THE JIOA SUBJECT INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHN^AL n REPORTS FIAT VOLUME I UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORTS JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF JOINT INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES AGENCY WASHINGTON 25, D.C. INDEX Item No, Technical Field of Knowledge ' Page No. 1 RADAR 1 ’ 2 ARTILLERY ADD WEAPONS, Incl: 3 (a) General (b) High Velocity Projectiles (c) Fire Control Gear (d) Hollow Charge (e) Armament Research v (l) General {ll) Propellants and Explosives 3 BOMBS AND CONTROL GEAR, Incl; (No reports in (a) Fuzes this field) (h) Servomechanisms (c) Bombsights 4 ROCKETS AND ROCKET FUEIS k 5 JET PROPUISION, Incl; 5 (a) Jet Propelled aircraft 6 DIRECTED OR CONTROLLED MISSILES, Incl; (No reports in (a) Controlled Bombs with particular ref- this field) erence to wire control in place of radio control. (b) Radio Proximity fuze (c) Remote controlled aircraft 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS, Incl; , 6 (a) Wireless Telegraphy and telephone (b) Privacy devices, cipher equipment, etc, (c) Valves (d) Special Signalling Lamps 8 CHEMICAL WARFARE vNo reports in this field) 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES IN GENERAL, Incl; 11 (a) Infra-red devices (b) Night fighting aids (c) "Tabby" (d) Television (Lenses, and Cameras, etc.) (e) Location other than by Radar (Sound, flash, FA - observation, etc, (f) Scientific and Technical Equipment 11 TORPEDOES, Incl; (no reports in this field) (a) U and E Boats (b) ' Aircraft Torpedoes 12 SUBMARINES, Incl; (a) Novel methods of sea transport (b) Closed cycle engines for U Boats (c) Recent German Research on a/b devices Item No., Technical Field of Knowledge Page No* 13 BOOM DEFENSES, Incl: (No reports In this field) (a) Recent developments In connection with harbor defenses, expecially: (I) Electro-magnetic loops (II) Hydrophone s (ill) Infra-red "Burgular Alarm" devices (of Item 9 (a) ) (XV) Thermal detecting devices lk MINE SWEEPING (No reports in this field) 15 MINES Incl: (No reports in this field) (a) Sea Mines (h) Air Mines 16 LAND MINES Incl: ?0 (a) Methods of detection and clearance 17 ELAME AND INCENDIARIES (No reports in this Field) 18 ARMORED FIGHTING 'VEHICLES, Incl: J1 (a) Armor (b) Tank Sighting devices and optical instruments (of Item 9) (c) AFV Transmission 19 ‘VEHICLES, Incl: 72 (a) "B" Vehicles, Including wheeled vehicles (h) Tractor 5/k tracked (c) Novel methods of land transport 20 ENGINEER EQUIPMENT 79 21 METALLURGY, Incl: 80 (a) Metallurgy of springs (b) Metallurgy of substitute alloy steels (c) Industrial Minerals (d) Metals and Alloys 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS, Incl: 15^ (a) Synthetic Rubber (b) Plastics (c) Bullet Resisting Glass (d) Special types of lightweight oxygen- producing equipment, whether mechani- cal or chemical (e) Textiles and Leather • (f) Agriculture and Food (g) Forest Products (h) Building Materials 23 AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT (For ground troops) (No reports) 2k MEDICAL, Incl: 3$! (a) Anti-malarial agents (b) Anti-louse (c) Bacterlocides Item Wo. Technical Field of Knowledge Page No. 25 AIRCRAFT, Incl 39$ (a) General, including Aircraft Research Centers (D) Pressure Cabins (c) High Lift Devices (d) Aircraft Accessories (e) Assisted Take-Off (f) Code Names (Aircraft Industry) 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES, Incl: (a) General (b) Steam Turbines (c) Superchargers (d) Engine Accessories (e) Fuels (Special) (f) Cold Starting (g) Power Boosting Systems 27 INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT, Incl: (Na reports) (a) Automatic Pilots (b) Oxygen (of Item 22 (d) ) (c) Radio Altimeters (d) Shallow water diving equipment with particular reference to reports on medical research in connection with diving 28 HEADQUARTERS -- DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL, Incl: (a) German Army Organization (b) German "Supply" Ministries (c) Other German Government Organizations (d) Miscellaneous 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION, Including Merchant Ships, Hulls and Equipment 30 FUEIS AND LUBRICANTS 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT, Incl: (a) Tools (b) Mechanical Industrial Equipment (c) Electrical Industrial Equipment 32 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT 5^3 33 UTILITIES 523 FIAT APPENDIX I -- UNPUBLISHED FIAT REPOETS FIAT ITEM NO. 1 RADAR Item No. 1 FIAT REPORT NO.v^g UNCLASSIFIED HIGH POWER RADAR JAGDHAUS. Reported by; A. M. Stevens. 13P. This report presents the information obtained by interrogating a member of the C«Lorenz A*G. who was employed at the Magdhaue11 a search radar station which had been converted to have a peak pulse modulator power of 750 EV and max* range of 300 km* The received signals were relayed to Berlin through a television cable* The report contains pictures of the 48 ton antenna array* Diagrams and graphs are included* 1 FIAT ITEM NO. 2 ARTILLERY AND WEAPONS Item No. 2 FIAT REPORT NO. 979 UNCLASSIFIED SINTERED IRON SHELL ROTATING BANDS. Reported by: H, L. Krebs. lOp. This report deals with the manufacturing of iron shell ro- tating bands by the powder metallurgy process. Special consideration is given to the selection of iron powder and the pressing of the rings in such a manner as to obtain a sufficient porosity in the ring material for the absorption of a lubricant. Appendix I gives a list of German personnel interviewed; Appendix II a list of factories visited; and Appendix III contains a bibliography. Item No. 2 FIAT REPORT NO. 1055 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN DEVELOPMENTS IN HIGH EXPLOSIVES. Reported by: H. Walter. 40p, This report reviews the latest processes developed in Germany for manufacturing new high explosives. It presents some de- tails of pilot plants and plants for large scale production# The use of the new high explosives for demolition and for gdn and rocket propellants is described. The principal explo- sives discussed are Myrol, based on methyl nitrate; MAN-salt, based on monomethylammonium nitrate; and TETRA-salt, based on tetramethylammoniumnitrate. Myrol in particular has certain outstanding properties which may make it valuable as a future explosive. The pilot plant process of producing Formit is also given. This was the least important of the high explo- sives developed so was not developed to larger scale produc- tion. Five appendices are included, they contain? A list of personnel of Myrol team and a list of German personnel refer- red to in the report; a list of patents and applications filed in Germany; a bibliography; a summary of properties of prin- cipal explosives; and a list of eight drawings. 2 FIAT ITEM NO. 2 AFT IT-T FRY AND WEAPONS Item No. 2 FIAT REPORT NO. 1068 UNCLASSIFIED NOVEL CIRCUIT AND DEVICE FOR THE DETONATION OF POWDER CHARGES. Reported by: H. W. Straub. lip. This report describes a novel electrical circuit for the detona- tion of explosives or possibly for use as a burgular alarm* The device described is operated by a 2-wire trigger line which will activate the circuit by either a short circuit or an open cir- cuit. Power for this device is supplied by two 1.5 volt dry cells which will last for approximately two years, as the steady current during operation is not more than .0?5 mil-amperes. Diagrams are included. Item No. 2 FIAT REPORT NO. 1160 UNCLASSIFIED NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF STEEL CARTRIDGE CASES IN GERMANY. Reported by: R. Schempp. 6p. This report gives'a brief description of the manufacture of steel cartridge cases in Germany. The chemical analysis of a typical suitable steel is given. Desirable a structural properties are listed, and the high ligh s o the manufacture from the starting blank to the finished product are given. Appendix I contains a list of German personnel interviewed. 3 FIAT ITEM NO. k ROCKET AND ROCKET FUELS Item No. 4 FIAT REPORT NO. 107 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF MANUFACTURE OF GRAPHITE RUDDERS FOR V-2 ROCKETS. Reported by: fi. H. Wlkle and W. A. Steiner. 8p. This report presents the methods used in the manufacture of the special graphite rudders or fins used for the initial steering of V-2 rockets, manufactured only by the firm of Siemens Planiawerke, with plants at Berlin- Lichtenberg and Meitingen. This initial steering was effected by using the rocket Jet of hot gas directly against the graphite rudders, the purpose of the graph- ite fin being to obtain effective steering control of the rockets from the very instant of firing up to the time that the rockets had attained sufficient velocity to allow control by rudders operating on the air slip stream in the conventional manner. Two diagrams are attached. 4 FIAT ITEM NO. 5 JET PROFUISION Item No. 5 FIAT REPORT NO. Ul8 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT OF THE GRID MEETING IN BRAUNSCHWEIG, 2?-28 MARCH, 1944. Reported by: A. Planlol. 63p. Deals with the research' work performed by the Germans on axial-flow machines, like turbines, fans, compressors, or superchargers, considered from the standpoint of grid investi- gation, both theoretically and experimentally. These six translated papers are mostly concerned with experimental results on turbine grids obtained by use of optical methods such as interferences and Schlieren process. Efficiency and flexibility of newer type bucket profiles using thick and well-rounded leading edge are shown to be far superior to that of older ones using sharp blading edge. Pressure and velocity distribution at a turbine rotor in relation to its position relative to the stationary grid (nozzles) is con- sidered. He'sults of overall measurements of efficiency of bucket grid are compared with those of wake-measurements, and the loss-coefficients are discussed. 5 FIAT ITEM NO. 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 289 UNCLASSIFIED CARRIER TELEPHONE SYSTEMS. Reported by; J. A. Parrott. 35p. This report presents technical data on the following types of carrier telephone systems: Open wire systems, cable systems, and multiple unit systems for one or more channels. The Reichspost made greater use of the cable types of sys- tems because most German long distance service is via cable. Open wire systems and a substantial part of the cable sys- tem were for the Wehrmacht, All systems inspected used copper oxide modulators and demodulators. The practice in multichannel design was to first modulate all voice channels with a single carrier, usually 6 k.c., to simplify the fil- ter design. Siemens at Munich indicated that they had been -using a new type of harmonic coil generator. The core of this coil is made of laminated sheets of 50$ nickel and 50$ iron. Material, known as was used in many of their transformers. A list of references is given. Diagrams of systems and photographs of eouipment and underground repeating station are Included. Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 610 UNCLASSIFIED DIMENSIONING OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS, OCT. 1945. Reported by: K, Franz and A. M, Stevens. l+Op. This report is a translation of a paper covering a resume of the basic dimensioning of directional antennas developed in the last few years by Telefunken G.m.b.H* as written by a physicist and engineer of the Telefunken Laboratories, Dr. Kurt Frdnz. Contents include discussions on antennas and ranges, dipole directional antennas, parabolic antennas, slit radiators, di-electric antennas, horn radiators, antonna measurements and matching problems. References, drawings, .charts and curves are included. 6 FIAT ITEM NO. 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 6?1 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SELENIUM RECTIFIERS PRE- PARED BY THE VACUUM METHOD. Reported by: L. H. Matthias. 6p. This report presents some characteristics of selenium recti* fiere produced by the vacuum method* This information is supplemental to CIOS Report 63* The report comprises a num- ber of curves and data shoving the performance of selenium rectifiers produced by the A.X.C. vacuum method* Compara- tive data on rectifiers produced by the S.A* f. method are also given* Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 892 UNCLASSIFIED CERAMIC DIELECTRICS FOR CONDENSERS. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. l6p. This report deals with the progress made in the German ceramic industry on bodies used for insulating purposes during the year 19U6* Appendix I gives list of German personnel inter- viewed, Appendix II a list of factories visited* Appendix IIIbbibliography, and Appendix IV a list of illustrations* 7 FIAT ITEM NO. 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 895 UNCLASSIFIED PROGRESS IN TIMS AND RADIO FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS AT THE- THE P.T.4. HEIDELBERG. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. l8Lp. This book contains the following reports, including pertinent illustrations, published in German by the "Physikalisch- Technische Reichsanstalt," Heidelberg: (1) Frequency and Time Measurement, by U. Adelsberger; (2) Sensitivity Measure- ment of Detectors in the Centimeter-Nave Band, by Helmut Hoyer; (3) Report on the work done on Amplitude Modulation of Magnetron Oscillators.in the High-Frequency Laboratory, by W. Schaffeld; (U) The Characteristics of Electromagnetic Horns in the Centimeter-Wave Range, by W. Kebbel; (5) Sup-» plements to the report on Michelson-type Radio Interferometers Developed in the High-frequency Laboratory, By W. Schaffeld; (6) Power Measurements in the Centimeter-Wave Range, by Helmut Hoyer and Karl Forger; (7) Report on an Impulse Generator with Variable Impulse Width, Developed in the High-frequency Laboratory, by R. Stlss; (8) Report of the High-Frequency Laboratory on Direct Current Amplifiers for Measuring Pur- pbses, by R. Stlss; (9) Report on the Michelson-'pype Radio Interferometers Developed on the High-frequency Laboratory, by 1ft. Schaffeld; (10) Method for Evaluating the Efficiency of Magnetron Oscillators in the Centimeter and Millimeter- wave Range, by W. Schaffeld; (11) Details of Crystal Clock Circuits, by ,U. Adelsberger. Summaries of these reports are given in Qiglish. 8 FIAT ITEM NO. 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 908 UNCLASSIFIED THE SIEMENS AND HALSKE TELEPRINTER, T-TYP 68. Reported by: V. E. Swain and R. A. Goodman. 2}p. This is a report on a new tape recording teleprinter of sub- stantially different design to those previously manufactured by Siemens and Halske and which incorporates facilities for easy conversion to a unit suitable for tape relay operation. Although this unit was not in the production stage before the conclusion of hostilities, tests of the models available show that definite improvements have been effected over the cur- rently used types* The essential components of the machine are a typewheel tape receiver and a four-row keyboard trans- mitter* It is designed for single -current operation at 40 mA, Receiving reperforators and automatic transmitter units may be added when required. In one model examined, which was without these attachments, the received characters were printed on 3/8” gummed tape* The second model was fitted with both attachments and the ll/l6M tap© from the reperforator was ar- ranged to pass beneath the typewheel; characters were thus printed on the reperforator tape about one inch ahead of the corresponding perforations between the second'horizontal row of punch holes and the feed holes. The printed characters are small script in agreement with the growing practice in Germany for teleprinters of all kinds. Photographs and cross sectional drawings are included. Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 925 UNCLASSIFIED FURTHER STUDIES IN MAGNETOPHONES AND TAPES. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. 135p* This report glares information on the manufacture of three types of acetate tape for use with the magnetophone system of sound recording and for the type K7 magnetophone are also discussed and there are included circuit diagrams for both the K7 and the K7 as modified by the Rundfunk Laboratories for broadcast use. The K7 magnetophone is discusse*d and several uses of this equipment are described. Photographs* drawings* and circuit diagrams included. 9 FIAT ITEM NO. 7 SIGNAL COMMUNICATIONS Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 1126 UNCLASSIFIED STANDARIZATION OF GERMAN CARRIER TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH EQUIPMENT. Renprted E. R. Kun. lip. This report deals with the standardization of carrier groups vHch ■were designed and constructed in Germany, where the primary group had four channels from six to eighteen kilocycles, the basic group (comprising three primary groups) from 64 to 102 kilocycles* and the super group (comprising five basic groups) from 406 to 648 kilocycles. In addition to this, information is given on the progress obtained in the standard} zatior. of components (such as coils, transformers, condensers, copper oxide varistors and bridge rectifiers), polar relays, tool dialing, quad coaxial cables and broad band television cables The report is supplemented by 1,206 pages of original German documents, which are available as microfilms. (Reel 12GG, PP 73638, frames 1 through 471; Reel 13GG, PB 74327, frames 472 through 861; and Reel 14GG, PB 74326, frames 662 through 1206.) Item No. 7 FIAT REPORT NO. 1163 UNCLASSIFIED THE TELEPHONOGRAPH RECORDING SYSTEM. Reported by: H. J. Lichtenberger. 55p- The described Telephonograph receives and records incoming telephone calls automatically. Furthermore it permits the play-back of these calls to any distant telephone. A mecha- nism safeguards the play-back against unauthorized use. The instrument utilizes intricate electrical circuits which are described in detail. Diagrams are included, also photographs. This report is in German. 10 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AML OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AMD DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 223 UNCLASSIFIED WATCH, CLOCK, TIME FUZE AND JEWEL BEARING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH- WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: J. G. Shennen. Brief report on investigations of 6 German firms making time- pieces, time fuzes and jewel bearings during the war. A discussion of point detonating fuze arming springs is given, and drawings of the wire rolling machines are included in the appendix. Watch and clock production is dependent mainly on Swiss parts and machinery. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 224 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF ELECTRICAL CONTROL DEVICES IN GERMANY. Reported by: T. B. Joghem. 25p. Report is based on visits to eleven German plants engaged in the manufacture of electrical control devices, such as manual switches and starters, magnetic contractors, relays, circuit breakers, and timing devices. Discussion of the devices is followed by brief description of the plants visited. There was little or no development in the German electrical control industry during the war years, and nothing radically new was observed. 11 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No, 9 FIAT REPORT NO, 2^8 UNCLASSIFIED PROFILE PROJECTORS MANUFACTURED BY ERNEST LEITZ AT WETZLAR, Reported By: R. H. Portman. 6p, This report is a description, illustrated with photographs, of the profile projector manufactured by Leitz. Its un- usual features are as followst 1. Light source, a low voltage unit operated by means of a rheostat, projects a horizontal beam which is reflected by a mirror past the object and through the objective lens and projected On a horizontal screen. Light source is equipped with a green filtering unit and heat absorbing glass, which results in a soft green light which is very easy on the eyes, 2. Pro Jection screen is conventional but has a roll attachment feature for the mounting of tracings. 12 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 271 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN HIGH FREQUENCY, DETECTOR AND CABLE DEVELOPMENTS. Reported by: R. H. McCarthy, J, R. Townsend and P. Mertz, lOp, This report presents information on work of Relchs Anstalt Group, Heidelberg, and of Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke, Norden- ham. Subjects treated Include the following: 1, Work on frequency calibrations of Reichs Anstalt Group. They base all frequency calibrations on a crystal controlled clock. This furnishes a standard 60 kc. and all other secondary standard frequencies are related to the standard 60 kc. by the use of harmonic steps, or drive of an oscillator through locking in of one of its harmonics. 2. An attenuator seen at Relchs Anstalt consisted of 2 coaxials with the center of each terminated in a plate perpendicular to the axis. 3. Description of magnetrons used by Reichs Anstalt Group. U. Description of manufacture of detectors made of magnesium and titanium powders at Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke. 5. Di- electric properties of materials at frequency. 6, Cable products manufactured by Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke. 13 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 292 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF LABORATORY APPARATUS, INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT. Reported by: J. 0. Bengston. l^p. This report concludes, on the basis of visits to a number of laboratories and industrial establishments manufacturing laboratory instruments, that laboratory apparatus used urns not equal to /userlean standards. Laboratory supply in- dustry in Germany which supplied domestic requirements con- sisted of numerous small manufacturers who sold their pro- ducts directly to the consumer* It was also observed that scientists were more closely identified with universities and laboratories than in the U*S. Establishments and persons visited included: I* G. Farben, Httchst; Steinheil Sohne, manufacturer of optical instruments; Dr* M. Edelman, manufacturer of precise scientific laboratory instruments; Josef Eschenbach, manufacturer of sun glasses; Heisinger and Sohn, manufacturer of drawing instruments; Stockert and Sohn, manufacturer of direction compasses; Pfeiffer, Arthur* manufacturer of vacuum pumps and compressors; Hart- man and Braun, A.G*, manufacturer of electrical recording and controlling instruments; Dr. Karl Bosch, formerly Dir- ector of Research, A*E*G,, Berlin. Special equipment found is noted* 14 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No, 9 FIAT REPORT NO, 294 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF GERMAN TELEVISION AND ELECTRONIC AUTHORITIES. Reported by: R. H. McCarthy, J. R. Townsend and P. Mertz. lip. Interviews with (l) Dr. Karolus, University of Leipzig; (2) Dr. Ludwig Wesch, of Heidelberg; (3) Dr, Bothe, Director of the Institute of Physics, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Heidel berg; (U) Dr. Carl Bosch, of Heidelberg, and (5) Dr. Bern- hardt Bartels, also of Heidelberg. Dr. Karolus has done experiments with larger television screens, while Dr. Bosch describes a compact high tension generator for use with infra-red image tubes, which he developed, together with research on phosphors and photocathodes. Dr. Bartels has developed a silicon detector cell that may be superior to American or British detectors. 15 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 351 - 3&0) UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PHOTOSENSITIVE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE. Reported by: C. E. Rose and D. R. White. 200p. Processes and material used in experimental work on zwo types of lithographic plates and drying eouipment used in making Ozalid (photosensitive) napers and foils are described. No progress or changes occurred in the raanufact ure of Ozalid papers during the war years. Two processes which were more highly developed were; 1. Process in which a mechanical printing plate is produced from a positive original through the use of a colloid and an azide. 2. Process in which a diazo compound of high molecular weight is used in such manner as to yield a printing plate directly, without colloid, when printed from a negative. Appendix I gives chemical structure of diazo compounds no, 1, 2, and 3» couplers and azide. Appendix II outlines operations in positive process for producing printing plates. Appendix III outlines operations in negative process without colloid. Conies of three and Co. patent applications for these processes and related technical information are given in Appendices IV, V, and Patent applications are; 1. Lichtempfind- llche Kolloidschlchten zur Herstellung von G-erbbiidern; 2. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckformen; and 3« Ver- fahren zur Herstellung von Elachdruckformen. Appendices are in German. 16 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 tsttvqtpat. Aim OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AMD DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 397 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE CARBON AND GRAPHITE ELECTRODE INDUSTRY OF GER- MANY* Reported "by: Hugh H. Wiki© and Walter A. Steiner. 26p. This report deals with the process, equipment, and mater- ials in the manufacture of carbon and graphite electrodes and evaluates the performance of the product. It is based on visits to five electrode manufacturing plants and seven representative users of electrodes and designers of electrode equipment. Substitutes for petroleum coke developed were pitch coke, "extract" coke resulting from synthesis of gasoline, from coal, a metallurgical coke, and an anthracite coke. Processes, eouipment and prod- uction methods are essentially similar to those of U. S. industry. The investigators conclude that the performance quality of German electrodes made during the war ranged widely; some were nearly equal to U. S. products in quality. Production capacities for the manufacture of basic stock and for graphitizing graphite electrodes are given. Report also includes a description of German electric steel furnaces, illustrated by photographs, brief notes on blast furnace linings and on individual plants visited, and a wiring diagram. 17 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 512 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF LOW-VOLTAGE, AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER PRACTICE, GERMANY, Reported by; H. C. Graves, Jr. 25p. In the German small circuit breaker field, the circuit breakers and starters have been combined into one unit, re- sulting in advantages of simplicity and economy. In the large circuit breaker field, better protection is afforded by the German designs, American practice in the overload situation not being satisfactorily solved. As to the large circuit breaker, descriptions are given of designs of Voigt and Haeffner Company, the AEG Company, and Siemens-Schuckert. Accompanying are drawings and diagrams of German practice. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 5lk UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCH GEAR. Reported by; 0. Jensen. 39p. Reports on development or nign voltage circuit breakers by: Siemens-Schuckert Schaltwerk with their expansion breaker and synchronous breaker, the latter using a tripping device based on a magnetic design; A.E.G. with air blast breakers; Voigt-Haeffner, A. G., Frankfurt am Main, with their con- traction breaker; and E. Neumann, Berlin. The gear of Siemens and Voigt-Haeffner are described in detail, accompanied by diagrams and photographs. 18 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 515 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PROGRESS ON MECHANICAL RECTIFIER OR CONTACT CONVERTER. Reported by: 0. Jensen. In an attempt by Siemens-Schuckert to build a rectifier which does not backfire, Dr. Koppelmann built the first contact converter in 1940. The dc. bus bars are connected to the ac. transformer terminals at proper intervals by means of a mechanical contact, driven by a synchronous motor. This device is very compact; a 2000 KW. contact converter weighs 19 fiat item no. 9 pnvg-rntT. Aim OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 523 (586) UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by: A. D. Eplett. I31p. The field of the investigation! covered by this report it that of industrial measuring end controlling equipment especially as used in, and manufactured for, the process industries* This includes apparatus for the measurement and/or automatic control of such variables as pressure, temperature, humidity, flow, liquid level, density, con* ductivity, hydrogen-Ion concentration, etc* The purpose of the investigation was to gain Information on recent German developments and to compare German practice with our own, with regard to design, manufacture and application* Plants in Russian controlled territory were not visited. The first section of the report comprises a brief account of each visit made, next follows a discussion by subjects, then de- tailed reports are given on a few new items, and finally a few general conclusions are drawn* A gae analysis recorder operating on the infra red absorption principle was found widely used in I* G* Farben plants* The instrument is known as "liras’* (a short name for ultra-rot-absorption- schreiber); two excellent German papers on the subject are reproduced in this report together with drawings, graph, and photograph* A supplement FIAT Final Report 586, by Xdmund D. Haigler, is attached to this report giving addi- tional data on the application of German instruments. 20 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 532 UNCLASSIFIED EQUIPMENT FOR USE WITH OXYGEN AND FUEL GASES FOR WELDING AND CUTTING. Reported by: H. R. Pufahl. 8lp. The information presented in this survey report has been collected during September and October, 1S45, in visits to a considerable number of manufacturing establishments in Germany which supply or use equipment and welding materials for antogenous gas welding and for cutting and other operations. The report covers collectively the items considered of a high standard of design and construction and others which have not been in evidence in American industry. Included in the report are features of construction of welding and cutting blowpipes* regulators, flame hardening apparatus, welding, cutting and flame hardening machines and information on materials from which they are made. Compositions and uses of the more con- ventional welding rods and fluxes are also given. The report contains a number of photographs. Appendix A is a list of welding rods described in this report. Appendix B is a list of fluxes described. Appendix C is a list of plants visited. Appendix D is a list of drawings and flow curves. 21 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AMD OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 55*+ UNCLASSIFIED BETATRON DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY. Reported by: M. J. Gross. lOp. This report states that, based on information from a number of sources, it is well established that there were only two groups in Germany that hod completed the construction of Betatrons (magnetic Induction electron accelerators) to the point of getting then into operation. In general, it seems that Betatron development in Germany was far behind that in the United States. Nevertheless, some of the work is differ- ent from that tried in the United States and some of the theoretical speculation may be of interest. The work of the following organizations and persons is summarized: M. V. Research Association, Siemens-Reininger Werke, Dr. Max Steen- beck. Dr. B. Wideroc, K. W. Institut* University of Heidel- berg, Allgemeine Blektrizltats Gesellschaft, Drs. Kopfermann and Guadt at the University of Gottingen, and Dr. Schmellen- meler and Professor Ganz. Miscellaneous technical notes, and a list of documents evacuated to Washington, are also included 22 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 535 UNCLASSIFIED THE INDUSTRIAL X-RAY FIELD IN GERMANY. Reported by: M. J. Gross. l4p. of literature on the materials are included. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 604 UNCLASSIFIED THE HELICOPTER ANTENNA. Reported by: A. M. Stevens. 22p. This report is based, upon a translation of a German report by Dr, A. Kirchberg who supervised this work for the Allge- meine Gesellschaft (A,TS.Cr*) captive helicop- ters for use as observation posts and as supports for radio antennas. Flights up to 750 meters were found satisfactory. Some details of the circuits required for use with the helicopter antenna are given • Photographs and diagrams of the captive helicopters, cables, and winches are included. 23 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 610 DIMENSIONING OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS, OCT. Refer to Item No. 7 for a complete listing of this rep Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 655. UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC SAPPHIRE AND SPINEL PRODUCTION IN GERMANY. Reported "by: M. H. Barnes. 17p* There are 2 plants in Germany which nroduced synthetic sap- phire and spinel boules during the war, the I.G. Farben plant at Bitterfeld and the Wledes Karbld Werke at Freyung. Both plants employ the basic Verneull process, the prin- ciples of which are known in the U. S. The details of German apparatus and process are revealed here for the first time. A process for hardening spinel bearings so that their performance apnroached that of sapphire and so that only t as much diamond was needed for fabrication was developed. 24 FTAT ITEM NO. 9 TravQTnflT. ftTO OPTICAL INSISTAND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 6?8 UNCLASSIFIED STATUS OF EXPLOITATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND OPTICS IN GERMANY. Reported by: F. E. Bond. 15p. This report summarizes all of the work done by former inves- tigators in the fields of photography and optics. The ap- pendix lists these reports under the name of the organiza- tion presenting the report and they include: U. S. Naval Technical Mission Reports; Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee Reports; miscellaneous reports in Records Branch, FIAT, as well as CIOS and BIOS reports. They cover military, industrial, and scientific developments in Germany during the war in the field of photography and optics. The appen- dix contains a summary of information relative to German con- trol of industrial research and development in photography and optics, secured from Dr. Kuppenbender. There are also some excerpts from Ninth Army G-2 Intelligence report on German industrial photographic and optical organizations. 25 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 698 UNCLASSIFIED PHOTOGRAPHING- A SINGLE FUEL INJECTION. Reported by: R. C. Mathews on. 6p. The Bosch research laboratory engineers have developed an instrument to photograph a single fuel Injection within a housing where a gas pressure is maintained equal to the compression pressure of the engine* A typical photograph made with this instrument, and a diagrammatic arrangement of apparatus, are included* A translation of the German text prepared to explain the apparatus and its functions ic given* The problem was solved by use of a spark-ciriemat ograph. 26 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 702 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRON MIRROR IMAGE TUBE, Reported by: H. Dauber. 42p. The electron mirror image tube (Slektronen Spiegel Bildwand- ler)is an image tube based on the reflection of electrons from a semi-conducting infra-red sens!tire layer upon which a photo image is projected. This tube was still in the de- velopment state at the end of the war, but the results ob- tained with laboratory models so far would indicate that further development would have resulted in a universal infra red detection device capable of both active and passive op- eration (in connection with an infra-red search light or as a simple heat detector). The historical developments lead- ing to the design of the tube are discussed, and the prin- ciple of operation is explained. The preparation of the semi-conducting layers as practiced in Prague in the labora- tory of Prof. Gudden is presented in detail, together with the latest improvements in the methods of evaporation. The electron optical system is described and several methods of improving the overall performance by electrical means are in- cluded. An appendix shows a brief mathematical analysis of the electron optical performance and a table representing the results of extensive tests with a variety of semi-con- ducting layers in the electron image tube. 27 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 705 UNCLASSIFIED HIGH FREQUENCY MAGNETOPHON MAGNETIC SOUND RECORDERS. Re- ported by: J. Ze Menard. This report gives details of the high frequency models of the German Magnetophon magnetic sound recorders. A detailed discussion of the recording system is given, with consider- able research and design information pertaining to the me- chanical systems, electrical circuits, recording processes, and the tape used for Schematic and performance curves of some systems are included. (JZM). The Magneto- phon recorders were developed by the Reichsrundfunk Gesell- schaft (German State Broadcasting Service) using plastic tape impregnated with microscopic particles of magnetic materials, and high frequency recording and erasing of the recordings, and found application in most of the boadcasting stations replacing to advantage other types of recordings. 28 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 721 UNCLASSIFIED THE AGFACOLOR NEGATIVE-POSITIVE METHOD FOR PROFESSIONAL MOTION PICTURES. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. 52p. Early Investigations by representatives of the Signal Corps and the Navy of the Agfa Film Factory at Wolfen revealed that the Agfacolor negative-positive method was used success- fully by the German motion picture industry during the war to produce full color professional 35 mm motion pic- tures. The present report is the result of further in- vestigation of the process and gives: (l) Detailed descrip- tions of the method for manufacturing the raw films; (2) the exposure technique for the negative and the printing method for the positive, including the methods for obtain- ing special effects; (3) an outline of the steps Involved in producing the sound track; (U) the processing procedure including the formulas for the solutions used, method of replenishment, and some details of the equipment in- volved; (5). production and cost data; and (6) research, and development projects after Appendix I contains information relative to the preparation of the following: Cyan Component F Magenta Component Z 1&9; Yellow Component F 5351 Cyan Component F 5^• Appendix II gives processing times for both positive and negative films and the formulas used in processing. Appendix III is a list of locations visited and personnel Interviewed. Appendix IV is a bibliography of German books and articles dealing with the Agfacolor process. 29 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ?25 UNCLASSIFIED HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING, 250 ATM. Reported "by: E. W. Halbach. 15p- High pressure hot water heating systems, with or without a pump, are generally used in Germany in preference to oil, Dowphen (Diphenyl) or Dowtherm, partly because of higher heat transfer but largely because of availability of special equipment. These systems give good heat transfer and allow the use of simple boilers, but specially developed welding technique is necessary for the kettles. Samsreuther, Butz- bach has developed two types of kettles, one with double wall construction replaced by welding steel piping directly to kettle walls, called SAMKA-piping, and the riveted or welded staybolt design, called "Warzenschweissung" (nipple-welded kettle) for steam heating only and for pressures up to about 75 atm. Installations have been carried out for 4.00° and 450° with high pressure water heating using Opitz & Klotz circulation pump. One instance is known where 500° tempera- ture was applied and successfully operated according to Dr. Spangler. Pumpless systems may be used without limitation of temperature provided sufficient level differential is available and vessels are operated with individual furnaces. Drawings are included. 30 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 7% UNCLASSIFIED THE KONTACTUMFORMER (CONTACT RECTIFIER). Reported by: R. B. Macmullln. 49p. A brief account of this device is given in FIAT Final Heport No. 515, PB 3470 (Vol. 1 Page 263). The contact rectifier is a new rotary machine for converting alternating to direct current with efficiencies higher than have been previously realized. The author reports on the experience with two ma- chines of 9000 amperes and 90 to 180 volts* at Bitterfeld. The report also contains translations of (l) an article from Fleetrochemische Zeitschrift describing the new machine and (2) a report on cnatact rectifier experience at Ludwlgshafen. The report is Illustrated with diagrams and photographs. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 7*+2 UNCLASSIFIED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY IN TUTTLINGEN, GERMANY. Reported "by; R. L. Gross. 2p. In an investigation of three surgical instrument n&nufac- turers at Tuttlingen, only one new instrument was found - an electric plaster cutter. An interesting modification of a well known instrument was the only other useful development. This was Jetter and Soheerer’s No. E 86?2-, an intestinal and stomach suturing apparatus with an arrangement for coagulation by diathermy. Forging dies and a few production operations differed from standard practice in the United States but most of their manufacturing is conventional, ft-oduction methods are discussed briefly* 31 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 761 UNCLASSIFIED ERNST CERLICH INSTITUT OF THE REICHSSTELLE FUER HOCHFREQUENZ FORSCHUNG (REICH BOARD FOR HIGH FREQUENCY RESEARCH). Re- ported by: T. M. Odarenko. ?Op. The information on the activities of the Ernst Oerlich In- stitut, reported herein, is based on an interview with Prof. Schwenkhagen, who was the Institute head and director. The Institut was organized in 194-3 as a member of the Reich Board for High Frequency Research, The activities of the institute include radar technique, work on jamming and anti-jamming, study of atmospheric conditions affecting radio and radar operation, high-frequency measuring technique, study of an- tenna corona discharges, etc. Its work was considered to be of high importance, and its results very successful. Brief information of 4-6 war projects handled by the institute are presented here, including various phases of the aforementioned activities. The information gives the date and agency of origin of project, whether practical or theoretical work, name of the German worker connected, special equipment and whether evacuated, technical description, stage reached and details of further work needed, and date completed or refer- ence to any relevant report. 32 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AMD OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 765 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTROSTATIC ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. Reported by: C. L. Farrand. l4p. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the design characteristics and the operational features of the electro- static electron microscope developed and produced by a.E.G, in Germany, kb a result of ten years of work directed by Dr. Ernst Bruche assisted by Drs. Mahl, Eecknagel and Kinder, eight instruments were nroduced. having a performance closely approximating that of the electromagnetic electron micro- scopes produced in Germany and the United States. The elec- tron lens design is conventional but well proportioned and executed. The resolution secured is about the same as with present practice, being in the order of 50 A.U, Operating difficulties are minor exceptions that flash over between lens electrodes necessitates removal of the lens for clean- ing before operation can be resumed. The effect of the elec- tron stream breaking down the oil vapor and producing a de- posit on the lenses affecting the image quality is negligible. This report describes the electron lens design and the opera- tion of this instrument, and compares its performance to those of other designs. Reference is made to the bibliography avail able from German wartime publications, A sectional drawing of the lens is included. 33 FIAT item no. 9 devices Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ?66 UNCLASSIFIED WIDE ANGLE TELESCOPE LENSES. Reported by: C. L. Farrand. 6p. This abstract contains the optical diagrams of the 0019A Aircraft Sight, 00 26 Sear View Sight and 00041 Panoramic Periscope, designed by 0. A. Stelaheil & Sons, with oal data for the glasses. The first is a 1.5 power telescope and the second a 1.0 power telescope. All three sights have 90 degrees apparent field. A list of drawings of the de- tailed optical elements sent to Washington is included. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 769 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, INFRARED AND OTHER BRANCHES OF APPLIED PHYSICS. Reported by: C. W. Hansell. Thi« report gives the results of a two-month investigation of German activity during the war in the fields of electron microscopy, the instruments of applied physios and infrared for industrial and military applications. It includes separate reports covering interrogations of scientists of University of Frankfurt, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, A8G, Seimens-Halske, I. G. Farben, Osram, Leits and the Reichspost, as follows: Prof. M, Czerny, Prof. Boris Rajewsky, Dr* S, Kiesskalt and Dr. K. Boedecke, Dr. Carl Bosch, Prof. G, A. Kausche, Dr. Rein, Ur, S. Woi§e# Dr. L. Leitz and Prof. Berek Wetzlar, Prof. Stedder, Dr. E. Bruchs, Ur. Morrell and Dr. Reidel, Ur. Reuter, Siemens- Reinecke (Erlangen), Ur. Lohman, Prof. Walter Heimaim, Dr. Carl Fr. Schuh, and Dr. Wolfgang Finkelnburg (not interviewed). 34 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 778 UNCLASSIFIED CONDUCTION OF HIGH TENSION ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN CABLES EMBEDDED IN HIGH PRESSURE ATMOSPHERE. Reported By; P. Ganger. 26p. Investigations are described on the insulation of high tension cables by surrounding them with various gasses under high pressure* These tests were carried out in a 300-meter chamber, at electrical tension up to 300 kv., and at gas pressures up to about 10 atmospheres. The report presents the preliminary experimental work on this novel method of electrical insulation, but does not carry it through t9 the point where it is ready for industrial application. The report is in German and contains graphs and illustrations. 35 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AMD DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ?80 UNCLASSIFIED METHODS OF MEASURING SCATTERED LIGHT AT OPTICAL BOUNDARY SURFACES. Reported by: P. H. Keck. 62p. The report deal* with the phenomenon of light scattering oc- curring on optical boundary surface as* for example, glass to air. Ifoe Inter-relation of the various quantities are de- duced and a new instrument for the measurement of scattered light 1* described. The scattered 11 £it occurring at the border of glass and air Is of considerable Interest, as the efficiency of optical Instruments depend* to a great extent on this factor In this report, complete geometric-optic relations with respect to the scattering are given. All available literature pertaining to this subject has been viewed and the various experimental arrangements known to date are discussed In detail. A new Instrument for the ex- treme sensitive measurement of scattered light Is described. Its application for optical flats, lens systems, telescopes and mirrors is shown. A new standard for the exact measur- ing of glass polish Is suggested, using the principle of measuring scattered light. The author is a German scientist who was head of a physical laboratory at the Car1. Zeiss firm at Jena. 36 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ?8l UNCLASSIFIED THE LEITZ "XENON" F.lrl.5 5 CM LENS. Reported by: C. S. Weaver. 6p. This report gives a brief history of the Leica ”Xenon” 5 cia« j? 1*1,5 lens which was designed and built by the Ernst Leitz Co. at Wetzlar, Germany. Details with regard to manufacture of the wXenonw are given in figure 1 and 2 and the informa- tion contained therein is self-explanatory and complete. This report is based on information obtained from Mr. Henri Director of Ernest Leitz Optical Works9 and his scientific staff. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ?86 UNCLASSIFIED THE LITHIUM ELECTROLYTIC CELL (DBGUSSA RHEINFELDEN). Re- ported by: J. S. Smatko. 8p. An electrolytic cell for the production of lithium metal of 97 percent purity is described. This cell is operated at 850 - 900 amperes and 8-9 volts. The current efficiency claimed is between 85 90 percent. The electrolyte consists of 52 percent lithium chloride and 48 percent potassium chloride main- tained at temperature in the range of 500 - 420 C. Yields and quality of the product are effected by the presence of certain impurities, and an electrolyte of comparatively high purity is necessary for best results. 37 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 802 UNCLASSIFIED THE ARB IFLEX 55 MM MOTION PICTURE CAMERA. Reported ty: A. D. Runkle. l^p. IfeiB report deals with the construction and operation of a 55 ms Motion pioutre camera, which uses a new reflex type viewfinder. The camera is primarily a hand held camera especially applicable for news and ooabat work where stable light weight equipment is required, A schematic drawing of the viewfinder and phonographs illustrate the report. Item No. 9 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 815 PHOTO-REPRODUCTION RESEARCH OF KALLE & CO. A.G. INDEX OF MICRO FIIMED REPORTS. Reported by; G. A. Hinkle. 36p. This index lists the research reports of the Kalle & Co, A.G,, Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, dealing with the photoreproduc- tion processes which are available as FIAT Microfilm Reels C 131C PB 26781) and C 132CPB 44231). The reports are arranged under the name of the authors, namely, Doctors Franke, Zahn Spietschka, von Poser, Werner, Scherer, Sdss and Krieger. Each entry contains a brief listing of the contents of the corresponding report. The reports cover the development and improvement of the various products of the ozalid process, using diato compounds as the light sensitive material, and negative blueprint processes. The reports have considerable interest for the trade and it is expected that at a later date the individual items will be abstracted separately and made available in that form. 38 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS ANI) DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPOPT NO. 826 UNCLASSIFIED THE REPRODUCTION OF CONTRAST THROUGH TELESCOPES. Reported by: P. H. Keck. 59p. In the report it 1g suggested to use the scattered light, occuring in the image plane of a telescope, as a standard for the quality of contrast reproduction. A method to measure the scattered light is described and its correlation with the reduction in contrast is calculated for simple targets. The results are represented graphically. 3y relating the decrease in contrast with known physiological data, it is possible to estimate the performance of different field- glasses. Short bibliography, tables and drawings are in- cluded. Appendix A presents the original report in German. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 865 UNCLASSIFIED SIX PAPERS ON TELEVISION. Reported by: F. Schroeter. 76p. Six subjects relating to the television and cathode ray fields are discussed by Professor Cchroeter, a leading expert of fac- simile television developments with the Telefunken Company. First is a list of technical activities of Prof. Schroeter, followed by six papers on "new scanning method for television”, "phase modulation for television”, Channeling time by division on a wide band carrier”, ’’apartment house television distribu- tion”, Code modulated telephony”, and ”multiplex modulated telephony". All papers are in ‘German with English prefaces. There are drawings for each article. 39 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 •pttvqtp.at. AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 8?1 UNCLASSIFIED THE LUMINOMETER. Reported by: P. H. Keck. ll*p. A new visual photometer, called the Luminometer, was developed in 19A3 by Carl Zeiss to measure very faint brightnesses. In contrast to ordinary photometers it has a field of view of 30° and an exit pupil 9 mm,, in diameter. The measuring range covered by the Luminometer is to raillilambert, At a brightness of ,10“'' raillilambert, for instance, the average error of matching brightness in one operation is about 15 per- cent. The accuracy as compared with that of ordinary photo- meters is about three times greater. A photograph and sche- matic diagram of the Luminometer are included, together with a performance graph. This document is written in both Eng- lish and German, Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 88? UNCLASSIFIED LIGHTWEIGHT ELECTRIC LIGHT WIRING DEVICES AND CONDUIT MAN- UFACTURED BY THE GERMANS FOR EXPORT. Reported by: 0. M. Knoof. 26p. The latest designs and production methods of principal electrical installation equipment manufactured for export, such*as normal Edison screw-base brass shell sockets, and surface toggle switches are summarized. Production methods for a light weight insulated electric conduit (Hermann pro- cess) are described. Drawings and photographs included. 40 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 890 UNCLASSIFIED SELENIUM RECTIFIER DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. 2?P- This report supplies the missing page and all drawings to JIOA Report 56 on "Selenium Rectifier Developments in Germany" (PB 21881)* A series of photographs is included, showing present manufacture of discs in the S,A.F. plant at Weisenberg. Also a brief summary of the materials required in manufacturing 690 selenium rectifier units is given as currently required in the manufacture of discs by the A.E.G, vacuum process at Dresden* Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 891 UNCLASSIFIED DUXOCHROME PHOTO COLOR PRINTS. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. 51p. This report a« concerned with one of the most successful of the processes developed for producing color prints by com- bining three separate color prints/ It Is felt that although many methods of combining the three prints result In good work that none seems to have reached the artistic values achieved by the Duxochrome process, particularly in the hands of an artist such as Hermann Hartz. In this report the general theory of the Duxochrome process is given first. This is followed by the actual formulae. Appendix 2 con- sists of a pamphlet in English, from the Johannes Herzog & Co. Photochemical Works of Bremen, which gives complete In- structions for using the materials. Appendix 3 Is a rather complete pamphlet in German by H. C. Opfermann which is en- titled "Die Herstellung Fotografischer Bilder in Natdrlischen Farben nach dem Duxochrom-verfahren" (The making of photo- graphic pictures in natural colors, according to the Duxo- chrome process). Each step of the complete process is il- lustrated in this pamphlet. 41 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 895 UNCLASSIFIED INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHIC X-RAY. Reported by: R. H. Ranger. 7P- This report introduces a German publication entitled "Einfuh- rung in die technische roentgenphotographie” (HIntroduction, to X-ray photographic technique1*), by Professor Dr, John Eggert and Dr. Heinz Gajewski. The prefaces to the first and second editions are translated as well as the table of contents, and the original report rendered by Professor Roentgen at the Physics-Medical Society in Wtlrzburg, Dec 28, 1895. The primary concern of this book is the application of X-ray photographic technique to industrial uses such as inspection of welded joints, castings, moldings, engine as- semblies, etc., and to the scientific applications in the study of the crystal-line and molecular structure of mate- rials, Since such varied uses demand different requirements of the photographic materials in distinction to those applied to medical X-ray photography, special films for technical X-ray applications have been developed and their characteris- tics described. A general introductory section on the funda- mentals of X-ray technique is also given. The authors were world leaders in the Agfa Film Works at Wolfen, 42 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 89*+ ELECTROSTATIC HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATORS. Reported ty: R. H. Ranger. 15p* This report fives the description of the electrostatic type of small-size high voltage generators developed by Dr* Carl Bosch, formerly of the research laboratories of A.E.G. At present two types of high voltage generators are being made, the development of which has been completed# The larger one (type N2, rotor diameter 160 mm) delivers a voltage of 30,000 volts at 2 watts; the smaller type (rotor diameter 80 mm) delivers 12,000 volts at about 0.1 watt. Maximum voltages are twice as high as those given. Photographs and drawings are included. Item No. 9 FLAT REPORT NO. 895 UNCLASSIFIED PROGRESS IN TIME AND RADIO FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS AT THE P.T.R. HEIDELBERG. Refer to Item No. 7 for a complete listing of this report. 43 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 899 UNCLASSIFIED UNIPOLAR IONISED AIR: APPARATUS AND APPLICATION. Reported by: W. M. Swangard. 25p. This report describes the construction of an apparatus to produce unipolar ionized air* The apparatus was designed and built in the Department for Physical Therapy at the University of Frankfurt Medioal School, Frankfurt am Main* Clinical data as available were obtained regarding inhalation treat- ments for asthma and other conditions of the upper respiratory tract* The main person interviewed ms H* Lamport* Photographs, diagrams* graphs and bibliography are included. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 90k UNCLASSIFIED HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION. Reported by: R. I. Stockland. 259p» This report describes the progress :nade in German research on high voltage direct current transmission and includes con- siderable technical data on this problem* The technical data on real and reactive load conditions in direct current trans- mission and on load regulation and safety controls for direct current transmission systems arc especially detailed and sig- nificant, Section 1 of tills report records the history of the several research pi_Jecus on high voltage d-c transmission and tne results obtained on then. Sections 2 to lh are transla- tion:' by the writer of technical papers on the subject, which were found in Germany and which cannot be credited to specific authors at this time. Additional articles of general interest and of known origin, translated by the writer, are included in the appendices, bibliography, sketches, charts, diagrams aim graphs arc incmuiieu. 44 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 922 UNCLASSIFIED TUBE REDUCERS IN GERMANY. Reported by: L. E. Robins on. 7p. Comparison of design and production of German tube reducers (oalled Cold Pilger Mills in Germany) with American tube reducers shows that in general the American machines are more flexible and give greater production* The Germans use V-belts instead of reduction gears and the mechanism for turning and feeding the tubes into the machine differs from the American design* The main drive is at the outlet end of the German machine which makes it more accessible* The turning and feeding mechanism is more rigidly built in the German machine but runs at a lower rate of speed* An enclosed appendix consists of lists of German personnel interviewed, of targets visited and drawings evacm.ted to TIID, Washington, D*C* Item No. 9 FLAT REPORT N). 923 UNCLASSIFIED FURTHER STUDIES Hi MAGNETOPHONES AND TAPES. Refer to Item No. 7 for a complete listing of this report. 45 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^1 UNCLASSIFIED THE QUANTUM YIELD IN THE ISOMERIZATION OF CROCETINLIMSTHY- LESTER BY LIGHT. Reported by: I. Hauaeer and R. Kuhn. 3P- Cls-crocetin dimethyl ester (m.p. 141°), dissolved in pure hexand with exclusion of oxygen, can be quantitatively rearranged to trans-crocetin dimethyl ester by irradiation. The progress of the transformation can be observed by measurement of the molar absorption coefficient at 4500a, since the principal absorption bands of the cis and trans isomers are widely separated in this region. Monochromatic light of the wave length 3660, 4350, and 4670a were used for the transformation. The results are tabulated. Their Interpretation shows the quantum yield. Independent of •favelength used, to be only ,008. This is surprising as in the transformation of transstilbene to cis-stillbene the quantum yield is 1.01, Possible explanations for the low quantum yield are discussed. This research has bio- logical interest as mixtures of cis- and trans-crocetin dimethyl ester can be substituted for the Mcapulation substances” produced by the gametes of green algae. The document is in German, the title ”Die quantenausbeute bel der isomerisier von crocetindimethylester durch licht.” 46 FIAT ITEM HO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 9k? UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF AGFA-COLOR MATERIAL. Reported by: B. Gluck. 92p. In this report are listed full details for the manufacture of the different Agfacolor materials, including details on: Color Paper; Color Negative (B and G); Color Positive; Color Reversal (Daylight); Color Reversal (Half Watt); Color Copy Film (Reversal)* The different requirements of each type of material are discussed and fully described* The twelve dif- ferent emulsions utilized in the different materials are de- scribed and their method of preparation given, also the dif- ferent additions for each of the three layers. These emulsions are tabulated in each respective section, together with the col- or components and sensitizers required* The methods of prepa- Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 954 UNCLASSIFIED A HIGHLY SENSITIVE D.C. CONTROLLING AND MEASURING DEVICE. Reported by: R. A. Goodman. 85p. A description is given of the design principles, construction- al details and method of use of an amplifier by means of which continuous and slowly-varying currents can be detected, meas- ured and applied to control functions* The apparatus is char- acterised by a maximum electrical sensitivity of the order of 10-17 watt and a high degree of freedom from disturbance by mechanical shock* Sight appendices, some of which are in German, are included* 47 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 975 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF SEVEN PAPERS ON DISTILLATION AND ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT DESIGN METHODS. Reported by: Dr. E. Kirechbaum. 52p* In these papers by Dr. Emil Kirsch- baum are given the results of mathematical analysis and experimental behavior of rectifying columns. The figures referred to in each paper can be found at the end of the* individual paper. These seven papers by Dr. Emil Klrsch- baum were translated in Washington, D. C. by Mr. Lawrence A. Monroe, for the Technical Industrial Intelligence Division, U.S. Department of Commerce. Since they had not been published in Germany or elsewhere, they should be of interest ot chemical engineers. Dr. Emil Kirsch- baum is head of the Instltut fuer Apparatebau, Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe. His special,field is heat transfer apparatus and distillation columns. He is the author of sixty publications. Dr. Klrschbaum lives at present at Goethe Strasse 22, Groetzingen, near Karlsruhe. He is k6 years of age and is a graduate of the Technische Hoch- schule, Karlsruhe, 48 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 ANT) OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AMD DEVICES Item No. 9 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 976 the AGFACOLOR PROCESS. Reported by: W. Schneider. l69p- This report gives detailed information on color pnotography and especially on the Agfacolor process. It was written not only for scientists and experts, but will be of value to any- one interested in color photography. During the past ten years, the. I.G. Farbenindustrie A. G. in Germany has elabor- ated considerably on the Agfacolor process. They have proved very successful in producing a relatively simple and efficient method for making natural color photographs. Appendix 1. Bibliography, Appendix 2. List of 8$ drawings, diagrams and photographs. In addition to this report several other publi- cations are available on this subject of a more highly tech- nical nature. They are FIAT Final Reports Nos. 721, 9U3 and 977 (PB vol. 1, p. 953)> (PB 782U8; vol. 7, p. 337) and (PB 8l27h$ vol. 7* p. 21$) and five microfilm reels which appear in vol. 6, p. a3ii of this Bibliography. 49 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 977 UNCLASSIFIED COLOR REPRODUCTION BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. Reported by: P. H. Keck. 67p. The report discusses the quality of color reproduction by a photographic process from a physical point of view* In the first part the colorimetric basis for color specification is given and the theoretically expected deviations in chroaatio- ity and luminances are described for certain defined assump- tions and using an additive color forming process* The second part of the report reviews a great number of actual data meas- ured on Agfacolor material* The average deviations are about twice as large as theoretically expected under favorable con- ditions* Appendix I includes a bibliography and Appendix II contains thirty figures* Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 987 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF CAPSULES FOR PRESSURE MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, INCLUDING TEST DATA. Reported by; N. G. Anders oh. 12p. This report gives manufacturing details of capsules used in altitude pressure measuring instruments which are produced by G. Lufft Metallbarometerfabrik, Stuttgart, Also included are details of the techniques used in the manufacture of cap- sules from beryllium copper. Complete performance data are given for all components described. 50 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS ANT DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1010 UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF SUBMERGED HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS (SYSTEM ARNO FISCHER). Reported by: H. W. Hamm. 42p. The underwater power plant, System Arno Fischer, represents a new design and a radical departure from conventional methods in the field of water power engineering. The method was ap- plied on a large scale in Germany during World War II and eight hydroelectric plants of this type are now in operation. This report describes the design, its hydraulic characteris- tics, the method of ice control, and its possible protection against air attack. Construction costs and operating experi- ence are dealt with. A comparison is made between the Kaplan and the Arno Fischer turbines. Photographs, drawings and graphs with legend in German are included. Whether or not this design represents an advance in hydraulic engineering is doubtful, according to the investigator. However, inter- esting hydraulic and design problems were solved or await solution. Exhaustive recent reports of German engineers covering the theoretical design, experimental research, economic analysis and operating experience are included in the bibliography. 51 FIAT ITEM NO. Q PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1027 UNCLASSIFIED THE KRAWINKEL IMAGE-STORING CATHODE RAY TUBE. Reported By: J. F. Adams, Jr. 2Ip. This report covers a new type of cathode ray tube which is capable of storing images over long periods of time* The tube was developed by Dr* Krawinkel with the idea of eliminat- ing flicker in television pictures# This tube may also be used for recording and storing impulses of short duration for comparison purposes# The writing time is about 1 mm# in £ x 10~° seconds, and it is believed that this can be increased tol inn# in S x 10"10 seconds# The first laboratory samples of this new type of cathode ray tube were completed in 19kh» Sketches, photographs and figures are included# 52 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. IO58 UNCLASSIFIED BEARING JEWELS OF HARDENED SYNTHETIC SPINEL. Reported By; W. F. Eppler. 42p. Synthetic spinel can be hardened by heating. This property makes it possible to manufacture bearing jewels from the softer material before heat-treatment, then on proper heating to bring them to a hardness approaching corundum. Experi- mental work indicates that the optimum temperature and time of heating are 1000° C for 12 hours for spinel of the. compo- sition MgO. 3 Al203* Results of the mechanical corrosion hardness test, the Vickers test, the shearing strength, the vibration test and actual application indicate that jewel bearings perform satisfactorily. This report is an English translation. Appendix I contains nine tables and a bibli- ography is given in Appendix II. The original German text is presented in Appendix III. 53 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AM) OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AMD DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1044 UNCLASSIFIED A STUDY OF THE OPTICAL WORKS OF C.A. STEINHEIL SOEHNE, MUNIQH. Reported by: 0. F. Soetbeer. This report reviews the Optical Works of Steinheil S»hne G.m* b.H. and evaluates their production. It gives information on research of synthetic crystal growing and optical coatings. Reference is made to Microfilm No. 170-G, PB 70381 in vol. 6, p. 309, which comprises all of the drawings of a newly de- signed miniature camera now ready for production, additional data pertaining to research, and a complete listing of pat- ents. Those patents of preferred interest are microfilmed complete. The appendix is composed of a series of pictures showing various optical instruments and apparatus for spectro- chemical analysis and further contains technical data from laboratory reports. A bibliography is also included. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^2 UNCLASSIFIED THE HIGH CURRENT CARBON ARC. Reported "by: W. Flnkelburc 226p. This report covers very thoroughly the present knowledge on high current carbon arc discharge in Germany and is based on original research and development work which was carried out by the author, as well as a considerable amount of material hitherto unpublished* General and physical properties of the high current carbon arc are discussed in detail* In addition, information is included on the various practical applications such as searchlights, studio illumination, movie projection, medical therapeutics, chemical and special uses of the Beck arc and important technical modifications* The text is sup- plemented by illustrations, sketches and graphs* A bibliog- raphy is included* 54 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1059 UNCLASSIFIED THE PHASE PRINCIPLE IN MICROSCOPY. Reported by: A. T. Brice. The report summarizes historical developments in the field of optics leading up to the discovery of the Zernike phase prin- ciple. The principle is explained by diagrams and vector analysis. The application of the principle to the design of microscopes is discussed and pertinent formulae are given. The limitations of the phase contrast microscope are outlined by vector diagram and in tables, and brief reports are added of work that has been done by means of the phase microscopb in biology, textile research, and physics. Appendices in- clude a bibliography of 37 titles and a biographical sketch of F. Zernike. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1059 Supplement 1 UNCLASSIFIED THE PHASE PRINCIPLE IN MICROSCOPY. Reported by: A. T. Brice. 20p. The report contains an outline of one process of fabrication of phase rings and descriptions of new designs of phase mi- croscope accessories. Appendices include the general formula for calculation of phase retardations, and tabulations indi- cating correct locations for insertion of phase rings in mi- croscope objective lenses manufactured in Germany heretofore. A schematic diagram giving gear and coupling ratios of a time- lapse mechanism for production of microcinephotography films is shown and briefly described. Appendix I lists German personnel interviewed; and Apendix II lists targets visitedo 55 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1066 UNCLASSIFIED MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY BY MEANS OF GLIDERS. Reported by: F. Rossmann. 156p. This report deals with a new use of a cargo glider in con- nection with the investigation of atmospheric electricity. The potential gradient, polar conductivity, ion density and dust quantity of the atmosphere up to four and five thousand meters are discussed and supplemented by flight test data of many experiments. All special measuring devices are de- scribed from both the theoretical and practical view-points. A number of diagrams and illustrations are included. Appen- dix I contains a bibliography and Appendix n contains 35 graphical representations of meteorological measurements re- corded at Ainring, Germany. In German. Item. No, 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1086 UNCLASSIFIED AN INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE LATERAL PRESSURE OF MONOMDLECULAR FIIMS. Reported by: H. J. Trurnlt. l6p. This report deals with the const motion and performance of an instruoent for measuring the lateral pressure of monomoleoular films on a water surface. The instrument was constructed by modifying an instrument serving an entirely different purpose (a polarisation apparatus) which is in ocnaeroial production* An appendix* tables of data and drawings are included* In German. 56 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO.1092 UNCLASSIFIED PHYSICAL INSTABILITY IN SUPERCRITICAL INFRASONIC FLOW. Reported by: H. B. Helmbold. 8p. This paper presents a theoretical treatment of air-flow under local conditions of infra- and supersonic flowj based on pre- vious experimental work on flow-forces and flow-moments, and pressure distribution, measured on symmetric profiles with rounded front-edge and sharp rear-edge. Deviations from the known equations of quasi-parallel flow are presented. The location and course of the vertical compression wave under increasing Mach number are followed. If the shock wave, which increases with flow-velocity, reaches sufficient magni- tude, the boundary layer begins to flow counter-current, and finally there is a complete separation of the outside layer, with-considerable loss in lift. Additional rear-edge shock- waves appear when the supersonic region reaches to the rear- edge of the profile. Several graphs are included. In Ger- man. 57 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 1097 THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ERYTHROCYTES IN THE COUNTING CHAMBER. Reported by: H. Schwan. 15p. The errors occurring in blood counts made by the usual micro- scopic methods are partly due to the statistical distribution of the blood corpuscles in the counting chamber. The ques- tion arises whether this error is to be evaluated by the usual error calculation. This is the case if the Poisson Law applies* But according to the investigations of several authors the dis- tribution of the erythrocytes in the chamber is not a Poisson distribution. In the submitted publication this question is examined anew and it is determined that the distribution satisfies the Law of Poisson. It is shown that the reasons for the diverging results of earlier investigations are to be attributed to psychological effects on the counting person- nel. In German, with an abstract and a biographical note in English. 58 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1099 UNCLASSIFIED THE DETERMINATION OF THE DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF INHOMOGENEOUS DIELECTRICS, ESPECIALLY BODY TISSUES, IN THE DECIMETER WAVE RANGE. Reported by: H. Schwan. 125p. The known comparative methods for the determination of complex resistances by means of the Lecher-arrangement do not permit measurement at wavelengths below Jm. The pro- gress in ultra-shortwave therapy requires urgently an accurate knowledge of the electrical constants of body tissues and methods of measuring them In the decimeter wave range. The reported resonance method Is an absolute method which permits measurement even at short wavelengths, Is simple In application, and allows high accuracy. In the second chapter it Is shown that, in the decimeter wave range, only the non-quaslstationary resonance meth- ods are of practical value. In the subsequent chapters, the considerations are discussed which apply to measure- ments in the kO to 300 cm range when using resonance arrangements. The disturbing effects of wire supports and elimination of these effects are discussed. In the fifth chapter formulas are given which permit the easy computation of the dielectric and magnetic properties of materials from their complex Initial resistances. The still simpler methods of calculation which become valid when special properties of the materials are taken Into consideration are likewise given. 59 fiat item no. 9 tmvotpit. AWT) OPTICAL INSTPT1MENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1105 UNCLASSIFIED THE NAVIGATIONAL BEAM SYSTEM "ELEKTRA-SONNE." Reported by: 0. V. Hell. IT^p. This report covers the theory and design of different navi- gation systems, based on the interference principle* The "Elektra-Sonne" was found the most favorable of these systems* It utilizes a rotating pattern of guide beams with side mark- ings* The construction, qualities, and installation of the "Elektra-Sonne" system are described in detail. A great num- ber of diagrams, tables and illustrations are included* The first chapter giving a good survey of the subject has been translated into English, the remaining four chapters are in German* 60 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1111 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN WIND TURBINE PROJECTS PLANNED DURING THE HITLER ERA. Reported "by: H. W. Hamm. 25P» A large number of engineers in Germany occupy themselves with the problems of wind power. Their object is to solve the acute power shortage without exhausting natural resources* They also feel that increased coal production would not be of real benefit to the German economy, but would be drained away in the form of reparations* They feel fairly certain that the same would not be true of wind power installations. Another reason for the activity in the wind power field, which is taking place with the revival of the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft fuer ffindkraft", is the fact that this is the only way in which aeronautics is so closely connected with the war potential that it has been prohibited by the allied occupation forces* This new activity is of very recent origin and consists main- ly in the revival of old projects, some of which are mentioned in this report* It must be pointed out that the very extensive work previously accomplished in the wind power field consists of plans, projects and propaganda only. One turbine of twenty kilowatt capacity had been erected at one time for test pur- poses, and it was destroyed by war action. Appendix I gives a list of German personnel interviewed. Appendix II a bibli- ography, and Appendix III contains illustrations of various wind turbines* 61 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1113 UNCLASSIFIED the STATUS OF HYERAULIC RESEARCH IN GERMANY. Reported ty: 0. Klrachmer. l8p. This manuscript gives a short review of hydraulic experimental practice with a discussion of laws governing laboratory and scale model work, a description of experimental technique and the advantages and disadvantages of large open air and small inclosed laboratories* One section is devoted to the develop- ment of water turbine and pump installations* It contains an evaluation of hydraulic laboratory practice and scale model testing of hydraulic structures* An evaluation of the report and biographical note on the author are in English, while the text Is in German. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1116 UNCLASSIFIED QUICK CALCULATION OF A-C HIGH VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINESo Reported by: E. Krohne. 13p» This report presents a new quick method of calculating high voltage A-C overhead transmission lines for distances from 200 to 1000 km. While the curves included apply only to the three types of conductors in common use in Germany, the method can be applied to other types of conductors without diffi- culty* Appendix I gives a bibliography; and Appendix II con- tains five diagrams. 62 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1152 UNCLASSIFIED THE SINGLE SCATTERING AND ANNIHILATION OF FAST POSITRONS. Reported by: Z. Ho and W. Bothe. 6p. The preliminary results of an investigation into the cloud tracks of positrons arc briefly reported. Nearly head-on collisions between a positron and an electron are easily observed. During such collisions there seem to occur deviations from the theory, probably because the magnetic interaction has not been considered adequately in the theory. Three cases of the annihilation of a fast positron were ob- served. This corresponds to expectation according to the theory of H. A. Bethe, During collisions of positrons and nuclei, the high losses of energy arc much too frequent to be explained solely through the current theory of "Brems- stahlung.w Text is in German. Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO.. 1133 UNCLASSIFIED PERFORMANCE OF A NEW STANDARD LABORATORY FRACTIONATING COLUMN. Reported "by: G. R. Schultze and H. Stage. 5op. Abstract and biographical note in English (• Stage, Herman 2» Fractionating columns—Tests— Germany 3« Yerein Oeutscher Ingenieure, Berlin FIAT FR 1133 63 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 11^7 UNCLASSIFIED A GERMAN UNIVERSAL CONDENSER MICROPHONE. Reported by: A. M. Wiggins. 8p. !wIhP(rt Clvd*S 3 d*scription of a directional capacitor microphone made by Georg Neuman and Company The principle of operation and methods and materials used in its tion are described. Drawings included. construe- Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1155 UNCLASSIFIED THERMAL IMAGES FOR TRANSFORMERS. Reported by: 0. Sauter. 26p; This report describes a 11 thermal image" for transformers which nas developed in Germany as a simple means of measuring the temperature of the transformer windings. Use of this device permits loading the transformers according to winding tempera- tures and indicates the safe limit of temporary overloads* Appendix I contains diagrams and illustrations* Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1165 UNCLASSIFIED THE TELEPHONOGRAPH RECORDING SYSTEM. Refer to Item No. 7 for a complete listing of this report. 64 fiat item no. 9 ?OTqtpat. and OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1171 UNCLASSIFIED INSTRUMENT FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE RADIO-ACTIVE CONTENT OF MOVING GASES. Reported by: K. Slttel. 6p. Abstract and biographical note in English I* Geiger-Mu11 er counters—-Germany 2. Radon- Measurements—Germany 3. Counters, Radon —Germany Kal ser Wilhelm Institut fur Bio-Physik, Frankfurt an Main, Ger, 5. FIAT FR 1171 Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1172 UNCLASSIFIED MEASUREMENTS OF THRESHOLD SENSITIVITY OF THE HUMAN EYE IN THE NEAR INFRARED. Reported "by: H. Schaefer and A. Schraub, 15p. Abstract and biographical note in English S. Schraub, Alfred 2. Vision—Tests—Germany 3. Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fur Bio-Physik, Frankfurt am Main, Ger. FIAT FR 1172 65 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1175 UNCLASSIFIED A NEW FREQUENCY MODULATED RADIO SONDE. Reported by; E. Menzer and K. Slttel. 8p. This report describes a frequency modulated radio sonde for temperature determination developed at the Marine observatory at Greifswald between 19h2 and on the principle of the Finnish Radio-Sound and suitable for mass production and application# The indicating element is a condenser with a temperature sensitive dielectric# The differences in con- struction and measuring elements from the Finnish instrument as well as a gauging and testing of sender and ground re- ceiver arc described* Illustrations are included* The re- port is in German* Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. ll?6 UNCLASSIFIED A NEW STEREOSCOPIC EFFECT AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERPRE- TATION. Reported by; H. Schaeffer and F. Ebner. l8p. The report describes a newly observed effect on stereoscopic perception produced by interpolating a colored filter in front of one eye and discusses a physiological interpretation of the effect in binocular vision# An 18 to improvement in visual depth perception is claimed which may be based on centrally registered differences in frequency acting on two optic nerve fibres of corresponding cones in the right and left eye* Tables are included# This report, in German.was issued by the VST# C. Kerckhoff-Institut • Bad Nauheim, Germany. 66 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 wvflrrtT. tun OPTICAL INSTPT1MENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1182 UNCLASSIFIED THEORY OF THE REFLEX KLYSTRON. Reported by: H. Doering. 25p. The report discusses theoretically the general base of a re- flex Klystron with mixed drift space and reflector field focussing* The case of simple reflector field focussing which is of practical importance is analysed in detail. The physical properties of the reflex Klystron, operating in different frequency ranges, are described. Bibliography, dia- grams and graphs included. In German. 67 FIAT ITEM NO. 9 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS AND DEVICES Item No. 9 FIAT REPORT NO. 1302 UNCLASSIFIED THE BLANKOPHORS _ OPTICAL BLEACHING AGENT OF I. G. Reported tv: A. S. Richardson. 23p. Chemical nature, Method* of manufacture and testing of the feur Blankophore B, fi, WT, and HG are described and their use as textile finishing agents and in laundering discussed. These products are essentially colorless and have a bright- ening effect and a tendency to neutralise brownish discol- oration due te their bluish fluorescence in the ultraviolet of daylight. The "Lumogens," another group of fluorescent materials Manufactured by I. G. are water-insoluble organic pigments intended to have essentially the sane color in daylight and in ultraviolet light. There is also a formula for Product # lUa one of the 3** experimental optical bleach- ing agents studied (p. 13). The bibliography on pages 16- 18 refers to twenty items and lists the following additional German patent applications from 1. G.: (l) 1-68063. Appl. date, Oct. 17# "Textile- and paper-material." Claim: Textile- and paper-material comprising a water-soluble com- pound of the type: Arjl. (2) L-68293- Xppl, date. Hov. 2h, 19U0 "Organic ma- terial.” Claim: Organic material comprising a salt of a carboxylic or sulfonic acid derivative of a compound of the formula X-HH-CCX-NH-Aryl-CH'srCH-Apyl-HH-CO-HE-X, in which X is hydrogen or optionally an organic radical. (3) I-700U2. Appl, date, July 12, 19^1• "Process for preparation of de- rivatives of the dlarylimidasole series.” Claim: Process for preparation of U,5-diaryllmidasole derivatives which is characterised by treatment of U,5-diarylimidasolones or with sulfonating agents. (U) I-68hl6. Appl. date, Bee. 9» 19**0# "Bleaching agents and bleaching baths.” Claim: In addition to conventional chem- ical bleaches, the above agents and baths comprise compounds which have affinity for textile fibers and adequate stabil- ity with respect to the chemical bleach, and which fluoresce on irradiation with ultraviolet to short-wave visible light. (5) I-68U17. Appl. date, D®c. 9» 19**0» "Discharge or resist printing of white patterns." Claim: In the printing of white patterns by discharge or resist printing, the use of compounds which have affinity for textile fibers and which fluoresce on irradiation with ultraviolet or short-wave visible light. In German. 68 FIAT ITEM NO. 12 SUBMARINES Item No. 12 FIAT REPORT NO. 906 UNCLASSIFIED STYROFLEX-SPIRAL SUBMARINE CABLE. Reported by: R. A. Goodman. 26p. This report covers the manufacture of submarine cable of the coaxial type in which the dielectric consists of air spaced windings of styroflex tape. The design and method of manu- facture as well as the electrical and mechanical character- istics of the cable are described and particulars are given of the instances in which this type of cable has so far been used in the submarine communications field. Details are given of the special machine used for building the styroflex tapes around the central conductor, and the manner in which the pres sure-tight joints are made between cable lengths is explained. Graphs of attenuation constant and characteristic impedance against frequency are appended. Photographs and drawings are also included* 69 FIAT ITEM NO. 16 LAND MINES Item No. 16 FIAT REPORT NO. 701 UNO IASS IF LED GERMAN MINE DETECTORS. Reported by: F. E. Bond. 50p. The purpose of this report is to present information on the development and technical characteristics of all types of electronic devices used by the Germans for the detection of buried land mines. Appendix 1 gives the physical and tech- nical characteristics in detail of each type of detector and includes discussions of their relative performance. Appendix 2 contains notes on the induction igniter, sound igniter, mine listening, and searching sets. Appendix 3 gives the sources of references. Illustrations, wiring diagrams, and sketches are included. 70 FIAT ITEM NO. 18 ARMOURED FIGHTING VEHICLES Item No. 18 FIAT REPORT NO. 578 UNCLASSIFIED AUTOMOTIVE POWER TRAINS, CLUTCHES, TRANSMISSIONS AND STEERBG MECHANISMS. Reported "by: E. F. Norelius and W. F. Shurts. 59p. This report describes an investigation of war and immediate prewar developments in Germany on automotive transmission trains, more particularly for heavy equipment, including clutches, transmissions, torque converters and steering methods for full track vehicles. Points of particular interest In this report may he summed up as follows: (l) The design of discs for multiple plate wet clutches and manner of shaping to avoid warpage; (2) the electro-magnetic shift transmission; (3) the new Voith hydraulic torque con- verter; (4) the epi-cyclic type steering methods in lieu of conventional methods used in the United States and the hydro- static method of steering under development towards the end of the war. In general it was found that there had not been any great development in Germany on transmission trains for automotive equipment. Photographs and diagrams are Included. The appendix includes a catalogue of the Zahn- Radfabrik Friedrichshafen A. G. model AK7-300 hand operated shift, a list of documents and parts which have been for- warded to the Automotive Industries Division of the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, In Washington D. C,, and a list of organizations investigated, including company name, location. Individuals interrogated, date of investi- gations, or Investigations and in so far as was possible, products manufactured during the war. 71 FIAT ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 1+12 UNCLASSIFIED PASSENGER CAR AND TRUCK CHASSIS. Reported by: A. M. Wolf. 52p. This report deals with an Investigation which was made to analyze German automotive construction from the designing and engineering aspect and to see how it compared with Amer- ican practice* The study covers passenger car and truck chassis, taking into consideration the frame, suspension, axles, brakes, steering gear and correlated parts. The investigation disclosed nothing new beyond information on German vehicles already disseminated prior to the war* A number of practices were found that were antiquated accord- ing to the American concept* Appendix A which discusses the Opel experimental suspension system is illustrated with drawings* Appendix B lists the catalogues, manuals, etc* which describe the procedures of the various companies* 72 FIAT ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 57^ UNCLASSIFIED FLYWHEEL MAGNETOS: R. BOSCH G.m.b.H., STUTTGART. Reported by: A. J, Poole. lip. This report states that Bosch produces a combined ignition and lighting unit for motorcycles which is simple, compact, reliable and probably superior to anything of its kind re- gardless of where manufactured, as most of the motorcycles made in Germany are of the single cylinder type the ignition problem was reasonably simple. On a 2 cylinder machine a generator and a single contact breaker housed together with a distributor is used. The f©lowing types of flywheel mag- netos are described: UE-1, UE-2, ULE-1, ULA-1CR, ULD-lA, ULD and UF-1C1, Bosch also made magnetizers to magnetize simultaneously all of the magnets in a magneto flywheel after assembly in the casting. An interesting method of machining the core pieces to carry the coils, and the core ends to be inserted in the flywheel, was to machine them in pairs from round "Dynamo-Eisen" stock. Appendix contains list of samples, catalogs, prints, etc., forwarded to the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency in Washington. Diagrammatic drawings and graph are included. 73 FIAT ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. .19 FIAT REPORT NO. 578 UNCLASSIFIED AUTOMOTIVE POWER TRAINS, CLUTCHES, TRANSMISSIONS AND STEER- ING MECHANISMS. Refer to Item No. l8 for a complete listing of this report. Item No.19 FIAT REPORT NO. 58O UNCLASSIFIED PROCESS OF MAKING AUTOMOTIVE RADIATORS USING INTEGRALLY FINNED CHANNEL - MACHINED FROM FLAT ZINC SHEET. Reported by: A. B. Modine. 2p. A design drairing is included* Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 581 UNCLASSIFIED BEIER INFINITELY VARIABLE SPEED FRICTION DRIVE TRANSMISSION. Reported by; 0. D. Trelber. 20p. This transmission, designed by Dr. Josef Beler of Brown-Boverl, Mannheim, is a new development of the infinitely variable friction drive incorporating multiple friction cones of vari- able pitch radius in combination with epicyclic gears, a cen- trifugal clutch and a free wheel or overrunning clutch. They have been developed for automotive transmissions, con- stant speed aircraft supercharger and engine generating drives, and also variable speed machine tool drives. A de- scription of the transmission and a discussion of its auto- motive applications is followed by a list of patents applied for in different countries, including patent numbers in most cases, and design drawings and photographs. 74 FIAT ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 65U UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN MOTORCYCLE INDUSTRY SINCE 1938. Reported by: S. Dupont. 86p. The entire industry is reviewed, witn full descriptions of the standard models built by BMW (Bavarische Motoren Werke A.G), NSU (Neckarsulm Verelnlgte Fahrzeugwerke A.G), Zundapp Werke, Victoria Werke A.G., Ardie Werke A.G., Standard Fahrzeugfabrik; Triumph Werke A.G,, Stehr Daimler Puch A.G., Fichtel und Sachs A.G., Il'o Werke, and DKW, The report also describee racing models, army models, scavenging systems, and electrical systems. Since 1938 the German motorcycle design was strongly affected by three things: The Nazi plan for getting German goods into foreign markets, the shortage of automobile manufacturing manpower, and the shortage of motor fuel and materials. Appendices contain: Specification and date tables; list of catalogs, handbooks and blueprints which have been forwarded to Washington, D.C. list of equipment to be shipped to the United States; and drawings and photographs of equipment. 75 fiat ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 6?5 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY REPORT ON AUTOMOTIVE ITEMS OF INTEREST FOUND AT GERMAN LABORATORIES. Reported by: A. W, Pope, Jr. 9p. This report concerns investigations made at seven German lab- oratories on piston engine development and some information is given on combustion turbine engines. Combustion research and engine fuel test methods were also investigated. The development is described of a single cylinder engine unit at the Herman Coring Laboratory at Volkenrode for the testing of different fuels under different operating conditions. The FKFS cuff valve 2-cycle engine, their 48 cylinder radial aircraft engine, and their Diesel fuel test engine and method are described. The DVL double injection fuel system, their oxygen boost system for aircraft engines, their turbine blade thermocouples and their sheet metal air cooled turbine blades, and also the quartz engine indicator pickup element used in engine combustion research at Munich are taken up. The combustion turbine of Hinkel Hirth and the L* Orange pumpless Diesel engine are described and performance infor- mation given. Intava aviation gasoline knock testing is touched upon. 76 FIAT ITEM WO. 19 VEHICT.br Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 800 UNCLASSIFIED NICKEL CADMIUM STORAGE BATTERIES IN GERMANY. Reported by: P. E. Plehn. 2^p. This report describes the manufacturing processes used in Germany to produce the active materials and the plates of nickel cadmium storage batteries of tubular pocket, flat pocket and sintered porous plate designs. A list of draw- ings of some special machines used in this production is given. The drawings are on file in Washington, D. C, Item No. 19 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^7 UNCLASSIFIED DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE WAR IN AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION, PAR- TICULARLY BY THE FIRM OF ROBERT BOSCH, G.m.b.H., STUTTGART. Reported by: H. Goelzer, Reviews the field of starting motors, generators, regulators associated with generators, ignition analyzers and magnetos, including descriptions of mechanical construction and giving significant electrical data. Seven appendixes includes list of German personnel interviewed; list of targets visited; bibliography; list of material evacuated; characteristic curves; and description of Bosch testing eouipment* 77 FIAT ITEM NO. 19 VEHICLES Item No. 19 unclassified FIAT REPORT NO. 10*0 ACCESSORY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE INDUSTRY. Reported "by: K. A. Beier. 55P* This report reviews present design and application of posi- tive displacement superchargers, cooling Ians and water and oil pumps used on passenger car, truck, and bus engines, as obtained from interrogating personnel who are either at pres- ent or were in the past connected with the German motor in- dustry* There are no Final Reports in the Records Branch of FIAT (US) relating to any of these components therefore no Bibliography is included in this report* Four appendices are included,containing a list of German personnel interviewed and list of targets visited; a translation of report on cool- ing tests conducted with a Foritruck and the original report in German; and a list of photographs and drawings* 78 FIAT ITEM NO. 20 ENGINEER EQUIPMENT Item No. 20 FIAT REPORT NO. 564 UNCLASSIFIED BOILERS, FORCED DRAFT BLOWERS, STEAM PIPING AND EVAPORATORS USED IN THE GERMAN MERCHANT MARINE. Reported by: M. Lr- Ireland, Jr. 5 Ip. A survey of the efficiency of the various types of boiler installations in German merchant vessels, indicates that German boilers do not realise the high efficiencies which are now current practice in America. German oil burning mer- chant marine boilers average 83$ efficiency. Benson forced circulation, lament forced circulation and exhaust gas boil- ers, Schmidt Hartman binary type, Capus type, and Vagner natural circulation type systems are employed. Design de- tails of heat transmission, air heaters and economisers, super heat control, oil burners (the Saacke rotating type burner especially), forced draft blowers, uptake and stack, evaporators and high pressure steam piping are discussed. Appended are data tables of geared turbine drive ships, tur- bo electric drive ships, boiler particulars for natural and foz forced and special types of circulation, materials for boilers and steam piping, evaporating plants, and photo- graphs and drawings of the various installations. The Oneise nau, Vaterland, Tannenberg, Pretoria and other ships are in- cluded in these data tables. 79 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 8l UNCLASSIFIED CENTRIFUGAL CASTING OF METALS IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. T. Mackenzie. 24p. This report consists of a summary of developments in cen- trifugal casting of metals and detailed reports on indi- vidual plants visited* Generally, centrifugal casting had developed to a degree comparable with that in U*S* and in advance of that in England* Casting of steel gun barrels was highly developed and the use of the thin sand mold may be a real advance in casting heavy tubing* Thin sand lined mold was also used very successfully for the hori- zontal spinning of high chrome steel tubing. An interest- ing feature was the use of a thin copper sheet of a lining for the cast iron mold. The following plants were visited? Kupfer and Drahtwerk, Osnabrueck; Bochumer Verein, Bochumi Hoohfrequenz Tiegelstahl, A. G., Bochum} Schalker Verein, Div. of Vereinigte Stahlwerk, Gelsenkirchen? F. Krupp, Essen} Annener Gusstahlwerk of Ruhrstahl, A. G., Annen; Alfred Teves Maschinen and Amaturen Fabrik, Frankfurt; Buderusche Eisenwerke, Wetztlar; Halberger Huette, Saar- bruecken* 80 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 89 UNCLASSIFIED METALLURGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MAGNESIUM. Reported by: J. D. Hanawalt. 126p. This report consists of a general account of this Industry and a detailed survey of processes, metallurgical develop- ments, and products at the following plants: 1.0. Farbent A.G.; Vlntershall A.G.; Mahle K.G.; V.D.M, Heddernhelm; V.D.M. Aschaffenburg; B.M.W,; Hesserschmidt A.O,; W. Schenk Leichtmetall Werke; Lelpzelger Leichtraetall Werke; Opel. A list of magnesium fabricating companies and aircraft pro- ducers is given and statistical data on the production and distribution of magnesium are reproduced. Outstanding among methods observed was the unique technique for die casting magnesium at the Mahle Co. Photograph and drawings Included# A microfilm (U9 frames) accompanying report as an Appendix contains drawings of B. U* VT# easting machines and mach- inery at Mahle and Elektrometall G.M.B.H. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 229 UNCLASSIFIED COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, TIN AND ANTIMONY SMELTING AND REFINING IN NORTHWESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: A. J. Phillips. 5 Op. This report is a comprehensive summary of the copper, lead, line and tin industries in Germany based on visits to tb. following plants-. Nord Deutsche Affinerie; Zinnwerke Tjll- helmsburg GmbH? Bleikupferhutte, Bleihutte Clausthalj MetaK- werke Dnterwesser A.G.5 Zinc 0*yd Hutte; Georg von Giesch. s Erben GmbHi Gewerkschaft Mechernicher Werke8 Metallhdtte 81 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 250 UNCLASSIFIED METALLURGICAL PRACTICE IN THE PRECISION CUTTING TOOL AND GAGE PLANTS IN GERMANY. Reported by: Ac H. D'Arcambal, 225p* Report based on visits to thirteen German plants engaged in Baking precision cutting tools and gages* The metallurgical practice in each of the plants was studied with respect to: Composition of the various materials used;metallurgical inspection of incoming materials; heat treating equipment employed; hardening treatments used; grinding finishes; lapping methods; and artificial seasoning or stabilising treatments* A general summary is given and Individual reports are made on each firm* In general the quality of the conventional type cutting tools and gages vas inferior to that of American products with respect to design, accuracy, and wear life* This applies both to wartime and pre-war products* There are three supplements containing a large number of photostats showing in detail the design and manufacture of carbide tipped cutting tools, gages, and drawing dies, obtained from the Krupp, Vidia Tool Plant at Xssen* Supplement A contains general information on the manufacture and design of carbide products* Supplement B contains photostats showing the design of carbide tools and gages* Supplement 0 duplicates much of the material in Supplement A, but has some additional sheets and several pages of English translation of this material* 82 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 295 UNCLASSIFIED LITHIUM EXTRACTION AND USES. Reported by: G. T. Motock. 32p. A report on the extraction of Lithium and Its salts in Germany. This process has been handled mainly by units of Metallgesellschaft A.G. and Deutsche Gold und Sllber Scheide Anstelt ("Degussa") both with headquarters in Frankfurt, Zinnwaldite is the major source of Lithium in Germany. Ex- traction methods are described. Lithium is used in copper and other alloys, while Lithium salts are used in making various chemicals. The major use of Lithium during the war was in a lead alloy called Bahnmetall, used extensively for railroad bearings. No. 21 ft T REPORT NO. 316 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINUM FABRICATION AT DURENER METALLWERKE, A.G., DUREN, RHEINLAND, GERMANY. Reported By: H. H. Hall. 5p. The Duren Works, although a fairly large factory, has had little new aluminum fabricating equipment added in the last few years. Most of the special cartridge case machinery, put in to make case blanks, had been moved to a safer loca- tion, Artillery fire has damaged practically all the build- ings. Although there is an extrusion press, several forging presses and strip mills that are efficient and fairly modern, there is nothing of outstanding importance or interest. 83 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 unclassified FIAT REPORT NO. 586 GERMAM BALL ASD ROLLER BEAEIBG MANUFACTURE. Reported Dys E. E. Gloas. 2^+p. xrus study of the German anti-friction bearing industry was undertaken to investigate any new production methods that had been developed during the war years* Research and devel- opment work was confined to a search for substitutes for material that was scarce or expected to be in short supply* Tne pressure of current needs was so great that no routine bearing life tests were run during the last two years of the war* Production was inferior to American production in gen- eral* The report discusses wood retainers of pressed wood tubing; vapor lubrication of high speed spindle bearings; production of bearing races by an upset forging process; and production of unground case hardened carbon steel bearings* Appendix I gives materials used for races and for forging machine tools as well as specifications for rings of various diameters and the third gives a long operation chart of the sequence of operations, machines used, methods of inspection and machining time per unit* A list of bearing plants visited and personnel interviewed is also appended* 84 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 587 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN STEEL CASTING INDUSTRY. Reported by; M. T. Ganzauge and C. W. Briggs. 155p« Detailed survey of steel casting industry cased on inves- tigations of representative foundries. Topics treated in general introductory statement are: record of production, classifications of castings, raw materials, melting and molding practices, tapping and pouring methods, gating and risering technique, cleaning practices, heat treatment, welding, inspection and testing, centrifugal casting, per- manent molds. Castings produced during war were mostly afmament castings or parts of equipment to be used by armed forces or to assist in prosecution of war. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO.595 UNCLASSIFIED METALLURGICAL PRACTICES IN GERMANY IN THE FIELDS OF NON- FERROUS MELTING AND CASTING. Reported by; F. L. Wolf and I. Egeberg/ This report gives, in considerable detail, a picture of the German practices in melting and casting in some of the light metal industries. Particular attention is paid to continuous casting* Schematic drawings, charts, sketches, and a bibli- ography are included* 85 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 406 UNCLASSIFIED NON-FERROUS METAL ROLLING MILL PRACTICE IN GERMANY. Reported ty: E. W. Rouse. 30p* Report of a survey to determine if any new or original pro- cessing was employed in German mills, particularly with re- spect to copper and brass in flat form. Few of the plants visited were operating and those only to a limited extent. Judgment, therefore, had to he based on examination of the machinery and conversations with plant officials. Very little flat copper has been produced recently and brass has been re- quired almost entirely as a strip. The outstanding point of interest with respect to rolling mill equipment is that most of the mills are using old breakdown and rundown rolls, but that all were equipped with relatively new strip mills. Indi- vidual reports are given on the following mills! Wieland Werke, near Ulm; W. Prym & Co., Stolberg; Kreidler Metall Draht Werke, near Stuttgart; Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke, Werdohl; Osnabrucke Kupfer und Draht Werke, Osnabrucke; West- falische Kupfer & Messing Werke,Ludenscheid; Eduard Hueck, Ludenscheid and 21 ape; R, & 0, Schmolle, Menden; Vereinigte Leichmetall Werke, Hanover-Linden; Westfalische Leichtmetall Werke, Nachrodt; J.G.F. Planned Magnesium Mill, near Darm- stadt; Aluminum Walswerke Singen, Singen. Appendix I con- tains a list of other plants with brief mention of activi- ties. 86 FIAT ITEM NOo 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. * METALLURGICAL COKE; DR. - DIG. A. THAU, DIDIER - WERKE, A.G., BERLIN. Reported by: F. H. Reed. 95P* This report consists of three reports mritten by Dr. Thau and translated into English by hits. These are: 1. Metal- lurgical coke fro® coal of Upper Silesia; 2. Metallurgical coke from nan-coking coals with special reference to the tiro-step carbonization process; and 3. Experiences and suggestions as to the economy of raw materials for the hydro- genation or low temperature carbonization of true coal as well as for the metallurgical working-up of small-grained iron ores. The second article is the longest and contains literature references and should contain 16 illustrations which are missing* Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. h-19 UNCLASSIFIED ROHN LOW FREQUENCY INDUCTION FURNACE. Reported by: W. M. Pollltzer. 15p. This report originally appeared as part of a larger report bearing the same FIAT number and consisting of extracts and English translations of saterial from the files of the Friedrich Krupp Research Laboratories# The loir frequency induction furnace first built at Heraeus and developed at Krupp is an attempt to design an eleotrio steel melting fur* naoe on a basically new system# According to limited data available, reactions in this furnace take place quicker and much more completely than in other eleotrio furnaces* Slag reacts more directly than in other processes* The problem of the refractory material has not been solved at the pilot plant at Essen. Photographs, drawing, and graphs are in- cluded# 87 FIAT ITEM- HQ. 21 METAI.T ITRay Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1+52 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORIES AND INFORMATION CONCERNING THEIR USE IN THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY OF WESTERN GER MANY. Reported by: G. E. Sell. Ih5p. A total of fourteen refractory plants and two steel plants were Tlslted in order to study the manufacture of refrac- tories in Germany* Acid basic, and all basic refractories were studied for developments in plant lay-out, processing equipment, dryers, and kilns. Detailed information has been obtained on the Scheidhauer and Glassing process for the manufacture of acid refractories including the production of tank blocks* Information was also obtained regarding the production of carbon block, magnesite block, fire clay dolo- mite, and. other products. This included raw materials, sub- stitutes, and the composition of the mixes. The properties of the finished products were evaluated. It was noted that some standardization of sizes and shapes had been obtained during the war and the refractory manufacturers expected this to continue. In general, the silica or aluminum sili- con refractories have been made by conventional methods pnd in plants which for the most part have not been too well laid out. The investigators also found no new techniques either physically or chemically in the basic refractories. The all basic furnace employing a suspended roof has met with great success in Germany but it is stressed that metallur- gical conditions in the open hearth are different in the U. S. Various flow diagrams, diagrams of equipment, and other data are included in the report* The appendix in- cludes several reports in German regarding standardization of products* Translations of these articles are also given. 88 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. ZINC BASE ALLOYS EXTRUSIONS, WIRE, ROD AND SHEET. Reported ■by: S. Tour. • 3P- During the war Germany developed the use of extruded bars shapes and tubes of high strength sine base alloys* as a substitute for free cutting brass. Four plants wherein the wo.k was done were visited and briefly reported on in this study: Salta Metall Oesellschaft, D&sseldorf; R.A G.Schnftle, Menden; Osnabr&cker Kupfer & Drahtwerk, Osnabr&ek; and Mes- slngwerke Unna* Unna. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED FERRO-ALLOY MANUFACTURE AND USE. Reported ty: A. B. Klnzel. 17p. This survey of the Ferro-Alloy and Carbide Industry of Ger- many included a sufficient number of the larger plants and technical directors so that it may be considered to be com- plete. This is particularly true in view of the fact that from 1939 on the government forced complete cooperation be- tween all ferro-alloy producers, including exchange of all technical information and frequent interchange visits. 89 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 501 THE GERMAN ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM INDUSTRIES. Reported ty: H. R. Habrlcht. 97p. This comprehensive report consists largely of tables present- ing statistical data on production and consumption and relat- ed fields, from raw material through use of the end product. A map gives location of plants. The report does not cover technical matters, manufacturing processes or other engineer™ Ing and chemical questions. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 522 UNCLASSIFIED THE BERYLLIUM INDUSTRIES IN GERMANY AND ITALY. Reported by: H, A. Slomann and C. B. Sawyer, l^p. This report covers an investigation of the beryllium industry in Germany over the war period 1939-1945. Pull details of the production processes used in the manufacture of beryllium and of its light and heavy metal alloys have been obtained together with many working drawings of plants and equipment. Uses for the metal and its alloys have been investigated both at the production centers and by the inter- rogation of independent research workers, while detail§ of the total volume of production and its distribution among the various uses have been obtained. The principal firms producing this metal and its alloys were Deutsche Gold und Silber Scheidersanstalt (DEGUSSA) and Hertttus Vacuumschraelze A.G., in Germany, and Societa Anonima Process! Privative Industriale (SAPPl), in Italy. Report contains the follow- ing appendices:. A set of 14 photographs of equipment; a list of individuals interviewed; 20 photostated figures comprising flow sheets, plant layouts, and drawings of equipment (some figures will reproduce poorly); and 18 exhibits, being translations of documents on such subjects as extraction processes, statistics of production, customer lists, analytical procedure, etc. Twelve other exhibits (Nos. 8, 12, 13, and 19 to 27 inclusive) have been micro- filmed in Europe and are available in PB 15000. 90 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM. Reported by: J. C. Black, J. R. Akers, and R. S. Sherwln, 48p. This report covers "bauxite purification, aluminum electrolysis, foundry practice, flourled and tar recovery from furnace fumes and the composition and properties of certain alloys. The report Is accompanied "by three tables, four drawings and two flow sheets. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 530 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING IN THE PUMP, COMPRESSOR, AND ROCK DRILL INDUSTRIES. Reported "by: B. F. Shepherd. 50p, Twenty-seven German plants in these industries were visited to determine organisation procedure for assigning the proper material of construction, methods of specifying this material, inspection procedures, methods of neat treatment, and any new or unusual designs* The industries failed to specify special materials for special parts* Drills without anvils and the use of carbide bits are described* The report contains sixteen pages of drawings and tables* 91 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 551 UNCLASSIFIED STU Y OF METALLURGICAL COKE DEVELOPMENTS IN METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND TESTING. Reported "by; F. H. Reedc 156p0 A copy of Dr. Ing. Henry Hoffman* e original article in Ger- man on the testing and evaluation of blast furnace coke "Beurteilung, prSfung and bewertung der physlkallschen beschaffenheit von hochofenkOks,11 makes up the body of this reports It is preceded by a summary in English* The quan- titive evaluation of the physical properties of metallurgi- cal coke for blast furnace use is discussed in detail by Dr* Hoffman* Coke structure, bulk density and the various stability tests are reviewed* Although the experienced blast furnace operator becomes sufficiently expert in eval- uating coke quality to make changes in operating conditions necessary for a certain degree of efficiency, his judgment is necessarily empirical and is based upon several properties of the coke* Proper sampling for test purposes is difficult and many of the tests have not been adequately developed* Stability tests made on coke produced from a stamped charge of Saar coal show that the top, middle and bottom parts of the oven charge have different stabilities* The coke from the middle part gave a higher percentage over 40 mm size* The coke from the top of the charge is more friable, while that from the bottom is more fissured, has smaller piece size, but is more stable* The physical constitution of coke from different horizons of the coke charge is subject to large fluctuations* Size and structure of the coke cells have considerable influence on reactivity* Roughly, the average bed temperature seems to be lower with lower price stability, low specific gravity and low porosity, although there are many exceptions to this generalization* Bulk density determinations are greatly influenced by piece size and classification, moisture content, size of measuring vessel, leveling of the charge and procedure of making the test* The more important methods and variables are dis- cussed* The formulae of Rombach, Curran, Marquard, Thibaut and vSlkingen for evaluation of the physical characteristics of blast furnace cokes are given and discussed* Photographs, tables and graphs are included* 92 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT HO. 536 UNCLASSIFIED FUSED QUARTZ MANUFACTURE IN GERMANY. Reported by: M. J. Gross. 27p« This report describes the methods of manufacturing clear fused quartz.at the Osram O.M.b.H., Berlin, and the V C Pla“nsc^mel*. iiaoau, both methods differing from t"°86 ic use in the U. S. Diagrams are included'. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. p69 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURING BRONZE ALUMINUM OR OTHER FLAKE METAL POWDERS. Reported by: H. F. Mandle. 5^p. The Most Modern equipment and methods for the production of aluminum powder in Germany are to he found in the greatly en- larged plant of Bckart, the Government owned plant at Pfaffen- hofen operated by Schlenk and the new Schlenk plant at the same site* Worthy of comment are the following developments. Zinc powder was made as a cheap metal base for anallne dyed bronze powder, as a substitute for aluminum powder and for mixing with copper powder for the manufacture of commutator brushes. Tin powder was made by first producing strips in small roller mills. As the meted is difficult to flake, 2 to 3 per cent of antimony and sine is used eui a hardener. At the Sckart Werk in Hauselfeld there is a large aluminum atomisation plant containing three electrical furnaces for melting the aluminum ingots, and nine spray noszles. A de- scription of each of the plants visited is presented. Photo- graphs and sketches are included. 93 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 592 HOT ROLLING OF SPECIAL SHAPES. Reported by: S. Tour. 8p. The hot rolling of steel into special shapes has reached high degree of advancement in Germany. The procedure followed for the rolling of special shapes was investigated at two plants: The Ruhrstahl-Ousstahl Verke at Witten and then ICLoeckner Work A.G. at Troiadorft near Cologne. At the Ruhrstahl plant, it was found that they had developed a method of producing steel spar flanges for aeroplane wings as substitute for forg- ed aluminum spars* A description of this process is included but the sketches referred to therein are lacking* In the roll making department of the Kloeckner Werk Is a large en- graving section.. Intricate roll designs are hard engraved into the rings or sleeves in the annealed condition* After . engraving the rings are heat treated and shrunk and keyed to the roll bodies* Process in roll turning department and meth- od Of forming products fro® hot rolled shapes are described* Pamphlet on beater bars mentioned in text is not included in report. 94 FIAT item no. 21 metallurgy Jftem No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 595 UNCLASSIFIED BI-METAL TUBING. Reported by; S. Tour. 7p. Steel tubing lined with copper or bronse is produced by two different methods in at least two plants in Germany. The Osnabr&cker Xupfer u Drahtvert at Ornabr&ck is one of the plants producing steel tubing with plating or cladding both inside and out. The Tereinigto Deutsche Netallwerke fieddem- heim is the firm producing steel tubing with a bronse inner- lining only. The Osnabr&cker operation uses a piece of steel tubing as a starting blank, whereas the T.D.M, Heddernheim uses an extruding operation to produce the initial blank steel tubing already lined with bronse. Both methods are described. Xfe* No- 21 fiat Report no. 597 unclassified B©N2£cOATINGS ON STEEL GEARS. Reported ty: S. Tour. 2p. Sosia copper alloys containing 9 to 20 percent tin are used for bronse gears. The higher the tin content, the harder is the alloy and also the more brittle. Solid bronse gears do not have the strength of steel gears. ▲ Dr, Bur chart of the TDM, Heddemheia Co., has invented a method of producing tin bronse coatings on steel gears to provide a layer of good bearing metal quality on the surface of a steel gear of adequate strength. The method, which is described in the report, can be applied to other shapes than gears. 95 fiat item WO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 598 UNCLASSIFIED HOT EXTRUSION OF STEEL PIPE. Reported by; S. Tour. 3P* The practice of the Mannesman Company at VItten. Oeriaay, in the production of steel pipe of the type normally used for gas* water and steam piping is to extrude blanks in a verti- cal press* She process, tools, dies, containers and liners for containers are described in this report* Item No. 21 Fiat report no. 599 UNCLASSIFIED ALCLAD ALUMINUM ALLOY EXTRUSIONS. Reported by: S. Tour. 2p. She high strength elusions alloys containing copper have low corrosion resistance* So provide corrosion resistance a layer of pure elusions applied on the top surfaces results in a product of considerable advantage* Shis is called clad- ding and the tern aided is used to designate this type of notarial* At the plant of the Tereinigte Deutsche Mstall- gesellschaft a sethod has been developed of extruding angles and other sections and shapes in which a conposite billet of pure alwinsxn and of the alloy altsdmxB is fused* and these shapes in aided fora are produced* A description of the process is presented* 96 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 unclassified FIAT REPORT NO. 686 CASTING METHODS FOR A1BMINUM AND ALUMINUM AUOY Reported by; S. Tour. 17P- Descriptions are given of methods used for melting and cast- ing of aluminum and aluminum alloy billets and slabs for hot extrusions and hot rolling in the following plants in Germany: Felten and Gillume, Carlswerk, Mdhlheim near Cologne; Dflrener Metallwerk A. *G..at Duren;Hheinmetall-.borsig# at Grafenberg near Dusseldorf* Hessingwerk—Unna A. G.# Unna» Vereinlgte Leicbm®tall Werke, Bonn; Aluminum GmbH, Kheinfel- den; Aluminum Walswerke Wutb'schtngea, GmbH, Wutbschingen, Baden; Aluminum Walswerke GmbH, Singen; Wialand Werke, Vb’hrlEgen/lllar; Voreinigte Deutsche Metallgesellschaft, Heddernhela. Drawings are included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 695 UNCLASSIFIED POTASSIUM METAL VTA THERMIC REDUCTION. Reported by: J. S. Smatko. 21p= This report describes the production of potassium by the thermic reduction of potassium salts. This process has successfully supplanted electrolytic production in Germany, Descriptions are given of the old type process which used KF and CaC2 on a batch basis and the new type process using KF and K2CO3 and Si as the reductant. The later method can be run almost continuously. I. 0. Earben- 97 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 697 UNCLASSIFIED RHENIUM. Reported by; F. R. Heneel. 4p. Most of the new rhenium alloys were produced by Degusse Sie- bert Zweigniederlassun, Kanau, and are discussed in this re- port® Alloy A (60$ rhenium, 15$ nickel, 15$ platinum or ruthenium, and 10$ tungsten) is the most popular for pen- points. Other alloys used for this purpose are alloy B(90$ rhenium, 6$ tungsten, 3$ tantalum, and 1$ nickel or cobalt) and alloy 0 (76$ rhenium, 26$ platinum and 5$ cobalt or nick- el). Alloy D (95$ platinum and 5$ rhenium) was used foi platinum base electrodes in electro-chemistry; and alloy S (3.5$ rhodium, 5.4$ rhenium and the balance platinum) was used for thermocouples in place of the standard platinum- rhodium alloy. The possible use of rhenium for. catalysts was considered but no actual experiments were carried out. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 699 UNCLASSIFIED MAGNESIUM DETERMINATIONS IN ALUMINUM. Reported by; S. Tour. 2p. Two different plants in Germany claimed to have developed modifications of the standard method of determining mag- nesium in aluminum in less time than ordinarily taken. One method permits several determinations he mad© at one time. Diagram and drawing illustrate this. 98 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 unclassified FIAT REPORT NO. 727 THE KBUPP-RENH PLAMT AT SAIZGITTER. Reported by: W. M. Pollltzer. 9p- a short history of the Hermann Gdring Works in Salzgitter, Germany, and the reasons for the utilization of low grade siliceous iron ores is followed by a summary of the various methods of ore preparation at Salzgitter. The report deals in detail with the Krupp Eenn method, a roasting reduction process by which a product with 95# Pe is manufactured in a 70 meter long rotary kiln* Conditions for economic usage of the Krupp-Eenn process are discussed* Two flow sheets and cost figures at the Krupp-Eenn plant are included* Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 751 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNOLOGY OF ALUMINUM AND ALUMINUM ALLOY PRODUCTION IN GERMANY INCLUDING EARLY FABRICATION AND RECOVERIES FROM SCRAP. Reported by: A. Cunningham. this is an extensive report on aluminum and aluminum alloy production in Germany during the war years* She data con* tained herein were obtained by means of visits to twenty* three German plants engaged in one phase or another of the aluminum industry, interviews with plant personnel, techni- cal papers published recently in Germany, and data obtained from the reports of other American and British investigators who have covered parts of the aluminum field* Production of aluminum from bauxite, production of sllumin and hydrono- lium, and the recovery of aluminum alloys from snap are among the topics covered* She only perfected process for recovering aluminum from domestic materials was in the pro- duction of 8Sllumin”, a trade name for alloys of aluminum and silicon produced from kaolin* Daring the war the Ger- mans revived and perfected alloys of the Al-2n-Mg series* Extended data are presented on this subject* 99 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 755 UNCLASSIFIED VERTICAL RETORT ZINC AND BY PRODUCTS. Reported by; W. C. Altkenhead. 55p* Deals with the vertical retort zinc plant with auxllllary plants at Oker near Goslar. Preparation of the ore, sintering, reduction, refluxing of the zinc, and residue treatment are discussed, and tabular data are given. Brief descriptions of process used for the produc- tion of cadmium, thallium Indium, antimony, zinc sulphate and copper culphate are Included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 758 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF SOME RARE METALS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS AS PRACTICED BY E. MERCK, CHMISCHE FABRIK, DARMSTADT; BARON, CAESIUM, GALLIUM, GERMANIUM, RUBIDIUM. Reported by: J, S. Smatko. 13p. X. Merck of Darmstadt prepared small quantities of both crystalline and amorphous boron for pen point alloy manu- facturers. Small amounts of germanium and gallium metal and their compounds likewise were made. The preparation of caesium and rubidium Involved larger apparatus than did the preparation of the others because the raw materials were low in Cs and Hb content. The processes of all these are described in the report. The properties and uses of the elements and their compounds are listed. 100 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 750 UNCLASSIFIED RARE AND MINOR METAIS. Reported by: P. M. Tyler, 19p. The purpose of this report was to afford a comprehensive pic- ture of the rare metal industries in Germany. It reviews data in certain previous reports, but most of the data given was obtained as a result of a questionnaire submitted by the author to Dr. Hans Joachim Heine, of Metallgesellschaft, Frankfurt a/Main. In general the rare metals industries made little progress in wartime Germany, but there were some new developments. Production, uses, names of producers and users, and other data are given for the following: Sarium, bismuth, boron, caesium and rubidium, calcium, cerium, gal- lium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lanthanum, lithium, manga- nese, masurium, niobium (columbium), polonium, potassium, rhenium, selenium, sodium (metallic), strontium, tantalum, tellurium, thorium, titanium, uranium, and zirconium. A list of reports covering production methods followed in Germany for certain of these metals is included. 101 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 755 UNCLASSIFIED HIGHLIGHTS OF GERMAN IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION TECHNOIDGY. Reported by: P. M. Tyler. 115P- This survey of the process metallurgy of the German Iron and steel industry during World War II is based on interviews with German officials and metallurgists, personal visits to selected plants, and a partial review of reports of other American and British investigators s\q>plemented by the study of numerous unpublished documents and a limited search of published literature. The report contains a discussion of the economic background of the German iron and steel indus- try, details of pig iron manufacture, raw steel manufacture, and the alloy steel situation. Tables present statistics of production. Four appendices are included, being transla- tions of German articles on metallurgical processes and a comparison of German and American costs. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO, ?6? UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN RESEARCH ON ZINC BASE BEARINGS. Reported By: F. R. Hensel and /W. M. Pollltzerc l6p. Zinc based bearings have been used in Germany in considerable quantities* Thus, quality in many cases equals the perform- ance of standard bearing alloys, particularly if 3C$ A1 is added* Test results of zinc based bearings with additions of Cu, Al, Mg, Sn, Pb Ni, graphite. Si and different qualities of zinc have been listed* For FIAT Microfilm Reel MM-117 containing seven original German documents on this subject, see PB 17693* For the three enlargement print documents available therefrom, see PR 34979-34981* 102 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 772 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN POWDER METALLURGY. Reported by: G. J. Comstock. 12 8p. This report covers tne German powder metallurgical industry as observed by Dr. Gregory Comstock during the summer and fall of 19h5* Hard sintered carbides, their manufacture by the hot press method, their compositions and uses for pro- jectile cores and cutting tools are described. The manufac- ture of metal powders, especially of ferrous metals is dealt with and German methods of manufacturing parts from the pow- ders are discussed. A description of the manufacture of shell rotating bands is included* The report contains eight tables, seven flow sheets and 31 figures* This report, originally listed in v. 3* P* 36, this Bibliography, has been completely revised and a great amount of material eliminated to facilitate its publication. Translations from German re- ports were rewritten into readable English. Material of little teclmical value, including statistical data, photo- graphs and translations of uncertain meaning, were discarded, as well as certain drawings too indistinct for reproduction* 103 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 775 UNCLASSIFIED TITANIUM PRODUCTS IN GERMANY. Reported By; F. H. McBerty. 65p. Titanium dioxide manufacture in Germany is described, and production and sales data are given, the only manufacturer being Titangeseilschaft m.b.H, Leverkusen. Research accom- plishements are outlined and patent applications abstracted. References are cited concerning vitreous enamels based on titanium dioxide (V-26 flux); use of the latter in welding rod coatings, dielectrics, and semi-conductors; and use of cemented titanium carbide in cutting tool tips. Among the appendices are patents and patent applications of Titan- geseilschaft m.b.H.; drawings showing details of calcina- tion kiln; and statistics from annual reports of Titangesell schaft. Some pages of this typewritten report may not photograph well. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 782 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF DENSE, NON-POROUS BRONZE CASTINGS. Re- ported By: E. R, Thews. 15p. The causes of porosity in bronze castings are discussed. The ffason USUally is the presence of gases in the bronze after its solidification. Twenty-five rules for minimizing the danger* of porosity are given. 104 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 785 ELECTRICAL CONTACTS. Reported "by: F. R. Hensel. 51p* The composition, properties, and production of German con- tact alloys and the companies which produce them are dis- cussed. Alloys of gold and zirconium; beryllium and plati- num; tungsten and platinum have been developed to replace iridium alloys* Methods used for bonding inlays and over- lays to inexpensive basic metals are given* In general practices similar to those known in the United States are utilized* A dumber of platinum, gold, and silver alloys de- veloped as substitute materials have given satisfactory per- formance* The firms surveyed Include the following: Degases Siebert, tianau; V* C. Heraeus, Hanau; G* Bau, Pforzheim; Deutsche Sdelstahlwerke, Berlin-Metallwerk Plansee, Eeutte; Siemens, Berlin; Osram, Berlin; Richard Schier, Berlin; and Dr. Durrwachter, Pforzheim* For each firm, a list of con- tact materials and manufacturing methods are given* Appen- dices contain a classified list of manufacturers and several DIN sheets on contact rivets* 105 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item NOc 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 78? UNCLASSIFIED PRECIOUS METAL REFINING AND FABRICATION BY W. C. HERAEUS AND G. SIEBERT PLATINSCHMELZE OF HANAU. Reported by: J. S. SmatkOo 27p» Tula report describes the refinement of precious metals from scrap and residue, as operated by the Heraeus and Siebert firms* Examples of alloy compositions and application of these alloys are included* The chemical treatment of the starting materials is presented in complete detail* There- after, the products manufactured from the refined metals and alloys are discussed, together with the processes, where unusual development existed* The refining of 'platinum and metal evaporation have been amplified as completely as pos- sible* A listing of Siebert prewar production is included* A bibliography, sketches, and photographs are appended* Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 792 IRON CORES. Reported by: F. R. Heneel. 12p German methods for the manufacture of low hysteresis iron and iron-nickel powder cores are given. Special emphasis is placed on insulation and bonding. Manufacturing details and theoretical considerations of hysteresis are given in tabular form at the end of the report. 106 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 795 UNCLASSIFIED LANTHANUM, NEODYMIUM, PRASEODYMIUM AND URANIUM COMPOUNDS PREPARED BY AUERGESELISCHAPT, BERLIN. Reported by: J. S, Smatko. 6p. This report describes the methods used by Auergesellschaft, Berlin, for producing commercial lanthanum, neodymium, prase- odymium compounds from monazite sends and uranium compounds from pitchblende and describes the laboratory methods for production of very pure compounds. It also compares the German and U. S. practices and reagents used in uranium purification. A. diagram shows the fractional crystalliza- tion scheme used by the firm. Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 798 TITANIUM METAL PRODUCED BY DEGUSSA AND OSRAM. Reported ty: J. S. Smatko. 10p» This report covers process descriptions illustrated by sketches of the production of tItanium metal (a) by Degussa reducing TiCl. with metallic sodium, (b) by Osran thermally decomposing TIBr4 and (c) by Osram reducing TlQ> with calci- um hydride. Also included are recent production figures and diagrams. 107 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 799 UNCLASSIFIED KRUPP-RENN AND OTHER PROCESSES FOR UTILIZING LOW-GRADE IRON ORES IN GERMANY. Reported by; P. M. Tyler and W. M. Pollltzer. 29p. The historical background of Iron ore reduction by other means than blast furnace is given. The Krupp-Renn process is discussed, the behavior of impurities is treated, costs and operating details are analyzed. Ihe application of the Krupp-Renn process to ferronickel and nonferrous metals is given in Appendix A, The dressing of iron ores in Germany is discussed. It is concluded that for normal ores blast furnace smelting is still the optimum method. For truly high-silica ores, the Krupp-Renn process possesses a number of important advantages. Several tables are included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 805 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN RESEARCH ON EXPERIMENTAL ALUMINUM -BASE BEARINGS. Reported by; F. R. Hensel and W. M. Pollltzer. J+p. Aluminum based bearings with lead and cadmium additions were developed at VDM, Heddernheim# Analyses of the principal bearings, heat treatment, etc, are given# A complete list of experiments and tests conducted at Karl Schmidt, Neckarsulm, of aluminum based bearings with all kinds of alloying elements is affixed to the report# 108 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 807 UNCLASSIFIED LITHARGE AMD RED LEAD PROCESS. Reported by: F. H. Mcberty. 20p. This report outlines the process and describes In some detail the equipment sold by the large equipment manufac- turer, Kloeckner-Hunboldt-Deuti A, 0., of Cologne-Kalk, Germany, for the manufacture of "raw" and "calcined- litharge and of red lead, starting with pig lead. So-called "raw" litharge of greenish yellow color is made as the first stage of the process. This material is subsequently calcined to give the canary yellow grade of "calcined" lltharge, which in turn is furnaced to make red lead of desired shade and properties. For best quality products it is believed necessary to start with "virgin" pig lead, it being stated that recovered lead of the same chemical analysis does not give equal product quality. The litharge is widely used from chrome yellow. Flow diagrams of the process and diagrams of the litharge and red lead furnaces are also included. 109 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 821 UNCLASSIFIED ZINC, MANGANESE AND OTHER METALS RECOVERED BY AMALGAM PROCESS AT DUISBURGER KUPFERHUTTE. Reported By: W. C. Gardiner. 25p« The purpose of this investigation was to determine how the Duisburger Kupferhutte was proposing to make 99.999$ zinc. Af|new metalurgical tool was developed by Duisburger Kupfer- hutte for those metals that are soluble in mercury. This report covers a series of interviews with the two men who had most to do with developing the process under investiga- tion. The process is reported for the recovery of 99.999$ zinc and chlorine from the leach liquor obtained from py- rite cinders after chioridizing roast. It describes the preparation of pure zinc chloride solution. Two electroly- tic cells are used with zinc amalgam being the cathocfe in one and anode in the other. The overall current efficiency is 80$ at a total of 4.0 volts. A similar process for man- ganese, lead, tin, cadmium and thallium is briefly described. Charts, sketches, and flowsheets are included. The biblio- graphy of the report mentions certain "Miscellaneous chemi- cals" or M14C" drawings and documents. Of these,HC3O2-305 and MC 308 are reproduced in the document. For Chlor-Fako Report No. 3, see FIAT Microfilm Reel C - 87, frames 1311- 1513, ?B 30381,. abstracted in v. 2, p. 721 of this Bibli- ography. For MC 209 see PB 24928, v. I, p. 1453. For MC 256 see PB 41149. For MC 300,306-7 and 309, see PB 46412, PB 46411, PB 46427, and PB 41119, respectively, en- tered under Duisburger Kupferhutte. For other documents issued by OTS regarding the Duisburger Kupferhutte, see FIAT Microfilm MM 106, PB 20862, abstracted in v.3, p. 572, especially the following enlargement prints taken therefrom: PB 41418-PB 41422, PB 41459, PB 41481 ■ PB 41483. 110 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 825 UNCLASSIFIED UTILIZATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN GERMANY/ Reported by; G..W. Joaephson, 56p. This report by a representative of the Technical Industrial Intelligence Division Branch, U. S, Department of Commerce, describes briefly the various ways in which Germany utilised its blast furnace slag. Lump, cast crushed, fertiliser, granulated and foamed slags are considered. Special attention is given to the production of blast furnace cements and slag wool. Twenty-two figures and graphs are Included in the report. Item, No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 829 UNCLASSIFIED NON-FERROUS METAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES IN TEE HAMBURG DIS- TRICT. Reported by: W, C. Aitkenhead. 28p, This report gives methods of preparing pyrite cinder for blast furnace feed with special consideration for the recovery of copper, zinc, silver, gold, cobalt, lead, and Glauber salt. The smelting of nonferrous metals is briefly considered. No new processes have been developed in the smelting of scrap bronze and brass, but interesting refinements are noted. Two sketches and five flow sheets are included, together with a bibliography. FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 857 UNCLASSIFIED anealihg, pickling, washing and liming of rolled steel WIRE. Reported by: E. R. Thews. 15p. Economical and technically satisfactory methods of scale removal from wire are discussed. Control of caroon in the furnace gases, selection of most satisfactory nick ling methods, and proper liming and elimination o fhr- drogenbrittleness are emphasised. A brief bibliography 1. appended* Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 869 UNCLASSIFIED A NEW METHOD OF BENEFICATION OF IOW GRADE IRON ORE BY THE WIEDEIMANN WASHING TOWER. Reported by: J. V. N. Dorr. 12p. This report describes a new method of concentrating low grade iron ore by means of a washing tower developed by Ing. Wiedel- mann of Ilsederhfltte. Details of the washing tower and of the flow sheet used are presented. Two sketches illustrating the method used are included. Data on experimental and com- mercial plant operations are given. The equipment and flow sheet used in this process are covered by German patent 713347* issued September 25* 1941. 112 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No, 21 FIAT REPORT NO, 869 Supplement UNCLASSIFIED NEW METHOD OF BENEFICIATION OF LOW GRADE IRON ORE BY THE WIEDEIMANN WASHING TOWER. Reported by; J0 V. N Dorr 2p. Completion of drairing FIAT final report No. 869 fipur- 9 Page 6, "Waging Tower, xooar Canacitv" in thT e * 2j port lacks reference letters referred to in th origlnal re~ of the apparatus. Herewith is included t“ t the reference letters inserted. -ketch with Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 8? 6 UNCLASSIFIED CONTINUOUS CASTING OF METALS IN GERMANY. Reported by; G. T. Motock, 9p» This report gives a general discussion of continuous casting of metals In Germany, lists companies operating under the patent pool agreement, end includes the numbers of German and foreign patents held by the pool. Over 120 patents were controlled. The principal plants visited were Siegfried Junghaus, Schorndorf, Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerfce, Heddemheim, August Thyssen-Hdtte, A. G,t Dais burg-Hambom, and Hohrstahl A. G.t Gusstahlwerk, Witten. Appendices con- tain a list of personnel interviewed and a bibliography. 113 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METAUIBGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 877 UNCLASSIFIED SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF MOLD-AND CORE BLACKWASHES. Reported by: E. E. Thews. 15p. Mold- and core blackwashes are required to prevent burning of the mold and core materials as well as scabbing and scoring of sand and castings. They thus form very important factors in foundry routine in spite of the scant attention frequently paid to this phase of the molder's work. This report discusses imperfections of castings due to the poor choice of blackwashes. Experiments on the reduction of permeability of washes are discussed. Thorough mixing and appropriate type of wash for a specific purpose are emphasized. Figure 1 shows a fully mechanical stirring device suited to the requirements of large foundries. This feport should be of value to foundry men. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 878 UNCLASSIFIED MELTING AND CASTING OF GERMAN SILVER ALLOYS. Reported by: E. R. Thews. 23p. This report treat* Goman silver alloys, their composition, the effects of modifying metals, and especially melting, molding, and casting practice* Goman silver alloys are alpha-brasses in which part of the copper, and sometimes part of the sine, is replaced by nickel* They are considered straight-brasses containing nickel by some and copper-nickel alloys containing sine by others* A list of alloys is included, together with a bibliography* 114 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 8?9 NOTES ON THE PEELING OF NICKEL DEPOSITS. Reported by: E. R. Thews. 2^p. This report lists twenty-one causes of peeling of nickel electro deposits and discusses means for their correction* Symptoms for the diagnosis of the cause of difficulties are discussed* A bibliography is appended* Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 880 UNCLASSIFIED DROSS PRODUCTION IN METAL GALVANIZING. Reported by: E. R. Thews. Twenty-fire of the most i sport ant factors influencing the formation of hard zinc and dross in hot-dip galvanising are discussed* The report contains nine tables and one graph9 together with a bibliography and list of allied and German patents* The author is a German consulting engineer* 115 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 90? UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF RECENT GERMAN DEVELOPMENTS IN ALUMINUM REFINING. Reported by: W. C. Altkenhead. 64p. Operating and proposed aluminum refining processes are based on: (1) Purifying with another metal such as magnesium, mercury, zinc, lead or manganese, (2) oxidation for the re- moval of magnesium and calcium by chlorine, sulphur or oxy- gen, (3) volatilization of aluminum in a monovalent state and (ii) the three layer electrolytic process# Although most of the processes described in this report were still in the laboratory or pilot plant stage of development, the report should be of value to aluminum metallurgists interested in refining:# Sketches, illustrations and charts are included# Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 909 UNCLASSIFIED THE CERIUM METAL AND LIGHTER FLINT INDUSTRY IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. Reported by: J. A. Livingston and H. Kent. 15l). This report describes processes employed in manufacturing cerium (misch) metal and ferro-cefrlura lighter flints. Information is also given in regard to the use of cerium (misch) metal in alloys. Some statistics are given con- cerning production of these materials. The following plants were visited: Auergesellschaft, Berlin; Berliner Gasgldhllcht Werke; Th. Goldschmidt A.G., Essen; Prometheus Kerapten, *llgaeu, Bavaria.; Pyrophor Metallgesellschaft A.G.. Essen-Werden; Trelbacher Chemische Werke A.G., Trelbaclie-Kaernten, There is attached a translation of a German report originating at the I. G. Farbenindustrie plant in Bitterfeld, being a "Description of the production of cerzflndmetall", which is an alloy of mischraetall, iron, copper, magnesium and tin, having the technical designation "Zdndmetall" and the trade name "Zdndstein". For a related report see BIOS Final Report 400, item 21, PB 44946, Cerium industry in German territory, including reports on radium and mesothorium. 116 fiat item NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 927 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF HIGH ALUMINA SLAGS IN BLAST FURNACES AND ALLIED PROCESSES FOR RECOVERING ALUMINA. Reported by: J. T. Kemp. Processes for the production of high alumina slags suitable for leaching by the Bayer process are discussed. The two blast furnace processes which have met with some success are a process used in Russia using a B.F. charge of coke, bauxite, steeL chips, and limestone, and the TRV process (Alumina - pig iron combined process). The report is com- posed largely of translations of documents picked up from the files of the ?ctallurgical Department of the*Leipziger Leichtmetall '.Verke in Rackwitz, Saxony.*1 At the end of the report are 13 figures of heat and material balances illus- trating the TRV process, and a bibliography. 117 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 97 UNCLASSIFIED THERMOSTATIC BIMETAL PRODUCTION IN GERMANY. Reported "by. H. W. Boeeaenkool. 22p» This report review* the field of German practice In the man- ufacture of thermostatic himetal. The art of making these metals, as well as the technique of applying them, is less advanced than in the United States according to the report. Methods and equipment used for preparation of component metals, bonding, rolling, annealing, slitting and pickling are indicated. Specifications of component metals used and of bimetals produced by two main manufacturers, Heraeus Vacuum Schmelse, Hanau and G. Rau, Pforsheim, are given. Two other firms produced small quantities. They are Verel- nlgte Deutsche Nickelwerke A..G, Schwert and G. Kuhbler und Sohn, Dahlerbruch. Chrome-nickel alloys were avoided. No significant development nor promise of one in the near future was discovered. Two graphs and a sketch of water- cooled copper mold are included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 975 UNCLASSIFIED EOLEED GOLD PIATE PRODUCTION IN GERMANY. Reported by: H. W. Boessenkool. 12p. Reviews the field of German practice in the manufacture of rolled gold plate and allied materials. Indicates methods and equipment used for bonding, rolling, annealing and trimming* Almost total destruction of every manufac- turing plant in Pforzheim (where five of eleven plants were visited) interfered with any detailed inspection but the general impression was that neither processes nor equipment used prior to the bombing had much of interest to U.S. plate manufacturers. Practically all manufacturer* alloy and east their own gold. Most of them purchase their base metals, although one firm casts their own wire bare. 118 fiat item no. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 979 UNCLASSIFIED SINTERED iron SHEEL ROTATING BANDS. Refer to Item Ho. 2 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 986 UNCLASSIFIED CARBON ELECTRODES IN GERMANY FOR THE ALUMINUM REDUCTION INDUSTRY. Reported by: A. J. Rice and F. C. Frary. l4p. The section of the Carman carbon electrode industry concerned with the production of probaked electrodes used in the electrolytic reduction of aluminum is reviewed for the purpose of amplifying, as regards equipment, practices, and processes, those prior reports issued on the same and related subjects* A description is given of equipment and practices at the C, Conradty plant, Kolbenaoor near Rosenheim, Bavaria* Engaged in the graphitizing of carbon electrodes, the use of which is usual practice in certain processes related to aluminum manufacture* Appendixes include a bibliography and a list of German plants visited* 119 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT. NO. 989 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINA PRODUCTION IN GERMANY, Reported "by: F, C. Frary and A. J. Rice. 12p. With the exception of one Inaccessible plant in the Russian ton*, all the major German plants which manufactured alumina for the aluminum industry were visited and their practices studied and compared. The following plants were visited? ▼,A.W, Nabwerk, Schwandorf, Bavaria; V.A.W. Llppewerk, Luenen; Gebr. Gulllnl G.m.b.H., Mundheim near Ludwlgshafen/ Rhein; and Tonerdewerke Martlnswerk, G.m.b.H., Bergheira, All employed the type of Bayer process adapted to their European (monohydrate) bauxites, but there were many varia- tions in the details of equipment and operation. The gen- eral process is described and these variations discussed. They chiefly involve the questions of the desirability of prccalcining the bauxite, the time, temperature and caustic strength used in the digestion, and the precipitation con- ditions. The '*towerH continuous Bayer process for the ex- traction of alumina from coarsely crushed bauxite is de- scribed, as are also the various processes used for making up the soda losses in the Bayer process, and uses for the red mud byproduct. 120 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 metallurgy Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 992 UNCLASSIFIED THE ELECTROTHERMAL PRODUCTION OF ALUMINUM SILICON ALLOY. Reported by: F. C. Frary and A. J, Rice. 12p. Luigi Ihermle G.m.b.H., Horrem, Bhelnland and Verelnlgte Aluminum Works, Pockwerk, Pocking, Bavaria were visited to study the electrothermal production of aluminum silicon al- loy from kaolin, alumina and quartz, as practiced In Germany. Aluminum silicon alloys containing either Uo or 60$ of alu- minum were produced by electric smelting of kaolin with alumina and carbon. The charge composition and preparation, furnace construction and operation, and the subsequent re- fining and dilution of the alloy are described. The refined alloy was transferred to a holding furnace and diluted to silicon with molten aluminum. The resulting al- loy was sold under the trade name of Sllumln, and "modified" before use by fluxing with a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium fluoride (according to patents of Dr. Aladar Pacz, who Invented the modified alloy) or by adding a small amount of metallic sodium. The decision to produce the alloy electrothermally. Instead of producing pure silicon and al- loying It with pure aluminum, seems to have depended on governmental and trade policies and commercial relation- ships, rather than on actual production costs or considera- tion of quality, according to the report. Near the close of the war. It was decided to make pure silicon Instead of aluminum silicon alloy at Pocking. 121 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 993 UNCLASSIFIED THE ALUMINUM REDUCTION INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported "by: A, J, Rice and F. C. Frary. 24p. The reduction of metallic aluminum from its oxide, alumina, as carried out in four large production plants and one small experimental plant in Germany, is reviewed in some detail. These plants represented over one-half of the virgin aluminum production industry available to the Germans during the war. There is also Included a survey of that portion of the in- dustry dealing with the electrolytic refining of aluminum from both primary metal end scrap, as carried out in two plants. It is the purpose of the report to amplify those prior reports issued on the same end related subjects, by sunnlying additional information regarding equipment, prac- tices and processes. A list of previous FIAT reports on aluminum is included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 997 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN RESEARCH IN THE LIGHT META1S INDUSTRY. Reported by: Fo C. Frary. 15p. For the production of alumina fro* material. other tha baux.te. the Boat promising acia processes were those using sulfuric and sulfurous acids. In the alkaline field a variety of processes based on calcination with calcium or sodium compounds (or both) and subsequent leaching were in- tensively studied, and some operated on a semicommercial In the alloy field, the outstanding achievement was the development of a satisfactory heat-treated alloy con- taining four to five percent sine and two to three percent magnesium, with stabilising additions. Alloy development work on Sllumln, magnesium-base alloys and aluminum magnesium alloys is also reported, with some work on bearing alloys. Bibliography. * 122 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 1011 FABRICATION OF ALUMINUM IN GERMANY. Reported By: Co F. Nagel, Jr. 51p» As implied by the title, this report deals with some special- ized German equipment, practices and technique developed and used during the war period and believed to possess sufficient merit to be of interest and value to the aluminum industry. An attempt is made to treat the selected subjects in enough detail so that the reader may be able to gain a knorfledge of the practice under discussion sufficient to adapt it to his own purpose. Various phases of fabrication covered in the report include; Scrap Reclamation, Melting and Ingot Casting, Production of Sheet, Foil, Extruded Shapes, Tubing, Collaps- ible Tubes and Impact Extrusions, Sand Castings, Permanent Mould Castings and Forgings. Comparisons are made with American practices where such comparisons serve to emphasize or to clarify the subject under discussion. A list of Ger- man personnel interviewed, a list of German factories visited and a bibliography are included. 123 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1030 UNCLASSIFIED UBER DIE ELEKTRONENIMISSION KR 1STALLINER METALLOBERFIACHEN AND IHRE BEZIEHUNGEN ZU DEN GESETZMASZIGKEITEN DES KRISTALL- BAUS. Reported by: I. N. Stranskl and R. Suhrmann. 17p* The result* obtained from electron-emission research and from crystallographic research on the single tungsten crys- tal are compared critically. This results in three possi- bilities of correlating the emission potentials and the properties which characterize the crystal surfaces as such: 1. The work required for separation of the atoms; 2. the atom-chain density; and 3* the specific surface energy. Leads are given to permit a decision among these possibil- ities on an experimental basis. At present, a relation be- tween electron separation work and specific surface energy seems particularly promising as basis for further considera- tion. The conditions of atom separation work, as well as the specific surface energies for the separate crystal surfaces are calculated from it. It is notable that the ratio of atom separation work from the boundary position to electron separation work from the same position is 2:1. 124 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1031 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRON EMISSION OF CRYSTALLINE METAL SURFACES AND ITS RELATION TO THE LAWS OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE. II. SINGLE- CRYSTAL SURFACES WITH ADSORBED FOREIGN ATOMS. Reported "by: I. N. Stranakl and R. Suhrmann. lip. This is a report written by wanner* of the "Kaiser Wilhelm Inatitut ftSr Physikalisohe und Elektroohonie, Berlin"• The crystal-geometric and energy laws by which foreign at on* are absorbed, are developed, based on experimental work on the electron emission of Cs- and Ba-ooated tungsten crystals* Fundamentally, for each crystal surface certain lairs of selection can be found from which it can be predicted which foreign stars are able to form condensed films on a given surface* From the agreement of predictions and experimental results it also follows that Cs and Ba are absorbed on tungsten in tne atomic ana not in the ionic state* These considerations permit an easy classification of the adsorption and place-change energies for the adsorption of Cs on tungsten* According to this, the surface diffusion takes place essentially along step edges (hollow edges), and the measured activation energies are found to be equal to the separation work from edge breaks (hollow comers)* Drawings are included* In German* 125 FIAT ITEMNOjSl METALUDRGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 106l UNCLASSIFIED THE SMELTING OF ILMENITE IN GERMANY. Reported by: E. N. Kramer.. 57p* Research is described on the smelting of ilmenite in a MgC lined batch rotary kiln in the presence of both carbon and a sodium hydroxide flux* The preducts are a high carbon content iron and a sodium titanate slag containing 60 - 70% titanium dioxide with a Ti02/Na20 mol ratio of h/l* Such slags can be reacted with sulfuric acid and subsequently processed to titanium dioxide pigment* The research has not progressed far enough to evaluate reliably the yields and economics of the process, or to establish definitely the probable life of the magnesia refractory lining* Eleven appendices containing the following informations 1) list of German personnel interviewed; 2) list of German targets visited; 3) bibliography; U) list of material evacuated; 5) Titangesellschaft patents and patent applications on ilmenite smelting processes; 6) chemical analyses on ma- terial used and produced in smelting operation; 7) labora- tory reactions of slags and ilemite with sulfuric acid; 8) production of titanium dioxide pigments from slag liquors; 9) flow sheets for pilot plant and for proposed semi-works \mits; 10) list and sketches of proposed fciln installation equipment; and 11) list of drawings—melting point curves for systems* 126 fiat item nq. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1062 UNCLASSIFIED THE STURZELBERG PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING PIG IRON. Reported by: E. Hladky. 30p. The Sttlrzelbarg process is described for the production of high grade iron by the smelting of low grade ores in a batch rotary kiln, A Ca0/Si02 mol ratio of two is maintained and the resulting slag remains either solid or pasty throughout the operation. A special kiln installation is used which permits tilting of the kiln to discharge the molten iron and the slag at the end of the processing cycle. The process is justified economically only when a high grade of iron equiva- lent to Swedish pig iron can be produced from low grade iron ores. The process also has some application in cases where the special coking coals required for blast furnace opera- tion are not available. A bibliography, list of German pat- ents on the process, and a drawing of a projected Sttlrzelberg kiln are included. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1098 UNCLASSIFIED ETCH AND PERCUSSION FIGURES, AND TWINNING OF QUARTZ. Re- ported by; N. N„ Padurow* 52p. The present paper discusses the question of how quartz crystals occuring without well-developed crystal faces can be oriented* The orientation of the electrical and of the mechanical axes is described in their relative position to percussion and etch figures. The crystallographic details of the different twinning law developments are given* The Leydolt law, discovered in 1855# was found to apply to quartz crystals occurring near Shitomir (Ukraine)* The sculpture of the quartz crystal faces gives an impression of the com- plicated growth of vicinaloids in good agreement with Kossel*s general theory of crystal growth* Microphotographs, draw- ings and bibliography are included. Text is in German* 127 FIAT ITEM HO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1101 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN METHODS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON POWDER CORES. Reported by: H, L. Krebs. 15p» This report deals with the manufacture of iron powder cores by the method practiced by several German companies* Manu- facturing processes are given along with a list of the grades of carbonyl iron powder most generally used* their chemical analyses, electrical constants, and the electrical proper- ties of the finished cores* Appendix 5 contains two tables, I. g* Farbenindustrie list of carbonyl iron powders and their characteristics* Item No, 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1121 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINUM BEARING ALLOYS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT BY THE KARL SCHMIDT COMPANY AT NEKARSU1M, GERMANY. Reported by: Dr. Ing. Carl Engllsch. 155p. This report is a history of the work done at Karl Schmidt G.m.b.H,, Neckarsulm on aluminum base bearings. Large numbers of experiments with all kinds of additions of such metals as Bi, Cd, Pb to the aluminum base, have been conducted. Cast bearings, as well as bear- ings pressed from aluminum powder (with and without graphite additions as lubricant), plated bearings (on steel and on aluminum), bearings in different engines and different speeds were tried over a period of many years. Although the report shows that Earl Schmidt put a great amount of effort and money into these experiments no final and conclusive results seem to have been achieved. The sensitivity of the bearing material, difficulties with lubrication, etc,, pre- vented their use on a general and large production scale. The report indicates possibilities for a wide range of applications if and when the above-mentioned difficulties have been overcome. It might be mentioned that aluminum alloys are used at present for the connecting rod bearings of the V8 Ford (bearing type 4ll) and for the crankshaft bearings of the Volkswagen (type 83A). The peak production during the war amounted to 60,000 bearings per month. 128 fiat item no . 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1129 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PRACTICE IN FABRICATION OF GAS TURBINE BLADES. Re- ported by: J. Robinson. l6p. This report describes briefly three methods used at Bayrische Motoren Werke for fabricating turbine blades for gas turbines. Details of forming, drawing, machining, and mounting are given. Drawings and pictures give pertinent dimensions and illustrate various steps in the processes. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1130 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF SINTERED MAGNETS IN THE "MAGrtETFABRIK DORTMUND” OF THE DEUTSCHE EDELSTAHLtfERKE, A. G., KREFELD. Reported by; 0. Guttmann. 22p. The object of this report is to give detailed information on sintered magnets manufacture as carried out at Reutte until the spring of 19U5 and at the Dortmund plant since the fall of 19U6. Other production methods than those used in Reutte are employed; these methods are covered in detail and com- pared with those of Reutte in this report. Charts, graphs, drawings and a bibliography are included. 129 •pjAT ITEM NO* 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1157 unclassified m PREPAEATION AMD REACTIONS OF ACROIEIN: DEUTSCHE GOLD- UND SILBER-SCHEIDEANSTALT (DBGUSSA) MOMBACH, CONST , AND FRANKFURT/MAIN. Reported By: W. F. Anzllottl. 9p. (A) Acrolein was prepared in a 10-ton per month unit from acetaldehyde and formaldehyde over a sodium silicate catalyst at 300 to 325° C* An 8Q£ yield at hS% conversion was realised (based on acetaldehyde), (b) The use of acrolein as an inter- mediate in the preparation of the following compounds is de- scribed: 1) a condensation product with pentaerythrit which resembles plexiglass, 2) preparation of methyl acrylate for which a 10-ton/month unit was designed but never completed, (3) preparation of fonyldihydropyrane (Dimerization), U) condensation with ammonia to beta-pi coline, or propylene-1,3- diamine, 5) reduction to allyl alcohol, or propionaldehydo, 6) condensation with vinyl cyanide, or methyl acrylate to give dihydropyrane derivatives, 7) preparation of 1,6-hexane- diol, and 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 8) preparation of alpha-hydroxy aldehyde, or glutaric acid, 9) preparation of 1,3-propylene glycol, and 10) preparation of acrisin, a wrinkle proofing agent used by Rohm and Haas in Darmstadt. Microfilm copies of the research reports mentioned in the text may be obtained under PB 73715 of the Bibliography. Various flow sheets. Figs. 1-6, pertaining to the text are appended. 130 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. Il6l UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING METHODS. Reported by: R. Schempp. Operations at the Budernsche Eisenwerke at Wetzlar, which with the exception of coal, are entirely self sustained, are now confined to the making of centrifugally cast iron pipe for water and gas lines# The casting equipment is of the horizontal type with an inclination of about four percent per meter, and is practically automatic. The molds are of chromi- um-molybdenum steel, water-cooled, and are used without a refractory lining or coating. Pipe sizes range from UO to 500 mm. inside diameter, three to six meters in length anc wall thicknesses of four to 16 mm. In accordance with the desired wall thickness the rotating speed is varied from 1*20 to 1050 r.p.m. by the use of variable speed D. C. motors# During the war gun tubes were made, but the vertical type of casting equipment was used for this work. Apparently large scale production was not attained. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1162 UNCLASSIFIED STEEL PRODUCTION BY VACUUM ELECTRIC FURNACE AT HERAEUS VACUUMSCHMEIZE, HANAU, Reported by; R. Schemppl. 6p. The development of vacuum melting started with Dr. W.Rohn* s work during .Vorld V/ar I to replace noble-thermocuple mate- rials (platinum etc.) with chromium-cobalt alloys. In view of the relatively high cost of melting in this manner, vacuum melting will be limited in its application to uses which require special considerations regarding;(a) Extremely close chemical composition limits (materials for radio tube contraction and thermo-couple elements etc.); (b) absolute minimum of gas content for reasons of hot and' cold workap- bility and ultimate physical properties'; (c) prevention of oxidation, i.e., loss of expensive alloying elements, which are readily oxidized; and (d) minimum of carbon content. 131 FIAT ITEM NO. 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1165 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF MIXED STEELS IN GERMANY. Reported by; P. L. Getzlnger. 6p. This report describes the manufacture of the so-called mixed steels, which process is essentially the mixing in the ladle of suitable amounts of open hearth or converter steel with electric furnace steel to produce an end product of specified analyses and physical properties. Appendix I contains list of targets visited and personnel interviewed. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO, 1168 UNCLASSIFIED THE "C" PROCESS OF MAKING MOLDS AND CORES FOR FOUNDRY USE. Reported by; W. W. Mcculloch, 7p« This report describes a new process for making sand molds and cores which are suitable for the production of precision castings in a wide variety of metals. The process is unique in its use of a plastic component which, under application of heat, bonds the sand grains together and forms a mold or core having unusual surface smoothness, high gas permeability, and dimensional stability. The process is especially suit- able for the production of steel castings with very thin sections# Appendix I contains a list of German personnel interviewed, Appendix II photographs of various molds, pattern plate, cores and castings. 132 FIAT ITEM NO* 21 METALLURGY Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1195 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINUM PISTON ALLOYS (KARL SCHMIDT G.m.b.H., NEKARSUIM, GERMANY. Reported by: C. Engllsch. 59p. This report gives German practices in light alloy piston design and discusses the properties of alloys used. It was prepared by one of the German authorities on internal com- bustion engines and presents useful date in graph form. The report should be of interest to American designers and manu- facturers of internal combustion engines. A bibliography and illustrations are presented in Appendixes. The report is in German. Item No. 21 FIAT REPORT NO. 1205 UNCLASSIFIED UTILIZATION OF OXYGEN IN THE GERMAN IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY. Reported by: W. M. Pollltzer. 26p. Developments and advances in the practice of oxygen-enriched blast in the German iron and steel industry are described. In particular one blast German plant, one loir shaft blast furnace plant and one converter plant are fully discussed and interesting achievements and data as well a s novel ideas have been noted. Appendix I contains a list of German personnel interviewed. Appendix II a list of facto- ries visited, and Appendix III a bibliography* Furnace drawings and photographs are included. 133 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF TEXTILES, I. G. FARBEN INDUSTRIE, BOBINGEN. Reported by: D, B. Wicker and G, P. Hoff. lip. This report details reactions in the polymer classes known as the polyesters, polyureas and polysulfones developed at this I. G. Farben plant. A considerable amount of funda- mental research on amino caprolaotum polymers was under- taken. Properties of end products are inferior to those of similar products in U. S. and Great Britain. With respect to yarn properties, nearly all of these materials are inferior to polyamides. Formulae and descriptions of processes are given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND LABORATORY GLASSWARE, AREA OF THURINGIA, GERMANY. Reported by: H. A. Pringle. ?P Information on production, calibration, and testing of scientific and laboratory glassware obtained from visits to 125 factories or shops. Principal factories visited were: Hohglashutte am Grenzhammer Otto Lange, Ilmenau; Julius Brttckner & Company, Ilmenau, Eydam & Krleger, Ilmenau Greiner & Friedrichs, Stutzerbach; and Gebr.Erhart, Schraede- feld. Successful mass production of interchangeable ground glass joints depended largely on having the formed glass reach the grinder in uniform and nearly exact dimensions. Details of production of interchangeable ground glass pistons and barrels for hypodermic syringes at Schott and Gnossen Company, Jena ere given. Exhibits referred to in this reoort were forwarded to War Production Board. 134 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FLAT REPORT NO. 10 UNCLASSIFIED CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR SPINNING VISCOSE YARN AT ZELLWOLLE LEN- ZING AKTIENGESELLSCEAFT LENZING, OBEKDONAU, AUSTRIA. Reported by: D. B. Wicker., 6p. Details of an experimental machine for the production of continuous filament viscose yarn are given. The principles involved are covered from the mechanical standpoint by the Edward G. Budd - Furness patents. Motwurf's (of this firm's staff) patents involve chemical development aspects. Patents are listed. Plans are made to install a plant with 5,OCX) spinning positions. Photographs mentioned in this report were forwarded to Executive Secretary, Textile Subcommittee, Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee, Room 2241, Temporary Bldg. A, Washington, D. C. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 11 UNCLASSIFIED VISCOSE PREPARATION FOR STAPLE FIBRE AT ZELLWOLLE LENZING, A. G. Reported by: L. H. Smith, J. J. Schilthuis, and i). B. Wicker. 7p. - This plant makes viscose staple fiber out of beeonwood pulp mde at the same location. The alkali cellulose process is continuous. Top capacity of this plant was stated to be 100 metric tons per day. The equipment and process are described in some detail. Several drawings and an opera- ting data report in German mentioned in this report were forwarded to Executive Secretary, Textile Subcommittee, Textile Industrial Intelligence Committee, Office of Quartermaster General, Room 2241 Temporary Building "A", Tfashington, D.C. 135 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 13 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF SPINNERETS AT EILFELD, A. G., GROBZIG, GERMANY. Reported by: L. H. Smith and G. P. Hoff. 2p. This plant makes,spinnerets for many spinning companies* It uses the usual platinum-gold and tantalum metals, but also uses an alloy containing 1% manganese# Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 15 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH ON THE CYCLOPOLY OLEFINES AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE GENDORF. Reported by: L. H. Smith. 3p« This report deals with the production of cyclotetraootaene and some of its homologs from acetylene* Further research may lead to a simple production of suberic acid, H00C- (CH2)6 C00H which may be useful as a nylon intermediate* The details of the conversion from acetylene are given* Proof of structure of CqHq is given and ma*jy other derivatives and reaction products discussed* FB 1 and PB 5 give results of some experimental uses of these eyelopolyolefins as therapeutic agents* Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. l6 P. C. FIBERS, I. G. FARBEN, WOLFEN. Reported by: L. H. Smith. 3P- The manufacture of P*C* (after chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) fibers is discussed* Military use as tent bottoms, tarpaulins and non*inflammable clothing is mentioned* It is also suitable as insect screening* P*C* fibers are of limited use in wearing apparel because of the low softening point (80° C)* It is of special interest in industrial fabrics, however, because of its excellent resistance to water, acid, alkali, oils, bacteria, mildew and sunlight and its noninflammability* Spun staple P*C* yams are preferred for filter fabrics because of much greater surface area* Continuous filament P*C* fiber is very highly thought of as fish nets* See also PB 1123* 136 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 20 UNCLASSIFIED TEXTILE RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, DR. ALEXANDER WACKER, GMBH, BURGHAUSEN. Reported by: L. H. Smith, J+p. The textile research department was found to be in operation and to have facilities for producing yarn by the cotton system and by the worsted system(continental). Since the number of steps in some oases appear some what less than are usual, a brief description of their equipment is given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 31 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF RAYON TIRE YARN, CORD AND FABRIC AT PIRELLI S. P. A. AZLENDA TESSILE ARTIFICIAL, PIZZEGHETONE, ITALY, Reported by: L. H. Smith, J. J. Schilthule, and J. B. Qulg. 9P- This plant makes high tenacity tire yarn, tire cord and tire cord fabric, the yam reputed to be superior to any tire yarn made in Germany. A new type of Werner Pfleider Shredder of the ooffee mill type was seen at this plant, possibly of interest in a continuous chemical spinning process. A two bath system in spinning is used and the setup is unique for the bobbin process. The doubling was done on a double thread twister developed and built by Banmg at Blberfeld, an important development in tortile machinery. Supporting exhibits, photographs and drawings mentioned in this report were forwarded to Washington, D. C. 137 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 3^ UNCLASSIFIED PREPARATION OF CUPRAMMONIUM SPINNING SOLUTION. PRODUCTION OF CUPRAMMONIUM STAPLE AND SPECIALTIES. RECOVERY OF COPPER AND AMMONIA AT. I. G. FARBEN INDUSTRIE, DORMAGEN, Reported by: G. P. Hoff. Up. The plant at Dbrmagen has a capacity of 1+0 metric tons per day of cuprammonium staple and 13 tons of cuprammonium yarn* Mattress fiber and spun dyed staple are produced as specialities* Cuprammonium staple has lower strengths and higher extensibility than viscose, and normal cuprammonium staple is claimed to be 10# to 20# higher than the median current cost of production of normal viscose staple* The texture and processing qualities of Cupraroa (crimped cuprammonium staple) have resulted in a very favorable reception by woolen and worsted spinners* Copper is recovered by a resin exchange process with an efficiency of 95# and ammonia is recovered by the Haltmeier process with a claimed efficiency of 80#* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 36 UNCLASSIFIED STAPLE FIBER PRODUCTION, "VISTRA" NORMAL AND HIGH TENACITY AT I. G. FARBEN A . G., WOLFEN. Reported by: L. H. Smith 6p. The plant was capable of producing normal staple and specialties such as high tenacity and wooly types* Capacity 60 metric tons per day* A simple system for receiving 3P% of the CS2 consumption was observed in use* A relatively simple machine for wet treatment of viscose rayon tow was in use, but fboor space requirements were large* Hydrogen peroxide was added in the finishing treatment as a bleach* Extensive wet opening treatments were used* A Soromine was being used for finish* Drying was in funnel dryer operated partially up draft and partially down draft* Product is packaged and shipped as rolled picker lap of 150175 kg package weight* Equipment and process is described in some detail* 138 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 37 UNCLASSIFIED PERLON U: POLYURETHANES AT I. G. FARBEN, BOBINGEN, AUGS- BURG. Reported by: G. P. Hoff and D. B. Wicker. 5p. Five methods have been investigated for the preparation of polyurethanes* These methods are described and the reactions indicated* Two of the methods are under pilot scale manufactures Perlon IT (hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,14,- butane diol) is made at Ludwigshaven and Hochst is developing the reaction of dichloro-carbonic esters of glycols with diamines* The former gives polymers more suited to fibers and bristles, the latter for plastics* The polymethanes show generally inferior properties to the polyamides. Perlon U is inferior to Nylon in the fiber field* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 38 UNCLASSIFIED investigation of insecticide and insectifuge research and MANUFACTURE IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: L. b. Kilgore. 25p. . . An investigation was made of the various methods or “ control In Germany. The study of the ▼salad no now developments other than those I***1 parted by other Investigators. .Most of the DOT configuration and in this respect -Me ITOO". or -Lauaeto" and -Glx- were developed. A few sulfides and aromatic nitro compounds ware found b® too toxic for wart, blooded animals. The manufacture and testing of some of the Insecticides Is described. Wblee«•* the action of many Insecticides. A table shows the re.ulte of tests of fumigants with the Colorado beetle. A few insecti fugee are considered, some of them being about “ asphthallates. Nonphenol disinfectants seed disinfectants. and thallium rodontleldes are also considered. 139 FIAT ITEM MO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AMD MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. kl UNCLASSIFIED THE CHARACTER OF SOME FINISHING AND AFTER TREATMENT AGENTS I. G. FARBEN HOCHST. Reported by: J. J. Schllthule and D. B. Wicker. 7p. The chemical nature of the I* G* finishing agents called Soromins as a class is discussed* The structures are given and uses and results obtained by their use indicated. The following Soromins are discusseds Soromin A| A.F#; S.G.; B.S.| D*M*; F; Sj N* powder; F.L.; F.L.O.| W.F.j A* Base# Other research on finishers is also discussed: Persist©! V.S* (or Ho Ho l/l07l Ho l/l05; Ho l/l93l Kaurit W.F* 110| and other Kaurlts and formaldehyde derivatives are also mentioned* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k2 UNCLASSIFIED PERFORMANCE AND APPLICATION OF THE VARIOUS STAPLES IN GERMANY ZELLWOLLE LEHR SPINNERET, BENKENDORF, GERMANY. Reported by: L. H. Smith. 9p. The various staples manufactured in Germany are discussed from the standpoint of performance and application in the trade* Comments on protein, nylon, and P.C. staples are also included* The following subjects are also discussed: Staple diagram; future of cotton in Germany; future of continuous ' ' * ‘ *ayon in Germany; tow to top machines* A list of over >j different staples made by various companies, and designated by manufacturer’s trade names, giving physical properties of~ the staples is included* 14 0 FIAT ITEM WO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATIEBTAT. SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 43 UNCLASSIFIED I. G. BREAKING MACHINE FOR RAYON TOW IN THE WORSTED SPINNING INDUSTRY, DOHREN KAMMOARM SPINNEREI _ HANOVER. Reported by: L. H. Smith and J. B. Qulg. 3P» ▲ general discussion of the 1* 0* breaking machine for rayon tow. It did not produce a rayon top which is satis- factory for blending with wool tops in the worsted spinning industry* The machine apparently can be used successfully for the production of rayon tops which are eventually used in spun yarns going into heavy industrial fabrics, in which shrinkage is not too critical* A tow to top machine which cuts, as opposed to tearing or breaking the fibers, is indicat ecU Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 44 UNCLASSIFIED NEW FIBERS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN GERMANY DURING THE WAR PERIOD. Reported by: L. H. Smith. 7p. Final compilation of interrogation in July I9I1.5 I* G* Farbenindustri© executives* The greatest progress was with PerIon, which belongs to the nylon family, and with polyvinyl chloride (P.C*); considerable progress has been conducted on the manufacture of fibers from other polymeric materials but non© of these fibers have reached the production stage* Little progress has been made on the development of high tenacity saponified cellulose acetate fibers* The greatest research and development effort since 1938 has been centered in the rayon staple and tire yarn industries* See also PB 1117* 141 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 48 UNCLASSIFIED VISCOSE TIRE YARN MANUFACTURE AT I. G. FARBEN, ROTIWEIL, WURTEMBURG. Reported by: G. P. Hoff. TP* Pinal compilation of the interrogation in Aug., of Dr. Diem* This plant has attained a capacity of 9 tons of tire yarn, 690 den., per day. A simplified form of two baths spinning is used. As to quality, the resulting yarn is said to be a close second to Obernburger rayon tire cord. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 50 UNCLASSIFIED GENERAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GERMAN STAPLE FIBER INDUSTRY AT I. G. FARBEN AND ZELLWOLLE UND KUNSTSELDE, SCHWARZA, LENZING. Reported by: G. P. Hoff. l^p. The Kalle plant is the largest producer of regenerated cellulose film in Germany* Bottle caps and bands and nPlake* acetate caps are produced by standard processes* cellophane is described and production details# including coating formulas given* Report suggests that this formula should be considered by IJ« S* cellophane manufacturers# as being satisfactory for quiofc freezing industry* It is said to give good performance at low temperatures, yet stand sterilisation at 140° c for two hours* Other films are also mentioned in this report* 142 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS ADD MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 51 UNCLASSIFIED COMPARISON OF GERMAN CONTINUOUS ALKALI CELLULOSE PROCESSES. VEREINIGTE GLANTZSTOFF, OBERNBURG AND KELSTERBACE SPINNSTOFF FABRIK, BERLIN-ZEELENDORF. Reported by: D. B. Wicker. 5p. The German industry has developed three continuous method s of producing alkali cellulose in connection with the viscose process, namely the screw press method of I* G* Farben, the Wolf vacuum filter method, and the sieve band method* All have been used successfully in practice but are subject to plus or minus 1% variation in cellulose content* Labor requirements are considerably less than with the conventional batch steeping process and much greater latitude in pulp requirements is permitted* A comparison of investment, labor and power requirements is given* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 53 UNCLASSIFIED PERIX KREFELD VISCOSE PROCESS DETAILS AT RHEINISCHE KUNSTSEIDE KREFELD. Reported by: J. B. Qulg. 4p. This report gives the details of the method of continuous viscose making used at this Phrix plant* The wet or dry pulp is cut up into a slurry and fed onto a screen which passes between rollers* The alkali cellulose is aged on endless belts and xanthated and dissolved in one operation in a kneter* Ordinary yarn is spun with only one godet, but strong yarn is spun with two godets and a series of two rollers* The cakes are wrapped in covers and washed on a machine* Drying is done in a novel *merry-go-roundw spiral dryer* 143 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. % UNCLASSIFIED SULPHATE DISSOLVING PULP FOR RAYON MANUFACTURE KOSTHEIM, OBERNBURG, DARMSTADT. Reported by: D. B. Wicker. 6p. Shortages of wood and sulfur in Germany and the need for a high tenacity rayon pulp other than refined spruce forced the development of sulfate pulps for viscose manu- facture • In order to accomplish this* use was made of pre-hydrolysis, either with mineral acids or with water extraction of the wood to remove pentosans. The resultant sulfate pulp is reported to produce tire cord rayon of very good strengths and to compare in this respect with refined spruce sulfite. Although pine oan be used it is felt that poplar is the most promising source of cellulose for this process as well as for sulfite dissolving pulp* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 59 UNCLASSIFIED REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILMS AT I. G. FARBEN (KALLE) WIESBADEN-BLEERICE. Reported by: G. P. Hoff and J. B. Qulg 6p. Pinal compilation of interrogations made between June and August 1945 of officials of I. G. Farbenlndustrie, Vereinigte Giansstoff, Phrix Konuern, Zellwolle und Kunstseide. Considerable detail is given of the war use of pulps; of the continuous alkali cellulose processes to conserve iron and manpower; of the wear and laundering resistance, including formaldehyde and "Kaurit" or resin treatments; of water resistance and wool character; of specialty cellulose fibres; and of fully synthetic staple fibres such as PerIon and Pe-Ce. 144 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 62 UNCLASSIFIED I. G. WORK ON POLYAMIDES, I. G. FARBEN, LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: G. P. Hoff. 5p. This report contains information obtained from Dr. Hopf on polyamides. The information obtained is an extension and elaboration of information previously obtained on the preparation of polymer intermediates and the polymers made therefrom. Products designated Igamide A,B, 6A, 1C, 85B, 40 B, 50 B and U had reached what could be called a commercial stage of development, the first two and the last being regarded as most important. A was preferred for- molding and an outlet for B was forseen in driving belts, bands, ribbons, gaskets, and buttons. Both A and B give yarns around 7 g.p.d. as the maximum. A lot of per- liminary work had been done on the injection molding of combs, brushes, shoe trees, water "glasses”, hardware for furniture, etc. They had made billiard balls and bowling balls and pins. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 65 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF DISSOLVING PULP BY THE SULPHITE AND NITRIC ACID PROCESSES AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, WOLFEN. Reported by: D. B. Wicker. 12p. The plant is described In some detail. The sulfite and nitric acid pulp processes used are given in full. Of interes t are the following parts about the sulfite plantt !♦ Beech wood chips used, 2. A 100 ton (metric) pulp mill has been integrated with a viscose rayon plant to produce, in part, a flake pulp containing 55*60 % moisturef 3. Unlined stainless steel digesters used. 145 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 6? UNCLASSIFIED CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS IN THE SNYTHETICS INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: A. Lyem. 77P*» This report presents the information obtained from investi- gation of twenty-seven chemical plants* New commercial tech- niques discovered in the plastlfication, lamination and application of thermoplastics and thermosetting resins, as well as the specialized chemical developments and production of synthetic materials are recorded. Plants Included in in- vestigation and chief projects described are as follows: Collodln Werke (artificial leather and dextrine leather pro- cess): Rheinhold and Cie. (Iporka Plastic, foamy insulating material); Chemische Werke Albert (Alphtalat); Deutsche Waffen and Munitions Pabrik (cartridge case materials)* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 68 UNCLASSIFIED INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH, SONTHOFEN/ALLGAU. Reported by: S. Tour. 30p* This report deals with the work of a section of the origin*! research institute known as the D.V.L. in Berlin. Its research was on the physical properties of ®*terials, principally steels, light metal alleys and alloys. General organisation of institute and departments of wor 2T&SS1. *»«-*• Pr;;r“t°r in April 1945 is given in Appendix II. Appendix III t&ins a list of printed reports on research covering the t. mr* XM. Mb IV llvf not yet published. See also PB 5^7• 146 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 KISCELIAHEOUS CHEMICALS AMD MATERIAL STnunYvna Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 77 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF RESEARCH WORKERS AT THE AGRICULTURAL HIGH SCHOOL (LANDWIRTSHAFTLICHE HOCHSCHULE) AT HOHENHEIM (NEAR STUTTGART) , Reported by: R. A. Dutcher. 6p. The most Important information discovered by investigator and presented In this report deals with chemical method developed by Dr. Lakon to use in seed germination testing. Advantages of this method are that it requires only a short time and can be conducted on fresh new seeds. This method is supposed to have been employed successfully with wheat* corn, oats, and rye. It depends on the reaction of the liv- ing embryo with a chemical reagent. A pink color results with living tissue and little or no color if embryo and adjacent tissue are not capable of growth. Color reagent is a tetrazollum salt which reduces to a colored (pink) forraa- zene compound. Formulae are given and references to more detailed information are listed. I Lem No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 82 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY REPORT ON GERMAN RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN FOOD. Reported by: G. MacKlnney. 13p. This report Is an account and evaluation of research In freezing, vegetable dehydration, vitamin 0 carrying foods, and miscellaneous developments in the food industries. Three developments in quick freezing are reported; A continuous "paternoster" type of quick freezer; drum-freezing of Juices; quick-freezing in liquid nitrous oxide. Vitamin research was centered on the fat-soluble vitamins A and D, and on vitamin C. Very little attention was given to the overall quality of the processed food. Continuous butter making machinery is noted. The author concludes that only in the field of fats and oils (e.g., the production of fatty acids from paraffin straight chain hydrocarbons) did the Germans make outstanding contributions. 147 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 90 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF PROF. FRANZ FISCHER. Reported by: W. A. Horne. 6p. Professor Franz Fischer, former director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Mulheim, was interrogated* Inactive since March 1943, he gave information from memory on isosynthesis, iron synthesis, nickel catalysts, suspended catalysts, and isomerization* The production of hydro- carbons, predominantly isobutane and isopentane, from carbon monoxide and hydrogen is known as "isosynthesis"* The middle pressure synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen over an iron catalyst was initiated at the Institute* Nickel catalysts are unsuitable for middle pressure synthesis and there is no technical advantage in suspended catalysts* Best results in experi- ments on the isomerization of Fischer-Tropsch products were obtained with aluminum chloride* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 92 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PROCESSING OF FATS, OIIS AND OILSEEDS. Reported by: W. H. Gobs and K. S. Markley. 12^p. A detailed report of inspection trips to 19 plants engaged in processing fats, oils and oilseeds in Germany, Denmark and Holland* Information is given on the various operations conducted at the plants in the production of fatty acids, margarine, vegetable and seed oils* Methods of pressing and extraction and of hydrogenation are also described* 148 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9k UNCLASSIFIED AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY OF THE LANDWLRTSCHAFTLICHE HOCHSCHULE AT BONN. Reported by: G. MacKinney. l6p. This report is an evaluation of this library which had an excellent collection of German periodicals in agricultural economics, good coverage in soils, plant physiology and forestry, and in certain special fields of agricultural technology, dairy and livestock feeding and management* It was poor in food and nutrition but contained an apparently complete record of Ph* D* dissertations in agriculture from all German universities and technical high schools. Several smaller libraries supplement this one. Lists of current periodicals and of all new books acquired during 19U1 * 191*5 are included in this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IQlf UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE ARC CARBON INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: H. H, Wlkle and W. A. Steiner. 13p. In general, the German arc carbon Industry uses the seme materials as in the U. S.; German production methods are much less efficient than U. S. methods from the stand- point of labor; quality level is equivalent to American. The outstanding achievement was the development of large searchlights, first the U50 amp. size and the 1,000 amp. size at the end of the war. This required solution of the fundamental problem of arc instability observed at currents above about *400 amp. and of other difficult design problems. The authors believe that this search- light was of limited military value compared with other methods of aircraft spotting such as radar. Report in- cludes detailed descriptions of searchlight carbons, brief notes on individual plants visited and photographs of burner mechanisms. 149 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10? UNCLASSIFIED COLD-RAY PASTEURIZATION OF MILK, Reported by: C. 0 Ball. 12p. Cold ray pasteurization of milk represents an objective which the Prussian Test and Research Institute for the Dairy Industry at Kiel, hopes to attain with the use of an ultra violet ray machine* invented by Siemens a chuckerworke, Siemens* tadt, near Spandau, Berlin. There are only two of these machines in existence. Both are installed in the plant of Hansa Meieri facherbarger Allee, Lftbeck, which produces evaporated milk and ad Ik powder. One is a machine of small capacity; the other of a larger size which is con- sidered feasible for commercial operation. The email machine consists essentially of a quartz tube, said to be 110 meters long in spiral form end a source of ultra violet rays. The ultra-violet ray machine is to be a part of a new production system for modified milk in powdered form. This product is now being enriched with vitamin D by pass- ing the liquid concentrate of approximately 30 percent total solids content through the snail machine, thus im- parting vitamin D immediately preceding the spray drying operation. This is accomplished by passing the liquid through the coil at a rate of 200 liters per hour. The large machine has been tasted only for mechanical operation by pumping water through the milk tubes. The efficacy of the machine for either vitamin D fortification or pasteurisa- tion is unknown. An undated progress report of the Bacteri- ological Institute of the Freuszischn Yersuchs - und forschungsanstalt fdr Milchwlrtschaft, Kiel, Included in this report, presents results of studies with the ultra- violet ray machine. A bibliography and drawings are also given. 150 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEQUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. Il4 UNCLASSIFIED PREFABRICATED HOUSING IN GERMANY. Reported by: C. A. Towne. Wartime prefabrlcstlon of housing In Germany took the form principally of emergency shelter for bombe’d out families. Rigid limitations were placed on size and arrangement. The principal types are! Wood panel; wood wool panel; gypsum panel; precast concrete; and foamed concrete. An appendix has plans and illustrations and a translation of the Gustav Eppel plaster board method of construction. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 115 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE CARBON BRUSH INDUSTRY FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OF GERMANY. Reported by: H. H. Wlkle and W. A. Steiner. 23p. This report presents information obtained on the processes, equipment and products of the carbon brush industry based on field investigations* Generally, the German industry used the same type of raw materials used in the TJ. S* Bavarian natural graphite was substituted for Ceylon graphite and iron powder was used instead of copper powder for tamped connections for carbon brushes* German manufacturing processes are similar to the American; production methods are inferior; quality and industrial "know how" are comparable* Details of manufacturing processes and equipment including mixing, moulding, baking, graphitizing, and finishing are given* The production of high altitude-high voltage and high altitude*- low voltage brushes, industrial and traction brushes, and metal-graphite brushes is described and the characteristics of the brushes listed* Brush holders made by German brush manufacturers are accurately finished* Some experimentation was under- taken with carbon commutators* Report includes drawing of carbon commutator and photographs of some representative brushes* Brief notes are given on plants visited and also on two plants which could not be visited# 151 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 125 UNCLASSIFIED SCH0K6-BUCK STUTTGART (CHOCOLATE MANUFACTURING FIRM) . Reported by: W. T. Clark, lip. report presents detailed information on this chocolate manufacturing firm. Inventory on hand in August and suggestions for the use of materials available from inventory as well as recipe for product to be made are given. Scho-ka- kola was a caffein-contalning ration manufactured for Wehr- macht. Wrapping machinery available at this plant, includ- ing two automatic Max Loesch unite, was in excess of actual production needs. Two preservatives were in use. One of these. Microbin, was used in fruit and marmalade pastes to prevent souring, fermentation and spoilage; the other, Fettabacterln or Abacterin, Is a fat antioxidant for use in marzipan and fatty cream fillings. Formulas of Kola products are given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 127 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON CONTINUOUS VISCOSE MAKING AT THURTNGISCHE ZELLWDLLE A. G. Reported by: L. Smith. 4p. Tttls report made on behalf of the British Board of irade and the U.S. Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee, dis- cusses a visit to Thuringische Zellwoll© A.G., and an inter- view with Dr. Friedricks, Dr. Eessel and Ur. Schmxdt. This plant makes viscose staple fiber using in part a continuous viscose process, as follows; Steeping is done in batches, pressing and ripening is continuous; Aanthation and all subsequent steps are done in batches; churn-dissolvers are used. The process is discussed in detail. 152 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 129 UNCLASSIFIED CONTINUOUS VISCOSE MAKING AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE A. G. WOLFEN, GERMANY. Reported by: D. B. Wicker. 6p. This plant, haring a capacity of 60 metric tons per day. was found to be substantially undamaged, but out of operation. Half the capacity le steeped in conventional presses and half by a continuous steeping process utilizing a moist pulp, steeping in the form of slush stock and pressing by means of screw presses. The aging of alkali cellulose is done continuously In rotary drums. Xanthatlon. solution and aging is batchwigg. Continuous steeping and aging results in considerable reduction in manpower renulrements. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I36 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF CONTINUOUS FILAMENT YARN AND DURAFLOX STAPLE AT V. GLANZSTOFF FAERIE, OBERBRUCH, GERMANY. Reported by: L. H. Smith. 7p. Processes used by V. Glanzstoff Pabrik in the manufacture of viscose process continuous filament and Duraflox high tenacity staple are described, A new machine for aging alkali cellulose in six hours was developed and is described. This system of aging has been installed in the new A.K, U. staple plant in Arnheim, Holland, The large bobbins used in this plant produce two packages of yarn, each package weigh- ing 750 grams. It was stated that it is possible to spin one kilogram of yarn per package. The Hollander purification machine wliich is used is obsolete. 153 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. iM UNCLASSIFIED ACETIC ACID RECOVERY, ACETOBUTYRIC ACID RECOVERY, PROPIONIC ACID RECOVERY AT I. G. FARBEN, DORMAGEN. Reported by: G. Loaeby and F. S. Brown. TP* The factory at Seelze was concerned mainly with the nroduction of metallic fluorides, silico fluorides, hydro- gen fluoride, nhosphoric acid, phosphates, sulphuric acid, ether, colloidal graphite, water purifying agents and general reagents for laboratory analytical work. One building was set aside for smoke mixtures, another for the production of chloracetophenone. 120 tons/month of chlor- acetophenone were nroduced by the following process; 3(C6H5C0CH ) + HaClOg + 3HC1 —> 3(C6H5C0. CHgCl) + BaOl -f" 3H 0. c» Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1^5 UNCLASSIFIED ACETIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION FROM ACETIC ACID, I. G. FARBEN, DORMAGEN. Reported by: G. Loasby and F. S. Brown. 4p. Acetic anhydride is produced by dissociation of acetic acid vapor at 600-720°, using triethyl phosphate and water as catalysts. Ammonia vapor is added as a stabilizer to the ketene. The ketene produced is absorbed by glacial acetic acid in scrubbers yielding 90$ anhydride. 30$ acetic acid is the other dissociation product. The anhy- dride is factionated to 96-97$ by large batch distillation. Flow sheet is presented. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 153 UNCLASSIFIED PUNCHING OF SPINNERETS, I. G. FARBEN, AGFA CAMERA WERK, MUNICH. Reported by: L. H. Smith and J. J. Schllthuls. 5p. Description with diagrams of punching of tantalum spinnerets for the manufacture of staple fibre, having 2500 holes. Plat-* inum and gold jets are plated with nickel before polishing. Steel spinnerets from V2a and V4a for perlon spinning were examined and a steel spinneret for nylon spinning was obtaimt 154 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. V?k UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN WOOLEN INDUSTRY. Reported by: A. E. Otto F. W. Dorman and G. Y. Jean. li+p. Reports information obtained by personal interviews and visits to mills on German woolen yarn manufacturing, weaving and finishing, stock and piece dyeing, carpet industry and use of waste material, including condition of the mills, machine equipment as compared to American (generally inferior), and processes used* The woolen yarn industry in Germany is, according to American standards, obsolete* There are only four carpet weavers of any importance in western Germany, and the industry has nothing of value to us* Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 170 ANIMALIZATION AND WATER PROOFING OF CELLULOSE FIBERS AT GORMAGEN. Reported by: D. Traill. 5p. Animalization of Cuprammonium staple fiber has been carried out at Dormagen by the use of ethylene inline derivatives, but the work has not passed the experimental stages* Experi- mental work has also been prosecuted with the aim of render- ing fibers water repellent, but again the work hardly emerged from the experimental stages* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1?U UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF THE NEW WEHRMACHT (194U) LAST AND SHOE CONSTRUCTION. Reported by: R. P. Schwartz. 7p. This report gives the general background of the 1906 Vehrmacht boot* and the development of the 19*& Vehrmacht last and shoe. The latter was ordered by the German High Commend primarily because of the serious difficulties experienced on the Russian front, and due to the shortage of leather. A bibliography Is presented in an appendix. Tests shoved that the buna rubber sole with 35$ buna rubber wore twice as long as the standard sole leather* FIAT I'M NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 179 UNCLASSIFIED SUCHARD SCHOKOLADEN FABRIK, LORRACH. Reported by: P. L. Pavcek. 7P« This report describes factory which In peacetime produced chocolate, chocolate products, and cocoa but during wartime produced fruit bars for civilian and army consumption. Spe- cial vitamin C fruit bars were manufactured for the Wehr- macht. Details of their method of preparation are given. Appendix contains formulas for fruit bars and analysis of Sanddornbeere, a fruit containing vitamin 0, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. l8l UNCLASSIFIED NUTRITION AND FOOD SUPPLY IN SAAR, SAARBRUCKEN, Reported by: P. L. Pavcek. 9P* This renort is based on interviews with a number of German officials (public health workers, doctors, etc.). Food allocation per person in the Saarbrucken and Sulzbach areas are given for the month of July and compared with August - September and September 19^3- Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 182 UNCLASSIFIED UNION MARGARINIERE BELGE S A BAASRODE, BELGIUM. Reported by: K. S. Markley. 9p. Description of facilities and methods at plant processing peanut%, palm kernels, sheanuts, and copra for oil. During the war no sesame or copra were processed. The plant also refines palm oil, palm kernel oil from the Belgian Congo, soybean oil (previously from Manchuria), whale oil and seal oil. The crude oilmill consists of one 125-ton standard Hansa Muhle extraction plant and three combination expeller- hydraullc mills. Crude oil is shipped to soap works at vari- ous places, or hydrogenated and shipped to margarine manu- facturers. No difficulty was experienced with reversion in margarine containing soybean oil but It Is used to the extent of only 51° and unhydrogenated. Most difficulty occurs with palm oil. 156 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 195 UNCLASSIFIED YEAST AND NUTRITION TARGETS IN GERMANY. Reported by: P. L. Pavcek, 7p. This report is rather general in nature. The production of food and feed yeast, baker's yeast and yeast extract are briefly discussed. Caloric Intake of civilian in the Saar- brucken area is mentioned. Methods of vitamin assay, data on food composition and production of biotlcs, ergosterol and gluconic acid are briefly mentioned. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 202 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF PLYWOOD AND RELATED PRODUCTS IN WESTERN GERMANY, Reported by: F. F. Wangaard and J. H. Tlgelaar. 9oi. This report covers an investigation of plywood and glue manufacturers and research institutions within the French* British and American occupation zones, to ascertain status of the plywood and gluing industry and affiliated research in Germany# The quality of the products of the plywood industry, aircraft plywood excepted, was generally inferior to those produced in the U#S#, and production methods were less efficient# Subjects covered ares Veneer, aircraft, utility, furniture, molded, and metal-faced plywood, laminated veneer, modified wood, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde, phenol-formaldehyde, poly- isocyanate and miscellaneous glues, and The part on research contains lists of references to publications prepared since IS&O# Appendix gives details of individual targets, the condition, personnel, war and pre-war products, production capacity, etc# Appendix B contains representative aircraft plywood specifications in German# 157 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MTQnET.TATraOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 212 UNCLASSIFIED QUICK FREEZING OF FOODS IN LIQUID NITROUS OXIDE, I. G. FARBEN AT HOCHST. Reported by; G. MacKlnney. lip. An experimental pilot plant setup oapable of freezing 1 ton of food per hour is described in detail* The food is immersed directly into the liquid Ng 0* The method is of interest for consideration by U* S* processors of frosen foods to determine whether its theoretical advantages are feasible and adaptable to their plants. Three blueprints frequently referred to in this report were not with the report as received. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 213 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF FIELD INVESTIGATION - FATS, OILS AND OILSEEDS. Reported by: W. H. Goss. 24p. A survey resulting from visits to the principal oilseed in- dustries in Germany in order to obtain an accurate overall summary of German oilseed technology during the past 5 to 10 years. Attention is paid to methods of processing and refin- ing fats and oils, the production of lecithin, margarine, synthetic fats, soaps, soy flour, etc. Germany suffered severly during the war because of the shortage of fats, and though it was once a leader in the development of oilseed technology, it now lags far behind American methods. 158 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELIAWEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 215 UNCLASSIFIED FUMIGANTS DISTRIBUTED BY DEGESCH, A. G., WEISSFRAUEN- STRASSE 9, FRANKFORT. Reported By: P. L. Pavcek. Up. Five fumigants sold by this company are described in this report r **Zyklon B*; "Cartox"; "Tritox*; '•Ventox*; "Galctd**. 1, "Zyklon Bw is manufactured from active agent HCN obtained from sugar beet residues* For each cubic meter to be fumiga- ted, ten grams of "Zyklon Bl% are used. It is used in homes and factories. 2. "Cartox* is a mixture of one part ethylene oxide and nine parts carbon dioxide packed under pressure in steel cylinders. It is used for exterminating meal beetles. 3. "Tritox" is trichlor-acetonitrile, a liquid put up in 30 kilogram galvanized tin cans. It is used for house insects. 4. "Calcid" is calcium cyanide used for fumigating plants, especially citrus trees. It is also recommended for freeing holds of ships of rats. 5. *Ventox* is acrylic acid nitrile useful in combatting clothes lice and meal beetles. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 235 UNCLASSIFIED EOMMEL & CO., WINNENDEN. Reported by: P. L. Pavoek. 5P. Process for making cider, rhubarb and pear Juice and rose hio syrvn described in detail. Analysis of rose hip isyrup indicates an ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content of 100-200 mg./lOOg. Residues of the fruits are used as follows. Apples - pectin manufacture Pose hips - dried and used for tea Rhubarb - dried end mixed with tobacco 159 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATEHIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 239 UNCLASSIFIED FISCHER-TROPSCH PLANT AT HOESCH BENZ IN A. G. AT DORTMUND, GERMANY. Reported by; W. C. Schroeder and B. Neumann. 6p. Th! 1# ?e8Crlbed and the operations briefly described. r“e plant Produced gasoline with an octane no. of 1*0-U<5 Diesel oil with a cetane no. of 100, heavy oil and paraffin fields were 20-25*. 30*. 25* and 20-25* for the fou? pro- ducts respectively. p Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 244 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN FOOD PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TARGETS. Reported by; W. T. Clarke. A report on four German food processors visited by an Amer- ican investigator# Kaffee Handels A* 6# (Kaffee "Hag") in Bremen and Max Specht of Hamburg provided data for a dis- cussion of coffee and coffee substitutes in war-time Ger- many. Gebruder Stollwerck A* G. of Cologne and B. SprengeX Company of Hannover# two chocolate and cocoa plants were also visited# Manufacturing processes are described# An appendix describes the production of "Scho-ka-Kola"# a widely used German confection# 160 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 257 UNCLASSIFIED AGRICULTURE This report presents information obtained from visits to German plants on refrigerating equipment, refrigeration storage, frozen foods, dehydration, dairy products, and fish machinery. In frozen food industry problems were pri- marily those of management and plant and field control; technique was based on American developments* Exceptions may be the nitrous oxide fruit and vegetable freezing proposal and the controlled humidified hot air blanching, but these could not be investigated* In dehydrated products, Germany was satisfied with an unsulfited product of 10 to 14%, mois- ture which simplified their dehydration techniques* Two continuous butter making processes and a mechanized cheese process were in operation in a number of plants. Plants visited are listed and all unusual equipment is described. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 260 UNCLASSIFIED PLANT OF ANDREAS HOFER, LTD., MUELHEIM (RUHR) GERMANY. Reported by: W. H. Reynolds. 7p» The Hofer plant specialized in the design and construction of laboratory scale super-oressure equipment for bringing about certain chemical reactions with the aid of high pressure, high temperature and various catalysts. Much of the chemical industry in Germany can be traced back to the experimental equipment originally furnished by Hofer. Brief description is given of various features of Hofer compressors and refer- ence is made to voluminous reports and drawings which have been filed with the Executive Secretary, Safety and Technical Sub-Committee, Field Information Agency, Technical, Washington, D. C, These include drawings of a pump for recirculating of gas under high oressure and for a recirculating pump for liquids at high pressure. 161 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 273 UNCLASSIFIED INTERVIEW WITH DR. J. W. REPPE, I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A, G. Reported by: E. B. Peck and I. H. Jones. 24p. Report on the chemical developments achieved by Dr* J. W. Repp©* His principal contributions to the war weret 1, Synthesis of a substitute for blood plasma called Periston. 2 * Development of an adhesive that makes Buna adhere to fab- ric and is called Korosin. This was an essential part of the German synthetic rubber program* 3. Development of new reactions in the synthesis of butadiene. In addition. Dr* Reppe and his co-workers developed processes involving new reactions of the acetylenes, olefines and reactions of metallic carbonyls. The success achieved in acetylene chemistry was made possible by the development of safe methods for metallic acetylides. Details of all processes are given* Important patents issued on inventions of Dr. Repp© are listed. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 275 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON VISIT TO THE FORESTRY INSTITUTE. Reported by: C. P. Winslow. 15p. This report covers a visit to the Forestry Institute, Schloss Reinbeck b. Hamburg, The activities, finances, per* sonne1 and chemical research of the Institute are described* Major activities include collection and compilation of data regarding forest resources of Germany’s former colonies and of other countries, and during the war German forests pro- duction, consumption, etc* (data obtained from Reich For- estry Headquarters at Berlin). Some figures are given in this report for consumption, cuttings and yields during the war period, military damage to forests is considered briefly, as well as the present condition of Germany’s wood products.industries. Recommendations, a list of .important Germans in the forestry field and one of eminent German cellulose industrialists complete the report. Dr. Runkel mentioned experimentation on use of peat to produce sugars and protein food. 162 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 276 UNCLASSIFIED KAISER WILHELM INSTITUT FOR KOHLENFORSCHUNG, MUELHEIM RUHR INTERSOGATION OF DR. HELMUTH PICHLER AND PROF. KARL ZIEGLER. Reported by: W. F. Faragher.and W. A. Home. 15p. This institute was visited to obtain information concerning "isosynthesis" and th© results of th© comparative tests on six iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts conducted at Schwarzheide- Puhland. The information presented herein is in addition and supplements that previously reported in the C.I.C.S* report dated 15 June 1945, "Kaiser Tfilhelm Institut fur Kohlenforschung, Mulheim, Ruhr", by Dr* V. Haensel* In the so-called "isosynthesis", carbon monoxide and hydrogen are converted predominately to branched hydrocarbons by oxide catalysts* Similarly to th© normal or medium-pressure synthesis, isooynthesia results in the production of hydro- carbons from methane to those of high molecular weight. In isosynthesis, however, the principal products are iso- butane and the low-boiling hydrocarbons of gasoline. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 277 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS FOOD PROCESSING TARGETS. Reported by: A. K. Balls. 15p. This report describes method of growing the yeast, and preparation of a yeast extract and a dry yeast preparation known as Florylin, at the Norddeutsch© Hefeindustrie A.G*, Hamburg-Wandsbek. Beet molasses is used as the carbohy- drate source* It reports the preparation of Mil©!, a by- product using skim milk, mac© by Milchenzentrale G.m.b.H*, Lutjenburg i Holstein, which is essentially a milk plant. "V Mi lei* a substitute for whole egg was made by dissolving certain chemicals, in 300 1. of skim milk with stirring, then mixing the solution with 1300 1. more of skim milk, and drying at once on a rotary drum drier. Milei "Eiweiss" or egg white substitute was also made* It further reports an interview with Prof. Ludwig Schmitt, at Technische Kochschule, Darmstadt on sugar-beet as a means of improving th© soil and of producing fodder by use of beet tops, and two processes for synthesis of protein by a micro organism, one on sliced sugar-beets, and the other the Niklas process*. 163 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 278 UNCLASSIFIED SPECIALIZED CERAMIC PRODUCTS: THEIR USE IN GERMAN COMMUNI- CATION EQUIPMENT. Reported by: C. L. Snyder. LOp. This report covers information obtained by interview of personnel and inspection of some of the leading specialized ceramic plants in Germany. Differences between German and American practice have been emphasized, the most striking being that German practice is to grind materials more finely# This increases the cost of grinding, but results in less die wear, and use of organic binders in prefired state is not common due tc plasticity of finely divided material. Subjects covered are* Glass to metal seal; Vacuum tight crank mechanism; Selenium cell rectifier; High dielectric constant and magnetic ceramic materials; Robert Bosch Co.; Spark plug core production methods; Steatit Magnesia Co.; Dralowid resistor. Steatite and titanium dioxide manufacture; Rosenthal porcelain; Fixed carbon resistors; Thermistor manufacture. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 293 UNCLASSIFIED I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE LEVERKUSEN, GERMANY. Reported by: W, F. Faragher. 13P. This report describee plant* machinery, processes, and pro- ducts at the following four factories manufacturing rope and twine; International Harvester Co.; P. Baumioiter; Steen and Co-.; Bremer Tauwerk-Pabrik. Process of making paper binder twine was the significant new development observed. Paper was substituted for sisal. Rolls of paper Swedish natrium spinning paper) were treated with a paraffin emulsion for water resistance. Por one—yarn, twine paper was twisted; for 2 ply, it was twisted and corded. Twine was then dried and polished over block paraffin, then packed. Hemp was substi- tuted for manila in rope. Some experimental synthetic binder twine had been made. 164 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 yrropwrairamm CHEMICALS AMD MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 297 UNCLASSIFIED FATS, OILS AND OILSEEDS. Reported by: W. H. Goss. 23p. A survey of two German oilseed mills - Hansa-Huhle A. G., Hamburg, and Harburger Oelwerke Brinckmann und Mergell, Harburg. The first Is one of the most famous mills in the world, partly because of its size and partly because it developed the widely used paternoster type of extraction apparatus. Report has detailed descriptions of procedures used in both plants for oil extraction from soybeans and other oilseeds; also of phosphatide recovery, refinery of the oil, hydrolysis of fats for production of fatty acids, and other related processes. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 299 UNCLASSIFIED SUPPLEMENTAL REPOET ON THE EUHROL HYDROGENATION PLANT WELHEIM, RUHR. Reported by: W. F. Faragher and VT. A. Horne. 7p. This report gives some details regarding the preparation of catalyst used in coal hydrogenation at this plant at 700 a-bn. For further details on this plant see P,B. 1108. 165 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 329 UNCLASSIFIED TEKTnJ5 RESEARCH AND EDUCATION AT TEXTILINGENEEURSCHULE KREHFELD. Reported by: J. F. Smith. 3p. The Textilingenienrschule was composed of the Farbereischule, the Webereischule, a school for artificial fiber, a school of textile art, a department of paint and varnish technology, and a department of management. One of the chief contribu* tions of the Textilingenieurschule was conversion of acetate rayon to woollike fibers. item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 330 UNCLASSIFIED CIRCULAR KNITTING AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY SINCE 1930: Reported by: P. H. Hanes, Jr., and C. L. Rosenquist This is a list of 56 samples of knitted materials made by the circular interlock knitting machines of Fouquet & Franz, of Hottenburg a.B., Germany, which are now available for inspec- tion at the U, S. National Bureau of Standards. These were obtained during an Inspection of this plant which is re- ported in PB 6347, page 459 of this Bibliography, Among the samples are interlock backing cloth, face plain, back plated with little lining loops (napped); vertical pearl striping; two and three color check effects; and block and stripe ef- fects. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 333 UNCLASSIFIED WOOLEN CARDS AT THOMAS SCHEUFFELEN A. G., EBERSBACH (FILS) WURTTEMBERG. Reported by: J. L. True low. 7P« A study of a set of woolen cards built by C.E. Schwalbe of Terdau in Saxony in 1937 which are of special design. Main feature of the machine is that the Intermediate Card has a special front which forms a lap, similar to that made on a Cotton Picker. The Finisher Card has a back which provides for creeling two laps. These features allow evener roving and yarn, and the Finisher Card can be operated while the Breaker and Intermediate Cards are being on ground, and vioe versa. Report contains description of machinery. 166 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 334 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF GLAZED KID AND KID LINING LEATHER IN GERMANY. Reported by: G. A. Rothschild and P. A. BlaU. yp. Production of calf as well as kid is very much favored in Germany hy the low wage scale. Machine end hand operations arc slowly and carefully done, this factor being the prin- cipal reason for the quality of German leather. In general, there have been no outstanding new developments as to pro- cessing, "Arazeme" process seems to be more in favor in Germany than in the United States. Tanning is consistently two bath chrome for kid and one bath chrome for calf. A general description of tanning procedures is given. 167 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 336 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN CORKBOARD AND STRUCTURAL LOW TEMPERATURE INSULATION INDUSTRY - TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS. Reported by: E. C. Claxton. 8p. Major technical development of Interest In the field was the production of considerable quantities of urea formaldehyde resin foams. Research work on other foams was carried out on a small scale. Both impregnated and baked corkboard manu- facture were continued, although on a reduced scale, Kon-stru ctural or loose-fill insulations were used to only a limited extent. Photographs and exhibits referred to in the text were forwarded to Military Planning Division, Office of the Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C. I .em No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 337 GERMAN TEXTILE ROLL-COVERING MATERIALS. Reported by: E. Claxton. 9P* A report on German production of roll surfacing materials, both cots and aprons, based on visits to three Gorman factories# The German textile industry cot and apron developments of interest are in polyvinyl Chloride and polyvinyl alcohol plastic compositions and in their methods of manufacture# The composition developments have paralleled those carried on in the United States# Leather is still used to a considerable extent despite shortages# No evidence of extensive development of synthetic rubber cots and aprons or of resin bonded cork cots# Contains photographs of a double screw extrusion machine and other machinery used by the industry for tensing and stretching and for making tubular shapes# 168 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 3^9 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN CORK COMPOSITION INDUSTRY. Reported by: E. Claxton. lip. German cork composition industry follows methods similar to those in the United States. An exception is a composition cork floor tile, which is not produced in America, Few new developments in composition appeared in the immediate prewar years, or during the war. The Vereinigte Fork Industrie A.G, controls the greater part of the cork composition industry and is. in turn, controlled by Swedish capital. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 350 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN LINOLEUM AND HARD SURFACE FLOOR-COVERING IN- DUSTRY. Reported by: E. Claxton. 29p. Under the German war economy, the manufacture of floor- coverings was considered non-essential. The information on the technical status of the industry is consequently of a prewar character, with the exception of that on certain sub- stitute raw materials, on improved calendering equipment, and on new polyvinyl chloride plastic flooring made in very limited amounts, and finally on related plastic products to which one of the linoleum manufacturers turned. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 551 - 360) UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PHOTOSENSITIVE PRODUCTS MANUFACTURE. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 169 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 352 UNCLASSIFIED ZELLWOLLE-LEHRSPINNEREI, BENKENDORF, GERMANY. Reported by: K. Ward, Jr. lOp, This plant was designed as a research institute for the entire staple fiber industry# Facilities for spinning staple fiber on both the cotton and wool systems are present# There are 5,000 cotton and 2,000 wool spindles# A well equipped testing laboratory at 21° C and 65% r#h# is provided# A list of supporting firms is given# This institute possessed a collection of very good photomicro- graphs of all German staple fibers as well as of many natural and foreign fibers# "The range of fibers covered is so large as to make the collection very valuable." An appendix mentioned in the report listing the fibers and their properties was not received# Two sets of reports on recent research, one on the wool system, the other on the cotton system, are tabulated# "These reports have been translated and the translations are on file with the Quartermaster Corps#" Information on staple fibers obtained in an interview with Mr. Bisinger, the technical director, is presented# ixem No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 362 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC FATTY ACIDS, I, G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A. G., LUDWIGSHAFEN, Reported by: K. S. MarEley. 6p. Production of synthetic fatty acids from Fischer Gatsch paraffins is briefly described# Production amounted to 20,000 tons per year# The nutritional value of these synthetic fatty acids is discussed briefly# 170 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL3 AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 36^ UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN FATS, OILS AND OILSEED PROCESSING PLANTS. Reported by: K. S. Markley and W. H. Goss. 20p. Oil processing and margarine production at the following four plants are described and discussedt 1* Estol Akt. Gesel., Mannheim Industriehafen. 2. Hamburger Margarine Werke von Heinrich Voss, Hamburg. 3. Verein Deutscher Oelfabriken A.G., Mannheim. 4. J. H. Mohr A Co., Hamburg/ Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 3^5 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRIAL PROTEINS, KARL FREUDENBERG. A. G. Reported by: K. S. Markley. 8p. This report describes in detail a process for producing an artificial bristle similar to horse hair, using hide waste and damaged hides. Machinery used is described. The bristles are widely used for shoe* clothes, dust and industrial floor brushes. The bristles are not suitable for paint brushes. Product is known as HMarena,f. It is about l/3 as expensive as nylon. A sausage casing, HNauturinH is also made from the same starting material. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 366 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION AND FABRICATION OF GLUED WOOD PRODUCTS IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: R. M. Seborg and H. 0. Fleisher. 62p. Report discusses aircraft plywood, its production and properties; glues, including an interview with Dr. Edgar Moerath on glues, glueing research at the Focke-Wulf laboratory; and metal to wood glueing; fabri- cation of aircraft parts; wood propellers, high frequency heating, low density core materials, scarfing of plywood, metal to wood connections, and glueing of ties and timbers. Contains a list of references to other publications on this subject. 171 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 568 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF DR. GUNTER SPENGLER, MUNICH, FORMERLY OF INSTITUTE FOR COAL RESEARCH GERMAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL, PRAGUE, Reported by: W. H. Thomas and J. G, Allen. 2?P» Subject matter treated in this report; General work at the Institute of Prague, hydrocarbon synthesis, mercuric addi- tion compounds, organic addition compounds, research methods, adsorption, chlorination, reactions of olefins with N0C1, alpha-omega dicarboxylic acids, peat processing, and associa- ted personnel. Tables, a nomograph and charts on peat uti- lization and drying are included. Accurate boiling points and some other physical constants are tabulated for about 20 olefins. 172 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 369 UNCLASSIFIED BUILDING MATERIALS - GERMANY. Reported by: F. I. Rowe. 17p. The primary objectives of the investigation of German build* ing materials reported here were to find new developments in construction materials and construction equipment, new uses of previously known materials and equipment, and information about possible new substitutes for previously used materials. Inspection of a number of factories, plants, etc* were made and interesting details are noted* Mass concrete is used on grade crossings, bomb shelters, and for factories, though with the shortage of cement during the war, plants were moved to quarries and saltmines where little cement was required* On railroads, highways, river and harbor structures, the concrete was faced with brick, stone, or a bush hammered or washed surface* There were no rubbed surface finishes* Concrete products, all precast and prestressed, have reached a high use in the following fields: High and low pressure pipe, poles for power transmission lines, trusses, hollow slabs, railroad ties, tunnel liner rings, window frames, lintels. A special process for making cement for concrete pilings exposed to sea water is given. Wood is a minor building material, being used normally in peace times only for window sash, doors, trim and finish. Saw dust is used as a filler in concrete for floors, building brick and slabs, and wood shavings mixed with cement are extensively used in making insulating blocks and slabs. There was a generous use of steel in prewar and war construction. Welding was used very little in contrast to practice in the United States No unusual uses except as piling were noted in the building field. Due to prestressing, only high carbon steels were used. Appended are a list of persons interviewed, extracts from a translation of an article by Otto Graf on vibrated concrete, and a bibliography. Photographs of structures are included. 173 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Itr.m No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 571 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF FAT BY OIDIUM IACTIS. Reported By; Arnold K. Balls. 9P. Process of growing the above named organism and treatment to produce fat In yields of 20$ of dry organism weight is de- scribed in some detail* Raw materials are grain hulls, straw, sawdust, etc* Material is hydrolyzed, and organism grown on resultant sugar solution containing certain addi- tives* 97$ of sugars in solution are utilized* Residue is used as cattle feed* 174 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 370 UNCLASSIFIED TEE GERMAN ABRASIVE INDUSTRY. Reported by: S. S. Metier. 63p. This report covers information obtained from visits to the most important abrasive and grinding wheel factories in Germany. The abrasive industry was characterised by the wide distribution among many small companies, its lack of research and testing facilities and the absence of any superior developments of much interest to the American industry. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 389 UNCLASSIFIED VMWhTTCR AND PLYWOOD MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND MACHINERY OBSERVED IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: R. M. Seborg and H. 0. Fleischer. Mj-p. This report consists of: (1) Survey of machinery and equip- ment and techniques in veneer and plywood manufacture; (2) descriptions of individual plants making plywood and manufacturing machinery. The investigators concluded that in general relatively little technical progress was made during the war; plant equipment was generally of pre-war design; products generally inferior to American. Several practices worthy of note are: 1. Veneer is handled on spools in a continuous manner from the lathe to the clipper? 2. air circulation system of Siempelkamp veneer drier; 3. small, simple, knife scarfing apparatus used directly on lathe is useful wherever veneers are required wider than can be produced on available lathes; foam process of spreading urea resin glue. A list of references is given. Drawings of scarfing knife and of apparatus for cutting scarfs on logs are included. 175 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 391 UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF NEW ADHESIVES PRODUCED BY I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE A, G., LEVERKUSEN. Reported "by: K. Ward, Jr. l^p. Surrey of the development of Deemodur fi used for the adhesion from&trl° ( tv! T ": D#??°'tap R U the trlioocyanate derived .tri", (P-a“iao-phenyl) methane, used chiefly as a 20* solution in methylene chloride. Adhesion may he applied in which 1* By a4dinS Desmodur H to a rubber solution wi h i wen U6“f “! 811 adhe8ive* 2'By impregnating fabric with it before calendering, 3. By adding 2-3* 0f it to rubber Detailed instructions for the use of Desmodur fi are given n an Appendix. Two tests for adhesion used by 1.0. Tarben are deacribedj A static test, similar to "H« test used by 1 nlw°a» h,ca"P«iies. and dynamic test under development. A new, more highly concentrated Desmodur K solution (50* solution in ethyl acetate) has been prepared and used. Sta- Desmo4ur R rubb#r elutions is discussed “brlci! BiltUres "• ll8ted rubberising other rayon Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 394 UNCLASSIFIED MODIFIED AND IMPROVED WOOD IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported By: R. M. Seborg and H. 0. Fleischer. 50p, This report consists of (l) a general discussion of the methods of improving wood by denstfication and pressure, and also by other mechanical and chemical treatments; (2) brief notes on individual plants visited and persons interviewed. Modified and improved wood has been largely limited to wood that has been densifled by application of heat and pressure. Practically no research has been conducted along the line of improving properties of wood by impregnation with synthetic resins. Densifled wood, known as MPressholz* was made from both laminated and solid wood. Beech is chief species used. Although the bulk of laminated improved wood is made into forming molds, this product is also made into propeller blanks, gears, and other articles. Usual manufacturing method is to denslfy the wood with heat and pressure and to use resins only as a bonding medium when panels are laminated. Improved wood products made chiefly from solid wood were widely used for shuttles and picker sticks in textile fac- tories. 176 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 407 UNCLASSIFIED FATS, OIIS AND OIISEEDS. Reported by: K. S, Markley and W. H. Goss. 44p. Report on the subject industry as revealed through investi- gations of the following targets: (l) Delnenhorst Margarine Verke, Delfenhorst; (2) Henkel and Cie, G.ai.b.H.j (3) Deut- sche fettsaure-Verke O.a.b.H. and the Markischen Seifen Industrie; (4) Oxo G.M.b.H.; (5) lett-Baffinerie ZveignUder- lassung der "Margarine Union* Vereinigte Oel-u Fett- Verke Brake i# Oldenberg; (6) Reichstelle fur Fette und Fier Versuchsbetrieb Schleswig-Holstein, llnshom; and (7) Sunlicht Oesellschaft A. 0, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 409 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE GERMAN LOGGING, LIMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT INDUSTRY. Reported by: R. B. Peterson. 63p, In general the development of German woodworking machines is behind U# S# machines# A few machines have been developed which are not built or commonly used in the U#S#: 1# The "glueless" method of making core stock; 2# the knot hole and veneer patching machines; 3# the continuous plywood produc- tion method-which is apparently Just under development; 4# plywood cylinder making equipment; 5# gang frame saws designed for small mill use, and other allied saw mill machinery; 6# special machinery for lead pencils, wood heels, parquetry, wood rulers and similar products# These methods and equipment are presented in detail in the appendix, with drawings and photographs# 177 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CBEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 4l4 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRY OF GERMANY AND THE OCCUPIED COUNTRIES. FATS, OIIS AND OILSEEDS, Reported "by: K, S, Markley, 19p, This report summarizes the results of a surrey of the fat S***1 i5?U8«rL°f 0erman*v “d th* occupied countries of Belgium, The Netherlands and Denmark which hare in turn been reported in other reports. Plant, inrestigated are listed in tabular form. Subjects Include raw materials of the fat and oil industry of central and western Eurone economics, oilseed processing, refining and hydrogenation. T6!'1011 of *°5rbean oil- use of ethyl ester, and other extenders in margarine, synthetic fatty acids and fats, industrial proteins, soaps and detergents, and research ajad control laboratories* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 415 UNCLASSIFIED FOOD PROCESSING AT KONDIMA-WERKE, ENGELHARDT & HEIDEN, STOLLERSTRASSE 19, KARLSRUHE I, BADEN. Reported by: L, B. Howard. 6p, Report of investigation conducted September 6, 1945. Quite a variety of materials have been produced at Karlsruhe in- cluding intermediate products for the ice cream and con- fectionery trades, fruit juices and other non-alcoholic beverages. The Kondima-Verke, however, suffered consider- able damage from military action with the result that pos- sibly one-half of the plant was wholly inoperable, the portion of the plant where fruit juice and fruit pulp op- erations were conducted remaining usable. Processes in the production of nut pastes or jams from almond kernels and in the preservation of fruit juices without preservatives are described. 178 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. kl6 UNCLASSIFIED POMOSIH-WERKE, KDMM - GEO FISCHER & CO. Reported by L. B. Howard, lOp. This report contains a description and discussion of the pomace drying plant concerned with t he drying of apple pomace for storage, the pectin plant at Raunheim, and the Pektin-Fabrik Niederrhein (Sflchtein). Extraction procedures at the two latter plants are explained in detail, and a drawing of the apple pomace drier is included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON "CHEMICAL BLANCHINE", A SUMMARY REPORT ON SEVEN TARGETS OF OPPORTUNITY. Reported by: Z. I, Kertesz. 4p, The Germans occasionally obtained good results by blanching with ether vapor in the preparation of plant tissues for dehydration and freezing. More knowledge or. the reactions Involved is needed before a decision on commercial applica- bility can be reached* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k22 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE AND REGENERATION OF CATALYSTS AT I, G-. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE, LUDWIGS.HAFEN, OPPAU. Reported by: W. F. Fara'gher and W. A. Home, l^p. The principal equipment in the nlants Inspected is presented in the form of How sheets for the manufacture of four of the principal catalysts. Five additional catalysts are also described. Brown-cxlde, methane-splitting, activated alumina, tungstic acid catalysts and a catalyst for the hydrogenation of acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones to the corresponding alcohols are Included* 179 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, h26 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF DR. PIER AND STAFF, I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A. G. LUDWIGSHAFEN, OPPAU. Reported "by: W. A. Horne and W. F. Faragher. The information contained in this renort supplements that previously renorted in the CIOS report of 16 August, 1945: "Report on Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams at the I. 0. Farbenindustrie A. C, Works at Ludwigshafen and Oppau". The following aspects of products and processes related to the petroleum industry are covered: Synthesis of hydrocarbons from water gas; toluene production; oxidation, polymerization and condensation an6 UNCLASSIFIED NATURE AND USES OF TEXTILE AUXILIARIES MADE BY CHEMISCHE FABRIK PFERSEE GMBH, AUGSBURG, GERMANY. Reported by: J. F. Smith. 3p. Two of the especially important textile auxiliaries made by Pferseo werei Imprfignol (90-100 metric tons monthly in 1939) and Hydrophobol (new in 1941; monthly production in 1942 about 40-50 metric tons). Imprftgnol differs from conventional wax and A1 soap preparations in that it utilises a synthetic, unsaponifiable wax from long chain hydrocarbons, and relies on Zr oxychloride as well as A1 salts for its metal content. Etydrophobol is also a synthetic wax product. Formulas of other products made by this company are listed. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k$Q UNCLASSIFIED LEATHER GLOVE MANUFACTURING IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. A. Higler. 6p. Lists the 14 factories visited in American, British and French occupied Germany and the one factory in Berlin, with the conclusion that equipment and fabrication methods have not progressed for many years. As a separate part to this report there is a ”Rer>ort on the Leather and Fabric Glove Industry in Czechoslovakia”, where indications are for a raoid export to the U. S* of leather gloves. There is some comment on the machinery for production of fabric gloves. 187 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 460 UNCLASSIFIED THE ASBESTOS TEXTILE INDUSTRY. Reported "by: R. E. Cry or. The purpose of this investigation was to inquire into the wartime operation of asbestos textile plants in Germany, and to determine the state of technical knowledge prevail- ing in the industry during the war and up to the present time. Machine output in German asbestos plants is generally much lower than corresponding American machine output, and the production much coarser and very low in ouallty by comparison. Asbestos textile plants in Germany are poorly organized generally, in respect to plant layout and the orderly flow of material in process. A decided absence of technical work and experimental development was noted. No new methods, machines, or labor saving devices were observed. Results of a survey of the nature of eouipment and methods observed in all of the asbestos plants covered by this investigation are given in a com- posite picture. * Synthetic1' asbestos reported in Germany is a form of fibrous glass that is produced by the Schullei process. The production of a fibrous glass material capable of being carded and spun into yarns and the devel- opment of efficient carding and spinning technloues for this fiber are the only technical achievements observed in the German industry that have not been duplicated in the United States. The opinion of all persons interviewed is that the Schuller glass fiber has been an effective sub- stitute for asbestos, and without it the industry could not have operated, but all were unanimous that were asbestos fiber available, it would be the preferred material. The asbestos industry was the sole outlet for this Schuller process glass fiber, which process is described. The methods of processing the glass fiber into yarn, as developed by Hardt Pocorny, are also described. The appendix contains the names, addresses and historical data of the plants visited. Photographs are included. 188 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k6l UNCLASSIFIED THE FIBROUS GLASS TEXTILE INDUSTRY. Reported by: J. G. M. Leisenring. 27p. This report covers an investigation of the fibrous glass textile industry in Germany at the close of World War II. Contrary to experience in America, uses for fibrous glass in Germany have not been developed beyond the original applications; i.e,, wool fibers have been used only for domestic and industrial insulating purposes (houses, build- ings, boilers, turbines, steam pipes, locomotives, Diesel engines, etc., while textile fibers have been used for only two purposes - electrical insulation and an asbestos sub- stitute. Of the various basic processes described, the Owens and Schflller processes seem the most economically and technically sound. It is questioned whether the Gossler and Hager processes have any long range value to the German economy, and it seems rather evident that they have no value whatever to the United States. No interesting technical developments in machinery or processes in connection with production of basic have been observed. The carding and eplnning of the Schuller fiber by Hardt-Pocorny Company is Interesting technically though of doubtful value econom- ically to the American industry. Other fabricating processes observed such as weaving were less than ordinary based on American standards of equipment, output, and oroduct quality. Names, locations and historical data on plants visited are given in the axmendix. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k62 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF THE GERMAN NARROW FABRIC INDUSTRY. Reported by: B. A. Holgate. lOp. The narrow fabric industry of Gerwtny consisted of about 1100 to 1200 plants, 50$ of whioh were located in the Ruhr section* The plants inspected are listed in the appendix and are representative of the industry* The greatest asset of the industry was the availability of adequate cheap labor* The Guido-Horn braider was of importance due to its high rate of production and of its relatively low maintenance cost* 189 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, k6j, UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PILE FABRICS FOR UPHOLSTERY AND WEARING APPAREL. Reported by; J, J. Repp, Jr. lOp. This report contains descriptions of the following processes; Preparatory processes to weaving, warp preparation, filling preparation, weaving, inspection, mending and measuring, dye and finishing processes. Looms and other machinery used are also described. Diagram of drive for hinge-box-motion is included* Only novel features in the German pile fabric industry seen were two looms made by the GUsken Loom Works- Dttlken, Germany. Theeo were sent to U.S. for further study. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. h6k and Supplement UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE COATED FABRICS INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by; D. Lott and W. D. Hedger. 51p. This report describes machinery# techniques, and materials used in manufacture of four types of coated fabrics: Oil coated fabrics; nitrocellulose coated fabrics; plasticised polyvinyl chloride coated fabrics and films; miscellaneous coatings. The investigators believe that machinery revealed no novel development. Fabrics used since the war have been almost entirely based on spun viscose rayon. Paper impreg- nated with one of the Buna rubbers was used as a substitute in the leather goods industry. The coating of polyvinyl chlo- ride by the Paste method was the outstanding successful deve- lopment. Report is illustrated with figures. Appendix 1 is a list of the principal synthetic plasticisers produced and their special qualities. Appendix P is a Genian evaluation of various plasticisers for vinyl polymers. Appendix 3 * description of the method for making fleece back coatings. Appendix U lists the physical and mechanical properties of Luvitherm. Appendix 5 lists plants and personnel visited. Report includes drawings of types of eqiipiaent used. Drawings and photographs of the Sianens-Schuckert oilcloth plant, production figures, and operating temperatures are given* Responsible personnel of this plant contradict several figures given in FIAT Final Report No* i*6iu 190 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. k66 TEXTILE TESTING IN GERMANY. Reported by: L. Fourt. 2Ip. This report presents a general picture of textile testing in Germany, with emphasis on the effort to measure the proper- ties of fibers, yams and fabrics which wo\ild lead to great- est service vrlue in actual use. It recommends that Ameri- can laboratories and instrument makers should build and make available the following types of testing machine for wear testing! (l) A round tester, based on the Schopper or Bleyle tester, the results of which can be evaluated by bursting strength; (2) a flat tyoe, like the Muller, for differential testing of wrrp and filling; (3) a localized abrasion tester; and (4) a flexing endurance tester, capable of performing the test with either wet or dry fabric, with the possibility of varying the tension in relation to the breaking strength of the cloth. It also recommends that physiological aspects of clothing, such as fabric warmth, the effect of fabric sur- face structure on the sensation of warmth, the moisture con- tent of clothing under varying conditions of climate and activity, the effect of wind in relation to clothing layers and fabric porosity, and the like, should be studied in the United States, in relation to the various fibers used in clothing, especially cotton, wool, viscose, acetate, and nylon. A third recommendation is that a carefully planned program of service testing, in correlation with laboratory testing, should bo carried on in the United States. Sources of information are listed. 191 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k6Q UNCLASSIFIED ZELLWOLLE LEERSPINNEREI, BENKENDORF; KREIS ESSLINGEN, WURTEMBERG. Reported by: J, L. Truslov and R. M. Jones. 17p. This report describes the machinery used at this central testing and research institution for the German staple fiber spinning industry. The following machines are of interest* the card, drawing frame, roving frame, and spinning frame made by the Hieter Company of Winterthur, Switzerland, and the automatic filling winder made by V. Schlafhorst and Co«, of Muchen-Gladbach, Rheinland, Germany. The following re- search projects should be completed* a metallic breast for use behind the cotton card in removing shive from staple fiber; cutting device for producing a draftable continuous sliver made up of discontinuous fibers from a tow of contin- uous filament synthetic yarn; node spinning frame with ex- tremely long bobbins applying the principles set down by Lawrence Balls of England; optimum break draft determinator which measures the power needed to unlock fibers of a rov- ing when drafted between two pairs of rolls under varying conditions of draft, setting, and weighting; study by use of strain gauges of the principal draft and break draft on the ring spinning frame under varying conditions and with various materials. Diagrams are included. 192 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 4?2 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF NON-WOVEN OR COMPRESSED WOOLEN FELT IN GERMANY. Reported "by: R* R. Stevens, lip. This is a report of an investigation to uncover any new or novel raw materials, machinery or methods used in Germany in the manufacture of non-woven or compressed woolen or part woolen felts. It was to he expected that with a supply of wool limited by stockpiling, a shortage of fat for the manufacture of necessary soaps used in felting and the necessity of using wool for its felting properties that radically new intelligence might be obtained. The scope of this report is limited to reporting on non-woven felts in sheets, wheels and rolls and does not touch upon hot body felts, pauermaker blanket felts, battings, waddings and the like. Only plants that made use of the felting property of wool without spinning, knitting or weaving, are covered. The number of German plants (lU) Investigated was sufficient to give a cross section of the industry. Report discusses raw materials, manufacturing processes, costs, industry standards, and list of plants investigated. Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. YEREINGTE GLANZSTOFF FABRIC KEN OBERNBURG A/MAIN. Reported "by: J. L. Truslow. 8p. This plant, the principal continuous filament rayon factory and producer of the best tire cord in Germany, was visited for the purpose of inspecting the 2 for 1 twisters. The Barmeg 2 for 1 twisters represent a new and novel commercial solution to the art of tire cord twisting that should he thoroughly investigated. This can only he accomplished hy taking to the U.S, actual running samples of these machines# It is recommended that the short comhination ply and cable twister la the Experimental Section together with k spindles from yam twisters he evacuated. Diagrammatic sketches of the single yarn spindle and the cable twister are included. FIAT ITEM NO* 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, COAL-TAR CREOSOTE FOR WOOD PRESERVATION IN GERMANY DURING THE WAR PERIOD. Reported by: F. W. Gottschalk. 19P« Ho evidence was found to indicate that the German coal-tar distillation industry undertook any technical work with creosote during the war. As a result of Curtailment of use of creosote, wood impregnating plants changed to a salt-type of preservative, such as Flunax, which was essentially sodium fluoride. The one development in the field of coal- tars for Germany, indirectly related to creosote for wood preservations, was the construction and operation in 1943 of a new continuous distillation plant. The unit distilled 8,000 tons of coal-tar per month in continuous year-round operation at a temperature of about 300°C. or less. The inventors claim such advantages as better yields, lower heat requirements and full-time operation. In Vienna, Hr. A. Howalk was reported to be making laboratory experiments with coal-tar pitch impregnations. His process, apparently Uses a solvent which is extracted for re-use after the treatment*. (This Or a similar impregnating process for use of certain parts of glued-up railroad cross-ties is briefly mentioned in a FIAT report "Production and fabrication of glued wood products in Western Germany", by H* 0. Fleischer and H. A. Selorg, October 3, 1946). A laboratory study at the Technical High at Fberswalde is mentioned* 194 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 480 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN WOOD PRESERVATIVES OTHER THAN COAL-TAR CREOSOTE, FOR THE WAR PERIOD. Reported by: F. W. Gottschalk. 42p. Although there are a great number of wood preservatives other than c#al -tar creosote on the market in Germany, they constituted only a small part of preservative chemical requirements prior to hostilities. Restrictions by the Reich government for creosote during the war resulted in a widespread need for the toxic-salt preservatives. Accord- ingly, Flunax, Basilit, Wolman, and sine chloride salts were the preservatives most commonly used at the pressure treating plants. The first three of these preservatives are essentially based upon sodium fluoride. This report is one of a number prepared on forest products by the same author; other phases which have certain relationships to this report will be found in "Coal-tar creosote for wood preservation in Germany during the war period" (PB 7751) and "The wartime operation of pressure wood-preserving plants in Germany" (PB 7757). Lists of the firms manufacturing wood-preserving products are presented. The composition of investigated preservatives, fire retardants, wood preservation laboratories, shipping and mixing salt preservatives and method of pressure treating are discussed. The report concludes that, having accomplished nothing in the field of seasoning, treating methods, or handling, the German wood preservation industry during World War II was about 30 years behind the American Industry* Three appendixes accompany the report: Appendix A contains a list of references; appendix B, a list of the publifcations by the Biological Department of the Foir Year* Plan at the State Institute for Testing Materials, Berlin-Dahlem; and appendix C, a list of photographs on file at the official depository of the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin* 195 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 48l UNCLASSIFIED COEE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER PLANT, REICHSWERKE HERMANN GORING A. G., LINZ, AUSTRIA. Reported by: . H. Reed. Inspection trip of coke and nitrogen plant built in Lina, Austria in 1943* Coke plant uses high volatile (33%) Upper Silesian coal blended with Austrian and Ruhr coal for its metallurgical coke. Report contains analyses of coals used in these blends and the changes in their content as they are heated to 550°C. Operation of the nitrogen and fertiliz er plant is considered essential in order to make Austria self sustaining in the production of foodstuffs. An appen- dix has a translation of a German report comparing five different processes of gas manufacturing for the production of 60,000 tons of nitrogen yearly. A detailed flow sheet of the nitrogen plant is included along with other charts and diagrams. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 486 UNCLASSIFIED CELLULOSE ETHERS, ESTERS AND MIXED ESTERS AT BIEBRICH (WIESBADEN) ELBERFELD & DORMAGEN. Reported by: D. Traill and S. Brown. I9p. This is & compilation of three reports previously issued separately* The first part gives the manufacture of Tylose HER, a crude cellulose glycollio acid, and other cellulose ethers under trade name Tylose, at Biebrioh* Tylose HER is used principally as a washing agent* Tylose MGA was sold for si sing rayon* Tylose MGC is used as emulsifying agent and thickener in cosmetics, foodstuffs,, ice-cream manufacture# (FIAT Final Report 321 - PB 8007)* The second part gives the manufacture of the following cellulose ethers at Elberfeld: Carboxmethyl cellulose (Cellapret), benzyl cellulose and ethyl cellulose (FIAT Pinal Report 171 PB 7998)# The third part is on cellulose esters and mixed esters at Dorraagen (FIAT Final Report 172 - PB 7999). 196 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. kQj UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF PULP AND PAPER AND RELATED PRODUCTS FROM WOOD IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: J. N. McGovern. l?9p. The purpose of this investigation, which was conducted with- in the American, British, and French occupation zones, was to ascertain the status of the pulp and paper industry in Germany. Particular regard was paid to the production of pulp for nitration and other chemical purposes, utilization of sulfite waste liquor, manufacture of paper and paper pro- duct specialties, and pulp and paper research. Mills re- presenting major phases of the industry were visited and individuals qualified in special aspects of the trade were interviewed. Details of manufacturing procedures used in the many branches of the industry were obtained whenever possible. The German pulp and paper industry was found in general to have been less advanced than the same industry elsewhere. Report includes manufacturing procedures, re- search and development data, and literature cited. Appendices give details of the visits, illustrations of equipment, and various special reports. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE. Reported by: N. W. Erase, 29p. A translation and the original German of a progress report dated Feb. 15, 1943 by Dr. Hopff and Dr. Goebel on high pressure polymerization at I. G. F&rbenindustrie A. G. The semi-technical method for continuous polymerization of ethylene in methanol at 200 atm. was improved and a plant with a capacity of 10 tons per month for the production of I. G. wax A(Lupolen N) was established at Zweckel. The method of continuous polymerization of ethylene in semi- technical-scale at 1000-3000 atm. was further improved and a plant yielding 10 tons per month was erected at Ludwig- shafen. A less elastic Lupolen was obtained at 900 atm. and delivered under name Lupolen S« 3 flow charts are in- cluded. 197 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 490 UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF USE OF OTHER MATERIALS THAN WOOD OR COTTON AS SOURCES OF CELLULOSE, Reported by: K. Ward, Jr. 22p. Straw cellulose pulp was manufactured by the Phrix-Gesell- schaft in their plant at Wlttenberge. This was the only successful use of straw in this way. At Wlttenberge there was a chain of three plants, a straw pulp plant, a staple fiber plant operating on the pulp and a food yeast plant utilizing the liquors from the pulp plant. The pulping process itself was in two stages, an acid hydrolysis for the pentosans and a sulfite cook thereafter. Many companies experimented with Arundo donax as a source of cellulose, but the only plant that carried on production (until destroy ed by bombing during the war) was that of Snia-Viscosa. The pulp plant, Tor-Viscosa, was situated at Toresuino, Italy, The pulp was produced by a special bisulfite pro- cess and was used by the various plants of the Sni-Viscosa chain. Processes of pulping are described, and comments from other sources given. The following materials are discussed as sources for cellulose: Phragmites communis, rape straw, bast fiber wastes, potato vines and other materials. item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 491 UNCLASSIFIED GENERAL REPORT ON PROTEIN TARGETS. Reported by: A. K, Balls, 5p, Thir investigation Is concerned with the manufacture of food from vasts materials and of protein by microbiological processes in an attempt to solve German protein shortages* Blood plasma from the slaughter houses, whey from dairies and excess fish were put into use* A powder from fish is a substitute for egg-white in cooking. The fungal proteins were used mainly for feed for animals, and were not used in large amounts for human consumption. Nutritional questions relating to their use have not received adequate attention according to the investigator* 198 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 miscellaneous chemicals and 'Material subjects Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. k?2 UNCLASSIFIED AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF THE TBCHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE OF MUNICH, BRANCH AT WEIHENSTEPHAN. Reported "by: A. K. Balls, 9p. The Agricultural department of the Munich Technische has for many years been located both in the Agricultural Station at Weihenstephan and in Munich. During the war the parent institution was so badly damaged that most of what was left in branches related to agriculture came to Weihenstephan. The U. S. Army has tsken over the entire institution and it is being used as an agricultural college where American soldiers may take courses on a summer-school type of schedule in almost any branch of agriculture and in the sciences under- lying agriculture. Progress is reported in the following fields: General agriculture, cereal chemistry, dairy research, agricultural microbiology, and new development in fermenta- tion chemistry. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, UNCLASSIFIED YEAST PRODUCTIONPROHWOOD SUGARS BY THE BERGHJ3 PROCESS. Reported by: A. K. Balls, 6p. The product of the plant, Suddeutsche Holsversuckerungswerke at Regensburg, was a dry yeast in the form of light yellow flakes, with about 60$ protein, used for horse feed* The process used small pieces of wood, usually fir, digested in 60$ HC1 for 28 hours, washed for an equal length of time, then concentrated until it was 60$ sugar and 5$ HC1, neutral* ized with lime, charged with nutrient salts and served as a culture for Torula utilis for a 12 hour fermentation period. The mash was dried by conventional drum dryers* 1400 tons of wood produced 500 tons dried yeast and 500 tons dried lignin briquettes*. Excessive quantities of power and chem- icals were required* The process was not economical and its wartime operation may have been approved on the grounds of convertability to phosgene manufacture* 199 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED "BACTERIAL FERTILIZER" FOR FIELD CROPS, DATA FROM DR. OTTO SIEGEL, Reported by: A. K. Balls. 5p. A practice used increasingly by the Russians since 1932, involving the inoculation of seed with Azctobactej: chroo- coecua was further developed, with emphasis on selective use of different strains best adapted to individual plant varieties. Of many field experiments carried out in 1944 sixty per cent gave an increase in harvest yield. Reported increases are listed for oats, barley, mustard, cabbage and potatoes. Tables are included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED ANIMAL FEEDING, MANURING, AND FRUIT UTILIZATION AT HOHENHEIM AGRICULTURAL COLDflSE. Reported by: A. K. Balls. 8p. Experimental work has been done on the neutralization of acid silage with ammonium carDonate in order to increase its content of amide nitrogen. No practical experience on urea feeding had been done at this station* and very little feed yeast had been used although it was definitely stated that this material was all right, and had worked well throughout Germany, Extensive studies were made on manure decomposi- tion, with particular interest in the resulting soil humus. Substitution of temperature tests for bacteriological exam- inations was studied. Methods of processing both unferaented Juices and fermented fruit pulps for making both alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages were conventional. Experiments were made on fruit selection as to variety, ripeness and condition when picked, and the influence of these factors on quality of tne beverage. 200 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, L96 UNCLASSIFIED WARTIME OPERATION OF PRESSURE WOODPRBSERVTNG PLANTS IN GERMANY. Reported "by: F. W. Gottschalk. 46p. A group of 11 major treating plants and 3 special nine treat- ing plants in Germany were investigated for wartime develop- ments in the fields of impregnating methods, preservatives, seasoning and handling. This report is one of a number pre- pared by the Forest Products Sub-Committee; other phases that have a direct relationship will be found in FIAT reports as follows* "Coal-tar creosote for wood-preservation in Germany during the war period* (PB 7751), and "German wood preserva- tives, other than coal-tar creosote, for the war period" (PB 7753), both by F, W. Gottschalk. There is no evidence of new impregnating or conditioning methods, and no new plants or equipment have been installed since 1941. The production of the major wood-preserving plants is almost entirely rail- road cross-ties, which during recent years, have been treated with FIunax, a preservative of government formulation. Appen- dices give brief reports on individual plants visited. Also included ere the form and dimensions for the cross-ties of German state, railways and specifications for coal-tar creosote used in their treatment. Photographs, diagrams and a list of references are given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, UNCLASSIFIED WELDIBG. Reported hy; P. M, Hall and C. Johnson. l62p. Key eqxiipment plants were visited and inspected in an effort to uncover new developments in the field of welding# In general it was found that Germany was far behind U.S. and Great Britain In the designs of their standard welding equip- ment, and in the quality of the welds produced. This report contains details of. visits to various plants engaged in arc welding, resistance welding, gas welding, and welding appli- cations. Diagrams and tables are Included. 201 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF WOOD SUGAR IN GERMANY AND ITS CONVERSION TO YEAST AND AIDOHOL. Reported "by: E. G. Locke, J. F. Saeman, and G, K, Dlckerman. 119p. The purpose of this Investigation was to determine what re- cent advances had been made in Germany in the production and utilization of wood sugar obtained by acid hydrolysis of woodc or from sulfite waste liquor. The investigation was limited to the French, British and American zones of occupation. Part I, production of wood sugar; Part II, pro- duction of alcohol from wood sugar; Part III, production of food protein from wood sugar. Appendices give targets visited, method of conducting a percolation, and translations of reports from selected targets. Diagrams, flow sheets, photographs, references, and tables are included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 500 UNCLASSIFIED DESIGN OF ACETYLENE CYLINDER FILLING PLANTS IN GERMANY, Reported by: F. E. King. l^p. This report describes the equipment and operating procedures of typical German plants, eight installations having been visited* The operation is felt to follow safe practices and most of the equipment appears to compare favorably with the equivalent in many plants in the U.S. As a typical plant, that of the Hanseatisohe Aoetylen Gasindustrie at New-Isenburg, near Frankfurt on Main, is described, with appropriate notes as to differences in other plants* There is a schematic diagram of the unusual nitrogen fire control system for acetylene manifolds used by plants of the Gesellschaft ffir Linde's Eismaschinen* 202 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 511 UNCLASSIFIED ACETYLENE GENERATOR DESIGNS IN GERMANY. Reported by: F. E. King. 22p. After noting some of the differences between practices by manufacturers in Germany and the U. S., especially with respect to pressure, the following generators are described; I. Carbide to water - "Rekord" generator of the Autogenwerk Sirius of Dusseldorf; "OPE" generator of Messer and Co., Frankfurt on Main; 2. water to carbide - the generator of Nordgas, Hamburg; "Heco-Normal" generator of E. Endress, Stuttgart, also sold by Peter Corres, Frankfurt on Main; and the plant of Wendtland and Herbst, Hamburg, on which no information was available; water recession - "HEV1* gen- erator of Messer and Co., and others by Perkeo-Stahl of Ludwigsburg; Aoetylenwerk Ebersbach-Fils of Ebersbach; and J. v.W. Muller of Opladen; 4. dry generators - Griesheimer Autogen Verkaufs of Griesheim and Elektrowerk Knapsack of Knapsack near Cologne; and 5* generator of Elektrochemische Gesellschaft of Walshut. Drawings. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 513 UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF HYDROGEN AND METHANE PRODUCTION FROM COKE OVEN GAS I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE, A. G., HOCHST a/MALN. Reported by: F. H. Reed. 65p. Pure hydrogen (98*2#) and pure methane (98*4#) are obtained by passing coke oven gas through a Linde separation plant* 52% of the raw Sas from th« grid is recovered as hydrogen and 18# as methane. The remaining 30#, including propane and butane fractions, is returned to the grid* Complete operating directions for the equipment are given (in German) in the Appendix* These directions are accompanied by four figures showing flow diagrams of the layout of the plant* 203 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 518 UNCLASSIFIED ROAD AND AIRFIELD CONSTRUCTION. Reported by: D. W. Wlnke Lman. 40p. This report covers four main subjects for Germany: Soil stabilization, the Autobahn; airfields; and equipment used on above types of construction. Soil stabilization with cement; bituminous stabilization of earth and settling soils by vibration are discussed. The settling or impacting of soils by the use of vibrators is known as the System Kellar. The method was used for the construction of the submarine assembly plant and pens near Bremen. Specifications, exca- vation ana embankments, sub-grades-drainage, pavements, bridges and structures, landscaping and safety control fea- tures of the Autobahn are reviewed briefly. The construc- tion of airfields before and during the war years is also discussed. A list of persons and places visited, and photo- graphs of operations mentioned in the reoort, are included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 519 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN CEMENT INDUSTRY, Reported by: M. A. Swayze and G. G. J. Davis, 46p. Report of investigation to determine what advances have been made by the German cement industry preceding and during the war. A critical appraisal of cement quality and manufacturing methods in a group of plants in the British and American areas of occupation is reported as well as concrete quality in both mass construction, small projects, highways and precast concrete products. Diagrams are included# 204 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT'REPORT NO. 520 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC EGGWHITE FROM CODFISH AND SHRIMP, DEUTSCH EIWEISS GMBH, Reported by: A. K. Balls. 8p. This plant manufactured a synthetic protein preferably from fresh filets of codfish although dried codfish and steam- dried shrimp were used. The process consists cf removing readily soluble proteins with dilute acetic acid, extracting lipids with triehiorethylene, stirring the extracted tissue in warm dilute sodium hydroxide, neutralising the partly hy- drolysed protein vith acetic acid, and spray drying into a white powder. One analysis of the powder showed that it con- tained 93.9$ protein, 4.65$ water, varying percentages less than unity of salt, calcium oxide, total ash, lecithin phos- phoric acids, total phosphoric acid, 0*003$ of organically bound iodine and a trace of fat* The product is a substitute for egg white for both food and technical uses, and is re- puted to have superior whipping qualities, but seems to re- tain a slight taste of fish* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 521 UNCLASSIFIED MOLD GROWTH FROM SPENT SULPHITE LIQUOR AT ZELLWOLLEWKRKE LENSING. Reported by: A. K, Balls. 8p. The plant waa Investigated regarding its process for using the sold, Oidima lactie in spent sulfite liquor for protein production. The product was sold chiefly as a constituent of sausages* Aoout three tons a day could he produced* The report describes the deep vat hatch process, which could no doubt he developed into a continuous process* The protein content was variable, sometimes reaching a high yield of 45$ and sometimes only 25-30$, the balance being mainly chitin and cellulose* Only 3$ fat was produced hut more could he obtained if a longer growth period were permitted. Bacteri- al infections hindered the process and yeast infactions al- most completely inhibited production of the protein food* This plant wae ready to give up this process and convert to the Berguis process for producing yeast protein from wood sugars* Diagram of the vat, rotating drum and agitator are shown* Growth curves are also included* 205 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 528 UNCLASSIFIED LIGHT SENSITIVE REPRODUCTDN MATERIALS, Reported by: S. Scavuzzo, 9Op. The investigations covered by this report embrace tne field of light sensitive reproduction materials used for the photo reproductions of drawings and documents of the engineering industry* In this group belong light sensitized materials using tne diazo compounded dyes for direct positive repro- ductions by dry and moist development, negative sensitized materials composed of iron salts, and negative brown and sepia reproduction materials composed of silver bichromate and iron salts* The sensitizing formulas of a number of firms were obtained but the data obtained from Kalle & Co* are the most important and are discussed at length. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 556 UNCLASSIFIED FUSED QUARTZ MANUFACTURE IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 5^2 UNCLASSIFIED TEXTILE EDUCATION IN GERMANY. Reported hy; W. D. Fales. 39p. This raport contains f T11 hi I mi i mihj. Til, -prr 16%' &£-•* ferewuid UyiTilUm Dr a chart showing the plan of organization of a German textiles school, and a list of 59 German textile schools, giving location and nature of curriculum. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED FULLING WOOL BY THE USE OF ENZYMES. Reported By: H. D. Grimes. 4p. By the use of an enzymatic product called Arazym NSLt wool can be removed from pelts without detriment to the wool fibers or to the hidee. This process of pulling wool from sheepskins was developed by the R5hm and Haas Company of Darmstadt who are the manufacturers of the enzyme product named Axszym NSL 206 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED WOOL SCOURING, WOOL GREASE RECOVERY AND OTHER BY PRODUCT RECOVERY IN GERMANY. Reported by: H. D. Grimes. 12p. During the war, synthetic alternatives were used for scour- ing to take the place of soap which was not available. The general mechanics of the scouring process agree essentially with U. S. practices except that the wool is given a rinse in water only, before the usual scour with soap. This is done to recover the water soluble potash salts. The re- covery of wool grease is mandatory to prevent pollution of streams, the cost of recovery exceeding its selling price. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 5^7 UNCLASSIFIED THE ITALIAN HEMP INDUSTRY. Reported by: B. B. Robinson and C. W. Schoffstall. 15p. The hemp industry of Italy is largely under the control of a national organisation, Consorsic Nasionale Canopa* the nain office of which is in Milan, with branch offices in Bologna, Roms, Naples, eta: This organisation appears to be closely associated with the Linifioio e Canapificio Association©, the head office of which is also in Milan* The organisations fix the prices for the various grades of fiber and appear to control through purchases and manufac- turing operations about 85$ of the raw fiber hemp industry of Italy* The fiber of the raw fiber hemp grown in Italy is principally prepared on small farms as a peasant industry* The production in Italy has not become industrialized to any great extent as it has in many countries where the retting and cleaning of the fiber is carried on as a factory process* As a result the methods followed and the machinery used are very primitive and require a great amount of hand labor* There are no steps in the production that can be considered worthy of recommendation for adoption in the United States. Tables present raw hemp prices for the northern areas and for the Naples area of Italy. Principal persons interviewed are listed* 207 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 5kQ UNCLASSIFIED PREPARATION OF FLAX AND HEMP FIBERS IN GERMANY. Reported by: B. B. Robinson. 19p. The methods and machines used in the German raw flax, and hemp fiber industries are in general similar to those used in other countries where the preparation and cleansing of these fibers have been industrialized and are no longer peasant industries* The reduction by mechanical means of the water content of wet flax straw after removal from a retting tank has received the attention of inventors and processors for many years* The use of pressure rollers is not new but their employment on a large scale as practiced in Germany is none too common* The proper understanding of their effect on the quality of this fiber is so conflicting that their use is worthy of note for American processors where the employment of some similar method might be of value for winter retting. Differences between flax and hemp, and flockenbast and cotton are discussed. Machines for the preparation of flax and hemp fibers, as well as chemical processes used in the preparation of flockenbast, are described* The method of determining the class and price of straw based on a point system is shown in tabular form* A list of factories and research organizations used as sources of information are included* Photographs of raw materials, photograph of Lindner flax harvester and diagram indicating machines and steps used in the preliminary cleaning, chemical cooking, mechanical after-opening and spinning of mixed flockenbast and staple rayon are shown* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 5^9 UNCLASSIFIED THE BELGIAN FLAX INDUSTRY. Reported by: B. B. Robinson and C. W. Schoffstall. l6p. This renort covers a brief survey of the Belgian flax industry to see changes that have occurred because of the war, to learn to what extent supplies of fiber were available in Belgium at present, and to compare the industry there with the German industry. Table I shows the grades of flax fiber adopted in Belgium during the German occupation; tables 2-5 show the imports and exports of straw flax, scutched flax and flax straw and fiber. Photographs of three machines are Included. 208 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 550 UNO LASS IF LED A GERMAN FINISH FOR SPUN RAYON FABRICS COMBINING WATER REPEL- LENCY, CREASE RESISTANCE, AND LOW RESIDUAL SHRINKAGE. Reported by: G. D. Jackson, Jr. 4p, wnile the process described In this report is in the ex- perimental stage, it is worth noting In that the Germans have first produced a thick, suedy, full bend by chemical shrinkage rather than trying to obtain the whole quality of the hand by a final reeln treatment. Further study of this process is recommended. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 553 UNCLASSIFIED CELLOPHANE AND SAUSAGE CASINGS MADE AT KALLE & CO., WIESBADEN. Reported By: W. Wade, lip. A detailed analysis of the processes and apparatus for the manufacture of cellophane and cellulose sausage casings from viscose as used by the Salle & Company, A.G. of Wiesbaden- Biebrich, Germany, is presented in this report, Viscose for both of these products is made in a single building and with the same equipment, For the manufacture of cellophane, Kalle has six machines, the rated capacity of five machines being about 240 tons per month. In the cellophane spinning machine, stationary porcelain tubes are used for all submerged rolls except in the desulfurizing bath. One cellophane machine is equipped with two novel hoods made of sheets of polyvinyl chloride. In general, the process and apparatus for making sausage casings used by Kalle is conventional, but porcelain tubes are also used for the submerged rolls. In drying the smaller casings, the inflated tubing is lapped and passes five times through the drying chamber. With eight casing spinning machines, Kalle has a rated capacity of 12,000,000 meters of casings per month, A brief bibliography is included Samples of the above mentioned cellophane and sausage casings are available for testing at the Textiles Section of the National Bureau of Standards. HJ 25557 is a supplement to this report containing drawings of the machinery used by Kalle and Company, 209 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMIC AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED nri FIAT REPORT NO. 55^ RAYON WEAVING AND THROWING IN GERMANY. Reported by: E. C, Geler. 29p. This report on the rayon weaving and throwing industry In Germany concerns itself chiefly with the usage and applica- tion of filament yarns, and does not embrace the staple or spun rayon field* Descriptions are given of the following novel developments or methods which merit attention: 1* The double-twist spindle iDoppel Draht) specifically designed for high twist crepe throwing (harmag); 3* tne hollow-spindle need as a combination up-twister-doubler (Kuag); 3* the three-deck up-twister for rayon or silk crepe yarne (Hamel St Company); 4* the loom without a superstructure built by Hutl, Xlmag, Saurer; £>. the plastic heddle to replace the steel heddle (Fentin & Guilleaume); 6* tne Kreuzwalken apparatus to Increase density (picks) in fabrics (SAehsische Webstuhlfabrik); 7. tne printing of aviators* maps particu- larly for night flying printed in a textile print shop (Ver- seidag); 8* the continuous process of cupra yarn from spin- cerette to warp beam or spools (J* P* Bamberg). The appen- dices contain drawings and diagrams of some of these novel developments and methods, a price list for German rayon yard for November 1945, a description of Patent Ho» 740u34, “Method of producing durable, especially multi-colored maps", and & description of “Wellin'* faorice as adopted for civilian pur- poses* A list of tne plants visited Is Included* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 555 UNCLASSIFIED THE DYEING OF HOSIERY IN GERMANY. Reported "by: T. B. Smith! 5p. Hosiery made of natural silk reinformed with mercerized cotton or stockings made of artificial silk (rayon) and mercerized cotton are dyed in Germany mostly on mechanical dyeing apparatus and only rarely in smaller lots by hand suspending on sticks* Two main types of mechanical dyeing apparatus are being used; apparatus similar to the Smith- Drum rotating drum system, and systems in which the stockings are suspended on sticks by means of threads passed through the heels* The stockings of artificial silk had to be cleaned before the dyeing by means of the usual cleaning agent on the basie of alcohol-sulphonates or fatty acid condensation products in connection with fat solvents* 210 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 556 UNCLASSIFIED SOME ASPECTS OE RAYON AND SYNTHETIC FABRIC DYEING AND PROCESSING IN GERMANY AND AUSTRIA. Reported by: G. D. Jackson, Jr. 60p. German -plant equipment is in many instances unique, clever and well designed. The speed of tnese unite is slower than would be acceptable under American operating economy, and laoor employed is excessive. Dyeing equipment is particular- ly well designed, but their becks are too small for our larg- er production lots. A novel arrangement of pads, Jigs, and quetschs in one plant is reported herein. No new develop- ments were observed in acetate dyeing and since Perlon was relatively new, acetate type dyestuffs were still in use where small amounts of tnis fiber had been dyed. Appendices contain reports of tne following textile dyeing and printing plants: Wdrttembergische Kattun Manufactur at Heldenheim, Wdrttemberg; Neue Augsburger Kattun Fabric at Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany; Blelcherel, Faberei und Appretur Anstalt Uhingen A. G,; Gabriel Herose A. G., Konstanz, Germany; BaumwollIndustrie Erlangen-Bamberg A. G.; and Calico und Kunstleder Werki, Also included are diagrams of an open width desizing tank, glass enclosed beck, cross section of porcelain beck rod, pad, Jig, and quetsch range, and "vat acid" and "elektrofixier" range. Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 557 PRODUCING DURABLE EMBOSSING ON RAYONS AND A MACHINE FOR COLORING EMBOSSED FABRICS (WITH COLORING FORMULAE BY I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE). Reported by: G. D. Jackeon, Jr. 7p. At the laboratories of I. G. Farbenindustrie at Hoechet, Germany, a method of producing wash-fast embossings on spun rayon fabrics was observed by the textile dyeing team. Urea formaldehyde and melamine resins as well as formalde- hyde can be applied to a spun rayon fabric, the fabric then embossed and cured, resulting in a durable embossing which will withstand washing. A machine was designed and was in production for coloring the low areas of embossed fabrics, which effect was obtained by applying the color to the re- lief areas of one of the embossing calendar rolls imme- diately before the roller turned against the cloth being embossed. To this machine was added another slide print- ing device which would rub color on the high ooints of the embossed fabrics. 211 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 561 and Supplements UNCLASSIFIED SOME ASPECTS OF THE FULL FASHIONED AND WARP KNITTING INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Repotted "by: M. Winkler and H. G. Fiedler. This is a list of samples obtained in an investigation of the full fashioned and warp knitting industry in Germany, re- ported in PB 14623, page 966 of this Bibliography, These samples are now available for inspection at the U. S. Nation- al Bureau of Standards. Included are samples of circular knit underwear fabric, rayon underwear, rayon hose, heavy circular knit hose, a runproof fabric made on circular spring needle machine, 2-way stretch bathing suit fabric. Also Included are a number of samples which are not knitted, including 15 samples of fur imitation, two samples of fine corduroy, and fabric gloves with leather palms. These sam- ples were obtained from Heinzelmann & Co., Eeutlingen, WtLrtemberg; Vereinigte Strumpffabriken, Kulmbach, Bavaria; Minthorst & Schulte, Erefeld; Alber-Bitser, Tailfingen, Wtfrtemberg; R. Vollmoeller Inc., Stuttgart-Vaihingen; and Oebr. Haaga, Stuttgart. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 565 UNCLASSIFIED CONSULTATION WITH THE NORWEGIAN AUTHORITIES IN REGARD TO PROCESSING AND QUICK FREEZING OF FISH. Reported by: G. Berg. 5p. !0rwegian authorities and to plant of fi: *5 Trondh#lm* Thl» Plant was designed by Solo Felnfr°8t, 0. a, b. H. at Bahrenfeld-Hamburg In con- h Kordeee-Hochsee Plscherei at Wesermunde, Germany. Besides the administration, subjecte considered are: Handing filleting, packaging, freezing and storing. 212 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 5^7 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PECTIN INDUSTRY DURING WORID WAR II. Reported t>y: Z. I. Kertesz. This report gives a detailed summary of the German pectin in- dustry, German policy lavs relating to pectin and production statistics are given. A brief evaluation of the important per- sonnel and manufacturing plants in the German industry is pre- sented. Preparation and preservation of pectin from apple po- mace and beet cossetts are described. It is concluded that the American pectin industry has little to learn from its Ger- man counterpart. The manufacture of beet pectin is the only major development during the war years. Tvo pharmaceutical preparations were made, "Sango-Stop11, an anti hemorrhagic agent and MSanguronH an antldiarrhelc preparation. Both are known in the U.S. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 568 UNCLASSIFIED SOME DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN HUNGARY DURING WORLD WAR II. Reported by: Z. I. Kertisz. I5p. Report discusses breeding, agronomy and soils, bio- chemistry, vitamins and food technology. 213 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item Ho. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 571 UNCLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATORS REPORTS ON TECHNICAL INDUSTRIAL FOREST PRODUCTS DEVELOPMENTS IN GERMANY. Reported by: C. P, Winslow and D. G. Coleman. 64p. The U. S. Forest Products Investigators collectively reported on over 300 companies, institutions, etc* and interviewed nearly 300 individuals throughout Germany and Austria except in the Russian-occupied territory. The targets investigated covered modified and improved wood, glues and plywood, engineering and wood structure, pulp and paper, wood preservation and seasoning, alcohol and ye&st, forestry and sawmill equipment, and miscellaneous targets* The following new or improved developments in Germany which are of real significance to U.S. wood industries and to research in forest products are described: Improved tech- nology for the rapid continuous fermentation of alcohol or protein yeast for food from wood sugar in sulfite pulp liquor and from wood sugar factories; development of a neutral resin adhesive (Polystal); development of techniques for the production of bleached beech sulfite pulp of high alpha cellulose content and its use for cellulose nitrate; application of prehydrolysis to pine pulp chips followed by kraft pulping and the production of a pulp 100 percent for cigarette paper; use of nitric acid for producing purified pulps of high alpha content; and the use of resin impreg- nated wood retainers for high-speed ball and roller bearings* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 572 UNCLASSIFIED RESIN FILLED FIBERBOARD OF THE HOLIG HOMOGENHOLZ-WERKE. Reported by; C. P. Winslow. #17p. This is a report of production processes and planned output at the new Baiersbronn (Germany) plant of the Holig Komogen- holz-Werkes a Swiss-owned concern producing Hhomogeneous* wood, a resin-filled fiberboard* An appendix contains ref- erences to other reports on the same subject, titles of sup- plementary documents deposited in the Forest Products Lab- oratory, Madison Wisconsin, and extensive notes on the prop- erties of homogeneous wood, besides a page of diagrams of the machinery and apparatus used in the initial defibrating process* 214 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 606 UNCLASSIFIED OPPANOL (PQLYISOBUTYLENE) MANUFACTURE AT THE OPPAU FARBEN WORKS. Reported by; J. W. Livingston. 8p. This report is an investigation of the production and con- trol of oppanol B, or polyisobutylene which was used by the Germans as a natural rubber substitute for manufacturing cable, impregnating fabrics, for adhesives and for water- proofing. Oppanol was superior to natural rubber for many applications because it is not affected by light. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 607 UNCLASSIFIED POLYMERS AND COPOLYMERS AT I. G. FARBEN, LUDWIGSHAFEN, SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT, Reported by; J. W. Livingston. l6p. This report supplements two previous documents reported in volume I of this Bibliography, PB 176, p. 25, and PB 4287, p. 458. The Ludwigshafen plant was again visited la June 1945. Some additional Information was obtained regarding Buna S-3, Koresin, ethylbenzene derivatives including styrene polystyrene, and dlvlnyl benzene, styrene catalyst, and some brief research investigations. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 608 UNCLASSIFIED OXIDATION OF METHANE TO FORMALDEHYDE; INTERROGATION OF DR. KARL SCHMITT OF BERGWERKS GESEIXSCHAFT, HIBERNIA, A. G., AT HERNE. Reported by; P. V. Sherwood, 6p. A process is described.for the partial oxidation of methane by ozonized oxygen. The reaction is said to take place at atmospheric pressure, with an ratio of 40:60 and at a temperature of 110°-120°C. The catalyst is not very active below 110°C, and above 120°C oxidation tends to go beyond the formaldehyde stage. The raw materials for the process consisted of methane (approximately from the separation of coke-oven gas) and Linde-Frankl oxygen (about which was ozonized to an ozoneicontent of 0.5 2.0 vol. The preparation of the barium peroxide catalyst is also briefly described. A drawing of Dr. Schmitite two-pass ozonizer is shown. 215 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 617 and Supplement UNCLASSIFIED THE ELECTRICAL AND TECHNICAL CERAMIC INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: R. Russell, Jr, l^p. Each section of this report includes a brief summary of a German factory working with ceramics. The manufacture of sintered refractory oxide -Darts, particularly sintered alu- mina, is well advanced. Sintered alumina bodies are used for all aviation and automotive suark ulugs in Germany, whereas porcelain is still used for many automotive spark plugs in U. S. The methods of processing the alumina bodies is simi- lar to U. S. practice, but the methods of fabricating the spark plug insulators by dry pressing or casting are less suitable than the two special pressing methods used most widely in U. S. The use of small amounts of magnesium fluoride to promote the development of the desired fine crystalline structure is of interest, as is also the use of fused but not calcined alumina by the leadins spark plug manufacturer. Much consideration has been given in Germany to the possible of ceramics in gas turbines, and further work is outlined. The regular and special steatite insular- tlons manufactured in Germany are similar in ouallty to U. S. steatite ceramics, but only the special steatites are recommended for hirh freouency aut>llcatlon, whereas in U.S. regular steatite is widely used. Other developments of interest are: A low voltage uorcelaln of very low total shrinkage, semi-conducting and paramagnetic ceramic mater- ials; a special type resistor for high temperature heating; ceramic-organic plastic tapes of high dielectric constant; moldable mica products; sintered boron carbide; porous filter medium for a wide variety of applications; and a vibratory method for fine comminution of hard ceramic mat- erials. The data presented in this report were obtained from German personnel, and it was not always -possible to check their accuracy. 216 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 6l8 UNCLASSIFIED THE STATUS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER RESEARCH AND POLYMER EVALUATION. Reported "by: C. S. Marvel. The report covers a survey of recent research studies in synthetic rubber in Germany and reflects tne opinions of German scientists looking toward improvement of synthetic rubbers. This material is the result of interviews with re- presentatives of the I.G. Farbenlndustrle at Ludwigshaven, Huls and Leverkusen, and of the Continental Gumml Werke at Hannover. The most promising research leads that■were dis- covered are the Buna 4 development and Ludwigshaven and the Redax system of polymerIzation developed at Leverkusen. Exhibits appended to report include: !• The titration of the internal and terminal double bonds in polymers of buta- diene and its homologuee with perbenzolc acid. (I. G. Farben, Ludwlgshafen. Translation). 2. Definition of the K-value. 3. The heat sensitization of Buna-latex with igevin M-oO. (I. G, Farbea, Leverkusen). 4. Preparation of Buna solutions for viscosity measurements. (Translation). 5. Leverkusen comparison of GE-S vs. German Buna. 6. Con- cerning fractionation of Buna solutions. (Translation). There is also a brief note by J, N. Street bn experience \;lth German built synthetic tiros* Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 619 WALDHOF PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF FOOD YEAST. Reported by: J. M. Holderby. 6p. The Waldhof process is perhaps the most outstanding develop- ment In the field of yeast production in that it outs yeast growing on a continuous basis and apparently offers a mechanical solution to the problem of foamy substrates. It was first nut into operation at Mannheim-W&ldhof A.G.. and since installed in some six other locations. Neutraliza- tion of waste sulphite liquor, yeast growing tanks, defoam- ing centrifuge, and yeast separation and concentration axe discussed in this report. It is concluded that this process was obviously frozen at an early stage of development and that considerable work remains to be done before its full capabilities are revealed. Appendices list German personnel interviewed, targets visited* and reports transmitted to Washington. 217 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 641 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON THE INTERROGATION OF GERMAN SCIENTISTS REGARDING QUARTZ CRYSTALS AND OTHER PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS. Reported by: A. C. Swinnerton. 20p, It was learned from German scientists that the quartz synthe- sis by Nacken is most promising. The other scientists* at- tempts to grow quartz were not successful. The growth of substances other than quartz progressed to a degree but could not be considered highly successful. The growth of NH4H2PO4 (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) fell far short of the success obtained in the U. S. The principal movement in the quartz industry during the war was the conservation of raw quartz by drastic reduction in the size of oscillator plates. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 643 UNCLASSIFIED DYEING AND FINISHING OF WOOLENS AND WORSTEDS IN GERMANY. Reported by; H. D. Grimes. 13p. The purpose of tne worK covered by this report was to procure information concerning procedures used in the dyeing and fin- ishing of woolens and worsteds in Germany. Raw stock and yarns are dyed in non-pressure types of circulating equipment and in pressure types of circulating machines, using the same types of dyestuffs and procedures as are used In America. Considerable stainless steel equipment is used in the yarn dyeing machines. Piece dyeing was carried on in the usual types of dye kettles, and the conventional dyeing procedures and dyes were used. Finishing equipment in all instances was rather old. All processes, except the drying of fabrics, were conducted on the batch basis. No evidence of attempts to finish or dye goods on a continuous basis was found. List of woolen and worsted plants investigated is included. 218 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 644 UNCLASSIFIED OBSERVATIONS ON DYEING AND FINISHING METHODS IN GERMANY. Reported by: C. N. Rabold. 175P* Since much of the information presented came from the labora- tories of I.G. Farbenlndustrie, it may be considered the latest on application techniques. Plants were poorly laid out with considerable hand labor in each operation. There were few indicating thermometers on drying machines* although bleaching and dyeing formulae were very exact as to tines* temperatures and concentrations. The dyeing industry is con- scious of fast colors* a large part of the work being dyed with indanthrene* anthrosol and napthol colors. Developed colors are more commonly used than direct colors, for shrink- age* some fabrics were loop dried and short framed* others were shrunk by overfeeding onto pin tenters* and some were set with urea or melamine resins or by a formaldehyde treat- ment. Tables* graphs and diagrams are included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 645 UNCLASSIFIED THE DYEING OF SPUN RAYON AND RAYON FILAMENT YARN IN MECHANICAL APPARATUS IN GERMANY. Reported 'by: T. R. Smith. 19P. Generally speaking, the machinery for dyeing packages, cheeses and beans in pressure machines in Germany has not advanced as far as in the U.S. with one exception, where rayon cakes have been dyed in a new machine developed Jointly by Dr. Diem at the I.G. Farben Rayon Plant in Rottweil and Obermaler and Com- pany of Neustadt on the Haardt, near Mannheim. One new method of vat-dye application, known as the NKuepensaeure” developed by I.G. for the dyeing of vat colors on rayon* both spun *nd filament, is given in detail in Appendix 2. Formulas are in- cluded. 219 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 646 UNCLASSIFIED POLYAMIDE FILMS MANUFACTURED BY KALLE & CO., A, G., WIESBADEN, Reported by: W. Wade, lip. This report is a detailed study of the process employed by Kalle & Company, A. G, of Wlesbaden-Blebrich for the manu- facture of films from linear polyamides. This plant has two large casting machines and one email experimental machine on which films are prepared by casting a solution of the polyamide on an endless copper band. The only polyamide employed comprises an interpolymer of 60$ of an adipic acid - hezaaethylene diamine resin and 40$ of an ami no-caprolactam polymer dissolved in an organic solvent. After evaporation of the solvent the film Is stripped from the band, the opera- tion being continuous. Production was begun in August 1940, the product being used during the war in the form of sheets for the protection of the armed personnel from exposure to eas attack. The rated production is about 25 ton*/month. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 648 UNCLASSIFIED EERYCLEANING IN GERMANY; WAOKER MACHINES AND PROCESSES. Reported by; W. D. Appel. 1^$. The equipment, processes, and solvents for drycleaning as commonly carried out with equipment and chlorinated solvents manufactured by Dr. Alexander Wicker, Gesellschaft fdr elek- trochemische Industrie O.m.b.H,. are described briefly. Trichloroethylene is used for heavy work, perchioroethylone for delicate fabrics. No soap is used in the solvent. Water soluble stains are removed by spotting after cleaning. Over-all loss of solvent is 10 to 12 percent of the dry of the garments for trichloroethylene, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 649 UNCLASSIFIED CATALYSTS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AND ANILINE, I. G. FARBENINDUS TRIE, A. G., LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: R. W. Nash. 17p. This report gives details on the manufacture and use of catalysts in the I. 0. ParbenIndustrie plant at Ludwlgehafen for the production of* (l) phthallc anhydride from naphtha- lene; and (2) aniline by hydrogen reduction of nitrobenzene. Schematic diagrams of the processes are included. 220 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 650 UNCLASSIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATION OF THE NEW WEHRMACHT ALL PURPOSE MILITARY BOOT. Reported by: C. H. Nathan. 20p. This report amplifies Information contained in the prelimi- nary Vehrmacht specifications and previous reports which are listed in bibliography attached to this report* Produc- tion of this boot had not gone beyond pilot stage* Details on contemplated specifications are based on Vehrmacht con- ference meetings copies of the ones for Nov* 23, 1944 and Dec* 15, 1944 being attached to this report* The McKay proc- ess is used to manufacture this boot* An attached drawing shows the pushing transport method employed and a list of machines employed shows sequence of operations, dally capac- ity of each machine and the age and sex of the worker em- ployed in each operation* Use of a pyroxolin coated rayon box toe and use of "grain side out11 for the quarter of the boot are significant points of German technology* List of persons interviewed and targets visited are also appended* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 651 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF PAPER TUBES, BOBBINS AND CONES IN GERMANY. Reported by: F, M. Steadman. 48p, Reports the manufacture of paper tubes, bobbins and cones for the Textile Industry, contains specifications for paper, adhesives, and the most widely used items, outlines manu- facturing procedure, also reports miscellaneous related items* Five appendices are included containing a list of German personnel interviewed and targets visited; a 'bibliography; a list of samples forwarded to Washington; and ten selected DIN standards for tubes, bobbins, and cones used by the tex- tile industry. 221 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 652 UNCLASSIFIED CONTROL OF SWELLING OF VISCOSE RAYON. Reported by: C. Schlatter and R. Bouvet. 15p. Th application and value of formaldehyde treatments for the control of the swelling of rayon are discuseed, together with the general methods of testing. The views of Professor Xgon H8d (Director of Research. Textilforschungsinstitut, Badenweiler) on swelling versus specific gravity of the fiber are noted, with the information that he is hopeful of developing a new rayon of increased wet strength, obtained by a higher specific gravity produced by a new method of spinning. He believes that a rayon with a uniform and slightly higher density would have better properties. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 655 UNCLASSIFIED CUPRAMMONIUM PROCESS SYNTHETIC RAYON IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. I- Taylor. 17p. This report reviews the processes used in the manufacture of cupramnonium rayon fibers and summarizes the significant developments in this field during the war years* The infor- mation was obtained from I* G. Dormagen and J. P* Bemberg A* G*, Barmen* Six photographs illustrate the followings (1) Continuous spinning machine for cuprammonium rayon; (2) second bank of spinning funnels (rear of same machine as fig* 1); (3) washing machine; (U) tank for oil preparation with rollers; (5) system of 3 rollers behind the dryer and part of the ap- paratus for moistening the rollers; and (6) the winding ma- chine* FIAT Final Report 3h (PB 1120, v. 1, p* 70, this Bibliography), entitled ’’Preparation of cuprammonium spinning solution and special processes at I* G. Farben, Dormagen”, by G. P. Hoff and others, describes details of -auxiliary processes as well as the staple process* See also BIOS Final Report 1360, item 22 entitled ’’Continuous spinning of cupram- monium rayon at J. P. Bemberg, Vfuppertal and I. G* Farben- industrie, Dormagen by A* R* Knight and others. 222 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item NoT2T FIAT REPORT NO. 655 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC SAPPHIRE AND SPINEL PRODUCTION IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 665 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN FERTILIZERS AND SOIL FERTILITY. Reported by; K. D. Jacob, Vyp. No important new developments either in fertilizer Manufac- ture or in soil fertility research and practices were dis- closed in Germany. Chemical nitrogen fertilizers are manu- factured in Germany chiefly by fixation of atmospheric ni- trogen as calcium cyanamide and principally ammonia. In comparison with practice in the United States, Minufacture and use of compound and mixed fertilizers in Germany is not on an extensive scale. Considerable use is made of plant and animal residues and wastes in the preparation of com- posts and organic fertilisers. Peat is an important con- stituent of many of these products. Soil fertility investi- gations conducted in Germany during recent years include: The use of rapid chemical, biochemical, and biological meth- ods for evaluating the fertility status of soils; the ef- fects of boron, manganese, copper, zinc, vanadium, chromium, titanium, and other so-called minor or trace elements on the growth and development of plants; nitrogen fertilization of plants by means of Azotobacter; relation of humus to soil fertility, especially with reference to reactions involving humus and the clay constituents of soils; and statistical studies of crop responses to applications of potash. Ap- pendix A lists organizations and individuals in the ferti- lizer and related industries, institutions and individuals engaged in soil fertility work, and libraries and deposi- tories of soil science literature, that were visited for purposes of this report. Appendix B describes the manufac- ture of Hhenania phosphate by Kali-Chemie A. G. Appendix C gives the composition and characteristics of principal chem- ical fertilizers produced in Germany, including tables* Appendix D presents a selected list of publications relat- ing to soil fertility. Appendix E, “Production and con- sumption of fertilizers in Germany,N was not included in this report, but was sent to Food and Agriculture Subcom- mittee, Washington. 223 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 601 UNCLASSIFIED THE PAINT, VARNISH, AND LACQUER INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: H. 0. Farr, Jr. 66p. German paints, varnishes, and lacquers, before 1938, were similar to American products. After this date important changes developed, primarily as the result of shortages of oils, natural resins, and certain pigments# Adequate substitutes were found in most instances through the research and development of I#G. Parben and other firms, and through the use of domestic or "ersatz" materials# Emphasis in this report is placed on information which might be novel to American industry and which might lead to improved and less expensive protective and decorative organic coatings# The report covers the following topics* Organization and opera- tion of the industry; raw materials; water paints and emulsion type coatings; nitrocellulose lacquers; synthetic coatings; air-dry urea and phenolic coatings; coatings for light metals and aircraft; marine paints; chemical resistant coatings; synthetic resins; lead oyanamide; and coating systems for selected items such as cans, fuel tanks, and cables. Appendices include a list of targets visited, a list of the leading wartime German manufacturers, and sources of information. There is also a drawing of a two- roll mill# 224 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. ?10 THE GERMAN SEVfXNG THREAD INDUSTRY. Reported ty; H. F. Sohlefer and R. T. Kropf, 3TP» This report consolidates reports made by the authors and issued as FIAT final reports* mimeographed for limited distribution. The first section is a summary of the industry as whole (FFR-315). The German sewing thread industry produced a total of approximately 8,000,000 kilograms of thread products per year amounting to an annual sales of approximately 100,000,000 marks. During the war the produc- tion and sales were approximately of normal. Normally the products consisted of sewing threads, darning threads, and art needle threads produced from cotton, linen, silk, and rayon. During the war cotton was cut off and threads were made primarily from spun r«yon and from high strength rayon as well as smaller quantities of linen and silk. The production methods and equipment used throughout the industry are quite conventional, and follow the usual designs. The distribution and sales of the industry is primarily handled by sales syndicates. It is estimated that these syndicates handle 90% of the business. The German thread industry has not sponsored fundamental or applied research. When such work has been required, it has been referred to outside organizations. Some research has been done, however, and outstanding research has been presented briefly in the second section (FFR-307). Sections 3-9 cover the follow- ing manufacturers *• Albert Aug. Knapp at Pfullingen (FFR- 30U); A.G. Mez, Freiburg (FFR-305); Zwlrnerei Ackermann, A.G., Sontheim (FFR-3O8); A. Schradin & Co., Heutlingen (FFE-309); Amann & Sdhne, Bflnnighelm (FFB-310); Zwlrnerei and Nflhfadenfabrik Gdggingen, A.O., GNgglngen (FFB-3H)* and Gdtermann A.G., Gutach (FFR-312). Within the sections are SKR numbers referring to Schisfer-Kropf Reports, listed in lull in Appendix III. Appendix I consists of notes on personnel. Appendix II is a government regulation and Appendix IV a bibliography of available documents and list of samples. 225 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 712 ONCIASSUTED MAHUFAC TURING PROCESS FOR EBSMODUR R. Reported by: If. A. Copeland and M, A. Youker. 8p, I* G. Fbrbon makes four types of isocyanates under the name of Desmodur* Type R, the newest product is the tri-ieooyanate from trlamino tripheny] methane* A brief summary of the procedure follows: HC is reacted with 5 mole CQClg to give HC plus 6 mols HCl* The reaction is carried out in chlorobenzene in 2 stages - first at 5qG (3-4 hours) then at 5° to 50°C. (5-6 hours) and finally at 106—110°C (12 hours)*. The insoluble by-product is removed by filtration, the chlorobenzene removed by distilla- tion and a 20$ solution of the triisocyanate prepared in methylene chloride and sold as Desmodur R*. A yield of 88$ is obtained* A flow sheet illustrates this process and another flow sheet shows the apparatus for the recovery of phosgene* Lead-lined agitator and reactor kettles are used, but they felt that stainless steel could be used* Care must be taken not to use metals which would bring about poly- merization. The operation of the reactors, filtering system, still for recovering chlorobenzene standardization kettle, phosgene recovery and hydrochloric acid absorption are described. Desmodur R is used for special adhesives and for bonding rubber to metal and rubber to tire cord* This report is typewritten and may not photograph well* 226 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 713 UNCLASSIFIED CELLULOSE ACETATE MANUFACTURE AT SC BERING- A. G,, BERLIN. Reported by: F. J. Myers, l^p. The production of "Triaoetato-Folie" is described. This is produced only by the Sobering A.G. and is a special cellulose acetate film, used for oable wrapping, reported to be out- standing because of its unusual heat resistance. Cellulose (cotton linters or alpha cellulose from wood pulp) is treated in a glacial acetic acid bath for five hours. The acid is then drained. A special charging mixture is then used consisting of 40 parts acetic anhydride, 20 parts 40 parts benzene and \/z% based on weight of* cellulose. The cellulose is still in the wool form and the benzene is important in preventing solut’ion as the acetylation process progresses. Thie is called the key to the whole process. Ikximum theoretical possible acetylation of 62.5?. is obtained, which the Sobering officials claim is responsible for the excellent electrical properties. Complete removal of the catalyst (HC10.) is effected by keeping the .acetate in the wool form, this resulting in markedly improved heat resistance. It is also claimed that the dy© used for coloring (Cil» Blue 2R) has a definite stabilizing effect. A diagram of the aoetylating equipment is included. Also included is a report, in German, of the process for the production of the cellulose triacetate, by Dr. Einz, and a sales booklet also in German on its properties and uses. 227 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 71^ UNCLASSIFIED CASTING OF PLEXIGLAS, ROHM AND HAAS GMM, DARMSTADT, Reported "by: F. J. Myers. 12p. This report presents a description of the new method of casting plexiglas in use at Rohm and Haas G.m.b.H., Darmstadt. The primary aim of this new method was to produce sheets for the German aircraft Industry which were as close to opti- cally perfect as possible* The development work was carried out at the request of the Luftwaife, and plans were made for the manufacture of several larger scale units* The experi- mental unit, producing plexiglass sheets 700 x 1000 mm* (any desired thickness) was manufactured by Erupp* After they were bombed, the manufacturing project was taken over by Becker Van H&llen (Erefeld) because of their reputation for building precision machinery* The wooden patterns and the drawings for the machine to produce sheets 1700 am* x 2000 mm* (67 In* x 79 in.) were made at Hdhm end Haas, but the machines were never collated* A description is also given of a process developed by Bflhm and Haas for cracking methyl- methacrylate scrap, refining the crude monomer, and reusing this monomer for polymerising to methylmethacrylate resin. Cracking and refining processes are sketched* Photographs and drawing of casting machine are included. A list of the literature on file withJIOA Microfilm Unit (refer to reel C-101), including a complete set of drawings for machine for casting optical grade plexiglass, is given. 228 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 715 UNCLASSIFIED ION EXCHANGES, COATINGS, AND PLYWOOD RESINS AT I, G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE, TH. GOLDSCHMIDT A. G., PEEMDTIT A. G., AND CHEMISCHE WERKE ALBERT. Reported 'by: F. J. Myers. 59P* The Important German producers of ion exchange and coatings resins were interviewed and this report presents a repre- sentative if not complete picture of German practice. Some information on plywood resins is also Included, Much of the report is concerned with rtWofatlt" Ion exchange resins. A visit to the I. G. Ferhenlndustrle Wolfen plant resulted In obtaining the following! Diagram of Bemberg copper re- covery unit (for recovery of copper from cuprammonlum process waste waters); preparation of Wofatits (report in German, being signed by Dr. Wassenegger, Wolfen, July 31* Wofatlt H being the only anion exchanger; diagram of Wofatlt plant; Wofatlt M production equipment (diagram); sketch of typical Wofatlt unit; questions on Wofatits (answers by Dr. Richter); questions pertaining to the construction of "Wofatite* filters, being a translation of an article by Dr. Richter, Wolfen, Oct. 18, entitled "Konstruktlve Fragon beia Bau von Wofatitfiltern". Additional Information on Wofatits and other ion exchange resins was obtained by visits to other I. 0. plants, a visit to the Permutit A. 0., Berlin, and the interrogation of Dr. Arthur Splittgerber. Berlin, consultant on water conditioning in Germany. The scope of application of the Wofatits was quite varied and great emphasis was placed on nonwater conditioning uses. The I. G. Filmfabrik plant at Wolfen was also visited to obtain details of silver recovery from waste solutions re- sulting from photographic film manufacture. The process is described in an article in German by Mr. Rflssler, and draw- ings are Included. Otto Jordan, Grieshelm, was interro- gated regarding the plasticizing of polyvinyl chloride and air-drying urea-formaldehyde coatings. The Chemlsche Werke Albert, Wlesbaden-Blebrich was visited regarding their coat- ing resins. The report gives the manufacturing procedures for all their important coating resins and some plywood resins. This includes Albertols, Durophens, Alftalats, Alresats, and Alresenes. A report, in German, describes the manner in which their glue "Altiert-Lelmharz is to be used. Information is also contained in this report conr- earning Tego glues manufactured by Th. Goldschmidt A. G., Essen, These are thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resins used for bonding wood to aluminum or aluminum alloys. 229 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 716 UNCLASSIFIED ALKYIAMUtE MANUFACTURE AND RESEARCH AT AMMONIAKWERK MERSEBURG GMBH, Reported "by: 26p, I. Amines, Alkyl—Production—Germany 2. Amines, Alkyl —Research—6e many Item No. 22 „ fiat REPORT NO. TIT unclassified BUNA. RUBBER EESEABCH. Reported ty: M. A. Youier and N. A. Copeland. 50p. The objectives of this investigation vere to determine (1) whether the Germans had discovered a better synthetic rubber than Buna S-S and (2) in what direction they were working to obtain a better rubber* It was learned that Buna S-5 was still the best general purpose synthetic rubber* However, it was believed that a butadiene polymer would prove superior to the copolymers with styrene and research was in that di- rection* They believed also that more work should be done on butadiene copolymers, other than those with styrene, us- ing low temperature Redox systems. There is some discus- sion on Buna M, Buna K and other copolymers* The appendix lists (1) Kauko Index 1927 through 1944, the Kauko being the I. G. commission for polymerization and (2) Kauteko Index, the Kauteko being the corresponding commission for technical applications and testing, (3) list of Field Investigation Reports, and (4) list of Leverkusen research documents avail- able in Washington* This is a report of the Rubber Subcom- mittee Mission, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, to the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation* 230 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. ?l8 FERTILIZERS MADE BY I. G. FARBKNINDOSTRIE A, G., AT LEUNA AND PISSTERITZ. Reported By: R. B. McMullin. 57p. This report incorporates a detailed description of the processes, together with flowsheets for ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, Leuna-Salpeter (NH,)« S0^-62#), (NH^HO5-6O#, Stiokatoff-Kallo- Phosphat (nitrogen, lime, phosphate, -16/&, 16% PgOg, ZZ% CaO), Leuna Kitrophoska (12# N, 12# P0O5, 21*5# KgO), Piesterits Kitrophoska (five types are mentioned with varying amounts of N, P2O5, and K#»0), and Kalk-Salpeter (Ca(N0*)g - 82#, HH4NO3 - 5#, HgO - 13#). In addition to fifteen flowsheets and a drawing, the appendices include the Stiokstoff-Kalk-Phosphat equipment list and the complete analysis of Kitrophoska A* Additional documents (in German), supplementary to this report, are listed belowt Miscellaneous Chemicals or M*C* drawings 25 and 24, Spray machine for making fertilizers in prill form from Asxnoniakwerk Merseburg G«a»bJU, appear as PB 525091 M*C* 25 and 26, Spray tower for making fertilizers in prill fora from Ammoniakwerk Merseburg G«m»b«H«, as PB 52S10f M#C* 76, 77, and 78, Flowsheet, orude nitric aeid from I«G», Bitterfeld, as PB 49536| M«C* 79, Description of process for orude nitrio acid by Gruber and Beyer, as PB 49659| M*C* 80, Cost sheets, 1st quarter 1944, ammonia gas, raw nitrio aoid, platinum catalyst, sodium nitrate from the !• G, Fhrbenlndus- trie Siurefabrik, Bitterfeld, as PB 49540| M«C# 81, Memoran- dum on plant improvement (nitrio aoid) by Beyer, as PB 49541; and M.C* 86, German documents on fertilizer processes at Leuna and Piesterity, as PB 49542* This crude nitric acid is to be used for making ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, and sodium nitrate. The document*most likely derives from I.G. Farbenlndustrie Bitterfeld, and includes I.G, methods of analysis of ammonia,, determination of yield of nitric acid and safety precautions to be used in production of ammonia and nitric This'memorandum outlinee the necessary steps for the Improvement of the process for making nitric add and probably derives from I.G. Farbenlndustrie, Bitterfeld. Mention is made of ammonia gas, ammonia oxidation, catalyst, acid pumps, and the materials used for the flow of gas and acid. 231 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 719 GERMAN NEOPRENE. Reported "by: M. A. Youker and N. A. Copeland. This typewritten report mainly describee production at Hoechst of mono-vinyl-acetylene (MTA), its chlorination to form 2- chloro-13-butadiene (chloroprene or CD) and the polymerisa- tion of DC to form neoprene. Chloroprene and neoprene were considered by some German investigators to be superior in some respects to Buna* However, plant rivalries and Buna commitment limited neoprene production tp pilot plant sice and development. Flow sheets show the various steps in the production of MTA from acetylene and the chlorination of MTA to form CD. In the chlorination process only about 20$ MTA used was chlorinated in one pass, so as to limit formation of byproducts. A high boiling oil was removed as soon as it formed since it helped convert CD to dichlorobutylene. The gases were also treated to obtain additional CD. A formula for the polymerization at Hoechst is given and the polymeri- zation process described. In general, Elmo pumps were used for handling acetylene or MVA. Doctor Wollthan at H&ls de- scribed some work done at Oppau and said that Oppau was pri- marily concerned with the synthesis of MVA as a basis for aliphatic chemicals and butadiene. Two plants at Zlin in Moravia which had been taken over by the Germans were visited. These produced about 60 tons of chloroprene per month but had capacity for only 30 tons of the polymer. A batchwise, emul- sion polraerization process was used. Vo details were obtained regarding the polymerization but samples of chloroprene and neoprene were found either more pure or better than that pro- duced by Hoechst. Not much work was done in Germany on sta- bilizers for neoprene. Experiments to produce good copolymers with chloroprene were not successful. Neoprene though was found to "weld" very well and was recommended for tire car- casses. Germans impregnated paper to make a good synthetic leather substitute. Curing bags for rubber tires made of neo- prene lasted twice as long as natural rubber curing bags. Neo- prene was also used for gaskets, packing, the cementing of rubbers, for coating metals, textile fibers and textile coat- ing. 232 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. ?20 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING ACETYLENE IN CHEMICAL OPERA- TIONS. Reported by: N. A. Copeland and M, A. Youker. 130p Report discusses development of fundamentals in this field as well as applications. Covers experiments by Dr. Ing. Boesler, Dr, R1 mar ski, Dr, Weissweiler and Chemise he Technische Reichahsanstalt and some work preformed at the Reppe laboratory. 233 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 722 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC RUBBER DESMODUR "R". Reported By: w. Lee. 9p, This report discuss©* the development and use of Desmodur , a synthetic adhesive material used for bonding rubber to fabric in the manufacture of tires. Zt was made by I.G. Parbenindustrie A. G. at their Leverkusen plant near Cologne. Desmodur WR* can be used on standard spreading machines, is said not to be toxic, and indications are that it will not be expensive. It can be used on rayon and nylon fabric* without shrinking or stiffening the cord appreciably. The formula for the dough, the process of dipping and the tests are given. It can also be used for bonding rubber to metals aad many other miscellaneous uses. Photographs are included. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 723 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN CARBON BISULFIDE MANUFACTURE. Reported by: B. H. Wllcoxon. 5Ip. The‘two processes used commercially in Germany for producing carbon bisulfide, namely the retort processes developed by I. G, Farbenindustrie at Premnits and by Zahn and Co. at Berlin, are described and compared. The report Is based chiefly on information obtained at two plants, one at Gelsenkirchen (A. 0. fdr Chemische Industrie), which uses the I. G. process, and one at Heufeld, which uses the Zahn and Co. process. The appendices include diagrams of the two types of retorts and the method of gas analysis at Heu- feld together with a bibliography, the latter listing a num- ber of M.C. drawings. 23 4 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Ho. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS ■FIAT REPORT NO. 72k UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND PLASTICS MACHINERY. Reported by: E. W. Halbach. V5p, Part X of the report presents a oo apart son of the two Im- portant Ludvidgshafen styrene types* Type III and Type IT polymers* giving consideration also to the question of the most economic coloring of the products* This part includes a report (in German) of the Sehkopan method of preparing Type 3SF* an essentially pure polystyrene. Part II deals with polystyrene molding compounds including their color. Several other plants in Germany were visited regarding pro- duction of polyvinyl chloride sheeting and the results ap- pear in Part III. The production of sheeting* such as mi- polaa* produced at Troisdorf* is identical with U.8.A. calsan dar practice. Special type sheeting as Poser mill process and paste casting on belt for thickness of .015"-6/l6# de- serves attention. Part IT describes the status of plastic sipper production in Germany. In general* American methods have gone beyond the German since German plastic sipper production had come to a virtual halt during the war. A description and diagram also describes the spreading of a polystyrene film to produce "S tyro flex1. Two schematic dim- grams for producing polystyrene polymers and a diagram for making polyvinyl chloride paste sheeting are also included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 728 UNCLASSIFIED A. G. FUR STICKSTOFFDUNGER, KNAPSACK. Reported by: A. S. Fromholz and B. H. Wllcoxon. 20p. Describes the Knapsack continuous process for the manufacture of calcium cyanamlde and furnishes equipment construction details. Tabulated pertinent data on German production of calcium cyanamlde. Briefly evaluates German production of dlcyandlamie during the war period. 235 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT HO. 729 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN HIGH TEMPERATURE COAL TAR INDUSTRY. Reported ty: E. 0. Rhodes. l65p. Forty Genian targets In all four occupation zones were ▼islted regarding recent advance■ in the German high tem- perature coal tar industry. These targets included producers and users of these products, selling organisations, equip- ment manufacturers, and research organisations. In the summary (Fart I of the renort) advances in equipment. methods, proaucts, end uses of the products that have taken place in this Industry within the last ten years are enumerated briefly discussed* Most of the items mentioned are dis- cussed in greater detail in the individual target reports (Fart IXX The appendix lists the quantities of crude tar processed by the tar dietillere in 1941, 1942 and 1943 and also the origin of the tar etq>pllee. Several designs of tar stills are shown; these cover vacuum Ijatch systems, continuous vacuum systems, end a continuous atmospheric system* The products studied include hard pitches, roofing and waterproofing pitches, road tars, electrods pitches, carbon black, anthracene, naphthalene and phenol recovery, lubricant oil and greases, phenol and alkyd resins, phthilic anhydride, creeol and others. 236 3?IAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 732 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTROCHEMICAL OPERATIONS AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A. G. BITTERFELD. Reported by: R. B. MacMullln. 123p. This report fully describee the electrochemical operations at Bitterfeld. The products reported on operations include (l) chlorine and alkali, (2) calcium hypochlorite or “Perchloron", (3) chlorates and perchlorates, (4) magnesium electrolysis, (5) light alloys, (6) calcium metal, and (7) contact rectifier. The amalgam plant at bitterfeld North for the production of chlorine and caustic soda is one of the most modern in Germany and was worth studying, chiefly from the viewpoint of plent layout and successful operating procedure. The calcium hypochlorite process was licensed by an American Company and is in operation in the United States. There is no evidence of advancement of German practice beyond American practice with the exception of the process for recovering dry calcium chloride in granular form from the waste calcium hypochlorite liquor. The process for producing the alkali chlorates end per- chlorates differs to a considerable degree from American practice and has accordingly been carefully reported. The metallic magnesium plant at Bitterfeld is the oldest and least efficient in Germany. With the exception of a new and rather large chlorinator for making magnesium chloride there is nothing of interest. The light alloy plant is excellent, but not better than the best American plants. The machine for continuous casting of cylindrical billets is, however, very good. Calcium metal is produced only on a very small scale and there is not much of interest here for American manufacturers. The contact rectifier, mentioned in other reports, is reported herein. This rectifier is of particular interest to the electrochemical industry because of its high efficiency at comparatively low voltage. This rectifier has already been described in PB 27B69, v.2, p. 412. An analysis of the rectifier is contained a German article by Florls Koopelmann, published in Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, jg, 62, p. 3-30 Jan 2, 1941, and reproduced in this Bibliography ae PB 46967 (FIAT Miscellaneous Chemicals Drawing 74). Appendix A consists of tables showing the production costs for chlorine and caustic soda production by the amalgam and Billiter plants. 237 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPOET NO. 753 UNCLASSIFIED VERTICAL RETORT ZINC AND BY PRODUCTS. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 757 UNCLASSIFIED ECONOMIC STUDY OF GERMAN SYNTHETIC WAXES. Reported by: J. V. Steinle. This report describes the production methods for Montan wax and other I.G. waxes. It Includes 13 pages of general pro- duction data and details of present production possibilities and 19 pages in German giving full shop method data for waxes at two I.G.Farben plants* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 7^1 UNCLASSIFIED CATALYSTS FOR COAL HYDROGENATION. Reported by: P. W. Sherwood. 6p. This report describes the preparation of ten coal hydro- genation catalysts developed by I.G. Farben at Ludwigshafen which were not described in FIAT Final Report 422. These catalysts are as follows: Benzination Catalysts 6108, 6109, and 8754; Aromatization Catalysts 7019, 7495, and 8688; Prehydrogenation Catalyst 7846; Dehydrogenation Catalysts 7994 and 8074; and Cracking Catalyst 6752. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. jkj UNCLASSIFIED "K-3" SILICON DIOXIDE FOR RUBBER FILLER. Reported by: C. H. Love and F. H. McBerty, 17p. This report it the result of visits to the establishments in Germany of the “Degussa* or Deutsche Gold und Silber Schelde Anstalt located at Frankfurt am Main and Rheinfelden The manufacture of white amorphous silica (of particle slse 0.1 to 1.0 microns) is described. Involving chlorination of 90$ ferrosilicon and burning of silicon tetrachloride with hydrogen and air. The silica smoke is collected on a re- volving drum. Possible uses are; as a replacement for car- bon black In rubber; for transparent high temperature lubri- cating grease; for thickening acids. FIAT -ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 7H UNCLASSIFIED SALICYLIC ACID. Reported by: B. H. Wilcoiou. 9p. This report covers a description of the process for making salicylic acid from phenol and carbon dioxide at I.G. Far- benlndustrle, Leverkusen. In the process, phenol is reacted with caustic and the resulting phenolate is treated with CO2 to form the sodium salt of salicylic acid. This solu- tion is acidified and the precipitated acid filtered off, washed, dried and sublimed. An overall yield of 90-92< based on phenol and the refined salicylic acid is obtained Particular attention was paid to construction details of the subllmer and main reactor. Diagrams of the subllmer and reactor are given* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 7k6 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC MICA RESEARCH: Reported by: Paul H. 22u. Investigations on the production of synthetic micas in the laboratories of the Kaiser Vilhelm Institute for Silicate Research and Siemens Schuckert are described and the condi- tions found to be neceeeary for successful results are given. Results of some fifty tests are included. The German re- search has now gone far enough to demonstrate that it should be possible to produce synthetically the entire national needs of the United States for condenser mica. Perfectly clear elastic block mica up to 400 in area and absolutely free from defects has been produced. Photographs, diagrams, a schematic drawing of a furnace, electron interference pic- tures, and a bibliography are appended. 239 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 748,749. UNCLASS IF IED THE SYNTHESIS OF FLUORINE-MICA OF THE PHLOGONITE GROUP, CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL AND MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SYNTHETIC PHLOGOPITES: AND GESETZMAESSIGE VERWACESUNGEN VON SYNTHETISCHEM PHLOGOPIT MIT MINERALIEN DER HUMITGRUPPE (REGULAR INTERGROWTH OF SYNTHETIC PHLOGOPITE WITH HYDROUS MICA). Reported by: W. Eitel. 10‘7p. This is s series of three reports on synthetic mica research by Dr. W. Eitel and co-workers of the Kaiser Wilhelm In- stitute for Silicate Research at Berlin-Bahlem and Ostheim Ehoen, Germany. A process for the oroduction of synthetic mica on a laboratory scale was developed. practical details involved in the synthesis are set forth. Potash-magnesia mice and barium mica were made in small crucibles. To produce well oriented crystals, particular importance was placed on well regulated temperatures, gradient in a vertical direction during the first of the cooling period and a magnetic field surrounding the crucible in a horizontal direction, the basic crystallo- graphic theories are discussed with complete descriptions of the results of various melts in the phlogoplte series. gives the results of crystallographic studies of synthetic phlogooite and the rules governing intergrowth of phlogoplte and humite crystals ere derived. Included are tables, diagrams end explanatory photo-micrograrhs, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 757 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AND MANGANESE CHLORIDE. Reported by: B, H. Wilcoxon. 28p, This report covers the electrochemical production of potas- sium permanganate at I. G, Bltterfeld, the only such plant in Germany. Pyrolusite is used as the source of manganese dioxide, The use of hydrogen for the internal firing of the kilns appears novel. A detailed description of the process is given together with flow sheets of the present process and of a proposed plant. Raw material, labor requirements and costs are Included. The report also describes the pro- duction of manganese chloride from manganese dioxide ifro* pyrolusite) and hydrochloric acid. A flow sheet illustrates thfs process. Bibliography. 240 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. ?62 UNCLASSIFIED NEW PLASTICS FOR GERMAN AIRCRAFT (STRUCTURAL MATERIALS, GLAZINGS, AND PAINTS.) Reported by: J. T. Grey. lip. Four organizations were visited in order to ascertain new developments in plastics, particularly structural materials, glarings, and protective paints. Professor Stauder of the University of Freiburg has concluded as a result of his studies that macromolecules with numerous short branches will produce the best results as adhesives. Professor Schmidt, a consulting chemist, explained his ideas on the mechanism of glueing with phenolic resins. His contentions that glues which coagulate bond efficiently and that foams oust have fibrous supports in the cell walls are considered promising. The HoIsverkohlungs-Industrie A. G. (H. I. A. G.) had devel- oped, on a semi-commercial scale, a plastic material com- prised of pentaerythritol and acrolein, which was considered as a substitute for Plexiglas, but was not adopted. Substi- tuted amines had been successfully used for promoting the polymerisation of methacrylic esters in the presence of or- ganic peroxides. *BitsN comprised of sintered alumina had been developed for machining plastic materials. The items produced by Gustav Ruth were nitrocellulose dopes, zinc chro- mate primers, and anti-fouling paints. A new method of pro- ducing nonhydrolyzing anti-fouling paints through the use of inorganic complexes was described. Formulas for various coatings are given in an appendix. 241 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 7 64 UNCLASSIFIED DYESTUFFS MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF I. G. FARBEN INDUSTRIES. Reported by: F. 0. Robitschek, 350p. This report present* Indices of the dyestuffs manufactured by I. G. Farbenlndustrle, the manufacturing details of which are recorded on microfilm. Several of these microfilms have been received by OTS, and they will be abstracted in subse- quent issues of this Bibliography; the other reels will be reported as they are received. Each of the products listed is an individual chemical and no blends are Included. The first part of the document is an alphabetical register of the German dyestuffs; the second part is a systematic manu- facture register of the dyestuffs arranged according to dye- ing characteristics and color. The two Indices contain for each item the German name, percentage of uncut material, percentage of sales type material, place of manufacture, reel and frame number of the microfilm where its preparation is described. Whenever possible, reference is made to "Schultie's Earbstoff Tabellen." The systematic division of dyestuffs used is of I.G. origin; it comprises l6 main groups, each group representing certain end use and application char- acteristic*. Each of the primary divisions is divided into the various family groups, and each of the family groups again into the specific type within that family. An index to the systematic register precedes that part. The intro- duction to the report also contains an evaluation of the German industry, including a table which gives production of dyestuff* by type in the years 1937 and I9U3. It is also stated that the Astrason colors seem to present a new type of dyestuff; the Astrazon colors are water soluble dyestuffs for acetate silk, having lively shades and good fastness to light and washing. The appendices include a bibliography and a list of the Astrazon sample* evacuated to Washington. This copy of the report will not reproduce well. Therefore, copies are being reproduced inexpensively. When these are available, this abstract will appear again in this Bibliog- raphy. 242 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCET.TAWEOUS CHEMICAI3 AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. ?68 UNCLASSIFIED PHENOL MANUFACTURE IN GERMANY BY THE CHLORINATION, SULFONATION AND RASCHIG PROCESSES. Reported by: R. H. Krieble. 64p. A comparative study Is presented of the three processes which are in use today, for the manufacture of phenol. In one proc- ess. chlorobenzene is made by the chlorination of benzene, and hydrolyzed to phenol with aqueous sodium hydroxide at high temperatures and pressures. This is the most straight- forward process. In another, benzene sulfonic acid is made by the treatment of benzene with excess 100 percent sulfuric acid and is fused with sodium hydroxide at high temperatures in open pans to give phenol. This process is the classical one and its economy is largely dependent on the market for the byproduct sodium sulfite. In the third process, chloro- benzene is made by the catalytic reaction of hydrogen chlo- ride, benzene, and air. The chlorobenzene is subsequently hydrolyzed at high temperatures by steam in the presence of a catalyst, thereby producing phenol and regenerating hydro- gen chloride. This process involves two reactions, each of which operates at a low conversion per pass. It is the most efficient in regard to consumption of raw materials but in- volves serious corrosion problems. Operating data and equip- ment lists are included together with flow diagrams, detail drawings and a bibliography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 771 UNCLASSIFIED CLAY MINING IN THE WESTERHALD DISTRICT OF GERMANY. Reported ■fay; G. W. Joeephson. lip. Briefly describes methods of mining and processing used at mines of Miillenbach and Thewald and at Gewerkschaft Otto Mine (formerly operated as Gewerkschaft Landewehr) in the Westerwald district. Three general types of clay are pro- duced: Fire, ceramic and enamelling (vallendar). A copy in German of the patent for a new type of clay cutter used at Gewerkschaft is included. Photographs and a table show- ing products of Mullenbach and Thewald giving chemical analy- ses of the clays are included. 243 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 7jh UNCLASSIFIED ANHYDROUS CHLORIDES MANUFACTURE. Reported by: F. H. McBerty. 32p. Equipment and process details are given for the German nan- ufacture of anhydrous chlorides by high temperature chlori- nation at several I. G. Jarbenlndustrle plants. Operations described are: Aluminum trichloride at Ludvlgsiafen; iron trichloride at Bltterfeld; silicon tetrachloride at Hhein- felden; titanium tetrachloride, sirconlum tetrachloride and zirconium oxychloride at Leverkusen. As appendices there are enclosed flow diagrams and cross-sections of the chlo- rination retort. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 788 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINUM HYDROXY CHLORIDE PRODUCTION AT LUDWIGSHAFEN BY ELECTROCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS. Reported by: W. C. Gardiner. 8p. Aluminum chloride solution is electrolyzed in a diaphram cell to give chlorine, hydrogen, and any one of three compounds, Al(0H)2Cl and which are tanning agents and Al2(0H)5 Cl, a water repellent for textiles. The electrolytic products are spray dried to hygroscopic powders. Less satisfactory chemical processes were developed after the electrolytic plant was bombed. Flew sheets and a diagram of the hydroxy-chloride cell are given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 789 UNCLASSIFIED EXPERIMENTS TO PRODUCE DUCTILE SILICON. Reported "by; J. S. Smatko. 8p, The information described in this report was obtained by the interrogation of Dr. Walter Bieberschick, formerly affil- iated with the Technological Gochschule of Vienna. The re- port describes the preparation of silicon about 99.98$ pure, and its testing for ductility. Practically no ductility warn observed, but Dr. Bieberschick felt that if the percentage of oxygen (as an impurity) were decreased, the ductility might be improved. The research on this problem was in an early stage. A diagram of the equipment is included* 244 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 790 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF SODIUM SULFIDE FROM SODIUM AMALGAM, Reported by: W. C. Gardiner. lop. The production of sodium sulfide by the reaction of sodium amalgam with sodium polysulfide, as practiced at !• G, Hftchst and I# G# Ludwigshafen, is described* Both and NagS solutions can bo made directly# The design of the reactor, which is credited with the success of the process, is described and illustrated by a diagram# Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 793 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL EXPLOITATION OF THE GERMAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Reported by: B. H, Wilcoxon. 6^p. Includes bibliography of CIOS reports l-XXXh relating to the chemical field I. Chemical industries—-Reports—^Index—Germany 245 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 jpSCELLAHEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 79I+ UNCLASSIFIED THE PORCELAIN ENAMEL AND CERAMIC COLOR INDUSTRY IN GERMANY Reported by: C. J. tt« *•>*»■*.+. 1 * This report reviews the information obtained during an in- vestigation of German porcelain enamel and ceramic color plants and laboratories, and summarizes the most important developments of this industry, which were in most cases caused by a lack of conventional raw materials during the war. With respect to porcelain enamels, the frit "V26", containing titanium, is used in all borax-free enamels in Germany, and is said to be the outstanding development that kept the German enamel industry alive during the war. With respect to ceramic colors, production and research in this field were at a virtual standstill during the war, due to the fact that the coloring oxides of cobalt, nickel, manga- nese, cadmium, etc., were put to more effective uses in the armament program. Generally speaking, the observed plant layouts and manufacturing methods are considered to be ob- solete and inadequate according to American standards. Re- search laboratories are said to be well equipped and ade- quately staffed by competent personnel. The report contains information pertaining to manufacturing methods, control tests, plants and general observations. In addition, the appendices contain: Lists of plants visited and personnel interviewed and a bibliography; translation of an I, G, Farben, Leverkusen, handbook, dated November 1941 and en- titled "Vitreous enamel formulae based on V-26 boron-free flux containing titanium dioxide"; an illustrated abstract of an article by A, Dietzel and R. Bonke, entitled "Opaci- fication of porcelain enamels with titanium dioxide," being a report of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute filr Silicatforschung, Berlin; formulae for enamels, for ceramic colors (body and glazes), glass enamels, jewelry enamels, etc., which in many cases represent experiences gathered over long periods of time; and a translation of a paper by Dr, Ihwe,of Avergesell- schaft, Berlin, pertaining to the production of the rare earths of the ytterbium group, including also erbium and yttrium. Eight illustrations. Mentioned in the bibliography are FIAT Microfilm Reels 155 and 156 which will be available at a later date as PB 20547 and PB 20*546, respectively. Also mentioned are frames 4845-4848 of Reel 159, including German patent application T 60670 VIb/80a, which will be available as PB 33807. 246 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 796 UNCLASSIFIED BICHROMATES MANUFACTURE, Reported by: F. H, McBerty and B. H. Wilcoxon. 6lp. Manufacture in three plants of I, G. Farbeninduetrie in Ger- many is described: Potassium bichromate find chrome alum at Bi tterfeld and sodium bichromate at both Leverkusen and Verdingen, Special features include an unusual annular hearth kiln, a three-step reaction using lime only in third step, and acidification to bichromate using carbon dioxide under pressure. As exhibits there are enclosed cross-sec- tions of the ring furnace and carbonation autoclave, photo- graph of ring furnace charging side, schematic diagrams of equipment, equipment list and performance comparisons as be- tween Leverkusen and Verdingen. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 797 UNCLASSIFIED THE ELECTROLYTIC CHLORINE PlyANT IN HOECBST ON MAIN. Reported "by: J. S. Smatko. 62p, The processing of chlorine, hydrogen, caustic soda, sodium hypochlorite, brine, hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfide are described in complete detail for Rftehst, supported by cost figures comparing other plants and by a flow sheet* Atroendix X includes a table giving chlorine production in all Germany plant by plant for the years 1940-1943 with first quarter of 1944; there is also another table shoving chlorine consumption in all Germany by end use for the same period of time with an estimate for the last quarter of 1945* In addition, construction drawings of the meter cell are included to guide in the construction of a similar plant. Several of thfc accompaniments to this renort are available as separate PB documents; these may be listed as follows: figures 1-8 as PB hUiqg, figure 10 as PB Ulll2 (reproduced more clearly in the former than the latter), figure 13 as PB UHOU. figure, lU as PB Ull05, and figures 16 a-b as PB‘Ull30. Also reproduced in this document is "M.C." or Miscellaneous Chemicals Drawing 136 being "Drawings of the slope Of the •Plele1, cell, pump and end castings." 247 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8O3 UNCLASSIFIED KYANITE AND SYNTHETIC SILUMANITE IN GERMANY. Reported by: G, W. Josephan. lip. The object of this Investigation was to learn what progress had been made in Germany in replacing Indian kyanlte for re- fractory manufacture, with domestic substitutes of synthetic or natural origin. One company had fair success in producing an artificial *8lllimanite,,; although expensive, the degree of success of this method is of interest to countries which do not possess ample supplied of natural mulllte-forming min- erals. This paper describes production methods and composi- tion of artificial HsIllimanito" at the Heinrich Koppers G.m.b.H. in Duesseldorf, research carried out at the Dr. Carl Otto G.m.b.H. at Bochum, and an Investigation by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fuer Silikatforschung, Berlin-Dahlem, of kyanlte deposits in southern Austria. A translation of the latter document is enclosed. The deposits found appear to be promising; complete data as to extent and possibility of commercial exploitation are lacking. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. Qoh UNCLASSIFIED MOLYBDATE ORANGE PIGMENT. Reported by: F. H. McBerty. l6p. This document reports on visits to the I. G. Farbenindustrie plants at Gensdorf. Gersthofen, and Verdingen. The devel- opment of the M mixed crystal- pigments, the molybdate reds or oranges, and the process of manufacture at Verdingen used in the early war years are described. These pigments con- sist of mixed crystals of lead chromate, sulfate and molyb- date. They are characterized by exceptional strength and blueness of tint,- together with outstanding brilliance. As an exhibit there is attached a molybdate orange schematic equipment diagram. This typewritten carbon copy may not photograph well. 248 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 806 UNCLASSIFIED GESELISCHAFT FUR LINDE'S EISMACHINEN(LINDE-FRANKL OXYGEN APPARATUS)} HOLLREIGEL3KREUTH. Reported by: C. G. Andrew, l^p. The purpose of this investigation was to procure Information concerning capacities, types and num- ber of units installed, of the Linde-Frankl apparatus for the production of low priority oxygen. The investigator evaluates the usefulness of this type of apparatus and con- siders it quite suitable under the economic conditions pre- vailing in Europe. Pour flow sheets are included and a list of the units Installed, giving their location, capacity, ownership, and use of the oxygen produced. Item Nor 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 807 UNCLASSIFIED LITHARGE AND RED LEAD PROCESS. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8o8 UNCLASSIFIED CONTRIBUTION TO THE REGENERATION OF PICKLING SOLUTIONS. Reported by: E. R. Thews. 6p. The effect of accumulations of ferrous sulfate and chloride in pickling solutions is discussed, and methods of prolonging the usefulness of such solutions are given, including four methods of regeneration* Table 1 indicates the influence of the ferrous sulfate contents of the liquor on the degree of solubility at normal and elevated temperatures* Edmund R* Thews is a German consulting engineer and this report contains a biography of him* 249 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 809 FKRROCYAMIDES AND SULFUR FROM GAS WORK RESIDUES. Reported ty F. H, McBerty. 15P* An investigation was made of the Chemische Pabrik. ketseling A.G, process by which is obtained potassium ferrocyanide from spent oxides from gas works. Potassium ferrocyanide for making Prussian blues is made by way of the calcium salt and the Insoluble calcium-potassium salt. The former is ieacned from gas works spent oxides after mixing with lime. The sulfur content of the spent oxides is first extracted with carbon disulfide. Both operations are described. The report also describes the method of analysis of the spent oxide as an aid to extraction. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8l0 UNCLASS IF LED ACTIVATED CLAY BLEACHING ABSORBENTS. Reported "by: A. D. Rich 23P. Thin report describes the history of the industry and the present production possibilities. In 1941 Sdd-Chemie A. 0. of Munich, with plants at Deggendorf, Heufeld and Moosburg, manufactured 75 percent of Germany's activated clay. Mining operations and processing of the following products by this firm are described: Tonsil Standard, the only contact type of activated bleaching adsorbent produced at present; Tegt alumina recovered in the manufacture of activated adsorbents, and used as a filler in the manufacture of rubber; Granosil, a percolation type of activated bleaching adsorbent used in the refining of petroleum oil; and Tixoton, an artificial swelling type bentonite, used for molding sand in foundries and la crude oil drilling. Map of S&d-Chenle mines, plant layouts and lists of equipment are included. Item No, 22 _ Q-n FIAT REPORT NO. oil unclassified CHROME YELIOW AMD OTHER PIGMENTS AT G. SIEGLE AMD COMPANY. Reported by: F. H. McBerty. 12p. Lead chromate ana *mc chromate pigment formulas used by 0. Siegle and Co. of Stuttgart are outlined, also formulas for two iron blues and for Siegle Red. Other Information on the firm ie also given. 2 50 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL5 AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 812 UNCLASSIFIED THE ALDNA PROCESS. Reported by: G. A. Hlnkel. 5p. This report describes a method of making diaso types (osalld prints) by first photoprinting on a special transparent re- production material called Alima through either reflex copy- ing or projection printing to obtain a negative. The nega- tive is then converted to a positive to serve as a new inter- mediate original. This process makes it possible to obtain highly intensified reproductions of pencil drawings and old weak originals. To make the Aluna stock, the transparent paper is coated with a nitrocellulose lacquer on one side, dried, and a substratum superimposed on the lacquered sur- face. for Aluna Contact, a sensitised silver bromide is then applied. Aluna Kontakt T makes use of a silver chloride emulsion instead. Especially mentioned are Kails A 0o», A. ft., and felix Schdller Co. at Burg ftretsch, Osnabrdck. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 815 UNCLASSIFIED PHOTO-REPRODUCTION RESEARCH OF KALLE & CO., A.G. INDEX OF MICRO FILMED REPORTS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 251 Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8l4 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PRODUCTION OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT INORGANIC PIG- MENTS (WITH SUPPLEMENT NO. 1) Reported by: C_, H. Love. 82p This report is divided into sections dealing with iron oxide pigments, chromium oxide pigments, cadmium pigments, and miscellaneous pigments* The report describes the processes for iron oxides used at I* G* Uerdingen, Farbwerke Has quin (Mtilheim), Schroeder and Stadelmann (oberlahnstein), Kali- Chemie (Berlin), and Chemische Fabrik Weeseling A. G., Wessellng* These oxides include the yellow, red, brown, and black* Most attention was fixed upon the I* G* pigments* Part 2 of the report describes the chromium oxide products of several I* G. plants (Bitterfeld, Uerdingen, and Leverki>* sen) and of Kali-Chemie, the process of the latter being similar to that of I* G* Bitterfeld* A study of the I* G* Uerdingen plant shows that this plant produces chromium hy- drate by reduction of wi*h classes and also as a result of the manufacture of sodium benzoate, using benzoic acid and sodium bichromate (the Bozel-Maletra proc- ess)* The production of chromium oxide from these hydrates and by reduction of sodium bichromate with sulfur are also described. Part 3 of> the report describes the production of cadmium pigments, including the sulfides, by I. G. Farben, G. Slegle and Co. and Kall-Chemie, I. G.'s products Included CdClg, cadmium orange, cadmium yellow, and cadmium sulfo- selenide. A description of these products and a flowsheet is given. Part U of the report describes the production of miscellaneous Pigments. These include (l) red iron oxide from iron pentacarbonyl,(?) the magnetic iron oxide pigment for the plastic tape of the magnetophone sound reproduction system, also available as a polishing range for optical work called MPollmagM. (3) hydrated chromium oxide pigment, (**) zinc sulfide type luminescent pigments, and (5) Sllcar (silicon carbide) pigment, produced by Elektroschmelzwerk, Kempton, Bavaria. In describing the various processes in this report, emphasis has been placed upon the chemical rather than the equipment details of the process. Where the equipment is unique, it is described in detail. The investi- gators were favorably impressed with several processes at I. G. plants! (l) Production of yellow and black iron oxide pigments in situ in the iron reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline; (2) production of chromium hydrate at pressures of 5.000 pounds per souare Inch; (3) purification of residues containing as little as 5$ Od for the manufacture of pure cadmium pigments; (5) a revolving plate furnace used both in the manufacture of chromium oxide and cadmium sulfosele- nide pigments. Diagrams and flowsheets are included. The appendix lists personnel interviewed, targets visited, lists of samples evacuated, and bibliography. 252 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8l6 UNCLASSIFIED HORIZONTAL MERCURY CHLORINE CELL, I. G. FARBENINDUSTRLE, A. G. Reported "by: TIIC Chlorine Industry Team. ll^p. Mercury cells ol horizontal design were used predominantly in tne I. G. farbeninduetrie for the electrolytic production of chlorine and caustic soda of high purity and 60 to strength* Tne cells vary in length from 7 to 14 meters operate at from 14,000 to 34,000 amperes* The current deo— sity ranges from 2800 to 3400 amperes per square meter, the voltage from 4.6 to 5.0 volts. Current requirements for the production ofone metric ton of chlorine are 3800 to 4000 KWh, This report, complied by a chlorine team from TUB, presents in text and numerous drawings the more recently used equipment and techniques of this highly developed German in- dustry. Among the points covered are; cell design, opera- tion and maintenance, preparation and purification of brine, purification and handling of the products, electrical in- stallations and instrumentation, analytical methods and health measures. 33 illustrations are included, together with appendices covering plantsinvestigated, relevant publi- cations and a list of reproduced drawings Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 817 UNCLASSIFIED VERTICAL MERCURY CHLORINE CELTS, I. G. F ARBEN INDUS TRIE, A, G. Reported by: TIIC Chlorine Industry Team, 55p. Development of a vertical mercury cell for the electrolysis of IJaCl began in 1Q37 and commercial adoption took place in 1939. The advantages of such n design are low floor space requirements and high capacity. The cells now in use are designed for a normal load of 24,000 amperes at 4,5 volts, the current density being 1720 and 2400 amperes per square meter depending on the type of cell. Although several in- stallations of the vertical type cells were made during the war, one of which was capable of producing 100 metric tons of chlorine dally, the design is still considered to be in the development stage. This report which is a sequence to FI*T final report No. 816, PB 33221, covers development, de- sign and maintenance of vertical cells, together with all pfitinent questions of plant operation. 253 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8l8 UNCLASSIFIED USE OF SODIUM AMALGAM FOR REDUCTION OF NITROBENZENE AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND PRODUCTION OF SODIUM HYDROSULFITE. Reported by: W. C. Gardiner. 20p, This report describes the process and equipment at Leverku- sen for the reduction of nitrobenzene to azobenzene for the manufacture of benzidine# The installation has a daily car- pacity of 3,000 kg. of nitrobenzene and utilizes sodium amalgam produced in 20,000 amp# mercury chlorine cell. Re- duction of the aqueous suspension of nitrooenzene is car- ried out in batches in a nickel reactor with simultaneous production of 50$ NaOH. The equipment and the general meth- od as described in detail in this report have also been utilized in the production of hydrazobenzene, sodium hydro- sulfite, and other reduction processes. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 819 UNCLASSIFIED METALLIC SODIUM FROM SODIUM AMALGAM AT GERSTHOFEN. Reported "by; W. C. Gardiner, 21p, A process is described for producing metallic sodium from sodium amalgam employing a 1,000 ampere cell having revolving anodic discs to pick up a thin film of sodium amalgam* Steel cathodes are used; the electrolyte is 53% NaOH, 28% NABr, and 19% Nal# The sodium contains 0*5$ to 1*0% mercury which is reduced to 0*01$ by treatment with calcium at 380°C* A 16,000 ampere cell design is described and the process eco- nomics are discussed# The report reproduces three Miscella- neous Drawings: MC 289, Flowsheet for sodium cell, Gersthofen SK 3402 j MC 290, Experimental sodium cell, capacity 1,000 amperes - SK 3723; MC 291J Drum-type sodium cell for 16,000 amperes, SK 4043* 254 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 820 UNCLASSIFIED DEGUSSA SODIUM PRODUCTION USING DOWNS CELLS. Reported by W, C. Gardiner, 20p. This report describes the design and operation of the Downs sodium cell as operated by Degussa. Pure dried NaCl is fed continuously to a 24,000 ampere cell with an electrolyte of 58.0 CaClg and 42% NaClg, operating at 585-595°C# The voltaga is 7*8 to 8*0 with a current efficiency of 78%0 The collect- ed sodium is filtered to remove calcium. The labor, material, and power requirements are given* The design of a 32,000 ampere cell is also described* Diagrams of the 24,000 and 32.000 ampere cells, and of the sodium filter are included. Bibliography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 822 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTROLYTIC MERCURY OXIDE AT BURGHAUSEN. Reported by: W. C. Gardiner. 6p. The report gives some details of the electrolytic process used at the plant of Dr. Alexander Packer O.m.b.H, for producing a mercury oxide catalyst for acetaldehyde produc- tion. The plant consists of twelve cells, each of which can process 4.6 tons (metria) of mercury per month. Mercury is made the anode in an alkaline electrolyte. An oxide layer forms on the mercury surface and this is continuously skimmed off, along with some occluded mercury which falls to the sloping bottom of the cell. The cells operate at 1600-1800 amps, and 12-17 volts at 50-55°C, A diagram of the cells and a flow sheet are included. Item No 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 825 UTILIZATION OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report 255 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 824 UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS GLASS INDUSTRY OF CENTRAL EUROPE. Reported by: H. H. Blau and C. J. Uhrmann. 87p. This report presents the results of on extensive study of the miscellaneous glass industry in the British, French and American occupied zones of Germany and Austria. It sets forth old secret or little known processes, as well as apparent new developments which are of potential value to American industry* It covers the following: Raw materials; glass compositions; batch mixing and material handling; fuels; melting furnaces and practices; glass forming practices and equipment; presses; lot end auxiliary equipment; annealing equipment; moulds; mould pasting; finishing processes and equipment; special processes, including Heraeus processes for quartz glasses, production of glass beads and jewels and sintered glass filters; special products, including glass blocks or bricks, battery jars, a new type of cooking vessel and Neonhan, a glass of relatively high neodymulm content; research; and literature. Appended are lists of personnel interviewed, targets visited and documents, samples and microfilms transmitted to Washington, D, C; technical data on producer and coke oven gases; tables giving compositions of colored and other kinds of glass; and photographs and drawings of plants and equipment. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 825 UNCLASSIFIED CHLORINE DIOXIDE AND SODIUM CHLORITE AT I. G. FARBEN, GRIESHEIM, Reported by: W. C. Gardiner and E. H. Karr, 15p. Two processes were developed for the production of HaOlOg# In both cases, CIO2 1« generated by passive s02 4114 air through a mixture of and ClOg Is absorbed either in NaOH and or in sine dust suspended in watert witn subsequent reaction with NaOH* Two pilot plants, of 4 tons and 15 tons monthly capacity respectively, were in operation at the 1,0* Farben plant at Orleeheim* Construc- tion of a 100 ton plant was contemplated* This report, which is a supplement to CWS report No* 10-6039 (PB No* 11199, see abstract in Yol. I p. 675 of this Bibliography) outlines the chemistry of the process, gives flow sheets, lists of equip- ment and instruments, analytical methods, safety measures and a cost analysis of the plant* 256 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 885 UNC IASS IF LED MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC CAFFEINE. Reported by: V. L. King and R, P. Parker. 8p. This report describes the production of synthetic caffeine at C.H. Boehringer and Soehne Ingelheim, by a method devised by Ur, C. Scheming of that firm. The report consists of a translation of the process description by Dr. Scheming and is supplemented with information obtained as a result of his interrogation. In spite of the many chemical reactions that take place, the process reportedly produces overall yields of 40-50$ of caffeine based upon the oyanoaoetio ester as the main raw material. However, since the cost of the synthet- ic product was about four to five times that of caffeine prepared from natural raw materials, such as theobromine and since the equipment was not very well suited for the process, no flow sheets and diagrams were secured. The appendix in- cludes the list of German personnel interviewed, the list of samples evacuated to Washington, D. C., and a bibliography. 257 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 85O UNCLASSIFIED SODIUM IN GERMANY, AND THE RELATIONS BETWEEN I. G. AND DEGUSSA IN THIS FIELD, Reported "by; Leon Schermack. 24p. This report is a translation from the French regarding sodium production in Germany and the relations between I. G, and Begussa (Beutach Gold- und Silber-Scheideanstalt) in this field. Two old processes (Castner and Bowns) for making sodium are described. Two new processes are also described. One process produces a Pb/Na (lead/sodium) alloy by molten electrolysis. This alloy brought about the ethylation of lead as perfectly as the alloy, used until now, which is obtained by melting Fb and Na together. The presence of some potassium In the Pb/Na alloy increased the yields of tetraethyl lead 10 to 20$. The other new process is for the production of metallic sodium by electrolysis of a ternary eutectic mixture of 53$ NaOH, 28$ Nal and 19$ NaBr, The report also discusses yields in tetraethyl lead manufacture. 258 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 851 UNCLASSIFIED SODIUM SULFATE ELECTROLYSIS 'LLTH A. MERCURY CATHODE. Re- ported by: William C. Garu ner. J9p. Sodium sulfate, contaminated with organic matter. Is a by* product of rayon manufacture* Its utilisation through elec- trolytic production of HaOH and was Investigated at the I* Q. plant at Bltterfeld* This document contains a translation of a research report and the results of an In- terview with Dr* Hllmann, the chemist In charge of the proj- ect* His report may be translated "Sodium sulfate eleotroL- sle witn mercury cathodes" and Is dated Aug 13. 1943* Among the methods investigated, the one employing a vertical-flow mercury cathode, a lead-silver anode, a mloroporous rubber diaphragm, and a current density of 1000 aog>s* per square meter is considered to be the most promising* The products are 50$ HaOfi and 250 g*p.l* E3SO4 containing 230 g*p*l* Bag SO4. An outline of the work done and suggestions for fur- ther research are presented* Charts, drawings and photo- graphs are reproduced* For FIAT reports 816 and 817 on the horizontal and vertical mercury chlorine cells, see PB 33221 and FB 33222, abstracted In tnls Bibliography, V*2, p* 784* 259 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 832 UNCLASSIFIED HYDROCHLORIC ACID ELECTROLYSIS AT WOEFEN. Reported ty: William C. Gardiner. 12p. Hydrochloric acid, in this case a byproduct from an organic synthesis, is decomposed electrolytically into Hg and Cl , A series type cell, operating at 1000 amperes and 2*3 volts per unit cell, was developed at Bitterfeld, tested there and operated commerically in YTolpen, Bipolar graphite electrodes set in frames in horizontal press are used, with broken graphite pieces comprising the anode. The diaphragm is made of polyvinyl chloride cloth. Details, construction, operation and cost, together with a bibliography and several drawings were gathered by a chlorine team of TUB and are presented in this report, A list of additional drawings on file with the Chemical Alliance, Woodward Bldg, Washington, D, C. is also included. These drawings will be made avail- able by the Chemical Alliance soon* 260 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 833 UNCLASSIFIED EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE BY OXIDATION OF HYDRO- GEN CHLORIDE, I. G. FARBEN INDUSTRIE, OPPAU. Reported by: Kenneth C. Rule. 28p. The pilot plant (at the I. G. Farbenindustrie plant in Oppau) for the production of chlorine by the oxidation of hydrogen chloride is described; this modified Deacon process was de- veloped by Dr. Helmut Schlecht between 1939 and 1944* Esti- mated costs of construction and operation of a plant using this process sire compared with those for a plant employing the method of electrolysis of hydrochloric acid, as used at the I, G. Farben works at Bitterfeld. These estimates indi- cate that for a large plant the oxidation process would prob- ably have lower capital and operating costs than the electro- lytic process. Flowsheets, drawings and diagrams are included. The simplified flowsheet shown in plate I, appendix 4 may be augmented by M.C, drawing No. 33B (PB 49724) which is a flow- sheet for 50 M, tons Cl2 daily by oxidation of HC1. For FIAT report on the chlorination process, see PB 7745, this Bibliog- raphy, v, 1, p. 570. For FIAT final report 832 on the elec- trolysis of aqueous hydrochloric acid, see PB 33219, v. 2, p. 864. 261 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 85^ UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF CAUSTIC POTASH IN MERCURY CHLORINE CELLS, I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE, A. G. - SOUTH BITTERFELD. Reported by: William C. Gardiner. lOp, The purpose of this investigation was to determine the main differences in design and operation of mercury cells in the production of caustic potash liquor, as compared with that for the production of caustic soda* Potash has been made commercially in only one mercury cell plant in Germany* The operation is similar to Had electrolysis but is more criti- cal with respect to brine purity, current density limitation of 2,400 amperes/m > and increased electrode spacing of approximately 2 mm* Current efficiency averages 93 percent, cell voltage 4*3 and hydrogen 1*8 percent* Cost data for the first quarter of 1945 are tabulated* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 835 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE WALL AND FLOOR TILE INDUSTRY IN GERMANY, AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA, Reported by: Frank P. Lester. 2^p. This report gives an overall picture of the floor and wall tile industry in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia* Only one factory in each of these countries was visited hut inter- views with ceramic engineers, plant managers, and university research men gave quite conclusive information* This in- dustry was not considered essential to the German war effort and consequently stood still during the war* As a result the industry as a whole does not compare favorably with the industry of the U* S* according to the report* Appendices contain lists of personnel interviewed, targets visited and equipment evacuated and photographs of equipment. In Germany and Austria the machinery and equipment are inferior to U. S* standards* Only large tunnel kilns are used* Analysis of clay found in Horn! Briza, Czechoslovakia is given* In Austria and Germany inferior raw materials are used. The report also Includes targets in the sanitary ware lino and art and dinner ware. Compositions of body and glaze used by Steingutfabrlk Schwarzwald, Homberg, manufacturers of sanitary ware are given. Some prices are also given. This is a report of the TJ* S* Department of Commerce, Technical Industrial Intelligence Division. 262 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 836 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF ACRYLONITRILE IN THE I. G. FARBEN INDUS TRIE PLANTS AT LUDWIGSHAFEN, HULS, AND LEVERKUSEN. Reported by: R. L. Hasche and J. G. McNally, 20p. This report contains information on the process used, plant equipment, quality of product and rate of production, Flow- sheets of the process are included, together with a diagram of the distillation unit at Leverkusen. Bibliography, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 838 UNCLASSIFIED ELEMENTAL FLUORINE, I. G, FARBENINDUSTRIE - LEVERKUSEN. Reported by; Errol H. Karr. 28p. At the Leverkusen plant of the 1,0-, Farbenindustrie, fluorine was successfully produced in electrolytic cells made out of •Elektron1* metal, an alloy of magnesium, Best results were obtained when using graphite-free carbon anodes and "Elektron” metal cathodes. The cell capacities were °50 and 2000 am- peres, operating at 11 to IS volts. The electrolyte was which during electrolysis was maintained at temper- atures in the range of 75° to 85°C. The fluorine from the cells was subjected to low temperatures, -78° and -183°C, respectively, followed by a heat treatment at 300rC, for completing the removal of impurities. The purified fluorine was liouefled at -191° to -194°C, and measured amounts were distilled into steel cylinders cooled by liquid nitrogen. At room temperature the pressure in the charged cylinders was 150 atmospheres. Photographs of the 250 and 2,000 amp, cells are included in the appendix, FIAT miscellaneous chemicals Drawing No, 224, showing details of the cell body of the 2,000 amp. fluorine cell, is available as PB 41137, 263 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 840 UNCLASSIFIED CALCULATION OF REGENERATORS FOR LINDE- FRANKL INSTALLATIONS AND OVERALL UTILITIES REQUIREMENTS FOR LINDE-FRANKL OXYGEN PRODUCING UNITS. Reported by: John Rohe11. 12p. Information, description and methods of calculating the regenerators used in the Linde-?rankl installations are given, as well as overall utilities and space requirements for oxygen producing units. A diagram of cold accumulators and packing together with graphs are included, lor prior report by H, M, Weir, on the subject of gas liquefaction and fractionation plants built by Linde, see PB 368, abstracted in Bibliography, v, 1, p, 11, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 84} UNCLASSIFIED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS FROM ACETYLENE. Reported by: G-. B. Carpenter. 72p. Detailed information is presented on the production of chlo- rinated hydrocarbons from acetylene made by the two major manufacturing companies in Germany. The products covered are tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, pentachloroethane, perchloroethylene, hexachloroethane, cis and trans dichloro- ethylene. and vinyl chloride. The companies are I. 0. larben- industrie A, G., and Alexander Wacker A.G. How sheets for the various processes are included. A list is given of equipment drawings of the Alexander Wacker A.G. which were forwar<|ed to Washington. Also included is a description of pilot plant work on the conversion of ethylene dichloride to vinyl chloride. Graphs and a bibliography are included. 264 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 815 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH REPORTS ON BENZ CHLORIDE, XYLYLENECHLORIDE TRIE- THANOLAMINE, TRIETHANOLAMINE FATTY ACIDS ESTERS, AND METnYxj- OLACETOPHENONE. Reported "by: Rohland. up. This report consists of translations of four I. G. FarbeHin- dus trie documents already included in this Bibliography. Tk titles of the donwenta and their authors follows (1) Benzyl chloride (toluene, c£-chloro-), xylylene chloride, by Dr. Rohland (see PB 679, ▼. 1, p. 38); (2) preparation of tri- ethanolamine from aqueous ammonia and ethylene oxide in pres ence of CO2, by Dr* PlSts, this process having been filed under patent application I 72335 IVc/l2q (see PB 677, v. 1, p. 38); (3) investigation into the esterification products < triethanolamine with higher molecular fatty acids, by Dr* FlSts (see PB 678, v* 1, p* 38); (A) methylol acetophenone, by Dr* SchSrnig (see PB 773, v. 1, p. 34). 265 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 816 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTS FOR THE LEATHER INDUSTRY FROM ETHYLENE CHLORIDE AND XYLOL AND THROUGH THE SULFURIZATION OF XYLOL. Reported "by: Sherlock Swann and N. M. Elias. 5p. Manufacturing processes used at the Hochst plant of the 1. G. Parbenlndustrie are described for the production of the condensation products of xylol (xylene) and ethylene chloride (dichloro ethane); such products are those de- scribed by the terras Derralnoloil Ho 1/142, Dermlnololl Ho 1/143, and Derrainoloilfat Ho l/l46. This document itself is a translation of a German report, dated at Hochst Peb. 10, 1943, The manufacture of Derralnoloil Ho l/l42 is described. By combining Ho l/l42 with Igevln, a new product with an excellent water resisting quality, Derralnoloil Ho 1/143, is obtained. A substitute for tallow for the greasing of leather, Derminolfat Ho 1/146, is obtained by mixing Ho l/l42 with a solid chlorinated paraffin containing 6$ chlorine. The viscosity of the products can be altered by varying the proportion of xylene and di chi or oe thane. As these raw materials were not so readily available, the sug- gestion is made of the use of the sulfur!zation products of xylene, which are available from xylene and sulfur chloride. Also are preparations for Ho 1/148, Derminololl Ho 1/151 and Derminolfat Ho 1/153. 266 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 84? UNCLASSIFIED BUTADIENE CATALYSTS. Reported by: Khepper. 3p. This is a translation of a German document regarding a cata- lyst for butadiene, A catalyst with a higher phosphoric acid content than that used during 1942 is suggested. It was not possible to determine by the usual tests the most suitable proportion between the sodium phosphate and phosphoric acid. Tables show the results of laboratory tests. The report is based upon work done at I. G. Mis. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 81+8 UNCLASSIFIED THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE CHLORINATION OF METHANE. Reported by: Sherlock Swann and N. M. Elias. 3p. The report describes experiments showing the inhibitory effect of oxygen on the chlorination of methane. Tests for carbon deposition in chlorination ovens are also described. Addition of oxygen causes no carbon deposition* This report is a translation of certain German documents, selected by Sherlock Swann and N.M, Elies, 267 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 8^9 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF DEVELOPING USES FOR THE DISTILLATION RESIDUES FROM BUTADIENE OBTAINED BY THE REPPE SYNTHESIS, Reported by; Krzikalla. 8p, This report describee briefly the preparation and usee of several products obtained from the Keppe residues. The work was performed at I. G., Ludwigthafen. Butadiene resin (gasoline-soluble resin), Carboresln C. (drying oil), and Carboresln P. (Buna S softener) are prepared by condensa- tion with a little sulfuric acid. Insulation medium T.R. (binding medium for camouflage colors) Is prepared by blow- ing through air (Oppau)., A solution medium and a Cio-alcohol which Is suitable for the manufacture of softeners are pre- pared by hydrogenation of the distillates which are dis- charged during the manufacture of Butadiene resin or Carbo- resln C or P, or by the hydrogei&tlon of the butadiene residues. This report appeared as Mimeographed report PB 911. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 850 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE PREPARATION OF MEPASIN - SULPHINATE AND MEPASIN - MERCAPTAN, Reported by; Wiesemann. This Is a translation of a Carman document. An account of the work done in the a. G, Central Rubber Laboratory Is given in this report. The preparation of mepasln-sulflnate from Hersolat B (mepasln sulfochloride) is investigated. For the reduction of sulfochloride, zinc ani sodium-amalgam ere considered as reducing agents. Mepasln-mercaptan is formed by the reduction of the mepasin-sulf©chloride in acid solution. The results are discussed and illustrated with six examples. The original German document will be made available later as PB 35135- report also Appeared as Mimeographed report PB 912. 268 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 851 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE IGNITION OF CHLORANIL - ALKALI - HYDROXIDE MIXTURES BY WATER. Reported "by: Marschall. 6p. This Is a report on a series of investigations made at I.G. Farbenindustrie, by Dr. Marschall of Hdchst, to clarify the reaction mechanism of the production of ignition compounds, ignitible hy water. Chloranil mixed with sodium hydroxide is used. Chloranil derivatives and other substances are also investigated. A patent application was filed by I. C. Lrr the production of the ignition compounds. This report appeared as Mimeographed Report PB 913, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 852 UNCLASSIFIED N-CHLORO-AMIDES OF HIGHER MOLECULAR FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR CONVERSION PRODUCTS. Reported by: Jacobs. 6p. Chlorination of the compounds at I. C. Farbenindustrle, H6chst, is described, N-chloro-coopound is capable of the same conversion as the chloro-amides of the saturated fatty acids. With the reaction of ethylene imine on It- chier o-amides, emulsion for softening can be prepared, for use with textiles, Taurine and methyl taurine can be used in the conversion. This report is a translation of a German document. 269 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS C HEMIC All) AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 853 UNCLASSIFIED REACTION OF CYCLIC VINYLLACTAMS WITH PHENOLS. Reported by M. Maier and Khlkalla. kV. 7' The report covers work done in the Main Laboratory, I. G. Farbenindustrie, Ludwigshafen. The reaction of phenols and aromatic hydroxy-compounds Is of general utilisation for phenols and cyclic N-vinyllactam, A table presents the re- action temperatures for a group of phenol derivatives with N-vlnylpyrrolidone and the melting points of the products formed. The report is an abstract of the procedure which was patented as O.Z. lU.712. This report appeared as Mimeo- graphed report PB 9O8, Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 855 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF ACETALDEHYDE IN GERMANY. Reported "by? W. E Alexander. 29p. This report reviews the processes used in Germany for manufac- turing acetaldehyde by the hydration of acetylene. The 'variations in procedure and equipment for the various plants studied are discussed in order to report all information obtained* The Hdls plant provided the most complete data on the ferric sulfate-promoted catalyst process; therefore the plant equipment description and operating procedure are presented in detail* A diagrammatic flow sheet of the Hfils manufacturing facilities is presented along with sketches of equipment which are considered non-standard* The appendices include a list of plants visited, a list of the personnel interviewed and a bibliography* 270 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT HO. 856 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF POLYVINYL-ETHERS. Reported by: E. N, Rosenqulst. l4p. Detailed procedures are given for the preparation of commer- cially Important polyvlnylethere. The entire series of co-mounds are prepared by rather slmole mass uolymerlzation methods using acidic catalysts, particularly boron fluoride dehydrate In dioxane. The re-oort covers the preparation of the solid polymers designated as Igevins M40, A50, J60 and JZR, and Binderalttel Li 10; the oily Igevins A25, J30* J20 and Densodrin HV; and the waxy and resinous polymers # designated as Igevln Z, ZJ, Densodrin V, \f, H. and I. a. 'If*/* The 80lid products are used as thickeners, text lie finishing agents, adhesives, plasticizers, and paints for masonry, the oils as shoe and leather impregnating agents. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 857 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF ACETIC ACID AT BURGHAUSEN AND KNAPSACK. II. CONCURRENT PRODUCTION OF ACETIC ACID AND ACETIC ANHYDRIDE AT KNAPSACK. Reported by: W. E. Alexander. 2£p. This report review* continuous processes for oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid. The targets visited Included: Dr. Alexander Vacker Gesellschaft fdr Elektro- chemische Industrie, G.m.b.H,, Burghausen, and the A.G. fdr Stickstoffddnger, Knapsack, near Cologne. The report is divided Into two sections in order to separate the straight acetic acid processes from the one which concurrently produces acetic acid and acetic anhydride. Part 2 describes processes with and without the use of ethyl cellulose as an entrainer. Detailed descriptions of the processes and equipment are presented along with diagrammatic flow sheets for the processes. No important advances were noted. The report lists a number of German and other patents relating to the processes. The appendix lists the plants visited, the personnel interviewed and also contains a bibliography. 27 1 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 859 UNCLASSIFIED I, CONTINUOUS CHILLING AND COOLING OF CAIOIUM CARBIDE. II. ACETYLENE GENERATION BY DRY TYPE GENERATORS. III. PURIFI- CATION AND DRYING OF ACETYLENE FOR CHEMICAL USE. Reported ty: W. E. Alexander, 29p. Part 1 of the report describes the method used for continuously chilling and cooling calcium carbide* This method is unique and new* Part 2 describes two designs of dry type acetylene generators used in Germany* These generators are quite different from those known in the U*S*A*# especially the vertical type unit* Part 3 gives detailed descriptions of various purification and drying processes for acetylene as used at the various plants* This includes the drying of Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 860 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF MONO VINYLACETATE. Reported by: E. N. Rosenqulet. 5lp« This report covers the production of mono-vinylacetate "by the vapor -phase catalytic process in which acetic acid is added to acetylene under the catalytic effect of zinc acetate on carton. A comparison of the operating process employed by the I, 0. Farben Httchst plant and the h'acker -plant at Burghausen is made. The preparation of the activated carton employed is also descrited. Flow sheets of the Burghausen process and of the Hdchst distillation are given. A list of the equipment used*in each process is also given. The appendices include a list of the German plants visited, of the German personnel interviewed and a titliography. 272 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 86l UNCLASSIFIED PLASTICIZERS FOR POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. Reported by: A. F. Smith. Shortages of certain basic chemicals In Germany prevented research In the field of plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride. The abundance of Fischer - Tropsch adds, however, permitted the development of many plasticizers based on these materials. Tests revealed that the most usable plasticizers can be found among the esters* Usable ethers are much more difficult to find and the prospect of finding plasticizers among the ketones, alcohols, and pure hydrocarbons is almost negligible. The report describes the preparation of a large group of plasticizers known as "PalatinolsThree methods of prepa- ration are described, the blsulfate process, circulation process and the vacuum process. Fig I shows the Ludwigs- hafen layout for the preparation of the *PalatlnolsH. The report also gives the details of manufacture of individual plasticizers, including diamyl phthalate, dicyclo hexyphtha- late, and the Plastomolls. Fig II outlines the Desavin (diphenoxydiethanolformal) plant at Leverkusen and Fig III the Plestlcizer N (tetrachloronaphthalene) plant at Lever- kusen. It was stressed that due to the difference in raw materials, manufacturing of many of these plasticizers will not be suitable for the U.S. 273 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 862 UNCLASSIFIED POLY-VINYL CHLORIDE PRODUCTION AT BURGHAUSEN & LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by; Arthur F. Smith. 32p. This report discusses polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chloride copolymer production* All of the output of polyvinyl chloride and the polyvinyl copolymers is manufactured by the emulsion process, except for one 300 ton per month plant at Burghausen* This is the Dr* Alexander Wacker plant, which uses a suspension polymerization process* The polyvinyl chloride products of this plant are known as vinnols, the various types with their K-values being listed in this document* The production of Igelit PCU (polyvinyl chloride) and Igelit MP (polyvinyl copolymers) at Ludwigshafen is described* The common organic catalyst for the polymers is benzoyl oeroxide and the common inorganic catalyst is hydrogen peroxide. Flowsheets for the production of Igelit PCU, Igelit MP, and polyvinyl chloride at the Alexander Y.acker plant are given* The K-value of PCU, K-value of a plasticized PCU, and the polymerization in the presence of 1% benzoyl peroxide are recorded graphically* Abbreviations are given of the standards used in the control tests, such as K-valuo or "Fikentsoher number” which indicate the molecular weight of the polymer with a constant catalyst concentration! the M- value, although similar to the K-value is more effected by the concentration of high molecular weight long chains in the polymer; the Defo number, abbreviation for "Deformation” number, is a test to determine the polymer* Among the appendices is a flow-layout of vinnol-production, presented as FIAT MC 168* For production of monovinyl chloride, see FIAT Final Report 867 by E* N* Rosenquist, PB 44940* For drawings and flow sheets concerning production of acetylene and of Vinnol, see MC 165-167, 169, 171-172 (PB 52181-62176)* 274 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 863 UNCLASSIFIED ACTIVATED-CARBON PRODUCTION AT I, 0. FAREENINDUSTRIE, LEVERKUSEN, Reported by: Peter W. Sherwood, lOp. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the methods of manufacture of the industrial activated charcoals produced at Leverkusen as well as their usefulness for the removal of light hydrocarbons from gases* The adsorption of Cg hydrocarbons on SK-Kohle for the recovery of ethylene from coke-oven or cracking gases represents a process of consider- able interest* SK-Kohle, produced at Preranits, was a granulated variety of a medicinal coal of high retentivity. The properties of the other activated charcoals (Uarboraffin, Supersorbon, and Bensorbon) are not unusual* Included in the appendices are a list of the personnel interviewed and isobars and isotherms for the adsorption of the lower hydro- carbons on SK-Kohle* Parts of this subject have been covered in FIAT Final Report No* 444, PB 6355, v* 1, p* 475, which report pays particular attention to the engineering aspects of the charcoal production* 275 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 866 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF IXJYITHERM FILM, Reported "by: Walter A. Klein and John A. Lunn. 39p. Luvltherm is the name applied to unplastlei zed polyvinyl chloride film which is heat-treated and may or may not he oriented. The report covers the manufacture of the film starting with the polymer and describes the various steps in the process through the production of stretched or unstretched film. The importance of this film lies in the fact that it contains no plasticize.r and therefore has no tendency to shrink in the temperature range where it is ordinarily used. Its application to magnetophone tape, as a packaging material (including linings for food cans) and for wire and cable insulation are important, Piguro 1 is a schematic drawing of the stretching machine. Miscellaneous Chemicals or "M.C.11 Drawings 186-A-l and 186- A-2 show the assembly of the calender and the end view of stretching-calendering assembly; M.C, 186-B, Sheet 1 (in two parts) shows the assembly of the Luvltherm stretching machine; M.C. 186-B, Sheet 2,‘shows the housing of the Luvltherm stretching machine M.C. 186- B-l and 196-3-2 show details of the heated roll and of the engraved stretching roll. The latter two drawings derive from the factory of Erwin Kampf at Bielstein-Hflhlen. The others derive from the I. C. plant, Ludwigshafen, 276 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 867 UNCLASSIFIED TEE PRODUCTION OF MONO-VINYL CHLORIDE. Reported by: E.N. Rosenquist. l8p. This report describes the operating procedure for the catalytic production of monomeric vinyl chloride# At the Burghausen .plant of Dr# Alexander Packer, Gesellschaft fdr Elektrochemische Industrie G#m#b#H# anhydrous hydrogen chloride and dry acetylene are converted to vinyl chloride over a catalyst consisting of 50% barium chloride and 1% mercuric chloride on activated carbon# Conversion at 100- 180°C# amounts to about 25% in a single pass# The converted gases are scrubbed with trichloroethylene to remove vinyl chloride# The gases are recycled and the vinyl chloride is recovered from the trichloroethylene by distillation at elevated pressure# Yields are about 96-97%# Two identical. banks of converter and accessory equipment are installed but only one series of columns# Information regarding production of activated carbon for the catalyst was obtained from I# G# Leverkusen# The process has the advantage of long catalyst life with corresponding low mercury consumption# However, the process operates at a low conversion and a considerable amount of accessory equipment is required for the recovery of the product# Details of the preparation of the activated carbon which is used as the catalyst carrier and a list of the required equipment are given# A flow sheet of the Burghausen process and a diagram of the monovinyl chloride converter are included# The appendix also contains a list of the personnel interviewed and bibliography# For production of polyvinyl chloride, see FIAT Final Report 862 by A. F*. Smith, PB 44674.. 277 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MTgriirr.TANEOllS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 870 UNCLASSIFIED TEE PRODUCTION OF STROFLEX FIIM. Reported by: Walter A. Klein and John A, Limn. 2^p, This report covers the production of oriented polystyrene film called ”Styroflex” at the Norddeutsche See-Kabelwerke, Nordenham, starting with styrene polymer. It includes a de- scription of the process, M.C. drawings 187 A through E, a description of the equipment, and a discussion of the proper- ties and applications of Styroflex film. The appendices in- clude a list of German personnel interviewed, an abstract of the German article ”Zur Physik des Styroflex”, by E. Horst Mflller, and a bibliography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 872 UNCLASSIFIED THE I. G. HOECHST GLYCEROGEN PROCESS. Reported by: R. Mai Goepp, Jr. 5Ip. The manufacture of glycerogen, a glycerol substitute consist- ing of glycols, glycerol, erythritol, hexitols and other uni- dentified compounds, at I.G. Hoechst, by the continuous hydro- genolysis of invert sugar, is described* A flow sheet, draw- ings of the special pressure release valves and separator, excerpts from operating log books, cost data, catalyst prepa- ration, and data on the special steels used are included* 278 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 873 UNCLASSIFIED THE SELF-IGNITION OF MIXTURES OF HYDROCARBONS AND AIR SUB- JECTED TO VERY SUDDEN ADIABATIC COMPRESSION, Reported "by: Wilhelm Jost. 7p. This German document is reproduced with tables and graphs. An English abstract Is given as follows: "The present re- port describes investigations on the kinetics of oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbons carried on to explain the re- actions causing ’engine knock.* The experiments consisted of the very sudden adiabatic compression of mixtures of heptane and air and disclose the occurrence of a chain re- action followed by a not clearly defined secondary reaction. A biographical note on the author accompanies the report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF ETHYLENE OXIDE VTA CHLOROHYDRIKATION OF FTHYIENE. Reported by: R. Mai Goepp, Jr. 59P» The manufacture of ethylene oxide as practiced in several German plants, via the chlorohydrination of ethylene, is discussed. The basic starting materials are ethylene, chlorine, water, and lime. Flow sheets, process details and equipment drawings are presented, together with some operating, yield and economic data. The production (pilot- plant scale; of ethylene oxide by direct oxidation of ethyl- ene is discussed in FIAT Final Report 275. 79807, by Vaughan and Goepp. 279 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 875 UNCLASSIFIED PROPOSED ETHYLENE OXIDE MANUFACTURE VIA OXIDATION OF ETHYLENE AT ZVECKEL, NEAR GLADBECK, Reported by; William E, Vaughan and R. Max Goepp, Jr, 86p. Although ethylene oxide was produced In huge tonnages In Germany during the war years via chlorohydrine- tlon of ethylene followed by saponification of the *4-5$ solution of the chlorohydrin with lime water, a pilot plant rated at 100 tons per month, based on the direct oxidation of ethylene over metallic silver '•as designed and well on the way towards completion in Although th*f olent was never completed, 1,0. FerbenIndustrie felt that the proc- ess was economically competitive with the common chloro- hydrlnatlon method. This report presents flow sheets, de- sign drawings, descriptions, and some economic data obtained from German chemists and engineers and, as such, should per- mit evaluation of the potentialities of this procedure. Part B of this document consists of the original report from 1.0 Ludwlgshafen kin German) dated March 9* 1939. describing the process as well as comparing this direct oxidation process with the customary process. Original uatent claims are in- cluded, The customary German process is described in FIAT Final Report 87*4. FB By R. Max Goepp, Jr., and others. 280 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 88l UNCLASSIFIED CONTRIBUTION TO THE PRODUCTION OF CAST NICKEL ANODES. Re- ported by: Edmund R. Thews. 1?P. This report gives conditions for casting pure nickel anodes to avoid passivity and discusses the effects of both injuri- ous and beneficial impurities which may be present. The most deteriorating impurities are chromium, arsenic, zinc, and iron. Impurities such as graphite and silicon exhibit pro- nounced technical advantages. Requirements for attaining maximum results with sand-cast nickel anodes are specified. An appendix contains a bibliography of the literature from 1916 to 1942. The author is a German consulting engineer. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 882 UNCLASSIFIED ANODES, Reported "by: Edmund R. Thews. 35p. This report, written by a German consulting engineer, dis- cusses the composition and use of electrolytic anodes for copper, brass, nickel, chromium, sine, cadmium, tin, lead, and gold anodes* Troubles caused by improper use of anodes are given and corrective measures suggested. The report is written more in the form of a treatise than an ordinary tech- nical report and gives many literary references after each metal is discussed* 281 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 885 UNCLASSIFIED EFFECT OF METALLIC ADDITIONS AND IMPURITIES ON THE GALVANIZ- ING PROPERTIES OF ZINC. Reported by: Edmund R. Thevs. 26p. The success of zinc galvanizing processes is governed by a large number of factors based on principles which in their final origin have not all been entirely cleared up as yet, although practically all important questions relative to technical galvanizing operations have been answered satis- factorily* If the galvanizing process is applied to suitable brands and qualities of iron and steel products, employing standard zinc brands end approved galvanizing processes, important difficulties are to be expected only if one or the other important rule of operation has been disregarded* Some of the most important factors of influence are listed* The problems due to impurities in zinc used for hot galvaniz- ing are discussed, along with analyses of the effects, beneficial or detrimental, of lead, iron, aluminum, tin, cadmium, antimony and arsenic. This is a comprehensive discussion of the subject which should be of interest to galvanizers. 282 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS C HEMIC AIB AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 886 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF MELAMINE, Reported by: V. L. King and R. P. Parker. Tp* Details are given on the operating instructions, on the use of materials, and on important items of the cost of conversion of melamine which will permit manufacturing cost estimates to be made on the process employed. The information ▼as obtained from I* 0. Fechenkeim (Mainkur Works) which made melamine using dioyandiamlde, isobutyl alcohol, liquid ammonia and NaOH. The personnel of the plaint stated that should the production of melamine be resumed the processes used would most likely be that of a continuous laboratory process and a "no solvent", pilot plant process for which I# G. acquired licenses from the CIBA of Switzerland# Appendix 5 gives infonnation on Henckel, G«m.b.H., Dflsseldorf- Holthausen, the chief customer of I. G. Fachenhoim. For related documents, mentioned in appendix 4, see MC 188 a-c, PB 52l75 (in Gorman). These consist of textual matter with diagrams and flowsheets. The information contained in LKJ 18$ represents work performed by CIBA of Switzerland and not at the Mainkur plant# 283 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT N0o 889 UNCLASSIFIED UREA MANUFACTURE AT THE I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE PLANT AT OPPAU. Reported by: William L. E. Dewling and John Retell, 31p. Full information on the manufacture of urea from ammonia arkl carbon dioxide is given. One of the main objectives of the investigation was to determine the manner in which the German industry was able to use lead or monel-lined equipment with- out the excessive corrosion experienced by American producers. In order to prevent this excessive corrosion in the high pres- sure reaction vessels; it was found necessary to remove all sulfur compounds and traces of oxygen from the carbon dioxide. The compressed CO2 at 4,5°C. is first passed through an acti- vated carbon tower in which sulfur is removed. As practically all sulfur in the CO2 gas at Oppau is in the form of COS (car- bonyl sulfide), *'M Kohle" is used for the packing of the tower. In removing the sulfur it is necessary to inject into the ac- tivated carbon tower about 3.5 gms. of NH3 per cubic meter of gas as well as sufficient air for an oxyge*n content slightly in excess of stoichiometric proportion with the sulfur con- tent. For removing all traces of oxygen from the CO2 gas, the Oppau plant adopted a technique developed by Norsk in Norway. The sulfur-free COg gas is heated to 110°-130°C. in an exchanger and then to 220°-230°C, in a steam preheater. It enters a converter which contains a nickel-copper catalyst. The gas flows up through the catalyst charge and is then re- turned to the exchanger for preheating the incoming gas. It leaves the exchanger without any trace of O2 and is liquified in a water cooler. Unconverted CO2 or NH3 gases may be re- turned to the process or used for the manufacture of other products. The report also describes the preparation of the activated carbon (nM Kohle") for sulfur removal and the cop- per-nickel catalyst for oxygen removal. Flow diagrams for the process, with and without recirculation of unconverted gases are shown. Diagrams of the process equipment are also shown, a detailed list explaining the function of each piece of equipment. 284 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 888 UNCLASSIFIED METHANOL SYNTHESIS AT I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE PLANT AT OPPAU, Reported by: J. Robell and W. L. E. Dewling. 22p. The process employed at Oppau is similar to that used in the United States, However, certain process and design features incorporated in this plant and improvements made in newer I,G, plants built elsewhere in Germany, are considered to be of particular interest. The raw material used for methanol is a water gas of approximately the following composition: 52,5% %, /+1% CO, 5% C02> and 1.5% N2, Sulfur is removed from this gas by passing it through activated carbon at low pressure. The gas is adjusted to the proper ratio of Hp to CO, scrubbed with water to remove the COp, and compressed about 260 atmospheres. A flow diagram describes the manner in which this gas is synthesized to methanol. The raw metha- nol leaving the synthesis loop has the following approximate composition: 1 to 2% 6 to 8% H2O, 90% CH3OH, and 0.8 to 1.0% higher alcohols and ketones, A synthesis loop with the new type converter has a normal capacity of 110 tons of raw methanol per day. Based on CO fed into the system, the yield is 72%; based on Ho the yield is 62%. A descrip- tion is given of the elaborate distillation for obtaining a product pure enough for formaldehyde manufacture. The re- port also describes two methods for the preparation of the sine chromate catalysts and also the method for the prepara- tion of the activated carbon used in removal of sulfur. Also included are the analytical methods employed. The appendix Includes a list of the German personnel interviewed, bibliog- raphy, flow diagrams of the synthesis and distillation sys- tems, and diagrams of the interchanger and synthetic converter Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 891 UNCLASSIFIED DTJXOCHROME PHOTO COLOR PRINTS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 285 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT EFFORT NO. 895 UNCLASSIFIED INTRODUCTION TO TECHNICAL PHOTOGRAPHIC X-RAY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 89^ UNCLASSIFIED ELECTROSTATIC HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATORS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 896 UNCLASSIFIED ALUDRINE SULFATE: MANUFACTURE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES, Reported "by: V. L. King and R. P. Parker. 19p, This pharmaceutical is described as the sulfate of dlhydroxy- phenyl ethanol isopropylamine, differing from adrenaline in that an isopropyl group is substituted on the nitrogen in place of the methyl group. It was manufactured by C. H, Boehringer Sfthne to be dispensed as a general antasthmatic. The principles of its manufacture, the pharmacological prop- erties, indications and dosage are discussed. Administrar- tion by inhalation and perlingually .are claimed as more ef- fective advantages than are found in adrenalin. Abstracts of clinical usage as found in German Journals are given. Appendixes give lists of German personnel interviewed, of targets visited, of samples and literature evacuated, and a bibliography. 286 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 897 UNCLASSIFIED WALL AND FLOOR TILE INDUSTRY IN GERMANY, Reported by: P. Hocsari, 15p. This report describes in outline form the present situation of the wall and floor tile industry in Germany. The capacity of the industry, technical achievements, war damage, locar- tlon of the factories in the four occupation zones, existence of cartels and trade agreements and general commercial pros- pects for the domestic and potential export trade were in- vestigated. According to the report the German wall and tile industry cannot be expected to compete in world markets for the next five or ten years. Special data concerning in- dividual factories were collected by visits to factories in the American and French Zone, by reports of other investi- gators and by information obtained from the Military Govern- ment for Germany and former officials of the dissolved Ger- man manufacturers’ association. This is a report of the D. S. Department of Commerce, Technical Industrial Intelligence Division. For additional information on this subject see FIAT Final Report 835 Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 898 UNCIASSIFIED REDOX SYSTEMS IN EMUL3ION CO-POLYMERIZATION OP BUTADIENE (75) AND STYRENE (25). Reported by: I. M. Kolthoff. lOp. Part 1 of th» report deals with systems containing oxygen as the oxidizing agent and part 2 deals with systems containing benzoyl peroxide as oxidizing agent. Prom a practical view- point *the most desirable redox system is that which contains traces of oxygen. The amount of air dissolved in the aqueous phase is sufficient to yield rapid polymerization. The Leverkusen group of I, 0. recommends mersolate as emulsify- ing agent and sulfinate as reducing agent. The best pH is at about 2.5 to 3« M **0° C, a conversion of 60 to 80$ is obtained in one hour. Diproxld retards the recipe. Poly- merizations with benzoyl peroxide instead of oxygen are un- desirable, The residual peroxide is precipitated with the coagulated polymer and affects the heat breakdown of the rubber. The appendices include a list of the personnel interviewed (Hflchst and Leverkusen) and bibliography. 287 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 899 UNCLASSIFIED UNIPOLAE IONISED AIR: APPARATUS AND APPLICATION. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete Hating of thla report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 902 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE AND PURIFIED STEROIDS IN GERMANY. Reported by: D, R. McCullagh, l6p. This report contains information concerning the success of German industry In finding substitutes and in promoting new sources for cholesterol. Procedures used for the following purposes are given* 1. The production of crude cholesterol from several sources, 2. The purification of cholesterol, and 3. The manufacture of stlgmasterol from soyabean oil. By following the directions herein reported and the informa- tion to be found in FIAT report No. 996 (PB L 7S66g), it is possible to manufacture many of these steroids (perhydro- cyclopentenophenanthrene derivatives) starting with soya- bean oil, wool wax, or spinal cord. Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 903 COSMETIC, PERFUMERY AND SOAP FORMULAE. Reported by: S. A. Karas. 105p, This report reviews the formulae used by several important German firms manufacturing soaps, perfumes and creams. The compounding of creams from various synthetic material is described. The compounding of well-known German perfumes and the use of German aroteatic chemicals and natural oils can he found in the formulae. There are also several de- signs of apparatus, which show economy of space and labor. 288 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, and Supplement No. 1 UNCLASSIFIED DETHKMINATION OF SUITABILITY OF PARAFFIN MIXTURES FOR CON- VERSION TO FATTY ACIDS BY CATALYTIC OXIDATION. Reported by: H. S. Colth and F. 0, Robltschek. 8p, Since the successful carrying out of the catalytic oxidation of paraffins to fatty acids is so dependent upon the character- istics of the raw materials, small scale tests for evaluating proposed raw materials are important* A description of two such tests is given* By way of showing how the tests compare with the actual production procedure, the latter is briefly reviewed* One of the examples given was a paraffin mixture boiling between 32CK>C* and 450°C* (Fischer Tropsch Gatsch) using potassium permanganate as catalyst* This document is the result of a visit to the research laboratories of Henkel and Company in Ddsseldorf, where research for the Deutsche Fetts&urewerke is carried out* Three plants converted paraffin to fatty acids by this method; The 1* G* plants at Oppau and Heydebreck and the Deutsche Fetts&urewerke at Witten* 289 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 910 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND INUJSTRIAL ENZYMES IN SOUTHERN GERMANY. Reported by: W. M. Swangard. }8p. Pharmaceutical enzymes and related substances hare been produced in southern Germany, particularly by the firms of Rtfaa and Haas of Darmstadt and the Luitpold Werke at Munloh, which are reported upon here* Manufacta ring processes of enzymes fer pharmaceutical and industrial operation were obtained* Many of these agents are corn pa rati rely new, all of them are T&luable assets in this particular field of chemistry* The source of sene of then is unique, and the whole field warrants attention of the American industry, according to this report* Processing methods are desoribed fer the manufacture of the following enzymes s Protease, peotinase, pancreatic amylase, olauden, sanarthrit, telatuten and luizyme* Protease was produoed from special strains of Aspergillus parasiticus for use in ecnmeroial preparations for the leather Industry 'rhich sold under trade names* Bunms, Orepon and Arasym* Peotinase was produoed from Aspergillus Wentii fer use in the fruit industries* Pancreatic amylase ealled Degonma was prepared before the war from beef pancreas and used in the textile trade for do starching* It is stated that instructions for making were lest* Clandsn a styptic substance from beef lung tissue was used for control of hemorrhage* .Lanarthrit, a cartilaginous extract was used as an antiarthritic injectable substance (not proteinaceous) • Telatuten was used for treatment of arteriosclerosis* Loxyme, a mixture ef eelluloees, amylases, proteases and ssterases obtained from Aspergillus uryeeae, was widely used in treatment of digest ire disorders* Appendiees presents (1) Personnel interviewed* (2) targets risitedi (8) reference te a related report % (4) photographs, and diagrams showing the produotien of phamaoeutieal and other enzymes land (5) a translation of German pamphlets describing products used in tanning and laundry industries* The latter inoludos treatment of goat skins with Amzym 11 N2 plus Arapali, bating with sodium sulfate, bating ef dehaired hides for ohrerne-top leather with Ore pen and soaking ef laundry in Ebzymol&i or Bunms* 290 FIAT ITEM- NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMIC AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 912 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF BILE ACIDS FROM OX BILE. Reported by; P, Dehaen. 13p. This report describes the manufacturing methods used by Riedel deHaen A*G*, Berlin, for the manufacture of cholic acid, desoxycholic acid, and dehydrocholic acid from ox bile* A list of the equipment required is given# The manufacturing methods described do not seem to differ essentially from those which are generally known* Certain details, however, may offer special advantages* Bibliography* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 913 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC DETERGENT APPLICATIONS. Reported by: H. S. Coith and F, 0, Robitschek, 7p. Various synthetic detergents are listed by name and formulas given, with comments on their specific properties and the applications for which they are especially adapted. The report covers Cyolanon, Gardinol, Igepals, Igepons, Mersolat, Nekal, and Tylose# The appendix lists the personnel interviewed and plants visited and includes a bibliography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 91^ UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF BROMALLYIATED BARBITURATES, Reported by: P. DeHaen. 19p. This report describes the manufacturing methods used by the Riedel-de Haen A* O*, Berlin-Britz, for the manufacture of the following bromallylated barbituric ac3ds: Isopropyl- brcmallyl barbituric acid (Cioh Br)| bromallyl-isopropyl- N-methyl barbituric acid sec. butyl-bromallyl barbituric acid Brj; sec. amyl-bromallyl barbituric acid (Ci2H17°3N2 Br;* The equipment that is required for the manufacture or these compounds is also listed in the report* The appendix lists the personnel interviewed* 291 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 miscellaneous chemicals and material subjects Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 915 UNC IASS IF USD MANUFACTURE OF SULFONAMIDES AND RELATED INTERMEDIATES IN TEE FRENCH, BRITISH AND AMERICAN ZONES OF OCCUPATION, GERMANY, Reported by: V. L, King and R. P. Parker. 86p, The manufacture and technical development of the sulfonamides and closely related intermediates have been investigated in the French, British and American zones of occupation in Germany. The processes employed for production of these products are detailed within the present report. The indi- vidual sulfonamide compounds with their respective German names are listed below; I-Sulfonamide-2* ,lr* -diaminoazobenzene (Prontosii. Rubrum Pronto-ill Base); Sulfanilamide (Astrocid, Prontylamid, Prontablin, Chemodyn); N*-acetylsulfanilam: .* (Albucid);U-(Aminomethyl)-benzene sulionamide (Marfani: Sulfapyrldine (Eubasinum); Sulfathiazole (Eleudron); Saxx. nilyl-2-amino-5~ethyl Thiodiazole (Globucid); Sulf amerazine (Methyl Debenal, Methyl Pyrimal); Sulfadiazine (Debenal, Pyrimal); and Sulfaguanidine (Resulfon). Appended to the report in Appendix 3 are the manufacturing processes which include, whenever possible, descriptions of equipment employed, c’ editions for reaction, methods of analytical control, d trials, and important costs of conversion for 100 kilo o. roduct. Also, appended to this report in Appendix 5 are included such drawings of equipment layout, flow diagrams and equipment construction as were available. The appendices which constitute the major portion of this document are in German, 292 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 9l6 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF STUDIES ON CO-POLYMERS AND INGREDIENTS FOR CO-POLYMERIZATION. Reported "by: Wolz. l6p. This document consists of translations of reports by members of the I, 0. Farbenlndustrle A. G. staff. The major portion of the document is from the Annual report for 19**2 by Dr. Wolz, all eleven items of which have already appeared as PB 907, v, 1, p. 75» this Bibliography. Dr. Wolz's report covers the polymerization of butadiene, perbunan, several Buna compositions, polystyrene, and several other substances which have uses as copolymers or plasticizers. An investi- gation of latex was also made by the ultra centrifuge and the electronic microscope. A brief report by Becker on "High pressure polymerization,” dated January 9» pre- sents data which indicate that the results obtained with the high pressure autoclave for the copolyraerization of butadiene and styrene do not equal expectations. Another report by Dr. Wiesemann entitled HIron salts as degradation catalysts," January 31* 19**5. gives data on preparation of iron salts to be used as degradation catalysts for rubber. These or- ganic iron salts were suggested as substitutes for iron salts of paraffin fatty acids in the event of shortages of the fatty acids. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 91? UPC IASS IF IE1 MANUFACTURE OF 2-ETHYL-ANTHRAQUINONE AT THE I. G. FAKHENINDUSTI PLANT IN LUDWIGSHAFKN. Reported by: J. Robe 11. l^p. A brief description is given of the process and equipment used* In the first step of the process, p - ethyl - benzoyl - o - benzoic acid is produced by adding at 35-40OC*, phthalic anhydride to ethylbenzene £n the presence of aluminum chloride, using an excess of monochlorobenzene as solvent* This if a Friede1-crafts reaction* In the second step of the process, the p r ethyl - benzoyl - o - benzoic acid is reacted at 85-87°C* with concentrated sulfuric acid to effect ring closure, with the production of 2 - ethyl - anthraquinone* A yield of of the theoretical is obtained in the first step and 75.3?? in the second step* Flow sheets of both steps and a list of required equipment are also included in the report* 293 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS 0HEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 919 UNCLASS IFIE] THE MANUFACTURE OF THE DIETHANOLAMINE SALT OF P-METHYLTOLYL CARBINOL-CAMPHORIC ACID ESTER AND A BRIEF EVALUATION OF ITS PHARMACOLOGIC FBDPERTIES. Reported by; P. DeHaen. 6p. This report describes a laboratory method for the manufac- ture of a new compound known as the diethanolamine salt of p-methyltolyl carblnol-camphoric acid ester which was marketed in Germany under the name of synthobilin. The effective ingredient of this water-soluble product is the oil-soluble p-methyltolyl carblnol. This product repre- sents 5$ of the essential oils of the crude drug from the Netherland Indies known as Curcuma domestics (temoe lawak). The synthetic water soluble product was prepared under Ger- man Patent Ho. 718951* dated July lU, 1937* and recent Ger- man Patent Applications Ho. C 56971 and Ho. C IVd/l2o. The product has been found to produce an increase in the flow of bile. A brief review of pharmacologic studies carried out with this preparation is added. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 921 UNCLASS IF IE] MANUFACTURE AND PURIFICATION OF ARC ACETYLENE. Reported by; D. L. Fuller. I3^p. Hydrocarbon gases are partially converted to acetylene in an electric arc. The crude product gas is first purified by cyclone separators, bag filters, by oil, and finally by water scrubbing. The acetylenes present are then concen- trated by solution in water under pressure. The higher acetylenes in this concentrate are then separated from acety- lene itself by cooling in stages to -7«° C. and the acetylene free gas is separated into its components in a Linde plant. Bibliography, tables and flow sheets appear in the appen- dices. 294 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 92k UNO IASS IF IE] INVESTIGATION OF PURE OXIDE CERAMIC MATERIALS INTENDED FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE AND HIGH STRESS APPLICATIONS. Reported by; F. 0. Hess, 26p. The German technique and practices in the field of manufacture and application of pure oxide ceramic materials for high tem- perature and high stress applications is reviewed, i.e* AI2O3, 14g0, BeO, and some special bodies, such as SiC* A table lists the properties of five sintered refractory oxides* The appen- dix contains a translation of a report on the high-temperature stability of silica-carbide bodies for gas-turbine blades by Gerhard Mflller of Staatliche Porsellan-Manufaktur, Berlin* The appendix also contains the patent (in German with English translation) of that Company with regard to a process for the production of gas-proof glased layers on equipment mainly con- taining silicon Carbide* A drawing of a typical muffle furnace of Degussa and graphs showing the effect of temperature on the properties of sintered bodies are also included in the appendix, together with a bibliography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 925 UNCIASSIFIED FORMAMTDE PRODUCTION AT THE I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE PIANT AT OPPAU. Reported "by; W. L. E. Dewllng. l^p, Eormamide is produced at Oppau by the interaction of methanol, carbon monoxide, and ammonia in a batch process. Methanol and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presence of a catalyst to form methyl formate. The methyl formate is then reacted vith liquid or gaseous ammonia to produce forgiamide ae follovs: H002CH-5+- NHj »- HCONHj + CHjOH The methanol and unreacted ammonia are recovered and re- turned to the system. The sodium methylate catalyst used for the methyl formate system is made by adding metallic sodium to methanol. The recovery of the methyl format©' from the first step is described. It is claimed that 82$ of tbe methanol fed to the methyl formate autoclave is con- verted to methyl formate, and that about 98# of the methyl formate converted to formamide. The report also includes a flow diagram of the process, description of equipment based on information given by Dr. M, Gflnter, and bibliog- raphy. 295 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO, 926 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF BUTYNKDIOL (AND CERTAIN RELATED MATERIALS) FROM ACETYLENE AND FORMALDEHYDE. Reported by: D. L. Fuller, 59p. Many details on the plant manufacture of butynediol and buta— nediol and on the laboratory work on butenediol and prop- argyl alcohol are discussed, that have not appeared in ear- lier repor ts* In this report considerable attention has been given to the handling of the butynediol catalyst* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 929 UNCLASSIFIED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PRACTICES IN SOME OF THE CHEMICAL FACTORIES IN THE FRENCH, BRITISH AND AMERICAN ZONES OF OCCUPATION IN GERMANY. Reported by; V. L, King and R, P. Parker. 39p. This report covers observations on the practices employed in those plants visited in the French, British and American zones of occupation. These include the plants of the *1. G. Farbenindustrie- on the Rhine, on the Main said as well other plants located in the western part of Germany. No comprehensive treatment processes for the wastes from chemical factories weie encountered. Although the subject of effluent treatment was recognised as of prime importance, dependence was placed chiefly upon dilution in the receiving waters, and upon cordial relations with the various author- ities responsible for the water system concerned. The I.G, plants considered include those at Ludwigshafen, Volfen, Auschwitz, Offenbach, Mainkur, Uerdingen, Leverkusen, Hdchst, Blberfeld, and Griesheim. The other plants include: E. Merck # Co., Darmstadt; Boehringer und Sflhne, Ingel- heim; Nordmark Werke, Uertersen, Grosser Sand; E. Sobering, M&llerstrasse, Berlin; and Riedel de Haen, Seelze. The appendices Include the following: Bibliography of reports in Document Center, HBchst, including Microfilm A26 (now in Washington); abstracts of reports listed in bibliography (abstracts in English); titles of reports on boiler feed water purification located in Griesheim Documents Center and to be found in Microfilm 108AA (now in Washington); charts and maps; and a special report (in German) prepared by Dr. H. Wurtsschmltt of Ludwigshafen on "The treatment of the effluent question in the plants of the I. G, Farben- industrie A.G," 296 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 933 UNCLASSIFIED REACTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE WITH ACETYLENE, AIL OHO IS, CYCLIC ETHERS, TO PRODUCE ALIPHATIC SATURATED AND UNSATURATED ACIDS AND ESTERS. Reported by: G. B. Carpenter. l6p. This report covers the research and development work on the reaction of carbon monoxide with a number of organic unsatu- rated hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers to produce acids and esters. Most of the work was done at the research lab- oratory of I. 0. Farbenlndustrle A. G. at Ludwigshafen from 1939-1944. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 935 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODICTION OF HIGHER VINYL ESTERS AT LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: G. B. Carpenter. 9P* This report describes the methods used by I. 0., Ludwigshafen, for the production of vinyl esters of higher molecular weight organic acids (both aliphatic and aromatic) by reaction with acetylene. A batch autoclave process was first used and later a continuous liquid phase process was developed for the vinyl ester of tall oil acid and a vanor phase process was developed for vinyl benzoate. Item Ho. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 93& unclassified PREPARATION OF HIGHER VINYL ETHERS AT LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: G. B. Carpenter, lip. . . JT rm-nnrt cover, th. semicommerolal and laboratory method. Thl. report cover. t Lv.dwl.ahafen, 0f vinyl ether, of rssssr of the vinyl ether of .ugars 1. described 297 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MTPU"!TTT.TANEOITS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 937 UNCLASSIFIED SPINNING, AFTER-TREATMENT AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT FOR STAPLE FIBER VISCOSE RAYON PLANTS IN GERMANY. Reported by: 0. V, Kohom and J. L. Costa. 17^P» Staple fiber plants and machine manufacturers In British, French and American occupational zones were investigated and the latest types of spinning, after-treatment, cutting and drying machines in use are described and Illustrated through assembly and cross-section drawings and photographs. Available detail drawings are listed, A section on utility and raw material consumption in production, and one on car- bon bisulfide recovery systems are included. Continuous sodium sulfate crystallizers are briefly described. Photo- graphs and diagrams are included. Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 9^° THE MANUFACTURE OF NICOTINAMIDE AND RELATED INTERMEDIATES IR THE FREUCH, BRITISH AND AMERICAN ZONES OP OCCUPATION IN GERMANY. Reported ty: V. L. King and R. P. Parker. 3 Detailed information, partly in German, «a the manufaoturing processes of nicotinamide and intermediates in Occupied West Germany, permitting reproduction and comparative evaluation, is given* The companies now in operation make the product by oxidation of synthetic quinoline, or hydroxy-quinoline to quinolinic aold by its deoarboxylation to nlootlnio acid, by ester!floation of this aoid and anidation of tho aster* A comparison ef the principles employed by the following companies is presented* Bigot & Sohlrfo, Hamburg| I*G* Fhrben, Ludwigshafen; Vanillin Fabrik (formerly Riedel do Haon Work), Hamburg; Riedel do HaIn, Seelzo, Hannover; I*G* Farbon, Wuppertal-Slberfeldj S* Merck A Co*, Darmstadt; and Nordmark Works, Uortorsen, Greaser Sand, Sohleswig-ttolstoin* Appendices presents (l) Personnel interviewed; 12) targets visited; (l) bibliography; and (4) detailed description of tho various processes used by the different companies. 298 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED THE QUANTUM YIELD IN THE ISOMERIZATION OF CROCETINDIMENTY- LESTER BY LIGHT. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^5 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF AGFA-COLOR MATERIAL. Refer to Item No. 5 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED OPPANOL C. HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYVINYL ISOBUTYL ETHER. Reported by: A. 0, Zoss and D. L. Fuller. 51p. aanufacturing procedures are given for the pressure reaction hetween acetylene and Isohutanol to form vinyl isohutyl ether, and for the low temperature, C,, continuous polymerisa- tion of this material to Oppanol C. The properties smd usee of the high molecular weight, rubberlike product are de- scribed. Flow sheets and other diagrams are included, to- gether with a bibliography. 299 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^5 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF -BUTYRO LAC TONE AT I. G. FARBEN INDUS TRIE A. G,, LDDWIGSHAFEN. Reported "by: A. 0. Zoss and D, L. Fuller. l8p. The vapor phase manufacture of at atmospheric pressure from butanediol-l,U, by use of a copper catalyst at 230-25?0°C. is described, Tetrahydrofurane, water and traces of impurities are removed by simple distillation at atmospheric pressure in cast iron apparatus. Pure butyrolactone is then obtained by vacuum distillation at a pressure of 2-20 mm Hg. A production of UO mitrie tons per month was obtained. The report also describes an earlier vapor phase method which was found to be inferior. The preparation of the catalysts for both the liquid and the vapor phase is included, together with mention of the physical properties of pure J<-butyrolactone and the uses of the product. Flow sheets are included for the manufacture of by the vapor and liquid phase methods and for the purification of the butyrolactone. Bib- liography. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9k6 UNCtASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF THIODIHHTEIC ACID, AT I. G. FARHEH- UTOUSTRIE A. G. IOTWIGSHAFEN. Reported by; A. 6. Zoss and D, L, Fuller I3p. The manufacturing process for the preparation of thiodlbutyr- 1c acid from and anhydrous sodium sulfide Is described. The reaction occurs at 170° C. at atmospheric pressure and the disodlum salt first formed is treated with sulfuric acid to provide the free acid. Labor, power and cost data are given, together with a flowsheet for the-proc- ess. Some details are given for the preparation of the oxy- gen analogue from and sodium hydroxide and for the disulfide fnom and sodium disulfide. The formula for the oxidation of thlodlbutyric acid to the sulfone is also given. 300 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^9 UNCLASSIFIED ORGANIC CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES FOR INSECTICIDES, FUNGICIDES AND RODENTICIDES, Reported by; J. T. Thurston, U^p. This report deals with (l) insecticides, (2) fungicides, and (3) rodenticides with details on the preparation of the ac- tive ingredients contained in these products. In most in- stances the material, equipment and energies required for the various processes are given. The insecticides are Nlro- sans, Trltox. Biadan, 1605, and Lauseto New or S and Lucex powder. The fungicides are Brassecol and Tritlsan, Brassi- son, Bulbosan, 231TV. and Ceresan. The rodenticides are Castrix or VU9I. Uracil., and Hurltan or Promurit. Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 950 XYIENE-FOEMALDEHZDE CONDENSATION PRODUCTS. Reported ty: J. T. Thruston. 5P« This report give* information on the preparation of Xylene- formaldehyde condensation products at !• G* Parbenindustrie, Leverkusen* These were sold under the trade names of fiarze XP, Derminolfll-2, and Corepale H, K, and W# The products are not satisfactory resins from the viewpoint of light fastness| however when used with products such as nitrocellulose, they are probably satisfactory* 301 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 952 UNCLASSIFIED HIGH PRESSURE HYDROGENATION IN GERMANY. I, THE LIQUID PHASE. Reported by: P. V, Sherwood. 2Up. |. Hydrogenation, High pressure—Germany 2- Fuels—Hydrogenation—Germany 3- Coal— Hydrogenation—Germany 4. I.G. Farben industrie A. G., Ludwigshafen, Ger. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 95? UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF ALGINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AND THEIR USE AS EMULATORS IN EMULSION "DISTEMPER" PAINTS. Reported by; W. G. Kunza, 5p, The information contained in this report was obtained from Dr. Kurt Herberts & Co., Wuppertal, Germany. The report ex- plains the circumstances leading to the development of emul- sion paints based on alginic acid derivatives as emulgators, contains technical information as to the manufacture of al- ginic acid and its derivatives, and states the method of fabrication of Emulsifier MHegcid-Z-10M and of emulsion ("distemper”) paints made with it. Bibliography. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^0 UNCLASSIFIED POLYETHTLENIMINE AND ITS USE IN PAPER MAKING. Reported by: J, T. Thurston. 5p. This report gives some details of the process for making ethylenimine monomer and polymer, the polymer to be used in increasing the wet strength of paper# A previous report by Dahlen and Pingree on water resistance of textiles, , described the preparation of the monomer and the intermediate product, hydroohlorine which was converted to the monomer by treatment with aqueous sodium hydroxide# The present report describes the preparation of a more satisfactory intermediate product, (5 -aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate which is prepared by using sulfuric acid instead of thionyl chloride, as in the first intermediate# After treatment with sodium hydroxide, a yield of 85#6$ of the theoretical amount of ethylenimine, 99#0$ pure and boiling at 50-68°C#, is obtained* 302 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 961 UNO IASS IF LED PAPER AND TEXTILE MACHINE DESIGN, RELATING TO THE MANU- FACTURE OF WADDING, FACIAL TISSUE, SANITARY NAPKINS AND THIN TISSUES. Reported by: E. Owen and C. G. Joa. l8p. Of significance are experiments carried on during the last few years by the Paul Hartman Co. in Heidenkeim in the dry processing of cotton and cellulose fibers for the manufac- ture of wadding and absorbent tissues. A sketch of this machine and a sketch of a new German machine for loading knitted wrappers for sanitary napkins manufacture designed by Vereingte Papier Werke A.G. are included. At present the Hartman Co. is doing an excellent job of manufacturing wad- ding for sanitary purposes and tissues for milk filters by using cotton fibers on a Prflge-Calander machine (photograph included) manufactured by Joh. Kleinewafers S0hne, Krefeld. The newest type of paper making machine for the manufacture of paper wadding and tissues is also described. This machine was built for laboratory purposes by J.M. Voith Co. and has several improvements over American design. Two sketches show details. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 962 UNCLASSIFIED “ ?' S?*; ™!"S *. « ™ ' • Sported This report gives the manufacturing procedure, control tests and specifications for Tanigans Extra. A, C, and F, which are three of the principal synthetic tanning agents (syntans) made by I. G. Jarben indue trie A. G. at their Ludwlgshafen, Leverkusen, and Hflchst plants. Further general information may be found in the reports listed in the bibliography. 303 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 9^5 UNCLASSIFIED THE SYNTHESIS OF DIGITALOSE. Reported by: 0. T. Schmidt and E. Wernicke. 8p, The starting material was 4,5-metone-d-fucose-dibenzyl- mercaptal* It was transformed, by a known method, to 4,5- acetone-d-fucose-dimethyl-acetal* On reaction of the latter with one mol of sodium, the sodium was added in 2-position* The sodium compound reacted with benzyl chloride to form 2- benzyl-4,5-acetone-d-fucose-dimethyl-acetal* This compound was methylated with methane iodide and silver oxide* The product, when heated with methanolic hydrochloric acid, was transformed to 2-benzyl-3 methyl-methyl-d-fUooside* Fran this substance the benzyl group was split by hydrogenation, leading to 3-methyl-methyl-d-fuooside which may also be called methyl-digitaloside* Its hydrolysis with dilute acid produced 3-methyl-d-fucose which, the authors claim, is identical with digitalose* The development of the process is described* The experiment is described in detail, and the properties of all substances obtained are listed* A bibliography is added* The print contains a biographical note on the authors, in English* In German* Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, REGARDING- THE RESISTANCE TO TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS OF ZYGOTES OF CHIAMYDOMANAS. (TEXT IN GERMAN), Reported "by; F. Moewus. 8p, Complete detail* of the technique used in experimenting with the zygotes are given. Two strains of Chlamydomonas eugame- tos were tested at temperatures varying from U5 - 85° C. Resistance paralleled the osmotic properties of the zygotes, the cells with greater osmotic properties being more re- sistant. Two genes condition the zygote resistance. The gene rules the osmotic valves while the gene nzymeH modifies the strength of the osmotic membranes of the zygotes Tables and bibliography are included. A biographical note of the author is included. 3 04 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 965 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF "PRESAL" ADHESIVE. Reported hy: J. T. Thurston, 4p, The report glres the manufacturing details for "Pressal,- which le a melamine-formaldehyde adhesive extended with 7 of a specially hydrolysed potato starch. 305 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 967 UNCLASSIFIED POLYMERIZATION OF ACETYLENE TO CYCLOOCTATETRASNE, Reported by: K. Kammermeyer. ftie polymer!zation of acetylene in solution of tetrahydro- furane over nickel salt catalysts was carried out primarily on a research scale. A limited amount of work was done in a continuous system using a fixed hed catalyst. The operat- ing conditions were in the total pressure range of 13 to 25 atmospheres with nitrogen dilution and in the temperature range of JO to 120° C. In general, a lower operating temper ature was used when cyclooctatetraene was desired as the primary constituent and progressively higher temperatures were employed to obtain increased amounts of higher homologs and of azulene. The preparation of the catalyst and of the solvent, as well as the experimental procedure for hatch- wise operations are treated in considerable detail. Two diagrams show the arrangement for wetted catalyst and sub- merged catalyst operation. Theoretical considerations con- cerning possible reaction mechanisms and reactions of cyclo- octatetraene and of higher homologs are presented together with a translation of a section from a manuscript on this Subject by Dr, Walter Repp© and co-workers. A total of 17 patent applications were found to exist and are presented in abstract form together with the original German version. Safety considerations are discussed briefly. Drawings are shown of two experimental high-pressure autoclaves, one a vertical type and the other a horizontal inclined type. The possibilities of the utilization of cyclooctatetraene and its homologs are evident from the material presented regarding their reactions. The development and utilization of derivatives of the primary reaction products will depend entirely on the development of a more economical process (involving mainly the suppression of cuprene formation) than has heretofore been accomplished. 306 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 968 UNCLASSIFIED ALCOHOLS BY HYDRATION OF OLEFINS, Reported by: K. Kammermeyer and G, B. Carpenter, 3&P» Research and small scale semi-plant work on hydration of ole- fins, primarily of propylene, is presented* Catalyst prepa- ration is described in detail* Plans for commercial develop- ment and the patent situation are discussed* The hydration of propylene over a fixed bed catalyst containing 20% of tungs- ten, as metal, and 5% of zinc oxide was carried through the development stage* The pressure used was 200 atmospheres and the temperature of operation was 220 to 25>0° c* It appears that conversions on a once-through basis were $0% and yields based on propylene were in excess of 9$%* Solutions contain- ing up to 2056 of isopropyl alcohol basis) were obtained* Insufficient experimental work was carried out to warrant con- clusions in regard to hydration of ethylene and olefins higher than propylene. Two flowdiagraras and a diagram of a high pres- sure converter are presented* The report includes a patent claim (in German) by Dr* W. Reppe concerning this subject* 307 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^9 UNCLASSIFIED ACETYLENE GENERATION: DRY METHOD, Reported by: G. B. Carpenter and K, Kammenneyer, This report describes the dry regeneration of acetylene from calci'.im carbide in horizontal rotating and in vertical type generators, as well as the subsequent purification of the gas. The rotary type of generator systen used at Anorgana, Gondorf, and the vertical type of generator of the Alexander Packer ”'orke, Burghausen, studied in considerable detail, and are discussed with regard to carbide preparation, dry generation, lime procossiag, acetylene purification, and malytical control. Appendixes include a bibliography, ■ra’-inrs of both types of generators, and flow sheets. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9?0 UNCLASSIFIED METHODS OF STANDARDIZATION OF VAT DYE SUPRAFIX PASTES AND POWDERS "FINE" MANUFACTURED BY I. G. FARBEN INDUS TRIE A. G, HOCHST. Reported "by: J. G. Kern, 3lp. Vat dye pastes are standardized at the H&chst plant of the I.G. Farbenindustrie A#G., by a thorough mixing of crude color press cake with assistants, followed by an adjustment to type strength and fine screening. If the wet dye paste is to be used for preparation of powders "fine" it is spray dried at low temperature. Grinding and mixing of powders "fine** is effected in conventional equipment with the in- corporation of reduction materials into the finished product. Formulas for type vat dye pastes and powders "fine" as well as standard methods of testing these dyestuffs are included in this report. These formulas show in detail the composition of the finished products together with the identification of all assistants and reduction materials used in their standardi- zation* Two flowcharts are included. 308 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 972 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF CHLOROBROMOMETHANE (FIRE EXTINGUISHING AGENT "CB") Reported by; B. Gluck, lOp, This report gives details of the manufacture of this fire extinguishing agent at I. 0. Hflchst; as a fire extlngulshy- ing agent, it is used in conjunction with carbon dioxide and nitrogen. "CB" is formed by the action of bromine on methylene chloride in the presence of aluminum. To obtain good yields, it is advantageous to use an excess of methylene chloride and slightly more than the calculated amount of aluminum to make certain of no free bromine remaining after the reaction. A flowsheet and a list of required equipment are Included in the report, together with composition and physical data, and requirements of raw materials, heat and power. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 975 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF SEVEN PAPERS ON DISTILLATION AND ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT DESIGN METHODS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 976 UNCLASSIFIED THE AGFACOLOR PROCESS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 309 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 977 UNCLASSIFIED COLOR REPRODUCTION BY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 978 UNCLASSIFIED THE SYNTHESIS OF ACRYLAMIDES AND THE COPOLYMERIZATION OF ACRYLAMIDES AND BUTADIENE. Reported by: M. Correll and W. KSem. l^p. These two papers on production of acrylamides, and an copoly- merization of butadienes with acrylamides, are translations of original reports, made in 19U3, on work done in I. G. Farbenindustrie, H&echst» Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 981 UNCLASSIFIED THE DYEING OF GLASS FIBER TEXTILES. Reported by: G. M. Bloomfield. 8p, This report describes a process lor dyeing or sizing of glass fiber textiles made from glass staple fiber or con- tinuous filament. All shades and tints of colors except deep black can be obtained, and the sizing process results in rendering glass fiber cloth water-repellent. The process consists in pretreating the glass cloth on a Jigger with a dilute (0.3-0.5!{) solution of sodium hydroxide containing Igepol C or a similar degreasing agent at about 60° C. The developer of the process was Rudolph Dang, once employed by the I. G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., at Reichenberg. Lang stated that Dr. H. Freitag of the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft, Frankfurt, had worked on the basis of Lang's method. 310 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 982 UNCLASSIFIED UTILIZATION OF COTTON IN GERMANY. Reported by; R. P. Dunn, Jr, lOp. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what German developments had taken place during the war in the utiliza- tion of cotton, particularly lower grades, and to evaluate the production. In the utilization of lower grades of cotton no new machinery of consequence was reported as having been developed, and the only technique thought to be at all sig- nificant was the blending of cotton and flax (flockenbast). In general, processes employed were for the purpose of self- sufficiency and not for qJhlity improvement. This report summarizes the practices followed by German cotton textile spinners, immediately preceding and during the war, in the utilization of cotton, reports the German industries* evaluation of the products produced,. It supplements FIAT Final Report No. 4-57, Nov H, 194-5, entitled "Factors relat- ing to prospects for exporting U.S. cotton to Germany," by Robert C. Jackson, Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (PB44-95, v, 1, p. 333. Appendices present the following: (1) Personnel interviewed; (2) target visited; and (3) refer- ences to two related reports. 311 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 983 OF CHXORAL AT I. G. FARHENIttDUSTRIE,A. G. IFVER. aUSEN, Reported hyj 0. Grummitt. 15p. This report describes the process and equipment for the manufacture of crude and purified chloral at I. G. Lever- T fc pr°C8SS involves chlorination of ethyl alcohol in two stages. The first stage is carried out ducesn30U!it 35“5f°- “ all-«lass -PParatus and pro- ftlT 30,li^ers per hour partially oxidized and chlorin- 3om g°duot,f. second stage is a batch process wherein 3°°° ers of the initial product is chlorinated in a nT r" eactor at 50-70°c. for 8-10 days to give a 50$ yield of crude chloral which is 853 pure. A portion of the crude chloral is purified by the of sulfuric acid treatment and distillation from aLlass- lined still pot without fractionation. The vielH nf chloral is 803 of the crude T fi • 1 n ld of pure of the fir,+L °rude> A flow Vagram and diagrams ol the first and second stage chlorinators are included together with a brief bibliography. ’ UNCLASSIFIED Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^ UNCLASSIFIED PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE,. MANUFACTURED BY I. G, FARBENINDUS TRIE, UERDINQEN, Reported by: 0. J. Grummitt. l8p. One of the four units for the manufacture of phthalic anhy- dride at I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. Uerdingen has only recently been*put into operation and is producing crude phthalic anhy- dride at the rate of 87 metric tons per month. The process, the vapor phase catalytic oxidation of naphthalene, and the equipment closely resemble that at the I.G, phthalic plants at Ludwigshafen and Schkopau. Operating conditions of feed rates, temperatures, and pressures are given in detail. Five figures, show the flow-diagrams for the purification of naph- thalene, the conversion of naphthalene to phthalic anhydride, the purification of the product, and the construction of the converter and naphthalene vaporizer. Bibliography. 312 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM SULFATE FROM CALCIUM SULFATE AT OPPAU. ‘Reported by: G. A. Cain. 7p. A description is given of the plant process for the produc- tion of ammonium sulfate from calcium sulfate and ammonium carbonate. *The equipment for carrying out the process is simple and consists essentially of grinding equipment for calcium sulfate (anhydrite), a series of reaction tanks, and filters for separating the ammonium sulfate solution. A schematic flow sheet is shown in Figure 1. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 986 UNCLASSIFIED CARBON ELECTRODES IN GERMANY FOR THE ALUMINUM REDUCTION INDUSTRY. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 988 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF ACETYLENE BY THE PARTIAL COMBUSTION OF METHANE, Reported by; A. S. Carter and G. A, Cain. p. A description is given of the plant and process at I. Oppau for making a gas containing about eight percent acety- lene by the partial combustion of preheated methane with oxygen in a specially designed burner. The plant operated at Oppau at a rate of UOOO cubic meters per hour of methane until the source of methane was destroyed by bombing three years ago. Engineering drawings and design and operating data are Included in sufficient detail to permit construc- tion and generation of the acetylene-producing unit. Con- centration and purification of the acetylene stream remains to be developed. 313 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MTRT.FTIAJffiOUS CHEMICALS AMD MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 990 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION CYCLES FOR MANUFACTURE OF CELLULOSE ACETATE AND CELLULOSE PROPIONATE AT I. G, FARBEN INDUS TRIE A. G., DORMAGEN. Reported by: J. S. Tinsley, 9p. Cellulose acetate is produced using methylene chloride as solvent. The report describes the pretreatment of the cellur- lose (either linters or creped pulp), operating procedure, acetylation, hydrolysis, purification, and drying. Ordinary washing procedure is used for rayon grade cellulose acetate; for plastics or film additional acid treatment is required. Labor requirements for the process are given. Also described are the processes for the production of fibrous cellulose triacetate and cellulose propionate by the methylene chloride process. Cotton linters only were used for cellulose pro- pionate due to the high viscosity required. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 99^ UNCLASSIFIED THE PURIFICATION OF SULPHER WITH OLEUM. Reported by: G. A. Cain. 5p. Description of plant for purifying sulfur containing organic impurities by treatment with fuming sulphuric acid. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 99^ UNCLASSIFIED FLUROBENZENE MANUFACTURE. Reported. By; F, 0. Robitechek and B. H. Wllcoion, 15p, This report covers the detailed manufacturing procedure for the preparation of fluorobenzene by !• G. Farbenindustrie A. G., at Httchst. The plant was designed for twenty tons per month and was the only plant in Germany. Fluorobenzene was manufactured by diazotizing aniline hydrofluoride with sodium nitrite and hydrofluoric acid and subsequent decompo- sition of the diazonium salt. The product was used exclusively for the manufacture of the insecticide, Gix, an insecticide analogous to DDT ising fluorobenzene in place of monochloro— benzene. A diagram of the Igelit ventilating device and a flowdiagram are included. 314 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 999 UNCLASSIFIED FORMALDEHYDE MANUFACTURE IN TEE I, G, FARBENINDUBTRIE. Reported by: R, H. Krlebl© and J. B, Holmes, l^p. Formaldehyde is manufactured in the Leverkusen, Ludwigshafen and Schkopau plants of I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G., by the catalytic dehydrogenation of methanol. An electrolytically refined silver catalyst is used. By this process 9h percent of the methanol reacts per pass leaving about 1*5 percent methanol in the final 30 percent solution of formaldehyde. No distillation of the final product is required. The yield of formaldehyde, based on methanol is 82.5 percent of theory. No heat is recovered from the converters at the Leverkusen plant, but at the Ludwigshafen plant sufficient heat is re- covered in the form of low pressure steam to run the methanol evaporators. A flowsheet and a specifications sheet for methanol are included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1000 UNCLASSIFIED THE 0X0 PROCESS. Reported "by: M. M. Holm. ?8p. The Oxo process is a wartime development of the German firms of Huhrchemle A. 0. and I. G. Farbenlndustrie A. G. It in- volves the addition of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to ole- fins to yield aldehydes and alcohols and is generally appli- cable with very few exceptions to all double bonds. The present report summarises all phases of this development. It describes the various modifications of the process, as proposed by the various German workers in the field and fur- thermore includes information on those more or less new de- velopments connected directly with the Oxo process or spe- cific for Oxo products, A general description of the state of the art in Germany is presented and information required by the reader for his own evaluation is included. Since the report refers repeatedly to documents published in Tech- nical Oil Mission (TOM) films a complete bibliography of these microfilms has been included. Also, various flow sheets, drawings, diagrams, sketches on wetting and foaming properties and on detergency of Oxo alcohol sulfate are at- tached. 315 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1001 and Supplement No. 1 UNCLASSIFIED THE SYNTHETIC STONE INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: L. Merker. 2Sp. This report reviews 'the manufacture of synthetic stones in Germany and developments in this field during the war years. The most significant of the advances were the development of a process for making jewel bearings from hardened synthetic spinel. The repcr t also contains plant data concerning the of spinel and detailed formulae for the manufacture of synthetic spinels of various colors. To the present time synthetic spinels have never been manufactured in the United States, five appendixes are included containing euch informa- tion as: List of German personnel interviewed, targets visited, a bibliography, and drawings showing Verneuil Apparatus, fur- nace used by Vledes Carbldwerk, and furnace used by I. 0, Farbenlndustrle A. 0. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IOO3 UNCLASSIFIED THE CHEMICAL AND TECHNICAL BASIS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF BUTADIENE AT I, G, LUDWIGSHAFEN, Reported "by: G. Niemann, 31p. 4k This document consists of a lecture by Dr* Georg Niemann on !fe.y 12, 1944* In this lecture the author compares briefly, two butadiene processes based on acetylene* (1) via acetaldehyde by addition of waterj and (2) via butynediol from reaction with formaldehyde. Flowsheets of the latter process, which was discovered by Dr. J. If, Peppe, are given. Mention is also made of numerous products that can be made from the main process intermediates and certain side products. 316 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 WJ9T.FTTANEOUSCHEMICAI£> AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1004 UNCLASSIFIED IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL STAINS AND INDICATORS MANU- FACTURED BY I. G. FARBEN INDUS TRIE, A, G. Reported by: J. G. Kem. 27p. The I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., manufactures biological stains and indicators, the identity of which has been estab- lished with reference to the textile dyestuffs and organic chemicals from which they are prepared. The methods of ing these products for acceptance as standard stains and in- dicators have been determined. Pertinent data are presented in this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1006 UNCLASSIFIED AUSLOSUNG YON RONTGENMUTATIONEN BEI ARABIODOPSIS THALIANA (l) heynh, und hire bedbutung fur die pflanzenzuchtung und EYOLUTIONSTHEORIE (X-RAY MUTATIONS IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (L) HEYNH AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR PLANT BREEDING AND THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION), Reported By: E, Reinholz. T5P. A large number of mutations of morphological and physiologi- cal nature were obtained by applying X-rays to the seeds of Arab!do-pals thaliana which is especially suitable for genetic research. After haring ascertained the spontaneous mutar- tlon rate, the most favorable germinating conditions, the ray sensitivity of soaked seed, and the Fl-devlations of nonheredltary character for the Inkhelm strain, mutations resulting in T2 were arranged according to their suitability for existence. It is of interest for the theory of evolu- tion that mutations take place which are not restricted in vitality and show such differences in characteristics as are found in separate wild strains. Moreover, the significance of some mutants for the science of plant breeding is pointed out. Photographs, tables, and graphs are included together with an extensive bibliography. This document was submitted in I9U5 as a doctor*s thesis. In German. The document is issued by the Botanical Institute of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University and Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biophysics Frankfurt am Main. 317 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1007 UNCLASSIFIED SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE DETERMINATION OF SOIL REACTION AND CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS OF THE SOIL. Reported by: F. Toedt. l^p. In testing the various methods of determining calcium re- quirements of the soil, only those methods were found ac- curate in which the soil sample is treated for a sufficient time and with sufficient intensity with either lime or a calcium salt such as the acetate. The pH value of such soil extracts permits direct reading, from tables, of the lime requirement qf the soil in Kg/hectare. Use of a photoelec- tric colorimeter is considered essential for attainment of results of satisfactory accuracy, since it permits the use of lower indicator concentrations, thus reducing indicator- error. In German. The German title is: Fehlerquellen bei der Feststellung der Bodenreaktion und des Kalkbedarfs im Boden. The document originated in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fttr Physikalische Chemie, Berlin. There is a short biographi- cal note of the author. Item No,22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1008 UNCLASSIFIED LOSSES DUE TO EVAPORATION AND! MELTING OF THE ALPINE SNOW COVER PRIOR TO SPRING THAW. Reported tj: 0. Klrschmer and K. Rimkus. 7p. This manuscript (in German) reports in detail on a series of observations using a new method of measuring snow evapo- ration, which lead to the surprising result that snow evap- oration in the mountains is essentially eero. Observation of snowfall and diminution of snow cover over a period of several years led to the conclusion that the gradual reduc- tion of the snow cover during winter is not due to evapora- tion but to continual melting of the bottom layers, since even at air temperatures of -30° the earth tinder the snow cover shows temperatures above 0° C, Consequently, the volume of mountain spring floods is not directly proportional to the total amount of winter snowfall. The experiments were intended as preparatory work for projected water power plants in the Alps. Tables and drawings Included. Prof. Klrschmer has been head of the Research Institute for Water Power (Porschungsinstitut fdr Wasserbau und Wasserkraft) in Munlch-Obernach since 1926. 318 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1012 UNCLASSIFIED SCREENING DEVICE FOR SLURRIES OF ORGANIC CHEMICAIS. Reported hy: J. G. Kern. 8p. A high capacity screening device for slurries of organic chemicals has heen developed at the Leverkusen plant, I, 0. Farhenlndustrle A.G., as an Improvement on standard equip- ment manufactured hy the Fischer A.O,, at Nordhausen. A working drawing of this device is Included in the report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1013 UNCLASSIFIED DISPERSING AGENT SS, I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A. G. HOCHST. Reported hy; J. G. Kem. 5p, This report presents the lull details of the manufacturing process for Dispersing Agent SS at I.G. HBchst. The prepara- tion has utility in either the paste or dry form. It is used as a dispersing agent for the manufacture of highly dispersible celanese and vat dyes, as well as for dyes for superpolyamides (Nylon 66) and other pigment dyestuffs. The exact chemical composition is not known. The product is obtained by conden- sation of cresol and formaldehyde (1st phase), and further condensed with 2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (2nd phase). Raw material specifications are also given. 319 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AMI MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1015 UNCLASSIFIED OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE TO SULFUR IN CLAUS OVENS. Reported by: G. A. Cain. l4p. Several old type Claus ovens are describes, as well as the newer type developed by I#C# Fkrben# Probably as a result of the necessity to treat large anounts of hydrogen sulfide removed in the purification of the gas for various synthetic fuel processes, I#G# Fhrben changed the oven considerably# Their ratification consisted of the very obvious one of burning the hydrogen sulfide separately, and cooling the gas by using it to generate steam in a steam boiler# The gas was cooled to about 300° C# and then passed through the bauxite catalyst# This system permitted the generation of approximately two tons of stean for each ten of sulfur recovered# The capacity of the bauxite catalyst is also ■ore than ten tlaee as large as in the old type ovens# Additional information is needed in order to get a complete understanding of the process# Appendices presenti (1) Personnel interviewed! (2) data from old type Claus plants! (3) information on the operation of the Claus plant at Gelsenborg Bensin A#G#| (4) information obtained from the Bamag-tfegiun A#G# on the Claus plant designed by then fer the Dsn ben synthetic fuel plant! and (6) drawings of old type Claus ovens and combustion oven, Claus process, and flow diagram of Claus plant at Deuben# Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10l6 UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS DYESTUFF INTERMEDIATES AT I. G. FAREENINDUBTRIE A, G. LEVERKUpEUf. Renorted by: J. G. Kom, 53p. 1x11s report gives full process detail at the Leverkusen plant of I# G. Farbenindustrie A# G«, for the manufacture of 21 dyestuff intermediates* The intermediates discussed are da— rived from bensene, naphthalene, and anthraquinone. Full- scale processes are given for these intermediates. The German processes are given as an appendix to the report German). 320 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 101? SOLID AND LIQUID ACETYLENE. Reported by; K. Kammenneyer. lip. The purpose of the investigation was to sunnarize available information on work carried out by the Material Prflfungsamt, Berlin, regarding the behavior or solid acetylene and the stabilization of fluid acetylene. liruid acetylene, stavle at atmospheric pressure, ras prepared by dissolving seven to nine percent COg in liquefied acetylene under about three atmospheres pressure# Chlorination experiments with liquid acetylene gave inconclusive results# A .bibliography and extract of a FIAT report on "desensitiration of liquid acetylene" are included# Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I0l8 UNCLASSIFIED RUBBER VUIGANIZATION ACCELERATORS PRODUCED BY I, G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE A. G., HOCEST, ELRERFELD, LEVERKUSEN. Reported By: G. J. Major. 91p. Process details have been obtained for the manufacture of 22 rubber vulcanization accelerators. These are designated by the German trade name "Vulkacit" followed by appropriate designations specific to the individual compounds. The follow- ing accelerators have been covered in this reporti Vulkacit AZ Vulkacit F Vulkacit 576 it B2 it FP « 576 Extra n CA it H " 77U tt CT ti I " 1CXX) n CT-N n U it D ti P it DU tt P extra N tt DOTG it Thiuram tt U Flow sheets appear in the text. Diagrams of apparatus are attached. 321 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAI3 AMI MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 1020 "CAEDAX, " A SYNTHETIC SUBSTITUTE FOR CANADA BALSAM IN MICROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES. Reported By: J. G. Kem. 2p. A permanent mounting material for microscopic specimens to take the place of Canada balsam was developed and manufac- tured at I. 0. Leverkusen. "Caedax* is composed of the syn- thetic resin AV2 (a cyclohexane, formaldehyde resin), a material called AGO which is also called Clophen (a chlori- nated diphenyl), and xylol. The exact proportions are given in the report. 322 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL RTTTLTRrTa Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1019 UNCLASSIFIED MAGNESIUM CARBIDE AND METHYLACETYLENE. Reported by; A. S. Carter. 8p, Cafbi!e f ?he *V3 b#6n in several I'?: fsrben laboratories. flyWysis of this product yields a ethyl acetylene vhioh has been carbonylated in conventional ■aimer to produce nethacrylie acid or it. eaters. Mg-C is prepared by double decmiposition of nagnesina ohloSle and oaleiua carbide in a fused salt Mixture with critical temperature control. The process is little Mere than laws laboratory scale. Appendices present. (1) Personnel interviewed| and (2) targets visited■ Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1023 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF ANTTPYRINE AND PYRAMDDON AT I, G. FAKHEN- INDUSTRIS A. G. HOECHST. Reported by: J. G. Kern. 6?*. Antipyrine and pyramldon have teen manufactured In large ▼oluine at I. 0. Tarbenindustrle A. 0., H6chst. The prior intermediates, phenylhydrazlne and phenylmethylpyrasolon, were also manufactured at Hflchst in neighboring buildings. Processes are presented for end products and intermediates. The plants are described briefly, and capacity analyses are given in some detail for antipyrlne and pyramldon. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1025 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF ACRYLONITRILE AT LEVERKUSEN. Reported by; A. S. Carter. lOp. This report supplements previous reports on the subject of acetylene manufacture by addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene. Several questions of technical operation have been amplified, particularly concerning reactor design and control, the composition of the feed gas stream, the ulti- mate disposition of byproducts and the purification of acrylonitrile. 32 3 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SURTHTITS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1026 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT AT THE CONSORTIUM FUR ELEKTROCHEMISCHE INDUSTRIE GMBH, MUNICH, SINCE 1938. Reported by: K. Kammermeyer. 22p. A brief historical account Is presented of the development of the Consortium and Its contributions to acetylene chem- istry. A total of 61 patent applications and patents ap- plied for since about 1938 are given in abstract form. These patents Include preparations of vinyl esters, acetals and aldehydes and their derivatives, aldehyde resins, buta- diene and butylenes, and methyl ethyl pyridine. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1028 UNCLASSIFIED RAPID PRODUCTION OF VISCOSE SPINNING SOLUTIONS AT ROTTWEIL. Reported "by: R. S. Bley. 7p« This report reviews a process for the rapid production of matured viscose spinning solutions, developed by I# G. Farbenindustrie A.G., at Rottweil. The process is described in pending patent application I 67105 IV c/29b filed in the German Patent Office on Dec 10, 19J|2, and is based upon the controlled depolymerization of alkalicellulose by alkali metal sulfides, especially sodium sulfide• The process is said to give better results than hydrogen peroxide hereto- fore used in rayon, and apparently allows the preparation of matured viscose spinning solutions within a period of about six hours. Appendix 3 gives references to three re- lated reports. 324 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 1029 MANUFACTURE OF CRIMPED YARN. Reported by: R. S. Bley. 8p. This report covers the manufacture of crimped acetate yarn and staple fiber in accordance with the process disclosed in the pending patent application L 97803 IV c /29b. This ap- plication was filed in the German Patent Office on April 30, 1942, by Georg E, Rutishauser, assignor to Lonzona A.G., fuer Acetatprodukte. Cellulose acetate was used in the prepara- tion of the spinning solutions. The crimped yarn and staple fibers cut therefrom were used during the war as a wool and fur substitute in coat linings. The process now abandoned was called "Wollin Verfahren". Diagram showing manufacture of crimped yarn is included. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO33 UNCLASSIFIED ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE DOUBLE BONDS IN HYDRINDENE, I. PREPARATION OF 5-ISOPROPYL-AZULENE. Reported by: H. Hippchen 9p. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO32 UNCLASSIFIED ON STRUCTURE IRREGULARITY OF THE SURFACE OF IONIC CRYSTALS. Reported by: I. N. Stranskl and K. Mollere. 22p. Report written in two parts. Part I, changes in the crystal structure in the "boundary surfaces of NaCI crystals are discussed which are considered due £o a reduction of forces "between the individual molecules. Part II, an attempt is made to calculate the structure of the "boundary network surfaces of the Na Cl cube. This paper presents an attempt to determine tne location of the double bonds in hydrindene and its substituted products. The preparation of 5-isopropyl-azulene by the addition of diazo-acetic ester to hydrindene to form tetra-hydro- azulene-5-carboxylic ester is described. The ester thus obtained is then treated with methyl-magnesium iodide to form the corresponding carbinol which is subsequently de- hydrated and dehydrogenated. In unaubstituted hydrindene the favored resonance form is probably the one contrary to the Mills-Nixon formula, whereas in substituted hydrindene one or the other form can prevail, depending on the sub- stituent . 325 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO37 UNCLASSIFIED THE PREPARATION OF WOOL FOR CARDING- AND COMBING. Reported hy: J. A. Levering and W. A. Lofft. 13P« The wo Hen mills visited were divided among tne American, French and British Zones. Sorting practices and layout, and wool handling equipment were very good. Some of the German sorting rooms are excellently lighted and cleaned. A modern conveying system for unloading ships and deliv- ering wool bales to warehouse and mill is described. In general the equipment used for opening, scouring and car- bonizing and drying was not up to standards recognized in the United States. In the observation of wool grease re- covery, the general practices were good* as compared to methods used in the United States. Maintenance practices and power equipment were not above standards demanded in the United States. In Southern Germany mills were manu- facturing blankets for the civilian trade, using mixtures of cotton, artificial fibers and cotton shoddy. In one or two instances, a small amount of scoured wool, up to about 10% was used in the blends. The mills at Hersfeld were making suitings and overcoatings, and in these two mills about 6(# wool was being used. None of the mills in this group sustained any appreciable war damage, and as soon as supplies and fuel are available, could resume full pro- duction. Visits were also made to a rayon plant, the Zellwolle Lehrspinnerei at Benkendorf, and to the Deutscher Forschungsinstitut fttr textilindustrie at Reutlingen, tc investigate equipment applicable to the control of wool processes, laboratory methods, or the testing of fibers. At both of these places the investigators found the testing equipment to be excellent, and believe that some of it could be adapted to wool research, particularly in the field of single fiber measurements. Appendices present: (1) Per- sonnel interviewed} (2) targets visited; and (3) bibliog- raphy of related reports. 326 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 10}9 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF ISODODBCHLPHENOL BY I. G. FARBEN INDUS TRIE, A, G,, UERDINGEN, Reported by: C, J. Major, lip. Isodecylene and phenol are reacted in the presence or zinc chloride and Tonsil clay at a temperature of 165 to 170° C. to produce crude p-isodecylphenol. The crude product is then distilled under vacuum for the separation of the final product from the unreacted olefin, phenol, and the higher boiling con- stituents. A flov/diagrara is included. Isodecylphenol was used as a plasticizer for Igamid (Nylon)* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED METHODS OF STANDARDIZATION OF .VAT DYE POWDERS "FINE".AND CELANESE DYES AT I. G, FARBENINDUS TRIE, A. G., LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: J. G. Kem. Vat dye powders "Fine" and Celanese dyes are standardized at the Ludwigshafen plant of the I.G* Farbenindustrie A.G., by two different methods. One method is applied to those predicts that can only be dispersed with especially thorough mixing of dyestuff and assistants* and the other method is applied to those products that are readily dispersed and in all cases to those dyestuffs, principally azo celanese colors, which tend to ignite relatively readily. The first method, applied mainly to the standardization of vat dye powders "Fine", involves an initial mixing of dye press cake with dispersing agents. This is followed by a partial drying of the slurry, so obtained, on a drum dryer to form a cake containing about 10% water. This cake is than kneaded with water in a doughmixer to give a stiff paste containing 25% water. The paste is run over a 5-roll machine to give a thin flake. This flake is dried on a traveling screen dryer and ground and mixed to type strength in conventional equipment. The second method which is used mainly for celanese dyestuffs involves a slurrying and wet grinding of press cake by circulation through a coarse screen and wet grinding ml 11 until a product with satisfactory dis- persion characteristics is obtained. The dispersed slurry is spray dried in a Krause dryer and finally mixed without grind- ing and reduced to type strength. 327 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^1 UNCLASSIFIED POLYSTYRENE MANUFACTURE AT THE I, G. FAKBENINDUSTRrE PLANT AT SCHKDPAU, Reported by: R. H. Krieble. lOp. Styrene is polymerised at Schkopau by a batch emulsion proc- ess. The latex is coagulated with formic acid, filtered, compacted on an Aeroform press and dried on a tray filter. The properties of Polystyrene IF (Emulsion-Film) are listed In an appendix. This report supplements CIOS File XXVI1-6, Item 22, entitled "Manufacture of styrene and polystyrene,' I. G. Farbenlndustrie, Schkopau," Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^5 UNCLASSIFIED THE MINING AND REFINING OF POTASH IN THE AMERICAN AND BRITISH ZONES OF GERMANY. Reported by: R, W. Mumford, 31p. This report reviews typical practices employed in the mining and refining of potash salts and by-products as observed in the American and British occupied zones of Germany. The more meritorious innovations in practice and equipment are dis- cussed as they apply to problems ins 1) mining; 2) refining of potash and associated saxts; and basic products and by- products of the potash industry® Four Appendices include a list of German personnel interviewed, a list of targets visit- ed, a bibliography, and three flow sheets* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^6 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF CRUDE CITRIC ACID BY FERMENTATION IN GERMANY. Reported by: N. A, Davies. 8p. This report summarizes the Industrial technique employed in Germany during the war for the biological formation of citric acid from beet molasses. A suitable nutrient solution, rich In available sugar, is prepared and inoculated under aseptic conditions with a good strain of the acid-forming fungus, Aspergillus niger. The fermentation normally requires 10 days under controlled air conditions, and at the end of this period, the medium contains a substantial concentration of citric acid. The fermented liquor is removed and the acid recovered as calcium citrate. The calcium cltrete is then converted to citric acid by a refining process which is very similar to that used In the production of tartaric acid. 328 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. ICVf UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF INORGANIC MERCURY SALTS FROM PRIME VERGIN MERCURY AT CHEMISC IE FAERIE MARKTREDBTTZ A. G., Reported by: M. H. McAllister. 5p. A general description Is given of the processes employed at this plant in the manufacture of mercuric chloride, mercurous chloride, yellow oxide of mercury, ammonlated mercury and red oxide of mercury. The processes as viewed in this fac- tory were out of date in comparison with American practices. Item No. 'd2 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^8 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE. Reported by: M. H. McAllister. 7p. Describes production of high purity zirconium oxide as practiced by the Oranlenburg plant of Auergesellschaft A*G*, using as raw materials both "favas" or natural zirconia and zircon sand or zirconium silicate* In the broad outline of the two processes, as described by the fonner plant manager of the Oranlenburg plant, it is impossible to detect any new technique* As the plant is in the Russian zone a firsthand impression of the operations proved impossible* Appendix 3 gives references to two related reports* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10^9 UNCLASSIFIED TARTARIC ACID PROCESSES IN GERMANY. Reported by: N. A. Davies, l^p4 The tartaric acid process of the loading producer in Gensany is described* The process inTolres the following unit operati one t Precipitation, decomposition, evaporation, brown crystallisation, recovery of final brown liquor, purification, white crystallisation, drying and packaging* Primary raw material has been lees* Argol and the intermediate material, calcium tartrate have also been employed* Flow sheets of process of Joh* A* Benckiser G,»,b.H, and C.H. Boehringer Sohn are included* Appendices presents (l) Personnel interviewed! (2) targets visited! (8) summary of materials of construction!and (4) references to two related reports* 329 FIAT ITEM HO. 22 MTRnrr.TAITCOIIS CKEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPOET NO. 1050 UNCLASSIFIED CRUCIBLES FOR SYNTHETIC MICA DEVELOPMENT. Reported by: B. S. Ellefson. 19p. This report summarises the compositions, sixes and. shapes of crucibles used in the development of synthetic mica in Ger- many. Detailed drawings sire given which show the dimensions of the crucibles used. The method of manufacture and the composition of the special ceramic crucibles are described. A list of related reports is included. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1051 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF MONOCHLOROACETIC ACID FROM TRICHLORO- ETHYLENE AT I. G. FARBENINDUS TRIE, A. G., HOECHST AM MAIN GERMANY. Reported by: C. C. Kennedy and L. K. Frevel, l6p. Monochloroacetic acid is produced at Hoechst by the continuous catalytic interaction of trichloroethylene and water, with yields of of monochloroacetic acid, based on trichloro- ethylene, being obtained. The chief merit of the process is the purity of the final product; i.e., no dichloroacetic acid or trichloroacetic acid is produced. Balanced against this advantage is the serious corrosion problem encountered in handling highly corrosive hot liquids and vapors. A flowsheet of the plant and detail drawings of the reactor and cascade still are presented, together with the operating procedure* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1052 UNCLASSIFIED THE HIGH CURRENT CARBON ARC. Refer to Item No. 9 for a com- plete Hating of this report. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, IO53 UNCLASSIFIED AERATION SYSTEM IN THE CONTINUOUS WALDHOF FOOD YEAST PROCESS. Reported "by: F. Kiefer, Technical details and blue prints of the aeration system and other phases of the Waldhof continuous yeast process, not previously available, are presented* 330 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1057 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF DEXTRINES AND COLD WATER DISPERSIBLE STARCHES IN GERMANY. Reported by; W. G. Kunze. 15p. This report refers to the manufacture in Germany of adhesives derived from starch* It covers the fabrication processes of dextrines and cold water dispersible starches, the type of machinery used, and the compounding of the resulting products into industrial adhesives* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 106} UNCLASSIFIED ELEMENTS OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION. Reported by: H. Welckmann. This report consists cf three parts. The first p >rt deals with investigations into the micro-physics of the water droplet clouds. The second part contains micro-photographs of ice particles and new data on their origin and growth. The third part shows by actual case data how the elements of precipitation nay change their form by falling through clouds. Appendix I contains ten diagrams and photographs> and Appendix II a bibliography. The text of the report is in German. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1064 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS BY USE OF GLIDERS. Reported By: F. Hoehndorf. lOOp, The practical application of the material described in this report makes possible complete analytical representation of the lifting power of air currents used in the practice of gliding and gives a summary of all gliding meteorological problems which are of importance in practice. The report is a study of the combined action of lifting powers, friction and inertia of single air particles* Tables, sketches and a bibliography are included* The report is in German* 331 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 Item No. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS FIAT REPORT NO. 1065 UNCLASSIFIED SUN RADIATION MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH AN AIRPLANE AT ALTITUDES UP TO NINE KILOMETERS. Reported "by: U. Krug-Plelsticker. 82p. This report describes experiments and measurements on sun radiation, taken with a recording actinometer, at heights up to 9,000 meters. In addition, data on atmospheric humidity and temperature were recorded. The report summarizes the results which were obtained in Germany and gives complete details on a new measuring device which was developed to meet special test flight requirements. Tables and graphs are included. Text is in German. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 10?0 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO THE ASBESTOS INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by; G. M. Blocrtnfleld. This report reveals some processes and methods applied by the German asbestos industry which were considered sufficiently valuable to be reported. A detailed plan is given on pre- paring and automatic batching and mixing of asbestos spinning stock. Cards for producing yam from short asbestos fibers are described as are some auxiliary machines and installations. A report is given on the subject of elimination of dust for the prevention of silicosis (asbestosis) and findings by re- search workers* in the medical field are submitted. The re- sults of the attempted synthesis of asbestos are presented, based on already published and hitherto unpublished papers and on personal interviews with people concerned. Five appendices are included, containing a list of German personnel interviewed; a bibliography; a report on synthetic asbestos by Prof. Wilhelm Eitel (German text); a report on production of synthetic fiber by Dr. Rudolf Leutz (German text); and a list of photographs, drawings and diagrams. 332 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1071 UNCLASSIFIED CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. Reported by: C. F. Reubensaal 19P. Two processes are described in detail, one dealing with solvent, the other with susuenslon chlorination, used in the manufacture of the German plastic material, known as "PC" (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride). One product with highest softening point was mainly used for fibers and tex- tiles; the other, with highest solubility, for laquers and adhesives. Flow sheets of the two processes and a drawing of the precipitator used are incorporated in the report. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1072 UNCLASSIFIED PASTE DISPERSIONS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. Reported by: C. F. Ruebensaal. l6p. Describes a rapid, economical means of fabricating plasticised polyvinyl chloride articles by means of resin dispersions in plasticizer. Properties of suitable resins and plasticizers, and methods used to compound them into pastes are reported* Methods of use and fields of application in Germany are com- pared to existing American practices. Lists of German firms using pastes, lists of miscellaneous paste formulae, and lists of patents covering paste applications are appended. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1073 UNCLASSIFIED TEE MANUFACTURE OF ACETOACETIC ACID ETHYL ESTER AT I, G. FARBENltolJSTRIE A. G., HOBCHST AM MAIN, GERMANY. Reported by: C. C. Kennedy and L. K. Frevel. 15p. A description is given of the manufacture of acetoacetic acid ethyl ester by the interaction of sodium ethylate and ethyl acetate. Detailed information is also given on both the Wacker process for anhydrous sodium ethylate and the various recovery units for benzene, ethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate. The ethyl ester of acetoacetic acid is used in the manufacture of antipyrlne. pyramldon, ajnd interme- diates for dyestuffs. A flow diagram for the production of the acetoacetic acid, ethyl ester at this pxant (Wacker process) is included. 333 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 107^ UNCLASSIFIED SODA ASH MANUFACTURE IN SOUTHERN AND WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by: F. Will and R. Largent. 48p, A survey of the German soda ash industry supplementing previous reports on the subject, with emphasis on operating practices, plant capacities, and technical performances; Contains drawings of typical equipment, operating and manufacturing cost data. Four of the six plants visited were producing soda ash at rates well below capacity. Shortages of coal, transporta- tion equipment, and, in some Instances, labor are restrict- ing operations . The abnormal conditions#in Germany today distort operating efficiencies and manufacturing costs. German soda ash plants are relatively old and show little evidence of recent Intensive research. Product quality is somewhat inferior to American standards. Additional infor- mation on waste heat recovery, filtration and feeding driers is Included, Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1077 UNCLASSIFIED VIANUFACTURE OF PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE RESINS AND MOLDING POWDERS. Reported by: R. D. Dunlop. 75P* Thl« report should not be considered complete in Itself; the phenolic resin industry is too complex to allow that, nor was it possible to Tisit all producers, as a comparison of appendix 2, and appendix U will show. nevertheless, It is considered that the detail presented is sufficient to support the general conclusions presented. The report consists of three parts* Part I, Summary - an attempt is made to sum- marise the practices in thlo complex industry; Part II, De- tailed description of processes - here, as factually as pos- sible, the information regarding the practices of the Parl- ous producers is recorded; Part HI. Appendices and drawings- pressure conditions less than one atmosphere are given in millimeters of mercury. lumbers in parenthesis in text refer to bibliography, k series of drawings is attached to the * report. 334 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No,£2 FIAT REPORT NO. 1079 UNCLASSIFIED PRODICTION OF ACETYLENE FROM METHANE IN A REGENERATIVE TYPE FURNACE. RUERCHEMIE a. G., OBERHAUSEN - HOLTEN. Reported ty: 0. G. Dlrenga and P. J. 50p« About 10 years ago, Ruhrchemie Holten carried out experi- mental and pilot plant work on the production of acetylene from methane, by an intermittent process in which the methane is subjected to temperatures of 11400-1600° C at a pressure of 3*1 atmosphere absolute* The reaction vessel is a furnace filled with suitable packing* The process operates on a one minute heating-one minute reaction cycle. Methane is used for the heating as well as for the reaction* It was found that approximately 36$ of the reaction—methane is converted to acetylene, 36$ cracked to carbon and hydrogen, and 28$ remained unchanged* The ratio of acetylene to carbon for- mation depends critically upon the reaction-pressure, and even a slight increase of the pressure shifts the ratio in favor of carbon formation. This report covers the experi- mental work done, and the conclusions derived from it* Dur- ing the war, Ruhrchemie was engaged in the design of a large plant for a firm in Hungary. The design was largely com- pleted, and drawings of important equipment units, flow sheets, manufacturing, and construction cost estimates for the pro- jected plant are included* The plant was never constructed* 335 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 miscellaneous chemicals and material subjects Item No. 22 FIAT DEPORT NO, 1080 UNCLASSIFIED the ICWER VINYL ETHERS AND THEIR USE FOR ACETAIDEHYIE MANUFACTURE. Reported ty: P. J. leaper and 0. . ga- 2£p This report covers the manufacture of lower vinyl ethers by the reaction of acetylene with the lower boiling aliphatic alcohols under pressure, in the presence of a catalyst con- sisting of the potassium alcohoiate of the respective al- cohols. The method of operation and details of equipment are representative of those used at the I, G. Farbenmdustne Ludwigshafen. A brief description is also given of a projec- ted pilot plant for the hydrolyses of vinyl methyl ether to acetaldehyde and methyl alcohol. It is understood that a pilot plant along these lines was constructed and operated, at I. G. Farbenindustrie Ludwigshafen, but was destroyed by bombing early in the war. The vinyl ethers are prepared according to the following type reaction: R.OH-h CH rr CH —^R*o — CH = CH2-h 30.7 kllocal/gram mol. It is believed that enough detailed information has been assembled in this report to permit the construction of an experimental unit for manufacturing lower boiling vinyl ethers* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 108l UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF DIETHYLAMINE FROM ACETALDEHYDE. I. G. FARBEN- INDUSTRLE A. G, LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: Q. G. Dlrenga and P. J. Leaper. 19p. This report covers the manufacture of diethylamine, and the by-products nonoethylamine and triethylamine, from acetaldehyde at Ludwigshafen* The manufacture of the corresponding butyl- amines is also discussed* A vapor phase catalytic process is used in which acetaldehyde is hydrogenated with hydrogen and reacted with ammonia to form the ethylamines* The reaction is exothermic and cooling must be provided to maintain the temper- ature of the catalyst at approximately 110-11*00 C*, the optimum temperature depending on the activity of the catalyst* The process is conducted at approximately atmospheric pressure* The by-products monoethylaadne and triethylamine are separated from the diethylamine and from the water formed by fractional distillation, and are normally returned to the reactor for con- version to .diethylamine* The preparation of the catalyst is also described in this report* Two flow diagrams are included. 336 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1082 UNCLASSIFIED STATUS OF DEVELOPMENTS IN TEE GERMAN DIAZOTYPE REPRODUCTION PROCESSES. Reported by: S. C. Slifkln. l6p. This report summarizes production, research, and development data of Kalle & Co# A# G*, Biebrich am Rhein, leader in the German diazotype industry (which is based upon the light sensitivity of certain dyestuff intermediates). Some infor- mation is on raw paper made for diazotype sensitizing, and a new super-high pressure mercury vapor lamp is reported which is of potential interest as a powerful new light source. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO85 UNCULSSIFIED THE OXIDATION OF METHANE, Reported by; M. M. Holm and E. H, Relchel, 20p, This report describes tiro German processes Tor the oxidation of methane to formaldehyde with air or oxygen# The first process using a nitric oxide catalyst, was developed by the Gutehoffhungshuette A.G# of Oberhausen and has been in com- mercial operation for several years. The second process, using a combination of ozone and barium peroxide as catalyst, was under experimental development during the war years by the Hibernia Company at Herne, Bibliography, drawings, dia- grams, and copies of German patent applications are attached# Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1088 UNCLASSIFIED USER FIDffl UND MISCHFIIME VON IANGKETTEN DIBASISCHEN ESTERN (Fine OF PURE AND MIXED LONG CHAIN DIBASIC ESTERS). Reported by; H. J. Trumlt. 21p, F/A diagrams (pressure/area relationships) of films formed by long chain dibasic esters are reported and discussed. The relationship of the results with Langmuir's theory is considered and differences between the type of films de- limited. Films of various molecular ratios of two dibasic esters indicate that it is possible to stabilize unstable films to a considerable extent. 337 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Iten No. 22 FIAT REPORT HO, IO89 UNCLASSIFIED VERTICAL MOVEMENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE. Reported by: F. Moeller, 5p, Based on the continuity equation, a formula is developed for the calculation of vertical movement on a large scale, such as is found in cyclones and anticyclones* The formula correlates the horizontal currents with the deviation from the gradient wind, which in turn are caused by the changes in pressure gradients. According to the theory, the distribution of the flow on the fronts depends on whether the displacement of a low is greater or less than the ground- flow passing through it# For example, for a young, fast- moving low, there results on its front, at all heights, an up flow and on its back a downflow, which is in good agreement with observation but in contradiction to the Norwegian cyclone-scheme* For an aging low, whose pressure gradients are decreasing, there is a somewhat different distribution of the flow processest The upflow region at the front romainsi following this, in the region of the cold-front which has already progressed to the south-side of the low, there is an off-wind zone with clearing conditions, and in the following cold air zone (postfrontal) again a bad weather field* The author has been meteorologist at the Institute of Meteorology and Geophysics of the University of Frankfurt Main sinoe 1938* The text of this report is in German* 338 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Ittai No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1090 UNCLASSIFIED ABOUT INHERITANCE OF THE BLOSSOMING AGE OF EARLY AND LATE BIDOMING SUMMER-ANNUAL STRAINS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA, Reported by: L. Rarer. 24p. The inheritance of the blossoming-age was tested on five cross-breeds of early and late sumer-amnial Arabldopeis strains under approximately constant surroundings under artificial light# The distribution of inherited factors poihted to a un3factorial splitting of early and late blossoming with the late-blooming factor incompletely dominant# It is most likely that multiple allels of this gene effect the 'various intensities of early and late-blooming# Under favorable conditions (short day; further modifying genes become apparent# Thehairiness of leaves is inherited independent from blossoming age# and is dominant and unifactorial# Tables# graphs and bibliography are included# The author studied botany at the University of Frankfort/ Main# where she obtained her degree in 1945 with the present thesis# The text of this report is in German# Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1091 UNCLASSIFIED I ASPHALT LINING OF CANALS AND STORAGE BASINS, II. ASPHALT LINING OF VERTICAL WALTS. Reported by: 0. Kirschmer. The first manuscript deals with the application of asphalt linings to canals and storage basins* Many years* experi- ments carried out at the research institute in Obemach/lsar on a natural scale and under normal weather conditions showed that a saturation layer or cold asphalt are less suitable, especially during severe winters, than rolled and cast asphalt* Asphalt packings are compared with loam and concrete packings in regard to their characteristics* The second pqper is con- cerned with testing of asphalt insulation of vertical brick- walls, with particular emphasis to waterproofing* The per- formance of several types of asphalt applications are com- pared over a period of three years* Sketches and numerous photographs as well as a bibliography are included* This manuscript is in the German language* 339 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1095 UNCLASSIFIED THE INFLUENCE OF LENGTH OF DAY AND OTHER FACTORS ON THE FLOWERING OF SELLAGINELLA MARTENSIL SPR. Reported by: F. Laibach. 27p. Experiments shew that the flowering of the above fern is affected by the duration of daylight to the extent that it takes place at all only when there is a day-and-night cycle, and flowering is earlier and more intense on a short day (eight hours) cycle than on a long day (sixteen hours) cycle. Flowering is also inhibited in seedling cultures and by high atmospheric humidity. High light intensity favors flower- formation. The significance of these results, which are one of the first proofs of photoperiodicity of spore-bearing plants, is discussed. In German. 340 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO9U UNCLASSIFIED EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE GERMINATION OF SEVERAL STRAINS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA L, HEYNH. Reported by: I. Kugler. 20p. This study was carried out at the Botanical Institute of Frankfort University. Although some light-germinating seeds can be germinated in the dark by application of certain chemi cals or temperature cycles, the light—germinating Arabidopsis strain Hm could not be caused to germinate in the dark. After removal or injury of the shell, however, germination took place in the dark also. Cross-breeding of light-germi- nating Hm and in differently germinating strains proved that not primarily the seed-shell but the inside of the seed is responsible for the ability to germinate in the dark. It is assumed that the shell is of secondary importance in that it does not permit the transmission of the antigermination catalysts which are formed during the germination in the dark of light-requiring seeds. A bibliography of 26 items is attached. In German. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IO95 UNCLASSIFIED VERDAMPFUNGSGLEICHGEWICHTE BINARER KDHLENWASSERSTOFFQEMISCH (VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA OF BINARY HYDROCARBON MIXTURES). Reported "by: L. Sierg. 20p The following tables present the vapor-llquld equilibria of a large number of hydrocarbon mixtures, generally with one component being aromatic or cycloparafflnlc. The experimen- tal work was done in modified Othmer and Scatchard equipment, using highly purified chemicals, Analysis of the mixture was made by refractive index. The tables are self-explanar- tory. The following mixtures are dealt withs (l) - n-heptane; (2) benzene - cyclohexane; (3) benzene - iso- octane; (h) benzene - methylcyclohexane; (5) n-heptane - toluene; (6) iso-octane - toluene; (7) n-hexane - toluene; (g) benzene - n-octane; (9) benzene - 2,2,3-trimethylbutane; (10) n-octane - p-xylene; (ll) cyclohexane - toluene; (12) cyclohexane - n-heptane; (13) n-heptane - methylcyclohexane; (lh) iso-octane - methylcyclohexane; (15) n-heptane - iso- optane. In German, 341 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, IO96 UNCLASSIFIED THE SC HARBINGER DEXTRINS FROM STARCH, Reported "by; K. Freudenberg, 9p. This s tudy, which was carried out in the Chemical Institute of Heidelberg University, reinvestigates methods of isolation and properties of the «*-, (3 -and y-dextrins, first isolated in crystalline state from starch by Schardinger. Analysis and molecular weight determinations indicate oC-dextrin to be a cyclic pentose and to be a cyclic hexose. y-dextrin has a higher carbon and hydrogen content than either o(-or /3- dextrin. Other less soluble dextrins were also isolated* In German* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1102 UNCLASSIFIED POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL ACETATE. Reported, by: S. J. Baum and R. D, Dunlop. 52p. This report covers the polymerization of vinyl acetate at the I, G. Farbenindustrie plant at iibchst and at the Dr. Alexander Wacker plant at Burghausen. Beth companies manufactured their own monomer, practically the entire production of which was used internally. Polymerization processes practiced at both plants were somewhat similar in that dispersions, pearl, so- lution, and bulk processes were used. Processing details for the several products were comparable, the outstanding differ- ences being in formulations and in the use of continuous bulk and solution polymerization at HWchst. The HQchst products were known as Mowilith types and the Burghausen products as Vinnapas types. A description of special raw materials is given, including the preparation (in German) of di-o-toluyl peroxyd and of dioleyl peroxide. Flowsheets and plant log sheets for processes of major interest are included, a few related reports are listed. 342 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MTSCET.TANEOUS chemicais and material subjects Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1103 UNCLASSIFIED protective coating of mirror surfaces with an oxide of SILICON. Reported ty: J. E. Tausz and . ausz. The coating of mirror surfaces with an oxide of silicon ia described* The process is carried out in high vacuum, using a heating element to volatilize the oxide. The oxide de- posits on the mirror surface to form a hard coating to pro- tect against abrasion. The oxide of silicon is of doubtful composition but is a lower valence compound or mixture than the dioxide. Its preparation by sublimating a mixture of silicon and silicon dioxide is given. Also a description of a method for testing the scratch resistance of the coated mirrors is presented. Three sketches of apparatus are in- cluded. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 110? UNCLASSIFIED. MANUFACTURE OF ETHYLENE BY REDUCTION OF ACETYLENE. Reported by: P, J. Leaper and 0, G. Direnga, 24p. With no available natural gas source, Germany was forced to synthesize ethylene* One of the synthetic methods was to re- duce acetylene. This was done by using a palladium catalyst on silica gel and hydrogenating at atmospheric pressure. This type catalyst gave very little conversion to ethane and other saturated hydrocarbons and thus permitted a recycle procedure. This report covers this process and includes a detailed lay- out drawing of the Linde purification plant* Yields by the process were 85% of theory and the ethylene was 9h% to 90% pure. By-product oils composed of higher hydrocarbons account for most of the remaining \5% of the yield,and a market had been found for these as solvents,etc* 343 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1108 UNCLASSIFIED APPLICATION OF RESIN DISPERSIONS, Reported by: S. J. Baum 22p. This report covers the industrial application of resin dis- persions manufactured by emulsion polymerization of synthetic monomers* The composition and properties of the various dis- persions are described and the applications as adhesives, binders, coatings, Impregnants, and textile sizes are discussed. Item No. 22 FLAT REPORT NO. 1109 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF POLYVINYL ACETALS. Reported by: R.,D. Dunlop. l8p, < This report describes the production of polyvinyl acetals at I# G* HSohst and Dr. Alexander Waoker, G.M.B*H., Burghausen. The Hfiohst plant was the only plant equipped for the production of polyvinyl acetal resins, as only rather simple solutions were prepared at Burghausen. The acetaldehyde acetal was selected for exploitation by both producers because acetaldehyde was immediately available in the plant. Some sporadic work urns also done with other aldehydes. Two flowsheets illustrate the n production of an aoetaldehydio acetal, movrital 070 (Hoohst) and a butyraldehydic aoetal, Piologorm B (Burghausen)* 344 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1110 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRODUCTION AND USE OF POLYVINYL AICOHOL. Reported by: R, D. Dunlop, iVp. Polyvinyl alcohols are produced by I*G* Farbenlndustrie, Hoechst, and Dr, Alexander Wacker G*m,b,K*, Burghausen* I.G* Farbenlndustrie produces polyvinyl alcohol by hydrolyzing or saponifying, vinyl acetate in methanol by means of an acid catalyst* Wacker utilizes small quantities of alkali as the catalyst for the hydrolysis* Both producers were the major consumers of their own products* In both cases the product was used as an emulsifying agent* There are a variety of other small applications. One of the most interesting appli- cations is the production of plastics of unusual toughness* This r eport should be considered one of the series of FIAT Reports on the utilization of vinyl acetate and the conversion of that material into useful resins. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1112 UNCLASSIFIED determining the shape of aggregate grains by sifting. Reported By: F- Schlel. 19p» This report, which includes a translation, describes a new test method for evaluating the quality of the shape of the particles in an aggregate sample by means of sieve analyses* An automatic method called the "Kornfallprtlfung" (grain- dropping test) was worked out by the author and published "Forschungsarbeiten aus dem Strassenwesen", Band 29, 19ja- Sifting analyses are tabulated and a sifting curve s £ Appendix I contains a bibliography, and Appendix II the orig- inal report in the German language. 345 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, lllV UNCLASSIFIED RECENT GERMAN RESEARCH WORK ON FLUORINE AND FLUORINE COM- POUNDS. Reported by; W. Kwasnik and P. Scherer. 6lp. This report contains two papers written by German fluorine chemists* Dr* Kwasnik*s paper presented in German is entitled "Neues tlber Fluor und anorganische Fluoride*” It covers the preparation and description of inorganic fluorides and the preparation of elemental fluorine, a comprehensive bibliogra- phy is given as well as a number of tables which list the various fluorine compounds, and numerical data on the opera- tion of the electrolytic fluorine cell, several drawings show the construction of various fluorine cells, and apparatus for the preparation of carbontetrafluoride, chromium trifluoride and of uranium hexafluoride* Dr* Scherer* s paper translated into English is entitled "Recent Research on the Chemistry of Organic fluorine Compounds up to the end of He covers the preparation of organic fluorine compounds and their appli- cation in various fields* The use of aliphatic fluorine com- pounds for (a) refrigerants, (b) low temperature heat exchange liquids, (c) dielectric fluids, and (d) in the plastics field* A large part of the paper is devoted to the discussion of aromatic fluorine compounds and their use in the dyestuff field* Insecticides are also covered* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1117 UNCLASSIFIED TREATMENT OF SPENT PICKLING LIQUORS CONTAINING SULFURIC ACID AND IRON SULFATE. Reported by; Gj, M. Omsen. 46p. AAdescription is given in this report of the processes em- ployed in Germany for the treatment of spent pickling liquors resulting from the use of sulfuric acid for the pickling of iron and steel* The application of these processes yields the following advantages: (A) Prevents large amounts of chemicals, namely iron sulfate and sulfuric acid, from reach- ing the receiving streams and thereby polluting public water courses; (B) Recovering useful materials, namely iron sulfate and sulfuric acid; and (c) Improve the pickling process by affording a pickling bath of substantially constant composi- tion* Appendix 1, List of German personnel interviewed; Appendix 2, List of targets visited; Appendix 3, Bibliography; and Appendix 4, Drawings and graphs* 345A FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1120 UNCLASSIFIED LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF OXYGEN. Reported by: L. E. Carl- ami th. This report la a compilation of miscellaneous Information on the subject of the production oxygen on a large scale In Germany not heretofore presented in the var- ious reports pn the subject by Allied technical inventlgators Previous Inventlgators have confined their efforts almost entirely to studying the Linde-Frankl process. Considerable space In this report Is devoted to the activities of the Mosser company, the principal other manufacturer of large scale air separation plants In Germany. The Important mat- ter of explosion hazard of acetylene In oxygen units again was reviewed with both manufacturers and users of oxygen pro- ducing equipment. The production of oxygen without resort to the customary practice of compressing a portion of the air to relatively high pressures was taken up with both the Unde and Messer organizations. Their views are presented. A study was made of the sources of data on the physical con- stants of gases employed In the design of German air separa- tion process. It was revealed that the Germans do not know of any existing or proposed Installations of the Eapltza (Russian) oxygen process. They look upon the claims re- ported for the process as somewhat extravagant. Fifty-one figures are presented. These Include reproductions of German charts for physical constants of gases, flow sheets of existing and proposed plants and cycles, detailed drawings of equipment, units, and layouts, and miscellaneous Items. 346 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS ITEM NO. 22 FIAT Report 1116 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN SYNTHETIC SAUSAGE CASINGS INDUSTRY. Reported by: A. G. Hewitt. 20p. This report covers the various manufacturing processes em- ployed in Germany during the war for the production of thin- wall tubing to be used for synthetic sausage casings. Raw materials and process details are included; equipment is dis- cussed in some detail; and figures for production output and capacity are given. There are drawings of several important pieces of production equipment. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1122 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFILMED AT I. G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE, UERDINGEN, Reported by: A. Hass and G. H. Gloss. This report gives an alphabetical subject Index to laboratory reports microfilmed at I. G. Farben- industrle, Uerdlngen. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1123 UNCLASSIFIED tPRECAST CONCRETE PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by: M. A. Arnold and 0. L, Formlgll. ?2p. This report reviews the German precast concrete industry and the progress made in the design and use of precast concrete units in German building. German precast concrete floor systems and precast concrete Joists are presented in detail. Various types of lightweight concretes are reviewed and sum- marized. Numerous miscellaneous precast concrete items of unusual interest are presented and reviewed. Bibliography, drawings and tables are included. 347 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1125 unclassified MANUFACTURE OF ACRYLONITRILE BY ADDITION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID TO ACETYLENE, Reported by: F. Nlll and R, Largent. 20p. Supplementing previous reports on the subject of the manu- facture of acrylonitrile by addition of hydrocyanic acid to acetylene, this report presents additional detailed informa- tion on the process successfully engineered by I. (J, Farben- industrie. The development of the important reaction ves- sel. optimum operating conditions for the reactor and the reasons therefor, present treatment and proposed purifica- tion of recycled reactor exit gas. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1128 UNCLASSIFIED RUBBER REINFORCING CARBON BLACKS FROM NAPHTHALENE AND AHTHEA- CENT (CKJ AND BLACKS). Reported By; Fred S. Thornhill. 59p. Manufacturing and operating descriptions are girev or the production of the German ruhter reinforcing carhon Slacks, CK3 and C*. As raw material, the aromatics such as naphthalene, anthracene residue, or anthracene oil are used, giving yie of over 60£. The construction details are on microfilm 150—aa. Manufacturing costs in terms of raw materials, utilities, labor and replacements are presented. 348 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1152 UNCLASSIFIED THE SINGLE SCATTERING AND ANNIHILATION OF FAST POSITRONS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. lljk UNCLASSIFIED X-RAY STUDY OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE, Reported by: R. Brill. 17p. The electron distribution in the MgO grid is determined by- means of the Fourier synthesis. The lowest electron density between ions is found to be only 0.6 El# while the com- parable value for NaCl is 0*23 El* Three dimensional analyses show that in the MgO grid higher electron densities are found at all locations sufficiently far from the atomic centers than are found in NaCl or other alkali halides. This is ascribed tho the fact that in MgO there exists already an intermediate condition between ionic and covalent bond* Text in German. 349 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CEEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1155 UNCLASSIFIED CROSSBREEDINGS BETWEEN COLEUS-SPEC IBS OF A IONG AND SHORT DAY CHARACTER, Reported "by: F. Laibach. l?p. The hereditary succession of the dependence on the length of day is known for the flower formation of Nicotiana Tabacuxn L« Here the long-day character or the day-neutral character re- spectively dominate over the short-day character. Research was continued to find out whether these results observed in tobacco, the only test object used thus far, have general validity. Two species of Coleus: C. Frederici, a short-day plant, and C* Blumei Benth., a long-day plant, proved to be favorable objects for scientific experiments. In crossbreed- ing the short-day character of C. Frederici was dominant over the long-day character of C. Blumei (dominating ratio was reversed compared with tobacco). The Fi of the crossing C* Blumei X C. Frederici was sterile. Experiments in polyploid- ization with colchicine resulted in an amphidiploid hybrid of high grade fertility. The latter also differed from the diploid Fx hybrid in the size of pollen grains, fissure open- ings, and glandular hairs on the corolla. The vegative de- velopment of the amphidiploid compared with the diploid is • hampered, whereas in photoperiodical behavior both are alike. The short-day character is also maintained in triploids (from a crossing amphidiploid X C* Frederici £ (short-day parent) and C» Blumei (long-day parent). The triploids are self-sterile, fertile with pollen of C. Frederici and C* Blumei and pollen of the amphidiploid. In German, with abstract and biographical note in English. 350 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. II56 UNCLASSIFIED PRESSURE HYDROGENATION OF SULFITE LIQUOR. Reported by: W. Stumpf. 13p. This paper describes how the pressure hydrogenation of sulfite waste liquor in an aqueous alkaline medium is catalyzed at 350° C. and at high hydrogen pressure, under the effect of the autoclave wall, without the addition of catalysts• While silver and low alloy steels have poor catalytic properties, nickel, chromium and nickel-steel and chromium-steel alloys are suitable catalysts. Chromium-steels with more than 11 percent chromium content have good catalytic qualities. Satisfactory hydrogenation with layer separation and clarity of the liquids is obtained only with a NaOH-lignin ratio of k : 5 and more. The final product always consists of both neutral substances, phenols and acids. Low concentrations result in good yields of neutral substances, high concentra- tions in a low alloyed autoclave yield acids as chief products. Apart from the hydrogenating effect of the hydrogen medium, one-third of the hydrogen requirements is obtained from inci- dental reactions, the most important of which is formation of acids and alcohol through the aqueous alkali. In German. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1157 UNCLASSIFIED KINETICS OF THE FORMATION OF DIGYCLOPENTADLENE IN THE VAPOR PEASE, Reported by: G. R. Schultze. 2^p, The Kinetics of the formation and decomposition of dicyclo— pentadiene C£H£-C£H6 in the vapor phase were investigated by means of pressure observations in the range of 180 to $10 mm, with temperatures ranging from 132° C. The formation was found to be a bimolecular reaction of the second order, and the decomposition a monomolecular reaction of the first order; the calculated velocity coefficients were satisfactorily con- stant from the beginning to the immediate neighborhood of the equilibrium. A set of 27 formulas for computation is given in the theoretical section of the report. In German. 351 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. II58 UNCLASSIFIED KINETICS OF THE FORMATION OF DIG YC LOPENTADIENE IN PURE LIQUID PHASE. Reported by: G. H. Schultze and G. A. Melkollan. 19p• The Nineties of the formation of oC—dicydopentadiene from pure liquid cyclopentadiene was investigated in the tempera- ture range of C* The considerable increase of the velocity coefficient for the second order reaction, which was observed in each experiment, could be reduced to constancy by taking into account the auto-catalytic effect of the dicyclo- pentadiene produced. If it is assumed that the auto-catalytic acceleration t akes place by means of a triple-collision mecha- nism, which seems possible in the liquid phase, then the re- action scheme leads to the differential equation used as basis for the calculations* In German* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. H39 UNCLASSIFIED KINETICS OE THE FORMATION OF DIGYCLOPENTADHENE IN DILUTED LIQUID PEASE, Reported by: G. A. Me Italian and G. R. Schultz©. The kinetics of the formation of dicyclopentadiene were studied at various temperatures and in various solvents* Constant velocity coefficients could be calculated by taking, into account the continuous change of the system due to the dicydopentadiene formed, fdiose relative importance depends on the original concentration of monocyclopentadiene* The velocity coefficients are not significantly affected by change of the solvent medium* The 13 studied solvents can be arranged into three groups, namely "accelerating", "in- different", and "decelerating". The reaction constants and activation energies are of the same order of magnitude as those for the pure liquids which was to be expected* In German, with abstract and biographical notes in English* 352 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. IlhO UNCLASSIFIED TEE DIFFUSION AND ABSORPTION OF RESPIRATION GASES. Reported By: H. Goepfert, l6p. This study was carried out at the Division of Experimental Pathology and Therapy in the W. G. Kerckhoff Institute for Heart Rearch, Bad Nauheim, Germany. Described is a method by which the diffusion process of respiration gases in water or aqueous salt solution can be observed. The theoretical calculations are derived from the diffusion formula. A special photographic method of measurement is used for the determinat- ion of ascending speed and ascending time of the gas bubbles. The results have been statistically evalv''+a* and are graphic- ally demonstrated. In German. 353 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MTgn-RT.TAMEQUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. and Supplement. UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS AND RELATED SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. D. Brandner. 120p. The report give* the comparative evaluation of synthetic detergents as produced and tested in Germany. Research work carried out in the principal German industrial labora- tories on surface active agents immediately before and dur- ing the war is described. In several instances this work led to pilot plant installations which are also covered. k number of plant processes for products being manufactured are included, k list of all the synthetic detergents and related products made in Germany has been compiled and ar- ranged alphabetically by trade name. Hie composition and reference to the source of information is given. Lists of documents, and drawings and bibliography are attached. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. llhZ UNCLASSIFIED A NUBILOSA SPRAY DRIER FOR THE DRYING OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. Reported by: R. Ladisch, 15p. The report, in German, describes particularly the principles involved in the design of the spray nozzles and drying cham- ber, wherein a liquid is sprayed into the finest particles (mist) by means of a rotating stream of compressed air and the mist dried by a concurrent rotating stream of hot air* Drawings are attached* Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 11^5 UNCLASSIFIED THE INDUSTRIAL ABRASIVE INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. Jackson and L, Jackson. TP* This rsport reviews the field of German abrasive practice and development during the war years and summarises the most significant accomplishments. The practice includes the sub- stitution of a sulfur base material (manufactured by Chemo- lith 6*a.h*H.# Neu Isenburg) for lead which is coaonly used in bushing arbor hobs. Officials of Chemolith stated, how- rver, that this substitute was not as good as lead. Appendix 1, List of personnel interviewed? Appendix 2, List of targets visited; and Appendix 3, Bibliography. 354 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AM) MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, llM UTILIZATION OF TALL OIL IN GERMANY. Reported ty: J. F. Rooney. 2^p. This report covers the utilization of tall oil as a substi- tute for linseed oil and rosin in the surface coating and linoleum industries, as practiced by a representative group of manufacturers engaged in the above industries. The types of formulae contained in this report include alfcyd resins, modified phenolic resins, tall oil esters, and linoleum paste, all standard production items of the firms investi- gated. k bibliography is attached. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED PREPARATION OF ROCHELLE SALT CRYSTALS, Reported by: A. M. Wiggins. ?P. Details of the processes used for growing Hochelle salt crystals from the solution are described In this report. The methods of cutting the crystals and the tools used for cutting are described, slong with the methods of applying electrodes and the material used in the electrodes. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1150 UNCLASSIFIED FURTHER ADVANCES IN THE GERMAN CERAMIC INDUSTRY. Reported ■by: V. Fisher. 12p. This report covers an investigation made in certain German ceramic factories producing electrical porcelain and chemi- cal stoneware. The object was to complete, where possible, any fragmentary information gathered before and to ascertain which progress, if any, had been made on matters which were in the laboratory stage when last investigated# Photograph and tables are included# 355 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. ll^k UNCLASSIFIED HIGH TEMPERATURE CHLORINATION OF METHANE AT HUIS. Reported by; J. A. Neubauer. 5p. The equip ient and the process used to produce carbon tetra- chloride by the high temperature chlorination of methane is described. The process consists of a two-stage burning of methane with chlorine. The excess chlorine in the first stage acts as a diluent, while the hydrogen ciiloride gas formed by the first stage burner acts as a diluent in the second stage burner. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1159 UNCLASSIFIED THE PRINTING- INK INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported "by; A. Yoet, 19p. Among the developments of interest to the American inknakers are the following: 1# water-based granure inks, 2. water- based aniline inks, 3* method of applying sigmented aniline inks, and lu satisfactory offset and letter press inks vir- tually without drying oils, A number of examples of printirc inks of the offset and letter press type are given, taken from the files of different manufacturers. In each case the representative varnishes are included at end. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1166 UNCLASSIFIED DEVELOPMENT Otf VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERS AT I, G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE, HOECHST, Reported by; J. G. Majrk. lip. A large number of monomers were reacted with vinyl acetate under polymerization conditions in order to determine their reactivity and the properties of those polymers which resulted, •jhis report concerns itself with those polymerizations which were successful and which have served or show potential promise of adaption, for the modification of the basic polyvinyl ace- tate molecule# In general, it was found that about 3Q£ of co-monomer was necessary in order to significantly alter the physical properties of the basic vinyl acetate polymer# 356 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. H67 UNCLASSIFIED THE CO - SYNTHESIS AT I, G. FARRgR A. G, Reported by; Dr. H. Zorn under the supervision of Dr. W. F. Faragher, 173P. The reports assembled In this publication wore com- piled by German technicians of the French occupation zone and represent the part played by I, G. Far ben A. G. In the field of CO - H2 synthesis (Volume I), They will supple- ment the reports on this subject made under the direction of Professor Dr. Friedrich Martin, former president of the Board Ruhrchemle A, G., Oberhausen-Holton-Rurh, who brought together under his authority technologists of the Ruhrchemle, Lurgl, Brabag, and Rheinpreussen companies. In addition to the CO - Hp synthesis studied at Ludwlgshafen, there appear in volume II the report of Dr, Windier on the possibilities for practical application of his gas producer, and in volume III reports on polymerized gasolines. The initiative for this project belongs to Dr. W. F, Faragher, European Chief Field Intelligence Agency, Technical who with the coopera- tion of "Instltut du Petrole do Paris" effected a Franco- American cooperation in collecting documents indispensable to the progress of science. Appendix Included. 357 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 " FIAT REPORT NO. 117* UNCLASSIFIED sarjasK-.-. Of the compounds discussed only the o-substituted derivatives of Tschitschibabin*s, Schlenk1s, and Theilacker*s hydrocarbon are true biradicals (configurations with uneven number electrm systems). Compounds which possess only a part of the proper- ties of free biradicals are designated as biradicaloids. The substances described in this class are traced back or related to quinone types. For various electron systems the 'Tt'-els ctrcn coupling energy is calculated. In German* Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1101 UNCLASSIFIED ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCTION IN GERMANY DURING THE WAR. Reported by; L. M. Blumenthal. 22p. The report gives a general review of significant German de- velopments during the war. Particular attention was paid the use of gas absorption carbons in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. An effort was made to combine activated carbon with regener- ated cellulose in a satisfactory manner. Details and com- plete descriptions of various processes and applications are contained in the report. Attached are lists of German personnel interviewed, and targets visited, tables of plant production, trade names and designation of active carbons. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. Il8k UNCLASSIFIED FOURDIOTIER WIRE AND WIRE CLOTH. Reported by: S. J. Broderick, 9p. The fourdrinier wire and wire cloth industry were surveyed with a view towards finding any new developments in the industry. The many works were inspected beginning with the raw material, the. wire as procured from the supplier, through the drawing operations, annealing, weaving and finally the seaming by welding. Lists of targets visited, and of German personnel interviewed, are included. 358 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL3 AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1186 UNCLASSIFIED ACETYLENE CARSON BLAi KB. Reported by; F. S. Thornhill. Descriptions of two i anufacturinp process.* t blacks are given. Erth methods are based on thpCpvo+fne • Esfir c?H3~r:? * «* - aj^iSwS.“S!rSL + . ls carried out < ither in a static process in closed , +Vn 3 °°ntinuous Process operating in a flow system A list of German personnel interviewed, targets visited 1 sf>Ples evaoated, microfilm iikex and Sawings a flow sheet and diagram of reactor are appended, 6 * Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. Il87 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFIIMED AT I. G. FARBEN- INDUSTRLE A, G,, HOECHST, Reported "by: A. P, Bradshaw and B, W. Keith, 7 volumes. The Hoechst plant is divided into five main production "departments", namely: (1) Inorganic, (2) pharmaceuticals, (3) intermediates, (U) dyestuffs, and (5) acetone, acetic acid, and plastics. In addition to these main departments, there are three divisions, (1) technical, (2) color, and (3) applied technical and six laboratories, (1) main, (2) cata- lytic, (3) pharmaceutical, (U) analytical, ($) inorganic, and (6) physical. The body of this report is divided into three parts. Item 1 (Vol. 1, p. 2-10) contains an alpha- betical list of the general subject matter contained in each reel# Item 2 (Vol. 1, p. 11 through Vol. 7, P* 26$) contains a detailed subject index of every document microfilmed, giving the reel and frame number for each# The subjects are listed alphabetically under the general headings approved and used by "Chemical Abstracts" in its classification of scientific research. Item 3 (Vol# 7, p# 266-28$) contains an alphabet- ical listing by subject matter of all the documents on German industry standards# ( 359 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1100 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF PEOSPHATIC FERTILIZER BY THE RHENANIA PROCESS, Reported by: M, M, Muller and H. C. Lee, 7p« A study of the operating technique and the developments made by Kall-Chemie A. 0. in the production of "Bhenania* phosphate at their Brunsbdttelkoog plant. This is one of the few companies that has made a satisfactory phospbatlc fertilizer on a commercial scale by calcining rock phosphate with sodium salts and silica. The important phases of the process are the proportioning of the chemical constituents in the raw mix and the control of a rather difficult rotary kiln operation. Detailed information regarding the process and the plant has been given in the following reports: BIOS Pinal Kept. 9U (PB 18913. r. 1, p. 1295. thl» Bibliography), BIOS Pinal Hept. 582 (PB t. 2. p. 937). and PIAI Hept 665 (PB 18777. T. 1, p. 1217). Thle report purpoeea to supplement the information already available and is not intended to be complete in itself. 360 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. II89 UNCLASSIFIED NOVEL GROUP OF LLP IDES (AC ETAL- PHOSPHATIDES) AND THEIR IMPORTANCE FOR LIP IDE METABOLISM. Reported ty: R. Feulgen, 22p. Hovel group of lipides (aceta1-phosphatides) and their importance for lipide metabolism. May 1948. 22P tables Himeo: $.75 I. Phosphati des —Germany 2. Lipoids—Metabolism— Germany 3. Giessen. Universitat. Institut fur Physiologische Chemie 4. FIAT PR 1189 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 1190 SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFIIMED AT FR. KRUPP, A. G., ESSEN, Reported by; F. W. Trembour. 8 volumes. This report, in eight volumes, contains a classified listing of the titles of all interesting scientific and technical documents selected and microfilmed at the varipus Krupp plants in Germany, as part of the FIAT program in 19t6 and 19hi• Whereas the collected information deals largely with the two fields of steel and sintered carbide technology, the broad interests of the Krupp concern resulted in a diversity of endeavor reaching far into related industries. This wide activity is reflected in the subject matter of the reports listed. The reports are of all kinds, from short memoranda to lengthy treatises, and total about 2$00 items, about 60,000 pages of written material. The contents vary in na- ture from details like mere hints, through unpublished patent applications, to broad developments of general significance such as work on high speed steels, iron ore. reduction corrosion and oxidation resistant steels and magnetic materials. Methods and processes of manufacture and test, products and applications of hundreds of different metallic materials of interest to industry and science are referred to in these re- ports. To present this information in usable form, a decimal subject index has been used in which the following are the main classifications: 000 Melting and Melts covered in Volume I 100 Cast Bodies and Products w ** Volume II 200 Plastic Formed Materials n 11 Volume II and HI 300 Metal Joining w " Volume IV tOO Surface Treated and Coated Metals « « Volume IV and V $00 Powders and Sintered Products w " Volume V 600 N on-Metallic Materials ** H Volume V and VI 700 Devices, Machines, Structures " 11 Volume VI 800 General " " Volume VI, VII and VIII 362 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Each of these main classes has been divided into a maximum of 10 subclasses and each of these into a maximum of 10 fur- ther subdivisions under which the individual article titles are finally listed. Thus, items on the the use of carbide cutting tools, would be found under* 500 Powders and Sintered Products - , 510 Hard Tool Materials - , 513 Applications. For the purpose of maximum fidelity the original German titles have been retaines. The microfilm reel and frame numbers according to which the papers can be identified at the Depart- ment of Commerce, Office of Technical Services are given for reference with each entry. An appendix in Volume VIII is a key to Krupp steel designations. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 119k UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION OF INORGANIC PHOSPHATE SALTS AT BARYERISCHE STICKSTOFFWERKE A. G., PIESTERITZ, GERMANY. Reported by: J. L, Keller, 6p. The plant of the Bayerische Stlckstoff- werke at Plesterltz produced five inorganic phosphate salts by neutralization of the phosphoric acid made in the plant with sodium hydroxide. The production of four of these, sodium acid pyrophosphate, sodium neutral pyrophosphate, dlsodium phosphate crystals, and trisodium phosphate crystals offered no new or unusual features. The produc- tion of the fifth, sodium hexametaphosphate, although it was only in the pilot plant stage, presented a number of interesting details which are described. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 119® unclassified RESEARCH ON MYCOUffiS. Reported ty: A. Lemtte. 27p Research on mycolnes. Hay I9W. 27p photos, tables Ml mo: $.75 1. Antibiotics—Therapeutic uses— Germany 2. MycoIn C (Trade name) 8. Mycolna—flernany 363 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1199 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF VINYL CHLORIDE BY MEANS OF LIQUID CATALYSTS. Reported by: E. Emta. 28p. This report describes a process for the manufacture of vinyl chloride from acetylene and hydrogen chloride, using a solu- tion of cuprous chloride in hydrochloric acid as the catalyst* The process may be operated with recycling of the unreacted gases, or it may be run as a single pass reaction without re- cycling* A discussion of the construction and operation of the apparatus is given, with the effect of the variables on the yield of vinyl chloride* The data have been drawn from labora- tory experiments. A temporary, makeshift plant has been erect- ed at the Badische Anilin und Soda Fabrik (formerly I* G* Far- benindustrie A.G., Ludwigshafen) which is described* The op- timum design of a large scale plant is given with a discussion of the factors in the reaction conditions which influence the design and operation. The process has the advantage over the solid catalyst process of giving a purer vinyl chloride in about the same yield; the operation is, perhaps, simpler* The process described in this report has been tried out only in the laboratory and in a trial plant at Ludwigshafen. The data available come only from the laboratory; data from the Ludwigshafen plant, while interesting, would not be conclusive, as the design of the plant is admittedly make shift and not the best possible* Diagrams of the apparatus in use, graphs, and flowdiagrams of the proposed plant are included# 364 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1200 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFILMED AT I. G. FAREENINDUSTRIE A. G., KNAPSACK AND I. G. FAREEN INDUS TRIE A. G., ZWBCKEL. Reported by: A. Hass. 7P« This is a FIAT report presenting a subject index or docu- ments microfilmed at I. G. Fartedinduetrie A. G. f&r Stick- stoffddnger, Knapsack, and at I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G.t Zvreckel. The documents deal chiefly with the production of calcium carbide and It* derivatives, and ethylene oxide and its derivative*. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1201 UNCLASSIFIED SEPARATION OF FERMENTS USING SUBSTRATE COMBINATIONS. Re- ported by: Peter Pogacar, l6p. The modem methods used for the Isolation of enzymes are based upon their physico- chemical properties, which are characteristic for pure substances only. A successful preparation of a pure enzyme is both a chance and a proof of patience. It is preferable to prepare an enzyme-substrate compound, with which the spec- ific activity of an enzyme can be utilized. In this method the reaction conditions are chosen in order to form the enzyme substrate, compound and to prevent, as far as possible a disintegration of the enzyme. The possibility of using this method was tested on the action of cellulase from the intestinal Juice of the vine yard snail. About 75$ of this enzyme is bound to the substrate while other enzymes and substances accompanying the cellulase are not held back. 365 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1205 UNCLASSIFIED WEATHER CONDITIONS. NEAR THE (SOUND DURING THERMIC WEATHER. Reported by: F. Hoehndorf. 39p, The formation of thermal up-winds are explained on the basis of temperature measurements made by the author. The measure- ments have in part been accompanied by simultaneous observa- tions on smoke trails. The author’s own observations on small wind whirls and similar weak atmospheric rotations, caused by local superheating, as well as on optical phenomena in the air near the ground during thermal weather, have also been explained. The report gives the physical explanation of the meteorological conditions in the air stratum near the ground, during thermal weather, favorable for the formation of weak atmospheric rotations, and the associated optical phenomena. Appendix I contains weather maps, and Appendix II contains a bibliography. Text is in German. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1208 UNC IASS IF LED SUPERCALENDERING OF CONDENSER PAPER. Reported by: S. J. Broderick. 19p, Condenser paper as made at the SCHOLLLER and HOESCH mill iii Gernsbach is briefly described: a general description is given of the Haubold and Jos. Eckt & Soehne supercalenders. Pertinent comments on the action of supercalender rolls at B?echt-;TtdV°::dens!r paper as ch‘ ofPh® Techiusche Hoohschule of Darmstadt are pre- sented. Sketches are included. 366 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLAKEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1209 UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHESIS AND DECOMPOSITION OF VITAMINS IN THE ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE ORGANISM, Reported "by: Arthur Scheunert, 25p. This 1b a survey of publications on the subject of Vitamin- synthesis in animal and vegetable organisms, having appeared from 1938 to Origin and accumulation of Vitamin Bx in yeast, the Influence of manuring on the content of vitamins in the crop, storage and transformation of Vitamin A, the effect of Vitamin D on rickets and the importance of vitamins E and K for gynecological problems are discussed. Some hints are given on synthesis of Aneurin (Thiamin) inside the animal organism. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1210 UNCLASSIFIED DIBROMOSALICYL AND RELATED SUBSTANCES. Reported by: Wolf- Helmut Wagner. 5p. R. Kuhn and collaborators were success- ful in synthesizing substances similar to sulfonamides in their chemical structure but without sulphur in their mole- cule, 1,1'- dlamlnobenzophenol and 4, 11 - dlamlnobenzil reanted like sulfonamides but had less bacteriostatic effect. Sallcyl and dibromosalicyl displayed a strong inhibitory effscrt on bacterial growth, but acted like phenol bodies. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1262 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF ACRYLIC ACID, AQUEOUS 50$. Reported by: A. S. Fromholz. Ip, Report was made to clarify certain details not covered in previous reports concerning manu- facturing processes acrylic acids, and is based on inter- view with Dr. Otto Baltz, I. G, Farben, Oppau, This report should only be used in conjunction with CIOS Report XXIX-62, "The Manufacture of Acrylic Acid at Ludwlgshafen". 367 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 126^ UNCLASSIFIED ALKAZID GAS ABSORPTION PLANT MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION. Reported by; A. Stanley Fromholz. 6p. Frequent ref- erence has teen made in the reports on German technology to the use of the reagent "ALkazid" for the absorption of carton dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in the purification of gases for chemical synthesis. Information was obtained concerning the materials of construction required in the plant for the application of this reagent. Appendices include; German personnel interviewed - information con- tained in the files of the Inorganic Department Office at Ludwlgshafen, and the bibliography. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1266 UNCLASSIFIED THE HORIZONTAL CHLORINE CELL SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. Reported by; A. Stanley Fromholz, 7p, An investigation was made at the Ludwlgshafen plant of the I, G. Farben- industrle to supplement information given in «-n earlier report on the horizontal chlorine cell. Objective, evaluation, discussion and appendices included. Genian personnel interviewed; Dr. W. Honsberg, Bibliography given. 368 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1275 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS IN GERMANY FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Reported ty: Edmund H. Knight. 2?p. This re- port reviews German production methods in the fields of Chem- ical Stoneware and Chemical Porcelain during the Third Reich, Development in mechanical aids to production of large shapes, improved heat and shock resistant todies, the use of applied glazes were the more important advancements made in the Chem- ical Stoneware industry. The extent of accurate grinding and polishing of both Stoneware and Porcelain parts had reached production level. The Chemical Porcelain Industry had worked on alumina todies without the use of pure Alumina and had developed an air-foam porcelain tody. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1291 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON THE RAMIE INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported ty: John P. Kottcamp, 4 Ip, The purpose of this investigation was to obtain details regarding the development of the use of Ramie fiber in the textile field. These details Included the design of special equipment, methods of operation, pro- cesses Involved, raw materials used, labor requirements, rates of production, control methods, articles manufactured, coat figures (if available), and development work on new or novel uses of ramie. The Investigation covered a series of Interviews with persons having an Intimate knowledge of the progress in the use of ramie, and visits to plants en- gaged in the manufacture of articles made from ramie. Al- so visits to some of the technical schools and laboratories engaged in research work on ramie. 369 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CBEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPOET NO. 129^ UNCLASSIFIED TEE THERMAL CRACKING OF ETHANE -- OPPAU PROCESS. Reported by: F. J. Sergeys. l8p. This report presents information on a process for the thermal cracking of ethane to produce ethylene as developed at Oppau and intended for large scale use at Heydehreck. Included are experimental data on the use of a copper nitrate - ethanolamlne solution for the separation of olefinlc gases from the cracking furnace outlet gas. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1295 UNCLASSIFIED THE CHLORINATION OF ETHANE A GAS-PEASE TYPE PLANT PROPOSED FOR HEYDEHRECK AND A LIQUID-PHASE PILOT PLANT AT OPPAU. 20p. Report includes many diagrams and a table of contents. The diagrams show a schematic outline (thermal, gas-phase chlorination of ethane), flow diagram (photochemical, liquid- phase, chlorination of ethane) and equipment for the Heyde- hreck thermal gas-phase chlorination plant. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1296 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF DICHLOROPROPANE AND ALLYL CHLORIDE AT OPPAU, Reported by; F. J. Sergeys. 5P« This report pre- sents information on the photochemical chlorination of pro- pane to dlchloropropane and the subsequent dehydrochlorina- tion of this Intermediate to allyl chloride as practiced at the I. G. plant at Oppau. The chlorination is a liquid phase photochemical reaction taking place at 20 atm, gauge. The dehydrochlorlnation is a thermal cracking reaction at 500°C. Maintenance of moisture-free streams is essential to prevent excessive corrosion of equipment. 370 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL3 AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1297 UNO IASS HIED OBSTVERWERTUNG HUMMEL & CO. WINNENDEN BEL STUTTGART. Re- ported "by; Carl A. Rietz. This report is Intended to sup- plement the previous investigations in the direction of the mechanics of operation involved in the processes of this fruit Juice plant. Personnel interviewed: Mr. Fritz Krause. Numerous photographs included. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1298 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF 1, 4, 5, 8 - NAPTHALENE TETRACARBOXYLIC ACID. Reported by: Ralph M. Osborne. 5p. This report represents essentially all the significant material avail- able on the preparation of "Tetra AcidM, Should further details be required, it would be advisable to send an inves- tigator to the Hoechst plant to consult the chemist in charge of this product. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1299 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF METHANE CHLORINATION PRODUCTS IN I. G. HOECHST PLANT, 2Vp. The manufacture of chlorination products of methane in largo scale is described. Illuminating gas is processed to substantially pure methane and is reacted with electrolytic chlorine. The resulting mixture of methyl chlo- ride, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon tetrachlo- ride is collected and separated by fractional condensation and subsequent distillation. Part of methyl chloride is recycled. 371 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3OO UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF MESAMOLL PLASTICIZER FOR POLYYINYICHLORIDE PLASTICS. Reported by: R. Bloom, Jr. TTP. Mesamoll, which was a phenolic ester of a sulfonated hydro- carbon derived from hydrogenated first run C13C16 Fischer- Tropsch cuts, was manufactured in two steps. First, a sul- fonchloride was produced by the reaction of the hydrocarbon with sulfur dioxide and chlorine simultaneously in the presence of ultraviolet light, with evolution of gaseous hydrogen chloride. The most suitable product was obtained by carrying on the chlorination until it was only 50$ com- plete. Following blowing with air to renove entrained HCl, the aixture of sulfonchloride and unreacted oil, known as Mersol and widely used as such as a detergent, was the raw material for the esterfication step with phenol. The Mersol and a aixture of phenol, cresol, and xylenols were reacted together continuously in the presence of gaseous ammonia to produce Mesamoll. Solid ammonium chloride was precipitated from the reaction mass, and the unreacted oils, phenolic mixture, and ammonia were separated from the Mesamoll by vacuum steam stripping. Final purification was accomplished with fuller's earth. Although the German product varied in quality, it was generally found that polyvinylchloride plasticised with Mesamoll maintained good flexibility down to -18° to -20° 0. The manufacture of "Mersol" and of ”MeBamollN is given together with a description of the proc- ess and equipment at Gerdlngsn accompanied by flow sheets, photographs, bibliography, patent applications, and defini- tions of German trade names and symbols. 37 2 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCEUAJJEQUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT, REPORT NO. I3OI UNCLASSIFIED APPLICATIONS OF DIISOCYANATES, SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT. Reported by: W. H. Lockwood. l4p. Thi* report gives additional information on the applications of diIsocyanates. The process of manufacture of the dimer of toluene dllsocyanat© is given. This dimer has certain application advantages over the monomer. Details are given for the application of Desmodur-Desmophen mixtures to tex- tiles, leather, and paper. New plastic and adhesive com- positions are reported. Lists of German personnel inter- viewed, targets visited and a bibliography are attached. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, I3O3 UNCLASSIFIED HOPPERS POWDERED COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS. Reported by: Harold V, Atwell. 2. Koppers G.m.b.E. of Essen, Germany, under the immediate direction of their Mr. Totzok conducted experimental work on the gasification of powdered coal from 193® to The first unit was built in the Brabag-Schwarzheide plant and. subsequent units were at Rhelnpreussen Shaft IV near Eomberg, In all cases the reac- tor was a horizontal drum with powdered coal introduced at one or both ends, and the gasifying agent, air or oxygen mixed with steam, being introduced at spaced points along the length of the drum so as to insure turbulent flow of the duet between inlet and outlet. Preheating of gasify- ing medium to about 1200°C. was concluded to be essential, and Cowper stoves were used for this purpose. Operation was only at atmospheric pressure. The final Rheinpreus- sen unit was estimated to have a capacity of 10 tons of coal per day but it never operated successfully because of excessive cooling by the water Jacket, Previous units were somewhat smaller and no runs longer than five or six hours had been made. No commercial units were built but several proposals were made on the basis of about 0.5 M3 oxygen consumption and 2M3 synthesis gas production per kg coal. No original experimental records were available to support claims made for the process. 373 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3C& UNCLASSIFIED GRJMZ POWDERED COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS. Reported by: Harold V. Atwell, 53P« Cooperative experimental work on powdered coal gasification was conducted by Demag, Bergbau Ye re in and Ruhr gas in the plant of Hibernia at Heme, Germany, during 1930 - The design of the plant was based largely on theoretical considerations developed by Dr. Wilhelm Gumz but the process has been referred to occasionally as the Demag Process. The plant comprised two vertical reaction chambers each having an inside diameter of 1,2 meters and height of approximately lk meters. The mixture of powdered coal and gasifying agent was passed upwart through the first chamber and down through the second. Most runs were made with air steam mixtures as the gasifying agent. A few runs were madte with air enriched with oxygen but none with air replaced by oxygen. Only moderate pre- heating of the gasifying agent was used (600°C .maximum) and conversion 01 carbon was used throughout the pro- gram and trouble was always experienced due to the accum- ulation of slag in the first reactor. The process was not regarded ad ready for commercial use and no proposals for commercial units were made. Nearly all original exper- imental data are available. 374 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3O5 UNCLASSIFIED TEE SCHMAIFEIDT PROCESS FOR MAKING SYNTHESIS GAS FROM METHANE. Reported "by: Harold V. Atwell. 23p. This report is a trans- lation of a document by Hans Schmalfeldt dated March 29, 19**7, describing work don© in the plant of KLocknerwerke, A. G., Castrop-Rauxel, Germany, on the production of syntheses gas from methane containing gases hy non catalytic reaction with steam and oxygen. In a pilot plant built in 1931, coke oven gas was converted under a pressure of 23 - 2k atm, ahs. with air enriched to 33 per cent oxygen. Methane in the exit gas was less than 1 per cent and no sootLformatlon was ob- served. The maintenance of the refractory lining proved quite difficult. A larger plant, started in could not bo operated until because of difficulties in getting mater- ials, particularly refractory brick. Results are not entirely satisfactory because of ‘inadequate heat recovery and the lack of facilities for purging unreacted gas between cycles, Fisoher- Tropsch residue gas and coke oven gas were converted at a pres- sure of 8 - 9 atm. aba. with an oxygen consumption 50 - 40 per cent above theoretical and with only slight formation of soot. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3O6 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION METHODS OF WALL BOARD AND WOOD - SUBSTITUTE. Reported by: Christopher C, Cruel us. 19p. The technical data concerning the production methods of special wall- boards or fibre material to be used as substitute for a light weight wood of high tensile and compressive strength was collected at the J, M. Yolth Works in Heidonhelm, Wuert- temberg, Germany, 375 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1307 UNCLASSIFIED MANUFACTURE OF OXALIC ACID. Reported "by: H. H. Hopkins. lOp. This report describes the manufacture of oxalic acid, as conducted by Rudolph Koepp & Co. at Oeatrioh near Rudesheim. The formate from producer gas, sodium sulphate and lime followed by conversion into calcium oxalate and purification of the free oxalic acid. In addition, what little information could be secured about the I, G. process is described. This process is baaed upon the nitric acid oxidation of carbo hydrates. A plant operated by the I. G. at Bltterfeld, Russian Zone, converted sugar by this process; but could not be visited. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I5O8 UNCLASSIFIED PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF BETA-OXYNAPHTEOIC ACID, SODIUM SALT, Reported by: A. Stanley Fromholz. lOp. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain details of the process for the manufacture of beta-oiynaphtholc acid at the Offenbach plant of the I. G. Farbenlndustrie, A plant with a capacity of approximately 150 pounds per hour for the manufacture of beta-oxynaphthoic acid (sodium salt) constitutes part of the manufacturing facilities at Offenbach. The plant is completely Intact despite bombing or adjacent areas and was in operation at the time of the investigation. 376 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAIS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3O9 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF REUQGEN VLUE B AND PBTHALODINITRILE AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE PLANT AT LUDWIGSBAFEN. Reported by: A. Stanley Fromholz. 15p. The purpose of the Investigation vas to obtain details of the process for the manufacture of phthaj-odinltrlle. The I. G. Farbenindustrie plant, at Lud- wigshafen has in operation a very simple process for the manufacture of phthalodinitrlle. This is an intermediate used in the manufacture of Heliogen Blue B at the plant, which is reported on separately. * Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO, 1510 UNCLASSIFIED EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A CONTINUOUS BUCHER PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SODIUM CYANIDE. Reported By: A. Stanley Fromholz. 6p, An investigation was made of the activi- ties of the Degussa organization in their attempt to reduce the Bucher cyanide process to a continuous "basis. This gave promise of yielding a process competitive with existing processes for the manufacture of sodium cyanide. Item No, 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1511 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL, POLYGLYCOLS, GLYCOL ETHERS, ETHYLENE CYANHYDRIN AND ACRYLONITRILE, PHENYL ETHYL ALCOHOL AND RELATED DERIVATIVES OF ETHYLENE OXIDE IN GERMANY. Reported by: John D. Brandner and R. Mai Goepp, Jr. 76p. The report describes German manufacturing processes for a number of derivatives of ethylene oxide, namely, ethylene gly col, polyglycols, polyethylene oxide waxes, glycol ethers, phenyl ethyl alcohol, ethylene cyanhydrln and acrylonitrile. Research work on synthetic lubricating oils from ethylene oxide and on higher alkylene oxides is also discussed. The translation of a detailed report concerning the explosion hazard of reacting ethylene oxide with a wide variety of chemical compounds is included. 377 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1312 UNCLASSIFIED MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES, AND TESTING METHODS FOR THE SANI- TATION (BACTERIAL DECONTAMINATION) OF SMALL-SCALE WATER SUPPLIES IN THE FIELD USED IN GERMANY DURING AND AFTER THE WAR, Reported by: Dr. Alexander Goetz. 13p. Methods developed in Germany during the war for water filtration hy means of expendable filter agents ("Anschwemmfliter”) which remove suspended matter, iron and micro-organisms, etc,, in one and the same operational phase. In contra- distinction to the diatomaceous earth filter powders, these materials represent ’’mixtures" of cellulose pulp, diatomaceous earth, and coagulants incorporated into the latter, which also produce coherence of the filter cake and adhesion of the cake on the filter screen. II. The practical application and methods of using heavy metals (in particular, silver) for the sanitation of polluted waters-"Mlcropur" of the Katadyn G.m.h.H, Deviating en- tirely from the customary electro-chemical application of Ag to water, this method has been developed during the war, particularly for very small ambulant units (1-10 liters) in batch treatment, in order to provide field personnel with reliable sanitary drinking water with a minimum of weight and bulk of equipment and sup- plies required. III. The use of nitrocellulose filter membranes of remarkably unlfoim controlled pore sizes for the simple and rapid recognition and quantitative determination of E. Coli and water-borne pathogenic bac- teria. Specially designed apparatus for the routine use of this method permits the quantitative retention (and con- centration) of the organisms from large quantities of liquids -upon small surface areas. Techniques are des- cribed which have been developed in Germany (and Russia) for culturing these organisms upon these membranes and also for differential staining in situ, permitting easy counting techniques, and thus representing a substantial saving of manipulation, necessary glassware, and of total time required. It is possible to culture differentially from the same membrane. 378 FIAT ITEM NO. 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item Ho. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1313 (Volume l) UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN DYESTUFFS AND DYESIUFF INTERMEDIATES, INCLUDING MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, PLANT DESIGN, AND RESEARCH DATA VOLUME I. DYESTUFF INTERMEDIATE PROCESSES AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES. Reported by: D. B. Andrews, P. Kronowitt, F. W, Peck, S. S. Rossander, A. Siegel, 0, Stallman, H. I. Stryker, V. A. Von Schlieben, and W. V. Wirth. 529P* This report comprises three volumes, describing many pro- cesses for the manufacture of dyestuffs and dyestuff in- termediates developed by the German industry, including design data on unusual equipment. It also presents ana- lytical procedures, and a review of dyestuff research covering the period subsequent to 1938. In general, pre- viously reported information in BIOS, FIAT and other ref- erence reports relative to dyestuffs and Intermediates is avoided, although supplementary data are given. Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. I3I3 (Volume II) UNCLASSIFIED VOLUME II. DYESTUFF PROCESSES AND ENGINEERING DATA. Re- ported by: D. B. Andrews, P. Kfonowitt, F. W. Peck, S, S. Rossander, A. Siegel, 0. Stallmann, H, I. Stryker, W. A. Von Schlieben and V. V. Wirth. This report comprises three volumes, describing many processes for the manufacture of dyestuffs and dyestuff intermediates developed by the German industry, including design data on unusual equipment. It also presents analytical pro- cedures, and a review of dyestuff research covering the p period subsequent to 1938. In general, previously reported information in BIOS, FIAT, and other reference reports relative to dyestuffs and intermediates is avoided, al- though supplementary data are given. 379 FIAT ITEM NO, 22 MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICALS AND MATERIAL SUBJECTS Item No. 22 FIAT REPORT NO. 1314 UNCLASSIFIED THE PREPARATION 07 2-MKTflYL- 5-7THYLPrYRIDINE FROM VINYL ETHER. Reported by: . 7. Anzilotti. 7p, 2«4lethyl-5-ethylpyridine is prepared in 90-95% yield from methyl vinyl etier and ammonia over a titanium phosphate cata- lyst at 200-220° C* and 220 atmospheres pressure* A labora- tory continuous process and catalyst study is described and flnheet is appended* 380 FIAT ITEM NO. 2h MEDICAL Item No. 214- UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 71 MEDICAL TARGETS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN GERMANY. Reported by: J, A. Leighty and R. J. Fosabinder. 97p* Survey of production at the following medical and pharma- ceutical plants: Corpus Sanum Julius Redel, Baden-Baden; H. Finzelberg’s Nachfolger, Andernach a./Rhein; Hsdnrich Mack, Nachf., An? Luipold-Werk; Ludwig Heumann 4 Co., Nurn- bargj; Sandoz A.G., Nurnberg; C. H. Boehringer, Sohn, Ingle- heira a/Rhein; Dimalt A.G., Munich-Allach; C. F. Boehringer 4 Sohne G.m.b.H., Mannheim; Atmos Gesellschaft, Mannheim. Chief products manufactured are listed and described. Some manufacturing processes are given in detail. German and for- eign patents, if any, held by companies are listed. Re- search projects undertaken are summarized. Statistics of production and stocks are tabulated. Appendix I and II are reports by Dr. Rabald on the synthesis of theophylline, theobromine and caffeine. 381 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item NOo 2k FIAT REPORT NO. ?2 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN SURGICAL INSTRUMENT MANUFACTURING IN THE SOLINGEN AND TUTTLINGEN DISTRICTS, Reported by; C. B. Jones. 17pc This report consists of a general summary of the industry and accounts of production at individual plants visited* The prewar quality of German surgical instruments was largely due, the author believes, to the si‘lied craftsman- ship of the workmen, many of idiom have migrated to the U.S. Instruments dealt with are surgical scissors, forceps, tweezers, plastic shears, pliers, bone chisels, needle holders, and cutting instruments* During the war German instruments were made of a straight carbon (0*50-0.60$) steel and then nickel plated* American military services consider this type of material for surgical instruments obsolete* German operations in making surgical instruments are described and compared with American practices to which they are similar. Operations include forging, trimming, rough grinding, machining, assembling, heat treating, finishing grinding, polishing, final polishing and inspect- ion. 382 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 79 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH ACTIVITIES OF THE KAISER WILHEIM MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE AT THIDELBERG. Reported "by; R. A, Dutcher0 TP- This report contains information on the following research projects undertaken at this institute! Vitamin E; forti- fication of oleomargarine; cheese quality; antiseptic com- pounds; beverage from mountain ash berries; method for preparing riboflavin from milk whey* Jt was found that rats receiving a diet containing protein of poor biological value showed evidence of liver injury. Kuhn reported that Vitamin E therapy had been successful in a number of cases* Experiments on cheese quality suggest future studies on other vitamins. An outgrowth of work on anti-bio- tio substances was the discovery of the bacteriocidal prop- erties possessed by bromo-hydroxybenzl derivatives. A new beverage not unlike lemon juice was made from mountain ash berries. Method of preparing riboflavin from whey is less expensive and eliminates use of obnoxious pyridine* 383 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 158 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF PROSTHESES AS RELATED TO THIGH AMPUTATIONS. Reported by: R. P0 Schwartz. 8p, This report summari*es the results of U. S. invest!gations of two German designs of prosthetic devices for thigh ampu- tees. One is mass produced except for bucket, adjusted for length, bilateral, requires no harness, functionally effi- cient. The other, a hydraulic mechanism, significantly ad- vances the possibility of more normal function. Ho diagrams included. Bibliography. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 169 UNCLASSIFIED manufacture of surgical dressings and allied products at PAUL HARTMANN CO., HEIDENHEIM, Reported "by; W. Euetls. 19p. Ueis report. de'scrib®s history, ossacr shi p, hi«*kt.» operattrioos of true Largest and oest jnEtrsuJfactcirer of surgical dressings in. (fermany*F03reigEE sales agents ami repr escsrfeat ivroK, prindpai foreign costosuers, foreign patents and production for foreign ccmsuqjption and export are outlined. Equipment and processes in drying, carding* dressing* knitting* packaging;, and adhesive departments are described* In addition to its cnsn products, this concern carried, as ® jobber, additional i tarns* Iliotogrftpbs and catalogues referred to in report have been forwarded to It* Cod. Stephen J. Kennedy, Office of Quartermaster General, Mill- tary Planning MrisioBL* Washington* JDS* Cm Far another report on this subject, see PB 2&hgt p.2?*. 384 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 285 UNCLASSIFIED INSPECTION OF GERMAN DENTAL BUR MANUFACTURERS. Reported by: K. H, Strader. 15p. Details of processes used by three German dental bur manufac- turers are contained in this report. They are Busch & Co .and Emil Lange Sc Co., Engelskirchen and Hagen & Helslnger, Dus- seldorf. An attempt was made to inspect Jota-Werke Gebr-Funke of Dusseldorf* The three plants all use the same brand and make of steal, Sllber-Stahl Chrome-Vanadium, end Swiss type lathes or simple modifications thereof for preforming. In all cases cross cutting was performed before cutting blades and on similar equipment. Automatic feed Is used entirely on blade cutting equipment, (Hauser most popular*) and all work is completely cut in one machine. The most ingenious method of removing tangs and fins turned during ring and flat form- ing was found at Hager and Mel singer. All plants use 50$ neutral salt, 50$ cyanide for hardening and all draw in oil for very short periods and at different intervals for differ-* ent head and neck diameters. Polishing is done on very satis- factory equipment at both Busch and Hager & Mel singer* Effi- ciency claimed ranges between 95$ end 9E$. 385 FIAT ITEM NO. 2h MEDICAL Item No. 2k UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPOET NO. 590 UTILITY OF DIBROMSALICIL: ALSO O^HoMt- STRAIN 10-S. Reported By: L. A. Monroe an achek. 2p. This brief report describes the result of a second visit to Dr* Kuhn in Germany* Uncompleted tests on mice and guinea pigs Indicate that dibromosalicil is effective against diph- theria, dysentery, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever* The formula for a culture medium for Streotobacterium plantarum strain 10-S as used in Dr* Kuhn1s laboratory is given* Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 7^2 UNCLASSIFIED SURGICAL INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY IN TUTLINGEN, GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 386 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 779 UNCLASSIFIED WORK ON PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CIRCUIATORY SYSTEM AND ON ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY. Reported by; H. Schaefer. 35p. This report present* a summary of the work done by the Depart- Bent of Experimental Pathology and Therapy of the V. 0. Eerckhoff-Institute, Bad Nauheim* since 1 January 19*40, with particular attention to unpublished work. The following sub- ject* are discussed: (l) Hew apparatus: an amplifier of 10® power a time ordinate recorder, respiration recorder, etc.; (2-*0 Electrophysiology of the circulatory system; description of experiments in connection with the theory of the electrocardiogram with mlcroelectrodes, and of observa- tion* on the sensory heart nerves, and discussion of heart reflexes and sensibility as disease factors; (5-6) The role of anoxia on peripheral motor nerves, as well as the pharma- cological Influencing of resistance against altitude through membrane poisons (calcium, yohimbine) were studied and de- tonation-death experimentally explained; (7) The mechanism of tetanus is explored; (8) The kinetics of choline-esterase of blood are demonstrated; (9) Several experiments on muscles are described; (10) It is shown that intravenous oxygen therapy is purposeless from a quantitative point of‘view; (11-13) Applied circulation studies: this consists of work on the influence of digitalis and strophantin on coronary bloodflow, pathological physiology of heat and burning (*h«re histamine is excluded as cause of collapse, and the use of narcosis as therapy is emphasised), and new testing methods for circulatory-system drugs; (l*0 Work on physiology of the senses: testing of influence of drugs on the visual threshold of man and on the electroretinograms of animals, k new stereo-effect is described. Diagrams, graphs, and bibliog- raphy are included. In German. 387 FIAT ITEM NO . 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 868 UNCLASSIFIED TRYPAFIAYXNE, SURFENj P. 60, AND BOYCFIAYINE. Reported by: W. M. Swangard. 17p* The manufacture of four substance** - trypaflavlne, surf an A, P. 60, and bovoflavlne - Is described. Trypaflavlne Is a neutral mixture of J-^-^iamiso-lO-methylacrldlnlum-chlo- ride and 3-6-dlamino-acridinechlorhydrate, and Is made ex- tensively in the United States. The significant information Is the German method of processing the monochlorhydratee. Surfen A Is a recently developed surface bactericidal agent with considerable depth efficiency. It is water soluble and nontoxic to mucous membranes. P. 60 is a new ointment base constituent of low melting point, and is water soluble„ Bovoflavine is a specific pharmaceutical ointment contain- ing all three previously mentioned drugs, and is used in mucous infections, dermatitis, and specifically in bovine trichomoniasis. P. 60 is a polymerized ethylene oxide which results from the reaction of one mol of water with approxi- mately 60 mole ethylene oxide; it is mad® at- tbe Ludwigs- hafen plant of I. G. Parbenlndustrie. The other substances are mads only at H8chst. Figure 1 is a constituent chemi- cals list for the manufacture of trypaflavlne; figure 2 is a flow sheet for the manufacture of trypaflavlne. 388 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 88^ UNCLASSIFIED BIOPHYSICS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ELECTROBIOLOGY. Re- ported By: R. T. Luatig. 98p. This report reviews Gernan development in ultra short wave therapy and research in dielectric constants and specific resistance of animal and human tissue. Sensitive detectors in the field of infra red, visible ultra-violet, X-ray, and radio activity are described and photostatically illus- trated. A new instrument for erythrocyte determinations is described. Several devices of interest to the biophysicist are referred to in this report and instruction as to where they nay be obtained is included0 Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 896 UNCLASSIFIED ALUDRINE SULFATE, MANUFACTURE AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. Refer to Item No. 22 for a.complete listing of this report. 389 FIAT ITEM NO .2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 900 UNCLASSIFIED THE WALDMANN VACCINE (AGAINST APHTOUS STOMATITIS). Re- ported by: W. M. Swangard. 58p» This report deals with the essentials of the original Vald- mann and the later Behring W0rke (Marburg) process for the production of a live virus preventative vaccine against aphtous stomatitis (foot and mouth disease). Details are given in the steps of production and preparation of virus, chemical controls, biological typing, and tests for patho- genicity and antigenicity. Appendixes 1-5 list personnel interviewed, targets visited, and bibliography, give build- ing plans of the proposed Behring plant, and Dr. Waldmann's original report in German. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 912 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF BILE ACIDS FROM OX BILE. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 991 UNCLASSIFIED DUSTY LUNG CONDITIONS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PYROTECHNIC ALUMINUM BRONZE POWDER. Reported by: F. C. Frary. lOp. A study whs made covering plant conditions and practices dur- ing the war, in two aluminum bronze powder plants producing stamped pyrotechnic ("pyro") powder, to determine their re-' lationship to the occurrence of lung injuries in workmen in this industry. The machinery appeared to be in reasonably good condition, but carelessness on the part of new workmen and their general inferior state of health and nutrition may have contributed to the injuries. The change from a mixture of stearine and stearic acid, as a lubricant in the stamping process, to an "artificial vaseline" may also be involved# The medical and pathological aspects of the problem are being investigated by Capt. M.C.S. Kennedy, under the auspices of FIAT (British). Appendix I gives a list of German personnel interviewed. Appendix II a list of German targets visited, and Appendix III a bibliography. 390 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 214- FIAT REPORT NO. 996 UNCLASSIFIED THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURE OF SYNTHETIC HORMONES IN GERMANY. Reported Toy: C. R. Addlnall. 180td. The technical development of the synthesis of the estrogenlo, androgenic, and adrenal cortical hormones and of the manufac- turing processes employed in Germany for their commercial production from cholesterol and stigmasterol are reviewed. Procedures for the preparation of testosterone and progeste- rone from dehydroandrosterone, for the conversion of hydroxy- etiocholenic acid to desoxycortieosterone, for the trans- formation of acetoxyhisnorcholenic acid to progesterone and desoxycortieosterone, and for the reduction of estrone to estriol are described and charted. Pull manufacturing de- tails of the Sobering A. 0. processes for the synthesis of hormones from cholesterol and of the Sobering and I. G, Tar- henindustrle processes for the synthesis of progesterone from phytosterol are discussed. The original German direc- tions for production are given in an appendix. They deal with (A) the oxidation of cholesterol, (B) the synthesis of testoviron, (C) the preparation of "Proluton" (progesterone from dehydroandrosterone acetate), (D) the preparation of "Proluton CH (pregnenln-ol) from tpans-dehydroandrosterone acetate, (l) the preparation of estradiol from cholesterol, (P) the production of >-acetoiy-etio-cholenlc acic from the crude acids, (G) the production of "Cortlron" (desoxycortico- sterone acetate) from 3-&cetoxy-etiocholenic acid, (H) the preparation of progesterone from soyphytosterol, (J) the testing of acetic acid used in the production of hormones, and (E) the production of "Lutren” (progesterone). In Ap- pendix II a transcript of an Austrian Patent Application of the Sobering A. G. in Berlin is given, regarding the pro- cedure for preparation of compounds of the cyclouentano- polyhydrophenanthrene series. Pour patents and patent ap- plication relating to the Inhoffen aromatlzatlon process are mentioned in Appendix III, and a bibliography on related reports and relevant German publications is given in Appen- dix IV. 391 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No, 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 100*4- UNCLASSIFIED IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL STAINS AND INDICATORS MANU- FACTURED BY I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, A. G. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 101*4 UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS PHARMACEUTICAIS AND PHARMACEUTICAL INTERMED- IATES, MANUFACTURED AT 1,0. FARBENINDUSTRIE A.G., ELBERFXLD. Reported "by: J, 0. Kern. 80p, processes were obtained for eleven pharmaceuticals and as many more underlying intermediates* These processes are of interest not only for themselves but because of special pro- cedures used and certain reactions carried out which have general value as novel methods of chemical synthesis, they are presented in full detail* Appendix 3 contains manufactur- ing processes for 26 pharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical inter- mediates (in German)* 392 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1022 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES RELATED TO THE MANUFACTURE OF BENZIDINE AT I.G. FARBENLNDUSTRIE. A.G., LEVERKUSEN. Reported By: J, G. Kern. lip. The incidence of bladder tumor caused by aromatic amines, methods adopted for prevention of its incidence, and clinical methods of observation of workers were discussed with super- visory personnel in the operating department at the Leverkusen plant of I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. A method of determining aromatic bases in urine and a statistical study of personnel working in the benzidine factory are presented. A statistical study of incidence of bladder tumor among benzidine workers, made by Dr. Ludwig, Director of WA Fabrik" Primary Intermedi- ates, and Dr. Eichler, Supervisor, benzidine and associated operations, in the Leverkusen plant is also given. Appen- dices present: (1) Personnel interviewed, and not interviewed but referred to in report; and (2) report used as reference before the field investigation. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1097 UNCLASSIFIED THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ERYTHROCYTES IN THE COUNTING CHAMBER. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 393 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 24 FIAT REPORT NO. 1100 UNCLASSIFIED ADVANCES IN THE BYOCHEMISTRY OF THE CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPH- THERIA GROUP, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOIOGY OF DIPHTHERIA IN MAN. Reported by: G. Tarn- owskl. 139p. A review is presented of the problem of chemical composition of diphtheria bacilli, their metabolism, their toxin-produc- tion, and the action of this toxin on the organism, with reference to the published work of the last 20 years in this field, as well as to the original work of the author# The reference material is critically discussed, based on the original work and experiences of the author. In German, with an abstract and biographical note on the author in English. Item No. 24 FIAT REPORT NO. 1174 UNCLASSIFIED SALT AND ESTERASE CONCENTRATION IN THE BLOOD IN RELATION TO ALTITUDE RESISTANCE. Reported by: H. Goebel and H. Schaefer. Tp* The potassium and calcium contents and the quotient of the plasma have no Influence on the physiological altitude re- sistance of the human body. Nor does the concentration of blood cholinesterase show any relation to it. There is only a relation between blood pressure and the Ca contents in ascension experiments. In Geru^n. Item No. 24 FIAT REPORT NO. 1176 UNCLASSIFIED A NEW STEREOSCOPIC EFFECT AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL INTERPRE- TATION. Refer to Item No. 9 f°r a complete listing o s report. 394 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1105 UNCLASSIFIED RECENT GERMAN DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF DENTAL RESINS. Reported "by: L. M. Blumenthal. 15p. The report covers recent German developments in the field of dental resins. The composition and preparation of a new self-hardening (rapidly hardening) resin are described. The significance of the new material (methacrylate resin contain- ing benzoyl peroxide and n-trihexyl amine) lies in the ease of application, particularly as far as the filling of cavi- ties is concerned. Replacement of metal with plastic for all dental applications is desirable, because the presence of metal fillings, etc., in the mouth results in the forma- tion of electric couples. In consequence thereof, the tooth becomes sensitive and electrolysis accompanied by corrosion and discoloration occurs. Lists of Gorman personnel inter- viewed; targets visited; bibliography; tables are appended. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1202 UNCLASSIFIED BACTERICIDAL AND FUNGICIDAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL SUBSTANCES. Reported by: Dr. Willi Rudolph. 17p. This report is a sum- mary of those works, which were published concerning natural bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Natural bactericidal properties and natural fungicidal properties are discussed. 395 FIAT ITEM NO. 2k MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1268 UNCLASSIFIED PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER, Reported "by: Kurt Felix. 26p. The physiological functioiB of the liver resulting from its pos- ition in the circulatory system are discussed, as veil as chemical reactions which are Involved. As pointed out, the liver is provided from the intestine and other organs with both useful substances and waste products. The first are utilized and distribute to the peripheric organs. The waste products are prepared for excretion. Some substances such as industrial agents, medicines and products of decay or* pollution, affect the liver more or less unfavorably. Item No, 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1280 UNC LASS IF LED USEFUL STRYCHNINE DERIVATIVES AND THEIR THERAPY. Reported by; Hans-Joachim Teuber. 12p. A report is given concerning strychnine derivatives, examined pharmacologically in Germany, and also of those therapeutically used. Some chemically known but pharmacologically not as yet tested substances are also mentioned. Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1282 UNCLASSIFIED I. NEW SULFA DRUGS: (DEBHNAL & MARHADAL) II. CLINICAL EX- PERIENCE WITH "DE-MA" AND OTHER SULFONAMIDE POWDER MIXTURES (AT THE BUERGER HOSPITAL IN FRANKFURT). Reported by; Jobst Von Der Groeben and L, M. Blumenthal. 25p. This is a study of the clinical and experimental results that were accom- plished by six German authors with a new sulfonamide mixture that consists of Debenal M (Sulfamerazin©) and Marbadal, This drug is said to be the most powerful chemotherapeutical agent besides Penicillin. 396 FIAT ITEM NO. 2^ MEDICAL Item No. 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1283 UNCLASSIFIED THE DUODENUM CONTORTUM (AN ANOMALY NOT DESCRIBED BEFORE). Re- ported by: Charles F. W. Nordwlg, M.D. 6p. A case report is given. Three figures are given. Item No, 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1285 UNCLASSIFIED TISSUE CULTIVATION AND CANCER RESEARCH SINCE 1958. Reported by: Dr. Carl Dittmar. A survey of recent literature is given on the cultivation of carcinoma tissue under the influence of amino acids, of vitamins, of baaterial extracts, of bacteriophages and in hypertonic medium. The possible ef- fect of adrenalin as regulator of normal growth and experiments with colchicine, trypaflavine, narcotics and carcinogenic hydrocarbons in their effect on carcinoma are dlseussed. Item No 2k FIAT REPORT NO. 1289 UNCLASSIFIED PRINCIPAL AND TECHNICAL FACTS CONCERNING PLASTIC ARM SURGERY AFTER KRUKENBERG, Reported by: K, H. Bauer and M. Schwaiger. Report gives the English translation, illustrations, and the original German manuscript. 397 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 100 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN AIRFRAME TOOLING - GENERAL. Reported by: R. G. Bowen. lOp. This report consists of two separate parts: information on airframe master tooling praotio© at the Dornier-Aerkej a description of a Mssserschmidt profiling machine * It was found from documents and from interrogation of Dr. A. Spiess that airframe tooling practice at Dornier was in strict accord with that of Mssserschmitt firm* Documents obtained included a complete set of 9U production illustra- tions in water color of the components* Profile milling machine known as KapierfrSsroaohine, located in on© of Oberammsrgau wood working shops, is of Mssserschmidt design. Its primary function is to directly produce on a block of material, such as oboholz, the exact contours as may exist on a metal draft. The engineering draft* representing regularly spaoed mold lines, is attached to the machine in a vertical plane and moves in the same plane, speed and direction as the work surface above* Those lines are optically translated, magnification of 7z, on to a frosted glass window* Operator then rotates block 90° and changes to a companion draft, thus providing the cutting media for this right angle shift of block* Finished block has parallel grooves* Appendices contain J/l*. perspective and 3 view drawings, operational diagram of machine, and photographs of block* 398 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 176 focke-achgelis rotary wing kite (division of weser FLtX>- ZEUGWERKE). Reported ty: H. E. Wlhmiller and H. P. Meiners. 12p. The FA-330 is a three-bladed rotating wing type kite operat- ing on the autogiro principle and providing an elevated ob- servation platform for one man. The model described in this report was made for towing from a submarine deck to which it is attached by a steel cable working from a winch on the sub marine. Photographs and drawings are appended* Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 177 UNCLASSIFIED HELICOPTER THEORY; INTERVIEW WITH DR. KURT HOHENEMSER CON- CERNING HIS RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS. Reported "by; B. Kelley and H. J. Mulvey. 6p. Dr. rioheneraser has been close to German helicopter devel- opment programs throughout the war. he has been associated with the firm of Anton Flettner and most of his energy has gone into the development of the FL 282 intermeshing rotor machine known as the "Kolibri." The present report summarizes nine articles by him on helicopter theory which have been published by the German government under the heading of the Flettner firm. 399 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1?8 UNCLASSIFIED FA 225 HELICOPTER; INTERVIEW WITH PROF. FOCKE AND INSPECTION OF MACHINE. Reported by: B. Kelley and H. J. Mulvey. 15P. The FA 223 helicopter has two rotors side by side, and con- siderable tail surfaces. bross weight varies from 8,150 to 11,000 lbs. Only 10 machines were actually flown, the maximum time on any one ship being about 100 hours. Examination of one machine which is still flyable has been made, and this report describes briefly specifications, rotor blades, controls, engine installation, and landihg gear. Four diagrammatic sketches. Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 240 UNCLASSIFIED ITALIAN AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENTS. Reported by: J. V. Foa. 15p. This report is baaed upon information obtained during a visit to the Engineering Department of FIAT Airplane Division in Turin. The Italian aircraft industry was under control of politicians or their proteges in the last years of the fascist regime, while after armistice day moat technical personnel re- fused to work for the Germans. Thus airplane design is now at least five years behind, and nothing worth mentioning could be found in this field* Brief account is given of re- search work in the fields of aerodynamics and jet propulsion. A list of papers by Italian technicians which have been re- moved to A.D.P..C. in London is given, (Pages 3 and 4 are missing from this copy.) 400 FIAT ITEM NO. AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1*17 UNCLASSIFIED PRESS-WELDING" ALUMINUM FOR AIRCRAFT RADIATORS. Reported "by: T. G. Haertel. lip. Report of a visit and interview of personnel of the Adam Opel Automobile Factory, Russelsheim, Germany (near Frank- furt) on September 28 and October 4, 1945* The principal information was received from Herman Broesen, in charge of the tool and die design and press shop, who arranged for the preparation of an illustrated operation sheet concern- ing a novel ''press-welding11 of aluminum sheets. Sheets of aluminum were virtually melted together between gas heated dies closed under pressure* While the dies were nearly closed, compressed air was injected between the sheets to blow open the areas between the rows of welds, in order to form passage ways conforming to the design of the dies. The pieces were hand welded together to produce Ju87 and Ju88 aircraft radiators. Undoubtedly the "press-welding* of aluminum has many other possible applications outside of radiator manufacturing, Report Indicates where addi- tional information maybe found. Report contains a schematic drawing of gas fired dies, and a photograph showing hand welding and finished products. Item No, 25 FIAT REPORT NO. H6 UNCLASSIFIED PLASTIC AM) WOOD FOR AIRCRAFT TOOLING AM) FABRICATION. Refer SIS* T 22 for a complete listing of tele report. Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 60k UNCLASSIFIED THE HELICOPTER ANTENNA, Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 401 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1055 UNCLASSIFIED MISCELLANEOUS GERMAN AERONAUTICAL DEVELOPMENTS. Reported by: R. P. Buschmarm and E. F. Kroner. 6kp. This report presents data obtained from German professors at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt and Munich, engineers at Bayerische Motoren Werke, and throu^iinterrogations of Willy Messerschmitt and other aeronautical experts* Matters per- taining to jet and rocket engines, as well as other aero- nautical subjects were discussed* Sketches and technical data are included* Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 106*4- UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH ON ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS BY USE OF GLIDERS. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO, IO65 UNCLASSIFIED SUN RADIATION MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH AN AIRPLANE AT ALTITUDES UP TO NINE KILOMETERS. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1066 UNCLASSIFIED measurement of atmospheric electricity by means of gliders. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 402 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 108? UNCLASSIFIED REDUCTION OF AIRFOIL RESISTANCE BY USE OF "DRAWN-IN PROFILES. Reported "by: E. V. Lossl. 6p. The variation of frictional force on the surface of an air- foil or other streamlined body depends on the so-called "boundary layer", increasing as the latter decreases in thickness, and especially as it changes from laminar to turbulent* The production of a turbulent boundary layer can be prevented or interfered with in several ways* One of these is to introduce a local change in the airfoil profile to give an increase in the pressure in the surrounding stream in the region where the transition from laminar to turbulent would otherwise occur* Theoretical and experimental results of this method of reducing frictional drag are presented* A bibliography, drawings, and tables of data are included* In German* Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1106 UNCLASSIFIED STABILITY ABOUT THE VERTICAL AND LONGITUDINAL AXES OF AN AIRPLANE WITH SWEPT WINGS. Reported by: W. Eleenmann. 5tp. This report presents calculations for the stability about the vertical and longitudinal axes of an airplane similar to the Messerschmitt model Me 262 with (a) the wing swept forward at 1*5 , and (b) with wing swept back at 1*5 • The results are compared with the stability calculation for the actual Me 262. The calculations show that the stability coefficients are changed only slightly. However, with the swept-back wing they show an increase in the amplitudes .of the rolling and yawing oscillations, especially at high altitudes and high lift co- efficients. In these cases a strong tendency to "Dutch-Roll has to be expected, which may be diminished by a decrease in the angle of dihedral. The resulting decrease in spiral stability is less annoying than the "Dutch-Roll" • The air- plane with the swept forward wing shows no faults for these particular stability considerations* Tables and charts are included* This report is in German* 403 FIAT ITEM NO. 25 AIRCRAFT Item No. 25 FIAT REPORT NO. 1204 UNCLASSIFIED MODERN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL. Reported by: T. V. Hautevllle. 35p- This report deals with the application to civil use of methods of air traffic control and communication developed during the war for military purposes. A very good description is given of how present day equipment may be utilized to increase the safety and speed of air traffic* The text of this report is in German* 404 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 102 UNCLASSIFIED NEW RADIAL FLOW TURBINE DESIGN. Reported by: Wm. P. Spofford and M. L. Ireland, Jr. 9p. This report contains a detailed description of a radial flow turbine produced by Wagner-Hochdruok Dampfturbinen, K. which has several novel features* This turbine is meant for destroyers with the following characteristicst per shaft, tvrin screw turbines - 1*6,000 S*H.P. j Diesels - 2x2000 S*E.P.i Speeds - 5160 H.P., 2820 L*P. and 360 shaft R«P*M*; Astern - 15350 S*H. P* at 25O shaft R*P*M., maximum tip speed 2?0 meters per second* Steam consumption stated to be l®ss than conventional designi weight 2G-3<$ less. The H.P. rotor is in two separate parte each with an overhung wheel* Combined rotors and stator ore located between two pinion helices with no physical connection be- tween rotors* Rotors are in two pieces so as to provide the best materials for both rotor and pinion requirements* The L. rotor is one single built up unit operating in two bearings. Two-bearing design is used throughout for simple alignment* Drawings of destroyer arrangement of turbine are given* This firm also had begun the design of a stationary unit for 100,000 S*H*P* having a rotor of throe meters diameter and four meters long over the bearings* Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 115 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE CARBON BRUSH INDUSTRY FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIP- MENT OF GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete list* ing of this report. 405 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 291 UNCLASSIFIED GAS TURBINE PROJECT FOR A SCHNELL BOAT DEVELOPED BY BLOHM & VOSS, HAMBURG. Reported by; M. L. Ireland. 8Ip. Detailed exposition of the design and projected use of hol- low blades for a gas turbine for a Schnell boat was obtained in the interrogation of Herr Hermann Scheppler. The net power of the unit was to be 7500 hp with a gross turbine out- put of 20,000 hp. It was intended to fit this unit to the center shaft, and drive both outboard screws of the vessel with Diesels. The project was never completed but drawings and design details of the turbine and compressor, blading details for both elements, turbine nozzle and rotor details, and turbine efficiency and stress calculations were obtained and are included in the report. Many drawings with design data, diagrams, and thermodynamic and stress calculations in German are appended. Some drawings will reproduce poorly. Item No. 26 UNCLASSIFIED _ , ,Q FIAT REPORT NO. 4lo PFPORT OF THE GRID MEETING IN BRAUNSCHWEIG, 27-28 MARCH, ZtTto Item No. 5 for a complete Hating of this report. Item No. 26 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, hkl INVESTIGATION OF THE B.M.W. 005 TURBINE AND COMPRESSOR BLADING. Reported by; A. Planiol. 9p« Interrogation of E. Hagen, design engineer, on the character- istics and testing of the blading of the B.M*W* turbine and axial flow compressor* Design details of the profiled ribs, and bucket and nozzle profiles are discussed* Illustrations are prints of rotor blade profiles* 406 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 47 6 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF DEEP WELL TURBINE SUBMERSIBLE PUMP MOTORS. Reported by: F. J. Mcentee. 17p. This investigation covers known manufacturers of submersible deep well turbine pump motors; these motors are practical and a reasonable life expectancy can be obtained by using materials developed by I.O. Farben for insulating the wind- ings. Four tyoes are listed, differing in the manner water has access to the motor, or in the canning or sealing of windings, or in the inversion of the unit with the motor above the pump. Six manufacturers are listed. Diagrams, drawings and nerformance data form the accompaniments. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 489 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF FANS AND TURBO BLOWERS, Reported by: R. D. Madison, Comments regarding German practice may be summarized: 1. There has been little recent attention to the axial flow fan; 2. there was no general improvement in the centrifugal fan; 3. fans contained more blades; 4. more use was made of mixed flow inlets* backward curved blades, higher speeds, and steam turbine drives; and 5, there was little testing of fans for noise* As appendices there are lists of books and pamphlets and of persons interviewed as well as an article on "Axial flow fan tests, showing various arrangements of blades and vaness J. H. Voith Co. Heidenheim, April 13, 1944" The article describes test curves, which are missing; the 39 figures mentioned are also lacking. 407 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 509 UNCLASSIFIED RECENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENTS IN SWITZERLAND ON GAS TUR- BINES AND STEAM GENERATORS. Reported by: H. J. Rose. 46p. This report by the Solid Fuels Sub-committee discusses prog- ress Bade in Switzerland in developing equipment for tLe more effective utilization of coal, particularly the use of coal for firing gas turbines* The firms visited were Brown- Boveri & Oo. Ltd*; Escher Wyss Engineering Works, Ltd* and Sulzer Bros* Ltd. Design work is discussed on coal-fired gas turbines, turbine blade erosion from solid particles, Eoudry process combustion gas turbines, Velox boiler plants and “aerodynamical turbines1' a closed circuit turbine in which air is circulated under pressure, but combustion prod- ucts do not pass through the turbine* Sulzer Bros, are work- ing on a 7000 S.H.P. oil-fired marine combustion turbine of a closed circuit* Full reports of the visits to each firm are given with a list of their publications since 1939* 408 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 525 UNCLASSIFIED POPPET VALVES FOR AUTOMOTIVE AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES. Reported by : L. E. Bohue and N. Hoertz. 20p, The majority of valves were produced in five German factories as follows: Alfred Teves Maschinen and Armaturenfabrik, A. G., Frankfurt-Main; Teveswerke Motorenteile and Hydraulic Aggregate, Berlin; Alfred Teves K. G., Golling, Austria; Bayerische Leichtmetallwerke, Munich; and Bohler K. G., Vienna. All aircraft valve production had been stopped for some time and likewise most of the equipment for producing them had been dismantled, removed or destroyed, and was not available for examination. Automotive valves are in pro- duction on a small scale and such equipment was investigated for new or designs or production methods. It can be said that no ntn* design or materials were found. Generally speaking the production methods were very similar to prac- tices followed in the United States. German valve producers made hollow head sodium filled valves by welding the top of the head to the valve body. This is somewhat different than regular practice in the United States and details are in- cluded in this report. Also considerable information on. the valve steel specifications were gathered. No unusual steels were found. During the investigation of poppet valves test engines were discovered designed with a rotating plate for opening and closing the intake and exhaust ports instead of the conventional poppet valve. The engine was never pro- duced on a production basis. Photographs of this engine are Included in the report. During the war the German govern- ment, in order to got the best results for the limited sup- ply of chromium, nickel, tungsten and vanadium available, had to maintain a very strict control over them. All steels suitable for valves contain one or more of these metals, and a certain group of alloys were set up as standard and used by all valve manufacturers. There was a total of 12 alloys and the analysis of these is given in a chart. Manufactur- ing methods are briefly described. Drawings of the valves are included. 409 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 575 UNCLASSIFIED DEVELOPMENTS INDIESEL ENGINEERING. Reported by; K. J. DeJuhasz and G. A. Meyer. 63p. The report covers German Diesel engineering -with respect to construction details, injection equipment, engine dynamom- eter > turbo chargers, Diesel engines of unusual design, instruments for types of research, and engine supervision* Some of the data may be considered new or insufficiently known in the United States because of the war# The field information was obtained during August-November 1945 in visits to numerous plants and in interrogation of individuals# Genian research programs on Diesel engines are summarized and there is a bibliography listing recent German literature and other Allied intelligence reports on the subject# Photo- graphs and diagrams are included# Item No. 26 FIAT 579 UNCLASSIFIED COOLING FINS FOR AIR COOLED ENGINES; PERMANENT MOLDING OF CYLINDER HEADS AND METHOD OF FINNING CYLINDERS AT B.M.W. (BAVARIAN MOTORWERKE), Reported by; L. E. Bogue and N. Hoertz. 4p. ; Brief report of conversations with B.M. W. personnel at the Munich airport regarding the casting in permanent molds of aluminum cylinder heads with many deep fins and the method of rolling fins on cylinders from aluminum strip stock • Examples of this equipment are being sent to Washington. 410 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 582 UNCLASSIFIED THREAD ROLLING PROCESS FOR FINNED RADIATOR TUBES. Reported )y: A. B. Modlne. 4p. Description of a thread rolling process for melcipg aluminum integrally finned flat tube channels as used in radiators for liquid cooled aircraft engines. Aluminum tubing* fitted on a mandrel, is rotated against a thread rolling unit, than notched, flattened and welded into a conventional radiator. Drawing is included. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 591 UNCLASSIFIED HANOMAG DIESEL ENGINES FOR PASSENGER CARS, TRACTORS AND TRUCKS. Reported by: A. W. Pope, Jr. l8p. This report presents important details and illustrations of a gasoline engine for a 1.3 liter passenger car, and of 1.9, 5.2 and 8.5 liter Diesel engines, manufactured by the Hanomag Company. All are 4 cylinder engines except the 8.5 liter which is a 6 cylinder engine. The 1,9 liter Diesel engine used for tractors as well as trucks was also supplied for passenger car use before the war, but they found it uneconom- ical in service where fuel cost is relatively small part of operating expense. However, it was in successful production for several years, and is of particular interest for its small size bore and stroke. The 5.2 liter engine is an ex- ample of how the easy starting requirement for a tractor en- gine has been met. It also has truck, marine and industrial uses. The 8.5 liter is supplied for truck and industrial uses and follows conventional design for this type of engine. Appendix comprises list of reference material forwarded to the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency in Washington. 411 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES ' Item No. 26 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 595 THE 16 CYLINDER AIR-COOLED DIESEL ENGINE OF THE SIMMERING GRAZ PAUKER A.G. Reported by: A. M. Madle. 28p. The 16-cylinder, air-cooled, supercharged Diesel engine type SLa 16 of the Simmering Graz Pautoar A.G. Is a modern success* ful development in its field and incorporates several novel features. The 16 cylinders are arranged in a Hflat XH with 135° Included angle, in four banks with four cylinders each. The crankshaft has four cranks and since four cylinders are in the same plane, three of the connecting rods are linked to one master rod. The crank angles and positions of the master rods are important for the balance of the engine. The angles used and projected and other design details for this engine are given, including an engine specification table and performance data based on one cylinder- and block- test- ing. Its performance exceeded the Maybach type HL 230 tank engine which it was planned to replace. A discussion of special features, a table of engines under development for heavy armored vehicles as supplied from memory by Dipl. Ing. S. Haustein, photographs and rough design drawings are in-* eluded. 412 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT HO. UNCLASSIFIED HIGH PRESSURE CHEMICAL LIQUID PUMP FORCE FEED LUBRICATORS POSITIVE ROTARY SUPERCHARGER. Reported by: R. C. Mathewson. l4p. Pumps, lubricators and superchargers manufactured by Robert Bosch were investigated and it was found that in general their present designs follow well known standard practice. This report describes some unusual features which appear to be improvements over previously known designs. Drawings illustrate the following; Indirect high pressure pump, small cylinder lubricator, six unit barrel type cylinder lubricator, pump lubricator with one rotating and reciprocating plunger, multi-plunger, "Barrel** type lubricator, lubricator for pressures of 6000 lbs per square inch, lubricator for steam engines anc vane type superchargers. 413 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO, 600 UNCLASSIFIED AIR FILTERS AND OIL FILTERS FOR ENGINES. Reported "by: L. E. and N. Hoertz. l4p. A report of the manufacture of filters of all kinds used on German vehicles is presented herein. It was found that there were* only two manufacturers of filters for engines of any consequence in Germany, The Knecht Kom. Ges»,of Bad Gannstatt, and Mnn & Hummel, of Ludwigsburg. The Knecht firm manufactures oil hath air filters and oil filters for engines of all types. Figures 7 and 8 of this report show a sectional assembly of their Cyclone (Zyclone) oil bath air filter used on Mayback engines in tanks. It was claimed to be efficient and has a capacity of 750 cubic liters of air per hour. They made lubricating oil filters with rotatable elements, operated with an external ratchet wrench, connected to any shift lever or other device that is frequently operated by the driver of the vehicle, so it is constantly brushed and cleaned. This is covered by U. S. Patent No, 2,136,853* Lubricating oil filter elements were also built up from paper discs and the whole element held to standardized dimensions in line with the national effort to make accessories interchangeable. The Man & Hummel company manufactured practically the same line of filters, including the tank filter, as the Knecht company. They also made air filters for the German JUiftwaffe with multiple, tubular elements from woven rabbit hair, and claim 100$ ef- ficiency for this type. Lists of patents and drawings are included. 4 14 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 602 UNCLASSIFIED ALUMINUM PISTONS FOR AUTOMOBILE AND AIRCRAFT ENGINES. Re- ported by: L. E. Bogue and N. Hoertz. 5p. This report giro* the results of visits to the two major piston manufacturers in Germany to deteraine general piston design, type of alloys used and any new or novel ideas in piston manufacture. Piston designs were found to be similar in every respect to those used in the United States, but aluminum alloys in regular production are somewhat different. Therewae wide usage of an alloy containing 17 to 21$ sili- con. Alloy formulas for each plant are given. Permanent mold castings and also pressed pistons were widely used. It is claimed that added strength and the improved physical properties of pressed pistons justify the added cost in bet- ter performance, and recommend them for heavy duty and high output engines. Item No. 26 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 605 THE 3.5 LITER, 8 CYLINDER, AIR-COOLED AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OE THE STEYER-DAIMLER-FUCH A.G. Reported by: A. M. Madle. 25p. Information regarding this engine was provided by the design- er of tne engine and additional information by the chief en- gineer of the concern. The engine was first used on a S-ton truck and during the war was tne power plant for Ig-ton trucks, personnel cars, and the "Eaupenschlepper Ost" (Cater- pillar Tractor Bast). Tne subject engine, although a pre- war design and produced ever since, is of some interest as an example of a successful air-cooled engine of mature de- sign whicn incorporates a number of unusual details. Speci- fications and a description of the engine are given. Mention is also made of the special features of the engine. The appendix consists of drawing and diagrams of the engine and components. 415 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 605 UNCLASSIFIED BUSSING NAG MODEL LD6 DIESEL 100 HP TRUCK ENGINE. Reported by; A, W, Pope, Jr. 6p. In this brief report section on the Bussing fim and their output of gasoline and Diesel engines for trucks precedes a description and Engine Specification table giving performance and design characteristics of the Bussing-Kag Model LD6 truck Diesel engine. This is a 4-cycle, 6-cyllnder, 4.32H bore and 5.11H stroke 105 BP Diesel engine which can be operated on producer gas with spark ignition by a change in combustion chambers. Performance economy and service claims for this engine are very high because of the design of their precom- bustion chamber. Side and front view photographs of the en- gine are given. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 612 UNCLASSIFIED CARBUERTORS FOR AUTOMOBILES AS PRODUCED IN GERMANY. Re- ported by: N. Hoertz and L. E. Bogue. 15p* All research and development work on carburetors was suspended for the duration of the war. There were therefore no new de- velopments, end no other new systems of supplying fuel to en- gine cylinders were used other than the well-known carburetor, diesel injection or gas burners. Several engineers expressed the opinion that carburetors will never be replaced by injec- tion on passenger automobiles and small engines because of the elaborate mechanical layout necessary with its greater initial cost, despite arguments as to subsequent economies. Apparently gasoline engines with carburetors were used in tanka because the size and weight of Diesel engines did not readily fit into the available engine space in tank design. Many passenger cars and trucks were converted over to char- coal burners, running on producer gas. The Maybach 300 h.p. engine was equipped with two Solex Downdraft Twin Carburetors with four floats. The Maybach 700 h.p. engine, which was de- veloped for tiger tanks after the war began, was equipped with four Solex downdraft twin carburetors. These carburetors were designed to operate in any direction on a 40# grade, but wore alleged to be capable of greater angles. Photographs and sec- tional drawings of carbilretors are included. 416 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 6lk UNCLASSIFIED HYDRAULIC MOTORS AND PUMPS FOR DRIVING ACCESSORIES ON AIR- PLANES AND TANKS. Reported by: L, E. Bogue and N. Hoertz. TP.’ This report gives a brief description and detailed drawings of two experimental oil driven motors and two oil pumps used for driving accessories on airplanes and tanks. They were found at the Alfred Teves Company plant located in Fechenheim near Frankfurt Main. Prints of each assembly with its parts list and its parts prints have been sent to the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency in Washington. The oil motors have an output of approximately 1.2 and 5.0 H.P. They were still in the experimental stage but actual samples were pro- duced and tested with alleged satisfactory results* They were designed to be used for driving the landing wheels on airplanes to start them in motion prior to landing* Gtae pump is the one used on the Panther tank for operating the steering mechanism. The other is an oil pump designed to be driven at 1425 R*P*M« and to deliver 1900 to 2100 cubio centimeters of oil per minute at a pressure of 60 kg/cm2. It was designed to supply oil for actuating hydraulic accessories. Both pumps have been manufactured and used in large quantities. 417 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO, 620 UNCLASSIFIED SUPEECHAEGED LOOP SCAVENGING. Eeported Ly: A. M. Madle. 12p. This report presents the development of two-cycle engines with supercharged loop scavenging* The development work was undertaken by the Kloeckner-Kumbold-Deutz Company in their Oberursel plant, and was under the direction of Dr* Schnuerle, the inventor of the loop scavenging* The essen- tial feature of the loop scavenging resides in the arrange- ment of the ports in direction and location, so that the scavenging air, in entering through symmetrically arranged intake ports incurs the cylinder wall, rises up to the com- bustion chamber and is deflected downwards to the exhaust ports, centrally situated in respect to the intake ports, thus practically forming a reverse loop* Drawings, curves and charts are presented. 418 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 621 UNCLASSIFIED FUEL INJECTION WITHOUT INJECTION PUMP. Reported by; A. M. Madle. 15p, This report covers the development of a fuel injection system, not employing a fyel pump nor a nozzle. Parts of a paper by Dr. Prosper L* Grange explaining the fundamentals of hie sys- tem are presented here. The translated title of this paper is, MThe development of the high-speed Diesel engine up to the smallest sizes without injection pump*, printed in "Moto- ren Technische Zeitschrift*, June 25, 1939. Although the L*Orange system in its present state is not acceptable be- cause of the high specific fuel consumption, the Hirth Mo- toren G.m.b.H. development proves that the proper control of one phase of the injection is possible, and indicates that the shortcoming of the L*Orange system resides in the common control of both phases. The Hirth system designed for gasoline engines of aircraft in 1941 uses air-gasoline supplied by carburetor and supercharger in the conventional way with pumpless injection for the supply of the ignition fuel which is H-Stoff. An injection system with a single discharge channel with satisfactory performance was desired thus proving it is suction by gas flow through a Venturi tube that injects the fuel. The author of this report thinks it possible that a complete solution of the problem of pump- less injection can be worked out. Diagrammatic sketches are included. 419 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 625 UNCLASSIFIED IGNITION APPARATUS FOR ENGINES OPERATING ON HEAVY FUEL OIL. Reported "by; A. J, Poole, 8p. This report covers a battery ignition device intended to supply a demand for equipment which will furnish a spark of good heat value and prolonged duration, particularly suited to au engine equipped with a solid fuel injection system. R. Bosch G.m.b.H., Stuttgart, has been producing ignition equipment for Hesselmann, Sweden, which has proven highly satisfactory. The arrangement consists of a 13-volt battery, a timer with two contact breakers, and a special transformer coil. There was no opportunity of testing this equipment at the fiosch factory, but a complete set has been sent to Wash- ington, including a spark plug, type EM20S148, which was de- veloped especially for this heavy oil engine service. Bosch test standards are shown. A wiring diagram and drawings of the timer and coils are included. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 62^ UNCLASSIFIED ROBERT BOSCH DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW TENSION SPARK PLIXJ, SYSTEM "SMITS", ROBERT BOSCH A.G., STUTTGART. Reported by; A. J. Poole, 6p. Problems in the German development of a low tension flashorer spark plug for high altitude use where electrode corrosion and pre-ignition difficulties limit the use of high tension plugs. It was also for use with jet propulsion units using crude oils where heavy dry-fouling occurs* After trying mica and nickel-iron-glass ignition inserts, a ceramic tube fused to the electrodes by a special glass, formed a perfect flash- over surface path and a gas tight seal* Initial gaps of 0*3 to 0.4 could be achieved* Clear drawings of the plugs and inserts and of the circuits used are given* 420 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 635 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRONIC IGNITION, Reported by: A. J. Poole. 5p. An electronic ignition aystea vac produced experimentally by Bosch in Eelchenbach, Germany, during the latter part of the war* It is claimed that this system eliminates many of the deficiencies of a conventional magneto system* Basically the circuit involved a condeneor serving as an accumulator and charged through a resistance and discharged through the grid controlled tube to tne primary of the high tension coil at the spark plug* After completion of the discharge, the grid voltage prevents further passage of current between the anode and cathode of the tuba and the condensor charge is again built up* Gas filled tubes with heated electrodes proved better than those unheated electrodes, or high vacuum discharge types* Diagrams are included* Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 640 UNCLASSIFIED KLOECKNER HUMBOLDT DEUTZ (MAGIRUS) 70 H.P. WATER - COOLED AND AIR-COOLED TRUCK DIESEL ENGINES. Reported by: A. W. Pope, Jr. 35p, Full specifications are given in English and German together with efficiency curves of the Model F 4L514 air-cooled and the Model F UM51S water-cooled 70 h.p. 4 cylinder Diesel truck engine** A test report on the F 4L514 is given in German* A comparison of the two engines is also made (in German)* Diagrams of the two engines are included* The water-cooled engine appears to be less efficient than engines of this class* The air-cooled engine appears to be very efficient from a fuel economy standpoint but rather lower than average water-cooled engine performance from a power view point* This may be due to the high power requirement of the cooling blower at top speed* 421 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 66? UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINES: SUMMARY REPORT. Reported by: A. Pope, Jr. 26p. Summary of German automotive engine specific performance values that have design advantages worthy of study by Ameri- can engineers* These include carburized and flame hardened crankshaft bearings, counterweights on crankshafts, inclined valves, push rods instead of overhead camshafts, and injec- tion systems replacing carburetors* A table of the perform* ance of 24 German engines, is followed by a German War De- partment table of 149 engines in Germany which gives their performance data* Some of the engines are foreign makes* A 1944 secret report on the use of the Diesel engine in t&e army followed by a 1927 appendix "Fuel production and tecJ>- nical development of automotive vehicles1* is appended. 422 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENOnroiq Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 668 UNCLASSIFIED DIESEL ENGINE INJECTION EQUIPMENT IN GEMNY. Reported by: R. C. Mathewaon. 5I3p- This report covers the Investlgation of Diesel injection equipment for automotive, stationary and mrine engines, lothing radically new in the way of basic principle was found, bat a number of important new developments with re- spect to detail of design, construction, and material were found and are reported herein. Each of these new develop- ments is described in a separate paragraph in this report. In each case the paragraph is given a number, which also co- incides with the numbers on drawings listed in Arroendix i and list of equipment in Appendix B, The following plants were visited: Robert Bosch G.m.b.H.; Friedrich Deckel, Munich; L*Grange A.G., Zuffenhansen; Hockner Humboldt Beats, Oberursel; Daimler Bens, Vendlingen and Unterturk- heim; Maybach Motoren Werken A.G., Vangen; Hans Still, BiUsbrdch; and Carl Y, V. Borgward, Sebaldsbruch. At the Robert Bosch plant, pops, nossle holders and nossles, unit injectors, governors, and automatic timing devices were being developed and manufactured. Its laboratory and re- search work, and production and development results were also investigated. Friedrich Deckel and L*Orange special- ised In pumps and nossle holders end nossles. The remain- ing firms developed various types of hydraulic governors, pmemmntie governors, single element pmqps sad flange mounted pumps. Maybach Motoren was experimenting with a converted Diesel unit converted from their own gasoline engine, and equipped with Bosch poop and Deckel nossle holder and nozzle Appendices include lists of drawings and bulletins, samples of equipment evacuated factories in Germany where principal Bosch production was mads as of January 19U5, engines and manufacturers and the Injection equipment used by them, and bulletins of L1 Orange injection equipment. 423 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 669 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF GERMAN LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT. Re- ported by: L. H. Matthias. The purpose of this review is to indicate the trend of thought in Germany and to present those new developments and ideas worth considering by American designers. Electrical switch* Xng devices as classified by NVerband Deutscher Electrotech- niker* standards, are given. Magnetic contactors and motor starters of new German design are discussed. Also discussed are manual switches and motor starters. Characteristics of overload relays and releases, control circuit devices, and miscellaneous related subjects make up the remainder of the report. The 26 companies visited and the personnel inter- rogated are listed. Photographs, charts, graphs, and tables are included. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 6?0 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF A NEW STORAGE BATTERY. Reported by: L. H. Matthias. This is a translation of a preliminary draft of a patent spe- cification on a storage battery invented by Dr. Fredrick Croy of Chemische Fabrik Weyl at Mannheim. In this battery, metal- lic mercury or the amalgam of another metal acts as the cath- ode, a lead oxide grid similar to the positive plates of the lead battery is the anode, and a solution of sodium sulfate - sodium hydroxide is the electrolyte. A voltage of 3-4 volts is obtained. Several important problems remain to be solved before' a practical battery of this type can be made. A dia- gram of the experimental battery and of a suggested design are included in the report. 424 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 672 UNCLASSIFIED AIR AND OIL-COOLED ADAM OPAL 72 H.P. TRUCK ENGINE. Re- ported by: 0. D. Trelber» l85p» Engineering drawings are given of an air and oil cooled 3*6 liter, 6 cylinder engine of 90 mm stroke for a 3-ton truck -72 h,p. at 3000 HPM and 74 octane gasoline. This engine was developed to permit trucks to be stored and also to operate on short notice in freezing weather without water cooling and without anti-freezing liquids of the usual sort. Air for cooling of the heads and oil for cooling of the cylinders ore the only cooling agents, A description and technical details of the engine are given. Photographs showing three views of the engine are also Included, 425 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. Glh UNCLASSIFIED HEAVY DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, MANUFACTURED BY MAN (MASCHINEN- FABRIK, AUGSBURG - NURNBERG). Reported By: A. W. Pope, Jr. • MAN Built a large number of tho node! WI7.5/22 heavy duty Diesel engines during the war, which delivers 33 HP/cyl. at 1000 rns. This engine was Built in S cylinder versions. These engines are good examples of the Best prac- tice in this field where fuel economy and long life outweigh the considerations of first cost and weight per horsepower. The following are soite features of particular interest: Buchi type exhaust-driven superchargers can Be applied to any of the MAN engines with an increase in output of 30 per- cent; this extra power obtained without reducing engine life. A special paper cartridge is inserted in the combustion chamber for cold starting. The paper is treated with a chem- ical with low ignition temperature and is therefore self- igniting. The passage to the prechamber is located tangen- tial to the chamber to provide rotary twirl within the pre- chamber. The cylinder head gasket is a separate steel as- bestos ring the diameter of the cylinder sleeve. The cylin- der block projects above the top of the sleeve and so pro- vides a shoulder to hold the gasket in place. A separate soft gasket is used for sealing water and oil Joints. The cam shaft gear drive is taken from the rear end of the crankshaft adjacent to the flywheel thus keeping to a mini- mum gear stress resulting from cyclic or torsional reactions. These engines are also supplied equipped for combination Diesel fuel and gas operation. When this is done a email amount of Diesel fuel is injected for ignition, purposes. The gas fuel is supplied through the inlet manifold. When operating on gas fuel supplied this way only about JO BICEP can be developed without causing internal engine tempera- ture sufficient to preignite the inlet gas* Appendix sec- tion includes photographs of various KAN engines, both for marine and railcar use, engine specification fora, and in- stallation and section assembly drawings. 426 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 683 UNCLASSIFIED KHD TWO CYCLE ENGINE DEVELOPMENTS WITH SCHNUERLE LOOP SCAVENGE SYSTEM. Reported by; A. W. Pope, Jr. 200p. This rsport describes development work and testing on 3-cycle loop scavenged spark ignition and Diesel type aircraft en- gines developed in the laboratory of Kldckner Humboldt Dents at Oberursel. The experimental Schhftrle 2-cycle loop scav- enge system operates with a flat top piston and with inlet ports symmetrically arranged on each side of the cylinder at an angle to direct the inlet air against the side of the cylinder barrel and up to the top. Advantages which give a 20% power improvement over the conventional system are enu- merated. Disadvantages are also given, the chief of which is that loop scavenging with piston controlled ports at the bottom of the stroke makes it necessary that the exhaust port must remain open after the inlet port closes. The sys- tem works equally well with a spark-ignited injected gasoline engine or with a Diesel engine, and KHD development has in- cluded both types of engine. Among the engines discussed are a 16-cylinder 2000 HP aircraft Diesel, some radial air- craft Diesels, single-cylinder injected gasoline engine, 12- eylinder marine Diesel, and an 8-cylinder 700 HP tank engine. There have apparently been no commercial applications to high output lightweight engines to prove the success of the sys- tem. However, the report gives the results of many test runs on different engines under varying conditions. This document contains English translations and the original Ger- man reports of tests, with many curves and design drawings. There are also seven large drawings. 427 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 685 UNCLASSIFIED FERDINAND PORSCHE - 10 CYLINDER VEE TYPE AIR COOLED 500 HP GASOLINE ENGINE. Reported by; A. W. Poper, Jr. 4p. This engine was being developed at the request of the German Government for air-cooled military vehicle engines. About 100 engines had been built but they were not entirely sucess- ful. Although considerable development work will have to be done before it can be considered a successful engine, there are certain design features that are worth studying. Outline of detail performance and design characteristics are contain- ed on the attached engine specification form. The engine is built with the unconventional number of 10 cylinders arranged in two banks of 5 each in Tee form. The air cooled cylinder is of aircraft type machined from a steel forging threaded at the upper end to receive the aluminum head and flanged at the lower end for attachment to the aluminum crankcase. The engine is built in a unit with an electric generator for elec- tric drive to the vehicle. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 698 UNCLASSIFIED PHOTOGRAPHING A SINGLE FUEL INJECTION. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 428 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. ?09 UNCLASSIFIED YERBRANMJNGSMOTOREN, THERMO DYNAMISCHE UND VERSUCHAMASSIGE GRUDNLAGEN URTER BESONDERER BERUCKSICHTIGUNG DER FLUG- MOTOREN. Reported By: F. A0 F. Schmidt. 595P° Prof, y. A. F. Schmidt1e book "Verbrennungamotoren, Thermo- dynaalache und vereuchsmdsslge grundlagen unter besondercr berdcksichtigung der flugmotoren11 (internal combustion en- gines. Thermodynamic and experimental principles with spe- cial consideration of airplane engines). 35 mm. micro- film, Jan 30. 1946. 214 p. Microfilm-$3.00 This book is essentially a discussion of Otto and Diesel en- gines. Part A treats general engine problems and part B the special problems of aircraft engines. Each part is further subdivided: A(I) thermodynamics of idealised engine cycles. A(I)2 review of phenomena within the cycles. A(I)3 a study of the essential factors for efficient engine operation (includes theoretical considerations and experimental data on the effect of mixture ratio, compression and i&iition). Section A(II) is entirely devoted to the subject of super- charging. The separate treatment of aircraft engines in Part B reflects the complexities arising from operation at changing altitudes. Section B(l) concerns nonsupercharged aircraft engines. B(II) supercharger system driven directly by the motor. Section.B(III) discusses the exhaust gp.s turbo supercharger. Section B(IY) presents a discussion of the suitability of different engine systems for different types of aircrafts and some important relations between engine power and flight performance. Appendix 1 and II contain some examples of numerical calculations and a treatise on thermodynamic functions. The supplement deals with the re- sults of researches between 1940 and 1945. Research on ig- nition is particularly emphasized. The supplement also con- tains a brief treatment of the thermodynamics of gas turbines. Additional supplements to individual pages of the book are found. A bibliography and subject index is added. Finally five graphs of completely calculated thermodynamic functions of combustion gases of engine fuel are given. The book is fully illustrated with drawings, photographs and graphs. Photoprints will not be available from this film, but enlarge- ment prints will be made at a later date and both microfilm and photoprint copies will be available. 429 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 800 U nCMjSSified NICKEL CADMIUM STORAGE BATTERIES IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 19 for a complete listing of this report. Ttem /V<5. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^7 UNCLASSIFIED DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE WAR IN AUTOMOTIVE IGNITION, PAR- TICULARLY BY THE FIRM OF ROBERT BOSCH, G.m.b.H., STUTTGART. Refer to Item No. 19 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 951 UNCLASSIFIED THE GERMAN GASKET INDUSTRY. Reported by: P. F. Nlessen. 15P. This report reviews the field of German gasket manufacture In the U# S# and British occupied zones* It suumarizes the processes, materials end equipment used in production and development# The outstanding developments consist of cylinder head gaskets made from Buna or synthetic rubber and steel, the manufacture of three meter wide sheets of compressed asbesto packing and curing or vulcanization of oil seal diaphrams at high temperatures* The complete absence of graphite in the oil seal compound and the method and equip- ment qsed for determining the running or sealing character- istics of oil seals is of special interest# A sketch and a photograph of the grease seal torque testing machine and lists of personnel interviewed and targets visited axe appended# 430 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIRCRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 966 UNCLASSIFIED RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF KAPLAN AND FRANCIS TURBINES. Reported by: W. Hamm. 55p» This report covers the development in the design of hydraulic reaction turbines in Germany since 1930, In the refinement of details, reduction of cost, increase of efficiency, cavi- tation .prevention, and extension of the range of specific speeds, considerable progress is indicated. Targets visited included power plants on the Rhine, Inn, and Main rivers, the J. M. Voith Maschinenfabriken, Heidenheim, and Escher Wyss & Cie, Ravensburg, in Wftrttemberg. Forty illustrations and one table are attached to this report. They show general arrangements, wheel sections, details, and hydraulic data. A bibliography is included. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 1054 UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION .OF THE FUTURE OF GAS TURBINE INSTAL- LATIONS. Reported by: R. Stroehlen. 91p« The papers included in this report make comparisons between gas turbines with and without heat exchangers regarding their efficiency and costs of installation and operation, a further comparison Is made between the gas turbine and similar steam installations considering all factors. Suitable graphs, tables, drawings and the original German text are included* These papers are included in an A.E.C. pamphlet entitled 11 The High Pressure Gas Installations, A New Gas Turbine Sys- tem Without the Use of Heat Exchanger”, and is a reprint from Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (19Ul), issue 7, page 150. In German and English* 431 FIAT ITEM NO. 26 AIR GRAFT ENGINES Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 1148 UNCLASSIFIED THE USE OF HEAT RESISTING STEELS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GAS TURBINE BLADES IN GERMANY. Reported by: R. Schempp. 21p. This report discusses the composition and treatment of high temperature resisting alloys found by one German manufacturer to be best suited to the fabrication of gas turbine blades. These are also presented in this report, data on the design and manufacture of the drawn, hollow turbine blade and on the insert for air distribution inside the blade for air cooling. Appendix 1. List of targets visited; Appendix 2. List of personnel visited; Appendix 3, Bibliography; Appendix 4. List of heat resistant steels; Appendix 5. Fatigue test graphs; and Appendix 6. Illustrations of steps in the draw- ing of a turbine blade. Item No. 26 FIAT REPORT NO. 1149 UNCLASSIFIED HIGH PRESSURE STEAM TURBINES« VOL. II - PLATES. Reported "by: E. A. Kraft. 99p- This report consists of plates (graphs, drawings, diagrams, and photographs) illustrating vol. I of "High Pressure steam Turbines" which is PB L 8$169j v. 8, p* 327, this Bibliog- raphy* 43 2 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS; DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 160 UNCLASSIFIED SEWING MACHINERY AND CLOTHING PRODUCTION METHODS. Reported by: C. L. Rosenqulst and P. H. Hanea, Jr. ?P* Survey and evaluation of production methods in German sew- ing machine manufacture. Investigators considered methods inferior to American ones. During the war the manufacture of lineshaft tabling and Vee belting for sewing machines was prohibited in order to conserve materials. An all wood individual table was built which was sturdy and satisfactory in all respects. A hookup method of providing power for a set-up of individual tabling is used which is flexible and neat. A large proportion of manuf act tire rs use a conveyor system in which operators handle one garment at a time. A very few progressive manufacturers have adopted the "pro- gressive bundle system" which is considered the most effi- cient American method. An appendix lists names of companies visited, location, product manufactured and number of pre- war employees. Item No, 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 2k 1 UNCLASSIFIED OBSERVATIONS OF GERMAN INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION. Reported By: R. H. McCarthy. 39p. An analysis of German industrial organization based on the author’s vists to some 21 factories; covering such factors as organization, factory layout, tools, costs systems, and personnel policies. Specific personnel policies of the Siemens and Halske firm are given in some detail as char* acteristic of working conditions under the Third Reich. These include promotion policy, social disbursements, old age and health benefits, and the utilization of slave labor. There is also a set of tabulations of typical lathe and milling feeds, speeds and cuts for common materials. 433 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 290 UNCLASSIFIED WIRE PROGRAM SERVICES OF THE REICHSPOST. Reported by: J. A. Parrott. l4p. This report contains Information on wired radio broadcasting and on program charnels for radio broadcasting. Program for extending wired broadcasting service was instituted shortly before the war because of the lack of adequate radio broad- casting facilities and the likelihood of Jamming from abroad Three modulators with carriers of about 155, 210 and 260 k.c ore located in a toll office program room, where up to three voice frequency program channels could be switched to their inputs individually. Outputs were mixed and distributed via broad band amplifiers and cable pairs, including regular subscriber looks, without interfering with their low fre- quency use for telephone purposes. In selecting three carri- ers to be used consideration is given to broadcasting fre- quency allocations in the vicinity. Toll cable facilities used for program transmission are listed. Two single channel open wire program carrier systems were available but had not been used. References are listed. Diagrams of systems and equipment, and photographs of equipment are included. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 337 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN TEXTILE ROLL-COVERING MATERIALS. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complet listing of this report. 434 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. J>k6 UNCLASSIFIED PUBLICATIONS AT I. G. FARBEN LABORATORY BUILDING, HOECHST. Reported by: J. F. Smith. Lp. This report llets 38 publications (1940-1944) which might prove Interesting to the textile Industry. It was recommend- ed that the •Hitteilungen11 of various textile schools be ex- amined to locate any original material. Cards selected from a collection of I. 0. Farben sample cards of military and raincoat fabrics and accompanying directions for dyeingor finishing are filed in Col. Steadman* s office together with a classified list. The classes are listed in the report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. jkj UNCLASSIFIED FACTORS RELATING TO PROSPECTS FOR EXPORTING U. S. COTTON TO GERMANY. (WITH LIMITED INFORMATION ON ITALY AND SWIT- ZERLAND. Reported by: R. C. Jackson. Hp. An analysis of the German textile industry during the war, its present status and future prospects, with particular reference to possible markets for American cotton* Future consumption of 0. S. cotton depends on such factors as ex- change (ability of Germans to have acceptable exchange or credits with which to make payments )j competition with the extensive synthetic fiber industry developed under the Third Reich, competition with other nations producing cottoi and quality and packaging of raw cotton. Investigator believes all these problems can be solved. A brief report is also made on the possible cotton markets open in Italy and Switzerland. Report contains list of cotton merchants and cotton agents in Bremen area. 435 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 598 UNCLASSIFIED ECONOMIC STUDIES OF THE POWER TRANSMISSION CHAIN INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by: G. G. Mize. 5^P» This report records information-specific for the plants examined and general for the industry, supplemented with conclusions of the investigator. Target or plant information includes name, location, managing personnel, condition, sise, prewar export markets and regulations, and anticipated immediate future on production. Targets visited were: Joh. Winklhofer and Sohne; K5hler and Bovenkamp; Wipperman Jr. A.G.; Ruberg and Renner; Union - Sils - Van de los and Co. General information includes government export regulations, product materials, manufacturing processes and types of equipment. Photographs are included. Sales pamphlets and catalogs from the targets visited comprise PB 7070. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 401 UNCLASSIFIED WIFO BERLIN EVACUATED PERSONNEL AT MUNICH. Reported by: R. J. Ozol and C. C. Chaffee, lip. The principal duty of WIFO was to establish and maintain industries, trades and crafts devoted to the furtherance of tests and researcn work for tne benefit of the German State* WIFO built a new system of storage tanks for the collection, mixing and distribution of oil products to replace the har- bor storage facilities. Tables show fuel storage capacity of tne various WIFO installations after 1938* The contents of this report supplement and supersede any information pre- sented in Ordnance Progress P.eport No* 37, entitled "Distri- bution of fuels and lubricants to the Gorman military forces" 436 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. kC>3 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON THE GERMAN ECONOMIC SITUATION, Reported by: H. R. Hablcht and W. Jessel. 3TP* A translation of a report on the German economic system, 1943/44 which was issued by the Planning Board of the Speer Ministry, June 29, 1944* It is believed to be the best summary available of the whole German as viewed by German economists during the first half of 1944* Topics covered! Commitment of manpower; agriculture; armaments and war production; foreign trade; transportation; consumption; and wage, price, and money policies* Shortages in foods and industrial raw materials as a result of reverses in the war and concentration on armament and war production are the most striking aspects of the report* A later report prepared after the collapse of Germany is given in PB 2420* Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 404 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON THE GERMAN ECONOMIC SITUATION, 19M*. Reported by: H. Kehrl. 26p. Translated and edited by Walter Jessel this report was prepared for H. R* Habioht after the collapse of Germany on the basis of such figures as were at hand* It is perhaps the best summary available of the whole German economy in 1944 as viewed by German economists in the early part of 1945* Topics covered! Production; consumption; and wage, price, and money policies* The effects of the loss of occupied territories and allied air attacks on fuel pro- duction plants and transportation were decisive in crippling German economic life* Yet production at the end of 1944 held up amasingly well* This report parallels study of German economic situation 1943/44 (PB 2419)* Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. k69 UNCLASSIFIED NO ABSTRACT 43 7 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 516 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON RECENT CABLE DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY. Reported by: 0. Jenaen. 6p. Description of the following developments: Aluminum sheath- ing of cables by Siemens-Schuckert Kablewerk, experimental work by Dr. Walther Ehlers, of Markische Kabelwerke, Vogel and Detewe, on use of polyvinylchlorid (Igelit) which serves as insulator; and a high voltage oil-filled pressure type cable which operates without the usual oil reservoir and was developed by Jobs Mollerhoj, Nordieke Kabel & Traadfabrikker, Copenhagen, Denmark. The cables of Dr. Ehlers are treated at length, beginning with the billet. There is also a short description of general developments in coaxial cables. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 526 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRIAL SURVEY OF PLANTS, METHODS AND PRODUCTS IN GERMAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY. Reported by: R. W. Augustine, J+5p- This survey contains descriptions of plants and telephone products of the following firms: Neafeldt and Kuhnke G.oub.H. Hanseaticho Apparatbau Gesellschaft, Kiel; Friedrich Merk Telephonbau Aktiengesellschaft, Munich; Electro Acoustic K.G., Kiel; Vereingte Bayresche Telephon T«rerke, A.6. (Branch of Siemens Halske), Munich; Osnabrucker Kupfer-u Drahtwerk, Osnabruck; and Mix and Genest Aktiengesellschaft Starnshaua, Berlin. A schematic circuit of the lfi.x and Genest Automatic system and operating notes are missing from this copy. The account of Electro Acoustic K.G. (ELAC), Is especially interesting, as this plant was engaged in research during the war in conjunction with problems concerning the under- lying principles involved in the design and construction of equipment and instruments to be used in the guidance and firing of explosive missiles by means of electrical and accoustical energy through water. Also included is a brief note on a lacquer coating under the trade name "Duapon" manufactured by ftiul Lechler, Fauerbach at Stuttgart. Appended to the report is a glossary of terms and definitions used in the German telephone industry. 438 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 557 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN EMPLOYMENT STATISTICS DURING THE WAR. Reported by: E. L. Deuss, 106p. Throughout the war tnere were kept 4 sets of statistics: the Reports of Industry oased on factory units and compiled by Trade and Manufacturers' Associations. Employment Reports based on factory units and compiled by product groups or end products, bookkeeping records of the Minister of Labor, and the Manpower Balance Sheets of tne Statlstlsches Reichsamt, tne most comprenenslve and most oobjective. £acn of tnese sets of statistics is,described in detail. Appendices con- tain tables of statistics. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO, 561 and Supplements UNCLASSIFIED SOME ASPECTS OF THE FULL FASHIONED AND WARP KNITTING INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 601 UNCLASSIFIED OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT, COAL MINING COMPANIES, RUHR, AACHEN, AND SAAR DISTRICTS 1959 - Reported by: C. W. Cloe. This report shows the percent of stock ownership, the capital stock and the hoards of managers. Information was derived from German sources considered reliable. 439 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 666 UNCLASSIFIED THE SLEEVE BEARING INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Reported by: C. E. Swartz and F. H. Ragan. 55P° The methods used in Germany for the production of sleeve bearings during the war were similar to those used in the U. S. Some refinements in process were noted which improved quality, increased production and saved on raw materials. A few alloys were used, less than those used in U. S., and the quality of the product seems to have been inferior to American items. Diagrams are included and the appendices contain a list of German technologists and a list of German plants. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 6?6 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE PUBLISHED DURING THE WAR, Reported by: N. D. Crane. 85p. This report outlines the work that was done by Signal Corps investigators in the selection and collection of unclassified German scientific literature for a reference library. It provides brief information regarding the Signal Corps collec- tions of classified military publications and research docu- ments and gives some information on the other Allied agencies investigating German literature,the German publishers and book trade, libraries which are intact and available for reference use, and scientific Journals and books published during the war. This report includes a bibliography, lists of some 600 books on electricity, electrical communications, photography, meteorology, physics, chemistry and engineering published since 1939, a similar list of scientific books covering all sciences printed by Julius Springer during the same period and reviews of recent books in the field of electronics. 44 0 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. FIAT REPORT NO. 757 UNCLASSIFIED ECONOMIC STUDY OF GERMAN SYNTHETIC WAXES, Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 755 UNCLASSIFIED HIGHLIGHTS OF GERMAN IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 761 UNCLASSIFIED ERNST CERLICH INSTITUT OF THE REICHSSTELLE FUER HOCHFREQUENZ FORSCHUNG (REICH BOARD FOR HIGH FREQUENCY RESEARCH. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 793 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL EXPLOITATION OF THE GERMAN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Refer to Item No, 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 801 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRIAL SAFETY IN GERMANY. Reported by: E. G. Me iter and A. J, Toering. 15^-p. From a review of tone plants and a study of regulations and agencies, it appears that a fairly well integrated program of industrial safety was pursued. Be search work was done on problems of industrial physiology, hygiene, efficiency, and welfare. While scientific work was done on the develop- ment of methods end equipment for both industrial efficiency and safety, much of it was not applied. Some of the practices and a few types of equipment will prove of interest. A list of the principal locations visited is given. Included are tables, charts, diagrams and many photographs of equipment. 441 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 950 UNCLASSIFIED TRAINING AND SELECTION OF SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL IN THE I G FARBENWERKE, LUDWIGSHAFEN. Reported by: M. S. Vlteless and L. D, Anderson. 55p. Reviews the background, organization, and administration of a program of supervisory training and selection in a large German industrial plant* An analysis showed that poor super- vision represented a serious handicap to increased produc- tion* Interviews with workers indicated that, while most of then were content with the wage scale,* working conditions, social and welfare programs, there was considerable dissatis- faction with the quality of supervision* A training program, consisting chiefly of conferences on sound psychological principles and methods of leadership, was initiated* Approx- imately two-thirds of the eaqperienced supervisors undergoing such training expressed interest and approximately one-third showed improvement in supervisory practices* As a further step, psychological examinations for the selection of super- visors, involving particularly the use of w characterological" methods, were introduced* These methods are described* While plans were made for the validation of the psychological examination, these were not consummated because of the in- vasion* Six appendices are included containing following informationi 1) List of German personnel interviewed: 2) list of German factories visited; 3) a bibliography; h) sample material from the supervisor training program; 5) sample material covering the evaluation of applicant 1 for a supervisor position; and 6} sample material covering evalu- ation of applicant 2 for a supervisor position* 442 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1021 UNCLASSIFIED COUNSELING AND SELECTING PERSONNEL WITH HIGH APTITUDE FOR TECHNICAL TRAINING. Reported by: E. G. Williamson. 21p. Thia report describes certain methods and techniques used in German schools and industrial firms in the early identifica- tion, counseling, and placement in appropriate technical training courses of individuals who possess high-level apti- tudes. The present study was one part of an integrated in- vestigation covering many aspects of the general utilization of manpower including children, adolescents, students, and adults. In this report special emphasis is placed upon the selection, training, and.Job placement of those individuals who possess special aptitudes commonly referred to as tech- nical and scientific, as well as those intellectual in nature. Item No, 28 FIAT REPORT NO. IO36 UNCLASSIFIED THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED WORKER IN GERMAN INDUSTRY. Reported by: G. Brlghouse. lip, German law hat. since 1921. required each employer of ten or ■ore persons to hire a certain percentage of physically handi- capped persons. The production, stability, absenteeism, and safety records of disabled workers in German industry have been approximately the same as those of able-bodied employee* Some significant contributions have been made in personnel administration of blind and crippled workers, but less in- genuity has been used with other varieties of physical handi- cap. The best features include the development of special selection, training and supervision methods; modification of machinery to allow safe and efficient operation; and provi- sions for the promotion of the handicapped to positions of responsibility. Appendices present the following: (l) List of German personnel interviewed; (2) list of targets visited; and (3) bibliography. 443 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS; DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28. FIAT REPORT NO. IO56 UNCLASSIFIED SELECTION, TRAINING AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION OF APPRENTICES AND OTHER WORKING PERSONNEL FOR GERMAN INDUSTRY. Reported by; A. Kahler. 28r. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods by which Germany tested and selected its working personnel and the system of occupational training and technical education by which it created its great pool of industrial skill. The reorganization of industrial apprenticeship under Na- tional Socialism included an enumeration of all "apprentice- able* trades; the creation of "semi-apprenticeable* trades (Anlernberufe); the development of training specifications for each trade, giving detailed descriptions of skills to be taught and of desired methods of training; the develop- ment of training curricula; the development of some 5*000 industrial apprentice training shops; and a general expan- sion of apprenticeship. In 19*4-0 there were not fewer than l.U million apprentices in training. Standardization and equalization of apprentice training were furthered by uni- fied Journeymen's examinations and by Reich occupational contests. Apprentice training consisted mainly of teaching manual and operational skills, while technical instruction was left to trade schools. The employment offices were the administrative centers of a policy which aimed at a system- atic registration, classification, channeling and distribu- tion of all labor. It included systematic vocational coun- seling of youth leaving school which was done partly on the basis of school recommendations, etc., and partly on the basis of aptitude tests. More advanced technical training was offered by technical Institutes, admittance to which presupposed two or three years of apprentice training. Theoretical research and development work was chiefly car- ried on by graduates of technical universities (Technische Hochschulen}. Technical education at the university level is excluded from this study. Measured by American standards the system put too much weight on manual skills and too little on methods of production and explains Germany's com- parative weakness in mass production, according to the re- port. Personnel interviewed, targets visited, and documents and microfilm transmitted to Washington, D. C., are listed in appendices. 444 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1113 UNCLASSIFIED THE STATUS OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No, 9 for a complete Hating of this report. Item No, 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1115 UNCLASSIFIED AN EXAMINATION OF ATTITUDES ABOUT INDUSTRIAL SAFETY IN GERMANY. Reported "by: T. F. Silvey. 20p. This report based oq interviews indicated in Appendix I stateethe universal acceptance in Germany of industrial ac- cident and occupational disease prevention* German employers recognised adequate prevention as an unquestioned charge a- gainst their product* equal in importance to facilities, labor, material and management according to the author* Reorganisa- tion during the war of safety operations of a large multi- plant corporation is described* Education and propaganda for safety of the sort used in United States factories was uni- versal and surprisingly enough unoontaminated by Nasi Party content* Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1122 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFILMED AT I. G, FARBEN- INDUSTRXp:, UKRDINGEN. Refer to Item No, 22 for a complete listing of this report. 445 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED ON THE THEORY OF THE ELECTRON. Reported'by: W. Vessel. 19p. The author develops a classical theory of the spinning elec- tron, based only on the variables used by Dirac, vis. spatial coordinates, momentum, velocity, and mass, as well as the anti symmetrical tensor of magnetic and electric moments. Equations of motion are set up by formation of Poisson-brack- ets of the variables with a Hamiltonian function identical with Dirac’s. The necessary relations of the variables are established using a reduction to spinors originated by Dar- win, and Laporte and Uhlenbeok. Eliminating all additional variables by differentiation of the spatial coordinates one obtains the usual equation of motion of a charged particle increased by certain members with higher derivatives, charac- teristic for particles with a finite extension in space. It is intended, by conversion of the Poisson-brackets into com- mutation-relations, to include the reaction of radiation and higher order forces on the ordinary quantum-mechanical for- malism. A difficulty of a former paper on this topic is removed. Biographical note is in thglish. Text is in German. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. H56 UNCLASSIFIED HYDRQSULFITES. Reported by: A. L. Sklar. 48p, The development of the German hydrosulfite industry and the attempts to obtain, and later to hold, a dominant position hvriotnt^?e<1 +n.Paft 1 °f this r°P°rt* pr.rt II summarizes hydosulfite statistics for I. G. production, sales, I. G. world price and factory cost price trends. The technology of the operation is discussed in Part HI; both the batch process as practiced up to 1936 and the semi-continuous process as currently operated are described. In Part IV, the development work aimed at new processes for producing hydro- . 6 Summarlzed. Appendixes list persons interviewed and targets visited. A description of the process for pro- duction of zinc oxide special is included, in English, 446 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 116? UNCLASSIFIED THE DEVELOPMENT IN THEORETICAL AND APPLIED MECHANICS IN GERMAN INSTITUTIONS DURING THE WAR. 7p. This report reviews the work in mechanics at several German institutions* It seems that not much work of fundamental character in the mechanics of material was produced during the war* The following are of some importance: 1) The X-ray analysis done at Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, in Dflsseldorfj 2) The development of three dimensional photo-elastic work at Mftnchen Polyteohnikum; and 3) The development of calcu- lating machines at the institute of applied mathematics of the Darmstadt Polytechnicum* Appendix I gives a list of personnel interviewed, and Appendix II a list of targets visited* Item No. 28 FiXT REPORT NO. 1169 UNCLASSIFIED HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS FROM EXPLOSIVE DUSTS. V. I AND II. Reported by: W. H. Geek. This report is divided into two volumes* Volume I (PB 35197) deals with dusts, its analysis, the causes, and general meth- ods of prevention of dust ignitions. In Volume II (pp 85193) are described the various dust conditions within certain in- dustries and several hundred analyses of officially confirmed dust explosions are given* This handbook has not been trans- lated and appears in the original (German) form. 447 FIAT ITEM NO. 28 HEADQUARTERS: DOCUMENTS AND PERSONNEL Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1170 UNCLASSIFIED THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GERMAN REICH ACCIDENT INSURANCE, ESPECIALLY DURING THE WAR, 1959 - 19^5> AND ITS STATE IN APRIL, VOL3. I, II, III, AND IV. Reported by: H. Lauterbach. The first part contains a summary on the fundamental lines of historical development of the Belch accident insurance, from the beginning of legislation to the outbreak of the mar* The second part describes the development of the accident insurance system during the war* a brief summary on the de» velopment of the formal lav and of the rules of procedure is given* The accident insurance lav for several special groups of persons formed during the war is presented in detail* The third part contains a description of the slate of the Reich accident insurance before the breakdown of Germany, in April 19hS» In the original (German}* Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1190 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFILMED AT FR. KRUPP. A. G., ESSEN, Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO, 1200 UNCLASSIFIED SUBJECT INDEX OF DOCUMENTS MICROFIIMED AT I. G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE, .A. G., KNAPSACK AND I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE A. G., ZWECKEL. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 28 FIAT REPORT NO. 1204 UNCLASSIFIED MODERN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL. Refer to Item No. 25 for a complete listing of this report. 448 fiat item no. 29 NAVAL construction Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 206 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPBUILDING; GERMAN SHIPYARDS, Reported by; H„ R. Pratt and E, R. Smith. llp„ This report presents information obtained from visits to German shipbuilding plants on specific questions submitted by American and British shipbuilders* Because shipbuilding, except for the submarine building program, was a minor part of the German war effort, there were very few pieces of interesting shipbuilding equipment. Automatic welding had not been used to any extent in the German shipyards. Several yards were experimenting with two processes similar to our Flux Submerged Arc type of welding: Union Melt, developed by Linde Company, and the other known as Blliar developed by Siemens Schuckert* A. 0., Berlin. A process for using conventional coated electrodes in an automatic machine in a kind of combination machine - manual welding process was developed. Shipyard welding is not advanced; most cargo ship designs only require welding of butts in shell, decks, tank tops, etc. List of shipbuilding plants is given. Appendix A lists items of particular interest to the American and British shipbuilding industry. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 264 UNCLASSIFIED FRIED. KRUPP - GERMANIA WERFT - AG - KIEL, MS'S OSTMARK AND STEIERMARK. Reported by; W. P. Spofford. lip. A discussion of features of two German Diesel cargo ships built for the hamburg-American Line, equipped with AC cargo winches. Cargo features, deck winches, propulsion machinery, electrical scheme, and main Diesel engines are briefly des- cribed. Reference is made to voluminous drawings and plans, which have been forwarded for reproduction to Ur. R.C. Mills, Sect/., Technical Industrial Intelligence Subcommittee, c/o U.S. Maritime Commission, Washington, D.C. This mater- ial will be found in PB 13086. 44 9 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No, 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 555 UNCLASSIFIED CARGO SHIP CRANES AS BUILT BY DEMAG. Reported by: Wm, P. Spofford. 12p, This report discusses advantages and disadvantages of deck cranes with particular attention to Demag deck crane, based on interview with two officials of Demag Aktiengesellaohaft, Duisberg* Subjects treated are the principles, features, and operation of various types of cranes, type and capacity of power supply, and the best application for cranes aboard ship* Two diagrams of nlans are included. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 575 UNCLASSIFIED WHARF CARGO CRANE AS BUILT BY KAMPNAGEL, A. Go, HAMBURG. Reported By: R, J. Stoddard, 25p, Cargo cranes are quite generally used in lieu of ship's cargo gear in European ports* This company has manufac- tured a great many cargo cranes as well as other types* Their design and workmanship is good* Working drawings of cranes manufactured by Kampnagel are attached* Their most representative crane is described* This crane provides level luffing which is characteristic of all newer types of cargo cranes used in European ports* The level luffing feature permits a truly live boom which can be raised and lowered with a minimum of power, so as to avoid shiffc masts* The speed of booming is fast* Accurate con- trol of the load is possibly due to the straight line motion made possible with a fast easily handled boom* Travel motion is slow* It is used very little and only to locate the crane in the working position* Most cranes are powered with direct current and have power lowering with drum type controllers* 450 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 57^ UNCLASSIFIED KAMPNAGEL A.G., HAMBURG, GERMANY, DEMAG A.G., DUISBURG, FIGES, HAARLAM, HOLLAND, S.S. BATAVTER III. Reported by: R. J. Stoddard. 59p. This is a report on cargo cranes built by 2 German and one Dutch firm. It includes a description of the cranes on the S3 "Batavier III* built by Figee. Also included is a Demag bulletin. June 1938. by T. Post entitled *Demag Deck Level Luffing Cranes (pages 7-19) which gave an analysis of the "Crane-vs-Winch* question. The German cranes have been standardised (D.I.N.) from 1 to 5 tons capacity. The most common sise is 3 ton at approximately 30 ft. radius. They are for piece goods and clamshell work or both. When heavy lifts are to be handled the cargo boom and mast with multiple part lines for loads and book topping is the most feasible. They are generally the level luffing type and most have separate motor drives for each motion. Position of the cranes on the ship and speeds of cranes are considered. A diagram shows speed load curves for li and 3 ton loads. Drawings and photographs are also included. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 376 UNCLASSIFIED QUADRANT TYPE ELECTRIC STEERING GEAR FOR THE GERMAN 5000 TON AND 9000T0N HANSA SHIP PROGRAM - ALSO OTHER ELECTRIC STEERING GEAR. Reported by: R. J. Stoddard. 17p. The best type of electric steering system used on German ships is the quadrant described in this report. A total of 1820 ships have been equipped with this type including the >000-ton and 9000-ton Hansa ships. Of these #180 employed che latest design using an automotive type hand wheel. This electric telemotor was chosen instead of hydraulic for the Hansa ships in order to eliminate the danger of oil lines being broken as a result of battle action. On narrow- er. faster ships it is preferred due to its relatively smaller site. Working drawings and photographs accompany the report. 451 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 577 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRIC CARGO WINCHES FOR GERMAN MERCHANT SHIPS. Reported by: Ro Jo Stoddard, This is a report on winch design as manufactured by nine German firms. which was completely standardised when development stopped at outbreak of war. Electric winches are built to D.I.N. standards described in another report. Direct current motors and controls employing the one wire system have been used quite generally. This is preferred for Diesel ships which have direct drives to the propeller shafts, either with or without magnetic or electric couplings. On Diesel electric ships with alternative current motors a Ward-Leonard system (motor-generator set incorporated in the winch) is preferred. In 1939 alter- nating current motors and control were installed on one ship (sunk after few months satisfactory use) and planned for others. The winches are unitised with drum controller and operators seat mounted on winch. It is only necessary to connect the one wire and anchor bolts to install the direct current winches, or three incoming leads in case of Ward- Leonard system* Drum controllers with hand wheels are used as standard equipment. Working drawings and photographs are included in the report. 452 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 579 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON GERMAN STANDARDS (D.I.N.) FOR MERCHANT SHIPS DECK AUXILIARIES. Reported "by: R. J. Stoddard. 36p. This report contains the text of standards to which all German merchant shipb deck auxiliaries are built. Standards include rules for the construction of winches, anchor wind* lasses, rudder plants, deck cranes, and winch heads for cargo and warping purposes. Standards give controlling dimensions, capacities, speeds, operating and safety in- stallations, marking and spare parts, regulations. The long drums permitted by these standards require a hand operated screw type spooling device when they are used with multiple part lines for heavy lifts. Drawings are given of ship's cargo crane; rope hook with fastening screws for winches; winch heads for cargo and warping purposes; rope clamps on drums for deck cranes. Charts of rudder post diameter are also given. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 580 UNCLASSIFIED CARGO EQUIPMENT FOR THE GERMAN HANSA SHIP PROGRAM. Reported ty: R. J. Stoddard. 8p. Diagrams of loading plans and of cargo handling equipment for three sites of ships built for the war emergency (Hansa) program are presented and described* These ships were built in sites of 3000,5000, and 9000 dead weight tons* Steam winches are rated at 80 ft. to 120 ft. per minute. Cargo winches, as well as steering gear and anchor windlasses, are covered in detail in PB reports1323, 1526, 1328, 1329 and 1331. 453 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 38I UNCLASSIFIED STEAM CARGO WINCHES AND CAPSTANS FOR GERMAN MERCHANT SHIPS. Reported by: R, J. Stoddard. 30p. Steam cargo winches described in this report and used on recently constructed German ships are of old design* Winches are predominantly of cast iron construction with two double acting cylinders and Stevenson link motion con- trol* Steam pressure at the valves is 7 to 9 atms* gauge (103-132 lbs). Winches are generally designed for 16 atms* (235 lbs*) for safety* All winches are designed and manufactured in accordance with D*I*H* standards (See PB 1326)* During the war substitute materials for bearings were used with limited success* Included in this report are accounts of work of these firmsj Deutsche Werke A.G*, Kiel* Schdrfee and Co*, Lubeckj Atlas Werke, Bremen) Eampnagel A*G«, Hamburg* Photographs, diagrams, drawings, and tabulations of dimensions, speed data and specifi- cations are given* 454 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 382 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRIC AND HAND HYDRAULIC STEERING GEAR FOR GERMAN 3000 - TON HANSA SHIP PROGRAM. Reported by: R. J. Stoddard. 55p. Steering gear, described in this report, has an eleotrio hydraulic drive regulated by electric remote control, and is also equipped for manual steering. Thus, the eleotrio generating plant need not be in operation during the day. Gear consists of a primary plant (a hand pump and a pump with electric drive) and a secondary plant (two pressure cylinders, tiller, regulating slide valve, tubes and valves). Steps in operation of equipment and methods of maintenance are given in detail. This system of steering, although less expensive than the quadrant type electric steering used on other German ships, is generally considered too elaborate for the emergency use for which it was intended. Electrical parts were manufactured by A.E.G.; mechanical parts by Atlas Werke A.G. A complete set of working drawings of mechanical parts and diagrams of equipment are given. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 385 UNCLASSIFIED M.A.N. DRY DOCK CRANES AT BLOHM AND VOSS SHIPYARD. Reported by: R. J. Stoddard. 25p. Four 45,000 Kg. (45 metric tons) cranes were installed in Blohm it Voss yard because of the difficulties experienced in launching large ships on existing ways. Cranes, described in this report, are of the full revolving, open portal, traveling tower, pillar type, with hinged boom to provide level traversing of the load (level luffing) during luffing of the boom. Detailed assembly drawings, photographs, and specifications included. 455 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO, 384 UNCLASSIFIED STEAM AND ELECTRIC ANCHOR WINDLASSES FOR GERMAN MERCHANT SHIP. Reported by: R. J0 Stoddard. 2}p. With one exception the German anchor windlasses described in this report are old design. The electrically driven units are merely adaptations of the steam units, of cast iron construction with no welding. Vertical single wildcat electric units of more modern design were built by Dbigau Company of Dresden, Some difficulty was reported in securing good performance of chain over wildcats. Report includes accounts of production of windlasses at Atlas Werke A.G,, Bremen; Scharfee and Co*, Lubeck; Deutsche Werke A,G., Kiel-, Allgeme.ine Elektricitats Gesellschaft, Hamburg, Illustrations include assembly drawings, photographs, work- ing drawings, and diagrams* Item No. 29. FIAT REPORT NO. 533 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF SHIP REPAIR EQUIPMENT. Reported by: E. R. Smith and H. R. Pratt. l4p. A list of 29 different points of information on ship repair equipment and practices of the Gena an* was drawn up. The investigating team, working from June 22 to August 1, 1945 investigated 23 German establishments with repair facili- ties, and grouped the information obtained under the numbers of the noints of information. The major differences found were UJ use of heavier capacity crane equipment (2) use of cranes mounted directly on floating docks (3) use of Diesel powered supply units mounted on the dock. Many U. S, prac- a° counterPart German ship repair. A list of establishment* visited and drawings of cranes and of a elid- ing keel and bilge block foundation for drydocks are in- cluded. 456 Item No. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 56O UNCLASSIFIED NEW VACUUM TUBE TECHNIQUES OF THE TELEFUNKEN ROHRENWERKE, BERLIN. Reported by: M. J. Gross. 2Ip. In the course of investigating Genian X-ray tube technology, information of more general interest pertaining to vacuum tubes was obtained from the Telefunken Company, and is the subject of this report* It covers their work on metal-cera- mic tubes, glass solder, and aluminum coated iron substitutes for nickel. Technical details on the work of the Telefunken Company are given in the translation, included here, of Pat- ent DRP 761,322, applied for December 6, 1941, not as yet printed, in connection with a report on lower coefficient of expansion solders, dated January 13, 1944. Drawings are included* Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 563 UNCLASSIFIED HANSA TYPE SHIPS. Reported by: W. P. Spofford and N, Oresko. 7p« This report on the Hansa S. S. "Eeinfels" is the result of the interrogation of Herren Schneider of North German Lloyd, Godecken and Sassenhagen of the Hamburg American Line and Bunte of the Pleuderwerke Shipyard. It describes the di- mensions, construction, cargo holds and cargo handling equip- ment, but omits a discussion of the power machinery instal- lations. A reference list of plans and specifications for the Hansa vessel Beinfels is included. 457 fiat item no. 29 MVAL CONSTOJCTION Item NOo 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 585 UNCLASSIFIED SCHNITGER AND PROPELLERS DEVELOPED FOR DOCK TRIALS BY DESCHIMAG A.G. WESEH, BREMEN, Reported by: G. A. Meyer. 5p. The Schnitgen propeller, developed as a substitute for the Sort Nozzle has a nozzle built into the wheel, thereby elimi- nating the installation of the nozzle ring on the hull of the ship. The Deechimag test propeller was designed to throttle the flow of the water, streamlining it down stream. Photographs of both are included. Details of construction of Schnitger propeller and data sheets and prints of Desohi- mag propellers have been filed with Shipbuilding Subcommittee in Washington. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 70*+ UNCLASSIFIED FINAL SUMMARY OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE FOR SHIPBUILDING IN GERMANY. Reported by: G.Meyer. l6p. The only German Navy ships of interest to merchant shipping are the high speed, 22,000 h.p* tankers which supplied the fleet and submarines. One outstanding passenger ship was started, the 36,000 ton Vaterland, hull 523. Her power plant was designed to develop 44,000 S.H.P. Speed 24 knots. Sight Benson forced circulation boilers with drum were to operate at 950 I.S.P., 877° superheat. Her twin screw propulsion units were turbo electric. Other developments in the ship- ping industry are recorded in this report. They deal with turbines, reduction gears, propellers and other ship machin- ery. Cargo handling equipment and refrigeration are also considered. A list of all C.I.O.S. and P.I.A.T, reports on the German shipbuilding program is included. 458 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 735 UNCLASSIFIED MERCHANT SHIPBUILDING AND SHIPPING DIFFICULTIES DURING THE WAR. Reported by: G. A, Meyer. Mj-p. This report is based on information received in an interro- gation of two of the outstanding ship operators in Germany: (1) Hero. Helms, Managing Director, Hansa Deutsche Dampfschiffe Geschlfft, Bremen; and (2) Richard Bertram, Managing Director, Hord Deutscher Lloyd, The report covers the following sub- jects: How the German merchant marine fitted into the war picture; the shipping problems and the principal cargoes carried; the Hansa program - 3000,5000 and 9000 ton cargo ships; the criticism of the ship operators as to the commer- cial value of these ships after the war; construction costs in the shipyards of Germany and occupied countries; and outline plans and specifications of the ships and tugs built by Hansa. The last section is illustrated but it is possible that the drawings will not reproduce well* Tables showing the Hansa shipbuilding status, participating shipyards, war- time cargoes carried, etc*, are appended* 459 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 759 UNCLASSIFIED MARINE REFRIGERATION. Reported "by: J. L. Strauchon. 46p. Most of the information in this report was obtained from re- frigerating equipment manufacturers and contractors who spe- cialized in shipboard installation. Some information was ob- tained from independent research people. The report reviews the reasons for lag in German development of refrigerating equipment and its application to cargo refrigeration and de- scribes typical items of German equipment. The design details of a refrigerated fruit vessel and of the air conditioning of the S/S Bremen are reported as typical examples of German practice. The following are reported: A new automatic com- pressor capacity control; a heat pump for submarines to pro- vide both cooling effect and heating; a basic study of air- flow requirements indicating new improvement possibilities; use of low sea water velocity in condensers to prolong their life; and insulating methods, including the Hertel-Duncker system, Iporka, a synthetic insulation, and a principle in insulating to prevent sweating of the shell at very low tem- peratures. Drawings are included. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 775 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON DEVELOPMENT OF GERMAN SHIPPING FROM 1800 TO 1939. Reported by: G. A. Meyer. 15p. A short general history of the development of German shirking from 1800 to 1939 giving an overall picture of how the German merchant marine was built up to World War I and how quickly it recovered thereafter. These data and figures were secured by interrogating Messrs. Herman Helms of the Hansa Steamship Line and Richard Bertram of the North German Lloyd. Tables are attached. 460 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No, 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 815 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL HISTORY OF THE GERMAN MERCHANT MARINE. Reported by: G. A. Meyer. 25p. This history of the German Merchant Marine summarizes develop- ments from the time the first screvr propelled ships were driven by a single cylindered low pressure engine, with steam produced in a box type boiler, to the modem Diesel and 140,000 HP turbine driven ships operating at 1400 I.S.P. and 900° F. superheat. The report is in two parts: 1. Development of German marine engines, boilers, turbines, Diesels, etc.; and 2. The development of ship building in Germany. The data, which was provided by German technicians and operators in the Bremen and Hamburg areas, cover the period from 1860 to 1940. During this time the greatest advances were made in design and operation of ships. The appendix gives a chronological listing of noteworthy develop- ments in shipbuilding and lists large sailing vessels which were built by the following shipbuilders: Blohm & Voss; Neptune, Rostock; Reiherstieg, Hamburg; Rickmers, Bromers- havan; Job. C. Trecklenborg, Geestemiblde. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 82? UNCLASSIFIED MODERN TYPE OF FREIGHTER FOR FAR EAST SERVICE. Reported by; G, A, Meyer. 28p. The cargo ship described in this report is the result of the experience of the North German Lloyd in Far Eastern Service. It is a very modem triple screw Diesel propelled ship of 17 knots The data was collected from the remaining files in Bremen by Messrs. Bertram and Helms of the North German Lloyd and Hansa Deutsche Dampfshiff Gesellschaft. Two charts are included in Appendices 1 and 2. 461 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 844 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN CONCRETE SHIPBUILDING DURING THE WAR. Reported by: Go A. Meyer. 25p. As a result of the shortage of steel during the war Germans were forced to build concrete ships as an emergency measure. This report groups the concrete vessels under three headings! i'raoe built vessels; vessels of the steel side concrete type; and shell construction method. The first group included the following: Two 3000 ton tankers built by Siemens Ban-Uni on in Rotterdam and Cherson; one 1000 ton cargo lighter built by Heilman & Llttmann at Hussdorf near Vienna; two 750 ton tank barges built by Heilmann & Llttmann at Hussdorf; one 750 ton cargo lighter - Teuhert type, built by Heilmann & Llttmann. The steel side concrete type included two 700 ton barges built by Messrs. Heuer in Paris and one 180 ton pon- toon. The vessels constructed according to the shell con- struction method Included: Pour 3400 ton ocean going tankers, one built at Rugenwalde on the Baltic Sea, and three built at Varna in Bulgaria; two 3700 ton motor freighters built at two 1000 ton inland cargo barges built at Heuss on the Rhine and eight built at Neusatz; about fifty 300 ton motor freighters built at Ostwine, Larvlk, Rotterdam, Neusatz, Hussdorf, and Perama. Concrete shipbuilding was also used for the following types of pontocns: Submarine boat loading pontoon; workshop pontoon; boat landing pontoon for ferries; pontoon for floating pile driver; pontoon for floating crane; transportation pontoon; construction pontoon for the construction of U boat sections; landing and supply pontoons to carry camouflages. The appendix contains thir- teen -drawings provided by Mr. Herman Helms of the Hans a Steamship Company. 462 FIAT ITEM NO. 29 NAVAL CONSTRUCTION Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 1009 UNCLASSIFIED SMALL SCALE SEA HARBOR MODEL EXPERIMENTS. Reported "by: 0. Kirachmer. lOp. A detailed description Is given of methods of analyzing tide and wave effects in harbor models on a small scale. The methods are semiquantitative and permit approximation of natural conditions. A number of examples are quoted includ- ing one complete harbor protection problem. The model in- stallations were tested in the Research Institute for Hy- draulics (Forschungsinstltut 'fuer Wasserbau), Munich/Ober- nach, and in the River Control Laboratory (Flussbaulabora- torlum) of the Institute of Technology, Dresden. Special attention is called to the economy in time and costs gained when comparing a larger number of port installations by means of model tests. Several photographs and diagrams are included. In German. Item No. 29 FIAT REPORT NO. 1105 UNCLASSIFIED THE NAVIGATIONAL BEAM SYSTEM "ELEKTRA-SONNE." Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. fiat item NO. 5° •RUETS AND LUBRICANTS Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 15 UNCLASSIFIED RESEARCH ON THE CYCLOPOLY OLEFINES AT I. G. FARBENINDUSTRIE, GENDORF. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 50 FIAT REPORT NO. 225 UNCLASSIFIED WOOD STRUCTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. Reported by: J. A. Llaka and F. W. Gottschalk, 99p* This report covers visits, interviews and observations at the following institutions and plants: !• University of Munich and Institut fur Waldbau und Forstbenutzung at Munich, 2. Wood Research Laboratory at Kreuth, 3. Professor Otto Graf an der Techni schen Hochschule und Direcktor des In- stitute fur Bauforschung und Materialprufungen des Bauwesens in Stuttgart, 4, Dr. Hugo Seitz and Karl Kubler of the Kubler Co. at Stuttgart, 5. Timber Research Laboratory in Hohenschwangau, 6. Prefabricated Wood House under development by the Otto Bosse Plywood Co. at Stadthagen, 7. Dr. Otto Kraemer at Blomberger Hoizindustrie in Blom- berg-Lippe. Recent developments in the utilization of wood for structural purposes are described and discussed. An extensive list of documents and publications from the lab- oratory of Prof. Otto Graf is given. Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 276 UNCLASSIFIED KAISER WILHELM INSTITUT FOR KOHLENFORSCHUNG, MUELHEIM, RUHR. INTERROGATION OF DR. HELMUTH PICHLER AND PROF. KARL ZIEGLER. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. 464 FIAT ITEM NO. 3° FUEIS AND LUBRICANTS Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 299 UNCLASSIFIED SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT ON THE RUHROL HYDROGENATION PLANT, WELHEIM, RUHR. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete 118ting of this report. Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 368 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF DR. GUNTER SPENGLER, MUNICH, FORMERLY OF INSTITUTE FOR COAL RESEARCH GERMAN TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL, PRAGUE. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 50 FIAT REPORT NO. k2J UNCLASSIFIED SYNTHETIC LUBRICATING OIL MANUFACTURE, RHEINANIA-OSSAG MINERALOIWERKE A. G., HARBURG REFINERY. Reported by; J. G. Allen. lip. Tbl? report is baaed on the interrogation of Dr. Karl Zerbe, Research Director, and Alois Becker, Assistant Chief Engin- eer, of Rhenania* It includes tne flow sheets of the plant at Harburg and details the design and operation of this plant in its three parts: (1) Wax cracking for olefin manu- facture; (2) polymerization of olefins and disposal of used aluminum chloride; (3) finishing of raw polymer into lubri- cating oil* 465 FIAT ITEM NO. 30 FUELS AND LUBRICANTS Item No, 50 FIAT REPORT NO, 425 UNCLASSIFIED GASIFICATION OF BROWN-COAL BRIQUETTES IN PINTSCH-HILLEBRAND WATER-GAS GENERATORS AT WESSELING, GERMANY. Reported by; I. H. Jones. 12p. This is a report of interrogation of Dipl, Ing. Erwin Rose on Pintsch-Hlllebrand water-gas generators which were developed especially for employing brown-coal briquettes formed from such brown coals as have an ash which will not exhibit incipient fusion below about 1290°-l^00°C Item No. 50 FIAT REPORT NO. 44? UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF PRODUCTION OF SHALE OIL FROM OIL SHALE IN WURTEMBERG. Reported by; F, H. Reed. 105p, Report on production of shale oil for certain diesel fuels from open pit deposits in the province of Wurttemberg. In addition to these deposits which can be worked at a maximum depth of 8 to 9 meters, plans were made to exploit certain deposits extending back under hillsides. Three methods of recovering the oil were developed: (l) Distillation of oil shale on the ground; (2) distillation of oil shale under- ground in place; and (3) distillation of oil shale in retorts. Appendices contain four reports in German submitted by the respective shale producing companies, describing operating processes and conditions. Numerous drawings and diagrams# 466 FIAT ITEM NO. 30 FUELS AND LUBRICANTS Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 508 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATIONS REGARDING USE OF COAL FOR FIRING GAS TURBINES. Reported by: H. J. Rose. lOp. The purpose of this Investigation was to learn whether coal had been used recently in Germany for firing gas turbines, either commercially or experimentally. The investigation was limited to four industrial companies in Western Germany* No interrogations were made at organizations specializing in power equipment for aeroplanes, ordnance, etc. The four industrial companies visited were as follows! Demag A. G,, Duisberg; August Thyssen Hiitte, Hamborn; Holzwarth Gasturbinen 0,m.b*H, • and Brown, Boverl A Cie, A. G., Mannheim-Kafertal. Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 551 UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF METALLURGICAL COKE DEVELOPMENTS IN METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND TESTING. Refer to Item No. 21 feta, com- plete listing of this report. Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 566 UNCLASSIFIED SLANTING TYPE DIDLER COKE OVENS. Reported by: F. H. Reed, lip. This report is based on information received on coal car- bonization and wartime activities at the Municipal plant at' Karlsruhe, It describes the operations of the plant in making gas, coke, tar and benzene from coals obtained from the Saar, Huhrand Bschweiler districts, its present capa- city, manufacturing costs of products and labor conditions* Drawings of ovens are included* 467 fiat item NO. 30 FUELS AND LUBRICANTS Item No. 30 FIAT REPOET'NO. 63k UNCLASSIFIED COAL PREPARATION PRACTICE IN WESTERN GERMANY. Reported by T. Frazer and M. 0. Drlesaen. 12Jp. keviews German practice in coal preparation. The dominant washing process is the jig which handles 87 to 86>* of all coal washed in the Kuhr area. General plant engineering and design does not appear to be as well enveloped as in Ameri- can and British nractice. However, some items of individual devices and techniques map' be adaptable to American practice, ! i"e -coal ji*s, both with and vrithout feldspar, are used al- most to the exclusion of other methods for coal under 8 mm. or 13 mrn. except that dust under 0.75 mm. is commonly handled by froth flotation. Aecha dcal developments that ma;r be in nart new include dedusting devices, flash dryers, conveyor dryers, resonance screens, froth breakers, and anti-breakage loading* devices. The report also describes coal purifying by multiple-stare froth flotation, heavy suspension separa- tion, electrostatic separation, acid extraction of ash minerals and tar oil extraction of coal matter. Some of these processes might conceivably be of use to us ultimately for production of Iovj ash coal for such use as electrodes for the aluminum in- dustry, for carbide and carborundum industries, for sugar re- finery carbon and activated carbon, according to the report. The development of coal preparation technology and the con- struction of plants is largely in the hands of a few contrac- ting firms. These firms have tentatively agreed upon standard designs and specifications for certain items of preparation plant equipment. Copies of tentative dimension sheets of such liens are included. Graphs and drawings of plants and equip- ment are also included. Through the agency of Bergbauverein a comprehensive scheme for the standardization of the plant nerf orman ce guarantees has been proposed. In this plan forms are suggested for the guarantees of the performance of washer- ies, screens, and filters. A transcript of the salient parts of this schedule are reproduced in Appendix I entitled Guides for acceptance and supervision of coal-prenaration.plants. Edition i943. 468 FIAT ITEM NO. 30 FUELS AND LUBRICANTS Item No. 30 FIAT REPORT NO. 958 UNCLASSIFIED GASIFICATION OF COAL. Reported "by: C. A. Johnson. 4lp. Of the various processes proposed by the Germans for conver-b- ing coal into synthesis gas by continuous gasification with oxygen, two of the more recently developed processes are of interest for possibly providing gas for Fischer-Tropsch liquid fuel plants. They are the Surgi process, which oper- ates at a high pressure (20 atmospheres), and the Thyssen- Galocsy process which operates at a relatively high tempera- ture. A number of drawings of the equipment are presented and discussed, and some discussion of the inherent advantages of the processes is offered. Because of the successful adap- tation for furnishing gas to some of the large Fischer- Tropsch units, the Koppers combination low temperature car- bonization and gasification unit was investigated. Some drawings are reproduced in this report. Also a summary of the status of the Fischer-Tropsch process as offered by one of the authorities in the field is included. Item No, 50 FIAT REPORT NO. nM UNCLASSIFIED UTILIZATION OF TALL OIL IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No, 22 for a complete listing of this report. FIAT ITEM NO. 3O FUELS AND LUBRICANTS Item No, 50 FIAT REPORT NO, I3O3 UNCLASSIFIED COPPERS POHDERED COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 30 KEA3TREP0RT NO. 136k UNCLASSIFIED GUMZ POWDERED COAL GASIFICATION PROCESS. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. 470 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AKD MECHANICAI EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF MACHINE TOOL PRACTICE OF M.A.N. AT AUCSBURG, GERMANY. Reported by; R. M. Andress, A. H. Jobert and C. H. Reynolds. 5P* An investigation of the general use of machine tools at the M.A*N* plant, manufacturers of Diesel engines for marine propulsion and railway locomotives from 1,000 hp to 15,000 hp capacities* A brief description is given of a machine for rough boring* finish boring and honing* Diesel liners* It is of a five station design consisting of a loading station, a rough boring station, a cooling station, a finish boring station, and a honing station* All processes are performed without removal from the machine* Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 2 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF GEAR MANUFACTURE OF ZAHNRADFABRIK AT AUGSBURG, GERMANY. Reported by: J, P. Breuer and E. Din# ley. Ip, The Zahnradfabrik at Augsburg manufactures spur, helical, bevel, worm, and herringbone gears* Brief report is made of production methods which are along well established lines* No short cuts or special machines employing new principles were found* 471 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 3 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF MACHINE TOO 15 OF ADAM OPEL AT RUSSELSHEIM GERMANY. Reported by: C. H. Reynolds. 2p. * Investigation of facilities of Adam Opel plant at Russel- sheim to determine whether there were any new or novel developments in machine tools or methods of manufacture. Machines examined include crush grinding machines, liiiversal tool and cutter grinder, spline miller for milling slots or keyways, and others. Nothing of particular interest was noted. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO, 4 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS, GAGES AND CUTTING TOOIS, Reported by: J. P. Breuer and C. H. Reynolds. 24p. Brief surveys of measuring instruments, gages,end cutting tools as made by ten German manufacturers. Noteworthy is an involute tooth profile grinding machine, made by Schmid and Schaudt, Stuttgert-Hedelfinger. An appendix (in German) gives specifications, photographs and diagrams of this machine. 472 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No, 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 5 UNCLASSIFIED INTERROGATION OF GENERAL GERHARD ROSE, VICE - PRESIDENT OF THE ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE, BERLIN AKD CHIEF CONSULTANT IN TROPICAL MEDICINE TO THE GERMAN AIR FORCE. Reported by: J. B. Rice, and G. Rosen. 12p, Report on Information obtained from General Hose on the following diseases: Malaria, typhus fever, mite typhus, trichinosis, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, bacillary dysentery, amebic dysentery, cholera, scarlet fever and diphtheria, tularemia, trench fever, relapsing fever, syphil- is, gonorrhea, lymphorganuloma venereum, leishmaniasis, kala- azar, schistosomiasis, filariasis, scabies, rheumatic fever, blood substitutes, sulfonamides. Some information is also given on immunisations in the German air force and the use of insecticides and insect repellents. 473 FIAT ITEM NO, 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 51 UNCLASSIFIED THE USE OF HEAT RESISTING STEELS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GAS TURBINE BLADES IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 26 for a com- plete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 101 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON ALTERNATING CURRENT DECK WINCH BUILT FOR MS’S OSTMARK U STEIERMARK FOR INSTALLATION AT FRIED. KRUPP. GERMANIAWERFT A.G. KIEL. Reported by: Wm. P. Spofford. 4p. This report la based on examination of two winches and interview with chief electrical engineer of company. The driving motor of the cargo winch is a pole changing ring wound motor with one U pole and one 10 pole winding; the low speeds being provided by the 10 pole, EFM syn. speed at U7 cycles and high speed with the U pole - lUlO RPH syn speed. For speeds below 565 EPM the rotating field of the 10 pole winding is in one direction and the rotating field of the U pole in the opposite direction, and the two connected in this bucking condition. Diagram described is not included in report. Name plate data of winches are given. Item No. 51 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO, 102 NEW RADIAL FLOW TURBINE DESIGN. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. 474 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 104 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE ARC CARBON INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 115 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF TEE CARBON BRUSH INDUSTRY FOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OF GERMANY, Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 121 UNCLASSIFIED MECHANICAL REPORT ON PRECISION CUTTING TOOL AND GAGE PLANTS IN GERMANY. Reported by: J. P. Breuer. l^p. Thirteen plants including 3 of the largest in Germany were visited and an overall picture was obtained of their methods• Although in several plants some operations were entirely different and somewhat faster, it was concluded that the accuracy and finish of the products examined do not come up to U. So A* standards* 47 5 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item NOo 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 158 UNCLASSIFIED FLAT KNITTING MACHINERY INPROVEMENTS DEVELOPED BY H. STOLL & COMPANY, REUTLINGEN, WURTTEMBERG, SINCE 1955. Reported by: P. H„ Hanes, Jr. and C. L. Rosenquist. 4p, Probably the most Important development of thie firm up to the present is the double system LIPADO machine, which it is claimed produces approximately 65$ more fabric than the single system LI PAM machine. This report includes descrip- tions of the following: Hand knitting machine type KCHP, hand knitting machine type JBO, hand pearl stitch machine type PAL, fully automatic power flat knitting machine with double system and changes by side levers type JPODO, and automatic universal power Jaquard knitting machine with au- tomatic stitch transferring type AJUM. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 160 UNCLASSIFIED SEWING MACHINERY AND CLOTHING PRODUCTION METHODS. Refer to Item No. 28 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. I83 UNCLASSIFIED REINHOLD AND CO, G.m.b.H., FRANKFURT AM. - SUED. Reported by: R. L. Perry, Iporka, a urea—formaldehyde foam, used for insulation in field refrigerators, is described. Cost of the material for sealed refrigeration sheets of various sizes is given. 476 FIAT ITEM NO. 3l MACHIHERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 259 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRICALLY OPERATED COPY MILLING MACHINE, MUELLER AND MONTAG, G.m.b.H, Reported by: R. M. Andress and H. G. Green. 2^4-p. Discussion of a copy milling machine for reproducing dies and molds of all kinds, which was evacuated from Leipzig to an Amy Ordnance Depot for further study. It was dis- covered that because of sabotage, extensive repairs would be necessary and it was believed that the machine had no features not already available in American equipment* An appendix has a translation of a set of instructions and photographs for the use of this machine* Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 261 UNCLASSIFIED GAS COMPRESSORS MANUFACTURED BY FRIEDERIC UHDE K, G., DORTMUND, GERMANY. Reported by: W. H. Reynolds. 7p. This report contains descriptions of gas compressor and pressure gage manufactured by this firm. Compressor Is a 5 stags, 3*000 atmosphere (45,000 lb.per square inch) machine which is further compressed by a separate machine which is essentially s 75,000 lb. per square inch oil pump. Uhde attempted to build the entire outfit into a single unit but was unsuccessful. 450 lbs. of drawings were evacuated. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 271 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN HIGH FREQUENCY, DETECTOR AND CABLE DEVELOPMENTS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 477 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 282 UNCLASSIFIED COMBINATION STEAM MACHINERY RECIPROCATING WITH ECONOMY DEVICES INCLUDING EXHAUST TURBINES. Reported By: Wm. P. Spofford. 12p, At Deechimag, Bremen, the complete drawings of Hull No. 974-S.S. Rheingels - were reviewed including engineering files and pamphlets. The machinery design is typical of general European attempts to modernise the old Scotch boiler-reciprocating combination to a competitive position and has been taken as the example to discuss these possi- bilities. Drawings were acquired showing general arrange- ments, schematic system plans, Lents cylinder complete, boilers, filtering and general condensate features, pro- peller, etc. Also general calculation files showing the development, including alternative schemes from inception to and past delivery—March 1958 to July 1944* As a background on High Efficiency Steam Reciprocating Develop- ment, Dr. Bauer*8 1937 paper on this subject and many book- lets covering Bauer Wach iurbines, hydraulic couplings, fil- tering apparatus, etc. including several extreme studies up to 150 atm. steam pressure, were acquired. Drawings and reference material were too voluminous for reproduction in this report. 47 8 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 28? UNCLASSIFIED QUADDED TOLL CABLES. Reported by; J. A. Parrott, l^p. This report describes practices in the design, installation and maintenance of German communication systems which are different from American practices. Among these are the use of aluminum wire, helical cord spacers on conductors, spiral- four construction, styroflex insulation, straight splices, underground repeater and terminal offices. Some of these measures were employed for military security and critical material reasons rather than because of service or economy considerations. Sheath mileage of German toll cable instal- lation was 100 to 125$ greater than before the war. Intro- duction of aluminum was due to the shortage of copper. Heli- cal paper insulators appeared to prevent trouble with cables due to leaks. Spiral-four construction filled' the available layer space to the best advantage. Testing was relied on to indicate trouble in cables. Two typical cable makeups and their purposes are given. Report includes a list of references and a drawing of a cable form. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 518 UNCLASSIFIED CLOTH CUTTING MACHINERY AND CUTTING PRODUCTION METHODS. Reported by; C. L. Rosenqulst and P. H. Hanes, Jr. Brief information on German cloth catting machinery and cutting production methods in clothing factories. Four manufacturers of cloth cutting equipment visited were: Krause and Reichert, Stuttgart; Carl Buchwald Haschlnen- Fabrik, F, Segebrecht and Co., and Carl Banger Werkzeu#- maschinen-Fabrik in Berlin. The investigators believed that generally American doth cutting machinery and cutting production methods are superior. The squared round knife blade made by Xrauss and Reichert may be of interest. This type of blade minimizes tendency of blade to push fabric away from blade and minimizes adherence of fabric to blade. 479 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 573 WHARF CARGO CRANE AS BUILT BY KAMPNAGEL, A, G., HAMBURG. Refer to Item No. 29 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 385 UNCLASSIFIED M.A.N. DRY DOCK CRANES AT BLOHM AND VOSS SHIPYARD. Refer to Item No. 29 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 586 UNCLASSIFIED SSRMAH BALL AND HOLLER BEARING MANUFACTURE. Refer to Item 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO, 388 UNCLASSIFIED COUNTING DEVICES GERMANY. Reported by: J. L. Manke, lip. This account of production of counting devices is divided into three parts: I. General purpose counters used on pro- duction machinery to indicate number of pieces produced or number of revolutions* 2. Small counters used on such instruments as watt-hour meters, gas meters, speedometers* 3* Specialized counters such as dial and computing types used in gasoline and oil dispensing* During the war German counter manufacturing, which was limited to wartime re- quirements, developed no new techniques* Special features of general counters were: extensive use of quick reset counters; use of watch as part of hand speed indicators; variety of printing attachments for counters. Thermo- plastic material (Trolitul) was extensively used for figure wheels and pinions for use in small instrument counters* Counters of gasoline and oil dispensing apparatus were mostly of oil dial type. Plants visited are listed. 480 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 392 UNCLASSIFIED TEXTILE MACHINERY AND CHUCKING MACHINES MANUFACTURED BY A. MONFORTS MASCHINENFABRIK AT MUNCHEN. Reported by: E. Dingley and A. H. Jobert. 19p. Two types of automatic single spindle ohuoking machines are built by this plant* One is entirely mechanically operated and is similar to standard turret, or capstan, lathe* The other, described in great detail in this report, is the Monforts all-hydraulic3single-spindle chucking machine of which several sites have been built* The hydraulic system for this machine, manufactured by Gebr* Heller in Nurtingen, is described in Appendix A. Appendix B contains engineering information on mechanically operated semi-automatic machine illustrated by photographs and diagrams* Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 593 UNCLASSIFIED AUTOMATIC BAR MACHINES MANUFACTURED BY ALFRED H. SCHUTTE AT KOIN-DEUTZ. Reported by: A. H. Jobert and C. H, Reynolds, lOp, The machine described in this report is a new 4-spindle automatic bar machine known as the VD 25. It is believed to be more flexible than any automatic screw machine pre- viously designed although it would cost 35% more than the average screw machine previously built* For small shops a machine of this type appears to have excellent possibili- ties* A photograph and a complete list of dimensions of various parts are given* 481 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 396 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF GAS COMPRESSORS. Re- ported by: L. P. Jehle. 40p. An investigation of the leading manufacturers of gas com- pressors in the American, Britisn and French zones, in Ger- many revealed the following: I. There has been an interest- ing trend in the development and production of reciprocating machines for the very high pressure range up to 3500 atmos- pheres; II• Several types of interesting rotary compressors for medium pressures and large volumes are made and used in considerable quantities; III* There have been no outstand- ing wartime developments in reciprocalng equipment for use up to working pressures of several thousand pounds per square inch; IV. There have been no outstanding develop- ments in turbo-compressors* The manufacturers covered in this report are: Demag, at Duisburg; Gutehoffnungshutte Ober- hausen A. G. at Sterkrade; Brown-Boveri & Cie, at Mannheim; Maschinenfabrik Esslingen A. G., at Esslingen; Klein, Schanzlln &. Becker A. G., at Frankenthal; Uhde Gesellschaft, at Dortmund and Hagen; Messer & Co., GmbH., at Frankfurt/ Main; Maschinenfabrik Surth, at Surth, bel Koln; Maschinen- fabrik Augsburg-Plattling A. G* (MAPAG), at Augsburg. Photo- graphs and detailed drawings of compressors and parts are shown. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 397 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE CARBON AND GRAPHITE ELECTRODE INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 398 UNCLASSIFIED ECONOMIC STUDIES OF THE POWER TRANSMISSION CHAIN INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 28 for a complete listing of this report. 482 FIAT ITEM NO, 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. U02 UNCLASSIFIED CARL SCHENCK TORSION BAR TESTING MACHINE. Reported by: T. Franzen. Up. The information contained in this report was obtained from interrogation of personnel of the Carl Schenck firm of Darm- stadt which made one of these machines for the Ober Xommando dee Heres* Specifications and description are given. The machine is very limited in its scope. It can be used for endurance limit research and os such is of value to the British Ministry of Supply testing agencies* Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. U15 UNCLASSIFIED TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM WIRE. Reported by: D. E. Tesen. 17p. The German tungsten and molybdenum industry was investigated to determine what developments had taken place in the manu- facture of wire for use in lamps and radio tubes* There were no real changes in the methods of extraction of puri- fication of the oxides and metals* The requirements placed on tungsten metal were relatively low as all metal was press- ed into comparatively small ingots, the maximum site being about 860 grams* The Os ram factory had been completely loot- ed, as were all factories except the Hadium Electric Company* Diagrams of apparatus and flow sheets of processes are given. Tungsten plants discussed ares Oebruder Borchee; Osram Oluh- lampenfabrik; Hadium Electric Company; and Metallwerke Plan- see* Molybdenum plants discussed are Osram; Metallwerke Plansee; Hadium Electric Company* 483 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 434 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRIAL HEAT TREATING FURNACES IN GERMANY. Reported bye C. H, Stenenson. 24p. The following subjects are discussed in this report: 1. Heat treating furnaces - general, electric heat and gas fired heat; II. special furnaces - recuperator counterflow rotary, pusher and rotary billet heating; III. furnace atmospheres; IV. recuperators; V. high chrome alloy heat resisting tubes; and VI. melting furnaces. Drawings and list of plants inspected are Included. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 441 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF THE B.M.W. 003 TURBINE AND COMPRESSOR BLADING. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 467 UNCLASSIFIED DEUTSCHE SPINHEREIMASCHINEKBAU, A. G. INGOLSTADT, OBB. Reported by: J. L. Truelow and R, M, Jones, 9p. This is a report of machinery design and manufacturing methods in a spinning machinery plant. Description is given of factory layout, and detailed observations on cotton cards, cotton drawing frame, cotton roving frame, cotton and ring spinning frame* 484 FIAT ITEM N0.51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 470 UNCLASSIFIED FRATELLI MARZOLI AND C. PALAZOLLO SULL'OGLIO, ITALY. Re- ported by: J. L. True low and R. M, Jones. I2p. This company is the only important manufacturer of textile machinery in Italy. The investigators were shown through tne plant by Mr. Luigi Marzoli who has been a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for 35 years. There were a surprising number of American machine tools and the layout and methods reflect American influence. Hydro-elec- tric power is used. At the time of the visit the plant was running at 25 per cent capacity. In normal times it employes 2400 people, but only 1900 men were then at work. The follow- ing are described: The metallurgical and chemical labora- tories, central tool and gauge control and inspection, draft- ing room, foundry, general machine shop layout, and the vari- ous types of finished textile machinery manufactured. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED GESSNER RING SPINNING FRAME FOR WOOLEN SYSTEM. Reported by; J. L. Truelow. 8p. This report contains diagrammatic sketches illustrating the self-threading twister head used on a ring spinning frame made by Ernst Gessner AG, Aue» Saxony, Up to the roller beam, the machine is a conventional ring frame of the cotton type, Above the beam* a system of drafting and a type of creel are fitted which adapt the frame for spinning from condenser roving. 485 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. I+76 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF DEEP WELL TURBINE SUBMERSIBLE PUMP MOTORS. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1+77 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF .MECHANICAL VARIABLE SPEED DEVICES. Reported by: F. J. Mcentee. 7p« Visit* to six namifaetvrers of mechanical deticii in the British, iiKriea& Berlin areas, I® Gmraamj the desire to speed op production yithis the safe limits of the tods resulted in naanml development* in the application of mechanical fsriabla speed drives and controls to precision machine tools, 5he Berlin fin of frledeiich Skeisndik, later Friedrich Gavallo, has a drive of wwn«mii design, which should he rated variable torque, and illustrations. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1+79 UNCLASSIFIED PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF PORTABLE-SAWING AND DRYING EQUIPMENT IN GERMANY, Reported by: J. A. Lleka and F. W. Gottschalk. 15p. A preliminary survey into the fields of portable-sawing and kiln-drying equipment was undertaken to determine whether there were any special military developments during the war. All the equipment of the firms investigated and similar ma- chinery in use by various forest fabricating firms were stan- dard industrial designs produced before the war. Appendix contains detailed data on plants and personnel investigated, appendix B a list of references, and appendix C a list of photographs on file at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Chart for the drying of wood is also in- cluded. 486 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1*89 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF FANS AND TURBO BLOWERS. Refer to Item No, 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 498 UNCLASSIFIED TECHNICAL SURVEY OF ELECTRIC MOTOR INDUSTRY IN GERMANY Re ported by; R. Smith and G. E. Petteraon. 28p. This is a report on the practices of a representative group of electriq motor manufacturers as observed in the investi- gations made on visits to plants in Germany, also to two plants in France and Italy which operated under German direction during the war. It can be said that very little development in the electric motor industry has occurred during the war years. Subjects discussed in the report ares Frames; stator cores; brackets; bearing caps; bearings; sharts; rotor cores; fans; commutators and slip rings; substitution of aluminum wire for copper in motor coils; open vs. semi-enclosed stator slots; single, double, and briple slot rotors windings; A.C. stator windings; German motor practice compared with American; type of actors; motors for agricultural use; adjustable speed drive for A.C. systems; A.C. induction motor with aluminum frame and end brackets; industry standards for temperatures of motors; and special generators. Tables, photographs, diagrams, a graph and list of companies visited included. 487 TTTAT* ITEM MO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 502 UNCLASSIFIED HEAVY ELECTRICAL MACHINERY MANUFACTURE IN GERMANY. Reported fcy: C. Co Hutchins. 9p» Shis report compares German and American machinery and lists the general similarities* The report also describes the most interesting differences of constraction features of frames* cores* poles* spiders* windings* commtators* bear* lags and insulation, and mentions some special designs such as deep bar squirrel cases, and enclosed underground designs Investigations of the factories revealed that Siemens Schuckert is by far the largest electrical concern In Ger- many but the Brown Boveri plants led all In products, methodi and technical skill. The ASG plant ranks about the same as Siemens in quality of equipment manufactured. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 509 UNCLASSIFIED RECENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENTS IN SWITZERLAND ON GAS TUB BINES AND STEAM GENERATORS. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, FIAT REPORT NO. 5H UNCLASSIFIED ACETYLENE GENERATOR DESIGNS IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. 488 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 512 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF LOW-VOLTAGE, AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER PRACTICE, GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 51^ UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCH GEAR. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 516 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON RECENT CABLE DEVELOPMENT IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 28 for a complete Hating of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 523 (586) UNCLASSIFIED STUDY OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING INSTRUMENT INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No, 9 for a complete listing of this report. FIAT ITEM NO. J1 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 52? UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF CYLINDERS AND PRESSURE VESSEIS IN GER- MANY BY THE HOT SPINNING METHOD. Reported by; H. L Anthony, III. 58p« Over 20 manufacturers were visited and only two employed hot spinning methods in the production of small cylinders and these were secondary operations; these secondary pro- cesses were not comnarabl© with practices in the U,S. In one instance hot spinning was done on small engine lathes and the spinning diameter did not exceed S^41; in the other, the maximum hot snun diameter was 444 on the neck end of the cylinder. Hammer forging and pressing was applied to pressure vessels and cylinders produced from seamless tubes and pipes and to deep-cold-drawn capsules, the open ends of which were subsequently hammer-forged into the neck end of the cylinder. Only one small spinning machine was seen at the Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsf&briken Works in Karlsruhe. Photographs. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. UNCLASSIFIED BOTIERS. FORCED DRAFT,BLOWERS, STEAM PIPING AND EVAPORATORS USED IN THE GERMAN MERCHANT MARINE. Reported By: M. L. • Ireland, Jr. 51p- Item No. 31 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 566 SLANTING TYPE DIDIER COKE OVENS. Refer to Item No. JO for a complete listing of this report. 490 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AHD MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO.575 UNCLASSIFIED INVESTIGATION OF THE GERMAN AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIG- ERATION INDUSTRY. Reported by: G. Berg. 55p. Based upon the writer's three mpnths* investigation in Germany, the consensus is that Germany has not developed anything unknown to American industry nor have they pro- duced equipment or shown technique which surpass those of American manufacture. It is the writer's estimate that the German air-conditioning and refrigeration industry lags the American industry on the average by five to ten years. A separate appendix is devoted to a discussion of each of the followings Air conditioning, refrigeration, refrigerants, compressors, condensers, evaporators, refrigeration control valves, electrical cycling controls; tubing, piping, and fittings: cabinets. A list of plants visited of interest to the American industry, with a short history of each Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 577 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE LEADING MANUFACTURERS OF PRESSURE VESSELS. Re- ported by: R. W. Clark. 52p. The number of pressure reasel manufacturers In Germany is comparatively large but the great majority of them limit them- selves to one of several classes. One or two of the firms have been doing considerable work with the Union Melt Process and getting very good results. The outstanding new type of pressure vessel developed is the wrapped band vessel as de- signed by I. G. Farbenindustrle, A.G., and manufactured by the Deutsches Eohrenwerke, A.O.-Thyssen Werke, Mulheiro a/Ruhr. A translation of a specification by one of the leading engi- neers of the I. G. Farbenindustrle, A.G., gives the method of calculating stresses. A classification of important firms and reports on individual firms are presented. The manufac- ture of banded vessels, of pressure vessels by the Roechner process, and of clad steel, or Plattierte Bleche as it is known in Germany, are described. Sketches for wrapped band vessel and clad steel packs, and photographs of apparatus, are included. 491 FIAT ITEM NO. ?1 MACHINERY AND mechanical equipment Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 581 UNCLASSIFIED beier infinitely variable speed fiction drive transmission. Befer to Item No. 19 for a complete Hating of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 582 .UNCLASSIFIED THREAD ROLLING PROCESS FOE FINNED RADIATOR TUBES. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete Hating of thla repo . Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO, 589 UNCLASSIFIED CONVEYING MACHINERY AND ALLIED PRODUCTS. Reported by: E. C. Burton. 26p. The object of the investigation was to find out what Germany had developed in engineering, designs and manufacturing processes in respect toi (l) Conveying machinery; (2) gear reducers; (3) roller and silent chain; (4) other steel chains; (5) malleable chains; and (6) coal preparation machinery. Ho designs were found that were highly outstanding or "revolu- tionary.1 Discussions of designs of belt conveyor idlers and other conveyor accessories, coal nine chains, bushing and pin locking, portable belt conveyors, and other items are given, together with a list of plants visited. Draw- ings and photographs of some of this equipment are appended. 492 fiat item no. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 592 UNCLASSIFIED HOT ROLLING OF SPECIAL SHAPES. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 6ll UNCLASSIFIED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS AND REACTION EQUIPMENT. Reported hy: N. W. Erase, 55p. This report consists of a collection of photographs and drnw ings shoving details of construction of gas compressors equipment for high pressure reactions used in Germany. The material includes compressors used over the range from 500 to 4000 atm* and reaction equipment at 200 and 700 atm* Some notes in German (vith an English translation) on a method of fabricating pressure vessels for use up to 4000 atm* by winding strips of grooved steel on a cylinder (Wlekelver- fahren) are also included* Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 625 UNCLASSIFIED SPUR GEAR HIGH PRESSURE PUMPS DESIGNED BY BGERSDOERFER. Reported hy; N. Hoertz and L. E. Bogue. 15p. This report contains brief descriptions and complete assembly layouts of nine pumps developed by a German inventor. The pumps are of a standard spur gear design, and the inventor claims they are useful in the fields of machine tools, air- planes, ship, and mining industries, and that they were, tested successfully on the Y-2 rocket, but due to the termination of the war were never in actual production* 493 fiat item no. 31 MftPTT-nnreY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 628 UNCLASSIFIED HYDRAULIC PROFILE MILLING MACHINE, CONSTRUCTED $Y DR. FRITZ FAULHUBER AT IgJRRHARDT NEAR SUIZBACH. Reported by: A, H. Jobert and E0 Dingley. llp„ In an engineering office and a small plant set up for experimental purposes only in the town of Morrhardtf Dr# Paulhuber has constructed an experimental hydraulic profile milling machine which is capable of reproducing any given profile within #005 mm# Prom Dr# Faalhuber’s description of the hydraulic system, it is believed that he uses a balanced hydraulic system which is unaffected by the foaming of the fluid or by small leaks# The machine is capable of producing completely universal motion in any plane# Dr# Ffculhuber was engaged in research work to simplify the mechanism,and in as much as this machine was still in the process of development, no catolog information was obtain- able# Most of the engineering information is in the form of incomplete, partial sketches and drawings# Appendix A, attached to the report, is a translation of a German article with a sketch describing the method of operating copy milling machines used for deep and outline milling# The sketch will not reproduce well- item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 629 UNCLASSIFIED ERNST GROB, MUNICH. Reported by:. A. H. Jobert. 29p. Mr* Grob demonstrated a circular thread rolling machine which is comparable in design to that manufactured by Mr* Leo Steinle in London. He manufactures his thread rolls from hardened steel, and grinds the threads from solid by means of a single pass, using a serrated grinding wheel of extremely fine grit. Appendix A presents details of design and construction of electrically hydraulically controlled thread-rolling machine, model RM II, made by Ernst Grob, Tool A Machine Manufactory, Munich. Photo- graps are included# 494 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 651 UNCLASSIFIED ADLER WERKE, FRANKFURT. Reported 'by: A. H. Jobert. 86p. This report is an investigation covering a Magdeburge verti- cal center column hydraulic chucking machine used at Adler Verke, Frankfurt in processing internal combustion engine flywheels* In external appearance and method of spindle control, this machine is practically a duplicate of the Bul- lard (Mult-i-Matic) six spindle vertical automatic chucking machine built by Bullard Mfg. Conpany, Bridgeport, Conn* The interesting features are, however, that the Magdeburg ma- chine is completely hydraulically operated except for the spindle drive mechanism which is positive through a gear train* Individual spindle speed variation is obtained by means of simple change gears* Attached to this report as Appendix A is a set of operating instructions together with photographs, hydraulic circuit diagrams and an electrical circuit diagram* A translation of a complete description of the machine by Chief Engineer Bwald Domhdfer VDI, Magdeburg, obtained from the Ford plant at Koeln comprises Appendix C* Appendix B is a translation of a pamphlet ob- tained from the firm of Heller in N&rtingen by Chief Engineer Alfred Durr which describes various hydraulic mechanisms used on the Heller machines and also includes a description of the hydraulic units for operating the tool slides on the Magdeburg machine* This is illustrated by photographs and drawings as well as Appendix A part 2 which is a translat- ion describing the electrical hydraulically controlled thread rolling machine* Type BMII manufactured by Ernst Qrob, Munich* This is designed to produce high grade threads of any form according to the process by means of turning transversely movable precision profile rolls un- der high pressure* 495 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No, 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 655 UNCLASSIFIED PROFILE MILLING AND TOOL GRINDING MACHINES, DECKEL, MUNICH. Reported by: A. H0 Jobert and E. Dlngley. 42p. This report describes the Deckel profile milling machine model Ol and the Deckel tool grinding machine model Slt with photographs ahd diagrams. The new profile milling machine Is designed around a compound pantograph mechanism which has a ratio of 1:1 between the cutter and the stylus so that the cutter will duplicate the exact profile of the template. A unique feature of this machine Is that the stylus Is provided with an optical mechanism which comprises a light beam and a bulls eye on a circular frosted glass. The purpose of this optical arrangement Is to accurately control the roughing operation so as to leave the correct amount of material to be removed by the finishing cut. A novel feature of the tool grinding machine SI Is the method of mounting the slides on antifriction roller bearings. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 64? UNCLASSIFIED VISCOSE MAKING MACHINERY IN GERMANY. Reported by: L. L. Truelow, 202p. This report reviews the equipment used in the manufacture of viscose in Germany and supplies detailed engineering information by means of drawings and/or photographs of the most important developments, i,e, ’continuous steeping and pressing of alkali cellulose, continuous shredding, crumb aging and xanthate dissolving. 496 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No, 51 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 666 THE SLEEVE BEARING INDUSTRY OF GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 28 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO, 669 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF GERMAN LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR CONTROL EQUIPMENT. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No, 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 706 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON SELENIUM DRY RECTIFIER DEVELOPMENTS. Reported by: H. Dauber. 4Ip. This report gives information on research in the field of selenium dry rectifiers, carried on at the laboratory of the Institute of Physics, University of Prague, under the direc- tion of Prof. Gudden. This laboratory was sponsored by the SAP, Nilmberg, and carried out both fundamental investiga- tions on selenium as well as experiments on commercial SAP rectifiers in order to improve the permissible peak Inverse voltage and reduce the effects of aging phenomena. A report is Included on a meeting In Prague, which was held in Nov., 1944 by all German agencies concerned with dry rectifier developments. This meeting produced a detailed analysis of all problems Involved on met nods used by the various firms In the manufacture and improvement of selenium dry rectifiers. The theoretical aspects of various improvements are treated in detail. 497 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. 725 HIGH PRESSURE, HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING, 250 ATM. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 75^ UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON VELOX BOILERS. Reported By: G. A. Meyner. 5p. The subject boiler was developed for combustion under pres- sure, that is, high speed conduction which cut down the size of the heating units. The fuel chamber is super-charged. The internal pressure is kept constant by an axial blower. The blower is driven by a gee turbine which receives its gas supply from the supercharged combustion chamber of the steam generator at 500 to 550°C. This boiler can operate with fuel oil, but if washed blast furance gas or coke oven gas is used, a gas blower is added to the air blower shaft of the gas tur- bine. These units afe started by a variable speed motor or by a turbine in which case the air gas ratio cannot be altered. With its small cubic content and its 45 ton weight, the unit produces 22 tons of steam per hour at 30 atmosphere with coke oven gas. This Brown-Boveri Velox boiler was built in Mann- heim and installed during 1941. Only six of them had been installed in Germany. 498 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31. FIAT REPORT NO, 754 UNCLASSIFIED VIBRATING BALL MILL FOR PULVERIZING FINE MATERIALS Re- ported by: P. M. Tyler. 20p, The investigator first saw this vibrating ball mill operated by an unbalanced eccentric in a hard-carbide manufacturing plant. It is known as Schwingm{lhle "vibratom", manufactured by Siebtechnik G.m.b.H. It is the standard grinding and mix- ing machine in Germany for tungsten carbide and other powder metallurgy products and is reported to have been used for manufacturing pencil lead, for processing cosmetic talc, and for grinding dyes, lacquers, paint pigments, silica flour, clay, ceramic batch materials, sulphur, gypsum, graphite, chalk, rubber waste, wood meal, lignite and other minerals, pharmaceuticals and food products. The novel principle of this mill is covered by German and foreign patents (taken out by I. G. Farben) and it has been on the market for about 10 years. Small units made by the same manufacturer were advertised and sold in the U.S. before the war for laboratory work, but the investigator does not know of any mill of simi- lar type being employed by American mineral industries. Pho- tographs are included and an appendix contains an article contributed by Dr, Robert Olbrich to a German trade journal on fine grinding of metal powders in vibrating ball mills. Data on the pulverization of aluminum and alloys of silver are given, accompanied by 17 illustrations. Item No. 51 W*ZAT REPORT NO. ?85 UNCLASSIFIED ELECTRICAL CONTACTS. Refer to Item No. 21 for a complete IJgting of this report. 499 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No, 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 864 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF HAND SEWING NEEDLES IN GERMANY, Re- ported by; H. A, Prym. 26p, Thl» report describes the manufacturing, finishing and packaging processes of hand-sewing needles in Germany, The larger part of the industry is modern and well equipped, Nearly all the equipment was built by regular machine designers. No development in the machinery field took place during the war years, and all equipment in Germany was built prior to the outbreak of the war. The following machines stand out as significant in the German technology: (l) Automatic stamping and eyeing machine built by Finzsch £ Nolle (formerly Kaiser) Iserlohn and Aachener Maschinenbau, Aachen; (2) automatic burr grinding machine built by Bftndgens, Aachen (Schumag patents); (3) packaging machines built by Bflndgens, Aachen (Schumag patents) and the packag- ing machines built by Dossman & Co,, Iserlohn; (4) labeling machine built by Jagenberg, Dusseldorf* The following appendices are included: I. List of personnel interviewed and targets visited; II, Needle standards of Aachener and Iserlohner quality; III, Technical data by Bflndgens, Aachen; IV, Photographs end drawings of various machines, etc. Illustrations nos. 10 and 11 are missing from the report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 908 UNCLASSIFIED THE SIEMENS AND HALSKE TELEPRINTER, T-TYP 68. Refer to Item No. 7 for a complete listing of this report 500 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 911 UNCLASSIFIED STYROFLEX DIELECTRIC CAPACITORS0 Reported by: V. E. Swain. 5p. The manufacture, construction and testa of capacitors having Styroflex as the dielectric are briefly described. This report covers only the use of styroflex after it had been supplied in tape form. For the manufacture of the material Itself and the process of preparing it in tape form, reference is made to FIAT Final Reports 724 and 870. Styroflex is used as a dielectric for capacitors as it is non-hygroscoplc, easily manufactured, and although its characteristics are not entirely comparable to mica they are definitely superior to those of waxed paper. The Styroflex film was exclusively manufactured by the Norddeutsche Seekabelwerke at Nordenham and was supnlledto such well-known capacitor manufacturers as Felten und Guilleaume, and Siemens and Halske. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 928 UNCLASSIFIED SPIRAL BEVEL AND BEVEL GEAR FIELD IN GERMANY. Reported by: L. C. Patchlrio 8p. This report reviews the field of German manufacture of spiral bevel arid bevel gears during the war years and summarizes the most significant practices, i.e., machines used, feed and speeds, cutters, blank manufacture, steels, hardening and lapping. It is stated that the larger part of the industry is modern and mechanically well equipped. No development in the machinery field took place during the war years and all equipment in Germany was built prior to the outbreak of the war. A bibliography lists related reports. 501 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 9^2 UNCLASSIFIED SHOE MACHINERY IN GERMANY, Reported by; H. Schwabe. Tp. In a study of five German shoe machinery manufacturing plants in the Frankfurt area, no wartime developments or improvements were found. New developments or experiments on shoe machines during the war were prohibited by the German Government. At the beginning of 1939* production of shoe machinery was en- tirely discontinued except that absolutely necessary for mili- tary purposes. The report briefly discusses the shoe raachiner industry, indicating a reduction in production of both the machinery for the industry and for the product, shoes. Ap- pendices present the following: (1) Personnel interviewed; (2) targets visited; and (3) bibliography. Item No, 51 FIAT REPORT NO, 9^8 UNCLASSIFIED REPORT INDEX ON GERMAN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH DOCUMENTS. Reported by: C. S0 Weaver. 106p. This report contains a complete index in English and German to the research papers appearing in the yearbooks for German Aeronautical Research ("Jahrbuch der Deutschen Luftfahrtfoh- schung"), published by the German Dissemination Center for Scientific Communications on Aeronautics Research of the Chief of Air Services, "Zentrale fttr Wissenschaftlich.es Berichtswesen der Luftfahrtforschimg des Generalluftzeug- meisters", (ZWB), for the years 1939 through 19l*U, and the yearbooks published by the German Academy for Aeronautical Research, ("Jahrbuch der Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtfor- schung"), for the years 1939 through 191*2. There are 832 reports listed in this collection. These papers cover a wide range of subjects and include, besides general aeronautical reports, documents in the fields of electronics, communica- tions, photography, optics, mechanics, chemistry, metallurgy, meteorology and medicine. 502 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 954 UNCLASSIFIED A HIGHLY SENSITIVE D.C. CONTROLLING AND MEASURING DEVICE. Refer to Item No. 9 lor a complete Hating of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 955 UNCLASSIFIED SPECIAL MECHANICAL FEATURES OF LINDE-FRANKL OXYGEN PLANTS. Reported by: J. S. Swearingen. hjp. This report describes in detail the novel elements of large Linde-Frankl oxygen units not fully described in previous reports, l.e., the large turbo-compressors, low temperature turbo-expander, fractionating towers, nitrogen condensers, liquid air filters, switching valves, piping, and insulation* The details contributing to the high efficiency of the com- pressor at 6 to 1 ratio are analyzed* It is a multi-stage radial unit with a flexible shaft and impellers of different diameters* The turbo-expander is a single radial impulse turbine and is not outstandingly good* The fractionating tower construction and performance are given* The individual tray efficiency is a maximum of 1*65 the spacing 3.5 inches. The liquid air filters have a ceramic medium with passages 0-0022 to 0.0043 inch omof.at j-*.-.*** •• 503 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 956 UNCLASSIFIED CELLULOSE SHEETING AND SAUSAGE CASING MACHINERY AND PRO- CESSES. Reported by: 0. V. Kohorn and J. L, Costa. 65p. This report describes and processes used in the pro- duction of cellophane sheets and casings at Kalle & Co* A.G., Wiesbaden-Biebrich. The details of and formulae for the moisture proofing process and a German patent review on the subject are also included. -Appendix I gives a list of Ger- man personnel interviewed. Appendix II a list of factories visited. Appendix m a bibliography, and Appendix IV a list of drawings, diagrams, and photographs. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, 9^1 UNCLASSIFIED PAPER AND TEXTILE MACHINE DESIGN, RELATING TO THE MANU- FACTURE OF WADDING, FACIAL TISSUE, SANITARY NAPKINS AND TH TISSUES, Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of tills report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 966 UNCLASSIFIED RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DESIGN OF KAPLAN AND FRANCIS TURBINES, Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing o this report. 504 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1010 UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF SUBMERGED HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS. (SYSTEM ARNO FISCHER). Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 10l8 UNCLASSIFIED RUBBER VULCANIZATION ACCELERATORS PRODUCED BY I. G. FARBEN- INDUSTRIE A. G. HOCHST, ELHERFELD, LEVERKUSEN. Refer to Item No. 22 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. IO5U UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE FUTURE OF GAS TURBINE INSTAL- LATIONS. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. IO38 UNCLASSIFIED BEARING JEWELS OF HARDENED SYNTHETIC SPINEL. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 505 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1054 UNCLASSIFIED GERMAN DESIGN PRACTICE FOR LARGE DRY TYPE GASHOLDERS. AN EVALUATION, Reported by: H. Lieee. 13Ip. The evaluation is a review ci German developments in the design and construction of dry gasholders during the pre-war period and summarises significant accomplisiiments. V/artirae efforts were largely confined to upkeep, repair and protec- tion, However, wind tunnel tests of model structures provide more definite design information concerning the intensity and influence of wind pressure and were helpful in the ‘development of a very efficient ventilator. The translation of the manu- script covering the design of a 2,560,000 cubic foot gas holder includes the general specifications, detail calculations and design drawings of special features of the holder* The de- sign is complete in detail with references to theory', re- search and practice on which it is based. The metric system has been retained in the calculations because of the German structural steel sections involved. It is an excellent ref- erence for those concerned in the design or manufacture of such structures* Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 106? UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF HIGH PRESSURE EQUIPMENT DESIGNS IN GERMANY, Re- ported by! P, G. Reynolds. 39p» This report summarizes design information on chemical equip- ment used for pressures of 300 atmospheres (U500 pounds per square inch) and above* Drawings illustrate the main of the design of converters and closures, pumps, piping and valves. Information is also included on materials of con- struction for parts of interest* Five appendixes includes 1) List of German personnel interviewed; 2) list of targets visited; 3) bibliography; U) list of material evacuated; and 5) seventeen drawings and high pressure formulas* 506 FIAT ITEM NO. 51 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1069 UNCLASSIFIED SURVEY OF THE PRINTING PRESS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN GER- MANY. Reported by: W. M. Stocker. 9p. This report is a survey of 1$ plants manufacturing printing presses and allied machinery in Germany. Thirteen plants manufactured printing presses,, one paper-converting machinery and one paper-making machinery. General statements are made indicating types of machinery manufactured. In some cases capacities and continuity of operations performed by specific machines are given. Export matters and personnel welfare are spoken of and a brief comparison is made between certain types of machines of German manufacture and those of like type manu- factured in the U.S, Lists of personnel interviewed and tar- gets visited are included. Item No. 31 fiat REPORT NO. 1076 UNCLASSIFIED DEVELOPMENT OF METAL BFTinijc! rw ,,,. THKODGH 1946. DURING YEABS J* *• p- Farrar. 8p. Tnis reports the developments in the manufacture of metal -slows in Germany during the war through 1946 • brass of good quality are manufactured, but more is co-on in the united States; Wve“ no^elStsIn PUrp°rtedly t00k Plao« during the 38 comPared t0 those in the united States are antiquated. Appendices I and II contain a list of one a^t*1iintervlewed targets visited, one article evacuated to Washington. 111 11% 507 FIAT ITEM HO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No, 31 fiat report no. 1078 UNCLASSIFIED METAL HOSE, PIPE LINE COMPENSATORS AND METAL EXPANSION JOINTS IN GERMANY, Reported "by: J„ F, P, Farrar. 7p, This reports the developments in the manufacture of metal hose, pipe line compensators and metal expansion joints in Germany• Hose of good quality is manufactured with more emphasis on welded types than in the United States* Pipe line compensators are highly developed, with emphasis on radial motion types as contrasted with axial motion expan- sion joints* Appendixes I and II include a list of German r rsonnel interviewed and a list of targets visited, and Appendix III gives a list of documents evacuated* Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1115 UNCLASSIFIED THE STATUS OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN GERMANY. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1116 UNCLASSIFIED QUICK CALCULATION OF A-C HIGH VOLTAGE OVERHEAD LINES. Refer to Item No, 9 for a complete listing of this report. 508 FIAT ITEM NO. MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1124 UNCLASSIFIED CIRCULAR GRIT CHAMBERS. Reported "by: G. M, Ornsen. 26p. This report describes the two main types of circular grit chambers developed in Germany in recent years with detailed data about installations built of either type. It is illus- trated by construction and assembly drawings, photographs and diagrams. The types are: The Blunk Grit Chamber and the Geiger Grit Chamber. Three appendices are included contain- ing: a list of German personnel interviewed; a bibliography; and a list of twelve drawings. Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1127 UNCLASSIFIED A REPORT ON THE FLEXIBLE SHAFT INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Re- ported By; Wo Jo Kupfrlan. This report reviews the field of flexible shafting, its manufacture, and principal uses as observed in Germany* Hand-Grinding and automatic methods of manufacture of both flexible shaft core and casing are included* The more popu- lar types of flexible-shaft machines and the accessories used in connection therewith are also treated* Exliibits include assembly drawings and photographs of shaft assemblies and components, machines, hand-pieces, angle heads, speed chang- ers, winding equipment and principal flexible-shaft acces- sories* Appendix I contains a list of German personnel interviewed. Appendix II a list of factories visited, and Appendix III a bibliography* 509 FIAT ITEM NO. MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMF T Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1150 UNCLASSIFIED THE MANUFACTURE OF SINTERED MAGNETS IN THE "MAGNETFABRUC DORTMUND" OF THE DEUTSCHE EDELSTAHLWERKE, A. G., KREFELD. Refer to Item 1 21 for a complete Hating of this report. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 11^5 UNCLASSIFIED PRODUCTION MEANS AND TOOLING FOR COMPUR SHUTTER RAPID NO. 00 Reported by; M. Schwartz. 9p» The report reviews the production means and tooling used for the manufacture of Compur Shutter Rapid No. 00 by Friedrich Deckel in Munich. A line of special machinery originally designed for shutter production only is discussed. The machines referred to are the Universal Engraving Machine, Universal Tool Miller, and Universal Tool Grinder. Photo- graphs are included. Item No. 51 UNCLASSIFIED FIAT REPORT NO. HIGH PRESSURE STEAM TURBINES. VOL. II - PLATES. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. 510 FIAT ITEM NO. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. 1152 UNCLASSIFIED DESIGN PRACTICES AND CONSTRUCTION OF CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS BY LEADING GERMAN MANUFACTURERS. Reported by: P. Goldmann. This report reviews German design practices and construction methods in the field of centrifugal gas compressors* De- tailed construction drawings of impellers and hydraulic chan- nels are included* The design constants used by the German engineers for the layout of impellers are listed. Character- istic performance curves for the compressors described are presented* Photographs and drawings are included* Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO, H53 UNCLASSIFIED MAHLE HOT CHAMBER PRESSURE DIE CASTING MACHINE. Reported by: R. Schempp. 6p. The value of the Mahle hot chamber die casting machine has been the subject of considerable controversy. It has been criticized as being too complicated and too dangerous to find application in the United States. This report explains the reasons for its development, namely, it was designed for casting alloys which are highly subject to oxidation, and which cannot be handled by ordinary cold chamber type of equipment. A sketch and bibliography are included. Item No. 51 FIAT REPORT NO. 1155 UNCLASSIFIED THERMAL IMAGES FOR TRANSFORMERS. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this' report. 511 fiat item no. 31 MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Item No. 31 FIAT REPORT NO. U6l UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF CENTRIFUGAL CASTING METHODS. Refer ta Item No. for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 31 •FIAT REPORT NO. II85 UNCLASSIFIED COMPENSATION OF GROUND CURRENT THROUGH PETERSEN REACTORS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE BEWAG 30 KV NETWORK. Reported "by: E, Krohne, 19p. This report presents a discussion of several methods for the prevention of ground hazards in high voltage cable networks* This is done through the compensation of the capacitive ground current by Petersen reactors. Their application in the distribution systems of the Berliner Kraft- und Licht A.G., is described. Diagrams inclosed. 512 FIAT ITEM NO.52 RAILWAY EQUIPMENT Item No. 52 FIAT REPORT NO. 37 & UNCLASSIFIED BOHN AND KAHLER A. G., KIEL, GERMANY. -by: R. J» Stoddard. 8p, The purpose of this investigation was to gather data on the ships deck auxiliaries believed to be manufactured by this company* They have no designs of such equipment and have not manufactured it in recent years* They do manufacture a series of small vertical steam engines for driving generators, etc* These engines are believed to be of some interest and are described in this report. Drawings represent (1) the standard line of single cylinder steam engines built in sites of 12 horsepower, 20 h*p* and 40 h*p* (2) the standard line of two cylinder steam engines which are built in 80 and 150 h*p* sites, and (3) the two cylinder 155 mm (6*) bore by 140 mm (5i*) stroke engine* Item No. 32 FIAT REPORT NO. 578 unclass rran AUTOMOTIVE POWER TRAINS, CLUTCHES, TRANSMISSIONS AND STEER- ING MECHANISMS, Refer to Item No. 18 for a complete listing of this report. 513 FIAT ITEM NO. 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 55 FIAT REPORT NO, 95 UNCLASSIFIED THE POWER INDUSTRY IN GERMANY. Reported by: TIIC. This document is a report by an American team of investiga- tors sent to Germany by the Utilities Sub-Committee. Office of War Utilities, War Production Board, Technical Intelli- gence Committee, to investigate the German power industry with reference to new developments that may have been made since the start of the war, and to obtain information of the effectiveness and extent of air raid attacks, air raid pro- tection devices, etc. The information is grouped under these headings: Steam generating power plants, hydro-electric power plants, substations and electrical transmission sys- tems, electrical equipment manufacturers and a summary re- port on German power plant and electrical transmission sys- tem. Photographs and diagrams are given. Included as ex- hibits are: H. Lent's article "Experience with Benson boil- ers, Scholven"; Otto Bugler's article, "The design of high- pressure boilers" issued by Vereinigte Kesselwerke A. G., Dusseldorf; flow diagrams of power equipment; and a complete list of exhibits. FIAT ITEM WO# 33 UTILITIES. BRIDGES Item No. 53 FIAT REPORT NO. 96 UNCLASSIFIED WAR UTILITIES SUB-SOMMITTEE. WATER SUPPLY, SEWAGE, AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT. 339p. A detailed report on water supply, sewage, and industrial waste treatment as observed in Germany# Most emphasis is placed on water supply, with a general discussion of the design, operation, and maintenance of plant and equipment prior to and during the war# This is followed by specific descriptions of 16 large scale water systems and 62 pages of plates and diagrams# Part B covers the status of sewage treatment in Germany from 1938 to the present time# There is a general discussion, reports on visits to 39 targets, and 46 pages of illustrations# Part C summarizes industrial waste treatment from 1938 to 1945# In all three fields there was relatively little development during the war and there was, of course, great damage from bombing attacks. 515 FIAT ITEM NO, 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No, 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 2J2 UNCLASSIFIED TELEGUNKEN A, G., DACHAU, GERMANY: C. H. F. MULLER, A. 1., FUKISBUTTEL, HAMBURG, Reported by: R. H. McCarthy, J. R. Townsend and P. Mertz. 8p. This report consists of two parts: !• Information on high frequency communication systems developed by Telefunken; 2. Information on miscellaneous projects at C.H.F. Muller, A.G. For army use Telefunken developed three high frequency communication systems: 1. 53 cm. "Michael” which permitted tuning to 10 independent wave lengths; 2. 48-50 cm. "Rudolf”, (10 or 15 wave lengths); 3. A broad band system under develop- ment to work on 11 and 15 cm. and to transmit 100 voice channels simultaneously. Dr. Horst Rothe, formerly in charge of this work, had also developed silicon crystals for de- tectors and had had experience with magnetrons in the .7-1.6 cnu* 3 cm. and 9 cm. ranges. Projects of C.H.F. Muller de- scribed in this report are: 1. Manufacture of X-ray appara- tus, and auxiliary equipment; 2. Underwater sand apparatus; 3. Low frequency parts for Molch IV radar; 4. High voltage equipment, 1 to 2 million volts; 5, Gas filled rectifier tubes; 6. Preparation for manufacture of 10 cm. magnetron. 516 FIAT ITEM NO. 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 55 FIAT REPORT NO. 2jk UNCLASSIFIED REPORT ON ILLUMINATION, Reported "by: J. L. Kilpatrick. l6p. This report contains a summary of developments in lighting design and practices in Germany, and separate reports on manufacturers of lamps and lighting equipment. Except for developments relating to anti-aircraft search-13ghts and black-out lighting equipment, manufacturing was largely limited to adjustable bracket fixtures for local lighting. Incandescent lamps were the most predominant lamps. Osram had developed a 16,000 watt air cooled Mercury Vapor lamp but no fuller data on it could be found. Glass and poroelaln- enameled metal predominated in light-control materials. Generally, lighting standards were lower than those in the United States. Technical high schools conducted regular courses in Illuminating Engineering. Factories and institu- tions treated separately arei Dr. Ing. Schneider A Co.; G. Schansenbaoh A Co.t Siemens-Schuckert (Nurnberg); Osram Co.; Technical High School, Munich; Sistrah-Licht, Stuttgart; Karl Pfisterer, Stuttgart; Technical High Schools, Stuttgart and Karlsruhe; Gebr. Kaiser A Co., Neheim; Potter & Schultse, Bssen; Quaillerwcrke Gebr. Krumm, Remscheld; Radium Lamp Factory, Wipperfurth; C. A. Schaeffer K. G. (Hellux), Hannover. 517 FIAT ITEM NO. 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 288 UNCLASSIFIED RURAL TELEPHONE SERVICE, DIAL SWITCHING FOR TELETYPEWRITER SYSTEMS, AND MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. Reported by: J. A. Parrott, lip. A brief report of various communication applications in Germany, Rural telephone service Is estimated at from 3 to 10 percent of the rural population. Extensive use of dialling system is used in railroad communication facilities. There is some use of toll line dialling and signalling but it is expensive and trouble is experienced due to frequency shifts. Dial switching for teletypewriter stations consists of six main switching centers able to handle up to 10,000 stations. Item No. 53 FIAT REPORT NO. 526 UNCLASSIFIED INDUSTRIAL SURVEY OF PLANTS, METHODS AND PRODUCTS IN GERMAN TELEPHONE INDUSTRY. Refer to Item No. 28 for a complete Hating of this report. It6m No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 778 UNCLASSIFIED CONDUCTION OF HIGH TENSION ELECTRICAL CURRENT IN CABLES EMBEDDED IN HIGH PRESSURE ATMOSPHERE. Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. 518 FIAT ITEM NO. 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 920 UNCLASSIFIED THE CONTACT CONVERTER AS DEVELOPED IN GERMANY. Reported by; 0, Jensen and E, Goessel, 5 volumes. These reports. In 5 volumes, contain information for the manufacture of 50-200 Amp 300 V swash piste type (A.I.G.) and 200-10,000 Amp U0O-8OO V reciprocating contact type (Siemens-Schuckert) contact converters or mechanical recti- fiers. The contact converter is a new conception in convert- ing alternating current to direct current. It has not been developed or manufactured In the U. S. Vol, 1 contains the basic report and Appendices 1-6. It presents a description of the different types, their construction, and operation, end Includes drawings for a Siemens 200 Amp }00 V converter and for 200 Amp choke coils. Vol, 2 consists of Appendix 7» detail and assembly drawings for 10,000 Amp UOO V and 5000 Amp 800 V contact converters. Vol. 3 (Appendices 8-12) con- sists of short clrcuiter drawings. Vol. 4 (Appendices 13- 1*0 contains in Appendix 13 the original and translation of papers entitled principles of the mechani- cal rectifier1* by Dr, Floris Koppelmann who is the inventor of the contact converter manufactured by Siemens. These papers are in three parts as follows: Part 1 discusses the relation between short circuit voltage, size of choke coils, overload capacity, and backfire safety; Part 2 discusses the voltage drop of the rectifier, and its characteristic load and power factor; Part 3 deals with the question of the necessary duration of closing time of the contacts, followed by an examination of the limitation of overload capacity in the discussed "three choke coll circuit." The German ver- sion of these papers is reprinted from "Hektrotechnik und Maschlnenbau." Nos. 1J. 18. 35, and 36, I9U2. Appendix lU describes a method of accurately measuring the magnetisation of loops, even when such loops come very close to being rec- tangular in shape and are passed through at a high rate of remagnetization speed. The arrangement also permits the measurement of the periodical course of magnetization and of magnetization current. The method employs motor-driven os- cillating rectifiers having adjustable, contact time. The German is a reprint from "Archiv fftr Xlektrotechnik," Vol, 3®» No. U, 19Uh. Tel. 5 (Appendix 19) consists of additional de- tail drawings received too late to be included in Vols. 1-3. See also PB L 705II (PIAT Microfilm Heel AA 120) abstracted in v. 6, p. 103, this Bibliography. 519 FIAT ITEM NO. 33 UTILITIES. BRIDGES Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 1005 UNCLASSIFIED THE TTTTCRS SEWAGE DISPOSAL PROCESS. Reported by: G. M. Ornsen. 35p. The Niers Sewage Disposal Process as practised in its present stage of evolution at the sewage disposal plant of the Niers- verband at Neersen, near Viersen, Rhineland, is described in this report, which is based on a study of war-time literature, a thorough field investigation, and exhaustive discussions with authorities on the subject* The conditions to be met were to purify city sewage and industrial effluents to the extent that they could be discharged without detriment into a receiving stream. This stream had an average rate of flow just about equalling the rate of flow of sewage on a per capita equivalent basis. This would correspond to a dilution of only Isl. A bibliography, plant layout, flow sheet, draw- ings, and photographs are included* Item No. 55 FIAT REPORT NO. 1010 UNCLASSIFIED REVIEW OF THE DESIGN OF SUBMERGED HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS (SYSTEM ARNO FISCHER). Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete listing of this report. Item No. 53 FIAT REPORT NO. IO3J+ UNCLASSIFIED ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE FUTURE OF GAS TURBINE INSTAL- LATIONS. Refer to Item No. 26 for a complete listing of this report. 520 FIAT ITEM NO. 35 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 1060 UNCLASSIFIED PUMPED STORAGE POWER PLANTS IN EUROPE. Reported by: H. W. Hamm. 64p. The report reviews the field of German, Swiss and French practices in the design of pumped storage plant units* These consist of one or two water turbines, one centrifugal pump and one or two electrical units serving as motor and generator. A considerable number of pumped storage units have been installed which use cheap night current, available in surplus quantity, from steam or hydro-electric plants, to pump water into storage reservoirs* This stored hydro- energy is used at times of peak load to furnish current that cannot be produced economically by other plants* In this manner cheap night current is converted into high priced peak load current, which frequently has resulted in lowering the production cost of electric energy. Pumped storage practice, the design of pumped storage units and the main distinctive features of seven plants are described in this report. Thirty-four illustrations and three tables complete the report* Item No. 35 unclassified „ ,, _. FIAT REPORT NO. 1111 GERMAN WIND TURBINE PROJECTS Refer to Item No. 9 for a complete Hating ol tnia r p 521 FIAT ITEM WO. 33 UTILITIES, BRIDGES Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 1119 UNCLASSIFIED METHODS OF TRANSMITTING 2,000,000 KILOWATTS OF ELECTRIC POWER 600 KILOMETERS, Reported by E. Krohne and H, Calliess. 24p. - i The report summarizes the results of an investigation Bade in 19Ul at the direction of the German Office for Economic Development to determine the economic limits of a-c and d-c transmission by cable and overhead lines over long distances. Voltages of 220 kv, a-c; U00 kv, a-c; 650 kv, d-c; and 800 kv, d-c were considered* Tables are included covering (1) ages, power factors, power losses, and overall efficiency; (2) limits of power and capacity utilized with uniform divi- sion of total load among transmitting systems; (3) estimated total and unit installation costs; (1*) transmission costs for three annual times of utilization; (5) relative material requirements; and (6) specific material requirements* Item No. 33 FIAT REPORT NO. 112*4- UNCLASSIFIED CIRCULAR GRIT CHAMBERS. Refer to Item No, 51 for a‘ complete listing of this report. 522 fiat item no. 33 XiTILITIES. BRIDGES Item No. 53 FIAT REPORT NO. 1158 UNCLASSIFIED jupjt WARTIME EXPERIENCES OF BERLIN POWER AND LIGHT CO, (BEWAG). Reported By: R. I. Stockland. 28p, This paper records some experiences of BEWAG during World War II, and is based on reports to the Board of Directors by Dr. ErichsKrohne, its Technical Director* Information on air raid damage, maintenance of service, purchasing diffi- culties, and technical developments are included* A bibli- ography is given in Appendix I and two illustrations in Appendix II* Item No. 55 FIAT REPORT NO. 1185 UNCLASSIFIED COMPENSATION OF GROUND CURRENT THROUGH t„ AND THEIR APPLICATION IN THE BEWAG JO KY NETWORK. “em No. 51 for a complete listing of this report. 523 49 14779