TB - PH - mi- 4 FINANCING OF COMMUNITY WELFARE ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN PUBTJC HEALTH AND WELFARE TECHNICAL BUI.IETIN PH&W GHQ SCAP APO 500 September 1 9A7 1. Background / study of the development of private welfare agencies in Japan prior to the occupation indicates that the vast bulk of contributions were received from the Imperial Familv, the Japanese Government, the large family business organizations (zaibatsu) and from foundations established by the aforemen- tioned, with rs little as 1% of the total of private agency funds coming from general contributions, A very important source of general con4ributions was from church groups in the U, S. and other foreign countries. As an aftermath of the war, welfare problem* in Japan had multiplied a thousand fold. In addition to the great numbers of homeless children there were the problems of individuals who were ’’burned out" in air raids, the re- turning repatriates, civilians, ex-service men and others from former Japan- ese possessions plus the great multitude of war industry employees who were thrown out of work. The private agencies were not equipped to handle the problem and SCAP ordered the Japanese Government to develop and take respon- sibility for relief measures for all persons in need regardless of cause of need, and instructed the Japanese Government to administer its general re- lief program "without discrimination or preferential treatment," This re- sponsibility could not be delegated to private agencies or organizations. With the development of the new constitution the separation of private enter- prise from government was even more clearly defined end Article 89 specifi- cally prohibits +he appropriation of public money for charitable or benevo- lent purposes not under the control of the government. While private agen- cies are reimbursed for care given the individuals who are the responsibility of government for services rendered through the Daily Life Security /ct, gen- eral lump sum subsidies are prohibited, 2. Current Discussion of Fund Raising Organizations With +he loss of donations from organizations (church, mission'", ?+-c.) outside oP Japan, and from within Japan (Imperial family, foundation; , etc.) plus the shrinkage in the value of the yen the private agencies have been en- countering increasing difficulty in maintaining their operations.. The major- ity of these programs ere of importance to the furtherance of sound social practices. To off-set this loss end to assist in raising sufficient funds to carry on private agency programs the Welfare Ministry in July 194-7 initiated a series of conferences wherein this vital subject of finances for private . , agencies was the theme of discussion. In these conferences it becam&yBpf^r-0 ent that former sources of support were no longer existent or were so limited in return as +o be non-effective. Only two adequate sources of support could be found. One source was government appropriation, This of course, wrs con- trary both to SC/P directives to the J>p'nese Government end the spirit end letter of the new constitution. The second source, that of gener-rl contribu- tions from ell wage errners in Japan, rppeered to be the only dependable source fund raising for private welfare agencies, fga in the Ministry of Welfare took the initiative, A conference was cr1lcd by the Ministry on 1 August 194.7 at which representatives of the following organizations attended: Mr. Komakichi Matsuoka. Japan Federation of Laborers1 Unions Mr. Fyutaro Takahashi Japan Chrmber of Commerce & Industry Mr. Iwasaburo Takano Japan Broadcasting Corporation Mr. Yoshinori Futsro Keifuku Kai (Social .Work Fund Prising Organization) Mr. Tokunosuke Tnda Harcde Sekizen Kei (Social Frork Fund Raising. Organization) Mr. Nozomu Nakagawa Japrn Social Work Association Mr. Taiichi Here. Japrn Federation of Welfare Workers Mr. lyemrss Tokugrwa National Relief Association Rev. Michio Kozaki Christ Church in Japan Mr. Tadroki Yamamoto National Committee of YMCA’s in Japan Mr, Kiichiro Sato Japan Federation of Bank Associations Mr, Hirob Sassr . Member of Upper House . Mr. Tomojiro Hayashiya Representative from cultural circle ; connected with Buddhism Rev, J. Fukahori Catholic Charities Mr, Y. Kasai Social Affairs Bureau, Welfare Ministry The above persons constituting the Bo-rd of Sponsors of the " coim;.un- ity chest movement" called a meeting on 8 August 194-7 at which conference a Central Committee consisting of 35 members, including representatives of the above organizetions and others, was. established. It be noted that the name "Community Chest1’ has been utilized in this private fund raising program by the sponsoring committee and will fol- low rather closely the organization of the same movement in the United States, Following the meeting of 8 ,/ugust 1.947 r third conference was held at which ‘ representatives from public and private organizations in each prefecture in Japrn were present and again the need for local financing and fund raising for private agencies was outlined and discussed, and it w-r's the consensus of the prefecturrl representatives that a nation-wide fund raising drive wnr Im- perative if private social work was to survive. This program being undent ken by private welfare agencies to organize themselves +o secure public support, while It has. the reproval of the Ministry of Welfare is not the result of either SCAR or Japanese Governmental orderj-it is the volunteer effort of these agencies to band together for financing purposes to enable them to con- tinue needed services. The assistance that can be given by Welfare officers in the prefectures'is in the nature of consultative and advisory services on- ly, The success or failure of the .program will depend entirely on public ac- ceptance of the role of the private agency which will be reflected through the public's support, fin-ncial and otherwise. Undoubtedly many Military Government officers will be called upon by their local fund raising organization to assist with advice and counsel in 2 the organization pf prefecture! fund raising activities. In the development of Community Chests or other fund, raising agencies at the prefecture! level certain basic considerations must be included to attain a successful opera- tion. It is the pirn of the national.committee for fund raising to act as consultants and advisors to the prefecture! bodies and +o give them positive - assistance through nation-wide publicity which nry include special features such as an appeal by national figures, including members of the Imperial fam- ily, It is not the plan of the national committee that.funds raised rt the prefectural level be forwarded to Tokyo for distribution but rather that the funds be allocated to the participating agencies within the prefecture by ■the responsible fund raising organization established therein. In the development'of prefectural private fund raising organizations cer- tain important points must be considered; a. Is a fund raising program needed, or can private agencies moot their budgets in a simpler manner? b. If it is found that a fund raising program is needed, the selection ■of a. name for the organization is important. The name selected must have a . real meaning when translated into Japanese. Name values as experienced in America are important as witnessed by the appeal of such name's as ’’Community Chests, Inc,’1, ’’Anti Tuberculosis /qsociations”, ’’Christmas Seals”, ’’Farm Springs Foundation” others, c. Prefectural organization, including representation within the fund ■> raising agency, the development of committees and delegation of res-or.sabil- ities to various working committees of the. organization;1 planning i'.o work of the designated committees, d. Agency participation and basis for inclusion (or exclusion) of member agencies, and the development of fund organization standards for.admission, e. Financing, budgeting and budgetary controls -nd establishment of pre- fecture! fund ’’goals.” The rights of private agencies must be’ protected. It may bo that many - national and local agencies will not desire inclusion in the prefecture! fund drive organizations. The. Japanese Pod'. Gross for example is planning its own drive for funds. This does not mean that the Fed Cross is not cooperative, •but rather is desirous of retaining its identity in developing its own fund raising programs. In the development of fund raising organizations in the prefectures, the perticipa+ion of public officials is we1come, but participation should not take the form of domination of the private fund agency by government offi- cials, Offices in the fund-raising organization should be held by repre- sentatives of private enterprise, business and professional groups in.the cummunity familiar with and interested in the problems of the private agen- cies, ' nd possessing a knowledge of the scope of the agency programs de- signed to'meet the need of persons receiving care from private institutions and agencies. Three of the many committees that r prefecturri Community Chest org" niza- ticn racy develop mill be the committee on agencies, the committee on budgets or finance, rnd the fund raising committee. The committee on agencies will have the responsibility for approval for inclusion within or exclusion from the corn- mini ty welfare fund. This means that agencies or organizations that are "fly by night" in nature, that are of doubtful value, improperly staffed, inadequate- ly maintained and not of sufficiently high standard to warrant public support will of necessity be excluded from consideration by a community chest or private fund raising organization. After an agency has been approved by the agency screening committee, the budget committee will review their budget with all known sources of income taken into consideration to determine if the budget pro- posed for inclusion in the community welfare fund drive reflects the actuO needs of the agency and, to ascertain that sufficient funds are being requested to prevent the necessity of additional drives during the year* The third com- mittee (fund raising) has perhaps the most important job of all as it becomes their responsibility to endeavor to raise the funds that the budget committee es- tablishes as necessary to finance all participating private welfare agencies within the prefecture. The organization of the fund raising committee and +he effect of its work is of paramount importance. In every community each individ- ual must be rrde aware of the drive and so strongly sold on the program that he feels compelled to p-rticiprte. Business men should be included in the drive campaign committee and should make initial contact with business men contribu- tors, Likewise labor leaders, teachers, governmental employees and other group leaders should bo the individuals to contact and secure the aid and contribu- tions of the groups they represent. Boor-to-door campaigns can well be under- taken by women’s rroup members and perhaps by members of the Minsoi-iin Penned, Street corner solicitations and booths ere rarely good sources for sizable con- tributions but serve the worthwhile purpose of keeping the campaign constantly before the public. However, before any solicitation is initiated, the entire campaign shruld be outlined, including the amount expected to be raised from each group solicited. Care must be exercised in not setting a goal beyond the finan- cial ability of the community or prefecture. . Public welfare agencies (governmental agencies, national, prefecture! and city) ere not to be included in welfare fund drives as their sources of income must come from nubile funds. Organizations such as Boy Scouts, and Girl Scouts are to be included if the budget committee feels that after meeting the basic needs of the people for food, clothing, medical care end shelter the com- munity needs and can support additional worthwhile character building agencies. Funds for festivals, celebrations, etc, should not be included in a welfare fund program no matter how desirable they may appear to be inasmuch as any good derived therefrom is transitory only. Such activities are more properly r pro- gram for a Chamber of Commerce or Civic Club rather than a welfare activity. Development of welfare fund drives should be prefecture! in scope and should include in its membership persons experienced in large subtle enterpris- es and other personnel of demonstrated leadership that automatically have the trust and faith of the general contributing public. When the campaign starts the public must be informed of the goal (budget needs) of the organizations in- cluded and the activities and responsibilities of these organizations. The soliciting program must be so developed as to avoid duplication of solicitation, yet efforts must be made to give every individual in the community an opportuni- ty to contribute The drive must be voluntary in nature' and contributions vol- untarily given, labile every bit of salesmanship possible is mandatory, com- pulsion must not be a part of the fund drive procedure, If properly present- ed, rdministered end operated a community will not only participate by con- tributing money but also by giving aid through volunteer service. The netion- rl board of sponsors expects to secure considerable newspaper attention in errly October \?hen the Emperor will address r nation-wide gathering of repre- sentatives of IocpI prefecture fund drive representatives. Between this first general notice end the drive campaign itself, which tentatively is sot for the latter port of December, 194-7, the prefecture! organization must bo completed rnd the campaign outlined in detail. It will be recalled that in the United States the Community Chest organi- zation makes use of a red feather, which after donation is made, is worn in the hrt band indicating that the wearer has made his contribution* This serves two purposes; it indicates acknowledgement of contribution given and precludes +he re-solicitation of the seme person. The Badge or emblem of the givor has not yet been settled, but the seme choice will be used throughout Japan and it may take the form of a paper or cloth cherr5r blossom adapted for wear in the Irpel with an appropriate legend ’’IH'e Given” or similar in krnji. The success of the effort can be measured by the general support given to the programs included in the fund drive. If every person (ovn, woman and school child) in the community has been given an opportunity to make a contri- bution to the campaign, and if the goal set by the budget committee is reached, the campaign is then a success. If either of the above is not accomplished or. is attained only in part, then to that extent the effort has not been success- ful and those persons responsible for the fund raising campaign have the trsk of discovering the weaknesses end building a fund raising organization for the jjext annual campaign to overcome those handicaps experienced in the previous fund raising effort. 5‘