ITEM No. 24. COPY No. FILE No. XXX-9$. GERMAN DENTAL INDUSTRY COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE GERMAN DENTAL INDUSTO Reported by: EVSRETT L. FOSKINS (T.I.I..C.) HERBERT £. LIXSTY (B.I.O.S.) LEADER CHRISTOFF R. HALL (B.I.O.S.) CIOS Target No. 2Z|/32? Medical COMBINE) INTELLIGEt'JCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE G-2 Division. SHAEF (Rsar) APO 413 INDEX Page GENERAL SUMMARY OP REPORT WITH GCMSNTS : ■ 1 to 9 Scope and Period of Investigation 1 Method of Investigation 2 Findings of Investigation ......... 2 General Impressions of Investigators ,,,,,, 7 to 9 Summary with respect to Specific Types of Manufacture; 2 to 7 Abrasives, Stones and Wheels •••••••••••• 6 Acrylic Denture Materials ,,,,,,,,, 6 Burs 4 Cements and pilling Materials 6 Equipment and Furniture 3 Instruments 4 Rubber 5 Teeth 2 X-Ray Equip111®11'*1 3 Miscellaneous ,,,,,,,,, 6 INTERVIEWS WITH MANUFACTURERS OF : 10 to 94 Abrasives, Stones and Wheels; Ackemann, A • 72 Busch & Go Engelskirchen 43 Hager & Meisinger .... Dusseldorf 28 jota- werke ,, -do- 32 Acrylic Denture Materials: ♦ Dentaurum Pforzheim ' 62 Kulzer & Co priedrichsdorf 55 Odze, Paul Hanover 24 Burs; Anteos-Werke Hunich 86 Busch &Co Engelskirchen 43 Hager & Meisinger ,,,, Dusseldorf 28 Holl & COo -do- 26 Jota-Werke -do- 32 Lange, Emil Engelskirchen 42 Page Equipment; (including Sterilisers and Foot Engines) Degussa prsnkf urt/fcain 51 Emda -do- 48 Puva Munich 88 Gussmann, J Bad Gonstaadt 64 Kaaga, 'P -do- 63 Ostner & pohlraan ,,, Munich 89 Richter, W Hanover 22 Ritter Durlach 59 Siemens - Reiniger ,. Erlangen 92 yelox pabrik Elektro Frankfurt 45 Filling Materials; (including Cements, .Amalgams, Alloys) Asepsia- Werke prarikf urt/Main 47 Badenia Daital Industrie ... Karlsruhe 61 Chem-Distitute-Apotheker ... prankfurt/Main 46 Degussa -do- ,,,,,,,,,, 51 Hafner-Scheide .Pforzheim 65 Hippert, A -do- 67 l.G. Parbenindustrie Leverkusen 36 Stisser & Co. Bad Nauheim 53 Wie£and, Dr. Pforzheim 68 Vita-Zahnf abrik ,,,,, 2&ckingen 77 Vorrastein & Co. ,.i,, Dusseldorf 27 Handpieces; Antaeos-Werke Munich 86 Degussa prankfurt/l,lain 53- Richter & Co • Hanover 22 Instruments; (including Drills and Broaches) Anteos - Werke Munich 86 Beutelrock, J -do- 91 Chiron-'Wfcrke Tuttlingen 81 Engelmann S<£lingen 34 Hager & Meisinger .,, Dusseldorf 28 jetter & Schaerer .., Tuttlingen 79 Lange, Emil Engelskirchen 42 Martin, Carl Solingen 35 Martin, Gebruder .... Tuttlingen 84 Maas, Frederick ..... Dusseldorf 28 Schweickbardt Tuttlingen 83 Storz am Mark -do- 85 Tussing, A .......... Dusseldorf 25 plasters and Investments; Glps-Schops . Bad. sachsa,Herz 21 Hinrichs Osterode, Harz 17 l.G, Parbenindustrie Leverkusen 36 Page Rubber* Riftlich, E Osterode, Harz 19 New york-Hamburger Co. ,,,,, Hamburg 15 Poulson, G -do- 13 Teeth; Stisser & Go. Bad Nauheim 53 Standard Zahnf abrik A.G. ... Constance 77 Vita Zahnf abrik <$uckingen TK Weinand & Co Sprendlingen 57 X-Ray Equipment Ritter A.G Durlach 59 Siemens-Reiniger Erlangen ............ 92 Miscellaneous; (including Sundries) Ackermann cSSppingen ........... 72 , Munich 86 Automaton Vertriebs Goppingen 73 Dentaunaa Pforzheim 62 Haller, L .....*Stuttgart 71 Heimerle & Meurle k.G- Pforzheim 69 Hippert, A -do- 67 I .G. Farbcnindustrie Leverkusen 36 Kratz, E prankfurt/fcain 30 Speiss Dentaleis cerate #,,, Munich 90 Stibe Stuttgart 70 STATISTICS: '. 95 to 140 Ackermann, A 95 Antaeos-Werke ,,,, 97 Eusch Sz Co. 99 Chiron-Werke lOl Degussa 103 Soda ».•.•••••••...••• 105 pr?)lich, Ernst ., 107 Hager & Meisinger 109 Hinrichs, Ernst 111 jetter & Scheerer 113 jota-werke 115 Kulzer & Co. 117 Lange, Emil 119 Martin, Carl 121 Richter, W 123 Ritter, A.G. 125 Schweickhart, A 127 Siemens-Reiniger 129 Standard Zahnfabrik 131 Stisser & Co. ,. , 133 Tussing, A 155 Vita Zahnf abrik ... 137 Weinand 139 SCOPE AND PERIOD OP D'TVESTIGATIQN' This report covers an investigation of German manufacturers of the Important Materials, Instruments, and Equipment produced for us© by the Dental profession, except certain products produced for dentists by pharmaceutical manufacturers. The investigation was made by a combined British and American team and the period of investigation was from 26th July 1545 to 28th August 1945* The area covered by the investigation was »n of Germany, except Berlin and those areas occupied by the U.S.S.R. However, as the Berlin area is the only large centre of Dental Manufacture not included, and the Dental goods produced in Berlin (with the exception of Diamond Points) are duplicated elsewhere in Germany, this report is considered by the Investigating Team to cover the complete Dental industry* One very small manufacturer of Diamond Points (Ackermann) was found at Gbppingen, but the Military Government has not licensed him to manufacture, and his volume of output and production methods were not considered representative of what German Industry is able to do in this field. As a matter of record, and for possible future investigation, the larger firms formerly in the Berlin area, who were not included in this investigation, are the following;- Richter and Hoffman - Dental Cements Bruder Puchs. - Cabinets, Chairs and Equipment Drendel & Zweiling - Diamond Points R* proeschke & Co* - Sterilizers and Laboratory Equipment Kaltenboch & Voigt - Handpieces Dr* Abrahams Laboratories - Cements Horico - Diamond Points It is not known how many of these are still active. The original target list included the names of 57 manufacturers* Twelve of them were either no longer in operation or a visit to them was not practical, six manufacturers not on the original list were examined and there are 51 firms here reported. That number does not include Dental Dealers interviewed for the purpose of checking findings or securing informstiorj. It vd.ll be realised that the Dental Industry covers a wide range of specialised manufacture, The investigating team could not have a detailed technical knowledge of all kinds of manufacture and therefor attempted to secure basic information with the idea that any additional detail required in respect to any one phase of the industry can be secured if necessary through Military Government Authorities, or by a special visit to the particular target. 1 Method of Investigation In making this investigation the information sought was the foilowing (1) New materials or techniques not known to, or an improvement upon those in use by, the profession of the United States or Great Britain. (2) Manufacturing methods not known by, or an improvement upon those practised by, the Dental Industry of the United States or Great Britain* (3) Substitute materials used by German Dental manufacturers during the war. * (if) Present position of German manufacturers with respect to producing for domestic needs. • The accuracy of some of the information of this Report was checked in the Field with officers of the Dental Corps of the American, British and German armies, and with German dealers in dental supplies located in varying sections of the country. Findings No unknown materials or new techniques of major importance were uncovered. A few different methods of manufacture, or substitute materials of possible interest, are mentioned later under the report for the particular type of manufacture to which they are related. Only one manufacturer (S iemens-Reineger at Erlangen) was found who acknowledged having shipped any dental materials for the Japanese Army* Their shipments were a small number of units in the early’ days of the pacific war* Situation with respect to specific types of manufacture Although detailed information secured from the inspection of each manufacturer is a part of this report, the following is a summary by types of dental manufacture. Artificial Teeth 2Jie three principal German factories (zahnf abrik Weinand Sohne & Co* - Vita zahnf abrik H. Rauter O.H.G. - Standard Zahnf abrik A J3) manufacturing artificial teeth are intact in equipment, although manufacturing for the moment on a limited scale. However, given fuel and raw materials they could produce beyond pre-war capacity. During the war, production of some types of porcelain teeth were prohibited and precious metals were not available for tooth pins. The quality of porcelain has depreciated in some cases due to the necessity of using an inferior grade of feldspar and a scarcity of certain colour oxides, to offset these handicaps all three manufact- urers developed lines of plastic (acrylic) teeth and they report an experience satisfactory enough to think that in Germany the plastic tooth is the tooth of the future. The raw material for all of these teeth is supplied to all manufacturers by one firm (Kulzer & Co.) and is supplied in a powder form so that only the oxides for colouring need be added. It is used either wet or dry. That is, it is placed in the tooth moulds as a dry powder or in paste form. Artificial teeth of the acrylic type are known in both Britain and America, and the German products may have no points of superiority over ours, but the Investigating Team feels that the enthusiasm of the German manufacturers about them should be mentioned* It is a matter of interest that one tooth factory (standard) is fully American owned, a second (weinand) majority owned by both American and British capital. Furniture and Equipment Outside the Berlin area there are three large manufacturers of equipment (Ritter A.G, - Siemans-Reinger Werke A.G* - Emda, Geo ■Hart- man) • Two of these are intact, and given materials and fuel could Immediately produce at full capacity* In fact one is already producing in a limited way. Qhe third firm (Emda) suffered damage which will take some time to repair but is already planning to resume manufacture on a reduced scale* One of the intact plants (Ritter) is also American owned* During the war these plants were required to aid in the manufacture of war materials and their output of dental equipment was restricted to Array needs only, The one unit produced was a simplif ied utility design. Also, the quality of equipment suffered because of the necessity to substitute for aluainium, leather and natural znhber and an inability to chrome plate. There were no improvements in design. X-ray and X-ray Equipment The largest manufacturer of dental X-ray equipment (Siemens- Reinger Werke A.G-) is intact and has started a limited production of X-ray machines and X-ray tubes. Here the only evidence of new developments or innovations in dental X-rays is an accessory to the standard dental X-ray machine which permits screening of the teeth while the patient is in the chair# She investigators are not certain whether a similar device has been considered by American and British manufacturers. Forceps and Long Handled Instruments She centre of this type of manufacturing is yuttlingen in the French zone of occupation# In Tuttlingen there is a wealth of skilled instrument makers and two plants (chiron-Werke &,m#b #h# - jetter & Schaerer) alone have a complete and modem machine equipment and a combined capacity sufficient to supply dental instruments many times beyond the requirements of Germany# Both plants have well organized apprentice schools for training instrument makers# Both firms are large producers of surgical instilments and dental instruments represent not more than 10% of the total plant production# During the war both plants were active in the manufacture of armament materials for the German Amy, one as a prime contractor and the other as a sub-contractor, and the better equipped (Chiron-Werke) was expanded about 3 times in size for that purpose# nJhe owners now expect to utilize the equipment so secured, and the additional factory space constructed, for instrument manufacture# One plant (Chiron- 'S erke ) suffered no war damage, while the other had only slight damage# ftiere are other smaller plants but these two are of particular interest# In general, the only reducing of quality of instruments during the war was through an inability to chromium plate# In German production all blanks for forceps are drop forged and it is only special patterns, where small, numbers are produced, that are hand forged# The only innovations found in instrument manufacture were a special handle for long handled instruments for the purpose of making the couple ted instrument light in weight and improving the balance# Uiis is accomplished the use of a plastic handle or by a handle of hollow brass tubing (used in place of the orthodox steel rod) and shaped for the fingers# Instrument points are cemented into the plastic handle and are swaged into the brass handle# Both types of handle are reported to have been popular with the German dentist# Bur manufacturers Of the four largest hur manufacturers In Germany (Busch & Co. - Lange - Hager & Keisinger G,m.h.h. - Jota Werke Gebr Punke A.G) three are practically intact and the fourth (jota Werke) almost a complete war casualty. The equipment of the three is excellent and has sufficient capacity to produce many more burs than will be needed for German requirements* Machinery is basically the same as that used in America and Britain with individual refinements made in the different plants* There are no completely automatic machines, and the German manufacturers do not consider a completely automatic machine to be practical, but most manufacturers have automatic feeds for the cutting machines and one operator can serve a battery of them. It had been reported that a new type of steel wire for burs was developed in Germany but as far as this team could determine it is merely a change in formula of the steel previously used, this ahango being necessitated by a war shortage of 7/olfram and Vanadium* This change is reported to be merely a substitution of Chrome where Wolfram is eliminated and the Vanadium content is lowered, Tie ftLT/i *r/°* apparently does not affect the quality of the bur, the method of tempering, or any part of the other manufacturing process* « The exact formula for the bur wire used by German manufact- urers prior to the war is not known to the investigating team, nor is it believed that it is known to the individual bur manufacturer, probably the exact formula would have to be secured from the steel producers and all bur wire seems to have been supplied (at least during the war) by Stahl-Werke R* plate, Augustenthal, near Ludenscheid, Westphalia, t Rubber for dentures During' the war, natural rubber for manufacturing dental rubbers was allocated by the German Government* Towards the end of the war all such manufacture was centered in the plant of Ernst pr^lich. Osterode, Harz, and on 1st January 1945 this firm was ordered to use only synthetic rubber for denture rubbers * it seems to have used it successfully* The type of synthetic rubber so employed is Buna S.S.E, (a new formula developed for use with Insulin which is reported not to contain iron and which is odourless), and the end result appears to be as good as when natural rubber is used. vulcanising technique for the synthetic product is the same as with natural rubber and vulcanised dentures of natural rubber can be repaired with the synthetic product* In the U,S. and Britain the value of this development is probably questionable (except in the unlikely event of an acute shortage of both rubber and acrylic denture materials) because although the end result is good, the manufacturing process when using synthetic rubber is reported to be more difficult and more costly* Ixx the German synthetic product the pink rubbers are not satisfactory either in colour or in shelf life* It is of interest that this development seems to have been accomplished by Mr* Hoi2 Abfel, chemist for and the I ,G, parbenindustrie who developed Buna S.SJS, had no knowledge of its use for dental rubbers. The latter, however, report that Buna S.SJS.is not toxic and has no odor. Acrylic Denture Materials Acrylic denture materials in Germany are in the hands of one firm (Kulzer) who in turn is dependent upon RShm and Haas as the one source of their methylHaethacrylate, Kulzer* s product (paladon) is a polymer and monomer, and because of the stabilizer used keeping qualities for the monomer are claimed to be superior to those produced for the same type of product in England. This claim could not be verified, but the correctness of it can be proved. Whether this type of product (polymer and monomer) is as satisfactory to the dentist as the prepared wafer used in America is probably a matter of the opinion of the individual dentist. No evidence was found of any acrylic product suitable for filling of teeth. Dental cements and pilling Materials There are a number of manufacturers of silicate and oxy- phosphate cements hut no indications were found of any products superior to those known in our countries. However, at Leverkusen I.G. Parben works, a method of preparing or milling silicate powders is in use which may be of interest to American and British manufacturers. This method seems to shorten materially the time of manufacture. This apparatus is described in more detail in the report of the Leverkusen visit. Carborundum Stones There are several manufacturers of carborundum stones and discs, and at least one of heatless wheels* However, neither the end product nor the method of manufacture seem to differ from those that are known in .America and Great Britain. Miscellaneous Materials Among some lesser used materials the following may have a limited interest, or be considered as of value in the event of a future shortage of certain materials in America and Britain, (a) An impression material similar to Dentocoll where the Agar- Agar base is held together by spun glass fibres instead of cottonwool fibres• (b) A base-plate manufactured from polystyrene instead of shellac. (c) Waxes using mineral waxes and polyvinyl in place of beeswax, (d) Vaduril - a product made from animal bones and used for restoring the calcium deficiency of teeth, (This product has been known experimentally in America and England) (e) A product for sterilising root-canals and treating Apical Cysts, consisting of a pellet and a liquid, the pellet after being placed in the pulp canal is moistened with the liquid and then releases chlorine gas* The tooth is immediately sealed with a temporary cement, the closure being allowed to remain from two to three days* The German report is that one treatment is usually sufficient for sterilization. (f) Ah antiseptic solution impregnated into paper. This process might be of value in war time, when shipping space must be conserved, as a very small package of paper sheets will prepare lOO litres of antiseptic solution. One sheet to a litre of water prepares a solution. (g) Nerve canal points made from a colored polystyrene material, it is claimed that the material and the color give a sharp contrast in Radiographs* Details regarding these appear in the Target Reports following; most of them are developments at the Leverkusen plant of I.G, garben Indus trie . Some general impressions of the investigating team Some general impressions of the effect of the war on the German dental industry arej- (A) During the war the German Government restricted the production of dental rubbers and equipment. This evidently was done to (1) Give a better control of production for war requirements • (2) Release machinery for the direct production of munitions or materiel s for combat* (b) Because of a shortage of some basic ingredients, or raw materials, the use of substitute materials was not only encouraged during the war but in certain oases made mandatory. Goods produced in this period were as a result below German pre-war standard. (c) Most of the important plants manufacturing dental materials are not badly damaged, and in cases where buildings are damaged machinery and equipment is often intact. In only a few places is destruction sufficient that renovation or replacement will take a long period. The intact plants are, though, experiencing difficulty in starting manufacture again, except in a limited way, because of the shortage of coal, gas and electricity, and the disorganised transportation prevalent throughout Germany. (d) In Germany there is at present an acute shortage of supplies for the civilian dentist. It is not known how many civilian dentists will return to practice, because a number of them seem to have served with combat troops and may have been killed or injured, and it is therefor difficult to make any reasonable estimate of the volume of supplies which will be needed for domestic use. There also must be a number of bombed-out dentists who have not yet returned to practice. However, the requirements will be great enough to keep German manufacturers busy for sane period. Even the needs of those dentists now in practice are not cared for at the moment because travel handicaps and disorganisation of shipping facilities prevent the diminishing stocks of dental dealers fran being replenished. At the moment, also, manufacturers can only sell to customers who are able to call at the plant and take the material or equipment with them. The shortage of equipment is reported to be particularly embarrassing and some returning dentists are forced to start practice using head rests which are attached to ordinary wooden chairs. The shortage of electric engines also necessitates considerable use of foot engines. (E) Before the war an average of somewhere near of all dental goods produced in Germany was exported to foreign countries. In spite of the acute domestic shortage of goods for domestic dentistry, the average German manufacturer asks when he is going to be permitted to export, and -this seems to be of more interest to them than caring for the domestic market. (?) Unlike American and British manufacturers, who during the war experienced many difficulties because of shortage of labour and materials and in many cases axe new faced with a problem of replacing depreciated equipment, the German manufacturers up until the Allied invasion had sufficient materials (although sane were ersatz), overcame a labour shortage by the use of foreign slave labour, and could renew or secure additional machine equipment. Many German dental manufacturers apparently finished the war with a greater predictive capacity than they had in pre-war days,, and given coal and transportation they would be able to secure materials and resume production on a larger scale than ever before. (g) The investigating teams found no class of German Dental Manufacturers who had been dependent upon the importation of raw material, with the sole exception of the manufacturers of porcelain teeth who must import Feldspar. (H) Travel in Germany at this time subjects one to many conflicting impressions, but all of the investigators were left with a very distinct impression that any scientific progress of Dentistry was largely, if not completely, arrested during the war. The Government appears to have considered all but necessary Dentistry as a luxury. No accurate information was secured regarding the Dental Schools operating during the period of hostilities, of the manber of students permitted each, or of any research activities of Dental Schools. However, judging from various statements made by unofficial individuals, all functions of Dented Schools practically ceased. 2his inactivity for a fairly prolonged period, coupled with the decrease in the number of dentists who will return to practice, and the conditions under which they must practise, would seem to indicate a rather dark picture of the dental care which the civilian population will receive in the next few years. Supplementary Information During the investigation of several plants in the American zone of occupation it was reported that investigators from the U,S* Aimy Dental corps, or officers of the Military Government, had previously made investigations* It is hoped that any information secured by any such other investigators is available to supplement this report* E.L. HOSKINS H.S. DIXBI C.R. HALL (LEADER) London, England.. 4th September, 1943* INTERVIEW NQ.l* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NUMBER 717 Date of Visit 27th July 1945. Interview with Mr* Carl Rohwer of Lutiebergerstrasse 4, Hamburg, Germany. Background. MT* Rohwer is the proprietor of a small dental depot, which has been operating in Hamburg during the war and some years prior to it* His business is to supply the requirements of civilian dentists and laboratories serving these dentists in the Hamburg area* This interview was considered advisable in order to check the possibility of this small depot serving a cross section of the German dental profession not covered by larger concerns. Also it was thought this depot might furnish a lead to now materials, processes or techniques promoted by smaller manufacturers, with whom the larger dealer was unlikely to do business. Supply Position A. War Period Of the larger apparatus such as. Chairs, Units, Dental X-Rays, Electric Engines, etc., Mr. Rohwer stated no supplies had been available for 3 years. As regards instruments and expendable commodities such as wax, teeth, denture and filling materials, supplies were sufficient for normal requirements until the end of 1943* exceptions being a few items where the needs of the Services were such that the civilian dentist was rationed. A notable example was rubber for vulcanite dentures, since that date the supply position had declined and following February 1945* no goods were available. Deliveries of acrylic denture materials and dental rubber ceased in October 1944* UT. Rohwer attributed this position principally to lack of transport. Bm Since VE Day Mr. Rohwer stated he saw no promise of improvement in the position. Substitute Materials necessitated by War-time conditions Examination of the very limited stocks revealed they contained only three articles altered by war conditions, - bristles of tooth and lathe polishing brushes and foot engine arms of non- plated steel. New Developments since outbreak of War llr* Rohwer stated he was not aware of anything of this nature. INTERVIEW NO.2, BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP 717 Date of Visit 27th July 19A5. Interview with Mr, Kretschmer, Chief clerk of Adler Dental D^>ot, Werner Herftschel, Grosse Bleichen, Kaiser Gallerie mi, Hamburg, Germany, Background (1) prior to 1943 the depot had been situated at perdinan&strasse 15, Hamburg; the premises being destroyed. (2) As this dealer purchases supplies from the larger manufacturers it was thought advisable to investigate the supply conditions and ascertain what could be learned about new materials, processes and techniques. (3) This appeared to be a well kept and well conducted depot of the better class, serving the civilian dentists and laboratories in the Greater Hamburg area. Simply Position A* War Period Mr, Kretschmers statements indicated their experience was practically parallel with that of tbs smaller dealer previously interviewed, namely, no equipment during the last three years, no supplies of acrylic denture materials and dental rubber since October 1944, and from February 1945 no supplies of any kind. B, Since VS pay This organisation was more optimistic in regard to future supplies, the proprietor Mr, wemer Hentschel being at present in the Rhineland negotiating for merchandise, present stocks were very depleted. Substitute Materials necessitated by War-time conditions Mr. Kretschmer stated the only war-time substitutes he had been supplied with were relatively unimportant and presented for examination specimens of plaster Mixers and instrument Handles made from "plexiglass", impression Trays made from an unidentified transparent plastic material, and Baseplates of polystyrene. New Developments since outbreak of War Apart from these substitute materials, Mr, Kretschmer stated he was not aware of ary new developments. INTERVIEW NO.3, BY DENIAL OEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of visit 27th July 1945* Interview with NT* Rapche (Manager) interpreted by MX. Lancz (packing Foreman) of Hamburg branch of Siemens - Reiniger - Werke Aktiengesellschaft, Ferdinandstrasse, Hamburg. \ • * ' The purpose of this visit was to establish whether the Berlin address of Siemens given on ova* target list still applied. It was learned that the factory was at Erlangen, Bavaria and the Berlin address was that of the Sales office, owing to destruction of the Berlin premises, the Sales Office had been transferred to the Erlangen factory. INTERVIEW NO.4* BY DENTAL TEA,: INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of Visit 27th July 1945. Interview with I3r* John Poulson and Mr. Dettmers, partners of Geo* Fouls on, Hohe Bleichen 20, Hamburg, Germany* Background * HJiis firm is a dental depot, in addition to being concerned in the production of dental rubber for Vulcanite dentures, the rubber being sold under their own name* Hr. poulson stated the firm was founded in 1867 and that his son. Hr. George poulson was also a partner in the business, The depot gave the appearance of an old established concern. 1ST* Detimers explained that their part of the manufacture of "G®o, poulson'1 rubber was confined to the mixing of the ingredients - colour dies, zinc oxide, etc. - and until 1945 these mixed ingredients had then been forwarded to the New york- Hamburger Rubber Co*, 19 Maurienstrasse, Hamburg, who actually manufactured the dental rubber* However, in July 1943 the New York - Hamburger Rubber Oo. plant was destroyed, Thereafter manufacture had been carried on by Ernst prfftich G.m.b,h,, osterode. (See interview No*8) Supply position A. War Period The experiences of this firm were practically parallel to those already visited as far as supplies for their retail depot were concerned. No equipment had been delivered to them for approximately three years and the supply position of other commodities had declined progressively until February 1945 when none had been forthcoming. However, deliveries of rubber from Qsterode had been maintained until about .April last, after ■which transport had become disorganised. B« Since VE Day Hr* poulson anticipated that the New York - Hamburger plant in Hamburg would re-start manufacture of H(jeo* poulson” rubber in a few months time. Substitute Materials necessitated by War-time conditions Hr. poulson stated that as far as he was aware no entirely synthetic dental rubber had been used. Pure rubber had been made available to New York - Hamburger Co# throughout the war, with the stipulation that it should bo used for repairing existing Vulcanite dentures only# Attempts had been made by the New York- Hamburger Go# to incorporate a percentage of synthetic rubber with the crude para, but these had proved unsatisfactory. Specimens of artificial porcelain teeth (Solo-Wipla) made by Wienand Sohne & Co. G#m#b#h# of Sprendlingen, Frankfurt, were shown# Qjiese teeth contained Stainless Steel as apart from Gold Clad pins and Mr# poulson maintained they were as satisfactory as the Gold Clad pin tooth. (See Wienand interview No#31) Also specimens were shown of Nerve Canal Points made from polystyrene instead of gutta percha* Mr* Dettmers stated these points were not favoured by users* Interview with German Dental officers The opportunity was taken of interrogating two German dental, officers from the Military Clinic, Hemelwoerden, who were in the poulson depot. Uiey stated in answer to the questions put to them, that the general opinion of the German Army Dental Corps was that (a) acrylic denture materials were not as satisfactory as rubber; dentures made from the latter material being of a better fit, (b) Paladon was the only acrylic denture material used, being preferable to Reliedont. (c) Acrylic teeth were satisfactory for full dentures, but not for partial dentures, and porcelain teeth were preferred for all work especially those of the three colour type, (d) They confirmed Mr# Detimers' remarks that nerve canal points made from polystyrene were not favoured, and that the Stainless Steel pin Teeth were as satisfactory as the Gold clad Pin Teeth. INTEEVXEW ND.5« BY DENTAL ISAM INVESTIGATING- CW TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 28th July 1945- Interview with The Now York - Hamburger Rubber Co., 19, Maurienstrasse, Hamburg, Germany, persons interviewed »• . . Mr. Von Katzler Directors Mr. Ebert (Secretary to Mr. Traun) Mr. Kraetzschmar (sales Manager) Background The purpose of this interview was to verify statements hy G«o« poulson mentioned in Interview No .if. New York - Hamburger are the only dental rubber manufacturers in Hamburg, and Mr. Traun confirmed that until July 1943 "they had produced "Geo. Poulson” dental rubber, the special colour dies and zinc oxide mixtures being supplied to them by Poulson, They also made rubber for de Trey Gosellsohaft mbh, Berlin & tfbert & Co., Berlin, though Poulscn was their largest dental rubber customer, All three firms had marketed the rubber under their own name, a proportion of it being exported to Scandinavia and certain European countries. However, the manufacture of dental rubber by Now York - Hamburger represented only a small proportion of their business, the major part being articles made from ebonite and synthetic rubbers. During the war period the firm also manufactured shells, Mr, Traun confirmed that since the total destruction of their dental rubber plant, manufacture had been carried on by Ernst prcSlich, Osterode, (See interview No.8) Supply Position A War period until their factory had been destroyed, Mr, Von Katzler stated natural rubber had been released to them by the German Government for prediction of dental rubber. Substitute Material necessitated by War-time conditions No substitute material was developed as natural rubber been available. We were informed they had made unsuccessful attempts to incorporate a percentage of synthetic rubber into the natural predict, previous Investigation It was stated by Mr. Traun that previous interviews had taken place with Major Wright, whom we presume is the Rubber Controller, British Zone. Mr. Traun understood Major Wright had in hand the future policy for their firm. INTSRVTBy NO ,6. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of visit 28th July 1945* Interview with Captain Thomson, A.D, Corps,, 221st British Field Dental Centre, 94 British General Hospital, Rubenkamp, Hamburg, A call was made at this Field Dental Centre to ascertain if possible whether they had found any war-time developments in respect of German dental products, captain Thomson stated he was unaware of any such developments. However, he permitted us to examine a captured German Amy Dental corps field surgery kit. Inspection of the apparatus and materials failed to reveal any items differing materially from those known in America and England, Later we were informed that other German Amy Dental Corps field kits, contained laboratory equipment including apparatus for dicing stainless steel dentures• INTERVIEW NO.7. BY DENTAL ISLAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of visit 30th July 1945. Interview with Mr* Richard Hinrichs of Ernst Hinrichs, osterode, Harz, Germany. Manufacturers of Dental plaster and investments# Partners Mr# Richard Hinrichs (in charge of office) Mr# Ernst Hinrichs (in charge of factory) !Uii3 firm did not appear on our official target list, but we were requested to visit them by Major V# Ignatieff of G(T) & C.W. Head- quarters, Bad Oeynhausen# Background Mr# Richard Hinrichs stated his firm was founded in 1888 and maintained it was the leading dental plaster factory in Germany# They manufactured model plaster, stone plaster, impression plaster and Investment plaster# According to Mr# Hinrichs, before the war they had sold plaster to dental depots all over Europe, Scandinavia, also to South Africa: during the war to the German Services and since May last to British, U.S# and German Hospitals# Simply Position A War Period Raw Materials Mr# Hinrichs mentioned their suppliers of raw materials were as follows Chalk Messrs* Roddewig of Bad Hausen Gypsum w Ro*der of Walkenreid (British Zone) " Burgardt of Walkenreid (one factory in British Zone another " ** Russian Zone) Rouge M Helnemaun & Co*, Gottingen. Calcium " Reidl-de- Heim, Chemical Factory Sulphate Seelze, near Hanover* Alim 11 Heinemann & Reidl- de-Heim* ■ ■ ■ !■ I • Mr* Hinrichs informed us that since March last, neither raw materials or fuel had reached him due to lack of transport, and the factory had therefor© been operating on a very reduced scale. He also maintained that his normal coal consumption was 5 tons per day which enabled him to produce 15 tons plaster per day* ftiis oulput was maintained during the war up till March last* Substitute Materials necessitated by War-time conditions Mr* Hinrichs stated that throughout the war until March 1943 he had secured supplies of all the standard raw materials needed and therefore had not been compelled to develop substitutes* New Developments since outbreak of War According to Mr* Hinrichs, hisfactory had produced no new plasters during the war, and the general impression gained was that only dental plasters from known formulas were manufactured* (See also Statistics sttwehnA) INTERVIEW NO .8. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 30th July 1943. Interview with Mr. Waldorf prolich, proprietor of Ernst Pi'dlich, GJa.bh, Gununi - v-Regenerierwerk, proiheit, Ostorode, Harz, Germany, Manufacturers of Dental rubber. Background A visit to this firm was considered desirable, following interview No .5, Mr. Waldorf prolich confirmed that since July 1943 he had been authorised by the German Government to produce dental rubber. Prior to the war, he stated there had been four firms in Germany making dental rubber; (investigators were only able to secure the names of three - prtflich; New York - Hamburger and Hoechxterschen) • At the outbreak of war the German Government ordered that manufacture of dental rubber should be confined to one firm only - New York - Hamburger, - but after their plant had been destroyed Ernst prolich G#m.bji. were instructed to take over sole production. Since July 1943* therefore, prblich had been supplying dental rubber for German needs. Inspection of Dental Rubber plant Ihe dental rubber plant was found to consist of one rolling and one milling machine, both of orthodox type. The method of manufacture and packaging the finished rubber conformed to that used by British and American manufacturers. Dental rubber production occupied only two rooms in a fairly large factory. Supply Position A. War period Since he re-started dental rubber manufacture, and until January 1945* Mr. prtflich stated that supplies of natural rubber, together with other raw materials, had been made available to him by the German Government in reasonably adequate quantities. Bo Since VE Day In recent months Mr. Pr&Lich stated the factory was only able to operate on a much reduced scale. Substitute materials necessitated by War-time conditions On 1st January 194-5 the German Government instructed his fim to make dental rubber entirely from buna rubber, prior to this development the Government had undertaken toxicity tests of synthetic rubbers, after which the order to proceed was given. His firm had never sold dental rubber which contained a mixture of pure rubber and synthetic. According to Mr. PixxLich the buna was supplied to him by I.G. parbenindustry and this material will be investigated further at Leverkusen. Kr. praLich mentioned that 'as far as manufacture was concerned the method was, generally speaking, the sane as for pure rubber, but the synthetic material was more difficult to process and required different chemicals for softening. H© considered it was as good as pure rubber for base but not for pink. Inspection of Dental Rubber Laboratory Mr* Holst Abfel, the chemist of the plant, stated that synthetic rubber had been tested in the laboratory for 6 months, and was being produced in the full range of colours. So far they had not experimented with buna for soft lining rubbers, though quick vulcanising synthetic rubber had been produced, synthetic rubber required the same vulcanising procedure as natural. He stated also that natural rubber dentures could be repaired with synthetic rubber and vice-versa. Each manufacturing batch of synthetic rubber was tested and specimens vulcanised. 12*. Abfel shewed us a number of laboratory test sanples of vulcanised synthetic rubber intended to indicate the lack of reaction to mouth acids and saliva. XNTSRVTSW NO.9. BY DENTAL OEAI.: INVESTIGATING ON MP NO.717 Date of Visit 30th July 1945* Firm Glp - Sch'dps, Bad-Sachsa, near Osterode, Harz. Compounders of dental impression plaster and investment compounds. On our target list the address of this firm was given as Hamburg 24* Enquiries at the headquarters of the Hamburg police failed to bring results, but }j**. John Fouls on of Geo. poulson Dental Depot, Hamburg gave us the Bad-Sachsa address. On visiting Bad-Sachsa we found the premises were a private house. Interrogation of members of ur. Schops1 family revealed that he was no longer carrying on business on his own account, but was employed by another concern altogether. DTTEEVISW NO.lQ. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of Visit 1st August 1945* Interview with MT* Stolberg, General Manager of Wilhelm Richter, Bothfelderstrasse 23, Hanover-N, Germany, Manufacturers of Dental handpieces (straight and contra angle) and dental foot engines. Background Mr* Stolberg informed us the firm was founded in 1911* Brior to the war their agent in England was Mr, P.C, Reiser, London, and those in America - a* Pfingst, New York, I, Silverman, Philadelphia and The Prank s, Betz Co,, Hammond, Indiana, Before the war, exports represented 6o to 70$ of their output. Condition of Premises Mr, Stolberg mentioned that their offices and one storehouse had been destroyed, but the offices had been rebuilt and inspection of the premises confirmed this. The factory was, however, completely undamaged and bore every indication of being in an immediate position to produce considerable quantities of handpieces. Production Figures (for full details see form attached) Hr, Stolberg stated their pre-war output had been 10,000 straight handpieces and 6,000 contra angle per year, and those figures had been maintained throughout the war, until March 1945* Manufacture had been re-started in May 1945 and the output was now 75f/» of the war-time figures. Supply Position A* War period According to Mr. Stolberg there had been no shortage of raw materials throughout the war, their applications being sponsored by the German Ministry of Health, B, Since VE Day The supply position had been difficult. Mr, Stolberg explained that Mr, Wilhelm Richter, the proprietor, was on a visit to West Germany with a list of 20 to 30 firms from whom he was planning to purchase raw materials, This visit had been sanctioned by Major Fink, Allied Military Government, Hanover, Substitute materials necessitated by war-time cord, it ions Mr. Stolberg stated his firm had not been compelled to use any substitute materials, in fact the quality of their handpieces had been fully maintained. They had, however, been unable to continue chromium plating and had resorted to nickel plating. New Developments Mr. Stolberg informed us they had no new developments or designs in mind; their last improvement to the straight handpiece was in 1936 and this is well known to the British and American dental trade. Inspection cf Factory Qfre plant was exceptionally well equipped for the manu- facture of dental handpieces and consisted of 300 odd machines, including automatics and a large battery of semi-automatics. It was interesting to note that nine new and modem direct drive machines had been installed during the war, two being of Swiss manufacture. General Remarks In addition to handpiece manufacture it transpired this firm were producing dental foot engines. Mr. Stolberg explained that these were to he issued to dental depot for sale to dentists whose surgeries had been destroyed or who were being demobilised from the Services. He said Richter had manufactured foot engines until 1929* It had been re-started three weeks ago. These foot engines, considered by British and American standards, were very inferior but Mr. Stolberg maintained Richter sold them for marks each, ftie bases were of cast iron, roughly white enamelled, the upright was of zinc and the telescopic rod was carbon steel, nickel plated. No brass had been used. It was found that the miniature handpiece produced by this firm before the war had been discontinued, and no immediate arrangements had been made for recommencement. Mi*. Stolberg stated during the war his firm had manufactured air pressure gauges for the Luftwaffe and showed us specimens, It was obvious the production volume of this concern could not be maintained without export business, and the firm undoubtedly have plans in this connection. DJTERVIEW NO .11. BY CENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 1st August 1945 Pinas Dentalwerk Paul Odge, Hanover, (manufacturers of dental atomisers) Paul Odze (Goralix- Werk, Hanover* (manufacturers of dental rubber specialities and denture material) Enquiries at Allied Military Government Headquarters, Hanover failed to trace these two films. Mr. Stolberg of Wilhelm Richter (see interview No*lo) informed us that the above two firms were the same concern. He stated Hr. Odze, a refugee, emigrated about 1936 to Holland and thence to Paris and South America. The firm was then taken over by the German Government and continued to function until 1943, when the premises were entirely destroyed. Since then it ceased to operate. He mentioned that Paul Odze manufactured Goralix denture material• We believe that Paul Odze, at present making diamond points in England, may have been connected with this firm* INTERVIEW NO .12. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO. 717 Date of Visit 3rd Avgust 19A5, Interview with IIT* Wilhelm Anton Tussing (Manager) and 11X# Anacker (works Manager) of A• Tussing, Lindenstrasse 230, Dusseldorf, Germany, Manufacturers of Dental Nerve Canal Drills (Beutlerock* s type) Background Hr# Tussing explained that the business was founded 35 years ago by his father and it was now the property of his mother. He had been a prisoner of War in Russia, and had returned home only the previous day. Inspection of the factory confirmed his statement that a considerable part of it had been destroyed - only one comparatively small shop being fit for housing machinery# Hr# Anacker - recently released from service in the Volkstrum - was overhauling the salvaged machines. Mr* Anacker stated the firm manufactured Beutlerock •type nerve canal drills, spiral reamers, and a special line of contra angle and straight pulp canal files with long shanks known as Dr. HedstrcJa pattern. Examination of these products revealed a high standard of workmanship. According to Hr# Tussing, prior to the war a small export business was carried on with Sweden and prance# Mr. Anacker informed us that in addition to selling their products in their own packing, they manufactured drills and reamers for Jota-Werk G-ebr. punk A.G. Leichlingen near Dusseldorf, Hager & Meisinger G«m.b Ji,, Kronprinzenstrasse 5/9* Dusseldorf and Busch & Co., Engelkuchen, near Cologne, Tussing supplied the drills in packets bearing the name in each case. It is probable that a good proportion of this material supplied to these other firms was exported. Mr. Anacker also stated the shanks of the drills and reamers were of iron, zinc coated, the actual drills and reamers being of spring tempered carbon steel. Supply position War Period The securing of raw materials, according to Mr. Anacker had never been difficult, and as they had always been able to obtain the types of steel used pre-war, there had been no deterioration in the quality of their predicts. New Developments Mr. Tussing stated they had no new developments in mind. /.>c\ INTERVIEW NO .13* BY DENTAL ISAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 3rd August 1%5» Finn Holl & Co., Behrenstrasse Dusseldorf, (Jema-ny. Listed as manufacturers of dental burs. Town Mayor's office (industrial Section) Dusseldorf were unable to trace this firm* Upon interrogating Mr* Tussing of A* fussing. Lindens trass e 230> Dusseldorf (see interview No *12) were info me d that Roll & Co* had closed down some time ago* The firm was owned by two brothers who had left the dental business altogether, and left Dusseldorf* INTERVIEW NO .14* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 3rd August 1945. Firm Aug* Vonnstein & Co,, Oststrasse Re 13 > Dusseldorf, Germany, Listed as manufacturers of Gold Amalgams, Pound relatively small premises severely bomb damaged and no trace of firm*s name on door plates. Upon enquiring at next house was informed no firm of that name had occupied building in question for last eleven years. Town Mayor*s Office (industrial Section) Dusseldorf unable to help. 27 DrriKVTBW NO .15* BY D3NTAL TSAI.: INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 pate of visit 4th August 1945 • Pina Hager & Meisinger G*m*b*h*, Kronprinzenstrasse 5 to 9» Dusseldorf, Germany* Manufacturers of Dental Burs, Abrasives, and Dental Drills* Interview with Mr* Wilhelm Noack (proprietor) MX* Wilhelm Noack junr* (Sales & Advertising Manager) MX* Mathias Noack (Works Manager) Background Mr, Noack junr, info me d us that the fim of Hager & Meisinger had been founded in 1924* when Irving Hager & Co. (Dusseldorf bur makers, established 1912) had bou$it up the Meisinger bur manufacturing concern, an old firm which had started business in Dusseldorf in 1887* In 1943* one shop of the present factory had sustained considerable damage, resulting in the loss of 102 bur machines. These were completely unusable and attempts to utilise spare parts from them for other machines had not proved satisfactory. Apart from this, the operational side of this modem factory (building completed 1940) had remained unaffected, and examination of the plant confirmed this statement. On the occupation of Dusseldorf by the Allies, Hager & Meisinger were instructed to cease production, but two days later on 24th April last, they were permitted to re-start, approval being obtained from the Public Health Department, Allied Military Government, Dusseldorf, prior to the war, MX, Noack junr, stated 50 • of their output had been exported; 10j to U.S.A, and 40h to Europe and South America. Miniature Burs had been exported to U.S.A, principally, Their British agents were Watson Dental Co,, London, and their American agents were Hans Ostemann of New york, operating the Meisinger Sales Co., of which Hager & Meisinger held ah interest amounting Martts • The third American agent was Gustav Scharman of 1181, Broadway, New York, Noack expressed the opinion that of the other German bur manufacturers, Busch & Co., Engelskirchen, exported of their output to their U.S, agent, pfingst; Lange, Engelskirohen exported 90. j of his output to his U.S. agent, Gharlestein of Philadelphia,and Jota-Werke, Dusseldorf also exported a high percentage of their production. During the war, Mr. Noack Junr. stated the German Amy Medical Store depots had purchased burs direct from his firm at the rate of 250,000 to 300,000 per month. He maintained that all the products listed in his catalogue were actually manufactured by his firm, with the exception of certain root fillers, beutlerock*s drills, and pulp canal files, which were supplied to him by A* fussing, Dusseldorf (see interview No*12). Supply position A» War period Mr. Noack Junr. informed us there had been no shortage of bur steel, which they obtained from Stahlwerke R« plate of Augustenthal, Westphalia. The war-time steel had contained slightly less wolfram and vanadium than previously, but this had in no way affected the hi$i quality of their burs and no alteration whatsoever was necessary in the manufacturing process. Raw material supplies for their other products had also been satisfactory. B* Since VE Day He stated the supply position had been maintained. Deliveries of bur steel had been made in June and July last. New Developments since outbreak of War Both Mr. Noack junr. and Mr. i athias Noack said there had been no new developments in bur steel, in the raw materials used for their other products, in manufacturing processes, or in the way of additions to their range of products. Inspection of Factory The workshops and offices were of modem construction and apart from the severely damaged third floor shop the building showed signs of blast damage only. The entire plant was well equipped for the production of dental cavity burs, miniature, surgical and vulcanite burs, dental abrasives, lathe wheels, and drills. 3ur plant Hr* Hoack Junr. mentioned that no new bur machines had been acquired since the war, the last purchase being in 1936. In all, there were 95 bur forming machines and 130 bur cutting machines. I*he forming machines were of a type well known in U.3.A. and Mr. Noack junr, stated they were all at least 15 years old. A feature of the cutting machines was the automatic feed attachment, consisting of a small magazine holding 600 bur blanks. [The machinery and manufacturing process for the abrasives, lathe wheels,and drills was well known in England and U.S.A, During the war, the fim emphatically maintained they employed no slave labour. A firm, Friedrich Maas, have their small dental mandrel factory housed in one shop in the Meisinger plant* We were informed they produced 30/40,000 mandrels per year - Huey & Sach type - with a staff of three* The plant consisted of four forming machines. INTERVIEW NO .16. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 4th August 1945* Interview with Mr. Julius Rohde. Listed as cf; Heinrichstrasse, Dusseldorf, Germany. Moved to; prussenstrasse 11, ifcfeel, near Rat ingen, Germany. This concern proved to be a small wholesale agent selling to German dental depots. His stocks were limited and disorderly* and he was obviously only in a small way of business. INTERVIEW N0.17* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 pate of visit 6th August 1943* Interview with Hr* Otto Funke of Jota- Werke Qebr* punke A.G* Manufacturers of Dental Burs, Abrasives and Cements* Addresses Repair Shop Aachenerstrasse 71/73$ Dusseldorf, Germany* Factory An - Hammer 1-3, Leichlingen, near Dusseldorf, Germany. Directors Mr* Otto punka Tin charge of Office) Mr. Rudolph Funke ( " mm works) Background After ascertaining that this firm had been bombed-out "twice and their factories destroyed, a visit was paid to their repair shop which consisted of temporary premises in another factory* Mr. punke explained that bombing of their factories had severely damaged all 600 of their machines, and these salvaged machines were being transferred in small quantities from the temporary factory at Leichlingen to the repair shop, for reconditioning. He hoped to have twenty-five machines re-assembled by the end of the year, but out of the 600 damaged machines, he considered it unlikely he would reclaim more than 30 3. He stated ever since the foundation of the firm in 1909 they had made all their own bur machines; their cutting machines having an automatic feed from a magazine chamber holding 2,000 bur blanks. Their fearning machines produced 600 bur blanks per hour and their cutting machines 400 to 300 burs per hour, depending on the size. Mr. Punke mentioned he had set up a smell office at Rottachegem, Tegemzee, Am- Schorm 98, to which all office documents had been evacuated, including, blue prints and specifications. general Remarks prior to the war Hr* Funke estimated his firm exported 30 to 40 1 of their bur output, 40>' of their dental cement output, and 25/o of their abrasive output* Their British agent was Henry Court in & Sons, London, who have a branch in Paris, and their African agent was Patterson, St*paul, Minnesota* General Remarks (Cont* d.) !Sie Jota "Diaailic" silicate cement. Hr. Punke stated, contained a percentage of diamond stone with the silicate* The specification records were at Rottachegem, Supply Position A* War Period Until his bur plant had been destroyed Mr. punke said he had experienced no difficulty in securing his bur steel from Stahlwerke, Westig Uhna, Westphalia, and the quality of the steel had been fully maintained* Raw material supplies for his other products had also been adequate, H© knew of no new developments in the way of bur steel, nor had he in mind manufacturing any new products, concentrating entirely at present on reconditioning his machinery* 11?. Punke did not appear to be certain of the accuracy of much of his information, and as all records had been evacuated, none of it could be confirmed. A visit was made to the Leichligen factory where a considerable number of severely damaged bur cutting and forming machines were seen, in addition to two damaged abrasive ovens and a damaged furnace for tempering burs electrically* The factory was operating only in respect of abrasive manufacture - considerable quantities of industrial, and to a lesser extent, dental abrasives being procHuced by the usual method* (See also Statistics) 33 DITSKVTBW NO .18. BY DENTAL OEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit 6th August 194-5* Firm K. Englemann, Numgstenerstrasse 14. Listed aa;- Solingen* Enquiries at Military Government, Solingen, and subsequent local enquiries failed to trace this firm or the address given. Military Government referred us to Carl Martin, Solingen (see interview No*19). TNESRVEW N0.19* BY DNNTi\L TEAM INVESTIGATING ON 'TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit 6th August 1945* Interview with Mr, Carl Martin, Sole proprietor of Carl Martin, Solingen- Hohscheid, near Dusseldorf, Germany, Manufacture of Dental forceps, tweezers, elevators, scissors, long handled instruments and special instruments. Background Mr, Martin stated his firm was founded 30 years ago. He manufactured standard patterns of porceps, elevators, tweezers, pliers and scissors from drop forgings, etc, supplied by various firms. Special forceps and a few instruments of special design will be forged on his own premises as soon as his two forgers have been trained. Plating, both nickel and chrome,was done for him by other factories. We were informed his pre-war .American agents were; William Dixon, Inc,, Newark, L, Silverman, Philadelphia (in both cases instilments supplied were marked with the agent's name), also Friedman Specialty Go,, Chicago, He had no British agent. During the war, he estimated that 23,; of his production went to the German Array, (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO.20* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING OK TRIP NO.717 pate of Visits 7th and 8th August 1945 • Pina l.G, parbenindustrie, Leverkusen, Germany. Interview with Dr* Wingler (l.G. Parben Liaison Office for Allied Forces) Dr* Neiibert (in charge of D«vtal Manufacturing Section) Dr* llflran (Dental Surgeon in charge of Dental Products Research Section) New Developments Interest in this plant was particularly from the angle cf dental research and the development of new dental products. Uhe l.G. parbenindustrie representatives were requested to detail to us information concerning any development since 1940 and any products used extensively by the German Army Dental Corps* The particulars given being as follows r- Elastopren An impression material first produced in 194-3, manufactured from agar-agar base and similar to Amalgamated Dental Co*s, Dentocoil. However, whereas Dentocoil material is held together by cotton wool fibre, spun glass fibre is used for Elastopren* According to Dr. Lowen Elastopren was a slightly inferior material to Dentocoil. Elastopren should be warmed at l00°C for 3 minutes, then worked in syringe, followed by re-warming for another 2 minutes. Sales figure for 194-3 - 535 Kilos. Baseplates First manufactured in 1943 from polystyrene, instead of shellac. Considered by Dr. I$ven to be better than shellac, but cannot be softened in water, bunsen heating being required. Dr. Neubert stated baseplate raw material had been produced at Leverkusen and then forwarded for baseplate manufacture to the Deutchecelluloidfabrik, Eilenburg, Saxony. Complete manufacture returning to Leverkusen shortly. production figure for 1943 total of 120,000 upper and lower Sales figures n " 3*554 Kilos upper, 1,154 lower Waxes Copal resin base used pre-war, replaced by natural rosin base during the war. No beeswax used for modelling waxes. Modelling wax production evacuated to Czechoslovakia during war; returning shortly to Leverkusen. Sales in 1943 “* 4*913 Kilos, Sticky Wax Manufactured from natural resin base and Vinyl resin. Considered by Dr. Ixfoen to be exceptionally good ersartz product. Production figure 2,000 Kilos per month. Impression Composition (Stents type) Natural rosin base treated with acid. Dental cements Silicate New Bayer silicate cement produced in 1943* Sales figures;- 1943 pkts, 1944 (1st Qtr.) 1636 pkts. Stone Cement - A mixture of silicate and oxyphosphate, Qxyphosphate Cements and Temporary Qonent (Manufactured pre-war) • Quick and normal settings^o t/o/iAT-ej Sales figures:- 1938 47*700 pkts. 1943 77*248 pkts. With all these cements, no claims were made for superiority over the corresponding American and British products. Dr, UJwen stated they had no development in way of acrylic resin synthetic filling material. Vaduril A product made from animal tones for restoring calcium deficiency in teeth. production figures Ampoules 30,000 per month Tablets 200 Kilos". " Prior to the war, this product was known both in America and England, but these German sales figures are of interest. L.P. Dent ?or post operative treatment of dry sockets, Ilarf anil-Front alb in- Salbe First manufactured in 1942 9 Sales figures:- 1943 50 Kilos 1944 200 Kilos Snailer sulfa predicts are known in our countries. Perpulpin First maniifactured In 1944* For sterilising pulp canals and cysts on root apex. Liquid stated by Dr* Wingler to be formic acid, and when applied to cotton wool, and moistened wool placed on the small tablet, chlorine gas is given off. Sealed with temporary cement, left for 2 or 3 days - one treatment n— ,aiy only. Kept in ampoules protected against air. Zephirol Jji antiseptic solution impregnated into paper. 1 sheet of paper in one litre of water produces \ solution. Solution from raw- material 33 j Zephirol, Sales figures of Zephirol for all purposes 1938 136,000 Kilos 1941 172,000 Kilos 1942 83,000 Kilos 1943 47,000 KHos 1944 48,000 Kilos This is a known product, but this method of use was unknown to the investigators, Bayer Dented Local Anaesthetics (No new developments since war) Mfere informed that I,G, Farben had been unable to obtain pure rubber for anaesthetic cartridge diaphragms, The buna rubber used was not satisfactory surd was stated to be cause of the solution discolouring. Cartridge filling plant evacuated to Becker and Bernhard, Textile factory at Longenfeldt, near Leverkusen, also to preussisch- Stargard, Bast Prussia. The plant at Langenfeldt was inspected; the production methods employed being those known in England and America, War-time Production Figures Langenfeldt One million cartridges per month. Stargard ■§■ million cartridges per month. Manufacture returning to Leverkusen shortly, Mpoulea Filled at Hoechst (near Frankfurt), Sales Figures (including South Meric an production) 1938 9*193*000 Cartridges 1943 20,000,000 Cartridges 1938 489 Kilos Mpoules 1943 1443 Kilos .Ampoules (Novocaine) (Novocaine) Nerve Canal points These stated now to be made from polystyrene and plasticiser - colouring matter being "Cinnebar" . These points give sharp contrast in X-Ray photos. Manufacture of points takes place at Pischbach & Muller, Engelskirchen, from materials supplied by Leverkusen. production Figures of Dental plasters Lloldano (model plaster) 170,000/200,000 Kilos per month Durotem (embedding plaster) 40,000 Kilos per month Xanthano (impression plaster) 10,000 Kilos per month Sales Figures Moldano;- 1938 372,259 Kilos 1943 1,342,975 Kilos Damage to Leverkusen plant Dr, Wingler stated that damage to the oitire plant was estimated at 257 to 3Q7 of the factory and 10 ,7 to 15 j of the laboratories. In the dental manufactaring plant alone it was apparent tliat an extensive de-central is at ion scheme had been put into operation* Inspection of Dental Manufacturing Plant Dr* Neubert mentioned that during the war 30 people had been employed at the Leverkusen dental manufacturing plant. Now the mriber was 5 only* tut reinforcements could be drafted from other sections, when supply of raw materials and demand for the finished products made such action advisable* At present the plant was working 40 hours per week, night shifts being sometimes necessary. There was a shortage of raw materials due to transport difficulties* Of the machinery seen, the following were noted particularly;- Dental cement Manufacture After fusing ingredients by similar methods to those used in America and England, breaking down is accomplished by rotating milling machines of the usual type, the material being milled for one day* The material is then placed in a large and specially designed milling and separating apparatus which is electrically controlled. She mills of this machine operate at 2*000 r.p.m., and materials are fed to them through large hoppers at the top. After passing through the mills, the powder is separated into that suitable for immediate use, and that which requires further milling, the coarser powder dropping immediately through to a large glass container and the finer powder being blown over to a second chute, where it ispimilarly handled. The povrder unsuitable for immediate use is placed in a porcelain revolving mill equipped with boxwood balls for another 2 hours, whence it is returned again to the large separating machine. It should be noted that if statements regarding milling times are correct, this process probably manufactures in 2 days as much, if not more powder, than is produced in 1+-6 weeks by methods used in England. Ilanuf acture of Zephirol A 33/3 solution is prepared and poured into a vat where it is heated and carefully held at 135°C. By means of mechanical rollers, paper is then passed through this solution. It then travels through a drying chamber and is re-wound at the opposite side. The impregnated paper is wound with a non-adhesive paper to avoid sticking.. These completed rolls are then moved to another machine which automatically cuts them into sheets 3'z' x 2%n • Five sheets are cut simultaneously and deposited onto a section of a conveyor* As each section receives 20 sheets (4 lots of 5) the conveyor automatically moves on to the next section. Manufacture of impression Composition The prepared ingredients are fed into an electric controlled heating chamber and ejected onto two water-cooled die plates foming two cakes simultaneously. The two cakes are dropped and trimmed at the edges on a buff. With the exception of the final edge buffing, the whole of this process is automatic, the machine producing 120 to 160 cakes per hour. The machine, originally designed for the production of Bakelite articles has been converted for this particular production. Manufacture of sticky Wax The wax is ejected in stick form onto a conveyor, upon which it is cut to the correct length and finally cooled. As with Impression Composition, the machine used was originally designed for another purpose. Ampoule Marking, Pilling and Sealing Machine Ihis machine made by Makro-Rota D.R.P. Aachen, Germany, is automatic for the whole process. The empty ampoule is taken onto a rotating pin on a rotating disc of approximately 15” diameter. The ampoule passes against a rubber roller, upon which the inked marking stamp prints the name of the article. The ampoule then continues past heated elements which dry and bake on the print, the ampoules then passing on to be filled. The solution passes from a bulk container and is needle-fed into the ampoule, The still-revolving ampoule then passes through four gas/air Jets which melt end seal the top. Production was estimated at 8/10,000 per day. This apparatus, although it has probably been covered by a pharmaceutical team, is mentioned because it was installed in the dental section of the factory. Visit to Buna Rubber Research Department Specimens of crepe used, and of dental rubber manufactured from it, by Ernst RiSSlich, Osterode (see interview Mo.8) and stated by that fim to be "buna11 rubber,were handed to the I,G*?. Research Department for identification. After testing, we were informed the material was buna S.S.E, and although I,G, Parben had not considered this material for dental rubber, it was said to be non-toxic and ncn- staining, arjd to have other properties which make it suitable for the production of dental rubber. It would appear, therefore, the German Government, after testing this material for non-toxicity, instructed pftflich in January last to proceed to make dental rubber, solely from buna 3.3,3,* without reference to I.G. parbenindustrie, INTERVIEW NO.21* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 9th August 1945. Interview with Mr* Fritz Lange of Emil Lange, zalmborerfabrik, Engelskirchen, Germany, Manufacturers of Daital burs and nerve canal drills. Background Mr. Lange stated the firm was founded in 1919 "by him and his trot her. Their pre-war production figure had been 2j million birrs per year, out of which 70p to had been exported. Their British agents were the Dental Manufacturing Company, London, whose Newman burs, Lange supplied in packets bearing that name. Special packing was also used for supplies to their American agent, premier Dental Products, Burs had also been exported to Sweden, Italy and Yugoslavia, During the war his fim had supplied the German Army direct. Supply Position A* pre-war Mr* Lange stated that until 1942 he purchased Swedish- macle buir steel through Plate of Augus tenthal, near Ludenscheid, Westphalia* He still purchased German bur steel from the same firm but the steel was vanadium-chrome, containing no wolfram* He still had 250 kilos of the Swedish steel* Inspection of Plant The plant consisted of one shop only, containing 9 forming machines and 25 cutting machines, the latter fitted with an automatic feed of the magazine type, similar to that seen at Hager & f(|eisinger (see interview’No *15) • Mr* Lange stated all his machines were built by Heinrich Wolfe of Dusseldorf and he maintained the forming machines were 12 years old and the cutting 15 • General Remarks According to Mr* Lange certain special drills illustrated in his catalogue were manufactured for him by A* Tussing, Dusseldorf (see interview No*12), also the mandrels shown were made for him by preidrich Masse, Dusseldorf (see interview No*13)* Allied Military Government, Cologne, informed us that Bail Lange had been allowed by them to re-start manufacture for the period 1st August to 31st October 1945* but had only been permitted to consume 5o1 of the electrical power used formerly* (See also statistics) DTT3RVISW NO.22. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit 9th August 1945* Interview with 1,5*• Smst Busch of Busch & Co., Engelskirchen, near Cologne, Manufacturers of Dental burs, Dental Abrasives and Lathe Wheels, ,fHeatless,f Wheels and Mandrels, Background, Mr. Busch stated the fim was founded in 1905* the shares being privately owned. Prior to the War, 6o4 of their production had been exported to 37 different countries. Their British agent was p,G.Reiser, London, and their American, Hr, Busch* s brother-in-law - pfingst of New York, Other export countries had been Canada, Australia, South America and Scandinavia, Supply Position A* War period Bur steel was purchased from plate, Augustenthal, near Ludenscheid, Westphalia, Mr, Busch mentioning the silver still now delivered was vanadium chrome and not wolfram vanadium previously supplied. However, he was confident the quality of Busch burs had remained unaffected, and the manufacturing process was unaltered. B» Since VE Day Since Allied military Government had assumed authority the works had been closed, though a permit to restart work for the period 1st August to 31st October 1945 had Just been procured from A.II.G, Cologne, hr, Busch mentioned, however, they were only permitted to use 50 j of their previous electricity consumption. Inspection of Plant The factory had entirely escaped bomb damage and blast damage was negligible* The plant v/as equipped with well designed machinery for tine production of burs and drills on a considerable scale. Hr, Busch explained that the 43 bur forming and 143 bur cutting machines were principally a combination of machinery made by Hauser, Switzerland, together with sections built in his own shops, All machinery was over eight years old. The cutting machines each possessed an automatic feed of the magazine type, the fully cut bur being automatically removed from the cutting machine and replaced by a bur blank released from the magazine. Vulcanite bur cutting machines were hand fed. Mr# Busch stated this attachment was made in his own worics and each magazine held 200 burs* On occasions, however, Hauser had been requested to make the auto-feed attachment from a pattern supplied by Busch. H© emphasised no blue prints of the attachment had ever been made - the design was purely the outcome of practical experience and the attachments were not interchangeable. LIT. Busch stated that one girl attended to 7 cutting machines, the same operative being also responsible for examining the burs. Bur Packing prior to the War, Busch & Co. supplied a plastic packet of six burs, in addition to the usual plastic containers f or ■§• and 1 gross lots. KT. Busch stated the plastic packaging was obtained from pisohbaoh & I.fuller, Engelskirchen, who purchased the raw material from I,G, parbenindustrie, He added that plastic packets to hold 6 burs cost his firm 25 marks 5o pfg per 100 for quantities of 100,000 upwards comprising 50-j of H.P. & R.A. packets, with an increase of 50% in the above price if H.P. packets only were ordered. Owing to bomb damage at pischbach & Mttller, Busch had reverted temporarily to wood and cardboard packets of 6, but hoped to resune the plastic packing shortly. (See also Statistics) DEEBRVIEW 110.23. BY DENTAL TSAI-.: INVSSTIG ATING- ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 12th August l%-5» Firm Velox Pabrik Elektro - Dentaler - 1,'aschinen und Apparate G-.rn.b.h., Blucherstrasse 25, Frankfurt;/tlain Gemany. The premises of this firm were found to be completely- gutted. I,:r. Kegel of Smda Go. (see interview No.26) stated Velox Fabrik had disappeared entirely from the dental manufacturing business. nmSVIS>7 NQ.2A. BY DENTAL TEAK IUVESTIGATIDG ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 12th August 1945, Pina Ghem0 Institute Apotheker Preudenburg. Address on target list only prankf urt/Liain• # inquiries at Town Hay or* s office Frankfurt, a search through the telephone directory, and interrogation of IT. Kegel, Erada Co. (see interview No.26), all failed to trace the whereabouts of this concern. INTERVIEW NO.25. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 12th August 1945# ?im Asepsia- werke, Bayer & Kitz, pursteriburgerstrasse 147#' Prankfurt/Main, Germany. A visit to the bomb-damaged premises of this firm, a priv&te house, revealed that the building had been vacated by military order. INTERVIEW HO .26. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of yiait 13th August 1%5* Interview with Mr* Alexander Kegel, Sales Manager, of Eroda, Gso, Hartmann, Haneuer Landstrasse 139/145* Prankfurt/ilain Germany. Manufacturers of Dental units, compressors, electric engines, chairs, cabinets, lights, spittoons, operating stools, lathes and unit attachments for X-ray machines. Background Ihe high grade dental equipment manufactured by this Firm was well known to the British dental trade prior to the war, and the interview with Mr. Kegel revealed he had long-standing acquaintance with not only British dental manufacturers and dealers but also with others in Europe and Scandinavia, Mr. Kegel explained that with the exception of units and compressors, the manufacture of which was prohibited by the German Government at the outbreak of war, his firm were permitted to continue producing Emda dental equipment, in addition to making wireless accesscries. In October their premises had been severely damaged and Mr, Kegel estimated 5Q:£ of their plant had been affected. Since October 19h3 a small plant had been established at Lorsbach, near Frankfurt, for re-conditioning machinery and this plant had now begun early stage production of small quantities of units, compressors, chairs, stools, cabinets and lathes. In the meantime, energetic efforts were being made to reconstruct their Hanauer-Landstrasse factory. Mr. Kegel stated removal of machinery from .Lorsbach back to the main factory had already started and by the end of the year it was hoped to close down the lorsbach temporary premises. He considered that six months was the maximm period the firm could continue to maintain their present staff of kO without accomplishing any sales, of their labour was at present employed on reconstructing their factory premises. Prior to the war, Mr. Kegel stated their British agents were Henry Court in & Sons Lta., London, and they exported also to Europe and South .America, He estimated 25> of their pre-war production was exported, 90> of this being to Europe and lQ3 overseas. New Developments MT, Kegel stated their whole energies were being concentrated at present upon the reconstruction of their factory and the production of their standard items. Inspection <£ the plant Only one shop was in operation - producing dental lathes only. General Remarks impression gained was that Mr# Kegel had been successful in convincing Allied Military Government that dental equipment was urgently needed all over Europe and that he was securing the necessary co-operation to permit the plant to restart large-scale manufacture when reconstructed. (S©e also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO .27* BY DENTAL TEAK INVESTIGATING OK TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit 13th August 194-5# Firm Ernst Kratz, Burgstrasse 1q6, Frankfurt/Liain Germany. Manufacturers of Hypodermic Needles. Were informed by Mr. Kegel of Emda (see interview No.2?) that the factory of Kratz had been very severely damaged and it was no longer operating. He stated that Kratz had acquired small temporary premises at Worms for reconditioning machinery and that reconstruction of the Frankfurt plant had commenced. It was unlikely, however, that production would be re-started for six months. i£r« Kegel maintained he was well acquainted with the Kratz concern. INTERVIEW NO .28. BY IENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 13th August 19^5• Interview with Mr. Hirtes, Director responsible for dental section of Deutsches Gold und Silber- scheideanstalt "DSGUSSA” Offices (temporary) Gut lent strasse prankfurt/liain Factories ( " " 21$ M w / Pforzheim and Berlin Background Mi*. Hirtes explained that the dental manufacturing section represented a small part only of the activities. They were concerned largely with the chemical manufacturing industry and the production of precious metal alloys. He stated there were ten other directors in addition to himself. In the dental manufacturing sphere he informed us the firm had manufactured at Pforzheim, dental cements (silicate, oxyphosphate, stone and temporary), precious metal and white metal alloys, and at Berlin, dental handpieces, foot and electric engines and certain hand instruments. At the factory at 215 Gutlentstrasse they had produced their oxyphosphate cement "Ontophos". This last information confirmed interview earlier in the day with Dr. Kohl at the Gutlentstrasse 215 factory which was not operating in respect of dental cement manufacture. Mr. Hirtes added that the Pforzheim plant had been destroyed. The Berlin plant, whose "W & H” products were well known to the British dental trade prior to the war had been recently evacuated to B*Urmoos, near Salzburg. A limited production of handpieces, foot and electric engines had been started there. It appeared this dental instrument section operated somewhat independently from the other part of the dental manufacturing organisation. He informed us the intention was to reconstruct the dental manufacturing plants formerly at Pforzheim and Gutlentstrasse 215, Frankfurt at Degussa- Sibert, HanaU* near Frankfurt, but he estimated it would be some considerable time before this was completed. As regards export trade, he stated in the case of dental golds and white metal alloys, reciprocal agreements had been entered into not to compete in certain foreign countries. H© mentioned that at all times the export of gold and precious metal alloys had been very difficult, but since September 1944 the German Government had forbidden them to supply dental golds anywhere. Watson Dental Supply Co., London, are the British agents for their "W & H" dental instrument products. Substitute Material necessitated by War-time conditions Mr. Hirtes stated that owing to the difficulty of gold supply and the competition from vitallitoi steel used as a denture material, the firm had electro plated cast dentures of their Standard silver alloy. This process, known in England, had proved successful, the durability of the plating being satisfactory and the appearance of the finished denture, good. The same dental laboratory casting apparatus was used as for pure gold. New Developments lir* Hirtes said they had nothing in mind at the present time. (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO.29. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 14th August 1945 Interview with Hr. Kasper, chief clerk of Zahnfabrik Bad Nauheim, Stisser & Co. Korn- G-es . Bad Nauheim, near prankfurt/Main, Germany, (poimerly Zahnfabrik Hoddes at above address) Manufacturers of Artificial Teeth (porcelain and acrylic) and Dental Cements* Background Mr, Kasper stated the firm was founded in 1911 hy Dr. Hoddes, a dentist who went to England prior to the war. The partners of the firm were now Mr, Stisser,who was absent, and Mr. Weber, who did not participate actively in the firm. The products they manufactured were anterior teeth made from acrylic resin, three colour porcelain teeth and two colour porcelain teeth, the latter having stainless steel instead of gold clad pins (a war-time necessity), also standard porcelain diatoric posterior teeth. Prior to the war, the firm made gold clad anterior pin teeth and small quantities of facings, crowns and gum sections. Their range of cements consisted of silicate, oxyphosphate, stone, copper and temporary cement. Hr. Kasper estimated that export trade represented I0/QO-/I of their pre-war teeth output. They exported to Britain, Scandinavia, and Europe, and a little to U.S.A. Their British agent was the Cosmo Dental Co., now of Ludlow, Shropshire, and their .American, Mr. Charles Schwed, New York. Their cements had not been exported. Supply position A. War period Hr. Kasper mentioned that their feldspar for teeth manufacture cane from Norway and their silica from Berlinaquartzmills, Berlin. Teeth colouring material came from jjegussa of prankfurt/llain. The acrylic teeth methyl methacrylate powder was supplied to them by Kulzer & Co., Priedrichsdorf, near prankfurt/llain. He stated throughout the war, raw material was difficult to obtain. In fact the last supplies of feldspar reached them in 192*4 and the stock was now reduced to 15 tons. They had porcelain stocks for 2/3 months. Stocks of raw materials for cements were also low. They were continuing to mill cement powder, but could not complete manufacture due to lack of gas. Inspection of Plant Acrylic Teeth Manufacture No liquid was used, the moulds being filled with dry powder, whilst the mould was being heated to 150°C on an electric plate. One girl filled 9 to 10 moulds per hour, each mould holding two sets of six teeth. After filling the mould was cooled under a normal flask press for 3 minutes. The teeth were hand trimmed with a sculptor and carborundum files at the rate of l6o per horn*. Porcelain Teeth Manufacture She manufacture of porcelain teeth followed orthodox methods. The porcelain is prepared from raw materials and applied to the moulds in the form of a paste and then fired in an electric furnace at three temperatures - (a) 700°C> (b) 900°C» (c) 1350°C (glazing) . Each stage in the furnace took approximately 15 minutes. 1 Manufacture of Dental cements Shis was done by the usual methods kncwn in England and America, the ingredients being milled in standard rotating millers for 5/6 days. (See also statistics) INTERVIEW NO.30. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 14th August 1945. Pim Kulzer & Co, G«m.b,h,, Hauptstrasse 119, Friedrichs dorf, near Frankfurt/foain, Germany, (Formerly of Hanauer Landstrasse, Frankfurt) Manufacturers of Dental acrylic materials, paladon and Palapont, Interview with Hiss Lafontaine (Secretary) and Hiss Caesar (Stenographer) Background Hiss Caesar explained that since 1938, 50 j of the sKares of the Company had been held by Degussa of Frankfurt (see interview Ho,28) and by \7,C, Heraeus G.m,b,h,, Hanau, near Frankfurt. The two Directors of Kulzer were Hr, Hirtes (Degussa) and Dr, Reinhart Heraeus (Heraeus), The products they manufactured were paladon, an acrylic denture material known to the British and .American dental trade prior to the war, also palapont, an acrylic material for making crowns inlays, and laboratory produced artificial teeth, palapont was first marketed in December 1940. Hiss Caesar stated the only source of raw material for these two products (methyl methacrylate) was R*(5hm & Haas of Darmstadt, Kulzer held a patent for the processing of methyl- methacrylate for dental purposes, Hiss Lafontaine stated, prior to the war Kulzer exported 44 - of their paladon output to 3o different countries. There had been no British agent since 1938; their U.S. agent was Hr, Jakob of Detroit, The South .American paladon agent was Leventhal, Rio de Janeiro, and the Australian, the Drug Houses of Australia, paladon had been produced in South America since 1940. In October 1943 the Kulzer factory in Frankfurt had been entirely destroyed. From photographs produced it was apparent the premises were modem, well equipped, and relatively large. Supply Position - Raw Material During the war Rfthm & Haas did not supply all the raw material needed and it was maintained that with adequate materials, tbs existing plant could produce sufficient paladon and palapont to fulfil the needs of most of Europe, 55 During the war, 20 i of their output was supplied direct to the German Amy • Since February last. Miss Lafontaine stated R*dhm & Haas had altered the methyl methacrylate supplied to them, paladon made from the new raw material remained plastic for a longer time when being processed in the dental laboratory. Miss Caesar stated the paladon Nonaner (liquid) contained a stabiliser and plasticiser which ensured an indefinite shelf life. The stabiliser was "Hydrochynon"; the monomer itself was unaltered. New Developments Prior to October 1943> Miss Lafontaine mentioned they had plans for producing a plastic dental filling material, but the development of that material had been interrupted since their premises had been destroyed. Ihe new material was also to have been manufactured from methyl methacrylate supplied by ifdhrn <& Haas, Also, for 1-g- years prior to October 1943> they had marketed a range of stains used with palapont ‘liquid for staining laboratory-made teeth. General Remarks Miss Caesar stated they supplied the acrylic powder to all German tooth manufacturers. Inspection of factory The small factory was found to contain 13 milling machines of standard types for milling the paladon, Palapont and acrylic teeth powders. Its appearance did not seem to confirm Miss Lafontaine*s statements regarding present productive capacity. (see also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO.31 BY DENTAL TEAK INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 15th August 1945* Finn Zahnfabrik Weinand Sohne & Co, G*m*b*h,, Eisehbahnstrasse, Sprendlingen, Kreis Offenbach/k'ain• Interview with Mr* Fritz Weinand Mr* Harry Weinand Directors Mr* Fritzs Weinand stated the shares of the firm were held as follcws;- Dentists* Supply Company of New York 45 i .Amalgamated Dental Co* Ltd*, London 31;a Weinand 24 a They manufactured artificial teeth from acrylic resin (the methyl methacrylate powder being supplied to them by Kulzer & Co, (see interview No,30)* also porcelain artificial teeth and porcelain for dental ceramic work. However, at present they could only manufacture acrylic teeth, owing to lack of gas and coal. He mentioned their raw materials for porcelain teeth were purchased from Bauer, Berlin, and despite the fact the feldspar came from Norway there had been no supply difficulties, and they had stocks to last about one year. During the War, Mr. Weinand stated they had continued to produce their full range of products, with the exception of crowns and facings* However, in 1942 the German Government had prohibited the use of gold for gold clad pins, since when, the manufacture of gold clad pin teeth had been largely superseded by anterior teeth, which had soldered stainless steel pins, Mr* Harry Weinand considered stamless steel pins were better than gold clad* Mr* Weinand estimated that prior to the war 35 j to 40 i of their output was exported* The British agent was Dentema Go,, London; they had no U,S. agent, import duty being too high. New Developments There were no new developments and Mr* Frits Weinand stated they had none in mind* Inspection of Factory The factory has suffered slight bomb damage only, and was well equipped for the large-scale production of artificial teeth- Teeth iloulds All moulds were cast on the premises from bronze, the moulds for acrylic teeth being nickel coated, l.ir, Harry Weinand mentioned t3iat 7 men were employed on the production and repair of moulds, the condition of which had been fully maintained throughout the war. Manufacture of Acrylic Teeth These were made in moulds holding 2 sets of six teeth. The acrylic material was placed in the moulds in paste fom. In the front half of the oiled mould the translucent white material was placed by hand, and compressed with a plastic former which ensures the correct shying cf the material. The balance of the material for the front and all material for the back is basic colour. The moulds were closed and placed in one of fifty clamps mounted on a circular, rotating table, A complete circuit of this table carried the mould through four operations which are accomplished by two operatives. (&) A heat of 530°C# Compression by tightening the mould fern Water cooling chamber ( d) Removal of mould Hr, Fritz Weinand stated the process took 9 minutes from beginning to end, an average of 30 moulds passing round the table at a time. Excess material squeezed out by the plastic former was used again for making diatorics. The teeth were then removed from the moulds and trimmed by hand. Output of acrylic teeth by this firm was stated to be 200 per hour. The moulds were cleaned with benzine, under pressure. ]lanufacture of porcelain Teeth and Dental ceramic Porcelain These 7/einand products known in England before the war, were not in manufacture due to lack of gas. However, inspection of the manufacturing equipment, together with interrogation, revealed that the process was the same as that employed in England and America, (See also Statistics) (58) INTERVIEW NO.32. BY DENTAL TEA.: INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit loth August 1 Pina Ritter A.G., Karlsruhe- Durlach/Baden, Germany, manufacturers of Dental Equipment. Interviews with Dr. Werner TGeneral manager) ITT. Goyert (production manager) Background This Company is owned by Ritter Co. Inc., Rochester, New York, and the high grade dental equipment produced by both the American and German factories is well known to dentists throughout the World. Prior to the -war, the Durlach factory manufactured dental chairs, X-Ray machines, units, electric engines, electric lathes, compressors, folding bracket tables, operating lights, operating stools, sterilisers, spittoons, and at their Pforzheim factory, dental cabinets and desks, Host of these items were produced in several different patterns. Hr. Goyert explained that during the war they had ceased to produce any of their former range of units, replacing tiiera with a utility unit model D*141, which was sold to the dentist for 1,703 marks. 300 of these units had also been purchased by the German Amy. production of ether equipment items had also been restricted to one pattern only. In addition to dental equipment, during the war Hr. Goyert mentioned the Government had required them to make parts for torpedos, airplane generators and anti-aircraft shells, prior to the war they had exported to Europe 33 of* their output. Supply position V/ar Period and since VE Day Dr. Werner stated tiiroughout the war the raw Material supply position load been difficult and since VP Day, particularly, transport delays had been so considerable that stocks were now very low. Owing to lack of coal the factory was scarcely operating at present, as they v/ere unable to produce castings, and thus the whole manufacturing procedure was affected, ihere was no wire, oil or tubes available for the manufacture of X-Ray machines „ /Substitute Substitute materials necessitated by War-time conditions There was evidence of these during inspection of the factory, The few ohairs in production had plywood,instead of rubber- covered foot-rests; the sectional head-rests were wooden blocks and the upholstery an inferior type of rexine material, instead of leather* Bright parts were either nickel, instead of chromium plated, or in the case of electric engine trombone anus and foot controllers, black enamelled* The same finish applied to electric lathes* Mr# Goyert stated that early in the war for a short time they had been permitted to use aluminium where required. Aluminium had then been superseded by zinc, which had been followed by magnesium# Finally, they were instructed to use scrap aluminium. He mentioned the casing of the D#141 unit was r»ow sheet iron. They had also been instructed to substitute zinc for brass. Inspection of Factory This confirmed statements mentioned above concerning shortage of raw materials and partial operation* Only a few chairs, D*12fl units and lathes were in course of production* Otherwise, this relatively large plant, capable of producing dental equipment on a considerable scale, was idle. Wax- Damage Dr# Werner stated this was estimated at iDo at Durlach. However, their factory at Pforzheim had sustained substantial blast damage though it was still able to produce a small number of cabinets# (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO .33* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON 2RIP NO .717 Date of Visit 16th August 1945* Interview with Dr, J. Kutt of Badenia Dental Industrie, Vorholzstrasse 24, Karlsruhe/Baden. Background It was found this small concern manufactured dental local anaesthetic in ampoules and cartridges, silicate and oxyphosphate cements, amalgams and medicaments. factory, containing also a small laboratory, had suffered severe bomb damage, and was only partially operating, production being also carried on in a private house opposite. The methods of local anaesthetic manufacture were inferior to those employed by the principal u,S, and British firms, nor did the cement and medicament production procedure offer anything not already well known* Dr* Hutt, a dentist, stated he was sole owner of the business, and his present output of local anaesthetic was 4,000 ampoules and 2,000 cartridges per day* .After viewing the manufacturing equipment and process it was considered these figures were over-estimated* (pi) INTERVIEW NO.34* BY CENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.71' pate of yiait 16th August 1943• Interview with Mr* Winkelstroeter, Owner of Dentaunm. Formerly of:- Guterstrasse 2*4, Pforzheim, Germany* Now off Hohenzollenstrasse * " Background Mr, Winkelstroeter stated his factory at Guterstrasse 44, had been entirely destroy©! but he hoped to retrieve and recondition 50;4 of the machinery. It was found that two wire rolling machines and dies for matrix bands had already been set up in the considerably damaged premises at Hohenzollenstrasse, Prior to the war, and up till 1933* Mr* Winkelstroeter stated his firm manufactured gold Lingual and Palatal burs, clasps, cusps, wire and plate* hereafter, wing to gold being prohibited by the German Government, he turned over to production of these items in stainless steel* He also produced up till 1940 an acrylic resin denture material "Heliodont" from methyl methacrylate supplied to him by Bfthm & Hasse, Darmstadt, In addition to these products,Hr, Winkelstroeter maintained he had also manufactured impression composition^baseplates, temporary stopping, matrix bands, wax and orthodontic appliances. General Remarks It is hoped the background of the management and staff of this firm has been carefully investigated. It would appear this firm will not be operating again for some months* IMTSRVIEff NO.33. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit l?th August 1945. Interview with Mr. Bohn, Works Manager of P • Haaga G.m.b Jr., Teinacherstrasse 1/3, Bad Constaadt, Stuttgart, Germany. Manufacturers of Water sterilisers and dry heat sterilisers. Details of Interview and Factory Inspection OSiis firm markets its products under the name of "EPAGA" and production is mainly of medical, rather than dental, sterilisers. Itie premises were old and war damaged but the plant was well equipped and included 3 stamping presses for stamping steriliser boilers, 3 plating baths and 2 polishing lathes. Electric, gas and spirit sterilisers were manufactured. The electric sterilisers were fitted with a plug which would operate on two voltages. ofte dental sterilisers output estimated by Mr. Bohn to be 4/5*000 per year. Manufacturing procedure followed orthodox methods. The finished sterilisers shewed some signs of rough workmanship but this was probably attributable to war conditions. Mr. Bohn stated as no o hr one had been available they were compelled to revert to nickel plating. They had sufficient raw materials for another 1,000 sterilisers. In addition to sterilisers this firm manufactured dental elevator handles and dental waste receivers. Mr. Bohn stated the handles were for Jetter & Scheerer, Tutlingen. Ke also estimated that pre-war exports to Europe and Scandinavia, Britain and U.S.A. represented 50*5 of their output. General Remarks This concern would probably be of more interest to a medical instrument investigating team* INTERVIEW NO .36* BY DENTAL TEAK INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit lytii August 1945 interview with Mr. Julius Gussmann, of s- Julius Gussman, Sohmidenerstrasse, Bad Constaadt, Stuttgart, Germany. Hanufaoturera of Water sterilisers and dry heat sterilisers. Details of Interview and Factory Inspection The sterilisers produced, together with the plant, were almost identical to those examined previously at P. Haaga, Bad Constaadt (see interview No.35) • Mr* Gussmazm stated his stock of sheet brass was sufficient for 3 months only, after which, unless replacement was forthcoming, he would have to use cast iron* He stated he had been able to continue chrome plating sterilisers from his stock of chrome for a time during the war* No chrome was now available* He estimated his output of sterilisers was 300 per month* He stated he employed prior to, and during the war, 43 men, including a total of six French and Dutchmen* Now he employed 22* Prior to the war Mr. Gussman reckoned he exported, in all, 30% of his output to Europe and Scandinavia, also to his son, Julius Frederick Gussman of West Philadelphia, U.S.A. He stated his wage rates were 1 mark per hour, plus bonus system* The factory had sustained slight damage* (64) INTERVIEW ED ,57* BY DENTAL BEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP EO,717 pate of ylait 16th August 1945• pirm C* Hafhor-Scheidfl, pforshoim, Germany, there was no trace of this firm at Pforzheim, approximately 90$ of which is destroyed* Mr* Winkelstroeter of pentaurvm, Pforzheim (see interview No*34) stated Safnor- Schelde*s premises had been entirely demolished, and his whereabouts were unknown* INTKRVXSW NO ,38* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 16th August 1945* Firm Walter pfening- zahntechnisches, Laboratorium, Pforzheim, Germany* There was no trace of this firm at Pforzheim, approximately 90% of which was destroyed. Mr* Winkelstroeter of Dentaurum, Pforzheim (see interview No,34) stated this firm had been a dental laboratory, not a manufacturer. Its premises were destroyed and there was no trace of the owners. INTERVIEW NO .39* BY RENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 16th August 19^-5. Firm Given on Target List aaj- Hch* Hippert, Pforzheim, Germany* (Manufacturers of polishing brushes) Neither Allied Military Government, Stuttgart, or Mr* Wlnkelstroeter, Dentaurum, Pforzheim, knew of this firm, and other local enquiries failed to trace them* XNTSRVIEff NO AO BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 16th August 1945* plrm Dr* Th* wieland, liuseunstrasse 8, Pforzheim, ' Gena any* Both enquiries at Ritter A.G., Durlach and Dentaurua (see interviews Nos *32 & 34) revealed the premises of this fim had been entirely destroyed; and their whereabouts were unknown* INTSKVIEN NO.41. BY DENTAL OEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 16th August 1943* Finn Hoincrle & Meurle A.G., Pforzheim, Germany, The factory of tills firm was located but fomd to be entirely destroyed. Mr* Winkelstroeter, Dentaumn, Pforzheim (see interview No,34) stated the whereabouts of the concern were now unknown* INTERVIEW NO .42* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP MO,717 Date of Visit 17th August 1%5. Firm Stibe Company, Stuttgart* (According to Target List) Enquiries at Allied Military Government, Stuttgart, and at P* Haaga G-»m.b.h., Bad Constaadt, Stuttgart (see interview No*35) also in ‘phone directory, failed to trace this firm. INTERVIEW NO A3. BY DENTAL OEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 17th August 1943* Firm L« Haller, Stuttgart, Gerokstrass©, lo* The small premises of this film were located but found to be almost completely destroyed* Enquiries at Allied Military Government, Stuttgart at a p* Haaga-Bad Constaadt, Stuttgart (see interview No*35) failed to trace the whereabouts of this concern* INTERVIEW NO .44. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of visit l?th August 1945* Interview with l£r* A* Aokeimaim, Proprietor of A* Ackermann Dental Werkstatten, Kantstrasse 16, (£5ppingen, Germany* Background It was found tills small firm manufactured dental mouth mirrors and mirror handles, barbed nerve broaches, diamond points and metal-backed carborundum discs (Lightning 'type) • Mr* Aokermazm stated prior to the war he exported 80;o of his output to Holland, Denmark and S*j\merica* Also, he sold his carborundum discs to pfingst of New York, U*S.A* Inspection of plant Bearing in mind the small nature of the whole concern, the plant was relatively well equipped* However, three employees only were at work. The mirrors, mirror handles and barbed broaches were produced by orthodox methods. The shanks for the diamond points (manufactured for straight handpiece only) were formed on an automatic machine of a standard type, as were the metal shapes for the points. Owing to lack of diamond dust and nickel it was not possible to see the actual manufacturing process, but the method employed appeared to be the dipping of the shaped core into a molten mixture of diamond dust and nickel* £his method seemed crude* Mr. Ackermann maintained he had not manufactured diamond points since the war* The process of manufacture for the "Lightning" type discs was similar to that of U.S. manufacturers - none were actually being produced at the time of our visit* Mr* Ackemaim had not secured a permit from Allied Military Government for the manufacture he was conducting* INTERVIEW NO .45. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 17th August 1945 Firm Automaton vertriebs - Gesellschaf t Fred. Eggler Coppingen, poststrasse 54, Germany. Details of Interview This firm was found to be a very small concern producing, principally, the wAutomaton” tongue holder, an accessory for similar use as the Guttmann tongue holder, known in England* In addition, they partially manufactured a few other small items, such as celluloid strips in a holder. We were informed a staff of three only were employed, the plant comprising one drilling and one stamping machine* INTERVIEW NO .46. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 pate of visit 20th. August 1945* Interview with Mr. H. Rauter, Director of t- Vita zahnfabrik H. Rauter O.H.G., Baslestrasse, near Basle, Germany. Manufacturers of Artificial teeth (acrylic and porcelain), and dental ceramic porcelain* Background Mr* Rauter stated the firm was founded in 1924 and it was owned by himself and three other members of his family. Until April 1943 they had carried on business in Essen, part of their factory had then been damaged, and consequently they had moved to sUckingen, taking over part of a silk factory. He considered 50$ of their machinery had been damaged at Essen. Prior to the war. Hr* Rauter estimated the firm exported 33jo of their output. Until 1936 their British agent had been Henry Courtin & Sons, London, after which the agency had been transferred to F.C, Reiser, London* However, in 1938 they had established their own London sales organisation - Vita Tooth Manufacturing Co, Ltd*, Berners Street, W*l. They also sold teeth all over Europe* there was no American agent* Supply Position of Raw Materials MT. Rauter mentioned that practically their entire stock of raw materials for ceramic porcelain had been lost at Essen. Furthermore, no deliveries of methyl methacrylate from Kulzer & Co., Friedrichsdorf, had been received since December 1944, so that he had been compelled to cease manufacture of his acrylic anterior and posterior teeth. However, he still had reasonable stocks of gold clad pins, and these, together with regular supplies from Bauer, Berlin, of quartz, kaolin and Norwegian feldspar, had enabled him to continue the production of porcelain teeth* He estimated he had sufficient stocks of porcelain teeth materials to last 6/9 months with the factory working its present hours with existing labour* War-time Manufacturing Programme According to Mr. Rauter, the German Government had, during the war, restricted the manufacture of his highest grade anterior porcelain tooth - Limine - to 15$ of the previous production figure, it being considered a luxury product. Manufacture had, therefore, been principally concentrated upon Vita Gold Clad pin Teeth and Diatorics and Limine Diatorics. Inspection cf Plant The premises were of very modern construction and the whole factory showed evidences of unusually efficient management. The plant equipment was of modem design, well maintainsd, and capable of producing artificial teeth on a considerable scale. Owing to cessation of manufacture of acrylic teeth, it was not possible to examine the process in detail. However, Mr. Rauter stated that their bronze acrylic teeth moulds were coated with nickel and the teeth were pressed in paste, not powder form. The porcelain teeth were manufactured by orthodox methods, the material being pressed into the moulds and the moulds heated electrically for the biscuit bake on a large steel plate, to a temperature of 200°C* The teeth were fired in electric furnaces built to their own design, the glazing temperature being 1550°C« Mr. Rauter maintained their present output was 20,000 teeth per day. They also produced their teeth pins and coils on specially designed automatics* The ingredients for the porcelain teeth were prepared in a small factory nearby, which Mr* Rauter had also acquired. Orthodox methods were adopted. (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO .47* BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 20th August 1943 • Firm De Trey G«m.b*h.# Waldshut, South Germany, This factory was found to he closed* The caretaker stated the manager was absent in Switzerland and conducted us briefly round the plant* As anticipated, it was discovered that Dentocoll, paribar and Stents, impression Materials, Syntrex, Solila and pixodont Cements, and certain other products made by the .Amalgamated Dental Co* Ltd*, London, were produced* INTERVIEW NO .48# BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING CN TRIP NO .717 Date of visit 21st August 1945* Interview with MX# Kreuchen, Works Manager of •— Standard Zahnfabrlk A.G., Reichenaustrasse 13o, Constance, South Germany. Background MX# Kreuchen explained that 96% of the shares of the rim were held by The Dentists* Supply Company of New York, and the remaining 4> by Mr# John E# Frey, a Swiss citizen# Prior to, and during the war until April last, the aitire production of Standard Zahnfabrlk had been sent to their wholesale distributing company, de Trey Gesellschaft, who were in Berlin until 1943 and had then evacuated to Kaufbeuren# Ae Kalifbeuren was in the American zone and Constance in the French, since May last they had been cut off completely from de Trey Gesellschaft# During the war their activities had been confined to artificial teeth manufacture solely, no munitions or munition components having been made# One third of their production had been taken by the German Amy through de Trey Gesellschaft# Supply position - Raw Materials MX# Kreuchen stated prior to the war all their raw materials for porcelain teeth had been obtained from America* War conditions had, however, compelled them to purchase the quartz, kaolin, and Norwegian feldspar from Bauer of Berlin and in his view the materials supplied by Germany were inferior to those from America, particularly the colouring materials for the teeth shades# He estimated raw materials for porcelain teeth would last another 5 to 6 months based upon the present 5 hour working day • After that, supplies of solder and coils would become exhausted# As regards supplies of methyl methacrylate for acrylic teeth, delivered to them from Kulzer & Co#, Friedrichsdorf, Frankfurt, MX# Kreuchen stated that owing to continual shortage their war-time prodiction had been concentrated mainly upon porcelain teeth# He estimated stocks of Gold Clad pins were sufficient for 5 months and they would produce 2 million teeth# 77 Requisitioning of Precious Metal Stocks According to Hr. Kreuchen, on 23rd May last, representatives of the French Service Economique, Constance, confiscated 4 kilos palladia and 3*37 kilos gold, despite assurances from Mr. Frey and Mr. Kreuchen that this precious metal was the property of an .American firm. The total value was RM,18,845*36. A provisional receipt had been obtained but the question of compensation was still unsettled. Inspection of plant The factory was undamaged and of modem construction. There was evidence of efficient management. Manufacture of both acrylic and porcelain teeth followed orthodox methods, the acrylic powder being placed into the moulds dry. The output rate of acrylic anterior teeth was 300 per hour. Acrylic diatorics were not in production owing to lack of raw materials. Specimens of finished acrylic anterior teeth were examined and found to be of high grade quality. General Remarks In the opinion of Mr. Kreuchen, acrylic teeth had come to stay, though the demand for porcelain teeth would continue. He mentioned that as their stocks of gold clad pins had remained adequate throughout the war, they had not manufactured porcelain teeth with stainless steel pins, which he considered an inferior product. (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO .49* BT RENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of visit 22nd August 1943* Interview with Mr. Fritz scheerer. Director of j- Ahtiengesellachaf t fur peinmeohanik, Vonaals jetter & Scheerer, Tuttlingen, South Germany. This well loiown firm of surgical, dental and veterinary instrument manufacturers will, no doubt, bo covered in more detail by a surgical instilment investigators' team. LIT. Soheerer stated dental instruments represented only of their production and this report deals principally with the dental instrument section of this Company. Background Mr. Scheerer mentioned the firm was founded in 186?. Prior to the war, export trade had accounted for to 45;* of their output, and he estimated they secured to 6ofa of the German home trade in dental instruments. Though they exported to countries all over the World, for some years before the war they had had no agents in .America and Great Britain. They had sold their shares in Jetter & Scheerer products Inc., New York, to the Manager, Mr. Beck, Hr. Scheerer considering it was not possible to control the American coup any satisfactorily from Germany. During the war they had sold direct to the German Amy. Supply Position during War period Mr. Soheerer stated that all raw material supplies had been satisfactory throughout the war and there had been no reduction in the quality of steel. They purchased steel from about fifty firms. Chrome salts had been permitted but their dental instruments were principally stainless steel. He estimated raw material stocks were sufficient for 6 months. In addition to their normal instrument production, the drop forging plant had been used for producing airplane components. * Inspection of Factory The premises had suffered sane blast damage but the machinery was unaffected, 3he relatively large plant was operating only partially and a proportion of the production was manufacture of tools to replace those requisitioned by the French Authorities* The regular patterns of dental forceps were all drop forged, only special patterns being hand forged* The manufacture of dental fraud instruments, tweezers and impression trays followed the methods known in America and Great Britain* Dental scissors, pliers and steriliser boilers were drop forged* All dental instrument products were band finished* 3*ere was a factory training shop for apprentices, Mr* Scheerer stating that the period of apprenticeship was 3 years* "Handfona" instruments These dental hand instruments, though marketed before the war, are perhaps worthy of mention, owing to their increasing demand* Instead of using the usual octagon or hexagon steel red, the Hendform instrument handles are hollow aluminium and are shaped anatomically to give what is claimed to be additional hand grip and ease of operation* General Remarks Mr* Scheerer stated the sain problem now confronting his factory was sales, and doubtless he will take energetic measures towards possible early resumption of export trade* He maintained 9&* of their finished stock of surgical and dental instruments had bean transported to Strasbourg by French authorities; also a considerable number of factory tools* He estimated the total value of goods requisitioned by French to be 4 million marks* question of condensation had not yet been settled, but a figure of million marks bad been mentioned* (See also Statistics) INTERVIEW NO.50* BI DENTAL ISAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of visit 22nd August l%-5» Interview with Mr* Knauss (Director), Kr* Hahn (works Manager), and Dr* Rothert (chief Designer) of Chiron - Werke, c*m*b*h*, fttalstrasse, Tuttlingen, South Germany* Background From the information secured during the interview it was apparent this firm had had a modem but comparatively plant prior to the war, for the manufacture of surgical and dental instruments. However, during the war facilities had been made available for rapid expansion, so that now the whole plant was four or five times its former size. Though the production of surgical and dental instruments continued, it was obvious that the main war-time activities of this concern had been the production of other items rtiicfa we were informed constituted, principally, airplane components and switch-gears* It was also learnt that neither Mi** Hahn nor Dr .Rothert had been attached to the firm for more titan three years, and during the war both worked in a number of other factories, including the Heinkel Airplane Works, designing important war equipment, some of which was tested in the Chiron- Werke plant. Mi** Knauss stated the firm had been founded by Mr* Otto Staebler in 1922 and prior to the war had exported of their output, principally to Europe and U.S.A, Their U.3, agent had been Abele - Brooklyn who had also taken care of "their Canadian business* They had no agent in England* MX* Knauss estimated 15?i to 20% of their pre-war output had been dental instruments* Dr* Rothert explained -the factory had recently been manufacturing solely for the French authorities, the French AJmy occupying part of the plant* j&l finished surgical and dental instruments had been requisitioned, the total value being approximately 100,000 marks* Supply Position - Raw Materials Raw material stocks, generally, were sufficient for 2 to 3 months, but steel stocks were almost exhausted owing to transport difficulty and the fact their steel suppliers were also occupied by the French Aray* Supplies of chrome had ceased* Dr* Rothert stated that their coal stock was 10 tons only, against a normal consumption of 300 tons per month, the factory therefore being almost at a standstill, sphere was no electricity or gas. New Developments No new developmaits were observed* Inspection of plant The factoiy buildings were undamaged and very modern and spacious* Mr* Hahn mentioned that 50$ of their plant had been new machinery acquired during the war* In March 1945 they had employed 542 men and 238 women, out of which 431 men and 163 women were foreign labour* $ie plant was almost completely idle. It included large batteries of modern automatic machines for drilling and milling, finishing,plating shops (principally nickel plating), and assembly shops. Ohe drop forging plant contained 5, 6 and 12 ton hammers. There was a modem training school for apprentices, the period of training being 2-3 years* x INTERVIEW NO.51. BY RENTAL TEAL INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 Date of Visit 22nd August Interview with Mr* Adolf Schweickhardt, ofj- Adolf Schweickhardt, Bahnhofstrasse, Tuttllngen, South Germany. Manufacturers of Surgical and dental instruments. Background Mr. Schweickhardt stated the business was owned by EismolEHer. Prior to the war Scr* of the output had bean exported, principally to Europe, Their British agent was P.C. Reiser, London, snail supplies also being sent to Hugh-Priedy & Silveman, U.3.A, There was no official U.3, agent. During the war, 80,0 of production had still been surgical and dental instruments, the remaining airplane components and small accessories. Raw Materials and Labour It was learnt these had been adequate until the last few months* How the factory was working a 5 hour day only, owing to labour transferring to agricultural work and material shortage due to transport difficulties* Inspection of Plant The range of goods produced by tills firm corresponded, generally speaking, to that manufactured by Jetter & Scheerer and Chiron- Werke (see interviews uos*49 & 50) • However, production was on a very much smaller scale, and both machinery and premises were old and unimpressive• INTERVIEW NO .52. BY DENTAL TEAM INVESTIGATING- ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 22nd August 1945* pirn Given on target list as;- Gebrudder Martin, Tuttlingen. Unable to trace this firm at Military Government, Tuttlingen. Enquiries at Jetter & Scheerer and Chiron- Werke, Tuttlingen (see interviews 49 & 50) revealed above firm was export agent only, not a manufacturer. INMVmW NO.33. BY DSNTAL TEAL INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO.717 pate of Visit 22nd August 1945• pira Walter Storz am Mark, Tuttlingen, Germany. Pound this firm was a one-man concern making a few dental accessories in basement of his small private house* UTTER VIEW NO. BY DENTAL ISAM INVESTIGATING ON TRIP NO .717 Date of Visit 2ifth August l%-5» Interview with Mr* Wilhelm R#oder, Works Manager of Antaeos-werke G*m*b*h*, Hansastrasse 25, Munich 12, Germany* Background Mr* Roder stated the business was owned by MT* Alphons sKrler, the Director, and his family* The range of goods manufactured consisted of Dental Nerve Broaches and Pluggers, Broach Holders, Tweezers, Mirror and Handles, Matrix Retainers, Amalgam Carriers Mandrels, and a selection of Hand Instruments. Mr* Ehrler also owned another firm, Martin Bauer, Berlin, who manufactured handpieces and foot engines exclusively for Antaeos-Werke. However, it was believed Russian authorities had removed the machinery from the Bauer plant. prior to the war Mr* R* napaeity Fliers ■ 3,000 300 HU 15,000 ♦ i greater Scissors M 3,000 1,000 HU 10,000 ♦ i then Tweezers Suture Reedies « « 2Q?23,000 oxer quantity HU 100,000 * ; i probable requireaenfcs HSMARKS (See interview Ho.50) Factory cost price of all the above item was estimated Igr Mr.Kneotaa to be of Selling prices to dental depots* SrnmSSBSBKLm HBa.cwms AK&FjQTQKT HAMS OF FUK Chiroo-ierke G*a*b*h* 22nd August, 1945. iUimFAOTUMRS OF Dental & Surgical Instruments 101 WAGE RATES - MARKS PER IDUR NUMBERS EMPLOYED MINIMUM MAXES FEMALES MALES FEMALES MAXIMUM MALES FEMALES PREWAR HDURS WORKED WARTIME PRESENT 300 (men and ■women) "before war .80 ,40 542 238* during war 80 - at present 1.20 ,6u 48 48/72 30 /—» M O * Foreign labour March 1945 - 431 men 163 women PREMISES Undamaged* All buildings very modem and spacious* Plant very well equipped for operation on a large scale OWNER Mr .Otto Staebler DIRECT CHS Mr* Otto Staebler and Mr. Knauss imnmm & equipment Large batteries of modern dilling and milling automatics. Finishing, plating and assembling shops* Training school for apprentices* PERSONNEL ETC. REF«OFFICE Gutleutstrasse, Frankfurt DENTAL (Pforzheim Derrennerstrasse 23 MANUFACTURING (271 Gutleutstrasse, Frankfurt FACTORIES /Continued ADDRESSES REGISTERED OUTPUT ARTICLE OR PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT POSSIBLE TRADE NAME 1939 YEARLT AVERAKS Silicate Cement ) Degussa) 8,000 pkts j I None Almost Oxyphoaphate Cement ] i »• \ No 14,000 " J I plants unlimited J3tone & Model Cement . 1 M ) record 17,000 " I severely when Temporary Cement , 1 H ) 14^4-poOtuoes^ damaged plants Precious Metal Alloys ) 1 tl 3,730 Kilos 5,500 Kilos reconstructed Silver Alloys ) 1 " 3/4,000 Kilos 10,500 Kilos) Handpieces and ) Made in ) Instruments ) No figures available Foot & Electdo ) Berlin ) Engines ) NAME OF FIRM Deutsches Gold und Silbor - Scheideanstalt "Degussa" REMARKS (See interview No*28) Now Reconstructing dental plant TIBS OF ORGANISATION Limited Company DATE OF INVESTIGATION 13th August, • MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Cements & Alloys MACHINERY & EQUIEMENT Dental manufacturing equipment almost. entirely destroyed. Temporary offices only HUB MEWW l i MAXES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT 60 to 70 "before and during war 48 up to 30 55 Limited Company 11 Directors OWNERS ) directors) HBRflONNEL ETC. 139/145 Hanauer Landstrasse, Frankfurt as above ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRACE NAiE OUTPUT PREWAR WARTIME PER YEAR PER YEAR UP TILL OCT.1943 PRESENT POSSIBLE GERMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS With compressors! Dental Units j Emda 1,000 400 Part ) production only) Machinery ] position ] I Electric Engines it 2,000 600 it ) satisfactory^ I 3A,ooo Chairs it 6/800 300 n \ Prewar ) Cabinets it 500 300 ii j figures ] I complete * Lights n 1/2000 1,000 Nil ) of raw ) dental Spittoons it 500 100 Nil ) materials I I equipments Stools Lathes n it 500 1,000 88 N'MA Part ) Production only) and labour I available J REMARKS (See interview No.26) 9C$ of present labour concentrating on reconstruction of damaged premises. Undoubtedly endeavouring to resume large scale manufacture as soon as possible under existing difficult conditions. Net profit estimated at 2Cf/o approximately. /Continued Lor abac h, near Frankfurt 6IS2EZB33B3 REG. OFFICE AND FACTORY EVACUATION NAME OOF FIRM Emda, Geo. Hartmann THE OF ORGANISATION Private company DAZE OF INVESTIGATION 13th August, 1945* MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Equipment NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGE RATES - MARKS PER HOUR IDURS WORKED OTKS MMIAGER MATES MINIMUM FEMALES MALES FEMALES MAXIMUM MALES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Mr .Trent el 3 20 320 200 80 Prewar ,45 .45 80 Until October 1943* 50 Now * Including 30 Russian men 10 " women 1.10 .75 48 '54 40 and 60 PREMISES Severely damaged. At present one shop only operating, making dental lathes. Energetic reconstruction of premises in liand. Gained impression that Allied Military Government are co-operating in this respect. (M-ISR Geo. Hartmann. DIRECTOR Geo, Hartmann. MACHINERY & EQUIPMEHT Total 130 machines Including 40 Lathes and automatic drilling and turning machines. A few of these apparently operating at small temporary plant at Lor abac h PERSONNEL BTC. SAXES MANAGER Mr.Alexander Kegel. ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE NAME PREWAR PER MONTH OUTPUT "Wshim vmsm— PER MONTH PER MONTH POSSIBLE ESTIMATED GERMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS COST PRICES (MARKS PER 100 BURS) Dental Rubber Prolioh 1,000 (after July 1943) 750 1,000 1,000 (per month) 2,000 Kilos Kilos Kilos Kilos Kilos dependent upon raw material and fuel. /Continued Guznmi - u - Regene rierwerk Proiheit, Osterode, Harz, Germaxy, REMARKS (See interview No, 8) Mr, Frolioh stated that, as from January, 1945» he had been instructed by the German Government to produce dental rubber from buna. Took specimens with a view to getting them identified, (See interview No,20)« ADDRESS REG.OFFICE AND FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Ernest Prolioh Gr.m.b.h* TYPE OF ORGANISATION Limited Company DATE OP INVESTIGATION 30th July, 19Jf5 MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Rubber DEPARTMENT OR LKOP NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGES RATES < - MARKS PER HOUR HOURS WORKED MANAGER MINIMUM MAXIMUM MALES FEMALES MALE FEMALES MALES FEMAT.TM PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Dental rubber section consists of one shop only. Waldorf Frolioh CM CM 3 - pre-wax 3 - now 48 48 48 and upwards where necessary. PREMISES Premises undamaged* DIRECTORS Waldorf Frolich MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 1 Milling Machine 1 Small Calendar Both Standard types* PERSONNEL ETC* Kronprintzenstrasse 5/9 Dusseldorf, Ceramr 51 On one shift + No gas. ° Labour shortage REMARKS (See interview No.15) Bur cutting and forming machines each turn out one bur per minute. Each batch of 15 machines attended to by one mechanic, one machine operator and one bur remover. Cost price of cavity burs is (Plain cut y (Crossent Fissure • /Continued ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRAIE NAME • PREWAR PER YEAR OUTPUT wartime Present HER 1EAR PER YEAR POSSIBLE PER YEAR ESTIMATED GERMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS Burs Cavity Meisinger 10 Million 12 Million 2,040,0000 7,200,000* 11 milliom Vwloanite H i i 12,000 0 120,000 125,000 Surgical w i " 3 II 4 increasing not at presort© depends on demand 5^000 Miniature It 1 none none II H II small Abrasives Mounted tt 3 700,000 ° none + 500,000 o 1 million Unmounted n 4* 700,000 o none + 400,000 ° 1 * Lathe Wheels '* 1 3/10,000 8/10,000 none + dependent on demand unknown Drills M mil lion none none ° II M WO unknown AJ3DEES^i M&t .mm AND FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Hager & Meisinger G.nub.h, TYPE OF ORGANISATION Family business MANUFACTURERS 0? Dental Burs, Dental Abrasives and lathe wheels. Dental drills and mandrels DATE OF INVESTI&ATION 4th August, 1945* XEPARTMENT OR SHOP NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAjGE RALES - MARKS PER MONTH HOIRS WORKED MANAGER MAXES FEMALES MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES MAXES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Forming machine shops Mr.Mat bias 40 80 Pwar 200 1 00 250 120 48 72 48 Cutting " « Noack *20 70 During war plus bonus scheme Bur tempering room Packing room Despatch (Shipping) Dept, ► • Stone Forming room " Mounting " Polishing room Furnace room Repair shop Shipping Dept. Office x No slave labour employed PREMISES One bur shop containing 102 cutting machines severely bomb damaged. Remainder of premises blast damaged only. Premises consist of four floors and are of modern construction being completed in 1940, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 95 Bur Forming machines 130 Bur Cutting machines with auto feed * 2 Autos for tool cogs for cutting shanks of R.A.Burs 1 Shank marking machine auto feed 6 Cleaning machines auto feed 2 Polishing machines auto feed 2 Polishing Lathes 80 Abrasives Moulds (Mounted and Unmounted) 4 Lathe Wheel Moulds 2 Abrasive Ovens m This figure does not include 102 damaged machines OWNER Wilhelm Noack Senr, DIRECTORS Wilhelm Noack Senr,) Wilhelm Noack Jnr, ) Mathias Noack ) PERSONNEL ETC. DEPARTMENT OR SHOP NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGES RATES - MARKS PER HOUR HOURS WORKED MANAGER MALES FEMALES MINIMUM MALE FEMALES MAXIMUM MALES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT 1 Plaster Shop 1 Packing Room / Ernst HuArlohs N 10 8 - Prewar in office 5 4 Wartime in office & now )Normally )4B hours )but )on receipt }of orders* PREMISES Slight blast damage only, Adequately equipped for producing dental plaster. e Mr, Ernst Huirichs (inoharge of factory) Mr, Richard Hfcirichs (in charge of office) MACHINERY unted . 600,000 ft n % N 3l " Lathe Wheels " 60,000 tl »t II 3| " Cements all types "powders 150,000/ Unknown 200,00c ) « it H liquids 100,000 fl it M Unknown REMARKS (See interview No.17) At present concentrating on trying to recondition all his salvaged machinery - 6Q0 machines in all. Factory making dental and industrial abrasives only at present. Average cost per 100 Cavity burs 3*50 marks • ADDRESSES REG.PRICES AND FACTOR! NAME OF FIRM Jota-Werke Gebr, Funtoo A.G. TIPS OF ORGANISATION Limited Company DATE OF INVESTIGATION £th August, 1945* MANUFACTURERS OP Dental Bura Dental Abrasives Dental Cements PREMISES Factory entirely destroyed Now has repair shop in Dusseldorf and factory at Lei ohlingen Both these are temporary premises only, pending finding another factory. They both are part of two other factories not connected with dental*product ion* KUJkpSRS EMPIDTpD WAGE RATES - MARKS HSR H)UR HDURS WORKED MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES MAXES EEMAIES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Total Men Women 1 ,60 1.40 1 Pre -War 170* 50 120 52 52 35 until * Including 10 in office During Yfar Same as above includinc 6 Belgiansat Loiohlingen At Present 20 men and women f bombed DIRECTORS Mr. Otto Funke Mr. Rudolph Funke MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT PREWAR Bur Forming Machines 1fj6 Bur Cutting n 131 X Gut & End Cutting J L Vulcanite & Surgical) 30 machinery cutting ) Polishing Machines autofed 6 (Magazine holds 2,000 burs. Machine polishers 1,200 burs per hour) Automatics for shaping, drilling) . cutting, sawing and forming ) Hand drills various 126 Stamp machines 6 Electric tempering furnace 1 Abrasive Ovens 2 PERSONNEL ETC. Continued ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE KAME PRE-WAR 1939 approx. OUTPUT POSSIBLE ESTIMATED GERMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS WAR TIME Average war years PRESENT Acrylic Denture Material Paladon 7,000 Kilos 40/50,000 Kilos 30/50,000 12,000 30/50,000 Kilos51 Kilos Kilos Acrylic Material for) 1941 onwards production of ) average 1,500 6/8000 10,000 artificial teeth } Palapont not made 8,000 Kilos Kilos Kilos Kilos jacket crown and ) ■bridges ) Friedrichadbrf Hauptstrasse 119 x Subject to raw material being available REMARKS (See interview No.30) Stabilises’ added to Paladon liquid is l,^y,drochynon,,. A small quantity of this is included by RCfhu & Hass with the raw material, Kulzer adding more without informing Haas, Kulzer also add colouring matter to the raw material powders. ADDRESS REG, OFFICES AND EVACUATED FACTORY THE OF ORGANISATION Limited Company NAME OF FIRM Kulzer & Co. G.m.b.h, MANUFACTURERS OF Acrylic Denture Material Acrylic Material for Crowns inlays and teeth DATE OF DIVEST IGAJION 14th August, 1945* MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 7 Milling Machines for Paladon 4 ” w for Palapont 2 M ” for Artificial teeth material for Vita and Weinand PREMISES Evacuation premises only. Rather tinsuited for factory. Will obviously find better premises when possible* OWNERS (Degussa, Gutlentstrasse 319 Frankfurt - shares (W*C.Heraeus, Hanna near Frankfurt - shares DIRECTOR (Mr.Hirtes (Dr* R he inhart Haraeua NIMtERS EMPLOYED MAXES MAXES H)URS WORKED PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT 40 Prewar 48 48 30/36 100 During war 8 17 Now PERSONNEL ETC. Engelsklrohen (Cologne district) Germany. ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE NAME PREWAR PER 1SAR OUTPUT WAR TIME PER YEAR PRESENT P03SIBIE COST PRICE PER 100 Cavity Burs E.L.A. million 2j> million 2 million 2 million (Plain cut 3 marks (Cross cut fisture 4s- marks Vulcanite Burs " ) Surgical Burs " ) 2 million 2,400,000 2 million 2 million Nerve Canal Drills - /Continued REMARKS (See interview No. 21) At present has no gas for tampering ADDRESS REG. OFFICE AND FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Emil Lange TYRE OF ORGANISATION Joint Proprietorship. Emil Lange and Fritz Lange DATE OF INVESTIGATION 9th August, 1945* MANUFACTURERS OF Dental burs and nerve canal drills DEPARTMENT OR SHOP MANAGER NUMBERS EMPLOYED vta RASES - MARKS PER HDUR H3URS WORKED MALES i PBMAIES MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES MAXES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME IRESBNT One shop only Emil Lange 9 9 PreWar 1 .50 1.20 .70 48 72 men 43 10 15» War time 60 women 10 15 Now plus "bonus scheme • X Including 4 Russian Women PREMISES Offices formerly private house with one workshop added at rear Slight blast damage. Emil Lange & Frits Lange MACHINERY & 9 bur forming machines 25 bur cutting machines with automatic feed Various automatic and capstan type lathes, drills 1 name stamping machine 2 shank polishing machines 2 gas ttmpering ovens OfiBEKS ) DIBECTOHS) BBR30RNEL ETC. Solingen-Htfhsohad, near Dusseldorf, Germany REGISTERED OUTPUT COST ARTICLE OR PREWAR WARTIME 3 MONTHS ' POSSIBIE PRICE • TRADE NAME PER YEAR 1945 (BACH) Forceps & Pliers Crown over Tooth 16,000 16,000 J *3,000) Forceps 3*20 marks Tweezers & Solder Tweezers « 81,000 81,000 21,000; all types « J Unknown Scissors n 15/16,000 15/16,000 1,800; Elevators " ) No ) ) Hand & Special Instruments ) record) 75/80,000 /Continued REMARKS (See interview No.19) ADDRESSES RES.OFFICES & FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Carl Martin TYRE OP ORGANISATION Individual proprietorship K Pall in produotion due to training of two new forgers MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Forceps, instruments & scissors DATE OF INVESTIGATION £th August, 1945. DEPARTMENT OH SHOP NUMBERS EMPLOYED W'ASE RATES - MARKS HER HOUR HOURS WORKED MANAGER MALES FEMALES MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES MALES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Small factory only Carl Martin 11 5 During 13 4 Nov/ war 1 ,45 1.15 .60 48 60 48 PREMISES The-factory and office is of modem construction OWTIER Mr .Carl Martin DIRECTOR Sole proprietor MACID23SRY 6e EQUIrMBRT Small plant consists of:- 1 Foroep forge 1 Small drilling machine (hand operated) 4 belt driven polishing lathes 1 oil tempering bath ESRSCMIEL ETC. Bothfelderstrasse 23, Hanover, N. /Continued REMARKS (See interview Ko.10) Firm just commenced production of inferior quality foot engine, to offset lack of electric engines needed for "bombed-out and demobilised dentists ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE NAME PREWAR OUTPUT WARTIME PRESENT POSSIBLE ESTIMATED GERMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS \WR/ • Handpieces Straight V/ 10,000 10,000 7,500 10,000 ) Maximum 10,000 Handpieces Contra Nr 6,000 6,000 4,500 6,000 ) " Miniature ti not stated out of production up to 1,000 Unknown Foot Engines not made see remarks tlnknown ADDRESS KEG. OFFICE AND FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Wilhelm Richter TYRE OF ORGANISATION Individual proprietorship not limited oompajpy DATE OF INVESTIGATION 2nd August, 1945* MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Handpieces and foot engines NUMBERS EMPLOYED HOURS WORKED DEPARTMENT OR SHOP MANAGER PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT MAXES FEMALES PER WEEK PER WEEK PER WEEK All Departmats Mr.Stolberg 90 60 Prewar 50 Hours 60 Hours 40 Hours +100 32°* Wartime x 60 40 ♦ This includes 220 part time workers K Mr* Stolberg stated slave labour was employed Used principally for making the aeroplane pressure gauges PREMISES Undamaged:consisting of a brick built, four storey building with basement, housing stock room, auto and semi auto, drilling, grinding and plating shops. Another smaller brick built building houses* eaet drilling and finishing shop with offices attached. OWNERS Wilhelm Richter DIRECTOR Wilhelm Richter Plating Shop 8 nickel plating vats All alx>ve machines were in good working condition and of designs similar to those used in British and U.S. factories MACHENBRY & EQUMENT Automatic Shop 80 Belt driven 8 direct drive Semi Automatic Shop 125 "belt driven 2 de-oiling machines Grinding & Polishing Shop 4 Lathes Drilling Shop £>0 (Various sizes) 14 capstan type lathes Casting Drilling) & Finishing Shop) for Foot Engines) PERSONNEL ETC. REGISTERED OR OUTPUT • ARTICLE WARTIME PRESENT POSSIBLE ESTIMATED GOST factory Coat TRADE NAME PREWAR YEARIZ MAY/JULY PER GERMAN ANNUAL HI ICES )with factory aid 1936 AVERAGE 1945 YEAR REQUIREMENTS (in marks))general overheads Chairs Ritter types D2 & D3 1050 501 66 2,400] I D2 - - 382. D3 346 Units Ritter 863 270 24 1,800: ) Approximately 300 (average all types; Electric Engines n 600 460 66 2,400; 120 n ft ft " Lathes M 284 35 0 24 1,800, I 5, ouu Compressors N 464 161 Nil 1,800 I complete 170 Dental X-Rays H 1071 450 36 960 I dental 450 Cuspidors Reflectors It N 249 579 310 5<® 28 7 1,200 1,800 > surgery ( equipments nz 48 (average both types) Operating Lights M 693 120 Nil 1,800 Cabinets ft i92 450 Nil 1,800J r /Continued Karlsru|te - DurlaoiylBaden, Germany REMARKS (See interview No,32) Factory at present soaroely operating owing to shortage of fuel, raw materials and labour. I AND FACTORY NAME OF FIRM Ritter A.G. TYRE OF ORGANISATION Limited Company MB OF INVESTIGATION loth August, 1945~* MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Equipment 125 PRODUCTION NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGE RATES - MARKS PER H3UR H)URS WORKED 1938 ’WARTIME PRESENT MANAGER MAXES FEMALES MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES MALES FEMALES PREWAR PER YEAR YEARLY AVERAGE Mr.Goyert 533 430 33 77 (1938 Deo) 65 (average wartime) 13 (now) .70 .55 1.25 .75 1,467,928 1,200,312 hours hours Factory almost at a standstill OWNER Ritter & Co* (inc.) Rochester, New York* PREMISES Virtually undamaged capable of producing equipment on considerable scale* MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT Large numbers of automatic drilling machines, lathes grinding machines* Also foundry and plating shop* PERSONNEL ETC. ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE NAME PREWAR PER YEAR OUTPUT WARTIME PRESET PER YEAR POSSIBLE ESTIMATED C22RMAN ANNUAL REQUIREMENTS Forceps Schwert 20,000 20,000 Negligible* 10/15,000 40/50,000 pairs Tweezers 60/70,000 60/70,000 * 60/70,000) Elevators 11 5/6,000 5/6,000 Negligible3* + 5/6,000 ) . Hand Instruments 11 70,000 70,000 15/20,000 70,000 ) Unknown Pliers 10/14,000 4,000 Negligible* 10/14,000} Impression Trays (14 patterns only} tl % 5,000 10/13,000 Nil* 5,000 ) /Continued Bahnhofstrasse, Tuttlingen ADDRESS * Labour shortage + Cannot get blanks from suppliers at Solingen REMARKS (See interview No.51) Cost price of forceps estimated at 2 marks per pair KEG.OFFICE AND aCTORY NAME OF FIRM Adolf Schweickhardt TYRE OF ORGANISATION Individual proprietorship DATE OF .INVESTIGATION 22nd August, 1%5» MANUFACTURERS OF Dental Forceps and Instruments NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGE RATES - MARKS PER HOUR HOURS WORKED MANAGER MAXES MINIMUM FEMAIES MAXES FEMAIES MAXIMUM MAXES FEMALES PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Mr.Schweickhardt 50 63* 27 10 Prewar ,80 ,45 7 During war 5 Now 1.20 .65 48 60 35 51 Including 22 Russians PREMISES Undamaged. Old and unimpressive. OWNER Mrs. Schweickhardt DIRECTORS (Adolf Schweickhardt (Erich Sohweickhardt MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT Drop forging, automatic,, plating, finishing and assembly plant. Machinery and equipment all old. ESRSOMEL ETC. Luipoldstrasae, Erlangen, near Nurembur REGISTERED OUTPUT ESTIMATED ARTICLE OR PREWAR 'mOXCE' "“HESEinr POSSIBLE GERMAN ANNUAL TRACE NAME 1939 19*4 . REQUIREMENTS Electric Engines Siemens 400 770 200 At least 770 1500 Engines " Lathes ti 200 250 350* it " 250 (1500 Lathes Tank Compressors ii 100 70 No longer producing t« " 100 (1000 Lathes (small) X-Ray (Dental it 700 265 400 11 " 700 1000 X-Ray (Dental) Units ti 600 200 200 •1 " 60 1200 Units Mincluding small 2 speed lathe - REMARKS (See I interview No *59) /Continued ADDRE SJES REG. OFFICE AHD FACTORY NA1IE OF FIRM Sienens-Reiniger Werke A.G-. (Dental Section) T\m OF ORGAIIISATION Limited Company DA!TlS OF IirVEoTIG-AT ION 2?th August, 1945. KAITUS? ACT URGES OF Dental Equipment MACKDiERY & E -UmWJ Modem assembly and testing shops for producing dental equipment PREMISES Entirely undamaged and capable of producing considerable quantities of dental equipment RIMERS El'PLOYED HOURS WORKED MAIE AID FSMAIES Dental Section Only PREv/RR WARTIME PRESEET 140 before war 220+luring war 55 a.t present l+ti up to 30 72 (2 shifts + whole factory employed about 300 foreign labour including Russians, French and Czech Limited Compaq g./KER ) director) EERSOEIiEL EfC. REGISTERED OUTPUT ESTIMATED COST PRICE ARTICLE OR 1938 GERMAN ANITUAL PER 100 TRADE NAME PRE WAR •irARTDSS PRESENT POSSIBLE REQUIREMENTS PER YEAR 1943 Acrylic interiors Anatoform Kunststoff Nil 600,000 '£00,006 y ’ I - Acrylic Diatorics Kunststoff Diatorics Nil Nil Nil ) % million' - Porcelain interiors Anatoform 2 million 2 million 14 million ) > 14*35 marks it ii Solila . 2 ” 1-i million Nil j ) l 15/20 14.33 marks " Crowns De Trey 90,000 126,000 Nil ; I As J - " Diatorics Revelation 3,700,000 3,400,000 3,600,000 ; I 1933 ) million - ii ti Anatoform 85,000 200,000 Nil > ) - Porcelain Pin Teeth (Special German Shades) 540,000 868,000 Nil 1 million) - Continued Reichenanstrasse 150 Constance 1M.IAR1.B (See interview No. 46) Anatoform Kunststoff Teeth supplied in 35 upper and lo moulds. „ Cast "bronze moulds and finish them on premises ADDKSS4 KSC. OFFICES AND FACTORY NAME OF ym: standard Zahnfahrik A.C. TYPE OF ORGANIoAT ION Limited Company DATE OF DrVSSTIGATION 21st August, 1945* MAingAgrURjbiRS OF Artificial Teeth QViiERS Dentists Supply Co. of New York. 96, j Shares ; and Mr. John E. Prey.4 % Shares DIRECTOR Mr. Prey VflORKS MANAGER NUMBERS EMPLOYED MAZES FEMALES WAGE RACES - MARKS PER H)UR MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAXES PEMAIES MAXES PEMAIES HOURS WORKED PRE WAR WARTIME PRESENT Mr. Kreuchen 27 116 - 1938 .65 .45 1.35 1 48 50 25 18 132 • ■ 1943 18 98 - 194-5 plus bonus scheme * (Aug) * PREMISES Undamaged, Modem plant, showing evidences of efficient management / < MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 1 Grinding machine for quartz and Feldspar 6 Milling machines 1 Mechanical agitated sifter for porcelain 1 Pin making automatic machine 1 Coil " " " Various lathes for drilling diatorica 6 Electric furnaces for fusing porcelain teeth Rotating pin soldering machine PERSONNEL ETC. ARTICLE REGISTERED OR TRADE NAME ERE WAR OUTPUT w'AR THE 1944 PRESENT P03SIBIE PER MONTH TEETH DETAILS Teeth Acrylic "Stioopal" not made )6£ million} 120/130,000} Maximum 5 upper) fiends „ f, shades ) ) ) 4 lower) Translucent "Lu xor" not made )teeth ALL ) } figures in 10 shades Porcelain ) types ) ) S.S.Pin "Natura Wipla" not made ) ) ) preceding 15 shades Porcelain Total 5? million^ ) ) ) 10 shades Diatoric including ) ) ) columns G Natura ) ) ) Cements — ) if materials Silicate "Koh-i-Noor" A Kilos powder 8 Kilos powder ) ) - Oxyphosphate "Pontofix" 9 Kilos powder 50 Kilos powder) increase ) and labour - Stone "Silphat" -o Kilo powder 24 Kilos powder) on 1544 ) - ■ Copper "Cuprodent" 2 Kilo powder 2 Kilos powder ) production) available - Temporary "Temperit" 3 Kilos powder 2 Kilos powder ' Continued REMARKS (See interview No. 29) PHE-WAR made also "Golda-Natura" 2 colour pin teeth and facings, crowns and gum sections ADDRESS REG-. OFFICE Bad Nauheim, Near Frankfurt/Main NAME OF FIRM Zahnfabrik Bad Nauheim Stisser & Co. Kom-Ges TYRE OF ORGANISATION Partnership DATE OF INVESTIGATION 14th August, 1943* MANBFACT BRERS OF Artifioal Teeth & Dental Cements MACHDTERY & EHJIREIff Mould repair and tool stop 2 lathes for polishing w'ipla Steel pins 500/600 brass moulds (Pressed moulds not poured) 1 Tooth powder store room 4 Units of 20 Gas presses(Not in use (no gas 3 Electric presses 12 Hand Mould Presses for Acrylic Teeth 7 Milling Machines for porcelain teeth 1 Hand magnetic extractor 7 Cement milling machines 1 Electric Teeth firing furnace 2 Gas cement furnace 1350° C premise Undamaged MA£B NUMBERS El iPIDYED female ,/AGE RA1ES - MARIAS PER H)UR MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAZE FEMAIE MALE FEMALE PREwAR 1DURS WORNED WARTIME PRESENT 50 30 160/130 Pre-war 182* During war .40 .40 .70 .70 48 56 48 * Including (18 Ukranian women ( 2 Polish " OVdlSR Mr.Stisser) DIRECTOR Mr. V/eber ) partner3 ESRSQEHEL ETC. REGISTERED OUTPUT ESTIMATED ARTICLE OR TRA/ibii NAME PREWAR PER YEAR WARTIME PRESENT PER YEAR PER YEAR POSSIBLE PER YEAR GERMAN ANNUAL COST PRICES REQUIREMENTS (MARKS PER 100 BURS) Nerve Canal Drills and Spiral Reamers. Dr.Hedstrom P,C.Files Tussing • DrJIedstrom LX) ,000 to 500,000 150,000 As prewar) not in ) until June) operation) 1945. ) as above, 240,000 230, Lindenstrasse, Dusseldorf, ADDRESS RES. OFFICE AND FACTORY REMARKS (See interview No,12) Examination of products revealed high standard, Mr, Tussing stated the Dr, Hedstrom files were a speciality of his firm and Ant alee - Werke, Munich, /? 4 /=■ j s NAME OP FIRM A. Tussing. TYPE OP ORGANISATION Individual proprietorship. IIANUPAOTURERS OP * Nerve Canal Drills, Reamers and Files, ■1'vTd OP investigation 3rd August, 1945* NUMBERS EMPLOYED WAGES RATES - MARKS PER HOUR HOURS WORKED DEPARTMENT OR SHOP MANAGER MALES FEMALES MINIMUM MAXIMUM males females kales females PREWAR WARTIME PRESENT Only one shop Mr#Anacker 9 Prewar Nil - per week per week not 48 48 working at present 4- Wartime Nil PREMISES Main premises unusable owing to boob damage. Salvaged machinery being re-installed in single floor workshop at rear of main premises with small offloe attached. OWNERS Mrs, A. Tussing. AND DIRECTORS Mr, W.A. Tussing, MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT 1 Capstan type lathe and several Jewellers lathes have been salvaged from bombing of main factory and are now being overhauled by the works manager. The machines are to be worked by overhead belting from the mAn electricity supply. Several small Hand Drills and Taps and Dies wore also salvaged and usable. PERSONNEL ETC. /Continued Mr.Bauter estimated average factory cost was 50/j of Celling price to the dental depots. Baalestrasse Sackingen near Basle ...... ........ . .1 REGISTERED OUTPUT ESTIMATED ARTICLE OR PREV/AR WARTIME PRESENT POSSIBLE GERMAN ANNUAL TRADE NAME YEARLY YEARLY YEARLY RATE YEARLY REQUIREMENTS Acrylic Anteriora Vita Pal Nil 1 million Nii° ; * if ) Diatorica it it Nil not yet made ) 40 Porcelain G-.C.Pins Lumine Nil 1 million NilT 1 million ) million 3 colour % i 1 all ) all types Porcelain G.C.Pina Vitcc million 3 " ii million j I types ) 3 colour 1 y Porcelain G.C.Pins Orbis ■\j, ii *2 " discontinued; > ) 7: shades > 1 Porcelain Diatorics Lumine 11 11 Vita zJ. II il •• ' zX n J2. 3 million) 3 " ) 6 million Ceramic Porcelain Vita out of production ADDRESS REMARKS (See interview No.kb) REG. OFFICES AND FACTORY ‘ Crowns# Tube teeth discontinued during wax* ° No raw material reoeived since end of 1944# + Restarting soon. German Government restricted production to of output NAME OF PIRI,1 Vita Zahnfahrik H.Rauter o.H.G. TYPE OF ORGANISATION Private ownership MANUFACTURERS OF Artificial Teeth and rental Ceramic Porcelain DATE OF INVESTIGATION 20th August, 1 %5 WORKS MANAGER NUMBERS EMPLOYED MAXES PEMAJffiS YfMSu3 RATES MAKES PER HOUR MINIMUM l.iAXEviTJlvl MAXES KhiliAlES l.Wu.i-jS HOURS WCRIED pREv/Axrimim'msEig Mr. Hael 90 280 Pre-war 100 300 During war at 70 180 " " " 50 100 Now # Essen51 iSackinget* 0 0 CO • 0 -4- • V O lA • •r- 4B 52i- 47 ■ * 6 Dutoh 0 18 Ukranian > HREIvUSSS Undamged and very modern construction. 'Whole plant showed evidences of unusually modem oenatruotioa. /S rf.Cf cs a/t~ /y>f ns/i n/Bf H.Rauter. Mrs.Rauter, Helena Rauter, Fritz Johan Ranter Private Ownership MA3HBERY £ E iUIH.liKT 3 Electric Furnaces for fusing porcelain teeth 6 Electric Furnaces for teeth pins W Automatics for maiding teeth pins 2 11 " " crown posts 1 Wood pin making automatic for diatorios 1 Electric grinding machine for feldspar 24 Hilling machines standard type 1 Electric oven for fusing porcelain ingredients CjvflaiR ) DIRECTOR ) PERSONNEL ETC. Continued REGISTERED OUTPUT GOST ARTICIE OR PRE WAR WAR TIME PRESENT P03SIBIE PRICES TRADE NAME 1938 19Mf 1945 till July yEARUT PER 100 Teeth Acrylic Artiraa 1,693 ,%2 At least 148 marks Translucent Verotranspa )See remarks 1944 - Porcelain 3 colour )in columns si figures Porcelain 2 colour Solo )below +> 8 EH when - Acrylic Diatoric Kusto ] 12,400,000 1,108,144 O 00 gas and coal - Porcelain Diatoric Darkzahne ( )Total production o •H O •*? -w are again 38 marks Crowns Verodens )of all porcelain •H rH available - S.S.Pin Solo Wipla ) )teeth >! nO CTn 5 CO 127 marks )132 million % * P4C\J • Sprendligen Eisenbahnstrasse Kreis Offenbact^/Main REMARKS (See interview No.31) Gan only make acrylic teeth at present owing to lack of gas and coal ADDRESSES KEG. OFFICES AND FACTORY TYHS OF ORGANISATION Limited Company • NAME OF FIRM Zahnfabrik V/einand Sohne & Co. G-.nub.h. DATE OF INVESTIGATION I 15th August, 1945* 1 MANUFACTURERS OF Artificial Teeth and Dental Ceramic Porcelain WORKS MANAGER NUMBERS EMPLOYED MAZES FEMAIE3 Wage rates - marks £er ftjlflfT MINIMUM MAXIMUM MAZES FEMALES MAXES FEMALES HDURS WORKED PREWAR FARTIME PRESEN1! Harry Weinand 74 234 in 1939 (August) .90 .70 1.30 .80 48 30/52* 30 51 235* in 1944 (March) 48 138 in 1945 (August) * No Foreign labour PREMISES Very slight bomb damage Will operate fully as soon as gas and coal are available QUEERS Dentists Supply Co., New York. 45/o of Shares Amalgamated Dental Go. Ltd,, London. 31" of Shares Fritz & Harry Weinand. of Shares DIRECTORS Mr. Fritz Weinand Mr. Harry Weinand MACHmiSRI & EQUIPMENT 2U Electric lathes for polishing pins 1 Electric stamping machines for stamping bakelite shade guides 12 Milling machines for teeth porcelain 2 Large Milling machines for grinding quartz 1 Grinding machine for feldspar 3 Rotating machines with magnets for extracting iron from porcelain 1 Wire drawing machine for pins 1 " flattening machine for pins 2 Machines for making gold clad pins 2 Machines for making S.S.Pins 3 Machines for making coils 3 Gas furnaces for fusing porcelain tooth 900° and 1300° (glazing)) PERSONNEL ETC. 140