UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO BERKELEY * DAVIS * IRVINE * LOS ANGELES * RIVERSIDE * SAN DIEGO * SAN FRANCISCO { “WI = on i SANTA BARBARA * SANTA CRUZ SCHOOL OF MEDICINE 400 PARNASSUS AVENUE, ROOM 405 DIVISION OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 94143-0320 MEMORANDUM TO: Staff FROM: Jeff and Karen RE: Minority Report DATE: September 23, 1991 One of the projects that remains from the Commission’s second year is a report that focuses on the impact of the HIV epidemic in communities of color. As we are all aware, the Commission decided to do such a report and release it soon after the comprehensive report. With the imminent release of America Living with AIDS, it is time to begin in earnest on the minority report. We will need everyone’s help. . Thanks to everyone for taking the time last week to discuss the approach to this report. I think we can all agree that one of the most important contributions the Commission can make is to give voice to people whose lives are affected by HIV, but who otherwise might not be heard. This report can go a long way toward such an end. Although the task before us is both complex and sensitive, we have a head start. The Commission has collected a wealth of information and developed a level of rapport with individuals and community groups that will help ensure that the report appropriately acknowledges and addresses concerns raised across these very diverse communities. What we would like to do first is to compile and analyze resource materials that can be used to provide substantive focus and guide us on our way. Accordingly, the staff--working in pairs--should prepare a 20-25 page . background paper (including appendix materials) regarding each of the four relevant communities on which the Commission has conducted focused hearings and/or site visits over the past year. They include: Native Americans Jason and Carlton and Alaskan Natives African Americans Fran and Joan Hispanics Patricia and Ellen Asian-Americans and Nat and Karen Pacific Islanders The issue paper should contain roughly the information outlined below. « Epidemiology - prevalence and incidence of HIV infection and AIDS cases; underlying risk factors; related health issues (e.g. TB, STDs, etc.); issues regarding general health status; analysis of relevant information by age, gender, geography, and economic status, insofar as data permit. MMWR reports and materials cited therein are the place to start. State of the Art/ Literature Review - What do we and don’t we know about these populations? What information can be summarized from health services and behavioral research, as well as from other social science literature? What gaps in understanding remain? Policy Concerns - What issues specific to the community arise from the background information? These can range across all of the general chapter headings found in the comprehensive report, such as: prevention and education; clinical research; health care; and financing and health care access. What recurrent themes emerged from witnesses at hearing and site visits? Are there issues the community has identified as priority concerns, or issues related to subpopulations? Cross-Cultural Themes - Are there issues shared by these various communities that might help unify the focus in the report, such as: the heterogeneity found within each of these communities; distrust of government and science felt by many people of color; intergenerational conflicts over attitudes toward homosexuality and drug use. Testimony - Strong statements made by witnesses, where possible in “quotable," "sound bite" size. Where this is not possible, views of witnesses should be summarized in meeting minutes or the like. Bibliography - The list compiled thus far (see attached) is just a quick start put together by combining a Medline search with materials from Commission hearings on all of the groups. More work needs to be done to refine the search in each community and to obtain relevant materials from the magazines, newsletters, and other resources within communities of interest. We should collect references as we go along (keeping them in the same style that was used in the comprehensive report). List of resources - Experts, community-based organizations, professional associations. Are there people with whom we should be brainstorming or collaborating? These issue papers should be ready no later than October 9, 1991. Feel free to call me: before then; I will be in the office as of October 7th. Karen will be in charge of the project overall--you can go to her for ideas, help, or further explanation regarding the format or content of the paper. We would like to distribute these papers to Dr. Osborn, Harlon Dalton, and Eunice Diaz as well as any Commissioners who express an interest in getting involved in the initial phase of this project. The papers will also be circulated in advance of a meeting of a small group of Commissioners and collaborators to b held in the office in the second or third week of October. The background papers will be used to help develop an outline and an approach to the report by providing a touchstone for discussion. It is anticipated that a substantial portion of the language of these papers will appear in any report sent to the full Commission for approval. They should also be a trustworthy source of data that can be quoted and abstracted as appropriate. Accordingly, it is important that the papers be prepared with care. Thanks for your help. Vee: fos Osborn. , H-d. c:minority.bib 9-18-91 References Akinaka, S. (1986) AIDS Prevention Strategies for Educating Asian Heterosexual IV Drug Users. Amaro, H. (1988) Considerations for prevention of HIV infection among hispanic women. Psychology of Women Quarterly 12:429-443. American Indian Chemical Dependency Treatment Program, AIDS- Related Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Survey. National Native American AIDS Prevention Center. June, 1989. Aruffo, J.F., Coverdale, J.H., and Vallbona, C. (1991) AIDS knowledge in low-income and minority populations. Public Health Reports 106:115-119. Asian & Pacific Islanders Caucus Statement (1989) National Conference on HIV Infection & AIDS Among Racial & Ethnic Populations. August. Askari, E., and Alexander, D.L. (1989) AIDS and the minority health-care worker. AAOHN Journal 37:109-113. Bakeman, R., McCray, E., Lumb, J.R., Jackson, R.E., and Whitley, P.N. (1987) The incidence of AIDS among blacks and Hispanics. Journal of the National Medical Association 79:921-925. Bakeman, R., Lumb, J.R., Jackson, R.E., and Smith, D.W. (1986) AIDS risk-group profiles in whites and members of minority groups. The New England Journal of Medicine 315:191-192. Beery, M.P. (1990) Women and HIV/AIDS: World AIDS Day 1990. Florida Nurse 38:(10):20. Boodman, S.G. (1987) AIDS message misses many blacks, Hispanics. Washington Post 5-31. Bowles, J., and Robinson, W.A. (1989) PHS grants for minority group HIV infection education and prevention efforts. Public Health Reports 104:552-559. Carballo-Dieguez, A. (1989) Hispanic culture, gay male culture, and AIDS: Counseling implications. Journal of Counseling ana Development 68:26-30. Castro, K., and Narkinas, J. (1989) Seroprevalence of HIV infection in seasonal and migrant farmworkers: Preliminary results. Migrant Health Clinical Supplement, National Migrant Referral Project July/August. ° Chu, S.Y., Buehler, J.W., Fleming, P.L., and Berkelman, R.L. (1990) Epidemiology of reported cases of AIDS in lesbians, United States 1980-89. American Journal of Public Health 80:1380-1381. COSSMHO, National Coalition of Hispanic Health and Human Services Organizations. (1990) ..And access for all: Medicaid and Hispanics. Coverdale, J.H., Aruffo, J.F., Laux, L.F., Vallbona, C., and Thornby, J.I. (1990) AIDS, minority patients, and doctors: What’s the risk? Who’s talking? Southern Medical Journal 83:1380-1383. Day, S. (1990) AIDS and homophobia in American Indian communities: A vision for Change. Seasons Summer 1990. De Carpio, A.B., Carpio-Cedraro, F.F., and Anderson, L. (1990) Hispanic Families learning and teaching about AIDS: A participatory approach at community level. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 12:165-176. De La Cancela, V. (1989) Minority AIDS prevention: Moving beyond cultural perspectives towards sociopolitical empowerment. AIDS Education and Prevention 1:141-153. DiClemente, R.J., and Houston-Hamilton, A. (1989) Health promotion strategies for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among minority adolescents. Health Education 20(5) 339-43. DiClemente, R.J., Boyer, C.B., and Morales, E.S. (1988) - Minorities and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes, and misconceptions among black and Latino adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 78:55-57. Elder-Tabrizy, K.A., Wolitski, R.J., Rhodes, F., and Baker, J.G. (1991) AIDS and competing health concerns of blacks, Hispanics, and whites. Journal of Community Health 16(1):11-21. Flaskerud, J.H., and Nyamathi, A.M. (1990) Effects of an AIDS education program on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of low income black and Latina women. Journal of Community Health 15:343-355. Flaskerud, J.H., and Rush, C.E. (1989) AIDS and traditional health beliefs and practices of black women. Nursing Research 38:210-215. Flaskerud, J.H., and Nyamathi, A.M. (1989) Black and Latina womens’ AIDS related knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Research in Nursing and Health 12:339-346. Flaskerud, J.H. (1988) RN asks nurses, minority women about AIDS 2 (interview). American Nurse 20(6) :6. Forman, M., Lu, M.C., Leung, M., and Ponce N. (1990) Policy Papers and Fact Sheets on the Health Status of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Asian American Health Forum, Inc., November. Freudenberg, N., Lee, J., and Silver, D. (1989) How black and Latino community organizations respond to the AIDS epidemic: a case study in one New York City neighborhood. AIDS Education and Prevention 1:12-21. Friedman, S.R., Sotheran, J.L., Abdul-Quader, A., Primm, B.J., Des Jarlais, D.c., et al. (1987) The AIDS epidemic among blacks and Hispanics. Milbank Quarterly 65(Suppl)2:455-499. | Fullilove, R.E., Fullilove, M.T., Bowser, B.P., and Gross, S.A. (1990) Risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in Oakland and San Francisco, Calif. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:851-855. Fullilove, M.T., Fullilove, R.E., Haynes, K., and Gross, S. (1990) Black women and AIDS prevention: A view towards understanding gender rules. The Journal of Sex Research 27:47-64. Fullilove, M.T., Weinstein, M., Fullilove, R.E., Crayton, E.J.Jr., et al. (1990) Race/gender issues in the sexual Gayle, J.A., Selik, R.M., and Chu, S.Y. (1990) Surveillance for AIDS and HIV-infection among black and hispanic children and women of childbearing age, 1981-1989. Surveillance Summaries 39:3:23-30. , Ginzburg, H.M., MacDonald, M.G., and Glass, J.W. (1987) AIDS, HTLV-III diseases, minorities and intravenous drug abuse... Advances in Alcohol and Substance Abuse 6(3):7-21. Goodman, E., and Cohall, A.T. (1989) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and adolescents: knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and’ behaviors in a New York adolescent minority population. Pediatrics 84:36-42. Greaves, W. (1986) AIDS: No time for apathy. Journal of the National Medical Association 78:97-98. Greaves, W.L. (1987) The black community. In H.L. Dalton, S. Burris, and the Yale AIDS Law Project, eds., AIDS and the Law, A Guide for the Public Yale University Press; New Haven and London. Hahn, R.A., and Castro, K.G. (1989) The Health and Health Care Status of Latino Populations in the U.S.: A Brief Review. National Strategy Symposium. Hernandez, J.T., and Smith, F.J. (1991) Racial targeting of AIDS programs reconsidered. Journal of the National Medical Association 83:17-21. Hu, D.J., Keller, R., and Fleming, D. (1989) Communicating AIDS information to Hispanics: the importance of language and media preference. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 5:196-200. Jackson, E.M., and Lenox, M.F. (1990) Re: AIDS and traditional health beliefs and practices of black women (letter). Nursing Research 39:96, 107. Jemmott, L.S., Jemmott, J.B.,III. (1991) Applying the theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: condom use among black women. Nursing Research 40:228-34. Keith, S.N. (1990) Role of minority providers in caring for the underserved. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 1:90-95. . Kitano, K.J. (1988) Correlates of AIDS-Associated High-Risk Behavior Among Chinese and Filipino Gay Men. Master’s Thesis, School of Social Welfare, University of California at Berkeley. Kotomori, R.T., and Chase E. (1989) Indian Health Service Fact Sheet, Indian Health Service AIDS Prevention Activity Annual Report for Calendar Year 1989, and "AIDS Education, Treatment, and Prevention." Lesnick, H., and Pace, B. (1990) Knowledge of AIDS risk factors in south Bronx minority college students. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3:173-176. Lindan, C.P., Hearst, N., Singleton, J.A., Trachtenberg, A.I., Riordan, N.M., et al. (1990) Underreporting of minority AIDS deaths in San Francisco Bay area, 1985-1986. Public Health Reports 105:400-404. McCord, C., and Freeman, H.P. (1990) Excess mortality in Harlem. The New England Journal of Medicine 322:173-177. Martin, K. (1990) A shared responsibility: a native person with AIDS and his community. Seasons Summer 1990. Mays, V.M., and Cochran, S.D. (1987) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and black Americans: Special psychosocial issues. Public Health Reports 102:224-231. Mays, V.M., Albee, G.W., Jones, J., and Schneider, S.F. (eds.) AIDS prevention in black populations: Methods of a safer kind. Psychological Approaches to the Primary Prevention of AIDS (1989) 264-279. Menendez, B.S., Drucker, E., Vermund, S.H., Castano, R.R., Perez- Agosto, R.R., et al. (1990) AIDS mortality among Puerto Ricans and other Hispanics in New York City, 1981-1987. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 3:644-648. Minority Report of the AIDS Advisory Task Force. Mitchell, A. (1990) AIDS-We are not immune. Emerge November 30- 44. Native American Caucus Resolutions from the National Conference on HIV infection and AIDS among racial and ethnic populations, August 1989. Naritomi, J. Living With AIDS: Of Heart and Mind. The Japanese American Mental Health Task Force Nelkin, D., and Gilman, S.L. (1988) Placing blame for devastating disease. Social Research 55:361-367. , Nickens, H. (1990) AIDS among blacks in the 1990s. Journal of the National Medical Association 82:239-242. Nyamathi, A., and Shin, D.M. (1990) Designing a culturally sensitive AIDS educational. program for black and Hispanic women. of childbearing age. Naacogs Clinical Issues in Perinatal and. Womens Health Nursing 1:86-98. Pakisima: Reaching the Filipino Community With AIDS Prevention, The View From The Inside: Serving Asian Communities, A Personal Account of a Community’s Response to AIDS, and Asian Pacific AIDS Council and People of Color Against AIDS Network, MIRA, 1991. Peterson, J.L., and Marin, G. (1988) Issues in the prevention of AIDS among black and Hispanic men. American Psychologist 43:871- 877. Ports, S.T, and Banzhaf M. (1990) Many cultures, many approaches. Women, AIDS, and Activism ACT UP/New York Women & AIDS Book Group. Randolph, L.B. (1988) The hidden fear: Black women, bisexuals and the AIDS risk. Ebony 1:120-126. Robinson, B.E., Walters, L.H., and Skeen, P. (1989) Response of parents to learning that their child is homosexual and concern over AIDS: A national study. Journal of Homosexuality 18:59-80. Rogers, M.F., and Williams, W.W. (1987) AIDS in blacks and Hispanics: Implications for prevention. Issues _in Science and Technology Spring 87:89-94. Rowell, R.M. (1990) Native Americans, stereotypes, and HIV/AIDS: Our Continuing struggle for survival. SIECUS Report February/March:9-15. Rush, A.G. (1990) Substance abuse and HIV in native communities. Seasons Fall, 1990. Schilling, R.F., Schinke, S.P., Nichols, S.E., Zayas, L.H., Miller, S.O., et al. (1989) Developing strategies for AIDS prevention research with black and Hispanic drug users. Public Health Reports 104:2-11. Schinke, S.P., Gordon, A.N., and Weston, R.E. (1990) Self- instruction to prevent HIV infection among African-American and Hispanic-American adolescents. :- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58:243-436. Schinke, S.P., Botvin, G.J., Orlandi, M. A., Schilling, R.F., and Gordon, A.N. (1990) African-American and Hispanic-American adolescents, HIV infection, and preventive intervention. AIDS Education and Prevention 2:305-312. Schwanberg, S.L. (1990) Attitudes towards homosexuality in American health care literature 1983-1987. Journal of Homosexuality 19:117-136. Selik, R.M., Castro, K.G., and Pappaioanou, M. (1988) Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of AIDS in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 78:1539-1545. Shayne, V.T., and Kaplan, B.J. (1991) Double victims: poor women and AIDS. Women and Health 17:21-37. Ship, J. A., Wolff, A., and Selik, R.M. (1991) Epidemiology of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in persons aged 50 years or Older. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 4:84-88. Singer, M., Castillo, Z., Davison, L., and Flores, C. (1990) Owning AIDS: Latino Organizations and the AIDS epidemic. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 12:196-211. Singer, M., Flores, C., Davison, L., Burke, G., Castillo, Ze , et al. (1990). SIDA: The Economic, Social, and Cultural Context of AIDS among Latinos. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 4:72-114. Smith, M.D. (1987) AIDS: Roles for black physicians. Journal of the National Medical Association 79:917-918. Strategies for Promoting Health for Specific Populations: American Indians, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Journal of Public Health Policy (1987) Autum:408-415. Stuntzner-Gibson, D. (1991) Women and HIV disease: An emerging social crisis. Social Work 36:22-28. Toomey, K.E., Oberschelp, B.S., and Greenspan, J.R. (1989) Sexually transmitted diseases and Native Americans: Trends in reported gonorrhea and syphilis morbidity, 1984-88. Public Health Reports 104:566-572.