CHOLERA IN SOUTHERN INDIA A RECORD OF 11 IE PROGRESS OF CHOLERA IN 1870, AND RESUME OF THE KECORDS OF FOEMEE EPIDEMIC INVASIONS OF THE MADEAS PEESIDENCY. BY SUEGEON W. E. COENISH, F.E.C.S., FELLOW OF THE MADRAS UNIVERSITY, SANITARY COMMISSIONER FOR MADRAS. 6OLII] ' tun MADRAS: PRINTED BY H. MORGAN, ATTHE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE PRESS. 1871. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Page. A retrospective survey of the movement of cholera in former epidemics essential to a comprehension of the phenomena of invasion of Southern India ... ... ... 1 The record of the cholera invasion of 1818... ib. Investigation of the movement of cholera in Southern India since 1859 ... ... ib. Cholera not endemic in Southern India ... 2 Phenomena common to cholera and other epidemic diseases ... ... ... ... ib. Tendency of cholera to become extinct in Southern India defeated by periodical new invasions from Lower Bengal ... ... ib. Physical condition of districts in which cholera lingers similar to those of the true endemic province ... ... ... ••• 3 The movement of cholera in 1818 repeated more or less completely in subsequent invasions ... ... ... ... ... ib. Period of time occupied in the movement of cholera from Bengal to Ceylon ... ... ib. Cholera does not move into Madras territory by the shortest route ... ... 4 Influence of mountain barriers in directing the movement of cholera ... ... ... ib. The invasions of 1818, 1859, 1864, and 1869 compared ... ... ... ... ... 5 CHAPTER 11. THE CHOLERA INVASIONS OF 1818, 1859, and 1864. Invasion of 1818. Mr. Scott's narrative... ... ... ... 5 Ganjam ... ... ... ... ... 6 Chicacole ... ... ... ... ib. Vizagapatam District : Vizianagram ... ... ... ... ib. Vizagapatam ... ... ... ... ib. Godavery District : Rajahmundry ... ... ... ... ib. Ellore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Kistna District : Masulipatam ... ... ... ... ib. Guntoor ... ... ... ... ... 7 Nellore District ib. Madras ... ... ... ... ... ib. Poonamallee ... ... ... ... ... ib. Saint Thomas' Mount ... ... ... Ib, Wallahjabad ... ... ... ... ... Ib- Cuddalore ... ... ... ... ... 8 Combaconum... ... ... ... ... ib. Nagore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Negapatam ... ... ... ... ... ib. Nagpore, Central Provinces... ... ... ib. Jaulnah ib. j Nusseerabad 9 Page. Malligaum ... ... ... ... ... 9 Punderpoor ... ... ... ... ... Ib, Hoobly ... ... ... ... ... ib. Bellary 10 Hurryhur ... ... ... ... ... ib. Chittledroog ... ... ... ... ... ib. Bangalore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Seringapatam .... ... ... ... ib. Mysore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Manantoddy ... ... ... ... ... 11 Coimbatore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Hyderabad ... ... ... ... ... ib. Ghooty ... ... ... ... ... ib. Cuddapah ... ... ... ... ... 12 Tripatti ... ... ... ... ... ib. Chittoor ... ... ... ... ... ib. Vellore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Arcot... ... ... ... ... ... ib. Salem... ... ... ... ... ... Ib- Trichinopoly ... ... ... ... ... ib. Tanjore ... ... ... ... ... 13 Madura ... ... ... ... ... ib. Palamcottah ... ... ... ... ... ib. Dhanvar ... ... ... ... ... ib. Mangalore ... ... ... ... ... ib. Cannanore «.. ... ... ... ... ib. Tellicherry ... ... ... ... ... 14 Malabar ... ... ... ... ... ib. Cochin ... ... ... ... ... ib. Alleppy ... ... ?. ... ... ib. Quilon ... ... ... ... ... ib. Trevandrum ... ... ... ... ... ib. The Invasion of 1859. Dr. Bryden's researches fail to give any account of the invading cholera reaching Southern India in 1859 ... ... ... 15 Notice of the 1856 invasion... ... ib. Western India and the whole Peninsula down to the 14th degree N.L. covered by cholera in 1859 16 Cholera in the Bombay Army, 1859 ... ib. Invasion of Hyderabad in the Deccan . . . ib. Kurnool, Cuddapah, Bellary, and Ghooty ... Ib Vizagapatam, Godavery, and Kistna Districts, ib Nellore ... ... ... ... ... Ib Limit of invasion on Eastern Coast south of the town of Nellore ... ... ... 1 Western Coast Districts invaded from Bombay territory ... ... ... ... ... Ib Calicut Jail — Great mortality in October 1859 ib Cochin ... ... ... ... ... Ib Travancore ib Particulars of early cases in Cochin... ... Ib Exemption of the Southern Districts in the year of invasion, viz. ... ... ... Ib South Arcot ... ... ... ... Ib Tanjore District ib Madura... ... ... ... ... Ib Trichinopoly District ... ... ... Ib Tinnevelly District ... ... ... l< Coimbatore and Salem ib 2 The Cholera of 1860- Page. Reproduction of cholera in Central Provinces in 1860 18 The cholera of 1860 in Central Provinces a cholera of reprod uction ... ... ... 19 Bellary ... 20 Ghooty ... ... ... ... ... ib. Cuddapah ... ... ... ... ib. Kurnool... ... ... .. ... ib. Mysore Plateau... •>• ... ... ib. North Arcot ib. Nellore ib. Madras ib. Invasion of Madras and districts to the south, ib. South Arcot ... ... ... ... ib. Tanj ore District... ... ... ... ib. Trichinopoly ... ... ... ... ib. Madura ib. Tinnevelly ... ... ... ••• ib. Coimbatore and Salem ... ... ... ib. Northern Coast Districts ... ... ... ib. Ganjam ... ... ... ••• ... ib. No movement of cholera out of Ganjam in a southerly direction ... ... ... Ib, Godavery and Kistna Districts 21 Western Coast Districts ... ... ... ib. The Cholera of 1861. Deaths in Bombay indicative of a new invasion in December 1861 ... ... ... 21 Cholera in the Western Coast Districts coincident with the re-appearance of the disease in Bombay... ... ... ... ... ib. Calicut ... .. ... ... ... ib. Cochin ... ... ... ... ... ib. Cannanore ... ... ... ... ib. Tellicherry ... ... ... ... ib. Malliapooram ib. The Cholera of 1862. The cholera of 1862 a reproduction... ... 22 Exempted localities in 1862... ... ... ib. The Cholera Invasion of 1863. (A year of new invasion.) The invasion of the Central Provinces and town of Bombay in June and July ... 22 Hyderabad not invaded in 1863 ... ... 23 The Cholera of 1864. Reproduction of cholera in Nagpore and Bombay early in 1864 23 Report of the Sanitary Commissioner for Bombay ... ... ... ... ... 24 Invasion of Hyderabad in August and September ... ... ... ... ... ... ib. Bellary District not invaded ib. Severe invasion of Western Coast Districts, ib. Wynaad and Coorg invaded, and significance thereof ... ... ... ... ... ib. Limits of the invasion in 1864 ... ... ib. Exemption of the Kistna, Godavery, and Vizagapatam Districts ... ... ... ib. The Cholera of 1865- production in great force over the Western Coast and many districts of Southern India 24 Population statistics of Bombay ... ... ib. Eolera active and moving in Bombay prior to the advent of South- West monsoon ... 25 Hyderabad, Deccan ... ... ... ... 25 Invasion of the Bellary Distinct ... ... ib. Great mortality in Malabar ... ... ... ib. Cochin Jail ... ... ... ... ... ib. Invasion of Nellore and Northern Coast Dis- tricts ... ... ... ... ... ib. Coimbatore ... ... ... i.. ... 26 Salem... ... ... ... ... ... ib. New invasion of Madras District in August 1865, also of all districts to the south ...' ib. The Cholera of 1866. Scarcity and famine predisposing to great cholera mortality ... ... ... ... 26 Decline of cholera in Bombay Presidency, Southward movement of the great body of cholera ... ... ... ... ... ib. Mortuary statistics of Madras Presidency for the first time available ... ... ... 27 Great mortality in Madras Presidency in 1866 ib. The Cholera of 1867. Dying oiit of epidemic in Western India ... 28 Do. Central Provinces ... ... ib. Do. Secunderabad ... ... ... ib. Do. Kurnool ... ... ... ib. Do. Bellary ib. Do. Cuddapah ib. Do. North Arcot ib. Do. Madras... ... ... ... ib. Do. South Arcot ... ... ... ib. Do. Tanjore District ... ... ib. Do. Madura... ... ... ... ib. Do. Trichinopoly ... ... ... ib. Do. Tinnevelly ib. Do. Coimbatore, Salem, South Canara, and Malabar ... 29 Do. Northern Districts ¦ — Kistna, Nellore, Godavery, Vizaga- patam, and Ganjam... ... ib. The Cholera of 1868. A minimum year of cholera... ... ... 30 Mild type of cholera in 1868 ... ib. CHAPTER 111. THE CHOLERA INVASION OF 1869, AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE CHOLERA OF 1870. Feeble vitality of the cholera of former invasion in 1868 ... ... ... ... 30 Cholera in Madras during 1868 31 Cholera confined mainly to Salem, Tanjore, and Trichinopoly in 1868 ... ... ... ib. The movement of cholera in a south-easterly direction over Burmah and China yet to be investigated ... ... ... ... ib. The southern limit of the new invasion in 1868 32 Invasion of the Deccan and Western India... ib. Limits of invasion in 1868 ... ... ... ib. Invasion of Kurnool District in January ] 869. ib. Line of invasion restricted ... ... ... ib. Exemption of the Western Coast from the invasion of 1869 ... ... ... ... 34 Non-invasion of Western Coast Districts significant of deficient strength in the invading cholera *6. 3 Page Geographical limit of cholera in 1869 ... 34 Geographical limit of cholera in 1869 ... 34 Madura and Tinnevelly not occupied in 1869 35 Madura and Tinnevelly not occupied in 1869 35 Salem and Coimbatore .... ... ... 36 Salem and Coimbatore .... ... ... 36 Northern Districts ... ... ... ... ib. Northern Districts ... ... ... ... ib. Ganjam ... ... ... ... ... ib. Ganjam ib. r:emption of Godavery and Kistna Districts both in 1868 and 1869 37 Exemption of Godavery and Kistna Districts both in 1868 and 1869 37 Recapitulation ib. CHAPTER IV. THE CHOLERA OF 1870. Recapitulation ib. CHAPTER IV. THE CHOLERA OF 1870. Activity of cholera in South Arcot, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore Districts in the beginning of the year... ... ... ... ... 38 Activity of cholera in South Arcot, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore Districts in the beginning 38 of the year... ... ... ... ... 38 "ichinopoly District ... ... ... ib. Trichinopoly District ... ... ... ib. Cholera more prevalent in irrigated than in dry upland talooks ... ... ib. Trichinopoly District Cholera more prevalent in irrigated than in dry upland talooks ... ... ib. tSreerungum festival ... ... ... 39 Sreerungum festival ... ... ... 39 njore District ... ... ... ... 40 Tanjore District ... ... ... ... 40 uth Arcot District ... ... ... 43 South Arcot District ... ... ... 43 Invasion of Madura District. Invasion of Madura District. Outbreak at the Pulni feast in the middle of March ... ... ... ... ... 45 Outbreak at the Pulni feast in the middle of March ... ... ... ... ... 45 Extension of cholera to towns and villages in the neighbourhood ... ... ... ib. Extension of cholera to towns and villages in I the neighbourhood ... ... ... ib. rst case in the town of Madura ... ... ib. ib. First case in the town of Madura ... ... ib. Cholera in abeyance in Madura during the Chittra festival in May ... ... ... 46 Cholera in abeyance in Madura during the 40 festival in May ... ... ... 46 tolera in the Cumbum Valley ... ... ib. Cholera in the Cumbum Valley ... ... ib. Captain Guthrie's Memorandum on the cholera in Madura ... ... ... ib. tptain Guthrie's Memorandum on the cholera in Madura ... ... ... ib. Geographical peculiarities of the Cumbum Valley favouring the retention of cholera. . . 48 fiographical peculiarities of the Cumbum Valley favouring the retention of cholera. . . 48 Cholera on the Pulni Hills ... ... ... ib. Cholera on the Pulni Hills ... ... ... ib. Inspection of Madura by Sanitary Commissioner ... ... ... ... ... 50 »3pection of Madura by Sanitary Commissioner ... ... ... ... ... 50 Water-supply impure ... ... ... ib. Water-supply impure ... ... ... ib. Invasion of Tinnevelly. Invasion of Tinnevellt. Particulars of first case in Palamcottah, 15th February ... ... ... ... ... 50 Particulars of first case in Palamcottah, 15th February ... ... ... ... ... 50 Extension of cholera to the dhobies' village ... 51 Extension of cholera to the dhobies' village ... 51 Early history of cholera in Tinnevelly obscure ... ... ... ... ••• Ib, Kirly history of cholera in Tinnevelly obscure ... ... ... ... ••• Ib, Brst case in Tinnevelly town on 18th March, ib. mmunication traced to the dhobies ... ib. First case in Tinnevelly town on 18th March, ib. Communication traced to the dhobies ... ib. Cholera deaths in dhobies' village ... ... ib. Cholera deaths in dhobies' village ... ... ib. Cholera really present in district in February. 52 Cholera really present in district in February. 52 Collector's Report ... ... ... ... ib. Collector's Report ... ... ... ... ib. I irked preference of cholera for villages on river banks inundated by late floods ... ib. Marked preference of cholera for villages on river banks inundated by late floods ... ib. Floods in Tinnevelly in November 1869 ... 53 Floods in Tinnevelly in November 1869 ... 53 Icts in regard to an exempted village (Puthiamputtur) in Tinnevelly ... ... 56 Facts in regard to an exempted village (Puthiamputtur) in Tinnevelly ... ... 56 Rev. J. F. Ream's letters on the village of Puthiamputtur , 56ehoves the investigator to proceed with caution, and to weigh carefully every eal or assumed fact, before he permits himself to draw inferences therefrom. 2. In this view of the case it has seemed to me to be absolutely necessary to I The record of the olera invasion of 18. re-examine some of the older data available in regard to the prevalence of cholera in Southern India. The details of the epidemic of cholera in the year 1818 were recorded with fe most scrupulous care by the late Mr. W. Scott, Secretary to the Medical Dard, whose report was published in the year 1822, but has long since been it of print. The many cholera invasions which have affected this Presidency om 1818 down to 1859, I have not at present the leisure to investigate, and am not sure that the whole of the data are available for the production of a Investigation of the movement of cholera in Southern India since true narrative of each epidemic invasion. I have chosen, however, the period commencing with 1859, partly because it was a year of new invasion of Southern India, (and it was necessary to follow out the history of a new cholera from its first appearance in the south to its final decay or replacement by a new invasion,) and partly because from my late official position as Secretary to the Inspector-General, Indian 2 ledical Department, I have had a personal acquaintance with the main facts f every cholera epidemic in Southern India from that date down to the present lme. From the year 1859 down to 1865, I have had to trust chiefly to the [edical returns and reports of the Army, Jails, and Civil Dispensaries for the vidence of the presence or absence of cholera in any locality, but from 1866 own to the present time the death registers of the whole population of twentysix millions have been available for the purpose of this inquiry. 3. From all that I can ascertain malignant or epidemic cholera is not a natural product of Southern India. It is quite true that the # , ' -, , ? »i very earliest records we have of the disease describe it as occasionally prevailing in Malabar, Arcot, Bellary, and on the Epidemic cholera does not arise spontane- Coromandel Coast, and there can be no doubt that the whole of the peninsula, in times past, was subjected to invasions of cholera from the north, as in the year 1818, the invasion of which year is so graphically described by Scott, and in the more recent invasions to be presently recorded. But the fact of a disease being met with commonly in a locality is no proof that it is of endemic origin. When we come to examine into the life-history of cholera, as Dr. Bryden has done, we shall find that no conditions of soil or climate in this part of India are capable of perpetually renewing, what for want of a better term I shall designate, the contagium of the disease, and that, except in very rare instances, an invading cholera never survives beyond four years, and in . . .. i -i • /. • j t i • most instances is extinct in a much briefer period. In this respect cholera follows precisely the same law as small-pox, Phenomena common to cholera and other and possibly also some other epidemic diseases. It chooses by preference to occupy new ground, that is, it finds the fittes conditions for its growth among; populations that have not recently bee ravaged by cholera. It is affected more or less by seasonal changes during th natural course of its life ; active and deadly in its destructive powers at on period of the year under peculiar meteorological or climatic conditions, am dormant or inoperative at other periods, when a different order of meteorologica phenomena prevails. Like small-pox, too, after a season of unusual and wide spread devastation, it dies away completely, and is not renewed until a furthe invasion from without occurs. 4. But although the evidence, as to the endemic character of a cholera to become 7 extinct^n fe°ated er by periodical Lower BlngaL 8 tr °m capable of epidemic development, in Southern India, is veryweak and dubious, there can be no doubt that some localities do harbour and reproduce the contagium for a longer period than others. There are certain districts in the Madras Presidency in which a reproduction of an invading cholera will go on for three, or even four, years, after the primary invasion, and there are other places in which the reproduction either does not occur at all, or lasts for one season only, leaving a long interval of two or three years of complete rest between one invasion and the next following it. In the districts in which cholera lingers for three or four years after the nvasion, we have been in the habit of supposing that the disease was a true endemic f the soil ; but, although the conditions of soil and climate in such districts do >robably approach very nearly to the conditions of the natural habitat of cholera n Lower Bengal, yet there are probably some points of difference as yet nascertained. The history of the latter months of 1858 and 1868 show most 3 undoubtedly that cholera had become in those years completely extinct over very large tracts of Southern India, and was renewed only by a distinct new invasion of cholera contagium from the true endemic province in Lower Bengal. 5. There are in the south of India certain localities which, as before observed, do undoubtedly tend to harbour cholera, and the physical . . conditions of such districts m some respects resemble those of the Gangetic delta. Thus the delta of the Cauvery river is proved to be a favourite haunt of cholera, and in this district Physical conditions f districts in which we find a deep alluvial subsoil, permeable by water at all seasons of the ear, and often for months together completely saturated by irrigation rom innumerable streams. As the river channels cease their supply, le water recedes from the surface and falls to a lower level in the übsoil, which soil is subjected to a process of desiccation in its upper strata, t is usually during the earlier period of this drying up of the land that the easonal reproduction of cholera in Tanjore and Tricbinopoly is most active, nd it is under precisely similar conditions that cholera re-appears year after year n the endemic province of Lower Bengal. But the cholera thus bred or fostered i the localities of Southern India, hitherto regarded as endemic centres, never iffuses itself widely. If left to itself, it would soon die out. It is the importation [' new seed, so to speak, into these localities that gives strength to the cholera and auses them to be reputed as cholera centres. For all practical purposes localities ike the districts of Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and the valley in which the town of alem stands, may be considered places in which cholera re-appears year after ear, though for scientific accuracy, it would hardly be fair to speak of them as ndemic sites. Cholera is like a foreign plant in them, that has found a fairly ongenial, but not a wholly natural soil, so that after a certain definite time the Lant dies, and has to be replaced by fresh seed brought from a foreign locality. Although the soil conditions of our southern river deltas are very similar to those f Lower Bengal, the climatic conditions as regards rain-fall and humidity are cry different. The climate of the southern delta districts is hot and dry with but ittle variation in temperature, while that of Lower Bengal is especially remark - ble for a combination of heat and moisture and a wider thermometrical range. 6. The history of the epidemic advance of cholera in 1818, as detailed in Scott's (narrat The movement of oiera is 1818, peated more or less mpieteiyinaiisubse- ent invasions. narrative, is, in point of fact, the history for all time of the mode in which the peninsula and Southern India are invaded. In every new invasion there are sure to be some minor differences, as to the rapidity of movement of, and the extent I' country covered by, cholera, but the main facts are unalterable. The broad uth in regard to invasion to be borne in view is, that the great body of cholera hich invades Southern India leaves its natural territory in Lower Bengal, by hat Bryden terms "the southern epidemic highway" across the Central rovinces, and southward through the Deccan and Bombay Presidencies towards Madras territory, which in a longer or shorter space of time is occupied. Nor lea cholera terminate with the extreme southern limit of the peninsula. In all ue epidemic invasions, from 1818 down to 1870, it has been carried on to the ughbouring Island of Ceylon. In this southern progress of cholera, a period of f Period of time occutd in the movement cholera from Bengal Ceylon. two years may elapse (as in the latest invasion) before the epidemic has travelled its southern course from Bengal to Ceylon, or, as in 1818, the whole journey may be completed B 4 tsix or seven months. The epidemic of cholera that left Bengal in the ring of 1818 reached Ceylon in January 1819; but, with all the facilities for rapid communication introduced during the last half century, we find St the great body of moving cholera in the last epidemic invasion, which upon the Central Provinces in the spring of 1868, did not reach Ceylon until May 1870. A proper appreciation of this fact will, I think, indicate that in the movement of cholera from its endemic home, there are other agents than human intercourse at work. An attempt will be made by and bye to estimate, in their order of relative importance, the various factors concerned in the progressive movements of epidemic cholera. It will be only necessary in this place to recognize the fact that cholera does move in accordance with its own laws, and that a new epidemic movement in the Bengal Provinces is (so far as the facts of the past admit of an opinion being formed) sure to be felt, at a date more or less remote, not only in the tract of country to the north-west of Bengal , but also to the extreme south-east of Asia, including Burmah, the Straits Settlements, and China, and to the extreme south of the Madras Presidency, not excepting the Island of Ceylon. 7. There is one other point to be noticed here in regard to the movement of Cholera does not move into the Madras territory by the short- eat route. cholera out of the endemic provinces, and it is, that a -1 ' epi^emic does not usually take the shortest route, but, as r >> g0 happens, the route of greatest population and tramc. A map of India shows that the actual distance between Calcutta (the centr of the endemic field) and Madras is the shortest along the Coromande Coast; but there is only one instance recorded in which cholera has advancec epidemically along the coast line down to Vizagapatam, and that was in the yea 1818, where, according to Scott's narrative, it travelled in this direction as well a through the Central Provinces and Hyderabad. The evidence adduced by Sco does not make it quite clear to me that cholera actually took this coast rout but it is possible that movement did occur in this direction, as well as by the mor common route through the Central Provinces. In the two invasions of 185 and 1864 it is abundantly clear that cholera did not advance along the Coro mandel Coast line from north to south, but that the districts on the coast, fron Vizagapatam downwards, were invaded subsequent to the overflow of the choler wave in Nagpore and the Deccan. The ordinary course of the cholera that finds its way into the Southern Presidency is at first north-west through Chota Nagpore and Allahabad, then west and south through the Central Provinces to Bombay and the Deccan. The readiest way for cholera to reach the Vizagapatam, Godavery, and Kistna Districts, when an epidemic wave starts out of the endemic field, would be through the districts which lie immediately to the north of Cuttack and Ganjam, but it chooses, by preference, the long and circuitous route just indicated. What the actual explanation of this movement may be is not now the question. It is sufficient for the present that I draw attention to the fact. 8. In studying the movements of cholera I think one cannot help being struck influence of moun- tain barriers indirect- ing the movement of cholera. by the circumstance that a mountain barrier frequently appears to offer an insurmountable resistance to the progress of an epidemic. LThe great Himalayan Range, running in a north-westerly direction across the ian continent, appears to be practically effective in limiting the march of 5 cholera to districts beyond, and we notice the same thing in regard to the great mountain chain of the Western Ghauts, a range of but moderate elevation, that a cholera on one side has great difficulty in getting over to the other. During the latest invasion in 1869 we have had the spectacle of a cholera moving down to the extreme south of India on the eastern side of the ghauts, while the tract on the western side was unaffected. Having travelled down to Cape Comorin, cholera turned round the mountain barrier, and began a northerly progress up the Western Coast in 1870. We may remark too, how, in the invasion of the Kurnool District in 1869, cholera never passed the hilly tracts of the Eastern Ghauts which divide the Cumbum Talook from the other parts of the district. I shall have occasion to refer hereafter to a phenomenon which Dr. Bryden has pointedly alluded to, viz., that cholera is often manifested in extreme virulence along the bases of these natural barriers, and in the river basins and ravines that lie in between great mountains. Whatever may be the explanation, I believe there is no doubt whatever of the fact, that cholera getting into such localities is particularly virulent and prolonged in its visitations. I The reluctance of cholera to overstep a mountain barrier, and especially when at barrier is a wild tract, the people of which hold little or no communication ith those of the plains, is doubtless the reason why Vizagapatam is not directly vaded from the adjoining districts of Ganjam and Cuttack, where, along the •ast line, cholera is a true endemic. The hill tracts of Orissa, Goomsoor, and sypoor offer obstacles to the direct southern progress of cholera except on the ixrow strip of coast line, where it is opposed by the winds from the Indian Ocean -winds, which along the Coromandel Coast, are nearly always effectual in repressg cholera, even where epidemic invasion or reproduction is in progress. 9. With these observations I may now reproduce the official narrative of the 1818 epidemic invasion of Southern India, and Pc invasions of '818, „ ? . i, 18«4, and 1869 describe the history of three modern invasions, occurring pared " respectively in 1859, 1864, and 1869. The two latter of these trrespond with Bryden's years 1863 and 1868, but the 1859 invasion, so far as ?uthern India is concerned, has not been recognized by that author. CHAPTER 11. THE CHOLERA INVASIONS OF 1818, 1859, and 1864. " The history of the origin and progress of cholera in the establishments of Bengal and Bombay Mr. Scott's narrative of the cholera invasion of 1818. has already been given to the public in the reports of the Medical authorities of those Presidencies. During the period between the months of May and September 1817, it appears to have, for some time, prevailed in the istricts of Mymensing, Behar, Nuddea, Jessore, Calcutta, Raj shay c ; and, shortly afterwards, to ha ached Balasore and Cuttack. In November it prevailed at Mirzapore, Rewa, Sheergur, and oth orthern parts of Bundelcund. Jubbulpore, Saugor, Ougein, and Nagpoor were under its influen >efore the end of May 1818. It reached Jaulnah, Aurungabad, and Ahmednuggur early in Jul During that month it extended to Seroor and Poona, and to the Presidency of Bombay about tl iddle of August. In the following historical sketch, the dates and local progress of the disease le territories of Madras have been determined with due attention to the authority of the repor nsulted ; and for the convenience of geographical reference, it has been successively traced alon le eastern, middle, and western districts, from the northern to the southern extremity of what called the peninsula. 6 In these territories it first appeared in the district of Ganjam. The Magistrate of that place, in Ganjam. Note. — Ganjam is within the endemic area, and it is not quite settled byScott's narrative that cholera did travel out through this district to the places to the south on the CoramandelCoast.-(W.R.C) a letter dated 20th of March 1818, states that the inhabitants had suffered severely from fever and cholera. It does not appear, however, that the cholera was at all very prevalent in most parts of that district.* It was pretty frequent at Aska from the 23rd of April until the 16th of May. At the latter period it suddenly disappeared ; but it again manifested itself in the beginning of July, and during the month prevailed more generally than it had formerly done. After November few cases were observed in the Ganjam District, although the disease was then, and for a year afterwards, general in the contiguous district of Vizagapatam. Fever prevailed in several parts of the former district until March 1819. At Berhampore cholera was pretty frequent in September and October 1820. No authentic information regarding the course of the disease at Chicacole has been obtained ; but it is known, tfiat this place was not exempted from its destructive i lfluence Ghicacole. No well-marked case occurred at Vizianagrum until the 20th of May;t and then, the cases Yizagapatam District, Vizianagrum. tNoTE. — The early date of the appearance of cholera in theVizagapatam District is the chief I'eason for supposing that cholera on this occasion took the unusual course of moving southwarda long the sea-board.— (W. R. C.) which did occur continued to be slight until the 26th. From this time until the sth of July the disease continuedto prevail generally. For a month after its commencement, though formidable in appearance, being attended by violent spasms of the whole body, it almost always yielded to the timely application of the appropriate remedies. But during the remaining fortnight although, at first much less alarming and without evident spasms, it frequently resisted every mode of treatment, applied even in the early stage. After the sth of July only a few slight cases occurred. At Vizai?apatam it appeared about the 15th of May. The weather is said to have been then Yizagapatam. oppressively hot, and the air loaded with humidity. It would seem that few Europeans were attacked after June ; but the disease, differing occasionally in its prevalence and in the severity of the symptoms, continued to be general in Vizagapatam and the neighbouring country until February 1820. It had somewhat declined in December 1818, but became again very prevalent in March. In May 1819 a greater number of cases were exhibited than in any other month ; bat the greatest proportional mortality occurred in April and November of that year. It showed itself in Rajahmundry about the 10th of July ; began to decline about the beginning of August ; and disappeared early in November. It re-appeared at this place on the 25th of January 1819, while an uncommonly cold wind was blowing Godavery District, Rajahmundry. tm the south-eaat ; and it continued to prevail until the end of April. It commenced its attack at Ellore about the sth of July, both on the Ist Eegiment of Native Cavalry stationed there and the Native inhabitants. It was remarked that the Mussulman families were the greatest sufferers, although the population Ellore. consisted principally of Hindoos. The greater mortality among the former was ascribed to their obstinacy in refusing proper medical assistance. At Masulipatam cases first occurred about the 10th of July. The convicts confined in the Fort listna District, Masulipatam. were the subjects of these cases. And, indeed, the disease for some time appeared only in one bomb-proof apartment. This one was low, damp, appeared only in one bomb-proof apartment. This one was low, damp, ill- ventilated, and very crowded J but, although these disadvantages were in some measure remedied, it continued to produce a greater number of cases than the other two, which were commodious and comfortable. The disease commenced in the town and neighbourhood about the 20th of July ; was very prevalent during August; declined rapidly in September; and disappeared early in October, while the weather was chilly and the rains heaviest. It was nearly confined to the lower classes of the people. It re-appeared at this place about the 15th of June 1819 during extremely hot weather. This attack, however, was not so violent, nor of so long continuance as the former. In the several villages situated along the southern bank of the Kistnah river, from the eastern xtremity of the Zillah of Guntoor to the western extremity of the district of Palnaud, it seems that appeared nearly simultaneously about the end of July; that it gradually extended southwards; and mi about the middle of November 1818 it quitted that part of the country. It commenced about the ecnnning of the westerly rains, and continued until the termination of the rainy season. It is ported to have been more fatal during the prevalence of bleak westerly winds than at other times ; nd in the villages situated in the vicinity of tanks than at other places. The Banians or. merchants 7 of the town of Guntoor, who occupy the only wide and dry street in it, almost entirely escaped the disease ; while the Brahmins, who inhabit a close and damp street, suffered in as great a proportion as any other class of the people. Guntoor. In the most northerly villages of the Zillah of Nellore this disease began to prevail on the 2nd of August; and before the sth of October it had reached the most southern part of it, having in its course appeared at the town of Ongole on the 14th of Nellore District. August, and at the town of Nellore on the 20th of September. The Zillah extends about 180 miles rom north to south, and varies between forty and sixty miles from east to west. In twelve days it ravelled thirty-two miles, in the next twenty-seven, eighty more ; and in two months from its commencement it spread over the whole Zillah, except the two south-west divisions of it, which altogether scaped this visitation. These are the most elevated parts of the Zillah; they are populous and much requented by merchants. The disease indeed was less fatal than in the other parts in the whole western frontier, which is near the hills ; and in some of the villages there situated, it did not at this me appear. There had been no sensible change in the atmosphere previously to its approach, nor was its progress at all affected by the occurrence of the rains. It continued during the rainy season; nd, disappearing in the order in which it had commenced, it entirely quitted the Zillah before le 15th January 1819 ; it again became general in the northern parts of the Zillah about the middle of April 1819, and continued to travel in a southerly direction, at nearly the same rate as brmerly, having reached Ongole on the 16th of May and Nellore on the 3rd of July. In the Ongole Kstrict it disappeared before the end of August, and in that of Nellore before the end of September, 'he period of its continuance in any large town or tract of country of these districts scarcely ever xceeded three months. At this time it was more prevalent and much more fatal than last year ; nd it was especially violent at those places which then enjoyed an immunity. The weather was mild nd temperate during the whole period of this second attack. There were occasional falls of rain, >ut no change in the sensible properties of the atmosphere seemed to affect the course of the disease. At Madras the first case seen by a Medical Officer occurred on the Bth of October ; but, from the accounts of natives, ib then appeared that some cases had occurred so early as the sth of that month- It continued to prevail pretty generally in Madras Madras. nd in the adjacent villages until the 24th, when it received a temporary check from a violent storm lat happened on that day. It very soon, however, increased again, and prevailed with a consider )le, though variable degree of violence until the beginning of November. It then began to declin owly; and sometime afterwards it became milder and of rare occurrence. The poorer classe uffered more from its ravages than those in better circumstances. A detailed account of the stat ' the weather, during the prevalence, will be found in the meteorological tables. On the sth th md was southeasterly, the weather cloudy and wet, and there was much thunder. On the 7t le wind became north-westerly, and it continued in this direction until the 12th; from the 12th t le 15th it was variable. The weather was cloudy, and much rain fell from the sth to the 15th rom the 15th to the 23rd the wind was with little variation south-easterly, and the weather general! >retty clear. The north-easterly wind commenced on the 23rd, and the violent storm, alread oticed, occurred on the 24th. The weather, though variable, was pretty frequently clear after thi >eriod. In April 1819 the troops at the Presidency were entirely free of the disease, but it re-ap >eared early in May ; and, although it did not afterwards become general, it has continued to sho\ self occasionally since that period. Its attacks were most frequent during the hot months of 181 nd 1820 ; in 1821 they have been of more rare occurrence. It appeared at Poonamallee on the 13th of October ; and without having become very prevalent seems to have disappeared about the middle of the following month. From the Bth to the 2 1st of July 1819 many eases again occurred at this place. Poonamallee. At St. Thomas' Mount also it appeared on the loth of October ; but, although not very violent or general it continued lon^ at this station. It declined considerably in St Thomas' Mount. 1 , , ? , ..,,,,«,«,, December, and continued to decrease until May 1819. It again increased in ry ; and, during the three subsequent months, was more prevalent than at any preceding period its course. It declined in September, and early in 1820 became of rare occurrence. It first showed itself at Wallajahbad about the middle of October, and continued to prevail with different degrees of violence in H. M.'s 86th Regiment and among the Native inhabitants during November and December. Several cases occurred Wallajahbad. E3 about the end of April, and a few in the beginning of May 1819 : it became prevalent towards end of June of that year, especially in H M.'s Royal Scots ; declined about the Bth of July, and . afterwards disappeared. C 8 The cholera continued its progresssive course along the coast ; but we have no accurate accounts of the dates of its appearance or decline at Sadras or Pondicherry. It first manifested itself at Cuddalore about the 14th of November after the commencement of the heavy rains, and continued to prevail with considerable violence till the end Cuddalore. of December. At this time it declined rapidly and soon afterwards disappeared. At Combaconum it appeared about the 20th of November, declined about the middle of Decem- ber, and soon afterwards terminated ; about the middle of January it was for two or three days nearly as prevalent as it had formerly been. Combaconum. It began to prevail at Nagore about the 10th of November, principally among the caste of Natives whose occupations obliged them to expose themselves much to the weather, which was then damp and rainy. Nagore. Negapatam, although distant from Nagore only four miles, continued entirely free of the disease until the 22nd of November. It was much on the decline at both places before the 20th of December. As at Combaconum it was again very preva- Negapatam. lent at these places for two or three days about the middle of January. It re-appeared at both towns about the end of July 1819, anl continued prevalent until the middle of August. At Nagore it again showed itself about the end of October, and prevailed until the middle of the following month ; and at Negapatam several cases occurred from the Ist to the 1 3th of February 1820. Having thus traced the progress of this disease along the Eastern Coast as far as it might be supposed to be connected with its first appearance at Q-anjam, it will now be necessary to give some account of its course along the inland stations occupied by troops of this Presidency. Here also -we shall begin with the most northerly of these, which was likewise the first that became subjected to its influence. • It began to prevail among the inhabitants of Nagpore and the neighbouring villages about the middle of May 1818 ; but, although generally diffused and productive of great mortality among the citizens, with whom our Native Soldiery had frequent and Nagpore, Central Provinces. intimate intercourse, no case of it appeared in the troops until the 26th or 27th of May. At th time three or four men of the Depot Corps were attacked and died. On the 30th of May a larg detachment of Bengal and Madras troops arrived at Nagpore from the siege of Chandah, and too possession of the huts near the Seetabuldee hills, which they had formerly occupied. Notwithstanc ing the excessive heat of the weather and the laborious duties of the siege, they had hitherto bee tolerably healthy, and no one had suffered an attack of the cholera. Scarcely, however, had the taken possession of their quarters, when it appeared in a very violent form among the Bengal troop and their followers. Of the Madras troops only one individual was this day attacked. On the 31st, however, it attacke< them and their followers in a very violent manner, the majority of those this day attacked havin died. On the Ist of June the attacks were very numerous, but the deaths were proportionate] much fewer. From the 2nd it began to decline rapidly; and after the 10th rarely occurrec For some days it was confined to the troops who had returned from the campaign ; and when it di( appear in those who had not left Nagpore, it was comparatively mild and partial. The Europea part of the troops suffered but little. A few of the Madras Artillerymen were attacked, but they a recovered. Three or four men of the Bengal Artillery fell victims to it. In a detachment of th force recently employed at Chandah, which was left at Hingunghat, 50 miles south of Nagpore, i appeared at the same time and followed the same course, as it did in the main body of the force a the latter place. At Jaulnah cases were first observed on the 3rd of July among the families of our Native Soldiery in the village. On the following day it attacked the troops, both European and Native, and from this time until the 11th it continued very prevalent Jaulnah. nd violent. After the latter period the attacks were milder and less frequent. Several facts onnected with the origin and progress of the disease at this place having been adduced in proof of s contagious nature, it may be deemed necessary here to notice them. Since the middle of June, hen several heavy showers of rain had fallen, the weather had been cool and pleasant, the therometer ranging from 80° to 86°, seldom varying more than 4° in twenty-four hours. The atmo)here was generally cloudy, and the wind Hew steadily from the south-west. This kind of weather ontinued during the prevalence of the disease. A detachment, which had left Nagpore while thd isease was prevailing at that place, and of which men suffered an attack of it in the march, arrived Jaulnah towards the end of June. On the 3rd of July the cholera, as has been seen, appeared at 9 the latter place. The Russel Brigade arrived at Jaulnah on the 4th, and left it for Hyderabad on he sth of July without any case of the disease having appeared among them, but a few days afterwards it attacked them and produced great mortality. A party of gentlemen with about 1,000 bllowers arrived at Jaulnah on the 4th, and left it in good health on the 6th. Before they arrived at Arungabad, however, many of their followers were attacked by the cholera, and it began to prevail at that place soon after their arrival. The disease was most prevalent in the vicinity of the place where the first case occurred. H. M.'s Royal Scots, who were stationed immediately in the front of the general market place, in which the disease raged, and with which they had constant communication, uffered much by it, while the Horse Artillerymen, who were a considerable way in front, and had ess direct communication with the market place, and but little intercourse with the Royals, suffered omparatively very little. This fact, however, has been ascribed to another cause. The Artillery men ived in tents, and the Royals in old and uncomfortable barracks- The latter were removed into heir tents, and the cases, the day on which this removal was effected, were only one -third of the number that had occurred on the preceding day. The disease continued to decline after this period. When it appeared in a family, several individuals of that family generally suffered an attack. An ndeavour will be made, in the proper place, to appreciate these arguments. It appeared on the 14th of July in Lieutenant- Colonel Heath's detachment encamped in the neighbourhood of Nusseerabad, south of the Taptee river, and among the Nusseerabad. inhabitants of the surrounding country. In Lieutenant- Colonel MacDowall's Camp near Malligaum in Kandeish it appeared among the camp-followers on the 13th of July. It attacked some men of the Madras European Regiment on the 16th, and from this day until the 23rd the cases Malligaum. n that Corps were numerous and very violent. After the latter period the severity and frequency o he attacks were diminished. Several violent cases, however, occurred during August. A consider )le number of people, who had left Jaulnah during the prevalence of the disease, and some of who were attacked on the way, arrived in the camp before any case had occurred in it. The 1 7th Regimen f Native Infantry, which composed part of this force, and its followers entirely escaped the diseas )ver the ground of its encampment, which was situated between two hills, a strong current of air aid to have then constantly blown. The European Regiment was encamped on lower and more con ined ground, and when the cholera declined, a malignant bilious remittent fever became very prevaent in the Corps. Nusseerabad is about eighty miles N. N. W. from Jaulnah, measuring in a straight line on tl map, and Malligaum is about 100 miles from it in aW.N. W. direction. We have seen that th jidemic appeared at both these places in ten or eleven days from the date of its appearance at Jau ah. These detachments had direct communication with the force at Jaulnah, and they present almo he only exceptions to the uniform progress of cholera in a southerly course on this side of India. In S ohn Malcolm's Camp at Mhow cholera is incidentally noticed as having attacked part of the force o le 16th of July ; but it would seem from the Bengal Report to have first appeared there in th ourse of the month of May, its progress being from east to west. Mhow is situated near Indor orth of the Nerbudda, and is about 120 miles N. by W. from Nusseerabad; the force was compose< ' the troops of different Presidencies. It was independent of that of Jaulnah, and there is no part ular report in this office of the manner in which cholera made its appearance there ; we may conclude lowever, that the attack on the 16th of July was unconnected with the appearance of the disease a [aces to the southward of the river Taptee. It began to prevail at Punderpoor on the 14th of July, while crowded by strangers congregated for the celebration of a great festival. Here, as at other places in similar circumstances, the mortality it produced was very great. It commenced its Punderpoor, attack on the troops in the vicinity on the 17th, and declined about the 24th of the month. In the force encamped near Hoobly in the Dooab, the first case of this epidemic occurred on the 13th of August 1818. For some days afterwards it was very partial and Hoobly. confined to the camp followers. It seems to have appeared at Badamee and Dharwar nearly at the same time as at the head-quarters of the force. It continued to exist in the force till about the end of September; but was most prevalent from the 18th of August till the Ist of September : when it appeared a strong wind prevailed from the south-west with heavy clouds and rain.* Neither Hoobly nor any of its adjacent villages had at this time become affected, nor had * 1 have italicised a few passages relating to the southern progress of this invading cholera against the south, west monsoon. I would refer the reader to the Scott's Map upon which I have indicated by arrows the course of the monsoon winds, to satisfy himself that the recently propounded theory that cholera cannot advance against a monsoon wind, is quite opposed to what alucally occurred in 1818.— -W. R. C, 10 any person arrived in camp from the country north of the river Kistna in which cholera was then prevailing. This force again experienced a pretty severe attack of it about the middle of April 1819 when encamped in the neighbourhood of Gudduck. At the commencement of this attack a strong easterly wind prevailed, but in a few days the wind changed to the west. After this period the disease declined, the cases being fewer and milder than during the preceding days. At Bellary it manifested itself on the Bth of September 1818; but until the 17th was partial and confined to the native inhabitants. From this time until the end of the month its attacks were pretty frequent in the troops both European and Native. It Beilary. declined about the beginning of October, and disappeared from the European troops on the sth o that month. About the 20th October it again attacked, with its former violence, the troops am inhabitants, especially the lower fort where it was more prevalent than in any place without in th immediate neighbourhood : and it did not disappear till towards the end of November. The greate prevalence in the lower fort has been ascribed to its confined and crowded state ; the barracks of th soldiery being surrounded by the huts and houses of the natives. Of five hundred prisoners in th public jail of Bellavy only one was attacked, and he recovered. The jail is situated about twelv hundred yards eastward of the fort, and is surrounded with a high stone wall. H. M.'s 34t Reo-iment commenced its march from Bellary to Bangalore on the 17th of September, no we! marked case of cholera having then occurred in the Regiment. One man was attacked on the follow ing day, but no case occurred on the 19th and 20th ; twenty-eight men of the Corps were attackec on the 21st, twenty-four on the 22nd, twelve on the 23rd. From the 23rd the disease continued 1 decline rapidly, and after the 29th no case occurred. Of about 700 men ninety-one were attackei and of this number thirty-seven died. The disease did not exist in any of the villages on the roul when the Corps passed, but it soon afterwards appeared in all of them. Bellary suffered anothe attack of the disease about the beginning of May 1819. It appeared at Hurryhur on the 12 th of September, and continued to prevail in it and the neighbouring villages till about the end of the month. Hurryhur. At Chittledroog the first case was observed about the middle of September, but until the end of October only a very few slight cases had occurred. From the Ist to the 15th of November the attacks were pretty numerous and frequently of fatal Chittledroog. termination. During the remainder of November a case occasionally presented itself. At Bangalore a few cases of the disease presented themselves towards the end of October and during November, but it did not at any time prevail generally at this station. Bangalore. H. M.'s 69th Regiment commenced its march from Bangalore to Cannanore (the 12th of October, no case of cholera having then occurred at the former place- On the 20th, ile encamped in the vicinity of Madoor river, two men of a detachment of Native Soldiers accomtying the Regiment were attacked by cholera. No European, however, experienced an attack until 24th. This disease was pretty frequent in the Corps from the 28th until the 13th of November. I The weather had been generally rainy since the commencement of the march, and when jlera appeared, the vicissitudes of the weather were sudden, and the camp was nightly deluged th rain. The Corps arrived at Cannanore on the 18th of November. From the 12th, when the om the north-west to the south-east gate of the fort on the 9th it manifested itself in the barracks of the European * Pensioners and Native Veteran Battalion situated in the immediate vicinity of the river gate of the fort; about/ the 13th in the Artillery barracks situated I high ground on the southward of the fort; and on the night of the 16th in the barracks of M.'s 53rd Regiment situated on elevated ground on the south-west side of the cantonment, continued to increase in prevalence until the 20th ; but after the 22nd it began sensibly to diuui. 13 nish, and soon afterwards declined rapidly. About the middle of January 1819 it recurred in a moderate degree, but after two or three days it began , speedily to disappear. Many cases w ere reported to have happened among the native inhabitants of the town and neighbouring country in July 1819, and in some parts of the district during August and September. The disease showed itself again at this place about the middle of November, and it prevailed to a considerable extent in the early part of December 1819. Tanjore. * Note. —The irregula- of cholera in Tanjore is, as marked now, as it was in the invasion recorded by Scott. (W. E. C.) It reached Tanjore and its neighbourhood about the 20th of November, soon become very frequent, continued to increase irregularly during December, and attained its acme about the middle of January 1819. It began soon afterwards to decline; but its decrease seems to have been slow ° and irregular. * It did not disappear until April 1820. Continuing its progress to the south it appeared at Madura about the end of November, and soon became diffused over the adjacent districts of Dindigul and Ramnad. Its course in these districts has been irregular and protracted so long that in Madura, some places it did not cease to be general until March or April 1821. At several places it had declined and almost disappeared, but returned without any evident cause : District is still remarka- fe for the persistence of iolera when the district once invaded. (W.E.C.) was very general and destructive over the whole of the Madura District in tne month of JunelBl9.t In the districts of Madura and Dindigul the t ° endemic fever prevailed to a great extent at the same time with the-cholera. At Palamcottah it began to prevail in the beginning of January 1819, and it had declined considerably before the end of that month. It disappeared from the inhabitants and troops previously stationed there, early in February ; but the Ist Palamcottah. Battalion 1 5th Regiment, which had returned from Ceylon, continued to suffer from it till near the td of that month. It was sometime afterwards reported by natives that the disease prevailed in ferent parts of the surrounding country, but no cases were again observed at Palamcottah until the beginning of September. Many cases occurred herein September and December 1819 and in January and the latter part of April 1820. It prevailed also to a considerable extent in the town of Tinnevelly in April 1820. Having now given some account of the course of this epidemic along the eastern and interior territories of this Presidency, it only remains to advert to its progress along the Malabar Coast. It seems to have prevailed at Hullyhall and Soonda early in September 1818, and to have continued there for several weeks. These places are situated to the west and south of Dharwar, where it has been seen the disease was prevalent Dharwar. during the latter part of August. Mangalore. X Note.—With reference to the time of appearance of cholera in the western renSmbeted 8 "that** S Scott's time, all commu- nication with other parts of India was closed from May to September dv- ring the violence of the S. W. Moonsoon. (W.R.C.) Some cases occurred at Mangalore, especially among the prisoners, from the beginning to the 20th of September ;t but the disease did not then become general. It recurred with considerable severity on the Bth of November, and did not disappear till towards the end of January 1819. it re-appeared in March 1820 in the frontier towns of Soonda, having .. __ . a spread, according to report, from the adjacent Manratta btates. In June it extended southwards to Mangalore. The symptoms were extremely " violent and caused death in many instances in two hours. The mortality was very great, and the inhabitants fled in terror from their villages to the jungles. Cases were first seen at Cannanore on the sth of December. The subjects of these cases lived in a place near the beach, and on the side of the town next to Tellicherry where the disease had for sometime prevailed. The disease immediately became Gannanore. pretty prevalent in the town, and soon afterwards in the neighbouring villages. In the former it began to decline about the Hth, and in the latter a few days afterwards. It seems to have disappeared before the end of the month ; at most only a few partial cases afterwards occurred. A much greater quantity of rain than usual is said to have fallen at this place in the preceding monsoon, and during October and the greater part of November the weather is said to have been calm and sultry. Towards the end of the latter month the land-wind began to blow with some force ; the atmosphere was cloudy for a few days ; some rain had fallen, and the night air towards the morning was so chill that the natives complained of the cold. No case had occurred in the fort during the prevalence of the disease, but about the 10th February 1819 several of the prisoners in the jail were unexpectedly attacked. In the course of the seven following days twenty-nine of these people were attacked. The disease then disappeared without having extended beyond the jail. 14 About the middle of November a great alarm was created among the inhabitants of Tellicherry by the exaggerated accounts of the mortality produced by the cholera at Mangalore, and in H. M.'s 69th Regiment then approaching Tellicherry. Cannanore. Very few cases, however, occurred until the 25th of November. During December it prevailed to a considerable extent among the poorer classes of the people, especially the beggars and fishermen of the lowest order ; and of these the aged and infirm and dissolute were the greatest sufferers. No soldier, policeman or prisoner was attacked. The disease disappeared early in January. The weather in November had been variable, rain having occasionally fallen, and a strong southerly wind having sometimes prevailed. The thermometer was from 74° to 82°. About the middle of December the weather became dry and agreeable, the wind blew from the land ; but this favourable change did not seem immediately to influence the prevalence of the disease. This disease, it was reported, became prevalent in different districts of the province of Calicut in October. Ac Calicut two cases had occurred in May, but it would seem that no more cases were observed there till about the middle of October. Malabar. Towards the end of December its symptoms, which had hitherto been moderate, became much aggravated, and its attacks more frequent. The prisoners and Police Corps now began to suffer. It declined considerably in February 1819; but it continued to exist generally in a less severe and less prevalent degree in some districts of the province until October following. In July and August it was more prevalent and violent than during the interval which had elapsed since the commencement of its decline. The poorest of the people who suffered great privations were chiefly its victims. It appeared in the neighbourhood of Cochin about the Bth of December, and immediately became pretty general. It declined towards the end of the month, and disappeared early in January 1819. Some partial cases occurred among the soldiery in Cochin. March, April, May, and July 1819. It seems that several slight cases occurred at Alleppey early in October, and that the disease Alleppey. became pretty prevalent there about the beginning of November. Several cases appeared also in July following. At Quilon it began to show itself about the end of October, and continued to advance slowly until the middle of November. It then declined, and, without having prevailed to any considerable extent, soon afterwards disappeared. Only four Quilon. Europeans were attacked, although an European Regiment and a detachment of Artillery were stationed at that place. Some troops on their march from Palamcottah to Quilon in January and March 1819 experienced a visitation of the disease. In July and August following many cases occurred in the 89th Regiment and among the native inhabitants. It was reported to prevail in t he northern parts of Travancore nearly at the same periods at which it visited Quilon. It seems to have reached Trevandrum about the middle of January 1819. Slight cases of cholera had been frequent there in May 1818, and a few had also occurred towards the end of August and early in September. From this place it Trevandrum. gradually extended south to Cape Comorin. Reports of its prevalence at different places in the southern part of Travancore were made during the first half of 1819 ; but, as the veracity of these was dependent upon the natives, no correct estimation of its violence or prevalence can be formed. I The preceding narrative embraces the principal occurrences of cholera during the years 1818, 19, and 1820 as they affected the soldiery in quarters and the fixed population of places within c territories of this Presidency or those connected with it." I have added a few notes to this most interesting narrative, which is I think 11 the more valuable at the present time, because it was compiled not to illustrate ny " theory" of invasion, but to record, in a connected form, the testimony of the Officers of the Medical Department, who had personally witnessed the outbreak f this, the first epidemic invasion in modern times. Mr. Scott's map of the with dates of cholera appearance at various places, I have had e-drawn, and I shall have to refer to it hereafter when I come to discuss the übject of monsoon influences on cholera, and especially the theory that cholera annot advance, except when forced forward by monsoon winds. 15 THE CHOLERA INVASION OF 1859. 10. Dr. Bryden, in tracing out the earlier history of the epidemics spread- Dr. Bryden's researches fail to give any account of the invading cholera reaching Southern India in 1859. ing from the endemic centre in Bengal, remarks (paragraph 118 of his report)*—" For four years after 1852 Northern India remained free from cholera, until the invasion of the epidemic of 1856. This, probably the greatest of all our Indian epidemics, owed its greatness perhaps to its geographical repression ; although a true invading epidemic in the south, this limb was weak in comparison to that invading to the north, and it was not until 1858 that it reached Aden." Now this cholera of 1856 travelled down its appointed course through the Central Provinces, the Bombay- Notice of the 1856 invasion. Presidency, and the Deccan, invading Madras territory in the usual manner, and overlapping a large extent of territory during the year 1857. If we may judge of its ravages in the Mysore country and amongst troops marching in Southern India in the early part of 1857, it had lost none of its strength on reaching this Presidency. However it is not of the cholera of 1856 that I wish to say anything, but of the invasion of Bombay and Madras in 1859. Unfortunately Dr. Bryden's researches do not help us to understand anything about this particular cholera. The indices he trusted to, the Civil Medical Returns of the Central Provinces, did not afford him any information as to the pathway by which the invading cholera of 1859 left the endemic area and attacked the whole of the Bombay Presidency and Western Coast of India, from Kurrachee to Cape Comorin. Dr. Bryden's maps for 1858 and 1859 afford no indication that cholera moved out of the endemic area in the latter year across the Central Provinces towards Bombay and the Deccan, but it is nevertheless the fact that the Bombay and Madras territories were in that year invaded by a great cholera, while, if we are to trust to Dr. Bryden's figures and maps, the invading cholera of that year stopped short in what he calls the " eastern division of the epidemic area," viz., the districts eastward of Gwalior, Saugor, and Jubbulpore. It is somewhat strange that a cholera map should have been drawn for 1859 so as to show a complete exemption of the western and southern tracts, the more especially as it is evident from the report that Dr. Bryden was acquainted with the fact of the invasion of Bombay in that year. The map in question is wholly misleading. It may be thought perhaps that the severe cholera of Western India in 1859, was a portion of the cholera wave of 1856 that had reached the Red Sea and caused frightful mortality in the autumn of 1858 ; but, if so, then the cholera of that invasion took a wholly unprecedented course in striking, first the Arabian and African coasts, and then returning again to the Western Coast of India with redoubled virulence. I incline to the opinion that the new cholera invasion of 1859 did pass over the Central Provinces, and that Dr. Bryden's indices of that year have led him into error in describing that tract of country as free of cholera in 1859. The Madras Army Returns for 1859 showcases of cholera at Kamptee, both in June and July, and it is quite clear that this station was under the influence of epidemic invasion, and it would seem probable that Dr. Bryden's data being too limited for ,the purpose, failed to inform him of the south-western * A report on the Cholera of 1866-68, and its relations to the Cholera of previous epidemic?, by James L. Bryden, m.d., Surgeon, Bengal Army, Statistical Officer attached to the Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of India, Calcutta, 1869. E 16 progress of cholera in 1859. However thi3 question may be ultimately settled, Western India and the whole peninsula down to the 14th degree North Lat. covered by cholera in 1859. there remains the fact that Western India was covered with cholera in 1859, from Kurrachee in Scinde, to Travancore in the extreme south of the peninsula. Not only the Western Coast, but almost the whole breadth of the peninsula, down so far south as the 14th degree of N. Latitude was under the influence of the epidemic. 11. From the Returns of the Bombay Army for 1859-60, given in the Appendix to the Report of the Royal Sanitary Commission for India, I have extracted the following figures which illustrate Cholera in the Bombay Army, 1859. in some degree the distribution of cholera in 1859 in that Presidency. European Tpeoos. Native Tboops. Total. Stations. Attacked. Died. Attacked. Died- Attacked. Died. Mhow Bombay 13 8 33 16 46 24 Sattara 1 1 8 3 9 4 Kolapore ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 5 15 5 Belgaum ... ... 3 1 3 1 Ahroedabad ... ... 22 13 22 13 Baroda 7 5 6 1 13 6 Muligaum 4 2 12 5 16 7 Poonah 70 37 21 7 91 44 Kirkee 7 3 ... ... 7 3 Nusserabad 2 1 ... ... 2 1 Deeaa Sholapore 1 1 10 2 11 3 Surat ... 11 4 11 4 Hyderabad (Scinde) Kurracb.ee „ 10 2 ... ... 10 2 These figures are for the official year ending March 31st, 1860, but I have ascertained that cholera caused nearly the whole of the mortality in the latter nine months of 1859, and if any confirmation of the fact of the early invasion of that Presidency in 1859 be wanting, the Mortuary Register for the town of Bombay will supply it. Cholera deaths in the town of Bombay, 1859. January. February. March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. December. Cholera mortality in Bombay in 1859 9 10 9 7 69 843 329 170 41 83 131 282 Here we have evidence of cholera spreading epidemically in Bombay in the month of May 1859. 12. Coming on southward to the Madras Presidency we find cholera attack- ing Hyderabad in the Deccan with exceeding force in the month of May. The cholera mortality in the city during that Invasion of Hyderabad in the Deccan. epidemic was something appalling, and to this day the cholera out-break of 1859 is remembered by the native inhabitants as one of the severest visitations that ever afflicted them. The particulars in regard to troops at Secunderabad will be found in the tables in the Appendix. Pursuing its way southward, the Kurnool, Cuddapah, Bellary, and Ghooty. Vizagapatam, Godavery, and Kisl.ua Districts. Nellore. invading cholera attacked Kurnool, Bellary, Ghooty, and Cuddapah, in the same month or early in June. In an easterly direction it overflowed the Eastern Ghauts, and affected the Vizagapatam, Godavery, and Kistna coast dis- tricts in June and July. Nellore was also affected, as the Civil Dispensary returns show thirty-six cases treated. But this eastern extension must have 17 stopped short somewhere between Nellore and Madras, for the Presidency Limit of Invasion on Eastern Coast, south of the town of Nellore. town during the latter half of 1859 was singularly free of cholera. 13. Turning now to the Western Coast, where the Madras Presidency- Western Coast districts invaded from Bombay territory. joins on to Bombay, we find cholera in great force in North and South Canara, and in Malabar ; in the latter district it broke out in July on the banks of the Ponani river, causing 8,427 deaths in the last six months of the year. It was in the month of October of this year that cholera broke out with such extreme virulence in the Calicut Jail, causing one hundred and fifteen Calicut Jail — Great 6ortality in October >59. deaths out of a strength of 412 prisoners. In the town of Cochin it prevailed all through August, September, and Cochin. Travancore. October. In the Travancore country it was active about the same time. There were a few cases at Cochin so early as March 1859, and with reference to these the following extract is worthy of note : — 1 Particulars of early ases in Cochin. " Cholera in March 1859 did not exist in Cochin or the surrounding countr when a sporadic case occurred, which terminated fatally about four miles from he town. The same evening the corpse was brought to the fort. The follow ng morning a woman, living in the same street, was attacked and died in th )ispensary. Another case occurred two doors from this person's abode, and th burth in the Dispensary where No. 2 had died. Subsequently the history o ucceeding cases could not be followed out. On March 24th a gentleman, si niles from Cochin, died of cholera. Two days previously he had spent a day i cochin in the same house in which the body of case No. 1 had lain on the 20t nstant; after this person's death his child was seized with premonitory symptom omiting, purging, rapid and weak pulse, which, however, gave way to trea ment. Two natives, who had come from Trichoor, forty miles distant (wher bolera did not exist) to see the deceased, left the place immediately, but it wa ,oo late. They also fell victims. One went to Ernacollum, three miles from Cochin, where he died ; the other returned to Trichoor, where he also expired. F. Day. Med. Topography of Cochin, Madras Med. Journal, Vol. 3, page 253,) (From the details of these so-called sporadic cases it is evident that choler fluences were in force, so far south as Cochin, early in March 1859. Thatthes ses were the " outrunners," so to speak, of the invading cholera following in ilk some months later is, I think, quite conclusive. It is satisfactorily provec at there was no cholera in Cochin in the years 1855, 1856, 1857, and 1858, anc 1859 the cholera deaths amounted to 259, out of a population below 10,000. 14. This cholera of 1859 though covering so vast an amount of territory in a short space of time, did not pass down to the southern districts, below the latitude Exemption of the southern districts in the year of invasion. of Madras. Thus, as regards the southern districts, we gain the ' & ' & following particulars from the Dispensary Reports of the year: — Cuddalore. — " The latter months of the year have passed without any south Arcot District, appearance of cholera." Tanjore District. — " No epidemic." Madura. — *' No epidemic." ITrichinopoly District. — " The year altogether has been remarkably healthy d free from epidemic disease. Happily the cholera pestilence has not, as usual, made its appearance in the present cold season." The last cases occurred in 18 February 1859, and evidently belonged to a reproduced cholera of the 1857 invasion. The Military returns show two admissions, but no death, in November 1859. Tinnevelly District. — "No epidemic prevailed during the year." These brief statements have been verified by reference to the Dispensary Returns of sick treated, which show an absence of cholera generally in the southern districts. The districts of Coimbatore and Salem were not, I think, invaded by the new cholera of 1859. There were thirteen cases treated at each of the Civil Dispensaries at Salem and Coimbatore during the coim atorean a em. year, but these occurred in the early months, and belonged, I infer, to the former epidemic. 15. Such is a brief outline of the course of the cholera invasion of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies in 1859. The Army and Jail Eeturns for the Madras Presidency will illustrate still further the movement, and they will be found in another place. For the general outline I have in preference chosen the returns of the Civil Dispensaries as giving a more faithful picture of the condition of the population generally. To conclude then this brief summary of the 1859 invasion, we have found cholera pushing on from the Bombay territory, overlapping the whole of the Deccan, some portions of the Mysore Plateau, and Eastern Coast above the 14th degree of N. Latitude, and occupying the whole of the country below the ghauts on the Western Coast of India, from Kurrachee to Travancore. The Western Ghauts did, on this occasion, cut off the cholera almost completely from the districts to the eastward. From some miles to the north of Madras to Cape Comorin,the Eastern Coast districts presented an " exempted tract" in 1859. I have attempted to depict the cholera invasion of this year in a map. For the south-eastern extension of cholera towards Burmah, I refer the reader to the tables showing the cholera mortality in the Madras troops serving in that Province. It remains now to ascertain what happened to the exempted tract in 1860, and to the districts invaded in 1859, and under what circumstances the epidemic was, or was not, reproduced. THE CHOLERA OF 1860. 16. The year 1860 has been spoken of as a year of invasion, in force, of the Central Provinces and of Western India. It is true that during the early months of this year cholera manifested itself in tremendous force in the Central Provinces, but it would eh?i e e?a° d Tn tlOn centrai Provinces in 1800. seem, from the most recent evidence, that the invasion actually occurred during the former year 1859, when the western shores of India and the Deccan were attacked in so marked a manner, and that the cholera of 1860 in the Central Provinces was a reproduction of the invading cholera of the former year. Dr. Bryden shows cholera to have attacked the Jail at Hooshungabad in May 1860, but the truth is that cholera appeared in that town, and was prevalent in the Nerbudda valley, early in February, and probably even before that. Dr. Webster,, of the Ist Madras Native Infantry, then stationed at Hooshungabad, thus records the facts : —" Cholera appeared in the station about the beginning of February. There was a large fair at the time in the station, the people forming the fair had come from a place where the cholera was, and there can be little doubt that they brought it with them. It raged violently in the city during the month of February, and notwithstanding every precaution was taken 19 o prevent it, appeared in the Regimental Lines in the beginning of March." About the 20th February in this year the enormous crowd of pilgrims, assembled t Mahadeo in the Putchamaree Hills, was struck by cholera, and, in their ispersion, they scattered the disease far and wide. The city of Nagpore was ffected about the Ist March, but the Military Cantonment of Kamptee had resented isolated cases of cholera so early as January. Some marching corps of General Whitlock's Saugor Field Force in returning to the Madras Presidency were attacked, two days after coming in contact with a body of cholera-stricken jilgrims. It is unnecessary in this place to quote the details of the cholera iffusion north of Nagpore in 1860, but no one can read the report of Dr. W. A. Smith quoted at p. 410, Madras Med. Journal Vol. 1., 1870) without being impressed with the importance of the dispersion of the Mahadeo pilgrims in spreading holera through the Central Provinces. 17. That the cholera of 1860, in the Central Provinces, was a reproduced, rather than a newly invading cholera, is confirmed by the condition of the town of Bombay during 1860. An invading cholera of the Central Provinces is almost certain to reach the town of Bombay in the course of a year from the time of n Central Provinces ion,°the a invask) r nhav. ;s movement out of the endemic area, but in looking to the Bombay Mortuary -eports for 1860, we find evidence that the invading cholera of the former year L 859) was dying out, but no evidence of fresh invasion. Table showing Cholera Deaths in Bombay, 1860. Year - i 8 i d ± * t 1 I . I i i 1860 ... 289 332 396 321 163 107 89 128 51 4,7 29 9 Here we see a steady failing of vitality of the epidemic going on all throug le season of the south-west monsoon, and cholera still fading out when th monsoon season was past. If this cholera of the Central Provinces in 1860 hac been a cholera of a new invasion, it would have reached Bombay in October or November after the south-west monsoon influences had ceased, supposing the theories in regard to monsoon influences to be true. 18. I have not at hand the Army Returns of the Bombay Presidency for 860, but the point is of less importance, as we know the history of the northern tations of the Madras Presidency, and of Hyderabad in the Deccan, the disricts in fact, which are always the first to be attacked by a cholera invadng from the Central Provinces. In the Hyderabad country many of the troops eturning from Whitlock's Column got cholera badly on the march in the early months of 1860, H. M.'s 17th Lancers especially. After the arrival of these troops t Secunderabad some cholera cases occurred, but there was no general epidemic. ?he year 1860 was one of great heat, drought, and scarcity of water. At Secunerabad many European soldiers suffered from sun stroke, but there was no eturn of the epidemic of cholera with the south-west monsoon. In one native orps a few cases did occur in June and July. There was but one " cholera" eath amongst the Civil Dispensary patients, which is significant as to the bsence of the disease in an epidemic or reproduced form among the Civil )opulation. 20 At Bellary "no cholera or other epidemic during the year." There were two cases, but no death, in the European Eegiment, and the Native Troops were quite exempt. Ghooty in the Bellary District. — " No cholera." Cuddapah. — There was a reproduction of cholera in 1860. Kurnool. — Cholera broke out in September amongst the workmen employed in digging canals for the irrigation channels. The reproduction was not general in the district. Mysore Plateau. — Over a great part of the Mysore table-land and even Coorg, cholera was reproduced in 1860. The troops at Bangalore suffered severely in this year. North Arcot. — Cholera generally reproduced in this district in June, July, and August. Nellore. — The town of Nellore was free of cholera, but it was reproduced in the district. Madras. — When cholera began to reappear in June, in the districts to Invasion of Madras and districts to the south. the northward, it moved forward in a southerly direction, and invaded this district and the Presidency town in great force, causing about 2,500 deaths in June, July, and August, in the town alone. South Arcot. — This district was also invaded in 1860 in July; seventy-nine cases were treated at the Civil Dispensary, Cuddalore. Tanjore District. — Invaded in force in June. Trichinopoly . — Invaded in July ; eighty-eight admissions in the Civil Dispensary. Madura. — Cholera prevalent, though not bad, in the town ; seven admissions. Tinnevelly. — Cholera broke out in the town of Trichendoor in March, and in Tinnevelly not until November and December. The mortality in the district was very large. In the town of Tinnevelly alone, 423 deaths were reported from the 15 th November to 4th January 1861. 19. We see here in this brief summary that in a portion of the tract invadec in 1859, that is the Hyderabad territory and Bellary District, cholera had near died out in the early part of the following season, while the epidemic moved o southward in force, covering the Mysore Plateau, and all tft"e districts to the sout of Madras which had constituted the exempted tract of the former year. Th southward movement occurred while the south-west monsoon was prevailini There yet remains to be noted the condition of a few other districts in 1860. Coimbatore and Salem, both appear to have experienced a new invasion in 1860. In the ten principal streets of Coimbatore town there died 310 persons from cholera in October, November, and December. Goimbatore and Salem. The condition of the Northern Coast districts from Ganjam downwards was as follows :—: — Northern Coast Districts, Ganjam. — At Berhampore cholera appeared in July, invading from the lorth-west, and pursued its course, according to Dr. Alexander, against the southest monsoon wind. (This district lies in geographical contiguity to the INo movement "" of lolera out of Ganjam i a southerly direcon. endemic area of Bengal, as mapped out by Dr. Bryden.) If cholera was making its way out of the endemic area in this direction it did not get far south, for in the next district, Vizagapatam, there is no record of any epidemic. 21 All over the Godavery and Kistna Districts there was a reproduction of cholera in 1860. Godavery and Kistnah Districts. The Western Coast stations, where the invading cholera of 1859 struck so severely, viz., Mangalore, Malliapooram, Tellicherry, Cannanore, Cochin, and Calicut, showed no cholera in 1860. The Western Coast Districts. few cases at Tellicherry and Calicut in the beginning of the year were connected with the invading cholera of the preceding year. There was no reproduction on the Western Coast in 1860. The Bombay Mortuary Returns in fact afford a true index of the general dying out of cholera on this coast after the year of invasion. THE CHOLEEA OF 1861. 20. The Military station of Kamptee in the Central Provinces shows six cholera admissions amongst European troops in March and one in May, and Secunderabad in the Deccan only one cholera case in March 1861. The fact of these stations being nearly free of cholera will be regarded by some as a proof Deaths in Bombay indicative of a new invasion in December 1861. that no new invasion occurred in 1861 by the " south-western epidemic highway." But at the end of the year there occurs a very significant increase in the cholera deaths in the town of Eombay which would apparently indicate a new wave of cholera from an endemic •ea. Here are the figures for 1861 and 1862. Table showing the Bombay Cholera Deaths. — — — — — — ¦ hi I ri I I "~ll3iii * ! f i I -I ?? fr 3 «rmant for more than a year, and then revive in strength. It seems to b .ought by Bryden, that there was no new movement of cholera in 1861 overth acts invaded in 1859 and 1860, but the facts do not enable me to concu •mpletely in this view. I think that a distinct cholera wave did invade Western Ldia in that year, and that it ultimately got so blended with the former wave 1859, in its subsequent progress, that it is now impracticable to trace either of them independently. 22. In this year, then, we find a general revival of cholera over most of the 22 districts of Madras invaded in 1859 and 1860. The only districts in which the disease did not generally prevail were Madura and Tinnevelly in the extreme south. No record remains of the general mortality of the population, though this must have been high, judging by the very general prevalence of cholera. In the town of Madras there were 2,776 deaths in this year from cholera. THE CHOLERA OF 1862. 23. The cholera of 1862 was generally, I believe, a cholera of reproduction; but it had begun to die out. In Nagpore, cases occurred in August and September, and at Secunderabad it became common in June, July, and August. This fact, I think, favors the idea of a distinct new invasion in 1861. The Western Coast stations were free of it throughout the year, and so were the a reproduction. Exempted localities in looJ. northern districts on the Eastern Coast, with the exception of Ganjam, which has always some cholera in it, owing to its position, in regard to the area of endemicity. There was reproduction of cholera in Bellary, Kurnool, North Arcot, South Arcot, Madras, Nellore, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madura, Tinnevelly, Salem, and Coimbatore. In the town of Madras the highest mortality yet recorded occurred in this, the third, year from the date of the new invasion of the town. The total cholera deaths in the town were 3,635. A distinct accession of the epidemic occurred in Madras in June and July, and in October of the same year we find it advanced south-ward so far as Trichinopoly. THE CHOLERA OF 1863— (A YEAR OF NEW INVASION). 24. The year 1863 is noted by Dr. Bryden as the period when a new epidemic sprung up within the Bengal provinces, and passing out by th " southern epidemic highway" travelled on to Eastern Africa, the Red Sea, am Egypt, and subsequently invaded Europe in 1865-66- There can be no doubt I think, that a new body of cholera did spring up in that year, and that th Central Provinces were invaded by it in the month of June, though the Mill tary returns give no evidence of its presence before July. The Dispensary a Kamptee, for the first time since 1860, shows thirty-five cholera admissions, anc the Military Returns of the station confirm the fact that cholera was in motion in The invasion of Cen- town Bombay & in June and July. July. If we look to the Bombay Mortuary returns for 1863 and 1864, we shall see a great increase of cholera mortality as early as July 1863, with a later increase in December. Dr. Bryden holds that the invading cholera of the Central Provinces did no reach Bombay until December, but it must be remembered that this gentlema supports a theory, that invading cholera cannot move against a monsoon wine and this may explain perhaps why the month of December has been pitched upo as the month of a new invasion. The ascertained mortality in the town o Bombay certainly does not warrant the idea of a new invasion of Bombay in December 1863, but points rather to the certainty that the cholera influenc was in power there much earlier in the year, at the period in fact when choler appeared in the Central Provinces. If it be a fact that cholera can cross th peninsula of India in June and July, in the teeth of the south-west monsoon, a] theories founded on the dogma that a cholera invasion cannot progress agains prevailing winds must necessarily fall to the ground. 23 The following table exhibits a marked accession of cholera in Bombay in July L 863, and a rise in the mortality even earlier in the year :—: — Years. January. February- March. April. May. June. July. August. September. October. November. December. 1863 ... 89 50 89 161 133 161 412 240 178 ]81 176 319 1864 ... 622 401 302 680 837 395 371 351 232 88 137 431 25. The Hyderabad country does not appear to have been invaded in 1863. The Civil Dispensary returns at Secunderabad show no evidence °^ cn°lera) an(^ * Ec Military returns are a blank throughout. There was cholera, however, at Kurnool, Bellary, North Arcot, v ?J(Hn aiB63a i863 not in Vladras, South Arcot, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, and Madura. The disease had com)letely died out in Tinnevelly and generally on the Western Coast, though a few cases are noted at Calicut and Mangalore. At Calicut a local, but virulent, out>reak in the jail resulted in the death of 88 prisoners, out of a strength of 325 n the month of March. The exhibition of cholera in such strength in this locality was probably indicative of the body of invasion following from the north. It was eproduced in great strength in the Coimbatore and Salem Districts in the early months of the year, and again in September and October. In the Mysore miliary stations cholera had died out. The districts north of the Kistna, and below janjam, were exempt. I In Madras cholera was very prevalent for the first three months of the year, hen it seems to have exhausted itself and to have died out almost completely. 26. In this year we have the evidence of a new invasion of Western India, but he epidemic had made but little progress. The great body of the invading cholera lad not reached the Madras Presidency during the year, and the epidemic dvance was deferred until 1864. The greater part of the mortality of the year was due to the old, and not to the newly invading, cholera. THE CHOLERA OF 1864. 27. At the beginning of the year we find cholera in great force at Nagpore, in the month of February, and moving westward, covering a good portion of the Bombay Presidency. Dr. Bryden quotes from the Bombay Gazette, of 28th March 1864, the following passage Nagpore "and ibay early in 1861. f^n° illustration of the great prevalence of the disease :—: — I" The Provinces of Central and Western India are suffering from the effect * an outbreak of cholera almost as deadly and wide-spread as that which, thre ?ars ago, ravaged Hindustan. Letters from most parts of the Bombay Presi mcy, and adjacent territories, give sickening accounts of the desolation whic is fearful pestilence has made in the land. In Berar and Khandeish th sople are dying by the hundred every day. From Surat we hear hardly less d tale, and although Bombay itself is still comparatively free of cholera, th stricts of the Southern Concan have been stricken as heavily as Guzerat. o 24 28. Turning to the report of the Bombay Sanitary Commission for that year, Report of the Sanitary Commissioner of Bombay. we learn that no division of the Army (except Scinde) escaped cholera in 1864, and that the outbreak amongst the assembled pilgrims at Purunderpoor was most disastrous in its results. 29. Coming down to the Madras Presidency and its Military forces, we see Invasion of Hyderabad in August and September. that Hyderabad in the Deccan was again struck by cholera in August and September of 1864, but on this occasion the number of attacks and mortality was but small. The Kurnool District was next attacked and then Cuddapah ; the Bellary District to the south-west of the main line of invasion escaped altogether in this year. Bellary District not invaded. The invasion of the Western Coast was markedly severe. As early as February 1864 cases appeared in Cochin, and it next broke out in that town in September, on both occasions after the arrival of infected crews from the Severe invasion of Western Coast Districts. northern ports. In the Malabar District there were reported 9,535 cases and 7,118 deaths. In Calicut alone there were 370 deaths. The invasion this year occupied not only the sea-board of the Western Coast, but overswept the hilly districts of Wynaad, Coorg, and Western Mysore. The occupation of these high lands in the year of a new invasion is, I have Wynaad and Coorg invaded, and significance thereof. reason to suppose, significant of great strength in the cholera movement. The appearance of cholera, therefore, in Wynaad and Coorg, in 1864 boded ill for the inhabitants of the low country to the south and east in the following years. 30. The southern limit of invasion in 1864, so far as I can make out, was the North Arcot District. Although cholera had fairly invaded Malabar before the end of the year, the epidemic did not pass up through the gap in the ghauts to Coimbatore and Salem . Limits of the invasion in 1864. Both of these districts, which had suffered severely from reproduced cholera in 1863, and in the beginning of 1864, were left untouched by the progressing invasion of 1864. The prisoners in the Coimbatore Jail were attacked severely in December 1863, and continued to suffer through the early months of 1864. The Madras District, South Arcot, Tanjore, and Tinnevelly had no cholera of this new invasion. The Nellore District had a few cases, but whether of the old Exemption of the Kistna, Godavery, and Vizagapatam Districts. or new cholera is uncertain. The Kistna, Godavery, and Vizagapatam Districts were absolutely free of cholera. It is possible, therefore, to show by a shaded map the nearly exact course of the cholera invasion of 1864. The year on the whole, but for the new invasion, would have been a minimum year of cholera in Southern India. THE CHOLERA OF 18G5. 31. The cholera of the Central Provinces of 1864 and of Western Indian Reproduction in groat force over Western, and many districts of Southern India. was almost universally reproduced in great force m 1865. For the first time, the death registers of the Civil population are available to trace the progress of the movement or reproduction in Bombay. The following table will show the total mortality and months of chief prevalence of cholera among the population of the Bombay Presidency in 1865 :—: — Population statistics of Bombay. 25 Cholera in the Bombay Presidency, 1865. — __ Divisions. Population, Cholera Deaths. Months of greatest prevalence . — ; Tanna 9,00,000 7,936 May and June. Surat 7,92,638 9,463 Do. Kaira 5,86,606 5,800 June and July. Kandeish ... 8,22,476 14,598 August. Ahmednuggur ... 12,52,789 15,609 April, May, and June. Poonah ... ... 6,79,429 9,114 Do. Sholapoor ... 6,34,867 3,593 April, May, June, and July. Sattara 8,58,022 6,878 May and June. Kuludghee ... 5,63,123 3,055 April, May, and June. Belgaum ... 7,07,537 1,247 May, June, and July. Dharwar ... 7,82,465 1,191 June and July. N. Canara ... 3,94,010 327 Steady throughout the year. Rutnagherry ... 6,85,372 2,250 June and July. fKurrachee ... 3,40,000 300 August and September. jScinde < Hyderabad ... 6,30,300 1,850 July, August, and September. (.Shikapoor ... 6,50,304 37 July and August. Upper Scinde ... 47,955 Thur and Parkur.. 1,27,035 _ — - — — 32. The point to be noticed about this cholera in the Bombay Provinces is Cholera active and moving in Bombay prior to the advent of south-west monsoon. that it did not wait for the south -west monsoon to bring it into activity. In the Deccan Districts of Ahmednugger, Poonah, and Sholapoor, cholera was in force so early as April and May, and the virulence of the epidemic abated with the setting in of the monsoon. At Hyderabad, in the Deccan, cholera was reproduced early in, April, and disappeared in June; a Native corps in marching Hyderabad, Deccan. torn Madras to Hyderabad was struck by the disease, in the month of February, . the Nellore District. So early as February and March cholera began to move southward through Mysore, and from the southern districts of Bombay territory into the Bellary District, which had escaped (Invasion of the Belry District. invasion in 1864. But the most marked manifestation of cholera occurred in the Western Coast Districts, particularly in Malabar, where 40,000 of the inhabitants died. Cholera began to be active all (Great mortality in alabar. through the cold dry months of the beginning of the year, and attained its greatest intensity in June and July. At Cochin it broke out with great virulence in the native town of Muttoncheri, and in the Jail nineteen of the prisoners, out of forty, were attacked ; yet, while the pestilence was ravaging Cochin in this frightful manner, the prisoners at Ernacollum, Cochin Jail. in the Native State of Cochin, about three miles away across the backwater, though overcrowded and exposed to many insanitary conditions, never had a single case. Cholera was less violent in South Canara than in Malabar, but it prevailed with some severity in most parts of that district. t33. The epidemic advance on the eastern side of the ghauts proceeded through derabad, Kurnool, and Cuddapah, to Nellore and the districts on the Eastern Coast. In Nellore a terrible epidemic raged from March until October, and the prisoners in the Jail suffered very severely k vasion of Nellore Northern Coast all through March and April. It is noteworthy that during this season of invasion the hilly tracts of the eastern ghauts, between Cuddapah and Nellore, proved too slight a barrier to prevent the progress eastward. At Guntoor cholera began in the district in April and continued until the middle 26 of August. At Cocanada, in the Godavery District, it was epidemic in June. The engineering stations in the Upper Godavery suffered very severely. Cholera visited also the Vizagapatam District, and in the endemic area of Ganjam to the north it was much more prevalent than usual. At the stations of Berharnpore and Chicacole cholera prevailed from May to December. In the Coimbatore District the disease was brought to the Railway Station in March, and in July it came up in force through the gap in the Western ghauts, attacking the towns of Pollachy and Coimbatore. Coimbatore. The Salem District suffered both in the beginning and end of the year. Travellers from the Western Coast brought up cholera also in June. One of these I saw on the Shevaroy Hills, Salem. near Salem, who had been seized with cholera a day after leaving Calicut. The case proved fatal, but no cholera broke out on the hills in consequence of the importation. 34. In its southward progress the invading cholera struck Madras in August, and then pursued its course affecting South Arcot, Tanjore, Trichinopoly, Madura, and Tinnevelly, so that, within the year, the whole of the districts which had not been occupied in 1864, were under the influence of cholera. dr?s e Tn nlS°tl^s; thTsouth" districts *° THE CHOLERA OF 1866. 35. So general a distribution of cholera in 1865 augured ill for the health of the Presidency in the following year. There were general causes at work too, predisposing the population to suffer unduly from epidemic disease. The monsoons in 1864 and 1865 had generally failed ; large tracts of land remained uncultivated, and the prices of food had, in many parts, gone up to famine rates. In every district there VnSS^SaT^'e^t cholera mortality. was scarcity, and in Ganjam, Bellary, North Arcot, Salem, and Cuddapah, the poorer people suffered from actual want of food. The south-west monsoon rains of 1866, though late, were generally abundant, but prior to the advent of the rainy season the heat and drought were intense all over South India, and the general distress and impairment of vital power, from high prices and scarcity of food, were most prevalent. 36. With regard to the Bombay Presidency which had suffered so severely in Decline of cholera in Bombay Presidency, southward movement of the great body of cholera. 1864 and 1865, it is interesting to note the steady southern advance of the epidemic, and the exemption in 1866 of the tracts desolated in the former two years. As regards the Bombay Army there was almost an entire immunity from cholera in this year ; the only reproduction occurring at Poonah and Kirkee in August, when eight deaths occurred. In the Bombay revenue districts there was almost complete extinction in every place where the severity of the epidemic fell in 1865, but some of the southern Collectorates had suffered but little in that year, and did not feel the full force of the cholera wave until 1866. The following table illustrates this most clearly : — 27 Cholera Deaths in Bombay Pbesidency. 1865. 1866. Remarks. Belgaum ... ... 1,247 1,962 Cholera revived in May. Dharwar 1,191 11,192 TheepidemicinDharwarreviv- NorthCanara ... ... ... 327 859 ed in February and March, Kuludghee ... ... ... 3,055 3,896 and was active till July. 37. In the Madras Presidency the system of mortuary registration, for the Mortuary statistics first time, came into force for the year 1866, and the statistics, for the first tim" avail- though not quite perfect, will help to show how famine and poverty prepare the way for an unusual development of cholera. Although this was the fourth year of the exodus of cholera beyond the endemic area in Bengal, we find it actually more destructive in the Madras Provinces than in any former year of its existence. The following table exhibits the monthly deaths in each district : — Table showing Cholera Deaths in 1866. IjII I l 1 i i I i I I I I I 1 Ganjam ...10,16,265 2,376 4,246: 3,710 2,452 1,135 4,032 3,833 1,628 717 347 242 21124,929 Vizagapatam 7,98,877 34 154 58 345 53 149 2,149 4,784 2,172 1,176 492 129 11,6^5 Godavery ...13,29,626 45 205 492 487 465 1,120 4,020 4,301 2,827 1,040 220 5116,272 IKistDa ... 7,92,744 1 2 138 301 258 521 464 1,204 1,967 613 75 47 5,591! Nellore ... 9,79,737 3 67 106 42 103 103 279 1,236 2,290 743 241 401 5,074] Cuddapah ...10,40,878 1 30 130 229 425 235 1,229 4,358 4,901 2,096 879 310 14,823 Bellary ... 12,00,316 ... 28 306 356 948 2,224 3,379 6,596 6,762 1,799 421 14 22,833 Kurnool ... 7,18,865 1 72 89 394 1,417 2,602 2,337 652 119 2 7,685 'Madras ... 6,64,836 189 165 103 77 133 347 1,91 l 2,276 1,615 737 650 1,191 9,294 iMadrastown. 4,50,000 99 73 .149 83 77 160 577 544 534 283 93 312 2,984 North Arcot. 10,69,685 613 515 158 78 84 446 802 2,120 1,809 772 1,425 1,653 10,475 South Arcot. 11,00,266 1,082 718 198 1 262 403 780 1,374 1,424 990 430 303 968 8,932 [Tanjore ...15,72,703 1,116 631 286 670 1,092 854 731 1,053 849 779 400 511 8,978 Trichinopoly. 8,35,887 1144 697 260 651 520 384 889 731 626 450 543 473 7,108 'Madura ...22,29,378 1,382 824 349 579 340 258 250 379 607 1,155 2,662 3,216 12,001 Tinnevelly... 13,63,051 848 185 117 18 91 95 63 53 106 152 324 1,134 3,186 |Coimbatore. 12,09,740 479 206 269 558 , 448 225 180 136 545 2,159 2,604 1,508 9,37? iSalem ...14,93,221 819 728 623 547 800 813 1,173 1,350 1,531 1,506 1,518 1,185 12,593 jSouthCanara 7,81,767 417 306 107 59 38 88 64 149 312 360 265 264 2,42 Districts. for which fr ff J j g jj | | returns were aEort^ajjEL-S'o "3 received. §'§3|<| > §'alS <^|l _________________ ___________ _____ — — _____ _____ ____ ¦ , .I __— —————__ Madura ... 19,01,774 410284758623 13 72 Tinnevelly ... 10,82,301 57 12 459755399 80 When we find the total of deaths in a district like Madura to be 18,688 and cholera returned as the cause of death (and that too by unprofessiona reporters) in only 72 instances, we may fairly conclude that any epidemi invasion of former years had died out, and that the so-called cholera death were due, if correctly reported, to the ordinary cholera of the coast. And th same observation holds good in regard to Tinnevelly District, in which only 8 out of 21,808 registered deaths are noted as due to cholera. The Madura and Tinnevelly Districts with the Western Coast Districts (including the Native territories of Travancore and Cochin) may be safely declared an " exempted tract," so far as the cholera invasion of 1868-69 was concerned. 57. The districts of Coimbatore and Salem suffered in 1869 to a very limited degree from an importation of cholera from the North Arcot District to the eastward, in the month of September. Salem and Coimbatore. The particulars of the importation, so far as they could be ascertained, are recorded at page 17 in the Cholera Report of 1869, and the following table shows the monthly distribution of cholera in 1869 :—: — Population £ 6 _. , ... for which £> £ £ Js 8 Districts. returns were f I d _j . . 1' 1 J 11" *_ received. |{jl_fi£|j.fi§ 1 Coimbatore ... 13,93,582 2 1 1 1 4 3 8 64 60 60 204 Salem 16,19,233 4 3 3 17 ... 2 2 ... 20 36 129 81 297 It will be seen that the mortality began to increase in these districts in the month of September, and it has been distinctly ascertained that the deaths were confined chiefly to the villages in the neighbourhood of the Railway stations, to which the first cases were traced. 58. We have yet to take cognizance of the condition of the northern districts on the Eastern Coast in regard to cholera, and then the survey will be complete up to the beginning of 1870. Northern Districts. The Ganjam District abuts on the area mapped out by Brydenasthe district of endemic cholera, and it is undoubtedly true that it suffers in common with the endemic district, as regards time and Ganjam. lason, but although invasion of the southern districts along the Eastern Coast )pears to have taken place in the epidemic of 1818, it has not been so, accordg to my knowledge, on any other occasion of an invasion. During 1869, it is a imarkable fact, that the influences invading from Ganjam southward, stopped )ruptly somewhere in the Vizagapatam District, the southern boundary of hich was not overstepped as will be seen in the following table ;—; — 37 Cholera in Northern Districts, 1869. Districts. Ganjam. Vizagapatam. Godavery. Kistna. Population for which returns were received. 10,68,992 10,79,926 14,27,472 12,46,852 Total Deaths. 16,437 22,226 31,939 22,656 • * Cholera Deaths. 981 567 ... 3 January 17 26 February 14 6 March 58 11 ... 3 April 55 10 May 25 13 June 160 37 July 299 185 August 199 122 September 109 72 October 9 53 November 16 28 December 20 4 .„ The Godavery and Kistna Districts had been practically exempt from cholera Exemption of Godavery and Kistna Districts both in 1868 and 1869. for the whole of 1868 as well as 1869. It is true that the death registers for 1868 show a total of six deaths in the Godavery District from cholera. These are stated to have oc curred in January and February. The Kistna District shows twenty-one cholera deaths in 1868 scattered through the year, and here again it is necessary to bear in mind that these scattered and isolated cases may have been either incorrectly reported, or due to so called endemic influences of the coast line. 59. We have seen, then, in 1869, cholera pressing steadily to the southward ; advancing from the Kistna river to the valley of the Cauvery, where it lay in strength at the end of the year. Recapitulation. In this southern advance it passed very lightly over the whole of the country below the ghauts in Western India, and on the east, it passed by, and left untouched, the districts of the Godavery and Kistna. Cholera, in trying to advance from the endemic field in Ganjam to the south, was stopped short in the next district, Vizagapatam. The year was not one of any great mortality, considering that it was a year of invasion. The registered deaths numbered only 21,602 and the following table will illustrate the monthly prevalence in each district : — Table showing Cholera Deaths in 1869. Districts. HNfi £ | 4 „• . . . 'I, f' I I I d till I I I I I I f f f i i J J Ganjam ...10,68,992 17 14 58 55 25 160 299 199 109 9 16 20 981 Vizagapatam. 10,79,926 26 6 11 10 13 87 185 122 72 53 28 4 567 Godavery ...14,27,472 Kistna ... 12,46,852 3 8 Nellore ...11,34,757 3 2 154 219 358 173 39 106 1,054 Cuddapah ...11,44,759 12 5 18 8 7 96 715 533 363 68 8 6 1,859 Bellary ... 12,57,147 10 1 258 1,219 1,295 532 87 22 3,424 Kurnool ... 7,70,857 52 50 203 240 103 709 1,045 305 41 64 5 ... 2,817 Madras ... 8,04,283 90 37 71 83 121 154 1,559 Madras town 4,50,000 2 5 5 80 229 147 73 16 11 568 North Arcot. 17,75,506 3 ... 5 ... 2 86 705 339 549 447 213 256 2,605 South Arcot. 10,92,958 4 2 1 3 5 4 14 3 27 31 63 393 544 Tanjore ...17,31,703 19 18 16 13 13 26 13 138 281 542 1,258 2,226 4,563 Trichinopoly 9,90,037 6 7 4 4 ... 6 8 6 7 69 405 522 Madura ... 19,46,389 4 10 2847 58623 13 72 Tinnevelly..; 10,82,301 5 7 12 4 5. 9 7 5 5 3 9 9 80 Coimbatore. 13 93,582 2 1 1 1 4 3 8 64 60 60 204 Salem .. 16,19,233 4 3 3 17 •¦• 2 2 ... 20 36 129 81 297 South Canara 8,36,019 18 30 11 16 5 9 13 8 14 33 19 9 184 Malabar ...18,49,671 ... 3 19 19 18 5 1 13 32 9 9 ... 131 38 CHAPTER IV. THE CHOLERA OF 1870. 60. We found cholera at the end of the year 1869 vigorous in action in the Activity of Cholera in South Arcot, Triohinopoly, and Tanjore Districts in the beginning of the year. South Arcot, Trichinopoly, and Tanjore Districts. Before tracing its advance southward, it will be necessary to take a brief survey of its ravages in these districts during the early part of 1870. The following table will show the monthly deaths, and the progressive southern movement of the epidemic to the districts of Madura and Tinnevelly : — Deaths from Cholera in the Southern Districts, during 1870. Districts South Arcot. Tanjore. Trichinopoly. Madura.* Tinnevelly. Population for which returns were received. 12,61,846 17,31,703 9,90,037 19,01,774 13,10,117 Total Cholera Deaths 8,248 6,584 2,557 5,638 7,611 January ... 617 3,708 960 18 8 February 246 1,119 344 70 46 March ... 150 216 192 323 258 April 118 218 122 275 637 May 238 175 7 307 1,721 June 300 392 14 53 1,911 July 687 357 44 621 1,246 August 574 176 65 1,445 626 September 176 110 103 932 398 October 88 45 28 462 142 November 38 18 139 330 45 December 16 50 569 324 573 This table illustrates the intensity of the epidemic in all the three districts where cholera was in force at the end of 1869, and during January 1870, and its rather sudden declension in them after that month. In May there was a considerable accession of cholera in the South Arcot District, and in the following month there was some renewal of activity in Tanjore, but in the Trichinopoly District the renewal was less marked. The contiguity of these districts to the pilgrim sites of Triputty and Conjeveram must be borne in view, in relation to the reproduction at this somewhat unusual season of the year. In South Arcot and Tanjore the epidemic had nearly died out at the end of 1870, but there had been a normal seasonal reproduction in Trichinopoly, in November and December. 61. Trichinopoly District. — The following table shows the degree in which More Cholera in irrigated than in dry upland talooks. each talook was affected. It will be noticed that the Municipal Town of Trichinopoly and the Trichinopoly Talook suffered more .in proportion than any other part of the district, during the first three nonths of the year when cholera was in motion. Out of 613 villages cholera >revailed in 117, during the month of January. The dry upland districts of i'erambalore and Kulutalli were the least affected. Only 11 and 13 villages out f 314 and 1,303 respectively being affected, during the month, of greatest >revalence. The Trichinopoly Talook, which is very extensively watered by rrigation channels, suffered, apparently, in proportion to the degree of moisture n its soil : — • Exclusive of Zemindaries. 39 Table showing Death* by Cholera in the several Taloohs, &c, of the Trichinopoly District in each month of the year 1870. wa' i Munioipal Perambalore ? ooari * rr f 01 " Town.Tri- Trichinopoly Kulutalli Museri Talook, N. of il em , ii * 18?.1 8?. ' chinopoly, Talook, S. E. of Talook, S. W. Talook, W. District. «. rj.oiuis- Centre of District of District. of District. tnot - Talook. Population . ... 144,072 190,204 55,730 199,66/ 190,880 226,273 Total No. of Villages in 314 59g 613 lm each Circle ' 1 ! .i . «§ I Monti*. £ g I f j J J I I ; j I I i j I i | % I I 5 1 I 1 I % i I % 1 sts t 1 | z&iiii£i££i i t J £ 8 I January ll 13,515 5824 20,019100 219 117 76,383 435 15 18,278 50 33 45,827 98 February 13 12,198 73 4 4,155 11 62 52 44,792 130 7 9,205 28 11 10,579 40 March 7 4,416 27 2 5,752 2 5 20 23.717J 44 22 26,257 81 5 6,286 33 April 6 4,663 17 3 3,889 21 ... 9 7,710 21 15 20,773 58 3 3,718 5 May ... o ... 4 4,197 5 1 395 1 1 83 1 June 1 656 1 3 3,233 11 ~ ... 1 1,519 1 1 3,665 1 July 7 10,042 712 10,533 19 «* 2 7 14,082 7 4 2,563 4 4 5,962 6 August 1 1,563 1 7 5,973 36 *° ... 6 3,965 7 4 4,791 20 1 2,567 J September 13 12,897 43 9 6,095 23 1 11 18,705 H 7 6,860 16 5 4,995 9 October 4 3,114 4 7 3,956 9 ... 10 10,158 10 3 6,233 4 1 456 1 November 3 3,254 5 3 2,559 4 ... 6 11,747 6 7 8,376 15 17 21,574 109 December 3 3,347 4 5 2,160 6 41 40 73,914 10618 25,856 6135 44,096 321 Total... - - 240 '242 330 - _ 783 - 339 - — 623 The total cholera deaths in the district were 2,557, and these were distributed over the several populations according to the following ratios :—: — Table showing Proportion of Cholera Deaths to 1,000 of Population in each Talook, Bfc, of the Trichinopoly District, during the year 1870. Municipal Towns and h !? *§ ** •§ *§ 133 $a Ig^ Is gas Perambalore Talook o*4 05 0-1 01 ... 0006 004 0-006 02 002 0-03 002 1-6 Wodiarpollium „ 0-5 o'os 0-01 0-1 ... 005 0"09 0-1 O'l o'o4 0-02 003 1-2 Municipal Town, Trichinopoly 39 l'l 0-09 G'o3 ... 001 07 509 Trichinopoly Talook 2-1 06 o*2 0-1 0-02 0005 003 0-03 0-05 005 0-03 o*s 39 Kulutalli , 0-2 o9 Pattucottah „ 0-2 0-2 009 005 0005 003 009 004 o'o3 O'Ol 001 ... 08 Municipal Town, Tanjore ... 1-5 0-6 02 0-02 005 25 Tanjore Talook 24 1-2 03 03 0-03 004 QOO3 0-02 0-02 o*o3 001 o*l2 46 Municipal Town, Combaoonum 3005 06 ... 003 o'o6 003 0-1 01 003 0-06 003 0-03 4-2 Cumbaconum Talook 44 106 01 01 004 0-02 o'o4 o'o3 ;0-02 002 001 001 59 Municipal Town, Manargoody 0-8 17 02 Cl O'l 29 Manargoody Talook 304 06 01 02 0-5 02 0-1 002 0"07 0007 509 41 Table showing particulars of Deaths by Cholera in the several Taloohs, fyc, of the District of Tanjore, during each month of the year 1870. Municipal Town,Maya- Municipal Town,Nega... Sheally Talook, North veram, North of Mayaveram Talook, Nunnillam Talook, patam, East of Negapatam Talook, Tntrapundy Talook, of District. Talook. North of District. East of District. Talook. East of District. South-East of District. Population... ... ... ... 97,045 17,025 176,827 190,940 33,095 132,706 128,336 Total No. of Villages in each Circle ... 45© 808 959 650 419 1 1.1 .11. 1.1 1 | . | | I I I ¦ I | . I 6 J a J a | I & i | p § a g I a g j a January 18 10,271 45 1 47 61 47,089 184 142 87,683 525 ' fl9 39 33,820 211 52 33,382 183 February 4 44 } 2H 18 7, 12 13,745 24 34 23,209 102 4 17 20,425 90 8 4,178 30 March 4 4,176 13 1 4 3,451 6 5 2,481 7 1 4 9,066 24 3 935 3 A P ril 1 1,084 1 1 2 631 4 8 6,162 27 ... 7 10,676 22 Ma y 4 2,129 5 1 3 3,374 9 6 5,818 19 1 9 3,114 33 3 2,617 11 June 26 18,040 82 - 17,025 ¦ 4 12 7,791 20 6 2,294 8 J- 33,095 ¦ 4 33 17,609 158 15 11,850 51 Jul y 12 11,989 31 24 22 21,080 64 7 4,419 19 33 29 18,473 95 13 10,053 39 Au S ust 9 6,967 11 2 13 16,818 30 13 6,400 25 32 11 5,036 30 4 1,465 12 September x u7 1 g 91J7 n 7 9QI Q 15 2 2,262 17 10 9,213 26 October 2 879 2 1 1 800 1 2 629 6 ... 2 3,107 7 5 7,235 7 November 1 371 1 2 757 2 ... 2 1,247 5 December 1 912 2 J t J [... 1 330 1 3 1,167 9 Total... — 2J2 88 — 353 — 749 109 — 693 — 371 42 Table showing particulars of Deaths by Cholera in the several Taloohs, Bfc, of the District of lanjore, during each month of the year 1870.— (Continued.) — gssag \^sssr\^ s^ TT [ t!^_ -"9£F- toss? Population... 196,960 36,941 263,867 29,283 280,901 19,447 128,330 Total No. of Villages in each Circle ... 1.270 853 ¦ 1,109 605 January 16 9,714. 4,1 f 58 120 11,536 649 1 fBB 268 1,83,385 1251 1 '16 97 51,296 391 February 13 12,247 4A 25 75 82,508 342 18 102 88,920 298 34 30 37,704 81 March 10 6,579 19 10 27 32,990 80 ... 20 16,964 37 11 lo '083 15 April 3 1,719 11 1 19 25,879 83 1 10 9,639 33 9 4^02 34 May J 1,559 1 2 6 7,473 8 2 7 2,606 12 4 15 8,733 67 June 5 2,849 6 \ 36,941 J ... 7 8,782 11 \ 29,283 \ ) 7 9,330 7 }. 19,447 -j 2 17 7*932 38 J^y 6 6,246 i 9 ... 1 384 1 3 9 6,493 13 2 5 2421 14 August 4 2,335 9 , ... 7 12,366 7 5 7 €,573 10 ... 3 3 September 3 1,305 7 ... 5 3,164 7 I 5 2,901 6 3 14g2 10 October 3 3,321 3 ... 6 6,458 9 2 3 I 2,095 6 1 j'^ 1 November 1733 ] I ... 3 4,190 31 3 1,438 3 December ... J [ ... 16 18>2 36 33 jj [l j 2 933 4 Total... — 165 96 — 1233 123 — 1680 58 — 654 43 64. South Aecot District. — The table of the registration circles of this district shows a large preponderance of deaths in the Chellumbrum Talook, where cholera began to revive in force in the month of June. I cannot but suspect that the renewal of cholera in the district, at that season of the year, was due to the return south-ward of cholera-stricken pilgrims from Conjeeveram. Chellumbrum is one of the great places of pilgrimage in the district, and it is evident that the population of this talook suffered unduly after the return of pilgrims from Conjeeveram. At the end of the year cholera had quite died out, as an epidemic, in the district. The total deaths were 3,248, and the proportion of mortality to population in the several talooks and registration circles was as follows :—: — Table showing the proportion of Deaths by Cholera in the several Talooks, Sfc, of the District of South Arcot, during each month of the year 1870. • fa |M Id Municipal Towns and ?: fc> .fi ,- Ja 8 "" !lII* i 39,872 «{ Jtly 1 13 38 : 397 53 ""I 2 6 9,692 10 43 70,176 113 35 1,10,877 431 3 5,612 11 August 6 32 76314 175 47 87,439 319 j 160 66 60,990 201 41 71,758 119 48 1,47,477 446 6 21,782 19 September ... 16 32 51,234 113 21 47,481 119 120 49 55,958 168 49 78,195 126 30 1,07,562 169 10 28,828 101 October 4 21 : 37,619 I 75 2 ! 5,317 j 6 19 21 21,156 69 23 42,624 73 17 44,817 205 4 5,154 H November j ... 18 47,293 ! 47 4 j 5,609 \ 6 9 20 25,258 61 20 33,661 61 19 53,383 145 1 1,314 1 December J 15 15 ] 22,282 28 10 \ 27,992 *V I 38 32 27,041 88 16 31,160 27 11 22,058 58 6 17,355 44 Total... 48 — ! ! 681 •— i 619 376 — 754 — . 990 — 1695 — ! 475 * No returns received. 50 Table showing Proportion of Cholera Deaths per 1,000 of Population in each Taloolc, lJll-I'4 I I I I I I g I I ill I I Municipal Town, Dindigul 0-3 0-3 01 0-6 17 0-4 ... 1-6 5-3 Dindigul Talook ... 0-003 ... 0-2 01 0-05 0-2 0-1 0-6 o*4 0-2 01 01 2-5 Mailore „ ... 0-01 0-09 0-1 0-2 01 0-5 ... 0-2 O'l 005 0-05 02 5-4 Municipal town, Madura ... C' 4 0-1 ... 01 005 005 1 4-01 3-009 0-5 o'2 0-9 9-4 Madura Talook ... o*o2 0-1 02 0-] 01 01 006 12 1-03 iO4 0-3 o's 4-tf Teroomungalum Talook 0"03 0-01 01 01 01 01 02 01 o'2 1011 01 02 01 4-6 Pereacolum Talook o'os aTamcottah::: ... 007 ••• 1-5 0 5 0-1 0-3 ... 007 ... 0-8 17 5-3 Thmevelly Talook... 0-01 0-1 01 0-8 l'l 17 08 009 004 0-01 o'o2 Ofi 57 r a r Uu ra 0 .. 0 i 001 0-5 ,1 1-5 0-5 M 00 2 0,3 001 07 57 Sankaranaya^arcoTdl Z 0-00^ o'ol 008 0-1 0-1 0-1 01 01 0-01 0-02 0-09 09 | The next table, compiled on the general plan of those preceding, exhibit the number of villages, and the populations affected. It will be noticed tha there was a great difference in the intensity of the disease in various parts o the country. Speaking generally, the northern talooks of the district sufferec the least, while the districts on the sea-board and the southern talooks, especi ally such of them as were flooded after the cyclone in 1869, suffered in an unusual degree. 55 Table showing particulars of Cholera Deaths in each Municipal Tmcn and Taloolc of the Tinnevelly District, during each month of the year 1870. "ETSSS" SaturTalook, Tuticorin Mv- Ottapidaram T^ W ? i Nangunnerry Tinnevelly Palamcottah Tinnevel] Ambasamoo- Sankaranaya- Tinnerelly. *" JJ f al ™ k ' N. of nicipal Town, Talook, Jalook T |look, M °T P f TT^ Talook ' W °f ' S^f 1 lieu^' S.E.ofTalook. E, of District. g££ S. of District. ™« **%£<£? S. of District. **£ *• of Dxstnct. Population. 154,719 145,016 9,544 237,093 218,245 159,051 21,553 13,315 148,253 149,323 109,685 168,222 Total No. of ~ ' Villages in 499 310 225 1,040 763 476 402 230 270 each Circle. ! 1 i H i a ! i .11,11 . . .ii ii.ii.ii January 1 373 1^ ... 2 3,934 2 3 19,286 8^ f ... f... 2 1,545 2' February 5 9,931 6 ... 2 2,896 2 6 13,549 12 ... 1 3 6,838 22 2 3,427 2 l 7,067 1 March ... 2 5,183 8 6 16,764 10 16 4,139 7 32 105,208 201 14 ... 9 18,494 17 2 3,752 2 1 1,368 1 2 4,073 2 April ... 5 6,632 211128 869 22 115 16,256 39 27 63,249 11814 16,604 33 94 20 38 54,352 126 24 65,784 8512 26,359 65 3 15,101 13 May ... 8 23,760 34 24 40,596 97 1137 30,173| 113 49 132,666 483 52 72,664 359 48 7 40 75,188 169 50 118,180 32516 15,357 53 8 23,598 22 Juno ... 9 39,955 30 28 38,070 79 19 57 59,266 185 52 135,496 406 79 106,032 617 8 2 66 72,579 261 41 97,086 238 15 31,340 39 7 26,964 27 )¦ 954 J. 21,553 W \. 13,315 J July ... 2 16,636 8188 18 30,899 30 25 43 48,364 136 54 134,206 356 60 49,465 323 17 j 5 37 57,358 119 18 53,047 76 19 46,539 124 8 33,015 27 *t) August ... 3 14,764 313 11 26,533 26 ... 1? 15,608 36 35 65,399 243 35 66,373 149 5 ... 11 13,419 14 12 36,347 15 17 46,795 113 5 9.543 22 September... 1 ... 3 23 41,789 67 117 26,406 3214 38,609 72 35 61,241 170 ... 1 3 3,902 7 4 14,689 4 9 14,622 21 8 21,226 20 October 7 10,220 15 10 20,031 16 26 32,153 92 1 ... 5 3,957 5 4 17,213 5 4 3,468 6 110,938 2 November ... 2 1,703 2 2 6,551 212 22,631 21 111 2 1,870 2 1 1,104 2 3 7,342 4 December... 3 6,859 310 25,801 24 J ... 10 10,466 1610 22,161 28 33 37,722 140 J {_ 5 J 124 26 79 536 100 22 76,050 11219 41,233 107 7 23.947 14 Total... - — 105 . 377 58 . 570 - 1937 - 1907 193 71 844 - ~864 - ~531 7 ~154 — ' • _— 56 77. In connexion with the epidemic invasion of the Tinnevelly District, I Facts in regard to an exempted village in Tinnevelly. think it right to record here some facts elicited by Rev. J. F. Kearns, a Missionary residing at Puthiamputtur. This gentleman, in January 1869, addressed a letter to Govern- merit, giving his views on the causes which appeared to him to have diminished the liability of the inhabitants of the village in which he resided to suffer from epidemic cholera. The letter is appended. From the Reverend J. F. KEARNS, Missionary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to the Chief Secretary to Government, Fort Saint George ; dated Puthiamputtur, 7th January 1869. I happened to see lately a copy of the Proceedings of the Madras Government, Public Department, 3rd November 1868, in which the village in which I reside (Puthiamputtur) is returned as " exempt" from cholera, " cause unknown." I venture to make a few observations with reference to the foregoing, which may, perhaps, be not unacceptable to Government. 2. When I took up my residence here in 1856 as a Missionary, there were few villages in this talook which suffered more from cholera and fever than Puthiamputtur. The village presented an appearance of desolation and wretchedness, such as I had never seen in the south of Tinnevelly, where I had previously been. There was scarce a tree to be seen, and in the large Mission compound, on the western side of the village, there was but a solitary tree standing. The village contains several wells, all with excellent water ; but at the time of my arrival, the two principal wells were surrounded each by an extensive pool of stagnant water formed by the waste from drawing, and continually percolating through the earth into the well. From these pools, there extended right through the principal street a long filthy channel containing any excess that escaped from the pools, and the effluvia arising from them was so great, that, riding by them at early morn, I have been obliged to put my handkerchief to my mouth. The yards of the Natives' houses were all in a most disgusting state, and I was not astonished that the number of people who that year succumbed to the attacks of cholera was fearfully large. I placed myself in communication with the Collector, and explained my views and wishes to him, and he most cordially agreed with me, and sent orders to the Tahsildar to assist me, as far as possible, in my endeavours to improve the place. Accordingly with this aid I had every well walled up, the two filthy channels cleaned, one deepened and extended, so as to carry the water beyond the village, and the other diverted into a field, the owner of which at first stoutly resisted us, but he has since discovered, as 1 told him at the time he would, that the channel has been a source of wealth to him. The pools were filled up altogether, raising the earth round the wells sufficiently high to throw the water off ; and we had removed from the yards every particle of manure which they contained, and the practice since has been to remove all manure from the yards a cloar month before the monsoon sets in. I next commenced to plant trees ; and a village, which was once remarkable for the absence of trees, is now as remarkable for the rich luxuriant trees which surround it, and the benefits of which the people acknowledge and appreciate. There are at present standing in the streets, on the road surrounding the village, and in the Mission compound, altogether 700 trees, all of them valuable, the greater number being margosa, and all planted by myself. I make it a practice to have the streets thoroughly cleaned at stated periods, but I never permit filth to remain for an instant in the public streets. In addition to all this, I have endeavoured to impress upon the minds of the people the great value of sanitary precautions^ and lam happy to say that I have been successful to some extent. Perhaps to these improvements, under a merciful Providence, the immunity referred to in the Proceedings of Government is due ; and here I would record the ready help which I have always received from the Collector for the time being, to keep the village in a clean and healthy state ; I would also mention the hearty co-operation of our intelligent Village Moonsiff. The value of trees in a village, and how their presence ministers to the health of the inhabit, are well known ; but in north Tinnevelly, where they are far more needed than in the south, ig to the extensive tracts of black cotton soil from which the heat radiates with great intensity, very few streets enjoy the grateful shade which may be experienced in almost every village in the south ; and this ia entirely due to the fact, that the Zemindars claim every tree upon their estates, no matter by whom planted, and no matter where; and this deters the people from planting their 57 streets, as otherwise in the great majority of cases they would do, and so add to their comfort, if not to their health. If not incompatible with the practice of Government, I would feel thankful for a copy of the Proceedings referred to. It will be seen that Mr. Kearns lays much stress on the planting of trees, on the preservation of the purity of drinking water, and generally on systematic village conservancy, all of which had been practically supervised by himself in past years. 78. After the very general prevalence of cholera in the district in 1870, it occurred to me to inquire what the condition of Puthiamputtur and the neighbouring villages had been in regard to cholera. Mr. Kearns, in reply, was good enough to inform me that the village had preserved its immunity, though one inhabitant took cholera in returning from the Trichendoor feast and died in the village. On my further request, Mr. Kearns obligingly undertook the investigation of the condition of other groups of villages which had been subjected to inundation ; and, as the results have an important bearing on the influence of village conservancy and sanitation, I give his reports, in evtenso, below. I wished particularly to ascertain the condition of the water-supply of the exempted villages, and of those which suffered from cholera. Mr. Kearns' description of the watersupply of Puthiamputtur, and the villages near it, is sufficient to show that the people drink a pure water, and my own observations of surface water in black cotton soil districts, enables me to corroborate him in describing such water as abounding in organic impurity, and probably also in the germs of guinea- worm. Such water is indeed very unsuited for the maintenance of health. Letters from the Rev. J. 8. Kearns, on Cholera in the Tinmvelly District {Puthiamputtur.) No. 1. " In reply to your letter of the 22nd December 1870, I have the pleasure to inform you that, as you requested, I have made an exact inquiry respecting the population of this and adjacent villages, and the deaths from cholera which occurred in them from Ist January to Ist December 1870, inclusive and the results of my inquiry, I now give you in detail, viz. :— ; Puthiamputtur contains 2,101 inhabitants, and, during the period noted above, and, of course, during the recent epidemic of cholera in Tinnevelly, it was free from cholera. Puthiamputtur. One man died {n the Ullage of it, but he contracted it at Tnchendoor, whither he had gone to attend the festival, and was brought in here in a dying state, and survived but a of hours, stands upon a limestone conglomerate, and the red quartz soil couple Puth Geolo of Puthiam- puttur. Pure water-supply. Basamin covil. iamputtur ruus down u P on its western side > and on the nOrth and east the WeU known black cotton soil touches it. It has drinking water of the purest quality, a luxury which few places around ug pogsesg- Rasamin covil is a village about half a mile to the eastward of us ; it contains 300 inhabitants ; there were no deaths from cholera during the abovementioned periods. Swaminathum is a village one mile to the eastward of us ; it contains 1,311 inhabitants, and there were no deaths from cholera during the above-mentioned period. In Swaniinathum. former years both these last named villages suffered much from cholera. About three years ago, I induced the head man of Swaminathum to plant the streets of the village with Margosa and other trees. The mam street has now a number of handsome trees in it ; there is a small grove to the east of the village, and about two furlongs of road leading to the north have also been planted. This Sanitary improvements. village has entirely altered for the better in every respect, and, although there is not a Christian in it, the principal men of the place are always ready to carry out any 01 my plans for improvement into effect. I should remark that there is no drinkable xvater in those villages ; all water for drinking purposes they obtain from our wells. I Water obtained from ithiamputtur. 58 Tuticorin, a Municipal town, is nine miles to the eastward of ns. There were fifty-eight deaths there from cholera during the period above-mentioned.* Muperapetty is a village one mile to the north of us ; it contains 663 inhabitants, but there was Tnticorin. no death there from cholera during the period mentioned above. This village is on the high road to Madura ;it is built upon quartz rock ;is dry and well drained. On the Village on quartz rook. western side the country is open ; a quarter of a mile from the village is a ridge of quartz rock, about forty feet above the level of the high road. This ridge runs for some miles, like a backbone through the country ; and on either side of it, the land falls off with a gentle slope east and west. On the eastern side of the village, there is an extensive rice cultivation and large tanks. Ottapidaram is the talook town, and contains 1,1 15 inhabitants. There was no death there from cholera during the period. This town is also built upon quartz*, it is somewhat higher than the adjacent fields, the country round it is open, extensive, and healthy. The town is tolerably well Ottapidaram. Conservancy attended to. planted, and every year something is being done to improve it. Being the residence of the Tahsildar, and being frequently visited by the Collector or his Assistants — besides being a Police Station — its sanitary arrangements are carefully attended to ; indeed all the villages which I have named being in the vicinity of the talook, or to some extend under my influence, are more or less attended to, and moreover the people are beginning to see that cleanliness is profitable in more ways than one. The following statistics may have some interest for you. By the Aneroid, Meteorology. Puthiamputtur is eighty feet above the level of the sea ; the barometer and thermometer are registered twice daily ; the highest reading of the barometer of the period mentioned was 30* 1 2, the lowest 29*64 ; the highest reading of the thermometer being 98°, and the lowest 78° (indoors) ; during 1 the period we had forty-two rainy days, the total fall of rain being 20.J-J- inches. The rain register at Ottapidaram shows but thirty-three rainy days for the same period, and the total fall registered is 20£§- inches. The readings from the rain register at Tuticorin I have not been able to get, but I have reason to know that the fall there has been very scant. Against fourteen successive rainy days which we had last month, there are but three reported from Tuticorin, Between us and Tuticorin there are nine miles of a flat, almost treeless, country. The vicinity of the town consists of low sandy flats, so that there is nothing to attract the passing clouds as they roll down from the north or north-east." No. 2. " Tour letter of the 6th instant should have had an earlier reply ; but, as my investigations Extended inquiry regarding the sanitary condition of the Mission District. extended over a wide field, delay was unavoidable. I have now the pleasure of sending you the results of my inquiries. I should observe that these inquiries have been confined entirely to my own district or parish, sufficiently large, how- ever, to give a fair idea of the state of North Tinnevelly, as the district is from 50 to 60 miles in length. Sawyerpuram Division of the district lies but a few miles from the north bank of the rive The soil is for the most part that which is generally known as the "red sand, " consisting of ti detritus of quartz rock, and containing a large share of black grains of iron ore. On this soil tl water is good. The eastern portion of the division is bounded by the sea ; it consists of, in places, fine strong clayey soil, well cultivated with rioe ; in other places, along the coast line, of lagoons o brackish water, stagnant for a considerable portion of the year. The palmyra juice and sugar form very considerable portion of the food of the inhaibtants. During the floods of last year the easter part of this division, lying as it does on the very mouth of the river, suffered very severely. Th village of Sawyerpuram in which the Theological Seminary stands gives its name to the division, an( is about thirteen miles south of Puthiamputtur, My inquiries extended over twenty villages in tha division, i.e., over seven in Sawyerpuram west, and thirteen in Sawyerpuram east, or that part whic lies on the sea, and the following results were obtained :—: — Saivyerpuram West. Sawyerpuram. — A village containing 126 inhabitants. There were four cases of cholera during the epidemic but no deaths. Snbbramanyapuram. — A village quarter mile south of Sawyerpuram, containing 800 inhabitants. There were nineteen cases of cholera, and of these five died. • The water-supply of Tuticorin is said to be generally brackish, and of doubtful quality. - (W. R. 0.) 59 Mullavalli. — A village a quarter of a mile to the west of Sawyerpuram, containing 300 inhabitants, There were seventeen cases of cholera, six of whom died. LKunarapuram, — A small hamlet adjoining ;it contains but sixty inhabitants. There were four s of cholera, but no deaths. Sauthiambalam. — A village about a furlong to the north of Sawyerpuram ; it contains 215 inhabitants. There were seven cases of cholera, but only one death. Kaddaranghullam. — A village two miles to the north-west of Sawyerpnram ;it contains 199 inhabitants. There were five cases of cholera, one only of which was fatal. So that in this group of villages there are 2,600 inhabitants; during the epidemic there were among them fifty-nine cases of cholera, thirteen of which were fatal. Sawyerpuram East. Idiarhadu. — A village containing 250 inhabitants ; it is in a direct line four miles from the sea. There were five cases of cholera during the epidemic, but no death. This village suffered terribly from the flood ; the water rose four feet high, but for a pucka built house, upon the roof of which many of the inhabitants took refuge, and there spent the night exposed to the rain and wind, and for the Mission bungalow which has a plinth about five feet above the surface, where the others obtained shelter, many lives would have been lost. Agaram. — A village east of Idiarkadu ; it contains 300 inhabitants. There were three cases of cholera, but no deaths. Maramangalum. — Contains 300 inhabitants. There were four cases of cholera, two of which terminated fatally. Acasaly. — Contains 250 inhabitants. There were seven cases of cholera, five of which ended fatally. The latter three villages are surrounded by rice fields ; the water is not very pure. Kolhhi. — Contains about 400 inhabitants. There was but one case of cholera and no deaths. This village is on the east side of a lagoon ; it is considerably higher than ¦ the lagoon ; its site is entirely sea sand, and it ia well exposed to the influence of the sea ; from which it is distant only four miles. TJtnerihadu. — Distant from the sea four miles ;it contains 300 inhabitants. There was but one case of cholera, and the patient recovered. Sebathiapuram- — A village containing 500 inhabitants ; it is on the red soil ; is surrounded by palmyra trees ; distant from the sea six miles. There were six cases of cholera, but none of them fatal. Nadvookurchi. — About half a mile south-west of the preceding village, situated on heavy red sand surrounded by palmyras ; contains a population of 300 inhabitants. There were two cases of cholera, but both recovered. Puliankadu. — Adjoins the latter village ;it contains 200 inhabitants. There was no case of cholera. Iravapuram. — Is a very small hamlet, with but twenty inhabitants. No case of cholera. Settikullam. — Contains 450 inhabitants. It is in a dry situation ; soil sandy ; palmyras and thorn jungle around it. There was but one case of cholera, the patient recovered. Tlialavaipuram. — 300 inhabitants ; two cases of cholera, both recovered. Gutharavellei. — 200 inhabitants ; one case of cholera, but the patient recovered. Of 3,970 inhabitants in this part of the division, thirty-three persons were attacked by cholera during the epidemic ; of which number seven only proved fatal. Puthukotie Division. tThe above division lies between Sawyerpuram and Puthiamputtur, and is about ten miles in gth. The soil is partly of " red sand," partly of strong yellow clay, and partly of the real black ton soil. The eastern side of it, lying along the sea, is rather swampy, but all this swampy soil Jl, as soon as the new channels have been completed, become excellent land for wet cultivation, cept on the black cotton soil the water is very fair. IKoodanghadu.— A village on sandy soil; it possesses good water; there are 225 inhabitants, ere was one case of cholera, and it was fatal. LServarharan-madam. — A village on red soil, surrounded with palmyras ; water good ; 300 inhabit- There was one case of cholera, and it was fatal. LSebananapuram. — A village similarly circumstanced. It contains 180 inhabitants. There were s cases of cholera, and the three were fatal. IKelianharasal. — A village on the verge of a large plain, well exposed to the influences of the water good ; soil sandy. It contains 550 inhabitants. There was one case of cholera, and it was Q 60 Maravan-madam. —A village on the junction of the cotton and red sand soil ; water rather poor ; site healthy and well drained. There was one case of cholera, and it proved fatal. Meheitlialei. — Is a market town about ten miles north of Puthiamputtur ; it stands upon a gravel soil, the rock below being gneiss. It has excellent water, but not an abundance of it. The black cotton soil entirely surrounds it. It contains boo inhabitants. There was one case of cholera, and it proved fatal. Kalanperambu. — Is a village on the black cotton soil ; it is about two miles east of Melseithalei ; it contains 300 inhabitants. There were four cases of cholera, and all terminated fatally. The water in this village is very bad, and the village itself is a conglomeration of filth of every description. Sackamalpuram. — Is a village three miles from Kallanperambu to the north; it is on the black cotton soil, and contains 300 inhabitants. There were two cases of cholera, but not fatal. The water is bad, and the village is extremely filthy. As a rule, villages on the black cotton soil are kept in a very filthy state- Veppalodei. — Is a village four miles due east from Kallauperambu ; it is on the " red sand soil;" is buried almost in palmyra forests, and contains a population of 600. There were three cases of cholera, all of which proved fatal. The water here is pretty fair ; but the diet of the people is poor, besides which they are for the most part badly housed. Nagalapuram. — Is a market town on the north bank of the Veypar river, and is about thirtyfive miles north from Puthiamputhur. With its hamlets it contain 4,500 inhabitants. There were ten cases of cholera, all fatal. This town is built on rock ;it is dry and has excellent water, but the streets are kept in a filthy state, especially at the back of the town. There is one street or road adjoining the houses used by the people for a common privy, and to pass near it is simply horrible. Thuresa?nipuram. — Four miles to the east of Nagalapuram ; is on black cotton soil ; it contains about 400 inhabitants. There were ten cases of cholera, and all proved fatal. It is worthy of remark that these ten cases were confined to one house, all of them relatives, and all took the disease after a heavy meal. This and the fact that it ceased immediately led me to suppose that there was something in their food, which accelerated other predisposing causes. Such is the information which I have been able to glean for you. I have only a few more observations to make. The water in Puthiamputtur is obtained from springs in the natural rock, to reach which we have to dig wells. These wells are walled up, and the water is raised by the ordinary pecotah. To explain Water-supply, Puthi- amputtur, why the water in Puthiamputtur is so pure is, perhaps, beyond me, but very pure indeed it is. It appears to me that its purity is due in part to two causes, first, the springs are in rock ; and secondly, the rock is overlaid by a thick close concrete, fifteen feet in depth, through which the surface water, i.e., rain water, &c, &c, must percolate or filter, before it can reach the water in the wells. This filtering must necessarily act as a purifier. The water in villages on the black cotton soil is simply execrable, both as regards taste and smell. It abounds with the ova of the guinea-worm, and during the hot season it is no uncommon thing to find one-fourth of the inhabitants suffering from guinea- worm. Ordinarily the people use some alkali to precipitate the Water of the b ack vegetable matter, &c, &c, with which the water is impregnated (the commonest in use being the ashes of burnt cholum straw), and, although this does clear it to a considerable extent, it is nevertheless far from being pure drinking water. With such water, the wonder is, that there is not more illness, but possibly this can be explained. The food of the people, even of the wealthy in North Tinnevelly, consists of a grain-called cumbu iiicillaria Spicata.) It is highly nutritious far more so than rice, and has an acidity that is idered very agreeable. This grain is cooked but once daily, i.e., for the evening meal, but jient is then cooked to last for twenty-four hours. What remains after the evening meal is d up into huge balls and immersed in pots of butter-milk, or of water only, according to the circum-3es of individuals. During the night it undergoes a process of fermentation ; at morning the ed grain and the milk are as acid as possible. The balls of grain serve for breakfast, and the or water is carried to the fields for their mid-day repast. Whether this description of food as a preservative against cholera, or fever I know not. I submit it to your judgment, but I ;mber a Clergyman pointing out to me a tract of country which had never been visited by jra, and the general belief was, he said, that this immunity was due to the cider-drinking habits le people. I cannot just now remember anything more likely to interest you, but I shall feel iy to give you, at any time, any information in my power." 61 EXTENSION OF CHOLERA TO CEYLON. 79. Although the sanitary supervision of the Island of Ceylon does not fall under my jurisdiction, this would seem to be the proper place for noting that the epidemic, after invading the Tinnevelly District, passed over to the north shores of the island, which were reached Invasion of Ceylon in June. early in June. A local outbreak had occurred, however, in a village near Point de Galle so early as the 16th May. It would seem probable that the Galle cholera, and that on the northern road, must have reached the island by different routes. The particulars in regard to the development of cholera in Ceylon point, I think, influence of immi- gration from Southern India, most clearly to the influence of human intercourse between .~i i t • the Southern districts of India and Ceylon, the localities affected being chiefly those on which coolies travel to and fro. The report of the Principal Medical Officer, Civil Department, Ceylon, is given below. From the Principal Civil Medical Officer and Inspector-General of Hospitals in Ceylon, to the Honourable the Colonial Secretary, Colombo, dated Colombo, 28th September 1870, No. 339. I have had the honour to receive your letter, No. 253, of the 28th July, transmitting to me copy of Proceedings of the Madras Government, dated the 9fch July, No. 850, on the subject of cholera in Southern India, and requesting me to report on the origin and progress of the present outbreak in Ceylon. 2. In explanation of the delay in forwarding this report, I have the honour to state that I awaited the receipt of the report, called for from the Colonial Surgeon of Jaffna, on the result of his visit of inspection down the central road from Jaffna to within a few miles of Dambul and on his return, striking off at Mattakachchee along the road to Mannar, which is frequented by the cooly immigrants proceeding from the coast to the interior of the island. 3. This report, with its explanatory maps, is now attached, and it affords a fall detail of the origin and progress of cholera along the central road traversed by coolies on their way to the interior of the island, and on their return to the coast. 4. It also finally settles the question as to the origin of the disease, which has been recently raised by the Government Agent for the Northern Province. 5. The letter of the Sanitary Commissioner to the Indian Government, dated Ist July, No. 695, clearly states " that cholera had been prevailing in the Southern Districts of India for some months " The disease became general in Tanjore so long back as October and November 1869. It then extended to Trichinopoly and Madura Districts, and, lastly, to Tinnevelly." 6. It had, moreover, prevailed in Tuticorin, in a minor degree, from 25th April. 7. With these statements, and the facts brought forward by Dr. Ondaatfe, no reasonable doub an remain that the cholera which appeared in the north of the island and extended itself alon he central road even as far as Matale and Kandy — spreading, in a few instances, laterally nuradhapura and some neighbouring native villages, as reported by the headmen, locating itsel some of the bazaars, where the in-coming coolies were in the habit of resting, and thence regu tating backwards to Davipatam by means of gang 3 returning to the coast contracting the diseas the halting places resorted to by the infecting gangs recently arriving— had its origin in th outhern Districts of India, and not in Ceylon. 18. The first cases reported at Matale were coolies picked up on the road while proceeding wards the interior of the island on the 19th and 20th June, and the two first cases which occurred Kandy were two Canarese, also on their way to the coffee districts, who were found in a state of llapse in the cooly shed at Mahayawa, at a distance of a mile from the town on the 12th June, th dates being from nine to sixteen days subsequent to the first cases reported along the central 19. The disease extended in Matale and in Kandy to the inhabitants ; but, although very fatal its results, it limited itself to a comparatively few cases in both towns, and can no where be said have assumed the form of an epidemic. 62 LlO. I have attached a table showing the dates of the first and last attacks, and the number of es and of deaths at all the stations where it has made its appearance. 11. Independently, however, of such cholera as appeared in the Northern and Central Provinces in connexion with the immigrant coolies, and which has been traced to India, the disease arose spontaneously in a small cluster of villages in the neighbourhood of Galle, as noticed by the Sanitary Commissioner in the 3rd paragraph of his letter. 12. The first case brought to the knowledge of the authorities — for I suspect other cases had occurred previously but were not reported — -was a Singhalese woman on the 16th May, at a small village named Callawelle, one mile to the north-east of Galle. The disease rapidly extended itself to the small villages in its neighbourhood, within a radius of three to five miles, but did not enter 13. Thirty-three cases in all were reported, of whioh twenty- two died, 'and the last case occurred on 2nd July. 14. lam unable to offer any explanation of the origin of this small ontbreak The people were mostly Singhalese of the Washer caste. There is no evidence of its having been brought to the locality, and it confined itself within a small limit. 15. There were local causes in abundance, in the shape of filthy compounds and stagnant pools, emitting volumes of sulphuretted hydrogen from decaying cocoanut husks ; but these evils are to be met with all along the sea-board of the Southern Province, without apparently prejudicing the public health. 1 6. The next appearance of cholera in the Southern Province was among the pilgrims on their return from the festival at Kattregam. 17. I have received no report of the health of the pilgrims during the festival itself, and they were free from disease during their progress from Colombo through the south of the island to Kattregam. 18. It was on their return that cholera appeared among them. 19. There is no evidence to show whether the disease broke out spontaneously among them, or whether it was brought to the spot by pilgrims proceeding there from the coast of India and the north of the island ; but it prevailed among them, though not in a very severe form, the whole way from Kattregam to within a few miles of Colombo. It was conveyed, in a few instances, to the residents of localities through which the procession passed ; but I believe that the preservation of the public health on this occasion was mainly due to the extraordinary efforts made by the authorities, and the precautionary sanitary measures adopted, to prevent the spreading of the disease in the neighbourhood of populous towns. 20. The first case reported to the authorities occurred in the district of Hambantota, where, between the 14th and 30th July, nine cases occurred, all of which proved fatal. 21. As the procession advanced to Tangalle, five cases were reported from that station between the 1 7th and 20th July, of which four were pilgrims and one a resident of the place. Of these five, two died. 22. At Matara, the next important station on their road, eleven cases were reported between the 22nd and 25th July, of which nine died. These were all pilgrims, and seven were females. 23. The next report came from Galle, where sixteen cases were reported from the pilgrim camp, which was not allowed to approach nearer than 4^ miles from the town. 24. Of these, the Medical Officer states, that five were treated in a hospital shed erected on the site of the camp, three died and two recovered. Two were treated in the verandah of a non-occupied house, near which they were found lying. 125. Five surreptitiously entered the town and died there, and the remainder died in the P- 26. One resident of the town, a Singhalese, contracted the disease and died. L 27. It is highly probable that many other cases occurred along the road which esoaped the r ledge of the authorities. 128. As the procession left Galle, they halted at a Moor village named Gintota, 4| miles on the ombo road, and here the disease was conveyed to the residents. 129. Two cases of choleraic diarrhoea occurred on the 27th July, and on the 29th nine cases true cholera were developed, and a little epidemic of cholera and choleraic diarrhoea was iblished among the residents of that village, which lasted to the 19th August, when the last case i reported. 63 t3O. One hundred and nineteen cases occurred between the 27th July and 19th August, of which enty-teven proved fatal. 31. This small outbreak was entirely due to contagion conveyed by the pilgrims, the low sanitary condition of the place encouraging the rapid development of disease. Like Callawelle, the village is surrounded by stagnant pools of water, in which the husk of the cocoanut is left to decompose, emitting a most offensive odour. 32. As the procession advanced towards Colombo, the disease began to exhaust itself. Twentyone cases were officially reported by the Medical Officers appointed to accompany them, of which only five died, showing that amelioration in the intensity of the attacks, which generally occurs as, the disease dies out. 33. They were detained for forty-eight hours at a distance of eleven miles from Colombo ; and, as no fresh cases occurred among them during that time, they were permitted to enter the town, and no evil consequences followed. 34. It remains for me now to advert to the other localities appearing in my statement in which cholera made its appearance. 35. Colombo. — On 15th June a prisoner, who had been confined for some time previously in the Hultsdorf Jail, was attacked and died. 36. On 1 7th June, another long-sentenced prisoner in the Welikade Jail, which is at a distance of more than two miles from the Hultsdorf Jail, and has no communication with it, was attacked and died. 37. On the 18th, a resident of Grand Pass, a Singhalese, was attacked and died. 38. Solitary cases continued now to occur in different quarters of the town at periods of a few days from each other, and having no possible communication with each other. ? 39. Six more cases occurred in the Welikade Jail on the 12th, 14th, 17th, 26th, 28th, and 30th July, respectively, when it ceased. 40. All the cases in the town were spread about promiscuously, the disease never locating itself in any one quarter, with the exception of one large compound in Sea Street, in which a number of cattle were kept tethered day and night, and the grounds were filthy to a degree. 41. This compound was surrounded by small miserable huts inhabited by Moors and Malabars. Between the 13th and 26th August eight cases occurred, six of which proved fatal- 42. The 29th August is the date of the last case reported in Colombo, and between that and 15th June, the date of the first case, twenty -nine cases were reported, of which twenty-three died. 143- It cannot be said to have been epidemic at any one period. Cases occurred in every quarter the town, and in not one instance could any direct contagion be traced. They were all of a ry severe type, and the deaths were generally rapid- The appearance of the disease in the two Is is altogether mysterious. In both instances it was controlled by the greatest attention to litation, a lavish expenditure of disinfectants, the immediate segregation of the patients (in the slikade Jail each case was removed at once without the walls), and the destruction by fire of every iicle of bedding and clothing which had been used by those infected. 44. In Badulla, twelve cases with nine deaths occurred between the 6th and 28th July. 45. It is more than probable that the disease was conveyed to this station from Kandy. t46. At Batticaloa, nine cases with five deaths were reported- The disease, in this instance, clearly traced to two travelling men who had just returned from Badulla, where it was then L 47. At Kurunegala, a fatal case occurred on the 30th June. The individual had arrived Kandy only two days previous to the attack. 148. A few cases were reported in the Peninsula of Jaffna. Between July 6th and August , twenty-three cases were reported, of which eleven died. 49. The disease became established in a village called Vertettivo, situated thirteen miles to the east of Mannar, where thirty-seven cases occurred among the residents between the 12th July and 26th August ; of these, twenty-three died. (50. At Pesalle, the port at which the immigrant coolies arrive from the coast, the residents ! attacked. The first two cases, however, as reported by Mr. Ondaatfe, were coolies returning ie coast on the 23rd June (and they had evidently contracted the disease along the central road), a resident of the place was seized on the same day. til. I regret to state that cholera continues to prevail at Pesalle, forty-six cases having been ted from the 23rd June to 21st September, the date of my latest report. Of these, twenty-five died. R 64 52. Although the disease visited every province in the island, including its ohief towns, it has shown no disposition to spread ; the total number of cases have been few, and it has now entirely disappeared, with the exception of Pesalle, where it still continues. 53. Since commencing this report, I have reoeived a communication from the Colonial Seoretary to the effect that it has again made its appearance near Batticaloa. 54. A reference has been made to the Medical Officer of that station for information on the subject ; but these reports are so frequently made by headmen, during cholera seasons, without any foundation, that I must beg to discredit it. 55. I have said little on the progress of the disease along the central roadj as its history has been very fully recorded in Mr. Ondaatfe's report, to which I have the honour to invite special attention. Statement showing the Stations where Cholera has appeared, the Number of Gases and Deaths which had occurred since the beginning of the outbreak, 16th May last. _.. Date of first Date of last No. of No. of I Provinces. Stations. attack. attack. Cases. Deaths. Remarks. ' Galle May 16 July 2 33 22 Do. second outbreak on the pilgrims ... July 21 ?27 17 14 Do. Gentota ... „ 29 Aug. 19 119 28 Southern •{ Hambantota... ... „ H July 30 9 9 Pilgrims. I • Tangalle „ 17 ?20 5 2 Do. Matara „ 22 „ 25 11 9 Do. Pilgrims on Colombo L road from Galle ... ?25 ?27 6 2 " Mannar June 1 Sept. 12 86 64 Central road „ 3 July 11 48 29 Mannar road to Mata- AT .. kachchee „ 3 „ 27 12 10 Northern j Pesalle „ 23 Sept. 21 46 25 Vertetfcivo July 12 Aug. 26 37 23 Jaffna „ 6 „ 25 23 11 Anuradhapura ... June 11 July 13 5 5 Western Colombo „ 15 Aug. 29 29 24 [ Kandy „ 12 „ 1 36 28 Central ... ... < Matale ... ••• „ 19 July 23 34 25 ( Badulla July 6 „ 28 12 9 North-Western... Kurunegala ... ... June 30 June 30 1 1 Eastern Batticaloa July 17 Aug. 4 9 5 From W. G. ONDAATFE, Esq., Acting Colonial Surgeon, to the Principal Civil Medical Officer and Inspector-General of Hospitals, Ceylon, dated Colonial Surgeon's Office, Jaffna, 3(M August 1870, Having completed my inspection of the cooly stations on 'the line of road traversed by the Indian immigrants from Pesalle, in Mannar, the port of arrival and departure to Allagamowa, on the boundary of the Northern Province, an extent of 102 miles, I have the honour to submit, as required by the concluding paragraph of your letter of the 15th ultimo, the following report which embodies the results of my inquiry as to whether cholera first appeared among the coolies arriving from, or returning to, the coast of India. „ 12. Agreeably to your instructions, I proceeded along the central road, arriving on the 22nd July Matakachchee, the point from which I commenced to prosecute my inquiry, which I conducted, as as circumstances permitted, in the mode here indicated. 3. The canganies and patrols, who have the earliest opportunity of seeing the cholera patients, ¦were required to be present at the inquiry, the former being directed to produce their lists of the names of the immigrants who had been attacked with cholera since its first outbreak during the present year. I then proceeded to take down evidence from them as to the name, age, sex, native country, and destination of each immigrant, and also as to the symptoms from which each suffered. »4. The statements thus obtained form the substance of my diary of inspection, which is hereto exed, while the several stations inspected by me in the course of my inquiry are indicated in the 65 tps attached to the diary and the position of each place where cholera appeared as well as of other ces to which reference is made in the diary being shown by certain marks.* 5. I communicated also on the several points of this inquiry with the medical practitioners employed by Government on this line of road. * 6. It appears that the first cases of cholera, on the Central and Mannar Matakachchee roads, all occurred on the same day, the 3rd of June last, in three individuals, namely, two immigrants and one patrol. It seems that a party of four coolies coming from Pudoocotta, on the coast of India, took shelter in the cooly shed at Periacatto, on the Mannar Matakachchee road, twenty-nine miles from Mannar, on the day referred to, on which day the patrol of the shed was attacked with cholera in the morning, as also one of the four coolies, a woman who had come from Pudoocotta, named Camachy, who was discovered having cholera symptoms on her while cooking her breakfast, and w ho died at 5 p.m. of the same day. The patrol, Periatamby, also died about the same time. 7. Before the arrival of the coolies no cholera had existed in the place since the beginning of the year, and the only conclusion to be drawn is that they had communicated the infection, a conclusion which is strengthened by the following fact. 8. The first case on the central road occurred on the same day and in the same month, the 3rd of June, at Marudenheedaveli, 136* miles from Jaffna, in the person of a female immigrant who was one of a gang of in-coming coolies. This leads me to believe that these immigrants, as well as those referred to in the preceding paragraph, had all come from one and the same infected locality, one party being in advance of the other. 9. Cholera next appeared at Teempanne, 128| miles from Jaffna (intermediate between the two last stations), on the 4th of June. The patient in this case also was an in-coming immigrant, a mason, and «, native of the same place in India, Pudoocotta. It would thus seem decisive that the disease was imported in all the foregoing cases from the locality above-mentioned, namely, Pudoocotta. f 10. On the 7th June an in-coming cooly from Salaputty, near Trichinopoly, and another belonging to the same gang were attacked with cholera at Allagamowa, 146 miles from Jaffna, but they both recovered, and were able to proceed to Kandy on the 11th of the month. The appearance of cholera at this station led to the infection being communicated, first, to the patrol who attended on the sick coolies, and next to a little girl who lived in the patrol's house, and then to his wife. In all these three cases the disease proved fatal. 11. The next appearance of cholera was at Matakachchee, 106 1 miles from Jaffna, a principal station where the in-coming and out-going coolies meet. The first case here was that of a Moorish Irl, who lived in the bazaar and who had sold certain articles the night preceding to immigrant olies who had then arrived. She was attacked on the 1 lth June and died on the same day. nother case occurred on the 13th in the bazaar at the station, that of a dhoby who was living near c bazaar where the first fatal case appeared. A third fatal case occurred on the 13th in a road >oly, who also lived in the bazaar. (12. The bazaar people and the immigrants who halt at Matakachchee, resort to a stream which lies from the tank in the place, and which runs close to the road, for the purposes of bathing, ishing their clothes, and for providing themselves with water for drinking and cooking. It is, erefore, most probable that the contagious poison was communicated, in these instances, either by c water so indiscriminately used, or by intercourse with the coolies. (13. Another instance of infection appeared, on the 13th June, in a party of three Telegraph olies. They were employed for some time on the central road where cholera had broken out since c 3rd instant, lodging in the bungalows occupied by the coolies. They had been in perfect health, 1 two of them were attacked with the disease when returning to Mannar, at a place called Callyttocaddo, which is about eight miles distant from that station. 14. One died, and the other recovered. 15. On the 14th of June a case occurred at Osylancolom, 8| miles from Mannar, in the person of a woman named Cavenpay, an out-going cooly, who died in the night. She was accompanied by about six coolies, who had been travelling through the infected cooly stations. t* These maps are not printed* t I have no information as to the progress of Cholera in the Independent State of Pudoocottah but as the hinopoly, Madura, and Tanjore Districts surrounding it suffered from the invasion, I infer th »t Pudoocottan red too — (W.E.C) 66 tl6. On the 14th June of a gang of fifty coolies coming from the coast of India, one was attacked the disease at a place called Kalaar or Chetty Colom, about twelve miles from Maan Colom y-three miles from Mannar), to which station the patient was brought. He died on the same tl7. At Marnden Colom, 117 miles from Jaffna, the first case occurred in an in-coming cooly o was admitted into the hospital on the 15th June, and recovered. 118. At Mehintale, 119j miles from Jaffna, on the 15th June, an Arab trader and a cooly girl ing from India were attacked with cholera and were attended by the medical practitioner, and recovered. 19. On the 16th June at Matakachchee, two immigrants from the coast were brought by their friends to the hospital and given in charge of the cangany and patrols ; one of the patients had come from Palamcottah, and the other from Aranthangy. Both cases proved fatal- 20. Four other cases were also admitted on the 17th June ; the patients were immigrants from India. All of them had been seen by the medical practitioner, who gave me this information. Three of the cases terminated fatally- 21. On the 18th June, at Rambave, 112 miles from Jaffna, two fatal cases occurred among the in-coming coolies. Both were found dead on the roadside, and their names and whence they had come were ascertained from the mother and wife of the deceased. 22. Another fatal case occurred in an immigrant from the coast at Gulcolom, 125| miles from Jaffna. The patient was seen by Mr. Fretz, Superintending Officer of the Roads, who gave me this information- 23. On the 18th June, at Alagamowa, a cooly coming from the coast was seized with the disease, find was treated in hospital and recovered on the 21st instant, and proceeded to a coffee estate named Nagalwatte, in Matale. 24. The disease next appeared, on the 20th June, on the Mannar road at Pulliadurakum, twentythree miles from Mannar, among an in-coming gang of fifty coolies, natives of Pudoocotta and Perrambacuddy or Carambacuddy, in Sevagunga, near Madura. Two were attacked and recovered. 25. On the 22nd of the month, at the same station, of a gang of thirty coolies coming from Wellasally, on the coast, a girl aged 12 was attacked and died. Her brother, who accompanied her gave the patrol this information. 26. At Pesalle, on the 23rd June, two out-going coolies were seized with the disease, one died and the other recovered and proceeded to the coast. 27. The disease appeared on the central road, at Terupanne, on the 23rd June, in two coolies, who came from Salaputty and Nerraoor, near Trichinopoly. One died. 28. On the same day, at Matakachchee, an in-coming cooly was carried affected with the cholera to the shed by some of the gang and given in charge to the cangany. The case proved fatal. 29. On the following day, 24th June, a child was found dead close to the station, supposed to have died of cholera. 30. On the 24th, at Marudenkeedaveli, two Moorish traders from India were seized with the disease and died. They were on their way to Matale. 31. On the 27th of the month, an in-coming cooly was found dead at Maan Colom, supposed to have died of cholera- 32. On the same day, a Singhalese, who was returning from Anuradhapnra, was seized with the disease on the road to Maroodencuda, and was brought to the hospital at that station and died. 33. On the 28th, two coolies coming from the coast, and both of them natives of Sevagunga were admitted into the hospital at Terupanne with the disease, but recovered. 134. At Pesalle, on the same day, a cooly, who landed from the Brig Reheymain, had choleraic rrhcea and recovered. On the Mannar road, on the 29th June, at Kombensange Colom, eighteen miles from nar, a fatal case occurred in a cooly who was coming from the coast. On the same day, on the central road at Marudenkeedaveli, an out-going cooly was seized th cholera, and died on the 30th. t37. On the same day, at Terupanne, a cooly girl coming from Sevagunga, in India, was tacked and recovered. On the same day, at Matakachchee, an immigrant coming from Mannar was found dead the 1 10 th mile. It is supposed that he died of cholera. 139. On the 2nd July, at Marudenkeedaveli, two immigrants coming from India were attacked th the disease. One died, and the other recovered. 67 t4O. On the same day, at Alagamowa, the next station, an immigrant cooly was brought into pital from a distanoe of two miles. Ho recovered, and proceeded to Kandy. On the Uth ;ant at the same station, a cooly coming from the coast waa attacked and recovered, and proied to Kandy. 141. At Kombensange Colom, nineteen miles from Mannar, on the 27th July, a cooly coming >m the coast was found dead on the road. He belonged to a gang of fifty coolies, who had slept in c shed the previous night. From the deceased's appearance there was no doubt that he had died of cholera. 42. From the above statement of facts, elicited during the course of my inquiry, it appears, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that cholera had not existed on the Mannar and central roads previous to the third day of June last, when the disease first appeared, having been introduced by the immigrant coolies, who had come from India from a place called Pudoocotta, successive gangs as they moved along propagating the infection in the several stations above-mentioned. 43. It appears, also, from the records kept at the port of Pesalle by the Health Officer, that the arrivals during June were very numerous, no less than 8,755 immigrants having arrived in that month, who, travelling in detached parties, became the means of introducing the disease along the whole line of road leading to the Central Province. 44. It is also a fact that the coolies, on their arrival at the port, quickly move on to the stations provided for them ; and, from what I have ascertained, I find that some of them have been able to reach Matakachchee, a distance of fifty-two miles, on the third day. They arrive at the port apparently in good health, but with the disease in a state of incubation ; -and, as they proceed on their journey, performed very often by hasty stages, the cold and damp of a jungle country, sleeping on the road side at night, without protection against malarious influences, unwholesome food and water, absence of all cleanliness, these and such like causes tend to develope the germs of the disease with which they are already impregnated, and which breaks out generally at periods varying from two to five days of their arrival in Ceylon. 45. The immigrant coolies who suffer from cholera, during their journey, infect not only the passengers and cartmen whom they meet on their way, but the bazaar people also at the different stations at which they arrive, whereby they create, as it were, so many centres from which the disease spreads from the central road, by successive outbreaks, into the province. 46. I find that, of coolies returning from Kandy, a very small proportion, amounting to only four in number, were affected with the disease (out of an aggregate of sixty-three attacked), having become infected on their journey by intercourse with the in-coming immigrants, among whom the first outbreak on the Mannar and central roads occurred so early as on the 3rd June, in which month the largest arrivals from India took place, as already stated. 47. I would further observe that coolies returning from Kandy, receiving the infection from their in-coming fellow-countrymen, whom they meet with on the road, and with whom they freely mix, are not unlikely to carry with them the seeds of the disease to their native land, which may account for the fact of the cholera having appeared at Davipatam among the passengers from Pesalle, the disease not existing at the time at Davipatam. 48. From inquiries I made at Mannar, from the oldest inhabitants of the place, it appears hat cholera was introduced among them originally by natives of India crossing over to Talamanar, whence the tappal formerly passed over to Tinnycuddy, in Ramisseram and India. Passengers Ceylon came by the tappal boats by the same route, as also pilgrims from India, by whom the sease was brought into Talamannar, whence it spread to Pesalle and to the town of Mannar, pasng on to Vengala and other places on the mainland. Mr- Bulner, who was Sub-Collector at Talaannar from 1849 to 1859, informs me that it was the general belief that the Indian coolies and lgrims were instrumental in importing this fatal disease. Gangs of coolies first commenced to ome over to Ceylon in 1837. Mr. Bulner recollects that in 1843 cholera first made its appearance Talamannar with the immigrant coolies proceeding to Kandy, and that it prevailed subsequently an epidemic form. Coolies had been passing backwards and forwards through Mannar for iwards of thirty years, but no measures were adopted for their protection till 1862, when the mmigration service was organized by Government. t49. In consequence of the introduction of cholera, the population in several villages in the nity of Mannar has been considerably reduced in number, as testified to by the Assistant Governit Agent of Mannar in a communication addressed to the Jaffna Cholera Commissioners, dated s 68 15th April 1867. I quote his own words. Mr. Twynam says, " Year after year has sickness been introduced by the immigrant coolies, and village after village has died out, or been so reduced that only one or two families remain, and the country, for some distance on each side of the Mannar Madawaratchy road, in the Mannar District, is fast becoming a desert." 50. I must confess that I regard with some degree of surprise that any question should have been raised by the authorities in India as to the importation of cholera into India from Ceylon, when it is universally acknowledged in this province that the disease is brought from the coast of India, the birth-place and head-quarters of cholera.* 51. The Cholera Commission appointed by His Excellency the Governor on the 3rd March 1867 to inquire into, and report upon, the causes which led to the outbreak of cholera in the Jaffna Peninsula, after an extended inquiry express themselves in the following terms : "We have established beyond doubt the facts of its having been introduced into the Peninsula from India, both directly by sea and more circuitously by the central road, and of its having spread from village to village by human intercourse, thus confirming the opinion, now generally entertained, respecting the transmissibility and mode of propagation of cholera." 80. One result of the recent cholera invasion of Ceylon, has been to establish interchan eof sani- tary reports between Ceylon and Madras Governments. an interchange of reports on public health between the Madras and Ceylon Governments. I now furnish a bi-monthly statement of cholera prevalence in the Southern Districts to the Ceylon Government, and receive in return any information which that Government possesses on the Condition of cholera in Ceylon. In this way I am now in a position to warn the Ceylon authorities of the probable course of an epidemic, and to receive in return any information on points of importance to the population of our Southern Districts. 81. There is one fact in regard to the extension of cholera to Ceylon that Influence of new soil and climatic condi- tions in developing in- tective properties of cholera contagium. I must briefly dwell upon, as illustrative of a peculiar feature ... of the disease. It is this, that the peculiar contagium of the , disease, whatever it may be, appears to have become more . .. . vigorous in its action after it had been taken to the foreign soil of Ceylon, and had been brought back again by returning coolies to the port of Davipatam. We have seen that cholera became active on the Immigration roads in Ceylon early in June, and about the end of that month a batch of return coolies were landed at the port of Davipatam, six of whom had died of cholera on boardship, before landing. From this centre, Captain Guthrie the Superintendent of Police at Madura, a very careful and intelligent observer of cholera phenomena, declares that "cholera spread in lines clearly traced by the various main roads throughout the Zemindaries of Ramnad and Shevagunga." From an examination of the Police reports, there can be no doubt that cholera did about this time appear in renewed vigour in the southern portion of the Madura District, and there seems some reason to suppose that the outbreak in the town of Madura in August was due to pilgrims who had entered the town by the southern road, along which cholera had set in with vigour, after the dispersion of the return coolies |)m Ceylon. Although there are not the slightest grounds for imputing to jylon the origin of the recent cholera epidemic, yet it is quite consistent with all at we know of the natural history of cholera, to suppose that the germs of the sease gathered new strength in a soil that was not the breeding place of the * The question was only raised incidentally in regard to a virulent cholera at Davipatam amongst returned emigrants- It is an undoubted fact that Ceylon is always invaded from India, and that it has no epidemic cholera, of its own capable of affecting other countries. — (W. E. C.) 69 epidemic. The districts of the north-west of India do not breed cholera, and yet when the seeds of the disease are periodically introduced into those districts, cholera flourishes with a vigour unknown within the true endemic region of Lower Bengal. 82. While this report was passing through the Press, I received from the Principal Medical Officer of Ceylon the following letter and statement regarding the years of greatest prevalence of Fast epidemic invasions of Ceylon. cholera in the Island since 1859. It will be observed that the 1859 invasion did not reach Ceylon until 1860, and that the 1863 invasion reached the I sland, as it did the Western Coast of India, in 1864. The 1869 invasion did not get to Ceylon until May 1870. From the Principal Civil Medical Officer, Colombo, to the Sanitary Commissioner, Madras, dated Colombo, 16th February 1871. In reply to your letter of the 14th December, requesting me to furnish you with any data in my office showing the monthly prevalence of cholera in the Island of Ceylon from the year 1859 to the end of 1870, I regret to have the honour to state that the forms of Cholera Registers adopted in this department are so voluminous that, without an additional staff of clerks which are not at my disposal, I am unable to afford you the information in a monthly form. I have, however, drawn up a form of return which I trust may, to a certain extent, answer the object you have in view. This return gives the number of cases and deaths reported in each province of the Island from 1859 to 1870 inclusive, together with the date and locality of the first and last case occurring in each year in every province. You will observe that the Northern and Central provinces are the most obnoxious to cholera, and these two provinces are chiefly affected by importations from India. It is, however, in the Northern Province alone that cholera is in the habit of locating itself, and the history of every outbreak, I believe without exception, points to India as its origin, the infection having, in every instance, been imported direct. I The climate of the Northern Province assimilates to that of Southern India. s people are all Tamils, and resemble the inhabitants of Southern India in their ibits, customs, and constitutional peculiarities, and they are in constant and ose communication with them. A cholera epidemic seldom prevails in the south of India without establishing itself in the peninsula of Jaffna and at Mannar, and from thence it is conveyed along the central road, the tract of the immigrant coolies into the Central Province. The whole of .the localities indicated in this return in the Northern and Central Provinces are liable to infection by gangs of coolies passing into the interior from the coast of India. As compared with the returns from India the total number of cases occurring in the remaining provinces of Ceylon is very 70 The disease has occasionally occurred spontaneously towards the south of the Island, but it can scarcely be said to have become epidemic excepting in the Northern Province, and seldom exhibits any tendency to diffuse itself much beyond the locality of its first appearance. The Northern Province is at all times favourable to the rapid spread of the disease, and in uncertain periods of time, it assumes a malignity which seriously affects the population. In the years 1866 and 1867 more than 20,000 cases occurred, which led to a Commission being appointed by the Government to inquire into its causes, and a long report was the result, a copy of which I will endeavour to have forwarded to you. It will afford me much pleasure if I can offer you any further information on the subject. 71 T Table showing the Number of Cases of Cholera and Number of Deaths which have occurred in the Island of Ceylon, from the year 1859 to 1870 inclusive ; also the Date and Locality of the first Case in each Province, wild the Date and Locality of the last Case in each Province in each year. Western Peovince. North Western Province. Southern Province. Yean © m S-S Date of T , T ... Date of T , T ?, Son fe£ Date of Its Loca- Date of Its Loca- j> g <3£ Date of j, Lncalitv Date of its Locality IHlFirsTcase. Last Case . Its Locality. | « First Case . lity . Lasfc Case . lity . | § || First Case. Its LLocallyt y- Last Case. Reality. gj go Jo Jo so *p 1859... 165 105 • ... ... ... 13 10 ... ... ... ... 57 18 1860... 122 94 Sept. 4th. Colombo ...Dec 30th. Negombo ... 497 361 April 6th. Calpentyn. Dec. 29th. Eurunegala 1861... 98 68 Jan. 2nd. Negombo ... Mar. 2yth. Colombo ... ... ... 11 - Hambantota ... ... ... 1862... 13 11 Feb. 4th. Colombo ... Dec. 22nd. Do. ... 21 19 May 2nd. Puttalam... Sept. 24th. Puttalam... 194 89 Aug. sth. Galle ...Oct. 13th Galle. 1863,.. 4 3 Jan. 19th. Ambanpitta ... Sept. 19th. Ambanpitta ... ... ... ... — ••• ••• "• 1864. 287 191 Jan. 27th. Colombo ...Dec. 30th. Colombo ... 38 31July 31st- Puttalam... Sept. 21st. Puttalam... 6 4 Aug. 26th. Calloowelle Aug. 31st. Calloowelle near Galle. near Galle. 1865. 252 193 Jan. 9th. Do. ...Dec. 31st. Do. ... 149 100 June 9th Do. .. Nov. 3rd. Do. .. 212 101 Feb. 26th. Earawe near June 11th. GaUe. Galle. 1866... 225 151 Jan. 2nd. Do. ... Do. ...Negombo ... 274 194 Sept. 29ih. Chilaw ...Dec 29th- Chilaw ... 114 63 Aug. Bth. Calloowelle Dec. 31st. Hambantota. near Galle. 1867... 34 15 Jan. 2nd. Negombo ... April 19th. Colombo ... 11 10 Jan. 2nd. Do. ...Jan 15th. Do. ... 16 3 Jan. Ist. Hambantota ... Jan. 7th. Do. 1868 ... ... ... ••• ••• 1869... 2 ... Nov. 17th.Eegalle ...Nov. 18th. Eegalle ... ... , ••¦ ,„„ ••¦ , ••• A . „„ — 1870... 43 29June 15th, Colombo ...Dec. 28th. Colombo ... 1 1 June 30th.;Eurunegala ... ... 190 84May 16th. Calloowelle Aug. 24th. balle. | near Galle • _ _ ' — — ~~ Total Total Eastern Province. Northern Province. Central Province. No. of No. of Cases. Deaths 1859 ... . .. ... ... ... 158 122 ... | ... ... ... 63 50 ... ... ... 456 305 1860... 65 42 Nov. 15th Batticaloa ...Dec. 23rd. Batticaloa ... 1,256 847 April 23rd. Mannar ...Nov. 14th. Mannar ... 245 177 April 16th, Eandy ...Dec. 31st. Bandy ... 2,185 1,521 1861... 4 2!jan. Ist. Do. ...Jan. 3rd.l Do I ... ... ... 76 62 Jan. Ist. Do. ...Feb. 18th. Do. ... 179 133 1862... 41 14 ! July 28th Tamankadua ... Aug. 25th. Tamankadua ... 2,129 1,233 Feb. 25th. Jaffna ...Nov. Ist. Mannar ... 196 122 April 30th. Do. ...Nov. 30th. Matale ... 2,594 1,488 1863 ... ... ... 3 2 Mar. 2nd. Arippo ... Mar. 22nd. Arippo ... 12 1 Jan. 17th. Do. ... Nov. 20th. Matale on Cen- 19 6 ral Road. 1864... 283 179 Feb. 24th. Trincomalee ... Dec. 31st. Trincomalee ... 2,325 1,339 Feb. 6th. Vangalie... Dec 25th. Mannar ... 639 413 Feb. 24th. Damboloya onNov. 21st- Matale ... 3,578 2,157 Central Road, 1865.. 551 309 Jan, 2nd Do. . Dec. 27th. Batticaloa ... 1.221 653 Mar. 24th. Do. ...Dec. Ist. Do- ... 343 229 Mar. 12th. Eandy ...Dec. 3lst. Mihintale on 2,728 1,585 Central Road-1866... 51 20 Jan. 3rd Batticaloa ...Dec 9th. Do. ... 9,092 4,988 Jan. 28th. Do. ...Dec. 31st.Eayts ... 785 510 April 28th. Dambulla ...Dec. 19th- Eandy ...10,541 6,926 1867 . ... 10,116 6,862 Jan. Ist. Jaffna ...Nov. 29th. Mullatiore. 16 14 Feb. Bth. Mihintale ... Sept. 15th. Dambulla ... 10,193> 6,904 1868 ..'" " ... ... I ... •« ... 2 IMay 3rd. Eandy ... 2 1 1869 ... ... ... ... 2 1 Sept. 13th. 1 Jaffna ... Sept. 19th. Jaffna ... 9 4 Aug. Ist. Lunugalla onNov. 23rd. Bandy ... 13 5 Central Eoad. 1870... 9 5 July 17th. Batticaloa ...Aug. 4th. Batticaloa ... 214 124 June Ist. Mannar ...Dec. 27th. Mihintale... 87 65 May lBth.Badulla .. Nov. 2nd. Da. ... 544 308 * The Cholera Registers of 1859 have been mislaid, and the information cannot, iv consequence, be furnished. 72 EXTENSION OF CHOLERA TO TRAVANCORE. 83. I have already alluded to the circumstance that the cholera epidemic passed into Travancore, and that its progress in this direction was arrested by the mountain barrier existing between Tinnevelly and Travancore — a barrier rising in some parts to 4,000 or 5,000 feet in height, the higher plateaus consisting of dense forests, some portions of which are not only uninhabited, but, to this day, have never been explored. It bears strongly on the question of the movement of cholera, that a barrier of this nature should cut off cholera completely from an adjoining district, and that invasion should occur only in places where the barrier is weak (i. c., by a mountainous pass, or highway for human intercourse) or altogether wanting, as at the extreme south of the district where the coast lines of Travancore and Tinnevelly are continuous. I have received no detailed account of the general Report of Physician to the Maharajah of Travancore. progress of cholera in Travancore, though such has been . . . promised by the Physician to His Highness the Maharajah of i. , i/,, ° . , . Travancore, who meanwhile has favoured me with the following " conclusions " from the facts before him :—: — " Ist. — The disease invaded Travancore from Tinnevelly through the Arambooli Pass, and by the plain to the south of the end of the ghaut line, and lying between it and the sea." lt 2nd. — It spread following the streams of human intercourse." [With reference to this I may remark that it pursued generally a northward course up the Western Coast. It only reached the latitude of Cannanore in any force about the end of January 1871.] " 3rd. — In almost every case occurring in Trevandrum, the origin of the disease was traced to contact or approach either to infected persons, or persons who had been in contact with, or in the neighbourhood of, persons suffering from the disease. " 4ith. — It was in no way affected by the aerial currents, by the weight of the column of air, nor (in Trevandrum) by the occurrence of heavy rain." " sth. — The presence of abundant organic matter intensified the disease greatly." CHOLERA IN MALABAR. 84. By the end of the year cholera had advanced through the Travancor and Cochin States, and had become prevalent on the banks of the Ponnany river and had extended up the coast so far north as Cannanore. In some few village the epidemic caused considerable mortality, but it was not very fatal to th leneral population. The Palghaut Talook lying under the mountains of th Western Ghauts suffered more than any other part of the district and here th isease became active early in the year. A report from the Collector of Malaba qan outbreak in a fishing village near Quilandy is appended. The question a to the influence of a fish diet in the production of a choleraic type of diarrhoea, and the connexion between the mortality of Fish diet & Cholera. Eh on the coast and the ordinary coast cholera, is here opened up, but the 3ts are still under investigation, and I shall defer commenting upon them until other opportunity. The following table will show the particulars of cholera mortality in each talook of Malabar :— < 73 F Return showing the Monthly Cholera Mortality in each Talouk of the Malabar District, during 1870. Cannanore Clerical ryMunitiU Kottyam Wynaad X^ nn 1 bra 1 " Municipal m^ 0?*0 ?* m*?*^ Valawanad P al g n . ailt Palghaut Ponnany MM C °^ o1 Cochin - Municipal Talook, N. oi pal Town, Talook^N. of'Talook.N.E. ™ d T aloc *' Town, p Ta i° ok ',. Z ? > f Talook,S. E. ? nnlcl P^ Talook, S. E. Talook, S. of Municipal Talook, S. of Zemindaries Town. District. W. of Ta- District. of District. C^^ f Centre of C S^. ° f C^ nt : re . °/ of District. T.T .^ n 1 ' S - : ?- of District. District. To ™' S ' oi District. , , District. m , , District. JJistrict. 01 lalook. lalook. Popnlation ... 6,011 214,612 17,726 122,789 56,603 203,549 36,602 123,798 240,675 246,752 27,533 251,770 310,131 9,940 1,183 3,868 Total No. of Villages in each 317 248 83 411 234 350 564 233 586 2 Circle. -2-2 1-2 -2-2 S £ £ £ -2-2 -25 -2.2 .2-2 -2-2 -2-2 January ... f 1 2,464 1"-| f 1 6,612 3 1 3,823 1^ C 2 10,047 3h f February ... 2 10,375 2 1 6,335 1 ... 1 7,985 1 1 6,210 3 March ... ... 1 2,249 1 1 6,183 1 3 15,205 3 17 36,912 21 1 6,210 4 April ... ... 1 5,188 1 3 10,939 5 2 7,089 3 1 13 67,679 23 2 8,860 2 May ... ... 2 9,191 2 2 9,552 2 16 12 48,622 57 1 ... June ... -< ® o 6 27,628 7 2 11,56112 §§ 28 331,43,470151 1 4,973 1 o July ... » ... 3 8,765 3 £ » 2 7,934 8 « 2116 85,427 91 10 41,421 27 * August ... 1 7,448 4 2 9,096 5 3118 97,565 62 29 1,12,939116 September ... 1 2,452 2 1 3 17.581 6 5 16,92613 !16! 16 7 37,616 1815 65,252 48 October ... 1 6,309 1 ... 1 3,453 1 3 18,768 5 621,58812 7 6 25,219 27 12 43,812 57 :November ... ... 2 9,065 5 ... 1 2,249 1 9 41,946 32 2 10,921 3 6 22,234 23 ... 7 37,755 1713 59,219 57 3 December ... L 11 6 36,26216 J [ ... 1 5,603 1 2 8,781 10H I 3 13,515 13 5 18,662 14 J [.... 13 66,343 85 17 78,421 261 J I 1 1 1,183 2 1 2,215 7 74 From the Magistrate of Malabar, to the Acting Secretary to the Board of Revenue, dated Vytry, 2nd December 1870, No. 398. I have the honour to inform you that, on the 3rd November, a case of cholera occurred in the village of Kollam, close to Quilandy, on the Calicut and Cannanore road. 2. A detachment of Europeans had that day started for Calicut, via Quilandy, and I accordingly informed the Brigadier, who halted the detachment at Tellicherry. 3. Further reports showed that the disease had assumed at this place an epidemic form, and I obtained daily reports from my Dresser, whom I had at once despatched to the spot with a supply of medicines. The disease showing a tendency to spread towards the north, additional assistance in the way of Dressers was obtained, and I am now glad to say that its progress appears to have been checked. 4. I forward a report, dated 26th November 1870, No. 1,104, from the Sub-Collector, in whose division the locality is, together with a memorandum, drawn up by the Civil Surgeon of Tellicherry, who accompanied him on a tour of inspection of the locality. 5. It will be seen that the origin of the outbreak is doubtful; the fact that pilgrims from the south halt close to the spot, indicating that in this way the disease may have been communicated . 6. It will be observed that the attacks are thought to have been brought on by eating sardines, and I addressed the Sanitary Commissioner on the subject- I enclose copy of his reply, dated 25th November 1870, No. 1,112. It will be observed that he points out that Travancore and Native Cochin have been for some months visited by epidemic cholera, undoubtedly a continuation of the disease as it affected Madura and Tinnevelly, and he is inclined to suspect that this outbreak is a further sweep of the same wave of disease- 7. I am making inquiries as to the mortality offish along the coast this season, and will communicate with the Sanitary Commissioner on the subject- s' By some, cholera is traced to the manufacture of fish-oil, which is carried on to a great extent, whenever, as in the present season, large takes of sardines occur. 9- I do not, however, consider that we have established facts before us such as would justify a prohibition of this manufacture in its ordinary form, considering the great loss that would be entailed on a poor section of the community by such a prohibition. Orders have been issued that all care should be taken in disposing of the refuse in such a manner as to cause as little annoyance as possible. 10. In the present case, the Sub-Magistrate of Quilandy showed promptitude and judgment, and the village officers acted well, in spite of the panic that prevailed among the villagers. 11. The Collector's Dresser has also done good service, and his presence seems to have been very effectual in re-assuring the people and encouraging them to assist their relatives to combat the disease. From the Joint Magistrate of Malabar, to the Magistrate of Malabar, dated Tellicherry, 26th November 1870, No. 1,104. In continuation of my letter, No. 1,067, dated 16th instant, regarding the outbreak of cholera in Kurumbranad Talook, I have the honour to inform you that, at my request, the Zillah Surgeon accompanied me in a tour through the infected parts on Monday and Tuesday last. 2. I enclose copies of the remarks with which Dr. McAllum has favoured me, also of lists of the houses and of the people who had been attacked by the disease up to the day of our visit to Quilandy, and of a plan showing the position of the houses at Kollam- 3. The disease broke out at Kollam Deshom of the Viyoor Amshom on the 3rd instant. It itacked an old woman who succumbed to it next day. The lists will show how it spread to neigh>ouring houses and to people at a distance related to those living at Kollam. The disease assumed very virulent and infectious type at Kollam, as proved by the number of deaths among those ttacked there, and among those who there caught the infection. Out of twenty-three attacked, burteen died. Elsewhere the disease was not infectious, and seems to have been confined to persons, ho, it is universally asserted in those parts, brought it on by partaking too freely of" MathiMeen" Sardine) the oily fish that is so common on the coast this year, or of " Pullinra nella" (straw jaddy). The latter is the refuse paddy collected from the straw when it is threshed a second time. t the first threshing all the good grain is taken out and the straw is then thrown aside in heaps, nd I suppose the pullinra nella (the grain still adhering to the damp straw) undergoes a process of fermentation which causes it to become unwholesome. The grains are cenerallv auite black and 75 tble up into powder without much pressure.* This grain is given only to coolies and the Palawho work in the fields, and it is universally considered unwholesome. 4. Dr. McAllum seems to think that the outbreak at Kollam was due to the same cause, viz., the people eating this unwholesome fish and grain ; but that, in my opinion, scarcely accounts for the maglinant type the disease took. We have procured specimens of water from the wells of the houses at Kollam, and Dr. McAllum is sending them to Madras to be tested. The analysis may disclose something with which we are not yet acquainted. However, it is clear that the disease originated in a house only a few feet off the coast road, and within 200 or 300 yards from a place where pilgrims are in the habit of halting on their way northwards by this route. The survivors in the house will not admit that they ate the " Mathe Meen" or " Pullinra nella," and it was only surmised by the Adigari and others that such food had been eaten. The house and its surroundings are clean and as airy as the generality of houses in this district. I observe that the disease spread at once, the second case occurred on the day the first woman died. Now, if it had been merely a case of indigestion followed by vomiting and purging as elsewhere, the disease would, I think, have scarcely spread so fast, even supposing that no care whatever was taken to remove the cholera discharges of the first patient. Elsewhere than at Kollam, the disease does not seem to have spread by infection. On the whole, I am disposed to think, though there is no direct evidence on the point, that the seeds of the disease were brought by pilgrims. Many, as I have already noticed in a previous letter, have lately been passing up north through the district, and it is quite possible that the disease may have been communicated by one of them. It is only a few steps off the road to No. 1 house. It is true no case of cholera has been brought to notice among the pilgrims, but it is well known it can be communicated by a person who is himself quite free from the disease. 5. Only two persons, both in a fair way of recovery, were lying ill when we visited Kollam, and no fresh cases have occurred there since. G. Cases of what Dr. McAllum calls sporadic cholera have occurred over a wide tract of country, almost from the foot of the ghauts near Kuttiadi (Paleri Amshom) to the sea. Treatment of these cases, when taken in time, seems to have been successful. Other cases are to-day reported in Maniyur Amshom, north of the Kota river, which runs into the sea south of Badagerra. My orders to the Tahsildars are to move a Dresser at once to any place where the disease tends to become local and infectious. The central stations fixed for the four Dressers are at present — 1, Kollam ; 2, Mowral bridge on the coast road ; 3, Pyolli ; and 4, Kottiadi, Nos. 2, 3, and 4 being on the Kota river. If no fresh cases occur at Kollam, the Dresser there is to be moved to Badagerra, near which a case has been reported to-day. 7. Great fear prevailed at Kollam, and this undoubtedly tended to spread the disease. The house No. 5, in which there was most fear, suffered most ; the head of the family left, and would not eturn to it till our arrival. It was the only house we saw where the rules, of which I sent you a opy, had not been properly carried out. The arrival of your Dresser, of whom favourable notice is aken by Dr. McAllum, seemed to have had an excellent effect in the locality. The Quilandy Sub lagistrate, the Dresser, and the Adigari of Viyoor Amshom all did their duty well ; the former, by giving timely notice of the outbreak, probably saved the detachment of the Ist Battalion 21st Eurojeans, then on its march down the coast road, from an attack. But for the timely warning, the etachment would have marched through Kollam within a few yards of the infected houses when ie disease was at its worst. 18. The Cherikal Tahsildar has reported three or four deaths on the Cannanore and Coorg road, t his report is very indefinite, and further information has been called for. Dr. McAlluni's Report on the outbreak of Cholera at Kollam in the Viyoor Amshom. On the 21st instant 1 accompanied Mr. W. Logan, C.S., Sub-Collector, Malabar, to visit t llage of Kollam in the Viyoor Amshom, where there had been several cases of cholera. On our w lere we visited Mowral and Pyolli, at each of which places an Hospital Assistant is stationed, as tw three isolated cases had been reported. At our visit, no fresh cases had been reported. The pla as clean and attention was paid to the sanitary instructions sent out. The Assistant at the form ace Mowral, has strict orders to inspect all pilgrims and bandies with families in them, and, if nece ry in cases of illness, to detain the people, and have the clothes, &c, washed and fumigated wit lphurous acid. The village of Kollam we found clean, and the compounds of the various houses ke in good order. The disease, in my opinion, first broke out in a sporadic form, as the first patient had • Specimens of this diseased grain will be examined microscopically and reported upon hereafter.— (W. B. C.) U 76 not been either out of the village, or in contact with any one that had had cholera. The attack is supposed to have originated from the patient having partaken largely of " Mathi meen," as, during the night, she was seized with vomiting, subsequently purging, collapse and death on the following day. From this solitary case, the disease seems to have assumed an epidemic character ; though, I have no doubt, that all who subsequently were attacked were more or less rendered liable to attack from having partaken of that fish, as also of straw paddy ; the latter a fermented rice. From the nominal roll of the cases attacked, it will be seen that nearly all, at least the majority of all subsequently attacked, are in some way connected by family ties with No. 1 patient. I think there can be no doubt that in several of the cases the disease was communicated by infection. The greater number of the infected houses are close to each other, some only being divided by a compound and a road. House No. 6 is in the direct line of the sea breeze, and not 150 yards from house No. 1. This patient denies having partaken of the " Mathi meen," and also of having had any communication with any of the other houses; but lam inclined to doubt the truth of the statement. Case No. 16 had long been in bad health, and had, in my opinion, been suffering from either piles or vomiting of blood. She was attacked with vomiting, and was purged four or five times, and being in a weak state of health, rapidly became collapsed and died. I would scarcely feel inclined to put this down as a death from cholera, as her low state of health was such as would at any time have rapidly succumbed to an acute attack of diarrhoea. The Hospital Assistant at Kollam has heartily entered into his duty, and I must state that to his energetic carrying out of the orders sent him from the Sub-Collector's Office here is mainly due the arrest of the disease at Kollam, as up to this date no fresh cases have been reported. Great benefit lias been obtained by at once sending Hospital Assistants to the infected districts, as their presence has given confidence to the people, and tended greatly to allay their fear. From the Sanitary Commissioner for Madras, to the Collector and Magistrate of Malabar, dated 25th November 1870, No. 1,112. In reply to your letter, No. 3,157-E., of 19th current, I have the honour to state that the facts before me, in regard to the late outbreak of cholera in Quilandy, are too scanty to allow me to offer an opinion as to the influence of a sardine diet in producing the disease. The fresh fish is ordinarily, I believe, quite wholesome ; but, if it were eaten in a condition of semi-putridity, I have no doubt it would cause considerable derangement of the bowels, and predispose to cholera, or a choleraic form of diarrhoea. I have addressed the Civil Surgeon of Tellicherry on the subject of the cholera outbreak, and, when I get his reply, I shall be in a position to dispose more fully of your reference. It was the opinion of Dr. Pearse, for some years Civil Surgeon of Calicut, that there was some connexion between the mortality of fish along the coast and the ordinary coast cholera. The cause of the sudden mortality of fish and stench of the sea on the Western Coast is not very clearly made out. It has been supposed to depend on the bulk of fresh water discharged into the sea; but, against this theory, there is the fact that the death of the fish does not always occur at the time when the rivers are in highest flood. lam not aware if there has been any fish mortality this season, or, if so, at what time it showed itself. It would be well to ascertain the facts, and I have asked the question of the Civil Surgeon. But in connexion with this sudden development of cholera at Quilandy, it must be noted that the Travancore country, and more lately, places in Native Cochin, have been visited by true epidemic cholera for some months past. The cholera in Travancore was undoubtedly the continuation of the disease as it affected Madura and Tinnevelly. It would not cross the mountain barrier between tnnevelly and Travancore, but having passed from north to south to Cape Comorin, it travelled und the rooky barrier, and then progressed up the coast from south to north. I think it not at all llikely the cholera now in your district is a direct continuation of the cholera which was lately mmon at Quilon, AUeppy, and Kotyam ; but until I get the facts before me, it is not very easy to see eir relative importance. [Should this oholera be a continuation of the epidemic, it is quite possible that the district 11 suffer generally ; and my reason for giving this opinion is that the disease has been absent in idemic form since 1865, and consequently a large number of persons must now be ready to receive d develop the speoific poison in their bodies, whenever the epidemic finds its way into the district. Llf, however, the cholera should be connected with the use of putrid fish, it will probably be a 1 disease confined mainly to villages on the coast line. 77 From A. MACGREGOR, Esq., Magistrate of Malabar, to the Acting Secretary to the Board of Revenue, dated Calicut, 2lst December 1870, No. 403. In continuation of my letter of the 2nd instant, No. 398, I have the honour to enclose copy of a communication received from the Sub-Collector on the subject of the prevalence of cholera in his division. It will be observed that a second outbreak has occurred, more serious than the first, but that it has been by energetic measures got under. I have received reports of an outbreak in the vicinity of Chowghaut, in the south of the district, and have despatched my Dresser to co-operate with the Dresser attached to Ponany in affording the necessary medical aid and assistance to the Deputy Collector. From W. LOGAN, Esq., Joint Magistrate, to the Magistrate of Malabar, dated TeUicherry, 15th Decem- her 1870, No. 1,152. In continuation of my letter No. 1,104, dated 28th ultimo, I have the honour to inform yon that Dr. McAllum and I paid another visit last week to the cholera infected localities in Kurumbranad Talook. The disease has taken firm hold of the portion of the Maniyur Amshom, lying immediately opposite to Payally bazaar, on the north side of the Kota river. I enclose a list of the cases classified according to houses, and will forward to you a nominal roll, with full particulars. We visited several of the houses where the disease had proved most fatal and instituted enquiries as to the origin of it. The first person attacked was a Moplah woman, whose husband assured me that she had not left the precincts of his house at all for many months previously to the date she was attacked. No possible clue could be obtained as to the origin of the disease in her case, until I asked the man what she had been eating the night before she was attacked, when he replied, that she had eaten freely of the sardine fish (Mathi meen). The next house attacked was that belonging to the people of the Tiyar caste. It was said that one of them had gone to the Moplah's house for betel nut, and, seeing the Moplah woman's dead body, had taken fright and been attacked. This statement, however, was not very clearly made out ; the family had been eating the sardine fish too. Two days elapsed before the occurrence of the third case in the house of a Polayam outcaste. The surviving head of the family could give no clear explanation as to the origin of the disease. They had been living as usual, and had been eating the sardine fish too before the disease broke out. The first attacked in his house was a child of six years. On the following day, no less than eight fresh cases occurred in these three houses, one more next day, and two more on the third day. The three houses are all within half a mile of each other, and are in secluded places, far from any roads or much frequented foot paths. The occurrence of the disease in these three houses belonging to people of different castes points, I think, to the disease having a common origin. It is scarcely probable that a child of six years would be affected by fear ; it could not have visited either the Moplahs or Tiyar's houses, and I am disposed to believe that the eating of the oily sardine fish was provocative of the disease in the third house as in the first one- The eating of this fish has been mentioned as the cause of the disease in many of the sporadic cases. The fish itself may not be poisonous, but it is certain that its exceeding plentifulness in certain years makes it very cheap, and that in these years it contains a large amount of fatty matter. Poor people are, therefore, enabled to buy it and to eat it freely, and the result in very many cases is indigestion followed by vomiting and purging. It is noteworthy if true (as I have been assured it is) that the last time this oily sardine fish was common on the Coast was in 1864-65 and 1865-66 when upwards of 40,000 deaths from cholera were reported in the district.* I regret to inform you that I have been obliged to suspend the Adigari of Maniyur Amshom or negligence in reporting the outbreak. No less than five deaths had occurred before he discovered lat the disease had broken out at all. The Dresser stationed at Payally heard of one case by ccident, and, on going over the river, discovered that eleven or twelve cases had occurred, and it as not till then that the Adigari reported the matter. The disease had taken such firm hold of le place before it was reported that it has been difficult to get rid of it- I regret also to inform you lat after the discovery of the outbreak, the local officers failed to take the requisite steps for lutting the place in a proper state of sanitation. I have been obliged to administer a severe rebuke o the Tahsildar, who (though by my orders he visited the locality) seemed to have done nothing t* The faota are correct as regards the cholera deaths, but the greatest oholera mortality occurred in June and July 65, a season when no sardine fish are caught. The shoala of sardines visit the coast after the south-west monsoon ended, t.c, in September, October and November. — (W. E. C.) 78 towards making the people carry out the instructions issued. He had to be reminded of his duty to visit infected houses and to set a good example to the Adigaris. The Dresser at the spot, Ramaswami Naidoo, is an Eastern Coast man, unacquainted with the people of the district. The people don't understand him, and he very foolishly, though perhaps naturally enough, supposes that every Moplah with a pisankhutti in his waist would kill him if he only had a chance. He has not been so useful as your Dresser was at Quilandy. The disease has nowhere else become local ; sporadic cases have occurred in many amshoms. The three other Dressers are stationed at present — one at Mowral at bridge, on the coast road, examining travellers and treating cases in that neighbourhood ; one at Badagerra ; and the third at Kiyur, near Pay ally, where the cattle fair is being held. In fact, they, as it were, form a circle round Maniyur ready to go to any place where the disease shows a tendency to become local. I am thoroughly persuaded the disease can be stamped out in a place in a short time by vigorous action on the part of the Sub- Magistrates and Adigaris ; the mere visiting of the infected houses gives the people courage. When at Payally Dr. McAllum and myself visited Kiyur, and drew up certain rules for the guidance of the Quilandy Sub-Magistrate, whom I have ordered to remain at that place till the cattle fair is over. Notices have been posted at all the bridges and ferries in my division and other places warning people who intend going to the fair that cholera prevails in the neighbourhood. The disease has disappeared from Kollam where it first broke out, as reported in my last letter, and this, I think, is in no small degree due to the sanitary measures taken. CHOLERA IN THE GODAVERY AND KISTNA DISTRICTS. 85. It seems to be the fashion now-a-day, in treating of the mode of progres- intensourse'in'the l™^ SSofentt? in present day. sion of cholera, to attach a primary importance to the moist air of monsoon winds as a carrier of the germs of the disease, and to under- estimate the importance of human intercourse in its diffusion. Such at least appear to be the guiding principles of the sanitary advisers of the Government of India, and, as these views do not seem to me to be warranted by the facts coming under my own observation, I feel bound to request that the circumstances to be narrated in connexion with the appearance of cholera in the Northern Districts of this Presidency may be carefully weighed, as they do not seem to me to be explicable on any aerial theory of invasion. 86. The Godavery and Kistna Districts of the Madras Presidency occupy a Physical features of the Godavery and Kistna Districts. tract on the sea-board of the Coramandel Coast from 15*45° to 1 7-45° N. L. These districts, from thirty to forty miles inland, are composed of flat, sandy, alluvial plains, and the whole sea- board is irrigated by canals taken off from the "anicuts" at Dowlaishweram on the Godavery, and Bezwada or the Kistna rivers. The western portion of the districts is hilly and jungly, and include the Golcondah chain of hills, which constitute the so called Eastern " Ghauts," and these hills divide the districts from the table-lands of the Deccan and Jeypoor. 87. The cholera history of this tract in the invasion of 1859 shows that the cholera history in wave of cholera overflowing the Deccan in that year, over-1859 and 1865. stepped the Eastern Ghauts, and extended down to the sea- board, affecting the Godavery and Kistna Districts. In the next year of invasion, K65, the same thing happened. Cholera prevailed in all of the stations of th districts, of which records have been kept, except Masulipatam on the coast. In the cholera invasion of 1868, which reached Hyderabad in November I Exemption of the tricts in the invaa. of 1868-69. 1868, during the north-east monsoon winds, it is an undoubted fpct that cholera was not pushed on in an easterly direction, so as to overlap the Godavery and Kistna Districts. Theorists 79 fay give any explanation they please of the fact, but, in a narrative of events, have only to put down the facts to the best of my ability. In my introductory remarks, and in the cholera report for 1869, I have shown that the cholera advance from Hyderabad was in a southerly direction, and that the districts to the eastward escaped absolutely. I say absolutely, because although three deaths were entered as cholera in the Kistna District in 1869, these two densely populated districts had no epidemic, nor hardly a single case of cholera in them from the end of March 1868 to the end of March 1870. In the Godavery District, in fact, not a single death during this period was put down to cholera, and the few deaths that did occur were confined to the Kistna District. In districts which have been so completely exempted, it is of the greatest importance, therefore, that the earlier cases of a new invasion should be accurately recorded. Fortunately, as regards the Godavery District, the facts of the outbreak have been most carefully ascertained. 88. The first cholera death occurred on the 28th March in a small out-of-the- Details of the mode of introduction of cholera into the Godavery District. way village, on the right bank of the Grodavery, in the Talook of Ernagudium. The village, Woongatla, is not mentioned in the ordnance map, but is situated two miles south-west of Chagalla. The village is not upon any high road, nor is it frequented by strangers. The only fact recorded, in regard to its sanitary condition at the time of out-break, is that an offensive cesspool connected with a distillery existed there. Cholera Deaths in the Northern Districts, 1870. ¦ Godavery. Kistna. Vizagapatam. Population 1,427,472 1,296,652 1,505,045 January ... February... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 March 12 5 April 72 6 11 May 365 June 3,011 70 10 July 5,231 566 72 August 3,504 1,110 78 September 668 209 51 October * 235 62 November 186 8 21 December ... ... ... ... ... ... 33 ... 2 Total ... 13,305 2,043 259 89. This table distinctly proves that the Godavery District was a centre, fo the time being, of epidemic cholera, and that the districts to th north and south of it were secondarily affected. (The eightee deaths in the Kistna District in March and April occurred i tricA new^lentre of ne of the upland talooks a long distance away from the Godavery centre, anc may be left out of account in tracing the epidemic distribution.) The epidemi )ecame very prevalent in the Godavery District in the month of June, though i lid not prevail in the Kistna District to any extent until July. Accordingly, to Actual facts opposed to theories of monsoon winds carrying cholera. the theory that the south-west monsoon winds carry the disease, the Vizagapatam District should have suffered more than the Kistna District to the south ; but, as a matter of fact, owing to the geographical position of the districts, the south-west monsoon winds could not have carried cholera from the Godaverv into X 80 the Kistna, and yet the latter district had ten times as much cholera as the Vizagapatam District to the north, over which the monsoon winds from the Godavery tract would naturally flow. The affection of the Godavery District appears indeed to be wholly inexplicable on any theory of aerial transmission of the poison. At the very time cholera was extending in this district both to the north and south, it was travelling on through Tinnevelly to the south, against the current of wind, towards Ceylon, and having got to the extreme south of the Peninsula, cholera not only passed over to Ceylon, but also turned round by Cape Comorin and pursued a northerly direction along the strip of country containing the Native States of Travancore and Cochin, but up to the end of the year it had not extended in force so far north as Cannanore. So far as we can judge, cholera was not beaten back by the south-west, nor was it hurried onward by the north-east, monsoons. From the time of the irruption of the epidemic wave in Lower Bengal in February and March 1868, it took exactly two years to reach the southernmost district of Madras territory (Tinnevelly), and in this southern progress it was neither advanced nor retarded by monsoon winds, though undoubtedly monsoon moisture favoured its spread in the localities invaded. For the main facts of the beginning of the Godavery outbreak I am indebted investigation of facts SfpSteeSß?pSSSS* ent of the District. to two gentlemen who pursued their inquiries independently of each other—the Sub-Collector of the District, and the Superintendent of Police. Their reports differ in minor parti- culars only, and are perhaps the more valuable because of those minor differences. 90. The history of the first fatal case then is briefly this, : — A man was seized . . , First case of cholera atWoongatiainEma- gudiuni Talookon 28th March. with cholera in the village of Woongatla on the 28th March ° ° while at field labour, and died in twelve hours. On the same date, according to the Sub-Collector, two children in the village were seized, both of whom recovered. (The Superintendent of Police, whose investigations were confined to fatal cases, does not allude to this circumstance.) Neither the man who died, nor the children who recovered, had left the village, " nor had any strangers passed through." On these points both investigators are agreed. 91. But on the 24th March, four days prior to the outbreak of cholera, an unusual circumstance in the monotonous routine of Indian village life had happened in Woongatla. Two families belonging to the village had made a pilgrimage to the celebrated shrine of Tripatti in the North Arcot District. The exact date fro^Soiera-strSn vl Couft y oout r br dd e a a y k. pre" of their departure from Woongatla is not recorded, but it is certain that they returned to their homes on the 24th March 1870. They must have been exposed to choleraic influences both at the pilgrim's shrine and on the route home, a long and tedious land journey, via Nellore and Ellore. They passed through the town of Nellore on the 9th March at a time when cholera was rife in the town. On arrival at Ellore on the 20th March two children (according to the Sub-Collector, and one accord- Cholera amongst the pilgrims' families be- ing to the Superintendent of Police) were seized with cholera, or " choleraic symptoms." The children, or child, recovered before the pilgrims reached Woon- Here then is the fact that persons exposed to cholera influences in their homeward journey reach their village, and four days afterwards cholera is produced in that identical village, and in none else. The advocates of the aerial 81 theory of transmission must surely have some little difficulty in explaining why this village should have been affected in preference to the remaining 3,388 villages in the district. But assuming that the forms of cholera may be carried about in the clothing of travellers, how easy is it to fill up the blanks in the picture ! 92. Here we have two families making a long land journey ; during the latter part of which they pass through cholera infested districts, and one or more of the party become affected with the disease. Those who know how the natives of India travel, can easily picture to themselves the bundles of dirty clothes accumulating on the way, and the small probability of any of the clothing being washed before they got to their destination. The news of the arrival of two families from a famous place of pilgrimage would very soon spread in a small village, and it is easy to imagine that their old friends and acquaintances would lose no time in waiting upon them to hear an account of what had befallen them on their travels. The dirty clothes and accumulated filth of the journey would also probably,for the first time, be disturbed on arrival at their village home. In this way, it may be surmised, the villagers of an unaffected locality were brought into contact with the materies morbi ; and the new field for development being favourable, cholera began at once to burst into activity. 93. In dealing with this part of the subject we must bear in mind that a Proneness of districts which have had a long exemption to suffer from cholera. locality which has enjoyed exemption from cholera for a lengthened time, is always in a more favourable condition to feel the choleraic influence, than a district that has lately been swept by an epidemic. If cholera had recently prevailed in the village, it is probable that an importation of the germs might have borne no fruit. There Im be no doubt, I think, that cholera will always prefer an unoccupied locality, hen it has the chance, and there can be no doubt that the whole of the odavery and Kistna Districts were, by the simple reason of their unusually -olonged exemption, ready for occupation in the spring of 1870. 94. After the three cases at Woongatla on the 28th March, there were no fresh attacks in the village until the 12th April, when it broke out with considerable virulence. Interval between the first cases and the out- The following return shows the daily mortality in the village :—: — C-, r-i rt rti-ii-l'- | '-lr-l £ Poptdation 697 2,106 443 1718 1,138 19,910 667 910 375 1,044 29,008 1 12 ... ... ... ... 3 ... - ... - .- 3 13 1 ... 4 - 5 14 ... 5 ... 5 15 3 ..: ... 2 5 36 ... 1 ... 1 3 ... - 5 17 2 - 2 18 3 3 19 5 ... 5 „ 20 3 ... ... 2 1 1 7 „ 21 6 ... 6 22 1 1 23 2 2 24 5 1 6 25 1 1 1 ... 3 27 ... ... ... '.'.'. "2 ... 1 '.'.'. ... ... 3 II 29 ... ... '.'.'. "i "i '.'.'. "2 ... "i „ 30 1 4 5 The extension of the epidemic to Rajahmundry is thus described by the Sub-Collector :— Extension of epide- mic to Kajahmundry. " On the 3rd May, the Hospital Assistant attached to my office was sent to Woongatla to attend to the people attacked there; he was seized himself with the disease on the Bth of the same month, and was brought on a litter to Rajahmundry in a comatose and dying state. That same night cholera broke out in the district jail and also in the town. It gradually extended to Juggiampet and other villages of the Peddapur Talook, and is now (22nd July 1870) prevalent more or less throughout the whole district." The statement as to the exact date of the outbreak in the Jail and town is Outbreak in Jail three days after arrival of infected persons in the town. not quite correct. From a report received from the Civil Surgeon of the station, it seems that both the Hospital Assistant and his servant were brought into the town on the Bth of May dying of cholera, and that the prisoners were not attacked until the evening of the 11th May. The following is the true account : — I" The outbreak, although not quite unexpected, was sudden. The prisoners i all appearance being in their usual good health when they were locked up on Le night of 11th May 1870. At eight o'clock on that night, a prisoner was •ought to hospital labouring under symptoms of the disease. The second and Lird cases occurred at 2 a.m. the following morning * * * Six more men ere attacked the same day. Six others were attacked on the 13th. The 83 epidemic lasted but three days, viz., from the night of the lltb until the evening of the 14th; during which time there were four deaths out of sixteen seizures." 96. The first death occurred in the town on the 12th May, and from that time to the end of the month there were forty-six deaths. I may note here that the QGntmi j a[\ built on an open airy site, out- outbreak in the town of Bajahmundry. side the town of Rajahmundry, though averaging 845 inmates, never had a single case of cholera. As to the climatology of Rajahmundry, the Civil Surgeon remarks, " I noticed nothing extraordinary in the state of the weather, which is always hot and dry at this time of the year." The town was quite healthy before the arrival of two cholera-stricken patients on the Bth May. The Civil Surgeon informs me that he cannot trace any actual communication between the prisoners, or officers of the jail, and the two men who died of cholera in the town on the Bth May. 97. The sudden and virulent outbreak of cholera in the Godavery District led Condition of pilgrim's site at Budrachellum, Upper Godavery District. me to inquire whether the pilgrims frequenting the shrine of Budrachellum on the Upper Godavery had anything to do with it. The festival of this place began on the 10th April and lasted till the 12th, and the Superintendent of Police notes that some pilgrims returning from the festival reported its appearance there on the 10th April. The Sub-Collector also states, "it is reported that the disease prevailed there to a slight extent of a mild type." This testimony, however, is but of little value, as Budrachellum is not within the official supervision of either reporter, and they must have been obliged to trust to current rumours. Against these Report of Assistant Surgeon Hazlett. rumours, there is the positive testimony of a competent professional observer, who was present at the festival, and who declares that no cholera prevailed there. The following letter from Assistant Surgeon Hazlett is, I think, conclusive on the point of the absence of cholera to the eastward of Woongatla during the early days of April : — "In reply to your letter, No. 970, of the 24th ultimo, I have the honour to inform you that I was present at Budrachellum, during the festival held there in last April. No cases of cholera or severe diarrhoea were brought to my notice, and I do not think that any could have occurred without my knowledge, as in addition to a Dresser, there were a number of police stationed there, who had instructions to report any cases of sickness. " I received information about the same time that there had been a mild outbreak at Rajahmundry.* I think it occurred in the end of the previous month, but I have no reason to suspect that it spread into this district, for even if it had prevailed in any of the small detached villages in the jungle, I would probably have heard of it through the police, and if amongst any of the gangs of coolies, it would certainly have been reported to me. From my own experience and from the history of. former epidemics, I am of opinion that cholera has always been imported from the Lower Godavery District, where it usually is very prevalent, and it has been brought from thence into this district by people either coming for employment on the works or to attend the festival at Budrachellum. The latter place and Doomagudiem are the only villages of any importance in this vicinity, and cholera always commences in one or the other, usually in Budrachellum, on account of its being the first place of any size arrived at by people coming up from the lower district. Since this has been an Engineering station, there have been three epidemics in 1 865-6 6 and 1870 ; all originated at Budrachellum, the first during the festival, the two latter about the commencement of the rains ; but, according to reports, cholera has on former occasions frequently visited this neighbourhood." •This must hare been a mistaken rumour. There was no cholera in Rajahmundry before Bth May. — (W. R. C-) V 84 Cholera did not reach Budrachellum until the 20th of June, and there cannot be the least doubt that it was secondarily affected from the cholera centre established in the Lower Godavery District. 98. I have been at some pains to show that this outbreak of cholera in the Godavery District was due to importation alone, and I may here mention that the Nizam's country, and the Central Provinces to the eastward had no cholera during 1870, nor was 1 very Oi)istSct due to there any epidemic in the District to the northward (Vizagapatam) when the disease broke out in the Godavery District. There is, moreover, the direct proof, that persons who had recently passed through tracts of country infected by cholera, and some of whom had recently suffered from a disease believed to be cholera, came back to their homes in a village, where the disease beyond doubt first showed itself, and " thence radiated in various directions" as the Superintendent of Police has properly described the subsequent progress. 99. - Dr. Bryden maintains that, although cholera may thus be introduced into a locality, it has no vital power, and that cholera so introduced does not become a focus for the further spread of the disease. In this respect also the facts in regard to the late outbreak in the Godavery District yield no support to such a theory. The facts show, that from the very small beginnings in the village of Woongatla, there proceeded a very terrible epidemic, extending not only over that one district of the Godavery, but spreading slightly to the north in the Vizagapatam District, and more severely to the south in the Kistna District. In the table below we see that in the month of April cholera was almost Gradual extension of the epidemic from the infected centre. entirely confined to the Ernagudium talook and Tanaku talook to the east ; in these talooks it attained its maximum intensity in June and July, whereas in Peddapore and Zemin- daries to the north, and the Ellore talook to the south, the maximum of intensity was not reached until one or two months later, or in August and September. The table shows, in fact, that the intensity of the epidemic spread as from a centre, and that the centre was occupied by the Ernagudium and Tanaku Talooks, where it is conclusively shown that the disease commenced to spread epidemically. 85 Table showing particulars of Cholera Deatlu in the different Taloohs and Municipal Towns of the Godavery District during each month of 1870. Rajahmundry Munici- Rajahmundry Talook, Coconada Municipal Ramachendrapore _^___ pal Town, North of North West of Town, East of Peddapore Talook, Talook, Amalapore Talook, Narsapore Talook, Talook. District. Talook. North of District. East of District. S. E. of District. S. of District. Population... ... ... ... 17,498 83,426 16,167 101,539 184,110 189,233 161,537 Total No. of Villages in each Circle ... ¦ 600 238 223 317 205 January ... ... ... ?, r r February... March ¦A-pril !" .'.. ... ..] '." "i 697 "i ... ... .! ... ... ... 2 1,419 3 May 46 2 1,343 2 2 3,342 4 4 5,052 7 15 20,266 76 June 59 26 27,299 116 2 34 45,960 298 33 42,315 183 51 86,482 413 44 75,042 214 July ¦ 17,498 < 18 25 20,664 208 \ 16,167 ¦{ 12 53 62,268 338 95 130,148 968 109 141,752 813 89 130,840 823 August 4 26 31,479 271 33 33 40,108 342 71 107,777 808 55 86,747 222 54 82,027 280 September 12 14 20,213 71 " 18 14 20,378 84 41 60,815 165 19 34,395 102 13 22,994 48 October 4 4 11,991 39 3 1 658 1 23 36,099 52 28 43,648 87 3 3,939 12 November 4 3 8,088 6 22 5 9,114 7 18 31,329 49 21 25,686 69 December J 7 j 1 637 9 1 2,009 10 Total... 154 — 713 9 — 1071 — 2238 — 1723 — 1456 86 Table showing particulars of Cholera Deaths in the different Tdooks and Municipal Towns of the Godavery District during each month of the year 1870. — (Continued.) Undi Talook, South Tanaku Talook, Ellore Municipal Town, Ellore Talook, Ernagudinm Talook, Zemindaries. of District. South of District. S. W. of Talook. S. W. of District. W. of District. Population ... ... ... ... 83,826 152,052 19,940 98,795 130,383 53,605 Total No. of Villages in each Circle ... 163 227 391 617 408 MonthB - •¦• I°|l° I * I I 11° 1I" * 1 January ... •.. ••• ••• ... ... ... ... "") ... ••. February ••- ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• ••• March ... ... ••• ... ... ••• ... ... April 1 910 12 11 667 3 4 5,405 52 May 4 6,734 11 23 28 542 85 65 9 8,632 33 6 6,098 33 2 3,023 June 32 31,419 159 90 87 201 1,011 30 26 22,994 129 28 30,799 280 26 51,153 117 July 50 49,950 458 99 109 668 1,017 \- 19,940 IS fig §S O §S P£ §S p3 |§ fi January ... ... #># T r February March ... ... ' "g 3^lo 12 .1. !!. !.! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... April ... ... j _ 6 May ... ... _'¦ # >#> June .» — ... ... ... ... ... ... ... '" ... ... ... ... ... '.. ... ... ... 8 6,681 24 July ... ... [ 15,184 \ 22 16,061 268 August ... ... 4 4 ; 080 42 39 31,196 398 September ... ... ... 2 2,050 8 ... 1 981 2 31 October ... ... ... 7 8,639 14 3 4,216 4 November December Total... — 22 — — - — 18 — — — — 44 — 726- 90 102. From the fact of the Kistna District but partially suffering during th year of invasion, a reproduction of cholera may be anticipatec na eP Dißtrfct On may I be during the current year, should climatic and other causesb lookedjfor during 1871. fayourable to renewaL Table showing proportion of Deaths to 1000 of Population of the different Talooks and Municipal Towns of the Kistna District during each month of the year 1870. ___ j ; * i I * i hi Talookß and Municipal Towns- |" | -a j . "3 § J> § § d I J I 1- -i- - 1 # I I 1 S § 1 Nundigama Talook Bezwada „ 0-05 1-9 2-9 0-4 (VO2 o'o2 ... 5-39 Gudivada „ 04 11 2-6 07 0-1 5-16 Masulipatam Municipal Town 0-1 0-6 07 0-6 01 229 Talook 0-2 17 04 01 001 ... 2-52 Repalli „ ... ... 0-09 0-2 003 0-03 0-39 Bapetla „ 0-04 0-03 ... 0-07 Rajapett „ 007 01 0-21 Vinnacondah „ ... Palnad „ 01 005 017 Krosur „ ... ... Guntoor Municipal Town ... Guntoor Talook 0-4 0-02 0-44 Zemindariea 0-2 2*84 377 02 o'o3 6"87 103. Vizagapatam Distbict. — What has been said of the Kistna District applies also to the Vizagapatam District to the northward. It felt the influence of the cholera explosion in the Godavery District to a slight extent only, and at a later date. Setting aside the few deaths in the early months of the year from the ordinar spring cholera of the coast, it is evident that the movement of cholera from th local centre of the Godavery only reached the district in July. The portion of the district mainly affected were the talooks of Vizianagrum and Bimlipatam which being on the highroad to the northern port of Bimlipatam, were naturall brought more into communication with the affected centre of the Godaver District, any other talooks. The total of cases was insignificant, and th following table shows their distribution : — 91 iPalcondah Munici- p , , , _ . , Survasidy Talook, GolcoDdah Talook, Vizagapatam District. pal Town, North „ a fn-/"t South-East of South- West of Parvatipore. Bobbilli. Salur. Chipparapally, Gajapatinagmm. of Talook. JNorthotmstnct. District. District. Population ... ... 8,410 130,169 100,030 78,195 118,900 112,367 61,179 162,112 84,306 TT l a ch n cSe rr ° f l! llageSi . n 509 296 691 * 144 2 18 * o So © o mo qjo © o <£> 9 © o ©o January ... ... ... f I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... February... ... ... ... 1 736 2 ... ... * ... 2 817 2 1 899 1 March ... ... ... ... 2 1,820 2 April ... ... ... 1 737 1 2 2,968 4 1 521 1 May | ... ... June ... ... ... 3 7,076 3 )¦ 8,410 <( July ... ... 2 3,777 2 1 413 1 1 1,055 1 2 2,081 2 2 2,106 2 j*. August ... ... ... ... 4 7,003 10 2 2,198 2 2 1,534 2 1 1,415 1 1 9,278 3 5 2,511 10 3 2,545 12 September ... 2 3,437 8 5 3,303 6 1 641 1 7 5,321 12 2 1,112 3 October ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •¦' November ... ... .. 2 1,637 2 1 1,093 1 92 Table showing the particulars of Cholera Deaths in the different Talooks and Municipal Towns of the Vizagapatam District during each month of the year 1870. — (Continued.) Vizagapatam District. M Vi ? i ? n^ am VizianagramTalook Srungavarpu Bimlipatam Bimli tarn Talook Veravilly. Vizagapatam Vizagapatam Ankapa ii y . Municipal Town. ° cotta. Municipal Town. r ' Municipal Town. Talook. r * Population ... ... 14,046 93,134 102,232 5,192 80,674 128,545 16,867 84,066 150,251 Total number of Villages in , Q _. *:***. *. qa each Circle 1>874 ***** # 6,192 <[ July ... ... 2 4,337 23 1 1,127 1 ... 2 2,828 34 1 1,997 2 3 7,657 4 August ... ... 2 3,003 28 3 1,783 5 ... 1 2,410 1 2 2,888 2 2 977 2 September ... 3 4,312 3 3 6,242 6 2 3 6,023 3 1 16,867 3 2 2,871 2 2 1,834 2 October ... ... ... November ... ... 2 1,718 2 ... 3 2,543 3 2 3,090 2 1 16,867 4 1 712 2 I 976 5 December... ... ... ... ... 2 5,572 2 J L ... ••• ••• •• 93 Tahle showing proportion of Deaths to 1,000 of Population in the different TalooJcs and Municipal Towns of the Vizagapatam District, during each month of the year 1870. ' ; ¦ Talooks and Municipal P 3 j -m g fe -S -9 - II i ii i i lii I 1 i Palcondah Municipal Town Palcondah Talook o*ol 0-07 0.06 ... 001 6*16 Survasidy „ " 0009 ... o'o2 ... 0-01 0-05 011 Golcondah „ o*o2 0-02 Parvatipore „ o'o3 0-008 0.001 ". 0-05 Bobbilli „ 0-008 0-008 0-17 Salur... „ 0-04 0-01 0-06 Chiparapilly „ o'ol 0-01 0-006 0-01 0.06 o'o7 — o'oo6 ... 0-18 Gajapatinagrum 0-01 0"02 o*l4 0.03 0-21 Vizianagram Municipal Town. ... Vizianagram Talook 0-02 ... 0-01 0-2 0"3 0-03 ... 0-02 ... 0-63 Srungavarapu cottah 0-009 0009 0-04 0-05 0-010-14 Bimlipatam Municipal Town 0-38 0-38 Bimlipatam Talook 0-01 o'o2 0-02 0-4 001 0-03 ... 0-03 ... 0-57 VeraviUy „ 0"01 0-01 ... 0-03 Vizagapatam Municipal Town 0-1 ... 0-2 ... 0-04 Vizagapatam Talook 0-02 ... 0-04 0-04 0"04 o'o4 ... o*o4 ... 013 Ankapally ... ... 0-04 o'o2 ... 001 ... 0.03 ... 0-11 104. Ganjam Disteict. — While I am relating the history of cholera in the Northern Districts it may be as well to mention that Ganjam, the district which 138 nearest to, and is apparently a part of, the endemic field of cholera, had > epidemic during 1870. The reported deaths were exceedingly few. The llowing tables give all the necessary particulars in regard to this district. Tiether the slight increase of mortality in the month of August was due to the >rthern extension of the Godavery epidemic, or to mere seasonal influences, the cts at my disposal do not enable me to say. As cholera finds an apparent fficulty in moving downward from the endemic area through this district to calities in the south, it may be that it does not readily advance upward, but Le experience of more years is necessary to settle the point. 94 Table showing particulars of Cholera Deaths in the different Talooks and Municipal Towns of the Ganjam District during each month of the year 1870. _ Berhampore „ , Dhicacole m.j i Goomsoor MnmVinnl Berhampore Chicacole Gangam. Talook. Town Talook. Municipal Talook- Zemindaries. iown. Town. Population. 134,832 20,570 194,079 14,686 139,907 733,135 Total No of villages j 090 670 1,081 2,941 in each Circle. ' Months. rS'd.2 r ? T) .2 ' T3^T3.2 r « na .2 r^ .21! o .2^ *" tv -S es -g pcSp cS S -1^ -go!g o! t5 S 03 gtHi-Sc3ogoO-ao g °Alii 1 pl lll 1 IJU4MK I a Ph O Ph C fin O^PmO^Pli O January 3 1,108 3 "1 f 1 3 3,325 3 f February 2 3,068 8 March 2 492 3 11 500 1 ... 1 925 1 2 2,912 2 April 2 670 5 ... 1 775 1 ... 1 819 1 4 3,851 5 May 1 887 3 ... 1 4,587 2 ... 1 314 1 7 2,130 8 June 4 1,4"2 5 }>20,570 <{ 2 }•¦ 14,686 ¦< ... 1 857 1 1 692 1 July 6 3,192 8 ... 2 2,859 2 ... 3 1,615 3j 9 8,736, 33 August 3 1,010 6 10 C 9,739 9 15 6,499 6 25 21,737166 September 6 4 5,032 11 2 1 349 1 8 4,113 46 October ... 1 119 1 1 1,542 1 November ... 1 2,101 1 ... 1 568 1 December 1 609 2 J L ... 2 1,368 7 J I ... 1 300 1 4 365 5 Total... — 35 |20 - 37 3 — 17 — , 270 Table showing proportion of Cholera Deaths to 1,000 of Population of the different Talooks and Municipal Towns of the Ganjam District, during each month of the year 1870. Talooks and Municipal £» g • "S S « "g "§ $£$%££Z%£B£&g Goomsoor Talook ... 0-02 ... o'o2 0-03 0"02 0-03 005 0-04 O'Ol 0-26 Berhampore Municipal Town 004 ... 0-04 0-09 ... 0-4 o'2 ... 0-005 003 0-97 Berhampore Talook ... 001 ... o*oos 0-005 0-01 ... 001 0-04 o'os 0-19 Chicacole Municipal Town ... 0-06 0-1 0-20 Chicacole Talook 0007 0-007 0-007 0-007 0-02 0-04 0-007 0-007 0-007 0-007 0-1 2 Zemindaries o'oo4 0-002 o'oo6 0-01 0-001 0-04 0-2 0"06 O'OOl ... 0-006 0-36 105. I have now reviewed the condition of all the districts subjected to new invasion of cholera in 1870. The next chapter will be devoted to an account of the districts, in which cholera was renewed, or reproduced, during the same period. 95 CHAPTER V. REPRODUCTION OF CHOLERA IN A PORTION OF THE TRACT INVADED IN 1869. 106. The cholera of 1869 was still smouldering in the districts of North Arcot, Cholera existing in North Arcot, Neiiore, Districts in January 187 ft J.O/U* Nellore, Salem, and Madras at the beginning of the year 1870. As regards the North Arcot District it was prevalent, but not very active, in the Zemindary tracts to the north-east of the district, towards Nellore, and also in Old Arcot. In the town of Nellore the disease was more common than usual in February, when Decay of the epi- fifty-seven deaths occurred. It died out here and in the demic in February. district about the middle of March, and has subsequently had but a slight prevalence. In the Madras District, cholera was still prevailing at Conjeeveram in January, but it faded out in February. In the town of Madras the cholera deaths in January were thirty- seven, but here the disease diminished during February, and the only noticeable occurrence was a very local outbreak in a portion of the barracks occupied by H. M.'s 45th Regiment in Fort Saint George, the circumstances of which outbreak will be noticed hereafter. In the Salem District cholera was prevailing to some extent in the month of January. In the cholera report for 1869, the affection of this district was traced to importation by pilgrims travelling westward from Tripatty. 107. North Arcot. — At the end of April I proceeded to Vellore, Arcot, and Disappearance of cholera in March and April. Wallajahbad to inspect the Municipal towns, and remained at Vellore and Arcot until the 2nd May. Up to this date the neighbourhood was quite free of cholera. The weather was unusually hot and dry ; the land winds from the west blew strongly all day, but towards the afternoon thunder clouds gathered in the north-west, and dust storms with lightning and thunder, but no rain, came up nearly every evening. Although no rain fell at Vellore and Arcot up to this time, it was evident that the spring rains (mango showers) were falling all about the hills to the north of the district, as may be seen in the following record of mean rain-fall in the several talooks :—: — Table showing the amount af Bain-fall in April 1870, in the North Arcot District. Talooks. In April. . Since January Ist. Inches. Days. Inches. Days. Chendragherry ... 0-02 1 2-27 5 Chittoor 1-30 3 4 65 9 Ghidiatum ... ... 1-40 2 Palmanair 045 1 I*ls 3 Vellore ... ... 0-50 5 Wandewash ... ... ... ... ... ... 10-5 4 Average 0-20 \ 144 4 108. On the evening of the 2nd May the first case of cholera of the season occurred in Chittoor, the suddur station of the district. The g rs^ persons attacked had been, one for twenty days, and Outbreak in Chittoor on 2nd May. the other a month in Chittoor, though neither were residents of the place. 96 There is no history of these persons having been in recent contact with travellers, though pilgrims were at the time passing through the town on their way to Tripatty. 109. The death registers show that on nearly the same date that cholera broke out in Chittoor, deaths occurred in the north-east of the g?e Urryr;paSL\lSU rry r;p aSL\IS! a an a d Tripatty on the same district, in the Zemindary town of Vencatagherry, at Palman j rj on tke south-eastern edge of the Mysore table-land, and at Tripatty where pilgrims were assembling for high festival. These several places lie wide apart, and the outbreak occurring precisely at the same time in them seems to prove that the cholera was a cholera of reproduction, brought into life again, in all probability, by the spring rains then falling irregularly over the hilly tracts of the district. At Tripatty the Police reported thirty-four deaths occurring between the 3rd and sth of May, but the information regarding the actual out-break at this station is meagre and unsatisfactory. The Superintendent of Police of the district was absent, and his locum tenens could give no information of any value. Yet it is a fact well known to the Railway authorities that cholera appeared there in a very virulent form, and that the people rapidly dispersed during the " Grunga Jathra " festival, which lasted from the sth to the 11th May. The feast of the Madras District, Oonjeeveram feast following close upon ment of pilgrims by great Conjeeveramin (Ohingleput) , , , ' , _ , a town m direct railway communication with Tripatty, began on the 11th of May and continued for ten days, and the Tripatty pilgrims went in large numbers direct from the latter to the former town, many by rail, and many also by the ordinary roads. The Superintendent of Police observes, " since the dispersion of the pilgrims from Tripatty, cholera has been rife along the road from Tripatty towards Madras, cases having been reported from Vadamulpett, (Narnaveram) Puttoor, Naggery, and Trittany." It may be well, before going any further, to examine the dates of the first cholera deaths in these places :—: — Puttoor (on the railway) ... ... ... ... May 6th Naggery ... ... ... ... ... ... do. 21st Trittanny do. 21st Vadamulpett do. 22nd Narnaveram..' do. 22nd Vellore do. 29th Punganoor... ... ... ... ... ... do. 31st It is evident from these dates that the towns on high roads leading to Madras, nd other places, were slowly affected, long after a body of cholera had been aken on to Conjeeveram by the pilgrims travelling by rail. Cholera, as has ready been stated, was smouldering in villages of the North Arcot District all irougli the early months of the year, when it broke out with virulence in the ontli of May. In Chittoor, Palamanair, and Venkatagherry, where it appeared t precisely the same time as at Tripatty, it had no long continuance ; at Chittoor eaths occurred on the 3rd, 4th, sth, 11th, and 12th of May; at Venkatagerry n the 2nd and 3rd May ; and at Palamanair on the 3rd May only. I At Tripatty the revitalised cholera found in the assembling pilgrims a nidus r further ravages, which was apparently wanting elsewhere in the district, for 97 it was from this centre that a virulent cholera proceeded along the high road towards Conjeeveram, and possibly in other directions also, if it were possible to get at the facts. 110. It will be observed from the district table that the cholera mortality of North Arcot went up from a total of ninety-nine deaths in April, to 935 in May, but the best mode of showing the progress of this revived cholera on a large scale will be to give the deaths in North Arcot and adjoining districts for the several months of the year. Chingleput Districts. North Arcot. ( Madras Madras City. Nellore. Salem. District.) Population 1,780,616 804,283 450,000 11,68,664 16,19,233 Cholera Deaths. January 83 117 37 141 560 February 102 54 15 180 443 March 98 8 9 112 271 April 99 16 48 9 215 May ... 935 287 79 ... 126 June 899 551 391 10 206 July 334 152 113 27 567 August 389 72 121 20 521 September 176 63 20 76 172 October 113 35 22 20 69 November 227 19 3 14 40 December ]40 20 3 4 '319 Total... 3,595 1,394 861 613 3,509 i , The figures show that the reproduction of cholera in the North Arcot District was apparently aggravated by the dispersion of pilgrims, and that the neighbouring districts became affected by this reproduced cholera at a later date than North Arcot. It is evident that cholera, which had never completely died out from the 18G9 invasion, first showed itself in strength in the month of May, in the North Arcot District, and that it attained its maximum of intensity in the Chingleput and Madras districts in the following month, viz., June, and in Salem, to the westward, a month later, or in July. It is worthy of remark also that the reproduced epidemic never reached Nellore District in any force. During the greatest intensity of cholera in North Arcot (May) there was not a single death from it in the Nellore District, and in the following months the I Cuddapah District ghtly affected only pilgrim dispersion. deaths were insignificant. The railway and high road bring the Cuddapah District also into direct contact with the infected centre of Tripatty, and it is curious to observe how little the cholera influence was felt in that district. The few deaths, it may be noted, occurred chiefly in the talooks through which the line of railway passes, or adjoining the eastern border of the Mysore Country. i < . & i . i jj Districfc> I g 14. .d . 4 _• ¦1 II 6.1 _ I I I Hi t I f f f i J I I Cuddapah ... 1,144,759 31 50 29 10 8 6 134 98 Here we see that cholera, after a disappearance of eight months, suddenly lights up again in May coincidently with the dispersion of persons from an affected pilgrim site. Cuddapah having suffered from a slight invasion of cholera in 1869 was this year comparatively free. The district moreover was largely suffering from the presence of malaria, and I believe it to be a fact that cholera influences cannot lay hold of a locality that is at the time under some other morbific influence, such as fever or small-pox. 111. The great stream of human intercourse during the first ten days of May Communication between Tripatty and Conjeeveram. was from Tripatty to Conjeeveram, and places to the southward, and we shall see that Conjeeveram, distant about sixtyfive miles from Tripatty, and reached by railway in a few hours, was not long behind Tripatty in giving evidence of cholera. The first case in Conjeeveram occurred on the 6th of May, five days before Outbreak in Conjeeveram during the great festival. Particulars of early cases. the feast commenced, but not before the pilgrims had begun to arrive at the town. Mr. Chadwick, the Medical Officer of the station, thus describes the advent of cholera : — "On the evening of the Bth May 1870, private information reached me of the existence of cholera in a suburban hamlet, a mile distant from the town on the south-east. Almost immediately with this information came a letter from the Town Sub-Magistrate, apprising of the death by cholera of two persons in this village. Next day I proceeded to the village and inspected the dwelling where the cases occurred. The information I elicited on the spot was as follows :—: — " On the morning of Friday the 6th of May, a man of the Gentoo Pollicar caste, aged about forty years, was attacked and died about 2 o'clock the same afternoon. His son, aged four years, was attacked between 11 and 12 o'clock the same day and succumbed within an hour after the death of the father. Neither parent nor child had gone out of the village anywhere. There was no cholera about the surrounding villages, no fresh arrival of any person ; in short, nothing that could afford the impression of the importation of the disease. The village does not lie in the line of traffic, and is accessible by carts with some little difficulty. " Almost every villager was questioned by me as to the existence of loose-bowels among them, and their replies induced me to conclude that these were but sporadic cases." Mr. Chadwick notes that the village was very dirty, a mass of refuse and manure, and the hut in which the cholera cases occurred was horribly offensive, surrounded by cess-pools, seething from the heat of the weather. The village was vigorously cleansed under Mr. Chadwick's direction, and not another case of cholera occurred in it. 112, On the 11th of May cholera appeared within the town, in the person of I lth of May, date of break amongst pilots in the town, a woman who was a visitor to the feast, from a place called Siddamburam in the Cuddalore District. She arrived about a week previous to the above date, in company with a gang of mendicants, of whom she formed one. On the same day a case of choleraic diarrhoea presented itself in the person of another visitor to the feast from Chittoor. On the 13th May a pilgrim from Chittoor died of cholera. This man had come in company with the preceding case. The festival actually began on the 12th of May, and from the 11th of May to Ist July cholera continued to prevail in the town. There were 160 cases coming under the Medical Officer's observation and Ecidence of the oatk at Conjeeveram. ortality trifling. forty-nine deaths, Mr. Chadwick in his report speaks highly of the value of acetic acid in the treatment of cholera. From the Mortuary Register I observe that fifty-three deaths occurred in May, thirty-six in June, and three in July, or in 99 all ninety- two. The number is not large, considering that about 30,000 visitors are supposed to have attended the festival ; but it must be remembered that the town register takes no account of the pilgrims who sickened and died after leaving the town. Owing to the drought, scarcity of water, and recent sickness in the town (cholera continuing from the former importation in October 1869 to February 1870) the Collector had issued a warning to the Hindu public of the risks they ran in visiting the town. In consequence of this notice the number of pilgrims fell short of the average attendance at the May festival, which in some years has brought 130,000 persons together. As to the meteorology of Conjeeveram at the time of the outbreak, Mr. Chadwick notices that he had no instruments for recording temperature, &c. ; but that " the hot winds were unbearable," State of weather during the outbreak. chiefly south-west, occasionally veering to north-west. On the 15th May a very slight fall of rain occurred, and again on the 20th; on the 31st rain fell pretty heavily for the first time, lasting about half an hour. ' I cannot say whether the progress of the disease was in any way affected by these showers, as there was no marked increase in the number of admissions and deaths, neither was there a sudden cessation of the epidemic influence, the disease continuing to prevail all through June and July, when it quite disappeared." 113. To understand how the association of large numbers, as at Tripatty and Distribution of cho- lera to surrounding districts by pilgrims. Conieeveram, is injurious to the country at large, we must J J # J now turn to a narrative drawn up by Lieutenant Price, Assis, x J tant (superintendent of Police, North Arcot District. This gentleman recorded the facts after personally visiting the villages which had been affected by the Conjeeveram pilgrims in returning from that place. " The first chord struck by this terrible scourge in the sub-division of the North Arcot District Narrative of the Assistant Superintendent of Police, North Arcot was at the village of Doshee, situated three miles to the south of the town of Conjeeveram (resulting in the speedy death of the attacked), and the reverberations of the same have now unhappily filled every talook of the sub-division. i" I regret that at present I am not in possession of the minute facts necessary for a detailed lort on the commencement of the plague and its progress in talooks other than that of Vellore. ese facts I hope to glean in a few days, and if the Sanitary Commissioner considers them worth ording, I shall be happy to place them on record." " The first case in the talook under report occurred on the 12th of May, when a cholera-stricken Reddy, en route to his home from Conjeeveram, died at the village of Kistnaveram. On the 14th May the destroyer presented himself at the village of Vellore Taluq. Munnoor, situated about one mile from Kistnaveram, and there claimed, as his victims, three children. Police Inspector Kistnasawmy was on the spot, and by his solicitations the parents allowed the children to be treated with cholera pills furnished from the Vellore Dispensary. The results were happy. One child succumbed, while the other two are now rapidly progressing towards convalescence. §" After the disease had made its appearance in these two villages, it suddenly became apparent te villages that lie adjacent to the roads passing through contiguous Police Divisions of Amboor Vepuncoopum, and which lead into Salem District, via Vaniembaddy and Alangyum, respectively. " Both these roads are much frequented by the pilgrims going westward from Conjeeveram, and who from inquiries made, seem to have been the carriers of the disease. The road from Vepuncoopum to Alangyum lies over precipitous ghauts and through heavy jungle, where water is I" The extra fatigue and privation forced on the half-starved wretches who pass by this routa it possibly predispose them to attacks of cholera, but on this point I can offer no opinion. CC 100 Suffice it to say that travellers by this route have suffered severely. The dead are buried or burned ai distances which vary from half to quarter of a mile from the high way, but I regret to record that the fetid clothes of diseased persons, which, in many cases have been covered with vomit and excrement, are not parted with or destroyed, but are carried on until water is reached, there washed, and perhaps ere they are yet dry, the owner will have slaked his thirst at the very pool which he naff just impregnated with filth the most deadly. This washing has been stopped by the Police as far as they can do so, but the sad fact remains that the people will not part with or destroy these clothes which help to engender and spread the scourge. The motions and vomit of an affected person are thrown carelessly on one side. No attempt at burying them is made, though the efficacy of doing so has been strongly urged on the people, who also seem to have but little faith in our medicines, and when attacked prefer either to meet their ' luck ' quietly, or take medicines prescribed by Native Physicians. The Police have done their utmost to combat these fallacies, but have in many cases failed to produce any good effect. " Thus far I have dealt only with the disease to the westward of Vellore. It spread also to^ the southward, and on the 20th of May, a corpse was discovered in a nullah near Curcumbaddy, and was recognized as a pilgrim from Conjeeveram, who had been attacked with cholera in Curcumbaddy and taken on by his friends towards Arnee. The corpse was interred by the Police at a secure depth. And on the 23rd cholera made itself felt in the village of Chattery, situated about one mile south of the Central Jail (Vellore). Here a female pilgrim from Conjeeveram was attacked, and succumbed in a few hours ; a male who had also come from Conjeeveram with her, died in an equally short time. Two other cases appeared in this village, but gave way to treatment by a Dresser sent there by Dr. Fox. " It will be seen that in every case in this talook the curse is traceable to the Conjeeveram pilgrims who appear to have carried the germs of the disease with them and spread it unsparingly. No fresh cases have been brought to notice lately, and the disease appears to be dying out." Lieutenant Price's further report is as follows :—: — " The first case of cholera in the Arcot Talook was also the first case in the North Arcot Sub-division. A pilgrim who had come from Tripatty to Conjeeveram, and was returning from the latter place to the south, was attacked on the 10th of Arcot Taluq. May at Doshee, situated about four miles south of Conjeeveram. The victim in this case belonged to a large party of pilgrims, and on the 11th of May, two more of the party were attacked and abandoned on the road-side, about half a mile south of Mamandoor ; these two cases were fatal. On the night of the 13th of May, a party of Conjeeveram pilgrims halted at Tetry, about twelve miles south of, and on the same road as Doshee. On the morning of the 14th, one of them was attacked with cholera, put in a cart and taken away by his party ; his fate is unknown. Simultaneously with his being attacked, two children were seized with the disease and died. Within the week three more fatal cases occurred in this village. It then spread to the east, and two cases occurred in Mailma, situated one mile east of Tetry. It would appear that the villagers of Tetry took the disease there, as they were in the habit of continually going there- The next case occurred at Vundanagoor, still keeping to the south and on the line frequented by the returning pilgrims from Conjeeveram. The attacked in this case was a pilgrim from that place ; he recovered. Still holding to the southward the disease made its appearance at Wandewash on the 26th of May, where a Conjeeveram pilgrim was attacked. His Wandewash. treatment was immersion in a cold tank and copious drenches of cold water ; he recovered. On the 30th, the disease seemed to have radiated from Wandewash and became apparent at Theelar, eight miles south ; Pernameelore, twelve miles west ; Trivatore, eleven miles north-west ; and Parasoon, about five miles south-west. At the first named village, five villagers were attacked and died. These men were not Conjeeveram pilgrims, but the cholera-stricken pilgrims had passed through and halted at the village, and seem to have left the taint behind them. At the second named village, two Conjeeveram pilgrims were attacked and succumbed ; at the fifth named village, one man and two children, Conjeeveram pilgrims, were attacked and died ; and at the fourth, two Conjeeveram pilgrims were attacked and recovered. All the villages (excepting Parasoon and Trivatore), whose names I have given, lie on the roads that are the feeders to Conjeeveram. They have all been visited by me during this month, and no want of sanitary arrangement was perceived, nor were they in a dirty state, excepting the village of Mamandoor. The disease is clearly traceable in these talooks to Conjeeveram. In every case, except at Theelar, the victims have been pilgrims, and even at Theelar thepresumption is strong, that the curse was brought by these pilgrims who halted there and passed on to> 101 the south. Tn Arcot, however, prior to the passing through of any pilgrim, t vailing in Arcot all the disease appeared, and on the 12th of May and on subsequent dates a case ough the cold sea- here an( j there was seen. It died out in a few days. Since the passing of ¦on. — (W. R. 0.) i. pilgrims through the town, it has again appeared, and on the 18th of this month, it broke out with great severity, carrying off five victims in one day. 1 14. We gather from this record that cholera was scattered far and wide over the country by the pilgrims returning from Conjeeveram. The facts have been recorded by Mr. Price, not to support any theory, but simply with the view of describing occurrences coming under his own observation. The story of the Tripatty and Conjeeveram pilgrims in 1870 is true of all such bodies of human beings, in relation to cholera, in all other years when a new invasion or reproduction of the disease takes place, whether the facts be ascertained and recorded, or whether they be left unnoticed. To argue that cholera in seasons of reproduction or invasion is not aggravated by the assemblage of crowds of human beings at the religious festivals of the country, is to ignore plain truths that the people themselves admit to be unquestionable. 115. Before I conclude these observations on the influence of places like Extension of cholera from Conjeeveram to Tripatore in the Salem District. Tripatty and Conjeeveram in the distribution of cholera, I have to notice the spread of the disease to the talooks of the Salem District adjoining North Arcot, and for the details I am indebted to Mr. Overbury, the Head Assistant Collector of the district, residing at Tripatore, where cholera appeared in a very severe form. Mr. Overbury states, " About the 25th of May List, there occurred two or three isolated cases of cholera in Vaniembaddy and Jolarpett (station towns on the South- West Line of the Madras Railway.) The disease in the former town was, I believe, intro- Mr. Overbury's report. duced by the pilgrims by the Madras train. (The Conjeeveram pilgrims join the Madras train at Arconum.) At the latter place it was proved to have been introduced. Mr. Reid, however, the Locomotive Superintendent and Manager, took such steps as to prevent its spreading to the adjacent villages, and his endeavours were attended with success. t" No other case occurred until the 26th June. A wealthy native in Tripatore had invited a large mber of friends from Conjeeveram, and other places in its vicinity, to celebrate a marriage. On the it night of their arrival in Tripatore, cholera broke out in the said native's house, and the disease *cad simultaneously, radiating over the talooks, penetrating even the Javady Hills (a range south-east Tripatore, ranging from 3to 4,000 feet in height.) It ultimately passed away on the 3rd Septem•, the time occupied in its progress being three months and a half." I Mr. Overbury furnishes the following list of places attacked, with dates first cases. The list is correct so far as it goes, though it does not include cry place attacked by cholera in his sub-division. It will be noticed that b dates of attack are such as to preclude the idea of a simultaneous outbreak, pending on climatic or general causes affecting the whole district. The town Tripatore, of 10,381 inhabitants, was attacked on the 26th June, and accord* to the Police returns, eighty-nine deaths, and by the Revenue Register ninetyjr deaths, occurred in it during the month of July, the last death occurring on the sth August. The town of Salem, 100 miles to the southwest, was slightly affected in May, fifteen deaths occurred Outbreak in Salem. tre from the 10th to 24th of the month. Cholera did not spread on this occasion, t from the 30th of July to the 13-th of August there were fifty-nine deaths the town. Although the direct channels of introduction could not in either ie be traced, it seems most probable that the May cholera was an extension from Tripatty, and the July and August cholera from the affected talooks to 1 the eastward. While the disease was raging at Tripatore all through the early part of July, the town of Salem was absolutely free of it. 102 Mr. Overbury's Table of Cholera in Tripatore TalooJc with dates of outbreak. Number of persons that Talooks. Villages. " Date of first attack. Attacked. Eeoovered. Died. 1 Tripatore 167 105 62 26th June 1870. 2 Keel Kuppum. 24 20 4 16th July 1870. 3 Naravinthampatti. 2 11 Do. 2 4 Nallapatharampatti. 1 ... 1 Do. -§ 5 Kandalli. 9 2 7 Do. .P- 6 ParamPett. 1 ... 1 18th do. E-! 7 Bomwa Kuppum. 5 ,„ 5 20th do. 8 Chinnarapett. 20 9 11 Do. Total... 229 137 92 1 Paparapatti. 3 2 1 20th July 1870. 2 Kottapadi. 7 5 2 23rd do. 3 Yelavadi. 3 ... 3 24th do. 4 Kunnathur. 13 7 6 26th do. 5 Kudulpatti. 1 ... 1 3rd Aug- 1870. 6 Chinnagundanoor. 1 1 ... 4th do, ,2 7 Kullani. 1 ... 1 sth do. Eh 8 Kaudagundauoor. 1 1 3 r d (J Oj 9 Nariganoor. 2 ... 2 10th do. £ 10 Utengerry. 1 1 ... 11th do. So 11 Poodoor. 4 3 1 15th do. 12 Appinaikunipatti. 4 3 1 15th do. p 13 Chinna Coonathur. 2 11 23rd do. 14 Motur. 2 11 29th do. 15 Atiniseeanipatti. 1 1 Da 16 Tadampatti, near Haroor. 2 2 Do. 17 Terunanumpatti. 20 7 13 13th Sept. 1870. Total... 68 I 35 I 33 CHOLERA IN SALEM DISTRICT. 116. In the special cholera report for 1869, 1 showed that an invasion of the district had occurred from the eastward, consequent on the dispersion of affected pilgrims from Tripatty, in September 1869, and that both Salem and Coimbatore had apparently been affected by railway travellers, the earlier cases having, in both instances, occurred at the railway stations. At the end of 1869 cholera was mostly localised in the Salem Talook, but prevailing also in Kistnatierry and Trichengode Talooks. During the early months of 1870, there was nsiderable prevalence, but by April and May it had considerably abated, except in the Salem Talook. The month of June witnessed an increased development of cholera, especially in the higher Kiolera in the higher oks. Ids of the district, forming a portion of the Mysore plateau. Cholera at the same ie was increasing in the adjoining districts of the province of Mysore. In July a ge increase of mortality took place in the Tripatore, Kistnagherry, and Oossoor looks, and this local development of cholera must be considered in relation to . Overbury's narrative of the westward extension of the outbreaks amongst the ipatty and Conjeeveram pilgrims. Cholera generally abated in the district September ; at the end of the year it was prevailing with force only in the mcul Talook, which up to December had hardly been affected at all. I The annexed tables give all the particulars as to the affection of the several ooks of the district, and the chief point of interest is the very local character the epidemic throughout the year, the intensity varying in each talook, not much in accordance with any general seasonal peculiarity, as has been served in regard to some other districts. 103 Table showing particulars of Cholera Deaths in each Municipal Tou-n and TalooTc of the Salem District during each month of the year 1870. Kistnagherry 6 Uttengherry tt ] too 1 r Namcul Trichengode Salem Mnnicipal c , „, , , Dharmapoory „ ,_ Talook, Taiook Talook Talook Talo( | Tow S^SS Talook, N W of S°riS N. of District. SiJiet E. of District. gj*£ S. of District. S. W. of District. W. of Talook. W. of District. W . of District *• W. of District- Population ... 132,515 151,845 127,084 126,814 222,784 209,803 33,072 284,712 161,067 169,537 8750 485 680 309 724 588 707 933 1,820 1 i /111 .11,11.11.11.! .11.11.11. £ o II I S II I I l! I 1 1! S ? It I ? 1| I It I 1 l| I * III? 11 I ¦ ' * . 23 14,094 95 4 6,031 43 9 18,293 28 8 5,556 24 36 21,098 97 f 30 70 66,444 238 5 1,338 5 reoraary... ... 22 14,215 63 17 13,898 105 1 620 1 12 17,900 41 l 378 1 20 19,398 43 13 42 35,571 132 7 11,069 24 3 1,900 20 March ... ...14 4,244 67 3; 3 054 5 6 3 982 11 22 31,881 47 1 2,372 1 10 8,448 19 2 28 28,299 80 19 11,748 30 8 1,504 9 A P ril - ••• 8 2,076 13 1 491 1 4 3,283 8 4 4,992 5 6 3,559 48 7 4,954 19 ... 19 13,639 64 8 5,666 30 2 1,918 27 Ma y ••• -. 6 18,414 13 1 1,404 6 5 5,046 12 2 5,110 2 2 1,613 8 15 19 17,316 78 3 895 5 1 329 2 June - ••• 8 3,126 28 14: 16,507 30 2 1,110 15 1 893 1 1 179 1 I | ... 18 8,676 62 5 3,370 16 17 8,388 53 y 33,072 -1 Jul y ••• ... 40 17,369 128 42 30,092 258 5 3,635 8 4' 3,488 12 5 4,026 5 2 2,042 2 18 7 3,816 10 6 8,69(5 9 25 14,032 117 August ... ... 17 8,676 68 31 35,674 102 11 5,948 26 17 20,111 38 9 9,316 14 24 8,360 76 19 60 66,153 120 3 2,483 15 7 2152 43 O September ... 4 5,384 29 11 13,774 20 4 2,115 35 10 15,183 16 6 3 380 11 14 11,534 26 1 13 10,122 23 5 6,300 9 2 1,613 2 October ... ... 6 6,175 24 7 8.774 13 8 8,679 9 6 2,197 12 ... 5 2,903 10 1 327 1 November ... 3 3,020 8 ... 3 572 8 5 4,244 14 1 602 2 2 1,284 8 1 December ... 6 4,259 18 I 4 7,452 8 2 1,443 16 7, 13,706 35 I 36 37,536 230 1 628 1 J . ... 4 2,740 5 3 1,094 6 Total ... - 541 - 598 . 134 - i !235 j — 360 — 98 — 822 I 153 — 278 104 117. From the figures it maybe surmised that cholera moves but slowly in Slow movement of cholera in some portions of the Salem District. this district, for the intensity of the epidemic which occurred in the Salem Talook in January, did not take place in Namcul until December. Whether the configuration of the district aids, or not, in retarding the movement of cholera, is a point of some interest. Any one who will take the trouble to examine a map of Southern India, in wliich the mountain ranges are defined, will be able to satisfy himself that the district is mainly surrounded by high mountains or table-lands ; and that it contains within it a number of hill ranges, many of them from 4,000 to 5,000 feet in altitude. A portion of the district drains eastward to the Palaar, and another portion to the Cauvery valley, to the west and south. The highest point of table-land crossed by the railway in the section of the district, is at the northern base of the Shevaroy mountains, where the elevation is about 1,900 feet above the sea. 118. The Shevaroy range of mountains, to the north of the valley in which Shevaroy Hills and their cholera immunity. the town of Salem stands, may be taken as a type of the hill ranges of the district. They are composed of metamorphic rocks, which, if not bare and exposed, are clothed with but a scanty surface soil and stunted jungle. Water is got from streams, or wells sunk in ravines, and is usually very pure as regards organic matter. The summits of these hills, of 4,000 feet elevation or more, are not subjected to cholera invasion at all. The indigenous inhabitants have very little intercourse with the low country, and in regard to the European settlements on these hills, it is a well ascertained fact, that cholera, however severe and fatal it may be in the valley at the foot of the hills, does not prevail. An occasional case has occurred in persons who have lately arrived from the low country, but I have ascertained by reference to residents of twenty-five years' experience, that they have never known an outbreak amongst the hill people, or their own native servants, though, occasionally, persons in returning from Salem, or the low country, have died of cholera on the hills. In regard to malarious fevers the mountainous regions of the Salem District have no exemption, and when the hot season has been unusually prolonged, and the south-west Salem hills liable to malaria. monsoon has been delayed beyond its usual time, remittent and intermittent evers of a very severe and fatal type have been known to occur. Some of le lower slopes of the Shevaroy Hills, and of the other hill ranges, are, I have eason to think, within the field of cholera invasion. Only in the last year Mr. verbury records that the outbreak at Tripatore spread to adjoining villages, nd invaded the Javady Hills, at the northern base of which the town of Tripatore ands. This range is of less elevation than the Shevaroy s. But in regard to le plateau of the Shevaroy range, I think it may be affirmed beyond question lat no " air-borne " cholera has ever fructified in that locality. Besides the estimony of living residents to that effect, I have consulted the recorded experinceof every Medical Officer of the district, who has known the hills from 1823, own to the present time, and the result is conclusive, that cholera has never been mown there, except in the form of isolated cases in arrivals from the low ountry. 1119. Now the southern edge of the plateau, on which the sanitarium of ercaud stands, is not more than five or six miles, as the crow flies, from the wn and valley of Salem, in which cholera has always been noted for its great 105 [jvalence. If the germs of cholera are wafted over the country by the monsoons, insisted upon by Dr. Bryden, I may here ask why it is that in all the cholera tory of Southern India, the inhabitants of this elevated plateau have never sn " struck" by the cholera miasm ? They have been repeatedly " struck " by the fever miasm, and, indeed, malarious fevers are the most common diseases of natives on the hills. The hill summits are freely exposed to monsoon influences. Clouds of the south-west monsoon roll over the hills and envelope them in mist and moisture, and yet while the people of the Western Coast, and of the country between Salem and that coast are dying by thousands of cholera, the residents of the hill plateau live in absolute security. While I was residing on the Shevaroy Hills in June and July 1865, the inhabitants of Malabar were perishing by thousands in a week from cholera. The south-west monsoon, which blew over this cholera-stricken district, came over the Shevaroy Hills, enveloping them in its moist air, and yet the only case of cholera that occurred on the hills was in the person of an East Indian, who had come up from Calicut on the Western Coast to Salem, the day before, and who was seized with the symptoms of cholera as he began to ascend the Shevaroy Hill ghaut. The very remarkable instance of the Shevaroy Hills would seem to indicate, that if cholera is ever an air-conveyed contagium, the atmosphere has not the power of lifting it to any great height above the average level of Ie land, or of conveying it to any great distance. Cholera may be raging in b valley between the Shevaroy and Kollamally Hills, and yet fail utterly to in a footing on the summit of one or the other range. In the case of the Levaroy Hills, although the hill races keep very much aloof from the low untry, there is constant traffic between the town of Salem and the hills, ie road is not adapted for cart traffic, but some hundreds of coolies and Hocks pass up and down every week. The distance up and down is no more an a cooly can accomplish in a day, and yet with all this communication with ¦requently infected locality, it is very rare to hear of a cooly dying of cholera i on the hills. 1120. Whatever the true explanation may be, the fact remains that the conta am of cholera, even when brought up by the bodies of travellers, does no iinarily spread by multiplication. If the contagium were widely diffused i c atmosphere during epidemic seasons, it is most improbable that some of th Lnute particles of which it is composed, should not be brought over the hill posed as they freely are to the influence of both monsoons. The mer ovation of the hills above the level of the surrounding country cannot accoun r the absence of cholera, because in the case of the Himalaya range, choler ,s been known to prevail epidemically at a much greater elevation than th ghest point of the Shevaroys. The explanation of the difference in th olera-producing powers of Salem and the Shevaroys must, I think, be looke r, to some extent, in the physical differences of the two localities, and als the fact that cholera flourishes best in low lying localities, when the subso oisture is never very distant from the surface. (Some facts in regard to Salem ill be found in the Appendix.) 106 CHOLERA IN THE COIMBATORE DISTRICT. 121. The position of the Coimbatore District, in regard to the phenomena of X Influence of the phy:al geography of the district, as contrasted with Malabar. cholera distribution, is one of considerable interest. In common with the Salem District, it rarely suffers during the years of primary invasion (as in 1859, 1864, and 1869). The western portion of the district includes the high mountain ranges of the Neilgherry and Annamally Hills, and these, except in the narrow, funnel-shaped, pass at Palghaut, through which the high road and south-west line of Railway now run, completely cut off the district from the Malabar country below the western Ghauts. There is a wonderful difference in the climate, and the fauna and flora of Malabar and Coimbatore. Even the people of the western side of the ghauts are a different order of beings, in race, customs, and habits, to those of the eastern side. The former live habitually in a moist atmosphere, in which vegetation attains a luxuriance unknown in any other portion of Southern India. They do not group together in towns and villages (except in a few 'places on the coast), but each house is usually distinct, Malabar. and overshadowed by the graceful foliage of the cocoa or areca palm, the jackfruit, or plaintain. In every hedge-row and shady nook, ferns, lichens, and orchids abound, testifying to the humid nature of the atmosphere. The rainfall on the western side of the ghauts is contributed chiefly by the south-west monsoon, and the average fall is rarely below 100 incheSj and in many places exceeds 150 inches in the year. The soil, a red laterite with sand and alluvium, is naturally fertile, and the careful cultivation of every nook of garden land with palms, pepper, coffee, and plantains, and the terracing and irrigation of rice fields on the hill sides and valleys, is a most pleasant sight to the eye, after the dry and barren-looking plains of Coimbatore on the eastern side of the ghauts. Yet, with all its natural wealth and profusion of vegetation, the Malabar Province is inimical to many forms of animal life. The horned cattle of the district are stunted, so that a Malabar cow is hardly bigger than a leicester sheep. It is the fact that sheep do not thrive at all in this region of ;rennial moisture, and the human race is in many parts of the district held l check by the terrible malaria engendered in so much moisture and excess of ?getation. Epidemic small-pox pursues its ravages with a virulence unknown l the dryer regions of the Carnatic, and cholera, when it does invade the tract ' the Western Coast, becomes a dire pestilence in the land. Happily for the }ople, these invasions do not occur oftener than once in four or five years, id when they do come, the outbreaks are not usually prolonged beyond the ?ar, or the season, following that in which the invasion takes place. 122. The mountain barrier between Malabar and Coimbatore intercepts the Explanation of the id character of the oimbatore District. ram clouds of the south-west monsoon, causing precipitation on . the western side, while the districts to the eastward get scarcely . » * 11 /-n • i • t i t any of this monsoon rainfall. Uoimbatore immediately .under le ghauts, on the east, is particularly deficient in rain during the south-west onsoon. The little it gets is in the form of stray showers, when the winds are ariable. The chief rainfall of the district occurs during the north-east monsoon, hen the rain clouds are kept back by the mountain barrier to the westward. wing to it's geographical position immediately to the eastward of the ghauts, it for the most part a dry and barren district. The cultivation consists mainly 107 of dry cereals, cotton, tobacco, oil seeds, and pulses. Trees, except immediately under the mountain ranges, are scarce and stunted. The red and black soils are poor and thin. The cultivation is largely carried on by the aid of garden wells, sunk to a great depth through disintegrating gniess or schistose rocks. The r ell waters of the district are generally hard, and contain nitrates of lime and nagnesia, in excess. The atmosphere is cooled and moistened by the south-west monsoon, though but little rain falls in the months of its prevalence. The average ainfall at Coimbatore is less than twenty inches in the year. In this district the otton plant is cultivated with success. Sheep and cattle thrive well on the canty herbage, and the climate is generally dry and healthful. In the mounainous tracts, and in forest belts between the mountains only, is the district markedly malarious. At long intervals of years, after unusual rainfall and inundalon, the district has been known to be severely visited by fever. A great wave f malaria passed over it, and the adjoining Madura and Tinnevelly Districts, in 809, 1810, and 1811, after a remarkable flooding of the country. In this Coimbatore District, as before stated, cholera rarely advances during the years of a primary invasion. When the disease is very rife on the Palghaut side of the mountains, it advances up the gap in the mountain chain (the highway of rail and road traffic), and when the Mysore plateau is invaded by cholera, it overflows down the northern talooks of the district, but, I think, the more gened\ course of invasion is by an ebbing, as it were, of the cholera wave attacking le southern districts of Trichinopoly and Madura, where the physical obstacles le progress of cholera are fewer. This at any rate was the general progress ¦ cholera during 1870, the outbreak at Pulney in March, and in other parts the Madura district in August, being sensibly felt in the adjoining parts ' Coimbatore. The district had been almost free of cholera in 1869, when n outbreak occurred at the Railway station in September and October, clearly traceable to importation by pilgrims from the eastward. 123. Cholera had but a very limited prevalence in the district in 1870. It hardly extended at all to the Collegal Talook, which adjoins the Mysore country, and forms a portion of the Mysore plateau. t Slight prevalence of olera in Goimbatore strict. Ihe following tables will show the distribution and ratios of cholera mortality to npulation : — 108 A. Table showing the Deaths from Cholera in each Talook, fye., of the District of Coimlatore, during each month of the year 1870. ! Collejml Sattimunga- Periudorai Municipal Coimbatore Palladum Caroor Dharapooram Pollachy Oodoomala Bhowaoy Coimbatore. ; ,^ QQk Talook. Talook. Talook. Talook. Talook. JgJ^ Talook. Population ... 58,851 140,161 181,008 25,324 168,661 202,583 137,536 174,662 133,234 97,531 74,031 Total number of Vil- 47g 884 x 44 i 6 ... 732 945 822 1,053 401 275 488 lages in each Circle. 1> ! 2 .2 2 2 .i 2 2 .2-2 2 2 2 2 ® 3 2 2 -So o o ?° *3 ° "o ° o o o o 9, ° o o -go "So i Hid If is i! i it i% Vt n if I "s* i £ = *l i s it s s it 111 1 if i January ... 3 1,502 11 1 2J631 2 1 f ... 1 2,487 10 8 11,822 57 1 1,401 2 February... ... 1 1,629 1 3 4,501 7 3 1,155 7 ... 1 623 12 1 2,187 1 3 7,399 27 1 3,050 1 2 3,694 3 6 13,296 38 March ... 9| 16,707 19 14 29,294 36 4 8,842 4 8 17,733 35 18 48,333 78 6 9,830 15 1 3,627 2 2 5,073 2 April ... ... 1 487 113;1 13; 13,566 2S U! 15,178 37 ... 2 1,632 16 3 7,368 5 9 23,991 52 12 28,237 44 3 3,761 6 3 3,533 4 May ... 2 1,226 6 ... 1 2,703 1 3 2,861 j 13 6 11,109 23 6 17,401 17 June ... 1 3,408 1 i ... 1 3,087 1 - 1 1,556 1 1 671 2 )¦ 25,324^ July ... ... 1 2,081 1 1 5,140 1 3 5,4/7 | 3 ... 1 671 j 1 - 3 10,331 4 1 1,829 1 4 3,369 7 August ... 1 1,477 1 4 3,356 ! 8 ... 4 5,820 8 1 1,034 1 2 6,511 2 5 6,171 37 2 4,716 3 September ... ... 3 9,273 4 10 17,367 33 2 9 18,671 82 17 32,847 41 6 12,128 20 5 11,676 16 7 15,213 61 1 880 2 1 4,595 3 October ... ... 2 652 3 6 11,695 12 16 22,746 71 .-.6 16,789 15 46 71,180 270 15 39,496 69 16 88,513 |105 ll 8,063 32 4 5,066 43 1 944 3 i i .... L November . 2 6,010 3 14 14,610 70 319; 21,737 102 17 28,247 78 12 29,830 29 17 37,416 80 9 9,244 65 3 5,844 16 ... December ... 1 722 1 7 12,485 22 J 1_ ... 8 17,104 58 lid 23,113 68 17 21,219 64 9 20,640 44 6 8,731 15 2 5,665 8 2 5,842 4 Total... — ~7| 86 \ !296! 296 — ~sj 295 j 480 294 j 427 233 — 139 j j 61 109 Table showing the "Ratio per 1,000 of Population, of Deaths from Cholera in each Talooh, dc, of the District of Coimbatore during the year ] 870. *•*** i i i i i i $ i I I ! I i Collegal 001 ... 0-C1 0-01 ..'. ... 005 ... 001 O'l Sattimungalum ... 07 0-4 0 1 0-1 000/ 0 007 002 008 002 ... 0"6 Perindorai ... 001 003 01 02 003 0005 001 004 O'l 0-3 03 0-1 16 Coimbatore M. T 007 ... 01 ... 01 Coimbatore talook 007 ... 0-09 0005 ... 0005 o'o4 04 008 0 6 03 17 Palladum 001 002 0 0(5 004 02 1-3 0-3 03 23 Caroor 010070 l 007 0-2 03 0-1 0007 01 o*s 02 04 21 Dharapooram ... 005 01 04 02 009 ... 002 001 o'o9 06 o*4 o'2 2-4 Pollachy 0007 01' 0-04 ... 0-007 ... 02 0 4 0-2 0 4 0-1 1-7 Oodooiuala Pettali... 05 003 002 004 0-01 003 0-02 ! 0"4 01 008 I' 4 Bhowany ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .#• 08 124. The only talooks in which there was any noticeable prevalence of the Particulars of out- epidemic were Pulladum, Dharapooram, and Caroor. The reak in the town. town of Coimbatore had only five deaths, although the disease vas prevailing for some time in the surrounding villages. I arrived at the town n inspection duty on 6th September. Cholera at that time had got up so far as a village on the Noyel river, about three miles south of the town, where it tontinued for nearly a fortnight. On the 16th September a man was seized with holera, who lived in the old fort. I had an opportunity of inquiring into the icts, in company with the Civil Surgeon. 125. The first patient was a weakly man, a tailor by trade, who had been working in company with other tailors at a house in the town, up First case to the date of attack. He had not been to a cholera-stricken village, nor could we trace any communication between the people he had worked with and any affected village. The house in which he lived was built on old and ouled soil. A cess-pit privy in the backyard was in an offensive state, and the well rom which water was obtained was sunk within a few yards of the privy. The well water was decidedly contaminated by putrid organic matter, which I estimated >y the potassium permanganate test to be in the proportion of '560 grains er gallon, and the " readily decomposable" matter much larger still. This ase rapidly died. Every precaution was taken to disinfect the privy and building, mt the other inhabitants could not be induced to vacate the house, and two c „ . of them were attacked two days after the first case, and Other cases following Ithe same house. recovered. The second death in September was not reported itil the body had been buried. I inspected the house in which it occurred, and und cess-pit privy and well in close contiguity. I am not convinced that the ,se was really cholera. No other case occurred in the house, and the disease, r the time, ceased in the town of Coimbatore. This town is kept in good order by the Municipal officers, who take a lively interest in all that Sanitary condition •/ " J Municipal town. relates to public health. I have made suggestions for some nprovements that would tend to better the water-supply and conservancy of welling houses, and I am quite satisfied that the energetic President, H. E. ullivan, Esq., will lose no opportunity of giving them effect. The old fort the most unhealthy part of the town ; the soil is saturated with nitrous arth, evidencing organic decay in past ages. The well waters of this portion f the town are abundantly charged with organic matter in a state of decay, and hen cholera breaks out in the town it usually begins in the Fort.* The new * In January 1871, cholera again broke out in this part of the town, and the first case occurred in the house next to the one I have described as the locality of the fir B t fatal case in September .-(W. R. C.) 110 Central Jail on higher ground, built on clean surface soil, and obtaining its water from wells sunk 40 or 50 feet in the rock, Kimmunit of the ntral Jail. which water gave evidence of much purity as regards changeable organic matter, was unaffected by the cholera wave. 126, And in regard to the connexion between water-supply and cholera, I may state here that no fact has come to my notice during these inquiries, which would indicate that cholera can spread Water-supply. amongst a people who consume a water practically free of organic particles in state of decay. In all the instances of outbreaks I have investigated, there ha"\ been good grounds for believing that the water-supply was far from pure. Th was the case in Fort Saint George, Perambore, Madura, Salem, and Coimbator Where the water-supply has been practically pure, I have not found that choler affected the people using such water, although the disease may have bee epidemic in the locality. In making these observations I do not wish to commit myself to any theory as to water being the only, or the most general, medium of cholera communication. So far as I can judge, impure water is but one of the channels by which cholera may be ramified, though it is, no doubt, an important one. Inquiry as to the fact of the Neilgherry Hills being exempted from cholera invasions. THE NEILGHEREY HILLS. 127. In all the years since our occupation of the elevated pi ateau of the highest portion of the Western Ghauts, there is " & r n0 record of a cholera wave affecting the resident population. 128. The hill tribes hold but little intercourse with the low country, but the European settlements have attracted a numerous semi-resident population of pariahs, and other classes from the plains, and a considerable traffic goes on between the Coimbatore District and the Neilgherries on one side, and the Mysore country on the other. The approaches to the hill stations by both roads are practicable for wheeled conveyances. With such an amount of traffic as there is between the hill stations and the low country, it may reasonably be thought that cholera would find its way occasionally to the cool and temperate region of tie mountain plateau, and practically this is the case. As a portion of the general nquiry regarding cholera, I have thought it right to examine the records in the nice of the Inspector-General, Indian Medical Department, from the epidemic nvasion of Southern India in 1859, down to the present time, to see upon what >asis of fact the often repeated assertion rests, that cholera is unknown on the Neilgherries. The facts, I believe, are of the same order as those noticed in egard to the Shervaroy Hills. The disease has been often imported by ravellers, but there is nothing in the accumulated evidence to lead us to imagine liat cholera has sprung up from an aerially conveyed " germ." The sanitary ondition of the native bazaars at the hill stations has been, and still is, far from atisfactory, and the wonder is that cholera has not, on many occasions of imporation, taken firm root in them. Practically it has not done so, except for a cry limited period during the year 1866. In a matter of this kind, I shall ppeal only to recorded testimony of the Medical Officers who have served tours f duty on the hills. Dr. G. Mackay in his paper on the " Climate of the Neiigherry Hills" {Madras Medical Journal, volume 111., p. 13) summarizes his four yearg, experience of Ootacamund (1856-60) as follows :— 1129, articuiars of cholera lea, seen on the hiiis. if A severe form of diarrhoea, which often proves fatal, is noty^ncommon among 111 lie natives of Ootacamund, when the first showers of rain fall, previous to the stting in of the south-west monsoon, but I have only met with one case of ndoubted cholera, in which the disease originated on these hills. This was a [isoner in the Ootacamund Jail, in whom the disease proved rapidly fatal. I ive seen several other cases in persons (one a European) who had just arrived om the low country, and evidently brought the disease up with them. The imate does not seem to have the slightest effect in modifying the symptoms of is disease ; on the contrary, the cases I have seen have been most severe and 1130. There are two European settlements on the hills, which have large iffic with the plains. Coonoor, with an average altitude of under 6,000 feet, d Ootacamund, which is between 7 and 8,000 feet above sea level. A large lount of the traffic, between Ootacamund and the low country, passes through onoor ; and with cholera raging on the Coimbatore side of the hills, Coonoor liable to be first attacked by imported cholera. The third station " Kotaerry" has no Civil Hospital, and there are no records preserved, showing the 3sence or absence of cholera. " Wellington" is the depot for European ?ops and invalids. 1859. In the " Annual Report on Civil Dispensaries" for 1859, a year in which the Coimbatore country was not invaded by a new cholera, I find that there was no case of the disease seen at Civil Dispensary Be- Coonoor, but a single case in Ootacamund, which is referred to by the medical officer in the following terms :—: — " The case occurred in the month of March. The patient, a man who resides in Ootacamund, went down to Segoor (a village at the foot of the ghaut on the Mysore side) on some business ; cholera was at the time raging there. The day after he returned to Ootacamund (22nd) he was attacked with the disease, and brought to hospital ; on the 30th he was discharged cured. — (Report on Civil Dispensaries, 1859.) 11860. Ootacamund. — Dr. Mackay remarks :—": — " Two fatal cases of cholera ar corded ; one was that of a prisoner who was attacked on the Bth February is the only instance I have met with of this disease originating at Ootacamund le other fatal case was that of a man from Palghaut who had evidently con icted the disease on his journey. He was admitted with symptoms of cholei a severe form, on the second day after his arrival at Ootacamund ; he graduall nk, and died the following day." — (Tleport on Civil Dispensaries, 1860, p. xl opendix.) Coonoor. — Mr. Leslie of Coonoor makes no mention in his report of cholera in the station, and the Dispensary returns show that no cholera case was treated during this year. JlB6l. Ootacamund. — There were three admissions at the Civil Dispensary in 61, one in May and the others in September. The medical officer records that they arrived on the hills a day or two before choleraic symptoms appeared." I Coonoor. — The Dispensary returns note three cases — one in May and two in ptember ; all fatal. tThe only remark I can find about these deaths in the medical officer's report as follows : — One patient was admitted under the head "cholera." "He was aught in a state of complete collapse very like that of cholera, but whether it is truly so, I cannot say ; he died shortly after admission." I infer from the it of the cases occurring at the same time of the year as those in Ootacamund, that the disease was brought up the Coonoor Ghaut. 1862. Ootacamund. — In 1862 there were, according to the returns, two admis- FF 112 sions in the Civil Dispensary. The Medical Officer remarks of one of them • *' The case of cholera occurred in a policeman, who had just arrived from Coimbatore. I passed the man on the road at about 5 o'clock in the evening, as he was being carried by two other men. The men that brought him stated that he was much purged on the road, and that within a few miles of Ootacamund, he fell down, unable to stand." Another case, a woman residing in the town, was admitted on 3rd August under the head " Cholera Biliosa," Of this case the Medical Officer records : " The case perhaps might have been termed one of enteritis, or peritonitis, rather than cholera biliosa." It is evident from the detailed account of the case, given in the annual report, that it ought never to have been classed with any form of cholera. An error of diagnosis was made, and the heading of the case was not changed, as it should have been. Coonoor. — No admission from cholera. Station reported to be very healthy. 1863. Coonoor. — Five cases of cholera admitted in 1863. The Medical Officer, Dr. Colvin Smith, makes the following remarks : — " The five cases of cholera occurred in a gang of convicts passing from Tinnevelly to Ootacamund. They were all attacked with the disease before leaving Metapolliam (the village at the foot of the ghaut, only 900 feet above sea level). Two were peons, the ojher three were convicts." Ootacamund. — " Three cases of cholera were admitted; the disease in each case was evidently contracted in the plains." 1864. Coonoor. — The cases alluded to in the report of 1863 were admitted at the end of the year. In January 1864, five other cases were admitted. The Medical Officer observes, " they all occurred in persons who had just arrived from the low country, and who had brought the germs of the disease with them." Ootacamund. — Two admissions and no death. The Dispensary report is silent as to the antecedents of the cases. Four deaths were reported to have occurred in the bazaar, but the Medical Officer did not see them, and there is no history of the individuals. 1865. Coonoor. — No cholera case was seen in 1865. Ootacamund. — One death amongst the out-patients. ' ' The case did not originate on the hills. The patient was a Mussulman, the son of a shop-keeper, and was attacked on the same night that he returned from Coimbatore." 1866. Coonoor. — The Medical Officer, Dr. G. S. W. Ogg, writes, " several cases of cholera occurred in the station during the year 1866. The disease can lardly be said to have prevailed in an epidemic form; but, as cholera has arely if ever been known to spread when introduced into Coonoor from the low ountry, before this year, it may be well to take notice of the outbreak. The ndeinio originated at a place called Kurmathanputty near Coimbatore, during le celebration of a Roman Catholic festival. Many natives had gone from the lills to be present at the festival, and on their return it was observed that the isease broke out at Goodalore and Metapolliam, and other places on their route. " The first cases in Coonoor were found in every instance but one to have ccurred in persons who had lately returned from Kurmathaputty, or from the ow country, having passed through Goodalore or Metapolliam. Most of those )ersons were attacked on their way up the ghaut, or in the night after their rrival. The single exception occurred in a young man who was attacked immeiately after his arrival from Kotagherry (a small hill station twelve miles istant), where he had come in contact with some travellers from the low 113 and the last on the 24th October 1866. During this period eighteen persons were attacked, and of these eight recovered." I Ootacamund. — Mr. Furnell, the Medical Officer, reports the extension of c October cholera at the Catholic festival in the plains, to Ootacamund, as Hows : — " During the month of October, a Roman Catholic festival takes place at Kurmathanputty near Coimbatore, and numbers of devotees from these hills and the surrounding districts flock to the spot. An epidemic of cholera it seems made its appearance amongst the crowd assembled, and the people composing it immediately fled to return home. Many people [eight) were brought into Ootacamund in doolies or muncheels suffering from cholera, and were seen by the Dresser and myself. Most of these recovered, and so rapidly that many entertained doubts whether they had been cholera cases at all. Hoivever, the sister of one young man who had been brought in from the low country, and who had nursed the brother in his attack, from which he recovered^ was seised with unmistakable cholera and expired. She had not been out of Ootacamund. A neighbour also, a woman, and who had not been to the low country, was seised and died. Having thus shown its communicability the cholera stopped. Since then there have been one or two cases, one notably in a horse-keeper of the Livery Stablekeeper here, but of whose history, as to whether he had been out of Ootacamund or not, I could obtain no reliable information. There were twelve cases and six deaths in the Civil Dispensary." JA boy in the Lawrence Asylum was attacked with cholera on the 9th 3cember in this year, and recovered. There is nothing to show whether the lad ,d been out of the station or not before the attack. This was the last case of c outbreak in Ootacamund. 1867. Coonoor.—" No cholera in 1867." Ootacamund. — " No cholera." 1868. Coonoor. — " No cholera in 1868." Ootacamund. — " No cholera." 1869. Coonoor.—" No cholera in 1869." Ootacamund. — " No cholera." 11870. There was no case of cholera anywhere on the Hills in 1870. 131. These then are the facts in regard to cholera, of late years, on the Neillerry Hills. For convenience, I exhibit them in the following tabular form : Table showing Cholera on the Neilgherry Hills from 1859 to 1870. » , , --, European Troops, Welling- Ootacamund. Coonoor. ton, Military Station. Years. " Remarks. Im- Notim- n Im- Not im- Im- Notim- "' ported ported. ported, ported. ported, ported. 1859 ... 1 ... 1 2 ... 2 1860 ... 2 2 1 1? 2 ... 2 1861 ... 3 2 3 ... 3 3 ? ?a 11 1 ... a. No history. 1862... 2 1 1 lb ... b- Case wrong-1863... 3 2 3 5 ... 5 ly entered as SS::: I:s i f : .! .. 4 .. 5 ::: ::: ::: ::: ::: -°-- 1866... 13 6 10 Zd 18 10 18 d. Two cases 1 of? 7 occurred in :°"' friends of the lsba •" sick, of the 1869 ... ... ... ••• ••¦ »•• ••¦ third no his-1870 tory is re- 114 132. In all these twelve years the only really serious importation of cholera Cholera may be re- gardedasan imported gharries. 011 to the hills was due to the attack of a number of the Native .•»••.• j Ati 1 ± • i oaa Christian residents, who had visited the low country in 1000, and contracted cholera at a religious festival in the Ooimba- tore District. These people, returning to the hills in considerable numbers, brought up the contagium of the disease in such bulk as to be the cause of cholera in a few persons who had never left the hills. In only one case is there any history of cholera " originating" on the hills —the case of the prisoner in the Ootacamund Jail, alluded to by Dr. Mackay. In this case the only evidence of personal communication with the low country was the fact of the food and clothing used by the jail prisoners coming from the plains. A single case of this kind, in which the disease might possibly have been conveyed by the food or clothing, or in which the choleraic symptoms might have been due to other causes than malignant cholera, can be of no weight in an argument that cholera contagium is "air-conveyed," in the face of the strong testimony afforded by numerous other instances, that the disease appeared only in those who had been exposed to risk in the low country, or who had been in communication with affected persons. 133. It is quite certain, I think, from the experience of 1866, that if the Neilgherry Hill stations were often visited by crowds of Hindu pilgrims, the locality would not escape cholera as it now does. The Hills owe their immunity, so far as it is possible to judge, to the fact that the air, soil, and water of this elevated region are not often subject to the reception of cholera contagium, and possibly, in some degree, to the circumstance, that the contagium received by importation from below, is incapable of surviving in the conditions of air, soil, and water peculiar to the hills. The actual position of the lower street of the bazaar at Ootacamund, in regard to the lake, and the sub-soil water underlying the sites of the houses, is such that I should never be surprised to hear that an introduced cholera had temporarily taken up its abode there. Improvements in the water-supply, drainage, and conservancy of the hill »nitaria are in progress, and with due attention to these, cholera may, I ink, be always kept from extending in our Southern Hill Stations. 134. While all the facts point to the conclusion that cholera does not find a (Typhoid fever comon at Neilgherry ations. congenial borne on the Neilgherry or Shervaroy Hills, I may here observe that genuine typhoid or enteric fever has been by no means uncommon in the former locality, and that tihin my own personal knowledge, during the last ten years there have been ree distinct outbreaks of it at the stations of Wellington and Ootacamund. CHOLERA IN THE MADRAS DISTRICT AND PRESIDENCY TOWN. 135. In the month of January 1870, cholera was still lingering about Madras and Conjee veram Towns, and in a few villages of the district, E lt tie Mount festival. but it gra( j ua iiy out before April. In April there was an pearance of cholera amongst some of the Native Catholic Christians of idras, who seem to have acquired the disease at the " Little Mount Feast," 115 where the Native Christians assemble. In reference to Deaths in Madras in this feast it may he remarked that the people congregate largely in the dry bed of the Adyar river, and below the )ot where the greater portion of the dirty linen of Madras is washed, and that le polluted water of the stream is drunk by the heated and thirsty visitors. n April there were 48 deaths in the town of Madras, and only 16 in the adjoin\g district, with nearly double the population of the town. In May the istrict deaths were, in consequence of the Conjeeveram outbreak, largely in xcess, in proportion to the town deaths, the numbers being 287 for the disrict, and 79 for the town. In this month of May the town of Madras had not felt the influence of the local outbreak amongst the Conjeeveram pilgrims, but in June the deaths in the town went up from 79 to 391, while the district deaths mtensityofoutbreak feii both in town and district early in June. k Heavy rainfall in me. No increase of olera followed. increased only from 287 to 551. The intensity of the outburst was attained, both in the town and district, early in ' J June. Heavy rain fell on the 15th of that month and in some 111 i measure cooled the heated air, and brought moisture to the ? , . , , „ ? , , . „ ? _? soil, but no increase of cholera followed the rainfall. The Ipidemic, in fact, began to decline slowly from the middle of June, and was retty well at an end, both in the town and district, by the end of August. The linfall of the south-west monsoon was unusually plentiful. There occurred uring the whole year 861 deaths in the town and 1,394 in the district, which gures show per mille ratios to population of I*9l and l"80. It will be observed that there has been no great disparity, on this occasion, between the rates of cholera deaths in the town and district, c end of the year the town and district were practically I Cessation of cholera the end of the year. free of cholera. 136. It has already been noted that a very local outbreak of cholera occurred Cholera in H. M.'s 45th Regiment, Fort Saint George. in the month of March in H. M. s 45th Regiment, located ° . in the Barracks of Fort bfc. George. At the time when this „ , SJ.i._ J ._ __?.• i__.i_ /• .* _i. _t , outbreak occurred, the town was particularly free of choleraic Eis of disease. The circumstances were investigated so far as they could be at time, and the following facts elicited. The Regiment did not suffer from era during the season when it prevailed generally in the town, in May and 137. The mortuary register of the first two weeks of January show only one I Cholera in town and ighbourhood before c outbreak in Eegient. death under the head of cholera in the Municipality of Madras. In the 3rd and 4th weeks, there appears to have been a slight accession of the disease, especially in the Bth Municipal istrict, distant three to four miles from the Fort, in which the Europea arracks are located. In the week ending 4th February, three deaths from lolera are registered as occurring in the first and second municipal districts hich include Black Town. On inquiry at the Native Infirmary attached t le Monegar Choultry, I found that about this time a few cases were being eceived into that institution. One case, that of a traveller from the Nellor District, was admitted on the 23rd January. A patient in hospital, for chroni cal disease, was attacked on 28th. Another case was brought in from th own on 29th. Another patient in hospital was attacked on 30th. The las ase was admitted from Black Town on 10th February. 116 In the week ending lltli February, five deaths were registered in Madras, two in Black town, two in Triplicane, and one in the Bth Division. The mean of cholera deaths of ten corresponding weeks of previous years was thirtyseven. 138. On the 10th February, a Sergeant of the 45th Regiment, a married man living in one of the rooms of the middle storey of the Artillery Family Barracks, was seized with cholera, and died in a few First case in Fort, 10th February. hours. He is described as being a delicate man in health, suffering habitually from offensive breath, so that his comrades spoke of him as being " rotten in constitution. This man was attacked on the day when a case of choler was admitted into the Monegar Choultry, about a mile and half north-wes of the Fort. From the 12th to 18th February, five cholera deaths, out of a total of six in the whole town, are registered as occurring in the Ist Municipal District (near the Fort). Cholera in Black Town. From the 19th to 25th February, only one death was registered from cholera. This occurred in the 3rd District (away from the Fort). In the week ending 4th March, there was not a single death amongst the Native population of the town from cholera. 139. On the Ist March a heavy storm of rain fell over Madras (1*72 inches), and on the same day a young East Indian woman, from a 3rd storied barrack, was admitted to hospital with diarrhoea and vomiting. The case is reported to have been suspiciously like cholera ; she recovered. On the morning of the 2nd March, a married woman of the 45th Regiment occupying rooms on the third storey of a family barrack, two or three doors from the person alluded to above , Outbreak in Fort, 2nd March. was seized with cholera and died very rapidly the same day. She is said to have been a weakly woman, and to have returned from the bazaar (Black Town on the previous day during a heavy shower of rain, in which she got drenchec On the 3rd March, a Private of the A. Company, inhabiting the M. barrack, wa seized with malignant cholera. He recovered of the primary effects, but died o pneumonia on the 11th March. On the 4th March, four cases occurred, one i the lower barrack room north-east angle, known as the K. barrack, and three i the room above the K. barrack, known as the D. barrack. On the sth March another case occurred in the D. barrack. On the afternoon of sth March, the rooms D. and K. were evacuated, the men, strength as per margin, being sent to the cholera camp at Evacuations of rooms in barracks. 6 Officers, 180 men. le Red Hills, under canvas. On the Bth March, just before an official inspection i barracks made by myself, Drs. Hadaway, and Elliott, accompanied by the Comnanding and Medical Officers of the Regiment, a Colour Sergeant temporarily esiding in No. 1 Pay Sergeant's quarters, centre of barracks on the ground floor, was attacked by symptoms of cholera. He died the same evening. This was le last case occurring in the barracks. 140. Of the men sent to the Red Hill camp, the following cases occurred :—: — One man (Lewis) was attacked on 6th March soon after arrival at the camp ; he had been suffering from diarrhoea since the Cases in Gamp at Bed Hills. tevious day. Another case happened on the 7th " choleraic diarrhoea." Three her cases occurred on the 9th, two of which died, and one recovered. 117 Return showing the Number of Patients treated for Cholera and Choleraic Diarrhoea in the Detachment 45th Regiment from 6th to \9tJi March 1870, Camp Red Hills (Station) 20th March 1870. Disease. es 42 ij Whence ad- Symptoms on admission. Eesult. f J § "8 3 II S .3 S «' ¦! P "3 * I 1 O Bemarka. Name. I | "g | | | & || •§ | | , «S S " -§ ¦ March March. 6th Pte- John Lewis yes. ... 33 F. Good. Temp. 5,V S. 11a.m. 12 hours yes. Vomiting yes. yes. ... yes 19th ... This man's disease characteris-' changed to general tic. debility 19-3-70. 6th „ Francis Scalling yes. 31 F. Fair. do. 11A S. 7-30 p.m. 3 do yes. Biilous 19th ... Discharged from Hospital, 19-3-70. 9th „ Jas. Bradbury ... yes. ... 29 F. Good. do. 5-^j S. 6-30 a.m. 2 do yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. ... 11-3-70 Died at 11-25 a.m. 9th „ Ch. Taylor yes. ... 28 F. do. do. 5^ S. 6 a.m. 2 days yes. yes. yes. yes. ... yes 19th .. This man's disease changed to general debility 19-3-70-9 th „ J.Doyle yes. ... 27 G. Fair. do. 5^ S. 1-30 a.m. 2 £ hours yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. yes. ... 11.3-70 Died 7-50 p.m. 118 141. It will be observed with reference to these cases that eight of them came Localization of epidemic to D. and E. Barracks. out of the upstair barrack-room marked 8., and two from the room below it marked X. ; of the remaining four cases, two were from married quarters, one from M. barrack, upstairs, and one from the Pay Sergeant's quarters (ground floor). Dr. Wood, Assistant Surgeon, H. M.'s 45th Regiment, remarks of the cases occurring at the Red Hill Camp :—: — " The first case at the Red Hills, that of Lewis, occurred on the forenoon of 6th March, the day after leaving Madras. He complained of weakness on the sth, and is said to have had diarrhoea, apparently on the 4th, for which he took medicine. He was batman to Colour Sergeant Smith of F. Company, and in which company several cases had occurred up to the sth, and had been working hard amongst the kits of men of the company who had been taken ill. Private Bradbury, seized with cholera on the 9th, had taken Lewis' place as batman. Colour Sergeant Smith (name not in above list) became affected with diarrhoea and vomiting, but these symptoms wore off under treatment. He lived in the tent with Lewis and Bradbury." H. M.'s 45th Regiment " S. P." Return of the Cholera Cases which occurred in the men sent to the Bed Hills. . Eoom occupi- fl £» ed by Com- • o Corps. § . Rank and Names. g, pany in the £ J .-a Remark. •&£ a Fort Saint g & I J « g* £ George. £ " & < ft • f 165 Pte. James Bradbury. F. * Upstairs... D. 29 5 9-3-70 11-3-70 Malignant cholera. £jg 874 John Doyle ... G. Downstairs K. 25 7 9-3-70 11-3-70 Do. 2|| (* under the is 'ScJ above.) 8(3 I 299 ? John Lewis ... F. Upstairs... D. 38 11 6-3-70 Convalescent Do. Francis Scalling. F. Do. ... D. 30 12 7-3-70 Do- Choleraic diarrhoea. Q | t 1,171 „ Charles Taylor... F. Do. ... D. 29 10 9-3-70 Do. Malignant cholera- H. M.'s 45th Regiment " S. F." Return of the Cholera Cases which occurred in the men of the above Corps stationed at Fort Saint George, Madras. £ Room occupi- d H D i Corps. ! ¦ Rank and Names. g, ed by the g, . .2 | Remarks. | <~ | | | | a ri293 Pte. Johnßoome ... A. Upstairs... M. 36 16 3-3-70 11-3-70 Malignant cholera Diedof pneumonia 689 Joseph Wilkinson G. Downstairs. K. 32 12 4-3-70 4-3-70 Malignant cholera .. 877 " Henry Ayling ... F, Upstairs... D. 26 7 4-3-70 Convalescent Do. • \ 1,577 WilliamPhillips... F. Do. ... D. 31 12 4-3-70 6-8-7'» Do. *«* 1473 Walter Smith ... F. Do. ... D. 20 4 4-3-70 Convalesoent, Do. | 1 555 „ Henry Rickwood. F. Do. ... D. 121 3 5-3-70 Do Do. 3 ! 2 697 Color John Stafford ... C. No. 1 Pay Centre of 40 26 8-3-70 8-3-70 Do. gegt. Sergeant's Barracks quarterdownstairs. 142. The weather at Madras previous to 2nd of March had been unusually Conditions prediesing to outbreak. General. windy and dusty. The wind blowing from north, or north by west, with a velocity of from 280 to 304 miles in the twenty-four hours. For some days "" the surf was so high that no commu- nication could be held with shipping in the roads.* On the 28th February, the last I* Note.— ln connexion with this strong wind and dust from the uorth.it may be noted that cholera was occurring Nellore, about 100 miles to the north, previous to, and at the date of, the outbreak in the Fort, There ia no record its presence between Fellore and Madras, 119 day of the high wind, o*o4 inches of rain fell. Ozone registered on the 28th, 7*o. On Ist March the velocity of the wind fell to 115 miles in the twenty-four hours, and the direction had changed to nearly due east. 1*72 inches of rain fell in the morning. A most unusual thing is the occurrence of rain in lunnsuai rainfall. Madras in February, or early in the month of March. On the ad, 3rd, and 4th of March, the velocity of the wind had fallen to 92, 64, and 82 iles, respectively, in the twenty-four hours, the direction being north-east by ist, or east by north. Ozone which had marked 7*o on the 28th February fell 3 follows on the following days :—: — Ist March 4-5 2nd „ ... ... 2-0 3rd , 3'B 4th „ 3-0 143. The barrack-rooms were thought to be overcrowded at the date of the outbreak on the 2nd of March. From a statement appended, Local. Overcrowding. it will be seen that barracks D. and X., which yielded almost ILe whole of the cases, had actually less than their regulation complement 1 men. The D. barrack gives space for 64 men, and had only 59 in it ; the K. wrack holds 64, but had only 56 inmates ; the M. barrack, in which the first case scurring in barracks happened, was rather overcrowded at the time. It accomodated 62 men, and 67, or 5 beyond the regulation number, were sleeping in the night before the outbreak. On the other hand the B. barrack, which has s commodation for 78 men only, although occupied by 101 men, had no case of cholera. I Of nine barrack-rooms which had fewer men than the regulations allow, lolera occurred in two rooms, and the epidemic was chiefly confined to them, f four rooms actually overcrowded, according to regulation, cholera occurred it in one, and in that case only a single person was attacked. ACCOMMODATION AND CROWDING, IJ. M.'s 45th Regiment. Allotment and Occupation of Barracks on Ist March 1870. 1 o i-- m 4. Space in For what Number of Room or Range. Cubic Feet Su^ erficial number of men Jtemarks. Room or Kange. gpace> f^ men allotted, occupying. a 50,653 3,307 36 28 A .... ... ••• 120,108 7081 7g 101 Overcrowded. P ¦"' ¦ 63,690 3,440 38 44 Don •'." ... 88,640 5,795 64 59 ™ 89,773 5,721 67 68 Overcrowded. v '" 12,200 784 8 8 \a "'. 49,546 2,674 29 26 H 64,584 4,905 54 37 j 30 720 2,093 23 None- Theatre. Mr- '" ... '". 58,952 5,818 64 56 If- 120 320 7110 78 72 \*i. " 7764,7 5580 62 67 Overcrowded, a case of \»± — ••• •" 11*239 '780 8 8 cholera occurred in s¦" ¦" "" 9p'qB4 1 812 20 17 this barrack-room. g •;; ;;; ;; 6,4&0 735 8 None. Theatre. Total... 637 591 144 As regards the influence of sleeping on the ground floor, or above the level of the earth, seven of the cases (including the case of 10th February and HH 120 i the woman on 23rd March) came from up-stairs rooms, and two only from the ground floor. Of the five men attacked at Upper or lower stories. the Red Hills four had come from the D. barracks upstairs. 145. On inspecting the barracks K. and D. on their vacation, there was no I Particular condition barracks k. and d. insanitary condition evident to which the outbreak might „.,,,,.,-, T ? , a , , ~\ fairly be attributed. In the ground floor, or K. barrack, the granite flooring had been lately disturbed, and a trench, about two feet deep, dug in the soil across the width of the barrack to lay a gas pipe, and the opening had been continued to the open courtyard in the square of the barrack, where the rainfall of the Ist March must have had access to, and wetted, the surface soil beneath the pavement. One of the men seized with cholera had his cot within a couple of yards of the open trench in the barrack floor, but, as by far the greater number of cases occurred amongst the occupants of the upper storey, it seems very doubtful whether this disturbance of the soil on the ground floor could be regarded as a possible cause of the outbreak. It could have had nothing to say to the first cases of the East Indian woman and soldier's wife who occupied the upper storey of a married quarter, more than 300 yards distant, and who were the first persons to be attacked. It is a fact, I understand, that old and unused drains underlie the buildings in the neighbourhood of the K. and D. barracks, but they are not shown in any plan of the Fort drainage. The water-supply of the K. and D. barrack-rooms is from the same source Water-supply. * Total solids per gallon of filtered water 59 grains, 56 removeable by incineration. 0-28 oxidizable, 24-55 chlorides. as all other barrack-rooms and public offices in the Fort, viz., the general reservoir which is filled by water from the Seven Wells. X could not ascertain that it had been subjected to any s P ecial pollution. The chemical analysis of the Fort watersupply, made some years ago, shows it to hold a large per-centage of organic matter and salt.* It has been reported as unsuitable for use, and on the completion of the new water- works, a better quality of water will be available. 146. The Fort drains, and the main drain of the town which debouches into the sea a little to the north of the Fort, were no better and no worse than they generally are, at the time of the outbreak. Drainage. condition is at all times most foul, and the emanations from them generally most offensive. The heavy storm of the previous day must have stirred up the eposits which occur in badly constructed drains after a long drought, and the Tort ditch must have received a considerable addition of fresh water from urface drainage. The actual condition of this Fort ditch, in a sanitary point f view, is most unsatisfactory. It receives most of the drainage of the Fort, in ddition to the storm waters and washings of the laterite roads, and year after ear, accumulations of silt and mud from these causes increase. The D. and K. barracks are nearer to the town drain than most of the rooms. 147. There does not appear to have been any extension of the outbreak to No extension to the population. —— Date. Case. Feb. Chintradripettah ... 29th 1 Marc h Triplicane sth 1 Do 11th 1 Poodoopankum ... 15th 1 the native population, either in Madras or at the Red Hills. The cholera deaths in the native population of Madras, as registered from the month of March, are shown in the margin. The disease was much below its mean prevalence at this period of the year, and can hardly be said to have prevailed at all, except in sporadic form. 121 148. Amongst the Native Corps in Madras, the cholera admissions were as follows during the epidemic prevalence in Native Troops, in Madras- 35th Regiment N. 1., in the Vepery lines. The first case was admitted on the 12th June, and last on the 17th June ; total eleven cases, all of whom were Sepoys' relatives, of the number six died, and K3sthK 35th Regiment N. 1., epery. five recovered. No sepoy was attacked. 149. 17th Regiment N. I. at Perambore. The first case occurred on the sth June, and the last case on the 4th July ; total thirtyeight cases, including all camp followers, of which fifteen died, 17th, Perambore. and twenty-three recovered. The Commanding Officer of the Corps died of cholera on the 28th June. He resided near the Left Wing Barracks, where the disease first broke out and prevailed in its greatest intensity. Of the total admissions, seven were sepoys of the Regiment, and four deaths occurred amongst them. 150. The lines of this Regiment were found to be very clean on inspection, but the huts were overcrowded, and defective in ventilation. As regards the condition of the water-supply used by the lorps during the prevalence of cholera, the following Report of the Chemical xaminer will testify in some degree to the fact of its great impurity. With ich a water the wonder is, not that cholera should occasionally prevail, but at it is ever absent. The tanks had only recently been filled by rain water, ie surface drainage of the whole neighbourhood, which is densely populated, id usually very filthy. Analysis of Water at Perambore. Mess-house Tank. Bight Wing Tank. Left Wing Tank. Appearance Muddy, opalescent Yellow or yellowish Turbid. after week's sub- brown. sidence. Taste Earthy. None. Of sulphuretted hydrogen. Odour Do. Do. Do. Reaction to test paper Faintly acid. Alkaline. Acid soon becoming c i-j ++ • ( Organic and alkaline. Solid matter ml o « her volatile an Imperial j matterB 9 v 10 gallon. (i norgan iei c ... 12 63 21 | Total... 21 74 31 OXYGEN. f Putrid 0-05250 015750 0-28000 Organic ™ atfcer ) Decaying rak \h' am^U pidly 0-14000 0-28000 0-49000 Smvthsmethod - ) (After 24 hours. 2-80000 7-00000 9-80000 Ammonia was estimated after Messrs. Wanklyn and Chapman's method as follows :—: — In M. grm. per litre. Free '. o'o2 000 044 Albuminoid 032 0-48 0 39 Remarks. — None of these waters are fit for use. If one must be used, it should be the first after careful filtration. I may note here that the Mess-house tank water, which is said to be the test, was the only source of supply not open to the Sepoys. It had been found experience that this water was so largely productive of guinea-worm in those 122 sing it, that a Sepoy guard had been placed over the well and tank to prevent the men taking water from this source. Of the total number of thirty-eight cholera ases in the lines, twenty-five of the sufferers were living in or near to the Left Wing Barracks, and got their main water-supply from the most impure source. 'he intensity of the cholera prevalence and greatest impurity of water did cer;ainly, in this case, go together, though the supplies of the Right and Left Wings were both so bad as to be sources of great danger. The 3rd Regiment N. I. at oyapooram in new lines, and with a fair water-supply, had no case of oholera. 151. The cholera-stricken pilgrims returning from Conjeeveram by road to Madras, through Poonamallee, appear to have infected that Poonamallee, Saint . ' & ' rr Thomas' Mount, Paia. station slightly. In the cantonment death register, it appears that three deaths occurred from cholera in the month of May. There was no cholera during the year at Palaveram or St. Thomas' Mount. THE EXEMPTED DISTRICTS OF 1870. 152. Judging by the Military Returns, there was no general reproduction Central Provinces °f cholera over the Central Provinces, and Hyderabad country and Hyderabad. inl«7o FVn™ T>v Tlq™lqtt Ttamifir "I™^™+,-.*. fi«v,^ol TT Q in 1870. From Dr. Barclay, Deputy Inspector General H. S. Force, I learn that the only cholera in the entire district, occurred at Hingolee, and here the reproduction was very local. A single case occurred amongst the European troops at Secunderabad. The Southern Collectorates of the Bombay Presidency must, I imagine, from the parallel history of former epidemics, have enjoyed a similar exemption. 153. The districts of Bellary and Kurnool, which it will be remembered were the first to suffer from the invading cholera of 1869, remained wholly unaffected in 1870. There was one case treated in the Native Army at Bellary, which recovered, and a case resembling cholera was seen at Adoni, but the death returns of the two districts, embracing a population of 2,075,801, are silent on the subject of cholera. The blank spaces in the following table are very remarkable. They illustrate, I think, one of the laws of cholera movement, viz., that cholera prefers to pass on to new ground, rather than linger in the localities already invaded, supposing there may be new or unoccupied ground in front of its line of advance ;—* Cholera in 1870. J ft . 6 • | ri $ I I i S lli ii i } Ij i I Bellary 1,304,944 Kurnool 770,857 Cuddapah 1,144,759 31 51 29 10 8 6 I infer that the cholera which passed over Hyderabad, Bellary, and Kurnool Districts in 1869 must have been weak, as it left no material behind for reproduction in the next year. The length of time occupied in the movement from Hyderabad to Tinnevelly is also, I think, an additional proof of weakly vitality in the new cholera contagium of 1869. If my inference is a correct one, the present and early part of the next year should see the final extinction of this particular epidemic wave, unless it should acquire new strength this year in the Western Coast Districts. 123 154. The Cuddapah District was nearly, though not quite, exempt from cholera in 1870. It felt the influence of the Tripatty out- Ctiddapah break in May, especially the talooks near to Tripatty. 155. The " Ceded Districts " of Bellary, Kurnool, and Cuddapah have been supposed to contain something in their soil peculiarly attractive ? , J of cholera, and 1 have lately made a tour through them with Liability of Ceded Districts to cholera in- the view of examining into the subject. As a matter of fact, cholera is absent for longer periods together in these than in any other of the Southern districts. From their geographical contiguity to Bombay and Hyderabad, they are the first to suffer, when the epidemic wave from the north is in movement, and during a year of invasion, or a year following invasion, these districts have been known to feel the cholera influence most severely. But cholera has evidently no resting place in the Ceded Districts. It dies out over the whole tract of country for long periods together, just as completely as it does in any province of Europe or America. When it does come, it is peculiarly virulent, and prevails with greatest severity in the months of May, June, July, August, and September. 156. The great cotton plains of the Bellary and Kurnool Districts are a remarkable feature in the appearance of the country. The black cotton soil districts are but thinly inhabited, the Cotton plains. population of Bellary being no more than 114 to the square mile. For miles on either side of the North-West Railway Line, hardly a tree or village is to be seen. The surface of the ground is gently undulating, and the black soil, which is continuous over great areas, varies in depth from Ito 10, or 15 feet. It rests upon decomposing gneiss or granite, the felspar of which has decomposed into an impure kaolin. The granitic and gneissoid rocks of this district, which underlie the decomposing material just adverted to, are of very fine colour and Kxture, admirably adapted for solid masonry, for which purpose they have sen largely worked by the railway engineers along the North- West Line. 157. The black cotton surface soil of these dreary undulating plains has long been a puzzle to geologists. Some have started a theory that it results from the decomposition of trap or igneous rocks, but, Cotton soil. s regards the Bellary, Kurnool, and Cuddapah Districts, this is simply impossible, or in these localities trap dykes are so few and far between that their decompoltion could certainly never have covered the face of the country with the thickess of black soil we now see upon it. I reserve fora future occasion a description f the microscopical and chemical features of this soil, and shall only allude now to ome of its physical characteristics. In colour the soil is a dull bluish black, not o cohesive when dry as some brown clays, and containing particles of silica and ccasional granules of decomposing feltspar. After heavy rain the surface of he black soil fills like a sponge, and it is quite imposssible to walk or ride upon , without sinking deep into its adhesive surface. In dry weather the soil conracts, and large fissures open out in it, many of them to a great depth. At the ry season of the year only is the surface passable for men and animals. The lack soil does not shade off imperceptibily into the decomposed rock surface eneath. The division is generally very sharply defined, and the contrast )etween the black surface soil, and the white or reddish kaolin earth beneath, most remarkable. The black soil is evidently a sub-aqueous or sub-aerial eposit, such as might have formed at the bottom of a fresh water lake or swamp, 124 and possibly the colour may have resulted from old vegetable organic forms, long since obliterated. At present the soil does not appear to be noticeable for any organic forms. kl^. In the rainy months the black soil is retentive of moisture. It seems btful, however, whether it fills with water to any great depth below the sur. lam informed that in the construction of bridges, more water-way has to be allowed in the districts where this soil occurs than elsewhere, and the inference drawn from the fact by the Railway Engineers is, that the soil does not readily absorb water. lam not quite sure, however, that this is really the fact. The average depth of the cotton soil is between two and four feet, and below the soil there is practically no absorbing medium, for solid rock (the surface only disintegrating) lies immediately under the soil. My impression is that in the rainy season, the black cotton soil at average depths is saturated with moisture, and that the cause of the heavy floods after unusual rain is that the rock underneath the black cotton soil is practically non-absorbent. When the surface soil is saturated, the excess of water must be discharged in floods. 159. The drying up of the soil after the seasonal rains is a slow process, and Prevalence of Mala- ria during desiccation of soil. the period of the year in which it occurs is always marked by . * , ionn fL an accession of malarious fevers, since 1000, a year of heavier rain-fall than ordinary, there has been an excessive development of fever in the Ceded Districts. The mortality from fever however began to diminish in 1870. The people of the cotton soil districts suffer a good deal from fever in the cold weather; guinea- worm is a common disease, and occasionally the " fungus disease" of the foot, (of Carter) is seen in the Bellary andCuddapah Districts. 160. The potable water of the district generally is precarious in quantity, and much of it probably of doubtful quality. The wells sunk in rock, or decomposed rock, often fail in the dry weather, and the water obtained from them is hard, though tolerably free of organic constituents. During and after the rainy season much water of the surface drainage falls into shallow pools and tanks, which are a good deal resorted to by the poorer people; and judging from the appearance and taste of such water, it must often be very unfitted for use. These surface waters, as they begin to evaporate, leave a residue of saline inflorescence, carbonates of soda, magnesia, and chloride of sodium,* while they all hold alumina in suspension. The water of a new well at the Railway Station, Raichore, sunk ton a*^districts 0 in decaying granite, was found to be particularly free of putrescent organic litter, and an examination of specimens of water at Ghooty and Bellary, showed it the well water was generally free of organic matter. The use of the pure surface water of the district is doubtless objectionable, though from the ittered populations of the villages which have wells, the labour and expense well-sinking, and the custom of natives to drink from the nearest source, it very difficult to see how the use of such water can be prevented. It is quite 3y to understand how, in cholera seasons, the surface collections of water ly become dangerously fouled, so as to aid in the dissemination of the disease. 161. The culture of the cotton plains is very general. Indeed, it becomes a source of wonderment in journeying through the country, where the people come from who till the lands. The traveller Agriculture* may proceed for miles without coming upon a village, but all the land, where * Until recently, earth salt was made from certain tracts of soil of the Bellary District. — (W. R, C.J 125 there is any soil to cultivate, is planted either with cholum or cotton. The crops are generally thin and scanty, and this is scarcely to be wondered at when it is considered that the mere surface soil is scratched by the native plough, and that deep ploughing and manuring of the fields, except in the neighbourhood of villages, is unknown. 162. A marked feature of the Bellary country is the absence of trees. It is not that trees decline to grow in the cotton soil, for the Babool (acacia) flourishes naturally in it, if allowed, and the Neem (margosa) and tamarind grow freely enough by the road trees. sides, where they were planted by Sir Thomas Munro, and the various officials who succeeded him in the administration of the province. 163. With the exception of the immediate neighbourhood of village sites and public roads, there is hardly a tree to be seen between Grhooty and Adoni, or Gbooty and Bellary. It has been observed, as a matter of fact, of similar treeless districts in the Central liable to S choiera. Bvery Provinces, that they suffer more during cholera invasion than a well wooded Intry, and possibly the ill-repute of the Ceded Districts for cholera in times ', may have arisen, in some degree, from this peculiar feature of the country. ) influence of trees in the destruction of unwholesome miasmata is well wn. On economical as well as sanitary grounds, it is most desirable that treelting should be encouraged throughout the districts of Bellary, Kurnool, and Idapah, in situations where they do not at present exist, and where there 7be reasonable prospects of successful cultivation. Any means by which the ivators can be got to see that their health and pecuniary profit are conled in the growth of trees, might with advantage be adopted. Whether it )racticable to compel ryots to plant a definite number of trees in proporto their holdings, as a condition of the tenure of the land, or to encourage iting operations in other ways, are matters for the decision of Government. s my duty to point out that the comparatively treeless character of the ricts, besides affecting the climate, may, and probably does, favour the intenand general distribution of cholera during the seasons of its prevalence. 164. But it is, I think, satisfactorily shown that there is nothing per se in the black cotton soil of the Ceded Districts that harbours cholera, or that favours its reproduction. does^not harbour "the contagium of cholera. tin the Ceded Districts, as in Bundlecund and Nagpore, where the same iscription of soil occurs, cholera dies out completely after an invasion, generally the early years of the interval between two invasions, while in the alluvial ils of our river deltas to the south, and even in some rocky soils, the process cholera decay is always slow and frequently delayed, so as in some ininces to occupy the whole interval of years between two successive invasions. CHOLERA IN MYSORE, 1870. 1165. For the following notice of the extension of the epidemic over a portion the Mysore plateau, I am indebted to Deputy Inspector General of Hospital L. Ranking, who supervises the Civil medical administration of the Mysore ovince. 126 Extract from Annual Abstract Report {Military) to the Inspector-General, Indian Medical Department, for 1870. • # # # " As regards epidemic disease and noteably cholera, although it has not been entirely absent, its prevalence has been moderate. In the province of Mysore, it at one time threatened to become Slight prevalence of epidemic disease. epidemic. Indeed, a sufficient number of deaths occurred in the cantonment of Bangalore itself amongst the civil community, to awaken fear that a widespread epidemic might be impending. The disease first made its appearance in the month of April in the village of Chumbanhully, in the district of Bangalore, on the eastern frontier of the province. (I should here remark that, on my assuming charge of my duties on the Ist of April, I put myself in communication with the Chief Commissioner, requesting Bangalore District. that I might be put in possession, through such agency as he might think best, o a daily return of deaths by cholera throughout the province, and that I from tha period received from Superintendents of Districts reports of every death. Th first death reported under the order issued by the Chief Commissioner was on th 25th April, but I cannot say that this was the first death of the year, as prior 1 April no returns of this nature were rendered to my Office). During April te deaths were returned from the talook of Sarjapura. On the 19th May a death wa reported in the town of Colar, in the Bangalore District, and three in two village close to Colar. The disease continued to spread in the village of Chumbanhully eleven deaths being recorded up to the 11th of May. On the latter date thre deaths were also returned from the Hurryhur Talook, in the Chittledroo District, quite at the opposite extreme of the province. On the 25th three death were reported at Kingherry and Chennapatam Villages, on the high road from Mysore to Bangalore. " Towards the end of the month, the disease acquired a wider prevalence, but was confined principally to the Bangalore and Colar Districts. Seventy-five deaths in all were reported. On the 30th the Bangalore Cantonment. first death occurred in the cantonment of Bangalore. No other deaths were reported till the Bth June, when one occurred, and another on the 10th. On the 11th one was reported in the lines of the 27th Regiment Native Infantry. In the 14th one in the town, and on the 16th two in the Bowring Civil Hospital. a the 23rd and 24th two other deaths occurred in the bazaar. During this me period the disease was slowly extending throughout the province. In this onth (June), 1 14 deaths were reported. In July the disease acquired a still wider evalence, the deaths amounting to 122, the southern and eastern districts sing principally, indeed almost exclusively, affected. In August the deaths 11 to eighty-one ; in September to forty-four ;in October to forty-three ; and November to forty-three. By the end of this month the disease died out, no iaths being reported in December. • ' I need not say that I used every endeavour to trace the origin of the first cases that occurred in the cantonment of Bangalore. Dr. Young, the Garrison Surgeon, also gave his attention to the Rnvestigation of early 368 at Bangalore. ILbject, but was ' not able to get any reliable information regarding the first ises that occurred. 1 The fact is, the first deaths occurred some days before ley were reported, and the opportunity was lost of ascertaining the exact condi* ons under which they originated, as must be always the case, unless the 127 information be obtained from the patients themselves, or from members of their family at the time. It will be observed that six cases and four deaths occurred amongst the Native Troops, five cases with four deaths in the Corps of Sappers and Miners, and one case, which also died, in the 27th Regiment Native Infantry. Other cases occurred amongst the families of the Sappers and Miners. Neither did the diseases altogether spare the European Troops. Some cases occurred amongst the men and families, but I have no knowledge of the circumstances attending the origin of these cases, as, under the condition of separation of the two Services, British and Indian, I received no report of them, nor did it fall within my province to inquire into them.* " In regard to the vexed question of propagation of the disease by human intercourse, or by prevailing currents of wind, as advanced by Dr. Bryden, I may remark that the progress of the pestilence through the province was torn east to west, and that the prevailing winds from May to October are esterly, moist, and travel at a high velocity. But it is by no means easy to determine the precise course the disease followed. It is not clear by what route Ihe disease entered the province. The first death was reported from the Sarjalura Talook, on the 25th April. This talook borders the high road to Salem, and i cross road leads from the Salem high road through Sarjapura to Maloor and Mar, at the Cusbah town; of which latter talook the next death (May 19th) is card of. From this date, which the Superintendent of the Nundidroog Division onsiders to be the date of the first death in that division (he apparently had ot been apprised of the deaths in April, ten in number, in the Sarjapura Talook) b.e disease began to extend in different directions and to places wide apart, on the 24th, a death occurred at Maloor ; on the 25th deaths were reported •om Mundium, Chennapatam, and Kingherry Towns to the south-west of Banga)re on the high road to Mysore ; on the 27th from Mulwagul, the adjoining talook ) Colar; on the 29th in the Bangalore Talook; on the 31st in the Hoskote 'alook to the north-east of Bangalore. I" From this period the disease established itself in Bangalore, and did not die it in the talook till the 28th of September. Within this period deaths were sing reported from various parts of the province, and rather later, in October id November, it extended to the talooks of Periapatam, Narasipura, Manjaraid, and Maharajandurga, a steady movement in a westerly direction, the preliling winds at Bangalore being S. S. E. and E. S. E., veering to the N. E. ut quite in the opposite direction, viz., in the talook of Mulwagul, on the extreme id of the province, a rather sharp outbreak occurred on the sth November, tie last death reported was on the 28th November in the Manjarabad Talook. " The disease, in fact, moved so capriciously, that it is impossible to sa whether it was propagated along the main lines of intercommunication, or b; prevailing winds. The earlier cases certainly appeared to occur in town situated upon the main roads. Later in the year, however, it appeared to extend in the direction of the prevailing currents of air, though it overleap several talooks in its way to the western talooks of Narasipura, Maharaja durga, and Manjarabad. The extension to Mulwagul, on the sth November was again in the very teeth of the prevailing wind. It was only at Bangalore t* Amongst the European Troops at the station, there wore seven men and four women attacked. Five of the jer and three of the latter died.— (W. E. C.) XX 128 itself and at Mulwagul and Chumbanhully that the disease assumed epidemic characters. In other talooks the deaths were few, and often at long intervals. * * * * " The shading of the map* shows that the disease was confined almost entirely to the eastern or south-eastern talooks of the Nandidroog Division, a few ripples of the storm wave only reaching some of the northern talooks, and a gap existing between this region and the western talooks of Narasipura, Maharajadurga, and Manjarabad. Hurryhur on the north-western frontier and Budihulli on the south of the Chittledroog District stand out by themselves, isolated from the rest of the northern tracts of the province. " The fact is, that in all the talooks with mortality not exceeding three in 10,000 inhabitants, the cases which occurred were sporadic. "It is impossible to say whether the disease reached Bangalore from the westward or eastward, seeing that it prevailed on both sides of it. At the close of 1869 cholera prevailed in many parts of the Madras Presidency, noteably in North Arcot, Nellore, and the Madras Districts, and at the beginning of 1870, it prevailed in Tanjore and Trichinopoly. It also " lingered on " — as is stated by the writer of the article " Cholera in 1870" in the Madras Medical Journal — "in the Zemindary tracts of North Arcot, and in that terra incognita Tripatty ; it prevailed also slightly in Nellore * * * But in Tripatty a great congregation of pilgrims assembled in the beginning of May, and suddenly we hear of epidemic cholera not only in the town of Tripatty, but along various routes taken by pilgrims. The great feast of Conjeeveram began on the 11th May, and many of the Tripatty pilgrims went thither direct by rail- As might have been anticipated, cholera broke out at Conjeeveram at the same time, and the people in dispersing, scattered it all over the southern portion of the North Arcot District, Madras, and the eastern portion of the Salem District. From North Arcot, and possibly by means of the Tripatty pilgrims, cholera spread over the Mysore plateau. v Now I have shown that deaths by cholera had been reported in the districts of the Nandidroog Division of the Mysore Province as early as April, prior, that f I am inclined to think that cholera had not quite died out in the eastern districts of Mysore since the slight invasion in 1869. — (W. E. C.) is, to the Tripatty and Conjeeveram feasts. f It is true that the disease did not acquire any widespread prevalence till a period subsequent to those feasts. The first death occurred at Bangalore itself on the 30th May, though it was not till July that the disease prevailed to any extent. " If then it was imported, as lam disposed to hold it was, it was at a period antecedent to the Tripatty and Conjeeveram festivals, though a fresh importaon may have occurred at a later period, and account for the outbreak in the antonment in July. The Garrison Surgeon writes, ' very strong evidence is Forded that it was introduced by some of the numerous travellers passing irough the station, or the pilgrims who had been attending feasts held in the Fected districts.' Although lam disposed to hold that the disease was thus mported, I do not think that 'the evidence' is sufficiently strong to justify its >eing asserted as a fact, as the mode of origin of the first cases reported could ot be satisfactorily traced. * Dr. Banking's figured map of Cholera in Mysore, has been included in the general Cholera map for 1870,. accompanying this report. — (W. K. C.) 129 " The map I have prepared shows the incidence of the disease in the several districts of the province upon the plan adopted by the Sanitary Commissioner in his last Annual Report, the comparative f Statistics of Cholera Mysore, I-evalence being indicated both by deepening shades of colour and by figures ving the mortuary rates per 10,000 of the estimated population ; exhibited in jures, the following are the results :—: — Estimated population of province 4,106,762 Total deaths reported in 1870 ... 525 Death rate per 10,000 of population 1 '28 " In the different divisions the results are as follow : — (Population 1,680,083 Nandidroog Division .. < Deaths 444 ( Ratio per 10,000 2-64 (Population 1,330,495 Astagram Division ...< Deaths 65 ( Ratio per 10,000 049 (Population 1,070,421 Nagur Division ...< Deaths 16 ( Ratio per 10,000 o*ls " The ratio of mortality for the whole province is so low, that the disease can scarcely be said to have manifested any epidemic virulence. The Nandidroog Division, the most eastern of the province, suffered most. This division com prises the three districts of Bangalore, Colar, and Toomkoor. Of the 444 recorded deaths, 286 occurred in the Bangalore District, of which 133 pertain to the town of Bangalore itself, viz., 116 to the cantonment, and 17 to the pettah In the Colar District, there were 155 deaths, and in Toomkoor only 3. Th mortuary rates per 10,000 inhabitants in these districts are Bangalore 4*33, Cola 2*92, and Toomkoor o*o6. In the cantonment of Bangalore, the mortality amongst the population, estimated at 79,301, is 14*6 per 10,000, while in the pettah, with its 52,895 inhabitants, it was only 3-2 per 10,000. In 1869 the results were just the reverse, the incidence of ihe disease having been experi enced most severely in the pettah, while the cantonment was almost spared. I" This was at the time attributed to the more energetic action that was taken the cantonment than by the Pettah Municipal authorities, but in 1870 the le precautionary measures were taken and carried out with equal energy, o not attempt to reason upon these facts, I merely state them. " In regard to the adoption of measures calculated to arrest the progress of the disease, I may state that, on assuming the duties of my office, I placed myself in communication with the Chief Com- ¦anitary precautions en. Issioner of the province, and suggested the adoption of the sanitary measures force in the Madras Presidency, for the supervision of agglomerations of the ople at fairs and festivals throughout the province. Effect was at once given my suggestion ; measures were also taken to put parties of travellers, amongst 10m cholera might prevail, in temporary quarantine, by staying their progress, d separating the sick and treating them on the spot where medical aid was ailable. Rules for disinfection of houses and personal effects were also drawn , published in the Vernacular, and widely circulated. « At Bangalore itself a cholera hospital was established at the outskirts of the 130 station. Medical subordinates were placed at the disposal of the Municipality, under the order of the Garrison Surgeon, Cholera Hospital at Bangalore. for house-to-house visitation in the bazaars, and the disinfection of houses was carried out through a special sanitary agency entertained by the Municipality. All suggestions were immediately acted upon and vigorously carried out." CHOLERA AT THAYETMYO, BRITISH BURMAH. 1 66. It does not fall within my province to give an account of the distribution of cholera in British Burmah. The Sanitary Commissioner of that locality will doubtless detail the facts in his annual report. I have only here to note that there was a reproduction of cholera in April 1870 at Thayetmyo, and that a lamentable mortality occurred from it in Her Majesty's 76th Regiment and Royal Artillery. The particulars, in regard to the epidemic invasion of the Irrawaddy valley in 1869, are admirably described by Dr. Thompson, Her Majesty's 76th Regiment, in the Appendix to my cholera report for that year. 167. The outbreak of 1870 began, so far as the European Troops were con- Outbreak at Thayetmyo on 3rd April amongst camp-followers. cerned, on the 7th April, but two cases occurred amongst the native followers of the Regiment (one in the " cooly lines," where the first case of the 1869 invasion occurred,) and the other in the " Sudder Bazaar" on the night of the 3rd April. On the morning of the 7th of April, cases of cholera occurred in the barracks and hospital of the 76th Regiment and in a Royal Artillery barrack ; in the former among the Band and Drum- European Troops attacked on the 7th. mers, and 8., G., and L. Companies. On this first day of outbreak seven cases came under observation. 168. The first step taken on the occurrence of cholera was to march out the affected companies to camp. On the Bth April, the Band and Drummers were moved to the Brigade parade-ground, and Removal to camp of affected troops. on subsequent dates, 9th, 10th, and 11th April, respectively, the 8., G., and L. Companies were also marched out to the site chosen for a cholera encampment. On the 13th the Band and Drummers were shifted from their camp on the paradeground to this site. A distinct hospital establishment was provided for each company. On the Bth of April a second patient in hospital, in Thayetmyo, was attacked by cholera, and shortly afterwards the wife of the Hospital Sergeant who resided in the building. During the Patients in hospital attacked. night of the Bth April, the wife of a Corporal, residing in No. 10 Family Barracks was attacked, also two privates in the G. and L. Companies, respectively. On the morning of the 9th, another man of the L. Company was seized, and in the afternoon one of the G. Company. No fresh case occurred until the afternoon of the 12th, when a man of the E. Company was attacked. 169. On the afternoon of the 13th April, the first case occurred in the men I Appearance of chora in the camp on c 13th April. moved out to the cholera camp, and from that date up to the 19th no less than fourteen new attacks took place, of which number twelve died. These cases occurred principally in the L. Company. On the 15th April seven men of this particular company were attacked, and only one survived. On the appearance of the first case in the cholera camp near the cantonment 131 r. Removal of camp to opposite back of the river Irrawady. on the 13th instant, the local Military and Medical authorities arranged for the movement of the troops to the opposite bank of the river. An elevated site was chosen, and on the 16th, 19th, and 20th April, respectively, the 8., G., and L. Companies, and the Band and Drummers were sent across the river and encamped on this ground. No cases occurred in the new camp until the 20th, when a man of the G. Company (which had crossed the river the day before) was seized and died very rapidly. Several cases of " diarrhoea " were reported also in all the companies. 170. During all these days no cases of cholera occurred amongst the troops remaining in barracks, but Dr. Thompson reports that there was a good deal of diarrhoea and much debility, especially amongst women and children. The Battery of Artillery had Prevalence of diar- rhoea both in camp and only a single case of cholera on the 7th instant, cholera prevailed to some slight extent amongst the natives of the cantonment. 171. On the night of the 20th April two children were attacked in No 12 Family Barracks in Thayetmyo. The rooms were immediately evacuated and purified. No further case in the cantonment t Fresh cases in barcks on 20th April. occurred on this occasion. About the end of May, after the return of the affected ;roops to cantonment, there was another outbreak, confined chiefly on this occaion to the Eoyal Artillery which had furnished only a single case during the epidemic intensity in the 76th Regiment. 172. On the afternoon of the 21st April, theEoman Catholic Chaplain, who been indefatigable in his attendance on the sick in the hospital camps, was seized with cholera and died on the 23rd. Cessation of c idemic i camp on 2ist April, I was the last case connected with the camp. On the 2nd May the men eturned to their barracks in Thayetmyo. 1173. The general health of the Regiment appears to have undergone a great terioration during the presence of choleraic influences in the station. For some weeks subsequently, notwithstanding all that was done for their comfort, the men suffered greatly from the depressing influences that had surrounded them. The Principal Medical Officer, British Burmah, inspected the Regiment on the 13th June, when he found a large number of sick in hospital and a still larger number unfitted for duty. ReportofthePrinci- health of the^egt I He remarks : — " I satisfied myself that the health of the Regiment was nquestionably bad. The symptoms from which the men suffer are extrem ability, with pains in the back and limbs ; a small weak quick pulse ; a whit ibby tongue, marked distaste for food, and in some instances slight diarrhoea ith a general feeling of malaise; there is tendency to syncope and giddiness ie countenance is anxious ; the eyes hollow and dark around their orbits ; am te face suffused with pallor, and a general expression denoting debility. I To such an extent were the symptoms and signs of weakness present, am long had these men been attending hospital without the least amelioration their condition, that I considered it necessary to select fifty-four of their numbe change, with a conviction that they would not regain their health a ayetmyo." L L 132 174. While the 76tli Regiment was suffering from these symptoms, indicative of feeble vital power, and probably also of very general cholera poisoning, the Principal Medical Officer notes that the men of the Royal Artillery stationed in the same cantonment were in Royai m Artmery from the debility. excellent health and spirits. Yet this ciroumstance had not exempted the men of the Royal Artillery from cholera during the second outbreak in the station. He thought that mental dejection had something to say to the symptoms. No sanitary defect in the barracks or their conservancy was brought to light ; but, in point of fact, the locality on which the European Barracks are built, has proved itself to be a spot in which cholera will always seek its victims. It is possible that the intense heat Barrackß liable to cb.o. lera outbreaks. of the weather, and the exposure of the men in tents, at the most trying period of the year, might have accounted for some of the debility and languor prevailing after the cessation of cholera. The men are reported to have been sober and very well-behaved during the progress of the outbreak. 175. In 1859 (the year of a new outburst of cholera from the endemic area) the troops of this cantonment suffered. In 1863, when another Previous CholeraH is- r tory of Thayetmyo. epidemic wave started out of Bengal, Her Majesty's 3-60t Rifles, then stationed at Thayetmyo, suffered very severely. The epidemi advance of cholera in 1868 was also felt at Thayetmyo, for one man died i that year, but early in April 1869, the European Barracks near the rive were struck heavily by cholera, and in 1870, it is clear, from the various report that the disease had not become extinct in the country, and that the out break at Thayetmyo was a violent reproduction, or revival, of a localisec cholera. Knowing as we now do that cholera prefers low ground, and th immediate neighbourhood of the valleys of large rivers for its ravages, it is n longer a matter of surprise that Thayetmyo should suffer on the occasion o an epidemic invasion. With reference to this point, Dr. Thompson, the Surgeon of Her Majesty's 76th Regiment, hag . Thayetmyo situated in a river basin. recorded the following important statement in reply to some observations of mine on the localities attacked in the late epidemic :—: — " The station lies in a shallow basin, The Native Infantry is located on the Exemption of Native Mghest y groun^ ylll oorapy ae'Toweßtpv^ of the basin. best ground, namely, on a plateau along the edge of the basin, while the Royal Artillery and European Infantry are on the worst, i.e., in the bottom of the basin. The superiority of the site of the native infantry barracks was particularly pointed out by Surgeon- Major Timins, senior medical officer, Thayetmyo, in a special report addressed by him to the Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, Pegu Division, dated 14th August 1861. The comparatively low situation of the existing European Barracks can be best judged of by crossing the river and looking down on Thayetmyo from the high ground above Allanmyo and Yuatoung, directly opposite. " I examined this ground, first, with Colonel Hackett, Commanding, and Major Twyinan, Executive Engineer, in April last, when selecting a site for a cholera camp ; and, secondly, with these officers and Dr. Skelton, Principal medical officer, British Medical Service, in June, and we unanimously arrived at the conclusion that on sanitary and stratagetical grounds, the ridges above and between Allanmyo and Yuatoung were, to all appearance, better adapted for the erection 133 of barracks and the establishment of a cantonment, than the present site of Thayetmyo." 176. With the past experience of Thayetmyo, and especially of that portion of Site of European Bar. racks, such as to invite attacks of cholera. the cantonment occupied by the European Troops, I am afraid that, in all future epidemic invasions of Burmah, the troops in this locality must necessarily suffer. Not only is the situa- tion disadvantageous in regard to its nearness to the great drainage channel of Vicinity of barracks to the Irrawaddy river, and dangers arising therefrom. the valley, but the river being a navigable one for steamers and boats, is the great, and only, highway of traffic between Upper and Lower Burmah, and as cholera frequently appears on such lines of traffic, Thayetmyo must be peculiarly liable to invasion. The conditions of the locality, moreover, are such, that when cholera does get into the European Barracks, a great fatality may be looked for. It is well to note, moreover, that the conditions which localise the activity of the cholera contagium are limited, as to area. The Native Regi- choleraic area in Thayetmyo limited. ment, the European Officers of the cantonment, and the Sudder Bazaar are never affected in the same proportion as the men living in the European Barracks near the river bank. In 1863 the Surgeon of the Regiment, and another officer, died of cholera, but the former had necessarily been much of his time in localities under choleraic influence. In the outbreaks in 1869 and 1870 no European Officer, lady, or officer's child suffered, and only one man of the Native Infantry Regiment, —strength 643 was attacked. 177. The removal of the affected troops to camp on the first outbreak in April would probably have been more effectual if they had been taken at once to the high ground across the river, instead of Influence of removal to camp. to the locality near the cantonment, fixed upon as a cholera camp. In this latter place, it would seem probable that the second outbreak on the 13th April was due to influences affecting the camp, for cholera had ceased temporarily to appear amongst the men and families who remained in their barracks. Whether the termination of the epidemic was influenced favourably by the movement across the river, or whether the removal of the camp was delayed until the outbreak was normally ended, it is hardly possible to judge. lam not quite satisfied, in this instance at least, that the removal into the camp near the cantonment was in any way effectual in the preservation of life. X Weather during the itbreak. 178. The weather at the time of outbreak was unusually hot and dry, and no rain fell until the 28th April, when the intensity of the dkease had subsided. The malignant character of the cholera of this outbreak can perhaps be better estimated when I mention that of thirty-eight European troops attacked at Theyetmyo only eleven recovered. This Great fatality of the oiera at Thayetmyo. 1179. ives a death rate of more than seventy-one per cent, to the numbers treated. 134 CHAPTER VI. CHOLERA STATISTICS OF 1870. 180. The following table shows in one view the cholera deaths in the Civil population throughout the Presidency :—: — Table showing Deaths from Cholera in each District of the Madras Presidency during each month of the year 1870. Districts. £p-g^ . 1 1 J> 1 1 d I I Jti fulfill i Ganjam ... 7 3 8 12 14 9 46 198 66 2 2 15 332 Vizagapatam 9 5 11 ... 10J 72 78 51 ... 21 2 259 Godavery 72 365 3,01 1 1 5,231 3,504 668 235 1861 33 13,305 Kistna 12 6 ... 70 566 1,129 201 62 8 ... 2,054 Nellore ... 141 180 112 9 ... 10 27 20 7(5 20 14; 4 613 Madras ... 37 15 9 48 79 391 113 121 20 22 3 3 861 Chingleput ... 117 54 8 lb 287 551 152 72 63 35 19 20 1,394 South Arcot ... 617 246 150 118 238 300 687 574 176 88 38 16 3,248 Trichinopoly ... 960 344 192 122 7 14 44 65 ]03| 28 139 539 2,557 Tanjore ... 3,708 1,119 216 218 175 392 357 176 110 45 18 50 6,584 Madura* ... 18 70 323 275 307 531 621 1,445 933 479 330 324 5,656 Tinnevelly ... 8 46 258 637 1,721 1,911 1,246 626 398 142 45 573 7,611 Kurnool ... ... ... ... ... Cuddapah 31 50 29 10 8 6 134 Bellary North Arcot ... 83 102 98 99 935 899 334 389 176 113 227 140 3,595 Salem ... 560 443 271 215 141 206 567 521 172 69 40 319 3,524 Coimbatore ... 82 97 191 193 60 5 18 60 264 623 446 284 2,323 Neilgherry Hills. ... ... ... South Canara ... 17 8 3 5 5 7 45 43 42 35 25 32 267 Malabar ... 8 7 31 35 77 199 150 218 103 110 141 421 1,500 Total... 6,363 2,74318872091 4,442 8,566 10305 9,249 36302114 f 1702 2775J 55,867| 181. From this table it will be observed that 55,867 persons died of cholera in 1870, the number in the previous year, a period of new invasion, being only 21,034. The epidemic fell with peculiar severity on the Godavery District, and the Tinnevelly and Madura Districts, in the extreme south, which districts had escaped the invasion in 1869. In the invasion of the Presidency in 1864, the general mortality was higher in the second year than in The third year of & J . ° t J invasion generally has the first, and highest of all in the third year of cholera prevahighest mortality. ' . f J l lence. But in those years the seasons had been unfavourable for agriculture, and the prices of food were so high as to press severely upon the health of the poorer people, predisposing them to suffer from epidemic influence of favour- disease. The seasons of 1870 were unusually favourable fo able eeason of mo. agriculture throughout Southern India. Food grains hay fallen considerably in value, and the population, by being well fed and nourishec are better prepared to resist epidemic diseases. From the present distribution o cholera in the districts to the southward, which were the latest to suffer invasion I am incliued to think that no general reproduction will occur in the presen • Exclusive of Kaninad and Shcrngunga Zomindaries, for which no returns were received. 135 year, in which case the cholera mortality of 1871 (the third year from the last invasion) may be expected to diminish instead of increasing as it did in the third year of the former invasion. If this estimate is based on a true appreciation of the facts of the past and present, then the population of Southern India may be expected to be free of a general distribution of the cholera pestilence, until a new epidemic cloud from the north shall again overshadow the land. 182. The facts, in regard to cholera outbreaks in H. M.'s 45th Regiment m Fort Saint George, have already been noticed, and also the particulars of the lamentable outbreak in H. M.'s 76th Cholera in the European Army. Regiment at the station of Thayetmyo in British Burmah. The European troops at Bangalore suffered slightly when cholera affected the cantonment in June and July. There were seven admissions and five deaths at this station. With these exceptions the European troops of the Presidency were singularly free of cholera during the year. The station of Trichinopoly was attacked twice in the year, in January and December, but no case occurred amongst the European troops. The ratio of mortality to attacks amongst this class, it will be observed, is lamentably high, and shows that, as yet, Medical science has failed to produce any satisfactory results, as regards the treatment of the advanced stages of the disease. 136 Table showing the Total Deaths and Mortality from Cholera among European Troops at each Station of the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. Ratio per 1.000 of „, _ „ Strength Months of Prevalence of Cholera. jg All '_ , § Causes. Cholera. 1 *¦" All Causes. Cholera. January. Feb. March. April. May. June, July. August. Sept. October. Nov. Dec. Stations. « . gog o Fort Saint George ... 767 798 19 12 6 104C41 24"77 1564 782 3 1 11 5 50 Saint Thomas' Mount. 463 592 24 127861 51-83 Vellore 3 1 33333 Poonamalee 158 454 5 287341 31-64 ... ... ... Palaveram 291 137 4 47079 137 ... Vizagapatam 72 50 1 68493 1369 ... Trichinopoly 333 424 6 1273-27 18-01 Wellington 420 725 5 172619 119 ... - Bangalore 1,893 4,387 22 7 5 2317 48 11-62 3 69 2-64 7 5 71-4 Cannanore 663 633 8 954*75 1206 ... ... Calicut 64 41 1 64062 15*62 ... •« Malliapooram ... 79 84 1 1063-29 1265 ... — Bellary 959 1,058 8 110323 833 ... ... Kamandroog 49 44 ... 897*95 ... Secunderabad ... 2,101 2,301 39 l 1 1095-19 1856 047 0" 4 ? 1 1 i0 ° Kamptee 1,001 1,690 9 1688*31 899 ... Seetabuldee ... .„ 50 51 ... 10200 ... Chindwarrah 23 53 1 230434 43-47 ... — - Rangoon 772 1,170 6 l ... 1515-54 6-47 1-29 ... * Thayetmyoo 428 726 31 38 27 171631 7328 8983 6382 ... 28 21 1 1 6 3 3 2 7105 Tonghoo 340 365 7 1073-52 20-58 Port Blair 11l 65 2 58558 2702 Total ... 11,035 |15,849 198 59 39 1436-24 ! 17-9 534 1 3*53 1 1 11 | 5 28 21 2 2 6 3 10 7 1 661 137 183. In only three stations was there any cholera mortality to speak of in the Native Army, viz., Madras, Bangalore, and Trichinopoly, all other stations, some of them within the influence of invading Cholera in the Native Army. cholera, as Palamcottah, Quilon, and Thayetmyo, were remarkably free of the disease. At Madras the epidemic attacked the Regiment in the Perambore Lines, and at Bangalore the Sappers and Miners suffered most ; at Trichinopoly the Regiment in the Potoor Lines furnished all the cases but two. These lines are the nearest to the Fort, and occupy a lower level and moister soil than the lines of the 9th Regiment N.I. b There was no movement of Native troops until the end of the year, and such ches as took place up to the 31st December terminated without cholera >reaks. The following table shows the cholera attacks and deaths of the Native Army in each month of the year : — 138 F Table showing the Total Deaths and Mortality from Cholera among the Kative Troops at each Station of the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. Eatio pee 1,000 of Strength. Months of Peevalence of Choleea. Ja Causes Cholma - ~~ — $ All Causes- Cholera. January. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. August. Sept. October. Kov. Deo. ® STATIONS - .II TAT A 1 J~IL §11ii i i i T i T~l &| Ara© o m ' 'S §5d0.2..2.2.2.2.2.2 ° •§ § ° § -8 § Madras 2,164 780 24 7 4 360-2 11-09 3-2 184 74 " 671 Saint Thomas' Mount. 183 141 2 770-4 10-9 Palaveram 131 253 4 19313 305 '.. ... ... ... Vellore 553 418 17 ... 1 7558 307 ... 18 ... ..'. *,"." '..'. "\ ]" "' ? 1 Vizianagram 652 83 8 127-3 12-2 ... ..'. Berhampore 364 206 5 ... 1 565-9 137 ••• 2"72 "7 "i Cnttack 684 261 7 3815 102 ... ... ... Sumbulpore 265 469 5 17698 188 Wa?taTr Patam } - 785 542 16 690-4 20-4 I I Z I Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Bangalore 1,924 1,189 26 6 4 617*9 135 31 207 .... 1 4 3 11 66-6 French Eocks ... 608 503 11 8273 18-09 "/. ..'. ... Cannanore 1,213 651 7 536-6 57 ... Calicut 84 21 250-0 ... ... ." .. "' ... ..'. "'" Mangalore 700 278 5 3971 71 .". ~ ... ~ ~ .'" ... ~ ",\ \\\ Mercara 557 542 7 973-07 125 Bellary 1,752 639 14 1 1 3647 7*5 05 0-5 "" "'. ... ... "" 'i "{ Kurnool 687 433 4 630-2 5-8 ... "'. ". ... Mysore 61 62 1 1016-3 16-3 ... " ... Trichinopoly 1,363 482 13 12 5 353-6 9-5 88 36 74 2 ... ... ... '" ... ... "a "i m-A Quilon 455 161 4 3538 89 " ' ... Trichoor 167 51 2 1 ... 3053 119 5-9 1 ". ... ... ... ... Treyandram 79 38 481"01 ... ... Palamcottah 565 194 5 ... 1 343-3 88 ... 17 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... Secunderabad ... 2,643 1,381 32 1 ... 5215 1208 0-3 1 Kamptee 1,255 932 18 1 ... 7426 14-3 0-7 ... "{ Seetabuldee 453 435 4 9602 8-8 '.'.'. '" ... " '.". '" Hooshungabad ... 356 272 2 764-04 5-6 ... ... Eaepore 622 839 21 13327 33-7 '" ... Chandah 72 179 1 24861 13-8 .'. ... ... Seroncha 139 195 2 14029 14-3 . . Rangoon 1,428 907 17 635-1 11-8 '. ... Thayetmyoo 643 361 4 1 ... 5614 6-2 1-5 .. ... 1 " " Moulmein 370 485 ll 1336-08 297 Tonghoo 545 426 15 781-6 27-5 '" .. Shoaygheen 112 191 2 1705-3 178 "/.' ~ .'" ..'. '" ~ "' "' Singapore ... ... ... ... Malacca 130 144 2 1107*6 15-3 .'." " ... .. "'" Port Blair 268 318 8 1149 2 29*7 " ..'. Kicobars 61 372 4 6098-3 64-5 „"' ..[ ~ .".' [", *" "' ' \ Total ... 25,0198115,834 330 30 17 6308 131 11 06 7 ! 4 3 ... "~I~~Z I~~~j~~l 9~ ~T ~T ~T ~~2 ~ ~1 I ~ T7 "Z" TT ~T ~~i 56*6 139 184. The condition of prisoners, in regard to cholera during 1870, has been exceedingly satisfactory. Although the epidemic prevailed in many localities in which prisoners were confined, there was a Cholera in Madras Jails. very general immunity amongst that class of persons. 185. The Medical Officer of the Nellore Jail has entered in his statistical returns eight admissions and seven deaths under the head 14 Dyspepsia," but in consequence of an explanatory note of Doubtful cases in Nellore Jail . that officer's, I have transferred these cases to, what I believe to be their true position, " Malignant Cholera." These cases occurred while cholera was raging in the town in the month of February, and, although some of the characteristic symptoms of cholera were not present in all the cases, I think there can be no reasonable doubt that the disease was cholera. The following is the Civil Surgeon's description of the disease :—: — " The symptoms in all were very much alike, commencing with violent pain across the abdomen, purging and vomiting, the evacuations being watery, some olourless, others yellow and milky and of a thick muddy appearance, but at first 11 containing bits of undigested cholum (grain of Sorghum vulgare). In only one ase does there appear to have been suppression of urine ; in all there was pain more or less severe in the abdomen, but none had pain or cramps in the extremities. was great depression and restlessness, small weak pulse, and it is true nany of the symptoms were of a choleraic nature, still I do not consider that hey were suffering from cholera, but an aggravated and virulent form of yspepsia; exhaustion rapidly setting in, from which they were unable to rally. n only one case was there genuine collapse." Mr. Lloyd was inclined to attribute the origin of the disease to change of die s it began in the Quarantine ward amongst men not accustomed to Jail rations, bu ;he particularly fatal character of the malady (seven out of eight attacks endin atally), notwithstanding the absence of cramps and suppression of urine, point think, most clearly to its choleraic nature, and to the propriety of registerin le attacks under the head of cholera. This disease, though beginning in th :uarantine ward (a place where newly admitted prisoners are detained fifteen day or observation) extended subsequently to the Jail itself, four of the admission oming from the Quarantine ward, and four from the Jail wards. 186. The only other Jail, in which a severe outbreak of cholera occurred, was the old District Jail of Eajahmundry. Cholera was brought into the town on the Bth May by persons from an Bajahmundry Jail. infected village, and it broke out in the Jail on the night of the 11th. The new Central Jail, with ten times the number of prisoners in it, had no cholera at all durino- this season of invasion. At Madura also the new Jail escaped, while the Civil debtors confined in the old Jail had five cases of cholera out of their small strength of fifty. Here there was an abund- Madura. tice of space available for the small number of prisoners, but the building was d, and possibly tainted. I The following table shows the monthly admissions and deaths from cholera all the Jails of this Presidency :—: — NN 140 Table showing the Total Deaths from Cholera in th c several Jails of the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. Ratio per 1,000 of Population. Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. "f All Cholera. ® Causes. _, ~" ~ Q All Causes. Cholera. «« . Berhampore 180 90 6 500 333 Calient 159 155 7 974-8 4402 Chingleput 217 369j 1 17004 46 Chittoor 291 2ls| 12 749*1 41-2 Cuddalore 301 135 2 438-5 66 ] Guindy 74 142 19189 ... Guntoor 1001 91 910-0 ... Her Majesty's Jail, Madras ... 24 3l! ... 1 ¦•• 1291-6 ••¦ 41-6 1 ... Masulipatam 96 7, 1 72*9 10-4 ... Nellore 182 132 10 8 7 725-2 54"9 43"9 38-4 ... ... *8 »6 ... 1 87*5 Penitentiary, Madras 488 656 20 2 ... 13647 40-9 4-1 1 ••• ... 1 Kaiahmundry, Central 845 402 3 475-7 3-5 •• Do. District 89 103 5 16 4 1157*2 56-1 1797 44-9 16 4 25 Russelcondah 52 54 2 10384 38-4 ... Vellore, Central 576 219 10 380-2 173 Do. Fort 152 46| ... 3026 ... i Vizagapatam 265 109' 9 411-3 339 Bellary 384 482 16 1255-2 41-6 Cannanore, Central 452 438! 27 969-02 597 Do. District 58 101 ... 1724 Closed. Cochin 17 38 1 ... 3 ... 2235-2 ... 1764 2 1 ... - Cuddapah 226 384 5 1 ... 16991 22-1 44 T* ••¦ Kurnool 146 151 1 10342 68 Manealore 146 206 8 1410-9 547 "* "• — TelJicherry 93 158| 4 1 ... 1698-9 43-01 107 •¦¦ - ¦•• + 1 Coimbatore Central 924 452; 24 1 ... 4891 25-9 1.08 Jl ••¦ ••• •• Do. District 137 143 2 2 ... 1043 8 14-6 14-6 ... * Lawrence Asylum Works ... 243 397 1 16337 4-1 ... Madura, New" Jail 180! 86 6 - ... 4777 33*3 ¦•• ... •• •¦ •• - ¦•• ••• ••• Do. Old Jail (Civil Debtors')- 50 10 5 5 4 200-0 100*0 100-0 800 §1 §1 * •"• ¦ - ' - $* § 2 80 Oc.tacamund, European 26 25 961"5 ... — Do Native 220 147 2 668*1 909 -± Palamcottah 382 58 5 1 ... 151-8 1308 2-6 •** Paumbem 121 835 5 2768-5 41-3 Salem, Central 466 209J 2 448-5 4-2 Taniore 177 82 18 463-2 1017 - "• Trichinopoly, Central 716 121117 168-9 236 - "* Do District 185 67j 11 362-1 59-4 Tranquebar 139 85 7 6115 503 — — — — — — — ~ ' '"Lz - — — '*" — — "J_ Total... 9598 7005~249 41 IT 729"8 259 42 1-6 10 6 12 1 ... 17 4 1 ... % | ... 1 4 4 ... 4 2 35-8 + Simnle Cholera § among Civil Debtors in old Jail. j oinipie »jno ts 141 CHAPTER VII. THE MOVEMENT OF CHOLERA VIEWED IN RELATION TO RECENT THEORIES. 187. There are at present two very contradictory theories entertained in regard to the phenomena of cholera movement. The one of most general acceptance perhaps is that formulated by the International Sanitary Conference at Constantinople in 1866, as follows :—: — " No fact has hitherto been brought forward to prove that cholera is spread abroad by the atmosphere alone, whatever may be its condition ; and that, moreover, it is a law without exception, that an epidemic of cholera has never spread from one place to another in a shorter time than that necessary for man to journey between both places." The other theory has been lately (1869) put forward by Dr. Bryden in an official report published by the Government of India. " The prevailing wind is the agency which directs the course of an advancing epidemic and determines its limitation in geographical distribution ; the assertion that cholera may advance against a prevailing wind is contrary to fact." 188. Dr. Bryden's chief field of observation, whence he has drawn the above inference, has been the northern and central parts of India, subjected to the southwest monsoon rains, and here he has traced an apparent connexion between the advance of cholera and the direction of monsoon winds. He looks upon cholera indeed as a soil-bred miasm, not necessarily dependent upon man for renewal or propagation, but as a soil emanation that is borne aloft by prevailing winds, and carried by them out of the endemic area to localities more or less distant. Hence an endeavour is made to establish the proposition that cholera cannot move against a monsoon wind. However the facts coming immediately under Dr. Bryden's observation may seem to support such a conclusion, it is only necessary that I should refer to Scott's narrative of the cholera invasion of 1818, to prove, beyond the possibility of a doubt, that cholera did in that period traverse the Peninsula from east to west, and for many hundreds of miles from north to south, during the season of prevalence of the south-west monsoon, or, in other words, that an invading cholera advanced in opposition to a prevailing wind. There is also to be noted the remarkable fact that the change of monsoon from southwest to north-east did not hurry the advance of cholera over the Southern Districts. With the north-east monsoon wind blowing in its favour, it took nearly four months for cholera to travel from the latitude of Madras to the northern coast of the island of Ceylon. This one instance is, I think, quite sufficient to prove that Dr. Bryden's theory, in regard to monsoon agencies, does not rest on the firm basis of fact which he supposes. Nor does the theory of cholera distribution by monsoon winds in any way account for the circumstance that, simultaneously with the movement of a new epidemic out of Bengal in a north-west or south-west direction, a corresponding movement is going on to the south and south-east. If the monsoon winds of India blew in circles continually widening, or from a central point in radiating lines, it would be easy to understand how they might propagate cholera ; but, as matter of fact, we know that the two great winds from the south-west and north-east prevail with great regularity, and that during their seasons of prevalence, atmospheric 142 tiovements are mainly in one direction, while cholera may be moving in various irections. 189. As regards the evidence of cholera movement to the south-east of the endemic field, I shall merely state that the tables in the Appendix show that the Military Stations in British Burmah felt the influence of the new emanation of cholera in Bengal in 1859 and 1863, just as much as did any stations in the southwestern or northern " highways;" and as regards the years 1868 and 1869, the Appendix to my cholera report for 1869, and the report of the Sanitary Commissioner of British Burmah, both testify to the fact of a new invasion of the river valleys in Burmah in that year. From other sources I have satisfied myself, that the cholera in China of 1860 was a direct continuation of the south-eastern overflow, and I infer also that the cholera of 1864 at Singapore and other parts of the Straits Settlements was a direct continuation of the epidemic invasion of Burmah in 1863. The last we hear of the 1868-69 invasion in British Burmah was a southward extension through the Tenasserim Provinces. The Sanitary Commissioner distinctly states that the dates of progress show that the epidemic " was travelling south," after the invasion of Mergui. 190. Before the scientific world can accept a theory that seeks to explain the spread of cholera to places so geographically remote as Peshawar and Singapore by the agency of monsoon winds, it will seek to know something about the direction and rate of progress of such winds, in connexion with the progress of cholera. It is manifest that the same winds that take cholera from Bengal to the Punjaub, cannot be instrumental in sowing the seeds of cholera over Burmah and China in the south-east. The greatest obstacle to the reception of the monsoon theory of cholera invc sion is, I think, the unquestionable fact that cholera is not checked in its movemei by the prevalence of a strong monsoon wind blowing against its line of advanc The narrative of Scott of the 1818 epidemic, and the record at pages 18 and 2 of the 1859 and 1864 invasions are quite clear, as regards the movement of forme epidemics. The southward and slightly eastward advance of the 1869 invasio in this Presidency was certainly not checked by the south-west monsoon, nor did travel any faster when the monsoon turned round in its favour. That monsoo moisture favoured the multiplication of the cholera miasm is quite probable, bu there is no evidence that prevailing winds checked or hurried the invasion. It a fact too, beyond all question, that the southward advance of this same epidem from Tinnevelly to Ceylon in 1870 was not checked by the strong southerly winds then blowing. It follows, therefore, that there is a movement of cholera independent of strength or direction of winds, and that aerial influences cannot be so allpowerful as indicated by Bryden. 191. Iby no means wish to deny that the materiel for cholera propagation may not be conveyed to a distance by the atmosphere. Knowing how far sensible particles from the earth's surface may be moved, especially during certain electrical conditions of the atmosphere, by rotatory currents of air, I think it is very probable indeed that solid particles of cholera contagium, as of small-pox or any other contagium, may be thus transported from place to place ; and it is possible also that the monsoon winds, which are moist, may have the power of carrying them for a limited distance, but there has been no relation shown as yet between the velocity of movement of cholera, and of monsoon winds. It is abundantly clear that the development of cholera in a province has no sort of relation to 143 the rapidity of movement of the air. The monsoon winds, at certain periods of the year, travel at the rate of from 200 to 300 miles in twenty-four hours, but I am not aware of a single fact which shows that cholera can advance, epidemically, at the same rate. 192. An attentive consideration of the facts embodied in the district tables of this report will show, I think, very clearly that the localisation of cholera in certain places, and the slow movement of an epidemic, the intensity varying greatly even in adjoining talooks, or in the same district, is very adverse to any mere theory that the cholera germ is dependent upon a moist monsoon wind for its transport. 193. The other theory of Dr. Bryden's, that the cholera miasm is in its nature wholly independent of man, is, I need hardly observe, without any trustworthy evidence in its favour, and until the actual condition of the population within the endemic field of cholera is known, we have not the means of profitably pursuing this branch of the inquiry. 194. To sum up the facts as ascertained regarding the movement of cholera, I think it must be admitted — Ist. — That an epidemic wave from the natural home of cholera reaches the Madras Presidency, after affecting the Central Provinces, a portion of the Bombay Presidency and the Deccan, and rarely, if ever, by the shorter route along the Coromandel Coast. 2nd. — That these epidemic waves of cholera recur at uncertain intervals, but generally once in four or live years. 3rd. — That the direction of the line of cholera advance in this Presidency is, generally, from north to south, and that the invading epidemic never entirely halts until the extreme southern limit of territory (including the Island of Ceylon) has been reached. 4:th. — That the south-west winds do not stop or retard this southern advance, nor do the north-east winds hasten it. sth. — That monsoon moisture has some relation to the seasonal intensity, and possibly also to the movement of cholera, although prevailing winds do not hurry or check its advance into unoccupied territory. 6tJ L —That the period of time occupied in the invasion of Southern India, has varied from six months to two years. Yth. — That increased rapidity of communication by railways and steamboats has not hastened the advance of cholera, the last epidemic in 1869-70 having taken four times as long to reach Ceylon as did the great epidemic of 1818. 195. Although Dr. Bryden's theory, in regard to the movement of cholera by aerial currents, does not seem to me to be warranted by ascertained facts, I am by no means prepared with a counter theory to explain why cholera should periodically move out of the land of its birth, radiating in every direction in which physical obstacles to its progress do not exist. 196. The phenomena of epidemic movement, as I understand them, may in some respects be likened to the circular waves which follow the displacement of water in a pool, when a stone is flung into the middle of it. Troubled water is first seen in the neighbourhood of the disturbing cause, and in a cholera epidemic, it is the tract immediately outside of the endemic area that is first troubled, whether that tract lie to the south-east, south-west, or the north-west. The fact that the sea lies to the south of the endemic area, and a mountain barrier to o o 144 the north-east, is a sufficient reason why we cartnot look for an extension of the widening circle in those directions, but wherever there may be population, and an absence of hilly barriers to obstruct the circular extension of the cholera wave, it will continue to spread out, until it be lost in the extreme east of China on one hand, and Africa, Europe, and America to the west. The cholera epidemic when once in motion, and with climatic conditions favourable to its increase, goes on widening, year after year, for the period of its natural life. The circle of the first year may be only a few hundred miles in diameter, but like the " fairy rings" in our meadows, it continues to grow and advance from its outer edge wherever no physical obstacles intervene. And in this outward extension we shall find that uninhabited mountain tracts, or mountain tracts, the people of which hold little intercourse with the low country, also deserts, and seas, interfere with the regular expansion of the circle, while the points of protuberance of the advancing wave will be indicated by the valleys of great rivers, or tracts of country but little elevated above sea level. 197. It is to the fact of radiation of cholera, as from a centre, that we must explain its appearance, and progress in opposite directions, at the same moment of time in the Punjaub and Madras. In 1869 we know that cholera travelled north-west into Cabul at the very moment it was extending southward in the direction of Cape Comorin, and while travelling south in the Indian Peninsula, it was moving south-east towards China, and westward through the African Continent. So far as we know any thing of the history of cholera in Africa, it has never yet surmounted the mountain chain of the lake districts in the interior, and its ravages have been expended on the eastern side of that mountain barrier. 198. The true explanation of this tendency of cholera to extend outwards from its endemic habitat, Ido not pretend to give. If I state my conviction that it finds the elements of its growth and renewal on the outer edge of the widening circle, I am merely repeating what everybody admits to be true, that cholera prefers to attack a locality which has been long exempted, and in which the population may be favourably disposed to receive and propagate the contagium. 199. What the law of susceptibility may have to say to this outward progress of cholera it is hard to say, inasmuch as we know nothing about such a law, though, practically in regard to some kindred diseases, we are content to {knowledge that people are the more liable to suffer an incursion, who have been, ¦ a certain number of years, practically exempt from epidemic visitations. I And the same remark holds good of cholera ; when a district is newly invaded,a ded, does not affect every spot of ground in the year of invasion ; but should it tlive that year, the probabilities are in favour of the tracts exempted in the st year suffering in the next, or following season, so that the liability of a pulation to suffer from cholera, other things being equal, seems to bear some oportion to the previous period of immunity. And I think we must also be epared to admit that the prior occupation of a locality by a wave of malaria small-pox will, for the time being, have the effect of preserving the inhabiits of that locality from the cholera influence. {The effect of previous immunity seems well illustrated in regard to the )davery and Kistna Districts, which entirely escaped epidemic invasion by olera at the time when the invasion was normally due in 1869, but which stricts, when the seeds of the disease were imported in March 1870, were ite ready to yield an abundant crop. The Grodavery District suffered so 145 Ijnerally from cholera in 1870 that I hardly expect to hear of any seasonal (production there in this present year, but in the district of Kistna which as only lightly affected, the seasonal reproduction has already commenced February 12th), and will, I doubt not, go on, until the unoccupied tracts of last ;ar have been more or less completely invaded. In the same way I explain the ctsofthe invasion of the Western Coast territory in 1870, which had also caped the downward wave in 1869. The attraction to cholera lay in the new iuntry, and, although the epidemic had to pass down to the extreme south of India turn the mountain barrier, it travelled up northwards just as easily as it has therto done southwards, because the unoccupied ground, and the population idowed with a proneness or susceptibility for the disease, lay in front of it. That is was the fact may also be inferred by the splitting up, as it were, of the uthern wave, one limb passing on south to invade Ceylon (also ready for the ception of cholera by reason of long exemption), and the other doubling back )on itself to seize the unoccupied tract of the Western Coast. I The reluctance of cholera to retrace its steps over a lately invaded area is so well exemplified in the case of the Cuddapah, Bellary, and Kurnool Districts. r hen the pilgrims dispersed from Tripatty in May 1870, many must have avelled north-west through these districts ; but they soon left the cholera behind tern, for these districts had been recently invaded by a cholera wave passing on the south, and the population, apparently, was not in a condition to receive Ld multiply the imported cholera. Moreover these districts were already under c influence of a wave of malaria, and on that account, it may be, cholera could tablish no hold on them. 200. In its behaviour to the human race, cholera presents some striking analogies to small-pox. As regards an individual community,there are in both diseases the same peculiarities of invasion ; of growth, or increment (modified and influenced by season), culmination, and rapid decline, followed by an interval of complete rest, the latter broken only by a new invasion. As regards small-pox we have no difficulty in recognising that it is a disease multiplying in, and spreading by means of, the human body, but we are still very ignorant of the laws which govern its periodical appearance in epidemic waves, or of the influence of season in hastening or repressing the culmination of an epidemic, and of the causes of its complete extinction for long periods together over vast tracts of country, which have never been invaded by the vaccinator. Those who dispute the influence of human intercourse in the distribution of cholera are, I think, bound to explain why smallpox, an acknowledged communicable disease, should become epidemic only periodically, spread up to its maximum power, subject all the while to seasonal influences, and then as suddenly die out. We know that the contagious particles of small-pox in a locality, at the acme of an epidemic, must be infinitely more numerous than at the beginning, and this being so, the question may well be asked why should the disease ever decline if it was capable of unlimited propagation ? But the truth seems to be, in regard to this matter, as in regard to cholera diffusion, that there is a limit to epidemic distribution, and that this limit is reached, just as the minute particles of which the contagium consists, exist in the greatest abundance. By a law peculiar to themselves, the particles of contagium of, probably, all diseases of the infectious type cease to multiply beyond a certain number of years. The maximum power of cholera, if we may judge from its fatality, is (accordng 146 to the death registers of this Presidency) not attained in the first year of nvasion. The same law holds good in regard to other countries. The morality in Great Britain was heavier in 1833, 1849, 1854, and 1866, than in 1832, 848, 1853, and 1865, the actual years of invasion. So far as I can judge, the mortality in many of our districts goes on increasing from the year of invasion p to the third year, while other districts resemble more closely certain European ountries, in which the life of the epidemic is not prolonged beyond two 201. When the rise and fall of small-pox epidemics come to be studied as we now study cholera, I have some reason for thinking that we shall find the law of movement on the outer edge of a circle, to be common to small-pox as well as to cholera. In tracing the movement of small-pox during the last five years in Southern India it has seemed to me that the wave of epidemic intensity passed from north to south, though moving more slowly than a cholera wave. This is not the place to detail the particular evidence on which I would establish the law of movement of small-pox. In another place I shall enter fully into the question, but would here protest against the assumption, so frequently repeated, in ignorance of the facts, that there is no analogy between the laws of progress and decline of a notoriously contagious disease like small-pox, and epidemic cholera. To my mind there are some very striking points of resemblance in the behaviour of the two contagia. Small-pox, in India, is wonderfully influenced in its progress by climate or season. It developes rapidly in the cool and dry months of November, December, January, February, and March, and sometimes so late as April or May, when it is as suddenly checked in its progress, pending the return of the season of the year favourable to its growth. In the same way there can be no doubt, I think, that the period of the south-west monsoon rains (when small-pox is held in check) is the season of the year most favourable for the development of the specific contagium of cholera, and that it is in these months it claims the largest number of victims. In both diseases there is the same tendency to increase through two or three years, up to a maximum of prevalence, which being reached, is followed by rapid decline and extinction. Small-pox, moreover, has its own cycle of increase and natural decline, as has cholera. These cycles, curiously enough, in this part of India, alternate, so that the years of 1867 and K6B, which marked the decline of cholera all over Southern India, were noticele for a great and general augmentation of small-pox. In connexion with the movement of epidemic waves of small-pox, I may here casually allude to its westward activity in the south of Europe, France, and England, during 1869 and 1870, following close upon the great Indian outburst in 1866, 1867, and 1868. It was undoubtedly the fact that the epidemic attained I maximum in France before it reached England, proving thereby a westward Dgress. In well vaccinated populations the susceptibility to small-pox is ninished, but its great development of recent years, in some of the European a,tes, shows that the epidemic waves flowing from the east, reach the west w, as they did hundreds of years ago, though the people may be better 3pared to resist the subtle influence of the small-pox contagium than they ire prior to the days of Jenner. 5202. In the study of the movement of cholera, I believe it is essential at we should examine most carefully the history of localities that have escaped :ack during a season of epidemic invasion. If it be a fact that the occupation 147 of a locality by another miasm, such as that of marsh fever or small-pox, is antagonistic to cholera development in that particular field, the district statistics of mortality should furnish the necessary evidence of it. I am aware that this view has long been entertained by Inspector- General E. Lawson, and I am disposed to think that the facts, as to the great prevalence of fever in certain tracts untouched by cholera, seem to show a possible antagonism in the common pestiential diseases of the east, so that the marked prevalence of one disease, such as fever or small-pox, may be a cause of the temporary exemption of a locality from another disease, like cholera. CHAPTER VIII. PILGKIMS AND CHOLERA. I believe we are fast attaining a clearer insight into the real connexion tween pilgrim sites and cholera outbreaks, than we have hitherto reached. Before I discuss the important bearings of such connexion, I shall briefly chronicle the facts of 1870, that have been communicated to me in regard to festivals in this part of the country. South Arcot. — The festival at Trinamally in February passed off without cholera. The usual sanitary measures were adopted. Cholera was dying out in the district at the date of the festival. Madura — Pulney Feast. — In March. 20,000 persons assembled. The usual sanitary measures were adopted. Cholera broke out rather violently, and the people dispersed ; twenty deaths were noted by the Police. (The district had only recently been invaded by cholera, at the date of the festival.) I Madura — Chittra Feast. — May. A large concourse of people, but no increase f cholera. The epidemic had prevailed in the town during February, March, and .pril, but appears to have ceased temporarily in May and June ; extra sanitary recautions adopted at the festival time. Bellary — Mailar Festival. — February. 44,000 persons present. No sickness. (No cholera in the district.) Sanitary regulations adopted as usual. — Mahanadi. — Festival of Maha Sevaratri in April. 90,000 persons sent. No cholera (none in the district.) Sanitary supervision as usual. Tinnevelly~~Trichendoor Festival. — In March. 40,000 persons present. No cholera at the feast ; but the district was beginning to be invaded, and some people in returning to their homes got cholera. Usual sanitary precautions. Kurnool — Brahmochavam Festival . — 5,000 persons. No cholera (none in the district). Sanitary regulations carried out. I Bellary — Eumphi Festival. — April. No cholera (not a case in the whole disct). Usual sanitary measures carried out. I North Arcot — Tripatty. — Festival early in May. Severe outbreak of cholera 3aths from the 2nd to sth May, thirty-four. No proper sanitary supervision o ther Upper or Lower Tripatty can be made, as only " caste " people are per itted to ascend the sacred hill. Cholera was prevailing all about the locality om the time of invasion in 1869. I Madras — Conjeeveram. — Festival in May. Cholera had been prevailing at the cc of assembly from October to February 1870. It broke out again in May p p 148 luring the feast. 33,000 persons attended the festival. The dispersion of pilgrims ¦om this site, and from Tripatty, was followed by a wide development of cholera ver the North Arcot, Madras, Salem, and South Arcot Districts; sanitary leasures carefully supervised at Conjeeveram ; water-supply during the feast scanty and of doubtful quality. The temple tanks are used for washing and bathing, and the people drink freely of the same water. Tanjore — Nagore. — August. Slight cholera in the district. No outbreak during Mussulman festival. Upper Oodavery — Budrachellum. — April. No cholera (none at the time in the district, except in a village where it had been introduced). Tinnevelly — Adi Tirunal. — No cholera. Madura — Mattcaalunnen. — No disease. North Arcot — Tripathy. — September and October. Two cases of cholera only noted at this festival. The invading wave had passed to the southward. Sanitary precautions taken, as regards Lower Trippatty. Trichinopoly — Sreerungum. — Cholera appeared in the district in November ; feast began in December. About 20,000 persons attended ; the public being warned of the danger of cholera outbreak. Sanitary precautions taken. Medical aid provided. About 100 cases of choleraic diarrhoea were seen by medical attendant, and five of cholera. Cholera present in the town and cantonment of Trichinopoly before the feast began. A party of pilgrims from Hyderabad, about 100 in number, in returning home, took it with them to the Kurnool District, and several villagers (eighteen) who had been in contact with the pilgrims died. The disease was confined to a few villages where the pilgrims had halted. These pilgrims travelled from Trichinopoly to Ghooty by rail, and cholera appeared amongst them only after they had left the Railway. * 204.. I am afraid that the list of places, where sanitary measures were adopted to avert or arrest cholera, is incomplete ; but I have incorporated here all the places of which I have received reports. These reports I think sufficiently indicate the fact that, in districts where cholera is in activity, either by invasion or reproduction, the assemblage of pilgrims is usually attended with great risk ; but that, in districts free of cholera, as were Bellary and Kurnool in 1870, the tsemblage of pilgrims does no harm whatever. The practical lesson to be learnt regard to this question is that, in the seasons of new invasion, or reproduction cholera, every effort should be made either to forbid such assemblies, or to ssuade the people from attending them. 205. That the pilgrim sites are very important secondary foci of cholera, must, I think, be unquestioned by anybody who will take the trouble to make himself familiar with the past history of such places, or to read even the facts in connexion with the Tripatty and Conjeeveram outbreaks in the present year. 1206. With all deference to those who have argued on the simplicity of polishing cholera at these festivals, I think too much has been made of the itroduction of necessary (though at present inadequate) sanitary precauons to prevent outbreaks of cholera.f The present system of conservancy i* I Lave lately been informed that the deaths amongst the Hyderabad pilgrims were supposed by the local ithorities of Hyderabad to be due to intentional poisoning, but this theory would not account for the deaths of liagers in the Kurnool District, in places where these people had halted. — fW. R. C.) If " The Madras Commission has had the greater honour of showing, by a number of years' experience, that giims cau be preserved from cholera by easily executed and inexpensive sanitary measures." — (Army Sanitary nmission, sth August 1870.) 149 and sanitary supervision of the larger religious festivals of the country was brought into play in this Presidency in the year 1864, when there was but slight prevalence of cholera. The absence of the disease therefore was held to have resulted from the simple measures of order and cleanliness enforced for the first time in that year. The newly invading cholera of 1864 did not reach the Madras District until August 1865, while the old epidemic had died out in the surrounding country. Knowing what we do now, we can see that outbreaks of cholera at Conjeeveram in 1864 and 1865 were not due to appear in the months of May of those years, neither did they occur. But in the cholera invasion of 1869, Conjeeveram had no escape, for the epidemic fell upon the town in October, and continued until February 1870, reviving again with the influx of )ilgrims in May. The same remark applies to Tripatty, which suffered also in October 1869 and May 1870 ; but here the force of the epidemic had moved outhward before the October festival occurred, so that at the latter festival we lear of only two isolated cases of cholera, and no general sickness at that period. 207. I believe that simple sanitary precautions should be enforced, at all times, with the class of people who constitute the bulk of pilgrim visitors to celebrated hrines, but it does not help forward the progress of sanitary science to credit attempts at enforcement of cleanliness and decency, with the power of averting he progress of an advancing wave of cholera. The intensity of the local out>reak may often be controlled by the exercise of common sense precautions, mt the mysterious " something, " to which choleraic disease is due, will come nd go, irrespective of spasmodic efforts of purification, in the cleansing of streets r the erection of temporary latrines. If a cholera wave has recently passed ver a district, or if the wave has not yet approached a locality, the assembly f pilgrims may take place without danger to the general community ; but should holera be actually in the neighbourhood, and active, the probabilities are much n favour of an outbreak, wherever a number of strange, ill-fed, and dirty people gather together, even should special arrangements be made for the preservation f their health. 1208. It has seemed to me to be a very important portion of a Sanitary ommissioner's duties to keep always in view the progress of cholera in the srritory under his supervision, so as to. afford timely warning to local authories of the probabilities of outbreaks at the district festivals. I Owing to the omission of the Police in the North Arcot District to repor i activity of cholera in the north of the district, early in the year, I was unabl give any warning to the Collector of North Arcot of the impending danger o ;break at Tripatty in May ; but as regards festivals in Madura, Tinnevelly dras, Trichinopoly, and Kistna Districts, I was able to convey the necessary rnings, and urge the importance of sanitary precautions, and especially, of dis ,ding the public from attending gatherings where they might be exposed to lecessary risk. As the record of cholera progress becomes more complete, so as to permit of greater accuracy of deduction, these warnings will, I trust, acquire a graver importance, not only with district authorities, but with the Hindu community at large, who are already disposed to stay at home, to a very considerable extent, when they receive timely notice of danger abroad. The intensity of cholera, and the prolongation of its epidemic visitations, are, I am convinced, largely due to the habits of the people in gadding about to divers places where 150 festivals are held, and by their unnatural modes of living during such seasons of sstivity. The interests of the managers of Hindu Temples are frequently adverse o those of the Government, in dealing with the dangers which arise in regard to holera invasion. The pecuniary interest of the temple authorities are at stake in iducmg large gatherings of people at their periodical festivals, irrespective of be presence or absence of epidemic disease in the district. It would be to the interests of the State, and of the people themselves, to prevent such assemblages in seasons of epidemic sickness. It is now practicable to forecast, with tolerable accuracy, the results, as regards cholera outbreaks, at these annual festivals in the several districts, and it seems to me that the time is fast approaching when the subject may be dealt with by the Legislature, in such a way as to compel the parties interested in keeping up the system of pilgrimages to take upon themselves the responsibilities of sanitary provision for the assembled masses, and to enable the Government, on sufficient cause being shown, to forbid altogether the holding of festivals, in seasons when the public safety is likely to be endangered. 209. If Mr. Overbury's remarks, quoted below, in any way represent the true feeling of the better educated of the Hindu community, they must be, in a measure, prepared to welcome State interference in a matter of the gravest significance as regards public health. ****** 10. " From this brief history it is shown, beyond all doubt, that we are indebted to Conjeeveram festival for our recent loss of life by cholera. "Were this, however, inaccurate in the particular case of Tripatore, I speak from experience of former years in this district, Cuddapah, and elsewhere, that Tripatty and Conjeeveram are the originators of this pestilence. 11. "There are two festivals annually held in my division, at Tirtamallay and at Irulapatti. At each about 2,000 persons congregated. The frequenters are Vellalas, Pallees, and beggars. Festival. 12. "I cannot say that there is no cholera which is endemic, but I can safely affirm that it is chiefly epidemic. The only cure is the abolition of the festivals of Conjeeveram and Tripatty. And this I would request of you to urge on Govern- Prevention of cholera. ment. From frequent conversations with the Natives, and from observation, lam convinced these festivals are losing their characteristics as religious ceremonies ; they are regarded by most in the Et of fairs, and by beggars as a profitable lounge. Natives who are educated and wealthy rarely nd. As for the minor festivals, such as those held in my division, I would not suggest their ition, as they are sufficiently rapidly, of their own accord, dying a natural death. 113. " With regard to the two larger festivals, however, the Natives are becoming aware of the icomitant evils which follow in their train, and the wiser of them stay at home. By their >lition, the sacred character of the locality in the eye of the Hindoos could in no way be impaired, the May festival might be celebrated as before, the concourse of people at one spot only forbidden. 114. " Should, however, the Government decline to sanction their abolition, a strict quarantine, >etually established at these places, superintended by Medical Subordinates, and paid for out of Devastanum funds, should be rigorously insisted upon, as it is inconsistent with civilization that rging wave of sickness should be annually propagated for the gratification of the few." 151 CHAPTER IX. INFLUENCE OF SANITATION ON CHOLERA. 210. In this section of my report I propose, briefly, to review some of the facts of the past year, showing the influence which hygienic precautions have probably played in the exemption of certain communities from cholera. I may state in the commencement that, while agreeing with Dr. Bryden that an epidemic wave of cholera from Bengal will spread over unoccupied country (seasonal and other conditions being favourable to the preservation of the vitality of the contagium), I by no means agree with him in the Dr. Bryden's view. cheerless doctrine he has laid down as to the inutility of sanitary precautions in limiting the destructive powers of cholera. He remarks (page 226) : — " What are called good sanitary conditions are not of themselves calculated to ensure our men igainst cholera. If it be true that cholera is air-borne and conveyed in the purest of all aqueous media, he conditions requisite for human infection are produced at the same time with epidemic advance ; nd hence local measures can be only comparatively successful, and are not absolutely calculated to vert the consequences of invasion. " I see no occasion to look to impurity of the aqueous medium as of supreme consequence, and the earch after special contamination, when every foot of grass-covered plain may retain the miasm, ecoys the mind from the simple truth. * * We know well that some stations are worse than thers, because of their natural disadvantages, but we know also that in the very best, general sanitalon has not availed to prevent cholera." 211. I do not know what the sanitary condition of Bengal Military and Civil stations may be, but they must be very perfect indeed, and very different from what they were when the Cholera Commis- i Sanitary condition of ations still imperfect. ion of 1861 reported upon them, and a great contrast to any on this side of ndia, if no fault can be found with them, either in regard to locality, drainage, r water-supply. In the matter of water-supply alone, I am not aware of a ngle station in India where the possibility of freedom from contamination by lolera, or other contagium, can be absolutely guaranteed. A great deal has >een done, and is still doing, to improve the sanitary condition of our troops, but ,o argue as if these conditions were already quite perfect, and that sanitary perfection, therefore, is powerless to preserve men during seasons of cholera invasion, at any rate premature, while every candid person must admit that the whole uestion of the practical application of hygiene to troops is still in its infancy. 212. The conclusion Dr. Bryden has arrived at, logically follows the theory of an " air-borne" miasm, and it is only necessary that I should remark here in regard to that theory, that it does not rest on such a basis of fact as to commend itself to the credence of E theory of aircholera wanting men practically acquainted with the phenomena of Asiatic Cholera. On the contrary, many of the phenomena of every day occurrence in cholera epidemics are wholly inexplicable on such a theory ; and, while they are so, there is not much practical danger that we shall neglect the observance of common sense precautions to guard against cholera. When it can be shown that cholera does i)ot move against a wind, and that there is a direct relation between the movement of wind and the movement of cholera, it will be time enough for sanitarians too fold their hands and to admit the futility of their efforts, to mitigate the horrors of a cholera invasion. Meanwhile it seems to me that much may be done to Q Q 152 abate the evil. And I believe that there is sufficient evidence already accumulated to show that sanitation has diminished mortality from cholera, as from many other diseases. 213. The evidence I shall offer on this subject will be brief, a few examples only, in the way of contrasts. (a.) The outbreaks of cholera on three successive occasions in 1863, 1869, and 1870, have been most virulent in the European Barracks occupying the lowest site, in a low basin, on the banks of Cholera at Thayetmyo in Burmah. the Irrawaddy river. The Native Regiment occupying ground on a higher level, and the officers and their families, also on higher ground, have generally escaped attack. In April 1870, there were 33 attacks and 27 deaths out of a strength of 423 Europeans, and only one native soldier out of a strength of 643 was attacked in the same time. No Military or Civil Officer, or European lady, suffered, but the women and children of the British troops were attacked equally with the men. (b.) The intensity of outbreak on 2nd March 1870 was confined to one barrack, in which cholera has frequently been known to localize itself. While cholera was prevailing in this circumscribed locality, Fort Saint George. the half million of native population outside the Fort were absolutely free. The insanitary conditions here were, doubtful water-supply (common to all the troops in the Fort), emanations from the town drain (stirred up by recent rainfall), and an open cut in the soil beneath the barrack flooring, the soil in which spot had been moistened by recent rain. (c.) Caddalore Jail. — Strength 301 ; no cholera; water-supply "excellent;" " dry earth conservancy" " a complete success." » Cuddalore Town. — Population 28,421 ; cholera deaths occurred in January, ebruary, May, June, July, August, September, October; total deaths 42. I(d.) Madura New Jail. — Built outside the town on clean soil ; wards airy and can ; water good, conservancy good ; strength of prisoners 180 jno cholera. Madura Old Jail. — Building part of an ancient palace within the Fort ; soil and water contaminated ; fifty Civil debtors located here ; space ample ; five cholera cases, and four deaths amongst them. I Town of Madura. — Huts overcrowded ; population 39,872 ; conservancy bad ; ml privies, foul soil, and contaminated wells everywhere abounding ; a year of lolera invasion; deaths from cholera 376 ; cholera prevailed in the town from ebruary to May and from August to December. In the Madura district Captain uthrie has noted the very frequent connexion between filth and cholera Ltensity. (c.) Rajahmundry New Central Jail. — Building on an elevated site, outside the town ; water of good quality from wells ; wards airy ; ample space ; building quite new ; strength of prisoners 845 ; not a single case of cholera ; cholera prevailing violently in all the country around. I District Jail within the town. — Buildings old, and badly ventilated ; strength • prisoners 89 ; cholera broke out in May; 16 cases in three days. Medical Uicer writes, "during the month of May last when cholera prevailed in this jail, ie cells were so hot that I could only compare them to hot ovens or heated r-baths, and I allowed the prisoners to sleep in the open air." I Rajahmundry Town. — Population 17,498; cholera deaths 147; epidemic gan in May. 153 I(/.) Tanjore Jail. — An old building in the heart of the fort ; interior kept crupulously clean ; conservancy perfect ; water from wells on the premises ; trength of prisoners 177 ; no cholera. t Tanjore Town. — Cholera epidemic from January to March ; population 6,941 ; cholera deaths 96. 1(#.) Vellore. — New Central Jail outside the town ; locality raised ; clean oil ; water good ; wards clean and airy ; strength 576 ;no cholera. Old Jail in the Fort. — Building old, but kept clean; no overcrowding; water good ; strength of prisoners 152 ; no cholera. Vellore Town. — Population 30,529; cholera deaths 67; cholera prevailed all over the neighbourhood in the beginning of the year, and again in May and June and in December. (h). Salem. — Jail built in 1861 on elevated ground, three miles out of the town ; water from wells, good as regards organic impurity, but otherwise hard ; conservancy and ventilation good ; soil red, with gneiss rock underneath ; strength of prisoners 466 ; no cholera since 1866. Town of Salem. — Cholera prevailed in the town from September 1869 t February 1870, and again in July, August and December ; population 33,072 otal cholera deaths 98. The town lies in the bottom of a basin between hig hills ; its water-supply is of doubtful quality ; soil abounding in nitrates ; choler always lingers in this natural basin near the river banks ; the river water is defile )y the washing of dirty linen, and by human excrement. 1(i.) The present and past condition of the village of Puthiamputtur, as etailed by Rev. Mr. Kearns, may be adduced as another instance of the benefit f sanitary control, in diminishing liability to cholera. 214. These are merely a few instances of contrast, in which the sanitary conditions, as to site and cleanliness of air, soil, and water, have apparently avourably predisposed limited communities to withstand the cholera contagium urking about them. 215. I shall now illustrate this point at greater length by taking the history of the old Salem Jail, a notorious haunt of cnolera, and comparing * wfth ft the history of the new Jail, m so far as the liability of The old and new jails t Salem compared. I he residents to cholera is concerned. 216. The old Jail occupied a site which is thus described in the Medical Topo- graphical Reports of the Madras Presidency, published in 1842. " The Jail is situated on the left bank of the river, in close Old Jail, Salem. I pproximation with the town; its site is low, damp, and confined; the soil is black arth, resting on an argillaceous calcareous base. * * " The floors were raised a few'inches by bricks being laid edgeways in 1823, but they still continue damp." When I first saw this jail it had been abandoned. The walls of the building, up to a height of four or five feet, were covered with nitrous earth, and the flooring also. The wards were small, badly ventilated, and badly lit. Only brackish and undrinkable water was obtainable on the premises. The prisoners used river water, taken habitually from below a spot where a large number of the towns-people defecated, Water-supply. and washed their clothes, on its banks. How the inmates of this building v> a liable to cholera will be evident from the following tables :— 154 Cholera in the old Jail, Salem, 1829 to 1638. Tears. Admitted. Died. Average yearly strength of prisoners, 239 1820 ... 119 50 1830 39 22 1831 3 2 1832 29 13 1833 81 43 1834 1 1835 1836 1837 43 24 1838 11 5 Total... 325 160 These figures give the following ratios :—: — Annual cholera admissions to strength ... 1359 per mille. ? „ deaths to strength ... 66 - 8 ? 217. Some later data obtained for the period from 1855 to 1860, after which year the jail was abandoned, show the monthly or seasonal prevalence of cholera. Salem Jail, 1855 to 1860. Year - i XX * XXXXXXXXXX I A. D. A. D. A. D. A, D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D.jA. D. A. D A D. 1855 143 24 14 24 9 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 ... 2 ... 2 2 1 9 4 1 ... 70 33 1856 195 1 1 3 ... 2 1 ... 6 2 1857 225 30 15 16 9 9 2 2 1 7 3 6 4 3 1 5 4 6 2 5 319 8H453 j 1858 257 10 6 9 8 9 6 7, 3 - 1 ... 2 2 1 ... 10 5 49 29 1859 239 6 11 ... 2 2 9 3 1860 244 ... "... 1 10 5: 1 1 2 2 1 3 2 18 j 10 Total. 217 77 36 54 26 25j 12 10 5 ia| 7 9 4 11 ej 8 5 6 4 6 21 5 f.\ 33 15J266129 These figures show a higher ratio of cholera in the last six years of the jail's history, than in the period when it was looked upon as a "new" jail. The proportions are as follow : — Annual cholera admissions to strength ... 204*3 per mille. „ „ deaths to strength 990 „ „ To such a degree in fact had oholera clung to this building, that of every one-hundred prisoners confined in it, one-fifth or twenty percent, were sure to be attacked by the disease, while nearly ten of every hundred of strength would die 218. We now come to a new stage in ; the cholera history of the prisoners at Salem. In 1861 they were moved into a new building at the foot of the Shervaroy Sills. This new jail was originally Removal to new Jail in 1861. constructed of 120 cells to carry out a system of solitary imprisonment. For various reasons the idea had to be abandoned, and instead of keeping one 155 I Great overcrowding eceding cholera outeak of 1863. prisoner in each cell, as intended, the numbers accumulated so fast that, in 1863, it is the fact, that seven men were locked up in a cell originally designed to hold a single prisoner. Eibsequently, the jail has been much enlarged, and the solitary cells converted to wards, so that the jail now affords ample accommodation, according to •proved sanitary regulations, for 500 prisoners. 219. The following table shows the strength and cholera admissions from 861 to 1870 :— New Salem Jail, Cholera admissions from 1861-1870. T ~ i JL I I 1 lift I ill I A. D. A.D.A.D. A. D. A.T>. A. D. A.D. A. D. A. D. 'a. D. A.'d. A. D. A. D. 1861 308 11l 1 1 1862 520 1 ! 1... 2 ... 1863 498 1 21 7 58 32 80 39 1864 395 1 1865 533 | 1866 720 ... I ! 11 17 7 1 31 22 9 1867 650 1 1 1 1 1868 574 ! 1869 506 1 1870 466 j Average Strength... 517 2 1 2li 759 32 ...! 11 17 72 lj 4 1106 50 From this table the following ratios may be deduced :—: — Annual cholera admissions to strength 205 mille. Deaths to „ 9-6 „ JThus in the last ten years the cholera admissions and mortality have fallen ) just one-tenth of the average prevalence of the disease in the old building, uring the later years of its occupation. 220. In the ten years to which this table refers there have been two cholera outbreaks in the new Jail, one in 1863, and the other in 1866. The outbreak in the end of March 1863 occurred at a time when cholera (the final break up of the 1859 invasion) was Explanation of outeaks in new jail. cry rife in the Salem valley. Droughts and bad seasons had sent a large num)er of badly nourished persons into the jail, so that at the date of outbreak nearly 00 prisoners were locked up in cells built to hold only 120. All the advantages f site and locality, in fact, were temporarily nullified by a system of overcrowding which, with the present system of jail administration, is never likely to occur gain. Cholera was introduced into the jail by a new gang of prisoners, and nder the circumstances of their overcrowding, and previous bad health, the isease spread very actively for a few days. This cholera occurred in March and April, which are the hottest months in Salem. The last outbreak occurred in 866, the third year of the 1864 invasion, and in this year again the people had uffered much from drought and famine, and the disease was proved to have >een introduced by a new gang of prisoners. Cholera had no abiding-place in the ail. The outbreak ceased on removal of the affected prisoners to camp quite lose to the jail. 156 221. It may perhaps be urged that the comparative freedom from cholera of the new Jail was due to the exemption of the Salem valley, «on OSn£i*m f no?kJ.' f/raXm 186170. °h °" and that the improved hygienic condition of the prisoners, especially since 1863, was nothing more than the normal condition of the people in the neighbourhood. But I have evidence to show that cholera was just as frequent at Salem in many of the year following 1 860, as it had been at any former period. The following return of the i and out-patients treated for cholera at the Civil Dispensary, from 1845 to 1870 will show that the frequency of attacks had not diminished in the town, during th years of such marked change in the condition of the prisoners in jail. Th change I attribute entirely to improved sanitary conditions, that is, to the choic of a better locality for the jail site ; to better water ; better food ; and what 1 perhaps of still more importance, to better segregation from the cholera-stricke inhabitants of the town. The only two outbreaks in the last ten years were th direct result of importation, and the 1863 outbreak was much aggravated by th excessive overcrowding within the jail. In 1866 the whole country felt th influence of cholera, and its introduction into the jail, under the circumstances o a population suffering from actual famine, was almost certain. 157 Return showing Admissions and Deaths by Cholera among In and Out-Patients at the Civil Dispensary, Salem, from 1845 to 1870. January. February. March. April. May. Jane. July. August. September. October. November. December. Total. Total In. Out, In, Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out, In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. In. Out. .2 m Remarks. A.D. A. D. A.D. A. D.A. D. A.D. A. D, A. D. A,D A. D. A D. A.D.A. D. A. D A.D. A. D.A. D. A.Jd. A. D.'aJd. A. D. A.D.A.D. A, D. A. D. A. D. O 1845 No returns. 2 2 2 2 2 7 4 2? 11710 28 16 4 3 32 19 1846 3 3 1 ... 6 4 3 1 1 1 12 2 2 11 1 ' 1 1 -i 1 1 18 15 3 1 21 16 1847 2 2 12 8 2... 6 4 ... 1 6 1 2 ... 4 2 4 ... 4 3 4 1 2 1 5 2 1 ...I 2 ' ' 13 7 43 18 56 25 1848 7 3 4 5 1 l ] ! 11 8 11 8 1849.. 9 3 5 2 1 1 2131221... 3 1 I i ! 5 i 22 9 27 10 1850 ... 1 1 6 2 5 3 5 1 1 ... 1 1 iL.11... > 1 ! ! 2 2 21 7 23 9 1851 1 2 1 3 3 ! ' ! 1 1... 1 ... 1 1 ... 8585 1852 32511 I ! ' I ... ... 93 9 3 1858 8 1 1 1 IZZ 1 11-1 1 2... 6 2 1 1 ' 1 1 4 "i 19 6 23 7 1854 2 1 2 1 1 6 3 1 13 1 ' ' 1 1 13 7 14 8 1855 8... 844 2 2 ... 2 ... 311 1 '" .113 2 5 3 2 1...L. 1 ...j 33 9 1...... 111863514 53 20 1856... "" ... )I ! 1857 "'. ... "i'Z "{'" "i 1 *8 5 "i i'l 7.7 "i 3 7 3 1 ... 8 4 1 ... 1 1 1 ...; 3 3 7 14 1 i*3 1 51 26 65 n 116 37 2... 4 ... 4 1 3 ... 2 2 4 2 1 ... 1 1 . 4 1 1 ...1 1 1 ... 1 1 6 1 3 1 20 5 17 5 37 10 1859 2 18 2 2 2 3 "" I [2 4 3 11 2 15 5 1860 9 I "7 "2 18 5 «|. ... 6 512 12 16 2 ~J 3 2 6... 4 7j 5 ... 25 19 56 8 81 27 1861 5 2 16 2 4 4 11 l! 6 4 5... 2 1 7 ... 1 I 5! 2 1... 2... 3 ...I 3 3; 9| 2 5 4 2... 2,2 6... 1 1 2 ; ... 1 ... 39 24 62 5 101 29 1862 7 5 3 110 3 7 2 5 2 6 3 4 3 1 I 1 1 ... ! 26 13 18 6 44 19 1863 4 4 17 1 2 2 12 2 4... 2 2 3 2 ... ... ! ' 5 2112 11 ...I 4 3 ..... 1 2 8 ... 18 15 57 3 75 18 1864 8 2 23 8 1 1 2 ...1 2... ill l| 5 2 5 ] 15 6 33 8 48 14 !865 7l 4 215 1535; 1 *" 111272442814 4 6 72 ; 20 1866 5 5 12 2 3 2 2... 2 ! I 4 2 4 2 6 3 6... 1 1 ' 5 4 11 30 19 27 6 57 25 1867 3 2 ! I . ! I ! 1 1 3 2 3 2 1868 5 126 6231 17 2... 5 j"'l I ' I ' 28 6 241 18 2G9 24 1869 j '.C.C. ..... 777777177 7L..7 ...4716 14 1 2 1 8 2 2 2 69 19 71 21 18 "° 1— 45 9| 1 .. l ... No returns received fo) 1 these months. ' > I , 1 i I [ , !__ Total... 50 26 18346 72 28 299131251654 8 22 11 42 15191135 11 27 1423 11 27 12 5215;20! 8 26 915 8 6 1 10 7 67 16J30 2143 748 30 6411 87$ 203 848 178 1266J 381 I! i 111 iIIiIIMI i II I I i I _J L LU_ J i _J ! ! 158 1222. Another instance of good results following sanitary improvement may ere be given. In the year 1864 my attention, as registrar of deaths in Madras, was drawn ISanitary results of oviding quarters for c Warrant and Non- Commissioned Officers of the Ordnance Department. to a circumstance in connexion with the house accommodation of the Warrant and Non-Commissioned Officers of the Ordnance Department. In this year an Armourer Serjeant and his wife, recently arrived from England, took up their abode in an unhealthy locality, and in a few weeks both sickened and died of cholera. The facts were reported by me in the quarterly report on deaths in Madras, 1864, and in the following year the Sanitary Commission investigated the subject still further. They found that out of an average strength of fifty men, ten had died in five years, or in the ratio of forty per thousand per annum, and that amongst the families of these people — strength unascertained — there had been thirty-seven deaths during the same period. Of the total of forty-seven deaths twenty-four, or rather more than fifty per cent, of the whole, had been caused by cholera. This remarkable preponderance of cholera mortality led to inquiry, and it was ascertained that forty -two heads of families occupied houses in Black Town and John Pereiras, four in Chintadrapett and Vepery, and four only in public quarters. The house accommodation was generally defective, giving an average of superficial space of only thirty-six feet for each inhabitant, and for this scanty accommodation the rents averaged about 14 rupees per mensem for each family. On examining the quarters, it was found that the sanitary condition of the locality was " good or fair " in twenty-two instances, and " bad" in sixteen. In twenty-five of the houses the water-supply was scarce and bad, so that drinking water had to be purchased and brought from a distance. In four instances all the water required for household use had to be purchased. 223. These facts were brought to the notice of Government by the Sanitary Commissioner on the 15th January 1866, and, in due course, new family quarters (ere built for the accommodation of the men and families on the Fort Esplanade, hese quarters are separated from a crowded part of the Native Town by about )0 yards only. The cottages are single storied, with well raised floors, and •c open to the sea breeze. They contain ample space ; tolerably good water available for use. I The new quarters were occupied as soon as finished, some in April others December 1868, and a few in April 1869. I The strength of the occupants and their mortality since the change of sidence is as follows :—: — Men. Women. Children. Total, Strength ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 32 77 145 Deaths in 1868 1 1 „ 1869 I ... 1 "l 2 „ 1870 | 1 2.1 4 Total ... ; 2 3 | 2 7 I I _ ' j 159 The seven deaths are thus accounted for — aneurism of aorta (1), congestion of lungs (1), old age and debility (2), bronchitis (1), convulsion (1), and cholera (1). Causes of death. 224. The cholera case was that of a young child under five years of age, and Only a single case of Cholera since the occupation of the new quarters. was the only instance, in the ordnance lines, marking the cholera invasion of Madras of 1869. Had the cholera mortality among these people in 1869 and 1870 been in any way like that of the five years ending 1865, the Ordnance employe's and their families would have lost ten lives from this cause, instead of one, in the two years in question. 225. I wish it to be understood that 1869 and 1870 were both years of cholera prevalence in Madras, and that the immunity of the Ordnance employes in those years is not explainable on any other supposition than that their sanitary surroundings had been materially improved by the change to the new quarters. The Inspector-General of Ordnance, in reply to a letter of mine on the subject, remarked :—: — " The improvement in the health and comfort of the "Warrant and Non- Commissioned Officers and their families, since their removal from the streets of Black Town, has been most marked and satisfactory. It is evident in the very appearance of the men, women, and children ; and the former have, ever since the change, expressed their gratitude on account of the building of the new quarters." 226. But besides the special instances given, I think the history of the cholera invasion of 1869-70 affords many other examples of the protection of communities, whose sanitary state has been fairly good. In 1869, the European Troops at Secunderabad suffered scarcely at all from the invading epidemic while the native inhabitants of the cantonment, bazaar, and neighbouring city were dying in large numbers. At Bangalore and Bellary too the European Troops scaped in 1869. The same remark may be made of the European Troops at Yichinopoly in the beginning and end of 1870; they had no cholera, while the ative population was experiencing a heavy visitation. The facts in regard to immunity from cholera of the jail population, during the last years of invasion 1869-70, can, I think, be explained only Diminished deathrate n jails of Madras. n the supposition that the sanitary condition and supervision of the prisoners s better and more effective than it was in past years. That the sanitary conition of prisoners is much improved is unquestionable. They have now ample |>ace in sleeping barracks; a sufficiently nutritious dietary, suited for all classes; irly pure water, and enjoy the benefits of an almost perfect system of sanitary ipervisioD ; and, lastly, they mix much less with the free population since the stem of intramural labour has been followed, than they did in former years, he old unhealthy jails of Calicut, Coimbatore, Salem, Madura, and Tinnrelly have been abandoned for better buildings, on better chosen sites, id from this cause alone the proclivity to cholera attacks in those jails has sen diminished. I need scarcely refer again to the fact that the prisoners in c old jail at Madura, during the past year, were just as liable to cholera in oportion to their strength, as they had ever been, while the inhabitants of the sw jail preserved an absolute immunity. 227. I think we may consider it an established truth that certain localities are specially liable to be invaded by cholera in preference to other spots in the same neighbourhood. The locality on B holer a haunts should abandoned. 8 s 160 which the European Barracks at Thayetmyo are built is undoubtedly a very dangerous one, inasmuch as no cholera invasion of Burmah has yet occurred, without that locality being struck by the invading epidemic. Rangoon, on the other hand, is a station in which epidemic cholera is almost unknown amongst European Troops. When places like Thayetmyo and the old Salem Jail show a marked preference for the receptivity of cholera, the wisest course is doubtless to abandon such sites, and experience has shown that it is not necessary to go to any great distance in search of a more healthy locality. It is not possible, in the present state of our knowledge of the laws of health, to guarantee immunity from disease in situations where the physical features of the locality are such as to attract epidemics, but sanitary experience can be utilized for the avoidance of such sites in future, and much more can be done to remedy natural disadvantages than has ever yet been attempted in India. 228. On the whole, so far from being discouraged at the results of the efforts made to diminish the liability to disease, I think the facts noted in this chapter afford us every hope of still better results in the future. Indeed I trust that the day may not be far distant, when a systematic effort to attack and defeat cholera in its endemic home, shall be made with every prospect of modifying those periodical invasions of epidemics which now carry terror and dismay, and destruction of life, over nine-tenths of the habitable globe. W. R. CORNISH, F.H.C.S., Sanitary Commissioner for 3ladras. Madras, Is/ March 1871. APPENDIX I. CHOLERA INQUIRY SPECIAL REPORTS. (Section V. of the Code of Instruction of the Army Sanitary Commission.) 1. Station 2. Presumed population. 3. Height above sea level. [4. Height or deession in regard surrounding mtry. 5. How far from (a.) The sea (b.) River (c.) Tank (d.) Marshy lands, and in what direction do these lie with reference to the 6. Level of locality as regards water-level in adjacent river or lake. 17. Description of face of country mnd the station or locality. PALAVERAM. Palaveram ; 11 miles south-west of Madras. About 3,000 natives, and 1,000 European and East Indian. About 35 or 40 feet. There are two hills to the east and south, from the bases of which the ground slopes down to the cantonment. The cantonment lies on a gentle slope of ground with two conical, metamorphic hills, about 350 feet high, between it and the sea. Through the narrow gorge between these hills the sea-breeze rushes up with some violence. To the west and north the country is almost a level plain, in some parts cultivated with rice, and in others with dry grains. The plain is not densely wooded. About 6 miles from the sea. The Adyar river runs to the north-west of the cantonment, about half a mile to the west of the barracks and hospitals. The river sometimes rises so high as to flood the lower barracks and parade ground. Usually there is a small stream of water flowing all the year round. There are a few shallow tanks in the neighbourhood, but none which do not dry up in the hot weather. About three miles to the south-west are the remains of a very large tank, the bund of which is now partially destroyed. When this tank was in order it impounded the flood waters of the Adyar river, and an area of many miles must have been submerged. There is some low marshy land between the conical hills and the sea and also along the valley of the Adyar river, which, when water abounds after the north-east monsoon, is put under wet cultivation. The general level of the station is about 15 or 20 feet above the be( of the Adyar river. This river, where it passes Palaveram, is a insignificant stream as to width and size. Occasionally the barrack of the European troops, which are built within half a mile of the rive are flooded, and in 1844 the lines of the Native troops, which the occupied a site between the barracks and the houses of the Officers were destroyed by inundation. The country around Palaveram is quite open with some hills to the south-west, and laterite and alluvial plains to the west and north-west. The station is well exposed to breezes from the sea. 2 8. The effects of Dr. Fitzgerald, a Medical Officer who has practically studied this configuration of the surface on movements of air currents, and on, ventilation ? question during a long residence at the station, has recorded as follows :—: — 11 Palaveram occupies a very favourable position on the sanitary scale, and I believe that on the cholera map it appears without a stain. There have been cases of that disease in the station (and the past year 1860 afforded several), but they were instances of persons who had come from other places where it was raging epidemically, or else of men whose constitutions were broken down by habitual intemperance, or other causes. " The position of the cantonment relatively to the adjoining hills has been looked upon, and often spoken of as faulty, inasmuch as they are supposed to intercept the sea-breeze, and to add considerably to the heat by radiation and reflection. " Since I came to reside in this station I have paid considerable attention to this subject. I think that the general salubrity of Palaveram and its immunity from epidemic cholera are due, in a great measure, if not altogether, to its so-called faulty position. " Owing to their conical form and the funnel-shaped gorge between them, the Palaveram hills do not intercept the sea-breeze, except from very limited spaces close to their base j but they divide it into different currents, which rush round their flanks and through the gorge already mentioned with accumulated force, and sweep through the cantonment in various directions. " In its present position, moreover, the cantonment is open to the free play of the north-east and south-west winds, whereas had it been placed on the other side of the hills, there would have been nothing to prevent a Native town and bazaar springing up to seaward. " There is another effect produced by isolated hills of moderate elevation, like those at Palaveram, which does not appear to be taken into account in connexion with this subject as much as it deserves. I mean their influence on the movement of the atmosphere. When this is perfectly still and motionless near the surface of the earth, there is usually, at the same time, a steady, though gentle, movement in its higher strata, and when the peak of a conical hill rises up through these, the obstruction it occasions gives rise to a number of broken currents of air around it, whose movement is communicated to the lower strata, and prevents that stagnation which often occurs on low level plains remote from hills. The effect also on the temperature of the higher strata of the atmosphere of masses of rocky hills penetrating them, tend to promote that movement and agitation of the surrounding air which is so salutary in such a climate as this. I have repeatedly verified for myself this influence of the Palaveram hills in producing currents of air in their immediate vicinity, when at a short distance, not the slightest movement was perceptible." 9 Having my self lived on the top of one of the hills for some weeks, ascending and descending daily, I can fully confirm Dr. Fitzgerald's remarks on the effect of the configuration of the hills upon the aerial currents which sweep over the cantonment. I). Country open, encumbered with Open. Scanty vegetation. vegetation. 3 I Nature ofvegetam, trees, scrub ngle, and the like. 10. Geology. Nature of underlying rock. 11. Nature of soil and sub-soil. (b.) Porosity (c.) Absorptive properties- Id.) Chemical conituents. (c.) Air in sub- 112. Malarial disics when preva- Prickly-pear abounds in waste places. Not many trees, and no lotv jungle. The two conical hills which lie between Palaveram and the sea are outliers of the Chingleput hills. They are composed of a hard, smallgrained gniess, rather dark in colour, and decomposing into a reddish surface soil. The stone is quarried, to some extent, for road-making and building purposes. The same rock underlies also the locality on which the cantonment is built. To the east, where the houses of the European Officials are built, the houses actually rest on a foundation of rock, but the parade ground and site of the European barracks consist of a reddish clay soil, beneath which is found, in. patches, sedimentary laterite. The laterite deposit in the neighbourhood of Palaveram is nowhere of any great thickness. In some places in the river valley it rests on clay, and in other parts it is close to the underlying rock. The surface soil increases in depth towards the river bank, and the site occupied by the European barracks and family-quarters has some ten or twelve feet of clayey, or lateritic, soil intervening between the surface and underlying rock. The surface soil is evidently an alluvial deposit, with a preponderance of reddish clay. It varies in depth from a few inches, near the base of the hills, to ten or twelve feet near the river. The sub-soil is the gravelly form of laterite, cemented together, apparently, by a silicate of iron. In the upper part of the cantonment, owing to the slope of the ground, water runs off freely. Near the river the soil is deeper, and not very porous. Undetermined. Do. Do. The Native population of Palaveram do not appear to suffer from malarious affections to any extent. Nor do the European troops. l en l 2 The following figures show the proportion of admissions and deat hs from malarious fevers in the Military force stationed here for the five years ending 1870. European Troops. » . . Ratio per 1,000 of Mean Strength. q} © © -* , _—^_^___^ ! I 111 a I 1 II |« II I t (jj ._ . I g a. |d.|a. d a.|d. ad. a. d.|a.d.| a. Id. a. Id. a. |d.|a.|d|a.d. a. I d. 1866 200 14 1 ... 1 8 >22 ... 7Oo| 40 0! 1100 ... 1867 ... 254 3... 1 ...17 21... 118 ... 3-9 ... 66-9 82"6 ... 1868 309 19 !19! 19 614 614 1869 353 | 8 18 31-6 31-6 ... 18/0 207 11... | 7 J18 ... 53-1 33 8 86 9) ... Native Troops. 1866 176 4C| 11 1 47 2 2614 5-6 5"6 56 ! 267*04 117 1867 140 31 1 1 32 1 2214 7*l 7'l 1 228 5 73 1868 174 59 1 3 62 1 339-0 5-7 172 ' 3563 s'l 1869 115 28... 1 29... 2434 ... 87 2521 1870 133 40 1 3 43 1 3007 7-5 22-5 323-3 75 4 Palaveram is the Dep6t of Native Corps on foreign service, conse- quently many of the fever admissions in the Dep6t are not due to local malaria. Many men return from Burmah, the Straits, or China on account of fever. Connexion of Ma- In this station there is a marked immunity both from malarious I aria ivith Cholera. fevers and cholera. 13. Condition of The surrounding plains are very little cultivated, owing possibly to the Agriculture. (b.) Drainage (c.) Irrigation ... 14. liiver banks. (b.) Level of water relative to surface of cantonment. 15. Position of inhabited build- i ngs in regard to Higher ground. 16. Sub-soil drainage. t Depth of waterie below surface (a.) Wet weather. (b.) Dry weather. I {c.) When Cholera c vails. I(d.) Slope of )und. thinness and poverty of soil. In the river valley, and wherever water can be stored for irrigation, some rice is grown, but there is not much cultivation around the cantonment. The natural drainage of the whole station is good. Except for a few days in a year, when the river is in flood, there is always a free outlet for surface and sub-soil waters in the direction of the river valley. Surface drains and channels are kept in good order, and the fall of rain on the hill slopes gives sufficient velocity to carry off all surface impurity. There is very little irrigation in the immediate neighbourhood. The right bank of the Adyar skirts the cantonment to the north-west. Usually the stream of water is small, but in the dryest seasons there is always some water flowing. The banks are from ten to fifteen feet above the river bed in this part. On the 23rd April 1870 I made the following observations :—: — A well in a field near the bazaar, had water 21 feet below the surface of the ground. A well near the Priest's house ... 13 feet. A well at the Sepoys' Place of Arms ... ... ... 16^ „ One of a row of wells near the European barracks ... 11 „ The water level was, I believe, the same in all these wells. The distance from the surface depending on the fact that some wells were sunk in higher ground than others. The level of the water in the sub-soil near the European barracks corresponded very closely to the water level in the river bed, about half a mile distant. The native bazaar at Palaveram stands on an undulating swell of ground, and has complete natural drainage except to the south, where the Chapel Hill, a bare mass of rock, rises a little above it. The Native Infantry lines are placed on sloping ground, below the level of the bazaar. The European Veteran Company and the European Barracks are located nearer to the level of the river, and on the lowest level of all. The Officers' houses are built along the bases of the hills, and from these, the ground slopes away down to the almost level plain on which the barracks and family-quarters stand. There is no artificial sub-soil drainage, but, owing to the configuration of the surface, water does not stagnate in the sub-soil, the natural fall being towards the river bed. About seven or eight feet, in the barracks near the river From twelve to sixteen feet. There is no prevalence of cholera here. Towards the river. 5 (c.) Buildings Some of the Bazaar houses and Europeans' houses are close upon rock. resting on rock ? (f.) How long There is no stagnation of water. does water lie after rain ? (g.) Surface drain- These are well laid out, and kept in fair order. age works ? 17. Removal of No special measures have been adopted. The house drains generally foul water from town. {a.) Average consumption of water? (I).) Drains, or no drains f 1 8. Surface drainage. Extent of stagnant water. Does rain flow off rapidly ? 19. Cleansing of locality. (a.) Condition as to cleanliness. L(b.) Latrine acnmodation. 1(c.) Court-yards dwelling houses. »(d.) Streets, ads, fyc. te.) Disposal of reta. 20. Water-supply. (a.) Sources. end in road-side channels, but much of the soiled water sinks into the soil about the houses. Could not be ascertained. The Bazaar has side street-drains, but when I saw them in April 1870, after some months of dry, hot weather, they had no fluid in them, and were partially choked up by drift sand, blown into them by the prevailing high winds. Good. None. Yes. Solid refuse is removed by carts, of which four are kept for the cleaning of the bazaar and lines. The streets and Depot lines were kept exceedingly clean. Houses much the same as all Native houses. Some very clean, some dirty. No latrines yet built for the bazaar. These are about to be put up. The residents resort to open fields, or the rocky ground to the southeast of the cantonment, which latter locality I found defiled with excrement. Many of the Native houses have privies on the premises. The Sepoys' huts, the bazaar houses, and the residences of the European Veterans have privies generally in their court-yards, from which the excreta is daily removed. No cess-pits are existing. These are kept in excellent order ; the main road is overshadowed by a fine avenue of Banyan trees. Night-soil is carted away to waste ground near the river and buried. Street sweepings and ashes are removed to fields, where the culti- vators turn them to account. The drinking water of the cantonment is obtained entirely from wells. These wells are either sunk down to rock level, or in some parts sunk through the rock until the spring level is obtained. A few of the wells near the European barracks are not used, the water, owing probably to some local peculiarities of being rather salt ; but generally speaking, the well water, though rather hard, is bright i clear, and sparkling, and remarkably free of organic impurity. In Native estimation Palaveram water is held in high repute. (b.) Quality as No detailed chemical analyses of the principal drinking waters of this ascertained by Mi- station have yet been made, but tested by the potassium permanga- 6 6 croscopic and Chemical examination. (c.) Impure water and Cholera. When Cholera occurs, does it spread equally over the vohole area, or attack certain localities ? 21. Nature of house accommodation in Bazaar as to (a.) construction, materials, dimensions, &c. (b.) Number of floors. (c) Cleanliness. (d.) Privy accommodation, (c.) Wells inrelation to privies. (/!) Inhabitants crowded or otherwise. 22. Inspected houses. Peculiarities ? Fungi on walls? 23. Age of houses in relation to Cholera. 24. Food of the people. nate, the ordinary sources of supply show a very slight amount of readily putrefiable organic matter.* Microscopically, no special forms of animal or vegetable life were noticed. The drinking water of this station being all obtained from wells sunk through a lateritic gravel and rock, and the wells being surrounded by parapet walls, and lined with brick or masonry when necessary, there would appear to be but little chance of accidental fouling of the water-supply by cholera discharges. Still such an accident may possibly occur, as all the wells are open mouthed, liable to receive dust and rain-fall, and each person drawing water uses his, or her, own vessel and rope to lift the water. Cholera has never manifested any disposition to attack Palaveram. The cases hitherto occurring in the station have generally been of persons arriving from infected localities. In 1869, after the arrival of an infected detachment of European troops, some cases occurred amongst the native residents. The first case was that of a woman who had been to the camp of the infected troops. There were twenty-four attacks and seven deaths in that year amongst the bazaar people. (See Cholera Report for 1869). In 1870 there has not been a single case of cholera in the station, although it prevailed in villages not far away. The ordinary tiled-roof single-storied house. Brick and mud, or red clay. One. Ordinary. A small place in the yard is screened off for a privy. The bazaar houses have no wells generally speaking. Being located on high ground, the sinking of wells would be very costly. The public wells are far away for the influence of privy contamination. Not crowded generally. There are many old and empty houses in the bazaar, which was originally laid out for the accommodation of three Native Regiments. I examined some of the houses in which cholera cases occurred, in 1869 but there was nothing peculiar in them. Some were dirty and others tolerably clean. The bazaar has been occupied fifty or sixty years. Nearly all the cases in this last outbreak occurred in old houses, the walls of which showed moisture rising from the surface. Some had green fungi on the brick- work, as high as two or three feet from the ground, but this was not peculiar to the houses in which cholera occurred. The Natives of this part of India are a rice-eating people. The poorer classes use dry cereals as well. Being within six miles of the coast, fresh and salt-fish enters largely into their dietary. * Honorary Assistant Surgeon E. Harvy has completed some analysis of waters, while this report was passing through the Press. They will be found at the end of the Appendix.— (W. K. C.) 7 f25. Diseases of real and other ants before outeaks of Cholera. 26. Epizootics.... 27. Prevalence of (a.) Fevers. (/>.) Small-pox... (c.) Guinea-worm. (d.) Parasitic affections of skin or intestines ? (c.) Other special diseases. 28. Remarks ( None ascertained. None. In the hot season, ardent remittent fever occurs amongst the European population, due, it is thought, to solar exposure. There is very little ague or dysentery. Occasionally prevails. The European community is well vaccinated. This parasite is unknown in Palaveram. All the cases seen at the Depot were of people who have contracted the disease elsewhere. Not prevalent. A large number of European children come under observation, but the Medical Officer reports that worms are infrequent, compared with their prevalence in Madras and many other stations. Elephantiasis, which is extremely common in the town of Madras, is not met with in this place. The Medical Officer has not seen it, and I could not learn that any of the bazaar people were so affected. In the Cholera Report for 1 869 I remarked : "To the great advantages of soil, water, and situation, the station of Palaveram would appear to owe its powers of resisting epidemic influences. It has no absolute immunity from cholera, but the accumulated experience of very many years shows that cholera does not find a congenial home in the locality." The experience alluded to,as regards Native Troops,extends over a period of forty-four years. During this period, of an aggregate annual strength of 53,600 troops, there were forty-four admissions from cholera and nineteen deaths, or in the ratio of oB per mille of admissions, and o*3 per mille of deaths to strength ; the ratios in the whole Native Army for the same period being — Admissions ... ... ...109 per mille. Deaths 47 do. The European Veteran Company has occupied the station since 1848. The cholera admissions and deaths amongst them up to the end of 1870 were as follows : — Aggregate strength, 3,115, admissions, 14, deaths 10 Ratio of admission per mille ... ... ... 45 Do. of deaths do 32 In the European Army generally Admissions to strength ... 8 1 Deaths to do. ... 38 The liability to cholera it will be seen has been more marked amongst the Eui'opean than in the Native Troops. In connexion with this circumstance I may note that the men reside on a lower level, as regards the river bank, than the Native Troops and bazaar occupy. The greater number of the Veterans are married men, who live i detached cottages, all of which are kept extremely neat and clean Of the several attacks of cholera amongst these men, I have note( that in six out of eight of the years in which cholera occurred, th first cases were observed in persons who had recently visited Madras or some other cholera-stricken locality. 8 The families of the European Veteran Company are mostly large, and from 600 to 800 women and children reside in the station. In 1857, and again in 1865, there were a few cases of cholera amongst the families, due in both cases to importation. In 1809, when the bazaar population was slightly affected, not one of the European Soldiers, or of their families took cholera. With regard to cholera amongst the Native Troops, many of the older reports are silent as to the antecedents of the men attacked- Of recent years, the Medical Officer's reports show that the occasional cases were all due to importation. There has been no case of cholera either in the European or Native Force of the station since the year 1866. 1. Station 2. Presumed population. 3. Height above sea level. 4. Height or depression in regard to surrounding country. 5. Sow far from (a.) The sea .. (6.) River (c.) Tank {d.) Marshy land, and in what direction do these lie with reference to the locality. 6. Level of locality as regards water level in adjacent river. 7. Description of surface of country around the station. (a.) Flat MADUKA. Town of Madura, North Lat. 9° 50," East Long. 78° 12." Between 40,000 and 50,000. A new Census is to be taken in the course of the present year. Six hundred feet. The town of Madura is built on the left bank of the Vigay river, the principal stream of the district, and consequently occupies a low site in the river valley. There are low ranges of hills to the west and north. The town was formerly surrounded by a fortified wall and deep ditch, but the wall has now been levelled, and the ditch filled up. About sixty miles from the Eastern Coast. The town is built on the river bank. This river for most months of the year is a broad bed of sand with but little water visible on the surface, though an under-current is always flowing through the sand. In the north-east monsoon it rises ten or twelve feet, and for a few days is a broad and rapid stream. No large tanks in the immediate neighbourhood. The tract between Madura and the sea is mostly a level plain, with a good many shallow tanks and wet cultivation. The ordinary level of the town is not more than twelve or fifteen feet above the sandy bed of the river. The town lies in a river valley, which valley, especially on the right bank of the river, is two or three miles in breadth, and composed of a rich loamy soil of considerable depth. This soil is very fertile. Trees grow to a great size in it. It is rather extensively planted with cocoanut trees, and dry cereals. The left bank of the river, opposite the town, has a thinner covering of soil, and gneiss rocks appear on the surface not far from the river. 9 (6.) Hilly ... Low ranges of hills lie to the west and north, and the Pulney and Travancore mountains to the west. (c.) Mountainous 8. The effects oj The climate of Madura is much affected by its vicinity to the Western configuration on Ghauts. Owing to its nearness to the rain-belt of the south-west movements of air monsoon, there are no hot winds. There are no hills near enough currents and on yen- to interfere with the circulation of air. The climate is hot and at the illation ? same time, the air during the south-west monsoon season is humid. 9. Country open Generally open, though many plantations of cocoanut trees exist in aud or encumbered with round the town. vegetation ? Nature of vegeta- Fine trees abound in the town, chiefly palms and fig trees. The banyan tion, trees, scrub grows most luxuriantly in the rich soil of the Madura valley. No jungle, and the like. low jungle ; all land cultivated about the town. 10. Geology ... The valley is filled with rich chocolate alluvial deposit of considerable depth . Nature of under- The under-lying rock is gneiss. lying rock. 11. Nature of soil Below the alluvial, the sub-soil appears to be rather sandy, and is perand sub-soil and meable by water. Water is found in the town from ten to fifteen feet below the surface. depth. (a.) Temperature. j (b.) Porosity. (c.) Absorptive lo'perties. i 0 observations made in regard to these particulars, (d.) Chemical , constituents. (c.) Air in sub- j ««. J 1 2. Malarial dis- Fevers prevail amongst the hill tracts, to the west and north, in eases when preva- February, March, and April, and the people living on the banks of lent ? the river suffer also from malarious fevers after the north-east monsoon rains. A great epidemic of malarious fever visited the district in 1810, continuing until 1812, and returning again in 1816. Kbnnezion of ma- The town of Madura always suffers from cholera invasions when, the la with Cholera f epidemic movement is southward. It suffered in 1818, and again in the 1834 invasion, which, however, did not reach Madura until 1836. The disease broke out on this occasion three days after the 9th Regiment N. I. had passed under its walls. On the 3rd July a case of cholera occurred, and the disease soon spread over the southern portion of the town- Upwards of 1,500 of the inhabitants died on this occasion, but the Jail, which is usually a cholera locality, remained free. In this year the fever admissions in the Jail were below the average, so that there is no evidence to show a connexion between malaria and cholera. It is noted in the Medical Board records that the Regiment which brought cholera to Madura in 183 C, contracted the disease at Mailoor, about thirty miles away from the town, and " that its line of march to Palamcottah could be distinctly traced by the ravages the epidemic made in every village in the vicinity of the encamping grounds. '' c 10 13. Condition of Agriculture. (a.) Nature of produce. (&•) Drainage ... (c.) Irrigation ... (14.) River banlcs (a.) Infiltration of sub-soils. (6.) Level of water surface relative to surface of town. 15. Position of inhabited buildings in regard to Higher ground... 16. Sub -soil drainage. Depth of waterline below surface in (a.) Wet weather, (b.) Dry weather. (c.) When Cholera prevails. (d.) Slope of ground ? (c.) Buildings resting on rock ? (/.) How long does water lie after rain ? (g.) Surface drainage wcrhs f 17. Removal of foul water from town. (a.) Average consumption of water ? (b.) Drains, or no drains ? 18. Extent of stagnant water. Does rain flow off rapidly ? 19. Cleansing of locality. Rice, millets, cocoanuts, &c. The natural fall of the drainage is towards the river. Irrigation is practised so far as the water-supply will admit. The town is built on the main river of the district. The subsoil, owing to the vicinity of the river bed, is always moist. From eight to twelve feet below the average level of the soil. The town being built on a river bank, it follows that higher ground lies behind it, and also on the opposite bank. None artificially. Not ascertained At the new Jail, seven to eight feet. Cholera was prevailing in the town at the time of this observation. Slightly towards the river. No. On alluvium. Rain-fall does not pass off so quickly here as in more sandy soils. Masonry channels have been put down in some of the main streets, of the town but the levels were badly taken. Some years ago the drainage of the town fell into the Fort ditch, but since this has been filled up, the out-fall has been unsatisfactory. Recently the Municipal Commission have been laying down V shaped surface drains in the minor streets and it is in contemplation to relay the principal surface drains, so as to secure a proper outfall for the sewage. The removal is not satisfactory. Sewage stagnates in many drains, and percolates into the soil. Not known. Square open drains of cut stone, but in their present state they are not of much use in keeping the town clean. None. Tolerably well. The fall towards the river on the town side is not very great. For several hundreds of years past, Madura has been a foul town, most imperfectly cleansed. Twenty-five yearsago, the Medical Topographical The immediate neighbourhood of Madura is very well cultivated. 11 (a.) Condition as to cleanliness. (6.) Latrine accommodation. (c) Court-yards of dwelling houses. (d.) Streets, roads, (c.) Disposal of excreta. 20. Water-supply. Ea.) Quality as irtained by Mi•copic and Cheal examination. Report published by the Medical Board speaks of the inhabitants having long been permitted to make the space in front of their houses the " public necessary," and the " depository of all sorts of rubbish.'' Things have not improved very much at the present day. The public streets are kept clean, but the back -yards and privy enclosures which are out of sight, are a mass of filth. The cross-lanes are so narrow that a cart cannot traverse them, and that heaps of refuse accumulate until the surface soil of the back-yards is considerably raised. Under Municipal action, measures are in progress for a better cleansing of the town, but it is not an easy matter to remedy the neglect of centuries. Very indifferent. Of late years open walled enclosures for use as public latrines have been put up, but vast numbers of people use only the privies in their back -yards, many of which are sodden with excrement. The majority of those inspected were dangerously foul. Well metalled, and kept clean. The main streets are broad and well ventilated ; but the cross-roads and by-lanes are much too narrow for health, or convenient cleansing of the town. A great deal in private houses is never removed at all, but simply buried in the back-yards. There are some cess-pit privies, and these when full are covered over with earth, and new ones prepared. The Municipal carts are now available for all those who will bring their rubbish to them for removal. The Municipal rubbish is taken to a depot outside the town. The water-supply is taken from the river bed and from numerous wells within the town. Water is always obtainable by digging holes in the sandy bed of the river. The river water is soft and pure unless it be temporarily fouled by the habits of the people. The well water varies a good deal as to the amount of organic impurity, but many of the wells are dangerously contaminated by putrefying organic matter, derived doubtless from the process of surface fouling of the soil which has been going on for ages. Well water not examined microscopically. A tank in the Great Temple, from which devotees drink, and consider the act a sacred performance, contained the foulest water I have ever come across. The water was full of a green vegetable growth, and besides this the decaying organic matter was so large, that I could obtain no reliable results with a standard solution of potassium permanganate, owing to the discoloration caused by the precipitation of manganese oxide. Num berless infusoria, some visible to the naked eye, were preying upo this decaying matter ; the smell of the water was most offensive. A a time when cholera was rife in the town, I saw many " caste people drink of this abominable mixture, with apparent relish. Th temple tank has probably never been cleaned out since the buildin was erected. The tank is deep, probably below the level of the rive bed, and fed by springs. Thousands of persons wash and bathe in it and drink the water because of its holy character. The Municipa Commissioners have no power to interfere with this tank, whic contains the foulest water in the whole town. 12 MADURA WATERS. The following results were obtained, as regards the readily putrifiable organic matter in a few wells in the town tested by Angus Smith's solution of potassium permanganate :—: — Grains of Oxygen required per Gallon to Remarksdecompose the putrid matter. New Jail, Well No. I ... ... ... ... 0*0560 — This water was considered unfit for drinking, and is not used by prisoners. Do. do. No. 2in garden 0-0165 — Good water. Pas-oda Tank ... ... ••• ••• ••• Water acid, re-action. Thickness of peasoup. Full of animal and vegetable life. Foetid. So full of vegetable growth and putrid matter that no permanent pink colour could be obtained. Specimens supplied by Native Surgeon Antony. 1. Well, Ondy Moottoo Maistry's Well 0-0560 Alkaline reaction. 2. ? North side of Pagoda 0*0560 Water opaque, milky. 3. ? West of Pagoda 0-0280 4. ? In market, east of town ... ... 0*2940 A very impure water. 5. „ East of town near Arab Stables ... 0 - 0840 Contaminated. 6. „ North Avenny Moola 00420 7. „ Near Police Office 0-0840 Contaminated. 8. „ West of Pagoda 00980 9. „ South Massay Videe Street 0-0420 10. „ North do. do. 0-0420 11. „ Civil Dispensary Well 0-0840 Contaminated. 12. „ Near Captain Guthrie's house 0 - 0840 Do. 13. ? Flowerman's Street 00560 Do. 14. ? Front of Pagoda 00560 Do. 15. „ Fishmongers' Street o*l4oo Do. 16. „ Oil Mongers' Street 0-0840 Do. 17. ? River water from the Vigay o*ol4o Very pure at the time of examination. 18. „ Mr. Campbell's Well 0 A very foul water. dw Jail, deep well ... ... ... ... 0-0140 Do. Garden 00140 Do. (New well in Jail) 0-0560 -. Pearse's Well 00120 19 When Cholera occurs does it spread equally over the whole area, or attack certain localities? 21. Nature of house accommodation tas to (a.) conruction/materials, imensions, &c. L(b.) Number of yrs. (c.) Cleanliness... L(d.) Privy acnmodation. L(e.) Wells in retion to privies. 1(f. ) Inhabitants owded- or other- wise. 122. Inspected OUB6B. Peculiarities 1 Fungi on walls f 123. Age of houses relation toCholera 124. Food of the yple. 125. Diseases of real and other ants before outeahs of Cholera. Cholera is mainly confined to the ground near the river banks. An old travellers' bungalow, close on the river, was, many years ago, so notorious for the number of persons who were seized with cholera in it, that it was abandoned, and a new bungalow built on higher ground to the south of the town. In a house, belonging to the London Mission Society, on the right bank of the river, two Missionaries have died within a few years, of cholera. A large upstair house, on the left bank of the river, enjoys the unenviable title of "Cholera Hall," owing to the number of native servants, &c, who have died on the grounds. The old Jail in the same locality I have elsewhere spoken of as a cholera haunted building. As the ground rises towards the base of the Shervaroy Hills, the cholera localities get fewer, until the site of the new Jail is reached. Here cholera has only prevailed twice in the ten years of occupation. The plateau of the Shervaroy Hills, not more than ten miles from Salem, and in daily communication with the town, is practically exempt from cholera. Some of the better class of people have two-storied houses built of brick and chunam, and terraced roofs, but the majority are simply one-storied tiled houses, with mud walls. Usually one, barely raised above the level of the ground. Average. The better class of houses have cess-pit privies in the back-yards. The common houses have often large excavations in the back-yards, made originally to supply the mud for the house walls, which are used for the deposit of house refuse and probably privy filth as well. The private wells and privies are generally in the same back-yard ; often in contiguity. About five or six persons on the average to a house, according to Census. Some quarters of the town appear to be more densely populated than others. The old Jail and house known as " Cholera Hall" have damp basements, indicated by the decay of brick-work, mortar, &c, for some distance up the side walls. There is a marked difference in the proportion of cholera attacks in the old Jail building and the new, but this may be a consequence of locality as well as of age of buildings. The town of Salem has extended very much since the beginning of the century, when it came into British possession. There are no very old buildings in the town. Raggy is the principal food grain of the district, but other millets and rice are used also. • No information available. 20 2G. Epizootics ... 27. Prevalence of (a.) Fevers (b.) Small-pox . . . (c.) Guinea-worm. (d.) Parasitic affections of shin or intestines ? (c.) Other special diseases. 28. Remarks Madras, 20th February 1871. Disease of horned cattle occasionally prevails. Malarious fevers are the most common diseases of the district. Occasionally epidemic. A very common disease in the valleys, but does not prevail on the mountain ranges. Nothing unusual. None. The sanitary defects of the station as regards conservancy, drainage, and water-supply have been pointed out to the Municipality, and measures are already in progress to remedy them. The Municipal Commissioners contemplate the execution of drainage works for the whole town, and measures are being taken to abolish cess-pit privies, to improVe the latrine conservancy, and bring in a supply of water. The sanitary works necessary for the permanent improvement of the health of the town will be costly, and probably beyond the means of the Municipality to accomplish, unaided by the State. (Signed) W. R. CORNISH, f.r.c.s. ANALYSES OF THE DEINKING WATEES OF PALAVEEAM No. 1. — Well opposite the Sepoys' Place of Arms. Colour ... ••• None. Taste Do. Smell Do. Transparency ... Transparent. Development <>/] . , - None (after forty-eight hours.) organized forms. J v jo / B*wrf»o» <<> te«* | Neutral paper. ... ••• J Carbonic Acid ... Free. -00440 grammes in a litre. $oZwZ matter in one f Volatile -050 grm. litre. ...I Mineral -560 „ Total... -610 . ? (Putrid -0000750 grm. Oxvqen required for I . & .xi \ Decaying readily -000150 „ orqanic matter ... I _. r „,, y I Do. in 24 hours -000350 „ Ammonia and f Free ammonia '05 milligramme. organic matter... \ Albuminoid -09 „ Hardness (Clark's J Removable ... ... 6- 3° scale ] °=1 Grain I Permanent B'o° Calcium Garbo- j nate in one j Total ... 143° gallon) ... \ "08496 as chloride of sodium. "14016 gramme. litre * & Nitric and Nitrous Nitrogen estimated as ammonia "20 = 742 milligramme. Add ("Insoluble: Silica and Iron '002 grm. Calcium Carbonate -128 „ Magnesium None. Soluble: Mineral matter ...-. ualcium Sulphate ... ... ... "1704 grm. Magnesium do. Traces only (?) Sodium (as Sulphate) '0983. Sulphuretted Hydrogen None. Phosporic Acid Present. No. 2 Well. — Drinking Water behind the Roman Catholic Priest's house. Colour Faint blueish (like very dilute milk and water). Taste Agreeable. fSmell Somewhat earthy. Transparency . . . Not quite transparent, very nearly so. Development of None. organized forms. / 22 Carbonic Acid ... Free -0077 grms. per litre. Solid matter in a J Volatile '050 grm. litre. ...(Mineral «200 „ Total... 250 „ Per litre. Oxygen requiredfor f Putrid '0000500 grm. organic matter... < Decaying readily -000150 „ V Do. in 24 hours -000250 „ Am moniaa/nd orga- j Free ammonia ... ... ... ... None. Nic matter. ...(Albuminoid "05 milligramme. ( Kemovable ... ... ... ... *3° Hardness. ?, J D 1 Permanent 4-2° Total ... 4-5° Chlorine in one) ftnln M , o ? ? ... I -0210 grm.=-0348 sodium chloride. litre ... j Nitric and Nitrous] nn .„ .- n .„. ? . ? 1-33 mille — I*l3 milligramme nitric acid. Acids estimated f as ammonia ...' _ ?, : Silica and oxide of Iron '012 grm. Calcium carbonate ... ... ... 008 „ Magnesium do. ... ... ... None. Soluble : Mineral matter. ... -i , . i^j. ma Calcium sulphate '046 grm. Magnesium sulphate Traces only. Sodium sulphate *087 grm. Sulphuretted Hydrogen ... ... None. „. Phosphoric Acid ? Not in excess. No. 3 Well. — Drinking Water, situated in afield. Colour None. Taste Not unpleasant. Smell None. Transparency ... Transparent. Development of None, organized forms. Reaction to test Neutral. paper. Carbonic Acid ... Free. -0044 grm. per litre. Solid matter in one f Volatile 06 grm, f e M> | Mineral .., t -31 „ Total ... 37 „ /-Putrid -000100 Oxygenrequiredfor ) Decaying readily . 00 02C0 tanic matter. | in 24 hours ? _ . QQOm iaandorga- j Free ammonia ... "02 milligramme. otter ?. [Albuminoid , ... -10 „ 23 __ _ f Removable 2*l° Hardness. ... \ in (Permanent 4-2O Total ... 63* Chlorine in one") A k/,« aoo^ j* t.i •¦> L '0567= "0934 sodium chloride. litre ... J Nitric and Nitrous \ acid estimated as \ '40 mille = I'4B milligramme nitric acid. ammonia ... ) /"Insoluble : Silica and Iron ... "06 grm. Calcium carbonate ... ... ... -031 ? Magnesium do. ... ... ... None. Soluble : Mineral matter ...J Calcium sulphate -0571 grm. Magnesium do. ... ... ... Traces. Sodium sulphate '0593 grm. Sulphuretted Hydrogen ... ... None. to Phosphoric Acid Present, not in excess. No. 4. — Well No. 1 in front of the Midwifery Ward. No. 4. — Well No. 1 in front of the Midwifery Ward. {Jolour None. j> as te Not unpleasant; slightly brackish. Smell None. Transparency ... Transparent. Development on After 4g more ordinary forma of y olvox and Rotiferfl> organized forms. ) Reaction to test 1 Faint a ik a ]j ne^ almost neutral. paper Carbonic Acid ... Free. -00440 grm. Solid matter in one ( Volatile ... '060 grm. litre -•• (Mineral '880 „ Total ... -940 (Putrid -000050 grm. Oast/^nre 2 mred/or\ Readilydecaying . 00010 organic matter. (( D eca y ing in 2 4 hours -00020 „ Ammonia and ( Free ammonia -05 milligramme. organic matter. \ Albuminoid 14 „ (Removable T' Hardness •< Qo>ftl . (Permanent 8 *05 Total ... 15°-05 Chlorine in one) . 23g() gm = godium Chloride _ . 39U grm> litre... ... i Nitric and Nitrous} . jj-i • 'd 259 'U' AM.. _. j -72 MUhgramme ammoa*. _ .ixwf m. .gra 24 ' Insoluble : Silica and iron ... ... ... '003 grm. Calcium Carbonate ,.. ... ... "144 „ Magnesium do. ... ... ... None. v . , ? Soluble: Mineral matter ...J Calcium sulphate ... ... ... 163 Magnesium do. ... ... ... Traces. Sodium do *1534 grm. Sulphuretted Hydrogen None. L Phosphoric acid Not in excess. Remarks. — Of the four samples of drinking water of this station that have been examined— No. 1 is a fair sample. No. 2 is undoubtedly the best, and will bear comparison with the best water of Madras No. 3 stands next, except in respect of the " Albuminoid ammonia " being "02 milligramme higher than the standard of purity (*OB per mille) laid down in Wanklyn and Chapman's book. No. 4, one of a number of wells situated in front of the European Barracks, is the worst sample, containing much chlorides, deposits a large sediment of carbonates on boiling, consequently unfit for cooking. The figures representing the " Albuminoid ammonia " are high and sufficient to condemn the use of the water for drinking purposes.* (Signed) R. HARVEY, Honorary Assistant Surgeon, Analyst of Potable-waters. ?The wells near the European Barracks, of which No. 4 is a specimen, are very unequal in quality of water. Only a few of them are used for drinking purposes. — (W. K. C.) APPENDIX 11. On the alleged Immunity from Cholera of Workers in Gunpowder Factories. By W. R. CORNISH, f.e.c.s., Sanitary Commissioner for Madras. Some time in the month of July last, when cholera was prevailing in the town of [adras, it was mentioned to me that persons, whose duties led them to handle gunpowder, or le several ingredients employed in its composition, were notoriously exempted from the ordiary epidemic diseases of the country, and especially from cholera. The belief in the preervative action of gunpowder is not confined to the operatives of the Madras factory. It is, ccording to Colonel R. Cadell, R.A., an accepted belief amongst the artizans in English actories also. In order to test the truth or ortherwise of the theory, Colonel R. Cadell, uperintendent of the powder factory, has obligingly caused the records of his establishment io be carefully searched for a period of twenty years, and the results are shown in the tabulated form below. The records of strength and deaths have been kept with great care, nd, except in a few instances where the causes of death were reported as " unknown," are loroughly reliable. The total of deaths is strictly accurate. Although the statistical cvi- Isnce does not fully support the view as to the immunity of the employe's of the establishent from cholera, neither does it entirely disprove the alleged fact : — Mortality for 20 years, Madras Gunpowder Factory. Classes op Disease. General Diseases. Local Diseases. Injuries. ® , g . to. # *y 5 I r> a« *• tv»«o= Sub-Division Sub-Divi- g Digestive Sys- Generative g § &-S Orders of Disease. A> eion B. g 9 tern. System. | * | J 9 I ° *£ j I 1 Years. M | . - . 4 £ "3^l-2^o^ 5^6 piling 1850 124 6 1 1 3 ... 1 1851 196 4 1 1 1 1 1852 197 2 1 1 1853 143 7 1 ... 1 2 ... 1 1 1 1854 117 6 3 1 2 | 1855 116 2 1 1 1856 116 2 f 1 1 1857 116 19 1 17 ... 1 1858 193 1 1 1 1859 200 2 1 1860 200 1 1861 211 2 1 1862 214 3 1 ... 1 1 1 1863 211 1 1864 193 1 1 1865 177 2 1 ... 1 1866 173 3 2 ... 1 1867 169 2 1 1 1868 163 2 1 1 1869 164 3 1 1 1 Total ... 3,393 70 71 12 82 1 12 11 2 1 21 2 I 8 9 26 Ratio per 1,000 of Strength. Classes ov Disease. General Diseases. Local Diseases. Injuries. ! |, £ s - 1,1 «_. o , _.. . . . Sub-Divi- £ . Digestive Generative S § Accidental &5 Orders of Disease. Sub-Dmsion A. Bion B gg § ystem# System, g 1 Accidental - « Q Sz? O_ £ 2 "S o . ii ° -£ fr 1 Years. | £ . a £ 'S 2 * 3 O g 1850 ... 49*1 ... 0-1 8-1 245 ... B'l 1851 ... 204 51 5-1 51 6*l 1852 ... 101 505 505 1853 ... 48-9 69 ... 69 13-9 ... 69 0»2 69 69 1854 ... 512 25-5 8"5 17"06 1855 ... 17-2 86 86 1856 ... 17-2 86 8"6 1857 ». 1 163-7 ... ... 8-6 1465 ... 8-6 1858 ... 5-1 51 1859 ... 10 0 5-0 5-0 1860 I 1861 ... 9-4 4.7 4-7 1862 ... 14-01 46 ... 4-6 46 1863 ... 47 4-7 1864 ... 5-1 s'l ... 1865 ... 11-2 5-6 .. 5-6 1866 ... 17-3 11-5 ... 57 1867 ... 118 5-9 5-9 1868 ... 12-2 6-1 6-1 1869 ... 18-2 60-6 606 606 Total ... 20-6 2-6 0-2 35 23 o's .02 02 05 0-2 02 0-5 0"2 6"1 05 2-3 In the twenty years to which the Table (I.) refers, there have occurred twelve fatal cases f cholera out of an aggregate strength of 3,393. Fatal cases occurred in ten out of the wenty years, and with the exception of the year 1854, in which three deaths occurred, the mortality has been limited to a single case in each year of cholera prevalence. With the xception of the year 1854, therefore, it is quite clear that cholera could have had no epidemic prevalence amongst the people employed in the factory. And as regards 1854, one death occurred on the 9th June, another on 3rd August, and the third on 16th October, proving that cholera was not epidemic amongst the factory hands even in that year. tThe years 1860, 1861, 1862, and 1866 were periods of unusual cholera prevalence in xas, and yet in only two of these years (1862 and 1866) did single cases of cholera affect employes of the establishment. It must be remembered that native workers sleep at home nightly, and live at home on undays, and that they spend the numerous other holidays allowed to Government servants i home, generally in squalid and unhealthy neighbourhoods where epidemics are rife, and lat on all of these days the protective influence (if any) of the gunpowder dust and sullurous acid fumes would be lost to them, and that they would probably be just as liable s their neighbours to cholera influences, while sleeping and living in localities subject to lolera invasion. The low ratios of mortality from dysentery and diarrhoea . are very uggestive. The table shows that out of an aggregate strength of 3,393 in twenty years, twelve >ersons died of cholera, or in the ratio of 35 per mille. Mr. Balfour in his Statistics of lolera shows that for a period of twenty-four years ending 1868, the Madras Native Army ost at the rate of 4*3 per thousand of mean strength. But the comparison with the Native Army is scarcely a fair one to make, inasmuch as the workers in the Madras gunpowder manufactory, for the most part, live in one of the most unwholesome districts of Madras 27 Ele Native troops live generally in healthy stations, and are, to some extent, under tary supervision in their domestic life. I The population of the suburbs of Madras in which the powder makers live, is known th tolerable accuracy, and since the year 1855 the annual cholera mortality of the district s been specially registered. I The results of the registration in comparison with the mortality of the powder workers given below. & m . tt Table 11. Comparison of Ratios of Choltra Mortality per 1,000 of the Population of the 6th Municipal Division and Powder Factory. I 6th Municipal Popula- *§ S 3? 8 S § ® 3 @ £ S S £ £ 3 Mean of Division. tion. 2 2 2 2 222 2 2*22222 15year S . Supposed place \ of residence of ( the workmen (41506 92 4*6 6-6 1108 4-1 B'B 12-2 1103 609 29 4-3 155 M ... 3.4 67 of the Powder \ Factory. Gunpowder Fac- } tory Establish- V 174 B'6 5-1 5 0 4>6' 56 5-7 5-9 2*6 merit. ) With reference to this table, the most noticeable fact is the heavy district choler mortality in 1858, 1860, 1861, 1862, and 1866, and the comparative freedom of the gunpowde workers during these years. It may be observed, too, that although cholera prevailed in th ttrict during fourteen out of fifteen years, deaths occurred only in seven years of the fifteen the gunpowder establishment. While the people of the district were losing 6*7 per >usand every year of their number from cholera, the powder workmen lost only 26. I The following table is given to illustrate the liability of the gunpowder factory servants injuries fatal to life, in comparison with the Native Army during peace years : — Table 111. t, ? - Ratio per ? ? Deaths from i nnn c Strength. Tniurifis I'ooo1 ' 000 of injuries. Strength. Native Army (four years) 112,597 17 015 Gunpowder Establishment (for twenty years) 3,393 21 b 18 But for the liability to deaths from violence, the gunpowder workers have an undoubted advantage in regard to prospects of longevity over the inhabitants of the district in whic be best seen in the following table comparing the death ratios from disease and This will XniS Will DC DtJSG StJtJll ill 1/IltJ lOllUWlilg U»uie; uump(Uiug uuo uvuimi luiuwu a.ivm u^vuuv <^..v violence from 1855 to 1869 :— Table IV. Ratio per 1,000 of Deaths. Population, mean of Aggregate 15 years . Population of 15 years. From From From From Disease. Violence. Disease. Violence. 6th Municipal Division, supposed residence of the workmen of the Powder Factory ... 622,590 25,264 132 40-5 02 Gunpowder Factory Establishment ... 2,616 45 18 172 69 Thus we see that the population of the suburb of Madras, in which the people reside, die at the rate of 40-5 per thousand, while the mortality amongst the powder workers from disease is only 17*2. 28 I The popular idea, in regard to gunpowder workers being specially exempted from atagious disorders fatal to life, being thus in a measure confirmed by statistical data, the estion arises — To which ingredient of gunpowder is the protective effect most probably due ? In the factory, all the ingredients of gunpowder, nitre, sulphur, and charcoal, are separately refined or purified. The nitre of commerce is purified from chlorides and sulphates by solution in water and recrystallisation to the required standard. The sulphur is sublimated or powdered in buildings set apart for the purpose ; sulphurous acid is largely di engaged in these rooms, and can be detected in the air of the various apartments, and also o the mixing and granulating rooms. Charcoal is made in the factory with great care in iro retorts. The gaseous products of the distillation of wood pass off without coming into contac with the people. It may be inferred, therefore, that the ingredient which is most cognizab to the senses (sulphur), on account of its liability to oxidation and conversion into sulphurou acid ( S O2O 2 ) is the active protective agent, if any, in gunpowder works. Some of the employe's are not, in the course of their ordinary duties, brought into contact with sulphur in its raw or mixed condition, but it would seem from the annexed cholera casualty roll that the persons employed in mixing the materials of gunpowder were not wholly exempted. It is impossible to say, with regard to these deaths, whether the people had, or had not, been regularly at work in the factory before seizure. Should cholera deaths hereafter occur amongst the servants of the institution, it would be well that a careful account of all the particulars of the cases should at once be placed o record for the benefit of future inquirers. Such a record should show the duties of the person i tacked ; his days of attendance and periods of absence before the attack ; his place o 3idence and its sanitary condition ; and health-state of other persons living in the house o sighbouring houses. Casualty 801 l of Deaths by Cholera among Gunpowder Workers, (20 years.) _ j. .- T _. , „_ ... Nature of Occupation. Names. Date of Casualties. Casualties. Drying and barrelling man Mootoo 12th February 1850. Cholera. Press and glazing man Annudary ... M 28th November 1853. do. Hammerman ... ... ... Narasoo ... ... 3rd August 1854. do. Press and glazing man ... ... ... Lutchmanan ... 9th June 1854. do. Mixer Lutchmanan ... 16th October 1854. do. 2nd Peon, Office ... ... ... ... ... ... Narrainsawmy ... sth March 1855. do. Refining woman Coopachee 16th April 1858. do. Foreman, Corning room ... ... Moonesawmy ... 25th June 1859. do. Mixer ... Yamooloo 17th do. 1862. do. Corner ... ... ... ... ... Seenivasen ... ... 28th January 1865. do. Do Lutchmanan ... 29th July 1866. do- Refining woman ... ... ... ... Polee ... ... 31st January 1867. do. [Since this memorandum was drawn up, I have received a return for the Superintendent of the factory for year 1870, showing that no death from cholera occured amongst the workmen in that year. — W. B. C.J APPENDIX 111. TABLES SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLERA FROM 1859-65. European Army, 1859- Monthly Prevalence or Cholesa. Division, Station. j . £ ,g . » c j I 111 I 1 1 iH I I J_J | T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T- D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D- T. D. T. D. I \ Nagpore Force ... Kamptee ... 1,031 42 1 5 2 o C Secunderabad ) 2 g5l 1 12210 11 124 8 7 2 2 67 22 1 Hyderabad Sub ) & Tnmulgherry J sidiary Force. ) (. Jaulnah ... 103 2 2 ... j Total... 2,654 1 124 1011 124 8J 7 2 2 69 22' Ceded .District ... Bellary ... 1,117 *1 *1 10*6*1 ... 1 ... 1 1 1 15 t Bangalore ... 1,611 922 1 2 13 3 Mysore Division. < I Mysore ... 106 , Total... 1,717 922 1 2 13 3 \ Malabar and Ca-\ _ , ,„„ I "T . , "~Ta~o'7T n > Cannanore ... 1,126 1 1 l 13 215 3 fSt. Thos'. Mount. 637 Centre Division.) Fort st>George ( (Madi-as) ... 832 22 2 2 4 ... 8 4 Total... 1,469 22 2 2 4 ... 8 4 \soutUrn Dim- f Trichinopoly ... fltt ... .. 1 ...... I 3...^ 1...111... IZI e| ? (Wellington ... 1,072 1... 1 2 ... Total... 1,673 1... 1... 4... 1 1... 1 ... 1 1 11l ... \Northern Divi- f Vizagapatam ... 103 1 1 ... "k"- I Waltair ... 131 Total... 234 1 ... '... | 1 ... r Eangoon ... 1,279 1 1 2 ... I Tonghoo ... 783 ? Pegue Division... -^ Thayetmyoo ... 64 I Moulmain ... 78 Total... 2,204 ! 1 1 1 2 ... 1 I f Saugor ... 1,360 I ... 2 3 ... I I Banda ... 101 1 1 1 l| Saugor Field Di-{ vision. Jubbulpore ... 650 Nowgong ... 75 ... .. Total... 2,186 1 1 1 2 4 1 * The cholera in the early months of the year at Bellary was a reproduction of a former invasion. The disease lingered in the north-west pf jthe Mysore country from 1857 to 1859.. — (W. K. C.} 7 30 Native Army, 1859. Monthly Prevalence or Cholera. Division. Station- So _; ,4 . 2 . £ • ! 1 4 1 t ¦ i . ? 1 I 1 J I I T- D. T. dJt. D T. D. T.'dJt. D. T. D.'t. D. T.jD. T.D. T. D. T. D,| T. |d. „ C Kamptee ... 3,787 ! | 11 2 3 M Nagpore Force, j Hoos^ ungabad ... {^ I j ". r ZIZZZZirZ- Z-Z.O Total... 4,924 ! 11 2 j 3JJ f Secunderabad ... 8,692 "...T ............ 61 27 52 11 26 BJ28 10 24 49 1 l ... 1 ... 197 3 Jaulnah ... 1,135 1.8 114 M 28 4 Hyderabad Sub- , Bowenpilly ... 368 2 63 2 1 10 j 4 sidiary Force.') : Camp Hingolee ... 621 4 4 j—[ j . Camp Madaveram 1,081 ; 18 2 15 2 L CampMackatpully 1,107 j 1 * |"- Total... 8,004 ...6127 6712 10 8291827 Gl3 117 2 1 ... 256 |«4J f Bellary* ... 2 47387 4538 5 1 ... 1 | I 2 1 2 | 131 J6l „,. n . ,• , ) Kurnool ... 877 93165; 9 6 ; 22 3 1 89 17 Ceded »*»«"««• yonddapah ... 1,129 71 7 ... 2... 31 3 1 j 1 ... 23 | 3 (. Cumbutn ... 124 1 ..." 1 — ' ¦ 1 — Total... 4,003 9446 15 5 3 ... 13 420 6 9, 1 6 12 1 2 ... 22;3 1 1 ... 194 71 __] j__! __l I (Bangalore ... 1,705 111... 1 3|l ir n . • • jHurryhurt ••• 809361712 4 6 3 1? 651 2 1 78.32 Mysore Division < i, m ¦> ' nQ _ v VMercara ... 987 ...... (i Manautoddy ... 58 ••• ••• t Total ... 3,0193617 12 41 1 1 ... 1 ... 6| 31765 1 2 1 j 81 33 alabar $ Ca- J Cannanore ... 1,879 1 ... 1 2 ••¦ tiara ... J Maugaloro ... 1,811 •••'••• Total... 3,6'J01... 1 j ! 2 ... f Fort Saint George (Madras) ... 1,162 1 ... 2 2 1 4 2 Perambore J ... 1,045 ' n v 7v • ¦ j Vepbry ... 651 32 2 1 5 3 Centre Division.^ "' 1>0 _ 0 ? 5 R 1 , , 10 6 Vellore ... 95816 5 5 J I 21 6 I St. Thomas' Mount 319 •¦• ••• L Palaveram ... 1,218 I j j 1 ... Total... 0,393|24i10 10 4 4 2j 2 lj 1 41 17 "™ "*{ !£_-_' ::: Mt""'-' '•-»:":" : i": ::: »:^ ll " i I" :: r ' :: " : :" Ipi Total... 4,35050 15J10 3 2 [ 2 13... 1 74 Id| (¦ Berhampore § ... 892 ...1)3 36 1' 1 19 4,' Masulipatam ... 1,112 1 414 1 2 3 1 2 1 9 414 1 I Vizagapatam ... 1,073 lj 1 ... I Northern Divi-J Cuttack ... 1,231 ! sion. | llusselfondah ... 1,031 Vizianagram ... 1,176 1 1 3 1 3 ... 1 1 8 3 J Dowlaishweram... 417 ...' I | (^ Samulcottah ... 1,119 ' Total... 8,100 18 86 1 l[ 183|6 1 3 2 37 11 (¦ Rangoon ... 2,849 1 L..1 221 1 ! 3 3 j Meaday ... 701 1 ... 10 343 3 1 2... 2... 2... 24 7 I Mouhnein ... 1,769 : I_, _. . . J Thayetmyoo ... 2,148 1 ... 73 1 52 5 !...'! ...' 11 20 6 | Pegue Division^ H J zad / ... m_ 1 ' » j Tonghoo ... 865 ! ... 1 ... 22 2 5 2 Skoaghoen ... 849 1 1 1 1 l_ PegneDv.( Various) 575j J 1 1 ... Total... 10,533 23 11 311 64 1 |5J 2 8... 2 ...J 4144]31 1 1 55 18 f Saugor ... 1,754 ... j Banda ... 804 13| 7 1 4... 1 ... 1 1 15 4 Saugor Field J Jubbulpore ... 514 54 9 ... 2 2... 1 57 11 Division. ") Nowgong ... 446 1 ... 1 1 1 2 • Nagode ... 1,202 1 1 1 ... 2 1 ...| 1 4 3 L Marwarah ... 1,003 1 ... 1 •! 2 ... Total... 5,723 j 1 ... 2 46812 54 4 ...I 8| 1 ......... 79 20 * The January cholera occurred in a Eogiment marching from Hurryhur, N. W. Mysore, where the disease had lingered from the former invasion in 1857-t The new invasion of Hurryhur occurred in June. j The cholera in the Contre and Southern Districts was the remaining of the 1856-57 invasion. § Uerhanipore being close to the endemic field felt the new invasion early.— (W. K. C.) 31 Jails, 1859. •S MONTHLT PREVALENCE OP ChOLBEA. to 2 £ . Division. Jails. « . £ I .. J j So £* S j 1 1 8 1 1 _i |11111 I I J & $ 1 A. D. A.. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D.A.'d. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D L JJ { Bellary ... 516 31 6 2 I .. ... J 35 C^<* i Cuddapah ... 377 1310 63 3 2 1 23 1 Dubrwtt. \ Kurnoo \ ... 110 526 2 1 |>..U| ;¦• _M Total... 1,009 131042j111l 4 1 ...j |2, 1...^.^. 70 J25 f Calicut ... 412 153 10918 6 171115 Cannanore ... 80 ••• ?,, . Cochin ... 32 "'"'l I ai\ \Mdabar Sf I Mangaiore ... 190 2 2 3 2 34141 40 \Canara. "j Telli S herry ... 121 • •» -| Houore ... 19.1 '••••"¦•¦¦• I Palghaut ... Eeturns not available. Total... 1,026 1117113^14 l| | : 153 10918 6|6 | 211133 C Masulipatam ... 165 1 1 .• •• ••• |" - ? Eajahmundry... 180 j8 5; » J> > Northern J vizagapatani ... 167 ! - ¦¦¦ I>w«w»- ) Chioaoole ... 154 1 ...j... 1 1 1 Gantoor ... 156 •. " " ¦" Total ... 822 "l 1 ...|.J». -- - B^^^^ ¦ _^| »•__!¦••" 1 10 7 Chingloput ... 278 ••¦ " V „ "1 Chittoor ... 516 2 1 •• 1 1 ••• - « £ Cuddaloro ... 385 25 85 1 •• ••• *¦ * ••• 6~6 ~ _ . Guindy ... 93 1 •¦» 2... 1 1 * * L *™™. . -i Madras Peniten- , , . Division. tiary 301 2 I 2 2 2..J * ••• 5 4 Her M.'s Jail, Madras ... 48 , •" ""' "'- "1 h Nellore ... 333 ...| 32 Z ZH-ZZ HZZZZZ \—jZZll— - — Total... 1,954 i27|ioto 85 2 1 l^i"" ' lz _L-1-\l-\1 —-- • ' ""^ ~~" ¦"" ~"~ f Coimbatore ... 334 1 1 # , 4 .» ! Madura ... 195 34A— 15D. <3tt Ootacamund ... 55 r Paumben ... 226 q j» Southern I Salem ... 252 6 1 1... 2 2 !¦•• • ••• • Division. 1 Tranquebar ... Eeturns not available. Trichinopoly ... 435 1 1 Combaconum ... 219 | Tinnevolly ... 208 ••• • "•'; L Negapatatn ... E«turns not available Total... 1,984 7 2 212 2 45 2(1 I 1 J • Monthly Returoa from January to April 1859 are not available. Total admissions and deaths were 31 and 15. 32 European Army, 1860. t9 Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. DO Division. Stations. co , % »* £ T. D. T. D. T- D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T- D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D, Nagpore Force ... Kampteo ... 984 2 1 10 5153 8 2 1 1 36 12 f Trimulgherry &\ : Secunderabad. J 2,873 1 ... 815 1 2 2 16 4| Hyderabad Sub- ' Jaulnah ... 278 2 2 ... sidiary Force. } Troops marching from Whitlook's [ Column ... 85 11 4 1 , 12 4 Total... 3,236 11 4 2 ... 10 1 5 1 2 2 30 8 Ceded Districts... Bellary ... 1,058 1 1 2 ... Mysore Division. Bangalore ... 1,351 9 7 13 4 22 11 Malabar and 1 Cannanore ...1,085 Canara, J r Fort St. George \ (Madras) ... 935 *7*4»1 31 5 3 1... 1 18 8 Centre Division. < ( St. Thos'. Mount. 666 11l 1 1 3 2J Total... 1,601 7 4 1 4 2 6 3 2 1 1 ...2110 / Tricbinopoly ... 558 4 1 • ¦•• 4 1 Southern Divn. \ „ » o ( Wellington ... 998 2 i 2 ... Total... 1,556 6 1 6 1 f Vizogapatam ... 93 * ••• 1 • 2 — Northern Divn. < I Waltair ... 179 J ••¦ l - Total.. 272 1 - 1 - 1»m • 3 3r Eangoon ... 1,354 ~ r? 7 4 7 4 I regn Division. J Ton g ho ° - 709 1 1 1 1 I Pegu Division 224 • • [ , _ Total... 2,287 ' 8 6 8 5|5 | I I I * These cases occurred in a Corps just landed from Calcutta. The epidemic invasion did not reach Madras until (W. E. C) 33 Native Army, 1860 Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. Division. Station. ,_! • b £ • J ® I II I II I ill 1 I 111 T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T.Jd.jT. D. T. D. T- D. T.'d- T. D. ( Kamptee ... 3,488 1 118 368 2535 8 721151812 1 14543 \Nagpore lorce | Hoossungabad. . . 789 9 312 33 1 24 7 Total... 4,277 1 118 377 2847,1110, 3 115 18 12 1 16950 f Secunderabad... 3,473 10 5 1 ... 1 ... lj 173 6 2 1 L ... 1 2911 Jaulnah ... 1,170 3 •••¦ Bowenpilly ... 349 j ••• Hyderabad Sub.) Camp Kallaroo. 984 1 1 ••• sidiary Force- j Camp Masulapooram ... 386 213 21j 3 | Camp Vandea- I Total... ~6~362~ril 522 3 ... 1173 9 2 1 1 ... iLj 5614 f Bellary ... 2,073 L •• ••• -I •>¦ ' Ceded District ) Kum ° o1 - 691 H ¦ Ceded m*tnct < Cuddapan ... 8 18 | | i. Cumbum ... 85 j ' Total... 3,667 1 '____:_ ( Bangalore ... 1 ...~~l ... IS 4WK 2 1 47 14 Mysore Divi- ) Hurryhnr ... 737 ¦•• ""'"' "" sion. j Meroara ... 767 (. French Rocks ... 499 Total... 4,868............^... J_ Z 1Z1!!^101 Z 1 !!^ 10 IZZ'ZZzAI^A \Malabar and j Cannanore ... 1,652 ••• ••¦ - ••• ••• ••• ••• •» »• ••• ¦•• «• «• •« " n Mangalore ... 1,525 ... i Total ... 3,264 ».^. ...«.». " 'Z — — Z""" f Fort St. George (Madras) ... 1,342 2 - J — « A\ L . .... I Perambore ... 1 377 2 2 1 ... 8 3 11 6 Centre Division.^ Vellore 1 5 13 7 6 2 1... 2 12 0 St. Thos'- Mount '340 j 3 111 4 2 l^ Palaveram ... 566 j Total... 5,188 ... ...|.'!»- j"«2"' -- 8 --'--i2-i-:i--'-^H r Trichinopoly ... 2,187 1 j » "* \ 65 ] 1 "• l l 2* *7 *\2B\ 28 o ? „¦ • Palamoottah ... 715 2... 1 •• ¦!- • - Southern Dhh- ! p aumbem '" 26 1 1 ... 2 ... swn - Sukoragudy in . J Palamcottah .. 413 1 1 — x Negapatam ... 1,020 , i Total ... 5,051 ~^ZI~ZZI~^ zzz^2J L^ zz^ z^M^^2j\ f Cuttack ... 828 | •• ••• ¦• ••• ••; Vizianagram ... 1,629 2 1 1 ... 1 1 J j...... « J Berhampore ... 799 20673 »7i\ \Northern Divi- j Masulipatam ... 732 10 » 1 xl ' sion. ~) Vizagapatam ... 785 ; Cocanada ... 1,037 •• Dowlaishweram. 287 Total... 6,919 7~...~15| 1 3...J 1 1 ...21 7J B^4 ... ... ... m. |... 60 1« f 2ST ": z:::::::rn.:::::z :::::::rn.::::: :riii: "j-J Rangoon ... 2,384 J ... 1 1 <* Thayetmyoo ... 1,619 ¦•• •• ••• ••¦ ••• "'„ "« Pegue Division J Hewzada ... 656 1121 5 1 2 ... 1 ... I Moulmein ... 1,738 Shoagheen ... 847 Pegue Division (various). ... 283 | 'HI 111 HI 111 _111— —I Total... 1^8"7II""I~n~5~~3~" 2 ljl 3121 18 6 I — _____ — 34 Jails, 1860. t Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. Division. Jails. ™ . J§ • Jjj « _| Ill'ttll^tJll |_J a.!d a. dJaJd a. da. d.ja. p a.|d. a d.la. d. a. d.ja. d.;a. d. a. |d. {Bellary ... 433 ... Cuddapah ... 320 ...I Kurnool ... 126 1 1 1 2 1 Total... 879 ».| \ 1 1 1 2| 1 f Calicut ... 348 119 2 1 1 11 4 Cannanors ... 80 ••• , r , , . Cochin ... 21 ••• Malabar and ¦ Canara. 1 Mangaloro ... 213 1 1 — Tellicherry ... 112 — L. Honore ... 160 ••• Total... 934 2| 1 9 2 1 1 12 4 f Masulipatam ... 100 — Eajahmundry ... 158 ••• Northern Divn.-^ Vizagapatam ... 152 ••• I Chicacole ... 148 ••• Total ... 553 ...I { ( Chingleput ... 247 2 2 2 ... 3 1 7 3 Chittoor ... 613 1 1 — Cuddalore ... 326 • 7 2 1 8 2 Guindy ... 51 11 1 2 1 Centre Divn....-{ Madras Penitentiary ... 290 3713 37 13 Her Majesty's Jail, Madras... 30 ••• 1. Vellora* ... 180 1 1 — Total... 1,737 ...| 3 3 4915' 3 1 1 '• 56 19 ( Coimbatora ... 269 ! 1 ... 13 6 4 1 18 7 Madura ... 182 ' 1111 1 1 1 3 3 7 6 Ootacamund ... 97 1 1 1 * Paumben ... 177 ••• 1 * '" Salem ... 261 1 10 5 112 2 1 3 2 18 1W Southern Divn.J Tranquebar ... Eeturns not available, Trichinopoly ... 422 3 1 3 1 Combaconum ... 129 i 1 1 1 ••• 1 ••¦ 4 1 Tinnevelly ... 179 1 ... 2 1 1 4 1 Paulghaut ... 76 I I Total... 1,792 1 ... 4 1 ! 10 5j 634j 4: 8 ...1 2 115 7jll 6 56,27 * For seven months only. 35 European Army, 1861. 5 Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. Division. Stations. co >• S v £ I£§ 4 -• . tIJj I I J I I I I I I 111 ' II T.D. T. D.T. D. T. D.T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. TJD. T. D< I i Nagpore Force ... Kamptee ... 1,265 6 1 ; ... tt j j j a. »> 1 Secunderabad &1 „ .„„ Hyderabad oub. ) Trimul her } 3,03/ | vidiary Force. ) s /• J (. Jaulnah 308 , ...| i | | | f Total ... 3,345 I _i_ _|_ _!_'__ !_!_ I ) Ceded Districts ... Bellary 993 21 2... 2 1 G 21 I i r Bangalore ... 3,648 10 352125 16 7 2 45 37; Mysore Division, -i Cannanore ... 990 2 2 4—6 2 11 1 ... 14 5j I L French Books ... i 116 I 1 Total... 2,75410 3 5 212 516 7 2... 2 2 4... 6 2 1 1 1 ]59 22 f Fort St. George ( St. Thos.' Mount.! 696 2... 2 ] 1 1 5 1 Total... 1,577 2... 2 3 1 1 1 8 2 I Trichinopoly ... 737 1 1 426 3 1 12 6 I Southern Vivn. % I . ! ( Wellington ... 961 1 1 !] i Total... 1,698 1 1 114 2 6 3 1 13 7 I Vizagapatam ... 75 . 1 1 1 I Nortliem Divn. < I . ¦ „ _i ( Waltair ... 168 53 2 7 8 Total ... 243 6 4 2 8 4i f Rangoon ... 1,174 ! 1 1 1 V Thayetmyoo ... H8 j Pegu Division ...«( I Tonghoo ... 1,019... 6 6 ... I Moulmein ... ™1 ... •••... I Total ... 2,418 1 1 6 7 1 36 Native Army, 1861. Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. Division. Stations. J • b | . • | f JI I in ill! I J l T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. TJD. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D.T. D. T. D. ¦ " | | I ;_'_J__ I ; __j I ( Kamptee ... 2,635 ' j — Nagpore Fares... < | Hooshungabad ... 667 , ' "• t Seroncha ... 104 •••' |— | Total... 3,406 J |- T r 7 ija «. (' Secunderabad ... 2,903 1 1 j l 2j2 j A j Hyderabad Sub- 111 1 Jaulnah _ C9B ; ; Force - \ ' Bowenpilly ... 284 l | j- Total... 3,890 1 1 1 2 1 __ __ ' __ ! -p __ __ I— —l / Bellary ... 1,712 ' \ ••• Ceded Districts.. \ i Kurnool ... 641 ••¦ 111... 1 1 4 1 ( Cuddapah ... 564 | ¦•• Total... 2,047 ...I l 11... l' 1 - 4 1 | I f Bangalore ... 2,544 114 24 1 11 1 11 5 Luckadi ... 69 ' — ••• I French Rocks ... 475 — 1 1 ' 1 1 1 ] Mysore Division. Hitrryhur ... 672 4216 6 2 1 22 9 Mercara ... 684 ...j ••¦ — J— l I Mangalore ... 1405 •• - |-| t Cannanore ..'. 1,407 1 ••• ! "" Total... 7,256 ill 8 4*21 8 2 111 1 j 3415 f Fort Saint George (Madras) ... 2,040 1 ... 1 ... 1 112 1 2 ... 3 1 11 3 ntn t n- • ¦ St. Thomas'Mount 313 | — Centre Division,.! Palaveram ... ?18 | i 1 i 1 Arcot ... ... 505 ! 1 ••• * ••• I Vellore ... 1,098 ...| 1 1 1 »¦ 2 1 4 2 Total... 4,674 ...J ••• 1 ... 2 ... 1 2221313 12 11 ... 17 6 f Trichinopoly ... 1,943 6 2 9 2 8 3 7 3 3 5 412 345 17 | Southern Diri- ) Palamcottah ... 708 ¦.. l •• sion ... \ Quilon... ... 678 ••• ( Paumbem ... 20 ••¦ Total... 3,349 62 9 2 j 3 3 7 3 3 5 412 34517| fjWaltair ... 31...! j — j Cuttack ... 743 1 1 ••• 1 Ellore ... ... 214 — — Berhampore ... 691 723 •• • 10 2 Northern Divi- , : Masulipatam ... 636... : sion . . . ] Samulcottah ... 698 ! ... 1 ... 1 ••• 3... 2 1 8..- Vizianagram ... 1,769... 5 2 1 ... 20 7 5 1 1 ... 32 10 Vizagapatam ... 661 3... 10 1 13 1 Dowlaishweram... • 404 2 ... 2 ... 1 5 •¦• LChicacole ... 769 G 2 6 2 4 1 1 ... 1»¦ 1 ... 1- 20 5 , _ | — — — Total... 6,616... 15 4 If, 240 1011 2 2... | ... 1 ... 2-8918 i f\ Tonghoo ... 951 ' ••¦ ;Thayetmyoo ... 1,596 ! ••• Rangoon ... 1,789 1 1 1 1 ' Pegu Division... Moulmein ... 973 .• ... 1 1 •¦• 1 1 "j Meaday ... 938 ••• Shoaygheen ... 1,024 j ••• Pegu Division (various) ... 162 ' • Total... 7,433.. ! 1 Ilj ...|... ...1... 11 2 2 37 Jails, 1861-•4 Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. "Ed a , g — — — : Division. Jails. ™ £, . Jj c £ • A.D.A.D.A.D.A.D.A.D.A. D.A.D.A. D. A. D.A. D. A.JdJa. D. A. D. ( Bellary 400 1 11«»J J » •» J J Ceded 2>istricfe. Cuddapah ... 364 sla _M f Calicut ... 366 13688 5 3 1 !4291 Cannanore ... Returns not available. I Malabar and] Chi 43 1 Canara. j i Mangalore ... 273 ••• - L. Tellioherry ... 132 Total... 814 136 88! 5 3 1 ...L.| UHllll^f^ f Masulipatam .. 147 ••• ** * I Eajahmundry ... 154 - ( Northern Divn.< n » Vizagapatam ... 239 7 3 7 I Chicacolo ... 271 Z_?jj""t? 6 ZZ I ZZ^lli: — -~ — Total... ~BIT 5 1 8 310 6 1 ZZllllll_^i!? ' Guntoor ... 206 4 1 13 8 17 9 Chingleput ... 366 1 ... 20 8 5 2 2610 Chittoor ... 546 '"I Cuddalore ... 392 6 1 2... 4 4620 5821 \ Centre Divisim.'i Guindy ... 96 Madras Poni ten- ?,J tiary ... 344 94 2 2 31 11 - 42 i 7 Her Majesty's Jail, Madras... 76 C Nelloro ... 400... ••• H "" 11! HI -HIJUIIH IH 111 — — - — Total... 2~426~16 5 22K> 3613 6 I|l7 B^-^^ 46 ,^^H ' Coimbatoro ... 435... 2 2... 2515 2717, Madura ... 277 1 12 1 22 1 6 4 Paumbem ... 208 Salem ... 512 1 2175832 8039 Tranquebar ... 198 5 8 ¦" 5 \ Southern Divn.< Trichinopoly ... 419 2 1 - ••• 3 2 11 6 4 Gombaconum ... 109 ". Tinnevelly ... 237 Ootacamund (European)... 42 Ootacamund (Native) ... 117 Hill HI 111 11 11 11' H — — — Total... 2,554 9 5 2 1 251159 32' 3 226 16 124 67| 44 European Army, 1864. Monthly Pbevalence of Cholera. Division. Stations. . jj _ j *g 1 f[u i * ! 11 1 ' i i 02 h? £ S ;;; ;;; ;:; ;;; - ;;; ;;; ;;; : ;:ZZZZZZ Z Z Z Z Z J 1 Total... 879 1 1 1 1 r Vizagapatam ... 8 > w «¦ ) Waltair ... 136 Northern Dim. < Dow i a ishweram. 13 [ Masulipatam ... 3 t Total... 160 C Eangoon ... 868 _ . . . ) Thayetmyoo ... 613 Itt Division. 1 Ton £ lloO < ' ... 461 22 2 4 2 ( Shaygheen ... 492 1 1 1 1 Total... 2,434 3 3 2 j 5 3 * Entered as Cholera Biliosa. t This was an introduced cholera due to the arrival of a Corps that had been struck with cholera en route. JThe Corps got cholera in marching down to Madras from Bellary. — (W. B. C.) 45 Native Army, 1864. Monthly Prevalence of Cholera. Division. Stations. j . £, J . ® J LlliiAl iiii I 1 I T. D.T. D T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T. D.T- D. T- D. f Kamptee 1,44G 13 4 2 1 14 520 6 49 16 I Eooshungabad. 358 1 1 10 4 2 13 5 Nagpore Force. mdr&g Peni , tentiary ... 419 1 ••• 1 6 4 8 4 Her Majesty's Jail, Madras... 107 ? Nellore ... 460 - Vellore ... 194 ' Total... 2,533 jl4 ... ||... 1 2 74 2 L.j 1|... 28 4 ' Coimbatore ... 387 1610 1 17 io| Madura ... 285 3921 1810 5731 Ootacamund E. 27 Ootacamund N. 114 1 ' 1 ... Southern Divn. Paumben ... 769 < I .............. Salem ... 385 ' Tanjore ... 122 ' Tranquebar ... 214 Triohinopoly ... 378 1 1 ... n TinneTelly ... 164 j Total... 2,845 1710 lj 3921 ...j 1 810 1 7641 I ' I I I 1 I 47 European Army, 1865. Monthly Prevalence of Choleba. Division. Stations. . & ti & S £ g a ft a h a gog o a q : T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. T. D. f Kamptee ... 1,200 1 1 9 5 4 4 1 1 1511 I Nagpore Force .. < Seotabuldee ... 65 ! •1 1 l l ( Chindwarrah ... 61 ...I Total... 1,326 1 1 9 5 4 4 1 1 1 1 1612 Hyderabad Sub- f Secunderabad) sidiary Force, j & Trimulgherry f 2,654 2 ... 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 5 L.,.,.,. ( Bellary 1,137... 7 512 4 19 9 Ceded Districts... { Earn J^g ... 63 [\ 1 ! H I Total.. 1,200 8 6J2 4 2010 I Bangalore ... 2,504 2 2 5 1 7 3 ,_ _. . . I Cannanore ... 734 1 1 1 1 Mysore Dromon. •< Calicut g4 I V Malliapoormn ... 101 - Total.. 3,423 2 2... 6 2 8 4 f Fort St, George (Madras) ... 896... 1 ... 11 1 5 2 8 3 J St. Tho.s' Mount. 494 • ••• \Centre Divn ... p a i averam ... 62 | Poonamallee ... 228 l_ Vellore ... 4 Total... 1,684 1 ... 11 1 5 2 8 3 „ „ „. i TricUinopoly ... 263 Southern DPrn. •[ Weu^gt^ ... 665 I Total... 928 »t ±-l n- f Vizagapatam ... 8 .. .. Northern Divn. \ Maa^ atam ... 3 Total... 11 1... I Rangoon ... 618 ..] \Pegu Division...! Thayetmyoo ... 597 ... ! 2 1 2.1 1 3% 8 4 ( Tonghoo ... 524 Total... 1,739 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 8 4 48 Native Army, 1865- Monthly Prevalence of Choleba. Division. Stations. • . ® o' fe ££. £g«*l£££ yizagapatam ... 746 " Cuttack ... 819 ' t, Ellore 41 J I Total... 3,758 1 ... 1»3 1 3 1 3 2 11 4 f Tonghoo ... 615 1 1 1 2 1 _ _, . . 1 Thayetmyo ... 581... ! Pegue Biviswn. <> M J mei^ ... m \ j j f Rangoon «... 738 t Total ... 2,565 1 1 1 j | 2 1 49 F Jails, 1865* "$ Monthlt Prevalence or Cholera. Dirision. Jails. f . £ .' J „' J J r 1 1 111 1 m* i ! 1 1 1 i A.D. A. DA. D. aJd. A. D. A. D. A. D. A. D. AD.A.D.AD. A. D. A. D ( Bellary ... 499 2 ... 4 «... - M *d Districts..^ Cuddapah ... 449 1 1 1- 2 1 4 2 [ Karnool ... 232 Zl""—Z I"'ZZ1 "'ZZ *™| *'" Total... 1,180 1 1 2... 6 ¦¦.¦¦¦¦¦. 2... 2 1 14 2 'Calient ... 463 72381211 84 Cannanore ... 106 Malabar and] Cochin .. 574 4 115 13 19 Cwnara. Mangalore ... 266 TeUicherry ... 180 1 W.IOJ* 8 1 82 Total... 1,589 1 9948 19 15 1613 ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦.. 135 76 r Masolipatam ... 110 , 1 Vizagapatam ... 352 42 7 43016 2 1 4347 26 [Northern Divn..-i , 71 Kajahmundry ... 121 7 1 ' * [ Berhampore ... 268 JJ-v • ¦ »• -' '" "• ' ••""• 19 8 Total... 851 ~.Z 11 324 73216 2 1^...^.^. ... J373 30 ' Chingleput ... 251 Chittoor ... 693 1 1 X * Cuddalore ... 361 1 1 ••• 3 - Guindy ... 90 Centre Division,.* Madras Peniten- 379 118 6 1 10 7 Her Majesty's 26 Jail, Madras. Guntoor ... 286 5 4 11 4 16 8 Vellore ... 186 "* *•• •" •" '" "• Total... 2,272 Il| 5 412 4 118 6 I^^^.. ... 1 ... 29 16 ' Coimbatore ... 379 x 1 113 1 Madura ... 244 2232 7 382 15 9 Ootaoamund ... 15 2 2 Paumben ... 175 Salem ... 638 Southern Divn.,4, Tanjore ... 123 Tranquebar ... 249 Triohinopoly ... 325 Combaconum ... 289 Tinnevelly ... 146 Total... 2*488 111 «.« 11" Z... ™[... 22 4 2 7343 20 12 ' !_ 1* 50 APPEN Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera s 1 -g i | i i ¦g ?? fe s ««j a Geographical posi- ' "^ a ggcsgeaggggg tidn of Registra- -2 »35^^^^^^^^« Names of Registration Circles, Talooks, tion Circles, (Ta- g> jjjjJl^JiJiljaJlJiJiJa -w Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &0. looks) Towns, &0., £ 000000000000 •g (Talooks relative to £ 's'o's'o'o'o's'S's'S'o'S ¦g Districts and Towns g ID .!3»,3tD,3<»Jq Vizagapatam, M. T. &C. Sn. ... S.E.of Talook ... 16,867. ¦• ... - ... •¦• .. Vizagapatam, J. 265 Vizagapatam, L. A, ... ... ... ••• Vizagapatam, Troops |5" "' Ankapally, R. C. (Talook) S. E. of District ... 150,521 ... ... ... 7 Ankapally, T S.E.of Talook ... 13,333 ... ... Zemindaries 665,520 3 ... 3 ... 2 3 Nowrungapoor, T N. W. of District ... 5,096 ... ... Gunnapoor, T do ... 5,245 Jeypore.T do ... 12,311 ... Madgoli, T S. W. do ... 6,623 - ... Casimcottah, T S. E. do ... 6,220 ••• ... Total District... 1,505,045 ... 9 ... 5 ... 11 ... 10 Rajahmundry, R, C. ... N. of District ... 100,924 48 » 175 [>. Dowlaishweram, T N. W. of Talook ... 5,890 « Samulcottah, T E. of do ... 7,810 Coconada, M. T. and C. Sn. ... do 16,1G7 [ — 2 Jaganaikpatam, T do 5,690 3 Rajahmundry, M. T S.ofTalook ... 17,498 46 ... 59 Rajahmundry, J 934 ~. ... 16 4 51 in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. i 1 i i i I i n n*u n.n i 'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'oo'o'o'o'o "o ii H * i ! 1 i i i 1 * I iiigiiigiiiiiiSiigiiiiii j^ ji Jililili Jijs ji js j| iiji i! uiiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiui f|fto» lH ft' f< o, !H n, I"ftaP1 "ftaP. tM ft lH ft >H ft lH §«'*" p. 5 «p, t "gt 81 915 1120 15 20 392252 26 3 28 12 17 914 ;;; ""2 '". '.'.'. '.'.'¦ '.'.'. Z ".'. '•'.'• "• '•••' '•• »• ' 2 ¦'¦'• ¦'¦¦ ¦¦• ¦•¦ ••• ••• ¦" •¦• '••• ••• ••• "• "* "* z'l"¦zz z I - z z m . 71 "1" 78~~5l"T. ~~1~ 21 ... 2 ... 259 ...... -^ ;"—• " — — — 111- Z- H ~226 275 83 41 ?. 1C ... 867 ... TT 730 130 131 131 129 130 222 48 " 2 ' 2'" 30 !!! - 82 116 8142026 631... i 4 - & 19 o ¦¦' "22 r, " 95 "'""." "'.'.'.'. ".. "'.'.'.'. 6211430 130 "7281012 130 114 11 ... 33 .- 1» ... * ••• ••• 7 - ... lg2l ••• J 4 i 2i 2 4 4 ;;; ;;; ;;; 14?.. 7. '¦'"".".;.'....!. "730 uo 127 17 is 10 27 1925 m 7 ... ... ... .. .7. ... .7. ... 16 4 52 Statement showing the monthly prevalence of Cholera in the g tj 5 j4 • «lil I i I w l_ Geographical posi- -2 tion of Eegistra- $ ®}JZ££jS£££J!l£££ Nameßof Registration Circles, Talooks, tion Circles, (Ta- v J^ljljalJjiJaJiJjiiJq *z Towns, Jails, Cantonments &o. looks) Towns &c, ;9 000000000000 I fTalooks relative to g %% n H H U H -g Districts and Towns o tn «> 3646 > 364 Kundukur, R. C. (Talook) N. of District ... 93,753 Kundukur, T Centre of Talook ... 6,324 Kavalli, R- C. (Talook) Centre of District ... 52,245 — 1 ... 21 — 2 . Nellore, R- C (Talook) E. of do. ... 142,606 ... 4 ... 70 ... 44 ... 1 £ Nellore, M. T. and C. Sn. ... Centre of Talook ... 22,851 ... 1 ... 57 ••¦ 6 3 Nellore, J 182 8 6 ... 1 3 Gudur R- C. (Talook) S. of District ... 94,784 ... 60 ... 46 ... 19 7 Gudur, T S. W. of Talook ... 5,123 ••• 1 ... 2 1 Kotay, T 5,265 ... 20 .. 36 ... 3 Raipur, R. C- (Talook) S. W. of District ... 52,268 ... 5 ... j Atmakur, R. C. (Talook) Centre of do. ... 86,844 ••• 43 ... 23 ... 31 ... 2 - Udayagiri, R. C- (Talook) Do. ... 48.694 - 7 Kanigiri, R- C. (Talook) Do. ... 50,778 , ••• 5 Zemindaries 418,359 ... 26 ... 20 ... 3 ... 4 3 Venkatagherri, T 6,989 ... 1 I Total District ... 1,168,664 ... 141 ... 180 ... 112 ... 9 io| 1 Madras, R. C. (Town) 450,000 ... 37 ••¦ 15 ... 9 ... 48 ... 79 ... 391 . O (2 o tH o^ l o fH 6 h o tl o' H d tl o' H o^'o^ l o* 4 o tl Tindevanam, R. 0. (Talook) ... N. of District ... 163,752 ... 49 ... 12 92 ... 83 Trinomalay, R. O (Talook) ... N. W. of do. ... 101,473 ... 1 ... 1 84 ... 20 Trinomalay, T. E. of Talook ... 6,073 ... 1 Villapooram, R. C. (Talook) ... N. E. of District ... 200,404 ... 72 ... 29 ... 11 ... 2 ... 42 ... 45 Villapooram, T. S. of Talook 5,212 1 Villavanoor, T do, ... 8,438 Cuddalore, R. C. (Talook; E. of District ... 201,989 ... 153 ... 30 ... 18 ... 5 ... 5 ... 66 Cuddalore, M. T. and C. Sn. ... do. ... 28,421 •.. 4 ... 7 1 ... 4 Cuddalore, J do. ... 301 — Punrooty, T N. of Talook ... 5,464 2 ... ¦uj § Chillambaram, R. C. (Talook) ... S. E. of District ... 184,044 ... 176 ... 71 ... 25 ... 23 ... 4 ... 25 < Porto Novo, T N. E. of Talook ... 6,380 ... 2 ... 19 ... 4 ... A Chillambaram, T E. of do. ... 14,354 ... 27 1 ... Bavangiri, T S. of do. ... 7,236 ••• aj Poothooroyenpettah, T ... 6,010 ••• Virdachellum, R. C. (Talook) ... S. E. of District ... 154,718 ••• 78 ... 32 ... 17 ... 42 ... 5 ... 7 Kullacoorchi, R. C. (Talook) ... S. W. of District ... 121,857 - 79 ••• 38 ... 53 ... 12 .... Chinna Salem, T S. W. of Talook ... 5,061 •» 2 ... 2 ... Yellavannasoor, R. C, (Talook) ... Centre of District ... 133,609 ... 9 ••• 33 ... 26 ... 34 ... 6 ... 54 Zemindaries, ... ... ... ••• ••• Total Districts ... 1,261,846 ... 617 ... 246 ... 150 ... 118 ... 238 ... 300 Wodiarpolliem.R. C. (Talook) ... N. E. of District ... 190,204 ... 100 ... n ... 2 ... 21 ... 11 Arealore, T S. W. of Talook ... 5,156 1 Woodiarpolliem, T ••• 5,218 ... 1 Trichinopoly, R. C. (Talook) ... S. of District ... 255,397 ••• 654 »• 192 ... 49 ... 21 ... 5 ... 1 Trichinopoly, M. T. and C Sn... — 55,730 ... 219 ... 62 ... 5 Trichinopoly, J — 901 >? Trichinopoly, L. A. ... ... •«• ••• - g, Trichinopoly, Ct - 9,465 ... 6« ... 9 ... 1 .3 Trichinopoly, Troops | N * "'"" "" 1363 '^ '"4 '"2 " m [ ..'. ... j" ... '" "' j" ..' Sreernngnm, T. ..'. ."" N. W. of (Talook) ... B^9lo ••• 7 ... 20 ... 2 £ Veerupathipooram, T W. of do. ... 7,450 » Knllitalli, R. C. (Talook) S. W.ofdo. ... 190,880 ••• 50 ... 28 ... 81 ... 58 ... 1 ... 1 Mooseri, R. C. (Talook) N. W. ofdo. ... 226,273 ... 98 ... 40 ... 33 ... 5 ... 1 ... ... Torriore, T. Centre of Talook ... 6,186 «• 1 Perambalore, R. C. (Talook) ... N. of District ... 144,072 •¦• 58 ... 73 ... 27 ... VI 1 Zemindaries ... ~. • ••• ••• '*' Total Districts ... 1,006,826 »• 960 ... 344 ... 192 ... 122 ... 7 ... 14 Sheally, R. C. (Talook) N. of District ... 97,045 ... 45 ... 18 ... 13 ... ] ... 5 ... 82 ® Sheally, T. Centre of Talook ... 5,700 "5* Mayaverain, R. C. (Talook) N. of District ... 193,852 ... 231 ... 31 ... 7 ... 5 ... 10 ... 24 £ Mayaveram, M. T N. of Talook ... 17/125 ... 47 ... 7 ... 1 ••• 1 ••• 1 ... 4 Tranqnebar, T 17,972 Tranquebar, J ... 1,391 Porayar, T 5,196 . ___ 57 in the Madras Presidency, during the year 1870. . | | i | I 3 - §'ii > -sd^ i> ,i!|ll hbbIiGGG&GG&GG *¦< ©o)©©©©qq©Q)Q©G} 09 'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o I 1 .1 .1 .3 -1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . 1 I lill illllli Jllllllllll 1 t Sa i S^a v Sftoa ! Sft l 3§, ! oaoa ! 3a ; Sft 1 Sft < Sft *S 8, ° °° °^ o'S'S o o t 3 t S t S o o o o=S c S 5 S c S^ o 37 o © ®,o>o)ffl® 'o t ' o ' HO ' HO>HO^l Nunuilum, R. C, (Talook) E. of District ... 190,940 ... 525 ... 102 ... 7 ¦¦¦ 27 ••• 19 ... 8 Negapatam, R. C. (Talook) do, ... 165,801 ... 230 ... 94 ... 25 ... 22 ... 34 ... 16^ Negapatam M. T E. of Talook ... 33,095 ... 19 ... 4 ... 1 1 ... 4 Nagoor, T do. ... 11,619 ... ... ... ... - .. ••• ¦•¦ I Trivellore, T W. of Talook ... 7,340 »• 20 ... 36 ... 15 ... 12 Tritrapundy, R. C, (Talook) ... S. E. of District ... 128,336 ... IS3 ••• 30 ... 3 ••• H - 51 Mootoopotai, T. ... E. of Talook ... 5,970 Vatharniem, T S. E of do. ... 5,022 I Puttucottah, R. C (Talook) S. of restrict ... 196,960 ... 41 ... 46 ... 19 ••• 11 - 1 ••• 6 g Adrampatam, T. E. of Talook ... 5,409 "ff Tanjore, R. C. (Talook) W. of District ... 300.80S - 707 - 367 ... 90 ... 84 ... 10 ... 11 £ Tanjore, M. T. and C. Sn. ... N- of Talook ... 36,941 - 58 ... 25 ... 10 ... 1 - I ¦ Tanjore, J 177 Tiruvadi.T N. of Talook ... 5,837 ••• s'" l - ••• Vullum, T N. E. of do. ... 6,573 ••• 7 ••• 20 ... 4 - 2 ... MalaturT. E- of do. ... 6,023 «•• Iyempettah, T do. ... 7,621 ••• I Combaconum, R. C. (Talook) ... N. W. of District ... 310,184 - 1339 ... 316 ... 37 - 34 ••• 14 ... d Combaconum, M. T E. of Talook ... 29,283 ••• 88 ••• 18 ... 1 ••¦ & - Moothiariunnum, T do. ... 5,082 ••• I Valengiman, T S, of do. ... 6.370 - 8 ... 10 ... Mannaargoody, R. C. (Talook) ... Centre of District ... 147,777 ••¦ 4 °7 ••• n5 - 15 - 34 ... 7j ••• 40 Mannaargoody, M. T do. of Talook ... 19,447 ... 16 - 34 4 ... 21 Zemindariee ••• : ¦•• Total Dirtriot... " ...... " 1,731,703 ... 3708 ... 1119 ... 216 ... 818 .. _175 j, Dindigol, R. C. (Talook) N. of District ... 274,383 ... l 80 ... 37 ... 14 ... 64 Dindigul, M. T Centre of Talook ... 8,951 3 ... 3 Butlakoonda, T 8,651 2 1 ... 2 Iyempoliem, T 9,336 - 1 Authoor, T 6,111 Tuathanputty 5,009 I Thadiathamboo, T 6,979 j Adranoothoor, T. 7 596 I Meylur, R. C. (Talook) Centre of District .. 112,983 ... 2 ... n ... 20 ... 28 ... 17 ... 65l Keelavaloovoo, T 5,218 ••• 9 ... 2 ... 5 I Karoongalagootly, T 7,202 Madura, It, C. (Talook) Centre of District ... 202,781 ... 4 ... 45 ... 35 ... 31 •¦• 36 ... 34J Madura, M T and CSn E- of Talook ... 39,872 16 6 ... 4 ... 21 cs Madura, J 230 1 1 I Sholavenden, T W.ofTalook ... 6,000 I g Tirutnungalum, R. C. (Talook) ... S, of District ... 214,840 ... 10 ... 5 ... 60 ... 119 ... 93 ... 184J Timmungalum, T E. of Talook ... 5,848 3 3 I Poothoor, T 6,055 36 ... 24 ... 1«. U Elumalay.T 5,463 SJ Caroomathoor, T ••• ••• ¦•• 5,362 i I Pereacolum, R. C. (lalook) ... S. W. of District ... 180.187 10 ... 3 ... 133 ... 95J Pereacolum N. of Talook ... 11,045 I Bodinaicknoor, T E. of do. ... 10,459 I Curabum, T S. W. of do. ... 11,131 ••• fl Audipntty, T 15,048 7 ? 2 - Thengarai, T 7,636 2 ... 42 ... II Melanmungalum, T. ... ... 5,641 °j Combay, T 7,U4 I Uthmapalliem, T- 5,822 , 1 ... 1 ••• 6] Thavaram, T- 6,176 ... - 2 I 59 in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. i I I I I ¦ $t 4 d •.1I I I ! a a fi 8 s 8 8 a 2~ a a a 2 a H 5 H I 5 * * I \\ ? I igitiiliiiiiiiiiliiijili lilisiliaiiisiiiii 1 liiiliiiliiillSlillilii 19 25 9 ... 6 ... 2 749 131 125 124 130 229 230 331 128 228 4 81315 ioQ 62 32 7 ... 5 ... 1 ... 802 130 128 130 126 1 30 230 131 131 126 2 15 619 6 6 ;;; 33 ;;; "'. 15 '.'.'. ... io» 130 4183131 2525 627 431 130 117 '" '" "' '" \" '" "] '..'. '". ..'. '?', ... 82 1130 128 130 1 5 39 12 26 .. 7 9 ••• 371 131 124 124 831 129 1 30 530 129 120 028 19 g j 3 ... 3 165 127 1271031 2291111 828 127 1181729 128 15 17 . 7 - 9 3 33 ... 1,329 131 128 131 130 826 328 6 f. 13 24 328 128 716 131 "• _ •" _ "I / "' ... '„ 96 131 128 9261414 920 "• '"i " "¦ '", Z .'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. 'i 17 30 7 7 ••• 2020 ¦" ' "' .. '". "' 33 1631 327 2201414 ? IB 9 fl 4"• 5 1,80-3 131 128 1 23 18? 229 230 430 128 424 4 3d 15 25 130 a** c¦" i¦" o 1 1 123 129 226 1010 1019 5510 20 128 111110221 15 1 1 ::: ....:: .. ...::: ...::: ... ::: ... :: ;¦ . *" ... '" is 127110... ,-,3 10! 712 131 128 130 130 1 29 127 11? 129 225 3131 ¦•• " ;;; ... ;;; ... ;; ... ." ... 58 131227... 62731423 357 ~T7T 176 ... 110 ... 45 ••• 1& ¦•¦ 50 ... 6,584 ''' '"'ZZZL'^——— —————— — — T"«-m"ij; ...fl» : . : « ... «... 15 3jb : :!Siis.'?3!!l I !SS:iSBS^iS tJ ••• -i, "• "¦• 30 " 2021 22222627 129 220 X i ••• ? 4 2323 2026 929 2 •" ,i ¦" ••• ""¦ oc " "' ...1828 425 ::: ::: ::: 8: .. 8 : ::: ¦¦¦ "• = ::: :: «'iz^E : -Z zz: EsE : .:: ... - o o 2029 ... o o 319 U9 6 ... 6 ... 26 ... 619 1222 127 528 126 325 126..... 131 129 225 628 128 ::: :: : :;: 1 :: "f ::: :;•::: ::: r. -, ::: S ::::::::::::" 282 ! 26 .'! 5 :::::::::: :."S'S::-r.:5i, :•: a , ::: 51 ::: S ::: 5 ::: 7 l zI U ::: '« 1 . 52 . 4 .. 1? . 8 .. 12 !.. 228 23^ 111 & « iSJS,iS_J|S ... 2 J • x '"j 2 2 5 g ;;;;;; "[".'.'.".'.'.'.'.". '¦'¦¦¦ "¦'¦¦ "".'!!'.!.'"!•'¦• w2326'.'.'.'.'.'.w 2326 '.'.'.'.'.'. 12 12 ...... „- 110 126 73 -. 61 ... 27 .. 990 426 226 131 130 130 slsO 229 1 81 130 129 129 430 ::: ... 4 ::: ::: :"•-"j •- j ¦¦'¦ ~ = g " :::::::: 131 S^ggii-iaWWf'S!! I 431 "... 446 ... 170 ... 222 «• 145 ... 58 ... 1,713 7282030 230 230 1 31 131 130 131^29 129 ».. •••- M-» I - I"¦ ?o :""". ¦¦¦":¦"."¦ 23 23 723 1429 »' * — _• - 2 "•• 7 J4 225 130 410 - 73 "• .13. 13 ••• "o ft ..I 61 ....711 2252028... 119 515 U8 14 "• 6 " ... 45 2021 223 2 2 5 2 If " 36 ' " 1520 1 4 •¦ E 1 ::: * ::: .." ::: 1= :i: i E E|::: S 60 Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera 8 a a . >g ,4 211 I I * "g t-5 fe S <] S 1-8 cd Geographical posi- caggcagggggggg tion of Registration *¦ ajavavoiDtojaQiDo | Talooks, J^^f^oS | SSlli3dld3ll £ Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c. relativ e to Districts, **«****<***** Q and Towns relative § rcSmSaiSooSrcSaiS Trichendoor, T E. of do. ... 5,340 2 ... ... g Koilpatam, T do. ... 6,815 25 ... 14 Kathrimolie, T S. E. of do. ... 8,162 5 9 ... 18 Eh Tholappenparimai, T 9,618 5 Authimathapooram, T 8,018 1 Thirumaviludarapooram, T. ... 8,018 1 Nangunery, R. C. (Talook) S. of District ... 159,051 ... 3 33 ... 359 ... 617 Muliakaraiputty, T N. of Talook ... 5,971 ... 1 2 Vallioor, T Centre of do. ... 8,427 ... 1 43 ... 54 Arabasamoodram, R. C. (Talook) ... S. W- of District ... 149,323 2 ... 85 ... 325 ... 238 Valagasamoodram, T N. of Talook ... 7,432 1 ... 7 ... 1 Viravanulloor, T. E. of do. ... 11,352 4 ... 7 ... 3 Ambasamoodram, T. ... ... Centre of do. ... 7>521 61 ... 3 Kulladakurushi, T do. ... 11,362 29 ... 33 ... 5 Shermadavy, T. S. of Talook ... 7,679 1 ... 1 Ananthasamoodram, T. ... 6,415 2 Tenkasi, RC. (Talook) W. of District ... 109,685 2 ... 1 ... 65 ... 53 ... 39 Chockemputty, T N. of Talook ... 5,167 Kodyanalloor, T. N.W. of do. ... 6,413 ... 5 Tenkasi, T. W. of do. ... 9,606 33 ... 9 ... 5 Kulasagaraputty, T S. of do. ... 6,050 Sunkaranainar Covil, R. C. (Talook). W, of District ... 158,222 1 ... 2 ... 13 ... 22 ... 27 Ilavarasanemdal, T E. of Talook ... 14,162 1 1 ... 2 Kurivikolum, T S. E. of do. ... 5,639 Sunkaranainar Covil, T... ... Centre of do. ... 9,117 4 Pooliengoodi, T W. of do. ... 6,654 VaBoothavanulloor, T do. ... 5,779 2 Shenagiri, T. ... .. ... N. of do. ... 10,938 * Theruvengadam, T E. of do. ... 7,277 3 61 in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. lull * i * 4 I i I Ji t i I i ; i I in uniiiii d e8 =3 oi e8 , c 3 o3 «J d =3 rid <8 cs "o'o'o'o'oi'o'o'o'o'o'oo'o'o O O O O O jo a O Q O O '-) O O ... • ... • •-.-.•.. • . • ° ° ° * ° o o =3 o «g o =3 o asssassssassaasajiasasaas « ,g co 5 m £ oo J » J3 co J » J3 OoOoOoOo^O^O^O^OUJoOqOoOo JijiJiJiJii^lliJiliJi Jill li illliliJiillllillilllilli eHO«HOe H 0«HO« M Oe»HO®Ji3£*i£J!i£ « >«. of MM. C lf c,., Ta. S^^2S | 131111 I S I I C I <3 looks, Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c. relative to Districts, •'s'S'S'S'S^'So'B'S'So a and Towns relative § =°2raJ?<»2«!.2 co _§BJ3 i ses I i|J|i|||j||| i|| 11-1|1 1- 1| 3 Tinnevellv, R. C. (Talook) S. of District ... 183,121 ... 2... 23... 81 ... 240... 224... 271 1 TinneVelly, M. T W. of Talook ... 21,553 ... 14... 94... 48.. 8 | Palamcottah, M. T. and C Sn... Centre of do. ... 13,3!5 1 »« - < ••• Palamcottah, J 382 , 6 ralamcottab, Troops, N. ... 565 x V Narranganulloor, T W. of Talook ... 6,219 • Patai T . 6,506 p Malapoliiem, T. '.'.'. '.'.'. '.'.'. 8- of Talook ... 12,276 2 Zemindaries ... ... ... ... ••• .3 Total District ... 1,524,019 J^^Jj^^J^J^J^iS _^_ !!" Nundikotkur, R. C. (Talook) ... N. of District ... 82,748 Marakapur, RC. (Talook) N. E. of do. ... 78,266 Cumbum, R. C. (Talook) S. E. of do. ... nl > 2 H Ciimbum, M. T 7>9Bd7 > 98d Siryelli.R.C. (Talook) K. of District ... 63,409 Koilkuntla, R. C (Talook) do - - 94 >° 17 o Puttikondah, R. C. (Talook) W. of do. ... 133,586 Mudikur'l'. S.W. of Talook ... 6,2d9 W Raniulcottah, R. C. (Talook) ... W. of District ... " 8 - 71 7 Kurnool, M. T. aud C. Sn. ... N. of Talook .. 23,116 Kurnool, J 14C "' Kurnool, Ct. ... •" Kurnool, Troops, N ° 87 Nundial, R. C. (Talook) Centre of District ... 88,827 Nuudial, T E. of Talook ... 7,465 Zemindaries ... ... ... ... Total District ... 770346 > 034 Vampully, T 5>5405 > 540 Kunduknr, T 6 >?35 — Kadri, R. 0. (Talook) S. W. of District ... 116,119 Pulivendla, R. C. (Talook) W. of do. ... 95,512 Jamalamadugu, R. C. (Talook) ... N. W. of do. ... 97,324 63 %n the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. a & it . o fc H} fe 3 <1 l«5 1-5 Geographical posi- ~ «s i d g g g g g g g g gig tion of Registration -2 «!^^s^^ii^i^ 4 Names of Registration Circles, Talooks, Circles (Talooks), go jjjjJJilaJJaJa.SJjSjl.a •E Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c. Towns,&c. (Talooks ;g ojoooOOCJOOoOO In relative to Districts g c S'o 5o5 o ! o : oC3""o C 3""o t o : 3' : c'o t ° Q and Towns relative g m ol m2 m 2 O 3Sm2ai^ •S to Talooks.) B^'l-c !*•'!* 8^ 1-d S-di^ f^iti 1-dIH | Cuddapah, R. C. (Talook) Centre of District ... 146,566 j*S Cuddapab, M. T. and C Sn. ... E. of Talook ... 14,685 If Cuddapah, J 226 ¦Co Zemindaries ... ... ••• 2 O_ Total District ... 1,144,759 31 ... 50 1 Bellary, R- C. (Talook) N. of District ... 129,627 Bellary, M. T. andC. Sn. ... S. of Talook ... 37,015 ... Bellary, J 384 Bellary, Ct ... Bellary, Troops j N ' "" '" """ Ijc)21 jc )2 '" '" '" '" '"; " "] Bamandroog, Depot ... ..." 49 Adoni, R. C. (Talook) N. Eof District ... 139,629 Kosey, T N. of Talook ... 5,2f53 Adoni, M. T. S. of do. ... 17,828 Yemmayanoor, T. ... ... 6,243 Alur.R. C (Talook) N. E. of District ... 73,886 Ghooty, R. C. (Talook) ... ... E. of do- ... 103,121 Ornakunda, T N. E. of Talook ... 6,596 Pomundu, T S. of do. ... 5.004 Ghooty, M. T 4,0» Anantapoor, R. C. (Talook) E. ol District ... 85,052 Anantapoor, M. T. ... ... 4,426 M Hospett, R. C. (Talook) ... ... W. of District ... 74,431 Kumbli, T. N. E. of Talook ... 9,227 • Hospett, T W. of do. ... 9,419 Dharmaveram, R. C. (Talook) ... S. of District ... 96,284 Dharmaveram, T. ... ... E. of Talook ... 5,419 ••¦ Pennakonda, R, C. (Talook) ... S. of District ... 75,463 Hindupur, R. C. (Talook) S. of do. ... 71,978 Madakasera, R, C. (Talook) S- of do. ... 60,592 Royadroog, R C. (Talook) W. of do. ... 65,453 Royadroog, T S.of Talook ... 5,971 Kudlighee, R. C. (Talook) N. W. of District ... 74 217 Hurpunhulli, R. C. (Talook) N. W. of do. ... 62,869 Hurpunhulli, T Centre of Talook ... 6,308 Huvenhudgullee, R. C. (Talook) ... N. W. of District ... 73,945 Zemindaries 13,012 Total District ... 1,304,944 ¦g Chendragherri, R. C. (Talook) ... N. of District ... 91,275 14 ... 1 67 ... 58 Tripaty, T. E. of Talook ... 8,598 W — 31 Waliajnhpett, R. C. (Talook) ... E. of District ... 191,851 ... 8 ... 5 ... 5 ... 1 ... 133 ... 181 Wnllajahpett, M. T S. W. of Talook ... 10,993 3 ... 3 fc Cauverepauk, T N. of do. ... 5 074 23 65 in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. i I I 1 1 S j fll I I l i l I 1 1 I «e3t3eßcSo3e3e3o3o3c3e3ea o3 BflfiEfifiEESSESli •— 'o'o'o'o'o'o'S'o'o'o'o'o'o 'o Jflf JiJiJiiiiiliJilf Jijij! li JlJl!Jilili2iJJUiiii;iiJ «Ho|«tH« H 0|«tHp c MOc M Oc*HO.O%-,OtMo s^oc 44 _ l O^- ) 0«MO M^0 ««O o OO O O O OI O O O O O O O O o O O O O O|O O O ;z; s? »z5 |z; % !« !z i^ pQaaapppnnQQQpapQpqaQoo.Q 1.1 " ... ... "l ... .......'. " 29 ... 10 ... 8 ... 6 134 '.'.I '.'.'. '.'.'. *"i !!! .'." '". Z ..'. '". .'" "" "! *"i !""!!!!"'. .7. »!'.!.' "!."."!!"". Z".'io so '•¦¦» »• "!»!'." !'.!«.' ... ... 1 1 ... .'. '.'.'. .'.'. ..'. '„', "l 1 '.'.[ 2020 49 40 229 ... 826 1 1 431 130 630 128 ;;; ... ;;; 50 ;.; 427130 64 ... 70 ... 54 ... 9 ... 28 ... 11 ... 569 1271128 1272424 331 130 181 131 130 931 6301230 ?! g 1 26 192412 28 529 3 8 8 8 ::: 4 ::: ... z z z z z ... ;." .".' .".'. 27 zzzz. 1 111531 66 Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera 3114 d £ i i I ill I I s — — — Geographical posi- - 1 525£^2£22222 tion of Kegistration S -g Namesof Registration Circles, Talooks, Circles (Talooks), J> =§J:§JJ|JJJ|.JI I Towns, jlila, Cantonmens, &c. Towns,&c. (Talooks 3 000000000000 ¦S ' ' ' relative to Districts, § 'S'S'S^oo^oo^ao p and Towns relative | g^SjS-Sg'Jg-SSj 3r 0 §- o §- o g' c> §t< ... Z. ... ... ... 25 38U ~Z7 567 ... 521. ... 172 ... 69 ... 40 ... 319 ... 3,524 ZZ'-l Z'-L ZZ " "I . IZ I __i ZZ ] ] 4 . 12 ... 3 86 1627 124 731 125 18181818 329 1&71888 j 2 4 ...M» 27 1211 Z. Z. ... Z. ... "i Z ..." ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... 717 >N 68 Statement shotving the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera I ill iU * j Geographical posi- — tion of Registra- -2 © ja 55^,2*^^5^^ Names of Registration Circles, Talooks, tion Circles (Tag ) jlj^^^llj^^^ *>• Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c. looks), Towns, &c. ;g ouooogoooooo .2 (Talooks relative to g tt S t o : o oe oO e so'"3 tt o t o' : o ¦g Districts, and Towns | g r 3<=,3<»,3».3 tD J< B Jq 3 relative to Talooks.) « g^ -g^ S^ |^ -g S-rf -gnd «jt3 3 -a §« 3-d a> tf s SOc M OeMO=)-iO^HOtMOvi 0 '« O«>H2'M0 «>H2'MS t !32 cM 8 2 •% 9p,^0,0p,0p.0P-op-ottoP-oP 2 ... 2 ... 3 ... 30 1015 1212 25 25 20 20 626830 4 22 125 41212 21 10 7 ... 15 ... 7 ... 5 ... 16 ... 71 327 10 101616 24 24 29 30 15 26 419 130 2274 27 128 128 '" , "' ... ," ... .'.'. 1 2727 ... 45 ... 43 ... 42 ... 35 .., 25 ... 32 ... 267 —"— — s 70 Statement showing the Monthly Prevalence of Cholera !Ifl i t i Geographical posi- rS gtscageseeggggdaj tien of Registra- _2 ®J>3>HiJ£ %££££££ Nameaof Registration Circles, Talooks, tion Circles (Ta- go Jjjijijii^il •2 Towns, Jails, Cautonmenls, &c. looks), Towns, &c, 38535355353 3 ¦S (Talooks relative to gog o o '^ "g 3 "5 'S "o "3 '3 o Q Districts, andTowns g „ m m »• a to „ » i^J||!l|||l|| •| Towns, Jails, Cantonments, &c. To wns,&c. (Talooks 3 OOOOo|o 000000O OOOoo | relative to Districts. g 'S'Sfc'S'S'S'S'B'S^'S'S Q and Towns relative § *, <*> m m "> «, ,o,gi n,i,gi g u.t.o I Ponnani, R. C. (Talook) S. of District ... 310,131 ... 3 ... 3 ... 4 ... 2 1 Ponnani, T W. of Talook ... 8,401 Melmuri, T 5,182 ... 1 Nettiga, T. 6,210 3 ... 4 ... 1 Talakad, T 5,522 Vadanapalli, T 6,670 Kavasherry, T 6,974 -j Chillalancherry, T 6,594 Ponnandem, T 5,394 Atavanad, T 7,129 Kotacheree, T 5,225 J Edappal, T 5,113 V Eramungalum, T 6,330 I. Katikkad, T 5,130 Rayeramungalum, T 8,984 Ynruvayur, T 5,460 "3 Ponnyur, T 6,152 3 Nattika, T. 6,210 Etuttirutti, T 5,991 ... Zemindaries ... ... ... ... ... •• Total District ... 1,849,805 ... 8 ... 7 ... 31 ... 35 ... 77 ... 199 Total Madras Presidency ... ... 6363 ... 2743 ... 1887 ... 2091 ... 4442 ... 8566 Note. — In this tabular statement the whole mortality from cholera occurring in a talook (Registration Circle) is shown under the talook return, but to show how the towns of 5,000 inhabitants and upwards have been affected by the epidemic, the particulars of each town have been separately entered below the Registration Circles, in which the town as well as village mortality has been included.— (W.R.C.) 73 in the Madras Presidency during the year 1870. I } 1 I I 1 I ff II il ill I 1 1 03S9c3c3c3c3c3cac3c8e3igcS c) t. it t* RBGGm.EbbIiiG ?> 0) O> 0> 0 © (DO D 0) 3) QJ Oj qj 0) 'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o'o "o SSBBSoBBBBS|Oj o .... .-.. ... Cm li- E=s £ » £^ £m ?°m £k gm fm £ oo £