitches were oftentimes of 
different lengths. The Goodyear Welt Sewing Machine does this work quickly 
and accurately. All the lasting tacks, as well as the tacks which held the insole 
to the last, have now been withdrawn and the inside of the shoe is left perfectly 
smooth. The surplus portion of the lip, upper and welt which protrude beyond 
the stitches made by the Goodyear Welt Machine are next trimmed off by the 
Goodyear Inseam Trimming Machine, in which a revolving cupshaped knife 
does the work very efficiently. 
The shoe now passes to the Welt Beater in which a little hammer vibrating 
very rapidly beats the welt so that it stands out evenly from the side of the 
shoe. The workman now tacks the shank in place and fills the bottom spac 
left between the welt with ground cork and rubber cement. The insole and 
welt now receive a coat of cement which is contained in an airtight tank and is 
applied by means of a revolving brush which takes its supply of cement from 
a can as required. The heavy outsole also receives attention. The flesh side, 
the side which is placed next the welt, has also had a coat of cement. After 
these have dried slightly they pass to the bottoming Department. 
BOTTOMING DEPARTMENT. 
The lasted parts from the lasting Department and parts from the Sole 
Leather Department now reach this department for the final processes. 
The Twin Sole Laying Machine is the first to proceed here. In this machine 
there is a Rubber Pad or Mould which has been made to confrom to the curve 
in the Sole of the shoe. The last is placed upon the spindle which is suspended 
from the machine over the rubber mould, the outsole having been previously 
pressed against the bottom of the shoe. The operator by pressing a foot lever 
causes this arm to descend, forcing the shoe down into the mould so that every 
portion of the sole is pressed against the bottom of the shoe and welt. They 
remain here long enough to allow the cement to properly set. The operator 
repeats this operation upon a duplicate part of this machine leaving one shoe 
under pressure while he is preparing another. 
The next operation is the trimming of the sole and welt so that they will 
protrude a uniform distance from the edge of the shoe. This is done by the 
Goodyear Rough Rounding Machine, which gauges the distance exactly from the 
edge of the last. The operator can change the width at will. This being often 
necessary owing to the edge being considerably reduced in the shank of the 
shoe. The surplus portion of the leather is now trimmed off on the heel-seat 121 
Rounding Machine and the Channel cut by the knife on the Rough Rounding 
Machine, is turned up so that it leaves the channel opening machine in which 
a little wheel turning very rapidly lays the lip smoothly back. 
The outsole is now sewed to the welt. This is done on the Goodyear 
Outsole Rapid Lockstitch Machine. This is very similar in operating to the 
Goodyear Welt Sewing Machine. The lockstitch formed by this machine is 
a very durable one. A thoroughly waxed thread is used. It holds the outsole 
securely in place even after the connecting stitches have been worn off. This 
is one of the most important machines in shoe making process. 
The Channel Cementing Machine is again called into operation for the 
purpose of coating with cement the inside of the Channel in which the stitch 
has been made. A special brush with guard is used for this purpose and the 
operation is very quickly performed. After this cement has been allowed to 
set a sufficient length of time, the channel lip which has been laid back against 
the sole is again forced into its former position and held securely in place by 
rubber cement. This work is done by the Channel Laying Machine which 
is a rapidly revolving wheel provided with a peculiar arrangement of flanges 
forcing the lip back into its place, securely hiding the stitches from observation 
on this portion of the shoe. The next operation is that of levelling. This is 
done by the Automatic Sole Levelling Machine. This is a double machine 
provided with two spindles on one of which the operator places a shoe to be 
levelled. It is securely held by the spindle and a toe rest. On the operator 
pressing a foot lever the shoe passes automatically beneath a vibrating roll 
under heavy pressure. This roll moves forward with a vibrating motion over 
the sole of the shoe down into the shank, passes back again to the toe and then 
cants to the right, repeating the operation on that side of the shoe returning 
to the toe and canting to the left, repeating the operation on that side of the 
shoe, after which the shoe automatically drops forward and is relieved from 
pressure. This rolling motion removes every possibility of there being any 
unevenness in the bottom of the shoe. While one shoe is under pressure, the 
operator is preparing a second one for the operation. 
The shoe then passes to the Heeling Machines. First to the Automatic 
Heel Loading and Attaching Machine which fastens the Heel to the shoe. Then 
to the Slugging Machine where small metal sluggs are driven in to protect the 
heel. 
The shoe next passes to the Heel Trimming Machine which trims the rough 
lifts of the heel to the desired shape. 
It next passes to the Heel Breasting Machine which cuts the Breast of 
the Heel to the correct angle and curve. The shoe now passes to the Edge 
Trimming Machine which trims the edge of the outsoles smoothly. 
Then to the Edge Setting Machine for finishing the edges. It next passes 
to the Heel Burnishing Machine which puts the finish to the shoe. It is now the 
finished product. 
BOOTS AND SHOES. 
1. Upper cutting. 
2. Stitching machine operators. 
3. Dieing out machine operators. 
4. Planet Rounding machine operators. 
5. Rolling machine operators. 
6. Splitting machine operators. 
7. Goodyear channelling machine operator. 
8. Goodyear Lip Turning machine operator. 
9. Bulling machine operators. 
10. Stripping machine operators. 
11. Shank Reducing machine operators. 
12. McKay Channel opener. 
13. McKay Channeller. 
14. Heel Making machine operators. 
15. Ensign Lacing machine operators. 
16. Insole tacking machine operator. 
17. Pulling over machine operators. 122 
BOOTS AND SHOES. 
18. Consolidated hand method welt lasting machine operator. 
19. Bed Type lasting machine operators. 
20. Rex upper trimming machine operators. 
21. Goodyear welt sewing machine operators. 
22. Goodyear inseam trimming machine operator. 
23. Welt beater machine operators. 
24. Assembling. 
25. Twin sole laying machine operators. 
26. Goodyear rough rounding machine operator. 
27. Goodyear outsole rapid lockstitch machine operator. 
28. Channel cementing machine operators. 
29 . Channel laying machine operators. 
30. Automatic sole levelling machine operator. 
31. Automatic heel loading and attaching machine operator 
32. Heel Trimming machine operators. 
33. Heel breasting machine operators. 
34. Edge trimming. 
35. Setting.machine operators. 
36. Heel burnishing. 
37. Turn work. 
38. Preparing shoes for delivery. 
39. Gemming machine operators. 
40. Bed lasting machine operators. 
41. Making surgical boots and shoes. 
42. Repairing boots and shoes. CHAPTER IX. 
MEDICAL ASPECT OF INDUSTRIAL RE-TRAINING. 
The Vocational Branch has a sufficient number of doctors detailed to it by 
the Unit Medical Director in each unit, to do such medical work as is required 
by the District Vocational Officer, except medical treatment. All medical 
treatment is taken care of by the Medical Branch of the Department. 
The Vocational medical officers come under the Unit Medical Director for 
inspection, criticism and advice in regard to technical medical matters, and under 
the District Vocational Officers for administration. 
The duties of the Vocational Medical Officer are:- 
1. To advise the Department as to whether the handicapped soldier is 
eligible for training. 
2. If he is eligible for training, to advise if from a medical standpoint he 
is likely to be able to carry on in the new occupation selected by him. 
3. To advise the Department after the man has started training as to 
his continued suitability for the occupation he is learning. 
4. To inspect men reporting sick during training and to send them to 
the Unit Medical Director for treatment if this is found necessary, 
and to inspect their places of training. 
5. To undertake research work regarding the medical aspect of vocational 
training. 
A moment's consideration of the above duties will show that it is not enough 
for the Vocational Medical Officer to be able to tabulate the gross and minute 
bodily injuries the man may have. It is not enough that he state the nature 
of an amputation, showing the results that have followed. It is not enough 
that he go exhaustively into the history of a man's nerve injuries. Experience 
has taught us that the Vocational Medical Officer must take into account the 
man's mental condition. The man may not know it himself, but there is a cer- 
tain mental instability always present, a certain mental exhaustion which in 
the great majority of cases will eventually disappear, but it must be taken into 
consideration if the doctor is to give full justice to the returned soldier's case. 
The ideal Vocational medical officer must not only know his medicine and 
surgery but he must have the happy faculty of sizing up a man from every angle. 
He must have a general working knowledge of various industries, and if he does 
not already possess this knowledge, he should acquire it by spending a consider- 
able part of his time in visiting the various industries with the industrial sur- 
veyers and the inspectors in the factories. In addition to this he should be a 
man of decision, with a large amount of tact and human sympathy. 
In all dealings of the Vocational Medical Officer with those under his care, 
a rule of first importance should be observed-all men should be treated with 
the delicacy, attention and consideration usually shown by the doctor to his 
patients. The Vocational Medical Officer should remember that he is no longer 
an officer dealing with soldiers under his command, but a physician dealing 
with particular cases which require special care and sympathy. 
In regard to the duties of the Vocational Medical Officer, No. 1 is perhaps 
the most important. Care must be taken or great injustice may be done the 
applicant. The Vocational Medical Officer has the fullest information regarding 
the man and must be careful in accepting the opinions of others. In many 
instances officers writing out medical boards allow themselves to be unduly 
influenced by medical opinions of preceding boards. There is always a tempta- 
tion to accept other men's opinions without certifying them, and thus errors may 
123 124 
be carried through successive boards and cause injustice to the applicant. The 
majority of cases are easily decided. A small percentage, however, are extremely 
difficult. Cases of Neurasthenia are perhaps the most difficult to decide, as 
there is nothing definite on which to base an opinion. Cases of Gassing are also 
hard to decide, as on physical examination one can frequently detect no signs 
of lung trouble yet the applicants are unable to do any heavy work on account 
of Dyspnoea on exertion. 
If there is any doubt whatever as to the eligibility of an applicant, the 
course should be granted. In all cases the soldier should be given the benefit 
of the doubt. The last medical board is regarded by the Department not as a 
deciding factor as to the man's eligibility, but only as evidence in the case. 
Numerous cases come up where it is shown that men had disabilities when they 
enlisted, and although there is no mention on the medical boards of any treat- 
ment of these disabilities, in many cases there is circumstantial evidence that 
they may have been aggravated on service. For instance-Pte A. was a draughts- 
man before entering the Army; on his return with an amputation of the leg he 
applies for a course of training. It is evident that the leg amputation does not 
incapacitate him for his former occupation as draughtsman, but he informs the 
Vocational Medical Officer that he cannot continue as a draughtsman on account 
of his eyes being too weak. There is no record on his file showing treatment for his 
eyes. Examination by an oculist shows that the disability of the eyes was con- 
genital. Further examination definitely establishes the fact that his eyes are 
now too weak for him to continue as a draughtsman. It is also found on inquir- 
ing from his former employer that he was carrying on as a draughtsman imme- 
diately before enlistment. Everything points to the fact that the weakness in 
his eyes was aggravated by service, notwitstanding the fact that his medical 
board does not show anything in this regard. 
In cases where it can be shown that the disability existed before the war and 
that the man, owing to this disability, cannot continue in his previous occupation, 
the presumption is that the disability was aggravated by service, notwithstand- 
ing the fact that his medical board shows no history of aggravation. 
In order to assist the Vocational Medical Officer in determining whether 
the applicant is eligible or not, he is always supplied with the last medical board, 
a detailed statement of the occupations the man has followed, the length of time 
spent in these occupations, the name of the firms with whom he was employed, 
his principal habits and recreations. 
It has been suggested that in cases of obvious disabilities, the procuring of 
these last medical boards which in some cases involve a delay, is unnecessary, 
but it has been found by experience that while they are only evidence, they are 
of great value in assisting the doctor in coming to a decision. Men may apply 
for training with what might be called obvious disabilities. They state that 
their disabilities pre-dated enlistment, hence they are not eligible, but an exam- 
ination of the last medical board may show that while these disabilities were 
not incurred on or aggravated by service, that there is some other condition which 
has been the result of service which renders them eligible. 
For instance, one man had only one eye; he had lost the other prior to enlist- 
ment, but his disability was tuberculosis. Another man had but the thumb, 
first and second fingers of the left hand, a pre-war condition, while his con- 
dition was that of nephritis. 
In these two cases the men applying for re-training would very likely apply 
on the grounds of their pre-war disability and would not be eligible, but an 
examination of the last medical board would show that they both have war 
disabilities which make them eligible, but which would likely not be discovered 
unless the last medical boards were available to the doctor. The obtaining of 
these last medical boards is, therefore, a protection to the man himself as well 
as the Department. 125 
With regard to the actual physical examination of the man, little need be 
said. This examination is thorough. The man is received in an atmosphere 
untainted by officialdom, he is made to understand as soon as he meets the 
Vocational Medical Officer that he is talking to a man as human as himself, 
that his case will receive personal attention and that every opportunity will 
be afforded him at any time of interviewing the Vocational Medical Officer and 
placing any complaint he may have before him. 
Other difficult cases arise, however, from not always understanding just 
what is required of a man physically or mentally in the work he followed before 
the war. To those unfamiliar with this work, it is usual to think of well defined 
trades such as carpentry, plumbing, printing, etc., but the fact is that a very 
small number of men follow these well defined trades, the larger number follow 
what may be called occupations, and it is sometimes difficult for the medical 
officer to come to a just decision as to whether a man can follow his pre-war 
occupation or not. In special cases of this kind he will visit the place of former 
employment and examine the work which the man did, studying the physical 
or mental exertion necessary in order to carry on. In all cases of doubt, however, 
from this cause, the benefit of the doubt is given to the soldier. 
It may be questioned why so much care is taken to determine whether the 
applicant is eligible or not. Why not give all men courses who apply, and 
whose statements and physical examination show the slightest excuse for giving 
the course? But, as pointed out in other Chapters, there is a small-a very 
small-number of returned men who do not want to work. These men did 
not want to work before the war and will not do so now if they can help it. 
They dislike taking upon themselves responsibility. A Vocational training course 
offers an opportunity of putting off the evil day, if such course can be obtained. 
It is just this class of man to whom the course is of no use. He would probably 
not benefit by it if it were given him, not only that but if any number of such 
men are granted courses they becomes members of the classes and students in 
the schools. They do not pay attention to their work and spend a good propor- 
tion of their time interfering with the other students and upsetting control. 
While there is an infinitely small percentage of such men in the army they 
gravitate towards these courses, and if any number were admitted they would 
form a considerable percentage of the students, small as their aggregate 
number is in proportion to the whole army. 
It must be remembered also that the Department is charged with the 
administration of the Act, and it is the duty of the Department to admin- 
ister it with justice and fairness to all. 
The question of a man's eligibility for industrial re-training having been 
established, we pass on to those duties included under No. 2. The Vocational 
Medical Officer must advise the District Vocational Officer and disabled Soldiers' 
Training Board as to the suitability from a medical standpoint of the new 
occupation selected by the man. It would not be wise to give an ordinary 
labourer with a poor education, a course in book-keeping or accounting. Such 
men if they have a fair amount of mechanical ability can be taught lens grinding, 
glass cutting, adding machine repairing, etc. On the other hand, a man of 
good education and somewhat above the average mental ability should not be 
put into these occupations, otherwise the monotony woqld be burdensome to 
him and he would not stay in the occupation long. The state of a man's nerves 
also, and his mental quickness, have to be carefully considered. If a man is 
suffering from neurasthenia, he should not be advised to train in the occupation 
of a hoisting engineer, for in that occupation the lives of many men depend 
upon the steadiness of his nerve, his judgment, and the quickness with which 
his mind acts in an emergency. 
From the physical standpoint the new occupation must be suited to his 
disability. A man with pulmonary tuberculosis should not be put into an 
occupation where the fumes would be injurious, such as chemical works, soap 126 
factories, etc. For the man with an artificial limb some occupation should be 
selected where the atmosphere is not overheated, or damp, as under such con- 
ditions the stump will sweat and chafe. 
In order to assist the doctor in advising in regard to these matters, he is 
supplied with a record of the work done by the man with the Ward Aides and 
in the Curative Workshops. These records if properly taken will cast a great 
deal of light on the man's mental ability or his mechanical adaptability. 
A close study has also been made of the relation between the various occupa- 
tions which a man may follow and disabilities. These records are found in the 
tabulated industrial surveys, and under each occupation tabulated there will 
be found the disabilities from which a man may suffer and still be trained to 
receive the full going wage in that occupation. The medical information in these 
industrial surveys is also tabulated in short form for the guidance of the doctor. 
The tabulated lists also show various occupations which a man may follow 
when he suffers from a certain disability. These studies are the result of exper- 
ience gained while the work is progressing. 
The man's eligibility having been determined and a course having been 
selected for him, he commences his training. It has been pointed out elsewhere 
that it is very difficult to be sure that the first choice is the right one. The 
first month or two is therefore, looked upon by the Department as a probationary 
period, during which time he should be very closely inspected by the Vocational 
Medical Officer and the industrial inspector. 
All those tests which were used in selecting the man's course should be 
applied during this probationary period, and in addition to all those consulted 
before, his employer, foreman, instructor or teacher should now be consulted 
as to the progress he is making. 
It is often found when a man is put on training that some chronic condition 
breaks into activity. A man who on being interviewed showed absolutely no 
trace of eczema was being trained in the fur trade, but in this occupation the 
dormant eczema became active and he had to be changed immediately. A 
man whose arm had suffered injury but had healed, was put into some light 
manual occupation but it was found that the particular motions required in 
that occupation were injuring his arm and his course was altered. It is therefore, 
necessary that as soon as it is found that the occupation in which the man is 
being trained is not suitable to his disability, he should select a new one at the 
earliest possible moment, so that no harm will be done. 
The fourth division of the Vocational Medical Officer's work consists of 
attending to the man's medical care while he is taking training. A man during 
training may fall sick for two reasons: 
1. Through a recurrence of his war disability. 
2. Through ordinary disease or accident not connected with his war 
disability. 
In the first case he is entitled to treatment under the regulations of the 
Department. 
In regard to the second, it was felt that if a man took sick while taking 
training, the most economical policy was to treat him for his sickness so that 
he might return to his course at the earliest possible moment and his time not 
be wasted. The Vocational Medical Officer therefore, inspects the schools and 
factories, and if any men are found ill they are sent to the Unit Medical Director 
for treatment, since the Vocational Medical Officers undertake no treatment. 
If his treatment is likely to be of short duration he is kept on vocational pay 
and allowances, but if it is likely to be of long duration he is transferred to the 
pay and allowances of the Medical Branch. 
From a practical point of view those men taking vocational training who 
require medical care fall into three classes: 127 
1. Those requiring constant medical supervision. 
2. Those requiring occasional medical supervision. 
3. Those who are better without any medical supervision. 
The first class comprizes such cases as arrested pulmonary tuberculosis, 
nephritis, heart disease and other special cases. Even if a man feels quite well 
a system should be followed by which he is examined at definite intervals, say 
once a month, and his condition noted on a special medical chart kept on file. 
Thus should the disease light up again and become active or should his condition 
grow worse in any way, the condition will be recognized and he may be sent to 
the Unit Medical Director for treatment. 
Among the second class, those requiring occasional medical supervision, 
are included those with minor ills. If a man is suffering from some minor 
complaint he presents himself to the Vocational Medical Officer who may excuse 
him from his training for a short time, and he is sent to the Medical Branch for 
medicine or such treatment as he needs. If he is too ill to appear before the 
Vocational Medical Officer he will be visited at his home. , 
Among the third class-those who are better with little or no medical 
supervision-are the large class of neurasthenics, variously qualified as shell 
shock, neurasthenia, hysteria, etc. These cases have all received a vast amount 
of medical care and have become too dependent upon it. It is to their advan- 
tage to learn to rely less on the doctors and more on themselves-and thus fit 
themselves for civil life. However, those men should be carefully watched 
without their knowledge so that any deterioration may be noted and proper 
action taken. 
It is also the duty of the Vocational Medical Officer to see that the sanitary 
conditions in the factories and schools are properly taken care of. 
Since the number of men being re-trained on account of disabilities, is greater 
than it has ever been before, a great deal of new information is being gained by 
experience. The Vocational Medical .Officer is required to make a close study 
and research of the information available in order to suggest new policies to be 
put into effect. 
It may happen that the man is not making proper progress in retraining, 
although physical or mental examination does not disclose the grounds for lack 
of progress. A trained social service worker who serves the Department is sent 
to visit his home, and it may be discovered that the lack of progress is due to 
financial embarrassment, sickness in his family or various other family matters. 
This social service investigator should be a graduate nurse of experience who 
has made a special study of social service conditions, and she is directed to 
ascertain the home surroundings of the man, offer kindly advice if required, 
and so attempt to direct matters that all worries will be removed from the 
man's mind. These reports are sent to the District Vocational Officer in case 
of financial difficulty and to the Vocational Medicial officer if there is sickness 
in the family. 
The Vocational Medical Officer at times has to avail himself of the services 
of a specialist in tuberculosis, neurology, orthopaedics, etc. This special advice 
is furnished by the Medical Branch of the Department unless one of the Voca- 
tional Medical officers happens to be a specialist in that particular work. 
This description of the duties and work of the Vocational Medical Officer 
shows the close relation which exists between the work he does and that of the 
industrial surveyors, interviewers, and instructors. It points out the necessity 
of the closest co-operaion with all these branches of the work and with the Unit 
Medical Director, who has charge of treatment. CHAPTER X. 
CARE OF THE BLIND. 
History of Training Blinded Soldiers in England and Canada, with 
reference to the various Phases. 
War has left its mark on thousands of those who took part in the actual 
struggles that went on unceasingly for over four years on the various Fronts. 
But, of all the types of disabilities suffered there is one which to the casual 
observer seems to call for more attention than most others-that of blindness. 
Soldiers have suffered loss of sight in many ways, but there are two fairly 
distinct classifications, viz:-blind soldiers and blinded soldiers. By blind 
soldiers is meant those who suffered a gradual deterioration of vision due directly 
or indirectly to service. By blinded soldiers we refer to those who were actually 
wounded in battle or were so affected by wounds that loss of sight resulted. We 
are now acquainted with practically all the cases of men who are blind or poten- 
tially blind due to wounds, but those whose sight is slowly deteriorating, either 
before or after discharge, are gradually increasing in numbers. This has been 
found to be true in all countries that have been discharging during the past two 
or three years soldiers who were suffering from defective sight. 
The best and quickest results from training are secured with those who 
suffered total loss of sight in a short space of time. There was not the mental 
strain of a long period of indecision and mental and physical re-adaption were 
more quickly accomplished with the former cases. 
There are several points that must be kept in mind in connection with the 
re-education offered to a binded soldier. First-he is a man who is normal 
in every way, but only deprived of the sense of sight. Secondly-he has received 
all his former education and experiences from a sighted standpoint and requires 
only re-adaptional training which will fit his former education and experiences 
to his present needs. 
The problem of training Canadian blinded, or blind, soldiers has been a very 
complex one. 
1. The soldiers were in hospital some 5,000 miles from their homes and 
friends. 
2. There was Sir Arthur Pearson with his splendid organization, St. 
Dunstan's, right in London. He had conceived, planned for and 
started this training place in December, 1914. By 1915 when the 
first Canadian blinded soldiers entered St. Dunstan's he had nearly 
a year's experience with his advanced and radically changed methods 
of training. 
3. There was no place in Canada specially designed to accomodate a 
large number of blinded soldiers, nor were the old stereotyped 
methods at all suitable for them. 
Up to the end of 1915 not much attention had been paid in Canada to the 
training of blinded soldiers but about this time institutions here, learning of 
the two or three blinded Canadians at St. Dunstan's, sensed the desirability 
of doing something for these men and were no doubt actuated by a real desire 
to assist with their facilities and resources. The result of representations to 
the Canadian Government was that though the policy of bringing Canadians 
back to Canada was not officially adopted, still a number were returned without 
the option of taking their training in England. 
128 129 
By the middle of 1916 two Canadian graduates from St. Dunstan's had 
returned to Canada and they with certain prominent blind civilians, protested, 
and insisted that every man be allowed the option of going to St. Dunstan's. 
Those who wished to have the Canadians brought back here for training stated 
that the men should be allowed to go first to their homes and then take their 
training. They were not aware that experience had shown the demoralizing- 
effect of returning a man to his home for a period before training. He is sure 
to be sympathized with and coddled by his friends and relatives, and, as has 
happened in so many cases, refuses absolutely to leave his home at a later date 
for the purpose of taking training. He never gains the sense of independence 
so essential and is withal generally helpless and incompetent. Nor did they 
consider the fact that 1,000 or 2,000 miles from home was to all intents and 
purposes as great a barrier to frequent visits as would be the distance from St. 
Dunstan's. 
Finally the Canadian Government, represented by the Military Hospitals 
Commission, secured certain reports on the work being done at St. Dunstan's. 
These reports were considered in the spring of 1917, and as a result in the summer 
of that year, the commission fixed the following policy with regard to the train- 
ing of Canadian blinded soldiers. That those who were in England should all 
be given the option of going to St. Dunstan's for training. That those who 
were resident in Canada should be trained at existing training institutions in 
this country. The above policy was adhered to in connection with this training- 
till the spring of 1918. 
By this time more information had been gathered concerning various kinds 
of vocational training. The Director of Vocational Training, having interested 
himself in the various phases of the work, discovered that those men who as 
blinded soldiers had been assigned to blind institutions in this Country for 
training were not being satisfactorily dealt with. 
While this evolution had been occurring in the Vocational training work 
carried on in Canada there had also been started a movement for more com- 
prehensive training to be initiated for all blind people in Canada. The first 
Canadian graduates of St. Dunstan's to return to this country associated them- 
selves with prominent blind and sighted men and as a result of their combined 
efforts brought into being the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. This 
Organization, with a Federal policy and charter, was established with Head 
Office at Toronto. One of its objects was to provide comprehensive training 
for those Canadian blinded soldiers who had not been to, or did not wish to, 
attend St. Dunstan's, and secondly to provide some system whereby all blinded 
soldiers who settled in Canada should be looked after in so far as possible for 
the rest of their lives. In this they were simply following the St. Dunstan's 
plans in connection with training and after-care. The training and after-care 
arrangements above mentioned will be dealt with in more detail in another part 
of this chapter. 
The Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment next got in touch with 
the Council of the Canadian National Institute for the Blind and discussed in 
detail the problems confronting the Department. It was finally decided that 
in order to clear up the situation in Canada and secure proper training for those 
who were then resident in the various training institutions in this country, 
every man should be offered the opportunity of returning to St. Dunstan's and 
that those who wished to remain in Canada, should be allowed to go to any 
blind institute they desired or to take advantage of special training for the adult 
blind being provided by the Canadian National Institute for the Blind. This 
policy was carried out. Six men were returned to St. Dunstan's in the month 
of July and three more in September. 
In order to secure an official for the Department who would have the proper 
view point and. experience for dealing in the most effective way possible with 
further problems that might come up, the services of Captain E. A. Baker, M.C., 130 
Croix de Guerre, the first Canadian, officer graduate of St. Dunstan's, were 
secured. Captain Baker had after his return been employed for nearly two 
years with the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario in their head office 
at Toronto. He had vouched for the practical nature of the re-adaptional 
training given at St. Dunstan's and exemplified the idea that blinded soldiers 
could in many cases do better than follow one of the ill-paid handicrafts 
usually assigned to blind people. 
Captain Baker entered upon his new duties on 1st August, 1918. All 
District Vocational Officers were at once notified of his appointment and 
instructed to inform him immediately concerning any cases of defective sight 
that came to their attention. Most of the cases coming up for training in 
Canada were those of men who had been discharged with defective sight and 
after anywhere from six months to two years found their remaining vision 
deteriorating to such an extent that they were unable to follow sighted occupa- 
tions. It was then his duty to advise as to the reports necessary to confirm 
the eye condition present, training and disposition. Working on the principle 
that all matters affecting their welfare should be looked after in so far as possible, 
he assisted in securing necessary adjustments of pensions, adjustments of post 
discharge pay accounts, and secured for them all advice and information required 
in every possible connection. 
The experiment with the civilian blind training institutions had not been 
a successful one for various reasons. The blinded soldiers objected to the atmos- 
phere of these places. The afflicted and helpless ailments of blindness as a 
disability were being paraded as a stimulus to public philanthropy. The attitude 
of the instructors was to a certain extent indicative of their impression that 
blindness entailed not only physical limitations, but also mental. 
In July, 1918, special classes had been opened by the Canadian National 
Institute for the Blind, in Toronto, and by December of that year, a special 
establishment had been set aside for the sole use of blinded soldiers. This 
place was named "Pearson Hall", after Sir Arthur Pearson, founder of St. Duns- 
tan's Hospital for Blinded Soldiers and Sailors. It was fitted up to provide 
board and lodging accommodation as well as training facilities. It is a large 
family residence, fifty feet square, and standing in grounds two hundred by two 
hundred and fifty feet. Pearson Hall is the Mecca of those who go to the 
Canadian National Institute for the Blind for training, and has been fitted up 
to serve their needs. 
Although the blind soldier is allowed to go to any blind institute in Canada, 
the majority prefer to go to the Canadian National Institute for the Blind and 
to Pearson Hall, and for these all preliminary training is taken here and then 
after sufficient advance has been made the men are passed on to one of the 
various regular courses provided. This establishment also serves as a clearing 
house for returning St. Dunstan's graduates who are seeking employment. 
Then too, those graduates who have secured employment drop in for visits and 
as a result, men in training are fired with ambition to do as well as those other 
blinded soldier graduates. 
The psychology of training for men blinded in adult life is so important 
that it must be considered at every stage. The mental processes of the man 
who has suddenly been bereft of sight tend to lead to a state of depression, 
morbidity and total loss of confidence in himself. As soon as he is sufficiently 
free from physical pain to allow more or less connected thought he begins to 
wonder what there may be left in life for him. He tries to remember what 
other blind people of whom he has known, did for themselves. As a rule the 
only ones he can call to mind are those who stood on the street corners begging. 
It does not enter his mind that the extreme helplessness that they invariably 
displayed was a business asset which they recognized and made the most of. 
He therefore, had little consolation from this train of thought. 131 
Contrary to the general opinion of casual observers such a man does not 
on becoming blind, experience more acute capabilities of his remaining senses, 
nor does he immediately acquire any other sense. The first duty, therefore, 
to be observed, in offering relief is to be most judicious in tendering sympathy, 
and to endeavour by suggestions and relation of the experience of other men 
labouring under the same disability to inspire with an ambition for accomplish- 
ment. 
Next it is necessary to demonstrate in a practical way that it is possible for 
him to do those things which others have done, and this is where the construction 
of simple articles under proper supervision is of great value. As soon as it is 
learned that such articles can be constructed quite independently, the pride of 
accomplishment, coupled with the ambition to accomplish more, furnishes suffi- 
cient incentive for further efforts. Discouragement at this stage must be 
diligently guarded against. 
Blind instructors are invaluable. If the man recognizes the fact that 
the individual giving the instruction was but recently in the same position as 
he himself, he realizes that the instruction will be practicable and also that he 
is not being asked to do something that has not been done before by those labour- 
ing under the same handicap. He is at once fired with the ambition to do the 
thing as well as the other fellow and says to himself "if the other fellow can do 
it, I can." This mental stimulus cuts down the period of training greatly. Also 
by eradicating the term "affliction" and impressing each man with the idea 
that he has but to overcome a handicap which has been imposed, a more cheerful 
and ambitious bearing is induced. 
It has, therefore, been the practice at St. Dunstan's and in Canada after 
the early stages, to secure in so far as possible instructors who have received 
their training as blinded soldiers and who were picked because of their standard 
of accomplishment and general bearing. The instructor must be cheery and 
confident and it is invariably found that such a bearing is most contagious. 
To increase confidence, attention must be paid not only to work but to 
recreation and sports. By occupying every moment of spare time the man's 
mind is not permitted to dwell on his limitations and he is rendered capable of 
taking part in games and sports particularly suitable. As has been said a man 
learns by experience, and through various forms of sport he is taught to be self 
reliant and confident in his movements. 
The problem of training Canadian blinded soldiers has been a complicated 
one, partly on account of the disposition of training facilities and partly on 
account of the widely separate districts in which new cases are located from time 
to time in Canada. 
A policy which has been followed by Sir Arthur Pearson and which has 
been adopted in this country, in so far as possible, provides for getting in touch 
with the new cases at the earliest possible date. In England this is simplified 
owing to the fact that all new cases are concentrated at one hospital, where 
they may be visited each day, and at the earliest possible stage given instruction 
in Braille reading and writing and light constructive lines, such as string bag- 
making, scarf weaving, etc. This occupies what would otherwise be dragging 
hours and accomplishment at this stage serves to stimulate the ambition and 
cheer up the patient with the idea that he can still accomplish much. He is 
also taught at this stage to consider his disability as a handicap and not as an 
affliction. He is impressed with the fact that he is simply a normal man who 
has been deprived of the sense of sight, and that by proper training of his other 
senses, they can be made to take the place to a large extent of the one of which 
he has been deprived. His accomplishments at this time serve to instil into 
him the feeling of independence and self confidence which is so essential when 
the next stage of his training is arrived at. 
In Canada the same practice is followed where possible, but here the problem 
is more difficult. Cases are for the most part those that have been discharged 132 
to civilian life for some time, but have returned to hospital for treatment and 
eventually come up for training. They appear in all parts of the country and 
in many cases some little time elapses before the hospital authorities can deter- 
mine whether or not they will be in need of training from a blind standpoint. 
Following this stage of preliminary training in hospital comes that of general 
preliminary training leading to the selection of a vocation. 
In England a man goes directly from hospital to St. Dunstan's, where he 
starts training in general subjects that are taken along with other courses. 
By this I mean Braille reading and writing and typewriting. He may also at 
this time follow up string bag-making, netting, scarf weaving, raffia basket 
making and mat-making. Close watch is also kept on the man to determine 
whether or not he will be best suited to a handicraft, office work or a profession. 
Finally he is consulted as to his permanent vocation, and the line for which he 
seems best fitted is chosen. 
In Canada this procedure is followed where practical. A majority of the 
blind in Canada elect to go to Pearson Hall where they take their preliminary 
general education and where it is determined what special course shall be followed. 
If a man seems particularly fitted for massage, the instructor in massage 
is called in, passes his judgment and, if favourable, the man is assigned to that 
course. The same procedure is followed for poultry farming, cobbling, etc. 
However, it sometimes happens that a man residing in some outside district 
has a definite desire to follow some particular occupation, and, if that line is con- 
sidered feasible, it is sometimes possible to arrange for training in his own district 
and thus allow him to live at home. The whole result is not as a rule so benefi- 
cial, but sometimes there is no other way. 
The whole range of subjects taught to blinded soldiers may be divided into 
three classes:- 
First-General Re-adaptional Education. 
Second-Vocations. 
Third-Avocations or Side-lines. 
The following is a list of those given at St. Dunstan's under the three above 
mentioned headings:- 
Class 1.-Braille Reading and Writing. 
Typewriting. 
Class 2.--Re-adaptional courses, permitting return to former business or profession. 
Massage. 
Business Courses combined with Braille Stenography and Typewriting. 
Telephone Switchboard Operation with Braille Stenography and Typewriting. 
Poultry Farming and Carpentry. 
Carpentry and Joinery. 
Cobbling and MaCmaking. 
Class 3.-String Bag-making. 
Net and Hammock-making. 
Scarf Weaving. 
Basket Making and Mat-making. 
The following is a list of the subjects taught in Canada under the three 
above mentioned headings:- 
Class 1.--Braille Reading and Writing. 
Typewriting. 
Class 2.-Re-adaptional Course, permitting return to former business or profession (arranged for 
where necessary). 
Massage. 
Poultry Farming and Carpentry. 
Cobbling and Mat-making. 
Piano Tuning. 
Broom and Basket-making. 
Telegraphy. 
Class 3.-String Bag-making. 
Net and Hammock-making. 
Scarf Weaving. 
Basket-making and Mat-making. 133 
Braille Reading and Writing- 
In 1829, Louis Braille, a blind Frenchman, invented an embossed alphabet, 
in which the characters are formed by an arrangement of six dots placed in an 
oblong, of which the vertical side consists of three and the horizontal of two. 
With different combinations of these dots, all the signs and contractions 
of Revised Braille are made up, and by this means a good finger reader can 
read as quickly as a sighted person can read print. 
There is no need to say much about the importance of Braille-that speaks 
for itself-for it gives a sightless man entrance to the world of books, gives him 
back some of the independence he has lost, and at the same time trains those 
faculties which are to play so large a part in his new life. 
In connection with the training carried on at St. Dunstan's and in Canada, 
individual teachers are provided, the majority of them blind, and the length of 
the lesson varies according to the pupil's health and capacity. 
Besides being taught to read, men are from the beginning taught to write 
Braille, and this is made easy by the use of the Stainsby-Wayne, or Hall, Braille 
Writing Machines, ingenious contrivances, possessing six keys to correspond 
with the six dots in Braille. 
Every man who has made good progress is presented with a machine on grad- 
uation, and with this he can record his own notes for future reference, and 
attend personally to his private and business papers. Many blinded poultry 
farmers and tradesmen keep their accounts in Braille with complete success and 
are thus able to study their progress without the assistance of a sighted reader. 
It is difficult to say definitely how long it takes to learn Braille, but most 
men pass the tests in five or six months. 
Books of every kind can be obtained in Braille from the National Library 
for the Blind, London, England, or the Canadian National Library for the 
Blind, Toronto, Ont., and such books are passed through the mails free of postage 
and every provision is made to promote and induce extensive reading. 
Typewriting- 
It is curious to note that the typewriter was originally invented to enable 
people who have never seen to write. Those who lose their sight in infancy can 
never learn to write, and to enable them to correspond with the outside world, a 
crude machine, the father of the modern typewriter, was introduced. 
When a grown person is blinded the question of writing is on quite a 
different footing. A blinded person is perfectly able to write on ordinary paper, 
on raised line paper, or by means of a specially constructed writing frame. This, 
though fairly satisfactory, does not replace ordinary writing, and is both clumsy 
and slow. Further than this, unless great precautions are taken, the writing 
deteriorates rapidly and becomes more and more illegible as time goes on. 
Later on, the blinded person begins to write smaller and smaller until one letter 
is written over the other, and the result is an unreadable scribble. There is a 
great risk, too, of writing over the same line twice, even when a frame is used; 
and it will be seen, therefore, that some more efficient substitute is required to 
replace the pen and paper of the seeing person. For this reason every blinded 
soldier at St. Dunstan's and in Canada is given the opportunity of learning to 
typewrite, and almost without exception the men pass the easy test imposed. 
Typewriting is of course taught as a profession in conjunction with short- 
hand-writing. 
It would appear to be very difficult to use a typewriter when only able to 
feel and hear it working, but it is in reality one of the easiest lessons taught. 
The most universal idea that a special machine is necessary to enable a blind 
person to typewrite is incorrect. The machine used is the ordinary Remington 
typewriter, or in fact any standard machine that is preferred by the man taking 
training. The universal keyboard is learnt, which enables the soldier to write 
on almost any machine he may come across. There are no raised letters on the 
keys, and the only difference to be seen in this machine is the embossed scale 134 
which takes the place of the ordinary engraved scale and enables the operator 
to tell at one touch what position is occupied by the carriage. For those who 
have been unfortunate enough to lose a hand as well as sight, there has been 
fitted to the ordinary machine an ingenious lever, worked by the knee, which 
enables the typist to write capital letters, fractions, etc., and a special guide 
ensures that the paper is inserted straight in the machine. 
The passing of the test is a very great day, for the successful pupil imme- 
diately becomes the possessor of a typewriter of his own which will prove to be 
one of his best friends during the rest of his days. The graduate after settling- 
down is able to carry on all his business and private correspondence himself inde- 
pendent of sighted assistance. The number of perfectly typed letters received 
from the blind goes to show that in the great majority of cases good use is made 
of the typewriter which has been furnished. 
Re-Adaptional Courses- 
Sir Arthur Pearson promulgated a pioneer policy in the world of blind re- 
educators when he made plans for putting back into their original professions or 
businesses all those men who, by reason of previous training experience and 
mental capacity, were considered likely to succeed in spite of their handicap. 
This training takes various forms according to the nature of each case. Such 
courses have not yet been required in Canada, as special cases have been trained 
at St. Dunstan's. In the case of an engineer, instruction has been given in office 
work, use of the dictaphone besides other general training, and as a result, 
office work could be followed along the lines for which he was best fitted. Courses 
for insurance canvassers, lawyers, clergymen and storekeepers and others have 
been specially arranged where required. 
Every man on coming up for training is surveyed carefully for the purpose 
of determining whether it will be possible to fit him to return to his former occu- 
pation, as it is recognized that such occupation was formerly followed by choice 
and would naturally be the most congenial. 
Massage- 
Massage has come to be regarded as one of the most suitable occupations for 
those who have lost their sight. 
The great sensitiveness and delicacy of touch which the blind so readily 
acquire fits them in a peculiar way for this particular type of work and renders 
them at least as capable of carrying it on successfully as the sighted, perhaps 
more so. The Massage School of the National Institute for the Blind, London, 
probably the most complete and best equipped in the world, has been entirely 
given up to the training of St. Dunstan's men, including Canadians. 
As regards Canada, arrangements were made by this Department early in 
the summer of 1918 for a class to be established in Hart House, School of Physic 
Therapy, Toronto, Ont. Here there is every facility in the way of equipment 
for the teaching of the theoretical part of the work, thus enabling every student 
to gain a perfect knowledge of the various parts of the human body. All this is 
particularly valuable to the blind, who are unable to do very much in the way 
of studying diagrams. 
A really fine library of technical books in Braille type has been gathered 
together, and copies of these books are presented to every student. Many of 
these have been compiled by an ex-student of the school, Dr. Lloyd Johnstone, 
who, having lost his sight in the middle of his medical career, has turned his at- 
tention to the practice of massage. 
Up to the present, over fifty St. Dunstanners, including Canadians and 
two officers, have qualified from the St. Dunstan's School of Massage, and 
there are now in training a further forty men, while in Canada three Canadians 
have graduated from Hart House, Toronto, and two more are in training. Some 
of the above mentioned graduates are launching into private practice in addition 
to hospital work, and none for the moment regret their choice of an occupation. 135 
The work, though sometimes laborious, is always deeply interesting, and the 
remuneration is very satisfactory. 
In order to follow out the policy of providing blinded instructors for the 
blind, Private D. J. McDougall, a blinded Canadian, was placed on the Staff 
of Hart House as Instructor. At the beginning he was concerned only with the 
blind students, but at the present time he is lecturing in anatomy, pathology and 
physiology at the sighted class. He also is engaged in practical demonstrations. 
The above mentioned graduates from Hart House at the present time are 
employed in Military Hospitals at $2.30 per diem for unmarried men and $3.30 
per diem for married men, plus the necessary travelling expenses. 
The course of training in massage may be regarded as somewhat lengthy, 
lasting at it does from nine months to a year or even longer, if ill-health prevents 
regularity of attendance; but massage is not a simple subject to master and a 
shorter period would be quite inadequate. 
It is, of course, impossible to state precisely what are the prospects of the 
masseur, blind or sighted, after the war, but there is every indication that 
massage has come to stay, and the excellent work done in Military Hospitals by 
the blinded men has made it tolerably certam that there will be no difficulties in 
obtaining private work in the future. That there will be plenty of this work 
for many years to come is a practical certainty, for there will be a number of 
men suffering from every kind of deformity and disease as a result of the war, 
who will require massage. 
At the present time there are not enough blinded soldier masseurs in Canada 
to fill the available positions in Military Hospitals. A movement is on foot to 
establish some form of protection for these masseurs, when positions are no 
longer available in Military Hospitals, and it is necessary for them to start 
private practice. This protection will take the form of an association, which 
it is hoped will secure the co-operation of the Dominion Medical Council. 
What, then, are the qualities requisite for the making of a successful masseur? 
They are simple, and are possessed by men in all classes of society-a healthy, 
vigorous body, a clear head, a pair of supple, muscular and soft hands, a sym- 
pathetic disposition and genial personality. Add to these, if possible, those rare 
qualities, tact, patience and unfailing courtesy, and success in the profession of 
massage is assured. 
Business Course. 
A short-hand writer, who cannot see, sounds like an impossibility ; but as 
a matter of fact, quite a number of blind men and women in England and this 
Country earn a very good living as clerks and secretaries, while many blinded 
soldiers, too, have been trained as stenographers at St. Dunstan's. No arrange- 
ments for this course have been made in Canada, as suitable student material 
are not to hand. 
Telephone Switchboard Operation, etc. 
The blind person cannot, of course, work in a public exchange where the 
flashlight system is in vogue, but he is able to use the drop shutter switchboards 
which are to be found in practically all large buildings, offices and business houses 
in England. Few of these switchboards are still in existence in this country: 
rural telephones are numerous and can be operated quite successfully. 
The blinded soldier can grasp this work with remarkable speed, taking only 
from two to three months to do so. 
Many large business firms in London and the provinces employ St. Dunstan's 
operators, and testify very strongly to their ability to manage the switchboards 
as quickly and accurately as any sighted operator. 
Poultry Farming. 
Poultry Farming is a calling particulary suited to the needs of those men who 
from choice, or necessity, must live in the country. Of course, a previous 
knowledge of the business is of very great assistance, but experience has shown 
that blind men who do not possess this have been able, after a course of training 136 
at St. Dunstan's Hostel, to find both a pleasant and a profitable occupation in 
poultry farming. 
A course in poultry farming has been arranged in Canada in connection 
with classes at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont. Here Cpl. C. 
Purkis, a Canadian graduate from St. Dunstan's, has been installed as instructor. 
He attends the regular classes held for the sighted pupils with his classes of 
blinded soldiers, and later goes over the material with them, adapting such from 
a blinded standpoint and explaining where necessary. 
Men who take the course at Guelph under the Department of Soldiers' 
Civil Re-Establishment also take carpentry and mat-making. 
Carpentry is intended to enable them to build their poultry houses, trap 
nests, runs, etc. 
Mat-making is intended as a hobby with which to occupy spare time and 
earn a few dollars. 
Each man on completing his course is allowed to take with him a complete 
colony house which he has completed with his own hands, under the super- 
vision of the instructor, and a pen of fowls, which he has raised and tended. 
Where men have been trained at St. Dunstan's and require some re-adaption 
of such training in order to carry on under changed conditions in this country, 
a post-graduate course is being arranged. 
The blinded soldier who considers becoming a poultry farmer must bear 
two things in mind. Firstly, he must have quite clear and definite views as to 
his desire to live in the country, for, obviously, unless a very high rental is paid, 
farming land must be situated in a more or less isolated neighborhood. To the 
man who loves to be in the open air, there is, perhaps, no better occupation, but 
he who prefers the bustle of town life must leave farming alone and turn his 
attention to some other trade. 
Secondly, it must be remembered that no farm will really begin to make 
money at once. The farmer may have to work for many months without being 
able to show any profits, but he must realize that he is preparing for the future, 
and that the time, thought and labour, he expends on his property add to its 
value, and will enable it to repay him over and over again in later years. The 
fact that money can be made is evidenced by the good news continually received 
from those fellows who, blinded in the early days of the War, have been hard 
at work on their poultry farms since graduation. 
Poultry farmers are encouraged to take 'some kind of side line, such as 
mat-making or basket-making, in their spare time, so that they may be fully 
occupied, and make in addition an extra income. 
With regard to poultry farmers settling in Canada, arrangements have 
been made with the Soldier Settlement Board for the provision of loans 
where necessary. First, the men in question, aided by relatives or friends, 
decide on a desirable location. This is generally a plot of land of from three to 
ten acres, with the necessary house and out-buildings, situated within easy 
reach of a good market. 
The men are assisted in making application to the local branch of the Soldier 
Settlement Board and later when settled are visited periodically. This comes 
under the heading of "After-Care" and will be dealt with later. 
At the time of writing more than 100 blinded soldiers have been started as 
poultry farmers in farms all over the British Empire, where they are making 
good, and are, in the majority of cases, earning more money than they did when 
they could see. Of these only three have so far returned to Canada; one is 
acting as an instructor at Guelph; one has settled in Saskatchewan, where 
he is making quite fair progress; and one has just returned. 
Joinery. 
Perhaps there is nothing at St. Dunstan's so remarkable as the training of 
a blinded man as a joiner, able to make a living at his work. An ordinary 
carpenter's apprentice is expected to take from five to seven years over his 137 
initiation, but the blinded soldier picks up his trade in eight to ten months, 
even when he has not practised it in any way before. 
Yet the whole thing is in no way complex, but remarkably simple. It 
requires only that the learner shall bring an unbiased mind to his work. The 
tools are practically the same for the sighted as the non-sighted, and the work 
proceeds on similar lines. The apprentice has only to work with this fingers 
instead of his eyes. 
The blinded soldier is taught to make a living at joinery, but he is not 
taught to be an all-round joiner. . He could become this if time were given him, 
and doubtless in many cases he will continue his training as he practises his 
trade; but at St. Dunstan's this is not feasible, as there inevitably has to be a 
time limit. 
Sir Arthur Pearson realized the impossibility of imparting the whole art 
of joinery to a novice in the limited time available, but he saw it was practicable 
to teach him to make a number of readily saleable articles with adequate precision 
and the result has been a complete and stimulating success. 
Whatever it is, the work is fully up to the standard of the best furniture 
shops. 
With the knowledge that is gained at St. Dunstan's, a joiner may embark 
on varied kinds of work, and we have records of men who have started for 
themselves, tackling jobs they have never attempted before, by merely adapting 
their knowledge to new conditions. 
No Canadians who elected to take this course have as yet returned to Canada. 
Boot-Repairing. 
Boot-repairing was a practically unknown occupation for the blind until 
Sir Arthur Pearson decided to introduce it as one of the subjects to be taught 
at St. Dunstan's. The course has now also been instituted at Pearson Hall, 
where two men are at present receiving instruction. 
The work has proved to be very popular with the blinded soldiers, and it 
has been found that, provided reasonable care is taken in the selection of a 
situation, a steady trade is assured. In England especially, where shoe repairing 
machines are not so much in general use and therefore competition is not so keen, 
things are favourable for the blinded soldier cobbler. In Canada, however, 
where the use of the machine is universal, locations must be selected in 
small country towns or districts where the machine has not yet been introduced. 
By combining halter and harness repairing with the ordinary occupation of 
cobbling, a fair remuneration will result. Only one Canadian has graduated 
as a cobbler, and he is settled down in a fair business location. 
For the most part the men who are taking up cobbling are those who had 
some experience before becoming blind. 
Special lessons are given upon the various ways in which boots are made 
and upon the methods of cutting up leather and making the best use of material. 
More than a hundred boot-repairers have been started in business from St. 
Dunstan's, and it is safe to say that, with scarcely an exception, they are all 
thriving at their business, getting plenty of work, and what is more important 
giving satisfaction to their customers. 
Piano Tuning. 
Piano tuning is a subject which but few blinded soldiers can follow. The 
requirements for this line are exacting. The applicant must have some knowl- 
edge of music and a good ear. The man must also be fairly young, as it has 
been found by experience that men over twenty five years of age entering this 
line are rarely successful. 
This line has been followed by blinded soldiers only in Canada and instruction 
is arranged as follows: 
The man takes the usual general preliminary blind training in Braille and 
typewriting and then he is taken on as an apprentice in one of the various piano 
factories throughout the country, where he is taught his trade under 138 
the same conditions as apply to the course given to blind civilian students. 
This line has been followed for many years by civilian blind and is quite a 
recognized and remunerative calling. 
Telegraphy. 
Telegraphy has to a limited degree been followed by men who had some 
previous knowledge and experience in this line. 
The one man who has so far been trained in Canada has been employed 
in a telegraphy class where he acts as instructor. The operation of the instru- 
ment is a simple matter and his quick ear enables him to perform his duties as 
instructor without difficulty. 
Broom Making. 
Broom making is the trade most universally followed in blind workshops 
in America. This trade is as a rule followed by men more or less mechanically 
inclined and who must of necessity work in an establishment under supervision, 
because of inability to manage an independent business. 
This line has not been chosen by many of the Canadian blinded soldiers. 
Only two up to the present have followed it. It offers a fair wage and also 
requires that the man who follows it must move to a locality where a broom 
manufacturing establishment is in existence. 
Avocations or Side Lines. 
Avocations or side lines which are taught to the man taking various courses 
are simply intended to occupy spare time and provide a remunerative hobby. 
They also make possible the earning of a few dollars on the side. Preliminary 
training is also used to train the fingers and give confidence to the new pupil 
and to develop his sense of proportion and dimensions. The training is found 
to be extremely valuable and many useful little articles are produced. Reed 
basketry has been a particularly successful line and men at Pearson Hall have 
under the supervision of the Department's Occupational Therapy Instructors, 
attained a marked degree of proficiency in this line. 
Sports and Recreations. 
The men at St. Dunstan's are taught to play as well as work. 
In Canada splendid arrangements have been made at Pearson Hall for 
recreation. One evening a week is devoted to classes in dancing and Friday 
evenings every week the regular dance is held in the hall, to which men may 
invite their relatives or friends. Another-theatre night---is a great source of 
pleasure to the men. 
Men residing at Pearson Hall are able to enjoy walking as an exercise 
and the ample grounds surrounding the establishment provide sufficient space 
to accommodate land sports such as those carried on at St. Dunstan's. 
A gymnasium has been fitted up in the building. This includes rowing 
machine, weights, etc., and in the early summer it is hoped a class in rowing 
may be started. 
A piano and player attachment, also two gramaphones, have been provided, 
and the men living at Pearson Hall derive great pleasure therefrom. 
Classes have also been constituted to instruct men in playing the various 
musical instruments, and it is expected the jazz band which will make its appear- 
ance in the near future will perform in a creditable manner. All the members 
are very keen and vie with each other in the volume of sound produced. 
After-Care. 
After care is.a term which has been used on one or two occasions, previously, 
in this chapter, but which implies more than would be ordinarily supposed. 
It is one thing to train a blinded soldier in such a way as to follow some definite 
line of occupation, but it is entirely another matter to see that he makes proper 
use of his training and is the self-supporting and independent individual that 
he was intended to be, and for which he was equipped. With this end in view, 
St. Dunstan's has found it necessary to establish in Great Britain very com- 
prehensive arrangements for the settling down, periodical visiting of, furnishing 139 
of raw material and selling of manufactured products, and in general supervising 
the personal and business details in connection with every man who has graduated 
from its classes. This supervision and assistance enables 30 per cent of the St. 
Dunstan's graduates to be independent and self-supporting, where they would 
not otherwise be. It simply means that advice and assistance of the proper 
sort are always forthcoming, and the necessary and periodical visits very often 
reveal to the technical representative, faults in processes or methods which 
are so apt to appear from time to time, and which are so disastrous to success, 
if not corrected in the early stages. 
St. Dunstan's has established an After-Care Department with head office 
in London, and district representatives throughout Great Britain. Also in 
connection with the head office in London there is a large warehouse with 
show and sales rooms. In the warehouse are kept stocks of raw material which 
can be shipped to the graduates upon receipt of application. Also there is 
stored quantities of products which the graduates have manufactured, and 
who not finding sufficient demand locally to keep them busy, went on manu- 
facturing and shipped in the surplus. Show and sales rooms are thus used 
to dispose of these stocks of manufactured articles. These stocks include 
baskets of various descriptions, tea trays, picture frames, various sorts of small 
cabinet-work, furniture, mats, string bags. 
Canadian blinded soldiers who after graduating have settled down or 
who will settle down in Great Britain, will of course come under the benefits 
of this system, and will have no cause to worry as to their futures, so long as 
they are conscientious and careful about their work. 
In Canada, however, our problem is quite a different one. We have less 
than ten per cent of the number of men to look after, and these are scattered 
over probably fifty times as great an area. The best we can do at present 
in the way of after care is as follows: 
When the graduate is prepared to settle down in his own locality, word 
is sent to our district office and the representative there endeavours to secure 
some proper location, if the man has not already a home to go to. Advice 
can be secured at any time from the officer in charge of the work in Ottawa, 
and interest is to as large an extent as possible created in the proper quarters 
where it is thought it will be of service to the man in question. It is however, 
planned to make "Pearson Hall" the headquarters of the after-care arrangements 
in Canada, and to keep supplies of raw material on hand in suitable locations, 
and also a warehouse and sales room for the handling of manufactured articles. 
In order to justify the large outlay of money in this regard, it is proposed 
to handle this along with a similar proposition for the civilian blind. Work 
for the civilian blind has been begun in a Federal way, and the scheme will, 
I think, solve a great many difficulties. "Pearson Hall" can also be used in 
connection with the re-training of men who it is found have taken unsuitable 
courses and who require re-training. It can also be used as a club house 
where blinded soldiers may at any time secure accommodation for a short 
period, and find available information and assistance of a helpful sort. 
Graduates Who have Succeeded in the Various Lines They Have Chosen 
to Follow. 
Re-Adaptional Course. 
Corporal -, one of the originals of the famous P.P.C.L.I. Regt., 
was wounded in April, 1915. He entered St. Dunstan's late in the summer of 
that year. As he had formerly had some twelve years' experience in the western 
provinces as an insurance Agent, he thought he would like to follow this business. 
He therefore took the general re-adaption course at St. Dunstan's, and returned 
to Canada fired with ambition to make good. He made up a Braille book of 
tables, etc. and with a small boy for guide is canvassing. He has now been 140 
with the Imperial Life Insurance Company, of Toronto, for over two and a half 
years, and has made a splendid success. Of all the canvassers in his district 
he stands next to the top for amount of business done. 
Massage. 
Pte. , who joined the P.P.C.L.I with a draft, was wounded in 
September, 1916, and entered St. Dunstan's in November of that year. His 
previous education had included three years at St. Michael's College, Toronto. 
He decided to follow massage, and after a twelve months' course at St. Dunstan's, 
went up for his examinations. These examinations were set by the I.S.T.M. 
of London, England, and 327 students came up at this particular time, of whom 
11 were from St. Dunstan's and the remainder sighted. Of the total number 
Pte. , passed second, and with distinction. Following this he was 
employed by St. Dunstan's for some time as pupil instructor, and shortly after 
his return to Canada in the summer of 1918, he was appointed as instructor at 
Hart House, Toronto. Here he began lecturing to a class of three blinded 
soldiers who had not been trained at St. Dunstan's. This class was graduated, 
and at the beginning of the succeeding course, Pte. - was requested 
by the Hart House authorities to lecture to not only this new class of blind 
soldier students, but also to a sighted class of students numbering seventy. 
Pte. 's work has been highly satisfactory, and he is receiving remu- 
neration on the same basis as if he had his sight. He is an adept at getting about 
alone, and though dark blind, travels all over the city of Toronto, either by 
walking or by street car. 
Pte. of the 29th Battalion was also wounded in September, 1916. 
He entered St. Dunstan's in November of that year, and elected to follow 
Massage. After graduating he returned to Canada in the summer of 1918, 
and is now employed in the Shaughnessy Military Hospital, Vancouver, where 
he is receiving better salary than is paid to the average sighted Masseur. As 
a Masseur he is giving extremely satisfactory service. Pte was 
previous to enlistment working as a labourer, and has received only an average 
public school education. 
Business Course combined with Braille Stenography and Typewriting. 
Pte. of the 58th Canadians was wounded in June 1917. He 
entered St. Dunstan's in August of the same year, and elected to take a course 
of Braille Stenography and Typewriting. He passed the Braille Stenography 
minimum speed test of 100 words per minute, and returned to Canada in Decem- 
ber, 1918. He is now employed at Toronto in the Department of Soldiers' 
Civil Re-Establishment, district office for Ontario. He is receiving the same 
rate of remuneration as our sighted stenographers and is doing as much work. 
This man had an average public school education before enlistment, and is 
dark blind. 
Poultry Farming and Carpentry. 
Pte. of the 31st Canadians entered St. Dunstan's in the summer 
of 1916, and settled down in England in the fall of 1917. He now has a Poultry 
establishment at Longcroft Farm, Wesley, Essex, England, and is reported as 
doing exceptionally well. 
Cpl. of the 34th Canadians entered St. Dunstan's in November, 
1917. After taking a twelve months' course in Poultry Farming, Carpentry and 
Mat Making, he returned to Canada and is now employed as an Instructor for 
a class of blinded soldier poultry farmers at the Ontario Agricultural College, 
Guelph. He is instructing in Poultry Farming, Carpentry and Mat Making, 
and is reported as doing extremely well. He formerly lived at Preston, Ontario, 
and has gone back near his old home. He is receiving remuneration at the same 
rate as a sighted man who is doing the same work. 
Cobbling and Mat Making. 
Pte. (coloured) of the 2nd-Construction Battalion, was trained 
in Cobbling at the Halifax Technical School. He has now graduated and is 141 
at present located in a section of Halifax occupied by coloured people, and 
secures all their repair trade. He has not yet been at work long enough to get 
returns of his earnings, but he is expected to do quite well. 
Broom and Basket Making. 
Pte. of the 60th Canadians took a twelve months' course in 
Broom Making at the Montreal School for the Blind. Pte. suffered 
from shell shock, which has affected his mental capacity, but he is able to carry 
on work in the broom shop of the above institution, where he is working every 
day, and is earning a fair remuneration. 
Remarks. 
The above are fairly typical cases among the blinded Canadians who have 
taken up civilian life and who are carrying on in a cheery and confident way. 
As yet the number of Canadians who have graduated is not large, but it is 
confidently expected that as time goes on and more settle down either in England 
or in Canada, that the list of successes will gradually increase. There are those 
of course who through other disabilities besides those of blindness have not been 
able to take up much training. They will be assisted, in so far as possible, and 
if at a later date they recover sufficiently, will, if possible, be given further training. 
Classification of Eye Cases. 
Eye Disability. 
Loss of both eyes 46 
Loss of sight N.O.S 23 
Loss of right eye 145 
Loss of left eye 119 
Primary Refractive and Visual Disorders 669 
Disorders of Conjunctiva, Adnexa, Cornea 103 
Disorders of Iris, Ciliary Body,Lens 68 
Optic Nerve and Brain Lesions 19 
Disorders of Choroid, Sclera Retina 64 
Undetermined Conditions 88 
Disorders of Motor Control 3 
Total 1,347 
(See note attached.) 
Ottawa, March 8, 1919. 
NOTE ON CLASSIFICATION OF EYE CASES. 
It will be noted that the above tabulation of cases of defective eyesight, 
which have so far been discharged .from the Canadian Army, includes only 
those where defective sight is the major disability. Of the 1,347 cases which 
have so far come to light, 139 have been considered as requiring re-training 
from a blind standpoint. One hundred and six have or are being trained and 
33 cases are under investigation, of which it is expected that approximately 
25 will be eligible for re-training; therefore re-training cases are approximately 
10 per cent of the total number of cases. 
This record corresponds very closely with that found in connection with 
the cases of defective sight in Great Britain. Out of an approximate total of 
12,000 cases discharged from the British Army on account of defective sight, 
1,200 have so far appeared at St. Dunstan's for re-training. The percentage of 
re-training cases may increase to a certain extent as time goes on, and eye 142 
disabilities which were aggravated on service become more marked and finally 
result in the necessity for re-training. Of the men who are considered as eligible 
for re-training, it should be -noted that approximately 40 per cent are dark 
blind or have no perception of light, about 20 per cent have perception of light, 
20 per cent have sufficient useful sight to permit of getting about alone under 
good light conditions, though such sight is useless at night or on very dark 
or glaring days, and 20 per cent have quite a useful degree of vision, though 
prognosis by eye specialist indicates that rate of deterioration is rapid, and 
within a year or more useful sight will have been lost. 
Classification of Eye Cases. Blind Canadian Soldiers Pending Training, 
Training or Graduated. 
Eye Disability. 
Loss of both eyes 46 
Loss of right eye 18 
Loss of left eye 16 
Primary Refractive and Visual Disorders 2 
Disorders of Conjunctive Adnexa, Cornea 2 
Optic Nerve and Brain Lesions 12 
Undetermined Conditions 34 
Disorders of Choroid, Sclera, Retina 8 
Disorders of Motor Control 1 
Totals 139 
Note.-In connection with the above classification it will be noted that cases pending training have 
been included. Some of these cases may on investigation prove to be not eligible for re-education from 
a blind standpoint. Such cases however will be given training with a view to conservation of remaining 
sight, and for the most part will follow light outdoor occupations. 
Ottawa, March 8, 1919. 
Classification of Eye Cases-Pending Training 
Eye Disability. 
N.S. 
N.B. 
Que. 
Ont. 
Man. 
Sask. 
Alta. 
B.C. 
Eng. 
Scot. 
2 
Not 
Stated. 
Total. 
Loss of both eyes 
1 
1 
1 
3 
Loss of sight N.O.S . 
Loss of right eye 
4 
4 
Loss of left eye 
1 
1 
2 
2 
1 
7 
Primary Refractive and Visual Disorders... 
1 
1 
Disorders of Conjunctive, Adnexa, Cornea. . 
1 
1 
Disorders Iris, Ciliary, Body, Lens... 
Optic Nerve and Brain Lesions. . 
1 
1 
Undetermined Conditions 
3 
5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
13 
Disorders of Motor Control.. 
1 
1 
Disorders Choroid, Sclera, Retina... 
2 
2 
Totals 
6 
1 
2 
14 
2 
2 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
33 
Note.-It should be noted in connection with the above tabulation that a certain percentage of the 
above cases may not require immediate training. This must be determined by further investigation. 
A large percentage of these cases however, are eligible for training, and have been in the country for from 
three months to two years. These are the cases which for the most part reached their homes, and for 
whom it has been impossible to do anything because of inability to secure interest, or hostility of relatives 
to any form of training. 143 
Classification of Eye Cases-Men Training. 
Eye Disability 
Loss of both eyes 23 
Loss of sight N.O.S 
Loss of right eye 8 
Loss of left eye 6 
Disorders of Conjunctiva, Adnexa, Cornea 1 
Optic Nerve and Brain Lesions 8 
Undetermined Conditions 14 
Disorders Choroid, Sclera, Retina 5 
Totals 65 
March 8, 1919. 
Classification of Eye Cases-Men under After-Care. 
Eye Disability. 
Loss of both eyes 20 
Loss of right eye 6 
Loss of left eye 3 
Primary Refractive and Visual Disorders 1 
Optic Nerve and Brain Lesions 3 
Undetermined Conditions 7 
Disorders Choroid, Sclera, Retina 1 
Totals 41 
March 8, 1919. 
Classification of Trades-Men Training. 
Trades. 
Place of 
Training. 
St. 
Dunstan's 
Canada 
Massage 
8 
2 
Poultry Farming 
and Carpentry 
14 
5 
Boots and Mats 
4 
1 
Piano Tuning 
3 
General Training 
13 
8 
Stenography 
4 
Carpentry 
3 
Chiropractice 
1 
Totals 
46 
19 
General Total 65. 
March 8, 1919. 144 
Classification of Trades-After-Care Men. 
Trades. 
N.B. 
N.S. 
Que. 
Ont. 
Man. 
Sask. 
Alta. 
B.C. 
Nfd. 
Not 
Std. 
Place of 
Training. 
St. 
Dunstan's 
Canada 
Massage 
Poultry Farming 
and Carpentry.. 
Boots and Mats... 
Piano Tuning 
Stenography 
Telegraphy 
Telephony 
General Training.. 
Special Adaption 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
3 
1 
2 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 
5 
10 
2 
1 
3 
3 
1 
2 
1 
1 
5 
Training 
Carpentry 
Baskets and Mats. 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
4 
2 
1 
2 
4 
4 
11 
4 
5 
2 
1 
8 
28 
13 
General Total 41. 
Note.-Of the forty-one men included in the above tabulation two died from influenza during the recent 
epidemic. 
March 8, 1919. 
Classification of Trades and After-Care Men and Places of Settle- 
ment. 
Trades. 
N.B. 
N.S. 
Que. 
Ont. 
Man. 
Sask. 
Alta. 
B.C. 
England. 
Massage 
3 
1 
1 
2 
1 
1 
1 
2 
5 
Poultry Farming 
1 
1 
1 
Boots and Mats 
Piano Tuning 
2 
Stenography 
2 
1 
Telegraphy 
1 
General Training 
1 
3 
2 
1 
1 
1 
Special Adaption Training 
2* 
Telephony 
- 
Carpentry 
1 
1 
Baskets and Mats 
1 
2 
1 
10 
Totals 
2 
6 
11 
4 
4 
1 
1 
General Total 41. 
Note.--Of the forty-one men in the above tabulation twenty-eight graduated from St. Dunstan's and ten 
have settled down in England. These ten were for the most part British born and preferred to settle down 
with their relatives. Of the thirteen men who have so far been trained in this country two died during the 
influenza epidemic, one who appears under General Training took up Broom Making at Montreal School 
for the Blind, and is employed in their shop. Some men may appear from this tabulation to have followed 
occupations which have elsewhere been described as side-lines. It should be noted however that in all 
of these cases light work was followed because of other disabilities besides loss of sight. 
March 8, 1919. CHAPTER XI. 
STATISTICS. 
Canada has a population of eight million people distributed along a narrow 
belt 3,000 miles long, north of the International boundary, from Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, on the Atlantic Coast to the city of Victoria, British Columbia, on the 
Pacific Coast. 
All parts of Canada contributed their quota to the enlistment in the Cana- 
dian Expeditionary Force and the soldiers on being demobilized for the most 
part return to the districts from which they came. These soldiers naturally 
wish to be trained near their homes where they are in their familiar environment, 
and where they can see their own people from time to time. For this reason it 
has been found necessary to have numerous centres of training in Canada. 
The Department has 53 schools which it exclusively controls; it also has students 
in 66 civil educational institutions where fees are paid, and has men in training- 
in industries in practically every city in Canada. 
As shown in Chapter 3, for administration purposes the country is divided 
into 13 districts each under a District Vocational Officer. From a business 
standpoint the administration of these institutions and districts is analogous 
to a chain of stores spread over a large area of the country. In very few of 
these districts are conditions the same. Some districts are devoted almost 
exclusively to farming, others to manufacturing, some to mining, and others 
again have mixed activities. The great distance of these districts from the 
head office and the diversity of conditions found in them necessitates that the 
District Vocational Officers be given the greatest possible freedom of action 
in the administration of their work. It is difficult to make general rulings to 
apply to all districts. It is necessary for the head office to dictate the general 
policy and hold the District Vocational Officers responsible for administering 
such policy. 
In order to control such a complex system it is necessary to provide means 
for closely analysing the work and criticising the results obtained by the different 
District Vocational Officers. In the administration of any system of this kind, 
statistics to be vital must be fresh, therefore, they must be collected and tabu- 
lated quickly if they are to be of any use. 
As has been said before, the industrial re-training of disabled soldiers is 
a transient phase of the operation of the Government, as is their medical care 
or the carrying on of the war itself. The time will come when this work will 
cease. When this time will come it is unsafe to prophesy. The work started 
from nothing. A large organization had to be built up quickly. At some 
time it will reach the peak and from then on decline until the work is finished 
and the organization disbanded. It is also hard to prophesy with accuracy 
when this peak will be reached. 
The policy of the Department in making use of existing institutions and 
facilities for training has been explained, but naturally considerable money 
must be spent on capital account. It will be hard to realize on a considerable 
portion of this capital when the work is finished. It is, therefore, desirable 
to keep the expenditure on capital account as low as possible. 
In order, however, satisfactorily to administer the work, some estimate 
must be made as to when this peak will come and when the work will end, 
also the rate at which it increases and decreases. For this purpose accurate 
statistics are necessary. 
For cost purposes it is essential to know the number of men being trained 
and the length of time they stay in each institution. For control it is necessary 
145 146 
to know the number of students which each teacher can handle. For purposes 
of criticism it is necessary to know how many pupils each instructor handles 
and the quality of the work done by him. In order properly to criticise our 
results it is necessary to know what becomes of the graduates. If these statistics 
are properly kept comparisons can be made as to costs and results, one district 
with another. 
As has been pointed out elsewhere if too many men take up one particular 
course, they would not only be competing with themselves but with other 
civilians in that occupation. It is, therefore, necessary to know what percen- 
tage of men are taking each occupation for which the Department is training- 
men, so that too many men may not enter one occupation. 
From the statistics gathered, the Department makes up the following 
monthly studies:-• 
Study No. 1.-Monthly tabulated statements of the number of indivi- 
duals taking re-training courses or attending Curative Workshop 
classes. These statistics are compiled each month for each Unit 
and are graphically represented in chart form in the main office of 
the Records Branch. 
Study No. 2.-Number of men taking re-training in Industries for each 
Unit by months. This report is taken from Form 145 and tabulated 
statement of same. 
Study No. 3.-Compilation of subjects, schools, institutions, and num- 
ber of men attending classes in all schools by Units for each month. 
Study No. 4.-Comparison of the increase or decrease of attendance 
of men taking re-training, also Curative Workshop training. 
Study No. 5.-Information available at short notice such as, attendance, 
progress, etc., for any pupil for whom the extension of course is in 
question. 
Study No. 6.-Percentage of distribution of men in the various re- 
training courses by months by Units, with a master compilation 
showing the percentage of distribution of men in various re-training 
courses for all of Canada. 
Study No. 7.-Increase and decrease in the number of Individuals in 
any class by month by Unit graphically represented. 
Study No. 8.-Comparison of telegraphic monthly attendance, infor- 
mation submitted on Form No. 145 for all Units by months. 
Study No. 9.'-The checking of Students' and Instructors' Time Sheets, 
Forms No. 145 and 146 which are sent to the Headquarters Office 
by the various District Vocational Officers. Form No. 145 is for- 
warded to the Headquarters Office weekly and Form No. 146 
monthly. 
Study No. 10.-Cross check No. 146 with No. 145 regarding instruction 
distribution of time. 
Study No. 11.-Hours of instruction various courses for all Schools, all 
Units. 
Study No. 12.-Percentage of distribution of graduates under courses. 
Study No. 13.-Tabulated Statement of Re-training containing figures 
for the following headings:- 
Applications to Ottawa, Cases Surveyed, Form No. 106 D.S.T.B. Pen- 
ding Information and result of treatment, Non-eligible cases, Courses 
Approved, Extensions, Courses Granted but Not Accepted, Courses 
discontinued, Courses Completed, Courses concurred in not notified 
as having commenced, Courses notified as commenced, Number at 
present taking courses, Change of course, Current Discharged Re- 
training, Current Undischarged Re-training, Curative Workshops, 
Courses deferred, Courses Suspended, Courses Pending Decision. 147 
No. 13. is issued in two forms, accumulative and non-cumulative. The 
first represents the work of the Vocational Branch in re-training 
disabled soldiers from June, 1917, to the end of the current month, 
and the second, the work for the current month only. 
On page 148 is found study No. 13 for the month ending 31st December, 1918. 
The statistics in regard to men in the classes, and subject taken, are collec- 
ted on Form 145. The statistics in regard to instructors and the subjects they 
teach, together with the hours allotted to each subject, are collected on Form 
No. 146. These forms are filed under districts and institutions and the monthly 
compilation of results is shown on a graphic chart on each file. The results 
collected from these weekly class registers are checked against the number of 
courses granted, extended, changed or discontinued, passing through the Case 
Superintendent's hands. The results on Form No. 145 are checked with the 
results tabulated on Form No. 146. 
The forms used in the follow-up branch are shown herewith. A copy- of 
each of these forms is kept in the district office and a copy sent to the Head 
Office in Ottawa. The total of each of the items in Study No. 13 is checked 
every month by telegraphic advice from the districts. This system of cross- 
checking t'he statistics vouches for their accuracy. 
Examples of information that can be gained from statistic data on file are 
shown throughout this volume. It is hardly necessary to discuss further the 
necessity of this information in controlling the administration of the Vocational 
Branch. 
Form No. 145 is printed in two colours, white for the men taking industrial 
re-training, and pink for curative workshops. They are filed separately. From 
these school attendance charts we are able to obtain the maximum and minimum 
number of individuals in class month by month, and the maximum capacity 
for each institution for absorbing students. Curves are plotted for each institu- 
tion where training is given, week by week, all over Canada and at the end of 
the year are plotted, showing the year's work. This supplies information as 
to whether a school has reached its maximum capacity and whether further 
accommodation is necessary. The total cost of any subject in any institution 
or school under the control of the Department may be ascertained from these 
forms; at the end of each month an analysis of the school activities throughout 
the Dominion is compiled. 
All vital statistics in regard to each man are kept in a separate ledger, under 
his name. These vital statistics are continually tabulated on a Hollerith tabula- 
tion card and at any time any information in regard to the graduates may be 
obtained by running the cards through the Hollerith sorting machine. 
The information tabulated on these cards is as follows:- 
1. The unit where training is given. 
2. Regimental number and rank. 
3. Name. 
4. Disability. 
5. The district in which training is given. 
6. City in which training is given. 
7. The institution in which training is given. 
8. The course selected. 
9. The actual number of months in training. 
10. Previous occupation or occupations in detail. 
11. Previous salary. 
12. Present occupation. 
13. Present salary. 
14. Percentage increase in salary. 
15. Percentage decrease in salary. 
16. Comments and remarks. 148 
3 
w 
o 
9,223 
407 
1,234 
516 
1,531 
929 
253 
877 
637 
711 
2,128 
Applications to 
Ottawa-Cases 
Surveyed Form 
No. 106 D.S.T. 
B. 
Compiled from H.Q. Record Cards. 
CO 
00 
Ci oo co to Ci oo 
15 
13 
10 
22 
Pending Infor- 
mation and 
Result of 
Treatment. 
C5 
24 
73 
32 
184 
81 
6 
20 
21 
46 
125 
Non-eligible 
Cases. 
8,004 
367 
1,097 
459 
1,270 
771 
207 
817 
562 
611 
1,843 
Cases 
Approved. 
co 
to 
79 
98 
14 
196 
71 
31 
83 
48 
87 
265 
Extensions. 
*; 
14 
50 
27 
130 
34 
4 
00 CO Or 
-I 00 00 CO 
Courses Grant- 
ed not 
Accepted. 
O 
30 
48 
44 
140 
78 
19 
147 
63 
44 
94 
Courses 
Discontinued. 
2,285 
137 
413 
176 
239 
163 
31 
204 
86 
169 
667 
Courses 
Completed. 
1,088 
31 
101 
59 
139 
126 
64 
62 
169 
72 
265 
Courses con- 
curred in not 
notified as hav- 
ing commenced. 
6,461 
322 
946 
373 
1,001 
611 
139 
702 
375 
501 
1,491 
Courses 
notified as 
commenced. 
3,469 
155 
485 
153 
622 
370 
89 
351 
226 
288 
730 
Number at 
present taking 
courses. 
• Compiled from Monthly Telegraphic Reports. 
12 
11 
3 
23 
23 
4 
20 
3 
10 
54 
Change of 
course. 
3,182 
138 
417 
155 
419 
388 
82 
391 
175 
270 
747 
Current 
discharged 
Re-Education. 
O Ci O O O 
o o o o 
Current Un- 
discharged 
Re-Education. 
3,189 
138 
417 
155 
425 
388 
83 
391 
175 
270 
747 
Total. 
1,999 
394 
63 
150 
72 
381 
0 
75 
179 
145 
540 
Vocational 
(Conv.) Day. 
Cn 
00 
00 
532 
480 
305 
497 
769 
83 
466 
354 
415 
1,287 
Grand total. 
Ci 
■ 15 
3 
56 
39 
1 
11 
10 
22 
Courses 
deferred. 
to 
4 
55 
18 
48 
28 
5 
10 
17 
1 
25 
Courses 
suspended. 
s 
13 
58 
23 
64 
69 
34 
25 
41 
44 
138 
Pending 
decision. 
December 31, 1918. 
Compiled by E.N.R. 149 
These are what we call the vital statistics in regard to the graduates, and 
it is from these statistics that the results in Chapter 13 are derived. 
Up to the 31st December, 1918, preliminary interviews had been made 
in the various units as follows:- 
"A" Unit 5,646 
"B" Unit 3,303 
"C" Unit 3., 885 
"D" Unit 13,763 
"F" Unit 4,251 
"G" Unit 1,639 
"H" Unit 1,682 
"I" Unit 3,049 
"J" Unit 5,602 
"K" Unit 642 
making a total in Canada of 43,462. 
Up to this time 8,004 men had been granted re-training courses. This 
shows that practically 20 per cent of the men being discharged through the 
invalided section were found eligible for training. After applications to 
Ottawa for training have finally been disposed of they are tabulated under eleven 
headings, a detailed analysis of which is made daily and consolidated in a monthly 
report. The eleven headings, constituting Study No. 13, are as follows:- 
1. Courses approved. 
2. Decisions withheld pending further information. 
3. Non-eligible cases. 
4. Granted but not accepted. 
5. Commencement of courses deferred. 
6. Courses commenced and put on pay and allowances. • 
7. Courses extended. 
8. Courses changed. 
9. Courses suspended. 
10. Courses discontinued. 
11. Courses completed. 
From this a further division is made as follows:- 
1. Approved, by courses. 
2. Approved, courses by disabilities. 
3. Commencement of courses, by subjects. 
4. Commencement of courses, by disabilities. 
5. Discontinued, by courses. 
6. Discontinued, by disabilities. 
7. Completed, by courses. 
8. Completed, by disabilities. 
9. Transferred from Vocational Branch for treatment to Medical 
Branch. 
10. Transferred from treatment, Medical Branch, back to the strength 
of the Vocational Branch for training. 
11. Transferred from Unit to Unit. 
Each of these headings is analysed from time to time in order to gain infor- 
mation as to the reasons for success or non-success of different classes. 
In Chapter 13 we have shown an analysis up to 31st December, 1918, of 
the men who have discontinued their courses with the reasons, analysis, of the 
men who have graduated and their disposition. Interesting analyses have been 
made of the men who have discontinued in regard to their disabilities. 
It would take too much time here to go into the organization of statistics 
to control supplies and equipment. Complete ledgers are kept of the equipment 150 
in each institution and the supplies sent to it, as well as the disposition of these 
supplies. From these statistics we obtain the distribution of our costs. 
In order to do this it was necessary to have an inventory taken of the 
equipment of all existing schools which were taken over by the Department, 
and in all institutions where the Department supplied the equipment direct. 
These Equipment Ledgers are accessible at any time and show the amount of 
equipment in any class-room in any school, which is directly under the Depart- 
ment of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. The vocational equipment is pur- 
chased through the Chief Purchasing Agent of the Department of Soldiers' 
Civil Re-Establishment. Certain small purchases, under $50, may be 
purchased locally, by the Vocational Officer, providing permission is received 
from the Director of the Unit. 
The Equipment Ledgers are of greater value than merely to contain a 
statement of the amount of equipment on hand at the various schools. They 
are constantly referred to, when additional equipment is required, in order 
that there may not be duplication of machinery for any school, also that the 
machinery supplied will be such that the experience gained will be diversified. 
When course outlines are submitted to Ottawa, the Equipment Ledgers are 
scanned very closely in order to ascertain whether or not the school possesses 
the equipment for satisfactorily giving the course suggested. If the equipment 
is found to be inadequate, a suggestion is made that it be brought up to date 
by the purchase of second-hand or new machinery, so that every moment of 
the soldier's time during his re-training course will be profitably spent. That 
is, the greater stress is placed on practical demonstration and operation. 
The Equipment Ledgers also give a definite, reliable record of all tools 
and machinery loaned by the various manufacturers of machinery for certain 
purposes, such as demonstration of tractors, sulky ploughs, disc harrows, gas 
engines, magnetos, carburetors, delco lighting systems, battery sections, demon- 
stration boards of various kinds; in fact, a great variety of machinery which 
is of extreme importance to the school but need not be purchased since manu- 
facturers make it a point of their advertising to supply schools with demon- 
stration material, providing it is returned after a certain definite period, in 
good condition. By means of these agreements with manufacturers and 
distributors, the Vocational Branch of the Department has been able to save 
many thousands of dollars. 
It is well to note at this point, however, that there is a certain limited 
utility in this borrowed material. It may not be disassembled or worked with 
in a practical way. That is, a tractor which is loaned, is loaned for demon- 
stration purposes only, and is more or less on display. When we attempt to 
take it apart to show its component parts, or put it under power for ploughing 
and harrowing, we encounter difficulties. Hence it is necessary that a certain 
amount of equipment of this kind should be owned by the Department. 
The organization of the equipment and supplies requisitions is such that 
each institution has a code number and each class or type of work is numerically 
known, so that it is possible in the distribution of equipment and supplies, 
to know to what particular class-room they are destined. 
On account of the information and studies which have been made regarding 
equipment and supplies, the men who are in charge of this work in the Vocational 
Branch at Ottawa, are in a position to be and are of inestimable assistance to 
the Vocational Officers in the various Units, in the selection and layout of the 
various school shop equipment, also regarding the manner in which it may be 
best utilized to get the most intensive, practical experience. 151 
DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
INVALIDED SOLDIERS' COMMISSION 
Vocational Branch Employment R,ecord of Re-Training Case. A 
No Rank Name., 
» 
I hereby certify that the above named completed his course of re-training 
in the subject of 
given at on 19 
(Institution or Firm or both) 
*and (a) has obtained employment (b) has commenced business for himself 
as *at (a) or (b) 
(Occupation) (a) Firm, etc. (b) Place 
at a wage of (a) per 
Hour, day, week, month, etc. 
REMARKS 
Dated at 19 
District Vocational Officer. 
*(a) or (b) cross out words not applicable. 
Note.-This form must be sent to the Head Office, Ottawa, within one 
week after the date on which a man finishes his course. A copy should be kept 
on file by the D.V.O. If for any reason the man has not found employment, it 
should be stated under "Remarks". 
I. S. C. F. 2-A. 25m 6-18. 152 
DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
Vocational Branch Follow-up Record of Re-Training Case *B 
No Rank Name 
I hereby certify that the above named is (a) still (b)J not now employed 
as by at 
Firm, etc. Place 
J(a) at a wage of per month. His (b)J late employer reports 
that 
$(b) and is now employed as by 
Firm, etc. 
at at a wage of per 
Place ' 
J(c) is in business for himself and is 
Progress, success, etc. 
REMARKS 
+(a), (b) or (c) Cross out words not applicable. 
Date at 
District Vocational Officer 
Note.-This form must be sent to the Head Office, Ottawa, one month after 
S.C.R. Form 2A is sent in and monthly thereafter until the man is definitely 
settled in a position. 
JAfter B state serial number of Follow-up Record, as B 1, B 2, etc. 
S. C. R. F. 2 B-75m-1-19. 153 
Weekly Class Register of Attendance of Men in at Unit 
Weekly Class Register of Attendance of Men in at Unit 
(Institution) (City or Province) • 
(From a.m..., A.M.l (From p.m p.m.) Weekending 
Subject Class Periods j !- ■-! • 
(From a.m a.m.J (From p.m p.m.) 19.... 
Regimental 
No. 
Name with Initials 
Surname First) 
Dis- 
charged 
or Undis- 
charged. 
Course. 
Date of Lesson. 
Total 
Number 
of Hrs. 
Total 
Possible 
Hours. 
Percent 
Attend- 
ance. 
Con- 
duct. 
Pro- 
gress. 
Effort. 
Comments: 
Absence or Conduct. 
(This column must be used). 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
Instructors and Assistants. 
Grand totals 
Industrial Re-Education. 
For the Colums: Conduct, 
Progress and Effort, Letter 
E=Excellent, G = Good; 
F=Fair; P=Poor. 
Signature of Instructor. 
Present A.M., Absent 
with Excuse P.M. 
Present P.M., Absent 
with Excuse A.M. 
Absent all Day, 
with Excuse. 
Absent all Day 
Excused Later. 
DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
Note. 
The General Sign de- 
noting Excused Absence 
is shown by a Wavy Line 
through the period ex- 
cused. This may be done 
at the time of marking 
or later. 
Present A.M., Absent 
without Excuse P.M. 
Present P.M., Absent 
without Excuse A.M. 
Present A.M. and P.M. 
Absent all day 
without Excuse. 
Standard 
Symbols: 
To be used in Re- 
cording Atten- 
dance. 
S. C. R. Form 145. 50,000-10-18 154 
Monthly Time Table 
of. 
Main 
Subject 
(Instructor) 
■ 
.... at. 
(Institution) 
City 
Town (Place) 
Week ending 
.Unit.. 
.19 
A.M. 
TEACHING HOURS. 
P.M. 
8 
9 
10 
1 
1 
1 
- 
5 
Mon, 
Tub. 
Wed. 
Thur. 
Fri. 
■ 
Sat. 
• 
Signature of Instructor. 
DEPARTMENT OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
* 
Invalided Soldiers' Commission 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
Note.-In case an Instructor is teaching two or more subjects at one time, he should put the names of the subjects in the oblong space 
enclosed by him to denote the time spent and allot the time given to each in percentages. Should the space not be large enough for the 
subjects; denote in space thus, * and write the subjects as a Foot Note following a star. Also indicate whether teaching occupational 
therapy or industrial re-education in oblong spaces. 
I. S. C. Form 146.-30,000-5-18 CHAPTER XII. 
COSTS OF VOCATIONAL BRANCH. 
Although it is necessary from the administrative standpoint, to know the 
cost of doing certain work, it must also be borne in mind that the efficiency of 
the Vocational Branch of the Department of Soldiers' Civil-Re-Establishment 
cannot be measured by the cost because in the last analysis the purpose of the 
Branch is to re-train disabled soldiers and not manufacture articles or material 
at a minimum cost. However, in order that all equipment and supplies furnished, 
may be handled judiciously and conserved as part of the nation's wealth, it is 
necessary that a very strict supervision be placed upon their use and disposal, 
so that the losses of supplies through careless workmanship or general shortages 
may be minimised and the too rapid deterioration of equipment may be controlled. 
The unit used to measure the costs, is the cost per month per man taking- 
training. This is the only unit that can be used. Included in these costs 
however are a number of items that should not be charged to training but which 
cannot be readily separated. 
In addition to a large number of interviews with men who are granted 
courses, the Vocational Branch interviews all men discharged through the 
invalided secftion of the discharge depots. Since the inception of the work the 
Branch has interviewed over 43,000 men in person, as to their need for re- 
training. The expense of the interviewing and clerical work in connection with 
this work is carried by the cost of training. 
Included in these costs also is the cost of carrying the Ward Aides and 
administering that work. None of the men who take work in the wards are 
enrolled as students. The full cost of training the 270 girls for this work has been 
charged to "D" Unit. 
These costs also carry the transportation of students from place to place 
for training. A large number of men have to come in from outside points to 
our offices to be interviewed. 
In the chapters preceding this will also be noticed the benefits which are 
given to men free of charge in the way of medical examination and care during 
their course. The costs include as a charge the salaries of the medical staff 
and their office expenses, also the costs of the industrial surveys treated in 
Chapter 9, as well as the costs of the After-care Department. 
As is generally found in an organization of this magnitude, certain difficulties 
may be met with in obtaining promptly all the information required to give a 
comprehensive result. The difficulties experienced in the past lead us to believe 
that the greatest obstacles have been getting the expenditures charged to the 
month in which it was made, and a prompt charging of supplies directly to 
the class using the same. Steps are being taken to remedy these two conditions 
at this time. 
It is impossible to compare these costs with those in any other educational 
system on account of the expense of interviewing, inspecting, medical exam- 
ination, industrial surveys, after-care and ward aide work, and also because 
the individual nature of the work done for each man is not done in high school, 
technical school or university. The system of individual instruction and 
flexible syllabi is nowhere carried to the same extent. This entails fewer students 
to each instructor and a greater executive staff. This system also carries the 
expense of factory inspection, industrial surveys and medical work, not carried 
by any other system, all of which is included in the cost per month per man. 
155 156 
The remarkable expansion of the work has necessitated considerable expense 
for organization, and since the work was so new a great deal of research and 
experiment had to be undertaken. This is all carried in the unit costs. 
On the financial statements which are submitted by the Chief Accountant, 
the various accounts are indicated by code numbers, the whole number being- 
used for group expenditures and the decimal following for a differentiation of 
the group. The numbers which have been allocated to the Vocational Branch 
for vocational expenditures, not including rentals of buildings or purchase 
thereof, purchase of equipment, range from 500 to 532 with a few omissions 
which have not been carried out by the Accounting Branch, as follows: 519, 
521, 522, 523, 524, 525 and 529. Expenditures corresponding to these numbers 
have not, up to the present time, been allocated to vocational work. No doubt 
when the work expands they will be utilized. 
The total of the current vocational expenditures, except pay and allowances 
by Units, has been carefully recorded from August, 1917, to December 31st, 
1918. A compilation of these expenditures (Table No. 1, page 159) is attached 
to this report, which shows the total expenditures for all Units, both individually 
and collectively, and the gross total for the seventeen months amounts to 
$1,240,442.78, without pay and allowances. 
An itemized list of the detailed accounts corresponding with the code 
numbers is attached, shown in table No. 2, page 160. 
The information received from the units weekly, on our weekly reports 
of attendance of the number of individuals who attend vocational classes, 
has been carefully inspected and the total in each Unit, during each month 
ranging over a period from August, 1917, to December 31st, 1918, is appended 
in table No. 3, page 161. 
As far as vocational costs are concerned, the best we have been able to do 
up to the present time, is to take the statements which are rendered monthly 
by the Accountant's Branch and divide the total current expenditures, without 
Pay and Allowances, for each Unit, each month, by the number of individuals 
who are collectively attending industrial re-training and curative workshop 
classes in that Unit. This analysis is shown in table No. 4, page 162. 
As an example of how this work is carried on, we will take as a specific 
instance, the expenditure for "A" Unit for August, 1917, amounting to 
$2,481.79. The total number of individuals attending classes during that 
month was 227. Therefore the result of dividing this expenditure by the number 
of individuals receiving training is $19.42 which gives the unit cost per man for 
instruction for that particular month. 
This study has been carried on for the seventeen months, as noted, and 
the average expenditures for all units are tabulated at the extreme right hand 
of table No. 4. From this analysis the highest cost per man per month is 
$23.06 in "I" Unit, and the lowest $14.02 in "J" Unit. The mean over all 
Canada for the seventeen months isr $18.07. It is impossible to get from the 
Accountant a distribution for November and December of "C," "D" and 
"F" Units. The total expenditures were grouped in "D" Unit and the allot- 
ment for each unit cannot be made until a trial balance is taken. 
It is very difficult to obtain information as to the costs of carrying on 
educational work in civil institutions. However, the Bureau of Education of 
the Department of the Interior, United States Government, has made some 
investigations into the costs of operating universities and agricultural colleges 
in the States of Washington and Iowa. In Bulletin No. 19 issued by that 
Bureau in 1917 on page 110 are found some very interesting figures touching 
the costs in these institutions. The costs given in this table cover all current 
operating and administrative expenses, but not capital cost, and are comparable 
with those given in Table No. 4 in this chapter. The costs in these institutions 
for the school year for each man based on the average attendance are as 
follows:- 157 
State University of Iowa $271 .00 per school year 
Iowa State College of Agriculture and 
Mechanical Arts 271.00 " 
University of Washington 192..77 " " 
Washington State College .* 289..79 " " 
The average of these four is $257.26 per man per school year. 
This report does not state the length of the school year but it is probably 
seven months, if, however, it is taken as eight months the average cost per month 
per man would be $32.16 which is much higher than the average cost in the 
Vocational Branch of the Department. 
It must be remembered that these colleges do not carry the charges for 
interviewing, medical care and examination, industrial surveys, after-care, 
transportation of students, ward aides and the training of certain instructors, 
as do the costs of the Vocational Branch in Canada given in this chapter. 
It may be stated further that our attempts to find detail costs up to the 
present time have been somewhat crude, owing to the work being in a process 
of organization, and the impossibility of getting information with which to 
work, so that separate analyses might be made of the various kinds of school 
activities. However, during the past few weeks, two men have been working- 
on a preliminary survey of this work, and in a very short time school stores 
will be established all over Canada, so that each school class room will be charged 
directly with the supplies which it consumes by months. There will also be 
a distribution of the administrative expenses of the institution where the class is 
carried. This item will cover all salaries of office staff and employees, excepting 
those who are strictly speaking, instructors of the class. This will be propor- 
tioned to the number of individuals who are receiving training in the institution. 
From this a ratio will be made which will be chargeable to the particular class 
which is being supplied. Instructors' salaries will also be proportioned in the 
same way, by means of information received from our lists of personnel, the 
pay lists of the units which are sent to Headquarters, Ottawa, also by studies 
of Form 145 which shows the attendance of classes per week, Form 146 which 
show the distribution of instructors' time, where they are teaching more than 
one subject. 
Overhead expenditure will also be considered by institutions. This item 
will be segregated showing cost of light, heat, power, rent, maintenance, and 
repairs of buildings and equipment, and depreciation of the same. This amount 
will also be proportioned according to the number of individuals receiving- 
training in the institution. 
Equipment expenditures will be analyzed very carefully to cover the cost 
of new and second-hand equipment which is purchased or supplied to the schools 
from time to time, and will be proportioned to each class according to its use 
by that class. 
The expenditure for supplies necessitates that a return be made from each 
school to Unit Office, thence to Head Office, showing actual value of supplies 
consumed each month, and a list on Form 62, or some other form, will have to 
be drawn up. These forms will cover all materials used by the class as entering 
into the products of training. 
Transportation will cover car fares issued to members of the classes in 
places where it is necessary for the students to make use of the street cars in 
going to and from training. 
Administrative expenses of the Unit Headquarters officers, and the adminis- 
trative expenses of the Head Offices of the Vocational Branch, Department of 
Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment, Ottawa, will also be proportioned pro rata 
to the students in each respective Unit. 
From the total expenditures, both direct and indirect, it will be necessary 
to deduct the revenue from sale of articles produced by the class, together with 158 
other refunds or recoveries which may be effected through sale of equipment or 
other assets. To this result must be added the total of Vocational Pay and 
Allowances to the classes, and this figure should then present the total cost of 
the class for a given period. 
The refunds which come from clasps are made out in the Units in the 
form of a cheque payable to the Receiver General. Any shop work product is 
a true indication of the quality of workmanship and skill which has been achieved 
by the students. The fact that these products have a marketable value and 
are in constant demand is most gratifying. However, it should be pointed out 
that there is a tendency in the classes to manufacture one small article or line 
which has a market value and shows a profit. As we proceed, therefore, to 
locate the student costs in all our classes we must be most careful through super- 
vision and instruction to see that there is no exploitation and that the subjects 
of instruction are selected from a broad point of view, rather than that of an 
ordinary business procedure. 159 
Units: 
Months. 
A & E 
Quebec. 
B 
Nova 
Scotia. 
C 
E. Ont. 
D 
C. Ont. 
F 
W. Ont. 
G 
Manitoba 
H 
Sask. 
1 
Alberta. 
J 
B.C. 
K 
N.B 
Total. 
August 
§ cts. 
2,481 79 
S cts. 
2,462 78 
$ cts. 
2,718 89 
$ cts. 
3,842 00 
$ cts. 
1,978 87 
$ cts. 
2,417 95 
S cts. 
1,910 76 
8 cts. 
4,365 82 
8 cts. 
3,035 85 
.§ cts. 
$ cts. 
25,214 71 
September 
3,430 08 
2,826 10 
1,512 22 
6,241 73 
837 64 
5,387 21 
5,148 96 
3,665 96 
2,633 30 
31,683 20 
October 
3,911 19 
3,306 01 
2,613 35 
6,010 35 
1,574 66 
6,035 83 
2,897 77 
3,990 13 
3,525 19 
172 40 
34,037 08 
November 
5,606 12 
2,726 65 
1,685 51 
7,715 80 
923 14 
21,914 10 
2,434 91 
10,482 96 
2,384 52 
742 92 
56,616 63 
December 
5,069 87 
2,672 68 
2,162.88 
4,891 18 
1,003 71 
7,697 67 
2,536 82 
6,053 18 
3,416 10 
754 77 
36,258 86 
January 
7,812 24 
3,763 68 
2,990 09 
9,047 86 
1,355 18 
13,430 74 
6,680 88 
7,093 20 
6,033 02 
918 65 
59,125 54 
February 
6,931 81 
4,935 32 
3,538 17 
11,833 67 
2,527 02 
10,251 21 
2,379 06 
8,684 09 
4,353 09 
766 53 
56,199 97 
March 
5,986 51 
3,500 37 
2,174 13 
16,742 67 
5,980 42 
9,399 00 
6,580 03 
7,302 84 
4,630 96 
649 38 
62,946 31 
April 
7,794 82 
5,324 16 
2,248 77 
12,999 45 
1,680 78 
9,921 47 
2,789 93 
10,492 53 
5,995 04 
1,038 62 
60,285 57 
May 
8,778 55 
4,740 36 
4,603 65 
23,944 37 
3,699 09 
10,964 26 
3,037 92 
9,068 52 
8,816 34 
547 61 
78,200 67 
June 
11,129 07 
5,501 80 
6,343 91 
22,193 07 
5,456 61 
12,424 57 
5,229 54 
7,787 43 
6,481 56 
1,187 74 
83,735 30 
July 
7,768 61 
4,881 45 
4,518 04 
42,131 36 
4,939 21 
8,270 79 
2,682 07 
8,874 09 
8,010 40 
713 20 
92,789 22 
August 
9,281 43 
5,344 12 
4,101 08 
29,718 95 
5,755 08 
9,477 62 
2,667 78 
6,496 75 
8,373 19 
881 72 
82,097 72 
September 
7,382 54 
4,946 89 
7,408 86 
42,534 03 
8,239 76 
8,058 85 
2,373 43 
9,084 69 
8,620 19 
979 65 
99,628 89 
October 
12,794 08 
6,609 45 
5,906 24 
44,709 77 
6,774 01 
9,551 79 
2,827 82 
10,854 78 
11,146 33 
910 70 
112,084 97 
November 
13,667 52 
8,457 81 
65,288 27 
Inc. C, F 
16,192 89 
2,805 56 
13,614 56 
15,352 47 
1,121 03 
136,500 11 
December 
12,956 28 
6,839 98 
64,432 37 
Inc. C, F 
13,854 03 
4,634 49 
12,101 02 
16,352 90 
1,866 96 
133,038 03 
TABLE No. 1. 
• General Vocational Expenditures by Months. 
August, 1917, to December, 1918. 
Table 1 does not include pay and allowances. 
Standing Account numbers 500 to 532, omitting 503, 519, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 529. 
Total Expenditures $1,240,442.78 160 
TABLE No. 2. 
Standing Account Numbers. 
500 Salaries H. O. Staff. 
501 " D. V. O's Staffs. 
502 " Instructors. 
504 Travelling expenses, H. O. Staff. 
505 " D. V. O. 
506 Stationery Office Supplies. 
507 Proportion Machine Shop Expenses (Guelph). 
508 Rent. 
509 Light, Heat and Power. 
510 Taxes. 
511 Insurance. 
512 Maintenance and Repairs, Office 'Furniture. 
513 " " Buildings. 
514 Automobile Expenses. 
515 Undist. Frt. and Express. 
516 Miscellaneous Expenses. 
517 Transportation of Students. 
518 Clothing. 
520 Laundry. 
526 Telephone. 
527 Telegraph. 
528 Postage. 
530 Education Expense. 
531 Correspondence and Business College. 
532 Text Books. 161 
Units: 
Months. 
A & E 
Quebec. 
B 
Nova 
Scotia. 
C 
E. Ont. 
D 
C. Ont. 
F 
W. Ont. 
G 
Manitoba. 
H 
Sask. 
I 
Alberta. 
J 
B.C. 
K 
N.B. 
Total. 
August 
227 
193 
195 
275 
117 
223 
200 
273 
290 
1,993 
September 
278 
202 
206 
509 
120 
377 
137 
201 
278 
2,308 
October 
392 
247 
173 
562 
140 
603 
148 
271 
297 
2,833 
November 
539 
227 
274 
594 
90 
577 
176 
318 
329 
47 
3,171 
December 
412 
247 
263 
678 
128 
607 
160 
262 
353 
43 
3,153 
January . 
474 
226 
328 
695 
209 
488 
231 
313 
390 
35 
3,389 
February 
535 
273 
276 
984 
193 
678 
269 
356 
417 
50 
4,031 
March 
516 
288 
262 
900 
213 
550 
204 
354 
477 
53 
3,817 
April 
530 
268 
192 
884 
205 
410 
313 
369 
425 
28 
3,624 
May 
538 
223 
249 
. 971 
205 
478 
226 
385 
474 
27 
3,776 
lune 
484 
264 
270 
971 
235 
434 
206 
386 
534 
29 
3,813 
July 
508 
295 
231 
1,113 
318 
445 
205 
340 
495 
31 
3,981 
August 
432 
307 
208 
1,173 
277 
364 
158 
372 
530 
40 
3,861 
September 
553 
326 
234 
1,149 
326 
358 
129 
300 
534 
46 
3,955 
October 
472 
304 
250 
1,150 
413 
360 
104 
356 
543 
46 
3,998 
November 
494 
386 
317 
1,318 
472 
420* 
200 
356 
746 
66 
4,775 
December 
517 
354 
415 
1,287 
532 
480 
305 
497 
769 
83 
5,239 
Total 
7,901 
4,630 
4,343 
15,213 
4,193 
7,852 
3,371 
5,709 
7,881 
624 
61,717 
Figures in italic are Unit comparative factors and not total number of individuals or "non-month" Units. 
*On account of the Spanish influenza in Winnipeg during the month of November, 1918, the average attendance for October and December was taken in substitute 
for the number of pupils during November. This is equivalent to the number of men who were on Pay and Allowances plus those in curative workshops. 
TABLE No. 3. 
Total Attendance Curative Workshops and Re-Education. 
August, 1917 to December, 1918. 162 
Units: 
Months. 
A & E 
Quebec. 
B 
Nova 
Scotia. 
C 
E. Ont. 
D 
C. Ont. 
F 
W. Ont. 
G 
Manitoba. 
H 
Sask. 
I 
Alberta. 
J 
B.C. 
K 
N.B 
Average 
all Units. 
August 
$ cts. 
.. 19-42 
$ cts. 
12-75 
$ cts. 
13-94 
$ cts. 
14-00 
$ cts. 
16-90 
$ cts. 
10-84 
$ cts. 
9-55 
$ cts. 
15-98 
$ cts. 
10-47 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
13-76 
September 
18-88 
14-00 
7-35 
12-25 
6-97 
14-28 
37-60 
18-25 
9-47 
15-45 
October 
19-99 
13-38 
15-01 
10-70 
11-25 
10 06 
19-58 
14-72 
11-87 
14-06 
November 
19-54 
12-00 
6-15 
13-00 
10-25 
16-10 
10-99 
13-36 
5-42 
11-60 
12-21 
December 
11-76 
10-82 
8-22 
7-21 
7-84 
12-68 
15-85 
23-10 
9-68 
17-55 
12-27 
January 
24-88 
16-63 
9-12^ 
13-00 
6-48 
27-50 
28-88 
22-66 
15-47 
26-22 
18-07* 
February 
19-91 
18-08 
12-82 
12-03 
13-09 
15-12 
8-84 
24-39 
10-44 
15-33 
16-71 
March 
18-32 
12-15 
8-29 
18-60 
28-07 
17-09 
33-25 
20-63 
9-71 
12-25 
17-72 
April 
24-63 
19-87 
11-72 
14-82 
8-19 
24-20 
8-94 
28-43 
14-10 
37-09 
17-45 
May 
25-17 
21-26 
18-49 
24-66 
18-04 
23-00 
13-44 
23-55 
18-62 
20-28 
18-77 
June .. 
33-25 
20-84 
23-49 
22-88 
23-22 
28-70 
25-89 
20-17 
12-15 
40-95 
22-87 
July 
15-29 
16-54 
19-55 
37-85 
15-53 
18-58 
13-08 
26-10 
16-78 
23 00 
20-23 
August 
21 46 
17 40 
19-71 
25-25 
20 77 
23 29 
16-88 
17-33 
15-79 
22-04 
19-92 
September ........ 
13-35 
15-17 
31-66 
27-01 
25-27 
22-79 
18-39 
30-28 
16-14 
21-29 
23-13 
October 
27-10 
21-74 
23-62 
38-87 
16-40 
26-53 
27-19 
30-49 
20-52 
19-79 
25-22 
November 
27-66 
21-91 
30-98 
Inc. C, F 
38-55 
14-02 
38-24 
20-57 
16-98 
20-89 
December 
25-06 
19-35 
28-84 
Inc. C, F 
28-86 
15-19 
24-34 
21-25 
22-49 
18-53 
Average 
21-51 
16-69 
13-47 
21-29 
13-42 
21-06 
18-68 
23-06 
14-02 
18-05 
18-07 
TABLE No. 4. 
General Expenditures-Cost of Vocational Training per Man per Month. 
August, 1917 to December, 1918. 
Table No. 4 does not include Pay and Allowances. CHAPTER XIII. 
AFTER-CARE AND RESULTS. 
This chapter is devoted to a discussion of the results of industrial re- 
training. 
There is no measure of the work done by Ward Aides or in the Curative 
Workshops except the opinion of the doctors. There is sufficient evidence in 
the form of unsolicited letters from the doctors to show that occupational 
therapy has attained remarkable results in the way of shortening the period 
of treatment, early discharge of the men, more permanent cures, and in the 
function of the muscles and nerves being restored to a greater degree of utility. 
The results of occupational therapy have been discussed more fully in the 
chapters treating on ward occupations and curative workshops. 
Industrial re-training, however, has the definite object in view of re-training 
disabled men to restore their earning power, arid the results would be definitely 
known if it were possible in every case to compare the man's wage earning 
power before he went to war with that after re-training. 
In any enterprise conducted for gain, the results are finally measured by 
the profit and loss account. On the debit side is placed the expenditure, and 
set off against this on the credit side is the income, the balance being profit. 
In industrial re-training, however, the debit side is ever present but the 
only credit is the number of men stabilized in civil life. This result can never 
be measured in dollars and cents. In order therefore, intelligently to a'dminister 
the work of industrial re-training it was thought that the Department should 
make a serious endeavour to find out what became of the graduates. It was 
also thought that it would be unwise to spend money on training men without 
making some.effort to see that they took advantage of the training. The work 
could not be considered as finished until the man was stabilized in employment. 
The most critical time for these disabled men is the first month or two 
after they graduate from training and return to wage earning. In order to 
meet these objects the follow-up and after-care was organized. We also gain 
knowledge regarding our failures and faults, and information as to where improve- 
ments may be made. We find the courses which are successful and those 
which are unsuccessful. 
The practical success of an industrial re-training scheme for disabled 
soldiers can be determined only by a study of averages. Individual success 
however brilliant can never be taken as proof that the system is efficient, nor 
can individual failure condemn. Only after a careful study of all the records 
of men who complete their re-training during a certain time, men of different 
ages and disabilities, can any definite conclusion be arrived at. 
The follow-up officer should be notified a month before a man is about 
to graduate from his course, and if possible to have a position ready for him. 
He is then required to visit the graduate within a week or two after he has 
been placed in employment, and, if he finds the man satisfactorily employed, 
make the next visit a month after that, with visits at increasing intervals 
until it is determined that the man is stabilized in industrial life. If a 
man is placed in employment and at the end of a week or month, his employ- 
ment is found unsuited to his disability, it is desirable for the follow-up officer 
to find another position more suited to him. 
This follow-up system was not put in force until the work had been in 
progress for one and a half years and it was necessary to get in touch with men 
who had already graduated and left. This was done through the Pensions 
Board and their visitors, through writing letters to their addresses and through 
the Great War Veterans and other returned soldiers' associations. 
163 164 
It is believed that Canada is the only country today having a complete 
follow-up system for the graduates of industrial re-training. 
The following therefore is a discussion of the results of industrial re-training 
only, based on the information gathered through the follow-up and after-care 
sections. 
Up to the 31st December, 1918, the Vocational Branch had interviewed 
43,462 soldiers in regard to industrial re-training. Out of this number the 
Disabled Soldiers' Training Board recommended to Ottawa for training 9,223 
soldiers. The head office concurred in granting 8,004 courses with pay and 
allowances. Out of the balance of 1,219-612 had been found ineligible and the 
balance were waiting the result of further information or further medical treatment. 
The 8,004 courses granted on December 31, 1918, were distributed as 
follows :•- 
Courses not accepted 455 
Courses discontinued 707 
Courses not commenced 1,088 
Men in training 3,469 
Completed courses 2,285 
8,004 
"Courses not accepted" refers to men who have been granted training but 
for some reason have declined to take advantage of it. It is well known that 
in Canada there is a large number of men who have at some time or other followed 
two or three occupations. When they are interviewed by the Disabled Soldiers' 
Training Board they do not always report all these occupations. Sometimes 
their disability unfits them for the occupation which they give when being 
interviewed, but they have another vocation which they can follow quite well 
notwithstanding their disability. Some of these men who have been granted a 
course refuse it and go back to their own occupation. Others find work which 
they can do quite well without training. A small number die before they are 
able to commence their courses, and others for various reasons do not present 
themselves for training at once, but turn up later when they find that they 
cannot carry on in civil life. 
Seven hundred and seven left their courses before training was completed. 
In striving to find the weak points in the re-training system it would seem that 
this discontinuance might furnish the key to certain defects and therefore they 
were carefully examined and classified in 14 groups. The number and percentage 
of men in each group is as follows :•-. 
•- 
No. 
Per Cent. 
No. 
Per Cent. 
Percentage 
of total men 
trained or in 
training 
Dec. 31 
1918, which 
was 5,754. 
1. Satisfactory work in other lines than that for 
which they were training 
2. In business for self 
3. To take up Land Settlement 
4. Taking further course 
165 
2 
14 
3 
23-34 
0-28 
1-98 
0-42 
184 
26 
3-2 
5. Deceased 
6. Re-attested in C.E.F 
7. Ill health 
8. Courses cancelled on account of bad attend- 
ance or misconduct 
9. Domestic troubles 
10. Gone abroad 
17 
32 
46 
27 
10 
94 
2-41 
4-53 
6,51 
3-82 
1-41 
13-30 
226 
32 
3-9 
11. No apparent reason for discontinuance 
12. No information given 
13. Course not suitable or man not satisfied 
14. Allowances insufficient 
100 
175 
12 
10 
14-14 
24-75 
1-70 
1-41 
297 
42 
5-2 
707 
100-00 
707 
100 165 
Of these, the first 184 men may be considered to be satisfactory. Of the 
first 165 a number will have gone back to their former occupations on account 
of improvement in health or a decrease in their disability. 
Those 226 cases falling in groups 5 to 10 may be considered as having 
discontinued from causes beyond the control of the Department. Those who 
were re-attested entered the army again on account of ill-health for further 
treatment prior to March, 1917. It is worthy of note that only 78 had to 
discontinue on account of ill health. This is only 1-3% of the men trained, or 
taking training, on December 31, 1918. 
In the next four groups (Nos. 11 to 14) of 297 men, will be found all the 
failures in the discontinued class. Most of these men simply left their classes; 
many of them doubtless went back to their old work due to improved health 
or decrease of disability; others were dissatisfied or courses were not suited to 
them. If they cannot carry on in civil life they may return for further training. 
The small proportion of those discontinued to the total number trained 
or training should be noted. 
One thousand and eighty-eight men have been approved for training but 
have not yet commenced. These are men who have gainful occupations at the 
present time-in munition work or some other work of a temporary character. 
They are doing well at the high wages at present ruling and they ask us to 
permit them to continue in their work for some time. Others have farms of 
their own and wish to attend to the completion of work on the farm before 
coming to take their courses. The Department feels that it is wise to allow 
these men to continue this work provided they are kept in touch with, and finally 
present themselves for training. A good deal of the work they are doing is of a 
temporary nature and when competition becomes keen they will be forced out 
and then come to us for assistance. 
There are no men at the present time awaiting training on account of lack 
of facilities. 
On 31st December, 1918, there were 3,469 men actually learning new occu- 
pations, and 2,285 had completed their training. The table herewith shows a 
summary of the follow-up reports from graduates from all units up to 31st 
December, 1918. z The 2,285 graduates have been divided into:- 
No. 
Percentage. 
No. 
Percentage. 
1. Following line of training 
1,491 
110 
65-2 
2. Unemployed 
4-8 
3. Sick or deceased 
56 
2-5 
4. Unable to trace 
197 
8-6 
431 men not following line of training 
distributed as 
follows:- 
5. Unskilled occunations ('manual') 
45 
1-9 
6. Unskilled occupations (general) 
199 
8-0 
7. Skilled occupations... (manual) 
54 
2-3 
8. Clerical 
4 
0-1 
9. Professional 
7 
0-3 
10. Farming 
12 
0-5 
11. Soldier (re-enlisted for light duty) 
12 
0-5 
12. Civil service 
24 
0-1 
13. Student 
7 
0-3 
14. Returned to nre-war occunation 
67 
2-9 
431 
18-9 
2-285 
100-0 
Figure No. 1 page 171 shows graphically the distribution of these men. 
Those who are following the lines for which they have been trained need no 
further comment. All failures will fall into the other classes, and some explan- 
ation of these classes is necessary. 
Among the 18-9% who are following other lines of occupation, will be 
found a number of men who went back to their old occupation. The fact 
should not be lost sight of that a number of men are awarded courses, who at 166 
the time their cases come up for consideration, sincerely believe that they cannot 
return to their former work. They are not malingerers but their belief is due 
to a state of institutionalism induced by their life in the army and in the hospital. 
After a few months of training with the Department they find that their idea 
is false and go back to their old occupation, but if they had not been trained by 
the Department they would have persisted in their former state of mind and very 
likely have sunk lower and lower in the social scale. 
Other men go back to some former occupation different from that given 
when they were interviewed. Others find remunerative employment in other 
lines of work for which little or no training is necessary. 
Some men come to us from the hospital unable immediately to follow the 
work in which they were engaged before the war, for the reason that while the 
doctors have done everything possible for them their convalescent period is 
not yet over and they must be given work in the meantime, otherwise their 
disability would increase through idleness and they might become confirmed 
cripples. Having followed a course of training they have become physically 
fit and return to their previous or some other occupation. These all fall within 
the 18-9% and are regarded by the Department as successful. 
It is significant that while these men may be following some other occupation 
than that for which they were trained, the fact remains that they are in employ- 
ment, and that when they come to us they sincerely believed that they could 
not follow any gainful occupation. 
An examination of the chart will show that 4-8% of the men trained are 
unemployed. This table was drawn up shortly after the 31st of December. 
A number of the men who had graduated within a week or so of this date and 
had not found employment, would be found to have employment later. Others 
are what might be called the unemployable, those who in civil life did not want 
to work and never would, while with others we have failed in our endeavour to 
train them. 
It might be pointed out however, from this table, that in Quebec, the Mari- 
time Provinces and the three Prairie Provinces the amount of unemployment 
among the graduates averages less than 1%, which is less than the normal 
unemployment among civilians. 
The Province of Ontario shows the highest rate of unemployment, the 
average being a little over 9%, but these men are probably centred in the cities 
and we are informed that the unemployment in the cities of Ontario at the 
present time among the civil population and able bodied soldiers is equal, if not 
greater, than this amount. 
The next highest is British Columbia with 4-28% of the graduates being 
unemployed. We are also informed that this amount of unemployment exists 
among the civilian population in that Province. These figures compared with 
those for the civilian population, show that unemployment among the re-trained 
disabled soldiers is as low, if not lower, than among the able bodied soldiers and 
civilians. 
The sick need no comment, these men have broken down through a recur- 
rence of their war disabilities and are no doubt carried on the strength of the 
Medical Branch of the Department. 
We have been unable to trace 8-6% of the total number of graduates. In 
explanation of this it should be said that a considerable number of men leave 
the Department as soon as their courses are completed without giving an address. 
They are under no obligation to report their movements to the Department; 
they leave for the United States or other Provinces. Others have been lost track 
of through the lack of a follow-up system in the early days of the work, but are 
gradually being found. In time we should be able to trace practically all our 
graduates. We are finding, however, that we are able to trace some of these 
men through the Pensions Board and have reason to believe that if we were 167 
able to trace this 8-6% they would be divided among the unemployed and 
employed as with the other 91-4%. 
Among those we have been able to trace, therefore, the percentage is as 
follows: 
- 
No. 
Per Cent. 
Employed 
1,909 
110 
92 
Unemployed 
5-3 
Sick 
56 
2-7 
However, the mere fact that men are employed is not a sufficient measure 
ofthe success or failure of industrial re-training. It is the aim of the Department 
so to train these men that they will receive the full going wage in the occupation 
in which they are placed. Also this wage must be sufficient to keep them 
respectably and comfortably in the station of life where they find themselves. 
The men should be put in as good a position or better, from the wage earning 
standpoint, as they were before the war, notwithstanding their disablement, 
and without regard to any pension they may receive. 
Up to the date of writing we have not fully analyzed the results for all the 
graduates up to the 31st December, 1918, with regard to comparison of their wages 
before the war and after re-training, but in the Province of Quebec a careful 
comparison was made of the first hundred graduates. Out of the first hundred 
men this could only be made for 65 men; for the remaining 35 no comparison 
could be made owing to the following disposition of them: 
Gone to British Columbia to take up land 4 
Gone to United States for employment 2 
Gone to England for family reasons 1 
In hospital 2 
In business for self 2 
No previous wage, or previous wage unknown 4 
No record 6 
In position but wages not decided or known 5 
No employment 8 
Refused job to wait for a better one 1 
35 
The 65 for whom a comparison could be made, are divided as follows:- 
Number of men showing increase of wages after termin- 
ation of course 34 
Number showing decrease 24 
Number earning same wages as before enlistment 7 
65 
Average increase of 34 men was 42% 
Average decrease of 24 men was 18% 
Average increase (65 men) 15% 168 
A close analysis of the first one hundred men gives some interesting figures 
regarding those who did not go back to their former occupation. In this par- 
ticular lot of one hundred men 57 immediately found employment in the occu- 
pations for which they have been trained; the remaining 43 are accounted for as 
follows:- 
Gone to British Columbia to take up land to apply work 
taken in course 4 
College courses, to be continued 1 
Temporary work waiting for vacancies 2 
Starting business in line with course 1 
Could have followed course but chose to change 1 
Disability decreased took up former work 3 
Refused jobs and found their own 3 
Expecting jobs daily 2 
Conduct unsatisfactory, looking out for self 1 
Lost job through being drunk 1 
In Munitions factory 3 
Civil service (no positions) 3 
Civil service (no record) 3 
Gone to England 1 
Gone to United States 1 
Treatment I. S. C 2 
No record 6 
New occupations 5 
43 
During the latter months of 1918 a study was made of 59 men who had 
completed their courses of training in the Province of Saskatchewan, between 
the months of May and October, 1918. The ages were as follows:'- 
Number of men between the age of 20 and 25 years '22 
" " 26 " 35 " 23 
" " 36 " 50 " 13 
" over 50 years 1 
59 
All these men without exception secured employment. Out of the 59 men 
there were 16 for whom comparative data was lacking, as their pre-war wage 
was not ascertainable, due to the fact that they had been working for them- 
selves, as farmers, or in other occupations, and in other cases men went back to 
farms of their own where the wage could not be ascertained. 
For the remaining 43 the comparison stands thus: 
Number showing increase of wages 29 
Number showing decrease 9 
Number earning the same wages as before enlistment 5 
43 
Average increase of 29 men was 34% 
Average decrease of 9 men was 21% 
An effort as made to find out why the 9 men whose wages were decreased 
were not receiving higher wages. They are as follows. Names for obvious 
reasons are not given. 
1. a. Age 30 years. Former occupation: Bricklayer, former wage, $110 per 
month. Disability: shell shock and general debility, dizziness on stooping 
and pain in back of head. Trained in gas engineering and motor mechanics. 
Present work-garage repair man, salary $80 per month. 
This man is likely as well off as he was before the war. The occupation of 
bricklayer is seasonable, and his wage probably did not average $110 per month 
throughout the year. 
2. b. Age 32 years. Former occupation: Freight handler and waiter. 
Education poor, highest pre-war earnings, $95 per month. Disability: gunshot 
wound right arm resulting in paralysis of muscles of right hand, absolutely 
preventing his return to former occupation. Unable to write with right 
hand, taught to write with left hand. Course granted-commercial work. At 169 
present employed as sorter in Post Office in Saskatoon, $95 per month, per- 
manent employee of the Civil Service. In time will be better off than before 
the war. 
3. c. Pre-war occupation-miner, age 22 years. Wages, $110 per month 
Disability: gunshot wound in leg, leg lj" shorter. Impaired movement left 
knee, has to use a cane when walking; absolutely impossible to follow previous 
occupation. Took course in farming, going to take up land later; earning $60 
per month. This man should not have been given a course in farming. 
4. d. Age 54 years. Very little schooling. Occupation section foreman 
C. P. R. Average wage $80. Disability: general debility from strain and 
overage. Course - Gas engine operation. Present work: garage mechanic. 
Salary, $75. This man would likely have broken down if it were not for the 
war, owing to his age. He now has a light occupation. 
5. e. Age 20. Claims former wage $20 per week as helper on brother's farm, 
although he was only 17 years old on enlistment. Course: Switchboard operat- 
ing, $80 per month. This is likely more than his pre-war earnings since his pre- 
sent position affords a steady occupation. 
6. f. Age 48 years. Meagre education. Previous occupation-plasterer, 
$115 per month. Disability: rheumatism, gas on lungs, poisoning and trench 
fever. Course granted: gas engineering. Present employment: Driving 
truck, $90 per month. Pre-war occupation seasonable, would probably not 
average $115 per month during the year. The man selected a course in 
which the going wage was below that of his former occupation. 
The other cases are similar. 
The following ds an analysis of the graduates in the Province of Ontario 
made in the same way up to the end of 1918, showing comparison of preAvar 
and present wages where comparative data is available. 
Summary of Units. 
Following lines of training 555 
% 
Show Increase 420 43-0 
Show Decrease 50 50 
Salaries Unknown 3 0-3 
Business for self 30 3-0 
Earning same as before war 35 3-0 
Students before war 17 1-5 
Remainder Disposed of as follows..- 
Unable to trace 79 8-0 
Unemployed 99 10-0 
D.S.C.R. Patients 30 3-0 
Deceased 2 0-2 
Employed along other lines 182 19-0 
Returned to pre-war occupations 26 2-2 
Total graduates 973 100 
Average increase of 420 men 54% 
Average decrease of 50 men 14% 
Average increase of 470 men 46% 
It has been stated before that results cannot be based on individual cases 
but only on averages. However, remarkable cases exist of men who were found 
from time to time with undiscovered ability and whose pre-war salaries have 
been doubled by the training received. The Department hopes to issue shortly 
figures showing the average increase and decrease in wages for all men for whom 
comparisons can be made who graduated up to December 31st, 1918. 
This training of handicapped soldiers is new, it has never been done before 
the present war. The organization and carrying on of the work was under- 
taken under war conditions. The results are far from perfect, no system of this 
kind can ever be perfect, it always is in the process of development. The results, 
however, go to show that from now on few, if any, disabled soldiers need despair 170 
of being able to place themselves on a self-sustaining basis and become self- 
respecting producing members of society. The results, though far from perfect, 
lend the Department that encouragement which is necessary in undertaking 
pioneer work. It is to be hoped that the information given in this resume of 
the work will lead to helpful instructive criticism, which is always welcomed by 
the Department. 
Summary of Follow-up Reports of Graduates received from All Units 
up to December 31, 1918. 
Unit. 
Employed 
in line of 
Training. 
Employed 
in other 
Lines. 
Un- 
employed. 
Sick. 
Unable to 
Trace. 
Total 
Graduates. 
A Quebec 
No. % 
123 60 
No. % 
37 18 
No. % 
2 1 
No. % 
4 3 
No. % 
38 18 
No. % 
204 100 
B Nova Scotia 
60 70 
11 13 
1 1-17 
5 5-83 
9 10 
86 100 
C Eastern Ontario 
98 58 
42 24-8 
14 8-20 
1 8 
14 8-2 
169 100 
D Central Ontario 
382 58 
137 20 
70 10 
22 4 
56 8 
667 100 
F Western Ontario 
75 54 
29 21 
15 10 
9 7-5 
9 7-5 
137 100 
G Manitoba... 
297 71-91 
94 23 
Inc. 3 dead. 
4 76 
18 4-33 
413 100 
H Saskatchewan 
141 80 
24 13 
1 1 
Inc.3 dead 
8 4-54 
2 1-46 
176 100 
I Alberta 
201 84-1 
18 7 
20 8-9 
239 100 
J British Columbia 
99 60-73 
32 20 
7 4-28 
3 1-5 
22 13-49 
163 100 
K New Brunswick 
15 48-38 
7 22-58 
9 29-03 
31 100 
Total 
1491 65-2 
431 18-9 
110 4-8 
56 2-5 
197 8-6 
2285 100 171 
STUDY OF DISPERSAL OF GRADUATES 
FOR ALL CANADA 
TOTAL GRADUATES TO DEC 51,19I8=?Z35=1OOZ. 
OTHER LINES 
451 MEN 
EMPLOYED AS TRAINED 
1491 MEN 
TOTAL GRADUATES TO MAMI.1919=3132=1007. 
DECEASE^ 
22 MEN 
'UNADLETOTUACEV 
518 MEN 
EMPLOYED AS TRAINED 
1610 MEN 
OTHER LINES 
593 MEN / APPENDICES 
REQUIRED HOURS PER DAY OR WEEK FOR TRAINING DISABLED 
SOLDIERS. 
Very little information as to the number of hours a disabled soldier should 
be required to spend each day or each week at his course of re-training, is 
available in the publications of the various countries. Some reports of the 
work in other countries omit entirely any references to this point. For instance 
the official reports from Australia and New Zealand, affording the fullest 
information on their industrial training systems, make no mention of the 
number of hours the men are required to work either in technical schools or in 
the factories. 
In Great Britain, the Ministry of Labour in collaboration with the Ministry 
of Pensions has issued a series of Reports upon Openings in Industry suitable 
for disabled sailors and soldiers, outlining the conditions under which training 
may be given. Some of these reports state definitely the number of hours 
required per day or week. Others give the standard hours of work in the trade 
and where the training is largely in the workshops it is assumed that the hours 
of training correspond to the workshops' hours. 
There is no mention of shorter hours being allowed for disabled men. For 
the majority of trades the standard hours of employment run into 52 or 54 
hours per week. Fuller information is given in the references which follow. 
In the "Instructions and Notes on the Treatment and Training of Disabled 
Men," issued by the Ministry of Pensions in Great Britain there is the following 
brief statement:- 
" The training should as a rule be given in the daytime and for a 
week of 30 hours at least. In most cases it will be found that a course 
of from 35 to 40 hours will be advisable." 
This statement refers only to the training in technical schools and not to 
the training in trade schools or workshops. 
In France and Belgium the conditions are different. Here the Re-education 
Schools are mainly boarding schools and in these the hours average about eight 
per day. In addition some of the schools require the men to spend an hour 
in the evening on general school subjects. In the schools of re-education in 
Italy the working hours range from seven to eight a day. 
In Germany at the Dusseldorf School the hours in the workshops vary 
slightly for some trades but are usually from 8.00 to 11.30 and from 2.30-6.30. 
Where the men are trained in factories the hours average eight per day. 
Little information is available as to the hours the men are required to spend 
in training in the United States. It depends largely on the occupations for 
which they are being trained. Those who are trained in factories must accept 
the standard hours of employment in the various trades, unless special arrange- 
ments are made. 
REFERENCES. 
Great Britain- 
Ministry of Labour. Reports upon Openings in Industry suitable for disabled sailors and 
soldiers. Nos. 1-25. 
Some of these reports make no reference to the hours per day or week required for 
training. Others indicate merely the standard hours of employment in the particular 
trade. The definite information obtained is set down in detail as follows:- 
No. II. Cinematograph Industry. 
Instruction partly at a technical school, partly practical teaching in projection. 
Such instruction shall be for a period of not less than 30 hours per week. 
172 173 
No. III. Tailoring. 
Training given in day trade training schools for the hours customary in such 
schools. 
No. VI. Leather Goods Trade. 
Cordwainers Technical College is approved for this training. 
A prospectus of Cordwainers College in a paragraph covering special day classes 
states: "Certain cases of disabled soldiers and sailors can be taken into special 
Day Classes from 9 to 1 and 2 to 6 daily (except Saturdays) and they will be 
trained on the intensive system to enable them to take their places in the trades 
concerned as wage earners." 
No. VII. Boot and Shoe Making. 
The maximum number of working hours shall be 52 hours per week. 
No. VIII. Gold, Silver, Jewellery, etc. 
Hours of work 50 per week. 
Assume this refers also to training. 
No. IX. Dental Mechanics. 
Hours usually 8 per day. 
Assume this refers as well to training. 
No. XI. Tailoring (Wholesale). 
Hours per week during training shall be 39. 
No. XIII. Basket Making Trade. 
Hours of work average 50 to 53 j per week. 
No. XXII. Lettering. 
(1) Training with maintenance. 
(a) School of Art Course 30 to 40 hours per week 
(b) Workshops Course under trade conditions. 
No. XXIV. Hosiery Latch Needles. 
Hours average 51 to 54 per week. 
Assume this for factory training. 
France- 
Breuil, J. Vocational School for disabled soldiers at Rouen, France; translated by G. G. 
Whiteside, New York, 1918. (Pubheations of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled 
and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 11, p. 6.) 
This is a boarding school for trade training, which also receives day pupils. The 
programme for the day is set forth as follows:- 
8 -10 Work. 
10.15-12 Work. 
1.30- 4 Work. 
4.15- 5 Work. 
5 -6.30 Elementary School subjects. 
Day pupils arrive 8 a.m. and leave at 6.30 p.m. 
Hirschfeld, Gustave. Tourvielle: a Trade school for war cripples; translated by G. G. 
Whiteside. New York, 1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled 
and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 6, p. 5-6.) 
"Pupils rise at six in summer, six-thirty in winter and go to bed at half-past nine. 
They work from eight to twelve and from two to six. All pupils are required to attend 
the classes in general schooling which are held from seven to eight every evening." 
Hutt, C. W. Future of the Disabled Soldier. London, 1917, p. 27. 
Rules of the House. 
School at Montpellier. 
"Work usually lasts from 7.30 to 5 p.m., with a break of two hours for dinner. In 
the evening classes are held in drawing for carpenters, turners and mechanics, anatomy 
and drawing for the men making artificial appliances, and in general subjects for the 
remainder." 
Belgium- 
Paeuw, Leon de. Vocational re-education of maimed soldiers. Princeton, 1918. pp. 124-5 
and p. 135-6. 
Agricultural Re-education at Port Villez. 
"Every morning at half-past six the men assemble in the garden where for two hours 
the teacher gives them theoretical and practical instruction." 
"From nine to six, with a rest of an hour and a half at noon and half an hour off at 
four, the pupils are busy with the work which the session requires. However for an hour 
in the morning and another in the afternoon they receive instruction in both national 
languages and in arithmetic." 174 
School of Commerce at Port Villez. 
"The school regime is as follows:- 
7-8 Study. 
8-10 Lessons. 
10-11 Gymnastics, study or tests. 
11-12 Lessons. 
1.30-3.30 Lessons. 
4.30-6 Gymnastics, study or tests. 
Italy- 
Chevalley, Giovanni. Report on the technical training of disabled soldiers and sailors in 
Italy. In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-care of Disabled Men. Reports. 
London, 1918. p. 141. 
"The working hours range from seven to eight a day." 
Germany- 
Gotter, Karl and Herold. Die Dusseldorf er Verwundetenschule. Dusseldorf, 1916. 
The hours vary in this school according to the trade. In some cases instruction is 
given daily from 8.30 to 11.30 and from 3 to 7; again from 8.30 to 11.30 and from 2.30 to 
6.30; in another trade from 7.30 to 11.30 and from 2.30 to 6.30; and in still another from 
8 to 11.30 and from 3 to 7. Thus the time averages from seven to eight hours per day. 
McDill, J. R. Lessons from the enemy. Philadelphia, 1918. p. 165-166. 
Trades and Occupations Taught. 
"Further opportunities for education and training in addition to the hospital-school 
and workshop instruction are furnished the men. For instance, in West Prussia there 
have been created Divisions for Disabled Workmen in the War Administration Office in 
Danzig. These were founded by the commanding general of the Reserve Corps Com- 
mand. 
They offer opportunities for learning the saddler, shoemaker and tailor trades. The 
men enter as apprentices and receive besides their pension a wage of 3.50 marks per 
working day. They are trained by masters eight hours a day for two years and at the 
end of their apprenticeship they take a journeyman's examination. They receive instruc- 
tion in their trade for six hours a week from trade-school instructors." 
"There are also opportunities to learn the trades in national, State, and private 
workshops . . . The theoretical and continuation instruction takes place twice a week 
from three to six o'clock. No wage deduction is made for this time. The pension is paid 
in addition to the wages which are 3.50 marks per working day of eight hours or 4 marks 
for nine hours." 
Hutt, C. W. Future of the Disabled Soldier. London, 1917, p. 70. 
"Agricultural work has been taught at a large State Colonization estate near Graudenz 
in East Prussia to ex-soldier agriculturists under treatment in the Military Hospital in 
Graudenz. . . Practical work was undertaken from 7-11 a.m. and 2-6 p.m. In addition 
four hours' theoretical instruction were given weekly, and lectures in the evening in the 
summer." 
United States- 
Federal Board for Vocational Education. Opportunity Monographs. Washington, 1918. 
In this series of monographs only one statement as to hours per day or week required 
for' training could be found. 
No. 11. Automobile Maintenance. 
Ignition experts. 
"The courses will be from four to six months in length for about seven hours per 
day for five days in the week. 
All the other monographs cite merely the standard hours of employment in various 
trades. These range on an average from eight to nine hours per day. 
LENGTH OF COURSE OF TRAINING FOR DISABLED MEN IN OTHER 
COUNTRIES. 
In most of the belligerent countries industrial training is being given to 
disabled soldiers at the expense of the government, or at least without expense 
to the disabled man. The period of training varies in length, however, in 
different countries. It also varies with different trades and occupations, and 
again with the conditions under which the training is given, whether in technical 
schools, in factories and workshops, or in both. Furthermore the question of 
pay and allowances and wages, if any, during training is one which has an 
important bearing on this subject. In a comparative study of the length of 
course of training given to disabled men, all of these factors must be taken into 
consideration. 175 
At the Inter-Allied Conference held at Paris in 1917 a discussion of the 
subject led to the following resolution:- 
" Trades for new apprentices should be selected from these which 
will yield a living wage in less than a year." 
The inference is that those who are trained for an occupation closely related 
to their former one will require less training. 
In Great Britain, training of disabled soldiers has been carried on under 
the Ministry of Pensions in technical schools, and in factories and workshops; 
also in the Lord Roberts Memorial Workshops, and in munition factories. 
The training in the Lord Roberts shops need not be considered in this connection 
as the men placed there are too disabled to compete in the open market and 
they remain in the workshops. The training in the munition factories may 
also be disregarded. 
In the " Instructions and Notes on the Treatment and Training of Disabled 
Men," issued by the Ministry of Pensions it is stated that the period of training 
in technical institutes is not to exceed six months, without the sanction of the 
Ministry. In factories and workshops the period of training is restricted to 
four months. Phis means, of course, that only for such periods may a man 
receive allowances from the Ministry of Pensions. 
The various other sources of information consulted all go to show that the 
period of training averages from three to twelve months, and where the period 
exceeds that and runs into two years or. more, closer investigation reveals the 
fact that during the latter part of the training maintenance is withdrawn and 
the men are receiving wages. 
In Australia and Nev Zealand the courses do not exceed twelve months; 
in Australia the period of training varies from three to twelve months; in New 
Zealand the period is restricted to twelve months, but the Government here 
has a subsidized wage scheme which must be taken into consideration. This 
is explained more fully in the reference listed at the end of this chapter. 
In France conditions are somewhat different. The length of time required 
to train a man varies with different schools. At the Ecole Joffre and the Ecole 
Tourvielle in Lyons the courses are long, for the aim of these schools is to turn 
out thoroughly trained workmen capable of competing with sound men on 
equal terms. Six months is the length of the shortest course and some require 
eighteen months. 
At the National Institute at Saint Maurice the aim is to fit men to earn a 
living wage in a shop where they can complete their knowledge through practice 
and so aspire to higher pay. Here the apprenticeship is shorter, there being 
courses of three, five and eight months. 
Some of the special schools require a long apprenticeship, but during the 
latter part of the period wages are paid approximating an outside workmen's. 
The Belgium National Institute at Port Villez has a yearly term for the 
elementary school department, the commercial and civil service department, 
and for the training of teachers. In the shops the length of time necessary for 
learning a trade is not fixed, but periods of six or seven months are frequently 
sufficient. 
In Italy special arrangements are necessary if a man's training is not com- 
pleted at the end of six months. 
In Germany too, six months is estimated as the time necessary to give a 
man additional training in his old trade or in an allied one. It is not, of course, 
long enough to give a man a complete training in a new trade. For that other 
arrangements must be made. 
Very little information is available as to the length of training to be given 
in the United States. Except in a few instances, the Federal Board for Voca- 
tional Education, which has charge of the rehabilitation work, has in its reports 
refrained from stating any set time for training. In those few cases as set forth 
in the reference following the length of time varies from four to nine months. 176 
REFERENCES. 
Great Britain. 
Ministry of Labour. Reports upon Openings in Industry suitable for disabled sailors and 
soldiers. Nos. 1-25. 
In connection with training for industry special advisory committees have been set 
up by the Ministry of Labour in conjunction with the Ministry of Pensions to advise 
these departments as to the conditions under which training can best be given. The 
reports of these committees are a valuable source of information regarding the trades. 
It must be remembered however, that these reports are largely recommendations, and 
not reports of the actual training given to men in these trades. Furthermore the recom- 
mendations include periods of training with maintenance plus periods of training without 
maintenance. For comparative purposes only the length of training with maintenance 
can be considered and in each particular trade it is necessary to look carefully into the 
question of pay and allowances and wages. 
The reports yield the following information: 
No. 1. Attendants at Electricity Sub-Stations. Now incorporated in No. XX. 
No. II. Cinematograph industry. 
Training for a maximum period of 13 weeks. 
If unable to command an adequate wage after 13 weeks training extension may be 
applied for. 
No. III. Tailoring. 
Training for a period of 12 months. 
No. IV. Agricultural Motor Tractor Work. 
Theoretical and practical training at a technical school for 3 months, followed by 
a short course of actual driving. 
No. V. Furniture Trade. 
Probationary Period in School. 
Improver's Period in Factory. 
Length of training varies with the process. 
Wages laid down according to a table. 
No. VI. Leather Goods Trade. 
Maximum period of training shall be 6 months whether in a technical school or 
in a factory. 
No. VII. Boot and Shoemaking. 
Training in a technical school for period not exceeding 12 months, 
or 
Training in Workshops. 
Period of training 18 months during which man receive wages, according to schedule 
set down. 
Training for Boot and Shoe Repairing only. 
Period of training 12 months, 5 months without wages plus 6 months with wages. 
No. VIII. Gold, Silver, Jewellery. 
Period of training for certain processes set at maximum of 6 months and for other 
processes, maximum set at 12 months. 
Where training is in Workshops a scale of wages is set forth. 
No. IX. Dental Mechanics. 
Maximum period of training shall be one year. 
Scale of wages payable if training is given in private laboratory is set forth. 
No. X. Aircraft Manufacture. 
Scheme I. 
Training for 12 months. 
Wages but no maintenance. 
Scheme II. 
Training for three years. 
18 months with maintenance. 
Wages for last 12 months. 
18 months without maintenance. 
No. XI. Wholesale Tailoring. 
Training with maintenance. 
3 months in school. 
3 months in workshops with wages. 
Training without maintenance. 
6 months. 
No. XII. Boot and Shoe manufacture. 
Length of training varies according to processes; some require 12 weeks; some 
16 weeks and some 28 weeks. 
One process requires a period of 52 weeks in a factory during which wages are paid. 
No. Xm. Basket-Making Trade. 
No. XIV. Building Trade. 
No. XV. Engineering. 177 
No. XVI. Printing and Kindred Trades. 
No. XVII. Engineering. Pt. II. 
No. XVIII. Picture Frame Making. 
In Reports No. XIII-XVIII, the length of training extends from 1 to 5''years, 
covering two periods (a) With maintenance; (b) without maintenance. The 
regulations governing such training are set forth in the form of tables showing 
schedules for payment of wages and allowances. Within these trades there are 
processes in which full course of training is less than one year. 
No. XIX. Brushmaking Trade. 
Periods of training for this trade vary from 1 month to 6 months according to the 
branch of the trade. 
Wages payable during training are set forth in a table. 
No. XX. Electricity, Power and Light. 
Periods of training run from 1 year to 3 years, and include periods with maintenance 
and without maintenance. 
No. XXI. Distributive Trades. 
Periods of training vary from 4 months to 12 months. 
No. XXII. Lettering. 
Length of training 2 years. 
12 months with maintenance. 
12 months without maintenance. 
Scale of wages and allowance set forth. 
No. XXIII. Pharmacists. 
Length of training 3 years. 
1 year with maintenance. 
2 years without maintenance. 
Scale of wages and allowances set forth. 
No. XXIV. Hosiery Latch Needles. 
Maximum training. 
3 months in school with maintenance. 
3 months in workshops without maintenance. 
No. XXV. Musical Instruments Trade. 
Length of training varies from 4 weeks to 3 years according to processes. 
Processes requiring longer than 1 year's training include periods with maintenance 
and periods without maintenance. 
Ministry of Pensions. Instructions and Notes on the Treatment and Training of Disabled 
Men. London, 1917, p. 44-46. 
The following extract is quoted:- 
Length of Training. 
" The period of training in a Technical Institute shall not, without the sanction of 
the Ministry of Pensions, exceed six months. If a longer period is desired in any case 
the Local Committee must show that the conditions of the trade require it. It is recognized 
that certain trades may require a longer period of training and in some of the " special " 
trades a longer period may be laid down as one of the conditions under which training 
may be given. 
"***** Similarly restricts the period of training in a factory or workshops 
to four months. Experience has shown that a shorter period of actual training is often 
advisable where the man is to continue working under the same employer after training. 
Here, however, also it is recognized that there are certain trades which may require a 
longer period, for this the sanction of the Ministry must be obtained. 
"In all cases the training given should be of sufficient length to ensure that the disabled 
man will acquire such degree of skill that he will have a reasonable prospect of permanent 
employment. Only in exceptional cases should training be .given for a shorter period than 
two months." 
Mitchell, Major Robert. What has been done for the training of our disabled sailors and 
soldiers. In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. 
London, 1918, p. 99-107. 
Technical Schools. 
" After obtaining their discharge from the hospital, the training of the men is usually 
continued at one of the many technical schools which are distributed throughout the country 
where the hours of attendance need not exceed thirty per week. After a course of training 
extending from three to six months, the disabled man is then invariably able to enter the 
factory and to keep the regular hours of work, which may not have been possible at 
an earlier stage. The facilities in these institutions are rapidly increasing as the scheme 
widens its activities, and at the present time the Ministry has sanctioned training in no 
fewer than 345 technical institutions and agricultural colleges as well as in 513 workshops 
and factories." 178 
Retail Tailoring.-" Naturally a thorough training is necessary for this work, 
but the length of time varies with the learners adaptability. A full-time day training- 
course has for some time been in existence at the Regent Street Polythechnic, and a special 
twelve months' course of training for disabled sailors and soldiers has recently been estab- 
lished." 
Diamond Polishing.-" The men undergo a course of training for six months. At 
the close of their training the men are drafted by Mr. Oppenheimer into his factory where 
they start with a minimum wage of £2 per week, which is increased accordingly to pro- 
ficiency." 
Cinema Operating.-" The course is an intensive one of three months and the men 
are thoroughly taught not only the use of the projector, but also the working of motor 
generators, wiring and many other technical operations concerned with the trade." 
Motor Traction Work.-" Courses of theoretical and practical training at a tech- 
nical school for three months, followed by a short course of actual driving and ploughing 
under the local tractor representative of the Board of Agriculture are now provided." 
Reveille. No. 1. London, August, 1918. p. 159. 
The following table showing the maximum periods of training for certain occupations 
has been compiled from a record of men who have finished their courses:- 
Various Trades. 
Agriculture- 
Farming : 12 months. 
Fruit growing. 12 months. 
Motor tractor driving 3 months. 
Poultry farming 6 months. 
Market gardening 12 months. 
Gardening 12 months. 
Arts and Crafts- 
Artistic woodwork 6 to 12 months. 
Pottery (modelling, designing, etc.) 6 months. 
Writing and Illuminating 6 months. 
Baking and Confectionery 6 to 12 months. 
Boot and Shoe- 
Boot-making and repairing 12 to 18 months. 
Brushmaking 6 months. 
Building-• 
Builders' draughstmen 12 months. 
Carpentry 6 months. 
Masonry 3 years. 
Sign writing 6 months. 
Tool making $ - 
Cane and Willow- 
Basket making 1 to 2 years. 
Cinematography , 13 weeks. 
Commercial 6 months. 
Diamond cutting 6 months. 
Domestic Service- 
Caretakers and Handymen 4 months. 
Engineering (Electrical) 1 to 3 years. 
Engineering (Mechanical)- 
Acetylene welding. 6 months. 
Draughtsmanship and tracing 6 months. 
Motor mechanism : 6 months. 
Turning and fitting 3 years. 
Whitesmith and tinsmith 6 months. 
Furniture- 
Cabinet making 12 months. 
French polishing 12 months. 
Leather-- 
Fancy leather goods 6 months. 
Miscellaneous-. 
Cricket-ball making 3 to 6 months. 
Dental mechanics 12 months. 
Hairdressing 6 to 12 months. 
Sanitary inspecting 6 months. 
Toy-making 12 months. 
Printing 4 years. 179 
Professional- 
Chemical analysis 1 year. 
Massage 6 months. 
Photography 6 months. 
9 to 12 months. 
Tailoring (wholesale) 
12 to 18 months, 
(bespoke). 
Textile Manufacturers- 
Cotton 8 weeks. 
Designing 6 months. 
Weaving 3 months. 
Wool 48 weeks. 
Transport- 
Motor drivers 6 to 12 months. 
Tram Driver 1 to 2 weeks. 
Australia- 
Department of Repatriation. Vocational training; the Australian scheme, its scope and 
functions. Melbourne, 1918. 
The following extract is quoted: 
" The tuition provided is intended not to turn out an all-round finished tradesman, 
but to enable a trainee to earn a living wage within a reasonable period. Short intensive 
courses ranging from three to twelve months are provided. Students are therefore 
enabled to concentrate upon essentials and acquire a sound basic knowledge which ulti- 
mately with further experience can be expanded at will." 
New Zealand- 
Discharged Soldiers' Information Department. (Memorandum.) Wellington, 1918. 
Training in Workshops, Factories, Etc. 
"An important training scheme was inaugurated in December last, when an Order 
in Council was gazetted authorizing the employment in workshops, factories, etc., at less 
than the union wage (for the purpose of training) of partially disabled soldiers who are 
unable to resume their pre-war occupations. 
" Under this scheme the Department subsidizes the wage paid by the employer, in 
order to assure the disabled soldier an income (after the trial period) of £3 per week over 
and above his pension. During the trial period, which must not exceed two months, the 
man's wage is made up by this Department to £2 10s. per week. 
" The wages to be paid by the employer are fixed by the Inspector of Factories after a 
conference at which the employer, the disabled soldier, the Labour Department, the 
labour union concerned, the Returned Soldiers' Association, and the Discharged Soldiers' 
Information Department are represented, and such wage is reviewed periodically, care 
being taken that the amount paid is an equitable one in relation to the work being done 
by the man. 
"Half the Department's subsidy is paid to the man monthly, and the other half is 
retained by the Department, and is accumulated to his credit until such time as he satis- 
factorily completes the training, when the accumulated portion is paid to him as a bonus. 
"During the period of training which (except in special cases), is limited to twelve 
months, the Inspector of Factories is required to visit, the man periodically in order that 
he may satisfy himself that the man is being properly trained and is making good pro- 
gress. Any increase in wages granted by the employer during the training period does not 
affect the Government subsidy, but goes to increase the income of the soldier, who in most 
cases is receiving £4 to £5 per week, inclusive of pension." 
Training of Partially Disabled Men with Practical Farmers. 
"The Department is fully alive to the importance of persuading partially disabled 
men, especially those suffering from nervous diseases, lung troubles, etc., to accept employ- 
ment in the country, and with this end in view the Department assists such men under the 
subsidized wages scheme mentioned above. 
"Employment is arranged with an approved farmer, and the man's wage is sub- 
sidized in order to assure him an income of £2 per week and found. Such assistance is 
granted, if necessary, for a period of twelve months, by which time it is reasonable to 
suppose that the man will have obtained a fair general knowledge of farm work." 
France- 
Harper, Grace. " Vocational re-education for War Cripples in France." New York, 1918. 
(Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 2, 
No. 1, p. 49-50). 
"One of the guiding principles of this school is to make the period of apprenticeship 
as short as possible. The men are anxious to earn, and after prolonged absence they are 
restless to return to their homes. 180 
"Dr. Bourrillon makes the following estimates as representing the maximum periods 
of training sufficient to earn a livelihood. 
Bookkeeping 4 months. 
Tinsmithing 6 months. 
Shoemaking 8 months. 
Agricultural mechanics 8 months. 
Harness making 10 months. 
Primary instruction 12 months. 
Industrial design 12 months. 
"Duration of apprenticeship in this last occupation varies greatly and is dependent in 
a great measure on the degree of previous knowledge within an allied field, on special 
ability, and other individual factors. 
"Those are short periods of training from the point of view of the old apprenticeship 
system when a man spent three or four years before being considered proficient. Here 
men are not expected to be expert when graduated, but by concentration on the essentials 
they are supposed to have learned enough to take positions and acquire further experi- 
ence at the same time that they are earning a reasonable wage." 
Hutt, C. W. "The future of the Disabled Soldier." London, 1917. p. 37-40. 
"Dr. Bourrillon considers that at the end of six months the vast majority of men 
who have undergone instruction in a trade are enabled to earn their living although not 
complete masters of the craft. Arrangements should he thinks, be made that the employer 
should undertake to arrange for the men obtaining practical experience of the whole of 
the work undertaken in his workshop. 
"As an experience of the results obtained during training 700 men, he has found the 
following length of courses adequate:- 
Clerical work 3 months. 
Draughtsmen (architectural and 
mechanical) 10 to 12 months. 
Leather worker 8 months. 
Boot-maker 6 months for repair work. 
Mechanic (to drive and repair agricultural 
tural motor-tractors) 6 months. 
Tailor 8 months. 
Tinsmith 4 months for an ordinary 
workshop. 
8 months to work w ithout 
supervision on his own 
account. 
"Most of the Ecoles Professionnelles arrange for longer courses of training. At Montpellier 
the length of the courses are:- 
Boot-makers 12-15 months. 
Tailors 12-15 months. 
Carpenters 15-18 months. 
Wood-turners 8-12 months. 
Mechanics 15-18 months. 
Harness work and saddlery 11-15 months. 
Orthopaedic work 15-11 months. 
Draughtsmen 8-12 months. 
Clerical work 8 months. 
"At the Ecole Professionnelle of St. Etienne (Loire) the length of the apprenticeship for 
various trades is about twelve months, varying from ten months for instruction in business 
methods to eighteen months for tailoring. 
"At Bordeaux, where long courses are provided for other occupations, it is considered 
that four to six months is sufficient to learn basket-making, and three to four months to 
learn the making of 'espadrilles', shoes with a cotton upper and string sole. 
"At 1'Ecole Nationale d'Osiericulture et de Vannerie at Fayl Billot, the length of the 
course is three months at the end of which a daily wage of 3-5 francs can be earned. Six 
months tuition enables a man to acquire a sufficient knowledge of the trade to act as fore- 
man or to set up on his own. 
"At 1'Ecole Nationale d'Horlogerie de Cluses three courses of different length have 
been instituted:- 
(1) An elementary course lasting six months in the use of a drill, watchmaker's 
hammer, etc., enabling a man to earn a small wage, 3-5 francs a day. 
(2) An abridged course of twelve months in special parts of the work when the 
wage to be earned varies from 5-10 francs a day. 181 
(3) A complete course of fifteen months in repairing, tool making, engraving, etc., 
when the wage earned varies from 8-15 francs a day. 
"At Oyonn ax where the comb industry is taught the length of the courses is from 3 to 
6 months enabling a man to earn a wage of from 3 to 7 francs a day. 
"At the Agricultural Schools the length of the courses is usually three months for milk- 
testing, basket making and fish-rearing: six months for bee-keeping, cowkeeping and 
harness work; twelve months for an agricultural machinist, vine grower, horticulturist 
and cheesejnaker." 
Whiteside, G. G. "Provision for vocational re-education of disabled soldiers in France." New 
York, 1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
Series 1, No. 14, p. 17-18). 
Length of Courses. 
"At the Ecole Joffre and the Ecole de Tourvielle in Lyons, the courses are long, for 
the aim of these schools is to turn out thoroughly trained workmen capable of competing 
with sound men on equal terms. Six months is the length of the shortest course offered 
in these schools, which is a course in beadwork organized for badly injured men incapable 
of vigourous movements. Eighteen months are ordinarily required for bookkeeping, 
radio-telegraphy, and galoche-making, a year for shoemaking, fur work, horticulture, 
paper-boxmaking and binding, and eighteen months for tailoring, cabinet making, toy- 
making, and the manufacture of artificial limbs. 
"At the National Institute at Saint-Maurice the apprenticeship is shorter, the aim 
here being rather to fit and to earn a living wage in a shop where they can complete their 
knowledge through practice anid so later aspire to higher pay. Bookkeeping is taught in 
three months at Saint-Maurice, shoemaking and saddlery in eight months, tinsmithing 
in five months, the use and repair of agricultural machinery in five months, and industrial 
design in one year. 
"At Rouen the period of apprenticeship is not fixed. The Direction of the school aims 
to produce first-class workmen in each trade, and it leaves the foreman of each shop to 
decide when an apprentice has acquired the necessary knowledge and skill. 
"Some of the special schools require a long apprenticeship, but during the latter part 
of the period pay wages approximating an outside workman's. This is the case in the 
diamond-cutting school at Saint-Claude, where the apprenticeship lasts one year. At the 
Ecole Nationale d'Horlogerie at Cluses the regular course is for three years, but for the 
benefit of the 'mutil^s', this has been shortened to two jears. 
"At the Ecole Normale et Pratique of Bordeaux, which is considered a model school, 
the length of apprenticeship in the different trades is as follows:- 
Machinists and metai-turners 10-12 months. 
Locksmiths and forge-workers 10-12 months. 
Agricultural machinery and automobiles... 5-7 months. 
Oxy-acetylene welding 4-5 months. 
Shoemaking 6-9 months. 
Sandal-making 3-4 months. 
Pottery 10-12 months. 
Binding, plain and artistic 8-10 months. 
Gilding 4-6 months. 
Paper-boxmaking 4-6 months. 
Toy-making 3-5 months. 
Tailoring 10-12 months. 
Musical engraving 6-8 months. 
Basketry and caning 5-8 months. 
Industrial design 6-8 months. 
Truck gardening 5-6 months. 
Bookkeeping 9-10 months." 
Belgium-- 
Whiteside, G. G. " Provision for the re-education of Belgium war cripples." New York, 
1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
Series 1, No. 15, p. 6-8.) 
This bulletin has for its source Leon de Paeuw's, " La reeducation professionelle des 
soldats mutiies et estropies." Paris, 1917, and from it is obtained the following infor- 
mation concerning the Belgium National Institute at Port Villez. 
In this school there are four Departments; a primary department, a depart- 
ment preparing for civil service positions, a commercial department, a normal 
department for training of teachers. 
The courses in the elementary department are divided into two terms of 
six months each; in the department preparing for civil positions, the work is 182 
divided into three terms of four months each. The commercial department 
is divided into two terms of six months each, the training for teachers covers 
two terms of six months each. 
Technical Training. 
" Over forty trades are taught in the shops managed by the Department of Technical 
training. The length of time necessary for learning a trade is not definitely fixed, so 
greatly does it depend on a. man's native aptitude, and his handiness in overcoming his 
disability, but the management of the school has found that good teaching methods can 
greatly reduce the time supposedly required for an apprenticeship in a given trade. By 
beginning with simple operations and following them with more difficult ones in well- 
ordered gradation, by avoiding the repetition of processes that have been perfectly mas- 
tered, and by constantly stimulating the pupil's interest, the shop foreman has obtained 
excellent results in a comparatively short time. In the experience of the management, 
lessons in school subjects and theoretical instruction also quicken the progress of an 
apprentice." 
A brief account of the different shops gives the following information: 
"Apprentices in the shoemaking class entirely new to the trade, have learned to 
assemble and finish a pair of army shoes in five and a half months." 
"A six months' apprenticeship in a saddler's shop enables a man to earn a living 
in it." 
" In the basketry class were forty-six apprentices, and in addition the men in the 
horticultural class. The average length of apprenticeship is from six to seven months." 
" Typesetting, by hand and by means of the linotype, and press work were being 
taught in the printing shop to twenty-one men, variously afflicted with paralysis of the 
hand, inability to open fingers, and anklylosis of the elbow and knee. Six of the lino- 
typists after less than a year's work fitted for positions in large printing establishments. 
They were capable of deciphering manuscripts and setting them correctly; their knowledge 
of grammar and spelling was entirely adequate for good work, although their previous 
education had been of the most rudimentary sort. They had moreover a perfect under- 
standing of the linotype machine and could take it apart and set it up as well as any 
mechanic. Pupils became competent pressmen after an apprenticeship of six months." 
" Four months is long enough to learn ordinary binding, but much longer time is 
necessary for artistic binding." 
Italy- 
Underhill, Ruth. " Provision for war cripples in Italy." New York, 1918. (Publications 
of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 12, p. 6.) 
In Italy the schools for re-education are all responsible to a National Board 
and are expected to receive all cripples who apply for re-education. 
" When a man is accepted for re-education he remains as a regular member of the 
army. He may remain at the school for a maximum period of six months. During this 
time the War Department pays the school 3.50 lire a day for his maintenance, pays the 
man a regular sum, according to his rank, and maintains his family at the same rate as 
though he were in active service. If his training is not complete at the end of six months, 
the National Board may retain him longer at its own expense. If he is ready to go sooner, 
or if he is unruly or unfit for training, the local military commander may discharge him 
at any time." 
Owing to the fact that the majority of the men to be re-educated are peasants 
with no experience in any trade and often illiterate, a much longer elementary 
school course is necessary, and for the same reason, the trades in which training 
is given cannot be very advanced. 
No statement as to length of courses for various trades is given in this 
report. 
Germany- 
Underhill, Ruth. " Provision for war cripples in Germany." New York, 1918. (Pubheations 
of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 13.) 
In Germany re-education goes on at the same time as medical treatment 
and the men attend schools in the vicinity of the hospitals. The arrangement of 
the school with the hospital is purely informal. 
" The War Department has a right to dismiss a man from the hospital as soon as 
his physical treatment is over, without regard to the status of his trade training. This 
matter has to be arranged by informal co-operation between the civilian directors and 
the military hospital authorities. As a rule, the hospitals are willing to keep a man 
until his trade training is complete, even though they would otherwise dismiss him sooner. 
" It is planned that none of the school courses shall take more than six months, the 
maximum time for hospital care. These short courses are intended for men of experience 183 
who need further practice in their old trade or in an allied one. Six months is, of course, 
not long enough to give a man complete training in a new trade, since some require an 
apprenticeship of one or more years. If a man needs further training after the short 
school course, he becomes the charge of the local care committee, which supports him 
while he attends a technical school or pays the premium for apprenticing him to a master 
workman. 
" The courses given in this way attain a high standard of efficiency, both because 
of the good school facilities and because a large number of the men dealt with are already 
trained workmen with a good foundation to build on. It is the plan of the schools that, 
when a man is dismissed, he shall be qualified to go back to work or to a higher school. 
Arrangements are made with the handicrafts guilds that men in their line of work shall 
be able to take their master test at the school and be graduated workmen. It is also 
seen to that every man has a fair common school education before he begins on a special 
trade." 
United States- 
Federal Board for Vocational Education. Opportunity Monographs. Washington, 
1918. 
This series of monographs has been prepared to aid disabled soldiers in 
choosing a vocation. The series includes various trades and professions. For 
each a description of the trade or occupation is given and of particular processes 
within a trade; also Requirements, Hours and Wages, and information as to 
Training are given. The length of training likely to be required is in most cases 
indefinite. The information obtained is set down as follows:-• 
No. 7-Metal Trades. 
Moulders: 
" Foundry employments are not generally employments for which any extended 
course of training is required." 
Sheet-Metal Workers: 
" Training will be given in the factory, only a short period of training will be 
required." 
Machinists and Machine Operators: 
" With a little training to overcome your handicap you may be able to resume 
your old employment or one in which your previous training and experience 
will count." 
Bench Hands: 
" Re-education for any line of bench work should take advantage of ^previous 
experience. If the school is provided with satisfactory benches of the proper 
height and with standard vises the course may require no longer than from 
three to six months, allowing for instruction in the reading of blue prints, the 
use of tools, and for getting accustomed to the work again." 
No. 8-Factory Woodworking Trades. 
Planing Mill Operators: 
" The training required is usually obtained in a factory but disabled men can 
shorten the period of training necessary by taking a short course in a well- 
equipped school." 
Cabinetmakers: 
" If the disabled man arranges for a combination of shop and school training in 
which he will have the benefit of practical instruction for half of each day and 
will spend the remainder of the day in some factory, he will after perhaps six 
months schooling and training, be able to maintain himself at the trade." 
Finishers: 
"A short apprenticeship or tryout period in the factory will start many disabled 
men in the trade, but no school training is required." 
No. 10-Forestry Pursuits- 
Rangers: 
"Those who have already had considerable practical experience can secure a 
sufficient foundation for their work in three or four months." 
No. 11-Automobile Maintenance and Service. 
Repair-shop Men: 
" The time required to complete the course of instruction . . . may occupy 
from six to nine months." 
Starting and lightning experts. 
Four to six months. 
Ignition experts. 
Four to six months. 
Storage battery men. 
Four to six months. 
Tire-repair men. 
Four to six months. 184 
No. 14-Electrical Employments with Utility Companies. 
Shop-wiring-mechanical department. 
"A man with little or no experience can develop into a good wireman. The length 
of time required to do this, will be determined by the man's knowledge of elec- 
tricity and his efforts at self-improvement. It may require six months or a 
year or two years." 
INDUSTRIAL RE-TRAINING OF DISABLED SOLDIERS. 
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
This bibliography deals with the industrial retraining of disabled soldiers 
and some related topics. It does not aim to be an exhaustive list of the publi- 
cations on the subject, but rather a selection of the more important literature. 
With the idea of making it more useful the material has been arranged under 
countries with one general group at the beginning. Some of the material listed 
under the general heading will also be found to contain information on the work 
in particular countries. All of the material, with the exception of those refer- 
ences which are starred, may be found in the library of the Department of Soldiers' 
Civil Re-Establishment. 
GENERAL. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Rehabilitating the Maime. 
Philadelphia, 1918, vol. Ixxx, whole no. 169. 
Boscawen, Sir A. Griffith. Report on the Inter-Allied Conference for the study of professional 
re-education and other questions of interest to soldiers and sailors disabled by the war, 
held at Paris, 1917. London, 1917. 
Camus, Jean. Physical and occupational re-education of the maimed, by Jean Camus and 
others; authorized translation by W. F. Castle. London, 1918. 
Canada. Military Hospitals Commission. The provision of employment for members of the 
Canadian Expeditionary Force on their return to Canada, and the re-education of those who 
are unable to follow their, previous occupations because of disability .... together 
with appendices dealing with similar work in England, and the continent of Europe. By 
E. H. Scammell. Ottawa, 1915. 
Conference Interalliee pour 1'etude de la reeducation prof essionelle et des questions qui interessent 
les invalides de la guerre. Rapports. Paris, 1917. 
Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletins. Washington, 1918. 
Hutt, C. W. Future of the disabled soldier. London, 1917. 
Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men, held in London, 1918. Reports. 
London, 1918. 
McMurtrie, D. C. Disabled Soldier. New York, 1919. 
Evolution of national systems of vocational re-education for disabled soldiers and sailors. 
Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletin, no. 15). 
McMurtrie, D. C. Reconstructing the crippled soldier. New York, 1918. 
Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Publications. New York, 1918. 
Periodicals. 
Brock, L. G. Re-education of the Disabled. Nineteenth Century and After, London, 1916, 
vol. Ixxx, p. 822-835. 
Hutt, C. W. Observations on the future of the crippled soldier and sailor. American Journal 
of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 123-138. 
McMurtrie, D. C. Social responsibilities in the rehabilitation of disabled soldiers and sailors. 
American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, p. 126-132. 
The war cripple. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. v, 
p. 86-94. 
Munroe, J. P. The war's crippled; how they may be made assets both to themselves and to 
society. Survey, New York, 1918, vol. xl, p. 179-183. 
Shairp, L. V. Re-education of disabled soldiers. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New 
York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 201-211. 
In addition complete files of the following periodicals contain much valuable information: 
American Journal of Care for Cripples. New York, 1914-date. 
Revue Interalliee pour 1'etude des questions intSressant les mutil6s de la Guerre. Paris, 1918- 
date. 
This journal contains articles on the work of all allied countries. No attempt has been 
made to analyze the material here. 185 
Books Pamphlets and Reports 
AUSTRALIA, 
Australia, Department of Repatriation. Australian Soldiers' Repatriation Act, 1917-1918. 
Australian Repatriation Scheme. Speech by the Hon. E. D. Millen, de- 
livered May 2, 1918. 
Handbook for the information of local committees. Melbourne, 1918. 
Nature and scope of assistance rendered from April_8 to October 31, 
1918. Melbourne, 1918. 
Statutory rules. No. 88. 1918. 
Summary of assistance and benefits provided by the Department of Repatri- 
ation. Melbourne, 1918. 
Vocational training. The Australian scheme: its scope and functions. 
Melbourne, 1918. 
What Australia is doing for her returned soldiers. Melbourne. 
Fitzpatrick, W. Repatriation of the disabled soldier in Australia: vocational training, employ- 
ment, afforestation, land settlement. (Victoria State War Council). Melbourne, 1917. 
McMurtie, D. C. Australia. In his: Evolution of national systems of vocational re-education 
of soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletin 
15, p. 247-250). 
Periodicals. 
Fitzpatrick, W. Repatriation of the disabled soldier in Australia: vocational training, employ- 
ment, afforestation, land settlement. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 
1917, vol. v, p. 244-282. 
Millen, E. D. The Australian repatriation bill. American Journal of^Care for Cripples, New 
York, 1917, vol. v, p. 283-296. 
BELGIUM. 
Alleman, M. Y a-t-il lieu de re6duquer les mutil^s dans les ecoles speciales? In: Inter-Allied 
Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 171-178. 
Paeuw, Leon de. La reeducation professionnelle des soldats mutilds et estropi6s. Paris, 1917. 
Vocational re-education of maimed soldiers; translated into English by Baronne Mon- 
cheur and E. K. Parrott. Princeton, 1918. 
Whiteside, G. G. Belgium. In: McMurtrie, D.C. Evolution of national systems of vocational 
re-education for disabled soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for 
Vocational Education. Bulletin No. 15, p. 65-76). 
Provision for the re-education of Belgium war cripples. New York, 1918. (Publica- 
tions of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 15). 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
Periodicals. 
Lauwick, Marcel. The Belgium Military Institute for trade training of the war cripple. Ameri- 
can Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 179-187. 
Training school for crippled Belgians. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, 
vol. iv, p. 367-368. 
In addition the following periodical contains much valuable information but no attempt 
has been made to analyze it here. 
L'lnvalide Beige. Port Villez. 1918-date. 
CANADA. 
Boate, G. A. Relation of the short, intensive industrial survey to the problem of soldier re-edu- 
cation. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, p. 38-40. 
Canada. Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. Bulletin of the Military Hospitals 
Commission, March, June, December, 1916; November, 1917; (Continued as RECON- 
STRUCTION, January-December, 1918; continued as BACK TO MUFTI, February, 
1919. 
Report of the work of the Military Hospitals Commission, Canada, May, 
1917. Ottawa, 1917. 
- Report of the work of the Invalided Soldiers' Commission, Canada, May, 
1918. Ottawa, 1918. 
Parliament. Preliminary and second report of the special committee of the House 
of Commons.of Canada on the care and treatment of returned soldiers, 1917. Ottawa, 1917. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 186 
Canada. Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-Establishment. Returned soldiers. Proceedings of 
the special committee appointed to consider, inquire into, and report upon the reception, 
treatment, care, training, and re-education of the wounded, disabled, and convalescent who 
have served in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces, and the provision of employment for 
those who have been honourably discharged, and the training and re-education of those 
so discharged who are unable to engage in their former occupation. Comprising the 
evidence taken and statements submitted in connection therewith. Ottawa, 1917. 
MacKeen, R. T. Vocational training and vocational re-education in Canada. In: Inter- 
Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 157-164. 
McMurtrie, D. C. Canada. In his: Evolution of national systems of vocational re-education 
for disabled soldiers and sailors, Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for Vocational Education. 
Bulletin No. 15, p. 205-246. 
Dennis, J. S. Provision for crippled soldiers by the Military Hospitals Commission of Canada. 
American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. v, p. 177-178. 
Disabled (the) Canadian Soldier. Recalled to Life, London, 1917, vol. 1, p. 280-284. 
Gadsby, Mrs. M. A. Economic aspects of the disabled soldier problem with particular refer- 
ence to Canada. Monthly Labor Review, Washington, 1918, vol. vii, p. 544-556. 
Jarrott, T. L. Problems of the disabled soldier. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New 
York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 226-243. 
Kidner, T. B. Vocational work of the Invalided Soldiers Commission of Canada. Annals of 
the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, 1918, vol. Ixxx, p. 
141-149. 
McMurtie, D. C. Canadian publicity campaign in the interest of crippled soldiers, their re-edu- 
cation and employment. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. 
v, p. 149-160. 
Reconstructing the war cripple in Alberta. American Journal of Care for Cripples, 
New York, 1917, vol. v, p. 229-236. 
Periodicals. 
FRANCE. 
Amar, Jules, Le devoir agricole et les blesses de guerre. Paris, 1917. 
Organization of the training of the disabled. In: Military Hospitals Commission. 
Special Bulletin, Ottawa, 1916, p. 29-50. 
Re-education of war cripples. In his: Physiology of industrial organization and the 
re-employment of the disabled. London, 1918. 
Assistance aux convalescents militaires. Centre de reeducation professionnelle de Tours, 1916. 
Assistance aux invalides et mutiles de la guerre. Centre de reeducation professionnelle de Limoges. 
1917. 
Bittard, A. L. Les ecoles de blesses. Paris, 1916. 
BourriUon, Maurice. Comment reeduquer nos invalides de la guerre. Paris, 1916. 
Functional re-adaptation and professional re-education of the disabled victims of the 
war. In: The provision of employment for members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, 
Ottawa, 1915, p. 30-37. 
Situation de la reeducation professionnelle des invalides de la guerre en France en 1917. 
In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, 
p. 111-123. 
Vocational re-education. In: Military Hospitals Commission. Special Bulletin, 
Ottawa, 1916, p. 75-89. 
Breuil, J. Vocational school for disabled soldiers at Rouen, France; translated by G. G. White- 
side. New York, 1919. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled 
Men. Series 1, No. 11). 
Carle, M. Les ecoles professionnelles de blesses. Lyon et Paris, 1915. 
Duguet, Firmin. La reeducation professionnede des mutil6s. Paris, 1918. 
Harper, Grace S. Vocational re-education for war cripples in France. New York, 1918. 
(Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 2, No. 1.) 
Hirschfeld, Gustave. Tourvielle. Lyon, 1917. 
Tourvielle: a trade school for war cripples; translated by G. G. Whiteside. New York, 
1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, 
No. 6.) 
Mus6e Galliera. Paris. Exposition des travaux des mutiles de la guerre. Reeducation 
professionnelle. Paris. 1916. 
Norman, Sir Henry. Treatment and training of disabled and discharged soldiers in France. 
London, 1917. 
Office national des mutiles et reformes de la guerre. Bulletin n° 1. Paris, 1917. 
Reeducation fonctionnelle et reeducation professionnelle des blesses, Paris, 1917. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 187 
Todd, J. L. French system for return to civil life of crippled and discharged soldiers. New 
York, 1918. (Publications of. the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
Series 1, No. 5). 
Whiteside, G. G. France. In: McMurtrie, D.C. Evolution of national systems of vocational 
re-education for disabled soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for 
Vocational Education. Bulletin No. 15, p. 23-34). 
• Provision for vocational re-education of disabled soldiers in France. New York, 1918. 
(Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 14.) 
Periodicals. 
Alden, Percy. What France is doing for her disabled soldiers and sailors. Monthly Labor 
Review, Washington, 1917, vol. iv, p. 851-867. 
Chastand Emmanuel. Vocational school for disabled soldiers at Nantes, France. American 
Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vii, p. 92-99. 
Great Britain. Intelligence Board. France: Care of disabled soldiers. Recalled to Life, 
London, 1917, No. 1, p. 135-164. 
Hannan, Thomas. Technical schools for mained soldiers; 1'Ecole Joffre at Lyons. American 
Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 3-12. 
In addition the following periodical contains much valuable information on the subject but 
no attempt has been made to analyse it. 
Journal des Mutiles, Reformes, et Blesses de Guerre. Paris, 1916-date. 
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
Ach, N. Uber die Werkstattenbehandlung und die sonstige Beschaftigung der Kriegsbeschadig- 
ten. Munchen, 1916. 
Bachmaier, Roman. Programm und Organization einer Heilschule fur Kriegsbeschadigte. 
Padagogisches aus der Kriegsverwundetenfiirsorge. Halle a.S., 1916. 
Blinden-Lazarottschule (die) des Verienslazaretts St. Maria Viktoria-Heilanstalt zu Berlin. 
Berlin, 1918. 
Deutsch, Adolf. Arztliche Berufsberatung Kriegsbeschadigter im Rahmen der Arbeitsvermitt- 
lung. Vienna, 1917. 
Gotter, Karl, and Harold. Die Dusseldorfer Verwundetenschule. Dusseldorf, 1916. 
Gourvitch, Alexander. Austria-Hungary. In: McMurtrie, D.C. Evolution of national 
systems of vocational re-education for soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal 
Board for Vocational Education. Bulletin, No. 15, p. 195-204). 
Jahr (ein) Kriegsinvalidenfiirdorge. Stuttgart, 1916. 
Kriegsbeschadigte (der) in der Landwirtschaft. Konigsberg i. Pr., 1916. 
McDill, J. R. Lessons from the enemy: how Germany cares for her war disabled. Philadel- 
phia, 1918. 
McMurtrie, D. C. Provision for war cripples in Germany. In: Military Hospitals Commission 
Special Bulletin, Ottawa, 1916, p. 91-98. 
Schaufuss, Camillo. Wie sorgen wir fur unsere Kriegsbeschadigten fur die Witwen und Waisen 
unserer Heiden? Meissen, 1917. 
Spitzy, H. Unsere Kriegsinvaliden. Vienna, 1915. 
Tatigkeit (die) der Kriegs-Invaliden-Schulen und-Kurse der Oberpfalz. Regensburg, 1917. 
Underhill, Ruth. Germany. In: McMurtrie, D.C. Evolution of national systems of vocational 
re-education for disabled soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for 
Vocational Education. Bulletin No. 15, 133-194). 
Provision for war cripples in Germany. New York, 1918. (Publications of the Red 
Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, Series 1, No. 13). 
Periodicals. 
Austrian provision for war cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1915, 
vol. vii, p. 47-48. 
Ferenczi, Emerich. State provision for cripples in Hungary. American Journal of Care for 
Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, p. 61-66. 
Frii, Hans. Increasing the earning capacity of war cripples. American Journal of Care for 
Cripples, New York, 1918. Vol. vi, p. 67-69. 
Great Britain. Intelligence Department. Germany: Care of men disabled in the war. Recalled 
to Life, London, 1917, No. 1, p. 164-186. 
Hoyer. War cripples at the agricultural training institution, Gross-Tarpen, near Graudenz, 
Germany. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. v, p. 175-176. 
Maier-Bode, Friedrich. Physical and economic reconstruction of agricultural war cripples. 
American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. v, p. 53-57. 
Rebentisch and Hugo Eberhardt. Vocational training for war cripples at Offenbach a. M., 
Germany. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. v., p. 300-302. 188 
Silberstein, Adolf. Royal Orthopedic Reserve Hospital at Nurnberg, Germany. American 
Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 188-191. 
Steiger. War cripples in agricultural work; with particular reference to one-armed men. 
American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, p. 58-60. 
Valentin, Bruno. Workshops at the Royal Orthopedic Reserve Hospital at Nurnberg. American 
Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 192-196. 
In addition the following periodicals contain much valuable information, but no attempt, 
has been made here to analyze the material in them. 
Deutscher Hilfsbund. Berlin, 1916-17. 
Fiirsorge fur,Kriegsteilnehmer. Berlin, 1915-date. 
Kriegsbeschadigtenfiirsorge (die). Berlin, 1916-date. 
*Korrespondenz fur Kriegswohlfahrtspflege. Berlin, 1916-date. 
Liibecker Lazarett-Zeitung. 1915-date. 
Zeitschrift fur Kriippelfursorge. Leipzig, 1908-date. 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
Dickinson, K. S. Outline of a scheme for training and employment of discharged and disabled 
men of His Majesty's Forces. In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled 
Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 205-210. 
Faries, J. C. Development in England of a state system for care of the disabled soldier. New 
York, 1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
Series 1, No. 7). 
Great Britain. In: McMurtrie, D.C. Evolution of national Systems of Vocational 
Re-education for Disabled Soldiers and Sailors. (Federal Board for Vocational Education. 
Bulletin, No. 15, p. 77-107.) 
Training in English technical schools for disabled soldiers. New York, 1918. (Publi- 
cations of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. Series 1, No. 8). 
Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. Reports upon openings in industry suitable for disabled 
sailors and soldiers. London, 1917-date. No. 1-25. 
Appointments Department. Circulars. London, 1918. 
Notes on training and civil appointments for officers. London, 
(1919). 
A record of opportunity as to careers and training. London, 1918. 
Ministry of Pensions. Disabled Officer's Handbook. London, 1919. 
First annual report of the Minister of Pensions, to Mar. 31, 1918. London, 
1919. 
Instructions and notes on the treatment and training of disabled men. 
London, 1917. 
Soldiers' pensions. London, 1917. 
Soldiers' pensions. London, 1918. 
Weekly reports. (Confidential) London, 1917-18. (Continued as monthly 
reports from September, 1918-date.) 
Mitchell, Robert. What has been done for the training of our disabled sailors and soldiers. 
In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London. 
1918, p. 96-110. 
Wood, Mrs. Ethel. Training and its results. In Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of 
Disabled Men. Reports London, 1918, p. 221-225. 
Care and training of blinded soldiers and sailors; the work of St. Dunstan's Hospital, Regent's 
Park, London, England. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, 
p. 41-46. 
Hodge, John. Training of disabled men: how we are restoring them to industrial independence. 
Windsor Magazine, May 1918, p. 569-574. 
Mitchell, Robert. The Crippled Soldier in Great Britain. American Journal of Care for Cripples, 
New York, 1917, vol. v, p. 223-228. • 
Myers, Dudley B. Treatment and training of the disabled at Queen Mary's Convalescent 
Auxiliary Hospitals, Roehampton. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 
1917, vol. v, p. 133-136. 
Shairp, L. V. Refitting disabled soldiers. Atlantic Monthly, Boston, 1918, vol. cxxi, p. 362-370. 
Training of war cripples at Roehampton. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 
1916, vol. iii, p. 287-290. 
In addition the following periodicals contain much valuable information, but no 
attempt has been made to analyze the material in them. 
Ex-Service Man. London, September, 1918-date. 
Recalled to Life. London, 1917-1918. No. 1, June, 1917; No. 2, September, 1917; No. 3, 
April, 1918. Continued as Reveille. 
Reveille. London, 1918-date. No. 1, August, 1918; No. 2, November, 1918. 
War Pensions Gazette. London, May, 1917-date. 
Periodicals. 189 
INDIA. 
McMurtie, D. C. Re-education of disabled soldiers at Bombay. New York Medical Journal, 
August 24, 1918. 
West, Elizabeth. Divine fragments. Even India has begun to salvage its man power. Carry 
On, New York, 1918, vol. 1, No. 3, p. 23-25. 
Periodicals. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
ITALY. 
Chevalley, Giovanni. Report on the technical training of disabled soldiers and sailors in Italy 
during the period dating from the outbreak of war 1915 up to the end of 1917. In: Inter- 
Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 139-149. 
Federazione Nazionale dei Comitati di Assistenz a ail Militari Ciechi, Storpi, Mutilati. L'opera 
svolta in Italia, 1915-1918. Rome, 1918. 
Ferrannini, Luiga. La rieducazione professionale degli invalidi della guerra. Milano, 1916. 
Galeazzi, Riccardo. Come si rieducano i soldati mutilati. Firenze, (1916). 
Gusmitta, Mario. La re-education agricole des invalides de guerre en Italie. In: Inter-Allied 
Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 183-204. 
Levi, Ettore. Technical re-education in Italy, in its relation to the law for the assistance and 
protection of the disabled. In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. 
Reports. London, 1918, p. 150-156. 
Martello, Diego. State and legislative provisions for the placing of wounded soldiers in Italy. 
In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, 
p. 226-235. 
Mondolfo, Lavinia. Come si rieducano i soldati ciechi. Firenze,' (1916). 
Monsani, Olga. L'oeuvre des commissions regionales itahennes pour le placement et la tutelle 
apres la reeducation. In: Inter-Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. 
Reports. London, 1918, p. 236-241. 
Underhill, Ruth. Italy. In: McMurtie, D.C. Evolution of national systems of vocational 
re-education for disabled soldiers and sailors. Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for 
Vocational Education. Bulletin No. 15, p. 109-132). 
Provisions for war cripples in Italy. New York, 1918. (Publications of the Red Cross 
Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men, Series 1, No. 12). 
Periodicals. 
Carroll, B. H. Providing for the crippled soldiers of Venice. American Journal of Care for 
Cripples, New York, 1917, vol. vi, p. 36-37. 
Vocational re-education and employment of disabled soldiers in Italy. Monthly Labour Review, 
Washington, 1918, vol. vii, p. 907-921. 
In addition the following periodical contains much valuable information on the 
subject. 
Bollettino della Federazione Nazionale dei Comitati di Assistenza ai Soldati Ciechi, Mutilati, 
Storpi. Rome, 1917. 
NEW ZEALAND. 
McMurtie, Douglas C. Memorandum on provision for disabled soldiers in New Zealand. New 
York, 1918. (Publications of the Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men. 
Series 1, No. 3). 
New Zealand. In his: Evolution of national systems of vocational re-education for 
disabled soldiers and sailors, Washington, 1918. (Federal Board for Vocational Education. 
Bulletin, No. 15, p. 250-262.) 
New Zealand. Discharged Soldiers' Information Department. After the war. Reabsorbing 
the soidier into civilian life: statement by the attorney general. Wellington, 1917. 
1. Employment of returned men. 2. Training and re-education of the 
partiaLy disabled. 3. Provision of employment on the termination of the war. Wellington, 
1918. 
(Leaflet or information). Wellington (1917). 
- - Memorandum regarding the organization and operations of the Discharged 
Soldiers' Information Department. Wellington, 1916. 
- -- Memorandum regarding the organization and operations of the Discharged 
Soldiers' Information Department. Wellington, 1917. 
Memorandum regarding the organization and operations of the Discharged 
Soldiers' Information Department. Wellington, 1918. 
-Organization and objects. Wellington, 1915. 
Work of the Department and its local committees, Wellington, 1917. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 190 
SOUTH AFRICA. 
Periodicals. 
Thornton, E. N. The training of the disabled South African soldier and its lesson. In: Inter. 
Allied Conference on the After-Care of Disabled Men. Reports. London, 1918, p. 165-170- 
UNITED STATES. 
Federal Board for Vocational Education. Bulletins and Monographs. Washington, 1918. 
Pennsylvania. Department of Labour and Industry. Pennsylvania's part in the national plan 
for rehabilitating and placing in industry, soldiers and sailors disabled in war service, vol. v, 
No. 2. Harrisburg, 1918. 
United States. A bill to provide for vocational rehabilitation and return to civil employment 
of disabled persons discharged from the military or naval forces of the United States, and 
for other purposes. Washington, 1918. 
Vocational (the) Rehabilitation Act. American Journal of Care of Cripples, New York, 1918, 
vol. vii, p. 142-144. 
Books, Pamphlets and Reports. 
Government provides for vocational rehabilitation of soldiers and sailors. Monthly Labour 
Review, Washington, 1918, vol. vii, p. 29-31. 
McMurtie, D. C. Red Cross Institute for Crippled and Disabled Men: an American schooi of 
re-education. American Journal of Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vi, p. 17-26. 
McMurtie, D.C. United States and the war cripple. American Journal of Care for Cripples. 
New York, 1917, vol. iv, p. 95-96. 
Placement of disabled American soldiers and sailors. Agreement between Federal Board for 
Vocational Education and the United States Employment Service. American Journal of 
Care for Cripples, New York, 1918, vol. vii, p. 154-156. 
Plan of Federal Board for Vocational Education for assisting disabled soldiers and sailors. 
Monthly Labour Review, Washington, 1918, vol. vii, p. 1562-1567. 
Proposed vocational rehabilitation act. Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau of Labour Statistics, 
Washington, 1918, voi. vi, p. 1127-1129. 
Prosser, C. A. Federal program for vocational rehabilitation of disabled soldiers and sailors. 
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Philadelphia, 1918, vol. 
Ixxx, p. 117-122. 
United States Government to care for its disabled soldiers. Monthly Review of the U.S. Bureau 
of Labour Statistics, Washington, 1917, vol. v, p. 683-686. 
In addition the files of the following periodicals afford much information. 
Carry On. Edited by the Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Army. Washington, 1918-date. 
Vocational Summary. Published by the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Washington, 
1918-date. 
Periodicals. Training allowance paid by Canadian, British, Australian, New Zealand and United States Governments to returned discharged soldiers being trained by them for civilian occupations. 
Records Office-Vocational Branch, Department of Soldiers Civil Re-Establishment, Ottawa, Canada. 
• 
Canadian. 
British. 
Australia. 
New Zealand. 
U. S. A. 
When 
Living 
with 
Dep'ts. 
When 
Living 
away 
from 
Depen- 
dents. 
When 
Living 
in a 
Govt. 
Insti- 
tution. 
When Living with Dependents. 
When Living away from Dependents. 
When Living in a Govt. Institution. 
When 
Living 
with 
Dep'ts. 
When 
Living 
away 
from 
Depen- 
dents. 
When 
Living 
in a 
Govt. 
Insti- 
tution. 
When 
Living 
with 
Dep'ts. 
When 
Living 
away 
from 
Depen- 
dents. 
When 
Living 
in a 
Govt. 
Insti- 
tution. 
When 
Living 
with 
Dep'ts. 
When 
Living 
away 
from 
Depen- 
dents. 
When 
Living 
in a 
Govt. 
Insti- 
tution. 
Pri- 
vate. 
N.C.O. 
Class 4. 
N.C.O. 
Class 3. 
N.C.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 1. 
Pri- 
vate. 
N.C.O. 
Class 4. 
N.C.O. 
Class 3. 
N.C.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 1. 
Pri- 
vate. 
N.C.O. 
Class 4. 
N.C.O. 
Class 3. 
N.C.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 2. 
W.O. 
Class 1. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
8 cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
$ cts. 
GO 00 
GO 00 
30 00 
28 66 
31 28 
33 88 
36 48 
39 08 
44 28 
28 66 
31 28 
33 88 
36 48 
39 08 
44 28 
10 31 
12 91 
15 51 
18 01 
20 71 
25 91 
43 80 
43 80 
62 57 
62 57 
65 00 
65 00 
85 00 
101 00 
71 00 
36 49 
39 09 
41 69 
44 29 
46 89 
52 09 
43 00 
45 60 
48 20 
50 80 
53 40 
58 60 
24 75 
27 35 
29 95 
32 55 
35 15 
40 35 
62 57 
62 57 
75 00 
75 00 
ll ll ll 
and 
95 00 
111 00 
81 00 
43 26 
45 86 
48 46 
51 06 
53 66 
58 86 
49 77 
52 37 
54 97 
57 57 
60 17 
65 37 
31 52 
34 12 
36 72 
39 32 
41 92 
47 12 
ll ll u 
cl 
2 brothers or sisters 
103 00 
119 00 
89 00 
48 48 
51 08 
53 68 
56 28 
58 88 
G4 08 
55 01 
57 61 
GO 21 
62 81 
65 41 
70 61 
36 76 
39 36 
41 96 
44 56 
47 16 
52 36 
" Cl u 
CC 
3 " " 
110 00 
12G 00 
9G 00 
52 83 
55 43 
58 03 
60 63 
63 23 
68 43 
59 35 
61 95 
64 55 
67 15 
69 75 
74 95 
41 10 
43 70 
46 30 
48 90 
51 50 
56 70 
ll ll CC 
ii 
4 " " 
116 00 
132 00 
102 00 
57 18 
59 78 
62 38 
64 98 
67 58 
72 78 
63 68 
66 28 
68 88 
71 48 
74 08 
79 28 
45 43 
48 03 
50 63 
53 23 
55 83 
61 03 
ll ll u 
ci 
122 00 
138 00 
108 00 
61 53 
64 13 
66 73 
69 33 
71 93 
77 13 
68 02 
70 62 
73 22 
75 82 
78 42 
83 62 
49 77 
52 37 
54 97 
57 57 
60 17 
65 37 
ii ci a 
Cl 
6 " " 
128 00 
144 00 
114 00 
65 88 
68 48 
71 08 
73 68 
76 28 
81 48 
72 36 
74 96 
77 56 
80 16 
82 76 
87 96 
54 11 
56 71 
59 31 
61 91 
64 51 
69 71 
No provision yet made 
$6 per month, each child in 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in 
excess of 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in excess of 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in excess of 
excess of six. 
SIX. 
SIX. 
six. 
for paying allowances in 
Single man with 1 orphan 
brother or sister 
80 00 
88 00 
58 00 
35 43 
38 03 
40 63 
43 23 
45 83 
51 03 
35 43 
38 03 
40 63 
43 23 
45 83 
51 03 
17 18 
19 78 
22 38 
24 98 
27 58 
32 78 
ll ll C) ll 
brothers or sisters 
88 00 
96 00 
66 00 
40 65 
43 25 
45 85 
48 45 
51 05 
56 25 
40 65 
43 25 
45 85 
48 45 
51 05 
56 25 
22 40 
25 00 
27 60 
30 20 
32 80 
38 00 
rhe al 1 owanne 
>f $62 57 
" a 3 
CC 
IC 
95 00 
103 00 
73 00 
45 01 
47 61 
50 21 
52 81 
55 41 
60 61 
45 01 
47 61 
50 21 
52 81 
55 41 
60 61 
26 76 
29 36 
31 96 
34 56 
37 16 
42 36 
depen- 
is payable in 
sisters 
or orphan bro- 
ll Cl 4 u 
CC 
CC 
101 00 
109 00 
79 00 
49 34 
51 94 
54 54 
57 14 
59 74 
64 94 
49 34 
51 94 
54 54 
57 14 
59 74 
64 94 
31 09 
33 69 
36 29 
38 89 
41 49 
46 69 
by the New 
Zealand 
" " 5 
ll 
CC 
107 00 
115 00 
85 00 
53 69 
56 29 
58 89 
61 49 
64 09 
69 29 
53 69 
56 29 
58 89 
61 49 
64 09 
69 29 
35 44 
38 04 
40 64 
43 24 
45 84 
51 04 
clnvarn m on f 
" " 6 
CC 
CC 
113 00 
121 00 
91 00 
58 03 
60 63 
63 23 
65 83 
68 43 
73 63 
58 03 
60 63 
63 23 
65 83 
68 43 
73 63 
39 78 
42 38 
44 98 
4.7 
sn 1R 
M RO 
$6 per month, ea. 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in excess of 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in excess of 
$4.35 pei 
month 
per chil< 
1, each child in excess of 
in excess of six. 
SIX. 
six. 
six. 
Married man and wife.... 
85 00 
101 00 
71 00 
36 49 
39 09 
41 69 
44 29 
46 89 
52 09 
43 00 
45 60 
48 20 
50 80 
53 40 
58 60 
24 75 
27 35 
29 95 
32 55 
35 15 
40 35 
54 21 
54 21 
75 00 
95 00 
" " and 1 child 
95 00 
111 00 
81 00 
43 26 
45 86 
48 46 
51 06 
53 66 
58 86 
49 77 
52 37 
54 97 
57 57 
60 17 
65 37 
31 52 
34 12 
36 72 
39 32 
41 92 
47 12 
57 28 
57 28 
80 00 
105 00 
ll it IC 
2 children 
103 00 
119 00 
89 00 
48 48 
51 08 
53 68 
56 28 
58 88 
64 08 
55 01 
57 61 
60 21 
62 81 
65 41 
70 61 
36 76 
39 36 
41 96 
44 56 
47 16 
52 36 
61 50 
61 50 
97 50 
112 50 
CC ii it 
3 
110 00 
126 00 
96 00 
52 83 
55 43 
58 03 
60 63 
63'23 
68 43 
59 35 
61 95 
64 55 
67 15 
69 75 
74 95 
41 10 
43 70 
46 30 
48 90 
51 50 
56 70 
112 50 
117 50 
ll ll Cl 
4 
116 00 
132 00 
102 00 
57 18 
59 78 
62 38 
64 98 
67 58 
72 78 
63 68 
66 28 
68 88 
71 48 
74 08 
79 28 
45 43 
48 03 
50 63 
53 23 
55 83 
61 03 
117 50 
122 50 
No additional allowances 
5 " 
122 00 
138 00 
108 00 
61 53 
64 13 
66 73 
69 33 
71 93 
77 13 
G8 02 
70 62 
73 22 
75 82 
78 42 
83 62 
49 77 
52 37 
54 97 
57 57 
60 17 
65 37 
122 50 
127 50 
for children in excess of 
6 
128 00 
144 00 
114 00 
65 88 
68 48 
71 08 
73 68 
76 28 
81 48 
72 36 
74 96 
77 56 
80 16 
82 76 
87 96 
54 11 
56 71 
59 31 
G1 91 
64 5f 
69 71 
125 00 
130 00 
the number of two. 
7 
134 00 
150 00 
120 00 
70 23 
72 83 
75 43 
78 03 
80 63 
85 83 
76 70 
79 30 
81 90 
84 50 
87 10 
92 30 
58 45 
61 05 
63 65 
66 25 
68 85 
74 05 
CC IC CC 
8 
140 00 
156 00 
126 00 
74 58 
77 18 
79 78 
82 38 
84 98 
90 18 
81 04 
83 64 
86 24 
88 84 
91 44 
96 64 
62 79 
65 39 
«7 an 
70 KQ 
7R 10 
7R rq 
$G per month, ea. 
child in excess of 
$4.35 per month 
per child, each child in excess of 
$4.35 per month 
per chik 
1, each child in excess of 
$4.35 pei 
month 
per child, each child in excess of 
eight. 
eight. 
eight. 
eight. 
Widower with 1 child... 
80 00 
88 00 
58 00 
35 43 
38 03 
40 63 
43 23 
45 83 
51 03 
41 94 
44 54 
47 14 
49 74 
52 34 
57 54 
23 69 
26 29 
28 89 
31 49 
34 09 
39 29 
54 21 
54 21 
85 00 
" " 2 children. 
88 00 
96 00 
66 00 
42 23 
44 83 
47 43 
50 03 
52 63 
57 83 
48 74 
51 14 
53 94 
56 34 
59 14 
64 34 
30 49 
33 09 
35 69 
38 29 
40 89 
46 09 
57 28 
57 28 
75 00 
92 50 
" "3 " 
95 00 
103 00 
73 00 
49 00 
51 60 
54 20 
56 80 
59 40 
64 60 
55 51 
58 11 
60 71 
63 31 
65 91 
71 01 
37 26 
39 86 
42 46 
45 06 
47 66 
52 86 
61 50 
61 50 
80 00 
100 00 
" "4 " 
101 00 
109 00 
79 00 
55 78 
58 38 
60 98 
63 58 
66 18 
71 38 
62 29 
64 89 
67 49 
70 09 
72 69 
77 89 
44 04 
46 64 
49 24 
51 84 
54 44 
59 64 
90 00 
110 00 
" CC 5 iC 
107 00 
115 00 
85 00 
62 56 
65 16 
67 76 
70 36 
72 96 
78 16 
69 07 
71 68 
74 27 
76 88 
79 47 
84 67 
50 82 
53 42 
56 02 
58 62 
61 22 
66 42 
No allowances payable for 
95 00 
115 00 
" " G 
113 00 
121 00 
91 00 
69 34 
71 94 
74 54 
77 14 
79 74 
84 94 
75 85 
78 45 
81 05 
83 65 
86 25 
91 45 
57 60 
60 20 
62 80 
65 40 
68 00 
73 20 
children in excess of the 
100 00 
120 00 
" "7 " 
119 00 
127 00 
97 00 
76 12 
78 72 
81 32 
83 92 
86 52 
91 72 
82 63 
85 23 
87 83 
90 43 
93 03 
98 23 
G4 38 
66 98 
69 58 
72 18 
74 78 
79 98 
number of two. 
105 00 
125 00 
" "8 " 
125 00 
133 00 
103 00 
82 90 
85 50 
88 10 
90 70 
93 30 
98 50 
89 41 
92 01 
94 61 
97 21 
99 81 
105 01 
71 16 
73 76 
76 36 
78 96 
81 56 
86 76 
110 00 
130 00 
The allowances paid by the Canadian and British Governments to dependents are subject to reduction if the circumstances of a case permit. 
March 10, 1919. 
74947-Face page 190. 191 
GROWTH BY CHITS 
•f INMSTBIAL CETCAmiNG CLASSES 
RECORDS OFFICE, VOCATION AL BRANCH, 
DEPT -f SOLDIERS'CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
OTTAWA 
LEGEND 
QUEBEC AScE UNITS 
NOVA SCOTIA 4PEl- B UNIT 
ONTARIO C.D&F UNITS 
NANITOBA G UNIT 
SASKATCHEWAN H - 
ALBERTA I - 
BRITISH COLUMBIA J - 
NEW BRUNSWICK K - 192 
GROWTH BY OMITS 
•f ATTENDANCE'"CdJAIlVE WORKSHOPS 
VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
PEPT-OF SOLDIERS'CIVIL RE-ESTAHI SHNENT 
LEGEND 
QUEBEC ABE CINITS 
NOVA SCOTIA &PEI-...B CINIT 
ONTARIO .C.D&F UNITS 
MANITOBA G UNIT 
SASKATCHEWAN H (JHIT 
ALBERTA I UNIT 
BRITISH COLC1HBIA J UNIT 
NEW BRUNSWICK/ KOHIT 
DECORDS OFFICE,VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
( V ) DEPT-OF SOLDIERS' CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
VU/ OTTAWA 193 
GROWTH 
SHOWING, TOTALS 
ATTENDANCECURATIVE WORKSHOPS 
^INDUSTRIAL PE-TRAINING CLASSES 
RECORDS OFFICE,VOCATIONAL BRANCH 
DEPTf SOLDIERS'CIVIL RE-ESTABLISHMENT 
OTTAWA 
LEGEND 
RETRAINING CIASSES 
wbative workshops 
TOTALS RE-TRAINING & 
Q4) C0MT1VE WORKSHOPS 
"I 1 ' •" I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I ' - - ■