CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA. NO. 33- MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY INDIAN TRIBES OF NEVADA by Percy Train, James R. Henrlchs, and W. Andrew Archer PART I - (PAGES 1 - 6l) December 1, 19^1 Issued by The Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Works Projects Administration of Nevada Projects, O.P. W. P. 65$; o.p. w. p. 752. Collaborator University of Nevada. Address all queries concerning this publication to the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 1 FOREWORD For a number of years inquiries have been made by interested individuals in many walks of life concerning the value and kind of plants used for medicine by the Nevada Indians, Preliminary stu- dies were begun in 1935 by the National Emergency Relief Adminis- tration in Reno under the sponsorship of the Carson Indian Agency and the University of Nevada, This finally developed into a more intensive plan with a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Plant Industry, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the Work Projects Administration, and the Botany Department of the Univer- sity of Nevada. This latter phase started in 1937 &nd has contin- ued for four years. During this ’time the work has consisted of three phases: the main one being the securing of data directly from the Nevada Indians regarding their medicinal use of the native plants; second, the collection of adequate quantities of dried mat- erial of these same plants for use in pharmacological tests and studies; and third, the accumulation of herbarium specimens of the general flora of the State to supplement the first phase of the undertaking. These plants have been identified and are now avail- able in the herbarium of the U. S. National Arboretum at Washing- ton, D. C, and in the Department of Botany herbarium of the Univ- ersity of Nevada, Reno, The collection of herbarium material of the general flora was 2 carried on by several groups of collectors who covered practically all parts of the state. The pharmacological studies are being conducted by Dr. Raymond N. Bieter, at the University of Minnesota. The results of his investigations are being published in various journals. The greater part of the actual contact with the Indians and the accumulation and recording of that medicinal plant data has been made by the senior author, Mr. Percy Train, Agent of the Bu- reau of Plant Industry and his wife, although in the first year Mrs. E. V. A. Murphey, Miss Tim Breene, and Harry Sampson were al- so engaged in the work. James R, Henrichs, Agent of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in addition to the collection of plants and analysis material in the field, supervised the Reno office, through which all of the field data and plant material were sent. It was later found that check- ing, coordinating, and preparing this large amount of information for publication involved almost as much work as obtaining the orig inal data. Dr. W. Andrew Archer, Associate Botanist, Bureau of Plant Industry, has assisted mostly in an advisory and editorial capacity. 3 INTRODUCTION This publication is not primarily a work on ethnology, but is presented to the reader as a permanent record of approximately 30° native plants, considered to be of medicinal value by the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes of Nevada, The purpose for which the plants are used is given here as accurately as possible from the data secured. No attempt is made to substantiate the claims of the Indians since that province lies within the scope of the pharmacological studies already mentioned. Especially to be stressed is the great amount of time and study which has been devoted to connecting the data thus secured with the accurate botanical determinations of the plants involved. The knowledge of medicinal plants is confined almost exclusive- ly to the fast disappearing older generation. As a rule the young- er generation knows little and cares less about this subject, so it was felt necessary to obtain a record now, before all of this Ind- ian medicinal plant lore would be lost forever. SOURCE OF INFORMATION The day of the old Indian Medicine Man, with his hocus-pocus, and bag of trinkets and charms, has long passed in Nevada. When the old medicine man died, few aspired to his place, and ’Indian Med- icine’ has since been used, without superstition and incantation, by the individuals themselves and a few more modern medicine men and women. The so-called medicine man of today is simply an indiv- idual just two jumps ahead of his fellow tribesmen and alert to the opportunity presented to make money by acquiring medicinal plant knowledge handed down to him from generations past and augmented by his own experiences. Several of the latter, notably, Ike Shaw (Shoshone) of Beatty, Bronco Charlie (Shoshone) of Ruby Valley, and Dan Voorhees (Paiute) of Walker River Reservation, had a wide knowledge of medicinal plants and a substantial record of effect- ive cures behind them. The office of ♦Chief’, while nominally continued, has been re duced to little more than one of courtesy, and was not an import- ant source of information. In each Indian community, large or small, there were found several individuals not rated as ♦medicine menf but with outstand- ing intelligence, reliability, and a wide medicinal plant knowledge. These were the type sought as informants and they supplied most of the information. Especially well informed among this group were: Mrs. Orna Jagles (Shoshone), Tonopah; Tom Stewart (Shoshone), Beatty; Maggie Patterson (Shoshone), Elko; Topsy Long and Billy Mose (Shoshone), Ruby Valley; Maggie Shaw (Shoshone), Lida; Annie Lowry (Paiute), Lovelock; Judge Cleveland (Paiute), Schurz; Dave Mauwee (Paiute), Nixon; Jimmie Darrough (Shoshone), Reese River; Louise Thompson and May James (Paiute), Yerington; Willie Snokey (Washoe), Dressler- ville; Anna Downington (Paiute), Reno Colony; Richard Birchum (Shoshone), Austin. 5 During these four years every Nevada Indian reservation, col- ony and community, large or small, in the entire State was visited, and a close study of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe languages, as far as plant names and medicinal usages were concerned, was made in the field. By constant reverification of these data the authors feel they are present-ing a comprehensive and accurate report on the medicinal usages of plants by Nevada Indians. METHODS OF SECURING INFORMATION It is wasted time and effort talking to an Indian about any plant unless you show it to him, for he may be talking about one plant and you another. Accurate information could be gained only by carrying large numbers of fresh and pressed plants to show them. Field herbaria in loose leaf form, containing many hundreds of ac- curately named local plants were carried for this purpose. Some- times informants would show the contents of their own ♦medicine bags’ and again were employed to go long distances to secure and identify plants under discussion. In no case was information ac- cepted that was not verified by actual contact with the plant in- volved, When informants produced their own plants, these were sent to Washington for positive determination. When identification could not be made and only Indian names secured, they were classed as ’Undetermined’. During the work of plant collecting a rare opportunity was pre- sented for meeting the older generation in individual families liv- ing in remote parts of the desert, as well as in larger Indian settlements and reservations in Nevada. These scattered Indian families were a rich source of medicinal plant information, for 6 they were more dependent upon themselves and their own medicine. APPROACH To walk up to an Indian and ask for his medicinal plant lore handed down from his ancestors would most certainly meet with a blank stare, or a prompt ’No savvy’. This information is zealously i guarded, not only from the white man but sometimes from Indian neighbors as well. However, contrary to expectations, only slight difficulty was encountered in getting them to ’talk’ after the proper approach was worked out. One cannot long work among the Indians without discovering that they have a good sense of humor. They will laugh at themselves, but if they can laugh at you so much the better. Nothing sends them off into gales of laughter more than hearing a white person, particularly a woman, speak their language. The surest way to arrive at a friendly atmosphere is to plunge into Paiuts or Shoshone, saying a few simple sentences asking them in their own language about Indian medicinal plants and ailments. Mr. and Mrs. Percy Train, who collected the greater part of the Indian medicinal information in this report, were accompanied by a Cocker Spaniel, and a casual call to him by his Shoshone name ’Be-ah ning-gee’ (big ears) was always good for an astonished laugh. Without ex- ception these methods have broken down reserve, for they know at once such knowledge bespeaks much association with Indians, The surest way to arouse resentment and reticence is for any person to approach an Indian with a book and a pencil and 7 arbitrarily demand yes and no answers on any subject. Polite friendly attention given to subjects other than the information desired paid good dividends in willing cooperation later. It soon became evident that the more the interviewer knew of Indian diseases and medicines, the more information would be volun- teered, Early in the work much fewer facts were disclosed, but as the interviewer acquired a working vocabulary, less reserve was met and fuller information furnished. Later in the work, during inter- views, an answer to a question in English would often be forthcom- ing in Paiute or Shoshone when they learned their language was understood3 This fact was particularly noted in regard to the sub- ject of venereal diseases. Their modesty was remarkable and it was seldom they would converse on the subject until it could be talked about in their own language. Later, the Shoshone term, Tim-bah-hay nut-zoo (bad disease medicine) and Quoh-nudz-uh na-tiz-u-ah (bad disease medicine), Paiute, had only to be mentioned that way when full information accompanied by a hearty laugh was usually the re- sponse, Stress was first made that we were working for the Govern- ment and the information was to be preserved for the benefit of their children and coming generations. Next, that their neighbors would not be told information given in confidence, for each family group often had their secret remedies for ailments given to their friends or sold to others, which they did not want freely circulat- ed. In fact, among the Indians such medicines are quite a source of income. Prices charged were amazing. Five dollars for a small g handful of dried leaves or roots was not at all uncommon. Care was sometimes taken to pulverize the material so that the buyers could not recognize the plants end gather them themselves. METHOD OF RECORDING It was soon found to be a mistake to work with larger groups. Much freer discussion was found with one individual or family. Plants of known Indian medicinal use were exhibited, one at a time, to break the ice and start discussion. Then hundreds of pressed plant., specimens in the field herbarium would be shown, thus checking previous, information,,,..picking up new medicinal uses, and new medicinal nlants. The Indians seemed to .have little difficulty in recognizing pressed plant material if they were familiar with the plant at all. While one person exhibited the plants and asked the questions another recorded the Indian name of the plant, its medicinal use, and Indian pronunciation of the plant name. While many of the Nevada Indians speak English as well as a white man, the conversation might run something like this: Ques- tion; ’You see urn?' Answer: ’No see um. He no grow around here’. Question: ’You see um?’ Answer: ’Yeah, me see um’, Question: ’What you call um?’ Answer: ’Gall um Doot-see-up’. Question: ’What that mean?’ Answer; ’Mean squirrel eat em>. Question: ’What you use em for?' Answer: ’Legs swoll-em up, mash em up leaves, put era on. Maybe so all go away. Another time my Grandma she say, you make a boiling, you drinking, ho no hurt'. An individual report was made for each locality and every 9 informant listed so that all information secured can be checked back to its source. These reports, together with all original data from which this compilation was made, are on file at Washington and are available for reference. In all, there were interviewed 275 Indians from every community in the State and 103 reports containing 575 pages of data were sent in from the field. INDIAN PLANT NAMES Like our own common names, many of the Indian plant names have no special meaning, but an effort was always made to break down the Indian names into their own separate meanings- thus, Snga-mo-wanya would translate Enga (red) mo-wanya (flower). Esha-wanna meaning Esha (coyote) wanna (trap or snare). Soh-noy tah-cun-oh-quah, meaning Soh-noy (little bird) tah-cun-oh-quah (food). Sah-nah tonegan, meaning Sah-nah (gummy) tonegan (flower). (See also the vocabulary page l6)• It was found that, as a rule, if the Indians had a use for a plant they had a name for it. If not used for food, medicine, or fuel, words like Enga-mo-wanya were applied to many plants having red flowers. To other plants they would reply, ’Me see him, he no got any name’. It would be safe to say that the average Indian knew as much as or more, than the average white person, about the plants and flowers around him. A considerable variation was noted in plant names used by the same tribe in different localities. This is also true of the end- ings of the same word. Thus, Boot-see-up may become Doot-see-ab in 10 another locality nearby. Leptotaenia mult ifIda in one part of the State will be Tohse, then Taw-zah, Toh-sah, Toh-sup, or Toh-aw-saw- ve, or Toh-sah-ah. Even if the pronunciation in any locality is quite dissimilar the Indians appear to have no trouble in recogniz- ing either form. These divergencies are probably due to the fact that they have no written language. The conclusion was soon reached that there is a distinct transition going on in the syllabic sounds in these three Indian languages. This is no doubt due to the unconscious effect of the English tongue with its distinct syllables on the Indians when speaking their own language. It affects only those who speak English distinctly - in which case they pronounce their own syllables much more clearly and sometimes differently than do the older uni-lingual individuals. The speed with which the Ind- ian words were spoken varied greatly among different Paiute bands. In some localities the speech rolls out with such extreme rapidity as to make recording difficult, while in other places the same tribe speak in a long drawn-out, sing-song manner. Little difficulty was experienced in using English letters to record phonetically the words as pronounced by the English speaking Indians. It must be admitted, however, there are sounds almost impossible of reproduction by the English tongue and more diffi- cult to record. Particularly in the Paiute language the P and B are sometimes interchangeable with all gradation in between* The B is sometimes intermediate between B and V and the K also be- tween K end G. Among the Northern Paiutes at Owyhee Reservation, 11 there was a tendency to whisper a consonant at the end of a word - unrecordable. This latter was seldom encountered elsewhere. Many Indians took a special interest in being sure that their words were properly pronounced before recording, and whenever a list of the phonetically written plant names was shown to a young, educated Indian, he would read them off so readily as to amaze the older members of the group. ORTHOGRAPHY The authors anticipate some protest from ethnologists and eth- nobotanists when they discover that their phonetical method has not been used in recording pronunciation of Indian plant names. The answer is, this is not a treatise on ethnology. Had it been so in- tended the authors would have used the newer and undoubtedly more accurate method of recording sounds which, however, would have been unintelligible to the layman. We believe that a better service will be rendered by using the older phonetical method understood by the reader for whom this pub- lication is intended rather than that method used and understood by a few. Anyone understanding ordinary phonetical spelling can pro- nounce readily these Indian words which have been separated into syllables, well enough for all practical purposes and well enough for the Indians to understand them. The accented syllables have been underscored. The accent is of greatest importance in the lan- guages of these Nevada tribes, and whether the Indian understands you depends very largely on the proper place and amount of accent. It will be noted in the Shoshone language that the accent more 12 often than not is on the first syllable. COMPARISON OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE The Shoshones feel themselves superior to the other tribes and certainly were found to possess a much greater medicinal plant lore and used more native medicines than either of the other tribes. The Paiutes rate next with a considerable knowledge but used less medicine and were familiar with fevrer plant names. The Washoes were found to have the least information on the subject. With the exception of the Moapa Paiutes of southern Nevada, the Washoes are the smallest tribe in the State, confined to a very small area, and gather few medicinal plants of their own. What they do use they generally secure by purchase from neighboring California tribes. Consequently, they do not know the growing plants when they see them. The Moapa Paiutes occupy a small reservation in southern Nevada and speak quite a different language from the Northern Paiute. They have a considerable knowledge of medicinal plants and use them freely. Due to geographical location, all of the Moapa Paiute medicinal plants were from the Covillea belt of the low altitudes and of genera different from those used by the northern Indians, In contrast with the Washoes, the Shoshones and Paiutes gather- ed their own medicinal plants which usually grew in the nearby mountains, traded and exchanged with distant Indian communities, and even crossed the State for species not growing near their homes. 13 INDIAN DISTRIBUTION In this publication will be found a map of the State showing the principal Indian reservations, colonies, and small settlements of the Indian population of Nevada. Some small Indian communities are not indicated, (See page 15). Generally speaking, with a few overlapping exceptions, a line could be roughly drawn from north to south through the center of the State. Paiute bands occupy the western section and Shoshones inhabit the larger eastern portion. The Paiutes in Nevada were originally and still are more of a valley people than the Shoshones, Their more limited plant know- ledge may have been caused by this environment, for few of the med icinal plants grow at lower elevations. Shoshones were originally a mountain loving tribe and still are to a great extent, although cultivation of their 07m farm lands and labor on valley ranches for the whites has now brought many of them to the lower elevations. This close contact with the mountain flora produced their wider knowledge of medicinal plants. The Moapa Paiute, numbering approximately l60, are a small sub tribe, closely related to the northern Paiutes, though their langu age is entirely different. They have long occupied a limited area in the extreme southern portion of Nevada, Their reservation com- prises some thousand acres of land entirely in the low, hot, semi- arid basin along the narrow course of the Moapa and Muddy Rivers, and they have had little access to higher mountains. The Washoes, numbering approximately 500 a^e the smallest of Ik three major tribes, and occupy a small area of fertile valley lands along the Sierra Nevada foothills near the western border of the State, INDIAN POPULATION No Indian census was taken by the Federal Government in and the Indian Service in Nevada was unable to supply definite total figures on the Paiute, Shoshone and Washoe population for the State. However, by taking the latter’s count of those Indians on or under reservation jurisdiction, and adding the number of non- reservation individuals, based on personal knowledge, the following estimated figures for Nevada were arrived at: Shoshones Paiute Washoe Moapa Paiute 1,712 3,112 156 Total 5, *169 Early estimates for the l36l period, mentioned by the Indian Agency at Stewart, give the total figures on Nevada Indian populat- ion at between 7,000 and 3,500. There seems, therefore, to have been a loss of approximately thirty per cent in the last eighty years. 15 SHOSHONE PA I UTE WASHOE MOApA PA I LITE NEVADA SCALE OF MILES Id PARTIAL VOCABULARY OP INDIAN NAMES AND TERMS MOAPA PAIUTE ah-kuk sunflower, or any sunflower-like plant, especially those having edible seed. kiva: mountain. kiva ah-kuk: mountain sunflower, kiva kah-nav: mountain willow, i-era-midja; turtle leg. quoh-soh-no-ah-bim: burn, or sting plant; a name applied to Urtica. quoy-oh-guv: quail brush. wuh-siwimp: prickly; a term applied to Argemone, PAIUTE ah-dye-ee: diarrhea. ah-dye-ee na-tizuah: diarrhea medicine, ah-kuh: any sunflower-like plant, especially those having edible seed. ah-ku-pu: a variant of the preceding, ah-rahd-zee-ah-ee: neuralgia. Also meaning toothache, ah-rahd-zee-ah-e na-tizuah: toothache medicine, ba-wa: swelling, ba-wa na-tizuah: swelling medicine, bee-hee nooma na-tizuah: literally - pneumonia pain medicine, bee-shet-you: good. bee-shet-you na-tizuah: good medicine, booie: eye, booie nooma na-tizuah; eye pain medicine, coo-day-ee na-tizuah: burn medicine. 17 coo-see; gray. coo-see ah-kuh: gray sunflower, coo-see suh-e-wee: gray willow. dah-keep-poh-noh na-tizuah: kidney medicine dahm-hah-nooma: literally - pains all over, dama: tooth. dama literally - tooth medicine, but used to mean toothache medicine. dogo-wah: rattlesnake. dogo-wah na-tizuah: snake medicine, i. e., snakebite medicine, doo-ee-nah na-tizuah: rheumatism medicine. dootsie: little. dootsie tah-bah-she-up; little sunbrush, dosa: white. esha: coyote or wolf, esha ton-ub; wolf berry, he-quip-o-seh: wind plant. he-vee-nah na-tiz-uah: sore throat medicine, ka-sigh-yah-gava: little round blossoms, ki-bah: mountain. ki-bah pah-quanna-av: mountain water mint, or literally - mount ain water smell. ki-ee-vah: mountain. kuh-eeb: squirrel or chipmunk. kuh-eeb tah-kuh-no-quah: squirrel food, mo-gu: thorny. mo-gu see-ab-boo-e: thorny berry. lg moh-ah; old time, or long ago. moh-ah na-tiz-u-wabbe; literally - old time medicine plant: mean- ing - medicine plants of early days. nah-cah na-tizuah: ear medicine, nah-cah nooma: earache. nah-who-goo-e-duh; whooping cough, na-tizuah: medicine. na-tiz-u-wabbe; plant used for medicine. natz-see-kah na-tizuah: cut, or wound medicine, nay-hoo; burns. neu-muh: stomach. neu-muh nooma: stomach pain. neu-muh nooma baddo na-tizuah: medicine to wash out stomach pain. neut-see-quah. na-tizuah: medicine to drive out pain, nooma: pain. no-roop-pah-wah: diphtheria. nut-tiz-u-ah: medicine; a variant of na-tizuah. oh-diz-uh; rat food. oh-ha: yellow. oh-ha quee-dah: yellow color oh-hee: cough, or cold. oh-hee-bah na-t izuah: cough, or cold medicine,, oh-hoe-buh: hard,. oh-hoe-buh wah-hava: hard grass, oh-na: rock. oh-na nut-tiz-u-wabbe; rock-plant medicine. 19 oy-ee na-tizuah: emetic medicine. pah-bah-uh-avva; spots all over, i. e., meaning - smallpox, pah-tee-dah-wit: roots for food. pah-wah na-tizuah: swelling medicine. pah-wah-gah-bish: plant growing around springs, pah-wha: boils. pah-wha na-tizuah: boil medicine, par-o-wah: bear. par-o-wah tah-cun-o-quah: bear food. pee-ee-ah-gub: cotton root; name applied to Lygodesmia. pee-hawie: sugar. pee-shik-cah-mah: it tastes good, pee-tuk-quah; roots. pee-wit-tah-oy-vah: tuberculosis. poo-ee bah-hoon: green tobacco, poo-ee-quee-dah: green color, poo-gooey rup; horse tongue plant, poo-heg-wee-dah: blue color. puh-hee: hairy. puh-hee ah-kuh: hairy sunflower. quee-dah: color. quee-dutz; constipation. quee-nat-zee: little bird, quoh-nudz-uh: venereal disease, quoh-quavvie: sugar. sah-nah: gummy. 20 sah-nah tonegan: gummy flower. see-gupe: a general term applied to shrubby plants with yellow flowers, such as Tetradyinia. see-quee-dah: gray color. soy-noy-e tah-cun-oh-quah: humming bird food, spee-gee nooma: headache. suh-bah: chills, suh-e-wee: willow. suh-quee-dah: red color, tah-cun-o-quah: food. tah-rah-gee-noob; that which pops when stepped on. A term applied to plants with inflated fruits, such as Astrag- alus and Physaria. todse, or toh-see: white, todse-tonega: white flower, toh-see ten-ava: white roots. toh-gowah daiaa: snake tooth, a name applied to curved white spines of Tetradymia, wadda-e-gop: chipmunk tongue, wah-hava: grass. whood-see tah-cun-oh-quah: sagehen food, who-quee-dah: black color. SHOSHONE ah-kuh: general term for sunflower group, especially those having edible seed. ahn-nah-da: physic. ahn-na-da nut-zoo: physic medicine. 21 ahn nut-zoo: toothache medicine. andra-vitch qwanna: wild Indian smell, ash-ah nut-zoo: it is medicine. bah: water. bah-dib-ah: water nuts. bah gah: juice. bah-gah tu-boh-nemba: juice to write with, applied to fruits of Smilacina. bah-sah-mup: water cedar. bah sa-ma-be: water juniper. bah wah-do-roh; water whistle. bas-ah-oh-hee: tubercular cough. bas-un-dook: tuberculosis, bay-quee nut-zoo: swelling medicine, be-ah: big. be-ah ning-ee: big ears. be-ah soon-gah: big thorny plant. bee-sha wannup: milk hemp or string. bee-wah: stomach. be-heu-ah nut-zoo: heart medicine. boh-hobe: a name for the big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata. bom-bee: head. bom-bee gum-bah nut-zoo: headache medicine, boq-ee nut-zoo: eye medicine. boo-eep nut-zoo: gall medicine, booie: blue. booie betah: blue color. 22 boo-see-ah nut-zoo: head lice medicine, buh nut-zoo: blood medicine. buh-quoy-hoy; bloody diarrhea, combu: rabbit. combu tah-sum-beh; rabbit foot, coo-see: gray or dusty. coo-see hoop-ie: gray stick. coo-see too-roombe: gray tea plant. dag-e-boh nut-zoo: kidney medicine, dah-wahgum-bah; toothache. das-e-ah: smallpox, dimbe: rock. dimbe see-bup-ee: rock brush, dogowah: rattle snake. doh-numb nut-zoo: neck medicine, doo be-tah: black color. doot-see-ab: chipmunk food, dosa: white. dosa be-tah: white color. dosa hop-ee: white wood, dosa koy-ah: white top, dosa toy-yah: white mountain, du-boh-hobe: little sagebrush, du-ee-nah: rheumatism. duh-dah: little. duh-na-ee-go: dinner tongue - meaning to vomit, du-hu: shrub or brush. ee-yjah hu-binga; morning flower. ek-wee mutz-sc-y-noc-ee: blue flowers hanging down enga be-tah: red color. enga mo-wanya: red flowers.- enga pah wee-ub; red plant. esha: coyote. esha wannup: coyote snare. eshan-div-o-wip; just weeds, goop-pah-joom-bah; squeaky teeth. hu-b i nga: f1o we r huh-nabbe: fuzzy plant. ,i-etz: bluebird, a name applied to the Duckwater band of Shoshones. in-ooie hu-binga: sleeping flower, kah: rat. kah-quas-ee: rat tail. kah-seep; rat urine. kay nut-zoo: no or not medicine, mo-goon du-hu: thorny brush. mogu see-am-boo-e du-hu: thorny brush berries, mo-wanya: f1owe r. mo-weng: flower head hanging down. mutz-so-y-noo-ee: flowers hanging on each side of stem. nah-gah-ha: little nah-gee: ear. 2k nas-ee-kah nut-zoo: cut medicine, now-ha: Indian, new-wha bah-hoon: Indian tobacco. new-wha-no-ko nut-zoo: liver plant medicine, ning-ee: ear. nut-tab-zoom; medicine, nut-zoo: medicine. oh-ha: yellow. oh-ha tone-zee-ah: yellow headed flowers oh-hee: cough. oh-hee nut-zoo; cough medicine, oh-sah-rum-boh-zip: wind house plant, pah: water. pah-gah-dah-bohn-ub: basket marker dye. pah quanna: water smell or odor, a name applied to the mints, pah see-go; water lily. pah-wah: boils. pah-wah nut-zoo: boil medicine. wanna: milk hemp, or string, a term applied to milkweeds, quanna; smell or odor. quee-dah nut-zoo: physic■medicine. quee-duh-quanna; strong nauseous odor. quee-ja-ho hu-binga; whistle flower, applied to Equisetum, quoy-hee nut-zoo: stomach medicine. sag-gee-gee: rattle pod seed, sah-nah: gummy, sticky. 25 sah-nah cav-oh-no-ah: gummy heads, sa-ma-be: juniper. see-bup-ee: brush or shrub. see nut-zoo: foot medicine. see-vah sun-e-quoh; rubber gum. so-go: ground. so-go ah-so-bin; ground flower, so-go ron-zee-ah: ground plant. sohn-go nut-zoo; lung medicine, soh-nip: grass. sun-ee-quoh: chewing gum. tah-cah-ve: snow. tah-cah-ve hoopie: snow brush. tah-cah-ve toy-yah: snow mountain, tah-vah see-go: poison lily, tah-vee sun-ee-quoh: cotton gum. tim-bah-hay: bad disease, venereal disease. ting-wee-buh: rock smoke, a name for Chamaebatiaria, toh-doe-quah bee-zip: snake paint. toh-gowah dama: snake teeth. toh-no-bah: place of greasewood and water; i, e., Tonopah toh-sahn-ah-boh-kip: plant where the wind lives. toh-sav-ee shoshone: meaning white-knife Shoshone, an Owyhee hand of the tribe. too-coo-bug-um: arrow. tot-zip: dense or thick brush, toya-abba-hobe; mountain brush. 26 toy-yah: mountain. toy-yah pah-gah-dit: mountain lakes. toy-yah-pah-quanna: mountain water mint. toy-yah-tim-bah-zip: mountain rock plant, tu-ba: pine nuts. tu-ba de-ka: pine nut eaters, tuh-cup: food. tu-vah-sah: woman without children, i. e., sterile, uah nut-zoo; wound medicine. wanda-vah-sah: wroman without children, wanna: hemp, string, or snare. wannup: hemp or string, also means snare. wee-gah zah-moh-nee-ah: plant that sticks to blankets, wee-pah: rain water. wee-ub: plant. wenna-zoh see-bup-ee: comb brush, who-gee-jup: strong poles. witch-ah soh-oh: sagehen cheeks. wit-toy nut-zoo; emetic medicine. wong-govie: lumber tree. wuh-toy-ee nut-zoo: emetic medicine. wya nut-zoo: burn medicine. zahn-be nut-zoo: good medicine. WASHOE auga: mountain sheep. auga lem-lu: mountain sheep food. 27 bahn-kos: smoke. bah-hah mo-mo: white round balls, as applied to flowers of Angelica, dah-la-ak: mountain. dah-o-pah-phu-le: a flower, any flower. dah-*po-poy-ee: white color. dah-zat-so-me; green color, del-he-wee: thunder. del-lay-leg-ee: red color, del-moo-eh: valley. dim-ah: water. dim-ah dah-goosh: water plant, mood-zuck: medicine. mushaga-moh-bah: bear blanket, oo-chu-lee: chipmunk. oo-chu-lee mah-too: chipmunk tongue, poh-lo-pee-soh: wood rat ear. tee-daoh: roots of a plant. 28 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish particularly to acknowledge the valuable and helpful work done by Mrs. Percy Train, for her constant assist- ance in gathering the original information from the Indians, in the preparation of this paper, and especially for writing the intro- duction. The deepest appreciation is expressed also to the following people and institutions for their continued encouragement, coopera- tion, and assistance in many ways: the Bureau of Plant Industry and particularly its botanical staff in the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction; Miss Alida C. Bowler, formerly Super- intendent of the Carson Indian Agency at Stewart; Dr. P. A. Lehenbauer and Dr. Dwight Billings, of the Botany staff of the University of Nevada; Mr. Raines Miller, Toxicologist of the University of Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station; the staff of the University of Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, for the loan of herbarium material; the United States Forest Service, and especially to their agents, for courtesies extended to our collectors in the field; the National Youth Administration; the staff of the Reno Work Projects Administration, who have displayed such keen interest in the preparation of this paper. Special credit is due to numerous members of the tribes of Nevada for revealing prized and secret medicinal remedies, and for their whole-hearted support, which has made possible these studies. 29 LIST OF THE ABBREVIATIONS USED (Moapa P) Moapa Paiute (P) Paiute (s) Shoshone (w) Washoe (s) English All localities mentioned in the fellov;ing text occur in the State of Nevada, 30 BOTANICAL LIST ABIES CONCOLOR Lindl. Pinaceae (P) ca-ta-vee. (S) wong-govie. (W) mah-hah-xva; shaw-wa- sh. (E) white fir. The soft resin from the bark is eaten to cure tuberculosis. The dose being a teaspoonful daily (Reno - P & W) or a little each day until cured {Gardnerville & Dresslerville - W). The pitch is warmed and used as a poultice for sores (Wells - S), applied to boils (Wells - S), or mixed with Psathyrotes remos- issima for the same purpose (Fallon - S). The fresh pitch is app- lied to cuts and then covered with a bandage (Reno - P). The boiled bark infusion is drunk freely instead of water for tuberculosis (Reno - P & W). A tea from the needles, taken internally, is valued in pulmon- ary troubles and often the resin from the bark is added to the brew (Owyhee - P & S). For venereal disease treatment see under Juniperus utahensis ABRONIA TURBIKATA Torr. Nyctaginaceae (S) nut-zooh-boh-hombe. (E) white sand verbena. A poultice of mashed leaves can be used for swellings (Austin - S). ABRONIA VILLOSA S. Wats. Nyctaginaceae (S) bah-gun-boh-hombe. (E) pink sand verbena. The roots are mashed and applied as a moist poultice for burns (Lida - S)* 31 ACHILLEA LANULOSA Nutt, Compositae (P) todze-tonega; toe-tee-tone-ga; toh-tee-tone-e-gah; toh- tee-tonega; wats~ov. (S) coo-see-pah-wah-zip; dogowah- wan-guh; donzee-anga; pah-ronzee-ah. (W) wem-see. (E) yarrow. The inflorescence is boiled and the tea taken in snail doses to relieve stomach-ache or indigestion (Ruby Valley and Upper Reese River - S), or used as a wash for itch or as a liniment for muscul- ar pains (Battle Mountain - S). A poultice of mashed leaves is applied on swellings or sores (Duck Valley, Reno, Schurz, and Smith Valley - P, S & W), or as a compress for headaches (Smith Valley - P), also the boiled leaves serve as a poultice for collar sores on horses (Ft. McDermitt - P). A solution of boiled leaves is used as a wash for fevers (Yerington - P), or, when strained, as drops for sore eyes (II. McDermitt - P). The leaf decoction is taken internally for colic or dyspepsia (Re- ese River - S), or in quantities of less than a teaspoonful at a time over a period of several hours, for headaches (Wells and Yer- ington - P & S). In a single instance it was reported that the green leaves could be chewed to relieve toothaches (Duck Valley - P & S) but in many localities the Paiutes and Shoshones prefer the root for that purpose, the more common method being to insert a small portion in the tooth cavity. Another method is to mash the root so that the pulp can be inserted in the hollow tooth or else placed along the inflamed area. In one community the root is dried and pulverized before using (Summit Lake - P) although some of the Indians here 32 now prefer Sloan’s Liniment in place of the old remedy. Sometimes the roots are boiled and the hot solution used as a wash along the jaws to relieve the pain of toothaches (Lovelock - P). Some of the Indians believe the continued use of the root will kill the nerve of an ulcerated tooth (Austin, Elko, and Owyhee - P & S). The root is sometimes chewed for colds (Nixon - P), or when boiled the solution is taken for gas pains and is believed to be good for the kidneys (Owyhee - P). One family employs the root substance as a local anaesthetic (Winnemucca - S). They cited an experience of one of the men who had received a deep cut in the thigh. It was certain that foreign matter had been imbedded in the wound, but due to the intense pain the wound could not be opened. So there was applied a dressing of fresh roots which had been mashed to a pulp. After a half hour the wound was opened and cleaned without causing undue pain to the pa- tient. The same family always employ a preliminary soaking in a solution of boiled roots to assist the extraction of deeply im- bedded splinters. The entire plant can be boiled and used as a poultice for pains or for sores (Elko, Ft. McDermitt, and Owyhee - P & 3), or the mashed green plant serves as a dressing to reduce swellings (Ruby Valley - P). The solution from the plant is used as a liniment or as a wash for sores or rashes (Duck Valley, Ft. McDermitt, and Schurz - P & S). It also serves to disinfect cuts and saddle sores on horses (Ft. .McDermitt - P). 33 The plant decoction is taken internally, a cupful twice daily, as a blood tonic after childbirth, and for bladder ailments (Ft. McDermitt and Owyhee - P). It is given also for colds, to stop di- arrhea (Beowawe - S) and for upset stomach (Stillwater - S). The crushed green plant was smelled to relieve headaches (Duck Valley - P & S). For treatment of gonorrhea see under Leptotaenia mult ifida AGASTACHE URTICIFOLIA (Benth.) Kuntze Menthaceae (p) kibah-pah-quanna-ah; klbah-pah-quanna-av; pah-quanna (S) toya-pah-quanna; wee-yah. (E) mint A cold water infusion of the leaves is used for indigestion and stomach pains (Winnemucca - P); while the boiled plant is taken as a tea for colds (Schurz - P) and as a physic (Owyhee - S). The mashed leaves are made into a poultice for swellings (Fal Ion - P). AMELA1TCHIER spp. Rosaceae (S) duh-hee yemba. (E) service berry. For snowblindness the green, inner bark is boiled with sugar. When cool, one drop of the solution is placed in each eye, three times daily. The solution is sometimes made by boiling the roots and inner bark together (Wells - S). ANEMOPSIS CALIFORNICA (Nutt.) H. & A. Saururaceae (Moapa P) cheu-pahn-iv. (S) chew-pon-iv. (S) yerba mansa. The leaves are boiled in a quantity of water and used as a bath for muscular pains and for sore feet (Moapa - P), The mashed roots are boiled to make a poultice for swellings, or the decoctions used as an antiseptic wash (Beatty - S). A tea from tne boiled roots is taken for stomach ache (Beatty and Tonopah - S) or more commonly as a tonic for general debility following colds (Beatty and Tonopah - S). for this latter purpose, one woman has a special preparation (Lida - S). She dries the roots, then roasts and browns them before preparing the decoction. One- half to a cup of the brew is taken daily. There was one report of using the boiled plant as a tea in the treatment of gonorrhea (Beatty - S). ANGELICA BREWERI A. Gray Umbelliferae (P) bogo (S) bee-ah-bogo; be-ah boquah. (W) dah- hah-mo-mo dah-o-pah-phu-le The root of this plant has general use throughout the State in the treatment of colds or chest ailments. It is sometimes collected in the fall and saved through the winter. A tea from the boiled roots, usually taken hot, is used for colds (Austin, Battle Moun- tain, Dresslerville, Elko, Gardnerville, Reno, and Wells - P & S). One preparation for severe cough or heavy chest colds is made by boiling the root with a little whiskey, and this is taken hot, one teaspocnful several times a day (Ruby Valley - S). Sometimes the root is dried, shaved fine, and smoked in cigarettes, especially for head colds (Ruby Valley and Wells - S). For tuberculosis a 35 decoction of boiled roots is taken over a long period of time (Round Mountain - S). As a bronchitis remedy the root is dried and scraped, the pieces then soaked in water but not boiled. The sol- ution is given a few teaspoonfuls at a time, twice a day, over a period of two weeks (Gardnerville and Dresslerville - W). As an in- fluenza specific it is taken frequently as tea. To improve the fla- vor it may be mixed with the root of Lsptotaenia multifida (Minden - W). For whooping cough the split root is covered with whiskey and boiled, the dose being one-half teaspoonful for children (Ruby Mountain - S). As a tonic the docoction is taken hot as a tea in small doses of one-half cupful or less, three times a day (Battle Mountain - S), Small pieces of the dried root are chev/ed for sore throat or coughs (Dresslerville, Gardnerville, Fallon, and Reno - P & V/). The big roots are pulped and applied as a poultice for pneumonia and the same preparation serves in the case of rheumatic pains or swellings (Elko - S); for cuts and sores the root is mashed and smeared on, a bandage being used if necessary (Reno - p). In kidney ailments a cupful of roots are boiled in a gallon of water and the patient uses this instead of drinking water (Reno - P). For venereal diseases the root decoction is taken in small quantities, the solution serving also as a cleansing wash (Ruby Valley and Wells - S). To cure horse distemper see under Leptotaenia mult ifida. 36 ANGELICA sp. (?) Urabe Hi ferae (P) kibah na-tizuah. The roots seen obviously belonged to an umbelliferous plant. The Indians said that it grows in the Sweetwater Mountains. The material is used to cure colds in much the manner as Lep- totaenia mult ifida, that is by drinking a boiled tea, chewing the raw roots, or smoking dried bits in cigarettes (Yerington). APLOPAPPUS NANUS (Nutt.) D. C. Eat. Comnositae (P) oh-diz-uh; see-gup-ee; tah-bah-she-up. (S) dim-be-see- bup-ee; dimbe-tah-ba-she-bupe; timba-wop. (E) goldenweed. The flowering tops are boiled and one-half cupful of the solu- tion taken to stop stomach-ache or stomach cramps (Upper Reese River - S); the flowering heads and the stems, boiled together, are used for coughs and colds (Sch'urz and Manhattan - P & S) • The stems alone, are boiled for a decoction which is taken hot for colds (Winnemucca - P), The whole plant is boiled and the solu- tion taken for severe colds (Upper Reese River - S), for grippe and high fever (Austin - P), for stomach trouble or to stop diarrhea (Owyhee - P). APLOPPAPUS STENOPHYLLUS A. Gray Compositae (P) sana-abu. (G) poo-hee na-tizuah. (E) goldenweed. The roots are boiled and used as a wash for sore eyes (Ft. Mc- Dermitt - P & S). 37 AQUIIEGIA FORMOSA Fisch. Rammculaceae (P) enga-moh-wanya; pah-wah-cub; pah-wah-gah-bish; pah-wah- gurnb. (S) enga-moo-y-nee; enga-moh-wanya.; enga-mutz-oh- wanna; pah-wah-gum; pam-i-ooh. (E) columbine. The ripe seed are mashed, moistened, and then rubbed vigorously in the hair to discourage head lice (Lida - S). Maggie Shaw says that Death Valley Indians of California use the plant in the same manner. The boiled roots are used as a tea to stop diarrhea (Wells and Battle Mountain - S), for stomach aches (Wells - S), and as a cough remedy (Summit Lake - P). The fresh roots are mashed and rubbed briskly on aching rheumatic joints (Fallon - P)* The roots and leaves are boiled together and the decoction tak- en in doses of one-half cupful several times daily for one or two days to counteract dizziness or for biliousness (Manhattan - S). The roots of this plant are boiled with those of Cilia aggre- gate, the resulting brew being used to induce vomiting (Stillwater - S). The whole plant, boiled, serves as a remedy for venereal dis- eases, the decoction being* taken in small doses, three times daily (Wells - S). ARAEIS PDBERULA Nutt. Cruciferae (S) don-zeah. (E) rockcress. The crushed plant serves as a liniment or as a mustard plaster (Owyhee and Elko - S). 33 ARCTROSTAPHYXOS PATULA Greene Ericaceae (S) yah-he-wat-um» (E) green manzanita. Leaves are boiled and the solution drunk for venereal dis- ease (Beatty - S)• AREKARIA ACULEATA S. Wats. Caryophyllaceae (S) boo-ee nut-zoo. (E) sandwort. A solution of boiled roots serves as an eyewash (Beatty - S)• ARGEMONE FLATYGERAS Link & Otto Papaveraceae (P) esha-ah-goo-wha; seg-quoh-ha. (S) sag-ee-da; sag-ee dump; wya-sag-wee-duh; wya-sag-gee-gee. (E) prickly poppy. The root is warmed, mashed, and applied on gums or inserted in tooth cavities to relieve toothache; or it can be applied as warm poultice in a cloth against the jaws for the same purpose (Elko - S) The more general use is to grind the ripe seed to an oily paste to make a salve for burns, sores or cuts (Battle Mountain, Dressler- ville, Elko, Eureka, Gardnerville, Monitor Valley, Ruby Valley, Ton- opah, Upper Reese River, Wells, and Yerington - P, S & W)« In one preparation the seed are cooked before grinding into a paste to be used as a poultice to bring boils to a head (Ruby Valley - S). As an emetic and physic the ripe seed are roasted, finely mashed and taken as a dose of one teaspoonful (Lida - S); as a physic only the ripe seed are roasted, ground finely, and rolled into tiny pills, two or three of these serving as a dose (Beatty - S); but sometimes the dosage is one or two teaspoonfuls of the powdered substance (Tonopah - S). The seed are ground and made into a tea to be used 39 as a wash for eye soreness (Austin - S); head lice are killed by using ripe seed which have been pulverized and moistened, the paste then being rubbed into the hair (Tonopah - S)• ARTEMISIA DOUGLASIAMA Besser Compositae (P) wadzo-ba. (W) paal-luwe-it. (E) sagebrush. The plants are burned over a fire and the fumes inhaled for the grippe (Reno - P); the crushed green leaves are made into compress- es for headache (Reno - P) or the boiled leaves can be used as a wash for the same purpose (Reno - W); for rheumatism the boiled leaves are applied as a liniment (Reno - W), ARTEMISIA DRAGUNCULOIDES Pursh Compositae (P) coo-see wa.h-aba; pah-wat-sov; wat-sov. (S) bah-wah- zip; bav-oh-hoe-be; enga-pah-wah-ga; pah-wah-zip; pava-hobe. (E) sagebrush. The tops of the plant are boiled or heated on a stove and used as a hot poultice for sprains, swellings or rheumatism (Lovelock and Yerington - P}; or the green plant is pulped and used as a poul- tice for sore throats or neck glands (Stillwater - S), A hot solution made from boiled branches serves as a wash to relieve rheumatism (Yerington - P), or the liquid is taken inter- nally for colds and as a physic (Ely - S), The whole plant is boiled to prepare a decoction which is drunk three times daily or used as a wash for venereal diseases (Beatty - S)• The same liquid is taken as a tonic after childbirth in doses of a half-cupful once a day for a week (Winnenucca - P). Used externally the solution was said to relieve nettle stings (Battle Mountain - S). Tom Pabawenas uses steam from the boiling plant to relieve eye trouble, by placing a towel over his head and allowing the steam to come into his face for short periods (Wells - S). ARTEMISIA GNAPHALODES Nutt. Compositae (P) coo-see pah-web-zip; coo-see quatz-oh-bah; coo-see-sah- xvah-be; coo-see sah-wavvy; coo-see-wy-up; koh-see-wah-ah; pah-wadz-oh-buh; wat-sob; wat-so-vah; whood-see-tah-cun-o h - quah. (S) bah-vah-hoe-be; bav-oh-hoe; coo-see-pah-zip; coo-see-pah-wah-zip; pah-T/ah-hobe; pava-hobe, (W) auga- lem-lu. (E) sagebrush; western mugwort. A boiled leaf decoction is an internal treatment for heavy colds, head colds, coughs, and headaches (Dresslerville, Gardnerville, Man- hattan, Peavine Creek, and Wells - S & W). The solution is used also as a cooling, aromatic wash for headaches (Dresslerville - V/). The leaves are mixed with pitch of Pinus monophylla, boiled and the decoction taken for coughs (Wells - S). The branches are boiled slightly and the tea taken hot in small doses for coughs and colds (Beowawe - S). The tops of the Artemisia mixed with the roots of Qsmorhiza occidentalis are boiled and the resulting liquid taken as a warm or hot drink for coughs (Ruby Valley - S)• The tops alone are boiled as a remedy for colds and taken hot in amounts less than one-half 41 cupful at a time for severe infections (Elko and Wells - S), or one big teaspoonful several times daily (Ruby Valley - S). The roots and tops are employed in a hot drink to cure heavy colds (Smoky Valley - S), and the whole plant is boiled for a cough remedy (Ruby Valley - S). The whole plant boiled with Osmorhiza occiden- talis roots is used as a decoction in small doses, taken hot, for coughs, heavy colds, and fevers (Wells -6). It is interesting to note that one woman grows the plant near her house and gathers material to dry and store for winter use (Ely - S). See also under Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. speciosus. There is a rather general employment of the plant as a regula- tor of menstrual disorders in women or girls, the usual remedy con- sisting of a hot tea made from fresh or dried leaves (Austin, Beo- wawe, Elko, Owyhee, Reese River, and Winnemucca - P & S}. A steam bath is made of the plant for young girls reaching maturity (Elko - S). A tea from boiled roots or the entire plant is given as a tonic after childbirth, the quantity of liquid taken varying from two to three cupfuls a day and extending over a period of two weeks to a month or more (Ft. McDermitt, Summit Lake, and Winnemucca - P). A tea for influenza is made by boiling the branches (Lovelock - S), or a steam bath is employed to sweat out the infection, the patient being covered with blankets and placed on a layer of branch- es which are smoldering on a bed of coals (Schurz - P). The same sort of a sweat bath serves also in the treatment of rheumatism (Schurz - P), or poultices of steamed plants, or merely bruised leav- es are applied to rheumatic or aching portions of the body (Battle H-2 Mountain, Summit Lake, and Owyhee - P)f A leaf decoction for an eyewash was reported once (Nixon - P), or again merely an infusion made with cold water (Beowawe - S). For swellings, boils, and sores, a poultice of fresh moist leaves is employed (Smith Valley - P), or else the stems and leaves are bruised and applied in the same way (Yerington - P). The whole plant is boiled and used as a healing wash for rash, itch or any skin eruption (Upper Reese River and Winnemucca - P & S); to re- lieve aching, feet are soaked in water in which the plant has been boiled (Yerington - P). To stop diarrhea the whole plant is boiled and a cupful of the solution taken (Manhattan - S) or only the tops are boiled and the tea taken in a dose of one-half cupful (Fallon - P), For stomach*- aches the whole plant, or the young growth only, is boiled and the tea taken hot, or cold (Ely and Upper Reese River - P & S). The same solution is used as a physic (Stillwater - S). The boiled tops are used to make a tea which is considered effective, when taken over a long period, in the treatment of venereal diseases (Fallon and Lovelock - P). To dye hair black, a solution of the boiled plant was combed into the hair every day (Lovelock - P). The steeped leaves are made into compresses for headaches and fevers (Reno - P), in this last respect being especially suitable for babies (Owyhee - P & S)• ARTEMISIA NOVA A. Nels, Compositae (S) bah-gue-numb; boh-hoe-be; du-boh-hobe; toyabe-behobe. (E) chicken sage; small sagebrush. Boiled leaves are taken as a tea for coughs and colds (Tonopah and Upper Reese River - S), ARTEMISIA SPINESCENS D. C. Eat. Compositae (P) kuh-eeb tah-cun-oh-guah; kuh-wepit-tuh-cun-o-guah. (S) doot-see-ab; dootsie-up; koo-buh tah-cun-o-quah; ku-ba- tah-cun-oh-quah. (E) bud sage; button brush. The more common use of the plant is as a poultice for swellings, and most frequently, among the Paiutes at least, the green leaves are mashed for the purpose (Fallon and Schurz - P); or again it is the young branches which are used (Elko, Hawthorne, Snith Valley, and Winnemucca - P). A poultice of the whole plant, either fresh or boiled, serves for a wide range of minor ailments such as rash and itch (Elko - S), The green leaves are mixed and mashed with commercial chewing to- bacco to rub or smear on sores or bruises (Reno - P); old bedridden people are rubbed every day with a handful of the green leaves to prevent bed sores (Schurz - P), The mashed green leaves serve to draw out boils (Schurz - P)• To stop haemorrhages, especially those due to tuberculosis, the boiled branches are made into a tea which is taken cool in a dose of about a half-cupful (Wells - S); for the same purpose, the leaves and flowers are boiled, strained, and taken as a hot tea to the quantity of a half-cupful (Fallon - P); also the decoction is sniff- ed up the nostrils to stop nosebleed (Wells - S). As a wash, the stems and "leaves are boiled and used for rheum- atism (Nixon - P); or the leaves alone are crushed, moistened with water, and rubbed onto the skin for irritation and rashes (Ely - S). For influenza the whole plant is boiled and taken as a tea and also used as an external wash (Wells - S). For chest congestions, coughs, or colds, the root is boiled and taken as a hot tea in doses of less than a half-cupful (Yerington - P). For severe stoppage of tho bladder fresh flowers and leaves are boiled and the tea taken when cool (Fallon and Ft. McDermitt - P). To relieve chronic stomach troubles, cramps or indigestion, small doses of tea made from boiled branches are taken (Lovelock and Smith Valley - P). ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA Nutt. Compos it ae (P) pah-eesh sah-wavvy; pah-hoe-be; pah-wawy;• sah-wah-be; sah-wavvy. (S) bah-guh-yoom; bah-hoe-be; bah-vah-hoe-be; boh-hoe-be; boh-ombe; sah-wah-be; wah-gup-pee. (W) la- bel; tah-bul. (E) big sagebrush. This plant, next to Leptotaenia multifida, is the most widely used in the State and is most commonly employed in the treatment of colds. In many settlements the boiled green leaves are made into a hot tea for that purpose, although in some places it may be taken cold (Round Mountain - S) or the leaves are eaten raw (Owyhee and Nixon - P & S). The usual dose of the tea seems to be a half cup- ful taken several times a day (Gardnerville, Dresslerville, Love- lock, Belmont, and Ruby Valley - P, S & V/). 45 The tops, rather than the leaves, are usually preferred, and in this preparation it is sometimes recommended that the first water be discarded using only the second water for the tea (Battle Mount- ain and Wells - S); in fact, some Indians claim that the tea should not be bitter, and also caution that an overdose acts as an emetic (Belmont - S). One woman collects branches with flowers and leaves to dry and store for the winter, and she prepares a cough remedy by boiling a handful of the material, in water to cover, with a little salt added (Ruby Valley - S)« Again the proportions of the dried substance may be only a pinch to a cup of water (Yerington - P). For head colds the branches are burned on top of the stove and the fumes inhaled (Smith Valley - P), The green leaves may be mashed and applied as a poultice for chest colds (Reno - P), The tea for colds can be prepared also by boiling the tops of this plant with the roots of Leptotaenia mult ifida (Fallon - P) or with young twigs of Juniperus utahensis (Austin, Lovelock, and Reese River - P & S). In a reliable cure for pneumonia, the leaves are boiled in wat- er with a pinch of salt and a tablespoonful of the warm solution is given each time the patient coughs (Tonopah - S). In another treat- ment for the disease the leaves are boiled with the root of Lepto- taenia multifida and the hot tea taken internally, also hot packs of the solution are placed upon the chest (Lovelock - P). Branches are burned on the top of the stove as a fumigant for rooms after an illness or the basket and blankets used during a childbirth are held in the smoke (Gardnerville and Dresslerville - W). All three tribes of the Indians favor the tea brew as a general tonic (Austin, Dresslerville, Gardnerville, Lovelock, and Owyhee - P, S & W) and it is especially favorable after childbirth (Fallon, Reno, Schurz, and Yerington - P & S). There are various methods to relieve headaches: a tea from the boiled branches is taken internally (Hawthorne and Schurz - P), the solution from the boiled leaves is used to bathe the head (Monitor Valley - S), or fumes from burning plants may be inhaled (Fallon - P), Also recommended is the use of crushed and moistened green leaves applied as poultices directly on the forehead (Upper Reese River - S), The branches are boiled to make a tea to relieve stomach-aches (Hawthorne and Schurz - P), it is favored especially for children (Fallon - P). A half-cupful of the hot solution is given for stom- ach cramps (Wells - S)• Sometimes the raw leaves are chewed for indigestion (Beatty and Owyhee - P & S). To break a fever by producing a sweat, one-half cupful of the tea from boiled leaves is supposed to be effective (Elko and Owy- hee - S); and for malarial fever a small quantity is taken three times daily (Reno - P). For cuts, wounds or sores the boiled leaves are made into an antiseptic wash (Fallon, Lida, and Owyhee - P & S) or applied di- rectly as a poultice (Wells - S) or the branches may be dried, pul- verized and applied as a healing powder (Battle Mountain - S)« The steeped leaves can be applied as a wet dressing to promote healing of stubborn bullet wounds (Yerington - P). The leaf decoction is used warm, as an antiseptic bath for newborn babies (Tonopah - S). The plant, in addition, has a considerable range of application for other purposes: the boiled branches serve as hot poultices for various aches and pains, especially rheumatism (Wells - S); or the decoction, used hot, makes a good wash or liniment for lumbago or muscular cramps (Fallon and Upper Reese River - P & S); or to al- leviate red ant bites (Upper Reese River - S), also as a foot bath for aching and swollen feet if continued for several hours (Smith Valley - P). The strained liquor from boiled leaves can be used as a gargle for sore throat (Upper Reese River - S). Leaves steeped in hot water are laid directly on inflamed eyes (Ruby Valley - S); mashed leaves are applied along the cheek next to the gums to stop a tooth- ache (Upper Reese River - S)• For poisoning of any sort the tea is taken internally or if no water is available the leaves can be chewed (Reno - S). A rather novel employment occurs where the dried leaves are finely pulverized to serve as a sort of talcum powder for babies (Ft. McDermitt, Stewart, and Winnemucca - P). ASCLEPIAS CRYPTOCERAS S. Wats. Asclepiadaceae (P) hewovey; wa-na. (E) milkweed. The boiled root provides a solution used as a wash to relieve headaches (Nixon - P). The latex is employed to cure ringworm (Stewart - P). ASCLSPIAS SPECIOSA Torr. Asclepiadaceae (P) nah-quee-dah nat-tizuah; toh-hawk-quee; ut-sah-av; wee- ab-a-nuh. (S) be-ah bee-sha divo-oh-wip; be-jah-no-ko; be-sha-no-ko; bee-sha-warmup; pee-gee-wanna. (E) milkweed. The latex is used as an antiseptic and healing agent on sores (Ely, Schurz, and Smith Valley - P & S), syphilitic sores (Wells - S), ringworm (Elko - S), and cuts (Round Mountain - S). It is applied to remove corns and calluses (Round Mountain - S). The silk is burned off the ripe seed and these are then ground and applied as a salve on sores (Hawthorne - P), The seed are boiled in a small amount of water and the solution used to soak rattlesnake bites in order to draw out the poison (Winnemucca - P). A hot tea from the boiled roots is taken internally to bring out the rash of measles (Yerington - P). A half-cupful once or twice a day is taken as a cough medicine (Fallon and Lovelock - P) and in the same quantities especially for tuberculosis (Love- lock - P). Less than a half-cupful of the solution taken inter- nally stops bloody diarrhea (Elko - S). The solution can also be utilized externally as a wash for rheumatism (Hawthorne - P)• The mashed root, moistened with water, is applied for several days as a poultice to reduce swellings (Round Mountain - S)• ASTER FRONDOSUS (Nutt.) T. & G. Compositae (P) tods-e-tonega. The stems and flowers, when soaked in ¥/ater were used by one Indian as a soothing, medicinal wash for rheumatism (Summit Lake - P); while another, in the same locality, considered the tea from dried stems, without leaves, to be a general blood tonic. ASTER LEUCANTHSMIFOLIUS Greene Compositae (S) hoo-nut-zoo. (E) September aster. The whole plant, boiled, was taken as a blood tonic, twice a day for a week (Wells - S), or the tops only were brewed and the drink taken warm as a physic (Duckwater - S). ASTER SCOPULORUM A. Gray Compositae (S) dimbe-be-ett-zee; duh-na-eye-go. (E) dwarf aster. For headaches, the fresh or dried leaves are boiled to make a tea which is taken internally in a quantity of not more than a cupful (Round Mountain and Upper Reese River - S). A poultice, made from leaves mashed in cold water, had special use for swollen jaws or neck glands (Summit Lake - P). The washed roots were scraped and soaked in cold water to make an eyewash (Battle Mountain - S). ASTRAGALUS SCAPOSUS A. Gray Leguminosae (S) tim-bah-hay nut-zoo (a general name). (E) locoweed. The cleaned roots are scraped and boiled to make a decoction, which is taken over a long period of time for venereal disease (Belmont - S). 50 ASTRAGALUS spp, Leguminosae (S) coopi-joomb; gup-wuh-ghu; tok-quee. (E) locoweed, A decoction of the boiled root serves ns a wash for granulated eyelids and for toothaches (Austin and Upper Reese River - S). Another informant recommended that the root be soaked in cold water for a half day and that the solution be used sparingly as an eye- wash and for sores (Upper Reese River - S). ATRIPLEX CANESCENS (Pursh) Nutt, Chenopodiaceae (S) moo-roen-Mip. (E) saltbush. Eresh roots are boiled with a little salt in water and the so- lution employed in a dose of a half cupful as a physic (Lida - S), BALSAMORIIIZA HIRSUTA Nutt, Compositae (P) key-gah-da-moop. (W) auga-lem-lu. (E) balsamroot. This is considered to be an especially good medicine by the Indians. Erom the boiled root is secured a solution that looks like a thin yellow soup. This is used internally for severe stomach and bladder troubles (Ft. McDermitt, Smith Valley, Summit Lake, and Walker River - P). There was one unconfirmed report that the root decoction could be taken for female complaints (Reno - W). BALSAMORHIZA SAGITTATA (Pursh) Nutt. Compositae (P) ah-ku-pah; coo-see quah-soop; pah-kuk. (S) ah-kuk; coo-see ah-kuh. (W) shugi1-artus; sugllatse, (E) arrow- leaf balsamroot; balsamroot sunflower. One-half a cup of tea from boiled roots is taken daily over a 51 long period for venereal disease (Hawthorne, Mason Valley, and Smith Valley - P). The mashed root is used as a dressing for syphilitic sores (Ruby Valley - S) or the dry, powdered root is applied for the sane purpose (Mason Valley - P). The mashed root is utilized also for swellings or insect bites (Austin, Ruby Valley, and Snith Valley - P & S)• Burning the root in a room after an illness is thought to be a good fumigant (Fallon and Reno - P & W). The root decoction is employed as an eyewash (Wells - S) or as a brew to be taken for stomach-aches (Summit Lake - P). The gummy sap which exudes from freshly dug and cut roots is collected in a spoon and swallowed as a cure for consumption (Summit Lake - P). BATTARREA PHALLOIDES (Dicks.) Pers, Lycoperdaceae (P) be-sha soo-ah-pah. (E) puffball. This fungus is gathered in the young stage, sliced, and applied as a dressing for swellings and sores (Fallon - P)• BERBERIS REPENS Lindl. Berberidaceae (P) cor-ren-nup pah-vee; poo-heg-wee-dah. (S) so-go-diem; so-go-du-yem.be; toh-yuh-1u-yuh-bu-huh. (E) barberry. For general aches or rheumatic pains the leaves are boiled and taken as a tea (Beatty - S) or the roots alone are used for the same purpose (Wells - S). The boiled roots produce a yellow solution which is taken as a tea to prevent or stop bloody dysentery (Austin, Elko, and Moapa - P & S); also to thicken the blood of haemophilic persons (Moapa - P). In a number of localities it is used regularly as a blood 52 tonic or purifier (Battle Mountain, Elko, and Hawthorne - P & S). In this connection a Shoshone at Battle Mountain, says that the roots should he steeped, not hoiled, and that the first water is discarded. He recommends doses of less than a half-cupful several times a day. The same decoction from boiled roots is administered as a drink for venereal diseases (Elko and Owyhee - P & S), as a cough medicine, sometimes with whiskey added (Ely and Owyhee - P & S), for bladder difficulties (Ft. McDermitt - P), and as a kidney medicine (Eureka - S). The stems only are boiled to make a tea which is taken as a tonic for stomach troubles (Winnemucca - P). BRASSICA spp. Cruciferae (E) wild mustard. The,ripe seed are ground to make poultices for burns (Wells - S). BRICKELLIA OBLONGIFOLIA Compositae var. LINIFOLIA (D,C. Eat.) Robins. (S) sahn-a-wap. An adequate botanical specimen was secured from an Indian woman, in fact she produced broken fragments of the plant from a medicine bag but the medicinal data was quite vague. None of her associates recognized the plant. She merely said that the stems end leaves were boiled and taken as a stomach medicine (Elko - S). 53 CASTILLS1A LI NARIAE FOLIA Benth. Scrophulariaceae (S) anga-quee-ah-wee_~tumb; dogowah-die-um. (E) paint- brush. Prized particularly as a remedy for venereal diseases, the Beatty Indians travel long distances to secure the plant. A solu- tion of boiled roots, taken in small amounts as a drink, is said to cure venereal disease, if the treatment is continued a long time (Beatty and Tonopah - S). The root decoction acts as an emetic and physic (lone and Tonopah - S) and is taken also to ’purify1 the blood (lone - S). CATABROSA AQUATICA (L. ) Eeauv, Gramineae (S) bah-soh-nip. This grass, usually found in moist locations, is reported by one Indian to have a stimulating or tonic effect if boiled and taken as a decoction (Ely - S). CAULANTHUS CRASSICAULIS (Torr,) S. Wats. Cruciferae (S) wah-numb. The roots of the plant when soaked in warm water produce a brown color. This infusion is taken internally as a blood tonic (Ely - S). CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS Nutt, ex T. & G. Rosaceae (Moapa P) dunumbe. (P) toobe; toobe-buh-ah; too-pee.. (S) doh-numbe; toh-nombe; too-bap-ee; too-be; too-bee- boh-ah; too-nambe; too-pee. (E) mountain mahogany. Judging from the number of reports this plant would appear to be one of the more important sources of medicinal remedies for the Indians. Its main use seems to be for pulmonary disorders, especially in the treatment of tuberculosis. Practically all of the informants specified that the bark must be dried, sometimes for as long as two years, before use. After drying, the bark strips are boiled to make the decoction and usually it seems es- sential that the tea drinking must continue for a long time to aid the condition (Fallon, Lovelock, Mason Valley, and Schurz - P). One Indian recommended that the bark be mixed with young twigs and leaves of Purshia tridentata and boiled, the cool decoc- tion then being taken frequently for pains in the lungs due to tuberculosis (Fallon - P). A decoction of the dried root was used for the medicine at one place (Hawthorne - P). Another medicine is prepared from the soft inner bark of the tree. This is scraped off, sifted and dried. When needed it is boiled and taken as a drink (Nixon - S). See also under Populus trichocarpa. For coughs and colds the dried bark decoction is taken (Moapa and Wells - P & S), but in one locality a cold water infusion was preferred (Smith Valley - P)• Again the medicine is prepared from an infusion of the inner bark (Mason Valley - P) or from the steeped leaves (Summit Lake - P). The second of the important uses for the dried bark is in the treatment of sores, cuts, burns, and wounds. It is applied most- ly as a powder but sometimes as a paste. Usually it is the dry 55 bark which is ground to a powder for this purpose (Fallon, Owyhee, Schurz, and Tonopah - P), or sometimes the soft inner bark (Austin and Reno - P & S), and a bark decoction was recommended in some instances (Round Mountain and Tonopah - S). One Indian uses the pulverized wood instead of the bark for cuts or burns (Austin - S); likewise the same substance was a specific to dry up syphili- tic sores (Yerington - P). The leaves and bark are ground to make a poultice for swellings (Beowawe - S). For heart disorders a tea decoction was prepared from the leaves or from the bark (Beowawe, Reno, Ruby Valley, and Schurz - P & S). A decoction of the dried bark, or sometimes of the inner bark only, served as a cold drink to be taken for several days in doses of one-half to a full cup daily, had general favor as a blood tonic (Manhattan, Moapa, Schurz, Smith Valley, and Wells - P & S). The bark decoction was said to be good for a number of other troubles, such as stomach-ache, venereal diseases (Fallon - P), diarrhea, stomach ulcers, and pneumonia (Schurz - P). For diph- theria the soft inner bark was scraped off and soaked in water as a drink (Austin - S), and the same substance, when boiled and strained, served as a wash for eye diseases (Nixon - S). See also under Populus trichocarpa for venereal disease treat- ment , and under Ephedra viridis for diarrhea medicine. GHAENACTIS DOUGLASII (Hook.) H. & A. Compositae (P) hoot-see-eva; si-ag-iv; toh-hoe-quah. (S) witch-ah das-ah-dee-ah; witch-ah-numba; yahn-gan-gooie. 56 One of the Paiute names commonly applied to this plant is *bawe na-tizua’ meaning - ’swelling medicine’ and it is utilized mostly in that capacity. The fresh plants, or sometimes only the leaves, are crushed and applied as a poultice (Austin, Battle Mountain, Nixon, Owyhee, Ruby Valley, Stillwater, Wells, and Winnemucca - P & S). To prepare a bath for severely swollen limbs or dropsical conditions, a great number of plants are heated in a tub with just enough water to cover. The patient soaks the affected parts for several hours (Battle Mountain - S). The whole plant or only the leaves, are boiled as a drink for coughs or colds (Nixon and Summit Lake - P). An interesting idea is displayed in a treatment for rattle- snake bites. First the leaves and stems of the plant are pulped and used as a poultice, then, provided the snake has not bitten itself, it is skinned and sections of the raw flesh are also used as poultices, these being changed every few minutes (Schurz - P). A decoction of the boiled plant, in a dose of a half-cupful or less, is an emetic for indigestion or a sour stomach (Wells - S). Unconfirmed reports also claim that the tea is a heart depres- sant (Austin and Winnemucca - P). CHAMAEBATIARIA MILLEFOLIUM (Torn.) Maxim. Rosaceae (P) par-o-wah tah-cun-o-quah. (S) ting-wee-buh. (E) fernbush. The fresh, or dried, leaves are boiled and taken as a tea for stomach-aches or cramps (Ely and Mason Valley - S). It is said that severe cases of lumbago have been cured by 57 drinking a tea which is made by boiling the young shoots of this plant with the roots of Salix exigua. The two are brewed a long time and the tea taken several times daily for a week or more (Hawthorne - P). CHRYSOTHAMNUS NAUSEOSUS var. ALBICAULIS (Nutt.) Rydb. Compositae (S) see-bape. (E) gray rabbitbrush. The steeped leaves, taken as a tea, serve for stomach dis- orders and for colds (Beatty and Elko - S), and the dried leaves and flowers are steeped as a general tonic (Austin - S)• CHRYSOTHAMNUS NAUSEOSUS var. SPECIOSUS (Nutt.) Hall Compositae (S) tah-bah-she-up. (E) rabbitbrush. The roots and tops, boiled together, are taken as a tea in dos- es of a half-cupful to stop bloody diarrhea (Manhattan - S). A cough medicine was prepared by boiling the stems and leaves togeth- er, the liquid being given in a dose of a half-cupful or less, once or twice a day (Manhattan - S). One family prepares a remedy for coughs and colds by boiling the stems of the rabbitbrush with young tops of Artemisia gnaphalodes (Ruby Valley - S). CHRYSOTHAMNUS VISCIDIFLORUS (Hook.) Nutt. Compositae (P) see-gu-pee; tah-bee-she-goop; tah-beese-see-goop. (S) nagaha-see-bup-ee; oh-ha-see-bup-e. (E) little rabbit- brush. For coughs, the young growth is boiled and utilized as a tea (Yerington - P) or else the leaves are merely crushed and soaked in water to prepare the drink for colds (Owyhee - P). One Indian said that the remedy used during the last influenza epidemic was made by boiling this plant with the roots of Leptotae- nia multifida to make a hot potion (Stillwater - S). Rheumatism is treated by the application of poultices made from crushed stems and leaves which are then moistened (Lida - S)• Re- lief from the same ailment is secured by taking an Indian sweat bath (Reno - P). Por preparation of the sweat bath see under Arte- misia gnaphalodes. The finely mashed leaves were inserted in tooth cavities to stop toothaches (Austin - S). CICUTA OCCIDENTAL!S Greene Umbelliferae (?) hah-kee-noop; hah-ken-oop; haw-ken-noop. (S) hah-tee; hah-tumbe, (E) poison parsnip; water parsnip. In treating rattlesnake bites the main purpose seems to be the reduction of the swelling and this is said to be accomplished by applying poultices of the pulped root (Ft. McDermitt and Stewart - P). For ordinary swellings the roots are roasted over coals and then made into poultices (Fallon and Lovelock - P), the same sort of poultices are applied while warm to rheumatic joints (Fallon - P) and also to deaden muscular pain (Austin and Round Mountain - P & S). Open wounds are never treated with the pulp because of its pois- onous nature (Round Mountain - S). Although most Indians are well 59 aware that the plant is poisonous, some use it, nevertheless, as a wash for sore eyes or granulated lids. The roots are boiled and the solution allowed to cool (Upper Reese River - S). CLAYTONIA PERFOLIATA Bonn Portulacaceae (E) miner’s lettuce. The plants are soaked in water, then mashed to make poultices for rheumatic pains. It is claimed that the substance penetrates and burns like a mustard plaster, thereby acting as a counter-irri- tant (Ely - S). CLEMATIS LIGUSTICIFOLIA Nutt. Ranunculaceae (P) esha-wanna. (S) esha-wanna; esha-wannup. (E) vir- gin’s bower; wild clematis. As a poultice to reduce swellings or bring boils to a head the mashed leaves are utilized (Tonopah, Upper Reese River, and Wells - S) and sometimes leaves of Plantago major are combined in the poultices for the same purpose (Peavine Creek and Smoky Valley - S); rheumatic pains, bruises, and wounds are also treated by this method (Manhattan and Smoky Valley - S). One family prepares poul- tices of mashed and moistened seed for severe burns (Upper Reese River - S). The branches of this plant can be used as a counter-irritant by whipping sore or painful areas (Wells - S). As a wash or tub bath, either hot or cold, for dropsical conditions the boiled leaves are thought to be efficacious (Round Mountain and Yerington - P & S) and at the latter place a hot solution employed as a foot bath relieves tired feet, For syphilitic sores, leaves are dried, ground to a powder, and applied as a healing agent or a solution of the boiled leaves serves the same purpose (Tonopah - S). Andy Fraser claims that he cures headaches by smelling the crushed leaves (Peavine Creek - S) but Orna Jagles crushes the dried leaves to a fine powder and uses the material as a snuff (Tonopah - S). For a stomach-ache or cramps the leaves, or even better, the roots are boiled and taken as a tea. One to three cupfuls can be taken at a time provided the tea has not been made too strong (Round Mountain - S}. CORAILORRHIZA MACULATA Raf, Orchidaceae (E) coralroot. Unverified information indicated that dried stalks of this or- chid, or of the snow plant, Sarcodes sanguinea, could be steeped as a tea to build up the blood in pneumonia patients (Owyhee - P & S). This belief may be due to the reddish coloration of the two plants. CCRDYLAUmUS RAMOSUS Nutt, ex Benth. Scrophulariaceae (S) tim-bah-hay nut-zoo. One group of Indians recognize this plant as being the "bad dis- ease medicine", i, e. the venereal disease remedy of the locality. The plant is boiled and used as a tea drink (Stillwater - S). COWANIA MEXICANA D. Don Rosacea© (Moapa P) uh-nop« (s) be-ah huh-nabbe; huh-nabbe, (E) cliff rose, Cne cure for smallpox is prepared by boiling together the leaves of the Cowania, powdered rock lichens, and *kah-seep* e* The solution is taken morning and night in doses of a half-cupful (Ruby Valley - S). In another community the smallpox remedy is made by boiling the tops of the Cowania with the pitch of Finns mcnophyl- la, the decoction being taken in Quantities of less than a half- cupful four times daily (Wells - S). An antiseptic wash for smallpox or measles is made by boiling together the young tops, the flowers and leaves (Beatty - S) or the solution may be prepared by boiling the Cowania leaves with pine pitch (Ruby Valley - S). Venereal diseases are treated by drinking a strong tea from boiled leaves and young stems, or sometimes the leaves and flowers (Moapa and Stillwater - P & S). The same solutions serve also as a physic (Beatty, Moapa, and Stillwater - P & S), for colds (Moapa - P), or for pains in the back over the kidneys (Beatty - S). * fKah-seep*, a black pitch-like substance, was at first thought to be the dung of either bats or mountain rats but final inquiries indicate that it is the dried urine of mountain rats. (See also under Purshia tridentata for further use of fkah-seep’,) CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA. NO. 33* MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY INDIAN TRIBES OF NEVADA by Percy Train, James R. Henrichs, and W. Andrew Archer PART II - (PAGES 62 - 129) December 1, 19*1-1 Issued by The Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, Works Projects Administration of Nevada Projects, O.P. 65-2-0*1-13, W. P. 6$$; o.p. w. p. 752. Collaborator University of Nevada. . Address all queries concerning this publication to the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 62 CREPIS ACUMINATA Nutt. Compositae (S) ah-zah~div-o-wipj bee-sha-no-go. (E) hawksbeard. The seed, or the whole plant, are thoroughly crushed and ap- plied as poultices on breasts after childbirth, to induce milk flow or to relieve sore or caked breasts (Austin - S). In one case the root of the plant was used as a means of remov- ing a foreign object from the eyeball of a patient. The root ground to a smooth powder, was sprinkled directly into the eye. Several days of application were necessary to dislodge the im- bedded object but afterward the resultant inflammation cleared up rapidly (Ruby Valley - S)• CREPIS SCOPULORUM Coville Compositae (S) ah-zah-div-oh-wip; bee-jee div-oh-wip. (S) hawks- beard. The root is made into a wash for sore eyes (Ruby Valley - S); the entire plant is mashed and applied as a poultice to caked breasts of women (Wells - S); and in one instance there was a re- port that the latex could be applied to lessen the discomfort of bee stings or insect bites (Fallon - P). CUCUR3ITA FOETIDISSIMA H. B. E. Cucurbitaceae (Moapa P) ahn-no-quav; arno-cup. (S) poo-nono. (E) desert gourd. The large storage root of the plant is employed mainly as a cure for venereal diseases, apparently for both syphilis and gon- 63 orrhea (Beatty, Fallon, Lida, Moapa, and Tonopah - P & S). Many of the Indians warned of the poisonous nature of the plant and said that some deaths had occured from overdoses of the medicine. At Tonopah the exact method was indicated for preparing the medicine: pieces of the large root are roasted in hot ashes and rocks, being thoroughly dried afterward; a small piece, not much larger than a stick of chewing gum, is boiled in two quarts of water. One cup or less of the liquid constitutes a dose. It is said that it acts first as a continous emetic then as a physic. The seed sometimes are pulverized and applied as a dry powder on venereal sores (Moapa - P). It is also claimed that the root decoction will kill maggots in wounds (Moapa - P). CUSCUTA spp. Convolvulaceae (P) canaza-kwee-sha; too-vah-saah. (E) dodder. The second of the Paiutes names given above is not the real name of the plant but means literally - "woman without children". It is believed that if a woman eats this material that she will not conceive. The plant is eaten from time to time when sterility is desired (Reno - P). CYMOPTERUS GLOBOSUS S. Wats. Umbelliferae (P) ye-duts; ye-luts. Unconfirmed data seemed to indicate that the water from boiled roots can serve as an insecticide (Fallon and Yerington - P), especially to kill mites on chickens (Schurz - P), CYPERUS SSCULENTUS L. Cyperaceae See under Nicotiana attenuata. DALEA FREMONTII Torr, Leguminosae (Moapa P) i-era-midja. (S) quee-um-be; tuh-goo-buss-e-emp. To stop internal hemorrhages a tea was prepared from the boiled roots, according to one Indian, or from the boiled tops, according tc another (Beatty - S). One Indian woman had heard that the root decoction could be taken for stomach trouble (Beatty - S). Other individuals gave a name to the plant and knew it was medici- nal but they could not say for what purpose (Moapa - P). DALEA POLYADENIA Torr, Leguminosae (P) ma-good-du-hoo; ma-good-tu-hoo; moh-goon-du-hoop; moh- goon-du-hoopie. (S) ma-good-tu-hoo; moh-goon-du-hu* (E) smokebush. The plant is known generally over the entire State by all the tribes as a remedy for colds and coughs. The tea for this purpose is made usually from boiled stems, either fresh or dried, and ordi- narily is taken hot but there is one person who specified that the drink should be cold (Upper Reese River - S). The Shoshones of Upper Reese River prepare a bitter solution by boiling together the smaller stems, the leaves and flowers; while those of Tonopah gath- er the stems and dry then, using a handful to a quart of water for 65 the brew. The dosage apparently is never more than a cupful of the tea at a time (Upper Reese River - S) and some Indians specified that the quantity should be not more than a half-cupful (Winnemucca - P); others said that the twigs should be steeped only and not boiled (Rawhide - P). The stem decoction is especially favored as a pneumonia medi- cine (Fallon, Mason Valley, Schurz, and Yerington - P & S). In most instances it was indicated merely that the stems were boiled but in one case there was a specific reference to the use of young stems (Fallon - P), in another only the thick, basal stalks were utilized (Schurz - P), and one Indian preferred the tops of the plants (Schurz - P). The dosage in one community was a half-cupful taken three times a day (Schurz - P). The decoction was given also for tuberculosis (Rawhide, Smith Valley, and Upper Reese River - P & S), and for influenza (Monitor Valley and Nixon - P & S)• Sugar was added to the drink for whoop- ing cough (Lovelock - P). A number of communities resorted to the hot or cold toa for re- lief of stomach-aches (Fallon, Reno, Round Mountain, and Snith Valley - P & S). The medicine was mentioned several times in relation to kidney trouble. A tea from the boiled tops was said to induce urination (Smith Valley - P). A case was cited in which a patient had been cured of pains in the back over the kidneys and incontinence of urine by drinking large quantities of the strong tea for several days (Upper Reese River - S)• Another medicine for kidney ailments 66 was prepared by boiling the stems and tops of the smokebush with twigs of Juniperus utahensls (Austin - P & S). An important treatment seems to be that for smallpox. For this the tea is given internally in small doses and the solution is used externally as an antiseptic bath (Austin and Elko - S), or only the external treatment is employed (Schurz - P). At Austin finely chopped twigs of Juniperus utahensis sometimes form part of the brew. The tea was mentioned twice as a treatment for venereal dis- eases but as usual the long period of time, necessary in this treatment, was stressed (Fallon and Monitor Valley - P & S). For measles the tea was taken internally (Fallon - P) but sometimes the treatment consisted in using the solution as an ex- ternal, antiseptic wash (Schurz - P). A tea was taken for muscular pains (Smith Valley - P), and a strong tea for diarrhea (Reno and Yerington - P & S). The stems were chewed for toothache or face neuralgia (Nixon - P), and a hot solution served as a wash for rheumatism (Schurz - P), In the treatment for sores, the stems were dried, pulverized and used as a powder (Lovelock and Nixon - P) or in one case the crushed fresh stems were rubbed on and then sprinkled with a dry red earth, known as fpee-sha-peef (Reno - P), DATURA METELOIDES DC. Solanaceae (Moapa P) moh-mope. (S) moh-eep. (E) jimson weed. Apparently none of the Nevada Indians employ the plant for 67 medicinal purposes although they do know that a narcotic tea can be secured from the roots (Beatty, Moapa, and Tonopah - P & S). DESMANTHUS ILLINOENSIS (Michx.) MacM. Leguminosae (Moapa P) pah-oh-pimb. A single report indicated that trachoma could be relieved by placing five seed of the plant in each eye at night. The eyes were washed with clear water each morning (Moapa - P), DYS30DIA TIIURBERI (A. Gray) A, Nels. Compos it ae (S) ahn-dah-gah nut-tah-zoom. The root decoction taken as a tea served as a physic (Beatty - P). ELYMUS CONDENSATES Presl Gramineae (F) oh-hoe-buh wah-hava; sah-wah-havva; wah-havva. (S) pan-wah-guave; wy-ron-zip. (E) rye grass. The sharp edges of the leaf blades are employed to scrape granulated eyelids, in fact this was the old method of treating trachoma (Fallon, Ft. McDermitt, Lovelock, Owyhee, Heno, Wells, and Winnemucca - P & S). Of doubtful efficacy are washes for sore eyes prepared by either boiling or merely soaking the leaves (Fallon and Ov/yhee - P & S). ENCELIOPSIS MJDICAULIS (A. Gray) A. Nels, Ccmpositae (S) anga-go-ahp (at Beatty and Lida); coo-see ah-kuk (at Tonopah). 68 Apparently the plant is not common in Nevada and for this reason the Indians are said to go to Hornsilver, a place near Lida, in order to secure material for their remedies. A tea from the boiled roots is taken for bloody diarrhea (Beatty and Tonopah - S), for venereal disease (Lida and Tonopah - S), and a tea from the boiled leaves is used for coughs (Beatty - S). EPHEDRA NEVADENSIS S. Wats. Gnetaceae (Moapa P) tu-tupe. (S) coo-see too-roombe. (E) joint fir; Mormon tea; blue ephedra. This species is employed almost entirely in the treatment of venereal diseases, the method being merely to drink a tea brewed from the twigs and branches (Moapa and Tonopah - P & S). At Tonopah no distinction was made as to the disease but at Moapa gonorrhea was specifically mentioned. At the latter locality the medicine could be compounded by boiling Gilia congests with the Ephedra twigs. (See further under Gilia congests and Larrea divaricata). The tea wTas taken also as a stimulation for urination (Beatty - S) and the powdered twigs and branches were made into poultices for sores (Fallon - S). EPHEDRA VIRIDIS Coville Gnetaceae (P) soo-roop-ee; too-roop-ee; too-toop-ee. (S) too-roombe; too-toom-be. (W) mag-gel; mah-gah. (E) joint fir; Mormon tea; Indian tea. 69 In the treatment for syphilis one informant said that the small stems only were the ingredients of the tea (Fallon - S); for gonorrhea the dried twigs were mixed with the inner bark of Furshia tridentata to make a tea for drinking (Smokey Valley - S); while other remedies, not specifying which venereal disease, recommended a tea of the Ephedra twigs alone (Winnemucca - P), or the stems were mixed with Gilia aggregate (Austin - S). As a regulator for kidney, or sometimes bladder disorders, a steeped or boiled tea is prepared from the twigs or branches (Ely, Fallon, Hawthorne, Monitor Valley, Nixon, Schurz, and Ton- opah - P & S). Usually no dosage was indicated but in a few cases the quantity of tea to be imbibed was said to be ’several cupfuls’ a day. For colds the same tea was recommended (Elko, Fallon, and Nixon - P 8'. S) and in the first named locality it was said that the tea should be boiled down to a thick consistency before taking. The tea is favored in nearly all communities as a tonic or blood purifier. In fact it is believed that the tea aids the circulation of the blood and for that reason is given to old people (Belmont and Fallon - P & S). The tea is taken also for delayed or difficult menstruation (Dresslerville, Gardnerville, and Minden - W); for stomach dis- orders (Fallon, Lovelock, Schurz, and Winnemucca - P & S). For stomach ulcers the tea is drunk instead of water (Schurz - P). In one community the tea is taken regularly as an aid in the 70 cure of rheumatism (Yerington - P). As a physic the stems are boiled in salted water (Beatty - S) or sometimes only the roots are employed (Lida - S). For childrens’ diarrhea a warm tea is prepared by combining this plant with the scraped bark of Cercocarpus ledifolius (Reno - P & S). The dried and pulverized stems are applied as a powder to cure sores (Nixon and Schurz - P & S) or the finely ground material may be mixed with the pitch of Pinus monophylla and used as a salve (Austin - S). For burns the powder is moistened slightly and functions as a poultice (Battle Mountain - S). EQ.UISETUM spp. Equisetaceae (S) bah-see-noo; kah-wah-quah-see. (E) horsetail rush. The plant is boiled for about thirty seconds and the decoc- tion taken for kidney trouble (Ely - S). ERIGERON CAESPITOSUS Nutt. Compositae (P) booie na-tizuah; kah-noop-ah. The roots are boiled and the cooled solution employed as an eyewash (Fallon - P). Also the roots are boiled to make a strong red tea, and of this a cupful is said to be sufficient to stop diarrhea (Upper Reese River - P). ERIGERON CONCINNUS var. APHANACTIS A. Gray Compositae (P) dootsie tah-bah-she-up; too-bee-man-ob. (S) boo-ee nut-zoo. (E) brass buttons. 71 The whole plant is boiled and a half-cupful or less of the brew taken for stomach-aches and cramps (Ft. McDermitt, Schurz, and Tonopah - P & S), the function of the medicine apparently be- ing that of a physic. However, there seemed to be no agreement among the Indians as to the degree of action produced by the de- coction. Some claimed that the medicine was not a physic (Tono- pah - S), others said it was only a mild physic (Schurz - P). On the contrary some individuals warned that the tea acted as a violent emetic and physic; and for this reason the remedy is con- sidered as an appropriate treatment for chronic constipation (Hawthorne - P). The decoction was used also as an eyewash, three drops at a time, repeated at intervals during the day (Peavine Creek - S). ERIODICTYON ANGUSTIFOLIIM Nutt. Hydrophyllaceae (Moapa P) wee-poo-en-ub. (S) wee-pah-got-urn. (E) mountain balm; yerba santa. The leaves, or the young shoots, are brewed and the solution taken in small doses for colds and ‘coughs (Beatty and Moapa - P & S)} honey is sometimes added to the drink (Las Vegas - P). The brew made from the leaves or tops is said to be an excellent expectorant and for that reason to be a suitable medi- cine for pulmonary troubles or early stages of tuberculosis (Las Vegas and Moapa - P & S). The brew is a counteractive for vomiting and diarrhea (Moapa P). 72 A brew of the boiled leaves is taken to relieve stomach-aches, and also as a drink in the cure of venereal disease (Beatty - S). The young steins, the leaves, and flowers are boiled and the liquid used in hot compresses for rheumatic pains (Beatty - S). ERIOGONUM MTCROTHECUM Nutt, Polygonaceae (P) pee-wee-guy-womb-mutz-zee, (S) ahn-ga-see-ga wee-ub; anga-kah-sah-rumba. (E) wild buckwheat. The roots, and sometimes the tops, are boiled as a tea for treating tuberculosis (Beatty and Tonopah - P & S). At the lat- ter town, it is claimed that this medicine is a definite cure for tubercular cough. To prepare the solution one first dries * the roots and the tops and then boils a large quantity. Since the liquid keeps well, it is stored in bottles until needed. The patient must drink the solution instead of water and the treatment must continue steadily for as long as a year. The stems and leaves are boiled for a tea to treat bladder trouble (Smith Valley - P), The whole plant is used to prepare a boiled solution which serves as a wash or for hot compresses in treating lameness or rheumatism (Ely and Wells - S). ERIOGONUM OVALIFOLIUM Nutt. Polygonaceae (P) ya-paw-taw-the. (S) naka-donup. (E) butterballs. A tea from the boiled roots is employed to cure colds (Fallon - P & S). 73 ERIOGONUM SPHAEROCEPHALUM Dougl, ex Benth. Polygonaceae (P) yn-paw-taw-the. (E) sulphur flower. The root decoction is used for colds (Winnemucca - P) and to stop diarrhea (Elko and Ft. Me Permitt - P & S). ERI OGOiTUM UM5ELLATUM Torr, Polygonaceae (P) na-ka-donip; wadda-e-goh. (S) bah-hoe-zee; naka- donup. (E) sulphur flower. The leaves, sometimes combined with the boiled roots, are mashed for poultices which are used for lameness or rheumatism (Ely and Yerington - P & S). A decoction of the roots is prepared and taken hot for colds (Beatty, Owyhee, and Summit Lake - P & S). The same solution serves also for stomach-aches (Nixon - P), EP-YNGIUM ALISMASFOLIUM Greens Umbe Hi ferae (P) momono-kaiyu. (E) button snakewood. The whole plant is steeped and taken as a tea for diarrhea (Owyhee - P). Apparently the plant does not have a wide distribu- tion in the State, having been collected by us only once in Elko County, EUPHORBIA ALBOMARGINATA T. & G. Euphorbiaceae (S) nah-com-boot-zip. (E) spurge. The whole plant is crushed and applied as a poultice on snake bites (Lida - S). The boiled plant furnished a tea to be taken as a tonic for general debility (Lida - S). EUPHORBIA ARENICOLA Parish Euphorbiaceae (Moapa P) tah-wee-carib. (E) spurge. The plant is employed in medicinal remedies infrequently. Water from the boiled plant serves as an eyewash, and a poultice of the mashed plant is supposed to reduce swellings (Moapa - P), EUPHORBIA POLYCARPA Bonth. Euphorbiaceae (S) nah-comb-boh-zip; nah-wah-go bud-zip. (E) spurge. The plant can be made into a tea drink as a tonic for any general, indisposed feeling or the solution can be used as an eye- wash (Beatty - S). EUROTIA LAMATA (Pursh) Moq. Chenopodiaceae (?) boo-see-ah-wah-be; she-shu-bah. (S) shee-shub; tuh- veep. (E) white sage; winter fat. In early times a. hot solution made from this plant was used by the Indians to rid their hair of lice, in fact one of the Paiute names, * boo-see-ah-wah-be* means - ’head lice plant’. As a matter of fact the boiled decoction is employed still as a hair and scalp tonic (Battle Mountain, Beowawe, Ely, Fallon, and Yerington - P & 8). There is a belief that this treatment will prevent or check falling hair (Tonopah - S), or even that constant use of the liquid would act as a hair restorer in baldness (Beatty S), and also that it prevents the hair from turning gray (Schurz - P). The solution prepared from boiled leaves, or from stems and leaves, was deemed beneficial for eye soreness, either as a wash or in the form of a compress (Ely and Reno - P & S). ECRSELLESIA NEVADENSIS (A. Gray ) Greene Celastraceae (S) bas-un-dook nut-zoo. This plant was recognized by one Indian, who said that his mother had used it some forty years ago to cure a number of Smokey Valley Shoshones suffering from the early stages of tuberculosis. The shrub is boiled and the decoction given as a tea in doses of several cupfuls daily over a long period of time (Round Mountain _ Q \ ; e So far as our experience goes this is the only record of the plant being utilized by Nevada Indians. However there were other Indians who recognized the plant. For instance Maggie Jack, of Manhattan, had seen the plant growing along a trail leading to South Twin River and she had heard of its use as a tuberculosis medicine. Long Haired Bill, of Monitor Valley, said that the Shoshones of Death Valley in California employed the decoction regularly to treat tuberculosis. FRASERA ALBOMARGINATA var, INDUTA (Tidestr.)Card Gentianaceae (no name known) The roots are boiled to make an eyewash (Beatty - S). 76 FRASEHA SPECIOSA Dougl* Gentianaceae (S) coo-see div-oh-sawa. (E) deer’s tongue. The Shoshone word ’d_iv-oh-savva’ more properly belongs to Varatrum californicum, a plant having reputed contraceptive properties. In fact the literal meaning of the word is ’sterile' or ’childless woman’. The Indians offer no explanation for applying the name to the Frasera, unless it be due to a fancied resemblance between the two plants. The decoction of the Erasers roots is taken as a tonic for any general weakness or feeling of illness. The dose is said to be a half-cupful taken 'once in a while.’ (Manhattan - S). GILIA AGGREGATA (Pursh) Spreng. Polemoniaceae (P) pah-wah-gopish; para-give; soh-noy tah-cun-oh-quah. (S) enga-mo-wanya; enga-mutz-oh-y-newie; tem-piute; tin-ah-piute. (E) scarlet gilia; timpiute. The Paiute word, ’soh-noy tah-cun-oh-quah’ means - ’little bird food’, while the Shoshone ’enga-mutz-oh-y-newie’ means - 'red flowers hanging down on each side of stem'. For this reason it may be that neither is to be considered as a specific Indian name for this particular plant. An amusing sidelight to be noted is that practically all of the Shoshones, when questioned, recognized this plant immediately as 'the big Paiute bad disease medicine’, while on the other hand scarcely any of the Paiutes would admit that they had ever seen the plant or that it had any use. By far the principal employment of the plant, in the Shoshone 77 communities at least, is for the treatment of venereal diseases, both gonorrhea and syphilis being mentioned in this connection. The whole plant is boiled for the purpose and the solution can be taken as a tea or used as a wash. The Indians agreed that a long period of treatment was necessary to effect a cure. The dosage, when indicated, varied from a half-cupful three times daily (Upper Reese River) to a half-cupful once a day (Peavine Creek). See also under Ephedra viridis. Both Paiutes and Shoshones, throughout the State, use the plant as an emetic and physic. For this purpose the whole plant, or sometimes the root only, is boiled to make the tea. A half-cup- ful was the usual dose. Scattered reports indicated that a brew from the whole plant was taken as a blood tonic (Austin and Upper Reese River - S), a drink'for colds was prepared from boiled roots (Nixon - P), or a decoction of the whole plant was a disinfectant wash for the itch (Upper Reese River - S). The whole plant is crushed and made into a poultico for rheu- matic aches (Lida - S). As a medicine to induce vomiting, see under Aquilegia formosa. CILIA CONGESTA Hook. Polemoniaceae (P) quoy-hee nooma natiz-u-ah. (S) bas-oh-nup; be-he- vah; bee-ah-du-hu; bee-hee-vah; hoe-ni; hoo-na; hoo-ni; sail-tone-zee; sah-tone-zee-yung* (W) wem-see. From the data secured it would appear that this is a plant em- ployed predominantly by the Shoshones, there being but two reports from the other tribes. During the interviews, about half of the Shoshones indicated that a decoction of the plant was taken as a blood tonic, or as many of them expressed it - fto clean the blood1. There is reason to believe that in these cases the answers were dis- simulative due to modesty. In other words, these people were asham- ed to say frankly that the decoction was used for venereal diseas- es. The experience with one family in Ely would tend to prove this point because upon meeting them the first year as strangers, they gave the stock answer - *to clean the bloodf in describing the med- icinal properties of the plant, out in the second encounter with the same people they admitted that the members of the colony employ- ed the plant in the treatment of venereal diseases. In five localities the treatment was mentioned definitely in re- lation to gonorrhea (Austin, Elko, Moapa, Smokey Valley, end Tonopah - P & S), and at Moapa the informant remarked that the medicine would not serve for syphilis. The data from the remainder of the lo calities were not specific and indicated the treatment to be merely for venereal disease (Beatty, Monitor Valley, Owyhee, Round Mount- ain, Tonopah, and Upper Reese River - S). Ordinarily the treatment consists of drinking the decoction but usually no exact dosage was indicated. One Indian said that the drink should be taken a half-cupful at a time over a. long period (Upper Reese River - S), while another remarked that often the twigs of Ephedra nevadensis are added to the brew in order to 79 lessen the disagreeable flavor of the medicine (Moapa - P). The same man went on to say that the tea must be taken hot but that the patient must lie down afterward to prevent nosebleed and also so that the medicine not act as an emetic. According to still others the plant can be mashed with raw Penstemon deustus and applied as a wash to dry up gonorrhea (Smokey Valley - S); or the plant alone, mashed to make a poultice, will heal venereal sores or eruptions (Elko - S). All of the Indians employ the plant as a physic and emetic, in fact it may be that these are the properties of the medicine which are utilized in the relief of a number of disorders, such as colds, diarrhea, indigestion, and stomach trouble. The decoction was mentioned specifically in treating influenza (Reese River and Smokey Valley - S), one Indian claiming that it was a better medicine than that prepared from Leptotaenia multifida. He said the dose was a cupful at a time taken two days in success- ion. The decoction was taken for liver trouble (Ruby Valley - S) and for kidney complaint (Ely - S). For dropsy the tea was drunk and poultices of the crushed plant applied (Dresslerville -W). The boiled decoction, or sometimes the cold water infusion, also served as an eyewash (Beatty and Upper Reese River - S). The decoction is considered to be beneficial as an antiseptic wash for wounds, cuts, bruises, pimples, and sores (Austin, Beatty, and Smokey Valley - S). An outstanding case was cited as an example in which the patient had been afflicted for two years with chronic ulcers. It was claimed that a cure was completed in a month by- external and internal treatments with the decoction, alternating with short exposures to sunshine (Austin - S). The plant is boiled, drained, mashed and used as a plaster for erysipelas, especially of the face (Upper Reese River - S). Poul- tices of the raw, crushed plant aid the healing of back sores of horses (Elko - S). * GILIA EREIvUCA var. ARIZONICA Craig Polemoniacnao (P) eck-quee-hu-binga. The steeped plants are employed as a tea for tuberculosis of children (Nixon and Reese River - P). GILIA EREMICA var. ZIONIS Craig Polemoniaceae A single report indicated that the plant decoction was taken as a stomach medicine and to stop diarrhea (Summit Lake - P)• GILIA FILIFOLIA var. SPARSIFLORA (Eastw.) Macbr. Polemoniaceae (P) sigh-yah-gava; si-yea-gum; too-bee man-a-ba; too-bee too-ben-aba; too-man-aba. (S) din-ah-ee-goom; duh-na-ee- go; duh-nah-eye-go. Paiutes and Shoshones in general recognize this plant as the one employed in making the decoction which is taken either as a physic or emetic. Apparently the medicine has a drastic action and for this reason the dose is usually indicated to be less than one-half a cupful. Aside from the purpose mentioned above there were only two other remedies mentioned; the decoction was taken as a drink for venereal disease (Tonopah - S) and Johnnie McCann claimed that the boiled plants used as a tub bath would relieve rheumatic pains (Upper Reese River - S). GILIA PUNGENS (Torr.) Benth. Polemoniaceae (S) duh-nah-eye-gum; tin-ah-ee-go. Our data would show that only a few Shoshones know this plant and that it is employed only as a wash for swellings or soreness of the eyes. Two said that the whole plant was boiled for this pur- pose (Austin and Beatty), while two others specified a decoction of the roots only (Fallon and Tonopah). One prepares a cold water in- fusion by merely soaking the roots and stems (Lida). GRINDELIA SQUARROSA var. SERRULATA (Rydb.) Steyerm. Compositae (P) oha tonega; sah-nah tonegan. (s) sah-nah cav-oh-no-ah; sah-nah-goop-ah-rah; woh-ah-gum. (E) gum plant. There is another species, Grindelia nana Nutt., which occurs in the State together with the one named above and apparently the Indians do not distinguish between the two and employ both indis- criminately in their remedies. The plant decoction, according to a number of Indians, was of value in curing smallpox; the doses were small but were taken regu- larly every day (Elko and Ruby Valley - S). At the latter place, it was specified that the dose should be one teaspoonful, three 82 times a day. The dose for measles, was less than a half-cupful, three times daily (Ruby Valley - S). In the treatment for venereal disease same solution was in- dicated although the amount to be taken varied from ’small doses’ to a half or two cups daily (Elko, Ruby Valley, and Wells - S). Most of the people explained also that in the case of this disease, a long period of time was required for the treatment. For pneumonia it seemed that the younger, more resinous, por- tions of the plant were preferred for the decoction (Fallon and Owyhee - P). The dosage was said to be less than a half-cupful, taken hot. The decoction is said to be a good expectorant and for this reason is popular as a cough medicine (Elko, Owyhee, Ruby Valley, and Tonopah - P & S), The tea is taken also as a remedy for several other disorders; for bladder trouble (Elko and Owyhee - P & S); for stomach-ache or as an emetic (Lida and Wells - S). A poultice of the boiled plant serves for swellings (Ruby Valley - S). In the same community was cited the case of a patient with a broken leg bone* Warm poultices were applied on the wound, being changed every day for four weeks. Also the solution in which the plant had been boiled was used as an antiseptic wash to aid in the healing. GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby Compos it ae (S) see-gupe; too-goot-se-ooh-goope; toom-bee-see-bupe. 83 (E) snakeweed. The Indian word ’see-gune’, in its variable spellings, is a general term applied to several shrubby plants with yellow flowers, such as Chrysothamnus or Tetradymia. One informant used the boiled leaves, wrapped in a cloth, as a poultice for sprains or rheumatism. It was said that the applica- tion created enough heat to burn the skin (Summit Lake - P}„ There was one report that the decoction of the plant could be taken as an aid in curing a cold (Austin - S). As an antiseptic wash for measles the plant was boiled with finely cut needles of Pinun (Austin - S). To stop a nosebleed, one Indian claimed that the boiled leaves, applied in a wet cloth to the top of the head, would suffice (Nixon - P). HEDEOMA NANA (Torr.) Eriq., Menthaceae (E) pennyroyal. One Indian made a drink from the boiled plant as a physic and for indigestion (Beatty - S). HELIANTHELIIA UNI FLORA (Nutt.) T. & G. Compositae (P) ah-kuh. (S) ah-kuh; ah-kuk. (E) little sunflower. The word ’ah-kuh’ is applied to other sunflower-like plants with large, edible seed. The root only is employed, usually as a poultice. In one case the mashed substance was heated on the stove and applied hot for swellings and sprains (Fallon - P)• In another the substance was used without heating as a counter-irritant for rheumatism of the shoulder or knee (Beowawe - S). A cold water infusion of the mashed root when used as a wash or in a cold compress gives relief from headache (Austin - S). HELIAHTHUS ANNUUS L. Compos it ae (P) bah-kuk. (E) common sunflower. In a single instance the root decoction was reported to be em- ployed as a warm wash for rheumatism (Smith Valley - P). HELIOTROPIUM CURASSAVICUM Boraginaceae var. OCULATUM (Heller) Tidestr. (P) tube-manabe; tu-ma-nabe. (S) i-yah-oh-ho; i-yah-oh-ho; tu-man-ah-be. (E) heliotrope. Anna Downington, a Paiute of the Reno colony, said that the word - 1tube-manabe * meant - ’growing among rocks’ and that prob- ably it was not the real Paiute name for the plant. In one locality a number of Indians were in agreement that a decoction of the plant was administered as a tea in case of reten- tion of urine (Beatty - P & S). Two informants specified that only the roots were to be used. Only small quantities of the potion are needed and it is said that th» action is quite rapid. One Indian woman boiled only the tops of the plant to make a potion which is believed to be an aid in measles by bringing out the skin eruptions (Lida - S). One family claims that the boiled solution can be administered for venereal disease (Beatty - S). 85 The root decoction was reported once as a gargle for sore throat (Beatty - P & S). Emetic properties also are assigned to the decoction in some communities (Beatty, Fallon, Schurz, Winnemucca, and Yerington - P & S). HERACIEUM LANATUM Michx. Umbelliferae (P) bee-ah-bogo; dotse-toneg-e-ga; pi-yah-pah. (S) be-ah boh-quah; boh-quah. (W) comb-ho. (E) cow parsnip. In the few sources of data relative to this plant there were only two in which the remedy was the same. Members of two different tribes treat toothache by inserting pieces of the raw root in tooth cavities to stop the pain (Austin, Dresslerville, and Gardnerville - S & W). For sore throat the raw root was mashed, soaked in water, and the infusion used as a gargle and the mashed root substance was applied as a poultice around the throat (Austin - S). A method of preparing a remedy for coughs and chest colds con- sisted of burning whiskey in a saucer to remove the alcohol, then boiling it with roots of the plant and taking the decoction as a tea. For head colds there was recommended the inhalation of smoke from roots, mixed and burned with the pitch of Pinus monophylla (Austin - S). Other scattered data indicated that a half-cupful of the root decoction as a tea would stop diarrhea (Gardnerville and Dressler- ville - W), or that the same decoction, if taken over a long period 86 of time, would cure tuberculosis (Round Mountain - S) , that the mashed roots served as a poultice for rheumatism (Winnemucca - P), and that a salve made from the root would aid in healing wounds (Owyhee - P). HERMEDIUM ALIPES S. Wats* Hyctaginaceae (P) he-wov-bee; hewovey, (E) four-o’clock. This is employed commonly by the Paiutes in the treatment of headaches; in fact, the remedy name applied by them to the plant is ’spee-ge-nooma na-tiz-u-ah’ meaning - ’headache medicine’. The us- ual method consists in using the hot or warm water from the boiled root as a wash for the head (Fallon, Schurz, and Yerington). Only two individuals claimed that the solution could be given as a tea for headaches (Fallon and Schurz). In these same two communities an additional aid for curing headaches consisted in making conw presses or poultices of the fresh crushed leaves to bind on the head. The root solution was employed as a wash on the face and head for delirium (Reno) and to relieve neuralgia (Fallon). For faint- ing spells, dizziness and nausea the wash could be applied exter- nally to the head or a half-cupful of the solution administered as a tea (Schurz). For healing purposes the peeled roots were dried, pulverized, and the powder applied dry to sores (Reno and Yerington), made into a paste for burns (Hawthorne), or into a wash for impetigo (Schurz), The mashed leaves are sometimes made into poultices for swell- ings (Schurz). A single report indicated that less than one-fourth cupful of the solution from hoiled roots would act as a physic (Fallon), Apparently the Shoshones are addicted to physic medicines while on the contrary the Paiutes appear to use such remedies infrequently. HEUCHERA RUEESCENS Torn. Saxifragaceae (S) toya-dimba-wah-rumb; zee-guoy. (E) alum root. The two names given above were not used by three of the groups from whom data was secured; instead, they knew the plant by the term - * be-ah nut-zoo* which signifies merely - fbig medicinef. This is rather curious because ordinarily if a plant is not called by its own name the Indian substitutes one of the specific remed- ial terms, A tonic from the boiled roots is used a great deal in some families for general systemic debility (Elko - S), sometimes even being prepared in quantity and bottled. The dose is a half-cupful every day. According to one report the root decoction is quite effective in reducing high fevers (Round Mountain and Smokey Valley - S), The dose is a half-cupful given three times daily. There were two reports of the root decoction being taken as a cure for venereal disease, the dose in one case being a half-cupful each morning (Hawthorne and Manhattan - P & S). The boiled root decoction in one instance was taken as a tea for heart trouble (Beatty - S), A cold water infusion from the soaked roots served as an eye- wash (Fallon - P). The same cold water infusion was taken in an unspecified amount to stop diarrhea, and in ’small doses’ for sev- eral days to relieve liver trouble or biliousness (Beowawe - S)• Soaked roots were given to horses and cows for cramps (Beowawe - S). A wash for saddle sores on horses was made from mashed and boiled leaves (Tonopah - S). HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR van. DUMOSUS (Nutt, ex Hook.) Dip. Rosaceae (P) oh-na-nut-tiz-u-wabbe; tah-see-vuh; wah-poose-oh-guay. (S) tot-zip; toya-huhnabbe. (E) rock spirea. In the treatment of venereal disease, one informant recommended that a cup of the decoction from boiled leaves be taken three times a day (Manhattan - S) while another varied by using only the stem decoction, the dose being less than a half-cupful daily (Smokey Val- ley - S). In both cases the treatment needed a long period of time. A decoction made from the leaves and stems was taken as a dose of a half-cupful for stomach-aches (Smokey Valley - S), or a decoc- tion of the boiled roots as a remedy both for stomach disorders and to stop diarrhea (Nixon - P), However, a half-cupful of decoction from the leaves acted as an emetic (Round Mountain - S). Tea from boiled stems helped to cure colds (Mason Valley - P). One woman prepared an antiseptic wash for external purposes by boiling together leaves, flowers and upper stems (Lida - S). She also employed the solution internally to treat a vague condition arising from an undefined cause. The feeling was that of internal organs having swollen thus causing such symptoms as shortness of 89 breath and the inability to bend over or to lie down. For this condition the tea was taken in doses of one-half to a full cup, three times a day for a week. HYPERICUM SCOULERI Hook. Guttiferae (P & S) andra-vitch-gwanna. (E) St. John's wort. All but one of the remedies obtained from this plant were for external applications. In two communities the water from boiled plants was used as a bath for aching feet (Eureka and Wells - P & S). As a healing agent for sores, or to reduce swellings, the boil- ed plant was applied direct or as a poultice (Ruby Valley and Wells - S); for cuts or bullet wounds the dried plant was pulverized and applied as a powder (Upper Reese River - S). The dried root was kept at hand, in one household, as a tooth- ache remedy but the manner of application was not revealed (Beowawe - S). As a remedy for venereal disease a tea was prepared from the tops and taken in doses of less than a half-cupful daily over a long period of time (Ruby Valley - S). IRIS MISSOURISNSIS Nutt. Iridaceae (p) pah-see-toob-ah; poo-gocey-roop; poo-gooey-rub. (S) pah-sag-ee-dah; pah-sag-ee-duh; pah-sag-e-dump; pah- sag-gee-gee; sag-e-dunp. (E) wild iris. The most extensive use for this plant is as a toothache remedy being so reported from most of the Paiute and Shoshone communities. 90 The usual procedure was merely to insert entire pieces, or a por- tion of the pulped, raw root directly in the tooth cavity, but some of the people said that the pulped root would serve just as well if placed against the gum. Information secured during the first year of this work included statements from several Indians that the root decoction was a specific remedy for gonorrhea (Austin, Elko, Ft. McDermitt, Owyhee, and Ruby Valley - P & S) but the data was not subsequently verified, the nearest approach being a single record in which the pulped root was applied as a salve on venereal sores (Stillwater - S). For bladder trouble the roots were boiled to produce a whiskey- colored liquid, with a bitter taste, but no dosage was indicated (Ft, McDermitt and Stewart - P). The only other internal remedy employing the decoction, was for stomach-aches, less than a half- cupful being drunk as a warm tea (Ruby Valley and Winnemucca - P & S). To cure earaches a little of the boiled root solution was drop- ped, a small quantity at a time, into the ear. The liquid was ap- plied luke warm (Fallon and Ruby Valley - P & S). There was a single instance of treating rheumatic pains with a poultice of the mashed roots (Manhattan - S). The seed though generally considered to be poisonous, were ad- ministered as a paste to sores (Smith Valley - P) and to burns (Battle Mountain - S), In both cases ripe seed were specified. IV A AXILLARIS Pursh Compositae (P) quee-duh-tee-nava; too-ha-babba. (S) du-du-zip; too- du-zip. (E) poverty weed. 91 From this very common weed, the Shoshones secure one of their favorite remedies for stomach-aches or cramps (Battle Mountain, Belmont, Beowawe, Eureka, Round Mountain, Ruby Valley, and Wells - S). It is recommended especially for young children. The solu- tion is prepared variously, by boiling or steeping the whole plant, only the roots, or leafy stems. Although the dosage was not always indicated, it was sometimes said to be a half-cupful, or a small or a weak dose. The same decoction was an important remedy among most of the Shoshones in treating diarrhea, the dosage being much the same as that indicated for stomach-aches. In addition the tea was mentioned twice as being suitable for curing children’s colds (Eureka - S). According to one report the root can be eaten raw, roasted or boiled for indigestion (Round Mountain - S). The Faiutes, apparently, favor the plant for external purposes only and even then infrequently. The leaves alone are utilized: mashed as a plaster for sores, boiled as a wash for sores and skin irritations, or they may be rubbed vigorously on rashes and itches (Lovelock and Schurz - P). JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS var. SAXATILIS Pall. Pinaceae (Moapa P) pah-wap-o-ruitz. (P) dootsie pah-wap-pee; wah- pee, (S) mah-hav-wa. (E) alpine juniper. It is said that the young growth from the ends of the branches, when boiled, produces a reddish liquid. This ic taken as a potion in small quantities as a blood tonic (Beatty - S). 92 The solution from boiled twigs is taken as a cold tea for venereal disease (Moapa - F). In one family the fruits are dried, the fleshy outer portion discarded, and the seed eaten every day as a blood tonic, and es- pecially for lumbago (Schurz - P). JUNIPEHUS MONOSPERMA. (Engelm.) Sarg. Pinaceae (P) wah-pee. (S) sah-mah-be. (E) one-seeded juniper. A remedy for colds is prepared by boiling one cup of the young twigs in a quart of water. The solution is drunk freely. In add- ition fumes from burning branches may be inhaled (Reno - P & S). The same two tribes in this vicinity are known to relieve the dis- comfort of measles by rubbing heated twigs on the eruptions. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS Hook. Pinaceae (P) wah-pee; wah-puee. (S) sah-mah-be; sam-ah-boo* (W) puh-ahl. (E) western juniper. See under Juniperus utahensis. JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM Sarg, Pinaceae (P) bah-sah-mabe; bas-um-ah-be. (E) rocky mountain red cedar. A single report indicated that the terminal twigs were boiled to make a tea. This was taken internally in the usually indicated dosage of less than a half-cup daily over a long period for vene- real disease (Elko - S). JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS (Engelm,) Lemmon Pinaceae (P) wall-pee; wah-puee, (S) sahn-ah-poh; san-ah-boe, (W) puh-ahl. (E) Utah juniper* This species of juniper has a wide distribution in Nevada and is the one most commonly encountered, Where the other species- coincide in range with this one it is apparent that the Indians do not always distinguish among them. At any rate the Indians names and the remedial applications are much the same for all the species. With this in mind it is to be assumed that the data presented in this report under Juniperus utahensis can apply equally to J, occi- dentalis. The Shoshones and Paiutes are partial to this plant as the basis cf cold and cough remedies. Usually a tea is made simply by boiling the young, terminal twigs but there were some variations, such as adding the berries to the brew (Ruby Valley - S) or even using the boiled berries only (Fallen - P), and one report suggest- ed the use of green fruits (Stewrart - P). According to one report the leaves were smoked and the fumes inhaled for head colds (Summit Lake - P), For other admixtures see under Artemisia tridentata, Pinus menophylla, Salvia carnose, Tetradymia comosa and Wyethia mollis. The decoction of young twigs serves also for a number of other ailments. It is taken internally as a tea for a blood tonic (Sch- urz - P), as a general tonic (Elko and Wells - S), as a hot tea for hemorrhages (Fallon - P), to reduce fevers (Smith Valley - P), for stomach-aches (Mason Valley and Smith Valley- P), for kidney trou- ble (Elko - P & S), and for influenza (Mason Valley - P)• For this last disease see also Leptotaenia mult ifIda, For smallpox and kidney ailments see under Dale a polyadenia, A plain twig decoction was given for venereal disease (Battle Mountain and Fallon - P & S) but one remedy was made by boiling the resin of either Pinus monophylla or Abies concolor with the cracked juniper berries (Schurz - P), A cold water infusion of finely ground terminal twigs was strain- ed, and the solution taken internally to rid the alimentary tract of worms (Elko - S). The finely ground twigs, also, were heated over a fire and bound in a hot cloth against the neck for a sore throat. The material was reheated from time to time (Smokey Valley - S) • In a similarly prepared treatment, the leaves were pounded up, moistened and tied in a cloth with a hot rock. This was held to the jaw for swollen and sore gums, or for toothaches (Beatty - S). Other external remedies utilizing the twigs were reported, A strong solution of the boiled material was esteemed as an antiseptic wash for measles and smallpox (Battle Mountain and Monitor Valley - S) or for sores (Lovelock - P). The mashed young twigs were made into poultices for burns (Ruby Valley - S), and for swellings (Austin and Eureka - P & S), or the sane material when boiled served as a poultice for rheumatism and the cooled solution used as a wash (Schurz - P), In a number of settlements the branches (or once the berries only) were burned as a fumigant after illness (Dresslerville, Fal- lon, Gardnerville, Monitor Valley, and Upper Reese River - P, S & W)• The fumes from burning twigs, when inhaled, were believed to 95 clear up headaches and colds (Dresslerville, Fallon, and Gardner- ville - P & W). For treatment of boils see under Pinus monophylla. The preparation of the Indian sweat bath was described by indiv- iduals in two localities. In this instance the treatment was recom- mended for rheumatism or heavy cclds. A fire was kept burning in a specially made excavation until the ground became heated. The fire was then raked out and replaced with a layer of young juniper twigs. The patient reclined on top and was covered with blankets to induce sweating (Nixon and Schurz - P). The root of the plant was mentioned but once and in that in- stance it was said that the dried material was shaved finely and boiled as a tea to be taken for venereal disease (Schurz - P), The boiled berries were taken as a tea for kidney ailment, and especially to induce urination (Lovelock, Reno, Ruby Valley, and Stewart - P & S). The method of preparation, as described in one of these reports, consisted in boiling nine berries in a quart of water. The dose was a half-cupful three to four times a day. In one remedy the green berries were recommended for making the tea. See also under Pinus monophylla. The liquid from the boiled berries had other uses too. The cold tea, in doses of loss than a half-cupful a day for a week, was a blood tonic (Fallon - P), a cupful daily was taken for heart trouble (Tonopah - S), less than a half-cupful was given for menstrual cramps (Smith Valley - P). For rheumatism the berries were boiled in a small amount of water and the tea taken several times a day; and the solution was applied also as hot packs to the afflicted 96 parts (Hawthorn© - P). KRAMEPIA GPAYI Rose & Painter Leguininosa© (Moapa P) nah-kah-vah dah-tohnub. (s) nah-gee too-nah-nib. Only the root is used. It can be boiled and the decoction em- ployed as a wash or, when dried and pulverized, applied as a powder to sores (Moapa - P), The root is ground and made into a cold water infusion as a wash for swellings (Beatty - S) and also for gonorrheal sores and gonor- rheal eye infections (Las Vegas - P). An Indian at this last named town also claimed that the decoction could be taken internally for gonorrhea, LARPEA DIVARICATA Cav. Zygophyllaceae (Moapa ?) yeli-temp, (S) ya-temp, (E) creosote bush. This shrub, occuring commonly in the southern part of Clark County, is the most favored source of remedies by the local Indians. At Beatty, the Shoshones drink a tea from boiled leaves for venereal disease, for colds, and to stimulate urination. At Moapa, the Paiutes consider the plant to be a cure-all. For rheumatism the leaves are soaked in water and the liquid used in the form of a bath or wash, and the same procedure serves for chicken poz, A tea from boiled leaves is taken internally for colds and for bowel cramps. For sores the leaves are dried, pulver- ized and then sprinkled on as a powder. At Moapa also, some of the Paiutes boil the leaves of the plant 97 with Ephedra nevadensis to make a tea which is taken internally for gonorrhea. The same decoction, but more condensed, is mixed with badger oil to make a slave for burns. It is said to aid in the formation of the new skin. LEPTOTAENIA MULTIFIDA Nutt. Umbe Hi ferae (P) toh-aw-sav-ve; toh-sa; toh-sah-ah; toh-sup. (S) toh-aw-sa-ve; toh-sah; toh-sup. (W) dosa; doza. (E) cough root; Indian balsam. For the preparation of medicinal remedies this plant is by far the best known in the State of Nevada, being used both by the Indi- ans and the whites. All Indian communities endeavor to maintain a stock to last through the winter months, for which purpose the root is peeled, sliced and laid away to dry. A number of years ago it was possible to purchase in local drugstores a commercial preparation of the plant under the name of *Balsamea1, Of all the ailments to which the Indian is heir, probably there is none which has not been treated in one way or another by reme- dies prepared from the root of this plant. Although considered universally as a panacea, the medicines most commonly used are for coughs and colds, and disorders such as hayfever, bronchitis, in- fluenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. The more generally used remedy for such ailments is prepared by merely boiling the dried root and administering the decoction as a tea, A favorite method for relieving congestion of the lungs or of the nasal passages, and also for asthma, is to smoke the pulverized roots (sometimes mixed with tobacco) in cigarettes or in pipes. See also under Nicotiana attenuata. Another method is to inhale the fumes of the root which is burning in a bed of live coals. Some people attempt to improve this type of remedy by mixing the root with parts of other plants; for instance in the preparation just described, it is cus- tomary sometimes to add resin of Pinus monophylla to the burning roots (Austin and Summit Lake - P), In this connection, a Paiute at Austin, said that the pitch is mixed with the finely cut root and then thrown into a bed of live coals. The patient arranges a cloth over his head and loans over the burning material to inhale the fumes. Frequently raw pieces of root are chewed for sore throat. The root segments of the Leptotaenia are mixed with those of Osmorhiza occidentalis and boiled to make a decoction which is taken as a tea for colds (Elko, Ruby Valley, and Smith Valley - P & S), for sore throat (Yerington - P), for pneumonia (Elko and Ruby Valley - S), and for influenza (Battle Mountain - S). In another combination they are boiled with young, terminal twigs of Juniperus ut aliens is to make a tea for influenza (Manhattan - S). Also for influenza see under Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. For colds and pneumonia see also Artemisia tridentata. A treatment for gonorrhea suggests a combination of the Lepto- taenia roots with plants of Achillea lanulosa. They are boiled to- gether and the liquid taken as a tea (Ft. McDermitt - P). There were other similar treatments for unspecified venereal diseases: the Leptotaenia root alone was boiled to make a tea (Lovelock and 99 Wells - P & S), or boiled with roots of Osmorhiza occldentalis (Fallon - P), or the fresh roots were boiled with those of Rumex venosus (Nixon - P). This last was claimed to be an unfailing cure. The root is also the basis of a number of antiseptics. The de- coction can be employed as an external wash for smallpox (Duck- water - P & S) and sometimes the leaves also are added to the brew (Ely - P & S). As a healing agent for skin rashes, cuts or sores the decoction of the boiled root may be used as a wash (Mason Val- ley - P) or the raw root may be pulped and applied directly for cuts (Winnemucca - P), or even the freshly cut slices may be placed cn sores and then dusted with a fine red earth known as fpee-sha-peef (Reno - P), In still other communities the oily sap from the sliced fresh roots is carefully gathered and used on cuts and sores (Dresslerville, Gardnerville, Nixon, and Reno - P, S & W) or if fresh roots are not available the dry roots are boiled and the oil skimmed from the surface of the water. This same oil is employed for trachctaa or gonorrheal infections of the eye, using one drop of the oil in each eye (Elko - S). Formerly in some communities the fresh root was ground to a pulp and applied to the severed umbilical cords of new-born babies (Dresslerville and Gardnerville - W). For swellings, sprains or rheumatism the crushed root, raw or boiled, can be utilized as a poultice and sometimes, as an addi- tional measure, the water from the boiled root served for a wash (Reno, Owyhee, and Smith Valley - P & S)• 100 A number of different settlements cure distemper of horses with this root (Elko, Ely, Nixon, Schurz, and Tonopah - P & S). Ordinarily the method is to run the horse to accelerate the breath- ing, then the animal is forced to inhale fumes from the burning roots by placing the smoldering material in a bucket and covering the horse’s head with a cloth, or better yet, to employ a nosebag. Some of the Indians amplify the remedy by adding parts of other plants, such as roots of Angelica breweri, or resin of Pinus mono- phylla (Elko - S). LEUCOCRINUM MONTANUM Nutt. Liliaceae (P & S) see-goo-ah-gump. (E) sage lily; sand lily. Only one individual was encountered who knew a remedial appli- cation of this plant. According to him the roots are ground to a soapy consistency and placed directly on sores or swellings (Owyhee - P & S). LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS Torr. Pineceae (P) pah-wah-pee. (E) California incense cedar. There was secured but one report of a remedy and that of a rather dubious efficacy. Some families are said to make a tea from the boiled twigs and bark, this being taken as a protection against infection from any contagious disease such as smallpox (Reno - P), LIG-USTICIM FILICINUM S. Wats, Ifcnbelliferae (P) wadda-e-gopa. (E) lovage. 101 It was rather obvious that the Indians do not always distin- guish between this and other closely related plants. Even the Paiute name ’wadda-e-gopa’ meaning - ’chipmunk tongue1 is assigned to at least three different plants. According to Anna Downington, a Paiute woman of the Reno Col- ony, the root of this plant can be made into a cough remedy, LINUM LEWISII Pursh Linaceae (P) booie-ah-nooma; booie na-tizuah; po-eena-tiz-uah. (S) boo-ee nut-tab-zoom; boo-ee nut-zoo; boo-eep nut-zoo; poo-ena nut-tiz-zooh. (E) wild flax. This plant is known to the Paiutes and Shoshones throughout the State as the source of a remedy to treat sore eyes, in fact, some of the names usually applied to the plant mean, ’when trans- lated, ’eye medicine’. There are various methods for preparing the eye wash: the whole plant is mashed and soaked in cold water (Elko - S); the whole plant is boiled (Ely - P & S); the tops of the plant are soaked in cold water (Fallon - P); or the tops are steeped slightly (Smith Valley - P); the leaves may be boiled (Summit Lake - P) or only steeped (Stillwater - S); and finally, only the boiled roots are employed (Beatty - S). Another remedy, also rather generally known, consists in making poultices of the crushed fresh leaves to reduce swellings (Ft. Mc- Dermitt, Owyhee, and Summit Lake - P & S). According to one report both the stems and leaves are employed for this purpose (Winnemucca - P). 102 Poultices were especially employed for goiter (Summit Lake - P) and for gall trouble (Austin - S). At Austin it is claimed that the plant is used for this purpose only, the poultice being applied externally over the region of the gall bladder. The Shoshones here call the plant ’boo-eep nut-zoo’ meaning - ’gall medicine’. LITHOSPERMUM RUDERALE Dougl. Boraginaceae (S) nem-ish-aw; ncm-ish-aw. (e) gromwell; stoneseed. Among most of the Shoshones the root of the plant is a favor- ite remedy for diarrhea. For this purpose the root may be boiled or soaked in water. The potion is considered to be especially helpful in stopping bloody diarrhea. In one settlement it is believed that the plant has contra- ceptive properties (Owyhee - S), It is said that the cold water infusion from the roots, taken daily as a drink for a period of six months, will insure sterility thereafter, LUPINUS spp. Leguminosae (P) quee-duh-kwana. (s) quee-duh-quen-ah. (E) lupine. Data was secured from only two places and in both the plant was employed as a remedy for failure in urination (Beatty and Owyhee - P & S). LYGODESMIA SPINOSA Nutt. Compositae (P) i-goon-zon-um; pee-ee-ah-gub; see-ko-pe; too-man-abbe; 103 too-wan-oo-pah. (S) tah-be-sen-a-goh; tin-ah-ee-go. (W) wa-ha-nane. (E) Indian gum plant; skeleton weed. This plant is host known to the Indians for the rubber-like exudate which is collected from the stems and roots and used as chewing gum. A cottony fuzz is gathered from the base of the plant and plac- ed on boils and running sores to promote healing (Fallon, Schurz, Smith Valley, and Yerington - P). One informant claimed that the fuzz was inserted sometimes in tooth cavities but no explanation was given to this action (Schurz - P). A few scattered Indians employ the plant for other remedial purposes but there is no agreement among the data thus obtained, each person having a different purpose in mind. The boiled roots, often mixed with other plants, are employed as a tea, taken inter- nally as a tonic (Ely - S); the same solution used hot as a wash was said to reduce swelling (Hawthorne - P); or a solution prepar- ed by boiling the tops of the plant was taken internally to stop vomiting (Austin - S) as a physic and emetic, or to stop diarrhea (Schurz - P) and finally as an eyewash (Beatty - S). MAHRDBIXH VULGARE L. Menthaceae (P) quee-ban-oob. (E) horehound. Whipping aching portions of the body with the branches served as a counter-irritant to stimulate blood circulation, according to data from one settlement (Schurz - P), IQif MENTHA. CANADENSIS L. Menthaceae (P) pah-quanna; pah-quanna-ah; pah-guanna-ah; pah-quaniia- av; guee-boh-nay; toh-see-ten-ava. (S) pah-guanna. (W) pah-da-lo-yi. (E) common wild mint. The most important medicinal use of this mint among the three tribes is in the treatment of stomach-ache, colic of babies, indi- gestion, diarrhea and like disorders. Usually the tea is made from the tops of the plant, although sometimes only the leaves or the roots are utilized. Once it was reported that the medicine was prepared by adding finely ground, ripe seed to a half-cupful of hot water (Fallon - P), The material may be either fresh or dried; in fact, many families lay in a supply of the plant for the winter months. The exact method for making the brew 'was not usually indi- cated, most of the Indians saying merely that the material was boiled and that the tea could be taken either hot or warm, weak or strong. According to one report a half-cupful of the strong tea will stop diarrhea (Dresslerville and Gardnerville - W). The same brew, also taken as a drink, has a widespread employ- ment for a number of other minor disorders such as headaches, colds and fevers. Headaches are further relieved by smelling the crushed leaves, sometimes the leaves being actually inserted in the nostrils (Fal- lon - P), or by binding crushed stems to the head (Fallon and Yer- ington - ?), end finally, by using the solution as a soothing wash (Schurz, Smith Valley, and Yerington - P). In two communities it was considered efficacious to insert 105 crushed leaves in the nostrils to clear up head colds (Nixon and Schurz - P). External applications of the liquid to reduce fevers were prac- ticed (Ely, Owyhee, and Schurz - P & S). In one instance it was reported that the leaves could be chewed for sore throats (Schurz - P), while in two others the crushed leaves were applied as poultices to reduce swellings (Fallon and Moapa - P). 3VDCHULUS GUTTATUS DC. Scrophulariaceae (S) unda-vitch-quanna; pahn-zah-quatum. (E) monkey flower. There are a few scattered areas in which some of the people are said to use the crushed leaves as poultices for wounds or rope burns (Austin, Elko, and Owyhee - S). MONARDELLA ODOHATISSIMA Benth. Menthaceae (P) see-boo moh-goon-up; too-buzz-see-be. (s) guy-moh; toya-abba-hobe. (E) western balm; wild pennyroyal. The remedy most frequently prepared from this plant is a tea taken for colds, as is true also for a number of the other mints in the State. The decoction is greatly favored too for indiges- tion, gas pains or any minor digestive upset. One Indian said that a cupful of the tea from boiled branches would react as a physic (Elko - S); another employed the tea as a general tonic (Battle Mountain - S); still another considered it specifically as a blood tonic (Austin - S); and also the solution was said to be suitable as an eyewash for soreness or inflammation (Fallon and Lovelock - P). NIGOTIANA ATTSNUATA Torr. Solanaceae (P) bah-moh; poo-ee-bah-hoon; poo-ee-bah-moh; poc-wee-buh- hoon; toh-quoh-quah• (S) new-wha bah-hoon; poo-ee-pah; pue-bax. (S) Indian tobacco; wild tobacco. Although ordinarily employed by the Indians as a smoking tobac- co, the plant has a number of remedial applications, most of them being external. A favorite remedy is to apply the crushed leaves as a poultice to reduce swellings, especially those due to rheumatism. (Elko, Schurz, and Winnemucca - P & S), although one Indian used the crushed seed as a liniment for such conditions (Schurz - P). The poultice of crushed leaves was reported in the treatment of toothache by placing the material along the gum (Ruby Valley - S) and the same material was said to serve for eczema or similar skin infections (Winnemucca - P). The chewed leaves are sometimes applied to cuts (Owyhee - P & S), and they are bound on snakebites \ after the poison has been sucked out (Lovelock - P). The decoction from the boiled leaves can be administered as a healing wash for hives or other skin irritations (Owyhee - P & S), and one person claimed that dropsical conditions could be relieved in the same manner (Yerington - P), The pulverized tobacco dust was sprinkled on sores (Nixon and Reno - P). Aside irom smoking the dried leaves for pleasure, some of the Indians believe that it also cures colds (Lovelock, Nixon, and Smith Valley - P), especially if the mixture is enriched with dried Salvia carnosa or with bits of ’toh-sah’ root (Leptotaenia multifida). The addition of the last plant is suitable for asthma (Nixon and Rawhide - P) and especially so for tuberculosis (Reno and Ruby Valley - P & S) * Of remedies to be taken internally there was scant mention. Indians of two tribes reported that a tablespoon of the solution from the boiled leaves, taken three times a day would expel worms (Elko and Ruby Valley - P & S). / A weak solution of the leaves, either boiled or raw, was said to be a physic or an emetic (Hawthorne, Owyhee, and Winnemucca - P & S) . A compound remedy for treatment of a foot infection, ordinari- ly known as athlete’s foot, was described by a Paiute family of Sebum, For this purpose a v;et dressing was made by crushing fresh Nicotiana leaves with the tubers of a plant called ’see- nee buh-buh’. Judging from the description of the plant and its habitat, and from the appearance of the dried tubers, which were seen, it is probably the nut grass, Gyperus esculentus. The nut- grass tubers, sometimes known as ’too-boozie’ are an important item of food among the Paiutes. OPUNTIA RASILARIS Engelra. & Bigel. Cactaceae (S) nah-vomb; wo-gay-be, (E) beavertail cactus. The pulp from the interior of the plant is sometimes scraped out and applied directly as a wet dressing for cuts and wounds {Beatty - S)• The dressing is changed frequently. It is claimed that this treatment deadens the pain and promotes healing. One woman at Lida said that her grandmother had employed this treat- ment , too, hut that the plant used had been s'mne ether species of Opuntia, From this it might be assumed that the pulp from any cactus would suffice. Although not belonging within the scope of the present paper it is of interest to record a method for removing warts and moles. » The fine fuzz-like spines are rubbed into the affected part (Beatty - S). OROBANCHE CALIFORNICA Cham, & Schlecht. Orobanchaceae (P) tue-hoo; too-hoo. (S) doo; too-ee, (E) broomrape. In the course of these studies several species of Orobanche were secured from the Indians but for the sake of brevity all the data is listed here under a single name. It seems certain that all of the species are employed indiscriminately for the purposes of the Indian. The tender portions of the stalk are greatly prized by the Indians as food but there were only meagre reports of medicinal uses. The decoction from either fresh or dry plants was taken as a treatment for colds, pneumonia or pulmonary trouble (Austin, Nixon, and Reno - P), 109 OSMORHIZA OCCIDENTAL!S (Nutt.) Torr. Umbelliferae (P) pah-wah-cape; pah-'wah-c ap i sh; pah-wah-gah-b i sh; wadda- eye-gop; worra-eye-gob. (S) bah-soh-wip; bas-oh-gway; bas-oh-wip. (W) oo-chu-lee mah-too. (E) sweetroot. As a source for remedies, this plant holds high favor among all the Indians. It is employed in much the same manner as Lepto- taenia mult ifida, that is to say the root decoction is taken as a cure for colds and other pulmonary disorders, also for pneumonia and influenza. Sometimes the pulverized root is smoked to clear up a cold (Elko - S) or it is chewed for sore throat (Elko, Ruby Valley, and Schurz - P & S). At Ruby Valley one Shoshone family prepared a tonic from the boiled roots. This, with sugar added, was taken hot to ward off colds and sore throat. The same family administered the hot tea, several teaspoonfuls at a time, for whooping cough. In treating the ailments mentioned above the effect of the remedies are enhanced sometimes by the addition of other plants - see under Artemisia gnaphalode s and Leptotaenia mult ifida. In most communities, the Shoshones and Paiutes look upon the root decoction as an important treatment for venereal disease, although many of the informants indicated that a long period of time was needed for the purpose. The usually indicated dosage was a half-cupful daily. In one locality the solution was prepared merely by soaking the roots in cold water for a day (Upper Reese River - S). See also under Leptotaenia mult ifida. The root decoction is given also to reduce a fever (Fallon, Smith Valley, and Wells - P & S), and in one community to regulate menstrual disorders (Upper Reese River - S). The hot tea, taken in doses of less than a half-cupful at a time is the standard fever remedy among the Paiutes at Fallen. (See also under Artemisia gnaphalodes). The tea can he used also for a number of minor indispositions, such as diarrhea (Elko and Ruby Valley - S) and chills (Fallon - P). Indians all over the State take the tea as a palliative for stomach-aches, gas pains, or indigestion. The tea is said to react either as a mild, or strong physic, depending upon the concentration of the brew. Applied externally as a hot wash, the solution was said to kill head lice of humans (Ruby Valley, Wells, and Winnemucca - P & S), and it was reported once as a dip to kill chicken lice (Owyhee - P). Also the liquid is an external antiseptic for measles (Battle Mountain, Beowawe, and Ely - S), for venereal sores (Reno - P), skin rashes (Fallon - P), and as an eyewash (Elko and Fallon - P & S). The raw roots are pulped, sometimes heated, and applied as a wet dressing for sores, cuts, bruises, swellings, and snake bite (Ely, Lovelock, Manhattan, and Reno - P & S). One report claimed that a piece of the raw root applied to an aching tooth would re- duce the pain (Round Mountain - S) and another that pieces of fresh root inserted in the nostrils would relieve a headache (Wells - S). PAEOIUA BROWNII Dougl. ex Hook, Ranunculaceae (P) bah-tee-pah; bah-tee-pee; bah-tee-vah; pah-too-bah. (S) bah-div-ah; but-tu-vah; pah-dib-ah; pah-nah-din; witch- ah-so-oh. (W) doo-yah-gum-hoo; tue-ago-nomo. (E) wild peony. For internal treatments, the decoction from the boiled roots can be taken for tuberculosis (Dresslerville, Stillwater, and Summit Lake - P, S & W), venereal disease (Manhattan - S) for coughs and nausea (Owyhee - P & S), to stop diarrhea (Elko - S), and for kid- ney trouble (Elko and Winnemucca - P & S). A Shoshone at Elko, claimed that a three year treatment by this method had been success- ful in curing her husband of kidney stones. It might be supposed that the informant was confused as to the exact nature of this dis- ease but in order to illustrate clearly the pains suffered by her husband she picked a stone from the ground and placed it over her left kidney. She said that he had passed such a stone and that he had been very ill. Since that time he has had no further trouble. The root decoction was employed as a lotion for headaches (Heno - W), as a liniment for swellings (Reno - P), and as a gargle for sore throat and as a wash for sore eyes (Wells - S). The eyewash was prepared sometimes merely from a cold infusion of the soaked roots (Battle Mountain and Ely - P & S). The mashed root served as a poultice for boils (Battle Moun- tain - S) and for deep cuts or wounds (Ruby Valley - S). However, a more preferred medication for cuts, wounds, sores, and burns, consists in applying a powder obtained by pulverizing the dried roots (Austin, Battle Mountain, Beowawe, Elko, and Smokey Valley - S). 112 PARRYA MENZIESII (Hook.) Greene Cruciferae (P) toya-hoe-gob. (E) daggerpcd. The Indian name was given by two different Paintes but it is interesting to note that the first syllable ftoyaf means ’moun- tain * in the Shoshone language. The remedial data secured indicated that the boiled roots could be taken as a tonic after childbirth (Winnemucca). PEDICULARIS ATTOLENS A. Gray Scrophulariaceae (W) wem-she. (E) elephant head. One Indian said that a tea from the boiled leaves could be taken as a tonic (Dresslerville - W) while another, although slightly doubtful about the identity of the plant, believed it to be the one employed, raw or boiled, as a poultice for cuts, sores, and swellings (Dresslerville and Gardnerville - W). PEDICULARIS CEMRATTIHERA A. Gray Scrophulariaceae (S) gooie-took-ie. (E) elephant head. A single report indicated that the root was boiled to make a tea which is given to children for stomach-aches (We11s - S). PENSTEMON DSUSTUS Dcugl. ex Lindl, Scrophulariaceae (P) too-buzz-sah-wop; too-buzz-see-bee. (S) dim-bah- sego; dim-bah-shego; toe-buzz-see-bee. (E) white penstemon. Often the plant is known to the Shoshones under the name 113 ’tim-bah-hay nut-zoo* meaning ’bad disease medicine’. Apparently it is one of the more important remedies for venereal diseases. Medicine men collect the plant, grind it to a fine powder and sell it to other Indians in small quantities for as much as five dollars. Since the material is finely powdered, the uninformed Indians are unable to recognize the plant and thus the source of income for the medicine man is secure. Great interest was dis- played whenever a group of Indians were shown a pressed specimen of the whole plant. For venereal diseases the plant has a number of different applications. In two reports the whole plant was brewed and taken internally as a tea (Wells - S). A solution of boiled stems and leaves served as a douche for both men and women (Tcnopah - S) although in this particular instance it was not made clear if the treatment was given as a preventative or as a cure. One infor- mant described a treatment for gonorrhea in which a slender cylin- der, whittled from the root, was inserted in the urethra (Manhattan - S). For another treatment of gonorrhea see under Gilia congesta. For venereal sores the treatment may be in the form of a poultice made from the green leaves (Peavine Creek and Smokey Valley - S) but usually it consists in using the pulverized leaves as a pow- der (Peavine Creek, Stillwater, Tonopah, and Wells - S). In fact the powder or poultice treatments are preferred by most of the Shoshones and Paiutes for any chronic sore, skin eruptions, itch, eczema or similar troubles, A medicine woman told of having cured a serious ear infection by dropping into the ear, one-half spoonful at a time, a strong solution made from boiled stems and leaves. The treatment was repeated three times a day and the patient soon recovered (Tono- pah - S). For swellings, either the green or the dried plants could be used as poultices (Ft. McDermitt and Summit Lake - P). The solu- tion from boiled plants served as a hot bath for sore feet, swollen legs, and swollen veins (Smokey Valley and Wells - S). The solu- tion was used also as an eyewash (Fallen and Owyhee - P & S). Taken internally as a tea, the solution was recommended for stomach-aches, especially for children (Manhattan, Owyhee, Summit Lake, and Upper Reese River - P & S), also for colds and rheumatic aches (Upper Reese River - S). PENSTEMON EATONI A*Gray Scrophulariaceae (S) toh-quoh-bag-um. (E) red penstemon. The Indian who gave the data, was of the opinion that any red- flowered penstemon would serve in the remedy known to him. The whole plant is boiled and the solution used as a wash for burns (Beatty - S). It is said to allay the pain and to promote the growth of new skin. PENSTEMON sp, . Scrophulariaceae (P) toh-quoh-wat-ziv. Only a root and a few basal leaves were secured from the medi- cine bag of a squaw but she was unable to recognize her plant 115 among the various pressed specimens shown to her. The root por- tion is chewed and inserted in the cavity of a tooth to deaden the pain (Moapa - P). PHLOX LONGIFOLIA Nutt. Polemoniaceae (P) moh-goon-zee-eye-ah; quee-duh-too-nabba; toh-hah- tonegan; tu-be-man-up. (S) din-ah-ee-go; eye-go-dun-um; so-go-div-oh-sah; so-go-ron-zee-ah. (E) wild phlox. It is quite likely that any of the Phlox group can be used by the Indians for their remedies but the majority of the specimens collected in connection with these studies belonged to the single species here listed. The remedy most frequently prepared from this plant is an eyewash, and it is usually made merely by soaking the scraped roots in cold water but in a few cases the material was steeped or boiled. The cold water infusion of the roots was mentioned for stomach- ache of children (Manhattan - S) but in ore community the roots were boiled (Fallon - P). To stop diarrhea the cold water infusion of mashed roots was reported once (Eureka - S) but sometimes the solution is made by steeping the root (Stillwater - S). The boiled root preparation was taken as a physic and as a treatment for venereal disease (Yerington - P). The entire plant was boiled and the solution taken as a tea for stomach disorders (Stillwater - S). 116 PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS Trin. Gramineae (Moapa P) mob-gob-koh. (P) wo-cau-cau-pu. (E) common reed. The reed is best known to the Paiutes as the source of a sugar which is called * be-ha-bee * or sometimes ’bee-havie’. In the fell of the year the leaves and stems of the plant are pro- fusely encrusted with a grayish exudate. The Indians gather this substance by shaking or beating the plants over a cloth. The exact origin of the exudate is not entirely clear but apparently it is nothing more than dried plant sap which oozes out through the punctures made by aphids. Ordinarily the Indians eat the exudate as a candy but there wore two reports of remedial application. The sugar was given to pneumonia patients with the idea that it loosened phlegm or that it soothed the pain in the lungs (Lovelock - P). PHYSARIA CHAMEERSII Rollins Cruciferae (P) tah-rah-gee-noob. (S) tah-pah-day. (E) twinpcd. This is used solely as an eyewash for soreness or sties. Usually the solution is prepared by soaking the dried or pulverized leaves in cold water (Eureka, Lovelock, Manhattan, and Stillwater - P & S) but in two reports the whole plant was boiled for the purpose (Duckwater and Fallon - P & S) while others indicated that the whole roots were soaked in warm water (Fallon - P) or the scraped roots in cold water (Monitor Valley - S). PINUS ARISTATA Engelm. Pinaceae (S) wong-govie. (E) bristlecone pine. The pitch is heated and applied as a dressing for sores and to draw out boils (Wells - S). PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torn. & Frem. Pinaceae (P) sahn-a-pah wah-pee; too-bee; tu-ba; tu-bap-ee; wah-pee. (S) wah-pee. (W) ah-gum; wah-pee. (E) singleleaf pinyon. The resin of this tree is one of the more important sources of remedies for the Indians and holds almost equal importance with Leptotaenia mult ifida in the treatment of colds. For this pur- pose the resin is boiled to make a hot tea which is then taken internally (Fallon and Schurz - P). The straight resin brew is little used, however, most of the Indians preferring to prepare the remedy by adding other plants, apparently for the sake of palatability. In the combination cold remedy, Juniperus utahensis seems to be a favored plant, the pine resin being boiled with terminal twigs of the juniper (Battle Mountain and Lida - S). With this plant, toe, it is often the custom to employ the pine needles and young twigs in place of, or in addition to, the resin (Basalt, Beatty, Lida, and Yerington - P & S). See also under Artemisia gnaphalodes, Heracelum lanatum, Leptotaenia multifida, and Salvia carnosa. The pure pine resin potion is esteemed also in treating venereal disease (Belmont, Manhattan, Winnemucca, and Yerington - P & S), although there were statements to the effect that the pure resin could be chewed (Fallon - P) or even swallowed whole as pills (Fallon and Gardnerville - P & W). At the last named place the Washoes said that gonorrhea could be treated by swallowing the clear, fresh resin or by drinking a tea made from boiled needles or wood, Hie boiled resin tea was indicated as an internal medicant for a number of other ailments, such as rheumatism (Lovelock - P), tuberculosis and influenza (Schurz - P), chronic indigestion, bowel trouble, fevers, end nausea (Fallon, Manhattan, and Schurz - P & S), To stop diarrhea the resin could be swallowed in the form of pills or else boiled and taken as a tea (Fallon and Schurz - P). See also under Rumex crispus. For general debility, or for post childbirth period, the resin tea was deemed valuable as a tonic (Reno, Schurz, and Winne- mucca - P). A kidney medicine was prepared by boiling pine resin with terminal twigs of Juniperus ut aliens is (Wells - S). This was taken in doses of one-half glassful daily in alternate weeks. For a similar preparation, taken for smallpox, see under Cowania mexicana. Two people said that a sore throat could be soothed by chewing resin (Fallon - P) but sometimes the treatment consisted in apply- ing the pulverized material with a swab (Reno - P). A dressing of the heated resin as a drawing agent for boils or imbedded slivers had widespread practice by both Paiute and Sho- 119 shone Indians. The dressing was varied by the addition of crushed plants of Psathyrotes ramosisslma (Fallon - P) or again by finely chopped, terminal twigs of Junlperus ut aliens is (Smith Valley - P). The hot resin dressing was used commonly for sores, cuts, swellings, and insect bites. See also under Ephedra viridis. The pulverized substance acted as a drying agent when dusted on syphi- litic sores (Mason Valley and Schurz - P). The heated resin smeared on a hot cloth had general utility, in much the same fashion as a mustard plaster, in treating pneumonia (Tonopah - P & S), ruptures (Wells - S), sciatic pains (Lida - S) or any general muscular soreness (Fallon, Manhattan, and Monitor Valley - P & S). The same poultice, with crushed Salvia carnosa leaves added to the resin, was a special remedy for chest conges- tions due to colds (Fallon - P). A cure for horse distemper is discussed under Leptetaenia mult ifida. For antiseptic treatment of rashes, see under Gutierre- zia sarothrae, and for measles see under Purshia tridentata» PLANTAGO MAJOR L. Plantaginaceae (S) wee-dee; woo-dee. (E) common plantain. Although the specimens secured in the course of these inves- tigations were all of this species, it would be logical to as- sume that the others might be employed also by the Indians. Ordinarily the green leaves of this plantain are crushed with those of Clematis ligusticifolia to make poultices. These are ap- plied for wounds, bruises, swellings, rheumatism, and boils (Man- 120 hattan, Peavine Creek, and Smokey Valley - S). In one settlement the plantain leaves, alone, were mashed as dressings to reduce dropsical swellings and also to bring out the pus of infections (Monitor Valley - S). The whole, wilted leaves bathed in oil were bound on cuts and wounds to promote healing without leaving scars (Reno - P), There were only two reports of internal applications and in these only the root was considered. In one, the root decoction was indicated as a tea for colds and pneumonia but no details of dosage were secured (Stewart - P), According to the other re- port, the tea was taken in a dose of a half-cupful or less for stomach trouble (Wells - S). PLUCHEA SERICEA (Nutt.) Cov. Compositae (Moapa P) sah-wape« (E) arrowweed, Eor indigestion or sour stomach the raw root may be chewed or the material may be boiled and taken as a tea. The tea is given also to stop diarrhea and especially when blood is passed (Moapa - P). POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx# Salicaceae (S) sing-gah-ve; sung-up. (E) quaking aspen. Of the definite data secured, all pertain to the preparation of remedies for the treatment of venereal disease (Battle Mountain, Belmont, Monitor Valley, and Peavine Creek of the Smokey Valley area - S). Apparently only the bark is boiled to make the tea. 121 As usual, emphasis was placed on the long period of time which is necessary for the treatment to be effective. The daily quantity of liquid to be imbibed varied according to the locality, in some the dosage being merely a half-cupful, while others indicated three half-cupfuls, and one prohibited the drinking of water dur- ing the period of treatment {Peavine Creek). For distinction of species by the Indians see under Populus trichocarpa. POPULUS TRICHOCARPA T. & G. •Salicaceae (S) sing-gah-ve; sing-gop; so-ho-be; su-nabbe; toya-soo-nap, (E) black cottonwood. In the treatment of venereal disease by means of remedies pre- pared from representatives of the genus Populus, there are two schools of thought. Some of the Shoshones always select the as- pen and ignore the cottonwoods while others insist that the aspen has no value whatsoever and that only the cottonwoods can be used. In this connection it must be pointed out that from the data se- cured in the course of these studios that it is still unclear as to whether all poplar species or only certain of these are suit- able. At any rate in a number of cases the data could be connected definitely with P. trichocarpa and for this reason all the data is being assigned provisionally under that species. The method of preparing the venereal remedy, already given un- der P, tremuloides, is employed also for the cottonwood bark (Aus- tin, Battle Mountain, Manhattan, Upper Reese River, and Wells - S). 122 At Battle Mountain, however, the informant explained that the bark of cottonwood is mixed with that of Cereocarpus ledifolius to make the decoction. Data secured from an Indian Chief brought forth another variant remedy in which the cottonwood bark was boiled with roots of Wyethia amplexicaulis. This liquid, taken internally as a drink, was considered as an unfailing cure for syphilis (Ely - S). The bark decoction was reported also as a tuberculosis medi- cine (Beowawe and Smokey Valley - S), but in the first mentioned place the remedy was considered more effective if bark of Cerco- carpus ledifolius was added to the brew. A solution from the boiled roots was employed as a lotion for headaches (Wells - S). A tonic for the blood and for general debility could be prepared by boiling the bark of cottonwood to- gether with the roots of Rosa woodsii and of Urtica gracilis (Aus- tin - S). The dose was a cupful at each meal. The single Paiute remedy reported under the genus Populus was a medicine for stomach disorders (Winnemucca - P). It was said that the bark of a tree is cut in many places, the exuding sap be- ing collected and boiled to make the tea. Compositae POROPHXLLDM LEUCOSPSRMUM Greene {Moapa p) pa-guidobe. It is claimed that root decoction can be taken as a regulator for delayed menstruation (Moapa - P), Iphe informant T)ointed out that it was possible to utilize also the stems and leaves but this caused the tea to be very bitter. 123 PROSOPIS PUBESCENS Bsnth. Leguminosae (Moapa ?) quee-et_-umb. (E) screwbean. A gummy exudate occasionally found on the bark is soaked in water and the liquid used as an eyewash (Moapa - P), PRIJNUS ANDERS ONI I A. Gray Rosaceae (P) sahn-awie; sohn-nab-bee. (S) bahn-zon-ip. (E) desert peach; Nevada wild almond. The steeped leaves and sometimes the boiled branches are utilized as a hot tea for colds (Nixon and Winnemucca - P). A tea prepared from boiled stems and leaves was taken as a dose of one cupful to stop diarrhea (Schurz - P), or the tea could be made from boiled, dried roots and token in a dose of a half-cupful (Smith Valley - P). A handful of dried bark strips boiled in a quart of water was considered to be a good winter tonic to ward off influenza (Fallon - P). At the same town a weak solution wos taken over a period of days for rheumatism. Taking a tea from the inner bark or chewing the twigs was thought to be beneficial in the preliminary stages of tuberculosis (Reno - P), PRUNUS VIRGIN! ANA. var. DEMISSA (Nutt.) Torr. Rosaceae (?) doh-ish-ah-boo-e; toh-ish-a-booe, (S) tohn-quah-zip; tone-guish-up. (W) si-pah-pah. (?) western chokecherry. For tuberculosis a tea is prepared from the leaves or bark 12k (Schurz - P) or sometimes from the boiled, dried root (Smith Valley - P). To treat ordinary coughs and colds a tea can be made by boil- ing the peeled bark (Upper Reese River - P) or in the same commun- ity some of the Indians boil the root shavings for the tea which is taken in quantities of less than a half-cupful several times daily until cured. The dried and pulverized bark is sometimes smoked to secure relief from headaches or head colds (Smith Valley and Yerington - P), The bark decoction is considered beneficial also for indiges- tion or an upset stomach (Belmont - S)* A drying powder for sores is prepared by pulverizing the dried bark strips (Lovelock - P). An interesting treatment for snowblindness was reported by members of two different tribes (Lovelock and Ruby Valley - P & S). The method consists simply in holding the head over a, vessel of boiling bark in such a manner that the steam rises into the eyes. PSATflYROTES ANNUA (Nutt.) A. Gray Compositae (P) sebu-moh-goon-a-bu. (S) yoh-nip. (E) turtle back. This small annual plant often is used interchangeable with the species which follows. The remedies prepared from it have varied application. A brew of the entire plant serves as a medicine for stomach-ache especially in children, and for urinary troubles (Beatty - S), the plant is dried and steeped to make an eyewash (Moapa - P), and the dry leaves can be chewed for toothache (Walker Lake and Schurz - P). 125 PSATHYROTES RAMOSISSIMA (Torr.) A. Gray Corapcsitae (P) ka-sigh-yah-gava; sebu-moh-goon-a-bu; sea-boh mo- goon-ub; sigh-yah-gava, (s) quoy-hee nut-zoo. (E) turtle back. This, like the preceding species, is the basis of various remedies. Most commonly, though, the Indians use the plant de- coction as an emetic or physic to be taken for stomach-ache, bowel disorders, diarrhea, constipation, biliousness, or live!* trouble (Fallon, Hawthorne, Lida, Lovelock, Round Mountain, and Schurz - P & S). The plant decoction was mentioned twice as a venereal remedy (Hawthome and Lida - P & S). At Lida it was said that the plant should be gathered after it starts to turn brown late in the sea- son. The dosage is the usual one-half cupful over a long period of time. At Hawthorne it was claimed that the solution burns the throat and for this reason the medicine is always followed by a drink of warm water. A single report indicated that the medicine was taken for tubercular cough in a dosage of about cne-half cupful a day. It was not considered to be effective for colds (Upper Reese River - S). As a poultice or wet dressing on swellings or snakebite the green plant usually is crushed and applied (Fallon, Monitor Val- ley, and Tonopah - P & S) but some of the people dry and store a supply for the winter end make the poultice by moistening the pulverized material (schurz - P), 126 As a head wash to relieve headaches the decoction is sometimes beneficial (Fallon and Lida - P & S). For treatment of boils see data under Abies concolor and Pinus moaophylla. PURSHIA TRIDSNTATA (Pursh) DC. Rosaceae (P) huh-na-bee. (S) huh-nabbe; linna-huh-nabba. (W) bal-nat-san. (E) antelope brush; bitterbrush. The boiled leaf decoction holds an important place among In- dian remedies as a cure for venereal disease. The solution is taken as a tea (Belmont, Ballon, Manhattan, Round Mountain, Schurz, Smokey Valley, Tonopah, and Upper Reese River - P & S). At Schurz the remedy was indicated specifically for gonorrhea. Some of the Indians prepare the liquid in quantity and store it in bottles. Some practitioners prefer a tea made from the inner bark of the trunks (Hawthorne - P) while others use only the boiled roots (Monitor Valley - S). See also Ephedra viridis. Both Paiutes and Shoshones in many communities drink a tea made from the boiled leaves, or sometimes the twigs, when a physic or emetic is desired. Apparently the degree of action is regu- lated by the strength of the solution. In one instance the method of preparation was to boil a handful of leaves in just enough water to cover (Beatty - S). Another tribe prepared the physic by boiling ripe, unground seed (Dresslerville - W). Remedies from this plant are employed extensively in the treat- ment of smallpox, chicken pox, and measles (Battle Mountain, Beatty, 127 Beowawe, Elko, Ely, Hawthorne, Lida, Nixon, Owyhee, Ruby Valley, Schurz, Smith Valley, and Wells - P & S). In the data secured from these different places there was no general agreement in the method of preparing the remedies nor in the mode of administra- tion. As an internal medicant for the three diseases named above it was the usual custom to boil the leaves of the plant, although sometimes the leaves and younger branches were combined, and at times even the flowers were included. The quantity ofthe liquid to be imbibed at a time was not always indicated but apparently the amount should be less than a half-cupful due to the emetic properties of the decoction* In special reference to measles it was believed that the potion hastened the appearance of the rash* The external phases of these same diseases were treated in some communities also by employing the decoction as a wash* In fact the external wash was considered universally to be an efficacious antiseptic for any sort of itch, rash, skin erup- tion, scratch, or insect bite* The green leaves could be mashed and applied as a wet dressing for sores (Lovelock and Upper Reese River - P & S) or the dried leaves were dusted on as a powder (Schurz - P). Of the compounded remedies, there was an external wash for rashes made by boiling the young twigs of Purshia tridentata with the resin of Pinus monophylla (Beowawe - S). A preparation, con- cocted by boiling a chunk of dried rat-urine, called ’kah-seep*, with Purshia tridentata twigs, was taken internally for smallpox 12£> (Wells - S). (Also see ’kah-seepj under Cowania mexlcana.) In one instance the internal treatment for measles was the usual brew of leaves and flowers of Purshia tridentata used in connection with an external wash prepared from the boiled roots of Wyethia amplexicaulis (Ruby Valley - S). To prepare a tea for tuberculosis some of the Indians utilized the inner white bark from the base of the plant (Nixon, Summit Lake, and Schurz - P), but others used only the dried outer bark (Winneraucca - P). See also under Gercocarpus ledifolius. The leaf decoction was reputed to be a good medicine for colds (Fallon, Reno, and Tonopah - P), for pneumonia (Schurz - P), for liver trouble (Reno - P), and as a blood or general tonic (Fallon and Tonopah - P & S). One Indian said she had administered a decoction of the inner bark, taken as a drink, to aid the healing of an internal rupture (Tonopah - S). She also recommended this plant in the treatment of milk leg; a small bundle of the inner bark strips were dipped in cold water and sucked, while a solution of the boiled leaves was used as a wash for the swelling. PYROLA ASARIFOLIA Michx. Ericaceae (S) goo-ye guanna, (E) shinleaf* The roots only are boiled to make a tea, which is taken in daily doses of a half-cupful or less over a period of several days as a remedy for liver trouble (Ruby Valley - S). 129 RHUS TRILOBATA Nutt. Anacardiaceae (Moapa P) see-a-wimp, (E) squawberry. The fruits are dried and powdered as an astringent for small- pox sores (Las Vegas - P). RISES AUREUM Pursh Saxifracaceae (P) bo-gumbe; poh-oh-bis. (S) bo-gumbe. (E) golden currant. Moat of the data indicated that the inner bark is dried, pul- verized, and applied as a powder to cure sores (Ft. McDermitt - P) but there was one report of its being made into a tea to be taken for leg swellings (Owyhee - P & S). ROSA WOODSII Lindl. Hosaceae (P) see-avvie. (S) see-avvie; see-am-bip. (W) pet- soom-a-lee; pet-su-mah-le, (E) wild rose. A tea from the steeped leaves is highly valued everywhere as a beverage, and there are some Indians who take the drink regularly in the spring as a tonic (Fallon and Mason Valley - P), (See data under Populus trichocarpa). Many individuals make a tea from the boiled roots, or inner bark of the stems, as a cure for colds (Aus- tin, Elko, Minden, Nixon, Owyhee, Rene, Schurz, and Summit Lake - P, S & W). In the use of the plant as a tonic or cold remedy, as indicated in the preceding paragraph, the benefit sought by the Indians may ’well be that of a physic. However, the root decoction has been re- CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA. NO. 33- MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY INDIAN TRIBES OF NEVADA oy Percy Train, James R, Henrichs, and W. Andrew Archer PART III - (PAGES 130 - 199) December 1, 19^1 Issued by The Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Works Projects Administration of Nevada Projects, O.P. 65-2-0*1-13, W. P. 656; o.p. w. p. 752. Collaborator University of Nevada* Address all queries concerning this publication to the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 130 ported as an effective agent in stopping diarrhea in dosages of one-half to one cupful (Elko and Winnemucca - P & S). It was al- so given in a dose of a half-cupful at a time for adults, and one tablespoonful for children, four times daily, for several days as a remedy for intestinal influenza and bloody diarrhea (Lovelock - P). One cupful of the root decoction was given for failure of uri- nation (Beatty - S). Of great importance to the Indians is the utilization of the plant as a dressing for sores, cuts, wounds, burns, and swellings (Battle Mountain, Ely, Lida, Manhattan, Monitor Valley, Owyhee, Schurz, Smokey Valley, Tonopah, Upper Reese River, and Wells - P & S). For this purpose various parts of the plant, roots, wood or inner bark of the stems are applied either dry or moistened. For example, an Indian of Upper Reese River, keeps a supply of peeled rose stems in his medicine bag for any emergency that might arise among members of his family. He says that wounds are allowed to bleed a while, after which they are washed. The rose stems are scraped into fine shavings or even to a powder, this material be- ing inserted in the wound and covered with a bandage. He claims that even the deepest wounds yield to the healing qualities of the shavings, and that the swelling and pain is greatly reduced. The wounds finally heal with very little scar, A single informant reported that the fungous galls of the rose can be mashed to serve as a poultice to cure boils which have been opened (McDermitt Valley - P). Although the ripe fruits of the plant are well recognized as a 131 food, there was one group of Indians who professed vaguely to an impression that the pulpy seed were soothing to the lower intesti- nal tract, especially for piles (Beatty - S). RU3US LEUCODERMIS Dougl. Rosaceae (S) see-am-bip, (E) whitebark raspberry. The stems, pounded to a powder, are employed as a dry dressing for cuts and wounds (Beatty - S). RUMEX CRISPUS L. Polygonaceae (P) enga-pah-wee-ub; pah-wee-ah; pah-wee-ub. (s) be-ja- no-ko; dim-woo-ee; enga-pa-wee-ah; new-wha no-ko. (E) curly dock; Indian rhubarb. As a palliative for rheumatic swellings or pains the pulped root is utilized (Beowawe, Ft, McDermitt, Nixon, Owyhee, Smith Valley, Stewart, and Winnemucca - P & S). Ordinarily the raw root is used as a wet dressing or poultice and sometimes the material is heated before application, or some of the Indians prefer to boil the root before it is pulped. Other of the natives resort to a more active treatment and rub the crushed substance onto the af- flicted area, after the fashion of liniment. For bruises, burns, and ordinary swellings the pulped root is considered as an effective aid when applied as a dressing or poul- tice (Austin, Battle Mountain, Beowawe, Ruby Valley, Smith Valley, Smokey Valley, Upper Reese River, and Yerington - P & S). The boiled root is the basis of a considerable variety of 132 remedies to be taken internally. Daily doses of less than a half-cupful of the tea are given for venereal disease (Monitor Valley and Schurz - P & S); a half-cupful repeated several times a day is a medicine for liver complaint (Elko, Ruby Valley, and Wells - S); several cupfuls daily is beneficial as a general tonic (Owyhee and Smith Valley - P & S); while an unspecified quantity was considered to be a blood purifier (Nixon, Owyhee, and Reno - P & S), or a physic (Peavine Creek - S). To stop diarrhea the ripe seed were ground, boiled in a little water, and eaten (Hawthorne - P); or the finely ground, ripe seed were burned in a pan, mixed with resin of Pinus monophylla and eaten (Fallon - P). RUMEX VENOSUS Pursh Polygonaceae (P) tuha-kono-be; tuha-kono-gip. (S) bah-rah-zip; tuha- konobe; wya nut-zoo. (E) sand dock. Although the Shoshones assign at least three names to this plant they most frequently refer to it as ’wya nut-zoo’ meaning - ’burn medicine’. Everywhere in the State, in fact, the root is the basis of a standard treatment for burns, wounds, sores, and sometimes swell- ings. Ordinarily the roots are dried, pulverized and applied as a powder but occasionally the raw root is mashed and laid on as a wet dressing or poultice, and sometimes the solution from the boiled root can serve as an antiseptic wash. This treatment was mentioned as a means of drying up persistent sores, specifically those of syphilis. 133 A tea from the boiled roots is taken for venereal disease (Fallon, Schurz, Upper Reese River, and Yerington - P & S). See also data for Leptotaenia multifida. The same decoction is valued as a blood purifier or tonic when taken as a tea in doses of a half-cupful daily for two weeks (Fal- lon, Smith Valley, Upper Reese River, Winnemucca, and Yerington - P & S) . It is taken also for a number of ailments: for rheumatism (Fallon, Schurz, Mason Valley, and Smith Valley - P), for pneu- monia, influenza, coughs and colds (Fallon, Schurz, Smith Valley, and Yerington - P), for kidney disorders (Nixon and Winnemucca - P), for inflamed gall bladder (Winnemucca - P), for stomach-ache (Mason Valley, Winnemucca, and Yerington - P), for stomach trouble (Nixon - P) and to stop diarrhea (Smith Valley - P), SALIX spp. Salicaceae (Moapa P) kah-nav, (P) coo-see suh-ee-be; soo-vee; suh- ee-be; suh-ee-wee. (S) coo-see see-bupe; soo-vee; suh-ee- be, (E) willow. In connection with these studies a number of different willows were collected, principally Salix argophylla Nutt., S. exigua Nutt., S. hindsiana Eenth., and S. luteosericea (Rydb.) Schneid. However, it seems scarcely desirable to list the remedial purposes separate- ly under each of the species, especially since the Indians them- selves do not always distinguish among them. In the data relating to the treatment of venereal diseases 13^ there is but little uniformity. In fact, some of the remedies would seem to have scarcely any value, this being true in two ex- amples in which the infected person was treated by using a sitz bath made from the boiled twigs (Schurz and Stillwater - P & S). In one community there was administered a tea prepared from the boiled roots and bark (Lida - S) while in another only the roots were utilized (Schurz - P)• Gonorrhea was mentioned specifically as the disease to be treated by taking a potion made from the ashes of the burned stems mixed with water (Lovelock - P). In two other instances also, there was mentioned a method of drying up syphilitic or ’running’ sores by the application of a powder from the dried and pulverized roots (Schurz and Yerington - P). A root decoction was considered to be a good ’blood purifier’ (Reno - P) and the solution from the boiled bark of the roots was described as a regular spring tonic (Moapa - P). The details of a successful treatment for bloody flux or dysen- tery were secured from a Paiute woman of Lovelock, She explained that the Indians of Lovelock Valley are frequently subject to this disorder and that the condition had nearly caused the death of some of her relatives. She has employed this remedy often and is con- vinced that it is a reliable medicine. Willow roots are burned to a charcoal and then powdered. To this is added the finely mashed roots of a plant which is called ’kun-nid-yuh’. This plant, un- identified as yet, is said to be a ’jointed grass, growing in sand dunes’. The mixture of charcoal and the ’kun-nid-yuh’ is rolled into pills of about a half-inch diameter. The dosage is three pills 135 daily over a period of several successive days. It is believed that the charcoal lines the walls of the intestines and thus pro- motes a soothing and healing action. When the *kxin-nid-yuh1 roots are not available it is possible to substitute ordinary wheat flour. This is browned in a heavy skillet and then thoroughly mixed with the powdered charcoal from the willow roots. The dosage of this for children is a teaspoon- ful three times daily for several days and then one a day for a week. The same remedy is given for intestinal influenza and for failure to urinate. A similar remedy was reported from another locality as a treat ment to stop diarrhea (Fallon - P). In this case, however, the willow charcoal was secured by burning the young, upright stems. A half-cupful of the material was taken in water (Fallon - P). For treatment of lumbago see under Chamaebatiaria millefolium. Young twigs steeped in a quart of water with a teaspoonful of salt served as a laxative, or the woody portion of the stems was boiled to prepare an excellent physic (Ft. McDermitt - P). A root decoction was taken for stomach-aches (Manhattan - S). A fine powder made by grinding the dried bark of the stems was applied as a healing agent to the navels of young babies (Winne- mucca - P). A poultice of mashed roots was applied to the gums as a tooth- ache remedy (Elko - S), A solution from boiled leaves and young twigs, when rubbed vig orously into the scalp was said to be an effective measure against 136 dandruff (Ruby Valley - S). SALVIA CARNOSA Dougl. Menthaceae (Moapa P) see-goo-we-up, (P) kung-nuh sah-wabbe; too-bee she-gin-oop. (S) kahn-gwanna; suh-goo-wee-up; toya-abba- hobe; toya-tim-ba-zip. (W) poh-lo-pee-soh, (E) desert ramona; purple sage* A cold remedy secured from this plant is highly esteemed by the Paiutes throughout the State. There were also a few reports from the Shoshones (Belmont, Elko, Lida, and Upper Reese River) and one from the Washoes (Dresslerville). The ordinary method of preparing the solution is to boil the leaves, or sometimes the leaves and stems. In one case the material merely was soaked in cold water and several times the data specified steeping instead of boiling to make the solution. Some informants said that the tea should be taken while hot. The dosage was a half-cupful or more a day, the amount probably depending upon the strength of the solution. Combined remedies for colds were mentioned also; for instance in one, the Salvia leaves were boiled with twigs of Juniperus utahensis (Nixon - P) and in another, the Salvia leaves were boiled with resin of Pinus monophylla (Yerington - P). For treatment of chest congestion see also under Pinus monophylla. To clear congested nasal passages the dried leaves are crushed and smoked in a pipe (Dresslerville - W)• See also under Nlcotiana attenuate* The tea from the leaves, or sometimes the leaves and stems, is 137 taken for many other ailments and disorders, the principal ones being pneumonia (Fallon, Schurz, and Stewart - P), indigestion or stomach-ache (Beatty, Fallon, Manhattan, Mason Vallejo, Nixon, Schurz, Tonopah, and Yerington - P & S), venereal disease (Fal- lon and Schurz - P), fevers and influenza (Schurz - P). For head- aches the tea may be drunk (Fallon and Nixon - P), the hot fumes inhaled (Lovelock - P), or the solution used as an external wash (Hawthorne and Lovelock - P). The hot tea is administered as a dr ini: for sore throat of children and the hot solution is used also as an external wash on the head and throat (Tonopah - S). In addition to the hot tea to be taken internally for coughs, colds, and fevers, a group of Indians recommend the application of a poultice of the material on the head and chest (Schurz - P), A special method for treatment of earaches, as related by one informant, consisted in dropping the solution slowly into the ear and by binding on a hot compress of the boiled material (Winnemuc- ca - P). The leaf decoction was reported once as an eyewash (Hawthorne - P). For swollen leg veins, the tops of the plant are boiled and made into a poultice (Smith Valley - P), or the liquid only is ap- plied as an external wash (Beatty - S). of the plant are boiled and SAMBUCUS MEIANOCARPA A, Gray Caprifoliaceae (P) koo-boole-du-ney; koon-oo-gip; who-booie. (S) duh-he- yemba; du-yembe; hoh-tiem, (E) elderberry. 138 The flowers are toiled in enough water to them and the resultant liquid taken frequently for tuberculosis (Beowawe - S). The same solution is taken as a tea for colds and coughs (Fallon and Tonopah - P & S), and as a spring tonic fcr children if used every day over a period of several weeks (Fallon - P). The ripe berries, dried and stored for winter months, are eaten to stop diarrhea (Schurz - P). The bruised leaves can be used as a dressing for bruises, and it is said that the same treatment will stanch the flow of blood from a wound (Ft. McDermitt - P). The roots, boiled until soft and then mashed, can be employed as a poultice for caked breasts in women (Ft, McDermitt - P), or as dressing for cuts and wounds (Tonopah and Yerington - P). A root decoction taken as a tea is considered to be a good blood tonic (Wells - S) and the same remedy will stop dysentery (Stillwater - P & S). SAMBUCUS VELUTINA Dur. & Hilg. Caprifoliaceae (P) hoo-boo, (E) elderberry. An infusion of the dried flowers is taken as a tea to cure diarrhea (Nixon - P). SARCOBATUS VEBMICULATUS (Hook.) Torr. Chenopodiaceaa (P) tah-uh-be; toh-no-be; tone-oh-bee. (E) greasewood. Only two Indians were encountered in Nevada who knew of a medi- cinal use for this shrub; both were Paiutes living at Schurz. They 139 claimed that it was a remedy plant of the past generation. Accord- ing to one the whole plant was burned to a charcoal, powdered, mixed with water, and taken three times daily to stop diarrhea. Another prepared the charcoal from the branches only and also prescribed the drink for diarrhea and particularly for rectal bleeding. SAHCODES SANGUINEA Torr. Ericaceae (E) snow plant. An unverified report indicated that the dried plant was boiled as a tea which is taken by pneumonia patients (Owyhee - P & S). It is supposed to build up the blood. (See remarks under Corallorr- hiza maculata) SMIIACINA STSLLATA (L.) Desf. Liliaceae (P) esha-tone-ub; pee-havvie; quoh-quawie; quoy-quawie. (S) wah-toh-voh; worn-boh-nomb. (W) dama-go-go-yes; she- gimba. (E) false solomonseal. For boils, sprains or swellings it is customary to make a poul- tice from the fresh roots, or by soaking the dried material in hot water (Nixon, Owyhee, Reno, Schurz, and Stewart - P). As a remedy for earache the pulped material was forced through a cloth directly into the ear (Summit Lake - P). A powder from pulverized roots stanched the bleeding of wounds (Lake Tahoe - W) . The liquid from mashed, soaked roots is employed as a wash for iKo eye inflammations (Reno and Ruby Valley - P & S) , also the solu- tion was said to have antiseptic value in cases of blood poisoning (Reno - W). A tea from the boiled roots was taken internally for various purposes, the more important being to regulate menstrual disorders (Elko, Reno, and Summit Lake - P & S), to cure venereal disease (Elko - S), and to relieve stomach trouble (Owyhee - P & S). The concentrated solution was considered to be a good tonic (Gardner- ville and Dresslerville - W) • In former times it was believed that conception in women could be prevented by drinking a tea from the boiled leaves. The dosage was cne-half cupful daily for a week (Upper Reese River - S). An exudate produced by the plants was eaten as candy by child- ren (Fallon and Yerington - P), and there was one report of its use as a cough syrup (Schurz - P), The Indians cut the plants, pile them on a canvas to dry, and then beat them with a stick to cause the sugar nodules to fall off. The exact nature of the exudate was not investigated. SOLANUM VILLOSUM Mill. Solanaceae (P) ah-dye-ee na-tizuah. (E) nightshade. As a remedy for diarrhea, a half-cupful of the ripe fruits may be eaten, or a hot tea prepared from the dried fruit may be taken (Reno - P). The Indians formerly used a tea made from the berries when traveling in areas where the water was not potable. Ikl SPHAERALCEA MUNROANA (Dougl,) Spach Malvaceae (S) quoin-oh-combee; quoya-no-comb; see-quoy no-ko; wee- dah-gom; wee-doh-comb. (E) mallow. All medicinal data for the genus is assigned tentatively to Sphaeralcea munroana, principally because it has not been decided if the Indians distinguish among the various species of the State and also because definite specific names could not be assigned to most of the pressed specimens secured. Judging from their rela- tively common occurrence, it should be expected that Sphaeralcea ambigua A, Gray and S. parvifolia A. Nels., also were employed medicinally by the Indians. A drink from the boiled roots (or the whole plant) was taken as a remedy for the usually unspecified venereal diseases (Belmont, Lida, Monitor Valley, Schurz, Secret Valley, and Stillwater - S) but there was an instance in which gonorrhea was designated as the disease in question (Upper Reese River - S). No details of dosage were obtained but there was mention of the long period of time necessary for the cure. At Lida, one of the informants stat- ed that in the treatment the medicine acted both as a physic and emetic. An uncertain report indicated that the solution from boiled roots, taken as a tea, would act as a contraceptive- (Schurz - S). A weak solution of the root decoction could be taken at the rate of one cupful at each meal for a period of several days for an upset stomach (Manhattan - S). The raw root was crushed and applied as a dressing for l^Z swellings (Elko - S) or the entire plant was boiled and used as a dressing for wire cuts on horses (Belmont - S). For treating rheumatism or swellings the plants are wilted in hot water and bandaged on the affected areas (Beowawe - S). A solution from the boiled leaves was employed as an eyewash (Beatty - S) or it was taken internally as a hot tea for colds (Eureka - S). SPHENOSCIADIUM CAPITELLATUM A. Gray Umbe Hi ferae (P) wadda-e-gopa. The root is* boiled to make a hot tea for pneumonia and some times small pieces of the raw root are chewed to relieve sore throat (Reno - P). STANLEYA PINNATA (Pursh) Britt. Cruciferae (P) who-goo-buh; whoo-goop. (S) woy-boh-numb. (E) yel- low prince’s plume. Only the root is considered of value for the medicinal prepara- tions, all but one of which were for external purposes, the excep- tions being the use of a tonic tea to be given for general debility after an illness (Yerington - P), The pulped root was placed along the gums or inserted in tooth cavities to relieve toothache (Wells S); it could be applied hot to stop an earache (Battle Mountain S), and to alleviate rheumatic pains (Wells - S). During a diphtheria epidemic, some years ago, many of the Indians applied the mashed root as poultices to relieve pain and congestion of the throat (Winnemucca - P), 1^3 STEPHANOMERIA TEiJUIFLORA (Torr.) Hall Compos it ae A single report indicated that the entire plant was boiled to make a tea which is taken internally for venereal diseases (Beatty - S). SUAEDA TORRE YANA var. RAMOSISSIMA (Standi.) Munz Chenopodiaceae (Moapa P) ah-rumb, (S) attem. (E) seepweed. Other species collected in connection with these studies were S. nigra (Raf.) Standi,, and S. occidentalis S. Wats., but since the Indians do not differentiate among the plants, the medicinal data is given here under one name. The plants are boiled to make a tee which is taken internally for bladder and kidney trouble (Beatty and Yerington - P & S). The fresh plants are crushed end rubbed on the eruptions of chicken pox to allay the itching and to dry up the sores (Moapa - P) SYMPHORICARPOS LONGIFLCRIJS A. Cray Caprifoliaceae (p) sahn-ah-vee. (E) sncwberry; waxberry. The plant is boiled to make a tea which is taken for indigestion or stomach pains (Schurz - P), TANACETUM VULGARE var, CRISPIM L. Compositae (E) tansy. The Indians have no name of their own for this plant but merely call it the ’white mans’ medicine’. It is cultivated in their gardens. 144 The leaves are boiled and a half-cupful of the solution taken for bloody diarrhea (Smokey Valley - S). A cupful of the boiled solution was said to be an emetic (Yerington - P). The leaves, and sometimes the stems, are boiled to prepare an antiseptic wash which is applied while warm. It is useful also as a wash for any external soreness of the flesh (Elko - S). TETRADYMIA CANESCENS DC. Compositae (S) nah-ga-ha-boh-be; pah-vah-bah-hoe-be; tah-beese-ee- goop. Since the Indians do not always distinguish clearly among the various shrubby composites, it is obvious that the remedial data presented here might apply equally well to a number of different, distinct plants. A solution from the dried plants, prepared either by soaking or boiling, was taken as a physic (Ely - S)* The boiled solution was reported to be taken for venereal diseases (Austin - S). TETRADYMIA COMOSA var. TETRAMERES Blake Compositae (P) coo-see see-bupe; see-goop-e; too-hah-see-goop-ee. (S) coo-see see-bup; coo-see see-bup-e. A tea made by boiling the stems and leaves is a favorite cold and cough medicine (Battle Mountain, Wells, Winnemucca, and Yering- ton - P & S). The same solution is said to relieve stomach-aches (Upper Reese River and Winnemucca - P & S). 1*1-5 Some Paintes of Winnemucca prepare a special medicine by boil- ing the Tetradymia stems with young twigs of Juniperus utahensis. A half-cupful is taken three times daily as a remedy for pneumonia, influenza, ordinary colds and especially for a chronic cough. In one community the thin white bark is scraped off and boiled to make a diarrhea cure (Owyhee - S) while in another the root was boiled for the same purpose and taken in doses of less than a half- cupful (Beowawe - S). A solution to reduce the swelling from bruises or cuts ims pre- pared by adding Tetradymia stems and turpentine to boiling water. The affected part was soaked in the hot liquid for a long time (Austin - S). THALICTRUM FENDLSRI Engelm. Ranunculaceae (S) boss-oo-guay. (W) taba emlu. (E) meadow rue. Unverified data claimed that a weak tea from the roots, if taken over a long period, would positively cure gonorrhea (Elko S). The root decoction was given for colds (Dresslerville - W). THAMNOSMA MONTANA Torr. & Frem. Rutaceae (S) mo-gun-du; moh-goon-du-oop. (E) desert rue; turpen- tine broom. A tea from the boiled stems can be employed as a medicine for colds and as a tonic (Beatty - S), is reported also to be taken for smallpox (Moapa - P). Occasionally the dried, pulverized stems are iKG mixed with commercial tobacco and smoked for colds (Beatty - s). An indefinite report suggested that the stem decoction could serve as a wash, or douche, for female complaints (Moapa - P), TYPHA LATIFOLIA L. Typhaceae (W) mah-ha-tahl-lahl. (E) cattail. The young flowering heads sometimes are eaten to stop diarrhea (Gardnerville - W). URTICA GRACILIS Ait, Urticaceae (P) quee-bah-ncop; quee-quawn-oop. (S) by-woe-ah. (E) nettle. There were two methods for treating rheumatism, one by using a solution of boiled roots as a wash (Hawthorne - P) and another by applying hot poultices of the mashed leaves (Elko - S). As a counter-irritant, the plants were switched vigorously on the afflicted portion of the body (Hawthorne - P) but the name of the ailment to be treated in this manner could not be ascertained. A treatment for colds consists of drinking the solution from boiled leaves (Owyhee - P & S). For use as a tonic see Populus trichocarpa. Information secured from Paiutes in the vicinity of Reno sug- gests that this nettle can be employed in the Indian sweat bath treatment for grippe or pneumonia. In this case, apparently, the benefit derives from inhaling the fumes of the plants. (For de- tails of the Indian sweat bath see under Junipcrus utahensis). 1^7 VERATRDM CALIRORIUCUM Durand Liliaceae (P) pah-gah-give; pah-gah-give-ah; pah-vjy-give. (S) too- vah-sah; toya-div-oh-sah; wanda-vah-sah; wanda-vasa. (W) bah-do-po. (E) false hellebore; slaink cabbage. This plant is of interest chiefly because the Indians employ it as a contraceptive measure (Beowawe, Elko, Eureka, Ruby Valleyf Schurz, Upper Reese River, and Wells - P & S). The liquid is made b}/ boiling the root of the plant. A dosage of one teaspoonful three times a day for three weeks was said to insure permanent sterility. In one locality it was said that the decoction is taken daily by both the man and the woman* The root decoction was further reported as of value for inter- nal medication when taken as a tea for venereal disease (Eallon - P); also a half-cupful of the concentrated solution was said to be an emetic (Gardnerville - W). The raw root was chewed and the juice swallowed for sore throats, inflamed tonsils, and heavy colds (Smokey Valley - S). Externally, the mashed raw root is applied as a dressing or a poultice for ordinary swellings, sore throat, enlarged neck glands due to tonsilitis, rheumatism, boils, sores, cuts, sore nipples, infections, and blood poisoning (Elko, Fallon, Lovelock, Ft. Mc- Dermitt, Nixon, Reno, Schurz, Stewart, Tonopah, and Winnemucca - P & S). The pulped substance applied with friction serves as a liniment (Lovelock, Owyhee, and Reno - P, S & W), although some- times it is only the root decoction which is used for this pur- pose (Fallon and Nixon - P). The pulped root is in favor as a dressing for snakebites (Elko, Nixon, Reno, Ruby Valley, and Summit Lake - P & S). A Paiute at Summit Lake places such faith in this treatment that he stores quantities of the sliced and dried roots. When the occasion arises he grinds the root segments and moistens the material with water to make the dressing. Dry, powdered root sometimes is sprinkled on sores to pro mote healing (Reno and Winnemucca - P & W). WYETHIA AMPLEXICAULIS Nutt. Compositae (S) be-ah-kuk; coo-see ah-kuk. (s) mule ears. The resinous roots are ground and soaked in water to prepare a solution which is taken as an emetic (Austin and Owyhee - P & S). As a compounded remedy for syphilis see Populus trichocarpa, and as a wash for measles see Purshia tridentata. The pulped root sometimes serves as a poultice on swellings (Ruby Valley - S). WYSTKIA MOLLIS A. Gray Compositae (P) ah-kuk; coo-see ah-kuk. (S) be-ah ah-kuk. (W) shu- gil. (E) woolly mule ears. The root decoction is used principally as a physic or emetic, the dosage being about a half-cupful (Gardnerville, Lovelock, Up- per Reese River, and Yerington - P, S & W). For this purpose there is indication that the solution should be boiled sufficiently to become quite concentrated. 1*1-9 A weaker solution of the decoction is taken for venereal dis- ease, tuberculosis, blood tonic, and colds (Yerington - P), A compounded remedy to be taken as a tea for colds and fevers is prepared by boiling the chopped roots of the Wyethia with ter- minal twigs of Juniperus utahensis (Yerington - P), ZIGADENUS PANICULATUS S. Wats. Liliaceae (P) koggie-a-den-up; see-goh-oh; tah-beese-e-goh. (S) tah-bah-she-go; tab-yah-see-go. (w) kch-gah-des-ma« (E) foothill death camas. The bulb of this plant has a quite general use by members of all three tribes throughout the State, Ordinarily the raw bulb is crushed to make wet dressings or poultices for rheumatism, sprains, lameness, neuralgia, toothache, or any sort of swelling. In one case it was reported that ordinary tobacco could be mixed with the pulped material (Owyhee - P), Sometimes the bulbs are roasted be- fore being crushed and then are applied as hot poultices (Reno and Wells - P & S). Although the Indians are well aware of the poisonous nature of these plants, there are individuals who prepare an emetic tea by boiling the bulbs (Owyhee, Summit Lake, and Upper Reese River - P & S). (See under the following species). ZIGADENUS VENENOSUS S. Wats. Liliaceae (P) koggie-a-den-up; see-go oh-buh. (E) meadow death camas. 150 The bulb of this species, similarly to the preceding one, is crushed raw for wet dressings or poultices to be used on burns, rattlesnake bites, rheumatic pains, and various swellings. It was reported from Fallon, Ft, McDermitt, Hawthorne, Nixon, and Schurz. Judging from the similarity of the names applied by the Indians to the two species, it would seem doubtful if they dis- tinguish between them for the purposes of their remedies. UNDETERMINED PLANTS (S) goos-pah. Nothing could be learned about the plant except that it was used for the treatment of venereal disease (Ely). (S) coo-see gee-nobe. Umbe Hi ferae The root resembled that of Angelica but was not aromatic. The raw leaves and roots were crushed and applied as a wet dressing for swellings and venereal sores (Beatty). (P) nut-sigh-noob. The plant was described as being an evergreen shrub, about a foot high, which grows in one canyon of the Pine Nut Range border- ing Smith Valley, The stems and leaves ere boiled to make a tea which is taken as a physic. 151 (P) tuh-botza-yo-caw-son* (S) timbe-boon-goo. (E) lichen. The black, orange, and green lichens are scraped from rocks and soaked overnight in cold water. The solution then is taken internally to stop diarrhea (Tonopah - S), Another report indicated that the powdered material was ap- plied as a healing agent to sores, especially mouth sores of children (Fallen - P). See also under Cowania mexicana. 152 MEDICINAL INDEX aches 4-7, 51* anesthesia 32. ant bites 4-7. antiseptics 3*1, 35, 6l, 66, 79, #5, 99, HO, 127, 132, iW. asthma 97, 1°7* athlete’s foot 107. babies, navels 135* rt , newborn 4-7. " , umbilical cord 99* baldness 7^» bee stings 62. biliousness 37, 66, 125* bladder 33, 44, 50, 52, 69, 72, 62, 90, 14-3. " , gall 102, 133. bleeding, to stanch 136, 139* blood circulation 69, 103. " poisoning l4-0, 14-7. " purifier $2, 53, 69, 132, 133, (see also tonics, blood), boils 30, 33, 59, 103, HI, 117, 119, 130, 139, bowel disorders 9b, 11$, 125, 131* breasts, caked 62, 136, bronchitis 35, 97* bruises 43, 59, 79, 110, 119, 131, 14-5. burns 30, 3«S, 52, 5b, 55, 59, 70, 36, 90, Sb, 97, ill, 130, 131, 132, 150. 153 calluses tyg. chest infections W-, 97, H9* chewing gum 103* chicken pox 96, 126, • childbirth, fumigation after " , tonic after 33, 39, 112, Il6. chills 110. Odds 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 4o, 4i, 43, 44, 54, 56, 57, 61, 64, 69, 71. 72, 73, 77. 79. *3, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 9*. 104, 105, 107, 10SS, 109, ll4, 117, 119, 120, 123, 124, 12g, 129, 133, 137, 133. 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149. " , chest 34, 45, 35, " , head 34, 4o, 45,. 93, 105, 124. constipation 71, 125* contagion, prevention of 100. contraceptives 63, 76, 102, 1^7• corns tyg. coughs 34, 35, 36, 37, 4o, 41, 43, 44, 45, 43, 52, 54, 56, 57, 64 63, 71, 32, 35, 93. 97, 101, ill, 124, 133, 137, 133, l4o, 144, 145. counter-irritant 59, 34, 103, l46. cows, cramps 66. cuts 30, 32, 35, 36, 55, 79, 69, 99, 106, log, no, ill, 112, 119, 120, 130, 131, 136, 1V7, dandruff 136. delirium 66. diarrhea 33, 36, 37, 55. 66, 70, 71, 73, 79, «5, 91, 102, 103, 10U-, 110, 111, 115, 120, 123, 125, 130, 132, 133. 135, 13S, 139, 1*W, 1^-5, i1+6, 151. " , bloody W, 57, 6g, 102, 120, 130, iW-. 1^4 diphtheria 55, 142, dizziness 37» 36, drinking water l4o. dropsy 56, 59, 79, 106, 120. dysentery 134, 133. " , bloody 51, earache 90, 137, 139, l42, ear infection 113. eczema 106, 113• emetic it, 1*5, 53, 56, 63, 71, 77, 79, «0, 65, at, 103, 107, 185, 126, 1*1-1, 1W, l**7, I**g, 1I9. erysipelas 30. eye diseases 55* " , soreness 31, 36, 39, 59, 62, 67, 75, 3l, 101, 106, 111, 116, 1^0. " , trouble 62, £l, eyelids, granulated 5°» 59» 6?« eyewash 33, 50, 51, 67, 70, 71. 75, 79, 101, 103, io6, no, in, 115, 123, is1*-, 137, 1^2. expectorant 71, 32. fainting 36. feet, infection 107. " , soreness 34, 42, 47, 60, £9, ll4. female disorders $0, l46 (see also menstruation). fever 31, 36, 4-1, 42, 46, gj, 93, 104, 105, 109, 110, 116, 137, 149. flux, bloody 134. fumigant 45, 51, 94. 155 gargle 4-7, 111. goiter 102. gonorrhea 34, 62, 63, 69, 77, 7*>, 90, 96, 97, 9$, 113, 113, 126, 134-, l4-l, 1^5• { see also venereal diseases). gonorrheal eye infection 96, 99* ” sores 96* grippe 36, 39, 14-6. gums, sore 94. hair dyo 42, hair, gray 74-, hair tonic hay fever 97* headaches 31, 33. 39, 4o, 42, 46, 47, 4g, 6o, 64, 66, 93, 104, 110, 111, 122, 124, lr6, 137, heart ailments 55, $7, 95• ” depressant 56* hemophilia 51« hemorrhage 4p, 93 * " , internal 64-. ” , pulmonary 4-3* ” , rectal 139* hives 106, horses, cramps £6. ” , cuts 32, 14-2. ” , distemper ICO. ” , sores 31, 32, 60, 33. infections 120, 14-7* 156 impetigo 36, Influenza 35, in, W-, 5*!, 65, 79, 93, 97, 93, 109, 113, 125, 133, 137, 1^5. ” , intestinal 130, 135* insect bites and stings 51» 62, 119, 127* insecticide 63* itch 31, H-2, »4-3, 77, 91, 113, 127. Jaw, swollen 4-9, 9^« kidney 32. 35, 52, 6i, 65, 69, 70 , 79 , 93 , 95, m, 113, 133, i*t-3. ” stones 111. lameness 72, 73, 1^9• laxative 135• legs, broken 62. " , swollen 129* lice, chicken 110. " , head 37, 39, HO. liniment 31, 32, 37, 106, 111, 131, liver 79, 66, 125, 123, 132. lumbago 56, 92. maggot s, wound 63. malaria measles 4-6, 6l, 66, 62, 63, 64-, 92, 94-, HO, 126, 127, 126. menstruation, disorders 69, 95, HO, 122, 1^0, milk flow, to induce 62. " leg 126. mites, chicken 64-. moles 106. 157 muscular cramps muscular pain 31, 66, 119, mustard plaster 37, 59, 119* narcotic 67. nasal passages 97, 136. nausea $6, 111, ll6* neck glands 39, nettle stings neuralgia 66, 66, lH-9* nipples, sore 1^7• nosebleed H4, 63. pains 32, 106. physio 33. 3*. 39, 42, 49, 50, 53, 6i, 63, 67, 70, 71, 77, 79, S3, Si, 103. 105, 107, no, 115, 125, 126, 129, 132, 135, i4i, i44, 147, 150. piles 131, 139. pimples 79* pneumonia 35, 55, 60, 65, g2, 97, 9S, 103, 109, Ho, 119, 120, 12£>, 133, 137, 139, 14-6. poisoning powder, baby 4-7* pulmonary disorders 3°, 71, 10S, 109. pus 120, rash 32, 91, 99, no, 127. rectal bleeding 139» rheumatism 35, 37, 39, 51, 5S, 59, 66, 70, 72, 73, 77, Si, S3, 36, 90, 95, 96, 99, 106, nH-, US, 119, 123, 131, 133, lH-6, 1*1-9, 150. ringworm 4-7, *J-3* 15$ rope burns 105. rupture 119, 123. sciatica 119, scalp tonic 74. shortness of breath 33, 39. sitz bath 134. skin disorders 42, 44, 91» 99, 106, 113, 127. smallpox 6l, 66, 3l, 94, 99, 100, 126, 127, 129, 145. snakebite 43, 56, 53, 73, 106, 110, 125, l43, 150. snowblindness 33, 124. sores 50, 31, 32, 35, 33, 42, 1*3, 46, 43, 50, 51, 54, 66, 63, 70, 79, 36, 39, 90, 91, 94, 96, 99, 100, 103, 106, no, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119, 124, 127, 129, 130, 132, 131*, 147, iU-3, 151. " , bed 43 • " , mouth 151. splinters 32, ll3. sprains 39, 33, 99, 139, 149. sties ll6. st imulant 53• stomach-ache 31, 34-, 36, 37, 42, 4-6, 51, 35, 56, 60, 65, 71, 72, 73, 32, 33, 90, 91, 93, io4, no., 112, il4, 115, 124-, 125, 133, 135, 137, l44. " disorders 33, 36, 50, 52, 56, 57, 64-, 69, 79, 60, 33, 115, 120, 122, 133, lklt 1^3. M , colic 31, 104-. " cramps 36f 44, 46, 56, 60, Jl, 91* " , dyspepsia 3l« " , gas pains 32, 105, 110. 159 stomach, indigestion 31, 33, 44, 46, 56, 79, 63, 91, 104, 105, 110, 116, 120, 124, 137, 143. " ulcers 55> 69* sweat bath, Indian 4l, 56, 95, l46. swellings 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 39, 42, 43, 46, 49, 51, 55, 56, 59, 74, 62, 63, 66, 69, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, no, m, 112, n4, 119, 125, 129, 130, 131, 132, 139, 142, i45, i47, i46, i49, 150. syphilis 36, 62, 69, 77, 76, 122. (see also venereal diseases). " , sores 46, 51, 55, 60, 63, 119, 132, 134. throat, sore 35, 39, 47, 65, 94, 96, 105, 106, ill, 116, 137, 142, 147. . tonics, blood 33, 49, 52, 53, 55, 60, 77, 7*. 91, 92, 93, 95, 106, 122, 126, 132, 136, 139, 149. " , general 35, 53, 57, 69, 76, *7, 93, 103, 105, 109, 112, 11$, 122, 123, 12$, 129, 132, 133* 1*K), 1^5, tonsilitis 1^7* tooth, cavities 103* ,f , ulcerated 32. toothache 31, 32, 50, 66, 65, 69, 106, no, 115, 12*1-, 135, 1*1-9. trachoma 67, 99* tuberculosis 30, 34, 43, 46, 51, 54, 65, 71, 72, 75, 66, 97, 107, 111, 116, 122, 123, 125, 126, 136, 149. of children 60. ulcers 60. umbilical cord 99* urination 65, 66, 64, 95, 96, 102, 124, 130, 135. veins, swollen ll4, 137* i6o venereal diseases 35, 37, 3$, 39, 42, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 60, 6l, 62, 66, 63, 69, 72, 77, 73, 3i, 32, 34, 3y, 33, *9, 92, 94, 95, 96, 93, 109, ill, H3, H5, 117, 120, 121, 125, 126, 132, 137, i4o, l4l, 143, i44, 147, i49, 150. ( see also gonorrhea and syphilis). sores 63, 79, 90, 110, 113, 150. vomiting, to induce 37* " , to stop 71, 103* wart s 103. whooping cough 35, 65, 109* worms 94, 107» wounds ‘1-6, 51+, 53, 59, 79, 32, 105, 103, 111, 119, 120, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139. " , bullet 46, 39. INDEK OF SCIENTIFIC, COMMON, AND INDIAN NAMES OF PLANTS Abies concolor (Pinaceae) JO, 9^* Abronia turbinata (Nyctaginaceae) 3°» Abronia villosa (Nyctaginaceae) 3°* Achillea lanulcsa (Compositae) 31 > 9$* Agastache urticifolia (Menthaceae) 33* ah-dye-ee na-tizuah (P) (Solanum villosum) ah-gum (W) (Pinus monophylla) 117* ah-kuh (P & S) (Relianthella uniflora) £>3» ah-kuk (P) (Wyethia mollis) 1^3• ah-kuk (S) (Helianthella uniflora) $3* ah-kuk (S) (Balsamorhiza sagittata) 50* ah-ku-pah (P) (Balsamorhiza sagittata) 50, ahn-dah-gah nut-tab-zoom (s) (Dyssodia thurberi) 67. ahn-ga-see-ga wee-ub (S) (Eriogonum microthecum) 72, ahn-no-quav (Mcapa P) (Curcurbita foetidissima) 62, ah-rumb (Moapa P) (Suaeda tcrreyana v, ramosissima) 1^3• ah-sah-div-o-wip (s) (Grepis acuminata) 62, ah-zah-div-oh-wip (S) (Grepis scopulorum) 62, almond, Nevada wild (Prunus andersonii) 123. alum root (Heuchera rubescens) £>7* Amelanchier spp. (Rosaceae) 33* andra-vitch-gwanna (P & S) (Hypericum scouleri) 69. Anemopsis californioa (Saururaceae) 33* anga-go-ahp (S) (Enceliopsis nudicaulis) 67. anga-kah-sah-rumba (s) (Eriogonum microthecum) 72, 162 anga-quee-ah-wee-tmnb (S) {Castilleja linariaefolia) 53* Angelica sp, (?) (I3mbe Hi ferae) 36. Angelica breweri (Umbelliferae) 100. antelope brush (Purshia tridentata) 126* Aplopappus nanus (Compositae) 36. Aplopappus stenophyllus (Compositae) 36. Aquilegia formosa (Ranunculaceae) 37* Arabis puberula (Cruciferae) 37* Arctostaphylos patula (Ericaceae) 3$* Arenaria aculeate (Caryophyllaceae) Argemone platyceras (Papaveraceae) 3$* arno-cup (Moapa P) (Curcurbita foetidissima) 62* arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) 120. Artemisia douglasiana (Compositae) 39* " dracunculoides (Compositae) 39* " gnaphalodes (Compositae) 4-0, 57* " nova (Compositae) 4-3* ” spinescens (Compositae) 4-3* ” tridentata (Compositae) Asclepias cryptoceras (Asclepiadaceae) 4-7. " speciosus (Asclepiadaceae) 4-3, aspen, quaking (Populus tremuloides) 120. Aster frondosus (Compositae) 4-3. " leucanthemifolius (Compositae) " scopulorum (Compositae) M , dwarf (Aster scopulorum) 163 Aster, September (Aster leucanthemifolius) 4-9 • Astragalus spp. (Leguminosae) " scaposus (Leguminosae) Atriplex canescens (Chenopodiaceae) attern (s) (Suaeda torreyana v, ramosissima) 1^3* auga-lem-lu (W) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) auga-lem-lu (W) (Balsamorhiza hirsute) 50. badger oil 97. bah-dlv-ah (S) (Paeonia brownii) 111. bah-do-po (W) (Veratrum californicum) 14-7. bah-guh-yoom (s) (Artemisia tridentata) bah-gun-boh-homb (S) (Abronia 30. bah-hoe~be (S) (Artemisia tridentata) bah-hoe-zee (S) (Eriogonum umbellatum) 73* bah-kuk (P) (Helianthus annuus) bah-moh (P) (Niootiana attenuate) 106, bahn-zon-ip (S) (Prunus andersonii) 123* bah-que-numb (s) (.Artemisia nova) bah-rah-zip (S) (Humex venosus) 132, bah-sah-make (S) (Juniperus scopulorum) 92. bah-seo-noo (s) (Equisetum spp.) 70. bah-sch-nip (S) (Catabrosa aquatica) 53* bah-soh-wip (S) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109* bah-tee-pah (P) (Paeonia brownii) 110. bah-tee-pee (P) (Paeonia brownii) 110, bah-tee-vah (P) (Paeonia brownii) 110, 164 bah-vah-hoe-be (S) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40, bah-vah-hoe-be (s) (Artemisia tridentata) 44, bah-wah-zip (S) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* balm, mountain (Eriodictyon angustifolium) Jl» ” , western (Monardella odoratissima) 105* bal-nat-san (W) (Purshia tridentata) 126, balsam, Indian (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* Balsamorhiza hirsute (Compositae) $0, " sagittate (Compositae) 50• balsamroot (Balsamorhiza hirsute) 50* " , arrowleaf (Balsamorhiza sagittata) 5°* barberry (Berberis repens) 51• bas-oh-gway (S) (Osmorhiza Occidentalis) 109. bas-oh-nup (S) (Cilia congesta) 77* bas-oh-wip (S) (Osmorhiza Occidentalis) 109* bas-um-ah-be (S) (Juniperus scopulorum) 92. bas-un~dook nut-zoc (s) (Forsellesia nevadensis) 75* Battarrea phalloides (Lycoperdaceae) 51» bav-oh-hoe (S) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) H-0. bav-oh-hoe-be (S) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* bawa na-tizua (?) (Chaenactis douglasii) be-ah ah-kuk (S) (Wyethia mollis) 1^. be-ali bee-sha div-oh-wip (S) (Asclepias speciosa) be-ah boh-quah (S) (Heracleum lanatum) be-ah boquah (S) (Angelica breweri) be-ah huh-nabbe (S) (Gowania mexicana) 6l, 165 be-ah-kuk (S) (Wyethia amplexicaulis) be-ah nut-zoo (s) (Keuchera rubescens) £>7, bee-ah-bogo (P) (Heracleum lanatum) £>5» bee-ah-bogo (S) (Angelica breweri) bee-ah-du-hu (S) (Gilia congesta) 77, bee-havie (P) (Phragmites communis) ll6. bee-hee-vah (S) (Gilia congesta) 77* bee-jee div-oh-wip (S) (Crepis scopulorum) 62. bee-sha-no-go (S) (Crepis acuminata) 62. bee-sha-wannup (S) (Asclepias speciosa) be-ha-bee (P) (Phragmites communis) ll6. be-he-vah (s) (Gilia ccngesta) 77. be-ja-no-ko (S) (Rumex crispus) 131. be-jah-no-ko (S) (Asclepias speciosa) Berberis repens (Berberidaceae) 51* berry, service (Amelanchier spp.) 33* be-sha-no-ko (S) (Asclepias speciosa) be-sha soo-ah-pah (P) (Battarrea phalloides) 51* bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) 126. bogo (P) (Angelica breweri) bo-gumbe (P & S) (Ribes aureum) 129. boh-hoe-be (s) (Artemisia nova) boh-hoe-be (S) (Artemisia tridentata) 44, bch-ombe (S) (Artemisia tridentata) H4. boh-quah (S) (Heracleum lanatum) $5. boo-ee nut-tah-zoom (s) (Linum lewisii) 101. 166 boo-ee nut-zoo (S) (Erigeron concinnus v. aphanactis) JO, i boo-ee nut-zoo (S) (Arenaria aculeata) boo-ee nut-zoo (S) (Linum lewisii) 101• boo-eep nut-zoo (S) (Linum lewisii) 101, 102, booie-ah-nooma (P) (Linum lewisii) 101, booie na-tizuah (P) (Erigeron caespitosus) boole na-tizuah (P) (Linum lewisii) 101. boo-see-ah-wah-be (P) (Eurotia lanata) 7*1, boss-oo-guay (S) (Thalictrum fendleri) 1*1-5 • Brassica spp, (Cruciferae) 52. Brickellia oblongifclia v, linifclia (Compositae) 5s* broom, turpentine (Thamnosma montana) 1^5* broomrape (Orobanche californica) 103, buckwheat, wild (Eriogcnum microthecum) 72, butterballs (Eriogonum ovalifolium) 72, button brush (Artemisia spinescens) buttons, brass (Erigeron concinnus v. aphanactis) 70* but-tu-vah (S) (Paeonia brownii) 111, by-wee-ah (S) (Urtica gracilis) 1^6, cabbage, skunk (Veratrum Californiaurn) cactus, beavertail (Opuntia basilaris) 107* canaza-kwee-sha (P) (Cuscuta spp.) 63, Castilleja linariaefolia (Scrophulariaceae) 53* Catabrosa aquatica (Gramineae) 33* ca-ta-vee (P) (Abies concolor) 30* 167 cattail (Typha latifolia) 1^6. Caulanthus crassicaulis (Cruciferae) 53* cedar, California incense (Libocedrus decurrens) 100, " , rocky mountain red (Juniperus scopulorum) 92, Cercocarpus ledifolius (Rosaceae) 53, 70, 122, Chaenactis douglasii (Compositae) 55* Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Rosaceae) 5&. chew-pahn-iv (Moapa P) (Anemopsis californica) 33, chew-pon-iv (S) (Anemopsis californica) 33, chokecherry, western (Prunus virginiana v. demissa) 123* Chrysothamnus nauseosus v, albicaulis (Compositae) 57* " " v. speciosus (Compositae) 57* ” viscidiflorus (Compositae) 57* Cicuta occidentalis (Umbe Hi ferae) 5^* Claytonia perfoliata (Portulacaceae) 59* Clematis ligusticifolia (Ranunculaceae) 59» 119• clematis, wild (Clematis ligusticifolia) 59« columbine (Aquilegia formosa) 37* comb-ho (W) (Heracleum lanatum) £>5, coopi-joomb (S) (Astragalus spp.) 50, coo-see ah-kuh (S) (Wyethia amplexicaulis) coo-see ah-kuh (S) (Balsamorhiza sagittata) 50. coo-see eh-kuk (P) (Wyethia mollis) l4-6. coo-see ah-kuk (S) (Enceliopsis nudicaulis) 67. coo-see div-oh-sawa (s) (Frasera speciosa) jG, coo-see gee-nobe (S) (undet, Umbelliferae) 150, 168 coo-see pah-wah-zip (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 4o, coo-see pah-wah-zip (S) (Achillea lanulosa) 31- coo -see pah-wah-zip (S) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40. coo-see-pah-zip (S) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40, coo-see quah-soop (P) (Balsamorhiza sagittata) $0, coo-see quatz-oh-bah (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40. coo-see sah-wah-be (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 4o# coo-see sah-wavvy (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40. coo-see see-bup (S) (Tetradymia comosa v, tetrameres) l44, coo-see see-bupe (P & S) (Tetradymia comosa v, tetrameres) l44. coo-see see-bupe (S) (Salix spp.) 133* coo-see suh-ee-be (P) (Salix spp.) 133* coo-see too-roombe (S) (Ephedra nevadensis) 6$. coo-see v/ah-aba (P) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* coo-see-wy-up (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 40. Corallorrhiza raaculata (Orchidaceae) 60. coralroot (Corallorrhiza maculata) 6o, Cordylanthus ramosus (Scrophulariaceae) 60. cor-ren-nup pah-vee (P) (Berberis repens) 51* cottonwood, black (Populus trichocarpa) 121* cough root (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* Cowania mexicana (Rosaceae) 6l. creosote bush (Larrea divaricate) 96. Crepis acuminata (Compositae) 6.°* * scopulorum (Compositae) 62, Cucurbita foetidissima (Cucurbitaceae) 62. 169 currant, golden (Ribes aureum) 129# Cuscuta spp, {Convolvula.eeae) 63. Cymopterus globosus (Umbe111ferae) 63. Cyperus esculentus (Cypersceae) 3-07# da-bel (W) (Artemisia tridentata) daggerpod (Parrya raenziesii) 112, dah-hah-mo-mo dah-o-pah-phu-le (W) (Angelica breweri) Dale a fremontii (Leguminosae) 6^, " polyadenia (Leguminosae) 6^. dama-go-go-yes (W) (Smilacina stellata) 139# Datura meteloides (Solanaceae) 66. deathcamas, foothill (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^9# " , meadow (Zigadenus venenosus) 1^9# deer’s tongue (Frasera speciosa) jG, Desraanthus illinoensis (Leguminosae) 66, dim-bah-sego (S) (Penstemon deustus) 112. dim-bah-shego (S) (Penstemon deustus) 112. dimbe-be-ett-zee (S) (Aster scopulorum) dim-be-see-bup-ee (S) (Aplopappus nanus) J>G. dimbe-tah-ba-she-bupe (S) (Aplopappus nanus) 36 • dim-woo-ee (S) (Rumex crispus) 131, din-ah-ee-go (S) (Phlox longifolia) 115, din-ah-ee-goom (S) (Gilia filifolia v. sparsiflora) fi>0. dock, curly (Rumex crispus) 131. " , sand (Rumex venosus) 132. 170 dodder (Cuscuta spp.) 63. dogowah-die-um (S) (Castilleja linariaefolia) 53. dcgovjah-wan-guh (s) (Achillea lanulosa) 31, doh-ish-ah-bee-e (P) (Prunus Virginians v. demissa) 123* doh-numbe (S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53. don-zeah (S) (Arabia puberula) 37* donzee-anga (s) (Achillea lanulosa) 31* doo (S) (Orobanche californica) 10$, doot-see-ab (S) (Artemisia spinescens) dootsie pah.-wah-pea (P) (Juniperus communis v. saxatilis) 91• dootsie tah-bah-she-up (P) (Erigeron concinnus v. aphanactis) JO* dootsie-up {S) (Artemisia spinescens) doo-yah-gum-hoo (W) (Paeonia brownii) 111. dosa (W) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* dotse-tone-e-ga (P) (Heracleum lanatum) $5* doza (W) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* du-boh-hobe (S) (Artemisia nova) du-du-zip (S) (Iva axillaris) 90. duh-hee yemba (S) (Amelanchier spp.) 33» duh-he-yemba (S) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137* duh-na ee-go (S) (G-ilia filifolia v, sparsiflora) $0. duh-na-eye-go (S) (Aster scopulorum) duh-nah-eye-go (S) (Gilia filifolia v. sparsiflora) $0. duh-nah-eye-gum (S) (Gilia pungens) £>1, dung, bat (kah-seep) 6l. " , rat (kah-seep) 6l. 171 dunumbe (Moapa P) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53* du-yem.be (S) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137* Dyssodia thurberi (Compositae) 67. earth, red (pee-sha-pee) 66, 99* eck-quee hu-binga (P) (Gdlia eremica v. arizonica) 30, elderberry (Sambucus nielanocarpa) 137. (Sambucus velutina) 13$. elephant head {Pedicular!s attolens) 112* " " (Pedicularis centranthera) 112, Elymus condensatus (Gramineae) 67. Enceliopsis nudicaulis (Compositae) 67. enga-moh-wanya (P & S) (Aquilegia formosa) 37• enga-moo-y-nee (S) (Aquilegia formosa) 37* enga-mo-wanya (S) (Gilia aggregate) 76. enga-mutz-oh-wanna (S) (Aquilegia formosa) 37» enga-mutz - 0 h -y - ne w i e (S) (Gilia aggregate) 76• enga-pah-wah-ga (S) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* enga-pah-wee-ah (s) (Rumex crispus) 131. enga-pah-wee-ub (P) (Rumex crispus) 131* ephedra, blue (Ephedra nevadensis) 66. Ephedra nevadensis (Gnetaceae) 66, 7$» 97* " viridis (Gnetaceae) 66, Equisetum spp. (Squisetaceae) 70, Erigeron caespitosus (Compositae) 7°* ” concinnus v, aphanactis (Compositae) JC, 172 Eriodictyon angustifolium (Hydrophyllaceae) 71, Eriogonum microthecum (Polygonaceae) J2, ovalifolium (Polygonaceae) J2. " sphaerocephalum (Polygonaceae) 73* ” umbellatum (Polygonaceae) 73- Eryngiun* alismaefolium (Unbe 111 ferae) 73. esha-ah-goo-wha (P) (Argemone platyceras) esha-tone-ub (P) (Smilacina stellata) 139* esha-wanna (P & S) (Clematis ligasticifolia) 39* esha-wannup (S) (Clematis ligusticifolia) 39* Euphorbia albomarginata (Euphorbiaceae) 73* " arenicola {Euphorbiaceae) 7^* polycarpa (Euphorbiaceae) Surotia lanata (Chenopodiaceae) 7^» exudate, sugar 116, 1*I0. eye-go-dun-um (S) (Phlox longifolia) 115 fernbush (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) 56* fir, joint (Ephedra nevadensis) 63. " , " ( " viridis) 63. " , white (Abies concolor) 30- flax, wild (Linum lewisii) 101. flour, wheat 135- Forsellesia nevadensis (Celastraceae) 75* four-o’clock (Hermidium alipes) £6, Frasera albomarginata v, induta (Gentianaceae) 75* 173 Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae) ~[6, fungous galls 130. fungus (Battarrea phalloides) 51« Gilia aggregate (Polemoniaceae) 37» &9> " congesta (Polemoniaceae) 63, 77* ” eremica v. arizonica (Polemoniaceae) 3o, ” " v. zionis (Polemoniaceae) 30. " filifolia v. sparsiflora (Polemoniaceae) 30, ” pungens (Polemoniaceae) 3l. gilia, scarlet (Gilia aggregata) gooie-took-ie (S) (Pedicularis centranthera) 112, goldenweed (Aplopappus nanus)' 3&* " ( " stenoph^llus) goos-pah (S) (undet.) 150. goo-ye guanna (s) (Pyrola asarifolia) 123. gourd, desert (Cucurbita foetidissima) 62. grass, rye (Elymus condensatus) 67. ” , sand dune (undet.) 13^. greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) 136. Grindelia nana (Compositae) 3l. ” squarrosa v. serrulata (Compositae) 3l, grorawell (Lithospermum ruderale) 102. gum plant (Grindelia squarrosa v. serrulata) 3l. " " , Indian (lygodesmia spinosa) 103. gup-wuh-ghu (S) (Astragalus spp.) 50, 17^ Gutierrezia sarothrae (Compositae) 62, guy-moh (S) (Monardella odoratissima) 105. hah-kee-noop (P) (Cicuta occidentalis) 56. hah-ken-oop (P) (Cicuta occidentalis) 56. hah-tee (S) (Cicuta occidentalis) 56. hah-tumbe (S) (Cicuta occidentalis) haw-ken-noop (P) (Cicuta occidentalis) 56. hawksbeard (Crepis acuminata) o2. ” (Crepis scopulorum) 62, Hedeoma nana (Menthaceae) 63. Relianthella uniflora (Compositae) 63. Helianthus annuus (Compositae) 64, heliotrope (Heliotropium curassavicum v. oculatum) Heliotropium curassavicum v. oculatum (Boraginacoae) hellebore, flase (Veratrum californicum) Heracleum lanatum (Umbe Hi ferae) £5. Hermidium alipes (Nyctaginaceae) 66. Ksuchera rubescens (Saxifragaceae) 67* he-wov-bee (P) (Hermidium alipes) 66. hev;ovoy (P) (Asclepias cryptoceras) 47. hewovey (P) (Hermidium alipes) 66, hoe-ni (S) (Gilia congesta) 77, hoh-tiem (S) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137* Holodiscus discolor v. dumosus (Rosaceae) 66, hoo-boo (P) (Sambucus Yelutina) 136. 175 hoo-na (S) (Gilia congesta) 77* hoo-ni (S) (Gilia congesta) 77* hoo nut-zoo (S) (Aster leucanthemifolius) hoot-see-eva (P) (Chaenactis douglasii) 55* horehound (Marrubium vulgare) 103. huh-nabbe (S) (Cowania mexicana) 6l. huh-nabbe (S) (Purshia tridentata) 126. huh-na-bee (P) (Purshia tridentata) 126. Hypericum scouleri (Guttiferae) $9» i-era-midja (Moapa P) (Dalea freraontii) i-goon-zon-um (P) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 102. Iris nissouriensis (iridaceae) 69. iris, wild (iris missouriensis) £>9. Iva axillaris (Compositae) 90. i-yah-oh-ho (S) (Heliotropium curassavicuin v. oculatum) juniper, alpine (Juniperus communis v. saxatilis) 91* " , one-seeded (Juniperus monosperma) 92. ” , Utah (Juniperus utahensis) 93* " , western (Juniperus occidentalis) 93* Juniperus communis v. saxatilis (Pinaceae) 91* ” monosperma (Pinaceae) 92. " occidentalis (Pinaceae) 92, 93* " scopulorum (Pinaceae) 92. iy6 Juniperus utahensis (Pinaceae) 66, 93> 9$, 117, 116, 119, 136, 1I4-9. kah-nav (Moapa P) (Salix spp.) 133* kahn-gwanna (S) (Salvia carnosa) 136. kah-noop-ah (p) (Erigeron caespitosus) JO, kah-seep (S) (rat urine) 6l, 127. kah-wah-quah-see (S) (Equisetum spp.) JO, ka-sigh-yah-gava (P) (Psathyrotes ramoissima) 125• key-gah-da-goop (P) (Balsamorhiza hirsute) 50. kibah na-tizuah (P) (Angelica sp,?) 36. kibah-pah-quanna-ah (?) (Agastache urticifolia) 33* kibah pah-quanna-av (P) (Agastache urticifolia) 33* koggie-a-den-up (P) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^-9• koggie-a-den-up (P) (Zigadenus venenosus) 14-9. koh-gah-des-ma (W) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^9• koh-see-wah-ah (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodos) koo-booie-du-ney (P) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137• koo-buh tah-cun-o-quah (S) (Artemisia spinescens) koon-oo-gip (P) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137* ku-ba-tah-cun-oh-quah (S) (Artemisia spinescens) Krameria grayi (Leguminosae) 96. kuh-eeb tah-cun-oh-guah (P) (Artemisia spinescens) kuh-wepit-tuh-cun-o-guah (P) (Artemisia spinescens) kung-nuh sah-wabbe (P) (Salvia carnosa) 136. kun-nid-yuh (P) (undet, ’jointad sanddune grass,f) 13^-. 177 Larrea divaricate (Zygophyllaceae) 96 • Leptotaenia multifIda (Umbelliferae) 35» 97» 10?, 109• lettuce, miner’s (Claytonia perfoliata) 59* Leucocrinum montanum (Liliaceae) 100. Libocedrus decurrens (Pinaceae) 100. lichen (undet.) 6l, 151* Ligusticum filicinum (Umbelliferae) 100. lily, sage (Leucocrinum montanum) 100. " , sand (Leucocrinum montanum) 100. linna-huh-nabbe (s) (Purshia tridentata) 126, Linum lewisii (Linaceae) 101, Lithosperraum ruderale (Boraginaceae) 102# locoweed (Astragalus spp.) 50* (Astragalus scaposus) 4-9. lovage (Ligusticum filicinum) 100, lupine (Lupinus spp,) 102, Lupinus spp, (Leguminosae) 102, Lygodesmia spinosa (Compositae) 102. mag-gel (W) (Ephedra viridis) 6$, ma-good-du-hoo (P) (Dalea polyadenia) ma-good-tu-hoo (P & S) (Dalea polyadenia) 64-, mah-gah (W) (Ephedra viridis) 06. mah-hah-wa (W) (Abies concolor) 30* mah-ha-tahl-lahl (W) (Typha latifolia) 14-6. mah-hav-wa (S) (Juniperus communis v. saxatilis) 91* 173 mahogany, mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53- mallow (Sphaeralcea munroana) l4l. manzanita, green (iVrctostaphylos patula) 33. Marrubium vulgar© (Menthaceae) 103• Mentha canadensis (Menthaceae) 104, milkweed (Asclepias cryptoceras) 4-7. " ( " speciosus) 4-3, Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae) 105. mint (Agastache urticifolia) 3l • " , common wild (Mentha canadensis) IQ1!, mo-gun-du (S) (Thamnosma montana) l4-5. moh-eep (s) (Datura meteloides) 66. moh-goh-koh (Moapa P) (Fhragmites communis) ll6, moh-goon-du-hoop (P) (Dalea polyadenia) 64-, moh-goon-du-hoopie (P) (Dalea polyadenia) 64-. moh-goon-du-hu (S) (Dalea polyadenia) 64-• moh-goon-du-oop (S) (Thamnosma montana) 14-5* moh-goon-zee-eye~ah (P) (Phlox longifolia) 115* moh-mope (Moapa P) (Datura meteloides) 66. momono-kaiyu (P) (Eryngium alismaefolium) 73- Monardella odoratissima (Menthaceae) 105* monkey flower (Mimulus guttatus) 105. moo-roon-up (S) (Atriplex canescens) 5°* mugwort, western (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 4-0. mule ears (Wyethia amplexicaulis) l4-3. " " , woolly (iVyethia mollis) lH-$. 179 mustard, wild (Brassica spp.) 52. nagaha-see-bup-ee (s) (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57* nah-comb-boh-zip (s) (Euphorbia polycarpa) 7^* nah-corn-boot-zip (S) (Euphorbia albomarginata) 73* nah-ga-ha-boh-be (S) (Tetradymia canescans) 1^-, nah-gee too-nah-nib (S) (Krameriu grayi) 9&* nah-kah-vah dah-tohnub (Moapa P) (Krameria grayi) $6, nah-quee-dah na-tizuah (P) (Asclepias speciosa) 4-$, nah-vomb (s) (Opuntia basilaris) 107. nah-wah-go bud-zip (S) (Euphorbia polycarpa) yty, na-ka-donip (P) (Eriogonum umbellatum) 73* naka-donup (S) (Eriogonum ovalifolium) J2, naka-donup (S) (Eriogonum umbellatum) 73* nem-ish-aw (s) (Lithospermum ruderale) 102, nettle (Urtica gracilis) l4-6. new-wha bah-hoon (S) (Nicotiana attenuate) 106, new-wha no-ko (s) (Rumex crispus) 131. Nicotiana attenuate (Solanaceae) 106. nightshade (Solanum villosum) nom-ish-aw (s) (Lithospermum ruderale) 102, nut-sigh-noob (P) (undet.) 150, nut-zooh boh-hombe (S) (Abronia turbinata) 30, oha tonega (p) (G-rindelia squarrosa v. serrulate) £>1, oh-diz-uh (P) (Aplopappus nanus) 36, oh-ha-see-bup-e (S) (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57* Igo oh-hoe-buh wah-hava (P) (Elymus condensatus) 67. oh-na-nut-tiz-u-wabbe (F) (Holodiscus discolor v* dumosus) oo-chu-lee mah-too (W) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109. Opuntia basilaris (Cactaceae) 107* Orobanche californica (Orobanchaceae) 10$. Osmorhiza occidentalis (Umbelliferae) ko, *11, 9$> 99» 109. paal-luwe-it (W) (Artemisia douglasiana) 39* Paeonia brownii (Ranunculaceae) 110, pa-guidobe (Moapa P) (Porophyllum leucospermum) 122, pah-da-lo-yi (W) (Mentha canadensis) 104-, pah-dib-ah (S) (Paeonia brownii) 111. pah-eesh sawavvy (P) (Artemisia tridentata) Ml. pah-gah-give (P) (Veratrum californicum) pah-gah-give-ah (P) (Veratrum californicum) pah-guanna (s) (Mentha canadensis) 10*1, pah-hoe-be (P) (Artemisia tridentata) Ml. pah-kuk (P) (Balsamorhiza sagittate) pah-nah-din (S) (Paeonia brownii) 111. pahn-zah-quatum (S) (Mimulus guttatus) 10p. pah-oh-pimb (Moapa P) (Desmanthus illionoensis) 67* pah-quanna (P) (Agastache urticifolia) 33* pah-quanna (P) (Mentha canadensis) 10*1. pah-quanna-ah (?) (Mentha canadensis) 10^-. pah-quanna-ah (P) (Mentha canadensis) 10*1, pah-quanna-av (P) (Mentha canadensis) 10*1, 181 pah-ronzee-ah {S) (Achillea lanulosa) 31. pah-sag-ee-dah (S) (iris missouriensis) £>9* pah-sag-ee-duh (S) (iris missouriensis) £>9« pah-sag-e-dump (S) (iris missouriensis) $9* pah-sag-gee-gee (S) (iris missouriensis) $9* pah-see-toob-ah (P) (iris missouriensis) $9» pah-too-bah (P) (Paeonia brownii) 110. pah-vah-bah-hoe-be (S) (Tetradymia canescens) l44, pah-vah-hobe (S) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 4-0, pah-wadz-oh-buh (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) 4-0. pah-wah-cape (P) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109, pah-wah-capish (P) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109* pah-wah-cub (P) (Aquilegia formosa) 37* pah-wah-gah-bish (P) (Aquilegia formosa) 37* pah-wah-gah-bish (P) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109* pah-wah-gopish (P) (Gilia aggregata) 76# pah-wah-gum (s) (Aquilegia formosa) 37, pah-wall-gumb (P) (Aquilegia formosa) 37* pah-wah-pee (P) (Libocedrus decurrens) 100. pah-wah-zip (S) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* pah-wap-o-ruitz (Moapa P) (Juniperus communis v. saxatilis) 91* pah-v;at-sov (P) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* pah-waYYy (P) (Artemisia tridentata) 44, pah-wee-ah (P) (Rumex crispus) 131. pah-wee-ub (P) (Rumex crispus) 131# pah-wy-give (P) (Veratrum californicum) 147. 182 paintbrush (Castilleja linariaefolia) 53, pam-i-ooh (S) (Aquilegia formosa) 37* para-give (P) (Gilia aggregata) 76. par-o-wah tah-cun-o-quah (P) (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) 56. Parrya menziesii (Cruciferae) 112. parsnip, cow (Heracleum lanatum) £5* " , poison (Cicuta occidentalis) " , water (Cicuta occidentalis) 5^* pava-hobe (S) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* pava-hobe (s) (Artemisia gnaphelodes) pav-wah-guave (s) (Elymus condensatus) 67. peach, desert (Prunus andersonii) 123. Pedicularis attolens (Scrophulariaceae) 112. " centranthera (Scrophulariaceae) 112, pee-ee-ah-gub (P) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 102. pee-gee-wanna (S) (Asclepias speciosa) pee-havvie (P) (Smilacina stellata) 139* pee-sha-pee (P) (red earth) 66, 99* pee-wee-guy-womb-mutz-zee (P) (Eriogonum microthecum) ~(2* pennyroyal (Hedeoma nana) $3* " , wild (Monardella odoratissima) 103* penstemon sp. (Scrophulariaceae) 114-. " deustus (Scrophulariaceae) 79» 112. ” eatoni (Scrophulariaceae) 114-, penstemon, red (Penstemon eatoni) 11^. ,T , white (Penstemon deustus) 112, 183 peony, wild (Paeonia brownii) 111. pet-soom-a-leo (W) (Rosa woodsii) 129. pet-su-mah-le (W) (Rosa woodsii) 129. Phlox longifolia (Polemoniaceae) 115* phlox, wild (Phlox longifolia) 115* Phragmites communis (Gramineae) 116. Physaria ohambersii (Cruciferae) ll6. pine, bristlecone (Pinus aristata) liy. Pinus aristata (Pinaceae) 117. ” monophylla (Pinecese) 6l, JO, &J>, 9$» 100, 117, 127, 132, 136. pinyon, singleleaf (Pinus monophylla) 117. (P) (Heracleum lanatum) Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) 59> 119* plantain, common (Plantago major) 119• Pluchea sericea (Compositae) 120. po-eena-tiz-uah (P) (Linum lewisii) 101, poh-lo-pee-soh (W) (Salvia carnosa) 136. poh-oh-bis (P) (Ribes aureum) 129. poo-ee-bah-hoon (P) (Nicotiana attenuata) 106. poo-ee-bah-moh (P) (Nicotiana attenuata) 106. poo-ee-pah (s) (Nicotiana attenuata) 106. poo-ena nut-tiz-zooh (S) (Linum lewisii) 101. poo-gooey-roop (P) (iris missouriensis) $9« poo-gooey-rub (P) (iris missouriensis) £>9» poo-heo natizuah (S) (Aplopappus stenophyllus) 36. poo-heg-wee-dah (P) (Berberis repens) 31* 184 pooh-wee-buh-hoon (P) (Nicotiana attenuata) 106, £on-nono (S) (Cucurbita foetidissima) 62, poppy, prickly (Argemone platyceras) 3$* Populus tremuloides (Salicaceae) 120. trichocarpa (Salicaceae) 121. Porophyllum leucospermum (Compositae) 122. prince’s plume, yellow (Stanleys pinnata) 1*1-2, Prosopis pubescens (Leguminosae) 123. Prunus andersonii (Rosaceae) 123. Virginians v. demissa (Rosaceae) 12p. Psathyrotes annua (Compos it ae) 12*1-. " ramosissima (Compositae) 30» 119» 125. pue-bax (S) (Nicotiana attenuata) 106. puffball (Battarrea phalloides) 51• puh-ahl (W) (Juniperus occidentalis) 92. puh-ahl (W) (Juniperus utahensis) 93* Purshia tridentata (Rosaceae) 69» 126, Pyrola asarifolia (Ericaceae) 126, quee-bah-noop (P) (Urtica gracilis) l*i6. quee-ban-oob (P) (Marrubium vulgare) 103. quee-boh-nay (P) (Mentha canadensis) 10*i, quee-diih-kvjana (P) (Lupinus spp.) 102. quee-duh-quen-ah (S) (Lupinus spp.) 102. quee-duh-tee-nava (P) (iva axillaris) 90. quee-duh-too-nabba (P) (Phlox longifolia) 115. 185 quee-et-umb (Moapa P) (Prosopis pubescens) 123, quee-quawn-oop (P) (Urtica gracilis) quee-um-be (S) (Dalea fremontii) 6^. quoh-quawie (P) (Smilacina stellata) 139, quoln-oh-combee (S) (Sphaeralcea munroana) lty-1, quoya-no-csmb (S) (Sphaeralcea munroana) quoy-hee nooma natiz-u-ah (P) (Gilia congesta) quoy-hee nut-zoo (S) (Psathyrotes ramosissima) 125* quoy-quavvie (P) (Smilacina stellata) 139* rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus v. speciosus) 57* " , gray (Chrysothamnus nauseosus v. albicaulis) 57* " , little (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57* ramona, desert (Salvia carnosa) 136, raspberry, whitebark (Rubus leucodermis) 131. reed, common (Phragmites communis) ll6. rhubarb, Indian (Rumex crispus) 131. Rhus trilobata (Anacardiaceae) 129. Ribes aureum (Saxifragaceae) 129. rockcress (Arabis puberula) 37* Rosa woodsii (Rosaeae) 122, 129. rose, cliff (Cowania mexicana) bl. ” , wild (Rosa woodsii) 129* Rubus leucodermis (Rosaceae) 131. rue, desert (Thamnosma montana) • ” , meadow (Thalictrum fendleri) • 186 Rumex crispus (Polygonaceae) 131. " venosus (Polygonaceae) 99, 132. rush, horsetail (Equisetum spp.) JO, sage, bud (Artemisia spinescens) 4-3. " , chicken (Artemisia nova) 4-3. " , purple (Salvia carnosa) 136. " , white (Eurotia lanata) sagebrush (Artemisia douglasiana) 39* ( ” dracunculoides) 39. " ( " gnaphalodes) 4-0, ” , big (Artemisia tridentata) 44. " , small (Artemisia nova) 4-3. sag-e-dump (S) (iris missouriensis) 39. sag-ee-da (S) (Argemone platyceras) sag-ee-dump (S) (Argemone platyceras) 3$. sah-mah-be (S) (Juniperus monosperma) 92. sah-mah-be (S) (Juniperus occidentalis) 92. sah-nah cav-oh-no-ah {S) (Grindelia squarrosa v. serrulata) £>1. sah-nah-goop-ah-rah (S) (Grindelia squarrosa v. serrulata) £l. sah-nah tonegan (P) (Grindslia squarrosa v, serrulata) 3.1, sahn-ah-vee (P) (Symphoricarpos longiflorus) 1*13 • sahn-a-pah wah-pee (P) (Pinus monophylla) 117. sahn-a-poh (S) (Juniperus utahensis) 93* sahn-awie (P) (Prunus andersonii) 123* sahn-a-wap (S) (Brickellia oblongifolia v, linifolia) 52* 187 sahn-nah-bea (P) (Prunus andersonii) 123. (S) (Gilia congesta) 77. sah-tone-zee-yung (S) (Gilia congesta) 77* sah-wah-be (P & S) (Artemisia tridentata) sah-wah-hawa (P) (Elymus condensatus) 67. sah-wape (Moapa P) (Pluchea sericea) 120. sah-wavvy (P) (Artemisia tridentata) Salix spp. (Salicaceae) 133. argophylla (Salicaceae) 133* " exigua (Salicaceae) 57 > 133* hindsiana (Salicaceae) 133* ” luteosericea (Salicaceae) 133» saltbush (Atriplex canescens) 50* Salvia carnosa (Menthaceae) 107, 119» 13&* sam-ah-bee (s) {Juniperus occidentalis) 92. sam-ah-bee (S) (Juniperus utahensis) 93* Sambucus melanocarpa (Caprifoliaceae) 137* " velutina (Caprifoliaceae) 13#. sana-abu (P) (Aplopappus stenophyllus) 36. sandwort (Arenaria aculeata) 3$* Sarcodes sanguines (Ericaceae) 60, 139* Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Chenopodiaceae) 13$. screwbean (Prosopis pubescens) 123• sebu-moh-goon-a-bu (P) (Psathyrotes annua) sebu-moh-goon-a-bu (P) ( " ramosissima) 125* see-am-bip (S) (Rosa woodsii) 129. isg see-am-bip (S) (Rubus leucodermis) 131. see-avvie (P & S) (Rosa woodsii) 129. see-a-wimp (Moapa P) (Rhus trilcbata) 129. see-bape (S) (Chrysothamnus nauseosus v, albicaulis) 57* see-boh moh-goon-ub (P) (Psathyrotes ramosissima) 125. see-boo moh-goon-up (P) (Monardella odoratissima) 105. see-goh-oh (P) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^9. see-goo-ah-gump (P & S) (Leucocrinum montanum) 100. see-go oh-buh (P) (Zigadenus venenosus) see-goop-e (P) (Tetradymia comosa v. tetrameres) see-goo-we-up (Moapa P) (Salvia carnosa) 136, see-gupe (P) (Gutierrezia sarothrae) $2, $3» see-gup-ee (P) (Aplopappus nanus) 36 • see-gu-pee (P) (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57* see-ko-pe (P) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 102, see-nee buh-buh (P) (Cyperus esculentus?) 107. seepweed (Suaeda torreyana v, ramosissima) see-quoy no-ko (s) (Sphaeralcea munroana) seg-quoh-ha (P) (Argemone platyceras) 3$» shaw-wa-eh (W) (Abies concolor) 30. she-gimba (V7) (Smilacina stellata) 139. shee-shub (S) (Eurotia lanata) 7^* she-shu-bah (P) (Eurotia lanata) shinleaf (Pyrola asarifolia) 12$, shu-gil (W) (Wyethia mollis) shugil-artus (W) (Balsamorhiza sagittata) 5°* 189 si-ag-iv (P) (Chanactis douglasii). 55* sigh-yah-gava (P) (Gilia filifolia v, sparsiflora) 30. sigh-yah-gava (P) (Psathyrotes ramosissima) 125* sing-gah-ve (s) (Populus tremuloides) 120. sing-gah-ve (s) (Populus tricliocarpa) 121. sing-gop (S) (Populus trichocarpa) 121, si-pah-pah (W) (Prunus virginiana v. demissa) 123. si-yah-gum (P) (Gilia filifolia v, sparsiflora) $0, Smilacina stellata (Liliaceae) 139* smoke bush (Dale a polyadenia) snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) $3* snakewood, button (Eryngium alismaefolium) 73. snowberry (Symphoricarpos longif■* orus) snow plant (Barcodes sanguinea) 139• so-go-diem (S) (Berberis repens) 51* so-go div-oh-sah (S) (Phlox longifolia) 115. so-go-du-yembe (S) (Berberis repens) 51• so-go-ron-zee-ah (s) (Phlox longifolia) 115. so-ho-be (S) (Populus trichocarpa) 121. soh-noy tah-cun-oh-quah (P) (Gilia aggregate) Solanum villosum (Solanaceae) 1^0, solomonseal, false (Smilacina stellata) 139* soo-roop-ee (P) (Ephedra viridis) 6$. soo-vee (P & S) (Salix spp.) 133* spee-ge-nooma na-tiz-u-ah (P) (Hermidium alipes) 36. Sphaeralcea ambigua (Malvaceae) 1^1. 190 Sphaeralcea munroana (Malvaceae) 1^1. " parvifolia (Malvaceae) 1^1, Sphenosciadium capitellatum (Umbelliferae) 14-2. spirea, rock (Holodiscus discolor v, dumosus) spurge (Euphorbia albomarginata) 73* ” ( " arenicola) 7^-* " ( " polycarpa) 7^. squawberry (Rhus trilobata) 1£9. Stanleya pinnata (Cruciferae) 1^2. Stephanomeria tenuiflora (Compositae) stoneseed (Lithospermum ruderale) 102. Suaeda nigra (Chenopodiaceae) 1^3* " occidentalis (Chenopodiaceae) • ” torreyana v. ramosissima (Chenopodiaceae) 1^3• sugilatse (W) (Balsamorhiza sagittate) 5°. suh-ee-be (P & S) (Salix spp.) 133* suh-ee-wee (P) (Salix spp.) 133« suh-goo-wee-up (S) (Salvia carnosa) 136, sulphur flower (Erlogonum sphaerocephalum) 73, ” " ( ” umbel latum) 73* su-nabbe (S) (Populus trichocarpa) 121, sunflower, balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittate) 50. " , common (Helianthus annuus) " > little (Kelianthella uniflora) fi>3* sung-up (S) (Populus tremuloides) 120. sweetroot (Osmorrhiza occidentalis) 109. 191 Symphonic arp os longiflorus (Caprifoliaceae) 1*43• taba eralu (W) (Thalictrum fendleri) tah-bah-she-go (S) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^9• tah-bah-she-up (S) (Aplopappus nanus) 36• tab-bah-she-up (S) (Chrysothamnus nauseosus v, speciosus) 97* tah-beese-e-goh (P) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1^9• tah-beese-ee-goop (s) (Tetradymia canescens) lH4. tah-beese-see-goop (p) (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57* tah-bee-she-gocp (P) (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus) 57• tah-be-sen-a-goh (S) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 103. tah-bul (W) (Artemisia tridentata) *4*4, tah-pah-day (S) (Physaria chambersii) ll6. tah-rah-gee-noob (P) (Physaria chambersii) ll6, tah-see-vuh (P) (Holodiscus discolor v, dumosa) 33, tah-uh-be (P) (Sarcobatus vermiculatis) 133, tah-vah-see-go (S) (Zigadenus paniculatus) 1*4-9. tah-wee-carlb (Moapa P) (Euphorbia arenicola) Tanacetum vulgare v, crispum (Gompositae) 1*43, tansy (Tanacetum vulgare v, crispum) 1*43. tea, Indian (Ephedra viridis) 63, ” , Mormon ( ” nevadensis) 63, ” , " ( ” viridis) 63* tem-piute (S) (Cilia aggregate) 76, Tetradymia canescens (Gompositae) 1*4*4, " comosa v, tetrameres (Gompositae) 1*4*4, 192 Thalictrum fendleri (Hanunculaceae) 1^5, Thamnosma montana (Rutaceae) lH-5. tim-bah-hay nut-zoo (S) (Astragalus scaposus) tim-bah-hay nut-zoo (S) (Cordylanthus ramcsus) 60. tim-bah-hay nut-zoo (S) (Penstemon deustus) 113* timba-wop (S) (Aplopappus nanus) 36* timbe-boon-goo (S) (undet, lichen) 151. timpiute (Gilia aggregate) jG* tin-ah-ee-go (S) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 103, tin-ah-ee-go (S) (Gilia pungens) 8>1. tin-ah-piute (S) (Gilia aggregate) jG, ting-wee-buh (S) (Chamaebatiaria millefolium) 56. tobacco, Indian (Nicotiana attenuate) 106, M , commercial 9$» lH-9. " , wild (Nicotiana attenuata) 106, tods-e-tonega (P) (Aster frondosus) todze-tonega (P) (Achillea lanulosa) 31* toe-tee-tone-ga (P) (Achillea lanulosa) 31* toh-aw-sav-ve (P) (Leptotaenia multifile) 97* toh-aw-sa-ve (S) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97« toh-hah tonegan (P) (Phlox longifolia) 115. toh-hawk-quee (P) (Asclepias speciosa) toh-hoe-quah (P) (Chaenactis douglasii) 55* toh-ish-a-'booe (P) (Prunus virginiana v, demissa) 123* toh-no-be (P) (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) 13$* toh-nombe (s) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53* 193 tohn-quah-zip (s) (Prunus virginiana v. demissa) 123. toh-quoh-bag-um (S) (Penstemon eatoni) toh-quah-quah- (P) (Nicotiana attenuate) 106, toh-quoh-wat-ziv (Moapa P) (Penstemon sp.) toh-sa (F) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* toh-sah (S) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* toh-sah-ah (P) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* toh-see-ten-ava (P) (Mentha canadensis) 104-. toh-sup (P & S) (Leptotaenia multifida) 97* toh-tee-tonega (P) (Achillea lanulosa) pi* toh-tee-tone-e-gah (P) (Achillea lanulosa) 51* toh-yuh-tu-yuh-bu-huh (S) (Berberis repens) pi. tok-quee (S) (Astragalus spp.) pO. tone-oh-bee (P) (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) 13$. tone-quish-up (S) (Prunus virginiana v, demissa) 123. too-bap-ee (S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) pp. toobe (P) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) p3* too-be (S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) pp. toobe-buh-ah (P) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) pp* too-bee (P) (Pinus monophylla) 117. too-bee-boh-ah (S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) pp. too-bee-man-a-ba (P) (Cilia filifolia v. sparsiflora) $0. too-bee-man-ob (P) (Erigeron concinnus v. aphanactis) 7°* too-bee she-gin-oop (P) (Salvia carnosa) 136. too-bee tor-ben-aba (P) (Gilia filifolia v. sparsiflora) $0. too-borzie (P) (Cyperus esculentus) 107. 19k too-buzz-sah-wop (P) (Penstemon deustus) 112, too-buzz-see-be (P) (Monardella odoratissima) 109* too-buzz-see-bee (P & S) (Penstemon deustus) 112, too-du-zip (S) (iva axillaris) 90. too-ee (S) (Orobanche californica) 103, toe-goot-se-ooh-goope (P) (Gutierrezia sarothrae) 32, toG-ha-babba (P) (iva axillaris) 90. too-hah-see-goop-ee (P) (Tetradymia comosa v. tetrameres) l44. too-hoo (P) (Orobanche californica) 10£>, too-man-aba (P) (Gilia filifolia v. sparsiflora) 30, too-man-abbe (?) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 102. toom-bee-see-bupe (S) (Gutierrezia sarothrae) 32, too-nambe (S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53* too-pee (P & S) (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 53* too-rombe (S) (Ephedra viridis) 63. too-roop-ee (P) (Ephedra viridis) 63, too-toom-be (S) (Ephedra viridis) 63, too-toop-ee (P) (Ephedra viridis) 63. too-vah-saah (P) (Cuscuta spp,) 63. too-vah-sah (S) (Veratrum californicum) too-wan-oo-pah (?) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 103. tot-zip (S) (Holodiscus discolor v. dumosus) 33, toya-abba-hobe (S) (Monardella odoratissima) 105. toya-abba-hobe (S) (Salvia carnosa) 136, toyabe-behobe (S) (Artemisia nova) toya-dimba-wah-rumb (S) (Heuchera rubescens) 3j. 195 teya-div-oh-sah (S) (Veratrum calif ornicum) toya-hoe-gob (P) (Parrya menziesii) 11.2, toya-huhnabbe (S) (Holodiscus discolor v, dumosus) $3, toya-pah-quanna (s) (Agastache urticifolia) 33* toya-soo-nap (S) (Populus trichocarpa) 121, toya-tim-bah-zip (s) (Salvia carnosa) 136, tu-ba (P) (Pinus monophylla) 117* tu-bap-ee (P) (Pinus monophylla) 117, tube-manabe (P) (Heliotropium curassavicum v* oculatum) £&, tu-be-man-up (P) (Phlox longifolia) 115. tue-ago-nomo (W) (Paeonia brownii) 111, tue-hoo (P) (Orobanche californica) 10$. tuha-kono-be (P) (Rumex venosus) 132, tuha-konobe (S) (Rumex venosus} 132. tuha-kono-gip (P) (Rumex venosus) 132, tuh-botza-yo-caw-son (P) (undet. lichen) 151, tuh-goo-buss-e-emp (S) (Dalea fremontii) tuh-veep (S) (Eurotia lanata) 7^, tu-ma-nabe (P) (Heliotropium curassavicum v, oculatum) £&, tu-man-ah-be (s) (Heliotropium curassavicum v. oculatum) turtle back (Psathyrotes annua) 12^, " ” ( " ramosissima) 125, tu-tupe (Moapa P) (Ephedra nevadensis) 6$. twinpod (Physaria chambers!!) 116, Typha latifolia (Typhaceae) 1^6, 196 uh-nop (Moapa P) (Cowania mexicana) 6l. unda-vitch-quanna (S) (Mimulus guttatus) 105. urine, rat (kah-seep) 6l, 127. Urtica gracilis (Urticaceae) 122, ut-sah-av (P) (Asclepias speciosa) Veratrum californicum (Liliaceae) verbena, pink sand (Abronia villosa) 30» ” , white sand (Abronia turbinata) 30- virgin’s bower (Clematis ligusticifolia) 59* wadda-e-goh (P) (Eriogonum umbellatum) 73* wadda-e-gopa (P) (Ligusticum filicinum) 100, 101. wadda-e-gopa (P) (Sphenosciadium capitellatum) 14-2. wadda-eye-gop (P) (Osracrhiza occidentalis) 1Q9. wadgo-ba (p) (Artemisia douglasiana) 39* wa-ha-nane (W) (Lygodesmia spinosa) 103* wah-gup-pee (S) (Artemisia tridentata) wah-havva (P) (Elymus condensatus) 67. wah-numb (S) (Caulanthus crassicaulis) 53• wah-pee (P, S & W) (Pinus monophylla) 117. wah-pee (S) (Juniperus communis v, saxatilis) 91» wah-pee (P) ( ” monosperina) 92* wah-pee (P) ( " occidentalis) 92* wah-pee (P) { ” utahensis) 93• wah-poose-oh-guay (P) (Holcdiscus discolor v. dumosus) 197 wah-puee (P) (Juniperus occidentalis) 92* wah-puee (P) ( " utahensis) 93• wah-toh-voh (S) (Smilacina stellata) 139. wa-na (p) (Asclepias cryptoceras) wanda-vah-sah (s) (Veratrum californicum) l4-7. wanda-vasa (S) (Veratrum californicum) 1^7* wat-sob (P) (Artemisia gnaphalocles) wats-ov (P) (Achillea lanulosa) 31* wat-sov (P) (Artemisia dracunculoides) 39* wat-so-vah (P) (Artemisia gnaphalodes) waxberry (Syraphoricarpos longiflorus) wee-ab-a-nuh (P) (Asclepias speciosa) weed, jimson (Datura meteloides) 66. " , poverty (iva axillaris) 90. " , skeleton (Lygodesmia spinosa) 103. wee-dah-gom (S) (Sphaeralcea munroana) 1^1. wee-dee (S) (Plantago major) 119* wee-doh-comb (S) (Sphaeralcea munroana) lH-1, wee-pah-got-urn (S) (Eriodictyon angust ifolium) 71* wee-poo-en-ub (Moapa P) (Eriodictyon angustifolium) 71, wee-yah (S) (Agastache urticifolia) 33* wem-see (W) (Achillea lanulosa) 31* wem-see (W) (Gilia congests) 77. wem-she (W) (Pedicularis attolens) 112. who-booie (P) (Sambucus melanocarpa) 137* who-goo-buh (P) (Stanleys pinnata) 1^2. 193 whood-see-tah-cun-oh-guah (P) (Artemisia gnaphslodes) 40, whoo-goop (P) (Stanleys pinnata) 1^2. willow (Salix spp.) 133* winter fat (Eurotia lanata) 7^« witch-ah das~ah~d.ee-ah (S) (Chaenactis douglasii) 55. witch-ah-numba (S) (Chaenactis douglasii) 55* witch-ah-so-oh (S) (Paeonia brownii) 111# wo-cau~cau-pu (P) (Phragmites communis) ll6. wo-gay-be (S) (Opuntia basilaris) 107. wch-ah-gum (S) (Grindelia squarrosa v. serrulate) 81. wom-boh-nomb (S) (Smilacina stellata) 139* wong-govie (S) (Abies concolor) 30* wong-govie (S) (Pinus aristata) 117. woo-dee (S) (Plantago major) 119* worra~eye-gob (p) (Osmorhiza occidentalis) 109. wort, St. John’s (Hypericum scouleri) 39* woy-boh-nuiub (s) (Stanleys pinnata) 1^2. wya-nut-zoo (S) (Rumex venosus) 132. wya-sag-gee-gee (S) (Argemone platyceras) 3^* wya-sag-wee-duh (S) (Argemone platjrceras) 33# Wyethia amplexicaulis (Compositae) 122, 12o, 1*1-3 • " mollis (Compositae) l*i3. wy-ron-zip (S) (Elymus condensatus) 67. yah-he-wat-um (S) (Arctostaphylos patula) 33. yahn-gan-gooie (S) (Chaenactis aruglasii) 55* 199 yah-tem (Moapa P) (Larrea divaricate) 96. ya-paw-taw-the (P) (Eriogonum ovalifolium) J2, ya-paw-taw-the (P) ( " sphaerocephalum) 73* yarrow (Achillea lanulosa) 31. ya-temp (s) (Larrea divaricata) 96* ye-dirts (P) (Cymopterus globosus) 63* ye-luts (P) ( " ” ) 63* yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) 33* " santa (Eriodictyon angustifolium) 71* yoh-nip (s) (Psathyrotes annua) 12^« zee-guoy (S) (Heuchera rubescens) Zigadenus paniculatus (Liliaceae) 14-9• ” venenosus (Liliaceae) 1^9*