PROJECT REPORT 
ON FOOD RESEARCH 
QUARTERMASTER FOOD AND CONTAINER INSTITUTE 
FOR THE ARMED FORCES 
CHICAGO ILLINOIS 
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BRANCH 
MILITARY PLANNING DIVISION 
OFFICE OF THE 
QUARTERMASTER GENERAL 
COOPERATING INSTITUTION 
New York Medical College 
Metropolitan Hospital Research Unit 
LOCALITY 
Welfare Island, 
New York City, Ni» Y* 
DIVISION 
DEP ARTM ENT , . , 
Medicine 
OFFICIAL INVESTIGATOR 
David Schwimmcr, M, D, 
COLLABORATES, MoQavack> M# D# 
li Droktor, B.S* 
REPORT NO. 
2 
PILE NO. 
NU-9 
CON TRACI 
¥44-109-qm-771.. 
FOR PERIOD COVERING 
1 July to 31 1945 
mT,r!ftiiyEi94:5 
T,TLE! I I PROGRESS REPORT [* I PHASE REPORT C 1 ANNUAL REPORT f 1 TERMINATION REPORT 
protein Metabolism Studies on Reduced Caloric and Water Intake 
NUMMARY 
During August and September, 1945, metabolic studio: 
wore made on ten healthy volunteer Conscientious 
Objectors receiving 800 cc. and 200 Gnu food 
(850 calorics) daily for ten consecutive days# One 
group of five men ate a -protein-free diet composed 
(by weight) of 90$ carbohydrate and 10$ fat; the 
other, a diet consisting of 80$ carbohydrate, 10$ fat, 
and 10$ protein derived from malted milk. 
In October, these studios were duplicated with 
the same subjects, with the exception that dried 
or:g albumin was used instead of the malted milk protein- 
The daily ration was again 200 Gm., but a difference 
in moisture content resulted in a caloric value of 800. 
By comparison with the proto in-free regime 
serving as control, the diet containing 10$ malted 
milk protein produced a slightly greater weight loss, 
significantly higher urinary volume, total urinary 
solutes, and'total urinary nitrogen. There was also 
a definite increase in the daily output of urinary 
sodium and potassium, end seme docrease in the urinary 
ammonia nitrogen. 
In contrast with the malted milk protein, the 
dried egg albumin ration produced very little increase 
lin tVfcal weight less end in urinary volume- Although 
the total s 'lutes'.end nitrogen of the urine exceeded 
somewhat those found with the accompanying pretein- 
frcc/regimo, these differences wore much smaller 
RB,6 12-121 than with the malted milk protein. Positive nitrogen 
balance was not attained, but of the s.g Gm. nitrogen 
fed daily, 1.4,Gm. was retained.. Averaged group data 
are detailed in the accompanying tables and figures. 
It appears, then, that dried egg albumin is 
superior to malted milk protein in the 800-850 calorie 
range in the presence of limited water intake.• 
Further dietary studies are now in progress, and 
additional reports on completed work ere now in 
preparation. 
INTRODUCTION 
Tho object of these experiments is the study 
of the basic human physiology under conditions of 
specific limitation of food and water. • Originally 
the work was directed primarily towards Life Raft 
Rations, but more recently the outlook has been broad- 
ened to include general .survival rations. 
Emphasis is being placed on the variations in 
protein, fat, and carbohydrate content, and in 
caloric intake, which will afford maximal chances not 
only for survival, but also for maintenance of fit- 
ness in normal human beings.* 
Special attention is being paid to the advisability 
of including protein in the rations. If found feasible, 
the inclusion of protein may be of great value to men 
suffering from injury, blood loss, or shock. Protein 
could also make rations more palatable. 
A major problem in this respect is the question 
of retention of protein by the body and maintenance 
of nitrogen equilibrium. Since the nitrogenous 
end-products of protein metabolism classically require 
additional'urine water for excretion, it would be 
unoconomica 1, with a limited water intake, to feed 
a protein which would not be retained. It would be 
distinctly advantageous, then, if a type or form of 
protein were found which, perhaps under certain 
conditions, would promote a retention of nitrogen by 
tho tissues. Preliminary experimentation mth animals 
has indicated that such an objective may not be un- 
attainable . 
NU-9, Rept. #Z The investigations here reported (Experimental 
Diets #9, 10, 11, and 12) are a continuation of studies 
begun in January, 1945. The latter included Experimentgtl 
Diets #1-8, inclusive, of our numerical series, and 
were reported to the Committee on Food Research in 
June, 1945.- Since these data were never mimeographed 
for general distribution by the Committee, and since 
they comprise an integral part of the studies to be 
reported now and in the future, we include the follow- 
ing summation of our'earlier work: 
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS WITH 
EXPERIMENTAL DIETS # 1-8. INCLUSIVE * 
1. Ten normal adult males were divided 
into groups and subjected to a series of five 
experimental dietary regimens for five days, 
and to throe experimental regimens for ten days* 
2* The daily diet per man weighed 100 Gm., 
and supplied from 400 to 525 calories* 
3* The intake of water was standardized 
at 800 cck per man per day* During the ten- 
day experimental period, 1 Gm* of Nad was 
added to each man's daily ration of water* 
4. Despite weakness, dehydration, and ' 
loss of weight, all subjects were in relatively 
good physical and mental condition at the end 
of both the five and ten day testing periods, 
regardless of which of the eight experimental 
diets had been consumed* 
5* Severe muscular pains occurred during 
the first testing period of five days. These 
muscular pains did not appear during the ten 
day experiment, when 1 Gm* of Ne.Cl was added 
to the daily ration of water* There were also 
less nausea, headache, insomnia, and general 
malaise during these longer experiments. 
6. Constipation occurred as a result 
of the general limitation of food and water; 
this was independent of the composition of ‘the 
individual diet* The diet containing 25$ fat 
caused abdominal distress, including gaseous 
distension, cramps, flatulence, and nausea* 
7* As measured by psychological and 
* See Table #4A 
page 3A , 
NU-9, Kept. #2 tabu: #4=a 
§ 
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF EXPERXMENTAL 
DIETS ,/ 1 - 8. INCLUSIVE 
DIET 
CHO 
PROT. 
FAT 
1 
100 
— 
2 
90 
10 
3 
80 
20 
— 
4 
65 
10 
25 
5 
100 
— 
-- 
6 
86 
4 
10 
7 
90 
— 
10 
8 
78 
12 
10 
Dehydrated (uncoagulated) egg white was 
the source of protein in Diets #2, 3, 4, and 
8; malted milk powder was used in Diet #6. 
NU-9, Kept* #4 
3A performance tests, capacity for muscular 
work was decreased in all subjects, but 
neural functions were not significantly 
disturbed. 
Psychological tests were of limited use- 
fulness in differentiating between the small 
groups of subjects because of large individual 
variations in response* 
/ . 
8. During "deprivation", fatigue and 
thirst increased rapidly, abdominal discomfort 
and dizziness, slowly. Hunger increased 
rapidly for three days, after which it was 
progressively less intense. 
9. Loss of weight occurred in all subjects; 
the greatest rate of decrease was noted during 
the first two days. There was less loss of 
weight during the first five days of the ten 
day experiment than during the initial five 
day experiment. 
Losses in water (urine) paralleled 
changes in weight. 
10. Urinary volume decreased in all cases, 
but never to critical levels. 
11. The addition of protein or fat to the 
diet lessened the decrease in urinary volume. 
12. • The addition of even the smallest 
amount of protein (4$) to the diet produced 
an increase in the total solutes of the urine. 
13. Dehydration caused the appearance of 
albumen, casts, leucocytes, and erythrocytes 
in the urine of certain subjects who may have 
had some previously unrecognized diminution 
of renal reserve. 
14. All experimental groups exhibited a 
general increase in hematocrit, erythrocyte, 
and hemoglobin values during the first throe 
to four of the experimental days, after which 
they returned to and remained normal. 
NU-9, Kept. #8 
4 15. Tests of heprtic function indicated 
no Impairment of the liver through ’’deprivation.” 
16. Under the experimental conditions used, 
there was no alteration in the pH, the specific 
gravity, or in the creatinine of the urine. 
No acetone bodies appeared in the urine at any 
ttime. . 
17. The white blood count and the rate 
of sedimentation of the erythrocytes were un- 
affected by the respective experimental regime n&-*. 
18. Changes in the basal metabolic rate, 
(capillary permeability, fluorescein excretion, 
and ascorbic acid levels (tissue and plasma) 
shewed no changes which were traceable to the 
experimental conditions. 
19. In one subject, a pre-existing 
bigeminal rhythm disappeared during salt 
deprivation. 
20. The total non-protein nitrogen in the 
blood rose as ’’deprivation” progressed, the 
highest levels being reached by the fifth to 
seventh days. No clinical symptoms whatsoever 
were present which could be attributed to 
accumulation of nitrogenous substances in the 
blood. 
21. The urinary nitrogen decreased sharply 
during the experimental periods. The greatest 
drop occurred in the first two days. The 
addition of protein to the diet lessoned this 
decrease. The inclusion of fat counteracted 
this effect of protein somewhat. Salt may 
have had a similar effect. 
22. The excretion of urea nitrogen paralleled . 
that of total nitrogen. 
23. There was a phasic variation in the 
excretion of creatine in the urine, with incretases 
until the fourth and fifth days, followed by 
decreases. Secondary elevations occurred in 
the subjects on Diets 7 and 8. The addition of 
NU-9, Kept. #2 snail amounts of protein to the diet produced 
some decrease in creatinuria. Addition of salt 
delayed the rise in croatinuim 
24. Blood and'urinary sodium values 
dropped during both experimental periods, but 
the fall was much slower and less marked when 
1-Gm. of Nr.Cl was included in the rations. 
25. Chloride levels in the blood decreased 
during the five-day ’’deprivation", and were 
still subnormal on the sixth recovery day. 
When NaCl was provided, the sodium concentration 
had returned to normal between the third and 
seventh experimental days. 
The excretion of chlorides in the urine 
dropped sharply in the first five days of both 
testing periods. . The urinary chloride levels 
remained low throughout the latter half of the 
ten-day experiment. The decrease in urinary 
chlorides was somewhat less in the subjects 
receiving protein than in those who were not. 
26. Potassium concentration in the blood 
rose in all subjects, but the rise was less 
. when they were receiving Nad than when they 
were not. 
27. Urinary potassium values dropped 
rapidly in the first two days of the five-day 
testing period, and thereafter rose again. 
In the ten-day period, when NaCl was added, 
tho urinary potassium did not reach its lowest 
level until the seventh experimental day, after 
which it rose gradually. 
In these first eight experimental diets, the 
daily ration was sot at 100 Gm. to conform with the 
level present in the standard Army Air Forces Life 
Raft Ration. The 800 cc. figure for the daily water 
allotment was determined as the average amount expected 
to be available to a Life Raft passenger from the 
combined use of sun still, desalination kit, and rain 
water. 
NU-9, Rept. #2 Tho 200 Gm. f-'cd level in Diets #9, 10, 11, and 
x2 herein reported was originally chosen as approaching 
50 per cent cf minima 1 caloric requirement. (The 
influence of caloric levels will he discussed in 
greater detail in a forthcoming report). The use cf 
such higher caloric intake was encouraged hy the 
animal work of Swanson and of Allison (1), who reported 
that they promoted increased nitrogen retention. 
It was also hoped that the Air Force would provide 
tho small additional space required if such rations 
proved definitely superior. 
METHODS AND MATERIALS 
The general plan of this study has included 
three consecutive periods in each experiment;' 
1. A seven-day standardization and control period 
2. A ten-day testing (’’deprivation”) period 
3. A five-day recovery period 
I Subjects 
Ten volunteer Conscientious Objectors were used as 
subjects* They ranged in age from 20 to 37, and in weight 
from 137 to 178 pounds. 
These men were considered to be in good health. 
All had passed Army Induction physical examinations 
before assignment to Civilian Public Service Camps. 
Preliminary to acceptance as a test subject, the 
physical status of each man was thoroughly checked by 
a careful history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, 
chest roentgenogram, blood count, uninalysis, erythrocyte 
sedimentation rate, blood sugar, urea nitrogen, and 
Wasserman test. 
II Environmental Conditions 
The subjects were confined, during control as 
Yirell as experimental periods, to Ward K of the Research 
Unit as regular patients. They wore allo?/ed be 
ambulatory•on the premises, but at no time were they 
permitted to leave the ward. The subjects rested or 
NU-9, Rept. #2 slept whenever they wished during the day, except 
for feeding and testing times; at night they were in 
bed by 11 o’clock. Records wore kept of the quantity 
and quality of sleep. Brushing the teeth, shaving, 
showering, smoking, and chewing gum were prohibited 
during test periods. 
Readings of temperature, barometric pressure, 
and relative humidity were taken regularly at 8 A.M,, 
12 Noon, and 8 P.M* The ranges of these readings 
were as follows: 
Temperature: 70-85 degrees Fahrenheit 
* Barometric Pressure: 29.78” - 20.46” Hg 
Relative Humidity: 65$ - 88$ 
III Dietary Regimes 
All food and fluid was carefully weighed, measured, 
checked, and charted. This included the renfeighing 
of seme items previously packeted and labelled for 
weight. 
a. Standardization period: 
The subjects were standardized for a preliminary 
seven day period on regular Army 10-in-l Rations; during 
the last five days of this period, control clinical 
and laboratory data were collected. Equal servings 
of food wore weighed for each man, with slight variations 
in biscuit and sugar intake to allow for differences in 
individual caloric requirements. The caloric Intakes 
during this period ranged from 2500 to 3700 calories 
per day. Analysis of a typical subject-day’s consumption 
of 10-in-l Rations was as follows: 
/ Carbohydrate: 330.9 Grams 
Protein: 99.5 Grams 
Fat: 96.1 Grams. 
Calories: 2654.0 
Calcium: 464.0 Mg. 
Iron: 24.2 Mg. 
Vitamin A: 2242.0 Units 
Vitamin Bp: 1606.0 Meg. 
Vitamin C: 73.1. Mg. 
Vitamin : 1316*0 Meg, 
Niacin: 16*3 Mg. 
Sodium: 6.1 Gm, 
Potassium: 2.9 Gm. 
t ' , . , 
NTJ-9 , Ropt. #2 Water was taken ad libitum during the standard- 
ization period, the amount varying from 1800 to 2700 cc. 
per man per day* 
b. Testing Period: 
l 
The testing periods ("deprivation") were ten 
days in length. Experimental Diets #9 and 10 were 
employed in August and- September, 1945; Diets #11 and 
12y in September and October. 
The subjects were divided into two groups 
of five each in such a manner as to afford similar 
total weight and range of weight in each group. 
The groupings and detailed composition of the 
test rations are indicated in Table 4B. 
TABLE 4B 
COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS 9-12, INCLUSIVE 
Diet # 
Subjects 
% CHO 
t PROT. 
% FAT 
CAL. 
9 
C,K,E,P,B 
86.1 . 
— 
9.3 
4.6 
856 
10 
J,D,A,H,M 
75.4 . 
9.7 
9.2 
5i7 
846 
11 
C,K,E,P,B 
75.8 
10.0 
14.2 
790 
12 
J,D,A.H,M 
68.5 
■ 9.2 
10.0 
12 *5 
816 
As originally planned, Diets # 9 and 11 were to 
contain 90% carbohydrate and 10% fat, while Diets #10 
and 12 were to contain 80% carbohydrate, 10% fat, and 
10% protein; the caloric value of each then would 
have been 900. However, because of technical factors 
and resulting high moisture contents, the actual values 
attained are those listed in Table 4B. In all exper- 
iments subsequent to these, aberrations in percentual 
content and in caloric intake have been eliminated 
by determining moisture content first, then calculating 
percentual composition on the actual dry Yreight of 
the components. 
The basic constituent materials of the present 
diets wore: 
NTJ-9, Rept. #2 <* 
Diet #0 ’’Charms” (Chafcms Co*, Bloomfield,N*J.) 
Sucrose-lipid tablets C0QMG-) 
Diet #10 .’’Charms” 
Sucrose-lipid tablets 
Malted Milk tablets (Horlick) 
Diet #11 Wheat Starch 
Honey 
Hydrogenated Fat 
Diet #12 Wheat Starch 
Honey 
Hydrogenated Fat 
Powdered Dried Egg Albumin 
It should be noted that Diets #9 and 10 consisted 
of properly weighed amounts of the listed constituents 
as previously prepared; diets #11 and 12, on the other 
hand, were baked into unifoim biscuits by the Quarter- 
master laboratory in Chicago; 
On each of the ton deysoflf deprivation, every 
subject received 200 Gm; of test ration and 600 Gm. 
of tap water containing 1 Gm. NaCl; These were fed 
on the following schedule: 
$ A»M; - - 33 Gm. ration and 200 Gm. Water 
1 P*M; - - 67 ” ” ” ” ” !t 
5 P;M* - - 67 ” ” ” ” tT 
9 P*M; 33 ” ” ” ” ” ” 
In addition, one multivatimin tablet per man 
per day was given at the 9 A.M. feeding* Each of these 
tablets contained: 
Vitamin A - 2300 USP Units - Fish Liver Oil 
Vitamin D - 200 USP Units - Viosterol 
Vitamin B1- 1.0 mg; - Thiamin Hydrochloride 
Vitamin Bg- 1.5 mg; - Riboflavin 
Vitamin C - 37.5 mg; - Ascorbic Acid 
10.Q mg. - Niacinamide 
c. Recovery Period 
Recovery from deprivation was carefully observed 
for five days. As in the preliminary standardization 
phase, the men were again fed Army 10-in-l Rations.' On 
the first recovery day, they were limited to 1200 calories 
of food and 2500 cc. of water; thereafter, calories and 
water were allowed to be taken ad libitum. 
NU*-9, Hept. #2 
10 IV Laboratory Procedures 
Fasting venous blood samples were drawn between 
8:00 and 8:30 A.M., preceding the first morning feed- 
ing. Pre-sealed vacuumatic tubes were used to insure 
against contamination. 
Urinary determinations were all made on aliquots 
of 24-hour collections covering periods from 8:00 A.M. 
of one day to 8:00 A.M. of the next. The specimens 
were preserved with toluene. 
The following tests and procedures were carried 
out: * 
1. Total Nitrogen in urine - Pregl, F. , Die 
Quant. Organisch. Mikreansl., Berlin, 1923, 2nd ed. 
Brecher, A., Wien. Clin. Wech., 49_:1228, 1936. 
2. Urea Nitrogen in blood and urine - Van Slyke, 
D.D., and Cullen, C.E., 1. Biol. Chem., 24:117, 1916. 
3. Ammonia in blood and urine - idem. 
4. Creatine and Creatinine in urine - Folin, 0., 
Lab, Manual of Biol. Chem., 5th ed., D. Appleton-Century 
Company, New York, 1934. 
5. Sodium in blood and urine - Barnes, R.B., 
Richardson, David, Berry, J.W., and Hood, R.L., Ind. 
and Eng. Chem., ‘Analytic ed., 17:605-11, 1945. 
6. Potassium in blood and urine - idem. 
7. Chlorides in blood and urine - Van slyke, D.D., 
and Sendroy, I., Jr., J. Biol. Chem., §63:523, 1923. 
8. Depression of Freezing Point of urine - Beckmann, 
F., Zoit, phys. Chem., <B:653, 1888 (utilizing DeWar flask). 
9. Routine Urinerlysis (specific gravity, sugar, 
albumin, acetone, discetic acid, microscopic examine ti on) - 
Todd, D.G., and Sanford, A.H., Clinical Diagnosis by 
Lab. Methods, 9th ed., W.B. Saunders Co., Phila. 1941. 
10. Complete Blood Count - idem. 
All colorimetric laboratory methods were slighly 
modified for uso in the Drekter-Hoskins micro-colorimeter 
NU-9, Kept. #2 11* Total Non-Protein Nitrogen in Blood - Folin, 
0., and Wu, H., J. Biol. Chem., 38:81, 1919. 
12. Blood Sugar - idem, 41:367, 1920 
13. Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and Hematocrit- 
Wintrobe, M.M., J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 15:287, 1939, 
14. Circulation Time (Fluorescein) - Lange, K., 
andBcyd, L.J., Arch. Int. Med., 74:175, 1944. 
15. Serum Proteins - Micro-Kjeldahl - Pregl, F., 
Die Quant. Organisch. Mikreanal., Berlin, 1923, 2nd ed.~ 
Brecher, A., Wien. Clin. Wech. , 49_:1228, 1936. 
16. Hepatic Function Tests (Icteric index, 
Van den Bergh, Cephalin Flocculation, Phosphorus, 
Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Cholesterol, Cholesterol 
Esters, Free Cholesterol, Albumen, Globulin) - all done 
on serum - Schwimmer, D., Klotz, S.D., Drekter, I.I., 
and McGavack, T.H., Am. J. Dig. Dis. 12:1. 1945. 
17. Basal Metabolism Rate - using McKesson Water 
Metabolism Tester. 
18. Electrocardiograms - using Cambridge Sin^li-Trol^ 
19. Self-Rating on Clinical Symptoms; hunger, thirst, 
anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, 
constipation, headache, dizziness or lighheadedness, 
fatigue, muscle pain, insomnia, sleepiness, and general 
feeling of being below par. Each subject rated himself 
on each variable three times daily, once before each 
meal. -A five-point numerical rating scale was used: 
0-none; 1-milH; 2-moderate; 3-rather severe; and 4- 
extreme. The three ratings by an individual on a given 
variable were totaled to produce a score for the day on 
that variable. Fran this, group averages were obtained 
for each variable. 
NU-9, Rcpt. #2 RESULTS 
I Clinical Studies 
1, General 
At the end of ton days of deprivation, all 
the subjects were still ambulatory and alert. However, 
they wore emotionally more irritable, physically 
weaker and more easily fatigued. Loss of weight and 
decrease of skin turgor were obvious. 
Muscular pains did not occur in any group 
{see Laboratory Procedures ~#19-page 12). This 
corroborated the findings in our earlier studies 
(Diets #6, 7, 8) where a supplement of NaCl had also 
been used, and was in sharp contrast mth the severe 
pains noted when no salt was present in the dietary 
regime (Diets #1-5, inclusive)* It appears certain 
that these muscular disturbances are a function of 
salt deficiency, and are not related to either caloric 
levels or to intrinsic dietary composition. 
* 
Headaches, varying from mild to-severe ones, occurred 
in thirteen of the twenty subjects on the first day 
of deprivation, and in six on the second day, They 
were generally associated with moderate hunger, dizziness 
and weakness. After the second day, these symptoms 
occurred only sporadically and in mild form. It is 
significant that, on the first two days; those symptoms 
appeared chiefly about two or three hours after cither 
the 9 A.M* o-r 1 P*M* feeding, and that they could be 
correlated with demonstrably low levels of glucose 
in the blood (see Laboratory Studios - Blood Sugar). 
% 
Hunger wes not an outstanding complaint. In 
all four groups it was generally mild from the second 
to eighth day, then increased slightly during the ninth 
and tenth days* Thirst likewise presented no great 
problem. There was a moderate accentuation during the 
fourth to eighth days of deprivation, but this diminished 
during the last two days* With Groups #9 and 10, thirst 
was slightly more pronounced than with #11 and 12, 
probably because of the greater perspiratory and 
respiratory water losses sustained because of hot weather. 
Sleepiness and a T,feeling of being below par” 
were present in a small degree throughout, but to the 
least extent with Diet #12. 
NU-9, Ropt. #2 Bowel hnbits were not seriously disturbed in 
nny group during deprivation. The stools were somewhat 
smeller then normrl, ~nd increased temporarily to 
2-4 drily on the fourth end fifth days in five subjects. 
Flntulcncc ~nd nbdominrl discomfort wore negligible. 
Nausea end vomiting occurred once, in Subject A, on 
Diet #9 during the first dr.y of deprivetion, but not 
thereafter. 
2. Weight Changes.- Trbles 5A, 5B, 8A, 8C: 
Figures 10, 10a, 10B, 23, 23A, 23B 
The subjects on diets containing protein 
sustained greater losses of weight than did their 
companions who were simultaneously eating protein- 
free diets. This increase in weight loss was less 
with egg white than with m-'ltcd milk. The men on 
Diet # 10 ('malted milk) lost an average of 5.4 Kg.* 
in 10 days, or 0.5 Kg. more than those on Diet #9, 
while those on the egg white regime (Diet #12) lost 
only 0.3 Kg. more than did those on Diet #11* 
The rate of weight loss was greatest during 
the first two days, ranging from 0.8 to 1.3 Kg. per 
day, then diminished somewhat during the third to 
fifth days. After the fifth day, the rate of loss 
was considerably less. The rapid loss of weight during 
the first five days could be accounted to loss of 
fluid - both urinary and perspiratory - rather than 
to wasting of tissue substance, 
3. Basal Metabolic Rates 
Neither deprivation per so nor the intrinsic 
composition of any diet produced any consistent change 
in the basal metabolic rate of any subject. Within the 
same dietary group there could be found individuals 
exhibiting no change, as well others with either 
increases or decreases. 
4• Cardiovascular Changes 
Pulse rates in practically all subjects 
slowed by five to twenty-five beats per minute after 
the fourth or fifth day cf deprivation. 
* First-day and cumulative losses of weight during 
deprivation hrve boon calculated from the figure for the 
l°st control day, rather then from rn average of nil 
control days. 
NCJ-9, Kept, #2 No specific directional trends or dietary 
correlations could bo established with readings of 
blood pressure or pulse pressure. 
Prolongations of circulation time (done 
by the fluorescein method}* wore present in more 
then hoIf of the subjects, more notably in the 
rrm-to-lcg circulation than in the rrm-to-lip 
time. These delays in peripheral circulation bore 
no obvious relation to dietary composition or to 
changes in pulse rote, but they could definitely be 
correlated with changes in the electrocardiogram. 
Electrocardiographic changes wore noted in 
15 of the 20 subjects. These consisted chiefly of 
diminution in the height of the T-wavc in Leads I 
and II; the degree of T-wavc lowering ranged 1,0 
to 4.0 mn., with resulting amplitudes as low as 
0.0 to 1,0 mn, in some instances. Prolongations of 
the Q-T segment by 0.04 to 0,08 seconds were also 
noted, but those always paralleled the slowing of 
the pulse rate. 
A more detailed analysis of cardiovascular 
alterations and their possible causes will be provided 
in a future report, which will include data covering 
a series rf -ver 25 diets and 100 subjects. 
* Wo arc indebted to Drs, Kurt Lange and David Weiner, 
gave generously of their tiix make the measurements 
of circulation time. 
NCT-9, Rcpt • #2 II Laboratory Studies 
1. Urinary Volume - Tables 5A, 5B, 8A, 8G: 
Figures 11', 24. 
Comparison of the paired protein-free and 
protein-containing diets reveals that; 
a. During the whole ten-day period, the 
malted milk ration produced 969 cc. more urine than 
did its companion protein-free regime. 
b. With dried egg white, this difference 
amounted to only 208 cc. 
o. If only the last five days of deprivation 
are considered, the increase in urinary volume with malted 
milk protein was 684 cc., whereas with egg white biigre 
were actually 19 cc. less excreted than with the 
slmultaneously-run control. 
Utilization of the last five days of deprivation 
for comparison is of distinct value, since it reflects 
directly the solute-producing quality of the experimental 
diet, and since it excludes the high urinary volumes 
seen during the first several days. The latter are 
partially a *arry-over and reflection of the state of 
hydration existing before deprivation. 
That the urinary volumes with control Diets 9 and 
11 differ is not due to individual variations in the 
subjects, since the same subjects served in both groups. 
Bather, the lower overall levels observed with Diets #9 
snd 10 can definitely be ascribed to distinctly greater 
perspiratory water losses, since they were tested during 
a particularly hot and humid period. Such an environ- 
mental cause of variation could be eliminated only by 
providing completely air-conditioned housing. 
4 
As will be detailed later, a direct correlation 
exists between increases in urinary output and increases 
in total urinary solutes and nitrogen. 
' In these studios, as in the earlier ones on 
Diets,1-8, inclusive, the actual urinary volumes con- 
sistently exceeded the theoretical minimum as calculated 
from D5r. James L. Gamble fs factor 1.4 (2). This disparity 
NU-9, Rcpt. #2 is duo to the fact that our subjects rarely produced 
urine with a concentration above 1.2 osmols per liter, 
A detailed analysis of renal concentrating capacity, 
with : demonstrable variations on different dietary 
regimes, will be given in a forthcoming report. 
2. Urinary Solutes - Tables 5A, 5B, 8A; 
Figures 11A, 25. 
The solute content of the urine (in milliosmols) 
was calculated from figures for the depression of 
the freezing point according to the equation; 
Total Milliosmols r 
Depression of Freezing Point x Urine Volume 
irm (cc.) 
/ 
As might be anticipated, the presence of protein 
in the diet increased the amount of urinary solutes. 
This effect, however, was much more pronounced with 
malted milk protein than with egg white. The average 
daily total solute output for the ten-day experiment 
with malted milk exceeded by 170 milliosmols the 
average for its paired protein-free control 
diet. With dried egg white, the daily difference was 
only 63 milliosmols. 
If only the last five experimental days are 
utilized for comparison, the protein-no protein 
differences amount to 175 and 48 milliosmols, re- 
spectively, for malted milk and egg white, further 
emphasizing the greater retention of egg white. 
3. Nitrogenous Substances in Urine - Tables 5A, 
5B, 8B, 8D; Figures 12-15, inclusive, and 
26-29, inclusive. 
a. Total Nitrogen in Urine - Figures 12, 12A, 
26,” 2FA. 
Deprivation produced a decrease in the 
output of total urinary nitrogen. The greatest rate 
of drop occurred during the first two days. 
Retention of the egg albumin exceeded that 
of the malted milk protein. With malted milk, the 
average daily total urinary nitrogen during deprivation 
was 9.4 Gm., or 67.7 percent of the standardization 
NTT-9, R-pt. #2 period average; with egg white, it was 6.8 Gnu, or 
58,5%, Stated in another way, the men on the malted 
milk ration excreted 2.6 Gnu more nitrogen than did the 
group ingesting no protein. With egg white, this 
difference was only 1.5 Gnu 
If nitrogen balances are set up, 
it is apparent that nitrogen equilibrium is not attained 
with either type of protein. This may be due to the 
relatively small amounts of nitrogen fed daily, 
namely 3.05 Gnu in Diet #10, and 2.-90 Gnu in Diet #12.- 
However, the degree of negative nitrogen balances is 
certainly less marked with egg white than with malted 
milk. ' In the former case, it was minus 3.90 Gnu;, 
in the latter, minus 6.35 Gm. 
b. Urea Nitrogen in Urine 
The urinary content of urea nitrogen 
consistently paralleled that of total.nitrogen. It 
comprised 84% - 95% of the latter. 
c* Creatinine in Urine - Figures 13, 27*. 
Variations in urinary creatinine bore 
no relationship to dietary composition. In all instances 
there was a drop from the normal standardization range 
of 900 - 1200 mg. to 700 - 900 mg*, per 24 hours*. The 
lowest levels were reached on the fourth and eighth 
days of deprivation* 
d, Crop tine in Urine - Figures 14, 28 
Phasic variations were present in the 
urinary excretion of creatine. Peaks of creatine output 
wore reached on the fourth day, then again on the sixth 
or seventh day.. 
The levels rf creatinuria bore no 
demonstrable relationship to the dietary content of 
protein, to the urinary nitrogen, or to the excretion 
of potassium. It is clear that the conditions of 
deprivation per so, rather than dietary compositicn, 
wore responsible for tl\e fluctuations.. An elucidation 
of the precise mechanisms operative here awaits further 
study. It docs scorn apparent, however, that the classic 
concept that creatinuria is a measure of endogenous 
protein metabolism is untenable*. 
NU-9, Kept. #2 c. /jamonla Nitrogen in Urine - Figures 15, 29 
The amount rt ammonia nitrogen in the 
urine decreased until the fourth day rf deprivation. 
Thereafter, a stabilized lew level was maintained. 
It is of sme interest to note th~t with 
Diet #10, the ammonia nitrogen excretions averaged 
7-10 millicquivalcnts per day less than with the 
'thcr three diets. This occurred despite the fact that 
two men (Subjects L and D) in that dietary group 
exhibited positive acetone in the urine on various 
occasions (see cetane in Urine), with no increase in 
their individual urinary ammonia output. It is possible 
that the base-forming capacity -f the kidney was 
somewhat curtailed as part ~f a general diminution of 
renal function, 
4. Specific Gravity of Urine 
The specific gravity of the urine varied from 
1.005 to 1.031. The highest specific gravities occurred 
during the fourth and fifth days of deprivation, then 
again on the ninth or tenth day. 
Every subject, at one time or another during 
deprivation, was able to concentrate to 1.020 or higher. 
With Diets #11 and #12 (which represented the second 
experimental run for the same subjects) the overall 
specific gravities were 0.005 to O'.OIO lower than with 
Diets #9 and #10, This lowering paralleled decreases 
in solute load. 
5. Coagulablo Protein and.Formed Elements in the 
Urine. 
In the first experimental run (Diets #9 and 
#10), small traces of albumen were found in the urine 
of nine subjects; a heavy trace occurred with one man 
(Subject E). The albuminuria usually made its first 
appearance on the fourth or fifth day, then disappeared, 
and frequently reappeared on the eighth to tenth days. 
It was almost invariably associated with the microscopic 
finding of erythrocytes and leukocytes, and — in seven 
cases — with the presence of hyaline and granular casts. 
NU-9, Kept* #2 During the second experiment, three men on 
Diet #11 (Subjects E,K,P) exhibited small traces of 
albumen, but only on tty eighth or ninth day; subject E 
alone also excreted erythrocytes. On Diet #12, subject 
A spilled albumen and a few red blood cells on the 
tenth day* 
It is clear that the albuminuria and microscopic 
hematuria here seen arc not causally’related to dietary 
composition or to the presence of protein. Bather, they 
appear to be a function of dehydration coupled with 
solute load on the kidney. That albumen and formed 
elements were seen less in the second experimental 
run is likely due to the smeller perspiratory water 
losses and to the consequently smaller degree of dehydration 
present. It is highly debatable whether successive 
exposures to deprivation can produce any bodily accomodation 
to dehydration. 
As mentioned in our earlier report on Exper- 
imental Diets #1 to 8, inclusive, it is probable that 
limitations of water- intake can activate a previously 
unsuspected latent diminution in renal reserve. 
6. Sugar and Acetone Bodies in Urine 
Analyses rar.de for sugar and acetone bodies in 
the 24-hour collections of urine produced rather unexpected 
results. In the first experiment, no reducing substances 
were found at any time in the urine of any subject. 
Nevertheless, Subject A (Diet #10) exhibited traces of 
acetone on the second, third, fifth, seventh, and tenth 
days of deprivation; Subjects D (Diet #10) and P (Diet #9) 
spilled traces on the ninth day. Diacctic acid was 
consistently absent. 
In the second experiment, however, four of the 
five men on Diet #11 had from a very slighttra.ee to as 
much as 1.0$ sugar in the urine throughout the ten-day 
period; the fifth man had glycosuria for nine days. On 
Diet #12, four subjects exhibited very slight reduction 
on five different days, one on days. One man on 
Diet #11 (K) had mild acctonuria on the tenth day, while 
two men (/, H) showed it on the eighth day. Diacctic 
acid again was not found at any time. 
NU-9, Kept. #2 It is difficult to offer a simple explanation 
for these phenomena. The acetonuria may he a function 
of partial starvation and dehydration (although it is 
to be recalled that none occurred with our earlier 
experimental diets offering only 400-525 calorics.) 
The glycosuria, heavier and more frequent on 
the protoin-frcc Diet #11 than on the protein-containing 
Diet #12, may bo a function of hyperglycemic peaks 
(see section on Blood Sugar), but it is reasonable to 
have expected the same phenomena in similarly related 
degrees with the comparable Diets #9 and 10#• It is 
possible that the sudden appearance of reducing sub- 
stances in the urine during the second experimental run 
represents evidence of selective renal disturbance. 
7w Total Non-Protein Nitrogen and Urea Nitrogen 
in the Blood - Tables 6A, 6B, 9A, 9C; 
Figures 16, 30 
There was a moderate increase in the total 
non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen in the blood 
during deprivation. This rise was progressive, and 
was more marked with Diets #9 and #10 than with #11 and 
#12* The changes were unrelated to the presence or 
absence of protein in the diet. The differences 
between the two expe rimental runs can be attributed to 
moderate variations in electrolyte patterns occasioned 
by greater salt losses in sweating. 
Despite the rises in the levels of nitrogenous 
substances in the blood, no symptoms or signs of uremia 
were encountered at any time* 
8. Blood Sugar - Tables 6A, 6B, 9A,. 90 
Fasting blood sugar levels observed in the 
morning followed no specific directional pattern.* The 
variations could not be correlated with dietary content. 
However, clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia were 
noted two to three hours after the 9 /.M. and 1 P.M. 
feedings during the first two days- cf deprivation 
(sec Clinical studios - 1. page 13.) Those 
NU-9* Bcpt* #2 were first observed with $icts #9 r.nd #10* therefore; 
when Diets #11 and #12 (associated with similar symptoms) 
were tested later, hourly determinations were made of 
the level of theblood sugar from before the first feeding 
to mid-afternoon of the; first day cf deprivation. 
Following the morning feeding, only mild rises 
(12-36 mg. per 100 cc.) were noted; those occurred in 
six of the ten subjects on both Diets #11 end #12. 
Secondary dr ops of 18-42 mg* were noted in seven of the 
ton men within an hour after the earlier peak had boon 
reached. 
■ ■ ; . r. * 
After the 1 P.M. meal (containing 67 Gm. food 
in contrast with 33 Gm* in the morning), the blood sugar 
values rose more sharply* With Diet #11 (no protein), 
all the subjects were affected; the increases ranged from 
32 to 90 rag*, with the highest absolute level reached 
being 160 rag. per 100 cc. With Diet #12 {10% protein), 
only two subjects (A, I) showed significant rises; these 
were 34 and 58 rag., respectively, with the highest absolute 
level here being 114 rag. per lOOcc. 
The secondary fall following these post-prandial 
afternoon rises was sharper and more narked than it had 
been in the morning. Tho greatest changes occurred with 
the protein-free Diet #11, on which throe men (E,K,P) 
exhibited drops in blood sugar of 88, 54, and 40 mg., 
respectively. With Diet #12, the range of fall was only 
18 to 32 rag. 
In the early phases of deprivation there appears 
to exist a lability in the levels of blood sugar of 
sufficient degree to produce clinical manifestations of 
hypoglycemia. These reactive hypoglycemic episodes are 
more apt to occur with larger feedings, which tend to 
produce higher initial post-prandial levels; the higher 
the level, the more insulin is mobilized, hence the 
sharper the secondary drop. The presence of protein 
in the diet appears to minimize these hypoglycemic effects. 
9. Scrum Cholesterol - Tables 6A, 6B, 9A, 9C; 
Figures 21, 35 
In all groups there was a general tendency for 
scrum cholesterol levels to rise to a plateau 30-70 
mg. per 100 cc. above control levels during the first 
5-7 days of deprivation* Thereafter, there was a gradual 
NU-9, Rcpt* #2 
22 drop towards normal, Duii ng the first several days of 
the recovery period, there was a slight temporary dip 
below normal. The percentage of cholesterol esters 
remained undisturbed throughout. 
■ • ; t 
Th°so changes in total cholesterol arc of the 
typo frequently seen when the intake of food is suddenly 
decreased. 
Other tests mirroring hepatic function - the icteric 
index. Van den Bcrgh, ccphalin-cholcstcrol flocculation, 
and alkaline phosphatase - did not deviate from the 
normal. 
10. Serum Proteins - Tables 6/, 6B, 9B, 9D; 
Figures 22, 36 
A moderate but definite rise in total serum 
proteins occurred during the first 3-4 days of deprivation. 
Thereafter the levels remained about normal. During 
the first several days -f the recovcrv period, the 
serum-protein concentrations fell somewhat below standard- 
ization values, but by the fifth day of recovery, normal 
levels were again being attained. The albumen:globulin 
ratios were well maintained at all times. 
All the experimental dietary gr lips behaved 
similarly with respect to these chaises in scrum proteins. 
The variations observed can be attributed to hcmc- 
conccntraticn and homedilutien occasioned by the 
conditions the experiment. The hemodilution effect 
is especially apparent during the-recovery phase, when 
the water intake was sharply increased. 
11 • electrolytes - Sodium. Potassium. Chlorides - 
Tebles 51, 5B, 61, 6B, 7 1,7B, 81, 8C, 91, 
9C, 101, 10B; Figures 17, 171, 18, 181, 
19, 191, 31, 311, 33, 52-’ , 33, 331 
a* serum Concentrations of Sodium, Potassium 
and Chlorides 
Variations in serum concentrations of sodium, 
potassium, and chlorides moved in similar directions with 
each of Ihe four dietary groups here utilized. 
Serum sodium levels remained within normal 
tr t|| first three d£ys of deprivation... then. gradually diminished hy 5-9 milliequivalents during 
the remainder of the experimental period. 
Serum potassium values rose'4-5 milliequivalents 
during tho first half of deprivation, then d ropped slowly. 
Completely normal levels wore reached hy the fifth 
recovery day. 
Scrum chloride readings tended to drop 
slightly during the first 4-5 days, then reverted towards 
normal. 
b. Urinary Excretion of Sodium. Potassium, and 
chlorides. 
The urinary excretion patterns for sodium, 
potassium, and chlorides wore similar for Diets #9, 11, 
and 12. Diet #10, however, differed from tho others in 
having significantly highc? urinary levels of all throe 
electrolytes. 
Urinary sodium excretions decreased pre- 
cipitously during the first 3-5 days in all groups. 
Thereafter, with Diets #9, 11, and 12, there was a 
gradual stabilization at 12-20 milliequivalcnts per day. 
With Dpct #10, however, the lowest figure reached ¥/as 
37 milliequivalcnts on the third day; thereafter there was 
a gradual increase to 57 milliequivalcnts, resulting 
in daily differences of 10-41 millioquivalonts over its 
companion Diet #9. 
Urinary potassium figures exhibited a moderate 
downward trend during the first five days with Diets #9, 
11, and 12. With Dpct #10, on the other hand, tho fourth 
day saw the beginning of a plateau whoso values exceeded 
those during the control period; these fell slightly 
in the last throe days. 
Urinrry Chlorides dropped sharply in the x 
first three days, paralleling closely the course of urinary 
sodium. Hero again, the values obtained for Diet #10 
exceeded those for Diet #9 after the fourth day by 
11-25 millioquvalents. 
NU-9,. Ropt. #2 Those differences in the -urinary outputs of the three 
electrolytes with Di~t #10 can he attributed to on 
increased intrkb of sodium present in the malted milk* 
This amounted to 0.81 Gm. drily, in comprrison with 
0*4, 0*4, rnd 0*5 Gm., ■respectively, for Diets #9, 11, 
rnd 12, 
The rclrtivc uniformity of the four diets with 
respect to so rum conoentrrt ions of electrolytes, r.nd 
the in urinary excretions with Diet #10, omphrsizj 
the importance of clectrolytos; rlso, they highlight the 
body's tendency to mrintr in the internal environment 
as stable as possible. 
DISCUSSION 
The data herein reported lerve mrny questions still 
unrnswered concerning protein rnd nitrogen metabolism 
on limited fluid rnd food intrke. The complexity of 
the problem is directly related to the complexity of 
the human organism, rnd involves studies of endocrine 
balance, electrolyte patterns, carbohydrate metabolism, 
circulatory involvement, and renal function. 
) 
Some of these problems have already been invest- 
igated in studies completed, but as yet unreportod. 
Others arc projected for the near future. When a large 
series of studies has been made, valid overall conclusions 
will more easily bo able to be drawn. 
MJ-9, Kept. #2 References 
1. (n) Swr.ns on, Porrl: Project Report #3, 
Committee on Food Rosor.rch, OOMG 
(b) Allison, J ernes B*: Project Reports #1, 2, 3, 
Committee on Food Reserreh, OCMG 
2. Gamble, Jenos La r Proc. /mi. Philosophy See., 88; 
153, 1944 
NU-9 % Rept * #2 Day 
Weight 
Water 
Volume 
Minimal 
Depr. 
Total 
Sodiun 
Potass. 
Chlorides 
- 
Intake 
Output 
Urine 
P.Pt. 
Mill!- 
Volume 
degree 
osmols 
(kg) 
(oc) 
(cc) 
(cc) 
cent. 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
Control 
72.1 
1822 
1190 
740 
' 1.72 
1041 
4.46 
2.94 
12.52 
Aver. 
■ 
D 1 
71.0 
800 
1158 
490 
1.21 
685 
2.95 
2.80 
7.81 
e 2 
69.9 
800 
489 
297 
1.6,1 
417 
1.18 
1.82 
3.47 
P 3 
69.3 
800 
317 
229 
1.90 
321 
0.62 
1.62 
1.99 
r 4 
68.3 
800 
306 
232 
1.97 
324 
0.56 
2.00 
1.48 
* 5 
67.7 
800 
338 
224 
1.98 
315 
0.35 
2.44 
1.02 
v 6 
67.5 
800 
327 
243 
1*95 
341 
0.63 
2.40 
0.99 
a; ? 
67.5 
800 
352 
251 
1.89 
353 
0.41 
2.38 
0.71 
t 8 
67.6 
800 
376 
270 
1.87 
375 
0.37 
1.98 
0.85 
i 9 
67.4 
800 
384 
244 
1.68 
342 
0*38 
1.88 
0..62 
o 10 
n 
67.2 
800 
385 
231 
1.60 
324 
0.36 
1.74 
V 
0*40 
Recovery 
1 
67.6 
2195 
650 
318 
1.41 
446 
0.53 
S.34 
0.74 
2 
68.7 
2260 
690 
507 
1.73 
632 
0.56 
1.66 
2.41 
3 
69.7 
2565 
842 
525 
1.62 
755 
2.61 
1.76 
4.61 
4 
70.4' 
2558 
1090 
624 
1.40 
874 
4.36 
1.98 
12.24 
5 
70.2 
2384 
1535 
579 
1.47 
803 
6.03 
2.34 
13.42 
GROUP AVER. DIET 9 
CHO 33$ 
FAT 10% 
NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
TIELFARE ISLAND,- NEW YORK CITY 
24 HOUR URINE COLLECTION 
TABLE 5A 
Nu-9, Rept. #2  
24 HOUR UOINE£ 
COLLECTION 
Day 
Total 
Urea 
N% 
Creatine 
Creatinine 
Nitrogen 
Nitrogen ; 
Nitrogen 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gn) 
(ga) 
(gm) 
Control 
13.10 
11.63 
0.79 
0.02 
1.05 
Aver* 
D 
e 
1 
9.25 
8.35 
0.57 
0.05 
0.75 
T) 
2 
6.75 
6.16 
0,45 
0.12 
0.66 
& 
r 
3 
5.57 
4.69 
0.39 
0.20 
0.74 
i 
4 
6.CC 
5.16 
0.37 
0.20 
0.78 
v 
5 
6.06 
5.03 
0.36 
0.15 
0.80 
a 
6 
6.07 
5.56 
0.55 
0.04 
0.87 
t 
7 
7.13 
6.19 
0.39 
0.20 
C .63 
i 
8 
7.53 
5.79 
0.38 
0.20 
0.78 
o 
9 
7.27 
5.08 
0,39 
0,14 
0.77 
n 
1C 
6.74 
5.37 
0.43 
0.15 
0.79 
1ECCVCEY 
**■"“ ■■ 1 
1 
9.46 
7.9C 
0,56 
0.16 
0.84 
2 
12.38 
10.16 ' 
0.59 
0.28 
0.87 
3 
12.15 
9.80 
0.67 
C.1C 
C .88 
4 
10.70 
8.26 
1.07 
C.C4 
0.83 
5 
12, C3 
10.46 
0.73 
n nrz 
« cO 
0.87 
TABLE 5B 
GROUP AVER. - DIRT 9 
CHO ~ 90% 
FAT - 10% 
YORK MRDICAL COLLRGR, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
ttslf:ri: island, wyr york city 
NU-9, Rep t * , $Z  
24 HOUR 
URIKD COLLS 
CTION 
Water 
Minimal 
Depr. 
Total 
Da 
y 
•"reight 
Intake 
Volume 
Urine 
Fr.P. 
Mini- 
Sodium 
Potass. 
Chlorides 
Volume 
(Degr 
osmols 
(kg. ) 
{cc. ) 
( cc • ) 
( cc.) 
Cent.) 
(gm. ) 
(gm.) 
(gm. ) 
Control 
c S8*i 
1840 
1100 
744 
2.02 
1085 
4.38 
2.96 
12.23 
/• 
ver. 
D 
m 
1 
91*0 
800 
803 
627 
1.76 
878 
3.06 
2.48 
7.53 
T) 
2 
T0.1 
800 
670 
647 
1.70 
600 
1.77 
2.06 
4.67 
r 
•n 
3 
69.0 
800 
450 
335 
1.94 
470 
0.91 
2.30 
2.25 
i 
T 
4 
6801 
800 
472 
326 
1.78 
455 
0.86 
3.20 
1.53 
1 
T T 
5 
67*6 
800 
498 
362 
1.88 
506 
0.64 
4.12 
1* 75 
V 
A 
6 
67,4 
800 
493 
585 
1.92 
510 
1.07 * 
4.10 
1.64 
A 
rp 
7 
67.0 
800 
515 
381 
1.93 
531 
1.02 
4.30 
1.37 
1 
T 
8 
66W0 
800 
488 
365 
1.94 
510 
1.10 
3.26 
1.73 
1 
r\ 
9 
66*7 
800 
534 
392 
1.95 
548 
1.20 
3.68 
2.09 
u 
TVT 
10 
66*7 
800 
480 
363 
1.97 
509 
1.50 
3.20 
1.60 
RECOVER1? 
1 
67*8 
2460 
539 
425 
2.01 
595 
1.19 
3.48 
1.76 
2 
69. S 
2650 
738 
411 
1.85 
730 
1.11 
3.50 
2.75 
3 
70,1 
2900 
812 
547 
1.85 
794 
2.77 
2.14 
6.42 
4 
70.6 
2230 
1095 
59 6 
1.54 
890 
4.66 
1.98 
10.10 
5 
7o.6 
2420 
1242 
696 
1.52 
975 
6 • 06 
2.22 
13.05 
TABLE 5C 
GROUP AVER. - DIET 10 
CHO ~ 80C~ 
(Milk Protein) 
NSW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
NU-9, ReptJ 
39  
24 HOUR 
TJIiBE C0IX2CTI0N 
Day 
Total 
Urea 
NH3 
Creatine 
Creatinine 
Nitrogen 
Nitrogen Nitrogen 
(gm) 
(gm.) 
(gm. ) 
(gm. ) 
(gm.) 
Control 
13.88 
12.61 
0.85 
0.02 
1.06 
Aver. 
D 
e 
1 
10.00 
9.22 
0.47 
0.04 
0.89 
P 
2 
10.02 
9.45 
0.47 
0.12 
0.88 
r 
3 
8.38 
7.23 
0,33 
0.19 
0.81 
e 
4 
8.40 
6.55 
0.33 
0.22 
0.69 
V 
5 
9.24 
7.90 
0.27 
0.14 
0.89 
a 
6 
9.30 
8.17 
0.26 
0.04 
0.88 
t 
7 
9.90 
8.69 
0.25 
0.20 
0.83 
i 
8 
9.20 
7.17 
0.24 
0.16 
0.76 
0 
9 
10.13 
8.40 
0.27 
0.13 
0.81 
n 
10 
9.46 
7.98 
0.28 
0,19 
0.78 
lECOVNUY 
1 
11.70 
10.05 
0.42 
0.24 
0.90 
2 
14.05 
12.13 
0.56 
0.34 
0.79 
3 
12,73 
10.28 
0.68 
0.16 
0.87 
4 
9.83 
7.50 
1.23 
0.03 
0.92 
5 
11.26 
8.94 
1.09 
0.02 
0.90 
TABLE 5D 
GROUP AVER, - DIET 10 
CHO - W%~ 
PROT - 10t (Milk Protein) 
FAT - 10$ 
NEW YOHK MEDIC-'L COLLEGE, METROPOLIS N HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELF.RS ISL/ND, NEW YORK CITY 
NU-9, Rept. jf2  
f;. 
STING BLOOD 
Day 
Sodium 
Potassium Chlorides 
Sugar 
NPN 
UN 
Total Choi. 
Control 
329 
12.4 
620 
80.3 
34.2 
16.7 
169 
Aver* 
D 
e 1 
P 2 
330 
13.6 
603 
79.9 
35.0 
17.1 
221 
r 3 
330 
14.3 
596 
235 
i 4 
325 
14.5 
580 
83.0 
41.4 
21*4 
230 
v 5 
327 
20.8 
599 
230 
a 6 
323 
32.2 
615 
235 
t 7 
320 
30.2 
624 
89.6 
48*4 
24.0 
227 
i 8 
320 
26.7 
604 
76.5 
51.9 
25.6 
208 
O 9 
324 
23.5 
600 
189 
n 10 
324 
S3.5 
596 
83.4 
53.0 
26.5 
178 
Recovery 
1 
1 
324 
23.7 
599 
152 
2 i 
325 
20.9 
612 
78.6 
32.8 
15.9 
147 
3 
328 
15.7 
614 
149 
4 
331 
14.0 
616 
70.6 
30.4 
15.4 
149 
5 
332 
11.8 
629 
160 
TABLE 6A 
GROUP AVER. - DIET 9 
CEO - 90?T 
FAT - 10^ 
NSW YORK MSDICAL COLILGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NSW YORK CITY 
N ~9, Kept*  
. FAST 
TNG BLOOD 
Day 
TSP 
ALB 
Glob* 
A/G 
Hemat. 
RBC 
HCB 
Control 
7.3 
5.3 
to 
ft 
o 
2*7 
43 
4. 50 
15.0 
Aver* 
~ir i 
44 
4.54 
15.7 
e 2 
7*9 
5.7 
2.2 
2.7 
41 
4.14 
14.6 
P 3 
7.9 
5.7 
2.2 
2.7 
41 
4.10 
14.8 
r 4 
7.7 
5.5 
2.1 
2.6 
42 
4.02 
14.4 
i 5 
7.5 
5.4 
2.1 
2.6 
41 
4.01 
14.6 
v 6 
7.7 
.5*5 
2. £ 
2.6 
14.7 
a 7 
7.4 
5.4 
2.1 
2.6 
t 8 
7.3 
- 5.2 
2.0 
2.8 
43 
4.36 
15.2' 
i 9 
7.1 
5.1 
2.0 
2.6 
40 
4*05 
15.7 
o 10 
7.1 
5.1 
2.0 
2.6 
42 
4.62 
16,5 
n 
Recovery 
1 
6*8 
5.0 
1.8 
2.7 
39 
4*49 
16,2 
2 
6*6 
4.7 
■ 1*8 
2.6 
35 
4.42 
15.9 
3 
6.4 
4.6 
1*8 
2.6 
13.7 
4 
6.6 
4.8 
1.9 
2,6 
38 
4*43 
14.6 
5 
7.0 
5*1 
1*9 
2.7 
4. 63 
15.2 
TABLE SB 
GROUP AVSR.- DILT 9 
CHO - 90$"” 
FAT - 10$ 
N3Tf YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL HLSEAHCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
NU-9, Rept* §Z FASTING BLOOD 
Day 
' TSP 
ALB. 
GLOB. 
A/G 
Hemat. 
BBC 
HGB 
Control 
7*6 
5.5 
2.1 
2.7 
44 
4.59 
15*4 
- 
AYER 
• 
D i 
42 
4.32 
15*2 
e 2 
7.9 
5.7 
2.1 
2.7 
43 
4.01 
15.0 
P 3 
8.3 
6.1 
2.2 
2.8 
42 
4.01 
14.5 
f 4' 
8.4 
6.2 
2.2 
2.8 
44 
4.11 
14.6 
* 5 
8.1 
6.0 
2.1 
2.9 
43 
4.04 
14.6 
V 6 
8.1 
6.0 
2.1 
2.7 
\ 
15*2 
2 7 
7.9 
5.6 
2.1 
2.7 
t 8 
7.3 
5.2 
2.0 
2.6 
47 
4.09 
16.1 
1 9 
7.7 
5.7 
2.1 
2.7 
43 
4.20 
16.0 
° 10 
n 
7.0 
5.1 
1.9 
2.7 
43 
4.37 
16.2 
recoy:ry 
i 
6.9 
5.0 
1.9 
2.6 
40 
4.08 
15.5 
2 
6.6 
4.8 
1.8 
2.7 
37 
4.27 
15.5 
3 
6.5 
4.8 
1.8 
2.7 
• 
14.2 
4 
6*6 
4.9 
1.8 
2.7 
40 
4.25 
14.4 
5 
7.0 
5.1 
1.9 
2.6 
4.36 
14.9 
TABLE 6D 
CROUP AVER. - DIET 10 
CHO - 80$“ 
PRCT - 10$ (Milk Protein) 
'FAT - 10% 
NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NSW YORK CITY 
Kept. #Zr NU-9  
tot; i milli-0 ouiv; 
LOOTS 
1 ■ ■ 
Dry 
r 
Sodium 
Potr 
ssium 
Chlorides 
NHg Nitrogen 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Control 
194 
143 
76 
3.17 
216 
1C 5 
56 
Aver. 
D l‘ 
i 
120 
72 
135 
41 
C 2 
7G 
144 
40 
3.4G 
6C 
102 
32 
P 3 
27 
144 
42 
3,66 
34 
101 
20 
T» ~iv- -A 
X “JT 
' asu 
_ 141 
52 
3.71 
26 
99 
27 
l 5 
15 
142 
64 
5*33 
1G 
1C 2 
26 
v S 
20 
140 
62 
0*24 
17 
104 
39 
a 7 
10 
139 
62 
7.73 
12 
106 
28 
t G '• 
16 
139 
52 
6, 3 
15 
102 
27 
i 9 
17 
141 
48 
6.C2 
11 
1C 2 
28 
c lc 
n 
16 
141 
46 
6402 
9 
101 
31 
IGCOVEBY 
1 
23 
141 
60 
6*06 
13 
102 
40 
2 
24 
141 
42 
5.35 
42 
104 
42 
3 
113 
143 
46 
4* Cl 
79 
1C 4 
48 
4 
i 19 C 
144 
52 
3.50 
212 
105 
77 
5 
274 
145 
60 
3.2 
233 
107 
52 
Tx BIU 7A 
GROUP A VSR. 
CHC - 9 C% ' 
FAT - lO'fc 
NSW YORK MSDIC/L COLLEGE, M3TROPOLIT/N HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELF 1. I3L ND, NAT YORK CITY 
NU-9> Rept% jf2  
TOTi 
I MILLl 
iS^ClVSISNTS 
Day 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Chlorides 
HHs Nitrogen 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Control 
194 
145 
76 
3.54 
212 
104 
61 
-' 
Aver. 
■ 
D 
1 
153 
64 
130 
34 
2 
77 
144 
54 
4.22 
81 
103 
24 
P 
3 
40 
143 
60 
4.56 
39 
101 
24 
i 
i 
■\* 
4 
37 
141 
82 
5.07 
26 
99 
19 
5 
37 
140 
106 
5.45 
30 
99 
19 
a 
+ 
6 
47 
140 
108 
8.95 
28 
107 
19 
7 
45 
137 
110 
7.33 
24 
105 
18 
U 
i 
8 
48 
140 
84 
6.85 
30 
111 
17 
9 
52 
139 
94 
6.59 
36 
103 
19 
U 
n 
10 
57 
138 
82 
6.43 
28 
103 
20 
Recover 
r 
1 
52 
140 
90 
6.38 
30 
103 
30 
* ' 
2 
48 
141 
90 
5.55 
47 
104 
40 
3 
120 
144 
54 
4.04 
111 
105 
49 
4 
202 
144 
50 
3.79 
174 
104 
88 
5 
266 
144 
56 
3.43 
225 
104 
78 
TABLE 7B 
GROUP AVER. - DIET 10 
• CHO - Q0$ 
PROT 10fc (Milk Protein) 
e;t io $ 
NEW YORK MEDIC L COLIEGEm METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WEEF-RS ISL/ND, NEW YORK CITY 
NU-9, Kept*  
FA 
STING BLOOD 
Day 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Chlorides 
■ Sugar 
npn 
UN 
Tot cl chol. 
Control 
liyaTv 1 
333 
13.7 
612 
78.3 
35.1 
17.1 
172 
D £ 
e 1 s' 
331 
16*5 
605 
75.9 
34.5 
16.6 
238 
P 3 
329 
17.8 
' 593 
244 
f 4 
325 
19.8 
583 
79.0 
37.7 
18.8 
229 
1 5 
321 
21.5 
585 
227 
v 6 
321 
34.9 
631 
239 
f 7 
316 
28.6 
617 
85.6 
45.7 
23.0 
251 
J 8 
321 
26.7 
652 
71.3 
50.3 
24.7 
205 
1 9 
320 
25*7 
608 
205 
0 10 
n 
318 
25.1 
605 
77.3 
51.3 
25; 5 
179 
RECOVERY 
1 
323 
24.9 
606 
165 
2 
325 
21.5 
615 
74.6 
32 ;4 
15.7 
137 
3 
332 
15.8 
622 
• 
129 
4 
331 
14*8 
616 
78.8 
29.5 
15.0 
142 
5 
332 
13.5 
614 
158 
TABLE 6C 
GROUP /VAR. - PI T 10 
CHC - 80$~ 
PROT - 10$ (Milk Protein) 
FAT - 10$ 
NSW YORIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RASA. RCH UNIT 
WELFARE I3L ND, NEW YORK CITY. 
NU-9, Kept. )'}Z FIGURE 10 
DIET NO.- OHO. FAT proti 
9 90$ 1055 
10 80'5- 10$ 10$ 
EXESRIMENTAi DAYS 
DAILY UEIGHT RECORD 
(Kllogrsms) 
R 3 C 0 V E R y 
NU-9, Kept. fZ FIGURE 10A 
CUMULATIVE UEIGHT LOSS 
(Kilograms* 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT FRO. (Milk),,.. 
iS3£ 9 90$ 10$ 
rrw.i 10 80$ 10$ 10$ 
NU-9, Hop t. #2 FIGURE 10B 
DAILY '"SIGHT LOSS 
(Kilograms) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. (Milk ) 
3P5u 9 90% 10% 
ClS'i 10 80% 10% 10% 
NU-9, Ropt, #2 FIGURE 11 
CONTROL 
EXPERIMENTAL D'YS 
TOTAL URINARY VOLUME 
( CC.) 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO, 
9 903 10$ 
- - -10 803 10-3 10% {Milk Protein) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9., Rept. ffe 
40 FIGURE 11A 
CONTROL 
TOTAL MILLIOSHOLS IN URINE 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. OHO. FAT I PRO. 
9 90$ 10$ 
10 80$ 10$ 10$ (Milk Protein) 
RECOVERY 
Ntr-9, Rept. #2 15 
14 
13 
IE 
11 
10 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
Gm. 
FIGURE 12 
12 3 
CONTROL 
123456789 10 
EXPERIMENTAL D/YS 
TOTAL NITROGEN IN URINE 
(G-rams) 
DIET NO. CHO. PAT? PRO. 
9 90% 10% 
- - -10 80fb 10$ 10% (Milk Protein 
1 2 3 4 5 
R E C 0 Y S :: 7 
NU-9, Rept. #2 FIGURE; 12A 
NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE 
(Grams) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
Gr. 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. (Milk Pro.) 
9 90$ 10$ 
10 80$ 10$ 10$ 
DIET NO. AVERAGE DAILY N2 BALANCE 
9 Minus "g. g 
10 Minus g, 3g 
NU-9, Ropt. #2 FIGURE 13 
CONTROL 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
. TOTAL CRTATININE IN URINE 
(Mil'.VAiris' • 
DIRT NO. CHO. FAT i PRC. 
9 90$ 10$ 
- - -10 80$ 10$ 10$ (Milk Protein) 
R .9 C G V L R Y 
NU-9, Ropt. $2 FIGURE 14 
CONTROL 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTAL CREATINE IN URINE 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. 
— 9 90# 10% 
10 80# 10# 10# (Milk Protein) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt; #2 FIGURE 15 
CONTHOi 
TOTAL NH5 NITROGEN IN URINE 
(Milliequivalents per 24 Hour) 
5HTW) %OT £01 $08 01 
$01 $06 6 
•0EH IVi OHO »0N XEia 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, RspU j'2 FIGURE 16 
CONTROL 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. 
9 90$ 10$ 
- - -10 80$ 10$ 10$ (Milk Protein) 
BLOOD NON-PROTSIN NITROGEN 
(Milligrams per 100 cc) 
E XPER ILCNTEL PI. YS 
? 2 C 0 V 2 R T 
MU-9, Rept. #2 FIGURE 17 
CONTROL 
SERUM SODIUM 
(Milliequivalents Per Liter) 
DIET NO. CEO. FLT' PRO* 
9 90$. 10% 
10 80$ 10% 10% (Milk Protein) 
EXPERIMENT!.! D;.Y3 
R E G 0 V L G: Y 
NU-9, Rep t* ifZ CONTROL 
FIGURE V 17A 
DIET NO, CHO, FAT PRO.. 1 
9 90$ 10$ 
10 80$ J£$ 10$ (Milk Protein) 
EXPERIMICNTAL DAYS 
TOTAL SODIUM IN URINE 
(Milliequivalents Per 24 Hours) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt. jjZ FIGURE 18 
hA 
O 
« 
Eh 
Js; 
o 
o 
SERUM POTASSIUM 
(Milliequivalents Per Liter) 
EXP'MIOVTAL D'YS 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. 
9 90$ 10$ 
~ - -10 80$ 10$ 10$ (Milk Portein) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Rept. #2 CONTROL 
FIGURE 18A 
POTASSIUM IN URTNE 
(Mi Hi equivalents Per 24 Hours) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. ' 
9 90% 10% 
10 80% 10% 10% (Milk Protein) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9 Kept )f2 FIGURE 19 
CONTROL 
EXPSRIMEM1 AL DAYS 
SERUM CHLORITES 
(Milliequivalents Per Liter) 
I 
DIET NO, CHO. FAT PRO.^ 
9 90$ 10$ 
- - - -10 80$ 10$ 10$ (Milk Protein) 
R ECO VSR Y 
NU-9, Kept, #Z FIGURE 19A 
CONTROL 
TOTAL CHLORIDES IN URINE 
(Milliequivalents Per 24 Hours) 
EXPERIMENTAL DIYS 
DIET NO, CHO. FAT PRC). 
*—9 90% 10% j 
10 80% 10% 10% (Milk ProetinJ 
RECOVERY 
NO-9 , pt. #2 FIGURE 21 
C 0 N T R 0 L I 
0^ 
> 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. 
9 50% 10% 
- - -10 80% 10% 10% (Milk Proilein) 
TOT/L SERUM CHOLESTEROL 
(Milligrams per 100 cc. ) 
EXPERIMENTAL D/AS 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt. 42 ■ FIGURE 22 
CONTROL 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTiX SERUM PROTEINS 
(Grams per 100 oc.) 
-I 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT PRO. 
9 90 % 1056 
- - -10 80% 10% 10% (Milk Protein) 
RECOVERY DAYS 
xTU—S j Rg pt • jfC, Day 
Weight 
Water 
Volume 
Minimal 
Depr. 
Total 
Sodium 
Potass 
Chlorides 
Intake 
Urine 
jTr.P. 
Mill!- 
(kg) 
( cc) 
(cc) 
Volume 
degree 
osmols 
. i 
( cc) 
cent. 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
Control 
Aver, 
n 
$D.4 
2316 
1287 
703 
1.45 
987 
4.54 
3.65 
12.4fc- • 
e 
1 
'7(2.3 
800 
1226 
455 
0.98 
637 
2.41 
3.56 
6.94 
P 
2 
69.4 
800 
722 
300 
1.08 
419 
1.31 
3.08 
3.74 
r 
3 
'69.0 
800 
472 
247 
1.41 
'345 
0.66 
3.05 
2.16 
i 
4 
€6.5 
6&.5 
800 
416 
180 
1.31 
280 
0.61 
2.58 
*1.57 
V 
5 
800 
422 
214 
1.42 
297 
0.28 
1.21 
0.99 
a 
6 
6®.0 
800 
534 
, 215 
1.10 
298 
C.29 
0.89 
0.87 
t 
7 
67.7 
800 
387 
184 
1.29 
258 
0.27 
1.02 ■ 
0.86 
i 
8 
676 5 
80© 
394 
179 
1.23 
250 
0.34 
1.06 
0.74 c 
o 
9 
6T.1 
800 
366 
■172 
1.29 
240 
0.33 
1.06 
v/ # / v. 
0.69 ' 
n 
10 
6^9 
800 
329 
167 
1.37 
234 
0.24 
0-97 
0.74 H 
Recovery 
67.2 
) 
1 
2196 
1275 
250 
0.54 
266 
0.42 
0.93 
0 -57 f 
2 
3 
6@.6 
6&.2 
2034 
2096 
668 
1154 
365 
505 
1.53 
1.38 
510 
708 
1.34 
3.63 
1.63 
1.96 
v kj f 
2.82 c 
8.56 1 
4 
cr 
£0.8 
1988 
1032 
635 
1.69 
855 
4.27 
1.76 
w • o w h- 
11.54 E 
13.6© 
5 
65,6 
1752 . 
978 
681 
1.59 
952 
5.95 
2.64 
TA3L~ 6A 
GWT ATPR. DIET XI 
~~3E!U ~TO$ 
FAT 10^c 
HE* TOWC MLDICAL COLLEGE, KSTHOPOUTAH HOSPIT.'L HLSCAXCL UNIT' 
TCTLEARC ISLAND, NSV'YOR” CITY 
24 HOUR UHINL COLLECTION 
NU~9 y Ropt. jfZ  
Day 
T#tal 
Urea 
nh3 
Nitrogen 
Creatine 
Creatinine 
Nitrogen 
Nitrogen 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
Control 
1 
ver. 
12.09 
9.87 
0.71 
0#01 
1.05 
D 
rs 
1 
8.03 
5.97 
0.97 
0.01 
1.03 
© 
2 
5.91 
4.66 
0.46 
0.02 
1.02 
P 
3 
5.50 
4.38 
0.45 
0.01 
0.94 
r 
i 
•XT 
4 
5.28 
4.18 
0.37 
0.19 
0.81 
5 
5.31 
4.04 
0.36 
0.05 
0.84 
V 
6 
5.26 
4.38 
0.36 
0.12 
0.97 
d 
f 
7 
4,46 
3.39 
0.33 
0.08 
0.80 
I 
8 
4.41 
3.53 
0.30 
0.08 
0.75 
-L 
9 
4.27 
3.20 
0.35 
0.02 
0.89 
O 
n 
10 
4.21 
3.13 
0.39 
0.08 
0.84 
Recovery 
1 
6.70 
5.80 
0.52 
0.08 
1.12 
2 
8.42 
6.81 
0.52 
0.03 
1.14 
3 
9.02 
7.54 
0.57 
0.09 
1.05 
4 
10.42 
8.37 
0.77 
0.08 
0.75 
5 
10.89 
8.96 
0.70 
0.03 
0.68 
GROUP AVER. DLaTJX 
CHO ' ' 90$ 
PAT Lj.0$ 
TABLE 8B 
NEW YORK MEDIC L COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
24 HOUR URINE COLLECTION 
NU-9, Kept. #2  
Water 
Minimal 
Depr. 
Total 
Day 
Weight 
Intake 
Volume 
Urine 
Fr.P. 
Mini- 
Sodium 
Potass 
Chlorides 
Volume 
degree 
osmols 
Ckg) 
( cc) 
( cc) 
( CC ) ' 
cent. 
(gm) 
(gm) 
(gm) 
Control 
Aver. 
72*0 
2577 
1425 
664 
1.42 
971 
4.46 . 
2.87 
12.28 
D 
Q 
1 
70. 7 
800 
1868 
475 
1.00 
664 
2.68 
3.33 
7.18 
n 
2 
€0 *9 
800 
723 
354 
1.33 
495 
1.76 
3.16 
4.18 
y 
•p 
3 
69.6 
800 
591 
313 
1.52 
438 
0.98 
3.28 
2.66 
JL 
1 
4 
66.8 
800 
433 
217 
1*39 
303 
* 0.53 
2.74 
1.88 
V 
5 
66.5 
800 
466 
264 
1.65 
370 
0.36 
1.45 
1.12 
a 
6 
66.2 
800 
473 
254 
1.61 
355 
0.42 
1.39 
1.04 
t 
7 
66.0 
800 
373 
239 
1.72 
335 
0.33 
1.37 
0.84 
i 
8 
67.6 
800 
420 
240 
1.64 
335 
0.40 
1.34, 
0.73 
JL 
o 
9 
67.4 
800 
380 
221 
1.64 
309 
0.39 
1.22 
0.72 
n 
10 
67.2 
800 
335 
207 
1.67 
289 
0.35 * 
1.43 . 
0.84 
Recovery 
• \ 
1 
■■67.7 
2234 
987 
302 
0.89 
423 
0.54 
1.04 
0.62 
2 
«* 6 
2464 
674 
404 
1.67 
565 
1.53 
1.03 
2.46 
3 
:>69.6 
2148 
1129 
581 
1.45 
812 
4.22 
2.42 
10.49 
4 
7 0*0 
2064 
1236 
619 
1.48 
865 
4.58 
1.97 
12.12 
5 
70.0 
1998 
1009 
667 
1.79 
934 
5.94 
2.16 
11.55 
TABIE 8C 
GROUP AVER. - DIET 12 
CHO" 80% ~ 
FAT 10% 
PROT 10% (Egg white) 
SETT YORK MEDIC/L COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
'ELF RE ISLAND. KET" YORK CITY 
24 HOUR URINE COLLECTION 
NU-9, Hop t. #2  
Pay • 
Total 
Urea 
nk3 
Creatine 
Creatinine 
Nitrogen 
Nitrogen 
Nitrogen 
( : Tl) 
(gmT 
(gm) 
- (gm) 
Cgm) 
Control 
Ave r. 
11.62 
9.27 
«S.72 
0.01 
0.96 
D 
e 
1 
8.48 
6.61 
0.57 
0.00 
1.01 
•n 
2 
7.34 
6.15 
0.46 
o.Ol 
1.01 
Jr 
r 
3 
7.36 
6,24 
0.47 
0.01 
0.98 
i 
4 
6*85 
5.42 
0,40 
0.16 
0.80 
V 
5 
6.89 
5.69 
0.40 
o. 07 
0.84 
a 
t 
i 
6 
• 7 
8 
6.70 
6.38 
6.44 
5*49 
5.02 
5.22 
0.38 
0.34 
0.37 
0.14 
0.12 
0.03 
0.89 
0.79 
0.72 
o 
9 
6.03 
4.83 
0.37 
0.09 
0.78 
n 
10 
5.77 
4.64 
0.40 
0.11 
0.87 
Recovery 
1 
7*97 
6.76 
0.53 
0 .vi/wi 
1.12 
2 
8*58 
6.96 
0.52 
0.06 
1.04 
3 
9.20 
7.41 
0.74 
0.06 
1.17 
4 
9.67 
7.63 
0.84 
0.08 
0.71 
5 
10.77 
8.70 
0.70 
0.03 
0.68 
T/BLS 8D 
GROUP AVER.- DIET 12 
GKO 80 fo 
FAT 10$ 
PHOT 10$ (Egg white) 
NSW YORK MEDICAL COLLIDE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
24 HOUR URINE COLLSCTICN 
11,-9, Kept.  
■ 
FASTING 
BLOOD 
D 
ay 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Chlorides 
Sugar 
NPN 
UN 
Total Choi. 
Control 
332 
Aver, 
332 
15.9 
608 
78.8 
31.2 
15.2 
179 
D 
1 
328 
16.9 
582 
229- 
e 
2 
328 
21.8 
612 
78.4 
32.6 
15.9 
21w' 
P 
3 
327 
21.0 
577 
207 
r 
i 
4 
317 
19.5 
582 
82.0 
33.9 
16.5 
214 
5 
326 
29.6 
602 
232 
V 
6 
326 
20.8 
590 
80.6 
32.3 
16,3 
195 
a 
7 
322 
20.6 
591 
198 
t 
i 
e 
321 
20.1 
601 
80.5 
32.9 
16.3 
186 
9 
322 
22.0 
.502 
168 
o 
n 
10 
313 
19.4 
582 
89.6 
35.4 
17.9 
200 
Recovery 
1 
328 
15.8 
602 
183 
2 
340 
20,6 
606 
191 
3 
335 
16.7 
604 
80.2 
30.5 
15.5 
156 
4 
326 
14.2 
582 
152 
5 
334 
14.9 
601 
83.9 
29.2 
14.6' 
177 
Table 9A 
GROUP AVAR. DETJi_ 
CEO 90/T 
EAT 10 io 
nat york medical (sqliagl , metropolitan hospital rlslarch unit 
T.’ALFARA ISLAND, NATJ YORK CITY 
NU-9 , Rep t. jf:2  
FASTING BLOOD 
Day 
TSP 
ALB 
GLOB 
A/G 
Kemat 
RBC 
HGB 
Control 
Aver. 
, 
7.6 
6.8 
l.B 
4.4 - 
40 
4.50 
15 % 1 
e 1 
6.3 
7.0 
1.3 
6.9 
41 
4.40 
14t9 
p s 
8.2 
6.3 
1.9 
3.6 
39 
4.19 
14.3 
v 3 
8.2 
6.2 
2.0 
3.1 
41 
4.27 
14,2 
1 4 
7.0 
5.2 
1.8 
3.0 
36 
4.29 
14.7 
: 1 
7.7 
7.8 
5.4 
5.5 
2.3 
2.3 
2.3 
2.5 
39 
4.15 
14.4 
t i 
7. 7' 
6.3 
1.6 
4.1 
38 
3.92 
13.5 
i ® 
7.6 
6.4 
1.3 
6.9 
38 
3,64 
13.2 
o 
7.9 
5.0 
2.9 
1.8 
40 
3.76 
13.3 
10 
n 
8.1 
6.1 
a.s 
3.2 
38 
4.01 
14.0 
• 
Recovery 
1 
7.3 
5.2 
2.1 
2*5 
37 
3.79 
13.3 
2 
3 
7.5 
7.9 
5.6 
5.3 
1.8 
2.5 
3.2 
2.2 
37 
39 
4.33 
14.5 
4 
7.4 
5.5 
1.9 
3.3 
37 
4.22 
14.4 
5 
8.3 
6.5 
1.8 
3.9 
42 
TABE 9B 
GROUP AVBR. PET 11 
CHO 90;5” 
FAT 10/i 
NBW YORK MUDICAL COLEGU, MCTROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
'ELFAR3 ISLAND, HUU YORK CITY 
NU-9 , R® t. 'JfZ  
FASTING 
BLOOD 
Day 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Chlorides 
Sugar 
' npn 
tjN 
Total chol. 
Control 
Aver. 
332. 
17.3 
605 
77.1 
■50.3 
14.9 
199 
D 
574 
o 
1 
328 
18.1 
240 
2 
330 
22.2 
607 
75.4 
31.9 
15.7 
222 
P 
3 
327 
21.6 
580 
215 
r 
• 
4 
321 
21.4 
SO .'i> 
85.5 
53.4 
16.3 
240 
• ± 
5 
3M 
30.9 
594 
242 
V 
a 
6 
323 
24.6 
589 
79.9 
31.9 
16.1 
219 
7 
325 
23.9 
582 - 
216 
u 
* 
8 
327 
21.5 
580 
82.5 
32.7 
16.0 
191 
i 
9 
324 
21,1 
610 
173 
0 
110 
319 
21.8 
B&S 
85.7 
35.9 
17.2 
2666 
n 
Hecovery 
195 
1 
334 
16.5 
582 
2 
352 
19.3 
• 625 
195 
3 
322 
15.3 
626 
77.4 
30.0 
15.3 
171 
4 
324 
12.8 
610 
167 
5 
330 
14.8 
606 
81.7 
27.7 
14.2 
171 
d 
r 
# 
TABLS 9C 
CTOOP AVER. DIPT 12 
CTO 80^ 
Fst 10% 
PRCT 10# (Egg white) 
N3¥ YORK MCDICAL COLIAGL, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
¥SLFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
NU-9, Re t. #2  
' 
FiSTING 
BLOOD 
Day 
$8Blu 
ALB 
GLOB 
a/ g 
Hemat 
BBC 
HGB 
Control 
Aver. 
8.0 
6.0 
2.0 
3.4 
42 
4.51 
15.3 
D 
1 
8*1 
7*0 
1.1 
6.0 
42 
4.18 
15.1 
e 
2 
8.4 
666 
1.8 
3.7 
40 
4.00 
13. 5 
P 
3 
8.1 
7.7 
1.9 
3.8 
42 
4.10 
14.0 
r 
4 
7.3 
5.0 
2.4 
2.3 
39 
4.03 
14,3 
i 
5 
8*0 
5.6 
2.3 
2.5 
- 
V 
6 
8.3 
5.6 
2.7 
2.1 
41 
4.06 
13.8 
a 
7 
8.1 
6.0 
2.0 
3.6 
39 
4.01 
13.7 
t 
8 
8.0 
5.6 
2.5 
2,3 
40 
3.89 
13.4 
i 
9 
7.8 
5.9 
2.9 
1.9 
37 
3,85 
13,3 
t?o 
10 
8.0 
6.0 
2.0 
3.4 
38 
3.99 
13,1 
n 
■ 
Rea»very 
1 
7.5 
5.4 
2.1 
2.9 
38 
3.9b 
13«0 
2 
7.3 
■ 5.3 
2.0 
2.9 
39 
3 
7.6 
- 5.3 
2.3 
2.5 
43 
4.47 
14.C 
4 
7.4 
5.6 
1.8 
3.1 
39 
4.46 
14.1 
5 
8.3 
*.4 
2.0 
3.4 
42 
GROUP AVER. PET 13 
CHO so;l 
FAT XO% 
PHOT 10/5 (Egg white) 
TABIS9D 
NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPIT.X RESEARCH UNIT 
tCLFAIC ISLAND, NEU YORK CITY 
NU-9, Rcpt. #2  
TOTAL MILLI 
“SQUIVALUNTS 
Da 
y 
Sodium 
Potassium 
Chlorides 
NH3 Nitrogen 
Urine 
Bleed 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Control 
197 
145 
94 
3.47 
214 
105 
51 
D 
1 
105 
143 
91 
4.34 
120 
100 
69 
G 
2 
57 
143 
79 
5.59 
65 
105 
33 
P 
3 
29 
142 
78 
5.39 
37 
100 
32 
r 
* 
4 
27 
138 
66 
5.00 
27 
100 
26 
i 
5 
12 
142 
31 
775S9 
17 
104 
26 
V 
6 
13 
142 
23 
5.34 
15 
100 
26 
a 
7 
12 
140 
26 
5228 
15 
100 
24 
t 
i 
8 
15 
140 
27 
* 5.16 
13 
loai- 
21 
9 
14 
140 
27 
5.64 
12 
IDG 
25 
c 
n 
10 
10 
136 
25 
4.98 
13 
100 
28 
Recovery 
1 
18 
143 
24 
4.05 
10 
104 
37 
2 
58 
148 
42 
5.29 
'49 
104 
37 
3 
158 
146 
50 
4.28 
148 
104 
41 
4 
186 
142 * 
45 
3,64 / 
199 
100 
55 
5 
259 
145 
68 
3.82 
235 
103 
50 
GROUP AVSR. DIET 11 
CHO 
FIT 103 
TABU 10A 
1C,7 YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE, METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
7SLFAR2 ISLAND, NS7 YORK CITY 
NU~9, Ropt*. Uz  
TOTAL MILLI 
-SqpiVAISNTS 
Day 
Sodium 
Potas 
slum 
Chlorides 
NHg Nitrogen 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Blood 
Urine 
Control 
194 
145 
73 
3.83 
212 
104 
52 
Aver. 
D 
1 
117 
143 
85 
4.64 
124 
99 
41 
e 
2 
77 
144 
81 
5.69 
72 
104 
33 
P 
3 
43 
142 
84 
5.54 
46 
100 
33 
r 
4 
23 
140 
70 
5.49 
32 
iei 
29 
i 
5 
16 
140 
37 
7.92 
19 
102 
29 
V 
6 
18 
140 
36 
6.30 
18 
101 
27 
a 
7 
14 
141 
35 
6.13 
14 
100 
24 
t 
8 
ir 
142 
35 
• 5.51 
13 
100 
26 
i 
9 
17 
141 
31 
5'. 42 
12 
105 
26 
o 
n 
10 
15 
139 
37 
5.60 
14 
1CU 
29 
Recovery 
1 
24 
145 
27 
4.24 
11 
100 
38 
2 
67 
144 
26 
4.95 
42 
108 
37 
3 • 
180 
140 
62 
3.93 
181 
108 
53 
4 
199 
141 
50 
3.29 
209 
105 
60 
• 
5 
258 
144 
55 
p 
3.60 
199 
104 
50 
Table 103 
GROUP AVER. DIET 12 
CllO" QC/o 
FAT 101o 
PHOT 1055 (2gg white) 
NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE , METROPOLITAN HOSPITAL RESEARCH UNIT 
WELFARE ISLAND, NEW YORK CITY 
MJ-9 , Ropt . #2 FIGURE 23 
DBT NO. CHO. FAT EGG ’’HITE 
11 90$ 10$ 
12 60$ 10$ 10$ 
DAILY ''EIGHT RECORD 
’Kilograms) 
NU-9, Ropt. #2 FIGURE 23A 
CUMULATIVE WEIGHT LOSS 
(Kilograms) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FIT PRO. (EGG T/HITE) 
3330 IX 90j5 10$ 
SSXM 12 80$ 10$ 10$ 
Nu9-, Ropt. #Z FIGURE 23B 
DAILY LEIGHT LOSS 
(Kilograms) 
EXPERIMENTAL DA^S 
DIET NO* CHO. FAT PRO.(EGG T/HITE) 
tmm 11 90% 10% 
fETSSj 12 8 0% 10% 10% 
NU-9, Rcpt. #2 CONTROL 
FIGURE 24 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTAL URINARY VOLUME 
'(cc. ) 
DDT NO. CEO. FAT EGG WHITE 
11 90% 10% 
12 80% 10% 10% 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt. #2 r CONTROL 
FIGURE 25 
S XHSRIMSNTAL DAYS 
TOTAL SOLUTES IN URINE 
(Milliosmols) 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT WHITS 
11 90 $ 10 % 
12 80io 10 Jo 
RECOVERY 
Ropt. it-2, NU-9 FIGURE 26 
CONTROL DAYS 
TOTAL NITROGEN IN URINE 
(Grams) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
! 
DI-jT NO. OHO, FAT EGG UNITE 
11 90/S 10/b 
- - - 12 80 /0 10/S 10A 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Rept. #2 FIGURE 26A 
NEGATIVE NITROGEN B: LANCE 
(Grans ) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FIT PSO. (Egg Ttoite) 
-— 11 90$ 10$ 
12 80$ 10$ 10$ 
DIET NO. AVERAGE DAILY N BALANCE 
. 11 Minus 9.3 ‘ 2 
12 _ Minus 3.9' 
Ro pt. #2 FIGURE 20 
CONTROL 
TOTAL CREATININE IN URINE 
(Milligrams) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT EGG WHITE 
II 90% 10% 
12 80% 10% 10% 
NU-9, Kept, #2 FIGURE 28 
CONTROL 
DIET NO. CHC. FAT EGG WHITE 
11 90% ■ 10% 
12 BO% 1010% 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTAL CREATINE IN URINE 
(Miligrams) 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Rcpt• #2 CONTROL 
FIGURE '29 
DIET NO. OHO. FAT EGG TOTES 
11 90% 10 % 
12 80% 10% 10% 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTAL NEU NITROGEN IN URINE 
(MUlloquivalonts Per 24 Hours) 
RiCO V E R Y 
NIT-9, Rept. #2 FIOJB3 30 
C 0 NT BO X 
BLOOD NON-PROTLIN NITROGLN 
(Milligrams Per 100 cc. ) 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT EGG fiI[X 
11 90$ 10$ 
12 80v5 10/S 10/S 
experimental dais 
33 C OTS a T 
NU-9, Kept, #2 FIGUHS 31 
CONTROL 
DET NO. CHO. FAT AGO WHITE 
11 ’ S0% 1C% 
- - - 12 80% 10% ' 10% 
SSRUM SODIUM 
(Milliequivalents Per Liter) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Rgpt* #2 FIGURE 51A 
C ON T R C L 
DIET NO. OHO. FAT EGG NTIITE 
ll 9055 1055 
12 80$ 10$ 10$ 
TOTAL SODIUM IN URINE 
(Milliequlvalents For 24 Hours) 
"experimental days' 
REG 0 (ST S R Y 
MU-9, Kept, jf2 FIGURE 32 
CONTROL 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
SERUM POTASSIUM 
(MllHequivalonts Per Liter) 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT EGG WHITE 
11 90$ 10$ 
- - - 1§ 80$ 10$ 10$ 
RECOVERY 
.j-9, Rept. #Z FIGURE 32A 
CONTROL 
POTASSIUM IN URINE 
( Milliequivalents per 24 Hours ) 
Diet No. CHO FAT &GG WHITE 
li 90$ 10 
12 80$ 10$ 10$ 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
RE C 0 V E R Y 
NTJ-9, Rcpt. #2 CONTROL 
FIGURE 33 
DIET HO. CHO. FAT EGG WHITE 
11 90$ 10 fo 
12 80,1 10$ 10$ 
SERUM CHLORIDES 
(Milllequivalents per Liter) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt. #2 FIGURE 33A 
CONTROL 
DIET NO. CHO. FAT EGG WHITE 
11' 90% 10% 
12 80% 10% 10% 
TOTAL CHLORIDES IN URINE 
(Milliequivalents Per 24 Hours) 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
RECOVERY 
NU-9, Ropt• 2 FIGURE 35 
C 0 N T R 0 L 
TOTAL SERUM CHOLESTEROL 
(Milligram Per 100 co.) 
E XFER IMENTAL DATS 
DIET NO. CHO, EAT EGG UHITE 
11 90/= 10/= ' 
- - - 12 '80& 10/ 10/ 
yC0T25Y 
NU-91 Rept* #2 _C C N T R 0 Li 
FIGURE 36 
EXPERIMENTAL DAYS 
TOTAL SERUM PROTEIN 
(Groms per ICO co.) 
Diet No. CHO FAT EGG WHITE: 
11 90% 10% 
,1.° 80$ 10$ 10$ 
RE C 0 VERY 
NU-9, Kept, #2