r£M No. 8 
lLE No. XXXI—86 
COPY No.... 122- 
CHEMICAL WARFARE INSTALLATIONS 
IN THE MUNSTERLAGER AREA 
~ f - 
COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES 
SUB-COMMITTEE Investlgatlon of Chemical Warfare 
Installations in the Munsterlager 
Area, including Raubkammer, 
Reported by 
W/C. A. K. MILLS, 
M.A.P. 
CIOS Item 8 
Chemical Warfare 
COMBINED INTELLIGENCE OBJECTIVES SUB-COMMITTEE 
0-2 Division. SHAEF (Rear) APO Ll3 Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munsterlager area, including Saubkammer 
CONTENTS 
1• Introduction. 
2. Organization of German Chemical Warfare Development. 
3* General description of Baubhammer and neighbouring establishments. 
4. History of German Chemical Warfare Development. 
5. Summary and Appreciation of German Chemical Warfare Development. 
(A) Defensive aspects. 
(b) Offensive aspects. 
(C) Smoke. 
(D) Experimental Manufacture. 
(E) Charging Methods. 
(?) General. 
6. Japanese Chemical Warfare. \ 
Appendix I, Field Trials Organization. 
" II. Defensive Aspects, 
M III. Medical aspects. 
" IV, Chemical Munitipns. 
" V# Production development. 
" VI. Research. 
" VII. Synonyms of Chemical Warfare Agents. 
n VITI. Nebeltruppen. 
M IX* Miscellaneous information. (a) Heeres Munitions Anstalt. Celle, 
(b) " " Oerrelo 
(c) 11 " Muna Ost« 
Appendix X. German Chemical Warfare Tactics, PERSONNEL OF INTERVIEWING TEAM 
Team Leader - Wing Commander A.K. Mills, Ministry of Aircraft 
Production. 
(Br.) 
Dejarty Leader - Major Loyd B. Harris; C.W.3. - H.Q., Etousa (Rear) 
Members - Lt.Golonel E.A. Perren, G.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.) 
Lt.Golonel H.L. Green, C.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.) 
Lt.Golonel H. Cullumbine, R.A.M.C., C.D.E.S., 
Porton. 
(Br.) 
Lt.Golonel S.H.Fryer, C.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.5 
Lt.Golonel S.A, Mumford, C.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.) 
Lt.Golonel D. Eccleshall, C.D.R.E., Sutton Oak. 
(Br.) 
Major Harry S. Johnson, C.W.S., 44th Chemical 
Laboratory, U.S.Army. 
Major A.E, Bradshaw, C.D.E.S., Porton. 
(3r.) 
Major C.H.G. Hands, C.D.R.E., Sutton Oak. 
(Br.) 
Major S.J. Steadman, C.D.E.S,, Porton. 
(Br.) 
Major A.H. Armstrong, Medical Officer, Attached 
No.1 Chemical Warfare Laboratory, 
(Canada) 
Captain R.R. Williams, G.D.R.E., Sutton Oak. 
(Br.) 
Captain H.L. Snyder, C.W.S., 44th Chemical 
Laboratory (U.S.Army.) Members 
(Contd.) 
- Captain R.E.P, Edelsten, Ministry of Supply. 
(Br.) 
Captain J.M« Wright, G.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.) 
Captain O.R. Hertel, C.W.S., H.Q. Etousa (Rear) 
Captain A* Bellingham-Smith, C.D.E.S., Porton. 
(Br.) 
n t s 
q The team acknowledge with gratitude the co-operation of the 
icer Commanding and officers and\).Rs. of the Canadian No.1 Chemical 
rfare Laboratory, who gave great assistance., especially in the 
amination of the contents of and in elucidating the markings found 
various shells and bombs. They v/ish also to acknowledge the 
R6!^063 Chemical Defence Laboratory, and of Major K.J.B.Earle, 
Technical Officer, C.J., 2nd British Army. 
of investigation 
23rd April to 3rd June, 1943« 1 • Introduction 
The Munsterlager target was intended to embrace all chemical 
warfare installations on the Luneberger Heide, a tract of land 
situated between Luneberg and Celle and centred roughly about the 
town of Munster. Or investigation it was found to include the 
following separate inscallations, 
1. Heeresversuchstelle, {Army Experimental Station) RaubkammeJ 
bsi Munster. 
2. Heeres Nebelfullstelle, (Army Charging Station) Munster No? 
3* Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe (Air Force Experimental 
Station), Munster Nord. 
4* Various establishments concerned with Nebeltruppen. 
Munster Ost. 
6, Luftwaffe Munitions Anstalt (Air Force Munitions 
Establishment), Oerel. 
7* Heeres Munitions Anstalt (Array Munitions Establishment), 
Celle. 
On reaching the target it was found that during recent months 
an evacuation of sections of the Army Ordnance Department dealing 
with chemical warfare development, (Wa Pruf 9) and of Heeres 
Gasschutzlaboratorien (Array Q-as Defence Laboratory) Berlin-Spandau 
(Spandau) had been proceeding to Raubkammer. A quantity of equipment 
much of it as yet unpacked, from Spandau, and a number of documents 
from Spandau and Berlin were found. A considerable number of 
important members of Wa pruf 9 and of Spandau were available for 
interrogation, and it quickly became evident that, especially in 
view of the situation in Berlin, the Munster Lager target had 
largely absorbed the Spandau and Berlin targets and had in fact 
become the key centre for obtaining information on the development 
of German Chemical Warfare. In addition, it became evident that 
Berlin, Spandau and Raubkammer were very closely inter-re la ted and 
consequently in this report, they are treated as one entity. 
This report is based upon an examination of the range, labor- 
atories, plant and equipment, upon a preliminary examination of a 
mass of documents and samples, and upon a thorough questioning of 
available witnesses. These with scarcely an exception were co- 
operative. The important witnesses interrogated are marked in 
Tables I, II and III with an asterisk, but in addition to these, a 
number of subordinate grades were also questioned. These are 
referred to where necessary in the body of the report. The report is believed to give a fairly comprehensive picture 
of German chemical warfare research and development# The details given 
are, however, not complete, and as further witnesses become available, 
and when the documents and samples have been exhaustively examined, 
it should be possible to give supplementary*details# 
In particular, information is scanty on such subjects as the 
toxicities of new compounds, research on ointments and impregnites 
and production figures of C#W# agents and equipment# To fill these 
gaps requires the questioning of certain key personnel, who up t9 the 
conclusion of this investigation had not been traced# A list of these 
people is given in Table VTI* 
The thorough examination of the documents evacuated is not 
expected to give a great deal more information as the most important 
and recent ones had all been destroyed# Those discovered were, with 
exception of three sets of microfilms which may contain data of 
value, mainly old or of secondary importance# 
Organization of German Chemical Warfare Development 
The organizations of Wa pruf 9, Spandau and Raubkararaer, are 
given in Tables I, II and III. 
The following are some brief biographical details of the heads 
°f V/a Pruf 9 and of Raubkammer 
Oberst Dr Walter Hirsch. 
Oberst Hirsch was bom at Leoben in Steuermark on 8#2#97* He 
became an officer in the Austrian Army and in i 9i6 was a Lieutenant 
Gas Defence officer. He served first in Russia and then in 
Italy where he became a prisoner of war# 
In 1918 he went to the Technical High School, Graz, for three 
semesters and subsequently was again called to the Army# 
n Prom 1925 to 1929 he spent 8 semesters at the University of 
studying Chemistry and*Physics and received the degree of 
Phil, for work on perylene and indanthrene carried out with 
I*of. Zincke# 
1934. He went to the Kriegstechnisch Amt, Vienna, and was put in 
charge of a small gas defence technical laboratory with the 
rank of major# 
posted to the Waffenamt, Berlin, where he was first - 
Referant in Group VI and then Head of Group VT, Wa Pruf 9« Dec. 1940. Sent to Russian front in charge of a Decontamination 
Battery. 
6.41 • His battery equipped with 28 and 32 cm. Schwerwurf 
gerate. 
1.42 Recalled to Berlin. 
3*42 Appointed Head of Wa pruf 9 in succession to Oberst 
Schmidt. 
Major General Richter 
Born 30.5.85. An artillery officer whose first contact with 
gas warfare appears to have been when he was posted in 1933 to 
Waffenamt S. In this year he was sent out to Tomka to disband the 
experimental station there. In 1934 he returned to G-ermany and was 
ordered to find and set up a suitable trial ground for gas warfare 
trials. He chose Raubkanmer and was in command of the Truppenubungs- 
platz, Munster Lager, whilst all the buildings at Raubkammer were 
erected. 
He appears to have had veiy little idea of the actual technical 
side of the work which was going on and was obviously merely in 
charge of the administration* He himself described his work as being 
"to see that every one worked the proper hours and that the necessary 
gates were closed for trials”. He appeared to be more in touch with 
the work which was going on at the Nebeltruppenlager and was able to 
describe some of the training which was carried out there. 
The head of Wa Pruf 9 occupied a very similar position in German 
chemical warfare to that of G.C.D.D. in U.K. and to that of the 
Assistant Chief, C.W.S* Technical Division. He controled and directed 
all the research, development and test proceeding in all three estab- 
lishments. To assist him in this, a committee consisting of members 
of his staff, were constituted as Gruppe I of Wa Pruf 9, but in fact 
this committee seldom met and control was virtually in the hands of 
Oberst Hirsch. He compiled a programme of work, but there was no 
formal machinery for obtaining the views of the user departments on 
this programme, and as far as can be gathered, these views were 
conveyed to Wa Pr&f 9 in an ad hoc manner. 
Wa Pmf 9 were concerned only with the development of the 
chemical side of monitions. The detailed design of the "ironmongery” 
of shell was the business of Wa prof 1 and of bombs of the Luftwaffe. 
The head of Wa Tr\t 9 delegated the direction of various aspects 
of work to the Groups and subdivisions given in Table I. The heads of 
these subdivisions known as "Referanten", have the detailed control the work proceeding in the Spandau laboratories and the Raubkammer 
each one dealing with the laboratory and field section corres- 
with his own section of Wa Pruf 9* To a considerable extent 
146 numbering corresponded, for instance, the referant of Group Vlb 
Controlled the work of VXbL Spandau and is largely concerned with 
Baubkammer# The workers at Spandau and Raubkaramer were allowed 
® no more chemical warfare than was absolutely necessary to 
work, although necessarily the referanten in Wa pHif 9 had to 
a somewhat broader picture. The general C.W. knowledge of all 
personnel questioned, except the very highest in rank, was found to 
much less than to be found in corresponding ranks in the American 
** British service. 
_ , The numbers of employees at the three establishments were as 
Allows 
Wa pmf 9 143 (peak 200 in 1944)* 
Spandau 450 (peak 450 in 1944;* 
Raubkaiaaer 500 (peak 800), 
, The linkage between the three establishments may be illustrated 
fj c°naiderincr the method of investigating new compounds of possible 
Warfare interest 
New ideas were obtained from five sources - (l) Their own 
ot?®arch, (2.) scientific literature, (3) Industry, via patents, or 
1|a*1*rwiae, (4) University work, (5) Intelligence, The new compound 
tried against animals in a 2 or 3 chamber at a oonccn- 
of 500 mg/m5, either at Spandau or the Military Academy, 
This test was found to eliminate about 99 per cent of com- 
tried. Successful compounds were then examined at F3 
in respect of physical and chemical properties, and again, 
By TOLL Spandau for toxicological properties in 10, 50 
hums chambers. Lachrynators and irritants were tested against 
and lethal gases against animals, the success 
C0lt for the latter being a lethal Gt of 1000 mg.min0/m5. The 
****** 'was next examined by the Spandau laboratories VIcL — 
in va8^*11 VTbL - thermal generator, and VlaL for behaviour 
andV^ri°Ua cnvireraseat8. This last was conducted in an ingenious 
apparatus in which temperature, humidity and air speed 
rainfall imitated and into which a large number 
0tmr^r°aentative sells could be introduced. By this time all 
had been eliminated except perhaps two or three per 
Laboratories TTTi and IJIL then considered the effective- 
and collective protection towards the new gases, 
iHbiL studied recognition and analysis and VIcL studied 
dispersion, using the 250 and 1000 m5 chambers at Spandau. Bursting trials in shell were next conducted by Gruppe VI 
in the Messhaus at Raubkammer, followed by field trials using the 
Vauzet tower or the Schienenkreis, (for details of these installa- 
tions, see Appendix l). These tests usually eliminated all but 
approximately one compound out of every thousand originally con- 
sidered© The final stage was the examination of the raw material 
position, the manufacturing process (VITIL and RVTIl) and storage 
problems, which again usually eliminated more than half the sur- 
vivors© It is interesting to note that it was not until this final 
stage had been reached that the Luftwaffe was informed of the 
position, so that they could give consideration to the use of the 
new compound in bombs* 
Information was obtained on the functions of various other 
departments of the Army and other services in so far as they related 
to Chemical Warfare, This information is given in Table IV. In 
Table V M the chain of responsibility concerning chemical warfare 
in the Array is shown and Table VI is a diagrammatic representation 
of the relationships between Wa pruf 9 and branches of other Service 
Ministries© 
It will be noted that no mention of the S.S. occurs in any of 
these tables. Although the S.S, had its own Waffenamt (Ordnance 
department) with a chemical section, it was believed not to have its 
own chemical warfare organisation. The head of the S.S© Waffenamt 
was General Gerloff© This organization worked entirely 
separately from the Amy Ordnance department, and Pr&f 9 were not 
allowed to give the S.S© any information, unless special permission 
had been obtained© The only possible link with the S.S© may have bee*1 
through Wa.P. whose head. Prof. Schumann was well established in the 
Nazi organization© The activities of Wa©P© are referred to more 
fully in Appendix IK© It was also known that the factory at 
Palkenhagen for the manufacture of N-Stoff (chlorine trifluoride) 
was handed over to the direction of Ubergruppenfuhrer Schwab, a 
well-known S.S. chemist. 
3. General Description of Raubkammer and neighbouring establishment 
The Truppenubuengsplatz (Training Area) is situated just North 
of Munster and consists of a fenced somewhat rectangular area of 
forest and heath about 16 km© x 8 km. This area was used as an 
experimental ground for Heeresversuchstelle Raubkammer and 
Erprobungstelle Luftwaffe and as a training ground for the 2nd 
Lehr (Training) Battalion of the Nebeltruppen (smoke troops), 
stationed at the NebeHager (smoke depot)© Descriptions of the 
rang? and its equipment and of the various buildings mentioned below* 
will be found in the Appendices. A sketch map is attached as pig.I. 
The main administrative and laboratory buildings are situated 
in the South-west comer of the Truppenubungsplatz about one mile from the town of Munster. This area (Fig.il) lies within an inner 
enclosure and contains an administrative block, an analytical section 
(RIl), a section dealing with field trial apparatus and photography 
(Rl); a decontamination a defensive appliance section (Rill); 
garages, workshops and gunsheds (RIV); medical section (RV); physio- 
logical laboratories with animal houses (RVTl); hutted barracks and 
verious ancillary buildings. 
Just outside the gates of the main closed area is the Officier 
Heim, - a kind of officers mess - and the officers fyotel, (used for 
Accommodating official visitors) as well as the Commandant’s house and 
a number of well built family quarters® 
Along the road leading to Wriedel and each within its own enclosure 
are to be found the following sections (or separate establishments)® 
First, a section (RVl) dealing with the preparation of experimental 
army gas munitions, which includes an office block and various weapon 
filling rooms and storage bunkers® Next is the Nebelf&llstelle, a 
large establishment for charging shell, nebelwerfe and chemical mines, 
and adjacent to this the Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe, an independent 
Establishment working in co-operation with Raubkammer for the pre- 
paration of experimental gas air munitions® The next section is RIX, 
**°r veterinary work, which is still incomplete, and finally R7III which 
°ontains pilot plants for investigating the manufacture of new chemical 
agents. In all these sections (except the Erprobungs telle der 
were found Spandau laboratory equipment in various stages 
°f unpacking. 
An account of the Nebeltruppen is given in Appendix VIII. 
Brief descriptions of the Heeres Munitions Austelle (Army Munitions 
Establishment) Celle, the shell dump at Munster Ost, and the Luftwaffe 
Munitions Anstalt (Air Force Munitions establishment) Oerrel, are 
Siven in Appendix IX. 
History of German Chemical Warfare Development 
The following summary of German Chemical Warfare research and 
development from 1924 onwards was obtained by interrogation. 
Min. Moyn and two co-workers, working under the 
Inspectorate fur Waffen und G-er&t started work on the 
preparation and study of known agents to obtain data on 
protection. A few extra-mural teams were involved. 
1525. Work continued. Staff increased by two. 
1^ Work continued. Analytical methods under study. 1927. Transfer of Group, without expansion, to the Waffenamt 
as Pruf S, 
1928, Trials at Tomka, about 20 Km. west of Volsk., in Russia, 
commenced. Trials personnel approximately 30. 
1929-1931® No change. 
1932-3® Trials at Tomka ceased. 
1934» Pruf S taken over by Major Dr Rudiger, as Wa Pruf 9, 
and expansion commenced. The emphasis was on gas 
protection; work commenced on detection and identifi- 
cation, Search for new agents in hand. 
1935* Expansion continued. Field trials with improvised 
materials began at Munster, Building began at Munster 
and Spandau. 
1936. CN and mustard adopted as the service C,W, agents, and 
development and testing of munitions for these agents 
predominated. Planning of factories, storage and 
filling plants for CN and mustard, 
Spandau and Munster essentially constructed. Search for 
new compounds continued; Tabun discovered* 
1937. Strength of Pruf 9 now 80, Activities as before, 
Spandau and Munster working on development of experi- 
mental technique. 
1938* Oberst Lieut, Dip. Eng, Schmidt head of Pruf 9> the 
strength of which was now 120, with expansion essentially 
concluded. Great efforts to finalise design of CN and 
mustard weapons to enable provision to commence. 
Intensive work on DA, DC; and DM, Trials at Munster to 
establish tactical principles. Experiments with Tabun 
at Spandau and Munster. Discovery of Sarin, 
Ammendorf commences manufacturing mustard and nitrogen 
mustard. 
Bitterfeld starts manufacturing phosgene, 
Seelse starts making CN. 
1939* Similar to 1938* Experiments on arsenides,, Investi- 
gation of material from Czecholsovakia and Poland, 
Dyhemfurth goes into production. 
19¥)„ Similar to 1939® Limitation of farther work to such as 
might be expected to be concluded in 1941* Investi- 
gation of French material, Haselhorst goes into pro- 
duce t ion© 194-1, Intensification of v/ork on viscous mustard. Air Force 
trials and charging of Air Force weapons received special 
attention. Excelsior studied at low priority# Gendorf 
goes into production. 
194-2, Oberst Dr. Hirsch head of Pruf 9* 
Changing over to new raw materials began to take up much 
effort, as materials became more and more difficult to 
obtain. The D-niustard process to be closed down. The 
difficulties of the Russian winter occasioned experiments 
at low temperatures in Norway, Work was limited, however, 
to questions of gas protection and smoke. For the require- 
ments of the African theatre of war, smoke munitions were 
tested in North Africa. Experiments with substances such 
as HGN and CNC1 gained importance in view of the poss- 
ibility of their mass employment from the air. Special 
experiments at Spandau and Raubkammer as before; filling 
trials with Tabun and viscous H in the foreground. Trials 
with close combat munitions at Spandau and Raubkammer. 
Production stopped except at Gendorf and Dyhemfurth. 
1943« An increase of personnel became necessary as the ever- 
increasing Allied air superiority heightened the probability 
of gas warfare against Germany, The heavy bombing attacks 
on Berlin provided the occasion of the removal of a part 
of Pruf 9 to Raubkammer. In all work the question of pro- 
tection loomed even larger than before, since previously 
gas warfare was considered improbable, whereas now the 
danger that the Allies would start it was considered to 
be a real one. The provision of close combat weapons 
began to become more important. Experiments at Raubkammer 
to study tactics and to examine effects of weather. 
Series of field trials with Tabun. 
Specially intensive v/ork on defensive problems. Straggle 
against raw material difficulties. Intensifying of 
experimental work on Tabun and the Sarin group. Trials 
on armoured combat with close range weapons. 
A small increase of personnel, chiefly on the defensive 
side. At the beginning of March, removal of Pruf 9 as well 
as the major part of the Spandau personnel to Raubkammer, 
Work as in 1944. Sarin scheduled for production at 
Dyhemfurth at the rate of 100 tons per month commencing 
midyear. Sarin plant at Palksnhagen with capacity 300 
tons/month about 25 per cent complete. 5o Summary and appreciation of German Chemical Warfare Development 
(A) Defensive aspects 
The German measures for the defence against gas were highly 
organized and characterised by the multiplicity and elaborate 
nature of the devices developed for individual and collective 
protection, for detection and for decontamination. Much was 
already known to us from captured material and documents, particu- 
larly since the D-day landings, but the investigation at Raubkammer 
served to clear many points that were obscure and a great deal of 
detailed information was gained on the German methods and the 
trend of their developments. Details are given in Appendix II; 
comments of general interest are dealt with below. 
(i) Respirators. The German design of respirator container 
was greatly influenced by their fear of the use against 
them of hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride in high 
concentrations. To meet the danger from hydrogen 
cyanide they Introduced the Pe42. container and later 
they impregnated the charcoal with crude higher horao- 
logues of pyridine in order to obtain better protection 
against cyanogen chloride. Some 8 million Pe42 con- 
tainers were manufactured, but the opinion was expressed 
that their introduction was a mistake; the facepiece 
was unbalanced and the protection was unnecessarily high. 
Adoption by the Germans of multiple layers of charcoal 
in their container was enforced upon them by supply 
considerations. The steam activated (Wsa) charcoal 
which they would have preferred to fill alone into their 
container was in demand for other purposes and only a 
third, of the quantity needed for respirator production 
could be provided. Accordingly, layers of other char- 
coal of high absorption capacity but relatively low 
retentivity introduced. Mixing of the various 
kinds of charcoal was not put into practice ov/ing to 
packing difficulties due to variation in grain size end 
shape of' the different kinds of charcoal. 
Various types of clip on extension containers were 
tried for improving the protection of existing con- 
tainers or for prolonging the life of partially 
exhausted containers. Although some of these made 
from cardboard were successful they were not accepted 
as a service store. 
There had been no recent advances in the design of 
particulate filters. The ring type paper filter had 
been found to be very effective and Y/ork was being 
devoted merely to simplifying details of manufacture. Waterproofing of the filter had been introduced some time 
ago and this was indicated by the mark on the con- 
tainer* 
Recent developments in facepiece design included a new 
type, the Gm43> with improved speech characteristics and 
an entirely new model, the GmlOO, which was being tried 
out owing to the acute shortage of rubber and other 
essential ntiterials. The Germans were impressed by 
the excellent speech valves in the British and U.S. 
respirators, and in the Gm43 they had introduced a 
form of membrane expiratory valve which, although not 
as effective as the British and U.S. devices, gave them 
5Qfo improvement over the valve in the Gm38. Owing to 
our bombing, the production of these facepieces was 
inconside rable « 
The GmlOO was made from canvas backed with a thin layer 
of rubber. The head harness was mainly of rubber and 
valves and eyepieces were of simplified design. This 
facepiece had not been made in quantity, but an even 
more simplified version, known as the Vm44* was being 
produced for the civilian population. 
Ther Germans were concerned about facepiece leakage. 
Trials in high concentrations of gas from the burst of 
bombs disclosed that there was leakage through the 
expiratory valve. Although this was not physiologically 
significant, it might be psychologically disturbing to 
the troops. Various expedients such as attaching a 
small charcoal container outside the valve proved 
successful, but the device was not actually manufactured. 
The fear of hydrogen cyanide led to the development of 
the mouthpiece and nose-clip device for quickly 
obtaining protection. About 500,000 were ordered but 
they were not in general issue. 
It is evident that the Germans endeavoured to obtain 
prodection not only against the gas concentrations 
which they knew could be attained with existing weapons 
■but also against much higher concentrations which they 
believed might be achieved in the future by improvements 
in weapon design. Iruch of their defensive effort had 
to be diverted, especially during the last year, to 
the search for substitute materials for components 
-°r their respirators. 
Collective Protection. Installations for the gas 
protection of civilian and military shelters had been 
constructed on a scale* Filtration units were 
niade in standard sizes for dealing with flow rates of 
1.2, 2.4 and 10 ra3/min. respectively* Although of conventional design, they embodied many features 
of interest which will be dealt with in the Appendix 
and in the report on Draeger-Werk. Testing was very 
thorough, particularly as regards flow rates, and, as 
production was restricted to two firms, there was no 
difficulty in obtaining uniformity in construction 
and performance. 
Lately, an attempt had been made to obtain production 
by improvised means. Sand on a bed of coke was used 
as the filter medium and was found to be effective 
against mustard vapour. A sufficiently high ven- 
tilation rate could be obtained from manually operated 
bellows made up from scrap wood and a gas plane or 
similar material. It was considered that the danger 
from non-persistent gases could be dealt with by 
closing down ventilation completely over the period of 
the attack. 
Gas protection of tanks had received considerable 
attention. The latest idea was to instal a complete 
filtration unit, including fan, dust, smoke and gas 
filters, inside the tank in order to maintain a slight 
positive pressure thus obviating the need for providing 
each member of the crew with his individual fresh air 
supply. Development was in the trial production stage, 
but the units soon suffered from the serious drawback 
of being excessively large. 
(iii) Detection* The Gasanzeiger had reached a high pitch 
of development and, apart from the possible intro- 
duction of new testing tubes, no modifications in the 
general design of the kits as issued to the forces 
were contemplated. There were indications, however, 
of a change of view on the whole question of gas 
detection in the field. Those with experience 
thought the Gasanzeiger to be too slow and difficult 
to use. Experiments were being made with silica gel 
absorbent discs which, after sampling, could be 
subjected to spot tests. Much attention was also 
being paid to detector papers. New papers had been 
developed for detecting hydrogen cyanide (also used 
for Tabun although non-specific), Tabun, Sarin and 
Soman (specific for phosphoric esters). Cyanogen 
chloride, nitrogen mustard, and carbon monoxide. 
A night detector paper for ground contaminants had 
also been developed. The Germans were greatly 
concerned with the detection of carbon monoxide, 
but apparently nothing fundamentally new in principle 
had been discovered. A semi-automatic detector for use in tanks and enclosed spaces is, however, one 
development of interest® 
The Germans were not satisfied with their detector 
paint and when the British paint was captured, it 
was copied and introduced into service® 
(iv) Protective Clothing.. Although the Germans had done a 
great deal of work on impregnated clothing, the 
investigation had never passed beyond the experimental 
stage and a general issue was not contemplated because 
of the shortage of raw materials for making the 
impregnants. They were hoping to introduce a form of 
battle-dress in 1945 when the question of impregnation 
was again to be considered. Their interest in the 
subject was first aroused by the capture of documents 
after the fall of Prance. British and American type 
impregnating agents were tried. Jackets, trousers, 
underclothes and socks were treated, but the impreg- 
nation of the latter two was not at all successful 
because of the stiffness and general unwearability of 
the finished product. A laundry impregnation method 
from a benzene dispersion and a field method from an 
aqueous dispersion using commercial emulsifiers were 
developed. Soldiers were averse to wearing the impreg- 
nated clothing because of its stiffness and smell, and 
under certain circumstances it caused dermatitis and 
cyanosis. In wear, it lasted about four weeks, and in 
storage, about six to nine months. It would appear 
that the German impregnated clothing was inferior to 
the British and American products and, in point of 
fact, it was not of much value. 
Many types of impervious clothing, both for men and 
animals, were found. The Germans were greatly con- 
cerned with the discomfort and distress due to heat and 
moisture when the clothing was worn for any length of 
time and made marry attempts to overcome this difficulty. 
A number of ingenious methods of ventilating completely 
enclosed suits were tried but none appear to have been 
successful. 
Owing to shortage of apparel and nylon, the original 
casein-ammonia coated paper had recently come back 
into production for gas planes. 
Decontamination. The methods for decontaminating 
uniforms, gas masks, leather, and rubber protective 
clothing followed on the usual lines and details are 
given in the Appendix, On the experimental side, no 
new or startling developments were apparent. Mechanical methods for ground decontamination were 'well developed* 
Articular use was made of ploughs in the field. 
(B) Offensive aspects 
The general policy of Wa Pruf 9 which guided the development 
of agents and munitions may be summed up as follows 2- 
1« Gas munitions come into three categories - harassing, 
defensive and offensive. It was considered wasteful to 
use a munition developed for one purpose for any other. 
This principle guided all work and its effect can be 
traced throughout munition design. 
.2. Harassing weapons were thoare containing ON and DC, or 
DM or newer arsenicals, 
3. Defensive weapons were those which distribute vesicants, 
usually thickened, on the ground to prevent enemy 
traversal, or occupation/fear of liquid contamination. 
for 
4. Offence could be achieved by the following means 
(a) The lavish use of agents of moderate offensive 
power such as phosgene, and initial-cloud mustard. 
(b) The use of a gas which is so lethal that it is 
effective before the respirator can be adjusted. 
(c) The use of an undetectable gas. 
The last two principles guided the research which resulted 
in the discovery of Tabun, Sarin and Soman (see below). 
The German appreciation of the tactical use of the orthodox 
gases was not highly developed. Their field trials were designed 
primarily to aid the development of individual weapons, and not 
to determine the way in which they should be used, or the 
quantities required for effective action. Their field trials 
tended to be stereotyped and unimaginative and consequently the 
inferences drawn from them were not always of a realistic nature. 
An account of German gas tactics is given in Appendix X. 
No real effort had been made to extrapolate the toxicities 
of the common O.vV. agents from animals to man and their dosage 
criteria for offensive purposes are lower than accepted in 
America and United Kingdom. Details of the German munitions are given in Appendix IV, and 
of the properties and physiological effects of the chargings, in 
Appendix III. It is proposed in the following paragraphs to 
summarise this information. 
Orthodox War Gases 
Mustard gas (and its admixtures) and phosgene were the two 
orthodox war gases into which the Germans had put their greatest 
manufacturing effort, the latter being the principal filling for 
aircraft bombs. Additional orthodox war gases, which it was pro- 
posed to use to a smaller extent, were HN-3» CN, DM and AC. 
(i) Mustard Gas. Two distinct uses for mustard gas were 
envisaged; first for non-persistent assault effect and 
secondly for persistent ground contamination effect. 
To obtain the first of these, shell and bombs with very 
large bursters had been developed and a great deal of 
effort had been put into research and experiment in 
H.E./Chem. shell and bombs. For some time this was the 
main development effort with mustard but later on 
attention was turned to obtaining ground contamination 
by means of thickened mustard from ground burst shell 
and ground burst and airburst bombs, A good deal of 
attention was also given to static methods of ground 
contamination. The use of ground contamination for 
giving offensive effects by the vapour evolved over a 
period was not fully appreciated, and ground contamin- 
ation v/as regarded as mainly effective in a defensive 
manner by creating a traversal hazard. No real 
attempt was made to determine the casualty producing 
dosage for H vapour on human skin. The H.E./Chem. 
munitions were charged with straight undiluted mustard 
(Sommerlost) for use in warm weather, and for use in 
cold weather, with various mixtures of mustard gas with, 
for example, anthracene oil, arsinol (a mixture of DA, 
phenyldichlorarsine and triphenyl arsine) and with 
isomeric dimethyl derivatives of mustard, known as 
"Winterlost". ffinterlost was used in shell only; pro- 
duction was insufficient for charging into bombs. The 
minimum density of mustard gas considered to give a 
useful ground contamination effect was 100 but 
the extent of the hazard was never determined by trial. 
The thickener used for thickened mustard (sfihlost) 
was chlorinated rubber (tornesit). A search was in 
progress for an alternative thickener ahd polystyrol 
had been chosen, polymethylmethacrylate having been 
rejected on account of non-solubility. .York had started on the use of radio, barometric and other types of 
fuze calculated to give air-burst, but little progress had 
been n#de. 
The use of mustard sprayed from a low level was advocated 
by Wa Prftf 9 hut not accepted by the Luftwaffe. The weight 
of spray falling on a man was considered the criterion of 
offensiveness, and no regard was paid to drop size, although 
it was known that larger drops were better than small ones. 
The contamination necessary to cause a clothed man to 
become a casualty was given as 5 gn/ir£, but this was an 
inference based on animal trials. No work had been done 
on high spray, although it was scheduled to commence at a 
range in Galicia in 1944» 
Work had commenced on the production of mustard gas vapour 
from thermal generators, but no success had been achieved. 
(ii) Phosgene. This gas was used in bombs only, the 250 kilo 
bomb being the standard one, with a 500 kilo bomb coming 
into use and the 1000 and 1800 kilo bombs still under 
development. Phosgene was the principal charging for 
bombs. The idea of charging shell with phosgene was 
abandoned in 1934* Phosgene was the only lung irritant 
in use. Stocks of chloropicrin were held but were for use 
as a fumigative agent. 
(iii) Nitrogen mustard. This was charged into both shell and 
bombs of the high burster type to give initial cloud 
attack. It was considered to be 20 - 30 per cent superior 
to mustard for this purpose, but was not available in 
very large quantities. 
(iv) Chloroacetophenone. This was used in shell and bombs to 
give harassing effects,, It was the only lachrymator in 
general use© 
(v) E&I. This was used in static generators, shell and bombs 
as a harassing agent. It was believed that by using 
static generators which closely resembled the French 
Engin Z it would be possible to enforce the wearing of 
the respirator continuously over a wide front to a depth 
of many kilometres for a period of days. No idea of 
penetrating the respirator was entertained. In 
examining the effects of this gas, description of 
symptoms by observers was relied on, and no performance 
tests were imposed. Blue ring 1 and Blue ring 2 shell 
were of the bursting type, but Blue ring 3 shell, a base 
ejection type, was considered greatly superior in per- 
formance to the other two, although manufacturing difficulties hindered its adoption© The use of EM and / 
arsenicals generally was restricted by a shortage of 
arsenic. 
(vi) Hydrogen cyanide. Many spraying trials had been carried 
out with AC charged into Russian VAP.500 spray tanks, 
and into the S.300, a German copy of this weapon. They 
came to the conclusion that lethal concentrations of 
AC could be put up in this way especially in tanks and 
fortifications© This conclusion was based upon what is 
considered to be the erroneously low lethal dosage for 
AC of Gt =* 1000. They would have been unable to use 
this weapon as insufficient hydrogen cyanide was 
available. 
Hand grenades and glass bulbs charged AC had been 
developed but were not in production© Both were con- 
sidered to be excellent weapons against tanks and 
fortifications© The German had had similar experiences 
to our own on the question of stability and inflammability 
of HON. 
(vii) Cyanogen chloride, was not considered to be a good war 
gas since surprise lethal effect could not be obtainedo 
A plant for its production was however under construction* 
They had apparently not considered the possibility of 
obtaining sufficiently high concentrations to defeat 
the respirator, except possibly by hand-spraying into 
fortifications, although they were well aware of the 
desorption phenomenon* 
S2»aases 
(i) Tabun, Sarin and Soman* A new gas, Tabun, (British 
To2l04) with the formula 
G2h5° 0 
. , XF\ 
had been developed and was in pro duction at Dyhernfurth 
at a scheduled rate of 1000 tons/month. This gas, which 
is a nerve poison causing contraction of the pupils at 
a very low dosage and reputed to be lethal at a dosage 
of Ct = 300 - 400 was considered to be exclusively 
useful as a non-persistent gas, and was intended for 
use only in shell. Bombs were charged with it, but only 
for storage purposes (although it seems likely that, in fact, these bombs would have been used had C.W, 
broken out)® A search for related compounds had 
been made, and as a result two important substances 
were revealed, Sarin and Soman® 
Sarin has the formula 
(CH3)2 CHO 0 
"■ p 
cH3 p 
Its lethal dosage was given as Ct = 100-150, and 
its volatility is higher than that of Tabun* More- 
over, it was stated to be odourless. Its prepara- 
tion on a large scale was difficult, but a method 
for doing this had been evolved and a pilot plant 
had been in operation at Raubkammer, scheduled for 
an output of 5 tons/week. So far, only i ton had 
been made, and clearly all problems in connection 
with the manufacture had not been overcome* It 
was intended that Sarin should replace Tabun and 
plants for its manufacture at the rate of 600 tons/ 
month were being equipped# Soman, which appears from 
the information available to be still more toxic 
than Sarin (lethal dose possibly less than 100), is 
( CHt ) -zC CH(GH,) 0 P 
CH3 0 
Its raarrcafacture was still in the laboratory experi- 
mental stage® 
The Germans were cautious about claiming too much 
for Tabun, which they recognised as having only a 
lung effect (no great stress was laid on the eye 
effects) against which the respirator was a pro- 
tection unless surprise is effected® They pointed 
out that decomposition was extensive on detonation 
and they also considered that its smell was too 
pronounced and its volatility too low restricting its 
use to warm weather conditions® Moreover, manu- 
facture was difficult and limited by a shortage of 
phosphoras. They had, however, greater hopes for 
Sarin on account of its effectiveness in low concen- 
trations and the greater chance of causing a surprise effect conferred by the absence of smell, but the diffi- 
culty of manufacture and the shortage of phosphorus 
still remained as disadvantages* 
(ii) Aeroformo This is a mixed aluminium and magnesium 
arsenide (a! 91 per cent. Mg 9 per cent) which was 
developed as the outcome of experiments to obtain 
toxic effects from incendiary bombso The first idea 
was to include arsenious oxide as a constituent of a 
thermit composition, so that metallic arsenide would 
be produced on combustion and the residue evolve arsine 
on contact with water, thus hindering fire fighting0 
This developed into the inclusion of a component con- 
taining a quantity of previously prepared metallic 
arsenide, and an incendiary bomb on this principle, 
the Bi rv/99 was manufactured in small quantities. 
It was never put into service however, as it was 
realised its use would be considered initiation of gas 
warfareo Aeroforra was the final metallic arsenide 
developed; this was made on a small research scale at 
Bitterfeld. Plans to make on a 300 tons/month scale 
at Dyhernfurth were considered and building started, 
but later given up. Aeroform generates arsine 
extremely quickly in moist air, the gas being practic- 
ally odourless. After the abandonment of the incen- 
diary bomb idea, experiments on the use of Aeroform in 
large bombs showed that in woods what was considered 
to be a lethal dosage (Gt = 1000-2000) could be 
obtained from a distribution of 50-100 g/nr. Research 
on grain size showed that there was no advantage in 
grading, the product as supplied giving sufficiently 
good results. Several thousand kilograms of Aeroform 
were captured and are being returned to U.Ko for 
distribution. The effectiveness in tropical forest, 
& subject in which the Germans were not interested, 
might be well worth while determiningo 
Phosgene oxime. The Germans had heard that the 
Russians intended to use phosgene oxime . They put a 
considerable amount of work into studying this gas and 
its mixture with mustard, and formed the opinion that 
it would constitute a potent C.W. material, largely 
owing *to the intense pain caused by contact with the 
skin. Technical details of a manufacturing method 
were being worked out at Haselhorst, 
Excelsior. This compound, 5*“chloro-5ilO dihydroarsacri 
dine was considered to be superior to MM as an irritant and had been taken to the stage of pilot plant pro- 
duction,, It had the disadvantage of being difficult 
to handle, because of ease of decomposition in the 
presence of air and moisture, and no decision had 
been made to adopt it* 
(c) Smoke 
The German Array had no very great interest in smoke, 
although both the Luftwaffe, for anti-aircraft screening, and 
the Navy used it in large quantities* Latterly, the Army had 
begun to take more interest, after noting the uses to which 
smoke was put by the Allied Forces* There were a number of 
generators of the smoke mixture type available which, although 
efficient, present no outstanding point of interest* The 
apparatus for using chlorosulphonic acid mixture was of 
excellent construction, this material being used almost 
exclusively for anti-aircraft screening* They were, however, 
beginning to consider the use of black smoke generators of a 
conventional type for use at night# They did not use oil smoke 
and were mystified by the oil smoke generators used by the 
Allied Armies* Smoke shell, rockets and mortar bombs contained 
sulphur trioxide, the reason being that this was available 
whereas phosphorus was not* They were developing base ejection 
shell which were considered preferable to ground burst sulphur 
trioxide shell, but had not achieved production on a large 
scale* 
(d) Experimental Manufacture 
Units capable of investigating the manufacture of new 
war gases up to a capacity of about 10 tons material per week 
were available at Raubkammer* Hants for Excelsior and for 
Sarin were in existence* The former had produced about 10 
tons of good product, but the latter had so far produced no 
more than 0*5 ton* The plants embody several novel features, 
which are described in Appendix V„ Some of the stages 
necessary for the production of Sarin introduce difficult 
design problems and it does not appear that these had by any 
means been fully solved, although a large output of Sarin at 
Dyhemfurth was scheduled to begin in the summer of 1945» Most 
of the experimental work on mustard production was carried 
out at I.G-. factories* Production methods for DA, ArsinSl, 
lewisite and phosgene oxime appears to have been studied at the 
Lonal Works, Haselhorst. 
(e) Charging methods 
The machines used for charging of weapons were of two 
types, automatic and semi-automatic* Puller details of these machines which were designed by Hagenuk, than are given in 
Appendix IV will be obtainable at another target, but the 
impression formed was that the automatic machines are highly 
complicated and rt ..re very skilled maintenance, whereas the 
semi-automatic machines err on the side of clumsiness. The 
layout of the Nebelfdllstelle which is one of the five charging 
plants existing in Germany was very well done apart from the 
charging machines themselves, and the general disposition is 
considered most convenient and efficient® 
(f) General 
The total effort put by the Germans into chemical war- 
fare research and development was considerable, the scientific 
staffs employed as far as can be ascertained, being about 
double the numbers employed in Great Britain, The buildings 
and equipment provided were on a lavish scale, and it was clear 
that not only was no expense grudged in providing laboratory 
space and apparatus ample for the immediate programme, but that 
reserve stocks and space were available for accommodating a 
large expansion of research staff. 
The outstanding achievement of German chemical warfare 
research has undoubtedly been the discovery of Tabun, Sarin 
and Soman, Apart from this, however, there was a surprising 
lack of originality in their work, and important phases of C.W®, 
such as micrometeorology, the vapour effect from mustard 
ground contamination and ointments were given small or belated 
attention. When once the significance of a discovery or 
development was seen, however, it was usually followed with 
great thoroughness, particularly was this so when an 
intelligence report of any new development in an enemy country 
was obtained, and it is a remarkable fact that a great deal of 
"the total research effort went into the pursuing of such ideas 
with the greatest tenacity. Another great part of the German 
research effort was, in the last two years, put into the 
discovery of substitutes lor various raw materials and inter- 
mediates which were, owing to Allied bombing, becoming 
difficult to obtain. 
Japanese chemical warfare 
ic t was Possikie to obtain any information on Japanese chem- 
be^1 since little exchange of information took place 
10 rSen &ermtxn3 the Japanese® The former in 1944 supplied 
facepieces, 50 Fe41 containers and 10 or 20 carbon monoxide 
the erS unknown) for examination by the Japanese; in return 
to have received Japanese facepieces and containers but 
36 never materialised® A Japanese naval officer in 1943 visited Spandau to obtain information on caroon monoxide filters, and he 
may possibly have later visited the firm of Auer. 
A monthly liaison meeting was held at which Oberst Hirsch and 
Min. Rat. Dwilling met Col. Otiai, a Japanese Technical attach!*. 
These meetings were for the purpose of exchanging foreign C.W. 
intelligence, but in fact the meetings never lasted more than half 
an hour and consisted of nothing more than a brief general conver- 
sation. No information of any interest was given. ‘Oberst Hirsch 
had instructions not to divulge any information concerning G-erman 
C.W. preparations or development• He could give no information on 
any aspect of Japanese Chemical Warfare. Table i 
Wa, Pruf, 9 
Head 
- Oberst 
Hirsch * 
Adjutant - Major Heitefuss 
&**oup 
I 
Organisation and 
Direction 
Oberst von Dechend Sodemann 
la 
Technical matter 
Min, R, Prof, Marks * 
lb 
Ic 
Chemical matters 
Service matters 
ORBR Prof. Wagner * 
Id 
Correspondence with 
In* 9. 
II 
Gas Defence 
Min, Rat Dr, Schmidt * 
Ha 
Gas masks etc* 
Oberstlieut Wobit 
Hb1 
Respirator fillings 
RBR Dr, Mieller * 
IIb2 
Gas planes etc. 
RBR DR, Strauss, Ing,Schmid, 
III. 
Decontamination and 
Gas Detection 
Prof. Fritz Wirth 
Ilia 
Collective protection 
OB Ing Pranke 
II lb 
Detection 
RBR Dr. Guggolz * 
IIIc 
Decontamination of 
ground and foodstuffs 
ORBR Dr, v, Mullenheim 
Pranzke 
aroup 
IV- 
Mechanical 
Min, R, Prof. Marks * 
IV a 
Ground Decontamination 
" ) - Ing 
XVb 
Troop Decontamination 
tt M )Canzler * 
iVc 
Filling Plant 
RBR Dr, Muller 
V 
Extra Mural Research 
ORBR Prof, Wagner * 
Va 
General Chemistry 
Dr, Reimer 
Vb 
Card Index etc. 
Dr, Roch 
Vc 
Censorship 
Dr, Rauchhaupt 31 
Vd 
Literature 
Dr. Roch 
0Up 
VI 
Gas and Smoke Weapons 
Min, Rat, Weinberg * - 
Adjut Mengele * 
Via 
Ground Contamination 
ORBR Dr, Nobbe * - 
Obit Dr. Gabel 
vib 
VXb(D 
Smoke and Gas Clouds 
( „ ) 
Dr, Kappes * 
Dr, Kappes * - Ob, Amt, 
Vlb(2) 
7 Gas clouds \ 
Gritzka * 
Vlb(3) 
vibM 
Vic 
Vld 
Smoke equipment 
Ob. ing, Thiel 
Grenades, igniters, etc. 
Infantry and Small Anns. 
Artillery 
Dr, Plugel, Alfred * 
Dr, Bull * 
RBR Dr, Schreiner. 
Dr, Schmeiss 
Vie 
VI f 
Meteorology 
Air Weapons 
RBR Dr, Kaiser 
ORBR Dr. Nobbe x Group VII 
Vila 
Vllb 
Vile 
Testing of new 
substances 
Field Trials 
hygiene and Bacter- 
iology 
Oberstabartz Prof. 
Or. Wolfgang Wirth 
Oberstabartz Dr, Kruse * 
ft sr 
Oberstabartz Or, Prusener 
Prof. Kliewe, 
Oberstabartz, 
Group VIII 
VIII(a) 
VIII(b) 
VIIl(c) 
G.W, Manufacture 
Technology 
Chemistry of 
Manufacture 
Factories 
if 
Ministerialrat Or. v. d. Linde 
Ministerialrat Or, v.d. Linde 
Reg B. Or, Gebhardt 
Group DC 
Finance etc0 
Obltn Klingbeil 
Group X 
Si 
Incendiaries 
Attack of Tanks 
Min. Rat, Or, Stantien 
Sdf Or, |fHerold 
Haupt Bohm 
Group XI 
Patents 
ORBR Dr, Janssen * 
Dr, Winkler * gone to V. W, I* 
Group XII 
Intelligence 
Min. Rat, Dr, Dwilling M 
Major Clement 
GRoup xm 
Veterinary 
Oberstabstartz Or.Reinecke 
Stabsvet Or, Meyer 
" Dr, 
” Dr, Turrel 
Dr, Niemann 
4.B.V. 
Special duties as 
occasion arose. 
Oberst. Von. Sicherer 
* Interviewed 
during compilation of this report. TABLE II 
Heeres Gasschutz Laboratorium Spandau 
Leiter - Qberst Dielitz + 
P1 
Chemical Synthesis 
0,B, Dr, 51 
O.Bo Dr. Bottger 
P2 
Analytical Chemical 
Dr, Kolliker, Rudolf + 
Dr, Wolf 
Dr, Schiinker 
Lab, 
1. 
Polarimetry 
Dr. Under 
Dr, Vogt, Heinz 
Lab, 
2. 
Sarin and Tabun 
Work 
Dr, Wolf, Johannes 
Lab, 
3, 
Booty examination 
HGN determinations 
Ampoules for Storage 
trials. 
Dr. Schluter, Rudolf 
Lab, 
4. 
Mustard derivatives 
Dr, Kobs, Hans * 
Lab. 
5- 
Chamber trials 
Dr, Ulm, Rudolf * 
Lab, 
6. 
Sarin research 
Dr, Kolliker 
P3 
Microchemical and 
Physicochemical 
Phys, Measurements - 
Smoke 
Adsorption and 
Desorption of 
charcoal. 
Mol. height Measure- 
ment s. 
Prof, Jung 
B, schweckendick x 
Dr. Wolf * 
Dr, Holm 
Dr, Siemens, 
Dr, Kasel * 
Pi, 
Measurements or Con- 
centrations on Films 
etc. 
O.BR, Dr, Zeumer 
Dr, Leopold 
Dr, Sperling 
P5 
Library 
Dr, Metzener 
Dr, Crassow * ILL 
Personal Protection 
O.B. Dr. Kook 
Dr« Bottnan 
Dr. Mai 
Dr. Sch&ndWD * 
II XL 
Collective Protection 
O.B. Dr. Schultz - 0 verb erg 
IIIaL 
Filter units 
Dr. Abel 
IIIbL 
Detection and Recog. 
Dr. Schaeffler 
Dr. R, Schonemann, Rudolf * 
IIIcL 
Decontamination 
Dr, Meiner *■ 
- Gunzel * 
IVL 
Mechanical 
O.B. Dr, Holtzapfel 
VWL 
Physiological Chemical 
Dr. Winkler ■ 
VlaL 
Ground contamination 
O.B. Dr, Stuhldreer, * 
Dr. Heinz Peigs * 
Lab. 1. 
Dust 
Dr, Peigs * 
* 
Bolke 
Lab. 2, 
Organic chemicals 
Dr. Pusting 
Lab. 3. 
Organic chemicals 
N 
Dr. F us ting 
Lab. 4* 
Mustard 
Dr. Stuhldreer 
bL 
Smoke and thermal 
generators 
O.B. Dr, Marin, 
O.B. Dr, Hildebrand 11 
Dr. Carls 11 
Dr, Mehls, Karl K 
Dr, Tanne, 11 
Dr. Herrmann 
cL 
Small scale develop- 
ment of shells - HE 
tests for shells. 
Dr, Strasser, Otmar M 
Dr. Fensch, Walt her M 
dL 
Meteor 
Dr, Boschmann (?) VlIL Toxicology 
Oberstartz Dr, Sextel 
H.A, Dr, Bdttger, Gerhard * 
VlIIL . Semi-Technical Scale 
Dr, Dorken 
Plant, 
Dr, Niggemeier 
Dr, Stadler * 
Dr, Schusteritz M 
Oherst Dielitz and Dr, Kolliker were 
during the fighting in Berlin. 
stated to have been killed 
Interviewed during the compilation of this report. TABLE III 
Heeres Versuchstelle Raubkammer Bei Munster 
Leiter - General - Maj Richter* 
Hauptburd A1 
Administration 
Major Bauer * 
Bereich 
Alb 
Bereich 
A2 
Finance 
Oherzahlm Lowenstadt 
Bereich 
A3 
Q.M. Stores 
Oberschirrm Ropers 
Bereich 
M- 
. O.R.B.R. Dietz x 
Bereich 
B 
Ordnance Stores 
Obberinspektor Hahn 
Bereich 
RI 
Field Triads 
Major Pistor * 
Ungeft Zachow *(Photography) 
Bereich 
RII 
Chemical Analysis 
O.R.B.R. Weinzierl * 
Bereich 
RIII 
Decontamination and 
Detection 
R, B. Dr. Kuhk * 
Bereich 
RIV 
Vehicles and Work- 
shops. Modifications 
and prototype con- 
struction. 
O.R.B.R, Dietz * 
Bereich 
HV 
Medical (Field Trials) 
and Toxicology 
Stabsartz Dr, Budde 
Bereich 
RVI 
Experimental Filling 
and Charging Plant 
Cheraiker Dr, Vogel 11 
Admini s tr at i on 
Insp, Striebel 31 
Bereich 
RVII 
Medical (Treatment 
of Casualties) 
Oberstabsartz Prfiaener * 
Bereich 
RVIII 
G, rt. gas Pilot Plant 
Supervisor 
G, I. house on sarin 
manufacture 
R.B.R, Dr. Erwin Fahrenheit 
Dr, Jannsen,Rudolf * Shift foremen 
(Dr, Schusteritz 51 
(Dr, Killinger * 
(Dr, Richter * 
G, Houses 
Ex* Plant 
Dr, .artelt, Heinz * 
Ing, Schneidewind 
Bereich RIX Veterinary 
Prof, Doctor Borchers * 
(till Jan, 1945) 
Stahsvet erinar Meyer 
Stahsveterinar Knebel 
Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe 
Air Force weapons 
FL, Stabs, Mg, Dr, Pritzkow. 
FL. Stabsing, Dr, Multone. 
Smoke and chemical aspects of 
G, l0 use, 
of S. G, I, and i/c 
Workshops, 
FL, Stab sing Gruner. 
PL, Stabsing Duschrott 
FL, Haupting, Dr, Prank. 
PL, Haupting. Dr, Mart haler c 
FL, Ing. Beckert, 
Heeres Nebelfullstelle. 
Munster Nord 
Depot 
Hpt, Baumann, Karl, 
Officer 
Lt, Bauer, 
** t» 
Lt. Ritter, * 
Foreman 
Plants, 
Trautmann, Georg * 
Interviewed during compilation of this report. Usual name or 
abbreviation. 
Full name. 
Chief personalities. 
Functions. 
Generalstabdo 
Heeres: 
General der 
Nebeltruppe 
Generali eutnant Ochsner, 
Oberstleutnant Heimann. 
Oberleutnant Kassebarth, 
Training and equipment of troops in the field. 
Liaison between General Staff - AHA - <«aA, 
General questions of gas defence, at first for 
Anqy only. Since 1st April, 1945 for OKIST, 
Publication of Intelligence Summary concerning 
Gas warfare preparations in foreign lands. 
Chief advisor in OKW, 
General der 
Panzer truppe 
Inspekteur 
der Panzer- 
truppe. 
General der Panzertruppe 
Guderian 
Oberstleutnant 
Dr. Korbler 
General gas protection for Panzer motorized 
units. 
Defensive and Offensive munitions for A,P,Vfs, 
Gen, d, Pic u, P, 
General der 
Pioniere und 
Pestungen 
General der Pioniere 
Jacob einige Pachbear- 
beiter. 
Gas defence for forts, assault equipment 
against forts. 
General beim 
Chef H-Ruest 
und B, d,M, 
General der Infanterie 
Buhle, 
Adviser to commander of the Drsatzheeres (Re- 
placement on technical military matters. 
l 
tH 
Si / Usual name 01 
a hhrevia ti on. 
j lionet ions. 
Alia: 
In k/Ag Art, 
r—■ 
Allgeraeines 
Heere saint. 
Inspektion 4 
Amtsgrupps 
Artillerie, 
1 
? 
Firing directives for artillery. Practical 
questions regarding tactical use of war gas. 
-do- 
le Ho No 
Leitender 
He ere smet eoro- 
loge 
it 
Prof. Min. Rat. Kolzer 
Baurat Dr. Lucke, 
Meteorological Service for Array Examination of 
Porton Reports. 
In. 3. 
Inspektion 3 
9 
Close-combat material and smoke. 
In.Pest. 
Inspektion 
Pestungen 
9 
Gas defence of forts. Munitions for attacking 
forts. 
In. 60 
Inspektion 6 
Major Pechner. 
Gas defence for Panzers, Flares. 
In. 9« 
Inspektion 9 
Oberst Fngelter. 
Major Prohaska. 
Major Dederschek, 
Atsrat Beck. 
Inspektor Heise. 
Min. Rat. Dr. Fischer, 
Directives and personnel of smoke troops. 
Replacement and training of smoke troops. 
Tactics of gas defence and offence. 
Directives for development, and testing of exper- 
imental materials by troops. 
Introduction of stores. Supply questions. 
Troop exercises. Sin. 
Sanitaets- 
inspektion, 
Militaer- 
aerztliche. 
Oberstarzt Prof. 
Dr* V/olfgang Wirth 
Prof. Dr. Kliewe, 
Oberstarzt Prof. 
Dr. Wolfgang Wirth 
Oberstapotheker 
Dr. Gemeinhardt, 
Medical gas defence problems. Training of 
doctors and sanitary personnel with service 
groups, armies etc. Troop decontamination 
formations, and their equipment. Gas 
Therapeutics, 
Toxicology and Therapy, 
Skin decontaminants. 
Training of military doctors. 
Truppenent- 
giftungs- 
Lehrkompanie, 
? 
Training of troop decontaminating companies and 
trials with their equipment. 
Yin. 
Veterinaer- 
Gen.Vet. Dr. Schulz. 
Training of veterinary troops. 
Inspektion. 
Obers t-V et. Geweniger, 
Directives concerning animal gas defence. 
Special training for Veterinary surgeons. 
Veterinaer- 
Gen. Stabs-Vet. Prof. 
Toxicology and Therapy in relation to veterinary 
Akademia. 
Dr. Richters, 
matters. 
Fzln, 
Feldzeug- 
Inspektion* 
Oberstleutnant Matt. 
Supply and storage at charging stations and 
munition dumps. Filling and transport of gas 
shell. Storage of captured munitions. Supply 
via quartermaster general of Horae Forces of 
chemical munitions. 
— I Usual name or 
/ abbreviation. 
Full name, 
1 Chief personalities. 
Functions. 
1 WaA. 
Heereswaffenamt. 
Gen. d. Art. Leeb. 
I WaA Chef, Ing, 
Ghefingenieur, 
Min. Dir, Dill. Ing. 
Pollert. 
Baurat Dr,Siegfried 
Schmidt. 
Academic personnel of Waffenamt, (Ordnance 
Department) 
I WaA Chef, 
Ing« I, 
Min. Rat. Dr, Leinweber 
Examination of specifications, inventions and 
patents. 
HTBo 
Heerestech- 
nisches Buero, 
— 
Preparation of drawings and assembly specificat- 
ions. 
F.U.KdOo 
I 
Kommando fuer 
Fertigungs- 
undterlagen. 
? 
Supervision and supply of specifications to 
inspection department and contractors. 
Wa Chef, 
Ghefcheraiker 
Oberst Dipl. Ing. 
Letis (8) 
General questions of chemical and raw material 
Ghemo 
des Waffen- 
emteso 
supply for Ordnance department. 
Wa 'L if. 
Zentralab- 
teilung 4. 
Oberstleutnant von 
Harsdorf, 
Oberstleutnant Goellnei 
Min. Rat, Dr, Oelshausen 
(Obelshausen). 
Equipment directives and nomenclature. 
Wa/ROo 
Rohstoffab- 
tailung. 
? 
General raw material and contingent questions. tia/Am. 
Abnahmeabt e ilung 
des Waffenamtes, 
Oberst Justrow. 
Abn, 1, 
Oberstleutnant Dipl, 
Ing, Nowotny (fi) 
Acceptance of gas defence and smoke equipment. 
Abn,2, 
Abn,3* 
? i 
Acceptance of war gas mnnitions, smoke stores 
and igniters etc. 
Wa,F„ 
Porschung- 
sabteilung. 
Min, Dir, Prof, Dr0 
Schumann, 
Oberst Dipl, Ing, Plas, 
Min, Rat Prof, Dr, 
Eschenbach, 
0ber-Rego Baurat 
Dr, dupe, 
Reg, Rat Dr, Schoenwaldt 
Reg,Rat Dr, Drinks, 
N-stoff and physical questions, 
N-stoff and Seewerke. 
Ultra-violet research. 
Hollow charge effect. 
Rocket research. Ray research. 
Radio-activity research, etc. 
Wa/Pruf, 
Amjsgruppe 
Prufwesen 
Gen,Leutnant Dipl,Ing, 
John, 
Wa/Pruf, 2, 
Infanterie- 
abteilung. 
Oberst Dipl,Ing. Kittel 
Infantry weapons. 
Wa/Pruf, 4o 
itrtillerie- 
abteilung. 
Oberst Dipl,Ing, 
Wohlermaim. 
Artillery weapons, mortars and rocket projectors 
Wa/Pruf, 5® 
Pionier- 
abteilung. 
Oberst Dipl,Ing, 
Stamnbach, 
Pioneer weapons development. f Usual name or 1 Full name, 
j abbreviation, I 
1 Chief personalities, 
/ ~ 
Pionier- 
battaillon z,b,V, 
? 
Experimental and training of troops for 
"Taifun"® 
Pruf, Feat, 
Pestungsab- 
teilung. 
Oberst,Dipl,Ing,Teutsch 
Min, Rat Dipl, Ing, 
Kussner, 
Erection of forts and gad defence of 
fortifications. 
Pruf, 6. 
Abt, fuer 
Mot orisierung 
und Panzer, 
Oberst Dipl, Ing. 
Holzheuer, 
Oberst Dipl, Ing, Crohn, 
Dipl, Ing, Schnieto, 
Oberleutnant Zabel, 
Gas defence for Panzers® 
Smoke for Panzers. 
Flares, 
Pruf, 80 
Ateilung fuer 
Optik, 
Gen,Major Dipl, Ing, 
H os smarm, 
Oberreg,Baurat 
Dr, Gaertner, 
Reg, Baurat Dr.Braeunig 
Infra-red research® 
Befogging, 
tfa, Pruf, (BuM) 
Amtsgruppe fuer 
Ballistik und 
Munition, 
Oberst Dipl,Ing, 
Schmidt. 
Wa, Prufo (BuM) 1 
Abteilung fuer 
Munition 
Pulver und 
Sprengstoffe 
Oberst Dipl,Ing. de 
Bouche 
Oberst. Dipl. Ing, Huck 
Infantry grenades and weapons.  
Oberleutnant Vogel 
Dipl. Ing, Rogge. 
Oberst Dipl.Ing. 
Lorentz, 
Oberstleutnant Dipl. 
Ing. Otto. 
Min. Rat Dr.tfuelfken, 
Oberinspektor Gerloff 
Artillery Shells (ironmongery) 
Hand grenades. 
Coloured smokes and signal munitionso 
Close combat material. 
Hollow charges. 
Flame throwers. 
Wapccuf, (BUM) 3 
Ballistische 
Oberst Dr.Ing. 
Ballistic work, ani preparation of range 
.Sbteilung 
Schubert. 
Min. Rat Dr. Thielo. 
Min. Rat Dr. Laugner 
Baurat Dr. Athen 
Baurat Dr, Kraus. 
tables. 
tfapruf. (BiU)9 
Abteilung fuer 
Gasschutz und 
Nebel 
Oberst Dr, Hirsch 
Wapruf, (BuM) 11 
Abteilung fuer 
Oberstleutnant Dr. Ing. 
Munitions for projectors. Ballistics and 
Raketenwaffen 
Krober. 
Reg, Baurat Dr.Bitzken 
Dipl, Ing, Hess, 
firing tables. 
H.G.S.L. 
Heeresgass- 
f» 
Spandauo 
chut z-Labora- 
torien Spandauo 
Oberst Dielitz, 
Gen. 
Controlled by Pruf. 9» 
»i 
H.V.St.Raub- 
kammer. 
Heeres-Ver- 
suchsstelle 
Raubkammer. 
Major Richter. 
Controlled by Pruf. 9 I Usual name or 
I abbreviation, 
I Full name. 
Chief personalities. 
functions. 
Wa/Mun. 
Waffenarat Amts- 
gruppe Munition 
Gen*Major Dipl*Ing,Henrici 
Supply and procurement of war gas storage 
and charging depots. Liaison with 
special committees of Speer Ministry, 
tfa/Mun. 
Munition- 
sabteilung. 
Min. Rat Dr. Shmam 
Ob, Baurat Dr, Reinknecht 
Ob. Baurat Dr. Donath. 
Wa/W, u, G, 
Amtsgruppe fuer 
Waffen und 
Geraet, 
Wa-WUG,1, 
Geraet eabt e ilung 
Oberstleutnant Buchler 
Procurement of gas defence equipment and 
1. 
Major Lauscher. 
textiles, and smoke apparatus. Liaison 
with special committees of the Speer 
Ministry, 
OKW/Ro, 
Rohstoffabtei- 
lungo 
? 
General raw material and contingent 
questions for the Services, 
OlW/Wiss, 
Wisenschaft- 
liche Abteilung 
Min. Dir, Prof, Dr, Schumann 
Ob, Reg, Baurat Dr, Beyer, 
Liaison with Reichsforschungsart, (State 
research advisory council) 
B,W, and insecticides. Wa. 
Arbeitsstab fuer 
Panzerabwehr 
Vorsitz: 
OberstKittel (Pruf 2) 
Vertreter: 
GencDer Panzer truppe. In 6, 
H 
Pruf 1, Pruf 2, Hmf 4, 
Prpf 5, Pruf 6, Pruf 8, 
Pruf 9, Pruf 11. 
Panzertruppenschule, 
Panzer defence. 
Arbeitsstab fur 
N-Stoff-Einsatz 
Gen.Major von Junck 
Vertreter: 
Pruf 5, Pruf Fest,lTuf 9 
Wa-Chef Chem, WA-P. 
Search for new methods of employment of 
N-Stoff. 
Arbeit sstab flier 
Zuenderent- 
wicklung. 
Gen. Major Dipl.Ing 
Zimraermann Gertreter: 
Pruf 1, Pruf 2, Pruf 4, 
Pryf 5, Pruf 9, Pruf 10 
Pruf 11. 
New developments in fuzes especially 
hightly sensitive fuzes and proximity 
fuzes. 
n 
Arbeitsstab fuer 
Vere inf achimg 
Vertreten: 
Wa-Prftf, Wa-Pruf (BuM), 
tfa-Mun, Wa-WuG, Che f-Ing. 
Ghef-Ghem, Sparkoixmissaer 
and Umstellungs-beauftragte 
Economical substitutes. 
Simplification of designs and widening of 
tolerances. 
Arbeit sgane in- 
sc haft "Blitz- 
ableiter", 
1 
Vorsitz: 
Gen.d,Artillerie Leeb, mit 
der Vertretung beauftragt; 
Oberst Dr. Hirsch 
Sachbearbeiter: 
, Min. Rat Dr. Ing Stantien. 
General questions of bacteriological 
warfare. 
Ditto, / Usual name 
I abbreviation 
ary Full name, 
7 __ 
“ / 
r 
Sektor 1; 
Prof, Dro Blome, 
Prof, Dr, Rose (Lin, 14) 
Prof,Dr, Kliewe 
Sektor 2; 
Prof, Dr, rValdmarm 
ein Veterinaer der Yen, 
Sektor 3: 
0bo Reg, Baurat Dr, Beyer von 
OKW/v/iss, welter vertreten: 
Profo Schumann (WaP), 
Reichs f orschungsrat. 
Amt fuer Volksgesundheit 
V olksemaehrungsamt 
Landwirtschaftliche 
Organi sat i onen. 
Section dealing with humans. 
Veterinary Section, 
Agricultural Section, 
SPEER MINISTRY 
G.B,Ghem, 
Verb indung zum Wa: 
Reichstelle Chomie; 
Oberst, Geist 
Berst Dipl, Ing, Gaul, 
Obersteutnant Dr, Ing, 
Singer, 
Raw material, general manufacturing 
questions, 
' 1 
V v  
Gebi et sbeauf tragt er 
und General- 
beauftragter Ghemie 
Prof. Dr, Krauch 
Staatsrat Schieber 
Dr, Brudy 
Planting saint; 
Gen,Major Dipl, Ing, Waeger, 
Planning and building of new installations. 
G-oB. -Bau, 
Generalbevollach- 
tigter fur das 
Bauwesen 
7 
Priorities for material for new installa- 
tions, Allocation of labour. 
arbeitsausschuss 
G« 
Vorsitz: 
Dr, iimbros (l0G,) 
Dr, Ingo Klenk 
V ert r et emvon; 
In, 9 Pruf 9, Mun,3, OKtf/Ro, 
GoB.Ghem, Dienststelle 
Prof, Brandt, 
General war gas and intermediates 
manufacture and installations pertaining 
thereto. Decontaminants, 
Arbeitsausschuss 
Gasschutzgeraete 
Versitz; 
Prof, 
Vertreter von; 
In, 9, Pruf 9, WuG 1,00/Ro, 
Lin. 13, und Irof, Brandt, 
Gas defence equipment, Individual and 
collective. Activated chareoalc 
Arbeitsausschuss 
hebelstoffe 
Vorsitz: 
Dr, Wurster (l.G,} 
Vertretey von; 
In, 9, Pruf.9, Mun.3, 
Lin, 13. OKW/Ro, 
Smokes for the Services and for civilian 
air raid defence. 
I 
k j Usual name oij a Full name. 
f abbreviation,, / 
j Chief personalities. 
j Functions. 
/ Areitsausschuss 
1 Nebelgeraet 
• 
Direktor Plett (Hagenug, 
Kiel) 
Direktor Dr, Ing, Scholler 
(P.I.W. Barth). 
Direktor Dr, von Gagem 
(Minimax) „ 
Vertreter von; In,9, Eruf 
9, Hun, 3, WuG, 1, Lin, 13 
OKW/Roo 
Smoke raateriala - araoke generators 
and thermal generatora. 
Smoke equipment. 
- 
OTHER ESTABLIS 
HMENTS 
Re ichsforschungsrat 
Voraitz; 
Prof, Dr. Thieaaen 
Prof, Dr, Blome 
Prof. Dr, Planck 
Staatarat Schieber 
Prof, Menzel 
Min, Dir, Irof, Dr, Schumann 
and many other a. 
Advisory research council. 
GoToR. 
Ghemisch Tech- 
nische Reicha- 
anatalt 
Praeaident; 
Dr, Reraaraki 
Dr, Roedig 
Dr, Hoffmann 
Reg, Dr, Ing, Dithmar 
Dr, Pinnow 
Dr, Luchainger, 
Stability of powders. Storage, research, 
corrosion, materials research. Safety 
directives. 
Smoke acids. 
R,W.M. 
Reichswirtschafts- 
ministeriura. 
Min,Rat Dr, Taeglich 
Factory and transport safety questions. 
45  
Reichsanstalt fuer 
Luft- und 
Wasserguete 
Prof# Dr# Haase# 
Researches in decontaminating drinking 
water. 
R.P.A. 
Reichspatentamt 
— 
General patent questions. Open and 
secret patents. Patent indices. 
Dienstst- 
elle Prof# 
Brandt# 
General bevoll- 
raachtgter fuer das 
Gesundheitswesen 
Prof# Dr. Brandt, 
Oberstleutnant Bode(Heer) 
Min#Rat Milenz (Lin# 13) 
Yertreten: 
Ministerium Speer 
Wa., Pruf 9 WuGl,Mun#3, 
In# 9. 
General der Nebeltruppe, 
Lin# 13, Sin#, Lin.14, 
Dr. Ajibros (IG), 
Prof# Dr, 
Co-ordination of military and civil gas 
defence. Co-ordinates military and civil 
requirements for manufacture, raw materials 
and labour. Adviser to the "Fuehrer” in 
gas defence questions# 
NAVY. 
M# G. L, I. 
Marine Gaschutz 
and Luftschutz- 
inspektion* 
Kapt.z#See Bentlage 
Preg, Kapt# Dr. Tobias 
KerVo Kapt# Dr.Kirasch 
Kerv.Kapt. Grupe# 
Gas defence on board ship. 
Gas defence equipment smoke, 
(Analogous to In# 9 for Army) 
M.G.S# S. 
Marine Gasschutz- 
schule. 
4? 
Analogous to Array Gas defence School in 
Celle# 
OKty/Mar, 
Ruest/ 
awa/Vi* 
Oberkomaando der 
Marine 
Marine-Ruestung, 
enamt. 
Kapt.z.See Dipl.Ing. 
Meusemann 
Reg.Baurat Dr, Ide. 
Artillery munitions (Meppen) 
war gas questions (Plon) analogous to 
Pruf. 9. j Usual name orf Full name* 
j abbreviation*! 
I Functions* 
I0KU/Uaro 
Rvteat/ 
awa/g* 
Oberkoomando der 
Marine-Rues tung. 
Marine-Waffonamt, 
Abt, Beschaf fung. 
' 
Analogous to Wa.Mun 3 and Wi£> 1. 
C.P.V.A. 
Chemlsoh Physi- 
kalische Ver- 
suchsanstalt. 
Ober Reg.Rat.Dr. Ulrich 
Mueller. 
Reg.Bau Rat Dr. Hennings. 
Dr* Nedopil M 
Dr. Wiese (Prueher Pruf. Q 
Chemical and war gas questions. 
Analogous'partly to laboratories 
6 B1 and 6 Cl in Spandau for special navy 
use. 
Marine Wetter- 
dienst 
Reg. Rat Dr. Moll 
Reg. Rat Prof, Dr. Krull 
Reg. Rat Dr. Komemann 
General Meteorology. 
Special meteorological questions. 
_ 
LUFTWAFFE 
oki/tlVpie 
Oberkommando der 
Luftwaffe/ Tech- 
nische Luftruea- 
tung/Fliegerische 
Entwicklung. 
Gen. Ing. Marquardt 
Flieger Stabs Ing. Dipl. 
Ing. Schiedler 
Flieger Stabs Ing.Dr. Preiss 
Flieger Stabs Ing. Dipl. 
Ing. Gruner 
Flieger Stabs Ing.Dr.Lowa 
War gas and smoke. 
Development of air requirements in co- 
operation with Pruf. 9. 
OKL/TLfy'PLB 
Oberkommando der 
Luftwaffe/ Tech- 
nische Luftrues- 
tung/Plieger- 
materialbeschaffung 
Flieger Ob.Ing.Stein. 
Provision. Analogous Mun 3 and WuG 1. K.d.E, 
\ \ 
Koinniandeur der 
Erprobungsstellen 
— 
General trials or air force material. 
E-Steele 
O.Lw, 
Muns ter-N ordj 
Erprobungsst elle 
der Luftwaffe 
Munst er-N ord. 
Flieger Stabs Ing, Dr, 
Pritzkow 
Flieger Stabs Ing.Dr, 
Muttone 
Flieger Stabs Ing,Dr, 
Zuschrott 
Flieger Stabs Ing,Dr, 
Frank. 
Development and trials in co-operation 
with Pruf, 
Analogous to Anqy experimental, station 
at Raubkammer, 
R.d,L0/Lin. 
13o 
Reichsminister der 
Luftfahrt/Luft- 
waffeninspekt ion 
13# 
Min. Dir. Dr, Knipfer 
Min. Dri. Lindner 
Min. Rat. Dr, Mielenz 
Ob, Reg, Chemie Rat 
Dr. Stobwasser 
Ob, Reg, Chemie Rat 
Dr, Ensfeliner „ 
Reg. Chemie Rat Dr.Tubben 
Air raid defence for civilians. 
R,d.L,/Lin, 
14. 
Reichsminister der 
Luftwaffeninspek- 
tion 14. 
Oberstarzt Prof, Dr. Rose 
Smoke screening of industries, towns, etc. 
Development of civilian masks - somewhat 
analogous to In,9. 
Medical questions for civilian gas defence; 
analogous to Sin, 
R, A, L, S, 
Reichsanstalt der 
Luftwaffe fuer 
Luftschutz 
Gen,Leutnant Stubenrauch 
Oberst Lukaseder (6) 
Reg, Chemie Rat Dr, Graf 
Degenfeld 
Reg, Chemie Rat Dr, 
Daehlmann. 
Experimental and trials of civilian gas 
defence. 
1 r 
Usual name or 
abbreviation* 
Full name* 
Chief personalities. 
Functions* 
« 
Hoherer Kommandue 
Gen* Leutnant Laule 
Directives and tactics of gas defence and 
fuer Truppengass- 
Oberst (W) Geissler 
offence for the Luftwaffe, 
chut«0 
Ob erst leutnant Kirchner 
Major Scheiner (0) 
Analogous to general of smoke troops and 
In*9 of the Army, 
Gasschutzschule 
der Luftwaffe 
— 
Analogous to Army gas defence School in 
Celle, 
Reichsamt fuer 
Wetterdienst 
—, 
Central control of weather bureaus for the 
whole Reichs, 
Chef Wetter- 
dienst. 
“",-j 
Central control of weather bureaux for the 
wehrmacht. 
Special weather bureau for Luftwaffe. 
Meteorologische 
Observatorium des 
Reichsamtes fuer 
Wetterdienst* 
Min* Rat Prof. Dr. 
Koschmieder* 
Central meteorological office* 
Forstschutzstaffel 
der Luftwaffe. 
Oberst von Borstell* 
Post eradiation research and development* table v 
O.KqHq, 
(DBERKDMMANDO DES HEERES 
Gen, d. Inf. BUHLE, 
Generalstab des Heeres: 4=: 
Gen, d, Panzertruppe Guderian, 
► A.H.A. < 
Wa.iL 
[ALLGEMEINES HEERESAM3 
Gen, d. Art. KAINER. 
(heeres waffenamt' 
Gen, d, Art. LSEB 
Organi sax ions - ABTLG 
I 
I 
Ausbdildungs - ABTLG, 
I 
I 
etc, 
1 
GENERAL der NEBELTRUPPE: 
IN 1, 
I 
I 
I 
I 
! 
I 
I 
1 
IN 9c 
Wa Abn, 
"Obst. JUSTROW 
:amtsgruppe ABNAMME, 
Wa Prof 
Gen, Ltn, SCHNEIDER, 
AMTSGRUEEE PRUFWESEN 
wugt 
G.Mjr. STAMKBACH, 
(AMTSGRUPEE WAFPEN 
( UND GERAT 
'Wa IRu Mun, 
G.MJr. HENRId. 
AMTSGRUPEE INDUSTRIELLE] 
RUSTUNG - MUNITION. 
In 
Wa Pruf 1 
I 
Wa PrRf 9 
Wa IRu Mun 1 
I 11 
ii 
Wa IRu Mun 3/ 
* 
Wa Abn,1o 
WuG 1. 
Oberst Engelter. Chef, 
Min, Rat, Dr, Ghem. - 
Fischer, -Fragen, 
Amstrat Beck Ausstattung. 
Mjr, Oederscher V orsch- 
r if ten, 
Amtmann Heise. Gasschutz, 
Abteilung fur Gas- 
schutz and Nebel 
Oberst Dr, Walter 
HIRSCH. 
I 
Heereagasschutz Lab- 
oratorien Spandau, 
I 
Heeresversuchsstelle 
Raubkamner, 
Oberst Bieger, Chef, 
w 
Obstlt, Buschler,- 
Gasschutz, 
MaJ, Lauscher, - 
Gasschutz, 
Obstlt. Nowotny. Chef, 
Generalleutnant 
Ochsner 
Chef. 
Min, Rat, Dr, Shnann, Chef, 
O.R.B.R, DR, Reinkneoht - 
Planung u Anlagen, 
0,R.B,R. Dr, Donat - 
Beschaffung, 
Oberst Scherer 
Vorschriften 
Obstlt, Heimaim 
Ausrustung, 
Obit, Kassebarth 
Intelligence, 
Fz.' IK. 
General der Pioniere 
und Festungen, 
I 
Genera der Panzertruppe 
I 
I 
Gen, d, Pztp, GUDSRIAN 
I 
I 
etc. 
PELDZEUG - INSPECTION 
Wa Mf 12 
WuG 6, 
Abn, 3. 
MaJ, Matt, - Gesamte Bevorratung 
Kst.u,Nebel - Fullanlagen 
Munitions Anst alien. 
Legend, 
Channel for direct orders 
: Correspondence channels 
Occasional correspondence 
channels. L. IN 13 CIVIL CAS DEFENCE 
L.IN 14 HYGIENE 
REICH8ANSTALT FUR 
LUFTSCHUTZ. 
CENERALBEVOLLMACHTICTER FUR 
PAS CESUN0E1TSWESEN 
/ PROF BRANDT 
MINISTERIUM SPEER 
TECH. AMT. LUFTWAFFE 
" 
ERPROBUNCSTELLE 
PER LUFTWAFFE. 
MARINEWAFFENAMT 
MILITARARZTL 
AKAOAMIE 
PRUF 9 
VETERINAR 
AKAOAMIE 
W ol A. 
IN 
IN FEST 
S. IN. 
V. IN 
IN 6 
AHA 
i 
CENERALITAT oes heeres 
CEN. 0. NEBELTRURPE• 
CEN. D - PIONIERE U FEST 
GENERAL ARZT 
CENERALVETERINAR 
GENERAL FUR 
MOTOR1S1ERUNC 
j,. table vii 
Personalities required for interrogation 
Name 
Office 
Punct ions 
Fritz Wirth 
Wa Pruf„ 9* HI 
Decontamination and Gas 
Protection. 
Dr, Schreiner 
Wa Prufo 9. VId 
Shell design. 
Prof. 
° Wolfgang Wirth 
Wa link. 9. VII 
Toxicology. 
Prof, 
Wa Prufo 9. Vile 
Hygiene and Bacteriology, 
Dr, Gebhardt. 
Wa Prufo 9« 
Chemistry of Manufacture, 
VIII(b) 
ftat. Dr* Stantien. 
Wa Pruf, % X 
Insecticides, incendiaries 
etc. 
I^erntabstartz 
• 
Wa Pruf. % XIII. 
Veterinary, 
Bottger 
Spandau, P. 1. 
Chemical synthesis. 
Wolf, 
Spandau. P. 1 • 
Analytical Chemical, 
Wolf f j ohannes. 
Spandau. P„2« 
Sarin and Tabun work. 
**°f° J^ng. 
Spandau. P,3«> 
Microchemical and 
Physicochemical. 
Obor«s-f 
z von Sicherer. 
Enif- 9. 
General G.W, 
• ft* l>r*Zeumer, 
Spandau, P.4^, 
Measurements or concentrat- 
ions on Films etc. 
0-B< *. Koch. 
Spandau. II.L, 
Personal Protection. 
Maio 
Spandau, II,L, 
Personal Protection. 
Dr o . 
Spandau, II I. L, 
Collective Protection, 
Dr c> 
Ghaeffiero 
Spandau, III.b.L. 
Detection and Recognition. 0,B, Dr, Stuhldreer, 
Spandau, VI, a, L, 
Dusts, sprays and smokes. 
Dr, Fusting, 
Spandau, Lab, 2, 
Organic chemicals. 
Oberstartz 
Dr, Sextel, 
Dr, Dorken, 
Spandau, VII,L, 
Spandau, VIII,L. 
Toxicology, 
Semi-Technical Scale Plant 
Dr, Niggemeier, 
-do- 
—do— 
PL, Stabs, Mg, 
Dr, Pritzkow, 
Frprobungstelle 
der Luftwaffe, 
Air force weapons. 
PI, Stabsing, 
Dr, Muttone. 
-do- 
-do- 
PI, Stabsing G-runer, 
-do- 
Smoke and Chemical aspects 
of S.C.I, use. 
FI, Stabsing Zuschrott, 
-do- 
Maintenance of S,C0I, and 
i/c Workshops, 
PI, Haupting 
Dr, Prank, 
Srprobungstelle 
der Luftwaffe, 
Air Force 'Weapons, 
Fl0 Haupting 
Dr, Marthaler, 
-do— 
Air Force Weapons, 
FI. Ing, Beckert. 
—do— 
Air Force Weapons. 
Prof, Wiramer, 
Strasburg 
University, 
Toxicology, 
Prof, Picker, 
-do- 
-do- 
Prof, Plury, 
Wurzburg 
University. 
-do- 
Generalleutnant 
Ochsner 
General der 
Nebeltruppe, 
(General of smoke 
or gas troops) 
Gas policy in iinay. 
Oberstleutnant 
Heimann, 
General Staff. 
-do- 
Oberleutnant 
Kassebarth, 
-do- 
-do- Oberatleutnant 
Dr. Korbler 
Inspekteur der 
Banzertruppe® 
Gas protection for tanks 
and motorised units. 
Oberst Engelter, 
Inspektion 9« 
Tactical questions and 
approval of weapons for. 
Prohaska 
—do- 
Smoke (gas) troops. 
Dr. Fischer. 
—do— 
-do- 
Dir. Prof. 
Dr. Schumann. 
WaF. 
Various physical research 
connected with G.W. May 
have connections with S.S. 
ot<Wat. Dipl. Ing. 
Holzheuer* 
Bruf. 6, 
Gas protection and smoke for 
tanks - technical develop- 
ment. 
Dipl. Ing. 
Crohn. 
—do— 
-do- 
Ing, Schmieto. 
-do- 
-do- 
°berleutnant 
—do- 
-do- 
°WTst. Dipl. Ing. 
■Corent z. 
Wa Bruf. (BuM)1 
Goloured smokes, and signal 
ammunition. 
Rat. Dr. Ehraann. 
Wa/Mun. 
Supply and procurement of 
war gas factories in 
liaison with Ministerium 
Speer. 
Baurat 
Cr. Reinknecht, 
—do— 
-do- 
r* Donath. 
-do- 
-do- 
0t«ratleutnant iiatto 
F eldzeug-Inspek- 
tion. 
Storago of gas munitions. 
VQn Junck< 
of<* Wnaaebart. 
it 
Arbeitsstab fur 
N-Stoff Einsatz, 
Arbeitaausschuss 
Gasschut z-geraet e. 
(Minister ium Speer) 
Use of N-Stoff (chlorine 
trifluoride), 
Production of activated 
charcoal. Prof. Dr. Haase. 
Reichsanstalf fuer 
Luft-und Wasser*- 
guete. 
Decontamination of 
drinking water. 
Prof. Dr. Brandt. 
general bevoll- 
machtgter fuer 
has Gesundheit- 
swesen. 
Coordination of military 
and civil gas defence. 
Plieger Stabs. Ing, 
Dipl. Ing. Schiedier. 
Luftwaffe high 
connnand technical 
Air requirements for war. 
gas and smoke. 
Plieger Stabs. Ing. 
Dr, Preiss. 
—do— 
—do— 
Plieger Stabs. Ing. 
Dipl.Ing. Gruner, 
-do- 
—do— 
Plieger Stabs. Ing. 
Dz*o Lowa. 
-do- 
—do— 
Min. Dir, Dr. Khipfer 
Reichsminister 
der Luftfahrt/ 
Luftwaffen 
inspektion 13. 
Civilian air raid gas 
defence. 
Min. Dir, Lindner, 
-do- 
—do— 
Min.Rat,Dr.Mielenz. 
—do— 
-do- 
0boReg.Chemia 
Rat, Dr. Stobwasser 
-do- 
—do— 
Ob.Reg. Chemia 
Rat. Dr. Ensfellner. 
—do— 
—do— 
Reg. Chemia Rat, 
Dr. Tubben 
—do- 
—do— 
Oberstarzt Prof, 
Dr. Rose, 
Reichsminister 
der Luftfahrt/ 
Luftwaffon- 
inspektion 14. 
Smoke screening of 
industrial targets. 
Oberst. Lukaseder, 
Reichanstalt der 
Luftwaffe fur 
Luftschutz. 
Experiments on air raid 
defence, including gas defeat 
Reg. Ghemie Rat. 
Dr. Graf. Degenfeld. 
-do- 
—do— eg* Ghemia Ratc 
Lr, Daehlraaim, 
Reichanstaljj der 
Luftwaffe fur 
Luftschutz. 
Experiments on air-raid 
defence including gas 
defence. 
°Wat.(w) Geissler 
w 
Hoherer Koramando 
FUR Truppengas- 
schutz. 
Tactics of gas defence and 
offence in Luftwaffe, 
Kirchner, 
-do— 
-do- 
Scheiner, 
—do— 
—do— 
0berst von Borstell. 
F orst schut z s taffel 
der Luftwaffe, 
Pest eradication. 
-^r* Schwerdtfeger 
Forstschutzstaffel 
der Luftwaffe, 
Pest eradication. 
Dr0 Beyer 
OKSAf/Wiss. 
Insecticides, 
Schwab, 
SS 
Manufacture of N-Stoff 
(Chlorine trifluoride) Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munsterlager Area, including Raubkammer 
APPENDIX I. - FIELD TRIALS ORGANIZATION 
1. Introduction. 
2, Ranges. 
3* Messhaflser (Sampling chambers), 
4. Vauzet Turn (Vauzet Tower). 
5. Field trials preparation Section (R.Ia). 
6. Photographic Section (R.I.b). 
7. Analytical Section (R.Il), 
8. Meteorological Section. 
9. Organization of field trials, 
10, Field trial technique. 
11, Analytical methods. 
12, Interpretation of results of field trials, 
13* Results of field trials. 
14* Summary and appreciation of trials organization. APPBfDIX I 
Field Trials Organisation 
1# Introduction 
This Appendix gives a description of the range at Raubkammer and 
of the equipment and laboratories connected with it. It also includes 
details of the organisation of field trials, of the sampling and 
analytical methods enployed, A note on the meteorological work 
carried out at Raubkammer is included. 
The folloiring were interrogated for the purpose of compiling this 
Appendix. 
Name 
Hirsch 
Weinberg 
Prisoner 
Nobbe 
PlJigel 
Weinsierl 
Ulm 
Janssen 
Zachow 
Dietz 
Sleumer 
Gritsche 
Schultz 
Dftll 
Rank 
Oberst 
Min. Rat. 
Oberstabsartz 
O.R.B.R. 
Oberinspecteur. 
O.R.B.R. 
O.R.B.R. 
Angost 
O.R.B.R0 
Sergeant 
Major 
Werkmeister 
R.B. 
Department 
Head of Wa Prflf 9. 
Head of Gruppe VI. 
Gruppe VII b, 
Gruppe VI f • 
Gruppe VI b. (4). 
R.II. 
F.2. Spandau, 
Gruppe I,e, 
R.1. 
R* IV, 
R.I. 
V. b. 
R.1. 
W. 
The Raubkammer range and the laboratories connected with it are 
shortly to be used by a field trial group for a series of trials in 
which various German munition will be assessed by Allied and by 
German field assessment methods. When these trials are complete 
it will no doubt be possible to supplement the information given 
herein in a number of details, and to give a more considered 
appreciation of German field technique. Ranges 
The ranges (see Pig,I, of Report) are situated Just North of 
Munster and are roughly rectangular in shape, the corners being at 
following map references 5§7019, 539974 (Sheet 2926 Brelch), 
596911 (sheet 3026 Munster)^701950 (Sheet 2927 Wriedel), The 
®:<ies 0f thg rectangle are about 16 km. x 8 km. and the total area 
ha. The area is mostly covered with coniferous forest, but 
is a tract of open heath land about 3 km. x 1.5 km. in the 
c®ntre of the area, in which most of the field sampling lay-outs 
contained. The whole range is flat and level. Artillery can 
® fired up to a range of 10 kmi without danger. The distance 
P'c® the centre of the main range to the nearest point of the boundary 
ls 3.5 km. 
In the open heath land there are several permanent sailing lay- 
ts marked by posts and coloured screens. One of them was mainly 
trials with aircraft bombs. This has no permanent observation 
but observers are provided with portable shelters of abcut 10 ran, 
plate. Another, the 
UaCr‘0nenkroisM> is 
for static trials is 
Wa°Vi^ niinature rail- 
s'? c^es 011 c±rclaa 15, 25 
*hi In diameter along 
cil sampling apparatus can 
Others used for 
shell are provided with large 
t0 J?OXea of concrete thick enough 
a direct hit, and cap- 
vf holding 50 to 100 people, 
pr °kservati°n rooms are gas 
I*ot e<i fitted ‘with a collective 
thr ®ctl°n apparatus. There are 
* of* these pill-boxes, which 
fl * ?* elaborately camou- 
*god. 
Portable Shelter. Trolley for Sampling Apparatus. 
Camouflaged concrete Pillbox. Concrete Pillbox. 
jgeashaflser (Sampling chamibers) 
The oldest of the Messhauser is rectangular, about }0 m, x }0 m, 
of area, and 20 m, high, the volume being 18,000 cu.m. The floor is 
The 811 c*- there are walls of boarding on a steel framework. 
°f a central fan in the roof and other fans arranged at the foot 
Sam t Wa"^s or blowing in fresh air at the conclusion of a trial, 
6rs 8X1(1 an^jnals were placed on the floor, and suspended from the 
at a heigh of 7 or 8 m, The Messhaus wan used for sampling 
small arms shell. After the explosion, the atmosphere was 
: for two minutes and the samplers and animals were then intro- 
After each trial the timbers were repaired by patching. It 
ascertained that when computing results an arbitrary 50 per cent 
ance was made for losses on the walls of the chamber. Small Messhaus. 
The ccnstruction of the newer Messhaus had. not yet been completed 
the electric wiring requiring to be finished. It is duodecagonal in 
shape, with a diam, of 50 nu and is 27 a, high, the capacity being 
50,000 cu.m. The construction is much the same as that of the older 
cue, except that the floor is of contrete, since it was found that too 
much dust was raised in the old Messhaus,, Besides providing for 
sampling apparatus suspended from the roof, two cages about half way 
up the walls enable animals and samples to be introduced. Three fan* 
in the roof were used for mixing, and six fans at the foot of the 
walls for blowing in fresh air at the conclusion of a trial. 
Large Messhaus. 4* Vauzet Tuna. (Vauzet Tower). 
This consists of a strongly built steel tower, about 10 m, high, 
on which is mounted a 105 or 
150 ran* gun on a rotating plat- 
farm* The elevation of the 
gun can be depressed and the 
charge adjusted in such a way 
that the shell strikes the 
ground about 50 m. from the 
base of the tower at a velo- 
city corresponding to the . 
striking velocity of a shell 
fired normally. The direc- 
tion of fire was with the 
The tower is based on 
a concrete foundation, within 
*hich is a shelter containing 
selectors for controlling 
chemical sampling and pro- 
vided with four small domed 
observation slits. 
Vauzet Tuna, 
Vauzet Tuna. The concrete shelter had not recently been used by observers, 
portable steel shelters being used instead. 
A concrete lined trench encircles the tower at a distance of 5On, 
This about 60 cm, deep and wide enough to accommodate a miniature 
gauge railway line along which trolleys containing sampling apparatus 
can be positioned, Provisions for further sampling points further 
down-wind had been made. 
Detailed drawings showing the construction of the Vauzet Turin 
are in preparation, and copies will be available to all interested 
department s. 
Vauzet Tuna - Sampling Trench. 
5, Field Trials Preparation Section (RIa). 
This section shared a building with Rib - Photography, It 
contains, besides offices, the following 
(i) A room containing stocks of cables and control boxes, 
(ii) An injector store room containing a stock of 2^0 
electrically operated injectors, with rack space for 
330. (iii) An injector preparation and repair room containing 
a stock of spare parts and five repair benches. 
(iv) A store room for miscellaneous engineering equip- 
ment, 
(v) An air bottle charging room, 
(vi) A small room accommodating a watch maker. 
(▼ii) An attic containing stakes of all kinds, both steel 
and wooden, cards with treated surfaces, pressure 
gauges, control boxes, cables, etc. 
Field Trials Preparation 
and Photograph Sections (Rl), 
The injectors most recently used were electrically operated 
y means of a 12 volt battery which was buried close to the 
®®mplmg points. This was actuated by a relay switched on from 
ofCon^ro 1 point worked by a 40 volt battery. The batteries were 
the steel type and did not deteriorate if left unattended, 
,6 a^r bottle of the injector had a capacity of 2 litres and was 
to 150 atraos. Before an injector was taken cut into the field it was adjusted 
by means of a key which operated on the collar of the reducing valve to 
give the correct rate of flow through the bubbler with which it was to 
be used* The rate of flow was measured by an ordinary rotameter. 
The usual rate of flow was 40 1/min., obtained with an H type injector 
tube. For 80 l/min, an F, type was used and for 10 3/min,, a V-type, 
At 40 1/min,, the injector would provide a constant flow for 20 minites. 
In firing trials, the sectors of injectors were operated at a 
distance by a control switch board- Wiring of the injectors was in 
parallel so that the contacting of a single switch would set in action 
a number of injectors simultaneously. The switch was connected in 
series with a 40-volt battery, and a relay at the sampling position. 
The relay closed the circuits, all in parallel, to the magnetic valves 
of the injectors. These valves worked off of a 12-volt battery buried 
in the ground, but the actual operating voltage could be as low as 
9 volts; 7 volts only partially opens the valves. 
6. Photographic Section. (Rib) 
The photographic section was well equipped for both still and 
motion picture photography. It consisted essentially of a large main 
laboratory along either side of which was grouped a number of smaller 
rooms. On one side there was a negative store, an office, a well- 
equipped copying room, a developing room for colour photographs and 
films, and a titling and washing room. On the other side were four 
dark rooms for developing and printing and a stock room. The main 
laboratory was used for drying, cutting, finishing, etc. 
The equipment was of standard type and does not call for special 
comment. It is evident that both 16 and 35 mm, motion pictures were 
taken and a projector for the latter was faind. No cameras were 
found, and most negatives had been destroyed although a number of old ofl* 
had been buried. Some of these have been retrieved for examination. 
There was a large studio, with skylight illumination, in the attic 
of the building. 
Colour Photographs 
Colour prints were prepared either by means of a special camera 
which took three photographs simultaneously or else from enlargements 
from Agfa colour transparencies taken with a Leica camera. 
In the first case, three pictures were taken simultaneously in a 
special camera made by Bermpohl (Berlin). The camera was of the duple* Type, one lens (P3*5) being used for focussing on a ground glass 
screen fitted with a viewing eyepiece, and the other, for projecting 
the image on the three plates. One plate received the image direct 
and the other two, set at right angles to it, via reflecting plates* 
Evidently the optical system was very carefully adjusted so that 
aach plate received equal illumination, and each image was perfectly 
in focus. A red, green and blue filter was placed in front of each 
Plate respectively, Agfa Panchromatic No, 12 were used (between i/4 
and 1/2 plate size). 
After development under careful temperature control, enlargements 
°T each negative were made on film (Matrizonfilm Coloprint, Agfa). 
The films were bleached in a mixture of 10 per cent potassium 
Terri cyanide and 10 per cent sodium thiosulphate, and then dipped in a 
3ye solution (composition not known) appropriate to the colour filter 
Used* After sufficient dye had been taken up, and this was a matter 
of Judgment, the transparencies were pressed in turn on to thick 
Paper which had previously been wetted. Holes were punched in the 
film so that exact superimposition of the three primary colour pictures 
could be obtained* In this way the colour was stripped off the films 
the final colour print built up. The whole process had been 
developed by Colorprint, Vienna, 
In zne second case, enlargements were prepared from the Leica 
"transparency through primary colour filters, positives were made and 
"tb® process then followed that outlined above. 
Analytical Section, (R II). 
- This contained three laboratories 20 ft. x 25 ft, and one 
ft, x 45 ft,, which all appeared to be well equipped analytical 
of a standard type. There was little indication of any 
r®search proceeding cn either methods of analysis or any other aspect 
chemical warfare. Among the sampling apparatus seen were the 
blowing:- 
(a) Several hundred large bubblers of about 500 cc„ capacity 
containing a sintered glass spreader, and a number of 
field carriers. The use of these bubblers is 
described in paragraph 10. 
(b) Several hundred sintered glass filters for sampling 
toxic smokes. (c) About 90 kineographs. These consisted of airtight bakelite 
cases containing uncoated film which was passed in front of 
a metal jet communicating with the outside air. The film 
cculd be driven electrically or by hand* Suction could be 
applied to a tube leading from the case and in this way a 
continuous record from a smoke cloud could be obtained on the 
film. The kineographs were made by the firm of Guya, Berlin* 
Some were found containing traces of EM. 
(d) Wide-mouthed stoppered glass jars for earth sampling, 
(e) A number of French recorders, apparently for phosgene, manu- 
factured by the Soc,Anon,Les Appareils Controlleurs in 1939. 
Samples of the apparatus tested above are being evacuated. 
Apart from the kineograph, no trace of physical sampling apparatus 
was found. 
Further roans included a preparation room 20 ft, x 25 ft, a director*: 
office, with adjoining office, two balance rooms and a shower room. 
There were open balconies at each end of the building. 
In the basement there was a dark room and large reserves of equipment 
The loft contained further stores and also the fans and counterweights t<& 
the fume cupboards. 
Analytical Section (R II). 8. Meteorological Section. (Wetterdienst Abteilung VI 
The meteorological building and adjacent tower are situated in a 
clearing in a pine wood Just outside the northern boundary fence of 
'the main closed area and a small distance to the west of the inter- 
action of the main Breloh road with the General Becker Strasse, 
Strictly speaking the Section was not part of Raubkammer, but served 
all military units in the neighbourhood, although all meteorological 
information required by Raubkaramer was supplied. 
The section was housed In a low brick building about 50 yards 
iong. There are ten rooms arranged on either side of a central 
corridor. On one side there were three offices, an instrument store 
•nd a preparation room. On the other side there was a recording and 
plotting room, a drawing office, a lecture and cinfc room, a room with 
sleeping bunks and lavatories. 
The instrument room contained standard meteorological equipment 
deluding cinemometers, wind direction meters, psychrometers, 
theodilites for pilot balloon observations, radio sondes, etc. 
Certain special instruments for C.W. meteorology were retrieved and 
these are discussed below. 
In the recording and plotting room were situated the wina 
direction recorders for instruments on the tower. Charts showing 
°<aaplete climatological records over several years were found. The 
observation log books were intact and are being sent back to U.K. 
last observation was taken on 9*4*43® A few weather maps were 
found. 
The tower adjacent to the meteorological building was can- 
8tructed of wood and was some 80 ft. high. At the base there was a 
8m*ll wooden building used as a store for heavy materials. The tower 
*as some 20 ft. higher than the surrounding trees. At the top there 
T8® a cup anemometer and wind direction vane connected to the record— 
gear in the main building. On the other side of the building 
her© was the usual Stephenson screen in a small enclosure. 
The head of the Section was Major DOJLL Baurat), who 
f8 interrogated. His deputy was Hauptmann Braun, but his where- 
°uts were unknown. Other staff consisted of 5 civilians (3 women) 
5 or more soldiers. Military personnel were constantly being A great deal of the work of the section appeared to be devoted to 
taking routine climatological observations and certain special observe- 
tions in connection with field experiments. Meteorological research 
as applied to C.W. was until recently almost non-existent. 
Weather maps were prepared every day and a forecast was sent to 
the Koramandantur and R.VI, Information to enable the weather maps to 
be prepared was received over the telephone from Passberg or Hanover, 
There was no teleprinter service. Temperature, pressure and humidity 
measurements in the upper atmosphere were obtained from Unterluss, 
Hanover, Passberg or Hanover, If these were not available, radio sond® 
measurements were made at Raubkammer, All the necessary weather 
information required by the Nebeltruppen and by the gunners on the 
ranges could be supplied. 
Measurements were made of temperature, wind speed and direction, 
and relative humidity at ground level and at 2 m, in all field 
experiments. When more detailed information was required wind pro- 
file measurements over intervals of 5 minutes were made by observa- 
tions at 0, 1/4, 1/2, 1, 2, 3 and 3 m* by means of small Puess cup 
anemometers. These were arranged alternately on either side of a 
wooden mast and each was fitted with a starting and stopping electro- 
magnet worked off 6-volts, The minimum wind speed registered by the 
anemometers was 0,8 Specimens are being sent to U,K, 
Temperature and humidity measurements were also made at 0, 2, 8 
and 16 m, by means of special Assmann psychrometers developed by the 
Navy, The thermometers had a U-bend and constriction above the bulb; 
when inverted the mercury broke, always at the same spot, and filled 
the top end of the stem. Being of the clinical type the reading 
then did not change with small variation of outside temperature. The 
procedure in taking temperature gradient measurements was to hoist the 
psychrometers up a steel telescopic mast to the required height and, 
at the required moment, to invert them by a string mechanism and then 
lower them, when the readings could be made at leisure. Specimens 
are being sent to U,K. 
Reports of meteorological observations were sent to R II and 
Gr VI (Wa Prflf 9) for the information of Dr, Schmiess and 
Dr, Schreiner, Certain of the observations were also sent to Prof. 
Krull and Prof, Bartels at the Meteorologische Institut, Berlin, No 
correlation between concentrations found diring field trials and 
meteorological conditions were done in the meteorological section. The Germans obtained through the French information of British 
work on diffusion of gases through the atmosphere and the mathematical 
theories of atmospheric turbulence which had been put forward and 
which had led to the development of the c cncentration slide rule* 
They had seen the Port on Memoranda prepared for the Anglo-French con- 
versations and were particularly interested in No*6 dealing with 
Meteorology. They had also captured copies of the first editior 
of the Chemical Warfare Pocket Book, but had failed to acquire a 
slide rule. They had also noted Sutton's work published in the 
Proceedings of the Royal Society, 
As a result of the Porton work, a study of diffusion of gases in 
the atmosphere was made by the Reichsanstalt f&r Meteorologie and 
°ther institutes and it was concluded that the British work and con- 
clusions were correct. Various other formulae due to Walker, 
Prentiss and Stampe were tried in order to fit the results of field 
experiments. Those due to Walker and Prentiss fitted fairly well, 
Stampe*s formula was considered to be quite useless. 
It was not, however, until February 1945 that any serious attempt 
was made to investigate the travel of gas clouds in relation to 
turbulence. Dr, Kaiser of VI e L started work at Raubkamraer at that 
time and one of his first experiments was to carry out tests of a 
form of bi-directional wind vane known as the Raumliche Windfahne, 
Apparently a description of the Porton vane had been seen in the 
Norton Memorandum, but no illustration and this was an attempt to 
the instrument. The German version was much larger and must 
have suffered from inertia effects. The Raubkammer instrument is 
hoihg sent to U,K. with examples of some of the traces. The instru- 
itself was designed by Dr, Kftlze of the Army Meteorological 
Service, Berlin and the programme of proposed trials with it is being 
a«ut back to tl.K. 
Failing a slide rule, a number of nomograms were prepared by 
Wickhardt from which concent rations could be read off under 
rj-fferent conditions. No specimens of the nomograms or details of 
h® formulae in which they were based have been obtained; probably 
ey were burned. Experiments were in hand to check the validity of 
e nomograms, but they were incomplete and no results were available. 
No systematic measurements were made in connection with the 
rfvelopment of smoke generators and comparisons were done on empirical 
th €S* Some work had been started on the measurement of the angle of 
e cone of smoke from a generator and the screening length. The 
Greening by it was defined as the axial distance from the source at 
ich a man standing on one side of screen would just fail to see a man on the other side. Concentrations were also measured, 
but again no records of results were available. 
No work on area screens had been done at Raubkammer, this being 
the concern of the Luftwaffe, A manual on visibility and screening 
from the air had been prepared by the Reichsarat fdr Wetterdienist, but 
this was purely of a practical nature. There -was no evidence of any 
work on the fundamental factors involved in the screening process. 
As far as the evidence from Raubkammer goes, it is apparent that 
the German knowledge of the travel of gas and smoke clouds was in a very 
elementary state and lagged far behind the British and Americans both on 
the theoretical and practical sides. 
9* Organization of Field Trials 
Raubkammer was responsible only for the execution of field trials. 
The initiative in proposing and planning field trials lay entirely 
with Wa Prflf 9. There was no one section of Wa Pr&f 9 which was 
exclusively concerned in field-trials, except Group VII b, although 
G-ruppe X had as part of its duties the development of field trial 
technique. Group VII b was however only concerned with the physiologic 
cal aspects, and did not undertake the planning of any other aspects 
of trials. The refer ant of any section, when he decided a trial was 
required, would send to Raubkammer a proforma giving the time, date 
and place of the trial, a list of the visitors attending, a brief 
description of the procedure required, and sometimes, but not always, 
the purpose of the triad. The instructions wore by no means 
detailed; the trials were nearly always on stereotyped lines, con- 
ducted at the fixed sampling points and using standard layouts for 
chemical and animal sampling. There was an informal co-operation 
between the various sections of Wa Prdf 9 in arranging their trials to 
avoid clashes of dates, and to ensure that all equipment, animals, etc. 
were available, Raubkammer itself apparently not being consulted. The 
safety of a trial was the responsibility of the head of Gruppe VI and 
it does not appear that the Commandant of Raubkammer had any standing 
whatever in this matter, or any power of veto over a trial for this or 
any other reason. Representatives of Wa Prflf 9 came to Raubkammer and 
took complete charge of the trials from all aspects. If the weather 
on the appointed day was too windy or wet the trial would be post- 
poned from day to day until the conditions were favourable, the Wa 
Prfif 9 representatives staying to see it through. Postponement was, 
however, rare, as exact meteorological conditions were seldom 
specified, although these were recorded. When a trial had been completed, the results from individual 
sampling points were worked out in the Raubkammer laboratories, and 
the results entered on charts, blanks of which were available. All 
results were collected by the Wa Prflf 9 representative who correlated 
them and wrote a draft report which was circulated among his 
colleagues in Wa Prflf 9. Criticisms were made in an informal manner 
and the final report issued. Again Raubkammer was not consulted 
during the interpretation of the results nor was it usually informed 
°f the outcome of the trial. 
10. Field trial technique 
The analytical methods used in field trials were developed in 
Spandap sections P 2 and Illb working under the direction of Gruppe X, 
This Gruppe, whose head was Dr, Stantien, formerly of Pruf S, was at 
an early period given the responsibility of developing field assess- 
m®nt methods much more accurate than those of the last war. The 
P**inciple apparatus used for sampling vapours were 500 cc bubblers 
having sintered glass spreaders, known as Kolliker bottles, which 
marketed by Schott und Genossen of Jena and are described in 
Ghem Pabrik 6 299 (1933). Air, drawn in by injector apparatus, can 
h® passed through these bubblers at rates varying from 15 to 40 L 
P®r minute, the most usual rate being 40 L per minute. (The 
r®agents used and the methods of estimation are given in paragraph 11) 
Sampling took place at various heights, the most usual ones being 
cm, and 150 cm. Measurements of concentrations could continue 
5*®** a period of 10 or 20 minutes or, in some trials, banks of 
bubblers were run for short periods in succession. Usually the 
bubblers were opened just before the start of an experiment, but cm 
some occasions the starting of the bubblers was delayed until the 
calculated time for the initial cloud to drift to the sampling 
£°int had elapsed, thus obtaining the peak concentration. The most 
b®Ual layout of bubblers for static trials was in circles 30, 50, 
'5 and 100 metres from the bursting area, 16 bubblers to a circle and 
between circles. When shell were tested, only the down- 
quadrant of the circle was used, but for bombs, the whole 
a similar arrangement was used for shell trials at the 
au2et Turm, When shell fired from guns were assessed the bubblers 
*®r® arranged in 5 rows of 20, each 10 metres apart, just downwind 
0 the points of burst of the shell. 
Phosgene clouds were sometimes estimated by the colour change 
detector papers exposed on posts. Bombs dropped from aircraft were assessed by a circular layout 
similar to that for static trials, and, it was stated, the pilots were 
very successful in aiming the bombs at the centre of the circle from 
a height of 2000 metres. Later the best pilots were lost in a flying 
accident and since then the aiming was not so successful. Attempts 
had been made to sample multiple shoots of nebelwerfe with lines of 
bubblers, but these were unsuccessful owing to scatter. In spray 
trials the bubblers were arranged in lines about 10 m. long about half 
way along the spraying run; no attempt was made to assess the whole 
of the emission. 
Animals were used extensively during trials, and were stationed 
at, or alternatively with chemical sampling positions. With newer 
agents the animal results were weighted higher than the chemical, and. 
not until correlation between animal results and chemical estimation 
had bean thoroughly established were animals dispensed with. The 
plXjrsiological aspect of field trials is dealt with more fully in 
Appendix III, 
Particulate toxic smokes, such as EM, were sampled by drawing air, 
by means of an injector through a glass funnel containing a filter 
cartridge, (See paragraph 7 of this Appendix), The kinegraph was 
also used for obtaining a continuous record of a particulate cloud, th« 
trace on the film being measured by a photometer. 
Ground contamination was measured by earth sampling, and by 
dabbing the ground with cloth stretched across a raallett, the trans- 
ferred agent being estimated physiologically or chemically, Containin'* 
ated areas were frequently delineated by the use of "Spflrhunde" or 
detection dogs. These animals, which had been given a long training, 
were able to detect the boundaries of a contaminated area with pre- 
cision and were especially valuable for studying the rate of shrink- 
age of a contaminated area with time. Use was also made of the 
vegetation in demarcating contaminated areas. A species of grass, 
growing only on the Heide was very sensitive to mustard gas, turning 
red in its presence, and the young cones of the pine trees were 
found to give a semi-quantitative indication by the amount of droop 
exhibited. 
Volunteer human observers were used during field trials. This 
aspect is dealt with in Appendix III. 
Smoke was not scientifically assessed in the field. No 
expenditure figures for smoke munitions were requested by the army, ■* exied on seeing smoke generators at demonstrations, and Judging the 
number required during an operation according to the local circum- 
stances. Experimental stores were Judged by a rough comparison of 
the amount of smoke by rule of thumb. Corrections for meteorological 
conditions were not applied although it was known that smoke was best 
with a normal speed of 2-6 m,/sec., in the morning or evening, under 
cloudy skies, with temperatures under 189c and high relative humidity. 
These facts were known as the result of experience over a length of 
"time, and not as the result of systematic observations. The use of 
factor R was known frcm captured documents, but was not applied 
(see also paragraph 9 of this Appendix), 
Trials of anti tank weapons were carried out with tanks from 
which the engine had been removed and a fan installed to simulate the 
ordinary rate of ventilation. Glass bottles containing hydrocyanic 
acid were estimated by putting animals in the drivers1, commanders* 
®Ed gunners* positions. The effect of harassing agents on tanks was 
estimated by using an engineless tank, the observers running out 
fl%om shelter immediately after firing and putting their heads in£o the 
hack of the tank through opened doors. No details of trials with 
mcving tanks could be obtained and these were thought to be rarely 
attempted. 
Lachrymators and sternutators were mainly assessed in the field 
y using human volunteer observers, but no objective methods of assess- 
es the effects were used, reliance being placed upon the description 
their symptoms given by the observers. 
Aircraft spray was assessed chemically by bubblers, by visual, 
ed. sometimes chemical, assessment of contamination density, by expos- 
es shaved animals (with or without clothing) and by exposing the left 
fjlaeve of clothing which was subsequently worn by men for several 
ours. Men, as far as can be ascertained, had never been exposed to 
vesicant spray* Non-physiological assessment was by weight 
?llhy1 this sometimes being done by matching the contamination on dyed 
cards or paper strips against a book containing a number of typical 
Patterns, Drop sizes and drop size distribution have never been 
'"tinatod. 
. The aircraft used for spray and bomb trials was mainly the Ju 88, 
the Ju 87 was formerly used and the Me 110, P.W. 190 H. 0*126, 
w* 21 ? and 218 were also sometimes used. Most bomb dropping trials 
**© done at a height of about $00 metres at a speed of about 360 kn/hr, 
sPray trials at heights of 10-20 metres and 360 kn/hr. Other speeds and heights were used, but there appeared to have been no 
systematic study of the effect of height and speed on performance. 
The soil at Raubkammer is very sandy and it was recognised that 
the results obtained might for this reason be unrepresentative. 
Attempts were made to establish the principle that all munitions should 
be tried out cn a number of different soils, but without success, as 
0„K,W. refused permission to arrange trials elsewhere. It might be 
remarked here that no trial involviijg C,W, materials could be done out- 
side the limits of Raubkammer without the express permission of 0,KtW* 
and this was difficult to obtain, A specific request to carry out 
trials in mountanous country in Styria was refused, but a trial ground 
in Galicia was authorised (see below). 
Substitutes were sometimes used for thickened mustard gas in order 
to avoid incommoding the Nebeltruppe, who used the Raubkammer ranges 
for training, A suspension of magnesium oxide and carbonate in water 
and glycerine was used for this purpose in some experiments, and in 
others, oil or grease. 
It was intended to test aircraft spray from high altitudes but the 
range at Raubkammer was considered to be too small for this purpose. 
An area of 320 sq, km, at Ravaruska in Galicia was selected as a trial 
ground, but owing to military events, was never used. High spray 
trials had therefore not been attempted. 
110 Analytical Methods 
The analytical methods used were, for all the orthodox gases, 
quite normal, and there was no novel feature worthy of note. On the 
whole the methods appeared somewhat insensitive and would not have been 
capable of estimating small concentrations of gases. The following 
are some of the more important field analytical methods. 
Mustard gas. Absorption Apparatus ■ 1 or 2 wash bottles connected in 
series. Pilling - 10 cc. N/1 KMnOA, 10 cc. Glacial Acetic Acid, 
60 cc. Water, Should the mustard gas concentration be too high the 
quantity of permanganate solution can be increased. Sampling rate - 
About 50 litres per minute. The contents of the wash bottle are 
allowed to stand for j hour and then reduced with per hydrol, added 
drop by drop, and extracted with benzene on a sand bath for 1-g- hours. 
The benzene extract is treated with 10 cc. of 30 per cent NaOH and 
A0 cc, of water and boiled. After the benzene has been evaporated, 
if the solution should be brown coloured, it is again treated, drop by 
drop, with per l-\jrdrol. It is then boiled for 15 minutes, cooled, acidified with 10 cc, of 
10 N sulphuric acid using methyl red as indicator, diluted with 
water and the chloride titrated potentiometrically with 1/10 N 
silver nitrate. 
For estimating mustard gas on the ground, a 10 cm, square is 
carefully skimmed off and allowed to stand over-night with an 
KMnOjj/acetic acid mixture as above. Should the whole of the per- 
manganate be consumed a further quantity should be added. After 24 
hours the mixture is filtered off through a suction filter and the 
filtrate cautiously treated with per hydrol until decolorised. An 
aliquot part is taken off and treated as above. 
This method of estimation is based cn the fact that mustard gas 
sulphcne is extracted by the benzene. 
Sfci Absorption Apparatus - 1 or 2 wash bottles in series. Pilling • 
30-100 cc, of Sulphuric-Alcohol Solution (10 cc. Sulphuric Acid 
S.G-. 1,84 + 1 litre of Alcohol), Sampling rate - About 40 litres 
Per minute. The liquid is washed into a 200 cc, measuring flask and 
filled up to the mark, 100 cc. are put into a beaker and the 
inorganic chloride titrated with 1/10 N silver nitrate. The remain- 
ing 100 cc, is treated with 5 cc. of 30$ caustic soda solution and 
foiled on a water bath for 1-J- hours. It is then treated with 10 cc. 
°f 10 N sulphuric acid and after cooling the total chlorine estimated 
*ith 1/10 N silver nitrate. 
.Sjanoflen Chloride. Absorption Apparatus - 1 or 2 wash bottles 
filled with 80 cc, of water and 5 cc. of 30$ caustic soda. Sampling 
rate - About 40 litres per minute. The solution is acidified with 
cc. of 10 N sulphuric acid and the chloride estimated by means of 
VlO N silver nitrate. The CN is oxidised to cyanate and does not 
r®act with the silver nitrate. 
Chloride and Hydrogen Cyanide in admixture. Absorption 
- 1 or 2 wash bottles. Pilling - So cc.water, and 5 cc. 
caustic soda. The mixture is transferred to a measuring flask 
half of it treated with 5 cc. of 10 N sulphuric acid and the HCN 
Cautiously boiled off. After cooling, the residual liquid is 
fluted with water and the chloride estimated with 1/10 normal 
ailver nitrate. The second half of the solution is treated with an 
exactly measured quantity of 1/10 N silver nitrate in excess. It 
s then treated with 5 cc. of 10 N sulphuric acid and the white 
chloric precipitate filtered off. The excess of silver nitrate is 
ack-titrated with 1/10 normal potassium chloride thus giving the 
°tal chloride and cyanide in the mixture. HGN. 
Method A. 1 or 2 bubblers containing 90 cc. water and 5 cc. }Of0 
caustic soda. Sampling rate - About 40 litres per minute. The 
solution is treated with an exactly measured quantity of 1/10 N 
silver nitrate (a slight excess) and then acidified with 10 N sul- 
phuric acid (until the disappearance of the brown precipitate) and 
filtered. The excess of silver nitrate in the filtrate is back- 
titrated with 1/10 N potassium chloride. 
Method B. 2 wash bottles containing (l) 20 - 5° cc. 1/10 N silver 
nitrate made up with sufficient water to cover the diaphragm, (2) 10 - 
30 cc. 1/10 N silver nitrate and filled up with water. The solution 
is filtered and the excess of silver nitrate titrated against 1/10 
normal potassium chloride. This method is suitable for small con- 
centrations. With larger concentrations there is a risk that the 
quantity of silver nitrate is insufficient. If there is a suspicion 
of this, measured additions of silver nitrate solution can be 
cautiously made until no more precipitate forms. 
Arsine. Absorption Apparatus - 1 or 2 wash bottles containing an 
exactly measured quantity of 1/10 N silver nitrate. Sampling rate - 
15 litres per minute. The precipitate is filtered off and the excess 
silver nitrate in the filtrate titrated against 1/10 N potassium 
chloride. 
Arsine (2nd Method). Absorption Apparatus - 1 or 2 wash bottles con- 
taining l0-«20 cos. of narmal silver nitrate solution made up to the 
total volume of 90 cc. with water. Sampling rate - 30 litres per 
minute. The black precipitate formed in the wash bottle is treated 
with 5 cc, concentrated nitric acid and 5 cc, of perhydrol and 
by wanning on the water bath. After standing 1 or 2 hours the solu- 
tion is transferred to a 500 cc, beaker and concentrated down to about 
150 - 200 cc. The gently boiling clear solution is treated with solid 
sodium bicarbonate until a slight turbidity appears. Immediately the 
solution is treated with 2 cc, of 3P$ sulphuric acid, thus obtaining a 
completely clear solution, which is boiled for 10 minutes to drive off 
the carbon dioxide. To the hot clear solution is added 2 grams of 
sodium acetate dissolved in 4 cc, of water causing precipitation of 
silver arsenate. After cooling (for some hours in running water) the 
solution is filtered and the precipitate washed with 100 cc, sodium 
acetate The precipitate is dissolved in 50 cc. hot sulphuric 
acid (as above) and washed through with 100 cc. hot water. The 
silver combined with arsenic acid is titrated with 1/10 normal 
potassium chloride solution. 
1 cc. 1/10 Kcl = 2.597 mg. AsH* Total Arsenic (Organic and Inorganic) (Method for all blue cross 
sub stazices) • Abs orption Apparatus - Glass funnel with perforated 
glass diaphragm and 1 or 2 filter pads. Sampling rate - About 
20-4.0 litres per minute according to concentration. An oxidation 
mixture of 1 volume sulphuric acid and 2 volumes of perhydrol is 
prepared in a beaker and poured over the filters which have been 
placed in a round bottomed flask. Glass beads are put into the 
flask to prevent bumping of the liquid. It is then heated very 
cautiously to avoid frothing over of the liquid. If the reaction is 
violent cooling is necessary. When the main reaction is over the 
liquid is more strongly heated. Should the solution show a brown 
colour, further perhydrol should be added until it remains odourless 
on further boiling. The solution is then heated until it fumes and 
after cooling a small pinch of hydrazine sulphate added. It is then 
boiled for £ hour to destroy the excess hydrazine sulphate and cooled. 
It is then diluted with water and after adding 500 mg, potassium 
bromide titrated potentiometrically with 1/10 normal potassium 
br ornate. 
Blue Cross Substances on the Basis of the Organic Arsenic Method. 
Absorption Apparatus '- Glass funnel with perforated glass diaphragm 
®hd one or two filter-paper pads. Sampling rate - 20-40 litres 
per minute according to concentration. The filter paper is 
extracted by means of 60 cc. of hot alcohol used in small portions 
°f about 10 cc, each. After extracting, the extract is allowed to 
cool well and treated with 10 cc, of benzene, 4 cc, of water and 1 gram 
°f sodium chloride. Titration is with 1/iO or 1/iOON Iodine, 
The estimation of Clark 2 is somewhat different. The extract 
(obtained as above) is treated with 8 cc, glacial acetic acid and 
AO cc. of water and boiled for 5 minutes, to drive off the HGN. Then, 
*fter cooling, 10 cc, of Benzol and 1 gram of sodium chloride are 
®dded and the solution titrated as before. 
■Sickened Mustard gas. About 500 mg, of thickened mustard gas is 
Sighed into a 100 cc, measuring flask, dissolved in benzene, and made 
to the mark. For the estimation 10 cc. portions are taken out 
**th a pipette. 
Apparatus - 100 cc, erlenroeyer flask (with ground stopper), 20 cc, 
A/* potassium permanganate solution, 10 cc. of glacial acetic acid, 
5 cc, of water. The 10 cc. of mustard gas solution are added to the 
Above reagents and allowed to stand for 2 hour, Perhydrol is added, 
by drop, until the colour has disappeared and the solution then 
for 1-g- hours with benzene. The benzene extract is treated, after cooling, wit)i 40 cc, of water and 10 cc, caustic soda 
(30 per cent) and the benzene driven off over a hot plate. Should the 
extract become dark in colour, more perhydrol should be added. Should 
the colour still not disappear it must be oxidised with potassium per- 
manganate, When the solution is colorless to pale yellow, it is 
heated for a short time to destroy residual perhydrol and after cooling 
and acidifying, transferred to a beaker and titrated with 1/iO silver 
nitrate. 
HT, (a) Determination of H-content, Weigh out about 80 mg, of HT 
in a weighing bottle and break into a flask containing the following 
solution:- 
20 cc. of X/1 KMnO4 
10 cc, of Sulphuric Acid 10 N. 
5 cc, of Water, 
Allow to react in the cold for -g- hour, then treat with 10 cc, of silver 
nitrate 1/10 N and leave in the cold for a further 15 minutes. Then 
add 80 cc, X/1 potassium permanganate, 10 cc. water and heat on the 
water bath for 4 hours. After cooling, decolourise with perhydrol 
and extract with benzene for hours. Then add 40 cc, of water and 
10 cc, of caustic soda ( 30 per cent) and heat on a hot-plate until the 
benzene is driven off. If the solution is a dark colour it must be 
decolourised with perhydrol and boiled for 10 minutes to destroy excess 
of the latter. After cooling, acidifying, and diluting, it is 
titrated with 1/10 N silver nitrate. 
(b) Determination of Total H (i. e, H + T), 60 - 70 mg. of HT ar® 
weighed out in a weighing bottle, and the latter broken into a 100 cc. 
measuring cylinder containing 10 cc. of 10 N sulphuric acid, 20 cc. of 
glacial acetic acid and 5 cc. of perhydrol. 
(N.B. in preparing this solution the last two must be added with cooling/ 
After standing for i hour in the cold, the solution is made up to 100 cc> 
with water. 50 cc, are pipetted out and extracted with benzene for an 
hour and a half. The rest of the process is similar to that in 
(a) above, 
(c) To estimate HT in the field the following method is used. 
Absorption Apparatus - 1 or 2 wash bottles containing 10 cc. X/1 KMnO 
10 cc. glacial acetic acid and 60 cc. water. Sampling Rate - 40 litre0 
per minute. The estimation is similar to that for mustard, except 
that a Calibration* determination must be carried out to determine 
how many mg. of the material correspond to 1 cc, of N/10 AgJtfO^. This is dene as follows; - 
30-80 mg. mustard are weighed into a weighing bottle and then 
placed in a erlenneyer flask with about 120 cc. of alcohol and 5 cc. 
caustic soda (50$ solution). After about one hour 60 cc, of water 
are added and the solution boiled on the water bath and after cooling 
acidified with 10 N sulphuric acid and titrated with 1/10 N silver 
nitrate. 
Mustard gas by the Total Halogen Method. Absorption Apparatus - 
1 or 2 wash bottles. pilling - 80-90 cc, of alcohol and 5 cc. 39$ 
caustic soda. Sampling Rate - About 40 litres per minute. The 
liquid in the flask is treated with about 60 cc. of water and heated 
for one hour on the water bath. It is then acidified with 10 cc. of 
10 N sulphuric acid using methyl red as indicator and titrated 4m 
potenticmetrically with 1/10 N silver nitrate. 
Tabun bty determination of phosphorus. 1-2 wash bottles, 
contents - cc. N/l6 KMnOi*. 1 cc, concentrated sulphuric acid 1.84 
fillet! with water until the glass packing is just covered. Sampling 
Hate about 40 litres - min.. After exposure to the gas, each bottle 
has 5 cc, concentrated nitric acid added and is placed on the boiling 
*ater-bath for 3 hours, reduced with H2O2 until decolourised, emptied 
into a beaker and evaporated to dryness on a water-bath or sand-bath. 
Then 25 cc. water, 5 cc* HNO3 and 15 cc. Ammonium nitrate solution are 
sdded, the mixture is heated and precipitated with 25 cc. ammonium 
Molybdate (175 g* in 1 litre of water with 1 litre 50 per cent HNO3 
*dded), After 3 hours it is filtered through a filter the precipitate 
is washed with 5 per cent KNO3 and dissolved in an exactly measured 
y of N/10 NaCH. The excess of the alkali used for 
dissolving it is titrated back with N/10 sulphuric acid using 
S*henolphthalein as indicator. The difference gives the amount of 
slkali used. 
1 cc. alkali m 0.704 mg. Tabun. 
letnm by GN determination. 2 wash bottles in series. Filling 
Toluol 80-126 cc. according to time of exposure and rate of flow. 
After the absorption air is drawn through the bottles by means of the 
filter pump to remove free HCN, Then an aliquot part (50 cc,) is 
•haken for 5 minutes with 80 cc, NaDH 1/100 N, and after the two 
J*yers have settled the aqueous phase is poured through a filter and 
cc, of it are treated with 5 cc, NaHC03 (2 per cent) and 5 cc, KI 
®°lution (10 per cent) and titrated with t/100 normal iodine after 
Addition of starch. Note. The amount of toluol is determined by weight. This is done 
ty weighing the dried bottles on a pointer-balance before and after 
filling. Since there is a loss of toluol during the absorption, it 
is sufficient if the bottles ere weighed after the absorption. The 
difference between the empty weight and the weight after absorption 
gives the weight of the filling. Alternatively the toluol filling 
after the absorption may be poured into a measuring cylinder, filled 
up to the mark and aliquot parts taken. The method can be left to 
the worker. 
Sarin or Soman by determination of phosphorus. 1-2 wash bottles 
£n series. Pilling - 86 cc, n/5o NaOH (packing covered). Sampling 
Rate about 40 1. per minute. After the absolution the liquid is 
into a beaker and a small excess of dilute sulphuric acid is added 
(indicator methyl red) and it is evaporated nearly to dryness on the 
water bath or sand bath. The material is then washed, using a small 
uantity of water, into a silver crucible containing 5 cc, of 20 
per cent sodium carbonate solution, evaporated to dryness and heated 
in a muffle furnace (700°), Then it is washed into a beaker with 
water, acidified with 5 cc, HNO3 and the phosphorus precipitation 
carried out as for Tabun. 
1 cc, 1/iO NaOH = 0.609 mg. Sarin, 
for Soman 1 cc, i/10 NaOH = 0,792 mg. Soman, 
Sarin by HF Determination. The method is the same as the GN deter- 
mination for estimating Tabun, with the difference that 30 cc, of the 
toluol absorbent are shaken for 10 minutes with exactly 80 cc, of 
1/100 NaOH, The two phases are separated as in the Tabun estimation 
and the excessof unused alkali in 50 cc, of the filtrate are titrated 
back with N/20 HC1. The Taschiro indicator is used. According to 
the literature this is a mixture of Methyl red and Methylene blue. 
12, Interpretation of results of field trials. 
In the absence of any complete field trial reports (Note - some 
microfilms which have been sent to U.K. for reading appear to contain 
a few field trial reports. These will be examined and reported on 
separately) it is not possible to obtain a clear idea of the method 
jf interpreting the data obtained during field trials. From 
questioning however the following facts appear to be established. 
(a) Animal results were regarded as more reliable than chemical 
analysis results and were given preference in case of 
conflict. (b) Meteorological conditions (not including the factor R) 
were recorded for each trial but were not introduced into 
the computation although they were made use of in a rough 
and ready way. Their use was little more than to 
explain, and provide a reason for rejecting, anomalous 
results. 
(c) Dosage expressed in terms of concentration x time, although 
recognised for expressing physiological effect was not 
used in the interpretation of field trials. Instead the 
results were expressed in terms of "lethal areas" and 
"total effective areas". The former was the area over 
which the death of all animals was obtained, the latter 
over which illness or death of animals occurred. 
(d) There ms little attempt to study methods of interpreting 
and expressing efficiency of weapons. This was possibly 
due to the fact that there was no one section whose 
business it was to.study all aspects of field trials. 
13, Results of field trials. 
As remarked above, no complete field trial report has yet been 
examined. Tabular summaries of field trials, prepared by the head 
G-ruppe VII b for the purpose mainly of displaying physiological 
faults, have however been seen. These, because of their 
Physiological bias, have been dealt with in detail in Appendix III, 
hut idle re relevant some of the material has been used in other 
appendices. 
Summary and appreciation of Field Trials Organisation 
The range at Raubkanmer is of ample size with substantial safety 
around the main clear experimental area. It is, moreover, 
so that air flow is regular and unimpeded. Consequently trials 
Cc*ild be done with the wind in any direction and only very bad 
father caused interruption of programmes. This happy feature of the 
enabled fixed points to be selected at which the major trials 
w®t*e carried out and these points were fitted up with permanent lay- 
of wiring and sampling and control points. By this means 
were so simplified that in most cases no detailed written 
1'°gramme was necessary and for this reason, and because of the ample 
space and the lavish stock of sampling apparatus a mass of work could be carried out at high speed. Further a number of 
trials could often be done on the same day under similar meteoro- 
logical conditions, enabling valid comparisons to be made without 
the introduction of corrections for atmospheric factors. 
Several features of the range work at Raubkammer appear, as faf 
as can be Judged before they have been subjected to test, worthy of 
commendation. 
The Vauzet Tuna appears to be a valuable piece of equipment for 
the study of the ground burst type of shell and the installation of * 
similar piece of equipment merits serious consideration by Allied 
chemical warfare research installations. The system of using $ 
sampling centres provided with rails with which to run trolleys 
ing sampling apparatus is also commendable, although of course only 
ranges where ample margins exist in all directions could accommodate 
them. Another- useful feature is the series of gas-tight concrete 
observation towers from which shoots can be controlled from close t° 
the point-of-aim without harm from even direct hits by gas shell. 
Again only ranges large enough to carry out shoots at a fixed point 
with any wind direction could economically instal such equipment. 
On the other hand it is difficult to see that the Messhaus, 
despite the fact that another and larger one was being prepared, 
fulfilled a purpose of value commensurate with the expense of 
and maintaining it. It served a purpose in giving a rough indica" 
tion of the degree to which a chemical agent was decomposed by 
bursting, and was, it was ascertained, used as an intermediate stag* 
between explosion tests in small containers at Spandau, and trials 
in the field at the Vauzet Turm, This indication could only have 
been very approximate and in our opinion little would have been 1.o** 
by going straight from the Spandau bursting trials to the Vauzet 
Turm trials. 
Referring back .to the facility with which trials could be 
formed at Raubkammer, it seems to us that the emphasis on the redn*' 
tion of field trials to a routine matter, and the failure to appoi** > 
a section whose sole function was to design field trials (as disti* 
from the development of field analytical methods) had the 
effect of eliminating imagination in framing them and so 
some extent, the introduction of realism into the interpretation 0* 
results. We think that this had a fundamental effect on the 
outlook on chemical warfare and, for example, was at least in 
responsible for their overlooking until recently the study of 
meteorology, their comparative neglect of vapour effect from 
contamination, and their belief in the offensive properties of 
arsenicals. LAYOUT OF BUILDINGS A RANGE 
RAUBKAMMER. 
FIG, I. MAIN ENCLOSED AREA 
nr. it - HEATING PLATE (30° OR SO?) 
SINTERED CLASS IMPREGNATED 
WITH SILVER (SILVER NITRATE 
IMPREGNATED AND REDUCED) 
CLASS. 
PUMP - 
HEATING COIL 
GRANULES OF I* Os. 
Fiam. FIG. N. 
LAY-OUT OF RBL Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
the Munsterlager Area, including Baubkanmer 
APIENDIX II - Defensive Aspects 
1• Introduction* 
2* Respirators. 
3* Collective Protection. 
4® Protective Clothing. 
5* Detection. 
6. Decontamination, 
7o Description of RIII, Raubkammer. APPENDIX II 
Defensive Aspects 
1• Introduction 
The defensive aspects of German Chemical Warfare Research and 
Development came mainly under the control of Groups II, III, IV and 
XIII of Wa. Pruf 9® Group II was responsible for the individual 
protection of men and animals by the way of provision of respirators 
and protective clothing, including gas planes. Group III covered 
collective protection, detection and decontamination both of personnel 
and of equipment and materials* Group IV dealt with vehicles and 
ploughs for decontamination and Group XIII covered the wider aspects 
of animal defence besides veterinary research. 
At Spandau, II L carried out the research and development for 
Group II, III L for Group III, IV L for Group IV and IIcL for Group 
XIII. There was not quite such an exact correspondence of function 
at Raubkammer. All the field trials of defensive equipment, and of 
detection and decontamination methods were carried out by R.III. 
Decontamination vehicles were maintained by R.IV, the transport 
section. A new section, R*IX, for veterinary research was being 
set up and was almost completed. This would have dealt with animal 
defence. 
The information contained in this Appendix was gained by 
interrogation of staff from Wa.Pruf 9* Spandau and Raubkammer and 
by inspection of buildings and equipment at Raubkammer. Puller 
technical details will be available when the documents and equipment 
being sent back to U.K. from Raubkammer have been examined. 
The following were interrogated s- 
Oberst Hirsch Chief of Wa.iruf 9® 
Dr* Schmidt Chief of Group II 
Dr. Gustav Schohmann II L 
Herr Erich Bobertag Chemietechnischer, II L 
Herr Paul Pliescher Laborant, II L 
Dr. Guggolz III b 
Herr Albert Dankert Chemietechnischer, III a L 
Dr.Rudolf Schonemarm III b L 
Herr Hans Brinkhoff Chemie Inginieur III b L 
Herr Gunther Rode Laborant III b L 
Herr Georg Waldner Chemietechnischer III b L 
Dr.Herbert Meiner III c L 
Herr Hans Gunzel Chemietechnischer III c L 
Dr.Hermann Specht III c L 
Dr. Kuhk Head of R III. 2© Respirators 
(A) Charcoal 
Five different types had been used in recent manufacture 
of containers. These comprise ;- 
Zsa; Peat charcoal, zinc chloride activated, impreg- 
nated with copper and silver© Zsap when pyridine 
impregnated. 
Wsa; Beech wood charcoal, steam activated, impreg- 
nated with copper and silver© Wsap when pyridine 
impregnated. 
Ska; Peat charcoal, activated with potassium sulphide, 
impregnated with copper and silver© Skap when 
pyridine impregnated© 
Ra; Beech wood charcoal, activated with potassium 
sulphocyanide, impregnated with copper and silver. 
Rap when pyridine impregnated© 
Front layer A low grade wood charcoal, zinc chloride activated 
charcoal; Not otherwise impregnated© 
(Vorschicht 
Kohle) 
Sources of manufacture of charcoal 
Zsa: Harz-Weser A.G-©, Langelsheim at Harz, 8 Km© W© 
of G-oslar© 
Wsa; Mostly at Deutsche Activ Kohle Ges©, preranitz, 
Ratherow (in Russian zone)© Smaller production 
at Kaig, Brelon-Wald (s© of padehorn)© 
Ska; Premnitz© 
Ra; Ernst Beudler (Dr.Hans Walter), Lahp-Dilingen, 
Baden, Nr« Strashurg© 
Vorschicht Norit, Zaandin, Amsterdam and Deutsche Activ 
Kohle; Kohle Ges,, Leverkusen (l.G.) Dr.Neimann knows 
process. 
Brief description of manufacturing processes 
Zsa, peat is milled to fonn a flour, mixed with zinc chloride solution in a kneading machine,, The 
originally brown mixture turns black and forms a 
crumbly mass, which is then extruded ih the form of 
strings 2 ram,, diameter* These are cut or, more 
recently, broken up by folding, put in a furnace and 
activated at 950°C. During activation the charcoal is 
passed by a continuous feed through' a rotating cylinder 
furnace and falls out at the other end into a drum which 
is kept fairly air-tight to prevent inflammation. After 
cooling the charcoal is put into acid proof containers 
and immersed in a water bath. Then it is successively 
washed in HC1, water, K2CO3 and CUSO4. It is then washed 
again with water, filtered, treated with steam at 900- 
950°C. in a rotating drum furnace. After cooling it is 
graded and selected sizes are sprayed with silver 
nitrate. It is then filled into drums or sprayed with 
2f0 pyridine before packing. The water content is 
8-1Q*; copper 0.8-1°£, silver Oojo. 
Wsa. Beech wood is ground to a fine powder and mixed with tar 
from the distillation of the same material, and 
are added either in solid form or in solution 
according to the factory. The mixture is extruded 
and dried at 300°C. in absence of air in order to form 
a "coke". It is then put in a drum furnace and 
activated at 900-950°C» with steam. After cooling, 
the grains are graded and then impregnated directly 
with silver (and pyridine). Some firms add 2 per cent 
alkali to increase the speed of activation, but this 
has to be washed out at the end of the process other- 
wise the chloropicrin absorption is spoiled. 
Ska. This is made from peat as for Zsa; it is kneaded with 
K2S solution, mixed, extruded, and activated at 900- 
1000°C. After washing it is impregnated with 
and K2CO3, then washed again and dried. Grading is 
then done and the selected size ranges are impregnated 
with silver (and pyridine). 
Ra. Made from Beech wood which is pulverized and mixed 
with Rhodan (potassium sulphocyanide), dried and 
activated in a drum furnace at 900°C. It is then 
washed, made alkaline with K2CO3 and impregnated with 
GUSO40 After washing again and drying, the charcoal 
is graded and impregnated with silver (and pyridine). 
Vor- Made from wood by a straight forward zinc chloride 
schicht activat ion process and not impregnated. It contains 
Kohle. 20-30 per cent Zn as basic zinc carbonate. Container Fillings 
In the Pe37 (R) and Pe41, the first layer after the par- 
ticulate filter was Zsa, followed by Wsa. The Pe42 had an 
additional front layer of Vorschidht Kohle, Zsa is the best 
charcoal for speed of absorption at high concentrations. It 
had a larger pore structure than Wsa as determined by adsorp- 
tion experiments. Examination by the electron microscope had 
failed to reveal pore structure, but it was possible to 
distinguish between various kinds of charcoal* 
If there were a shortage of Zsa, then Wsa, Ska or Ra might 
be used in its place. The reason for the two layers in the Pe41 
and the three in the Pe42 is an economic one since Wsa was in 
short supply owing to requirements for the artificial wool 
industry. 
G-as Tests on Containers 
The factories assembling containers made tests only 
against chloropicrin at a concentration of 40 g/m5 and flow 
rate of 20 3/min. Minimum service time was 65 min. This was 
a test merely of correctness of packing. 
Special tests were made against concentrations of various 
gases, as under© Plow rate was usually 30 l/mln. but sometimes 
it was increased to 60 or 100 l/min. 
CG 3, 11, 100, 250 g/m3 
AC 0.5, 5, 10, 20 g/m? 
CK 1.2, 2,4, 3, 12 and 24 g/m? 
SA 0.5, 2 g/m3 
Hi* 0.5, 2, 10 g/m3 ) 
) only occasionally 
SH2 2 g/m3 ) 
General remarks on performance of Containers against gases 
and recent developments 
The Pe42 Container was introduced to meet a possible 
Russian attack with high concentrations of HCN. Some 8 millions 
were made, but the opinion was expressed that it was a mistaken 
effort, that it was unnecessary and was too heavy for the face- 
piece. Wa, Pruf, 9 were asked to consider the protection afforded 
by containers in the event of an allied gas attack from the air. 
An experiment was staged in which twelve 250 kg, bombs filled 
phosgene were arranged in two rows of six with 5 metres distance 
between adjacent bombs and burst simultaneously. At 15 metres the 
peak concentration was 300 g/m3 in a wind speed 3-4 n/sec. Con- 
tainers exposed at this distance were unbroken and it was there- 
fore considered that their performance would be satisfactory 
against any likely allied effort. The containers tested v/ere ;- 
Pe41, Pe42, Russian M.T.4 and a newer one (type unknown), 
British E Mk,VI and light L.2, American M,10 and Moll, Air was 
drawn through continuously at the rate of 30 l/ndn. 
The Pe2f2 gave a service time of 80-120 minutes against 1.2 
g/io? of HCN, as compared with U.S. assault container, 200-220 
minutes, U.S. lightweight container 230-240 minutes and British 
lightweight, 15-20 minutes. The Germans had tried experimentally 
a copper chromate impregnated charcoal in their Pe4l and obtained 
a service time of 160-200 minutes. They believed the U.S, assault 
container was made up from copper chromate charcoal but were not 
certain. They considered the U.S, assault container now to be the 
best in the world. 
Tyridine" was adopted in default of adequate supplies of 
urotropine which they considered much better. The bases actually 
used were the residues obtained in the rectification of pyridine; 
they did not consist simply of methyl pyridine, (though this 
term was used for convenience for describing the agent) but must 
have contained a large number of higher homologues. Although 
pyridine itself was a better inpregnant, it was required more 
urgently for pharmaceuticals. 
Impregnation was carried out by adding the liquid bases to 
a rotating drum of charcoal, in excess. The increase in weight 
was noted, and a finished batch made up by adding enough fresh 
charcoal to bring the total content of bases to about 2 per cent. 
There was no specification for the quality of the bases 
used (e,g, boiling range, effective equivalent weight) nor for 
the amount in the finished charcoal. The service time of the 
respirator against AC was the only control. No analytical pro- 
cedure for the evaluation of the bases on charcoal had been 
devised. 
The value of urotropine was discovered in 1918 at the Kaiser 
Wilhelm Institute, pyridine was merely a logical development. 
It is possible to pour pyridine into the container after assembly, 
but neither this method nor vapour treatment had been applied in 
practice. Other metallic impregnants had been tried, viz., Or (see above), 
Mn, Vn and Fe to improve HCN absorption. Poor results had been 
obtained with Mn (cf. work of Bordron at Le Bouohet). 
The German losses of respirators on the Russian front had 
been terrific. It was estimated that 6 to 7 million had been 
lost during the various campaigns against a total production of 
15 million. They were also exercised about the turn-over of 
containers during conditions of actual gas warfare. It was con- 
sidered that 3 changes of container per month would be required 
by front line troops, and 1 per month by troops in rear areas. 
Owing to production difficulties the actual estimate for replace- 
ments during the last year of the war was million per annum. 
Supply difficulties forced a reduction of this figure to 3i million 
and later it was whittled down to \\ million. 
To meet the difficulty of containers being discarded 
unnecessarily before reaohihg the exhaustion point, the Gemans 
tried to develop a device to indicate when exhaustion had been 
reached and even offered a prise to anyone who could invent such 
a device, but they had no success. They then turned to methods 
of extending the life of the container. The following expedients 
were tried:- 
(i) Development of method of refilling existing containers 
in mobile workshops in the field. Pound to be imprac- 
ticable. 
(ii) Development of a new container with a clip on particu- 
late filter and refiliaole charcoal component. Again 
not practicable. 
(iii) As for (ii), but chax’coal to be issued in packets for 
slipping into the container. The device proved to be 
too heavy for the new facepiece. 
(iv) Addition of a cardboard extension piece containing 
charcoal to clip on to the front of the container. 
This worked well, but the respirator carrier was too 
small to take the extra component and the idea was 
dropped. 
(v) Regeneration of charcoal by steam. This could be 
done 3 or k times and the protection only fell to 
70 per cent after the third or fourth time. The 
method was to pass steam through the container and then 
hot air until the correct moisture content was re- 
attained. A pamphlet on the proce has been obtained. Experiments were done on the desorption of gases from con- 
tainers. Containers were subjected to FS, OG, AC ard CK against 
50 for 1 min. and then left for 3-5 min. before being 
tested for desorption. No trace of effluent was found. If 
the concentrations were greater than 100 g/m-** a maximum 
desorption concentration of 60 mg/m3 was found in the case of 
PS, AC and CK. With the special front filter, noted above, 
there was no desorption after subjection to 300 q/w? for 1 
min. 
(b) Particulate Filters 
The types of German particulate filters are too well known 
to require description and the history of their development is 
being covered in the report on The only recent 
modification to the ring filter was the introduction of water- 
proofing,, Owing to shortage of supplies experiments were also 
in hand to replace the asbestos by fine metallic particles 
such as aluminium, iron, and copper as suggested by Prof. Ebart 
of Vienna, but no success had been achieved. They had tried 
incorporating charcoal in the paper both in granules and in 
fibrous form like artificial silk and the developments 
appeared promising. Simplification of details of manufacture 
of ring filters was also being studied, but no development of 
an entirely new filter was being undertaken. 
Testing 
Tests were both subjective and nephelometric. For the 
subjective test, Clark I was dispersed in a concentration of 
about 100 mg/m3 in a 20 m3 chamber by means of a miniature 
thermal generator (Schwelkorper) which gave a cloud of fine 
liquid particles. Observers, at rest, breathed through con- 
tainers for 20 mins. If no subjective effects were expei> 
ienced the containers were considered satisfactory. The high 
concentration was chosen in order to maintain as high a standard 
as possible and to enable effects in the case of unsatisfactory 
containers to be obtained quickly. 
The nephelometric test was similar to that used at 
Draeger-werk and a sample of the apparatus is being sent to 
U.K. from there. This test consists essentially of spraying 
tri-cresyl phosphate, heated to 100°C. to reduce the viscosity, 
filtering out the larger particles and then estimating the 
effluent, after passage through the container, by means of 
a Bulfrich photometer. 
A modification of the photoelectric apparatus developed 
by Draeger was also being tried at Spandau, but owing to lack 
of skilled personnel little progress had been made. Results of test 
The U.So filter (shell type) was found to be the best since 
it had a low resistance combined with a very high filtering 
efficiency, German and Russian filters were also good. British 
filters in the E.VI and the Lightweight respirator were variable 
and a percentage failed on the breathing tests, since effects 
were obtained in 5“10 minutes. On the other hand, all con- 
tainers were efficient against Adamsite. Since the Germans did 
not have sufficient supplies of Clark I aid II for their 
incorporation in thermal generators and had to rely solely on 
Adamsite for this purpose, there was no possibility of pene- 
trating filters. The theory, already well-known, was put 
ward that liquid particles do not clog respirators but tend to 
open the pores of the filter and increase penetration. Even 
with liquid particles, penetration of respirators would be 
unlikely with practicable field concentrations. 
Clogging of Filters 
The clogging of particulate filters received attention 
both from the defensive and offensive aspects. Following on 
the French experiments, they tried blocking filters by mixing 
anthracene oil with EM and DC, but found no effects. Mixtures 
of dyes with oils produced slight positive effects with French 
paper filters, but were ineffective against British and Russian 
filters. Dusts were found to clog filters, but they can be 
readily removed by tapping the container, Resins, electrified 
dusts, etc,, were found to be of no use. Swelling agents such 
as potassium hydroxide or cuprammonium solution had no effect 
on cellulose filters when used in practical concentrations. 
Intelligence reports had been received that the British 
and Americans were intending to use powdered glass to clog the 
German containers. Experiments showed that with particles of 
1 micron mean diameter, 5 to 10 was required to cause 
clogging in a reasonable time. As an offensive agent it was 
found that no physiological effect was produced in concentra- 
tions up to 10 g/m3 for relatively short exposures. Silicosis 
was produced in animals after several weeks exposure. 
(C) Facepieces 
The normal types of German facepieces have been described 
in previous reports on captured enemy material, and methods of 
manufacture are being covered in reports on firms which made 
respirators. Here only new features of design and development are 
described. Owing to shortage of raw materials, the Germans intended 
making a new facepiece, the Gk100, which was based on an experi- 
mental model known as the (3199o This facepiece is of textile 
material with a thin inner skin of rubber. It has a simplified 
rubber band head harness, and less elaborate eyepieces and valves 
than in the 0438* Samples for technical examination are being 
sent back to U.Ko 
An even simpler model, the 1/1444* was being made for civilian 
purposes and it was planned to produce the first million by the 
end of June* If the war had continued sufficiently long, a V1445 
would have been made from paper. 
A sample of the GM44 optical mask was obtained. This is 
based on the 0438 modified to give improved performance with 
optical instruments. 
The facepiece used in the production plant at Raubkaramer 
appeared to be of an industrial type which is similar to the 
(3138 fcut flimsier in construction a nd having the outlet valve 
inserted in the cheek. 
(D) Expiratory and Speech Valves 
The Germans experienced great difficulty in obtaining 
supplies of mica suitable for making expiratory valves for 
their service respirators. Buna rubber by itself was an unsatis- 
factory substitute owing to sticking. The best that could be 
achieved was to use Buna rubber with a facing of natural rubber. 
Both the mica and rubber valves were known to leak, and this was 
particularly noticeable in high concentrations of arsenicals, 
such as Clark II. Although leakage was not serious from the 
physiological point of view, it was considered to be pa/cho- 
logically bad since the troops had implicit faith in their 
respirators. To meet the difficulty, a "Vor*1 chamber conr 
taining charcoal was devised for insertion behind the valve. 
This was successful, but was not put into service. 
The Germans were struck by the good speech characteristics 
of British and U.S. respirators. They endeavoured to copy the 
expiratory valve in the former, biit could not reproduce the 
membrane. Eventually the design of the valve was left 
unaltered, but they added a cone of Buna which was to be 
inserted behind the existing valve and cut to shape by the 
troops themselves to give the best results. Some 50 per cent 
improvement in speech was claimed for this method. In addition 
a new facepiece with a mushroom speech-expiratory valve, known 
as the (3443* was developed. Samples have been obtained for fall technical examination. A hundred thousand of these face- 
pieces was on order from Auer, hut the production was curtailed 
"by our bombing. 
(E) Self-contained Breathing Sets 
In addition to the standard large and small oxygen sets, 
two "regeneration" cartridges were found at Raubjpamnier, viz,, 
the Auer Pyroxylin patrone and Draeger Seitengerat. A few 
hundred of the pyroxylin apparatus were introduced into service, 
but they were not found to be satisfactory and they suffered 
from a number of disadvantages. If the user starts to work 
hard directly after donning the apparatus, he finds the oxygen 
supply is insufficient as the full output is only reached when 
the apparatus has warmed up. The output of oxygen is constant 
and bears no relation to the work dope by the wearer. Under 
very cold condition, generation starts with great difficulty 
and it was found in Norway that at -20°C., starting was very 
slow indeed. The exact details as to how the oxygen is generated 
were not obtained, but the principle of the apparatus is the 
release of oxygen from sodium peroxide when exposed to CO20 
Initiation is by bursting a small CO2 charge. 
It was thought to replace the chemical action by a thermal 
one by use of "Nasogen", which consists of a mixture of chlorates 
and perchlorates with metallic oxides. The canister contains a 
top filter which absorbs chlorine and oxides of chlorine. The 
advantages of this filling are that the rate of reaction is 
independent of outside temperature and a sufficient quantity 
of oxygen of purity is at once released. It also has the 
disadvantage that the supply is constant and does not vary with 
the amount of work being done by the wearer. Further, the 
container becomes so hot that it will spoil any rubber equipment 
with which it comes into contact. The device was not therefore 
introduced into service. 
A special oxygen generation device had been developed in 
order to save weight on cylinders. "Nasogen" was contained in 
tin cylinders, 20 cm. diameter and 50 cm. high, which were put 
in an autoclave and directly attached to 60 bottles at one time 
which could be filled to 150 atmospheres pressure. There was 
also a second size of tin cylinder and autoclave. This device 
was also introduced in the Navy, Air Force and Army where the 
breathing set (Heeresatraer) was in use. It was developed at 
Batterfeld A.O. under Dr. Ing. Michel and was considered far 
Btore economical than oxygen cylinders. (f) Animal Respirators 
Owing to shortage of materials work on animal defence was stop- 
ped in the summer of 1944* Little that was unknown to us was 
therefore discovered. Respirators had been developed for horses, 
mules, camels and dogs (3 sizes) and protective baskets for 
pigeons and doves. No mask had been designed specially for rein- 
deer in the Finnish campaign. A number of different types of 
animal respirator some of them novel, have been sent back to U.K. 
for examination. 
Collective Protection 
(a) Room filters 
Only four sizes of collective protection units for rooms were 
found, viz., those of 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 10 output, but 
actually two further sizes, 5 and 7*5 m3/min. were produced, 
although no examples of these were seen at Raubkaramer. Each of 
the units has its own type of blower which can be electrically 
driven or, alternatively, manually operated. 
The units do not embody any novel features. The latest 
pattern incorporates both the charcoal part and the particulate 
filter in the one container. Details of the methods of construc- 
tion of the various sizes are dealt with in the report on Draeger- 
werko 
Development of improvised means for obtaining gas protection 
of non-permanent fortifications and civilian air raid shelters 
was being undertaken. The filter system consisted of a wooden 
box containing a layer of wood charcoal, followed by sawdust 
covered with a top layer of earth and sand. Ventilation was 
obtained by manually operated bellows constructed from wood 
and some flexible material such as oppanol. In one type that 
was seen, there were two bellows which were operated from a 
single pivoted beam. Similar filter units had been improvised 
for civilian shelters. 
It was claimed that the filter would deal with persistent 
gases and particulates. It would be ineffective against any but 
very low concentrations of non-persistent gas, but protection 
against these could be obtained by shutting down ventilation. 
The duration of a non-persistent gas attack would not be so 
long that any ill effects would arise through temporary lack 
of ventilation. On the other hand, the danger from vapours 
from vesicants might persist for hours in which case adequate 
protection and ventilation could be obtained with this unit. Testing of room filters. Filtration units incorporated a 
simple form of rotameter to indicate that the correct rate of 
flow was being maintained. In addition there were available 
test kits, one for each size of unit, which consisted of well 
made plate orifices with U-tube manometers and adaptors for making 
connection to the unit. A sample of one of these had already 
been received at Porton, but others are being sent back to U.K. 
for examination. 
No evidence of full-scale tests of the charcoal part of 
the unit was obtained, but it was stated that samples of the 
charcoal for units were subjected to a tube test. 
The efficiency of the particulate filters of collective 
protection units was tested by exposing them to a concentration 
of 25 of Clark I, observers being used to detect any 
penetration. The observers breathed through masks connected 
to the effluent of the system. The test was over a duration 
of 30 minutes, out the first $ minutes were regarded as 
critical. The flow through the unit was checked during the 
test by making use of the appropriate standard plate orifice. 
The Clark I smoke was generated in what is virtually a 
homogeneous cloud apparatus. The substance was contained in 
a cylindrical glass vessel with a sintered glass base placed 
in a cylindrical electrically heated oil bath thermostated to 
160°Co Nitrogen was blown through a coil, also heated by the 
oil bath, and passed through the sintered glass and the Clark 
I. The vapour thus evolved passed over a sparking plug whilst 
condensing, and thus a fine cloud was produced. There was one 
apparatus for the 0.6 - 2.4 m5/min. units and another, embodying 
slight modifications, for the 10 units. Examples of 
both have been obtained. 
The concentration of Clark I was checked by taking samples 
on Schleicher and Schull filter discs at a rate of flow of 30 
Vniin. 
Leakage of the system as a whole could be tested by means 
of a small thermal generator containing Clark II. This was 
similar to the "Schwelkorper11 mentioned in Section 2 (above) 
as being used for breathing tests with respirator containers, 
except that it was electrically ignited and contained about 
twice as much material. The generator was functioned outside 
the inlet of the unit and any leakage was detected subjectively 
by observers stationed near the outlet. (fi) Collective Protection of Tanks 
The Germans appreciated that tanks were vulnerable to gas 
attack, A demonstration was given to Gen, Guederian in which cats 
in Churchill, General Lee and Tiger tanks were killed by lethal 
gas attack, and following this the development of measures to 
protect tank crews was put in hand. Two methods of defence Vere 
explored: 
(i) They endeavoured to obtain individual protection by 
means of a piped supply of filtered air to each member 
of the crew. After some trials, the idea was abandoned 
on the grounds of restriction of movement and vulnei>- 
ability of the system. 
(ii) The second method, which was the one finally adopted, 
was to build a gas-tight wall between the engine and the 
crew and to install a filtration unit for the turret 
and driver's compartment. The unit was designed to 
maintain a positive pressure of 0,2 to 0.3 cm, water 
gauge. It was found that this was adequate even though 
the firing slits were open, but the gas proofing was 
upset by draughts and also leaks developed in the gas- 
tight wall. 
The blower for the unit was driven by a coupling connected 
to the main shaft of the engine. An over-drive device was 
fitted so that the blower speed would not exceed 2,300 r,pcm. 
The engine speed had to exceed a critical value in order to 
maintain an adequate supply of air. 
The unit itself consisted of a cyclone pre-filter for dust 
connected to a rectangular box containing a pleated asbestos- 
wood pulp particulate filter and charcoal. The cyclone dust 
filter was built up from a number of small tubular cyclones 
apparently similar in design to the "Aerotec" adopted by U.S.A, 
Samples of the blower, dust filter and gas filter are being sent 
back from Saubkammer and a complete unit is being despatched 
from Draeger-werk, Actually the unit was ne.de by Auer, but 
Draeger were also going into production with it. Some 300 in 
all had been ordered. 
For sunken tank turrets, a simple form of pedal operated 
filtration had been developed, but a sample was not seen. 4* Protective Clothing 
(a) Impervious Clothing 
A large amount of protective clothing of various types was 
seen at Raubkammer and all the types previously known to exist 
in service were found, some in large quantities. Several new 
types were seen, but until the results' of visits to the actual 
manufacturers have been collected it will not be possible to 
say if any were service designs or if they were merely models 
in the process of development or were specially made for the 
work at Raubkammer. A brief description is given here of one 
or two of the types not previously meto 
All-rubber short pants were found which, it is learnt, 
were for use by observers who did not wish to don full pro- 
tective clothing; in this case the pants were worn with long 
gum boots or thigh waders of which there were large stocks. 
There was also a type of small overboot consisting of a golosh 
in rubber with a short upper of coated fabric open at the back 
and having tapes to permit tying above the ankles. The coating 
used for the fabric was not identified, but several garments, 
such as aprons, were made up in this material and samples have 
been taken. 
There was no evidence of any new developments in animal 
protective clothing, except for the finding of a horse cover 
in several pieces made up of oaseii/ammonia coated paper with 
a window for the headpiece made of cellophane. 
Reports descrioe a numoer of ingenious, but in many cases 
impracticable, methods of ventilating completely enclosed suits, 
none of which appear to have been successful. Samples of all 
available types have been taken. The most interesting appears 
to be a complete suit with a modified zipp fastener using a 
rubber gasket to give a gas-tight fit. 
Amongst the devices tried for ventilating the suit was 
one in which bellows were fixed in the boots. The boots had 
a double sole hinged at the toe. Bellows fitted with a 
spring were sandwiched between the two soles and by the action 
of walking air was pumped through a container into the suit. 
In actual practice the device proved unsuccessful and it was 
found particularly useless on uneven ground. Another idea was 
to fix'to the chest bellows with a container attached and to 
operate them by means of strings fixed to the arms. This again 
proved of no value. , 
No new types of gas planes were seen. One recent pro- 
posal was for the troops to cut their gas planes to a pattern so that they could be converted into a form of cape. Details 
of the pattern have been obtained from Draegerework. The reason 
for this departure was that the gas plane was very difficult to 
adjust quickly to give protection against a low spray attack. 
The caseii/ammonia gas planes were introduced owing to 
shortage of other materials. They proved very effective against 
attack with phosphorus which, incidentally, the Germans considered 
was of more value against morale than in producing actual physical 
injury. 
(B) Porous Clothing 
German investigation of impregnated porous clothing arose 
from the capture of British documents from the French. 
The work never passed the experimental stage and a general 
issue of impregnated clothing was not contemplated because of 
the shortage of raw materials for making the impregnants. In 
the German army was to receive a form of battle dress and 
impregnation would then have been reconsidered. 
Jackets, trousers, underclothes and socks were treated, but 
the impregnation of the latter two was not at all successful 
because of the stiffness and general unwearability of the 
finished product. Two methods of impregnation were developed 
(i) Field Impregnation - aqueous dispersions using 
commercial emulsifiers (Emulphor). 
(ii) Laundry Impregnation - benzine dispersion. 
Only a limited number of chamber: experiments were carried out 
and the majority of the testing was performed in the laboratory 
on small pieces cut from the unifom* The leakage of mustard 
vapour through neck, arm and leg holes and through buttoned 
flaps was found to be a disadvantage although apparently no 
efforts were made to prevent this leakage* In fact the Germans 
went so far as to say that, owing to the bellows effect, the 
danger of vapour ingress was greater with impregnated clothing 
than with unimpregnated* The impregnated clothing afforded 
protection against small drops of mustard gas (Lost Nebel) 
but not against larger drops* Soldiers were averse to wearing 
the impregnated clothing because of its stiffness and smell 
and under certain circumstances the clothing caused dermatitis 
and cyanosis* In wear, the clothing lasted about four weeks, 
and in storage, about six to nine months* 
It would appear that the German impregnated clothing was 
inferior to the British and American products, and taking everything into consideration was not of much value 0 
No documents relating to impregnation have been discovered 
and, apart from one small bottle containing 20 g. of the impreg- 
nating agent, Selloxin 51 * no chemicals, apparatus or clothing 
have been found which were obviously connected with any impreg- 
nating processo 
Details of Experiments with Impregnating Agents 
The Germans knew of the British and American irapregnites 
E and CC-2 respectively, and they had made several similar com- 
ponents for trial themselves, e«g« 
Selloxin 1 N-chlor-benzoic acid 2j4 dichloranilide 
Selloxin 3 N-chlor-benzene sulphonic acid 2j4 dichloranilide 
Selloxin 5 N-chlop-acetyl 2ik dichloranilide 
It was known that some of these impregnites could produce 
methaemoglobinaemia and toxic effects by skin absorption, e,g0, 
Selloxin 5 produced up to per cent methaemoglobinaemia, and 
3 mg/kg, produced death in animals (rats, cats and guinea pigs) 
on subcutaneous injection. Cats have shown methaemoglobinaemia 
varying between 5 and 60 per cent* 
To decrease the sensitivity to water, higher fatty acid 
derivatives of Selloxin were tried and with some success. 
Thus Selloxin 2011 (N-chlorinated 2;4 - dichloranilide of 
Stearic acid) with 15*3 per cent active chlorine was the best 
and was non-toxic to animals in doses of 3 mg/kg. 
However, the raw materials to make this compound or 
other aniline derivatives were lacking and so melamin, 
N3C3(N 113)3 derivatives were studied, e0g,. 
Selloxin 50 ” Trichlormelamin 
Selloxin 51 ~ Hexachlormelamin 
Selloxin 52 - Dichlormelamin 
Various routine tests were made with clothing impregnated 
with these materials. This routine is given below and 
illustrates well the methods used in assessing this kind of 
protection s- (i) Chemical penetration times - compared with unimpreg- 
nated clothing. 
(ii) Laboratory trials with human subjects® The forearms were 
covered with a rubber sleeve with a window into which 
clothing is placed. These cloth windows are exposed 
to H vapour (1290 at 29°C). 
(iii) Field trials using human subjects wearing impregnated 
and unimpregnated trousers and jacket and standing 
down-wind of contaminated ground (iOO of H or 
Chemical estimations of the vapour hazard 
were made® 
(iv) Because of the poor vapour returns, these trials were 
repeated in a warmer climate (Wasilika and Litra Sedes 
in Salonika, Greece), Various methods of impregnation, 
e.g., soaked or sprayed with Selloxin 52, new and old 
(3 weeks wear) uniforms, and unimpregnated new and old 
uniforms were used® 
Because of the absence of vapour effects a second trial 
using two half-hour periods of exposure, the ground contamination 
being refreshed between these periods, was tried and again no 
effects were produced and so the contamination density was 
doubled and an hour* s exposure tried. This time skin reactions 
were obtained, the erythema often pot appearing for 1 to 2 days 
and not for 3 or 4 days in some cases. 
The results of these trials may be summarised as follows 
(i) Selloxin impregnated clothing is no better than unimpreg- 
nated clothing. In fact, on the whole, unimpregnated 
clothing is better than impregnated clothing, 
(ii) Buttoned sleeves are better than bound sleeves, 
(iii) Used clothing is better than new clothing, 
(iv) Anti-gas ointment is better than cod liver oil, which 
in turn is better than vaseline, 
(v) CC-2 impregnated clothing, 2 per cent Selloxin 
(bucket aqueous impregnation) and 6 per cent Selloxin 
were also compared in a trial where five areas (18 m 
x 50 m) with 20 m bt /een were contaminated with 'H/ 
Arsinol, The subjects lay in a shallow trench for 
two hours and at 25 m downwind of the contamination. Sleeves and necks of the jackets were buttoned and 
ointment rubbed onto the hands. The uniforms were 
worn for a further two hours and then a hot bath 
was taken. Guinea-pigs were used as cohtrols to 
test the vesicant power of the vapour. 
The results were poor since the vapour concen- 
trations were not great enough and it was decided that 
workable H vapour concentrations could not be obtained 
at Raubkammer. 
(vi) Trials in the 300 chamber at Spandau were there- 
fore commenced. 00-2, Selloxin 52, and Selloxin 13 
(nature unknown) - impregnated clothing was tested. 
The protection afforded by the Selloxin 52 clothing 
seems to have been small, Selloxin 13 clothing may 
have been better, but no impregnated clothing was 
used as a control and in this test, too, the Ct was 
lower. 
(vii) Trials at the Institute of Pharmacology and War- 
Toxicology of the Military Academy indicated that 
Selloxin clothing protected against fine drops of H. 
Therefore aircraft spray trials on impregnated clothing, 
the left sleeve of the jacket only being exposed to 
spray, were performed. The impregnation was a 6 
per cent watery solution of Selloxin 52 and this was 
effective in protecting against 5-7 gAn? of B/ 
ArsinSl. (Any skin changes which did occur through 
the impregnated clothing were explained on the ground 
of faulty and uneven impregnation). This trial is 
described in detail in Appendix III. 
(viii) Laboratory trials, in which the left sleeves of worn 
field jackets, (impregnated with 4 or 6 per cent 
Selloxin 52) were contaminated with H (120 mg/120 cm ) 
and subsequently worn for 4 hours, indicated that such 
impregnation does not protect against 10 g^m2 of H. 
These results with impregnated clothing were considered hy 
the Germans themselves to be particularly poor; if such poor 
protection were obtained under the artificial conditions of 
these trials, then the results in the field would be much 
worse. The difference between the poor field trials and the 
good laboratory results was explained on the following grounds 
(i) The "climate" under the uniform is different from 
that of the surrounding atmosphere. It is warmer and 
more moist, and hence the skin is more sensitive. This warmth and moisture is supposed to be greater 
under impregnated than under non-impregnated clothing, 
under new than under old, and under bound than buttoned 
sleeves. 
(ii) There is also a Mpurap-effectM which draws vapour under, 
rather than through, the clothing so that the skin can 
never be completely sealed off from the surrounding 
atmosphere. This "pump-effect" is said to be more 
marked with German than with Allied uniforms# 
In conclusion it may be said that the Geiman-type uniform 
is not suitable for impregnation against H vapour* In 1945 a 
uniform designed like the British battle-dress was to have been 
produced. Impregnation of this may have been more successful. 
Impregnated German uniforms offer a greater degree of protection 
against H spray than they do to H vapour. 
(C) Methods of Testing Porous and Impervious Clothi: 
The methods of testing porous and impervious fabrics are 
described briefly as follows ;- 
Porous Clothing 
(i) Vapour 
A specially constructed shallow glass basin was 
filled with an aqueous solution of methyl red or 
gold chloride of which the, exact strength was 
not discovered, and the piece of cloth under test 
was sealed on to the top of the basin with paraffin 
wax* The whole was covered with a small bell 
jar from the top of which was suspended a piece . 
of filter paper on which several drops of mustard 
gas were placed. The whole apparatus was placed 
in a glass cupboard thermostatically controlled 
at 30°C» 
The penetration of the mustard vapour through the 
cloth was detected by the occurrence of a pre- 
cipitate in the methyl red or gold chloride 
solution. 
The air in the bell jar was claimed to be sat- 
urated with mustard vapour and the penetration 
times were of the following order 
German impregnated uniform 7 - 8 hours 
British " "10-12 hours. (ii) Liquid 
The test against liquid was similar, a drop of 
mustard delivered from a 5 cc. pipette was placed 
on the fabric and the penetration time determined 
as above. The exact size of the drop could not 
be ascertained, but it was said to be 0.5 to 
1 mm. in diameter. 
The order of penetration times was approximately • — 
German impregnated uniform - 2-3 hours 
British " " 4-3 hours 
As far as could be ascertained only German and 
British woollen uniforms (trousers, jacket and 
underclothing) were tested against both liquid 
mustard and vapour. 
Impervious Clothing 
The test was the same as (ii) above with the following 
exceptions 
(a) A solution of methyl red and borax in water was 
used as the detecting solution. The two chemicals 
were supplied as solutions in small ampoules and 
the detecting solution was prepared from 10 ammo 
methyl red solution and from yellow to redo 
(b) It was ascertained that drops of 0.1 cc. of 
mustard and 0.1 cc. of lewisite were used. 
Gasplanen and light and heavy rubber clothing and etc. 
were tested and the penetration times were of the following 
order 
G-asplanen and light clothing ca0 3 hours 
Heavy clothing oa. 5 hours 
With the exception of the gold chloride solution the 
whole apparatus has been sent back to U.K. 
Detection 
The Germans relied largely on the Gasanzeiger as the standard 
instrument for gas detection in the field, but experimental 
v/ork on modifications of the sampling tubes was still in progress. Besides this instrument, a number of different kinds of detector 
paper had been developed, some for use by troops under active 
service conditions and others for experimental purposes in the 
field. Possibly as the results of information received from 
Prance, attention was being paid to auton»tic gas detection by 
means of photoelectric devices, which were also being applied 
for the quantitative assessment of detector papers exposed to 
gas concentrations in field experiments. As a general problem 
not particularly connected with C.W., they were greatly con- 
cerned with the danger from carbon monoxide and had developed 
several useful methods for its detection, although no new > 
fundamental principles had been discovered. Por detecting 
liquid contamination, the detector powders as used by the Germans 
are already well-known, but they were not entirely satisfactory 
under all circumstances. Detector paints were also receiving 
close study. Details of the latest features of the German 
methods of detection, together with information on the develop- 
ments in hand or projected, are given below. 
(A) Gasanzeiger 
The construction and working of this apparatus is 
already well-known, but the following is a list of the 
markings on the. tubes, the gases which they are intended 
to detect and the contents of the reagents in the tubes. 
The following tubes had been approved and specified 
No.1 ONE YELLOW RING. 
Mustard and 
arsine. 
Gold chloride. 
Potassium and 
naphthalene sul- 
pfiochloramide. 
No.2 TWO YELLOW RINGS. 
Nitrogen 
Mustard 
potassium bismth 
iodide• 
No.3 ONE GREEN RING. 
phosgene and 
Diphosgene, 
p-Dimethyl amino- 
benzaldehyde 
Dimthylaniline• 
No.4 TWO GREEN RINGS. 
Chloropicrin 
and Cyanogen 
chloride 
Potassium cyanide, 
Dimethyl dihydro- 
resorcinol 
No.5 ONE BLACK BING. 
Hydrogen o-Tolidine copper 
cyanide and acetate, 
cyanogen com- 
pounds. No.6 THREE YELLOW RINGS 
Lewisite and 
similar 
arsenical com- 
pounds with 
the exception 
of arsine. 
Osmium tetroxide, 
Benzidine acetate. 
The specification for these tubes has been obtained 
from Draegerwerk (CIOS 8/77 and CW B23) and forwarded with 
the documents from this target. The first five were the 
normal issue. Tube No«6, although approved and specified, 
had never been manufactured and issued on a large scale 
because of the non-delivery of osmium tetroxide. This 
tube had been developed by Spandau and the experimental 
models were marked with ONE RED RING. 
For several years, research had been in progress on 
the reduction of the number of ampoules in each tube and 
details are given below under the individual tubes. The 
introduction of simplified tubes, however, was not given 
any priority until recently when the shortage of labour 
limited the production of ampoules. This necessitated 
the reopening of the whole subject of dispensing with one 
and two ampoules in the tubes. 
Glass tubes were first introduced experimentally in 
1943» These possessed the advantage that the impregnated 
silica gel was far more stable in glass than plexiglass 
or trolitul tubes. They were, however, not available in 
large quantities because they had to be made by hand. 
Filter paper disOs placed between the ampoules in certain 
tubes were for protection of the ampoules during transport. 
Tube Noq1 . In the presence of arsine, the gold chloride 
Impregnated silica gel turned violet in colour. 
A new experimental tube had been developed by Draeger- 
werk (Figure l). The standard tube was rendered useless 
in cold clinfttes because of the freezing of the contents 
of the ampoules. The ampoules containing water and methyl 
alcohol in the new tube did not freeze above -18^0. 
Tube Ne.2. The original tube contained Dragenuroxx** s 
reagent in the ampoule and a second layer of silica gel 
impregnated with mercuric chloride for the detection of 
arsine. Dragendorff* s reagent was later replaced by 
jure potassium bismuth iodide which improved the 
stability and sensitivity of the test and the mercuric chloride silica gel layer was removed; arsine was detected 
by tube No®1® Experiments with two ampoules of potassium 
bismuth iodide were carried out, but one ampoule was found 
to be sufficient* 
Attempts were made by Auer to impregnate a solution of 
potassium bismuth iodide and aluminium chloride on the 
silica gel, but the impregnated gel was unstable in plexi- 
glass or trolitul tubes* Iodine was liberated which 
coloured the tube brown* The impregnated gel was stable, 
however, in glass tubes® 
Tubes No .3* About 1 942 experiments were carried out 
successfully in order to 
(a) Provide p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and dimethyl 
aniline in one solution in one ampoule* 
(b) Impregnate the silica gel with both chemicals. 
Tube Nc*4q The impregnation of the potassium cyanide on 
to the silica gel was unsaccessful in the plexiglass and 
trolitul tubes because of the hydrolysis of the cyanide 
by moisture absorbed through the walls of the tubes, but in 
the glass tubes the potassium cyanide impregnated gel was 
stable. 
Tube No.5* This contained originally benzidine acetate and 
copper acetate but the former was replaced by o-tolidine. 
Attempts to impregnate copper acetate on the silica gel 
were commenced a few months ago by Auer® 
Tube No®6, See remarks above. 
Future development of Gasanzeiger. The Gasanzeiger was 
thought by those with service experience to be too slow 
and difficult to use under shell fire, and experimental 
work to render it more acceptable was being carried out* 
One suggestion being explored experimentally was to take 
the actual samples by absorption on silica gel and then 
to do spot tests as soon as possible afterwards* The 
silica gel was retained in a \ in. hole in a cardboard 
disc by two pieces of fine muslin stuck on either side and 
the gas sample was drawn through by attaching the disc to 
a hand pump* By this means, for example, it was found 
possible to detect 1 gamma phosphorus. 
A further suggestion, although not tried out in 
practice, was to insert the disc into the end of a con- tainer which could be connected to the facepiece by a 
long connecting tube* The container could be held in 
the air or near a source of vapour from contaminated 
ground and a sample taken simply by breathing* Another 
opinion expressed was that the Gasanseiger was unnecessary 
and all that was required was a simple detector for N-lost 
and arsine; other gases could be detected by sense of 
smell. 
(3) Detector papers 
The following detection methods had been or were 
being investigated 
Phosgene and diphosgene. The detector paper was prepared 
by soaking filter paper in a benzene solution of 
3 per cent diphenylamine and 
5 per cent dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 
and dried. The colour change was from yellow to brown 
and the sensitivity, about 3 T absolute* The paper was some 
what light and acid sensitive, and it was not specific* 
It was stored in a brown bottle* 
This was the paper as issued to the troops, but for 
experimental purposes it was stabilised by the addition 
of 0.5 per cent pyrogallol to the impregnating solution. 
Attempts to develop this paper for the quantitative 
estimation of phosgene were made, and the paper was placed 
in a plastic holder which was hung on a button (similar 
to the detector for arsine in the field)* The detector 
paper was then covered with a paper impregnated from a 
solution of paraffin oil in carbon tetrachloride, different 
types of paper and strengths of solution being tried for 
various ranges of Ct*s* With light sensitive papers, the 
paraffin oil paper was dyed red* In principle, this 
method was to be attempted with all non-persistent gases* 
In the case of phosgene, note-paper was impregnated 
with paraffin oil as follows s- 
0 - 1,000 - not impregnated* 
1.000 - 3,000 11 " " - 10-13 per cent solution 
in carbon tetrachloride, 
3.000 - 4,500 " " " - 20 per cent solution in 
carbon tetrachloride. The estimation was carried out by comparison with 
standards and worked best for exposure of 1 minute. 
The method was fairly satisfactory except when 
investigations on peak concentrations were carried out, 
when it was found that animals died but the papers did 
not show the necessary Ct. 
Hydrocyanic acido An experimental paper was prepared as 
follows:- 
Solution A* Oejfi copper sulphate in water. 
Solution B. (7 g. potassium hydroxide and 
13*5 g* sodium sulphite anhydrous 
fin 60 cc# water: 
(2, 3 or 5 gnu phenoIphthaline in 
(40 cc, alcohol# 
The paper is impregnated in solution A, dried, 
impregnated in solution B and then dried quickly in hot 
air. For quantitative estimation, the paper is impreg- 
nated in 5 per cent paraffin oil in carbon tetrachloride. 
If rolled tightly the paper is stable for 2 weeks and its 
keeping properties are improved by the presence of benzene 
vapour. 
The colour change is from white to violet and the 
paper is sensitive to 5 mg/W' in one minute. It is light 
sensitive and is affected by cyanogen chloride and nitrogen 
dioxide. 
The sodium sulphite is added as a stabiliser and the 
copper sulphate can be replaced by the acetate. 
Tabun can be detected with the same paper. The hydrocyanic 
tube in the GJasanzeiger can also be used for this substance; 
sensitivity 10 mg/m? 
Soman (Sarin, Tabun). Experiments on the detection of 
Soman were carried out by absorption in a 1.0 per cent 
solution of o-tolidine in alcohol or benzene followed by 
the addition of perhydrol (30$ hydrogen peroxide) and 
hydroxides, the best being ammonium hydroxide. A dark 
yellow to brown colour developed in the cold. The method 
was claimed sensitive to 10 gamma absolute. No paper 
had as yet been developed, but experiments have been 
carried out. Arsine, (Nachweispapjer A)« paper impregnated from 5 per 
cent mercuric chloride in alcohol, dried, impregnated from 
3 per cent trichloracetic acid in water and dried. Colour 
change is yellow to brown and sensitivity 5 gamma absolute 
in 3 minutes. The paper was stable after issue to troops 
for 8 to 12 months,' During quantitative a red 
coloured paper for light protection is unnecessary. 
Cyanogen Chloride, ' YTf Dipyridyl is used but is difficult 
to pyridine itself is unsuitable because it evaporates. 
The paper is prepared as follows 
Solution A, 5 per cent dipyridyl in alcohol. 
Solution Bo 2 per cent p-aminophenol (recrystallised 
from benzene) and 20 per cent glycerin 
in alcohol* 
The paper is impregnated successively from solutions 
A and B with intermediate drying. It keeps fairly well 
but during storage may turn slightly yellow and later pink; 
it is stored in a brown bottle. The colour change is 
from white to blue and the blue colour is only stable for 
15-45 minutes. The paper is claimed to be specific to 
cyanogen chloride and does not react to hydrocyanic acid. 
It is, however, now very sensitive, 25 mg/m3 in 1 hour. 
For quantitative estimation, no paraffin covering 
paper is necessary, but during exposure, the holder is 
inserted in a cylinder of red paper with perforated holes 
to prevent fading in sunlight. 
Nitrogen Mustard (Stickstofflost), Several papers were 
developed for this detection :- 
(i) A paper was impregnated from the following 
solution :- 
2-3 per cent potassium bismutliiodide 
about 1 per cent hydrochloric acid, 5-10 per 
cent glycerin in v/ater with the addition of 
potassium hydrogen sulphite. The colour change 
was from yellow to red. 
(ii) A paper was impregnated from a saturated 
solution of hexanitro diphenylamine (sym), 
in acetone. It changed colour from yellow 
to red and was claimed to be very specific (?) and stable for 2 years. It also reacted 
with liquid Tabun. 
(iii) paper was impregnated with 1 per cent 
quinone in acetone and spots of nitrogen mustard 
on the paper turned blue in sunlight or in blue 
light. It did not react with the vapour. 
It was claimed to be specific and probably stable. 
Night Qetector Paper (NachtsT*ir)« The paper was impregnated 
with a 0*1 per cent benzene solution of Fluorol 186 (l,G-,) 
and dried to give a pale yellow colour. On contact with 
any ground contaminant, the paper gave a bright green 
fluorescence when exposed to blue light. Several blue 
filters were tried but the best result was obtained by 
dyeing the Klarscheiben with Victoria Blue Base N,R, (l.G-,) 
and using an ordinary electric torch. This has been 
approved by Insp,9» Samples have been obtained. 
The formula of fluorol was not known, but it was 
believed to be a single compound and a derivative of 
stilbene, the formulae suggested being an ester of 
COOH COOH 
COOH COOH 
(C) Universal Automatic Detector for War Ceases 
This was arranged to work by means of a photocell 
and was only in the experimental stage. The gas was 
sucked into the apparatus and divided into two streams, 
one of which passed through a heated quartz spiral and 
the other passed on unchanged. Both streams were then 
mixed and allowed to impinge on one half of a travelling 
detector paper impregnated with Congo red and mercuric 
chloride. A beam of light was reflected from the paper on 
to a photocell connected to a galvanometer. The beam was 
arranged either to oscillate backwards and forwards across 
the paper or it could be rotated to describe a cone thus 
covering the whole of the width of the paper. Any change in colouration of one half of the paper caused a change 
in the galvanometer reading# 
(d) Automatic Recording of War das Concentrations for Field 
Experiments 
Developmental work was being carried out on the 
detection and continuous recording of field concentrations 
of chloropicrin and hydrocyanic acid by colour changes on 
a travelling ribbon of paper# The work was based on a 
recorder produced by the French in 1939 for estimating 
phosgene# Two types of apparatus were being developed. 
In one, a photocell and light source are incorporated so 
that readings can be obtained directly in the field, 
whilst in the other the moving ribbon is exposed in a 
separate apparatus in the field, and is run through a 
recording apparatus in the laboratory. Samples of both 
types are being sent back to U.K# for examination and 
report# 
The two following papers were developed 
(i) Chloropicrin paper. The following solutions 
were prepared 
3®8 gnu tetrabase (tetra methyl diamide diphenyl 
methane) 
208 gm. diphenylamine 
0.5 gnu dimethyl araido benzaldehyde 
1 „7 ragm. hexanitro diphenyl methane 
1 30 cc. dried benzene. 
A not too finely porous paper strip was 
impregnated carefully in this solution and 
dried quickly away from sunlight. 
The contaminated air was drawn through a tube 
heated to 550-600°C. and then allowed to 
impinge on a small area of the paper strip. 
The paper turns more or less blue, but the blue 
colour slowly fades. 
With freshly impregnated paper, the sensitivity 
is 5 mg./nr. 
(ii) Hydrocyanic Acid paper. This paper was impreg- 
nated from a solution of the tetrabase (above) 
and a copper salt in acetone/benzene. The most 
suitable copper salt was a mixture of acryl- and 
oleic derivatives in equal proportions. To increase the sensitivity, a plasticiser must 
be added, the best being found to be 
Diethylphthalate or 
Crataegon from Schinmel, Leipzig. 
A fine porous paper was used as with chloropicrin. 
The paper is stable for 2 months and possesses a 
sensitivity of ca. 50 mg. absolute. 
(E) Detector Powders 
The German troops did not like the powder provided 
for detecting liquid contamination since it was difficult 
to use in wet weather and was ineffective when applied to 
contamination which had developed a skin through ageing. 
Furthermore the powder reacted to oils and fats. In con- 
sequence there was a demand for a more sensitive powder 
with a better colour reaction which was not affected by 
water and which would show up old contamination. This 
problem was not solved. They found that mixing with 
talc made the powder unreactive to water, but it still 
remained ineffective against gas which had formed a skin. 
The use of a detector paper might have solved the difficulty, 
but Insp.9 rejected this alternative. 
(p) Detector Paints 
The standard German detector paint was designated 
K2L (Spurlack). It was rose coloured and differentiated 
between mustard, nitrogen mustard and oil* Mustard pro- 
duced a deep red to violet colour in 10-15 seconds, 
nitrogen mustard, orange red and oil, no (or very slow) 
colour change. It consisted of the following ingredients 
(a) paint base - chlorinated rubber or chlorbuna 
(b) Solvent - xylol, solvent naphtha 
(c) Plasticiser - Colophen A 60 (l,G.) 
(d) Indicator - chrysoidin (yellow brown) I.G. 
(e) Colour solution - I.G.1 (violet powder) 
(f) Titanium dioxide. 
The paint worked satisfactorily except with dirty or 
acidic contaminants. When the British paint was captured, it was tested and the change from khaki or green to red 
was much preferred. The Germans specified a similar type 
of paint and apparently an order was given for its 
manufacture, but none had yet been delivered. 
(G) Detector Dogs 
A new departure begun in 1937 was the training of dogs to 
delimit areas contaminated with mustard and other persistent 
gases. These dogs, known as "Spurhunde”, were trained 
under the direction of Dr. Rudolf Kukh, head of Sill, who 
had made a speciality of the subject. They could work 
either upwind or downwind of a contaminated area by sniffing 
the ground and they would stop whenever they reached any 
place where there was a trace of gas. A minimum of 8 
weeks training was required, but 6 months was preferable. 
They required a "refresher” course if they had not been 
used for detection purposes for more than 6 months. The 
German sheep dog, or any dog which was not too highly bred, 
was suitable for training. So far dogs had only been 
trained to detect mustard and nitrogen mustard. This 
method was, however, not favoured by the troops. 
(H) Carbon Monoxide Detection 
Four methods of detection seem to have been available. 
(i) Kohlenoxydanzeiger. This consisted of a pump, 
of design similar to that in the gasanzeiger, 
and special detector tubes, which contained a 
layer of purified silica gel (Reinigungsmasse) 
and a layer of silica gel impregnated with sul- 
phur trioxide and iodine pentoxide, (The 
preparation of this tube is described in detail 
in the investigation report on Draegerwerk) . 
The Reinigungsmasse was not entirely satisfactory 
for the removal of petrol fumes and an additional 
filter had been approved but not yet manufactured 
or issued. This is shown in Figure II. A ”Satz 
Vorschaltrohre fur Kohlenoxydanzeiger” (connection 
tube set for CO detection) was to contain 20 of 
these tubes, 3 pieces of connecting rubber 
tubing and an opener for the tubes, and was 
only to be issued to panzertruppen. Forts were 
to be provided with the Kohlenoxydanzeiger only. 
(ii) 00 Detector paper. In 1939-40, papers impreg- 
nated with palladium chloride were issued but these were unstable and were withdrawn. The Satz 
Kohlenoxydpruf papier 42 was then introduced 
which contained four boxes of filter paper 
strips, two small bottles with 0,1 per cent (?) 
solution of palladium chloride in water with 
the addition of sodium acetate, a leaflet of 
instructions and a plastic holder for sus- 
pending the paper from a button* 
(iii) Semi-Automatic CO Detector. This was designed 
for use in tanks and enclosed spaces and works 
off a 12-volt battery. It is illustrated dia- 
grammatically in Pig*III* Air is drawn into a 
long narrow sintered glass flmnel, the stem of 
which contains iodine pentoxide. The sintered 
glass is impregnated first with silver nitrate, 
which is reduced to silver, and then with iodine. 
In the presence of CO, the sintered glass funnel 
turns red. In juxta position to the detector 
is a blank impregnated antered glass funnel 
over which can be superimposed a red filter, 
and both detector and blank sintered glass 
funnels are observed and compared through two 
small round glass windows. 
Considerable research had been carried out with 
this apparatus in order to determine the optimum 
working conditions. Complete details were not 
obtained, but an apparatus has been sent back 
for examination. The reaction on the sintered 
glass plate is reversible and the red colour, 
formed in the presence of CO, fades in the 
absence of the latter* Only 30 models of this 
apparatus were probably made* 
(iv) Automatic CO Detector., Research was in progress 
on the development of automatic detectors based 
on the reaction between carbon monoxide and 
hopcalite, In one type, the temperature change 
was recorded by an air differential thermometer 
and, in the other, by the change in resistance 
of a wire coil wound round the glass hopcalite 
container* Two examples of the former type 
are being sent back from Raubkammer and full 
details were obtained later from Draegerwerk, 
but no further information about the latter type 
was forthcoming. (l) Miscellaneous Items on Detection 
(i) IIXL was also responsible for the examination of cap- 
tured ointments, detection equipment, etc. Work in 
progress which had been transferred from Spandau 
included the examination of the American Kit (BAL 
ointment and &/& ointment M5) * the British &/& ointment 
N©o5, the American Kit Water Testing, the American 
Detection Kits M4 and M9, the Detector paint M3* and 
British detector paints. Soutine testing of German 
detection equipment which had been stored or issued to 
the troops was also being done. 
(ii) The following samples of chemicals used in detection 
are being sent back to U.K. Hienolphthaline, YY1 
dipyridyl, hexanitrodiphenylamine, Victoria Blue 
N.R., chrysoidin, I.G-.1, and rose and green detector 
paints. 
6* Decontamination 
(a) Routine Methods used at Raubkammer 
Rubber articles were decontaminated from mustard by 
soaking in large tubs in 2 per cent chloramin T solution 
for 24 hours. The solution was initially heated to 50°0, 
and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The articles 
were then removed, rinsed with a 2 per cent chloramin T 
solution, rinsed with water and dried. 
The treatment for N-mustard was similar, except that 
the chloramin bath was maintained at 40°C. 
Losantin was not used for two reasons 
(a) bloclcage of the drains occurred, and 
(b) the Losantin weakened the stitching of the 
clothing. 
The washing machines in RHI were used exclusively 
for washing workers sweaty underclothing. 
(B) Experimental Work 
On the experimental side, the work progressed on the 
usual lines and no new or startling developments were 
apparent. Practically the complete set of papers on 
decontamination was retrieved and will be reported on in due course. It is only necessary, therefore, to give a 
very brief sketch of the investigations carried out. 
Decontamination of the following articles had been 
under investigation Rubber clothing including gloves and 
boots; Leather; Gas Masks; Uniforms both woollen and 
cellulose. 
The following gases were examined as regards decontam- 
ination s- Mustard; Nitrogen Mustard;. Arsinol/bost (OA), 
Z&hlost and enemy war gases. The following methods were 
examined for their applicability to vehicles, plant, etc.;- 
2 per cent Chloramin or Losantin solution; Boiling and warm 
water; Hot air, hot damp air and superheated steam; Washing. 
The applicability of the different methods to the 
various articles is listed below :- 
Rubber Clothing (heavy and light) and Gasplanen (where 
applicable) £ per cent chloramin or losantin solution at 
$0°C. This was not entirely suitable for troops because 
care was needed in control of the concentration and temper- 
ature and too strong a concentration attacked the stitching - 
Boiling and warm water. 
Leather* Standing in water at for 12-24 hours - 
Hot air, for 24 hours* 
Gasmask, GM30. Similar to leather'viz. Water at 60°C. 
Hot air, • 
Gasmask, QMffi* Boiling water for 1 hour. 
Uniforms 
(i) Boiling water. 
(ii) Washing by the following routine 
Breakdown 40°C« 13 minutes. 
Rinse 40°C • 
Main wash 30°C. hours with soap or other 
detergent. 
One or two rinses at 50°G. 
This was claimed to be satisfactory for most contam- 
ination up to a density of 100 g/m • For a second main wash was included for 1 hour and claimed to be satis- 
factory with 100 contamination. 
(iii) Hot air, etc. 
6-8 hours, dry hot air circulated at 120-130°C. 
4 hours, alternate dry and damp air circulated at 120-130°C 
hours, alternate hot air and steam circulated at 100°G. 
20 hours, dry air static at 100-120°C. 
Hot air was of no use with arsenical vesicants. 
A Russian method had been tried with some success. 
120 uniforms were packed tightly in a container or rammed 
into a pit and ammonia and ichthyol were passed in by means 
of a pipe from a boiler. Very good results were obtained; 
the process was complete in 3 hours, and the uniforms 
could be dried in 6 hours. 
Testing of Decontaminated Clothing, The decontaminated 
clothing'was tested by the usual methods 
Chemical (microchlorine for mustard, microarsenic for 
lewisite and Gasanzieger) • 
Animal trials. 
Wearing trials. 
A method was developed for testing for arsenic on 
contaminated garments by pressing a piece of cleaned zinc 
foil (sandpapered) on to the contamination and heating 
with a blow lamp. A stain on the metal developed, grey, 
brown, or black according to the degree of contamination. 
Grey stain was considered almost safe. 
This method, has been developed into a field testing 
kit« 
The detergents investigated in the place of soap in 
the washing method were of the following types :- 
Mezzo sulfo sauresalz. 
Lav#»ntin. 
Emulphor. Lignin sulfosauresals ( Ze list off Fab rik) * 
(C) Decontamination of Drinking Water 
A copy of a pamphlet dealing with German methods of 
purification of contaminated drinking water has been obtained. 
One method advocated was to pass the jater through layers 
of silvered charcoal to which freshly precipitated iron 
oxide had been added to deal with arsenicals. If on test 
the water was found not to contain more than 20 T of As per 
litre, it was considered fit for drinking. The method 
suffered from the serious limitation that the charcoal 
rapidly became exhausted especially when the water was 
dirty, and there were not sufficient supplies available 
for large scale decontamination. The Military Academy 
developed another and more economical method using active 
charcoal which was not so good, but even then the supply 
was inadequate. 
The Germans were worried about the effects of gas 
on the water supplies of big cities like Berlin and thought 
it likely that reservoirs might be subjected to gas bombing. 
The problem was then passed to the Reichsanstalt for 
Wasser and Luftgute at Berlin Dahlem under the direction 
of Prof. Hase. He worked out a method using hypochlorous 
acid which was effective in the case of mustard and lewisite, 
but it was not of much value for N-mustard, It was also of 
no use for chloropicrin, and arsenic still remained in the 
water unless the iron oxide treatment was applied. When 
properly treated, there was no harm in drinking the water, 
but it did not taste well. The experimenters tried it 
themselves for a few days without ill effects. Water 
treated by this method after contamination was then given 
to the prisoners in the Dachau concentration camp over a 
period of three weeks and they did not notice anything 
unusual, Wa, Pruf.9 did not take part in any of these 
experimentso 
We are indebted to Lt* H*E, Hudson Jr*, U*S. Army, 
for the following information about two water purification 
units found at Raubkaramer 
In the RIH area was found one trailer-mounted water 
purification unit and a separate unit for application of 
chlorine to water contaminated with chemical agents. These 
were parts of two rival methods for water decontamination* 
According to those interviewed, the two sets of equipment 
were tested at Raubkammer under the aegis of the Reich- 
sanstalt fur Wasser und Luftgute and the Heeressanitats Inspection Dureau, both Berlin agencies. 
The tests v.ere supervised by a Dr. Graeinhardt of 
the SanitSts I ,i*eau, and Prof. Base of the Reichsanstalt 
and involved waters contaminated with Lost and Winterlost. 
The chlorination scheme failed'to produce palatable water, 
while the trailer mounted unit was considered a success. 
The trailer-mounted water purification unit is capable 
of operation at rates of from 350 to 2100 litres per hour. 
The unit, designed by Seitzwerke, Bad Kreuznach, includes 
a gasoline engine-driven reciprocating pump, a mechanical 
feeder for adding a mixture of Kieselguhr and pulverized 
active carbon (Hydraffin E8), a preliminary filter equipped 
for manual sludge removal, two granular carbon (Hydraffin 
.YSIl) beds, and a plate and frame filter press. The unit 
is well designed and sturdy, but complex. The manufacturer 
stated that 3 were built, and 250 ordered but not fabricated 
for the German Array. 
No concrete information on the decontamination of 
Tabun and Sarin in water supplies was secured. It was 
indicated that, in dilute solutions, these agents would 
hydrolyse more rapidly than trichlortriethylamine, and 
more slowly than mustard gas. Sarin was thought to be 
completely soluble in water, Tabun less so. The minimum 
rate of hydrolysis was said to be in the neutral pH range. 
Both were rapidly hydrolysed by strong alkali. 
(D) Decontamination of Foodstuffs 
Little direct information on the decontamination of 
foodstuffs was obtained and a full picture of German 
methods will have to await examination of the documents on 
decontamination. It may be noted that the method for 
decontaminating flour was similar to that of the British, 
viz., immersing the sack in water and later pouring out 
the loose flbur from the crust formed by the penetration 
of water from the outside of the sack. Contaminated oats 
for horses were put in sacks in a vat and water was led in 
from below and allowed to run continuously. Decontamination 
was complete in 24 to 36 hours and the method was found 
suitable for mustard, lewisite and nitrogen mustard. 
Horses did not like oats after treatment if they had been 
contaminated originally with lewisite. (E) Skin decontaminants 
For decontamination of the skin washing with soap and 
water is considered to be the best method especially if 
carried out within a few minutes of contamination* British 
A/G- Ointment No.5 and the American No.5 Ointment are also 
thought to be excellent decontamincnts# In addition the 
G-ermans consider that these ointments give excellent 
protection against H vapour* In fact, the "jelly type" of 
ointment, such as M5> is considered to be better than any 
equipment or impregnation yet devised for protection against 
H vapour* The Germans themselves would have liked to make 
an Ointment like M3 but were short of the necessary thick- 
ening agents* 
It was considered extremely difficult to decontaminate 
all the body with an ointment, and so, for this reason, 
a decontaminating introduced,, M,S. Soap (Mersol) 
made by I„G-. Parben was the soap finally chosen, and, as is 
known, issued to the ixmy* It was intended for use by 
medical officers, decontaminating troops, and at decon- 
taminating centres* They claim that it is good against all 
vesicants, and is effective against H even 10 minutes 
after contamination* Dr* Postel did the original decon- 
tamination experiments at Spandau on guinea-pig skin and 
using 1-10 mg* of vesicant per 5 of skin* 
As regards nitrogen mustard, it was found that the 
weapon decontaminant was better for the skin than the 
actual skin decontaminant. It was therefore suggested 
that the soldier should determine the nature of the con- 
tamination before deciding on the agent to use. An 
impregnated cotton wool pad with an orange red band round 
it was to be used for swabbing off the free liquid con- 
tamination. If the pad turned the same colour as the 
band, then the liquid was nitrogen mustard and the weapon 
decontaminant was to be used. The device was not jut into 
service* - 
Some work had been done before the war by Dr. Oswald 
at Wurzburg on the possibility of obtaining a readily 
available decontaminant for H. Various ashes, mixed with 
water to make a paste, were tested on rabbits ears using 
a contamination of 5 mg* of H* The paste was applied 
thickly, left on for 3 minutes and then washed off. Coal 
ash was found to be no good, out wood ash, peat ash, 
lignite, etc., were effective. The control decontamination 
was done with bleach paste or by washing with soap or soft 3oape The ashes were better than the soaps but not as 
good as bleach paste. 
Other miscellaneous points of interest are: The 
G-ermans were short of containers for Losantin, and glass 
containers with zinc tops were provided for military use 
and all glass containers and tops, for civilian purposes. 
The Losantin kept well in the containers with zinc tops, 
but not so well when the tops were of glass. 
For phosgene oxime, dilute ammonia was recommended 
to alleviate the pain from the burns, Ihosphorus bums 
were treated with copper sulphate, but later it was found 
that sodium bicarbonate was better. 
(?) Decontamination of Vehicles 
The information received covered aspects most of 
which are already well-known to us, A few points of 
interest did arise. It was noted that there were two 
types of vehicles for clothingJ There was a troop decon- 
tamination vehicle, the TEK, for normal clothing. Each 
division had one and it was under medical supervision. 
The smoke troops also had their own unit decontamination 
vehicle which was intended for heavy clothing only, with 
a capacity of 20-30 suits per hour. Normal clothing could 
not be handled and was passed to the TEK for decontamination. 
The smoke troops* vehicle could alse provide bath water by 
circulating water from a tank through the radiator of the 
I.C. engine, which was running continuously, and back 
again to the tank. 
In at least one type of TEK, the water was heated 
by a novel method. There were two tanks each of 500 
litres capacity at the back of the vehicle. Water was 
circulated from the tanks through an impeller mounted on 
the crankshaft in front of the radiator, and then back 
again to the tanks. Heat was generated by friction in the 
impeller much in the same way as in a water brake on an 
engine test bed. The engine developed 100 H.P. and could 
provide 1000 litres of water per hour at 60°C. Eventually 
the method was abandoned owing to shortage of petrol. 
Description of RIII Raubkaromer 
RIII consists essentially of a large and elaborate centre 
for the issue and maintenance of anti-gas equipment for field 
trials and for the decontamination of personnel, anti-gas clothing, vehicles and horses0 The layout of the buildings is 
shown in Pig. IV. 
RIII, Buildings A and B. 
Building A provided showers and baths for men, with appropriate 
locker and dressing rooms, large wooden for decontaminating 
anti-gas clothing, and washing machines for dealing with 
ordinary dirty clothing. There were also very elaborate 
arrangements in tiled rooms for drying decontaminated rubber 
clothing by hot air. Each item of clothing was date marked by 
a special machine after decontamination. The S.W. part of the 
building contained machines for repairing damaged clothing. 
Under the building were large furnaces and boilers for pro- 
viding hot air and water. 
In the attic above the building two set-ups for opening 
used containers were found. One is a converted seaming machine 
in which one of the seaming wheels is replaced by a circular 
cutter. The other works on two shafts, one holding the con- 
tainer which can be moved in two directions, i.e., in line with, 
and at right angles to, the shaft, and the other being motor 
driven with a small circular saw. The container is brought up 
to the saw at the approximate position and slowly rotated by a 
hand screw until the complete circumference is cut. 
It appears that III L of Spandau was in the process of 
moving into the building as one of the cellars was full of 
orates of apparatus, only a few of which had been unpacked. The apparatus was mainly non-specialised, consisting of the 
commoner types of chemical laboratory glassware with a selec- 
tion of physical instruments such as voltmeters, anomsters, 
pyrometers, etc* Two of the smaller rooms on the ground floor 
in the building were already occupied by HI L. In one, 
several boxes of photographic negatives and files of prints 
belonging to III L were found* These were photographs mainly 
of British, Russian and German Anti-gas Equipment and did not 
appear to be of great importance except from an historical 
viewpoint, but they were sent back to U.K* for more detailed 
examination* 
In the other room used as an office by Dr. Meiner of 
IIIcL a practically complete set of documents on decontamina- 
tion was found and was sent back to U.K* for examination* 
Building B - The basement of this building consisted of a 
number of store rooms and a small laboratory fitted up for 
IIIcL. One large room was full of quantities of several 
different types of heavy anti-gas clothing, rubber boots, 
gloves, etc. All were carefully stored and arranged. A 
small room held a large stock of rubber garments for protection 
of limited areas of the body. A second small room contained 
stocks of uniforms, whilst a third held reserve stocks of 
spare containers and respirators, including a number of British 
ones, respirator repair outfits, boxes of detector tubes, 
etc. There was a small laboratory in which there was a stock 
of chemical glassware and also apparatus which had been 
assembled for testing the charcoal from filtration units. 
Finally a fourth room contained a stock of instruments for 
the measurement of air flow, resistance, etc* Apparatus for 
carrying out the D.G. test for filtration units was found in 
this room. All this material belonged to IIIcL. 
The ground floor comprised recreation rooms, a row of 
offices, a respirator store and rooms for self-contained 
breathing apparatus. There was also a small museum of 
facepieces and respirators. 
The offices contained a certain number of document s on 
defensive equipment which were sent back to U.K* The res- 
pirator store contained numbers of different kinds of 
service and civilian respirators, spare containers, industrial 
containers, gas planes, repair outfits, spare parts, etc. 
The service facepieces consisted of the GM30 and 38 types 
together with about the same number of the Od43 type (the 
new facepiece with expiratory valve with mushroom shaped 
cover over the nose for improved speech transmission). Three modifications, presumably experimental, of the GM38 were seen 
and samples obtained* A sample GM44 was also obtained which 
consists of modifications of the GM38 mainly to improve it 
for use with optical instruments* A microphone attached to 
wire and jack was obtained* This is for fitting on to the 
facepiece attachment* 
Orinasal masks made by both Auer and Draeger 'were 
found, mostly with light containers for dust protection only, 
there being a large supply of spare filters available as 
refills* 
A large number of containers were seen of the FE37* FB41 
and FE42 types and also industrial types for use against HGN, 
ammonia and CO* There was no indication of any new development 
or any unusual types* An EE38 container was found and 
retained for examination as it had not been met before. It 
was in no way abnormal externally. 
A large laboratory was used to store and issue the 
standard self-contained breathing sets and there was a well 
laid-out bench for testing and recharging exhausted cylinders* 
The first floor included two small chemical laboratories 
which had been taken over by III L for work on detection. 
Each contained a complete field laboratory (Feldlaboratorium) 
and general development work on this was in progress. The 
work in hand embraced the examination of captured ointments, 
detection kits and paints, development of paints, improvements 
in the carbon monoxide tester and in the gasanzeiger, routine 
testing of German gas detection stores and development of new 
methods of detection* One laboratory contained an all-glass 
gas mixing apparatus for establishing different concentrations 
of gases for testing detectors. 
Adjoining the chemical laboratories were two large attics* 
One was used as a store for clothing and the other contained a 
large amount of collective protection equipment and apparatus 
for testing its performance. The equipment included 1*2, 2.4, 
and 10 m5/min* units with fans and motors, experimental tank 
filtration units, hand operated blowers, flow meters, 
an ultramicroscope, etc* 
Building C is a gas chamber and presumably was used for testing 
the fit of facepieces before field trials. 
Building D was used for hot air decontamination* It contains 
three chambers lined with tiles and asbestos sheeting, fitted with slots so that an even flow of hot air can be obtained at 
all levels in the chamber. One of the chambers is sufficiently 
large to accommodate a 3-ton lorry. 
Buildings E are store houses of no particular interest. 
Building G- is a covered wash down. 
Building H is a garage for decontamination vehicles. 
A small distance away from the main buildings there is a 
trough (p) for decontaminating horses. Apparently the horses 
entered from the range and, after having harness removed, 
walked through the trough. When they emerged they were 
tethered and scrubbed. Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munster lager Area, including Raubkarcmer 
APKSNDIX III 
THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF GERMAN CHEMICAL WARFARE 
19 Introduction, 
2. Physiological methods of tests, 
3* Mustard gas and other vesicants, 
4o Phosgene oxime, 
5* Phosgene and other lung irritants, 
6, HJN and GNG1. 
7® Arsine and Aeroform, 
8, The harrassing agents, 
9, Fluorine and phosphorus compounds. 
10. The physiological results of field trials performed at 
Raubkanmer. 
11 o Human tests with G, W, agents at Concentration Gamps, 
12« Summary and Appreciation, 
13* Description of the Sections of Raubkamraer that pertained 
to the Medical Aspects of C, W, 
14, Documents recovered. APPENDIX in 
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF GERMAN CHEMICAL WARFARE 
1. Introduction 
The Germans placed great dependence upon the physiological effects 
of war gases on animals in the evaluation of the potential use of any 
compound or mixture,, Most of the tests were carried out using 
standard teat animals but the effects upon man were observed whenever 
it was possible to do so; the accidents in factories, laboratories, 
etc,, offered the opportunity to study the effects as well as the 
proper treatment. 
The research was carried on by various agencies within the Army and 
at c nrtain Universities, 
The following personnel were interrogated. 
Oberst Hirsch - Wa Pruf, 9» 
Oberstabsartz Jannsen 
Stabsartz Prusener - RV and RVII, Raubkammer and 
previously VII Spandau, 
Oberstabsartz Oswald - Senior Medical Officer, 
Raubkamner, 
Dr« Nobbe - RVT, Raubkammer, 
Dr, Strasser - RV, Raubkammer. 
Dr, Gerhard Bottger - VII L, Spandau, 
Dr, Winkler - V L, Spanda^u 
Dr, Wagner - Gr V, Wa Pruf. 9. 
Stabsartz Heinz Kruse - VII a L, Spandau, 
Professor Kliewe - VII c L, Spandau, 
Hauptmann Marthens - Medical Officer, Ljyhernfurth. 
Hauptmann Jannsen - Medical Officer, HMA, Munster Ost, 
Dr, iSberhard Posted - Pharraocology and War Toxicology 
Department, Military Academy, 
Berlin. 
Professor Wolfgang Heubner - Pharmakologische Institute, 
Frederick Wilhelm Uhiversitat, 
Berlin* 
Important personnel still to be interviewed include 
Professc.' Wolfgang Wirth - Chief of Group VII, Wa Pruf, 9* 
Professor Winner — Strassburg University* 
Professor Picker - Strassburg University. 
Professor Flury - Wurzburg University* Toxicity Figures 
The accepted (1944) German toxicity figures are given here* 
Figures differing from these will be found in various Sections of 
this this difference is probably due to the fact that the 
latter represent the work of individual investigators. 
Agent 
Minimum Detectable, 
concentration, mg/nP 
Intolerable Cone, 
ag/m^ 
Lethal Ct. 
mg«min./m3 
CN 
0.3 
4 
300 
Dick 
0,8 
10 
3500 
Clark I 
< 0.2 
1 
Clark II • 
0.003 (Smell) 
0, 01 (irrit at ion) 
0.25 
Excelsior 
< 0.03 
0.23 
Phosgene 
0.3 (Smell) 
1000 
3000 
Adamsite 
< 0.3 
1-3 
Diphosgene 
0.1 (Smell) 
15 
2000-3000 
KLop 
< 3 
25 
- 6000-12000 
Arsine 
30-50 
6000 (cone 
200 mg.) 
(Dog) 
asN 
< 10 
1000-3000 
(cone,30-100 
mg.)(Cats) 
GNC1 
1-2 
130-200 
1200 (Cats) 
10,000 
(Guinea pigs) 
Tabun 
0.00b (Smell) 
400 (cone, 
30 mg.) 
300( -10Ctag) 
Sarin 
Odourless 
100 - 150 
a 
VArsenol 
HT 
H-hanolog- 
ues 
enol 
HN-3 
pure -0,2 (smell) 
techn, —0.01—0.02 (smell) 
| 
700 - 1000 
1 - 2000 
700 - 1000 
Pfiffikus 
10 Another table relates lethal dose for man with the time of onset 
of symptoms and the time of death* 
Agent 
Time of c 
Illness 
>ccurence of 
Death 
Total dose/63 
kg, wt. (Breath- 
ing 40 l/mirio 
Lethal 
Ct, mg, 
min/nK, 
Exp* 
Time 
min. 
Phosgene 
3-4 hours 
4 hr. - 
3 days 
40 mg. 
1000 
10 
H 
3-4 hours 
1 - 7 " 
60- 
1500 
15 
Arsine 
3-5 hours 
115 mg. 
22300 
(at 
once) 
1500- 
3000 
(5days) 
30 
30- 
60 
HCN 
(10-20 
mg/nr ) 
Immediately 
(1-2 min; 
har*mless 
80-100 mg* 
2000 
900 
10 
3 
Tabun 
Immediately 
(i - 2 min; 
11 mg. 
274 
2 2* Physiological Methods of Testing 
Only new methods or methods peculiar to G.W, Research are 
discussed here. 
(1) Testing the Vesicant Power of a liquid G.W. agent 
The old method was to dissolve the agent in 15 of 
benzene and then to apply this to the skin by means of pipettes. 
However an exact area of skin was not contaminated by this method 
and so the following method was devised ; - 
1-3 mg. of vesicant was weighed onto a 1 sq. cm, glass 
plate held in a cork. The glass plate is then placed on the end 
of a spring-rod and wiped across the flexor surface of the forearm 
of the shaved skin of an animal. By this means it was hoped to 
contaminate a given area of skin (approximately 1 sq.cm.) at the 
same constant pressure. For strong vesicants 0.1 mg were used 
for comparison purposes. 
This method of contamination was criticised by the Germans 
themselves on the grounds that a constant reproducible density of 
akin contamination could not be obtained by the "wiping technique". 
A rod method of contaminating was suggested - similar to the 
Edgowood rod method - but not adopted. 
In assessing the value of a vesicant, the time of appearance 
of the various stages of the skin lesion, the size of the skin 
lesion and the time the lesion took to heal were noted. The 
latter two observations were considered to be the most important. 
If decontamination methods were to be assessed, then the 
decontaminating agents were applied at various time intervals 
after contamination. 
The penetration of clothing by drops of liquid vesicant 
Was determined by placing them either on the forearm of a man 
or onto the shaved skin of an animal. In some cases the left 
sleeve of a uniform Jacket was contaminated to a given density with 
3rops of vesicant and then the Jacket worn for A hours. The fact 
that the penetration of clothing in the field might be affected by 
$he terminal velocity of the sprayed droplets does not seem to have 
appreciated or at least not assessed. 
Because it was necessary to do many of the vesicant tests on 
animals, the relative sensitivity of the skin of different species 
to a 1 per cent solution of H was determined at Spandau. The 
following results were obtained. Horses, rabbits - 100 per cent react 
Dogs, men - 83 per cent react 
Mouse - 70 per cent react 
Guinea-Pig - 33 per cent react 
Hats - 30 per cent react 
Apes - 22 per cent react 
Hence dogs were considered the best animal for comparison with humans 
and then only when taking the skin between a dog* s toes. 
The danger of interpreting animal data too literally was further 
illustrated by the observation that all gases which contain arsenic 
react more strongly <5n animal skin than did pure H* However, on 
human skin, pure H was more potent than the arsenicals. 
(2) Penetration of impregnated and unimpregnated clothing by H vapour - 
Laboratory technique: The clothing (2 layers - uniform cloth and 
skirting) was either placed directly on to the forearm or else the 
forearm was covered with a rubber sleeve, which contained a window into 
which the clothing to be tested was stitched# The clothing was then 
exposed to H vapour by placing it over the top of a glass tube. (The 
usual Gt was 1290 mg.mir/m5 at 29^0#)# 
(3) Persistence of Liquid Vesicant in the Field:- This was assessed 
by 
(a) Guinea pigs with shaved bellies (clothed and unclothed) were 
placed in contact with the ground for 30 minutes. 
(b) Men wearing patches of 2 layers of clothing (jacket and 
shirt) over the knees and elbows, crawled over the contaminated areas. 
The patches were then removed and strapped on to shaved guinea-pig 
bellies for 3 hours. 
(c) The guinea-pig method (a) was considered to be too inaccurate 
because of the unequal distribution of H on the ground* Therefore 
a hainuer (handle 1 m. long and head 0.15 m long) with a piece of 
clothing over the head was used The clothed head of the hammer was 
brought into contact with the ground 100 times at random over the 
area. The contaminated cloth was then placed on a shaved rabbit's 
belly for 4 hours. (4) Penetration of Clothing (impregnated and unimpregnated; 
and of ointment by vesicant-vapour in the field. 
Men were clothed in underwear, a two-piece outer uniform, 
boots, socks, field equipment, and mask, the face and neck not 
being covered by the facepiece. Their hands were anointed with 
various types of ointment; in some cases the cuffs of the sleeves w 
were tied with tape and in some cases they were Just buttoned. 
These men stood or laid in a shallow trench for 30 - 60 minutes down- 
wind of a contaminated (usually 100 g/m2 of n) area of ground. 
The clothing was worn for 4 hours from the time of commencement of 
exposure. It was then removed and a hot bath taken, the hands, 
face and neck decontaminated with ointment„ Losantin or bleach 
paste. 
Sometimes the men were exposed to vesicant vapour in a gas 
chamber, the same routine being observed. 
(5) Aircraft Spray Trials 
Gothing (impregnated and unimpregnatedj was laid on the 
ground at various distances downwind. Only the left-sleeve of 
the jacket was exposed to the spray. after the spraying the 
jackets were worn for four hours by men. Guinea-pigs, with 
shaved bellies, clothed and bare, were also exposed at the same 
points. 
(6) Anti-Tank Trials 
(a) KPN bottle-grenades;- These were thrown against the 
turret of the tank. Gaged cats were placed in the driver's seat, 
commander's position in the turret and on the gunner's seat. 
(b) Harassing Agents;- The engine of the tank was removed 
and the ventilation arranged to simulate the ordinary rate of 
ventilation. The G,W. - shot was then fired against the tank, 
Immediately afterwards men, waiting liehind moveable shelters, 
ran out and put their heads into the back of the tank by opening 
the two rear doors* The symptoms suffered were noted. 
(?) CN Tests:- These were usually aone in woods. After 
functioning of the munitions, human subjects entered the area to see 
how long they could remain there without adjusting their respirators, 
ho objective tests of harassment were made, 
« 
(8) Stemutators:- Chamber tests were performed at Spandau, 
0o3 mg/m3 being the standard concentrations. In the field, volunteer officers and workmen on the staff stood 
downwind of sternutators smoke canoles, and stayed there, without 
respirators, if possible for 2 or 3 minutes0 afterwards the symptoms 
they had suffered were told to the assessor. No objective methods 
of assessment were used. 
(9) a ind Tunnel for testing smoke candles etc, had only recently 
been made at daubkammer. It had never been used. 
(10) Animals in the field:- Dogs, cats, guinea pigs and mice were 
used chiefly. They considered dogs a good animal, -Cats developed 
a gastro-enteritis sometimes fatal if kept in captivity for as long 
as four weeks. They were also sensitive to cold in the field, and, 
therefore, attempts were iaade to acclimatise them before hand by 
keeping them in large open cages. They were then placed in warm 
horse boxes after the trials. Guinea-pigs often died from cold and 
mice were especially susceptible. 
(11) Inhalation .abcperiments were performed at bpandau in 1*5, 2, 10, 
1u0 and 300 chambers*The floor, ceiling and upper and lower 
thirds of each wall of the chambers were of glazed tiles, the middle 
third of the walls being of glass for observation purposes. Animals 
were placed in gagas on stands in the chamber, Chemical sampling was 
performed by drawing the vapour out through holes in the glass portion 
of one of the walls. The agents were dispersed through another hole 
in the glass portion of the saine wall. 
(12) To test respirator filters against HCN or CNC1 in the field, 
cats were exposed in cages which were protected by a respirator filter, 
through which air was drawn continuously. 
(13) Comment; The Germans placed great reliance on animal tests and 
chemical sampling methods had to be correlated with toxicological 
observations before being generally accepted. 
In general they showed an unrealistic approach to their field 
asses sment 3, Thus 
(a) Men were not directly exposed to aircraft spray. The 
methods they did use we know to be open to gross errors* 
(b) No objective tests were used in assessing harassing agents* 
V<e know how misleading subjective observations can be in this case* 
(c) Again men were not placed inside towed tanks for trials 
with harassing agents. 3. Mustard Gas and other vesicants 
A. Mustard G-as 
TJie work with human volunteers was done at the Military Academy, 
Berlin, by Colonel \ieIde and Captain Kroeber and at Spandau. 
decontamination tests with ointment were done at the Military Academy. 
The human work was stated in 1 936 and before that animals were used 
for vesicancy tests. 
The Germans were aware that the genitals and armpits are the 
most sensitive areas of the skin and hence, for field work, designed 
rubber pants for protection* 
The vesicancy of many different agents had been compared using 
the skin of guinea pigs, pigs and humans and the following descending 
order of potency has been found 
H 
K/Arsinol 
q/HN-3 50/50 
K/HN-3 35/65 
HN-3 
The delay in healing of the lesions followed the same order. 
T (which the Germans called "T-ether") dissolved in H was 
considered to be a good vesicant# The size of the lesion produced 
T was usually greater than with pure H. (Pure T was never 
actually used but usually a 90/10T/H mixture). This was assumed to 
because the T spreads more rapidly over the skin and so the lesions 
*®re not so deep and healed quicker# A 50/50 T mixture was 
suggested as being the best for vesicant power. The fact that T 
Persisted for a long time on the ground - much longer than the German 
Sickened H ~ had also been noted* 
In all respects H-mixtures, such as QM, 0A, OR, etc., were less 
effective than pure H. 
, Details of tests (18.1.A4.) to compare the vesicancy of D 
Vchlorschwefel-Lost) and 0 (Oxol-Lost) are available. The following 
Results were obtained 
(a) The ear of a rabbit - skin damage commenced at the same 
D produced a larger area of damage but a rather smaller 
Tister. The lesions heal in the same time. 
(b) On human skin - the effect begins a little later with D. 
he erythema produced by D is smaller but of equal intensity. The 
lister formation is later with D and not so extensive. The total 
eXtent of damage produced by D is much less than that produced by 0. (c) Shorn Horse skin - Pure distilled D and technical 0 have a 
similar effect hut technical D is much less effective,, (Plury obtained 
a similar result in 1928). 
Hence 0 and Dr differevery little quantitatively in their action 
on the skin, but, with D, the action commences later and does not last 
as long* 
For decontamination of the skin washing with soap and water 
was considered to be the best method especially if carried out within 
a few minutes of contamination* Britisha/G Ointment No* 3 and the 
iunerican No,3 Ointment were also thought to be excellent decontaminants* 
In addition the Germans considered that these ointments give excellent 
protection against H vapour* In fact, the "jelly type11 of ointment, 
such as M3, was considered to be better than ary equipment or impreg- 
nation yet devised for protection against H vapour. The Germans them- 
selves would have liked to make an Ointment like M3 but were short of 
the necessary thickening agents* 
It was considered extremely difficult to decontaminate all the 
body with an ointment, and so, for this reason, a decontaminating soap 
was introduced. M*S„ Soap (Mersol) made by I,G* Parben was the 
soap finally chosen and, as is known, issued to the Army, It was 
intended for use by medical officers, decontaminating troops, and at 
decontaminating centres, . They claimed that it is good against all 
vesicants, and was effective against H even 10 minutes after contami- 
nation* Dr, Postel did the original decontamination experiments at 
Spandau on guinea-pig skin and using 1-10 mg* of vesicant per 3 
of skin* 
Some work had been done before the war by Dr, Oswald at Wurzburg 
on the possibility of obtaining a readily available decontaminant for 
Ho Various ashes, mixed with water to make a paste, were tested on 
rabbits ears using a contamination of 3 mg, H, The paste was 
applied thickly, left on for 5 minutes and then washed off. Goal 
ash was found to be no good, but wood ash, peat ash, lignite, etc,, 
were effective. The control decontamination was done with bleach 
paste or by washing with soap or soft soap. The ashes were better 
than the soaps but not as good as bleach paste. 
The following table gives the German figures for the relationship 
between contamination density and effect :- 
Degree of Contamination 
in g/nr of H 
Bare or clothed 
Skin 
Effect 
0*1 
Bare 
Erythema 
0.5 
Bare 
Erythema and Swelling 
1.0 
Bare 
Vesication 
5o0 
Clothed 
Nil. 
> 5.0 
Clothed 
Vesication Hence for offensive purposes (spray) it was estimated that 
a contamination of the order of 1 g/wr would be required to produce 
casualties on unclothed men, and for clothed men 5 g/m2 would be 
needed* 
No account was taken of drop size but it was predicted that the 
larger the drop size the greater the effectiveness since smaller 
drops were difficult to aim and readily evaporated* Therefore the 
thickening of H for anti-personnel spraying was recommended ; - 
Foreign spray mixtures were said to be 
England - OB or HT - T 47,4 per cent, 
H 25.5 per cent, 
U.S.A, - 50 per cent H 
15 per cent - H sulphone 
10 per cent - brom H 
25 per cent - Lewisite 
Russia - 21 per cent - H 
50 per cent - Lewisite 
29 per cent - Intermediate products and im- 
purities® 
The American spray mixture seemed to have caused them consider- 
able trouble in making, but they did, at least, vesicant tests with 
it as the following Spandau results show :- 
Time 
Effects produced by 
3 iag H on the skin. 
Effects produced by 
3 mg USA mixture on the skin. 
3 hrs. 
Reddening commences 
Reddening commences 
1 day 
Beginning of blister 
formation. 
Reddening and swelling 
9 days 
Ulcer and slough 
Ulcer and slough 
33 days 
Healed. Scar. 
Healed, Scar, 
No German figures for the effects of H vapour on wan are 
available. They seem to have relied entirely on Italian data as 
were quoted many times in their papers. These figures are 
follows 
dosage in mg* 
Condition of Skin0 
i.iesult on Skin 
1000 
Cry 
Erythema and sv/elling 
800 
Jry 
Nil 
1000 
Sweating 
Vesication 
250 
Sweating 
Erythema and sv/elling 
< 250 
Sweating 
Nil The only vapour tests done on human subjects at Spandau were 
those in which the forearm, covered by a rubber glove, in which a 
window 5 era square was cut, was exposed to a stream of vapour in a 
glass tube. The forearm was inserted through a close fitting 
rubber ring at the end of the tube. Concentrations of about ifOO rng/iir 
of H vapour were used and exposure times varied between 5 to }0 
minutes. A ct of 8-10,000 mg was said to only produce an 
erythema. Vesic&tions were never seen. Great individual variations 
in sensitivity to H vapour and the fact that sweating increased the 
skin sensitivity were noted during these experiments. 
Toxicity of H 
(a) By skin application - There was not much interest in this and 
only a few tests were made. 
The following MLD’s are noted 
Cat (back contaminated) mg/Hg 
Guinea pig (belly contaminated) 20,- 25 mg/Hg 
Rabbit 20 - 40 mg/Hg 
(b) By Inhalation - here again the data are scanty although details 
of toxicity experiments with 1) and 0 are available. 
Substance 
Concentration 
in mc/m^ 
Time 
in 
Mins 
Ct in 
me. rain/ 
m3 
Animal 
Deaths 
Pure distilled 
D 99*4 per cent 
39.6 
30 
1190 
Cat 
Mouse 
_s£_ 
14/20 
Pure distilled 
99.5 per cent. 
38.64 
30 ' 
1160 
Gat 
Mouse 
V5_ 
V20 
Technical D 
82.4 per cent 
35.71 
30 
1170 
Cat 
Mouse 
V20 
Technical 0 
89.6 per cent 
33.26 
30 
1060 
Gat 
Mouse 
2/5 
D in benzene 
solution. 
Nominal 
50 
30 
Nominal 
750 
Dog 
Gat 
Rabbit 
Guinea Pig 
Rat 
Mouse 
0/1 
i/2 
Vi 
0/1 
0/2 
,0/2 0 in benaene 
Nominal 
30 
Nominal 
•Dog 
0/1 
solution 
50 
750 
Cat 
0/2 
Rabbit 
0/1 
Guinea pis 
0/1 
Rat 
2/2 
Mouse 
2/2 
(Note the habit when using nominal concentrations, of estimating 
the actual Ct by multiplying C/2 by t 
From the above they conclude that, on inhalation 
(1) Pure distilled i) was slightly more effective than Pure 0 
(99.5 per cent). 
(2) Technical D (82.4 per cent) was slightly less effective 
than Technical 0 (89.6 per cent). 
(3) b in benzene solution was slightly less effective than 0 
in solution. 
(4) The L(Gt) 50 for pure distilled D (and 0) was probably 
about 1200, 
(5) Not enough animals were killed by the technical gas to 
estimate the L(Ct)50„ 
Spandau had noticed that Gt was not a constant for H vapour on 
inhalation, the smaller the t, the smaller was the Gt, Using 
exposure times of from 1-3 A It of 750-1500 rag,miiynr 
would kill most dogs and cats (i)r. Bottgcr, Spandau), It was 
believed that the L(Gt)50 for man would not be greater than 2,000 
lng«indr/m3 because all other species tested showed a L(Gt)50 of 
less than 2000 rag.miiy'ra^. 
■pathology 
This was not done at Raubkaramer except on animals killed in 
field trials. In general, their findings confirmed those of Allied 
workers. Gats and dogs, dying from inhalation of H vapour in 
field trials, showed a pseudo-membranous tracheitis and bronchitis and 
broncho-pneumonia. Conjunctivitis and oedema of the eyelids were 
seen and the guinea pigs, used in assessing vesicancy, showed 
°ederaa and necrosis of the skin. 
Signs of gastro intestinal damage were only noted whene animals 
licked the contaminated fur or in feeding tests with contaminated food. 
Dedema and Haemorrhagic necrosis of the gut and even stenosis of the 
cardiac end of the stomach with ulceration of the mucosa is seen. Orifcrin these animals was diarrhoea nc' ced* 
The bone marrow did not appear to have been examined* 
Specimens illustrating the above points of interest were seen at 
Raubkaramer. 
Therapy 
The G-erman methods of treatment patients suffering fran mustard 
burns was as follows 
(1) Calamine lotion* This was later in short supply* 
(2) Potassium Permanganate solution 1/3,000 - 1/5,000* 
(3) Boric acid solution* 
(4) "Rivanol" (Bayer; 2 ethoxy - 6, 9 - diaminoacridinolactate) 
dressing* 
Blisters were evacuated of fluid and the roof collapsed down 
onto the bum area before dressipgs were applied* 
Systemic 
In severe cases (12 in one accident with in 1941, 
when this observation was first made) an aleukoeraic xeucopenia had 
been noted in humans* This had not been noted by the Germans before 
this accident* It was confirmed in later accident cases, Dr,Postel 
did the haematology on these and subsequent cases* Because of his 
"original” work he was commended and ordered to Berlin, to continue 
his research under Colonel V/elde, at the Military Academy* 
Sternal punctures were made on the cases and few leucocytes 
were found. The ”young immature” Leucocytes were chiefly missing* 
This leucopenia was treated with whole blood transfusions, the 
amount of blodd given varying with the severity of the case* On an 
average 400 cc, of blood were given at a time (maximum 600 cc) and 
repeated if necessary. One case had 10 transfusions in all. 
Eight of the first series of 12 cases died, but many with very 
low white cell blood counts have recovered under treatment, e*g, 
one girl had only 800 W,B,C./ram5 but recovered* 
For the first day or two after the accident a few patients showed 
the symptoms of "shock” which was considered to be due to the H 
absorbed rather than the burns; the "shock" picture was not as pro- 
nounced sis with thermal burns of equal extent and intensity* There was no evidence of Haemocencentration but many cases showed 
a later polycythaemic because of the number of blood transfusions 
received,, 
Pentanucleotide was tried for the leucopenia but without effect. 
Good food and oxygen (in the early stages) to unconscious cases and 
cases suffering from respiratory distress were also given. 
The cases which died were autopsied by a pathologist from 
Berlin who removed the organs and took them back to Berling. 
The microscopic findings on these organs were not known to the local 
helical Officer. Microscopically, however, many cases showed a 
tracheitis and bronchitis with gross pseudo-membrane formation and 
broncho-pneumonia (Some of the cases which recovered also had a 
membranous tracheitis and often coughed up large pieces of membrane). 
No gross changes in the intestinal canal were remarked upon, though 
one case, who swallowed some liquid H, actually had a perforation 
of the stomach. The bone marrow does not appear to have been 
Examined at autopsy. 
None of the cases suffered from vomitting or diarrhoea. 
No specified therapy for H had yet been discovered. 
The best method of decontamination in the factory was soap 
and water washing, supplemented in many instances by bleach, 
Bosantin or even carbon tetrachloride. These methods were only 
effective if applied within the first few minutes after contamination. 
2 per cent chloramine solution was used to decontaminate clothing. 
Sbepries of the mode of action of H 
Work done by Long and Wirth at the Military Academy in Berlin 
and by Flury suggested that H inhibited cell enzymes. Hence the 
oxidation of cell was interfered with and this was followed by death 
°f the cell. The enzymes studies were not known to our informants. 
■Offensive Use of H 
Two types of munitions were envisaged — those to produce a vapour 
hazard and those for ground contamination. On the ground un— 
Sickened H persists as a hazard for 1 to 2 days, but, under favour- 
able conditions, thickened H may persist for 2 or 3 months. 
It is estimated that to produce an effective traversing hazard 
flunimum contamination density of 100 would be required. However, the production of such a hazard would be of doubtful 
value and no trials to assess the hazard were performed* Occupying 
hazard was also never assessed* 
For anti-invasion purposes trials were done to assess the hazard 
presented by H floating on water* Pieces of cloth were dipped in 
the floating H, then placed onto guinea-pigs* bellies and the result- 
ing bums assessed* The requirement was to provide a mustard gas 
hazard from floating H for two hours. H as a foam or absorbed on 
Fuller’s Earth was tried but without success* 
B. Other Vesicants 
Not much work was done on these* 
(1) No success was achieved with unsaturated H Compounds. 
(2) HN3 was considered tq be less vesicant than H and readily 
decontaminated with soap and water. It was charged into shells and 
not bombs and was used to produce an inhalation and not a con- 
tamination hazard* 
(3) HN2 was considered too unstable. 
(4) Little work has been done with Lewisite* BAL Ointment has 
been tested and was considered excellent for decontamination of both 
the eyes and the skin* 
(3) Bromo-H and iodo-H were tested for vesicancy on animals at 
Spandau, Brorao-H equalled H in vesicant power but iodo-H was not 
as good as was less stable* 
(6) Impregnated Justs - Test with H, HN3 and HT absorbed onto 
Fuller's Earth, Kieselguhr, etc,, had been made at Spandau* The 
French reported that such dusts were 10 times more efficient than the 
pure vesicant. Only a few tests were done by the Germans, the 
impregnated dusts being blown down a tube onto animals and mens 
forearms. all had the same qualitative effect as pure H and were at 
least equal to pure H in potency. Particle sizes varied from 1 - 10 
u the smaller particles being the more effective. The concentration 
was estimated from the rate of sedimentation of the particles, (An 
attempt was also made to apply Tabun to dust, but without success. 
Tabun was too readily hydrolised). 
G, Impregnated Clothing 
The possibility of protecting against H vapour by means of 
impregnated clothing and anti-gas ointments was under consideration# They knew of the British and American inrpregnites E and CG-2 
respectively and they had raadd several similar compounds for trial 
themselves, e.g. 
Selloxin 1 N-chlor-benzoic acid 2:4 dichloranilide0 
Selloxin 3 N-chlor-benzene sulphonic acid 2<4 dichloranilide0 
Selloxin 5 K-ohlor-acetyl 2:4 dichloranilide. 
It was known that sane of these inrpregnites could produce 
raethaemoglobinaemia and toxic effects by skin absorption, e.g. 
Selloxin 5 produced up to 38 per cent methaemoglobinaemia and 
3 mg/kg produced death in animals (rats, cats and guinea-pigs) on 
subcutaneous injection* Oats have shown methaemoglobinaemia 
varying between 5 and 60 per cent* 
To decrease the sensitivity to water higher fatty acid 
derivatives of Selloxine were tried and with sane success. Thus 
Selloxin 2011 (N-chlorinated 2:4 - dichloranilide of Stearic acid) 
with 15,3 per cent active chlorine was the best and was non-toxic 
to animals in doses of 3 rag/kg. 
/ However, the raw. materials to make this compound or other 
aniline derivatives were lacking and so melamin, 
derivatives were studied, e.g. 
Selloxin 50 - Trichlormelamin 
Selloxin 51 - Hexachlormelamin 
Selloxin 52 - Oichlorraelarain 
Various routine physiological tests were made with clothing 
impregnated with these materials. This routine is given below and 
illustrates well the methods used in assessing this kind of 
protection :- 
(1) Chemical penetration times - compared with impregnated 
clothing. 
(2) Laboratory trials with human subjects. The forearms were 
covered with a rubber sleeve with a window into which clothing is _ 
placed. These cloth windows were exposed to H vapour. (1290 mg.mijVnr 
at 29°G.). 
(3) Field trials using human subjects wearing impregnated and 
dnimpregnated trousers and Jacket and standing downwind of contamin- 
ated ground (100 g/m? of H or K/arsinol. Chemical estimations of 
the vapour hazard v/ere made. (4) Because of the poor vapour returns, these trield were repeated 
in a warmer climate (Wasilika and Litra Sedes in Salonika, Greece;. 
Various methods of impregnation, e.g. soaked or sprayed with Selloxin 
52, new and old (3 weeks wear) uniforms, and unimpregnated new and old 
uniforms were used. 
Because of the absence of vapour effects a second trial using 
two half-hour periods of exposure, the ground contamination being 
refreshed between these periods, was tried and again no effects were 
produced and so the contamination density was doubled and an hours 
exposure tried. This time skin reactions were obtained, the erythema 
often not appearing for 1 to 2 days and not for 3 or 4 days in seme 
cases. 
The results of these trials may be summarized as follows 
(1) Selloxin impregnated clothing was no better than unimpregnated 
clothing. In fact, on the whole, unimpregnated clothing was better 
than impregnated clothing. 
(2) Buttoned sleeves were better than bound sleeves. 
(3) Used clothing was better than new clothing. 
(4) Anti-gas ointment was better than cod liver oil, which in turn 
was better than vaseline. 
(5) GG-2 impregnated clothing, 2 per cent Selloxin (bucket aqueous 
impregnation; and 6 per cent Selloxin were also compared in a trial 
where five areas (18 m. x 50 o) with 20 m, between were contaminated 
witn The subjects laid in a shallow -(trench for two hours 
and at 25 ffl* downwind of the contamination* Sleeves and necks of the 
jackets were buttoned and ointment nibbed onto the hands* The 
uniforms were worn for a further two hours and then a hot bath was 
taken. Guinea-pigs were used as controls to test the vesicant power 
of the vapour. 
The results were poor since the vapour concentrations were not 
great enough and it was decided that effective H vapour concentrations 
could not be obtained at Raubkaramer. 
(6) Trials in the 300 u? chamber at Spandau were therefore commenced. 
GC-2, Selloxin 52, and Selloxin 13 (composition unknown; - impregnated 
clothing was tested. The protection afforded by the Selloxin 32 
clothing seemed to have been small. Selloxin 13 clothing may have 
been better but no unirapregnated clothing was used as a control and 
in this test, too, the Gt was tower. (7) Trials at the Institute of Hiarraacology and War-Toxicology of the 
Military Academy indicated that Selloxin clothing gave protection 
against fine drops of Ho Therefore aircraft spray trials on 
impregnated clothing, the left sleeve of the jacket only being exposed 
to spray, were performed* The impregnation was a 6 per cent watery 
solution of Selloxin J2 and this was effective in protecting against 
5 - 7 of (Any skin changes which did occur through 
the impregnated clothing were explained on the ground of faulty and 
uneven impregnation). This trial is described in detail in 
Section XX> 
(8) Laboratory trials, in which the left sleeves of worn field 
Jackets, (impregnated with 4 or 6 per cent Selloxin 52) were con- 
taminated with H (120 mg/120 cor) and subsequently worn for 4 hours, 
indicated that such impregnation did not protect against 10 of H, 
These results with impregnated clothing were considered by the 
Germans themselves to be particularly poor; if such poor protection 
*ere obtained under the artificial conditions of these trials, then 
the results in the field would be much worse. The difference 
between the poor field trials and the good laboratory results was 
®Xplained on the following grounds :- 
(l) The "climate" under the uniform was different from that of the 
surrounding atmosphere. It was warmer and more moist, and hence 
the skin was more sensitive. This warmth and moisture is supposed 
to be greater under impregnated than under non-impregnated clothing. 
Under new than under old, and under bound than buttoned sleeves. 
(2) There was also a "pump-effect" which draws vapour under, rather 
than through the clothing so that the skin could never be completely 
8ealed off from the surrounding atmosphere. This "pump-effect” 
*as said to be more marked with German than with Allied uniforms. 
In conclusion it may be said that the German-type uniform was 
hot suitable for impregnation against H vapour. In 1943 a uniform 
like the British battle-dress was to have been produced, 
of this may have been more successful. Impregnated 
German uniforms offered a greater degree of protection against H 
aPray than they did to H vapour. 
phosgene Oxime (Kanton) 
tfork on Phosgene oxime was commenced because it was believed 
*hat the Russians would use this agent. It was intended to 
°°ntaminate ground, skin and clothing. The compound was examined 
Spandau on the skin of men and animals. The results were as 
Allows ; - p 
(l) Minimum amount in ‘benzene solution required to damage 1 can of 
skin was 0.2 rag. 
(2) In the solid or crystalline state 0,1 mg. was effective. 
(3) Kantor/H mixtures were reported to have been found in Russia. 
Various concentrations of Kant on in H were assessed at Spandau, 
A fresh Kantor/H mixture was found to be the best. The mixture 
(5 mg.) produced the same effects in the same time as pure H 
{5 mg,; but the lesions healed 2-4 weeks sooner than the pure 
H lesions. 
(4) a 3 day old 40/60 mixture was less effective than pure H since 
Kanton hydrolyses rapidly. Healing occurred 8 days earlier i*1 
some cases. 
(5) Kanton was soluble to the extent of 33 per cent in H and in the 
40/60 mixture it wan suggested that only the undissolved Kanton 
was effective. 
(6) To penetrate uniform large amounts of Kanton were required, e.g* 
100 mg. on a small area and, therefore, it did not compare with 
H in this respect. 
(7) It* real value was in the intense irritation and pain it product 
within 1 or 2 minutes of coining into contact with the skin. 
(8) Kantor/H mixtures were poor from a military standpoint since bctf 
the irritating effects of Kanton and the vesicant power of H 
were reduced. 
5, Phosgene and other lung irritants 
Ho new lung irritants had been developed and the Germans were . 
relying solely on Phosgene, A phosgene-cyanogen chloride mixture h* 
been tried but it was not found to be effective. 
At Spandau an attempt was made to get an exact L(Ct)50 for 
mice but without much success, as the mice had a high mortality 
themselves during the winter of the test. The results obtained did 
suggest a L(Ct)50 of 1000 to 1,500 mg.mii/m5. Dogs and cats gave * 
similar L(Ct)50« Man was considered to react to phosgene in a man*1 
very similar to that of dogs (Plury held the same view) and for 
reason apes were not used for phosgene experiments, Spandau 
that the Gt for man is less than 3,000 ng,mii/nr, On the other 
Sartori's figures for man were often quoted, e,g. 
Concentration 
Time in Mins, 
Ct in 
Effect, 
in rag/nv 
Mg, mir/nr 
10 
10 
100 
Illness 
40 - 50 
10-30 
400 - 1,500 
Death Experiments on therapy were done by irofessor nirth at 
Spandau and Colonel .<elde at the Military acadeiqy. 
Dichlordimethylether had also been studied at Spandau. Animals 
exposed to 100 for 30 minutes died after 8 - 14 days from 
pulmonary damage though not specifically from pulmonary oedema* 
This was not considered a good agent and the work was stopped. 
Two CO, of alcohol, ether, chloral hydrate or acetone given 
subeutaneously to rats before gassing with CG- were without effect. 
Treatment of phosgenised rats with ozone increased the mortality. 
6. H3N and CKC1 
figt 
it 
No estimate of the Gt for man had been made by Spandau* Flury's 
figures were the standard ones in use and these are 
&an of average weight 70 kg, 
lethal dose 1,0 mg, of HJK/kg. body weight. 
• 
7ol, of air 
Time 
Concent- 
Gt mg. 
amount breathed 
Jose 
breathed in 
in 
ration 
rnir/n? 
in mg. 
in , 
.litres. 
Mins, 
in mg/nr 
mg/iir 
20 
0.5 
3,500 ) 
40 
1.0 
1,750 
60 
1.5 
1,167 ; 
80 
2,0 
875 } 
100 
2.5 
700 I 
120 
3.0 
583.3 
140 
3.5 
500 ) 
* 1750 
70 
1.0 
160 
4.0 
437.5 > 
180 
4.5 
389 
200 
5.0 
350 
220 
5.5 
318 ; 
400 
1.200 
10.0 
200 
2000 
80 
1.14 
30,0 
150 
4300 
180 
2.57 
2,400 
60.0 
150 
9000 
360 
5.14 
2,400 
60,0 
50-60 
3-3,600 
120-140 
1.7-2,1 
— 
Some further figures, source unknown, are appended : Athletic Man 68 kg* 
Concentration HCN 
in 
Breathing 
Time in 
minuteSo 
Rate 50 L./min. 
Effect, 
Amount Absorbed 
in mg. 
50-60 
i 
Nil 
150-180 
150 
i - 1 
Death 
225-450 
200 
1/6 
Death 
100 
2000 
Immediate 
'’pole-axed" death, can save with 
immediate artificial respiration 
Sane animal figures from Spandau were obtained : - 
Species* 
Effect* 
Time in 
minutes. 
Concentration 
in mg/ic? 
Gt in 
mg.miiy'nr 
Cat 
Oonvul- 
0.5 
4-800 
2-490 
sions* 
Gat 
Death 
0*5 
1400-2000 
700-1000 
Guinea- 
Convul- 
1-2 
550-650 (approx.) 
Hg. 
sions. 
Guinea- 
Death 
1-2 
1000-2000 (approx.) 
Pig. 
Dogs 
Were believed to be 
similar to cats* 
Cats 
Concent- 
Time in 
Gt in 
Time after exposure 
Lethal 0to 
ration 
seeso 
mgo raiiy^ 
in sec. for in- 
m*/ m^o 
capacitation. 
2700 
20 
900 
30 
Survives 
25 
1125 
30 
it 
43 
1125 
30 
1330 
55 
Survives 
33 
1373 
20 
1573 
40 
1375 
2200 
16 
587 
60 
Survives 
60 
11 
20 
732*5 
30 
732*3 
60 
Survives Concent- 
ration 
Time in 
secs. 
Gt in 
mg, m±Y)/ 
Time after exposure 
in sec, for in- 
capacitation. 
Lethal Gt. 
1000 
20 
333 
43 
Survives 
25 
370 
45 
n 
30 
500 
35 
»» 
680 
60 
680 
50 
43 
Survives 
680 
80 
906 
60 
906 
100 
1131 
65 
1131 
140 
1585 
73 
1585 . 
300 
90 
450 
90 
Survives 
120 
600 
120 
»i 
600 
150 
750 
150 
Survives 
200 
600 
2000 
2000 
103 
12-30 min. 
1260- 
3100 
1260-3190 
70 
22-30 min. 
1340- 
2100 
1540-2100 
30 
24-30 min,, 
12-1500 
• . 
1200-1500 
30 
30 min. 
900 
- 
Nil 
With H3N the concentration in a gas chamber fell rapidly and 
hence a new method to stabilize the concentration was designed. 
It was noticed that the greater the time of exposure the greater 
"the Gt required to produce death. 
Liquid HGN was found to be toxic on the skins of animals. 
The toxicity of H3N vapour through the skin had also been studied. 
This work was done because the German respirator was considered to 
offer excellent protection to HGN vapour, and so the hazard to 
vapour by skin absorption was assessed. Two series of experi- 
ments were done - on humans and on animals. 
In the human experiments four volunteer scientists each wearing a 
Respirator or an oxygen mask and a bathing costume entered a gas 
chamber containing HGN vapour, Concentrations of between 1,000 to 
4, 000 mg/nK were tried. It was found that a Gt of 10,000 had no effect* Only one 
person became light-headed and had a transient feeling of nausea but 
did not vomit* These symptoms were considered to be of psychological 
origin# Higher CT*s were not assessed because it was believed that 
such would not be obtainable in the field* 
The animal experiments gave the following results 
HGN by skin absorption 
Species 
Concentration 
in nw/m5 
Time in 
minutes. 
Effect 
Cat 
5,380 
120 
Difficulty in breathing 
22,100 
20 
Death 
23,000 
18 
Death 
Dog 
5,300 
58 
Death 
5,300 
62 
Death 
Pig 
5,430 
120 
Difficulty in coughing 
12,800 
85 
Death 
Guinea- 
910 
1 ) 
Pig 
to 660 
to 13 ) • 
Reddening of the skin 
3,100 to 
1-3 to) 
Reddening of the skin« 
2,950 
5-7 ) 
Illness. 
7,800 to 
1-3 to ) 
Reddening of the skin* 
6,900 
5-7 ) 
Illness. 
Nothing new had been suggested as a therapy for H3N poisoning* 
Nor had the possibility of protection against HGN by the prophylactic 
production of methaemeglobinaemia been considered. Standard 
remedies were ;- 
(1) Artificial respiration. 
(2) 10-20 cc. 3 per cent sodium nitrite intravenously. This 
formed cyan-methaemeoglobin and this effect was increased by the 
administration of insulin and decreased by the administration of 
glucose. 
(3) Sodium thiosulphate (Plury) 50-70 cc, of a 5° per cent solution 
intravenously, giving 2*5 to 6 cc. per minute. 
(4) Injections of methylene blue solutions containing : 
blue 1.0 
Glucose 25* 0 
Water to 100.0 (5) Lobeline injections hypodermically to stimulate respiration* 
The above were tried in accidents which occurred at Spandau, 
CNC1 
Not much HGN was made and even less CNC1, but they were worried 
by the possible Russian use of GNC1* 
However, CNC1 was not considered to be a good war gas because 
(1) It was a lachrymator and much better harassing agents were known* 
(2) It was readily detectable and hence a surprise lethal effect 
would not be possible* 
CNG1 produces a marked and rapid inhibition of respiration so 
that breathing stopped immediately* This inhibition is a reflex 
Mechanism through the vagus and was first seen in cat experiments 
done at the Military Academy and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in 
Berlin* In smaller concentrations the frequency and the respiratory 
volume are gradually reduced until respiration ceased* Because of 
this immediate respiratory inhibition produced by dosages approaching 
**ield concentration, a 60/40 HUft/CNCl mixture was not considered 
Practical as in this mixture the effect of UNCI predominated* 
Contrary to British and American opinion, it is considered that 
HGN produces a gradual depression of the respiration with no initial 
stimulation* 
The opinion was ejqpressed that the L(Gt)50 of GNC1 might not be 
more than that of HUN* animal experiments using high concent- 
rations give a wrong impression of the actual toxicity because of the 
inhibition of respiration which was caused* In fact it was suggested 
that here the longer the tine of exposure the smaller the L(Gtj$09 e*g, 
fiUinea-pigs had an L(Ct)50 of about 000 for short exposures 
of about 2-3,000 mg.miii/m3 for long exposures. 
In testing respirator filters against GNC1, a concentration of 
000 was used* This would usually pass through German 
filters in about 10 minutes* The desorption of GNC1 from respirator 
charcoal was a well known phenomenon. 
The following are sane Spandau figures :~ 
3321- Cats 
ntrat i on mp/w? 
Time in minutes 
Lethal Gt. rap;,niin/m3 
30 
30 
Ko effect 
60 
30 
1800 
70 
30 
2100 Concentration mRa/w? 
Time in minutes 
Lethal Ct„ ra^.min/m^ 
140 
30 
4200 
280 
11-30 
31-8800 
500 
5-10 
25-5000 
4600 
40-50 
1840-2300 
HGN-CNC1 (60:40) Cats 
Concentration rago/ra^ 
Time 
secs 
Gt 
rag, mir/ up 
Onset of 
illness 
(secs,) 
Lethal Gt, 
rag.miiVnr 
5000 
12 
1000 
23-25 
1000 
1250 
36 
750 
30-50 
Survives 
1250 
45 
937.5 
30-50 
937.5 
(25 per cent 
die). 
7o Arsine and Aeroform 
Aeroform is a mixture of magnesium and aluminium arsenides and 
was used in the form of a powder. It reacts quickly with the moisture 
in the air and on the ground to produce arsine in reputedly high 
concentrations. 
The Spandau toxicity figures for airsine are tabulated below: 
lime. 
Species - Oats* 
0 oncentrati on* 
Ct ing0mir/m3 
retained when 
hreathing at 40 L,/min* 
33-50 
hour s0 
10 mg/ra^ 
20-30,000 
0*4 rag/min* 
50 iron* 
200 mg,/ 
10,000 
8.0 mg/miru 
3 min* 
0 
0 
0 
\ 
3,000 
40.0 mg/min* 
The pathology and mode of action of .ursine, as worked out by the 
Germans, resemble the British and American conceptions. Therapy was 
along conventional lines too. 
The main value of arsine was considered to lie on the psychological 
effect of the presence of blood in the urine of affected troops. Some experiments on the contamination of water with arsenical 
compounds had been done at the Military Acadeny, Berlin* Water 
contaminated with chlorovinylarsine or diphenylarsine up to a 
concentration of I rag./L, of water had no untoward effect on 
consumption* A contamination of 0,5 mg,/L, of water was said to 
have absolutely no effect on humans* 
It was also stated that, with a concentration of 2,6 no 
arsine was retained in provisions. The same is true for Phosgene and 
Ohloropicrin but against this was the fact that BCN is retained by 
certain provisions and they become poisonous. 
Experiments with reducing and oxidising agents, and with 
sulphur-compounds in the treatment of Arsine poisoning were 
unsuccessful. 
8, The Harassing Agents 
GK was the only lachryraator in general use. (Possibly because 
the raw materials were lacking for the others or the factory space 
was limited). The (Germans were not specially interested in 
lachrymators and no new compounds were studied. 
The following were the Spandau "Harassing Concentrations" for GN:- 
■detectable 0o025 mg,/m2 
First signs of irritation 0„QJf rag0/nr* 
intolerable to the eyes 0,06 for 10 minutes. 
1025 for 30 minutes. 
Intolerable to the skin 1000 mga/ra? for 1 minute. 
• 2000 mg«/m3 at once. 
fir omome t hylet hy Ike t one was the only other lachrymal or for which any 
figures are available. Here the intolerable concentration to the 
skin was found to be 900-1000 for one minute. 
ON had been charged into the following munitions; 
(a) The KG 250 bomb, airburst for use over wooded areas. The 
Intention was to produce harassment and was only suggested for 
simmer or tropical use. 
(b) 20 and 30 mm, shot (charged solid GN and also GN in solution 
In chloroform) for attack against houses and barracks. This was not 
accepted munition. (c) 20 mu* A*P. shot for anti tank work* This was not an accepted 
munition* 
Stemutators 
The official harassing concentrations (Spandau and Sartori) were 
as follows* 
Agent 
Minimum Detectable 
Concentration in 
ra^*/m5 
Minimum Effective 
Concentration in 
msu/m^ 
Intolerable 
for 
2 min. 
Concentration 
10 min. 
Clark I 
0.01 
0.05-0.1 
1.4-2.0 
0.14 
Clark II 
0.00A 
0,02-0.1 
0.6 
0,06 
Adamsite 
0.1 
1.5 
Dora^ 
- 
0.08 
0.6 
Skin effects (Spandau 
Clark I : 700 produced no immediate effect but dermatitis 
might result if the skin were not washed after the 
exposure. 
Clark II ; 100 produced no effect. 
The vanillamide-group of compounds had also been tested. Fifteen 
different compounds were assessed and of these capsaicin itself was 
considered to be the best. A concentration of 0.01 mg/ra3 was found 
to be intolerable. Personnel working with these compounds became 
acclimatised to them. Manufacturing difficulties prevented a more 
extensive trial of these compounds. 
EXCELSIOR, was considered by the Germans to be the most potent of 
the sternatators* It was difficult to make and must be pure to store* 
It had been tested in 
(a) Smoke-candles, 
(b) 20 and 30 mo* shot* 
(c) H*£* Chem* shell. 
9. Phosphorus and fluorine compounds 
Am Fluoroacetates 
Full details of German work on compounds of the fluoroacetate type are lacking but in general are closely similar to those obtained by 
Allied experimental stations* One possible major difference is that 
they considered ethyl -, and not methyl -, flunroacetate to be the 
most effective of these compounds* On the whole, they say, the more 
complicated the compound the less the toxicity* 
The compounds were not irritating to breathe and produce no 
immediate symptoms. However, half to two hours later, clonic and 
tonic convulsions occurred and this was followed by collapse and later 
death. Intoxicated animals took sane hours to die and this was said 
to be due to "cardiac embarrassment”. Inhalation and ingestion 
experiments only were performed, and it was found that'a concentration 
of £0 mfj/m5 for 30 minutes was lethal for dogs and cats* Apes were 
not affected except in high concentrations, e*g* 400 mg/nr. 
The different homologues that were tested all appeared to produce 
similar effects, merely varying in the dosage required, Plury has 
tried to find how these compounds produce their effects but without 
success. They are said to be very toxic when given by mouth. The 
lethal dosage by ingestion could not be obtained* 
Prom a military point of view, these compounds were not con- 
sidered to be important. 
B • Phosphorus compounds 
Three new compounds had been seriously considered as C.W, 
possibilities. They are ; 
(a) TABUN, (Neuer Grunkreuzstoff, Gelan I, or Trilon 83) 
(b) SARIN, (Verbesserter Grunkreuzstoff, Gelan III, or Trilon 46)* 
(c) SOMAN, (Pinakolin Grunkreuzstoff) 
Many similar compounds had been tested, the chief of these pro- 
bably being the ethyl horaologue of Tabun (Gelan II, or Trilon 32} • 
All these compounds possess similar pharmacological properties 
though they differ widely in toxicity. They were considered to be 
parasympathetic stimulants or inhibitors of choline esterase. 
In sufficient dosage they caused marked contraction of the pupils, 
bronchospasm with respiratory distress, diarrhoea, convulsions, un- 
consciousness and finally death* These clinical features had been 
noted in animals (all three compounds) and in men poisoned as the 
result of accidents with Tabun and Sarin. Toxicity 
The toxicities of these compounds were estimated at the Military 
Academy in Berlin* Some of these figures have been found* 
They are reproduced below 
; 
(a) Taburu 
Concentration in iar./iq^ 
Ape 
L(Ct)50 for Dog 
Gat 
in nitfondiVnr 
10 
900 
900 
620-900 
13-16 
720 
180-670 
4OO-48O 
30 
600 
400-900 
400-900 
70 
400 
600 
700 
130 
150 
13CH.30 
It will be seen that the greater the concentration the smaller the 
L(Gt)30» The pigeon was said to be the most sensitive animal, the 
L(ct)30 being about half that of other animals. In order to get stable 
concentrations and therefore reliable toxicity figures they stressed 
the importance of using short exposure times, such as 0.5 to 3«0 
minutes. 
A few experiments were done with Tabun on its toxicity by skin 
absorption. They found that 100 rag, on the shaved back of a dog 
would cause convulsions but not death. 
(b) Sarin, 
(1) Subcutaneous injection of an aqueous solution into dogs: 
LD50 0,02 mg, kg. 
Amount to produce ataxia 0,01 mg./kg. 
Species 
(2) 
L(Ct)50 in rag, 
with cone, of 25 rag/m3 
on inhalation, 
with cone, of 10 rag/nr 
Dog 
59 
67 
Cat 
89.5 
135 
25 
27.5 
Mouse 
22? 
— 
Rat 
137-177 
— 
Rabbit 
227 
Pigeon 
25 The above concentrations for Sarin are nominal. No chemical 
estimations were made, but the actual concentration was estimated to 
be half the nominal. Hence the Ct figures given are Nominal C/2 
x to rag,raiiym5. 
(c) Comparable Toxicities 
No figures for Soman are available except those listed belcwr 
Agent, 
Oog, 
L(Ct)50 in mgo for 
Gat. 
Ape. 
Soman 
15-20 
50-60 
50-75 
Sarin 
80-100 
80-90 
100-150 
Tabun 
250-300 
150-200 
>150 
L(Ct)lOO 
Sarin 
150-200 
150-200 
— 
Tabun 
350 
250-300 
- 
(d) Tabun was known to be toxic when placed into the eye of an 
animal, and this fact had been used in assessing the potency of 
technical samples of Tabun, A 15 conn, drop (corresponds to 20 mg, 
of pure material) is placed in the eye of a rabbit; the production 
of convulsions was considered to be satisfactory. 
In the human eye, 0,5 gamma of either Tabun or Sarin will cause 
contraction of the pupil. It was also estimated that 1 iqg,/m3 for 
0,5 minutes will cause miosis in 5-10 minutes. 
Smell: Tabun has an ester like smell. 
Sarin has no smell. 
Soman has a smell like camphor. 
Volatilities 
The volatility of Tabun was similar to that of H, and so at 
normal temperatures it offered chiefly a liquid hazard in the field. 
However the vapour hazard increases with increasing temperature and 
increasing wind velocity, and it recommended chiefly for summer or 
tropical use. Soman and Sarin were said to be more volatile than 
Tabun but no accurate figures were available. Human accident cases 
The Medical Officer from Oyhemfurth was interviewed. Several 
severe accident cases with Tabun were treated, (One or two of these 
may have been\due to HCN which is used in the process). All the workers 
wore full protective clothing and respirators, and the accidents were 
due to a stream of liquid Tabun striking them in the face and forcing 
itself between the face and the respirator. They became giddy, vomited, 
and so then removed their respirators, thus inhaling more of the gas. 
On examination they were ail unconscious (one or two were still 
excited but not conscious) had a feeble pulse, marked nasal discharge, 
contracted pupil, asthmatic type of breathing, and smelled strongly of 
flowers. Involuntary micturition and diarrhoea occurred. Gases of 
Sarin poisoning had occurred at Spandau, and there is the possibility 
that one case occurred at Haubkanmer butthe Medical Officer was not 
sure what the agent really was. This case represented the clinical 
picture of lung oedema when first seen. He was unconscious, had 
marked contraction of the pupils, but did not smell of flowers. This 
patient recovered after venesection, when 450 ccs, of blood was removed. 
No oases of Soman poisoning were known to. have occurred in humans. 
Pathology 
In the animals which died quickly there was little to be seen at 
autopsy. The animals which remained alive for a few hours after 
gassing petechial haemorrhages into the pons, medulla and cerebrum, with 
surrounding oedema, could be seen. 
The human cases which died were autopsied by a Major Host, from 
the Military Academy in Berlin. By the naked eye, the only abnormal- 
ity was congestion of the lungs and brain* The organs were removed, 
samples of blood and serum obtained and these were taken back to 
Berling for detailed examination, 
Therapy 
This was worked out by Colonel Welde at the Military Academy, 
Berlin, and is as follows : 
(1) Eyes: Liquor, Scopolamine Hydrobromide 0,1-0,2 per cent drops 
into the eye. To prevent overdilatation of the pupils, tablets of 
cocaine hydrochloride 2,5-10 per cent are also inserted. In marked 
cases Syntropan (Roche) was used in 2 per cent solution. 
(2) Lungs: Codeine Phosph, 
Tab, Ephedrine 0,05 mg. (3) Severely 111 Gases 
1 cc, B,S, solution (atropine sulphate in 0.01-0,02 mg, doses 
and Sympotal 0,12 mg) intramuscularly, Sympotal is a new drug 
manufactured by Bochringer Solen, 
10-25 cc« of 25 per cent glucose solution four times in 4-8 
hours. 
In the early excited cases, light ether narcosis. 
For more severe cases, 5“10 cc, of sodium evipan intramuscularly. 
With cyanosis and respiratory distress, oxygen and articifiol 
respiration. 
The above drugs were put up into First-aid Boxes for even the 
ordinary workman to use. 
Cardiac stimulants such as Cardiazol or Camphor, are contra- 
indicated. 
Even after the acute symptoms have passed, the cases need careful 
nursing and observation. 
In the human accident cases discussed above, B,S, solution was 
injected intramuscularly at once, (in the most severe cases it was 
given intravenously, although no instructions to do so had been issued), 
Sympotal and Strophanthin were given for the heart, and artificial 
respiration, cardiac massage and oxygen by mask where necessary, Two 
of these seven cases recovered even although they were unconsci ous 
when first seen. Upon recovering consciousness, they became excited, 
had ’’minor convulsions” and micturated involuntarily. They were 
therefore narcotised with sodium evipan and were quite normal again 
when awaking in 8 - 10 hours time. 
Decontamination of these patients was performed with sodium 
bicarbonate solution. 
.Offensive use; 
Details of the trials done with Tabun and Sarin are given in 
Section X, It was, apparently, intended to use these agents as 
lethal gases, the harassment caused by the contraction of the pupil 
being considered to be of only minor importance. For Tabun they 
aimed at a concentration of 100-200 mg,/m5 but they could not always 
rely on getting this, Tabun was not as good as HGN against tanks 
because it was not quick enough in action. Future Work 
An attempt wan made to replace the phosphorus of Sarin with 
arsenic as it was thought that this would be a very effective compound* 
No success had so far been achieved* 
Dr. Bottger had been moved recently from VIIL to VbL in order to 
study the action of organic phosphorus compounds on the vegetative 
nervous system. It was hoped to discover the mechanism of action and 
thence a rational therapy. Active work on this project had not yet 
started. 
About 50 compounds of the Sarin-Soman type had been tested for 
toxicity. From these tests, apparently, secondary alcohols are best, 
i.e. compounds of the general type 
HD - P - F 
All compounds with 5 or 6 carbon atoms in the secondary alcohol group 
were good. R radicles with side chains gave good compounds; long 
straight chains were not very effective. Replacement of the methyl 
group in Sarin by ethyl, propyl etc., decreases the activity. 
The following scheme illustrates the variation of toxicity with 
chemical constitution in this group of compounds. 
- 
\ N - P = 0 
GH3 
(1) 
Tabun 
C2 OCgl^ 
- P = 0 
g2 
only a little less effect 
ive than Tabun. 
OC2HC; 
0 
ch3 on 
Less effective still.  O.G2H^ 
N - P'C 0 
GH3 Cl 
Ineffective 
gh3 /OG2H3 
H - P = 0 
/ \ 
GH3 p 
GH 0oGH3 
N-p = o 
\ 
GH3 cn 
GH, 0G3H7 
/ \ 
on 
Ineffective 
GH, 0* GHp,C Gl, 
V / 3 
N - P = 0 
X \ 
GH3 gn 
(2) C,H7(iso) 
GK, P = 0 J 1 
3 % P 
Sarin 
/O G?^(iao} 
C2«5 - \= 0 
x P 
good but somewhat weaker than 
Sarin.  (iso; 
C^H7 - P =x 0 
Uuch weaker than Sarin. 
. OCxH7 (iso) 
O H - P< 0 
* \ P 
0 
GH2C1 - P = 0 
\ F 
0 
C1C13 - P = 0 
\ F 
Almost without effect. 
GHgP - P « 0 
0 C3H7 (iso) 
o v: 
C3H7(iso) 
\ \ GH, P = 0 
\ \ P 
Ineffective 
(iso) 
CH, P si 0 
3 \ Cl 
G3H7 (iso) 
GHz P =* 0 
\GN . OG3h7 (n) 
OH,. P< 0 
good but weaker than Sarin* 
/0 03h5 
OH,. P = 0 
much weaker than Sarin* 
yQ CH} 
QH,. P = 0 
almost without effect* 
0 CH2 Cl 
GH,. P = 0 
CH Cl2 
CH, - P = 0 
v« p 
0 C Cl, 
/ 3 
CH, - P s 0 
\p 
0 CEL. CCI3 
OH, - P< 0 
P 
o ch2. gh2p 
GHjj — p s 0 (3) 
GH* 
/ 3 
c - gh5 
/ \ 
O.CH GH, 
/ \ 
GH3 - P = 0 GH3 
\ 
P 
Soman, (The Best of all) 
/®3 
G - H 
/ \ 
O-CH H 
/* 
GH3 - P =E 0 
P 
Better than Sarin. 
C - GH 
O-CH 
/ \ 
GH3 - P = 0 GH3 
p 
G-ood hut not as good 
as Sarin, CH, 
/ * 
G - GIL 
/ \ 3 
GH GH 
v > 
/ \ GH, 
gh3-p = o \ s 3 
\ C “ GHz 
P x 
gh3 
CH, 
/ * 
C - C3L 
/ \ X ch3 
GH* - P » 0 GH 
V \ CH3 
X* \ / 3 
' C - H 
Not as good as Sarin. 
/®3 
0 - GH, 
/ 0 / 
GH3 - P = 0 
\ /“> 
' G - GH 
CHx 
/ 
G - CH3 
/ 
„„ \ OHt 
CH5 - £> = 0 \ / 3 
\ P °< GH3 
N H CH2 
0. GH 
/ X 
CHj - P a 0 GH2 GH2 
P 
The next best to Soman* 
% «2 
/°<“ 
®3 - P = 0 H2 H2 
XP 
Not quite as good as Sarim* 
/o OHgCgHj 
CH, - P = 0 
N , 
Ineffective - as are all the 
compounds containing aromatic 
alcohols. 
It is interesting to note that the two optical isomers of the 
iso-amyl horaologue of the Sarin type were equally toxic. 
The allyl - Sarin homologue had a toxicity greater than Tabun but 
less than Sarin, 
They were going to prepare Soman derivatives of alcohols containing 
5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms, which they knew they could produce technically. 
(The derivative prepared from a technical mixture of hexyl alcohols was 
ineffective). 
Halogenation of these compounds rendered them non-toxic. 
It is important to remember that, in assessing the relative toxicity 
by inhalation of these compounds, the various species showed a great 
variation in response to different compounds. The toxicity by 
subcutaneous injection did not show such a great variation and the relative 
toxicities, so assessed, agreed with the relative toxicities by inhalation 
on apes. Again, these compounds were said to act by inhibiting choline 
esterase, but the sensitivity of the choline esterase varied with 
different species. Thus Sarin and Soman inhibit rabbit serum chpline 
esterase to an equal extent; with dog and human serum choline esterase 
Soman was 2-3 times more effective than Sarin, 
Therefore compounds were screened by 
(1) subcutaneous injection in mice. 
(2) inhibition of human serum choline esterase. 
(The test was done by adding acetyl choline to serum and titrating 
for acid after various time intervals. Then acetyl choline was added 
to a serun/compound mixture and titration again made, Bromo-thymol 
blue was used as indicator). 
Promising compounds were then assessed by inhalation on dogs 
and apes, using short exposure times. 
The toxicities of Soman, Sorin etc, by mouth or percutaneously 
*ere Just being estimated. No figures had yet been obtained. 
Accident cases, however, do suggest that these compounds were toxic 
hy skin absorption. 
10, The Physiological results of field trials performed at Raubkammer 
Two files containing sane details of the physiological results 
of field trials held at Raubkammer were obtained. The trials listed 
174 aircraft weapon trials and 109 ground weapon trials. The 
aircraft weapon trials covered the period from 1935 to the present, 
the ground weapons trials from November 1940 to the present. 
Unfortunately no corresponding tabulation of chemical and 
Physical results of these trials has been forthcoming. In addition 
the physiological data are often incomplete or not sufficiently 
Therefore a comprehensive appreciation of the Raubkammer 
trials cannot yet be made. 
However they do indicate the type of agents in which the 
Armans were interested, the types of munitions they were developing 
*hd the relative order of effectiveness of these various agents and 
. In the physiological assessment of the trials, the Germans 
Shaded the effects produced on the animals as follows - » no effect 
/ a slight effect 
a moderately severe effect 
/// a severe effect 
(/) a death 
In addition some idea of the effectiveness of a munition was 
obtained by calculating what they called "Lethal Areas" and "Total 
Effective Areas", where the "Lethal Area" was the area over which 
death of animals was obtained, and the "Total Effective Area" was 
the area over which death or illness of the animals was obtained, 
(Dogs and cats were the chief animals used in assessing field trials, 
although in some cases guinea-pigs and mice were also exposed). 
As many of their trials were performed with experimental munitions 
and various types of burster and various weights of charging were used, 
in interpreting their data we have expressed the effect produced in 
terms of the Lethal Area in weight of agent used. We have 
considered only the Lethal Area and not, in addition, the "Total 
Effective Area" because, we believe, the extrapolation from animal to man 
can be made with greater certainty where death of the animal has been 
produced* 
The meteorological observations made at Raubkarnmer during the field 
trials seem to have been very scanty so that any indications of the 
effect of various weather conditions ofl the effectiveness of the GYI agents 
could only be tentative. Fortunately facilities were such that many field 
trials, using different chargings in the same type of munition or different 
bursters with the same charging etc, could be performed on the same day. 
Hence direct comparisons under similar meteorological conditions could be 
made* 
A. Aircraft Weapon Trials 
The following trials are’known to have been performed 
33 using Aereform 
38 using HJN or GNC1 
2*4 using Phosgene 
2 using H 
52 using Tabun 
1 using Sarin. 
Bombs and clusters burst statically, bombs dropped ground burst, 
with an instantaneous fuse or with a delayed fuze, or air burst, bomb 
clusters dropped, spray-bombs or aircraft spray were the type of 
assessed* . 0 Each G,W, charging will he considered in turn. 
Aeroform 
(1) KG 250 hurst statically. 
(a) Temperature has little effect on the performance 
Temperature 
| Lethal nrea in m^/kg. 
- 14°G 
17 
/ 7.2°C 
13 
/ 6.1‘to 
16 
©ogo 
(b) For the siaall ranges of wind velocity and relative humidity 
studied, ndther of these factors can be considered to affect the lethal 
area0 
p 
(c) The average lethal area for these trials was 19 m'/kg, 
(2) M3 250 dropped, 
(a) ground burst a lethal area of 8 nr/kg was obtained, 
(b) air burst over woods a lethal area of 9 was obtained, e,g. 
Weather 
MUNITIONS. 
Animals 
killedo 
Lethal Area 
in m^/kgo 
Wind in 
Temp0 in 
°G. 
ftel, Hum*, 
per cent. 
2 - 
5 
11.9 
Vjl 
00 
1 - KG 230 II GR 
2 kg0 ?p02 
149 kg 
Aeroform 
3/53 Cats 
1/11 dogs 
Inhalation 
time 10 min. 
b 
0 
11.3 
100 
I 
2 - KG 250 II Gr 
322 k# 
Aeroform 
Airbill'st over 
woods. 
6/28 Dogs 
0/2 cats 
Inhalation 
time 30 niin. 
9 , \ « 
Trials at Kieler Forde with bonibs burst on the water or 
over the water were relatively ineffective in producing animal deaths. 
These trials were designed to test the effectiveness of this munition 
in attacking ships or invasion forces* 
(3) Heleased from the S $00 
One trial was done (68 kg aeroform) and no animals were affected 
at all. 
One virtue of aeroform was that it was not detectable by smell 
in woods and when airburst over woods, even the explosive charge could 
not be detected* 
tm and GNG1 
Gats and Dogs were used for these trials. The cloud of gas was 
allowed to pass over the animals and then they were immediately inspected. 
The maximum time of exposure was estimated to be 2 minutes. 
(i) HU 250 bombs burst statically 
(a) There was little difference in’ effectiveness between a 
60/40 HGN/GNGI mixture and an 80/20 HGN/hgO mixture e,g. 
Weather 
vYind in 
n/ acc 
Temp in 
°G. 
Rel, Hunio 
per cento 
CHARGING. 
Lethal -area 
in m‘■/kg* 
RnuiruiKS 
1 
-1 
87 
KJN/CNG1 
>120 
Trials 
performed 
0*9 
-1 
83 
HGN/HgO 
135 
same day. 
(b) a 80/20 YSJN/HnO mixture was more effective than a 6O/4O 
HQN/H2O mixture, the effectiveness being roughly proportional to the 
HGN content ecg. 
Weather 
Charging 
Lethal i*rea 
Wind 
W seCo 
Temp 
°o. 
R.Ho 
H3N/H20 
in m2/kg. 
RhlLiRKS 
1.9 
/14.5 
39 
80/20 
67 
Trials 
performed 
3.1 
/15 
37 
60/40 
47 
same day. (c) A better performance was obtained under conditions of low 
temperature and high hjimidity e,g. 
Weather 
Charging 
Lethal Area 
REMiiiUB 
Wind 
W sec. 
Temp. 
°G. 
RoHo 
ft 
HCN/H20 
in nr/kg. 
0.9 
-1 
83 
80/20 
135 
1.9 
/14.5 
39 
80/20 
67 
(d) This bomb was very effective when burst statically in a 
wood, a lethal area of 243 mV kg being obtained. 
(2) KG 250 bombs propped ;- 
(a) Charged with a 60/40 HGN/GNG1 mixture an average lethal 
area of 43 was produced. 
(b; One trial was done using HGN alone and a lethal area of 
>115 nf/kg was obtained. 
(c) With a 80/20 mixture the lethal area was 18 m^/kg. 
(3) Spray from the 3500 
(a) In the open a HGl/GNGl mixture produced no deaths. 
(b) With pure KGN an average lethal area of 50 w£/kg was produced. 
(c) Over woods pure HGN, HGN/CNGl mixture or pure CNC1 were 
equally effective. These trials were carried out on the same day. 
(4) In two further trials the chemical analytical figures are 
available but not the animal data. 
Munition 
C oncentrat ion 
in me/ 
Sampling time 
in seconds* 
Distance down- 
wind in m* 
Remarks 
1 - KC 250 V Or 
22,700 
60 
30 
In a 
62 kg HCN/GNClo 
7,400 
600 
30 
wood* 
4 - S 500 
2 kg HCN per 
1 m* of flighty 
12,000 
60 
30 
In a 
dell (5) Other results were 
Munition 
Weight in kg, or HCM 
Lethal Area in in 
Density of HON in g/n£ 
Spray 
194 
10,000 
19 
200 
10,000 
20 
400 
16,500 
15o 75 
(6) A few notes summarising results of other aircraft trials were 
found. They are reproduced below. 
(a; Bombing in a wood: 
22,700 at once, to 7400 in 10 minutes. 
(b) Spraying from aircraft: 
Wind* 1 - 2 n/sec. 
Temp, -10 to + 1.0°G, 
Height 10 - 13 m. 
Open flat land 3o9 in from zero to zero + 1 min. 
High wood 2,9 +1 to Z + 2 rain. 
Medium Wood 12,2 to Z + 1 
Phosgene 
Munition 
Average Lethal 
Area in m^/kg. 
Remark So 
KG 230 functioned statically 
41 
The higher the temperature 
the greater the effective- 
ness* 
KC 230 dropped 
<8 
Data incomplete* 
KC 300 functioned statically 
9 
Data incomplete. 
KC 300 dropped 
69 Munition 
Average Lethal Area 
in m2/^ 
Remarks, 
KG 1000 dropped* 
48 
KG 1800 functioned 
statically 
5 
Data incomplete* 
KG 1800 dropped 
? 
Data incomplete. 
S 500 
? 
The chemical but not the animal results are available for two 
trials 
Munition# 
RKSUL2S 
Remarks, 
Concentration 
mg/nK 
Time in 
seconds 
Distance 
in m 
downwind 
4 - KC 250 II Gr 
400 kg phosgene. 
65,000 
10 
30 
Performed to 
assess danger 
from allied 
bombing of Ger- 
many with 
Phosgene bombs. 
1 - KG 1800 II Gr 
730 kg Phosgene, 
32,000 
10 
30 Tabun 
Munition 
Average lethal area 
in nr/kg. 
Remarks 
KC 250 functioned 
statically 
38 
Pure tabun was more effective 
than tabun mixed with ‘\d/o or 
4Q£ chlorobenzene. 
KC 50 dropped 
40 
KC 250 dropped 
48 
Mixed with 1 Q}o chlorobenzene 
gave 54 w£/kg0 
KC 250 airburst at 
50-100 mo 
( one ) 
40 (trial; 
Data for other trials in- 
complete. 
A.B.250 each with 
10 K.B, 
83 
QO/a Tabun / 20i chloro- 
benzene used in these trials. 
Wind velocity had little 
effect on lethal area. 
A, B.500 each with 
20 K.B. 
81 
Spray Bomb 
Spray 
120 
113(one triad) 
80/20 Tabur/chlorobenzene 
also used in these trials. 
Chemical data are available from one other trial 
Munition 
RESULTS 
Concentration 
(Wnr) 
Time 
(secs) 
Distance 
fm) 
KD 250 III Gr 
80 kg Tabun 
231 
60 
30 Sarin 
Chemical data, only, from one trial have been obtained 
_ . 
Munition 
RESULTS 
Concentration 
Time 
Distance 
*C 250 IV Gr 
80 Kg Sarin 
232 
60 secso 
30 do 
Mustard Gas 
The results of thred spray trials only are available. 
How Functioned. 
Met, Conditions. 
Contamination. 
S500 (350 Kg OA) 
01 nu height. 
Across wind. 
Wind 3*3 Wsec. 
Temp. - air 19.2°C, 
Temp. - air 19oO°G. 
11,3,44 - Date of Trial. 
30 - 423 m, long 
6 g/m2 max. at 323 ra. 
3 maxima e. g. 
4.3 at 80 m. 
3.4 g/m2 at 150 m. 
8 at 323 m. 
S5°0 (350 Kg OA) 
m« height 
Across wind 
Wind 10 n/sec. 
Temp. - air 18,1°C, 
Temp. ~ ground 17«.2°G. 
Date of trial 25.5»44- 
1.2 g/m2 at 175 m. 
1.37 at m. 
Average 0.2 g/m . 
|500 (350 Kg 0) 
- 30 ra heighto 
r°*hwind owr a 
f'°Uae, 
Wind 2.8 n/sec. 
Temp. - air 
Temp, - ground 10,8°Cc 
H.H. 84& 
Contamination not meas- 
ured. Vapour returns 
were 3.5 upwind 
side of house, 
11.2 mg/m2) downwind side 
14.3 of house. Full details of a fourth spray trial carried out on 20,10044. are 
available and are given in the table below. 
In this trial the protection afforded by impregnated clothing was 
assessed,, The aircraft flew across wind at a height of 50 in, and 
sprayed from one 3 500, containing 550 kg OA thickened with P III. 
Sampling was done at 25 m, intervals for a distance of 250 m, downwind. 
Glass bottles (for heavy contamination) and metal trays (for light 
contaminations) were used to trap the vesicant and so raeaaure the con- 
tamination densities at different distances downwind. The left elbows 
of impregnated ana unimpregnatea uniform jacket were exposed to the spray 
and subsequently worn by men for 4 hours. Bare and clothed shaved 
bellies of guinea pigs were also exposed.  
Contamination densities 
Human Results 
—GTCUigg Tl'fl Results 
Distance 
Downwind 
Metal 
Travs 
Impreg, 
rlon-Imorec. 
Clothed, 
0 s/ m2 
OAg/n? " 
0 g/m2 
OAg/w? 
On Line 
1 
5 
1 
5 
1 
5 
1 
5 
1 
2 
3 
4 
1 
2 
3 
4 
1 
5 
1 
5 
25 
3.80 
8.72 
9.92 
22.76 
5.64 
7.38 
14» 73 
16,46 
4-4-4- 
4-4-4- 
4- 4-4- 
4-4-4- 
50 
2.09 
20 62 
5,46 
6,84 
2.46 
2.62 
2.42 
6.96 
- 
- 
* (♦) 
- 
+ + 
+ 
4- 4-4- 
+ 
4- 4- 4- 
4-4-4- 
4- 4-4- 
4-4-4- 
75 
1.07 
0.78 
20 77 
2*05 
1*22 
1.00 
3o19 
2. 61 
- 
‘ - 
- 
- 
+ 
4- 
+ 4- 
4- 
4- 4- 4- 
4-4-4- 
4- 4- 
4-4-4- 
100 
0*49 
o# 26 
1o27 
Oo 75 
0,83 
0.67 
2.56 
1.96 
+ 4- 
- 
- 
- 
+ 
w 
- 
- 
4-4-4- 
(+ +) 
4-4- 
125 
0*19 
0.03 
0.48 
0*08 
0*47 
0*29 
1*81 
0*77 
- 
- 
- 
mm 
- 
- 
- 
- 
(♦ ♦) 
C+ ♦) 
4- 
— 
150 
0.01, 
0.04 
0*10 
0.10 
0.23 
0.23 
0*59 
0*62 
- 
mm 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
- 
(♦) 
4- 4- 
- 
- 
175 
Oo 09 
— 
0.24 
0,21 
0.15 
0.55 
0.40 
“ 
200 
0,05 
0*12 
0.23 
0*12 
0*55 
0*29 
♦ 
- 
225 
- 
- 
- 
- 
0,12 
0.07 
0*30 
0,18 
4- 
- 
- 
250 
- 
- 
- 
- 
0*06 
o* 06 
0.17 
0*15 
mm 
(Drop size 
does 
not 
appear 
to have been measured) 
vjn 
1 
0 * 
OA * 
H 
H/Arsinol mixture. 
(/), /, /(/). // 
are 
the grades 
of skin reaction from nil 
to blister formation. B. Ground Weapons Trials 
The trials with the ground weapons were either done from the 
Vauzet - Turin or fired at full range on to the layout near Bunker - 
Mitte0 In many cases, on the same day, several similar shoots against 
animal layouts were done using the same type of munition hut with 
various chargings. Moreover the number of rounds fired often varied 
with the charging, and hy these means a realistic appreciation of the 
effectiveness of each charging was readily obtained. The chargings 
studied in the series of trials at our disposal included ;- 
Tabun 
Sarin 
Gelan II 
Phosgene 
HON and CM31 
HN3 
Mustard Gas0 
For oase of comparison many similar trials have been grouped 
together. As will be seen the results are consistent enough to 
justify this method of analysis. 
In general 15 cm shell have been assessed. The trials in which , 
a direct comparison of different agents have been made, will be consider6 
first. 
Vauzet J Turn Trials 
(a) Phosgene, HGN / Sarin in 15 cni shell. 
Phosgene 
HON 
Sarin 
Shell 
Animals 
Shell 
Animals 
Shell 
Animals 
fired 
killed. 
fired 
killed. 
fired 
killed. _ 
10 
2 
10 
1 
3 
4 
10 
4 
10 
4 
3 
5 
10 
6 
10 
3 
3 
3 
30 
12 
30 
8 
9 
14 total 
. It will be seen that Sarin, in 15 cm shell, was about three 
times more effective than phosgene and about six times more effective 
than H3N0 
(b) Phosgene. HON. Sarin and Tabun in 15 cm shell 
Phosgene 
H 
ON 
Sarin 
Tabim 
Shell 
Animals 
Shell 
Animals 
Shell 
Animals 
Shell 
Animals 
fired 
killed. 
fired 
killed. 
fired 
killed. 
fired 
killed. 
1 
0 
1 
0 
3 
9 
2 
1 
10 
8 
10 
5 
3 
7 
5 
1 
10 
3 
10 
6 
3 
3 
5 
3 
10 
3 
10 
3 
3 
6 
5 
1 
10 
4 
10 
4 
3 
7 
5 
3 
10 
0 
10 
4 
3 
8 
5 
4 
51 
18 
51 
25 
18 
40 
27 
13 
Again Sarin is the most effective charging, being 4 to 6 times 
more efficient than phosgene, HON or Tabun* 
(c) Tabun. Sarin and Q-elan II in 15 cm shell. 
Tabun 
Sarin 
Oelan II 
Shell 
—fired 
Animals 
killed* 
Shell 
fired 
Animals 
killed* 
Shell 
fired 
Animals 
killed* 
3 
8 
3 
16 
3 
16 
5 
3 
5 
21 
5 
10 
3 
8 
3 
16 
3 
9 
11 
19 
11 
53 
11 
35 
In this series of experiments Sarin is about three times as 
effective as Tabun, which in turn is about half as effective as Gelan II* (d) Phosgene. Tabun and Sarin in 15 cm shell 
Phosgene 
Tabun 
Sarin 
Shells 
Animals 
Shells 
Animals 
Shells 
Animals 
fired* 
killed* 
fired* 
killed* 
fired* 
killed* 
10 
4 
3 
1 
3 
3 
10 
2 
3 
2 
3 
5 
10 
1 
3 
6 
3 
8 
30 
7 
13 
9 
9 
18 
The same superiority of Sarin over phosgene and tabun is again 
noted. 
(e) HN3. CNG1 and Tabun in 13 cm shell 
HN-3 
GNG1 
Tabun 
Shells 
Animals 
Shells 
animals 
Shells 
Animals 
fired* 
killed. 
fired* 
killed* 
fired* 
killed* 
10 
6 
10 
0 
5 
2 
10 
1 
10 
0 
5 
1 
10 
6 
10 
0 
5 
2 
10 
8 
6 
2 
5 
7 
10 
6 
10 
1 
3 
5 
10 
4 
10 
1 
5 
6 
10 
6 
20 
3 
5 
3 
9 
4 
10 
0 
3 
2 
9 
7 
10 
0 
8 
3 
88 
48 
96 
7 
— 
48 
— 
31 
Hence Tabun is more efficient as a charging for 13 cm shell 
than is HN-3 or GNG1 though HN-3 approaches close to Tabun in 
effectiveness. Cyanogen chloride is not an effective charging. 
(f; Taking together all the results from shoots with pure compounds 
from the Vauzet - Turin we get the following descending order of 
effectiveness. Agent 
shells fired 
Animals killed 
Efficiency grading assuming 
the least efficient agent 
has a grading of one. 
Sarin 
92 
194 
35 
Tabun 
168 
122 
12 
Hro 
128 
56 
7 
Phosgene 
160 
51 
6 
Hon 
100 
37 
6 
QNgi 
145 
9 
1 
Scale Shoots at Bunker iMitte with 15 cm shell 
The great superiority of Sarin is again emphasised by these full 
scale shoots e.g. 
Agent 
Shells fired 
Animals killed 
Remarks 
•^Abiun 
84 
9 
Both shots performed 
s^?in 
14 
11 
same clay. 
32 
16 
Both.shots performed 
30 
21 
same day*. 
24 
18 
Both shots performed 
24 
26 
same day. 
iabun 
A large number of trials - from Vauzet - Turin and at Bunker Mitte - 
ere also carried out to determine the best method of charging. The 
esults of these trials may be summarised as follows 
Vauzet - Turm 
Pure Tabun is better than Tabun diluted with 20 per cent 
e, g. jtiirity 
Shells fired 
Animals killed 
100 per cent 
62 
42 
80 per cent 
204 
41 i 
(b) Bunker Mitte 
The above conclusion is not true for the larger scale shoots 
at Bunker Mitte e0g. 
Purity 
Shells fired 
-T 
t 
Animals killed 
• 
_ 4 
100 per cent 
181 
f 
ft 
90 per cent 
133 
11 
80 - 82 per cent 
407 
64 
60 - 62 per cent 
648 
52 
30 per cent 
9 
30 per cent 
66 
1 
... — 
Sarin 
In the shoots at Bunker Mitte, it would appear that 15 cm shell 
charged with 60 per cent Sarin are as effective as those charged with 
puf*e Sarin e,gc 
Purity 
Shells fired 
Animals killed 
100 per cent 
67 
23 
60 per cent 
68 
21 
;  
Chemical 
— Agent* 
Type of 
Weapon* 
Results* 
Goncentrat ion 
in 
Time in 
seconds 
Distance down- 
wind in*m* 
Phosgene 
100 Kg. 
3 x 30 cm* Wk 
14,770 
60 
30 
H3N 
L17.6 Kx. 
1 x 30 cm* Wk 
8.000 
10 
30 
Tabun 
28 kg* 
1 x 30 an*tfk 
228 
60 
30 
H 
-14 Kg, 
1 x 30 cra*Wk 
332 
60 
30 
Chemical Data are available for a few trials e, g. 
As the meteorological conditions and the animal results for 
the above trials are not known, comment on the chemical data would be 
uselesso 
Trials with Mustard Gas 
A fdw trials with 15 cm shell charged Mustard Gas were carried 
outo The full scale shoots at Bunker Mitte gave less promising 
results than did the trials from the Vauzet - Turm ecg. 
(a) Vauzet - Turn 
Charging, 
— 
Shells fired 
AirLtials killed 
litre H 
10 
5 
H with 20$ ethylene chloride 
10 
5 
iicre H 
10 
5 
H with 20$ ethylene chloride 
y10 
3 (b) Bunker Mitte 
Charging 
Shells fired 
Animals killed* 
Pure H 
38 
(28 on target) 
0 
H with 20/o ethylene chloride 
37 
0 
Thermal (Generators 
Tabun and Sarin have been tried in thermal generators. Sarin 
is the better and gives about a 30 per cent recovery, Tabun gives 
a smaller recovery. 
Trial results with these generators are as follows 
(a) Tabun 70 candles (20,3 kg Tabun total weight) were distributed 
at random over a circle of 30 nu radius and functioned. The generators 
bum for about one minute. 
Wind S.S.W. to S and velocity 1-2 rr/sec. 
Temperature - air - 9*5°G« 
Temperature - ground - 8,7°G<» 
R,H* - 88 per cent. 
Time 1030 hours. 
p 
Lethal area of 400 - 500 ra obtained with an average concentration 
of 100 mg/m5 over this area. 
p 
Total effective area of 9,000 m obtained with an average 
concentration of 20 over this area. 
Prom the above data it is calculated that an average density of 
40 - 50 g Tabur/m? would be required for lethal effect and of 2,28 g/m 
to produce illness. 
(b) Sarin 40 generators (9 kg Sarin) functioned over a circle 
30 m radius. 
Wind £,3,3, to £, and velocity at 1 m height 0,5 n/sec, 
n 2 m 11 - 2,0 n/sec. Temperature - air 12,2°C0 
n - ground 14.8°C* 
R,Ho 87 per cent. 
Results were 
Lethal area - 3, 000 m2 with air average concentration of 
240 and requiring an average density 
of 3 g Sarir/m2 to produce 
Total Effective area - 8,000 m2 with an average concentration of 
50 and requiring an average density of 
1.1 g/m? to produce. 
(in all the trials involving Sarin and Tabun it must be remembered, 
as the Germans themselves pointed out, that liquid droplets of the 
toxic agent may have been impacted on the skin of the animals* These 
may have been licked off and ingested by the animals so that both 
Ingestion and inhalation of the toxic agents may have occurred. In 
the later trials the bodies of the animals were protected fran 
contamination but the fur of the face may still have been contaminated). 
Other trials included those to determine the vapour concentration 
from varying ground contaminations with H; 
Contaminat ion 
Met, Conditions 
Vapour concentrations* 
100 g/n? 
by hand spray* 
Wind 2 - 4 n/s. 
Air Tempi 19^0. 
R*H* 57 per cent 
Dates 18,6*40 
11.15, 11.45 hrs* 
Sampling 0 - 5, 5 ** 10 and 
10-15 minutes at 10 m* 
downwind 5.52 - 5.74 rag/m * 
KC 250 III Gb 
-100 kg H 
Functioned 
statically 
2400 sq.m, 
contaminated 
(35 la, fraa bomb) 
Wind 2.3 n/s* 
Temp - air 21.90 
M - ground 26*90 
R*H* 41 per cent. 
76 - 100 rag/nr* for 10-15 
mins. 40 - 76 for 50 
rains* 20 mg/ra5 for 50 mins* 
Trace at 90 - 100 mins* 
Inhalation difficulty effects 
down to 70 in. 
Effects down to 90 ra* 
Effects over an area of 
10,000 ra? (90 m from bomb) Contamination 
Met* Conditions* 
Vapour concentrations. 
30 gH/m2 
Wind 0*5 - 0*8 n/s. 
Time 
w. 
By hand spray. 
Temp* Air Ground 
0-1 hr* 2^27° 
0-30 secs. 
12 
4p-5 " i 2-130 10° 
5|~6 « 11- 8° 
0 — -g- hour 
6.3 
4 - 5 hours 
1*4 
21-23” 19-23° 9° 
4 - 6 " 
0.4 
3*5o 44. 1230 hrs* 
C 
CM 
1 
CM 
0.4 
30 
Wind 0* 5 - 0* 8 n/s* 
Time 
mp/jr? 
By hand spray* 
Temp* Air Ground 
TThr. 19-20° S5”” 
16 hours 
0*6 
18 « 22-23o 9° 
17 « 
0,4 
——— - — 
3«3«H. 1800 hrs* 
1 
11* Human Tests with C«W. Agents in concentration camps 
On May 8th Dr* Fritz Leo, an internee, wax interviewed in Belsen 
Concentration Gang?. The following information was obtained* 
In 1943, experiments with gas were carried out at the Natzweiler 
Concentration Gamp* Professor Wimmer, of the Military Technical 
Institute of the University of Strasshurg and of the Luftwaffe, was in 
charge of the experiments. The Pathology and the Anatomy Departments 
of the University co-operated. 
Professor Wimmer contaminated the forearms of twelve habitual 
criminals with a liquid which Dr, Leo was later told ms Mustard Gas, 
The men were then put to bed* The next day, there were deep areas 
of necrosis on the forearms, and also burns on the side of the body 
where the contaminated arras had come into contact. The men also 
suffered a severe conjunctivitis and about three days later bronchitis, 
which developed into bronchopneumonia. 
The skin lesions were treated with wet dressings, dressings of 
Rivanol, and with various ointments (Boric acid, zinc oxide etc,)* The 
Rivanol dressings were the most effective. 
In spite of good treatment, three of the men died* Professor 
Wimmer did the autopsies and found in all cases a purulent broncho- 
pneumonia* The skin lesions were photographed daily. a regular and 
routine urine examination was done, but no blood examinations. 
Dr. Leo observed all the above except the actual contamination 
of the skin. 
Another gas experiment was done at the end of 1943. This 
time a Professor Picker of the V/ehr Technical Institute of the 
University of Strasburg was in charge. In this case 10 
habitual criminals were chosen and their chests were X-rayed before 
the experiment. Before the test too, half the men received tablets 
to swallow and the other half received injections. Lr. Leo 
helped to grind up the tablets for the men and he was told that 
they were composed of Urotropin. The men were then placed in a 
gas chamber, two (one from each group) at a time, and were given 
a two to three minute exposure to Phosgene. Each succeeding pair 
of men were exposed to a higher dosage of Phosgene, and the 
prophylactic dose of Urotropin was correspondingly increased. 
Dr, Leo heard that the dosage of Phosgene had been increased 
from $00 to 2, (XX). The units of dosage he does not know. Nor 
does he know the amount of Urotropin given. 
The men all appeared normal immediately after the exposure, 
but all developed pulmonary oedema afterwards. This oedema 
was at its maximum about the third to fourth day after the 
exposure. All the men were confined to bed, and complained of 
headache and difficulty in breathing. They we re cyanotic, had a 
lowered blood-pressure, an increased temperature, a raised pulse 
rate, and an increased respiratory rate. On clinical and X-ray 
examination of the chest the typical picture of pulmonary oedema was 
found. Soane degree of albuminuria was regularly seen, and 
developed about the fourth to the sixth day. 
Dr. Leo helped in the clinical treatment of the men and he 
also took regular X-ray pictures of the chest. The fourth 
and last X-ray was taken on the fourteenth day after the exposure 
By which time the chests were normal again. All the men were back 
at full work, four to six weeks after the experiment. 
Professor Picker was very pleased with the result of the 
experiment, and some time later several SS-Officers visited 
the Camp to see the recovered patients. Hitler* s personal doctor. 
Professor Brandt was one of the visiting party. 
Dr, Leo had been told by SS-Officers that at other camps mass 
executions by means of H3N took place, but he had no personal 
knowledge of this. 
None of the scientists interrogated at Haiibkammer confessed None of the scientists interrogated at Raubkammer confessed 
to any personal knowledge of these human tests carried out at 
concentration camps* They heard that such had probably occurred 
from their interrogation of Allied prisoners of war, They under- 
stood that most of the HGN manufactured was sent to B7 camps 
for delousing purposes. At least so the Starvonal Chemical Company 
of Hamburg told them* 
Comment: 
The exact data of the above experiments would bo most valuable* 
We believe that Professors Wimmer and Picker should be interviewed and 
this information obtained. 
12. Summary and Appreciation 
It would seem that the Germans exhibited a curiously unrealistic 
approach’to many of the offensive problems of C.W. Thus 
(1) As far as can be ascertained no real attempt to obtain the 
casualty producing dosage for H vapour on human skin was made. The 
Italian figures for this seem to have been taken as being of the right 
order of magnitude, despite the fact that the Italian C.W. organisation 
does not seem to have been held in very high respect. 
(2) Again the offensive value of H-aircraft spray was never 
assessed by exposing men directly to its effects in the field. The 
method that they did use we have found to be open to grave errors and 
the existence of am optimum drop size for H spray was not appreciated. 
(3) The necessity of obtaining "crash” or "surprise" concentrations 
with Phosgene and H2N was never stressed. 
(4) No attempt was made to assess the persistence of "traversing*, 
"occupying", or "contact" hazards, and the tactical value of such data 
does not seem to have been appreciated. 
(5) The assessment of the harassing agents was done by means 
subjective methods and so their value was greatly over rated. 
On the pathological side their observations closely parallel our 
own, though the rather late recognition of the occurrence of 
leucopenia in H systemic poisoning is rather surprising. 
With regard to the toxicities of the common C.W. agents, their 
offensive dosages seem to be lower than ours, although no real effort 
at the extrapolation of toxicity from animal to man seems to have been 
made. No new methods of treatment or specific therapies have heen 
formulated* 
Where they did lead was in the development of the new compounds, 
Tabun, Sarin and Soman, which would seem to have great potentialities. 
13o Description of the Sections of Haubkammer that pertained to 
Medical Aspects of G. W. 
The following Bereiche in Haubkammer dealt with Medical aspects 
RV, RVII, RJX 
RV 
This Bereich was concerned with the medical aspects of field 
trials. It consisted of a main laboratory and nine annexes equipped 
for housing laboratory animals. In addition to dogs, cats, and 
guinea-pigs, there was accommodation for apes and horses. 
RV - Laboratory Building, RV - Typical Animal House, 
The laboratory proper consisted of sane six rooms equipped to 
conduct all routine procedures performed in a pathological unit, 
including haematology and biochemistry. In addition there were 
facilities for preserving and mounting museum specimens. 
The museum specimens were a feature of the place. The exhibits 
dealt largely with skin changes after application of liquid mustard to 
a variety of animals and respiratory system pathology following 
exposure to mustard vapour. In addition there were 7 specimens from 
cats gassed with Tabun, These presented only petechial haemorrhages 
in brain and congestion of stomach and intestines. There were also 
three exhibits of lung pathology following phosgene gassing. 
No laboratory scale animal experiments were conducted in this 
or any of the laboratories in Raubkainmer, 
Bra 
This Bereich, also under the supervision of Dr, Prusener, 
consisted essentially of a small building containing a laboratory for 
clinical tests (such as urinalysis, haematology and pathological, 
chemistry) and a library of photograph albums. 
In the clinical laboratory there was equipment for animal experimentation, ‘but it was stated that no animal work had ever been 
conducted there* The laboratory had been used solely for routine 
blood examinations of personnel working in Raubkammer as well as 
special examinations of accident cases* 
The photographic exhibit was the most extensive of its kind 
ever seen by the investigators and part of it is being shipped back 
for the records* It consisted of seme 4, 000 photographs mounted in 
albums and on folders* It could be divisible into two parts: the 
first dealing with accident cases of mustard gas poisoning and those 
bums occurring during field trials with the same gas; the second 
illustrating application of liquid mustard to the skin of men* In 
the first group there were over 200 different cases* The lesions 
wore mostly skin; sometimes eye* Many colour prints were included 
in the collection. 
Due to the gruesome appearance of sane half-dozen fatal cases, 
the suggestion has been made that political prisoners iriight have been 
used in these experiments* There was no evidence for such a contention* 
The summaries of case histories which had been prepared for the 
collection were said to have been burned with other documents. However 
these were later unearthed. 
RIX 
This was to be the veterinary section, but no equipment had as 
yet been installed* It consisted of a large main laboratory building 
end three other buildings* 
RIX - Main laboratory building (unfinished) 14* Documents recovered 
The following documents have been recovered bearing on the kedical 
aspects and are being returned : 
(1) Vergluchende Untersuchungen uber den Witterungseinfluss auf die 
Wirkung de K.G* 250 III Gr. (9*2.45*) 
(2) Untersuchungen uber die Moglichkeit eines Schutzes gegen 
Lostdampfe unter besonderer Beruchsichtigung der Impragnierung- 
suerfehren mit Selloxin (13* 2.43.} 
(3) Bericht uber vergleighende toxikologische Versuche mit wDn u* ”0”, 
(18.1*44), 
(4) Zur toxicologische Auswertungvon Pliegerspruhversuchen. 
(5) Vorschlag zur wohldefinierten Austestung Boston auf der Haut (8*2*45) 
(6) Mitteilungen uber Gaskreigsvorboreitungen in Ausland Nr. 3, 
(7) Zus acme nf as sung der E gebnisse subjectiver Prufengen von Kantton 
und Kantonverbindungen. 
(8) ListenraaBize Zusaramenstellung der toxikologischen Ausvertung- 
sergebnisse von 163 Luftwaffenversuchen in der Zeit von 1935 - 
Septeniber 1944* 
(9) Pile of results of shell field trials at Raubkaramer. 
(10) The German G.W. Code Letters. 
(11) Official list of the German toxicity figures. 
(12) G.W. lecture notes for medical officers. 
(13) Case histories for 200 accidents at Raubkammer, with photographs. 
(14) French list of compounds tested for toxicity. 
(15) German list of compounds tested for toxicity (complete) and 
indices. Recovered from Dr. Kruse* IO-Scm. FH. Gr GRUNRING. 
GREEN CIRCLE. 
MARKINGS ON BASE 
STENCILLED IN WHITE 
OVER GREEN CIRCLE 
WEIGHT - 13-7 Kcj- 
FUZE - Kl AZ 23 Nb. 
CW. FILLING - 1250 cc WINTERLOST 
(ACCORDING TO CODE 
SHOULD BE H. ONLY) 
H E. FILLING - I2S9 PETN / WAX-95 
FIG I. 15cm. Ct. 19 CRUNRING 
WEIGHT. . 368 Kg 
FUZE . AZ 23 Nb. 
GW FILLING * 3SOOCC.O (tHIOD I GLYCOL MUSTARD) 
H.E-FILLING . » 580<, PETN/WaX 70^0. 
FIG 3E. 3 ' 10-5 cm FH Gr CELBRINC. 
TOTAL WT— 14-OKg 
FUZE — Kl AZ 23 Nb. 
HE FILUNG- 949 PETN/wAX-60/40 
GW FILLING-l2SOcc MUSTABD-ARSINOL 
(wiNTERLOST.) 
PIG HE. 15 cm. Gt-. 19 GELBRING. 
WEIGHT - 37-4 Kg. 
FUZE - A2 23 Nb. 
CW-FILLING. - 3500 c.c. (4 3 Kg) 
WINTERLOST. 
BURSTER -560j PETN/WAX -60/70- 
fiq m. 10:5 cm FH Gr 38 GRUNRING - GELB. 
WEIGHT — 14-5 Ko. 
FUZE - KIAZ 23 Mb. 
HE. FILLING - SIOj of R DX 95/5 
(INFORMATION GIVES 64O9H-5) 
CHEMICAL FILLING - 840 cc WINTERLOST. 
(OALe H + PD + DA) 
ACCORDING ID CODE THIS SHOULD NOT BE 
WINTER LOST, BUT STRAIGHT H. 
FIG Y 10-5 cm FH Gr 39 GELBFUNG. 
WEIGHT ' -13-3 Kg 
FUZE * Kl A2 23Nb. 
C.W. FILLING » 1160 c.c. MUSTARD 
ARSINOL (WINTER LOST) 
H.E.FILLING * 208q PETN /WAX — 6o/aO 
PIG SI. 15 cm Gr 39 GELBRING . 
FIG HE. lO’Scm FH. Gr 38 GRUNRING I. 
WEIGHT - 14-2 Kg. 
FUZE - KLAZ 23 Nb. 
C W FILLING - 0-9 Kg. HN -3 (98% PURE) 
HE FILLING - 0 6Kg. ROX/WAX-95/5. 
(wide' burster). 
FIG 53H 15cm Cr 38 CRUNRINC I . 
WEIGHT. • J8 I Kg 
FUZE . -K I AZ 40 Nb. 
C.W. FILLING. -2 9 Kg HN-3 (98% PURE.) 
HE.FILLING. -2 I Kg RDX/WAX-95/5 
FIG IX.. »• 
10 5 cm F HCr 39 GRUNRING 3. 
WEIGHT. - 13-2 K3. 
FUZE - K I AZ23 P<(ois) 
C.W. FILLING. -I200C C. G.A.(TABUN & 
20 monochlorbenzene) 
X. H. E.FILLING . - 215 3 RDX/TNT -50/50 . IO* 5 cm FH Cr WEISSRING . 
WEIGHT. -14-5 Kg 
FUZE. -AZ.23v (o-2s) 
FILLING. -INTIMATE MIXTURE OF I2I93 /"CAP -50 
( PETN -40 
(.WAX -IO 
f,cs 15cm Cr 19 WEISSRINC. 
WEIGHT — 42-5 kg 
FUZE AZ (p*)s) 
CW FILLING- 3 Sq OF /CAP-50 
1 PETN-40 
WAX — IO 
FIG XK. 10*5 cm F H Gr BLAURING I 
WEIGHT. -14*8 K9 
FUZE. - AZ 23 (015) 
C.W.FILLING. - SSOg DM (90 % PURITY.) 
H.E.FILLING. - 9009 TNT (LIKELY TO BE PETN) 
F|s xm. 15cm Gr 19 BLAURfNG 1. 
WEIGHT. -42 3K3 
FUZE. -AZ 23u«3 (OIS) 
C.W.FILLING. -CENTRAL CORE OF 1485, DM (90t.PURE-) 
-2338j PETN/WAX* 75/25, SURROUNDING 
FIG m THE DM- lO-ScwFHGr 40 BLAURINC 3. 
WEIGHT. -I4IK9 
FUZE. -DORP 25/60 FL ORDOPPZs/bOV 
C.W.FILL1NC. • 837g DM/NITROCEILULOSE FLAKES5o/50. 
EJECTION CHARGE. -849 COMPRESSED GUNPOWDER. 
TIME OF EMISSION. -1-2 MINUTES. 
FIG X7 IPcmWor 3SST CELBR1NG. 
OR 
10cm Wor 35 ST Nb GELBRING (EARLIER PRODUCTION) 
WEIGHT — 7 0 k0 
FUZE Wgr Z 38. 
CW FILLING - IOSOc.g.WINTERLOST. 
HE FILLING - 50q PETN/WAX-60/40 
FIG XSI K C 250 Cr. 
WEIGHT. - 166 Kg. 
FUZE - El A2 @ 
CW. FILLING - IOOKg. Oo«B. 
HE FILLING - IS 5 Kg TNT. IN WIDE FULL-LENGTH 
FIC X2JL BURSTER CONTAINER. KC 250 W 
WEIGHT- - 140 Kg. 
FUZE. * El AZ ® 
C.W. FILLING, s lOOKg CAP 
H.E.FILLING. =- 015 Kg PICRIC IN SMALL TRANSVERSE 
BURSTER CONTAINER. 
FIG XM. K C 250II Gb 
WEIGHT - 165 Kg 
FUZE - El AZ (?) OR 
CW FILLING - lOOKg DorE 
HE FILLING. - 01 Kg PICRIC IN SMALL TRANSVERSE 
BURSTER CONTAINER. 
FIG JHH. KC 250 IIGt, 
WEIGHT * 160 Kg. 
FUZE = El AZ 55 
CW. FILLING = lOOKg PHOSGENE 
H.E FILLING = 0 9 Kg TNT PACKED CENTRALLY IN 
NARROW FULL-LENGTH BURSTER CONTAINER. 
FIG XX.. K C 2 50 Gb 
WEIGHT - 160 Kg. 
FUZE - El AZ @ 
CW FILLING - IOOK9 Oor B, 
HE.FILLING - 3-2Kg TNT. PACKED CENTRALLY IN WIDE 
FUL1?-LENGTH BURSTER CONTAINER 
FIG XU. KC 25 0 IIIGr. 
WEIGHT = 149 Kg 
FUZE = ElAZ @ OR @)o.. 
CW. FILLING. - 86Kc, TABUN (EITHER G orG<x) 
H E. FILLING, r 4,05 Kq TNT. IN NARROW FULL-LENGTH 
BURSTER CONTAINER 
FIG 2HL. KC 50 II Bu 
WEIGHT = 43 Kg. 
FUZE . E1AZ @ 
CW FILLING = l3Kg(?) DM AllTROCELLULUSE - SO/SO 
TIME OF EMISSION 4-5 MINUTES- 
fig m 7 5 Cm Jgr 18 WEISSRING 
WEIGHT — 5-2 kq. 
FUZE L Jgr Z 23n A. 
FILLING — PETN— 38 °/o 
WAX-12%. 
CAP-SO jL 
FIG jm LAYOUT OF R V/. 
FIG XXI. PLAN OF NEBELFULLSTELLE. (CAS nLLINC PLANT.') 
Fir TT7T Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munsterlager area, including Raubkammer 
AHfiNDIX IV - Chemical Munitions 
I o Introduction,, 
2* Chemical shell charged liquid gases. 
3* Chemical shell charged solid C.W. agents.. 
4o Sealing of shell. 
5* Research on shell design, 
6# Thermal generators# 
7* Gas G-renades, Rifle and Hand# 
8. Mortar bombs charged gas, for muzzle loading mortars. 
9# Rockets# 
10# 20 mm. and 30 ram. shell# 
II # Ground contamination munitions. 
12# Hollow charge 'weapons using C.W# agents# 
13# Aircraft gas bombs. 
14» Aircraft spray bombs. 
1 5# Toxic smoke aircraft bombs. 
16. Cluster projectiles# 
17# Fuzes for aircraft gas bombs. 
18# Spray apparatus. 
19® Future research on aircraft weapons. 
20# Thickening agents. 
21. Impregnated Dusts. 
22# Group X of Wa. Pruf 9. 23. Miscellaneous information on chemical munitions. 
24. Marking of German Chemical Munitions. 
25* Charging of chemical munitions. 
26. Smoke Munitions. 
27. Description of Sections at Raubkamaer dealing with chemical 
munitions. AHENDDCXV - Chemical Munitions 
1 o Introduction 
Development of army chemical munitions in Germany was, in its 
early stages, carried out at Spandau in VI L under the direction of 
Group VI of Wa Pruf 9. Testing in the field was undertaken at 
Raubkaramer, the material being prepared in Bereich R VI. Some of 
the later stages of development work, including storage tests was 
also done in R VI. Luftwaffe weapons were designed in the Luftwaffe 
technical departments, the testing and assessment bein£ carried out 
at Raubkammer under the direction of Group VI of Wa pruf 9, acting 
in collaboration with the Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe. This 
appendix attempts to describe weapons primarily from the development 
point of view, including a certain amount of historical material, 
rather than to give a full detailed description of all the types of 
munition in production. Samples of most of these were found, and 
are being or have been shipped back to the U.K. and U.S.A. for 
detailed examination, and separate reports are being issued© 
This appendix also includes information on the methods of 
charging chemical munitions, but here again detailed descriptions 
of the machines used are reserved for a separate report which 
will be issued as a result of an investigation at the works of 
the makers of the machines© 
The appendix concludes with descriptions of Bereich R VI, 
the Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe and of the Nebel- 
fullstelle, Munster Nord. 
The following were interrogated in the course of compilation 
of this Appendix 
Oberst Hirsch. 
Mine Rat. Weinberg. 
ORBR Dr.Nobbe. 
Dr. Strasse 
Oberstabsartz Dr.Prusener 
ORBR Dr. Janssen. 
Min. Rat. Prof. Marks* 
o* Ing. Thiel, 
ORBR Dietz. 
Dr. Pench. 
Dr. Mehls 
Dr» Carlso 
Dr. Hildebrand 
Dr. Peigs. 
Dr. Hahnel 
Chemiker Dr* Vogel. 
Lt. Bauer. 
Head of Pruf 9* 
Head of Group VI of Pruf 9* 
Group VI, Pruf 9* 
Spandau VI L. 
Group VH. Prllf 9. 
Group XI o Pruf 9. 
Group IV • Pruf 9* 
Group VI* Prlif 9* 
Bereick R IV, Raubkammer. 
Spandau VT L 
Spandau VI L 
Spandau VT L. 
Spandau VT L. 
Spandau VI L. 
Spandau VI Lo 
Bereich R VT* Raubkammer* 
Nebelfullstelle Lt. Ritter. 
Herr Trautmarm. 
Tech* Insp* Binnebossel 
Hpt. Reichel 
Nebelfullstelle. 
Nebelfullstelle. 
Oerrel 
Oerrel 
Standard German C.W. Munitions 
The following is a list, complete as far as is known, of the 
German C.W* inanitions which were available for issue to combat 
formations* 
Shell 
7*5 cm. Jgr 18 
Weissring 
charged 
Chloroaceto- 
10,5 cm, P.H. Gr 
Gelbring 
n 
phenone. 
Mustard-arsinol 
10.5 cm, P.H. Gr 39 
Gelbring 
it 
(winterlost) 
tt 
10,5 cm. P.H. Gr 39 
DoopeIgeIbring 
n 
Thickened Mustard 
10.5 cm, P.H# Gr 
Grunring 
•1 
Mustard or 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 38 
Grdnring 1 
it 
winterlost 
Nitrogen-mustard 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 39 
Grilnring 3 
tt 
T.2104 + Ghlor- 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 38 
Grtby'Gelb. 
n 
benzene. 
Winterlost or 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 
Blauring 1 
tt 
Mustard. 
DM. 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 41 
Blauring 3 
it 
mi (B.E. type) 
10.5 cm. P.H. Gr 
Weissring 
tt 
CN. 
1 5 cm. Gr 39 
GeIbring 
11 
Vesicant 
15 cm. Gr 19 
Grunring 
tt 
Mustard 
15 cm. Gr 19 
GeIbring 
tt 
Winterlost 
15 cm. Gr 38 
Grunring 1 
it 
Nitrogen Mustard 
15 cm. Gr 39 
Grunring 3 
tt 
Tabun and chloro- 
15 cm. Gr 19 
Blauring 1 
tt 
benzene 
DM. 
15 cm. Gr 19 
Weissring 
tt 
CN. 
Rockets 
15 cm. Wgr 41 wKh 
Gmn/Gelb 
it 
Mustard 
15 cm. Wgr 41 
Gelbring 
tt 
Mustard 
15 cm. Wgr 41 wKh 
Grunring 1 
it 
N itrogen-Mustard. 
Chemical Mines 
10 1 Sp. 3u 37 
Single yellow 
11 
Mustard-7-anthra- 
ring. 
cene oil 10 1 Spo Bu 37 
Mortar Bombs 
Double Yellow 
ring 
charged 
Thickened Mustard- 
anthracene Oil. 
10 cm* 
Wgr 35 Nb 
Gelbring 
n 
Winterlost 
1U cm. Wgr 35 St 
A/C Bombs 
Gelbring 
tt 
it 
K.Co 250 
w 
(Double White 
ring) 
ti 
CN. 
KoC. 250 
Gr 
(Green and 
Yellow rings) 
M 
Mustard 
K.C. 230 
Gb 
(Yellow ring) 
It 
Mustard or Winter- 
lost. 
K.C. 250 
II Gb 
(Double Yellow 
ring) 
It 
Thickened Mustard 
K.C. 230 
II Gr 
(Green ring) 
It 
Phosgene 
K.C. 230 
III Gr 
(Triple green 
ring) 
n 
Tabun. 
K.C. 30 
II Bu 
(Double Blue 
ring) 
11 
JMo 
2. Chemical Shelly charged liquid gases 
The original investigation into chemical shell charged mustard 
started with the design of shell from, and the experience of, the 
1914-1918 war. 
The shell used in the last war were adapted II,E. shell and 
little or no research was carried out before production was put in 
hand. 
In 1925, as the result of deliberations, it was realised that, 
although the existing shell were the best possible at that time, 
they were far from satisfactory. Ir. this year Pruf. 8 studied the 
whole problem of shell design with the object of producing better 
and more efficient weapons. 
Pour designs were considered, namely. 
(a) A shell having a short burster container to give ground 
contamination. 
(b) A shell with a more powerful burster to give initial 
cloud effects. (c) A shell, in which the ogive was completely filled with 
HE in order to obtain an initial cloud effect,, 
(d) A shell having a bottle of GW material embedded in the HE. 
A series of trials were carried out in gas chambers, from which 
the only point that emerged was that Type (c) above gave the best 
performance from the ground contamination point of view® 
Further progress was not made until some years later when it was 
decided to charge empty smoke shell stocks with mustard. These shell 
had long narrow bursters and it was hoped by using different fillings 
in these bursters to obtain two types of shell, (a) to give ground 
contamination and (b) to give an initial cloud effect. 
For ground contamination picric acid was to be used and for 
initial cloud effect EETM. Field trials were started at Raubkammer 
in 1935 and it was found that the narrow burster container gave some 
ground contamination but a great amount of charging was lost in the 
crater. As, however, no other shell was then available, it was 
introduced into the service and charged winterlost. The picric acid 
burster was known as "shell filling No„88". 
The picric acid burster was later replaced by EETN-Wax 60/40 
and still later by a burster filled in th'-ee increments, the first and 
th/ird being FEIN-Wax 60/40 and the second HDTN-\Yax 35/65* This -was 
the 10q3 can. F.H. G-r Q-runring shell (Fig.l) and was charged 1250 ccs. 
of winterlost and headfilled 125 g. of the 1E1N mixtures. The 
analogous 15 cm. shell is illustrated at Fig.II. 
About the same time the sane shell was charged 1250 ccs. of a 
mixture of H and arsenicals headfilled 94 g. of 60/40 HSTN. This 
was known as the 10.5 F.H. G-r Ge lb ring shell. (Fig.III). The corres- 
ponding 15 cm* shell is at Fig.IV. 
The tests for initial cloud effect were carried out using a 
burster of EE'HI-Wax 90/10. 
Research was continued as it was realised that the reconamended 
shell were still far from efficient. Two types of bursters were 
then considered. 
Type A ...... a wide burster for initial cloud effect. 
Type B a large head burster for ground contanination. 
During 1937~38 development went on apace, the designing of the 
empty shell being done by Prdf I at the suggestion of Pruf 9* 
Ballistic troubles with 15 cm. shell with the large head burster 
were encountered and work was concentrated on the 10 cm. calibre„ Type A shell gave a better performance both in the chamber and 
in the field® Using a strong HE it was found that 20 per cent of 
the charging was put up in the cloud and negligible ground contam- 
ination was achieved. The explosive used was f/5 (KDX/wax 93/5) „ 
This shell gave a good splinter effect and it was extremely diffi- 
cult to differentiate between its explosion and that of a straight 
PIE. 
The empty body was known as P.H. Or. 38 Kh and the chemical 
shell became 10.3 Mi Or. 38 Q-runring gelb. (Fig. V). 
During this work on the wide burster, the information was 
received tliat the ballistic troubles with the large head burster 
had been cleared up and work on Type B shell then proceeded. Trials 
showed that this type of shell gave better results from the ground 
contamination aspect, less crater loss occurring. 
Areas plotted by the use of detector powder and guinea pigs 
showed a contamination of 3 uu and 5 m. diameter circles for the 
10 cm. and 15 cm. rounds respectively. Shell with the large head 
burster were charged 1250 ccs. of winterlost (OA) and headfilled 
208 g. of HSTN 60/40. This.was known as the 10.5 cm. FH G-r.39 
Qelbring (Pig. Vi). The 15 cm. shell is illustrated at Pig. VII« 
Consideration has been given to a shell which on impact with 
the ground would eject an inner container which would burst above 
the ground, but this was abandoned because it became clear that 
the container would probably not be thrown out onto the surface. 
A similar shell to eject its container in flight was then 
considered, but not proceeded with on account of the number of 
difficult factors involved such as accuracy of fuze, ejection 
of containers without damage, provision of delay fuze for the 
containers etc. 
At no time during the interrogations way any reference made 
to experiments or trials with, or even consideration of, air 
ejection of thickened liquid chargings. 
An improved ground contamination effect was obtained by 
charging thickened mustard into shell. No details are known about 
this shell except that a large head burster is suspected and that 
the shell is marked with a Double Yellow Ring. 
In 1936 the study of nitrogen mustard was taken up from the 
point of view of ground contamination and found to be less 
effective than ordinary mustard. It was then tried as an initial cloud shell and found to be 
superior to mustard. The supply question had a large effect on the 
production aspect and on account of this the development was for 
initial cloud effect only, A shell having a long wide burster was 
introduced and was stated to be 25-30 per cent effective and was 
known as the F,K. G-r.38 Q-runring 1 shell (pigs, VIII and IX) • This 
shell was superior to mustard gas shell in that the area affected, 
while being practically the same, was more lethal0 The effectiveness 
of the nitrogen mustard was stated to be 20 per cent greater. This 
figure was based on trials carried out from the Vauzet Turn using 5 
or 6 shell. This shell was in production in 1939<> 
Owing to the high standard of protection afforded by the 
respirator, this gr&nring 1 shell was not considered good enough, 
A charging was needed which was undetectable and quick in action, 
The new compound Tabun was tried out in this shell with the wide 
burster. It was found that decomposition was serious and poor 
results were obtained. Further trials with the object of reducing 
the destruction of the tabun by the HE showed that the best design 
of shell was that having a large head burster of RDX/5 and TNT. 
This shell became the G-runring 3 (Fig*. X). 
In the 1000 bursting chamber it had been found vd.th Tabun 
that a wide burster container was 20 per cent efficient, a narrow 
one, <10 per cent and the accepted large head burster 26-28 per 
cent. This was calculated on a 7*3 am, shell. Field trials gave 
results of the same order. 
The next develoxxnent was to introduce another new charging, 
Sarin, When tested in the 1000 m? chamber this gave the following 
results using a 7,5 cm, shell. 
Wide burster (190 g HE) ... 45 per cent effective 
Large head burster (140 g HE) 30 per cent effective 
This shell did not reach production but would have been 
G-runring 4, If HGN had been charged the shell would have been 
G-runring 5« 
3, Chemical Shell charged solid C,W, agents 
'When research was started in the period 1925 - 30 only two 
C.W, agents were available, ON and mustard, and work had to be 
confined to these. In 1950, there was made available a new explosive 
HSTN and work on the HE side had proved that the PETM had to be 
desensitised with wax to allow its use in projectiles. 
The use of GN as the desensitiser was investigated and after 
a series of experiments in the chamber and in the field with statically burst shell it was decided that a 50 per cent GN/50 
per cent HSTN (l0 per cent wax) mixture was best® The HE effect 
of this 50/50 mixture was carefully measured and found to be only 
15 per cent less than that of undiluted EETN. This went into 
production, the shell being known as Weissring (Pigs. XI and XII)® 
In the meanwhile research was proceeding with the object of 
developing a toxic smoke shell® 
Consideration of results of trials with 1914-18 design of shell, 
indicated that the performance of shell with embedded bottles of 
DM etc® in the HE was poor, and this was confirmed by trials at 
Kumaersdorf in 1930-32 in a 30 ra? chamber which showed the 
efficiency to be of the order of 2 per cent; the majority of the 
charging being dispersed in particles too large to be effective. 
The particle size was determined by ultra-microscopic and chemical 
analysis methods® 
Two Methods of tackling the problem were decided upon 
(a) Development of a thermal generator toxic smoke shell. 
(b) Improvement of the old type in which the toxic agent 
was embedded in the HE® 
It was realised that type (a) would involve a long research 
and work was concentrated on type (b)« 
Modifications as follows were tried 
(i) The inclusion of DM in a tin cylinder. 
(ii) The inclusion of Clark I in the burster container with an 
HE surround® 
(iii) The inclusion of HE in the burster container with a Clark 
I surround. 
All three types were tried out under field conditions, the 
effects being ascertained at first by subjective tests and later when 
the technique was sufficiently advanced, by injector sampling® 
Systems (ii) and (iii) were found to be very inefficient and as 
a temporary measure the system (i) was accepted® 
In 1938 ArsinSl and Clark I became available, and the research 
was reopened® Intimate mixtures of HE and Clark I were tried out, 
but the resulting mixture had bad storage properties® HE mixtures 
had been found to cause corrosion during pressing# The type of shell finally evolved -was a shell with a body 
forged in one piece having a central cone of a 1 and Clark I mix- 
ture retained in a paper carton, this being surrounded with HE. 
This Blauring 1 shell (Pig. XIII and XIV) had an efficiency 
of approximately 10 per cent. 
The next development was that of a Blue Ring type of shell with 
the HE retained in a burster container. Various toxic smoke mixtures 
were tried out ancjl a 40/60 mixture of Clark I in Arsenol was found 
to be best. In 1$40, Clark II was available but owing to low 
solubility the mixture used was 20/80 CII in Arsen&l. 
Then a wide burster was introduced increasing the efficiency 
to 20 per cent. This shell was known as Blauring 2. 
The next stage on the development of Arsenical shell was the 
investigation of mixtures to function by thermal generation. 
Various mixtures of Ha with vapourising compositions containing 
potassium perchlorate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate etc., 
wsre unsuccessful owing to excessive decomposition. Nitrocellulose 
was more promising and a process for mixing and granulating a 50/50 
™ xtuxe of m and nitrocellulose with 1-2 per cent urea as stabiliser 
was developed by 1941 • At about the same time a design for a base 
ejection smoke shell was perfected and in 1942-43 this shell with 
HyNC charging went into production as Blauring 3 shell (Pig. XV). 
The 15 shell design had not been completed. 
The firm Wolff of Bomlitz had a plant for making H/NC near 
Verden. This plant, which was visited as a target of opportunity 
and on which a separate report will be issued, had quite a small 
output, the total production during the whole period of operation 
(3 years) amounting to about 150 tons. 
The container filled EI//NC was stated to be 30-40 per cent 
efficient and filled as determined by chemical analysis. Experi- 
mental containers filled with, Clark H/NC were stated to be 50-60 
per cent efficient. 
The particle size was staged to be of the order of 0.1 micron 
but no systematic measurements appear to have been carried out. 
Little attention was paid to the control of particle size since 
enemy particulate protection was thought to be sufficiently good 
to eliminate any hope of securing significant penetration. 
Trials had been carried out, firing approx. 40 shell on to 
an area 100 x 100 m. to compare Blauring 1,2 and 3 with the 
following results s- (i) Blau ring 1 Shell were effective 500 m downwind. 
(ii) w 2 " " " 700-800 m downwind, 
(iii) w 3 " " ” 1000 m downwind. 
Clockwork fuzes were used for the latter and the shell opened 
about 300 m» from the end of the trajectory. 
The view was that the generator type of shell was superior 
to the HE/DM type on all counts and had the supply position of 
certain components not been acute, all shell using DM. etc. would 
have been of the Blue Ring 3 type. 
Research on Adaiasite-nitrocellulose Mixtures for aerosol 
production. 
An account of the work which had been proceeding on this subject 
was obtained. Work had been carried out at VI b L by a team along 
five lines, viz., (a) micro structure of adamsite-nitrocellulose 
mixtures, (b) ignition temperature and stability at high tempera tu re % 
(c) velocity of burning and efficiency of generation of smoke, (d) 
effect of mixture temperature on velocity of burning. 
Micro-structure. The nitro-cellulose is made plastic with 
added alcohol and acetone and mixed with finely ground HI (50/50)o 
A atrip of the mixture was put on the stage of a microscope and 
dried by warming to and the changes in structure were followed 
over a period of several weeks. It was found that the EM aggregates, which were embedded in a matrix of nitro-cellulose, gradually grew 
smaller owing to diffusion into the matrix. Measurements of the 
area of the particle were made from day to day. An attempt was 
also made to follow the diffusion from a block of DM into a similar 
block of nitro-cellulose pressed against it; sections were cut from 
the two blocks and examined microscopically, The method was 
unsuccessful due to crumbling of the sections. 
Ignition temperature and stability at high temperatures. In 
preliminary experiments the mixture was inserted into a hole in a 
copper block which was heated and the differential temperature 
between the mixture and the block measured by two thermocouples one 
in the mixture and the other in the block. If the temperature of the 
mixture is raised to about 135°C* it begins to produce smoke and the 
temperature then rises rapidly. It is believed that the action is 
catalysed by the presence of traces of metals. When the temperature 
is maintained at about 10°C, lower, there is practically no difference 
in the temperatures of the two thermocouples after the block has 
reached a steady temperature if the mixture is stable. On the other 
hand, unstable mixtures show a rising then falling differential 
temperature-time curve. 
A much more elaborate apparatus was built in which the two 
thermocouples, one inserted into a block of the mixture, were raised 
slowly through two channels in a solid metal cylinder along which a 
constant temperature gradient was maintained. The thermoelements 
were raised by a clockwork mechanism which also moved a photographic 
plate on which the movements of the galvanometer spot were recorded. 
The apparatus was only partially completed on transfer from Spandau 
to Raubkammer and had not been properly re-assembled. 
Velocity of burning and efficiency of generation of smoke. A 
strip of the mixture was ignited at one end and photographed at 
various time intervals, A thermocouple was embedded in the strip and 
the temperature rise followed. Heat is conducted from the burning 
zone to the unbumt portion of the strip, so that the temperature 
rose gradually and then shot up rapidly when the burning zone 
actually reached the thermocouple, A kink in the flat portion of 
the temperature-time curve would indicate instability of the 
mixture. The mixture is not isotropic and burning did not spread 
evenly along the strip. 
The efficiency of generation was determined by collecting the 
fumes from the burning strip in a series of glass tubes through 
which acetone vapour was being refluxed. The system wa/s not very 
efficient in trapping all the fumes and it was hoped to improve it 
by introducing a thermal precipitator by means of electrically 
heated wires running through the tubes. The condensate was analysed for tri and penta-valent arsenic by potentiometrie titration. 
Effect of mixture temperature on velocity of burning* A rather 
elaborate apparatus was constructed for determining the rate of 
burning of the mixture when it was warmed or cooled by radiation* A 
disc of the mixture was fixed near the bottom of a cylindrical vessel 
and some way above it there could be fixed either a heater coil or 
else a vessel containing solid COg and acetone* Thermocouples were 
inserted into the disc and the rate of burning and temperature measured. 
The apparatus could be operated at reduced pressure. 
The effect of low temperature, say -3G°G, was to reduce signifi- 
cantly the rate of burning, but this could be corrected by increasing 
the percentage of nitro-cellulose# 
4# Sealing of shell 
All shell were side charged through a threaded charging hole* 
Owing to production difficulties and poor sealing with the charging 
hole plug which was "diabolo" shaped and was screwed in on to a lead 
washer until the neck broke off, consideration was being given to a 
"driven in" tapered charging hole plug# 
A small scale sealing trial at Spandau had indicated that shell 
stored for 6 weeks at 60°G. were satisfactory# As the result, a 
larger scale 'trial was pending but shell so sealed did not reach the 
production stage# 
Air space. The accepted air space for all liquid chargings was 
stated to be 6 per cent at 40°G. 
5* Research on shell design 
It was stated that the follovdng ideas and problems were to 
receive attention in the near future# 
(a) production of a shell body common for HE, gas and smoke. 
The only variation to be allowed would be in the burster* 
Some bodies in the 10 cm* calibre had been obtained for 
trial but delivery troubles prevented much progress. 
(b) Consideration of a piston type of gas shell. 
(c) Research into methods of sealing in burster containers# 
(d) The provision of new fuses for shell to give a quicker 
action. The following is an account of some research proceeding in 
VTcL, Spandau on the disruption of shell as observed by x-ray and 
ultra rapid Cinematography, 
This investigation was initiated in order to throw light on 
the lack of effectiveness of Tabun shell. These shell have a high 
yield of mist, yet animal tests gave disappointing results. Evidently 
the Tabun had been decomposed, but there was no evidence as to the 
way this had been brought about. It was thought that decomposition 
might have occurred in three ways; (i) bv high temperatures during 
explosion (ii) by high pressure and (iii) by inflammation by the 
flash from the explosive. In the first instance, they tried to 
measure the temperature of the outer case of the shell by thermo- 
colours, but these were too insensitive. Pressures could be 
calculated, but not the change in pressure with time. Little was 
known about flash. It was therefore decided to study the explosion 
process by X-ray and ultra-rapid cinematography. 
X-ray photography. For these experiments model shell about 
12 cm. long filled with water were made with plastic outer casing 
to secure good penetration of the X-rays. The steel burster tube 
was retained in the case of "kamraerhulse” type shell. The X-ray 
photography of the burst of the shell was done at the physikalische 
Abteilung of Wa.P at (Jatow near Kummersdorf. The details of the 
process were not available, but it appears that 15 pictures with 
an exposure of 10“*° sec. were obtained by a form of drum camera. 
The pictures were not sufficiently rapid in succession to follow 
the sequence of the explosion, but there was evidence of the explo- 
sive being compressed in various zones in the central burster. 
The outer container was completely shattered and dispersed. No 
details of the interpretation of these photographs, which was done 
by Wa.F., could be obtained. 
Ultra-rapid cinematography. This was also undertaken by 
ffa.P. at Gatow under the direction of Dr. Sachs. A camera designed 
by Grants and Schardinn capable of giving 8,000 pictures per 
second was used. A description of this instrument had been 
published in the Artillerie Monatschrift. A 7*5 shell water 
filled on a wooden stand was exploded electrically and photo- 
graphed at a distance of 50 m. 
In the case of central burster shell, the nose of the shell 
blew off first accompanied by an initial flash and then the dis- 
ruption of the outer casing proceeded progressively towards the 
base. The cloud of smoke from explosive mingled with the shattered 
charging. The nose burster shell gave a somewhat different picture. 
The explosion proceeded as in the first case, but the liquid clcud 
was pushed out behind the smoke from the explosive. Theory of Decomposition* It was concluded from these experiments 
that the flash and heat production in the body of the fluid were of 
too short duration to account for the decomposition of Tabun„ Lab- 
oratory experiments had been made by Dr, Lippert (probably now in 
hospital at Aschaffonburg near Berlin) on the rate of decomposition 
of Tabun at high temperatures and compression which lent support 
to this conclusion. The theory was then put forward that some 
reaction takes place between the Tabun and the air in the shell 
during flight and this accounts for its lack of effectiveness. Owing 
to the spin of the shell the air is under high compression and this 
may cause reaction with the charging. 
6, Thermal Generators 
The Germans thought highly of the French Engin Z and had copied 
the design in practically all details, after full data had been 
collected from the staff at Le Bouchet. They had used French ammonium 
chlorate and resin d*uree but used their own Ell, It was intended that 
the Engin Z should be used from line sources,, 
A trial in which 120 generators were functioned 15 at a time 
along a 200 m, front over a period of two hours was stated to have 
produced a cloud which would have been sufficient to have caused troops 
to don respirators to a depth of 80 km. This was not a controlled 
trial, the main object being to check functioning, and the obser- 
vations were in the form of complaints from villagers. The weather 
conditions during the trial were good jfor travel of gas. 
There were various experimental designs of EM generators which 
had undergone a few field trials. 
(a) The Sw» Bu 100 was a generator about 13 cm. in diameter 
and 1 m. long. Fillings of Clark Il/NC and 
CN/NC had been tried out and the following results were 
quoted. 
(i) Pilled Clark II, 28 kg. burned for mins, 
(ii) ■ DM, 25 kg. " " 3 - 4 " 
(iii) " CN, 21 kg. " ” 4 ~ 6 " 
A mixture of Clark II and GN was tried out but was 
rejected. The generators to be charged Clark II had 
completed developnent but were not in production. A Spruh Buchse 37 adapted for projecting a container 
filled Clark I3/NC or over a distance of 
300 m® The time of burning of these was respectively 
40-60 and 90 seconds, but only a tentative trial had 
taken place. 
(c) A small generator suitable for projecting from a tank 
and holding 800 g. of mixture had been considered but 
trials had not been done. 
Research was being conducted on the use of new arsenicals 
which could be used in thermal generators. Consideration was being 
given to the use of Excelsior (10-chloro—5:1O-dihydroarsacridine) 
and it had been found that this had to be of a high degree of purity 
to withstand storage without deterioration® If melted (m®p® 130°C.) 
in the presence of air or moisture. Excelsior decomposes to the 
oxide which is physiologically inert. 
Attempts had been made to adapt the thermal generator principle 
to a mustard gas generator but so far with little success. Research 
was to be intensified on this aspect, particularly as regards the 
vesicant gases including Lewisite® 
To prepare thermal generators, the mustard gas had been 
absorbed by N.C® treated with alcohol and/or ether to give a porous 
mass or alternatively it was poured into a generator containing 
the KG and shaken up once or twice® Small generators gave good 
results, but inflaming and explosions occurred with larger sizes. 
For a container holding 600 g® NC and 350-400 g® mustard gas 
a 50 per cent efficiency was claimed, over a burning time of 
- 1 minute® These small generators were still 50 per cent 
efficient after 18 months normal storage. Attempts were made to 
vaporize Tabun by this method but serious decomposition occurred 
and the work was abandoned® 
Sarin has also been tried and found to give about a 50 
per cent efficiency® 
In a trial in which 70 generators (20.5 kg. Tabun total 
weight) were distributed at random over a circle of 30 radius 
and functioned, a lethal area of 400-500 m2 and an effective area 
(20 mg/veP) of 9000 m2 were obtained® 
A similar trial with 2+0 Sarin generators’ gave a lethal area 
of 3000 m2 and an effective area of 8000 m2® 
Research was proceeding on mixtures of sawdust anc3/or 
peat and on modifications in the design of the container. The final view taken was that a generator in which the products of combustion 
passed through unbumt composition would be satisfactory provided 
that (a) the correct emission holes were used, (b) layers having 
different speeds of burning were present in the generators. 
7* Gras Grenades. Rifle and Hand 
The Rifle grenade 42 charged smoke or is 
well known and has been previously examined. Trials were carried 
out with this munition charged 102 cc. of AC against Russian T»34 
and T.60 and General Lee tanks. The AC frequently caught fire 
during these trials. 
Cats were used as test animals and the conclusion was that if 
the grenade hit the base of the turret and provided inflaming did not 
occur the result would be satisfactory. The efficiency of the weapon 
depended to a great extent on the internal construction of the tank. 
If the crew were partitioned off from the driver it was thought 
but not proved that the effect would be reduced® It was thought 
tliat even if death did not take place, the crew would be rendered 
unconscious for sufficient time to enable the tank to be captured 
intact or destroyed. f 
Grenade 60 was similar to the 1+2 except that it held 143 ccs. 
of AC. It was not an accepted munition. 
The hand grenade filled smoke, was tried out filled 
with a mixture of GN/HEPon the white ring shell. Trials in the open 
gave effects at 200 m. but no" further work was done. 
The hand grenade 41 was tried out charged 175 ccs. of 60/40 
CK/chloroform solution and opened by a burster of 30 EE®® The 
performance was assessed at 12 per cent efficient. A solution of 
40/60 CN/chloroform was tried bub' found to be inferior. The 
efficiency was assessed by subjecting troops to the effect of the 
grenades and then carrying out a marksman* s test. The 41 and 24 
grenades were assessed in this Trials with this grenade charged 
AC and CN were carried out against bunkers and the AC was assessed 
at 90 per cent efficient. Later trials with Tabun indicated an 
efficiency of only 8 per cent. A mixture of 28/72 Excelsior in 
methylene chloride was also tried out but the results are not known. 
A new experimental grenade of the 41 type had been tried out 
filled 180 g. giving a toxic emission lasting for 10-20 
seconds. No firther work was done. 
Trials were also carried out both at Spandau and Raubkar.Tner 
with glass bulbs charged 130-180 ccs. of AC. Tanks were attacked, 
using cats as test animals, with excellent results, one bulb or at the 
most two being sufficient to give a lethal dosage within the tank. 
The results were stated to have been checked by chemical analysis. A glass grenade known as the H.W.K, had passed its trials of 
experimental production and a few thousand had been made and packed*. 
The Army authorities had agreed to its use and were not worried 
about the danger to the user due to breakages, the intention being 
to keep the bulbs in their wooden boxes until the last possible 
momento A percentage of water was added (? 20 per cent) to reduce 
the freezing point of the AC, 
Tabun and Sarin had been considered as chargings for glass 
bulbs but owing to the difficulty of experimenting with these gases, 
due to the contamination of the tanks after trial, and the fact that 
HGN was considered sufficiently good, no actual trials had taken place. 
A few observations common to the use of AC in any weapon might 
be made here. 
AC was not in quantity production and tnere was no intention of 
using it on a large scale for C.W. purposes. It was supplied mainly 
in soldered tinned plate containers of about 4 litres capacity and 
no difficulty in transporting or storage had been encountered. 
AC was stabilised by the addition of 0,2 - 0,3 per cent of S02 
or of oxalic acid. The former method had given satisfactory results 
on a 9 months storage trial at 60°C. 
Inflaming had been experienced and attempts had been made to 
overcome it in several ways. 
(a) In small grenades, a pellet of inert material such as 
mCl, NAHCO3, NaCl was placed below the explosive where 
the latter protruded into the AC portion of the grenade. 
(b) In larger munitions, an inert surround of the explosive 
was made. This method depended on the diameter of the 
HE charge. 
(c) T’he addition of water to the AC was mentioned as being 
effective in preventing inflaming but this was contradicted 
from other sources. 
(d) The addition of OK had been tried but the resulting mixture 
would not store; it also gave indications of gas by 
lachrymation. 
It was understood that the problem of inflaming of AC had not 
yet been solved. 80 Llortar Bombs charged gas for muzzle-loading mortars 
In 1935 there was in existence a 10 cm0 smooth bore mortar 
bomb for HE charging known as the 10 cm. W G-r. 35. This was adapted 
as a smoke bomb by the inclusion of a burster container and charging 
CSAli and SO-r. This_Jbomb had a long wide burster and was tried out 
with a mustard charging. It was not very efficient, only a snail 
amount of the charging being thrown clear of the crater. Neverthe- 
less in 193S it went into production charged mustard (OR) as the 
10 cm. Wgr 33 Str Q-elbring (Pig. XVI.). 
In 1938 a new mortar was produced which would withstand greater 
propellant pressures. The mortar was the 10 cm. 40, and work was done 
to design a new bomb capable of withstanding the higher pressures. 
However, before a design of bomb was cleared, the mortar itself was 
rejected and no further work was done. 
There was however, the 8 cm. mortar and at the beginning of the 
war smoke ammunition was available for this calibre. A demand arose 
for a HE and a gas bomb but owing to the small capacity of the bomb 
only ON was considered as*the charging. The original intention was 
to embed a pellet of ON in the HE and owing to urgency this method 
was used. It was admitted that the gas effects are very poor and 
ineffective except in the immediate vicinity of the burst. 
It had been found that the Russian 12 on. mortar was an 
excellent weapon and a 12 cm. bomb was being developed when the war 
ended,, The intended chargings were smoke, mustard -gas and Tabun„ 
The 8 cm. and 12 cm. mortars were infantry weapons and the 
10 cm. was primarily for the Nebeltruppe, 
The ranges of these mortars were given as follows ;- 8 cm* “ very short range. 
10 cm. - 3500 iru 
10 cm. 40 — 6000 m© 
12 cm. - 8000 m# 
9» Rockets 
In 1934 the trials with 10 cm. Wf. gr. started, only a smoke 
charging being considered. The propellant was black powder and 
the bomb was of normal design i.e. bomb leading with a tail motor. 
Attention was paid to the 15 cm. size and a similar design was 
used, black powder still being used as the motive power. Then 
owing to ballistic troubles a forward motor was developed, and 
preliminary trials showed a much enhanced effect with HE, Smoke 
and Gas. This was considered to be due to the motor acting as a 
stick fuze. 
A large production was made of this 15 cm. rocket as follows 
(a) charged SO3 with a narrow burster. ) 
) Nb 
(b) " SO3 " " wide « ) 
(c) M OA mustard with a wide burster. Yellow ring. 
(d) " Mustard or nitrogen mustard with a wide burster. 
Green ring. 
The introduction of this 15 cm. rocket rendered the 10 cm, 
mortar obsolescent. 
Attempts were made to design this projectile to carry a smoke 
generator but the heat of the propellant gases caused preignition 
and bursting of the bomb. 
It was intended to investigate the possibility of incorporating 
a toxic smoke generator but so far preliminary trials had not been 
successful. 
The weapon was not accurate and trials had shown that a very 
large ammunition expenditure was required to obtain satisfactory 
results on the target area. Trials with a shortened bomb confirmed 
the view that such a bomb with a wide burster would be more stable 
in flight* This design was cleared for production but as far as is 
known none were charged. 
A 21 cm© rocket with a rear motor was designed by Pruf. I. 
The Army authorities refused to have this weapon charged gas but 
agreed to smoke* It had a range of 7500 m. The Prflf 9 view was that for HE gas and smoke a forward motor was essential for good 
performance but Pruf.I insisted on a rear motor* 
For the war against Russia they had designed two bombs, each 
using the standard 15 cm* motor. 
(i) a 28 cm* rocket charged HE. 
(ii) a 32 cm. w charged incendiary mixture. 
A 30 cm. rocket head was designed to be carried on the 21 cm. 
motor and these bombs were to be charged phosgene, AC and Tabun. 
During development several troubles were encountered such as a 
large 100 per cent zone, and ignition of the AC* The usual method 
of surrounding the HE with an inert material to prevent ignition of 
AC had been tried with little result. 
Trials with Tabun in the 30 cm* bomb had indicated such a good 
performance that production was planned but not started. 
Large scale shoots with bombs charged AC, phosgene, and Tabun 
gave areas of 600 m. x 250 m. for fall of shot. Bombs charged 
phosgene were best, giving an area of 400 m. x 200 m. 
Attention was to be given to the inclusion of longitudinal 
baffles inside the bomb to improve ballistics. 
10. 20 mm. and 3Q Em* shell 
Trials had been carried out using 
(a) AP shot with the tracer cavity filled CW agent. 
(b) HE shell with the complete shell filled C.W. agent. 
Using CN, Dbi, Excelsior and Soman, it was found that little 
result was achieved with the AP shot. 
With the HE/l shell, however, better results had been obtained 
particularly against light protection. It is worthy of note that 
the time fuze was included in the round and in the case of solid 
CW agent was protected by a waxed or metal disc. 
Mustard gas had been tried as a charging but in this case it 
was necessary to charge the mustard into an inner liner, which after 
sealing was slipped into the shell and fuzed in the normal 
manner. 
Small static trials were carried out at Spandau and in the 
Raubkammer 18,000 cub. m. Messhaus. An excellent performance was stated to have been given by a 
3 cm. shell charged Excelsior. This shell was charged by using a 
liner and this in turn was filled in three increments, HE at either 
end and Excelsior in between. 
It might be noted here that methods of charging in which 
Excelsior had to be melted should be avoided if possible, since in 
the presence of oxygen or traces of moisture decomposition to the 
inactive oxide takes place. A 70/JO mixture of CN/BE1N was tried 
out with little success. 
The use of AC was not considered owing to the small capacity 
of the shot. 
A trial had been carried out with a 7,92 mm. round charged 
This was abandoned but Excelsior placed in the shot was 
stated to give good effects. The charge would be approx. 0.5 oc. 
11. Ground contamination inanitions 
Work was started in 1930 with a 5 litre type of chemical mine 
and although the design was sealed production had not been carried out. 
In 1939 the 10 L. Sp Bu 37 was designed and later put into 
large scale production. 
The chargings were 
(a) ZOA (thickened mustard containing anthracene oil) 
double yellow ring. 
(b) OA (mustard containing anthracene oil) one yellow 
ring. 
The idea of anthracene oil (R) as a constituent of Bustard was 
borrowed from the Poles. It was thought the smell of nustard would 
be disguised by that of the anthracene oil, the method of use being 
to contaminate an .area which the enemy wishes to cross leaving lanes 
contaminated with R only. These lanes would be known to ones own 
troops but not to the enemy. The drawback of adding R to mustard 
was that the dark colour made it more conspicuous. 
It was stated that the average height to which the bomb is 
ejected before functioning is 20-30 m. giving a contaminated area 
apnroxiraately 50 m. in diameter. 
Two modifications were being considered to this type of mine* 
The first was to shorten the outer case so that after discharge 
the tall empty case (i.e. the projector) would not act as a sign- 
post to advancing troops and indicate the area of contamination. This also constituted a saving in metal. 
Secondly, by modification of the ejection charge to 180 g. 
and emplacing the complete mine at an angle, it was hoped to achieve 
a range of 250 m. This obviously would need a lengthened delay 
unit in the projected body, partially constructed mines adapted for 
electrical firing which may have been for trials at these longer 
ranges have been found. 
Other methods of creating chemical barriers were tried out. 
One method was to pour mustard into a hole in the ground lined with 
paraffin wax, cover the top over and wait for the advancing enemy 
to break the crust. The main object was to permit friendly troops 
to occupy the area without any vapour danger. 
A second method consisted of glass bulbs holding approximately 
250 cc of mustard which were painted half yellow and half, green. 
These were emplaced in shallow holes in the ground and lightly 
covered over if necessary (Boden Kugeln) • It was stated that troops 
passing over an area mined with these Boden kugeln broke 80 per cent 
of them. A number of these glass bulbs have been found packed in 
cardboard lined wooden boxes at Raubkanmer. 
As an improvisation, the effect of bursting an egg-grenade 
filled into the hollow base of a bottle containing mustard had been 
tried. The resulting contamination was widespread and there was 
a strong initial cloud effect. 
It was further stated that trials had been carried out in 
jettisonning the chemical mine from mechanised vehicles, so that by 
means of a spike on the base of the mine, it stuck in an upright 
position and functioned correctly after a predetermined delay. 
A chemical mine which acted like a concertina was being 
considered. The pressure of the foot ejected H from a nozzle into 
the air and it was hoped, onto the unsuspecting walker. The release 
of the pressure allowed a fresh amount of H to pass into the jet, 
ready for the next unwary passer by. 
An experiment was in hand with a trip type of mine the FI Ps. 
which had a delay fuze of 1-2 seconds operated by the passing tank. 
Then the container was ejected upwards and exploded at a height 
of 1-2 m. Trials were pending with the bomb charged incendiary 
material. 
Trials with the U.S.A. type of chemical mine had showed it 
to be 75 per cent as effective as the Sp Bu 37° 12. Hollow charge weapons (Munroe Effect) using CW agents 
After the attack on Port Eben-Emael in Belgium in which pene- 
tration of the concrete was achieved by using hollow or shaped 
charges, research was started on the possibility of injecting CW 
agents by utilising the hollow charge principle. 
The small smoke grenade No.42 whicn was a standard store when 
filled smoke, was used for experimental trials. ON was used in all 
the preliminary work which appears to have been of empirical nature. 
It was stated that the incorporation of a cone of 30° made from J mm. 
steel permitted the No.42 grenade to penetrate 80 mm. or armour plate. 
Using this cone as the standard, a series of trials were carried 
out, in which rounds having CN disposed in various manners were 
used. The CN was placed in positions such as (a) the tip of the nose 
of the round, (b) various positions in the empty cone, (c) a lining 
to the cone in contact with the HE, (d) a solid lump embedded in 
the HE just below the apex of the cone. 
These arrangements were first tried out to see whether the 
penetration performance had been impaired. Then chemical sampling 
was carried out after penetration of plate had been effected. 
The general conclusion was that in all cases the heat of 
detonation and heat of the explosive jet were such that the CW 
agent was decomposed. 
During interrogations there appeared to be no indication that 
a "follow-through” unit had been considered. 
Research was next turned to static hollow charges and after 
exploratory trials it was found that the best penetration effect 
was obtained with cones made from the solid. The presence of a 
ridge, joint or unevenness of contour affected the ”jet". The 
best position for insertion of CW agent was to attach a hemi- 
spherical nose and line it with tl?e agent. It was stated that a 
lining of 15-25 g. of CN gave excellent results. 
At this juncture, higher authority steped in and ordered 
that standard HE hollow charge rounds should only be considered and 
the 75 ram. shell was therefore used for pilot trials, promising 
results were obtained with rings of CN, Excelsior and Sarin absorbed 
in Keiselgohr, placed round the mouth of the cone, but in later 
trials results were variable. At this stage work ceased owing to 
military events. 
13* Aircraft gas bombs 
Research on the 250 kg. bomb was commenced about 1935 when the first KG 230 bomb was designed and tried out* This bomb which was 
marked with one yellow and one green ring (Fig. XVII), was charged 
100 kg* of 0-los-f-, had a bursting charge of 15 Kg* of HE and was 
fitted with Fuze No, 26, It gave a very poor performance only 
about 3000 were produced and filled. 
By 1937 attention had been directed to an air burst 250 kg, 
bomb and this was tried out charged CN. The bomb has a small 
burster and was intended for summer or tropical use over woods* 
The height of burst aimed at was 100 m. and the necessity for an 
accurate fuze was realised. The fuze used was either 9 or 59A. 
This was the KC 230 W (two white rings) (Fig. XIX.). When burst 
at a height o± 100 m* an area of 5000 m. was stated to be contam- 
inated. The fuze was either 9 or 59A. • 
At the end of 1944 trials were carried out at Raubkaramer using 
250 KC II Gb bombs from stock with the following objects (a) To test 
stock munitions (b) To try out the air-burst bomb aiming tables 
(c) To determine the accuracy attainable by ordinary Luftwaffe 
pilots. Ju 88 aircraft were used, each carrying 8 bombs. Generally 
speaking the bombs were satisfactory, but in some cases the Zahlost 
was non-homogeneous, consisting of thick lumps in a thin liquid. 
The reason for this could not be traced; it occurred both with 
Tornesit and with Polystyrol and in bombs of all dates between 1939 
and 1943; in all about 1Q7o of the bombs had this fault. The Zahlost 
persisted on the ground for 8-14 days according to the height of 
release. The aiming tables were on the whole satisfactory and the 
aiming of the pilots good, but in many cases the wrong fuzes were 
used. 12 aircraft were used in these trials, and it was planned to 
repeat them with larger numbers in May 1945. 
The opinion of the Luftwaffe had been that phosgene would be 
the most effective charging for bonibs, and as the most useful size 
from the bomb stowage aspect was 250 kg., work was pursued on this 
bomb. A series of trials chiefly to ascertain the optimum case 
thickness for phosgene was carried out and eventually a wall 
thickness of 3 “ 4 mm. was accepted. The burster was a small one 
located in the middle of the bomb and this bomb became KG 250 II 
G-r (1 or 2 green rings) (pig XX). It was fuzed No.55o 
It had been realised that no satisfactory ground burst bomb 
charged mustard was available, due to the non-availability of a 
quick acting fuze. Accordingly the Green ring II bomb was 
modified in fuze design and activation by the incorporation of a 
nose striker which passed through a channel to the side fuze* 
The HE content was also increased. This bomb charged mustard 
became the KC 250 Gb (1 yellow ring) (FIG. XXI). The fuze was 
No.26* It gave an effective contamination when ground burst over 2 
an elliptical area of 600 m . Recently this bomb has given inflaming 
trouble. 
The 230 KC III Gr (3 green rings) (Pig.XXII.) came into being in 
1945 when empty bomb cases were used as storage and transport vessels 
for Tabun, The Luftwaffe had the bombs headfilled in case of need. 
They are stated to hold 83 kg. of Tabun and 4*6 kg, of HE, Trials with 
these bombs gave a lethal area (ct = 300) of 2300-3000 and a dis- 
abling area (ct = 200-230) of 10,000 
The assessment of Tabun was carried out by dropping a bomb and 
then positioning animals at zero plus 1 minute. Inflaming of Tabun 
occurred twice in 50 bombs but no assessment of the loss due to 
inflaming was made. 
In 1944 redesign of the tail was carried out to enable bombs to 
be carried by high speed aircraft. The new design of tail which 
carried a large cylindrical drum was to have been used on bombs 
charged phosgene, mustard and Tabun. Also a new and faster fuze, 
the No,55A, was available. 
The efficiency of the KC 250 II G-r (ihosgene) was again investi- 
gated and the burster was modified« Although the reason was not 
completely understood, results of trials showed that a long central 
burster extending to the nose of the bomb gave a much improved 
performance* The final decision was to use 1 kg. of HE extending 
the full length of the bomb using fuze DA 55* There was a move to 
reduce the burster to i kg. but this was not approved. 
The KC 250 III G-r bomb was also tried out charged mustard with 
the burster reduced from 4.6 kg, to 1,5 kg. but the results could 
not be ascertained. 
In 1942 trials were commenced with 300 kg, bombs charged 
phosgene. The burster was 3*5 kg, ®TT and the bomb was accepted 
for service but it is doubtful if any were even charged. 
Trials were done in 1944 with 500 kg. bombs charged mustard 
with a burster of 1,5 kg, HE, The area of contamination, though 
heavier, was only slightly larger than that from the 250 kg. bomb. The use of 1000 and 1800 kg, homos charged phosgene was con- 
sidered, Trials were carried out using a detector paper method of 
delineating the area subjected to a dosage of Ct = 1000, Two rows 
of animals were included and acted as checks on the adjacent papers. 
Details were not available and the only actual figures which it was 
possible to obtain for the effects from bombs charged phosgene were 
as follows 
Munition 
RESULTS 
Remarks 
Concentration 
mg/m^ 
Time in 
seconds 
Distance 
in m 
downwind 
4 - KC 250 II Gr 
400 kg phosgene 
65,000 
10 
50 
performed to 
assess danger 
from Allied 
hombing of 
with 
phosgene 
bombs 
1 - KG 1000 II Gr 
750 kg phosgene 
32,000 
10 
30 
The following were given as the areas receiving a Ct of 1000 
from phosgene bombs of various calibres* 
250 kg. 4000 m2 
500 kg. 12000 m2 
1000 kg. 30000 m2 
1800 kg. 40000 m2 
These figures are for single bombs. It was stated that if a number 
of phosgene bombs are dropped un such a way as to reinforce one 
another, the effect is proportional to the weight of charging 
irrespective of the calibre of the bomb. 
The 1800 kg, bomb was dived onto the target and released at 
500 m. The bomb was stated to contain 750 kg. of phosgene and 
12 kg, HE, and to give a concentration of 73 1 siinute 
a distance of 30 m. 
In 1945 trials were uursued with 250 kg, bombs charged AC 
which were to be known as'KC 250 V Cr but inflaming troubles were continuous. Various methods of preventing ignition of the charging 
were tried, such as the following 
(i) An inert surround of the burster® 
(ii) 20 per cent water in the AC, 
(iii) A surround of the burster with 
(iv) Varying the explosive. 
but none were very successful. 
Just before work ceased they had done a trial with an air 
burst bomb charged Tabun and the view was held that this was the 
best method of using this agent if the height of burst could be 
kept low i.e. 50 - 100 m. 
Bombs charged Sarin were to be known as IV G-r. Two trials 
had been carried out, suggesting that the lethal and disabling 
areas from a 250 KC bomb charged Sarin are 10,000 and 20,000 m2 
respectively. 
14® Aircraft Spray Bombs 
Because of the Luftwaffe’s dislike of the low flying necessary 
for spraying, trials had been carried out with 500 kg. bombs charged 
thickened benzene which functioned as spray bombs after release from 
the aircraft. 
It was stated that the aircraft dived and as it pulled out and 
commenced to climb again the bomb was released at a height of 20-30 
A slight delay in the ignition arrangement allowed the bomb to 
fall clear of the aircraft and then by means of rings of cordtex 
(penta) holes were blown in each end of the bomb. Sited round the 
hole in the rear end were four igniters connected in parallel with 
the cordtex cutting charge. 
It was stated that after re lease the bomb flew horizontally 
for 400-500 m. issuing flame. As the tail of the bomb was held in 
place by a central rod welded to the disc which is cut out of the 
bomb end, it seems very improbable that much levelflight would be 
achieved. The tail must come off, before liquid can issue and this 
would result in a very unstable body. Also the only means to force 
out the charging is pressure generated by travel through the air. Modifications were made to this bomb in order that liquid CW 
agents could be sprayed. Experimental models have been found which 
have an emission pipe running the length of the tail. The outlet was 
again opened by cutting off the welded-on cap with cordtex and 
internal pressure was applied by means of cordite or other suitable 
gas producer. Puller details of this novel weapon will be given in 
a separate report after examination of the sample being sent to U.K, 
15. Toxic Smoke Aircraft Bombs 
A 50 kg, bomb holding 13 kg, of 5Q/50 DM/NC mixture was deve- 
loped, The bomb acted, after dropping, as a static generator and in 
order to decrease burying the terminal velocity was reduced by a 
drag plate secured across the tail fins* The burial on soft ground 
was stated to be approximately \ m. The emission period was 4 minutes 
and the maximum concentration under favourable conditions at a dis- 
tance of 25 m, was 500-1000 mg/mP, Large scale production of these 
bombs was carried out at Poramerschen Industrie Barth, This is the 
KC 50 II Bu (2 blue rings, Pig, XXIII.) 
Trials were pending with a 250 kg, bomb of the same type. In 
one static trial a bomb containing 40 kg. of charging burned for 
2-3 minutes and its effects were felt at a distance of 10 kn. 
16. Cluster projectiles 
The opinion in Pruf 9 was that small bombs charged gas would 
give a better performance than the larger sizes, and accordingly 
experimental work on clusters had been started. 
The cluster case used was somewhat similar in appearance to 
the 250 kg. bomb but had a more rounded nose and was in two halves 
hinged at the nose. A time fuse opened the cluster and allowed 
the contents to scatter. 
It was understood that consideration was also being given 
to a 500 kg. cluster. 
Trials had been carried out with inner bombs charged screening 
smoke composition and BM/NG mixtures. These bombs were smoke 
generators adapted by the addition of half cylindrical tails equal 
to the length of the bomb. These tails which were perforated 
acted as destabilisers and increased the scatter. It was possible 
by packing bombs head to tail completely to fill the cluster, the 
half cylindrical tails nestling over the bomb bodies. This 
inner bomb was known as the K,B»3 and was believed to be manu- 
factured at the Herman G-oering Werks, Brunswick. Consideration was being given to use of cardboard inner bombs 
to economise in steel. These had been tried experimentally, the 
bomb being known as K.B®10„ 
The opening height aimed at was 300 m. and it was found that 
from this height the 10 bombs from the 250 kg. or the 20 bombs 
from the 500 kg. cluster spread over an area of 80 m. x 40 m. under 
normal conditions. There was a tendency for the, bombs to fall in 
two groups. 
The toxic smoke generator bombs had impact igniters. Pre- 
liminary experimental work had commenced on a liquid charged bomb, 
the intention being to use a 340 g. TNT burster and a No.73 f\ize. 
A preliminary trial with a small bomb to work on the BE 
principle had been done using a DA faze and a gunpowder charge, 
but failure had occurred owing to splitting® 
As drawn steel tube of the required diameter was not available, 
they had endeavoured to strengthen the bomb with, liners, but this 
also had failed. 
There had been tentative experiments with a rubber cylindrical 
bomb charged with mustard gas. These were charged through a tube 
at one end of the bomb and were opened in the air by means of a 
length of cordtex running round the bomb. The initiating detonator 
had a delay incorporated which started when the cluster opened. 
17. Fuzes for airburst aircraft bombs 
Although the standard fuzes were used experimentally for air 
buret bombs, it was realised that they were insufficiently accurate. 
It was stated that the error in height of buret was about 20 per cent 
of the height of release. 
There had been a request to the fuze experts for a fuze to 
give a height of buret of 50 - 150 m. above the ground. A radio 
fuze designed to function at 10 - 20 m. had been sent for trial; 
out of the 6 received, one failed and the remaining 5 functioned at 
the correct height. 
A barometric fuze had been suggested and although it was 
understood that work on this design was being pursued, no fuzes 
ever arrived for trial. 
Reference was made to the Italian fuze which was reputed to 
be actuated by a weight on a string, this leading the bomb during 
its fall. A few abortive trials were carried out, the usual 
result being a mass of tangled string and non-functioning of the 
bomb. A telescope stick fuze which extended about 8 m. was foundo 
Samples have been sent to the U.Ko for examination and a separate 
report containing further details will be issued* 
18* German spray apparatus 
3.200. This spray apparatus has a volume of approximately 
160 litres and is pressure operated. It has a bulbous nose tapering 
towards the rear. The compressed air bottle is housed in a tube 
welded to the rear end of and extending forward into the body of the 
apparatus* Valves and connecting pipes are covered by a tail 
fairing and the emission pipe is taken from the front and bent round 
to point to the rear parallel to the axis of the body. It is designed 
for use with either smoke or gas. 
When used for smoke the apparatus is fitted with a solenoid 
operated valve, which is remote controlled from the pilot’s cockpit 
and can be used for intermittent emission. The size of the orifice 
on the Mk«VI type of valve is approx, inch and it is claimed that 
a smoke screen from 5 to 9 kilometres long can be put down by an 
aircraft flying at kn/hour and about 50 metres high. The smoke 
liquid used was stated to be 50/50 acid. 
When intended for use with gas, the solenoid valve was removed 
making the outlet approximately 2 inches bore. 
S,50Q» This is a gravity type apparatus the design of which 
is based on captured Russian VAP 500 spray apparatus. The volume 
is about 550 litres and the time of emission approximately A seconds. 
Experiments had been carried out with four S.500 mounted on a 
Junkers 88, between the engine nacelles, charged AC and all four 
functioned simultaneously. The total time of emission was 
approximately 5 seconds. Results of these trials appear in 
Appendix III of this report. It was stated that this apparatus 
was preferred to the 3,200, Samples of the 3,500 are available for 
trial. 
3,250. This was a new spray apparatus under development 
by the Germans, for carriage on the FoW,190. It was on the same 
principle as the Russian, but of a more convenient shape and smaller, 
the volume being from 160-180 litres. The control of the emission 
orifice was to be electric, as some trouble had been experienced by 
the Germans with the mechanical control of the Russian apparatus. 
The air space allowed for chargings was 6 per cent, climatic 
storage trials up to having proved this satisfactory. 
The spraying trials carried out were not of a highly developed 
nature, and in the case of mustard gas, regard was paid only to the weight of contamination delivered and not to drop size and dis- 
tribution (see Appendix l). It was thought that no effect through 
clothing would be obtainable at heights greater than 50 m. 
The Luftwaffe it appeared was not favourably inclined to the 
use of spray owing to a dislike for the flying tactics involved. 
1 So Future research on Aircraft weapons 
It was stated that the following would have been the future 
programme of research and development on aircraft weapons. 
(a) Use of larger bombs charged phosgene. 
(b) Modification of size and position of bursters 
particularly for bombs used under winter conditions. 
(c) Development of clusters with a view to obtaining 
optimum height of opening. 
(d) Trials with bombs charged with mustard thicKened with 
Polystyrol 5. 
(e) Prevention of ignition of mustard chargings. 
(f) Ballistics of 250 kg. bomb for air burst. 
(g) Continuation of development of cluster bombs. 
(h) Design of a 50 kc. bomb for Tabun and Sarin. 
(i) Use of high altitude sprays. 
(j) Spraying of Tabun. 
20. Thickening agents 
The Germans used thickeners in G.W. liquids primarily to 
increase persistence, and not to prevent shatter on ejection from 
an air opened munition. The viscosity favoured was very high, of the 
order of hundreds of poises. 
Tornesit (To), a chlorinated rubber, was the standard thickener, 
used in conjunction with S-Wachs, a synthetic wax resembling bees- 
wax prepared by I.G. The following were standard chargings :- 
Z-OA 596 9i£ 0A tome sit % S-Wachs 
Z-GM i»62 8# CM % tornesit # S-Wachs Owing to supply difficulties, substitutes for tomesit were 
sought. The following, in order of preference were considered the 
best of the many substances tested ;- 
Polystyrol IH (not highly polymerised) 
plus polyacrylonitrile, 
Polyte trahydrofurane 
Polyvinylchloride 
Polyvinylacetate 
Acronal I (polyacrylic acid) 
Polystyrol III alone gave a very viscous sticky mixture, but 
this was reduced in stickiness by adding other substances such as 
Polyvinylchloride, Polyvinylacetate or S-Wachs. 
For future use the following mixtures were envisaged : — 
Z-OA 909 = 9# OA, % Polystyrol III, # S-Wachs 
Z-OA 973 * %>% OA, 136 Polystyrol III, % S-Wachs 
Z-OA 974 = 82£ OA, Polystyrol III, % S-Wachs 
Z-QM 832 = 9C$ OM, 7$ Polystyrol III, S-Wachs 
Z-OM 977 = 8$ OM, 12$ Polystyrol III, % S-Wachs 
Z-OM 978 = OM, Polystyrol III, % S-Wachs 
Po lyme thyme t ha cry la t e was among the substances tested, but it 
was rejected on account of low solubility. 
21. Impregnated Dusts 
Investigation had been made at YlaL, Spandau of the dispersion 
of non-volatile vesicants using a fine dust as the carrier following 
information that the French considered that a 10~fold gain in vesicancy 
was thus obtained. About 100 different kinds of carriers had been 
tried. Of these Frankonite and Tonerdeger had been found the best 
and after further experiments, Tonerdeger was selected for the main 
experiments with vesicants. 
Frankonite is a prepared Fuller* s earth. For the purpose of 
the investigation it was ground in a small vibrating porcelain ball 
mill and by this means a particle size range of from 10 to 0.1 
microns was obtained. 
Tonerdeger is a precipitated aluminium hydroxide which is 
sufficiently fine not to require any grinding. It is prepared from bauxite by dissolving in sulphuric acid and treating with sodium 
carbonate. Winter, Fahrbrucke, nr# Zwickan is the manufacturer. 
Vllien impregnated with N-lost in a 30/50 ratio it still remains a 
dry powder. Frankonite on the other hand can only be used in a 
60//f0 ratio. Di-chlor benzene was used as a harmless simulant 
in the preliminary experiments. 
The vesicants tried with Tonerdeger were "double omega" 
(Dopple Omega) or sesqui-mustard, B-stoff which is the same 
as T.724, and N-lost. Tabun tas also considered, but it is too 
unstable for use in this manner. 
For animal and human experiments in the laboratory, the 
impregnated dust was blown from a J to 1 litre container by comr- 
pressed air into a 100 chamber. From 20-30 per cent, rising 
to 50 per cent in high concentrations, fell out of the cloud to the 
floor of the chamber. Concentrations of 15 - 800 were tried. 
Micro-examination of the particles which settled on the glass 
slides were made, and samples were also taken in two Kolliter 
flasks in series at a flow rate of 40 l/min. and the deposit 
analysed chemically for the vesicant. The moving film (Kineograph) 
method was also used, but it was not very successful and was dis- 
continued. (Apparently this method had been developed by Dr.Zeuner 
of P4, assisted by Dr. Leopold.)• The method was not in high 
repute. 
Experiments were made on mice, dogs and cats. The Ct for 
100 per for sprayed N-lost was stated to be 800-1000 
mg.min.per nr*, whereas it was reduced to 300 for a high concen- 
tration of dust impregnated with this agent. The Physiological 
aspects had been supervised by Dr. Bottger of VII L (later V b L). 
The bodies and heads of the animals were covered so that the 
effects were mainly due to inhalation. Eye effects were small. 
Experiment s were made on the vesicant effects on man. Usually 
the concentration was 500 mg/n?. The observers exposed the lower 
parts of their arm to the cloud for 10 minutes. Vesication was 
produced. It was considered that double omega was ten times, and 
B-stoff five times, as vesicant as N-lost. 
Attempts were made to penetrate particulate filters by means 
of this dust, but, not surprisingly, without success. Clogging 
experiments were also made with a similar lack of success. 
Dust retention experiments were carried out on human observers 
using a radioactive tracer. Thorium x, as the indicator. Retention 
by the lungs was some 80 per cent. For bursting chamber and field work, the impregnated dust was 
compressed into cylindrical blocks, about 1 ft. length and 6 in. dia- 
meter, at a pressure of about 200 a hole being formed down 
the centre for the explosive. The explosive was nitro-pente, at the 
rate of 200 g. per 2 kg. of compressed dust. It was intended to wrap 
the cylinders in paper and pack them in a cluster bomb (Zerleger 
Bombs). When exploded, these cylinders were only about 40 per cent 
efficient. experiments were tried in the chamber with 
similar results to the laboratory chamber experiments. 
The powder was also emitted from the 3.500 spray tank, but the 
results were disappointing. 
Investigation had been made of the defensive use of these impreg- 
nated dusts. The dust was spread on roads and qualitative experiments 
made to see how long the dust remained on the surface and how it 
behaved when cars passed over it. The dust persisted for a long 
time and was thought to be highly effective. On the strength of 
these experiments, 1000 tons of Tonerdeger were ordered, but the 
material was never impregnated. B-stoff would have been the impreg- 
nating agent. 
Floating dusts and dust blown from fans were not successful. 
Tabun was found to be destroyed by the carrier. 
The apparatus and press used in the experiments were brought 
to Raubkanmer early this year and were inspected in Haus F and 
Haus P of R VI. A sample of Tonerdeger was taken. 
22. Group X of W& Prof 9 
The work of this group can conveniently be dealt with at this 
point as they dealt mainly with some of the munitions aspects of 
Chemical Warfare. 
As no members of Croup X were present to be interrogated only 
an indication of the work of this group can be given. The laboratory 
work for this group was done by F4, Spandau. 
Croup X were responsible for the production of incendiary 
materials except oils for flame-throwers which was the responsibility 
of Wa Pr8.f Before autumn 194-2 Wa Prvif 1 had been responsible for 
the development of incendiary materials, but up to 1941 there had 
been no operational requirement. With the advent of the Russian 
campaign, however, and the probable necessity for the attack cf 
wooden buildings Pruf 1 produced the phosphorus incendiary bomb. 
After Croup X took over the first requirement was for a substitute 
for the phosphorus incendiary bomb due to the large requirements of industry and the factory at Dyherenfurth. Experiments were carried 
out with thermite mixture and with mixtures of thickened oil with 
cellulose, textile substitutes, bast, waste etc,, but as far as is 
known none of these mixtures was introduced into the service. 
Another requirement was for a substitute for phosphorus in 
practice weapons and for this AICI3, and compressed pellets 
of white Puller’s earth, alumina or silica gel were suggested. 
The last mentioned substance appears to have been quite a good 
substitute giving rise to a white cloud on bursting. 
Asked by Pruf 1 to improve the incendiary effect of the anti- 
tank shell, the addition of 20-30j& of A1 to the explosive was 
suggested and eventually introduced. Attempts to incorporate 
sodium-potassium alloy showed no improvement. 
In the autumn of 1942 an examination of spontaneously inflam- 
able substances was undertaken. The first substance used was 
S charcoal a pyrophoric charcoal which glows in half a minute on 
exposure to the air and is prepared by the IoG, (Leverkusen?), 
It was used in the larger calibre mortar bombs and in the 32 Wurf- 
korper Plam, It was found in Russia that over 50 per cent of the 
32 Wurfkorper Plam did not burn at all and many others did not 
burn well. The cause of this was traced back to the fact that 
the filling was being continually changed due to the use of other 
substitutes and the S charcoal was not capable of igniting these 
substitute fillings. Organic silicon compounds were tried as well 
as sodium, potassium and zinc ethyl, but the most effective 
substance was found to be phenyl sodium and this was eventually 
filled into some shell. 
There was also a requirement for an incendiary projectile 
for the Russian campaign to set large expanses of reeds on fire. 
The Spruhbuchse filled with a mixture of thickened oil and 
cellulose or nitrated cellulose and ignited by means of S charcoal 
or phenyl sodium was fired at an angle of 45°* This did well in 
reeds, but if it fell in water it went out. For a filling which 
would also bum on 7/ater a petrol-benzene—Diesel oil mixture was 
used. 
Experiments on floating oil on the sea and igniting it as a 
defensive measure had been tried on the Albanian coast. The 
ignition of this oil film was simple as long as the filip remained 
near the coast, but if the film was washed away from the coast it 
became much more difficult. This problem was also raised in con- 
nection with the coast of France before the invasion. As these 
thin films of oil on water are rapidly cooled and thick films 
are impossible to obtain it is not believed that experiments were 
carried further. From papers captured at Le Bouchet and from other intelligence 
sources it was learned that it was possible in U.S.A. and Britain 
to produce by bombs and rockets and possibly even by aircraft spray 
a flame barrier one and one half metres high which burned for 
several hours. In Le Bouchet they found pulverised active charcoal 
soaked with petrol-benzene, C32—benzene—Diesel oil, ether—benzene- 
Diesel oil ani other mixtures. Group X canned out many experiments 
with pulverised active charcoal soaked in such mixtures and filled 
into bombs, but only got an instantaneous flash. When small 
cylinders of active charcoal soaked in such mixtures were used a 
fire was produced up to 15 to 25 metres round the bomb and lasted for 
2 minutes. Further news from Britain instigated experiments with 
CaC2 dust and later with metaldehyde and petrol until in February 
1945 it was finally concluded that it would be impossible to produce 
a flame lasting for 2 hours by such means. 
Group X were also responsible for producing protective materials 
against fire and one particular requirement was to protect the wooden 
bridges in Russia which were being attacked with incendiaries from 
Russian aircrafto German industry was no longer in a position to 
supply the normal protective materials and a paste of Mg0l2 and 
clay was suggested« 
An adhesive substance to attach hollow charges to the surface 
of tanks etc, was another requirement. It was difficult to find 
one suitable for both summer and winter, but eventually two 
plastic adhesives were developed by I.G. one for summer and one 
for winter. These usually stuck well unless the tank was very dusty 
or very wet. 
Group X were also studying substances which could be used in the 
field to attack the internal combustion engine. Many suggestions 
for this purpose were found at Le Bouchet, such as oxides of chlorine, 
aluminium powder, silicon powder, acetylene, and nitroethylene, but 
none of them were found to be of any use. The best results were 
eventually obtained by the use of ethyl fluoroacetate which attacks 
the oil film and allows the metal to corrode, but in the field it 
would be a long time before any noticeable effect could be obtained 
by this method. At least 0.2 per cent of ethyl fluoroacetate is 
required in the oil. 
Important industrial premises were to be protected by means of 
a grenade filled liquid GN which would function when the wire fence 
was cut as well as Spruhbuchsen attached to trop wires. Hand 
grenades filled with GN solution would be given to the guards. It 
was also considered that the guards might be given glass balls 
filled with either a dye which would not wash out or a colourless 
substance which would fluoresce in ultra-violet light. Rooms containing top-secret documents were to be protected by means of 
containers filled with (l) a substance which would give a loud 
report to attract the guard* (2) a pyrotechnic substance which 
would develop flame in a short time or (3) an instant laohrymator* 
In 1943 files were found in Russia on the use of smoke rings 
and shortly afterwards a certain Professor Tokmatscheff came over 
to the Germans and also suggested this as a method of dispersing 
gas. It was suggested that if a pear-shaped tin-plate vessel was 
fitted to the mouth of a machine-gun smoke-rings with a speed of 
120 to/sec. were formed and that these could disturb cardboard 
targets at a considerable distance. 
Professor Tokmatscheff claimed that if chlorine or ammonia 
were introduced into the pear-shaped chamber it was possible to 
detect these gases at a distance of 300 metres. By using a 7*5 
cm. gun he claimed to be able to get the smoke-ring effect to a 
distance of 1000 metres and also by using bulbs of a different 
shape to be able to send the smoke-ring round a corner. 
Group X carried out one test of this method and decided that 
in order to send a smoke-ring a distance of 1000 metres it would 
be necessary to have a bulb to 2 metres long and 2 metre 
diameter and that even then the ring would start to dissolve 
appreciably after the first 100 metres. 
In the autumn of 1939 a suggestion was made by a pioneer 
officer that air-gas mixtures might be used for exploding under- 
ground fortifications. The plan was to bore down below the 
fortifications from a distance of about 100 metres, burst the con- 
crete floor by means of an explosive charge and then introduce an 
explosive gas mixture such as hydrogen-air, carbon monoxide-air 
etc* which could be set off by means of a thermite cartridge* 
Alternatively a hole could be blown above ground if this were 
possible by means of a hollow charge and a tube placed through 
the hole for the introduction of the gas mixture* 
The first trials were carried out in the summer of 1940 on 
the Czecho-Slovak fortifications. It was found that of the 
first gases tried methane, hydrogen and carbon monoxide the 
air—carbon monoxide mixture was the best* It was necessary to 
have some idea of the size of the chamber into which the gas 
was to be introduced so as to be able as far as possible to 
produce the optimum explosive mixture and it was found that 
carbon monoxide allowed the biggest margin of error. 
There was one drawback to the use of carbon monoxide, 
however, it was a poisonous gas and the use of carbon monoxide 
in this manner would have meant the initiation of Chemical Warfare. It was therefore decided to search for another non- 
poisonous gas which could he used in a similar manner as long as 
there was no Chemical Warfare. The most satisfactory gas for this 
purpose was found to he ethylene after a long series of trials 
begun in 1940 and finished in 1943* The final trials were carried 
out at Lemhach and Katenhofen on the Ivlaginot line and the Pioneers 
worked out an efficient method of relaying up the large quantities 
required. It is believed that use was made of air-ethylene explosive 
mixtures with good results during the fighting in Warsaw in in 
order to blow up the Warsaw drains. There seems to be no doubt, 
however, that if gas warfare had started the carbon monoxide-air 
mixture would have been preferred. The ethylene-air mixture is more 
suitable for smaller fortifications and it is necessary to know 
fairly exactly the size of the chamber for the explosion. Experi- 
ments showed that animals died from the effect of the detonation and 
measurements showed pressures of 30 atmospheres and temperatures of 
80-90°C. 
It had been learned through intelligence sources that U.S.A. 
intended using similar methods and also explosive dusts. Experiments 
were to have been carried out by 1/laL and Croup X on the use of coal 
and sugar dust, but the work had only just started. Preliminary 
work with liquids such as ether and acetone had given less satis- 
factory results than with gases. 
Croup X were also responsible for developing field trial tech- 
nique, but this was considered to have reached such a high standard 
that no work had been done since 1944» 
The head of Group X, Dr. Stantion, had a personal interest in 
work on insecticides, although this was not included in the official 
functions of the group. His interests lay mainly in the apparatus 
used for dissiminating the agents. This work Y/as co-ordinated by 
Dr. Beyer of OKW/Wiss, who is the most competent to give full 
information on the subject. The research was apparently complex 
and was carried out in various forestry institutes. Strassburg 
was the main centre. The v/ork was almost entirely directed 
against the Colorado beetle. 
23. Miscellaneous information on Chemical Munitions 
The following paragraphs give some information on various 
miscellaneous subjects connected with chemical munitions or the 
offensive aspect of chemical warfare. 
No work appears to have been carried out at Raubkaraner on the 
subject of anti-personnel incendiary weapons. The general opinion 
was that it has an effect on morale only and after its first use 
is easily countered. A good deal of work had however been done on chlorine tri- 
fluoride which was known as N-Stoff as an incendiary agent. 
A factory for the manufacture of GIF? costing 100 million 
RM was built at Palkenhagen, Prankfurt-on-Oder, on the recom- 
mendation of Prof. Schumann of Wa.Po After the factory had been 
built and a production output of 30 tons per month had been 
reached, it was realised that, owing to lack of co-ordination 
of effort, no one had a clear idea as to how the material was to 
be used in the field. Pruf 9 were asked to carry out experiments on 
its offensive use as an incendiary agent with particular reference 
to the attack on respirators. Laboratory experiments showed that 
it was quite useless for this purpose, some 80 g. being required to 
set fire to a filter., Wa.F. were not satisfied -with the results 
and a field trial in which 300 x 15 cm. rounds containing in all 
1 ,200 kg. of charging were fired over a close lay-out of all kinds 
of inflammable materials including dummies dressed in normal clothing. 
Nothing of note was achieved; the clothing of the dummies did not 
catch fire although one had a direct hit and the temperature rise 
inside containers through which air was drawn was only 2°C. Next, 
a 500 kg. bomb was burst li m, from the entrance to a room filter, 
but again without appreciable effect. Only if the were sprayed 
in very high concentration and A or 5 litres drawn through a con- 
tainer held near the source could the contents be induced to 
inflame. It was then realised that the GIF* rapidly hydrolysed in 
the air to form HC1 and EP and incendiary effects at a distance were 
not to be expected. 
As a result of these experiments, the production was reduced 
to 10 tons per month and the control of the plant passed to the S.S. 
under Dr. Schwab. Its eventual fate is unknown. 
There appears to be no support for the statement that Fort 
Eben Emael in Belgium was captured by the Germans in 1940 by 
squirting GIF? into the intakes of the filtration units. All 
the evidence so far has shown that German paratroops landed on 
the forts and put them out of action with hollow charges. 
Some experimental work had been carried out on the introduction 
of gases into narrow openings by means of a hand spray of 5—10 litres 
capacity. The weapon proposed had to be actually introduced into 
the onening, and there was no question of any attack being made 
from a distance. The gases considered were lachrymators, hydrogen 
cyanide, cyanogen chloride, mustard and chlorine trifluoride. It 
was hoped with the first two that filters could be penetrated. The 
weanon was abandoned as it did not appeal to the pioneer formations 
for whose use it was intended. 
Floating mustard had been tried as a means of protecting beaches, but was not successful owing to the case which rough water 
destroyed or removed the film. Of the many substances tried, including 
calcium carbide, brown coal dust was considered to be the best 
flotation agent. 
When a new machine gun with a rate of fire of 1400 - 2000 rounds 
per minute was approaching completion, work was started on experi- 
mental C.Wo ammunition for it, with the object of attacking tanks 
by creating a concentration of gas round the air inlets. AC was 
found to be useless on account of inflaming, but Tabun and Sarin 
were considered interesting possibilities, although no work was 
actually done on these. Excelsior was tried once, with a small 
amount of ammunition and gave good results. Smoke was tried but 
was found useless against a moving tank. The work was abandoned 
because of production difficulties. 
The Germans believed the Russians to be interested in iron and 
nickel carbonyls, but the former did not consider that the carbonyls 
had any offensive possibilities. They had investigated a report that 
the French had found carbon monoxide in solution in ammonia, amines 
etc. to be of value, but the Germans considered it impossible to use 
carbon monoxide in this way. 
The Germans thought Russians intended to use finely divided 
calcium cyanide which the Germans tested and found to be nearly as 
good as AC itself. From a good American intelligence source they 
knew the Americans had introduced as a filling Ca(CN)2* 2HCN. This 
complex was prepared but they found it not very effective and there- 
fore believed they had obtained the wrong substance. 
On receipt of intelligence information that the Russians and 
British intended to spray concentrated acids and alkalies, experi- 
mental work on this subject was initiated. Of the substances tried 
sodium hydroxide was considered uselessj but foiling nitric acid 
was thought to be of some value in a low spray owing to the painful 
bums produced. 
Plans were in hand to fill the V1 (Gerat 024/fi) with phosgene 
in place of the normal 800 kg. of hexa-ONT. One experiment at 
Raubkammer at rest gave an effect similar to that from a 1000 kg. 
bomb. It was also planned to use the war-head as a cluster bomb 
holding 200 K.W.3. Blue Ring II charged and deolustered 200-300 
metres before landing. No suitable time-fuze had been developed 
however, and no trials had been carried out. 
No plans had been considered for using gas in the V2 (Gerat 
A/lt-)o If gas warfare had started however, Pruf 9 would have recommended 
consideration of a charging 2500 kg. phosgene, but not of 
clusters of small bombs. Pruf 9 had heard rumours of a still larger V weapon which contained 6000 kg. of explosive, but knew 
nothing beyond this. They would, however, have considered phosgene 
an eminently suitable charging for such a weapon. 
Hhe Russians were reported to have a white ring and blue ring 
filing f°r 10 kg. anti-personnel bombs, and accordingly some work 
on a German version was undertaken,, A cardboard container holding 
200 gms. GN (or a mixture of Clark I and Clark II) mixed with HE 
was introduced into the bomb. Preliminary trials gave promising 
results and production was under consideration. 
The inclusion of a small quantity of GN in the tail of an HE 
bomb was considered, but the results we ire not promising. 
Foreign spray mixtures were said to be 
U.S.Ao - 50 per cent - H 
15 per cent - H sulphone 
10 per cent - brom H 
25 per cent ~ Ler/isite 
Russia - 21 per cent - H 
50 per cent - Lewisite, 
29 per cent - Intermediate products and 
impurities. 
Another reputed American mixture was 1($ of phenyl or ethyl 
arsenedichloride, 20 per cent nitrogen mustard hydrochloride and 
7<$ mustard. The Germans considered that the decontamination of the 
nitrogen mstard constituent would be very difficult. 
The Germans managed with difficulty to make sufficient of the 
reputed American spray mixture to determine its vresioancy, but not 
enough for field trials. 
2if. Marking of German Chemical Munitions 
By interrogation of German personnel, and by the examination 
of the contents and construction of ammunition found in the Munster 
area, it has been possible to compile the following information on 
the system of marking used for Genmm chemical mmition* We are 
indebted to the 1st Canadian C.W. laboratory for sectioning and 
analysing the contents of the weapons found, and for providing a 
draft of the following text. Whilst it should be noted that the 
figures which are referred to are diagrammatic only, and that the 
information is subject to amendment as further samples of the 
ammunition are examined, it is believed that this information is 
substantially correct. The basic colour of German chemical amnamition is the normal 
field-grey. The nature, effect and contents of a chemical shell is 
indicated by coloured rings on ogive and base, as well as various 
painted, stencilled or stamped numbers and letters. When the signifi 
cance of all the markings is understood it is possible to tell, 
for any shell, the exact chemical and HE filling, as well as the 
design of the shell and the effect to be expected. 
The coloured rings on the ogive and on the base are yellow, 
green, blue or white, indicating the physiological effect of the 
charging in the form in which it is dispersed. 
Yellow - (Gelb - Gb) Vesicant effect 
Green - (Grun - Gr) Choking or systemic effect 
Blue - ?Blau - Bu) Sternutatory effect 
White - (Weiss - W) Lachrymatory effect 
Associated with the coloured ring may be the number 1, 2 or 3> 
of the same colour, which distinguish the different chargings 
having similar physiological effects but which may have different 
degrees of effectiveness. It should be noted that the colour band 
is not necessarily a guide to the charging. For instance, mustard 
may be found in either yellow ring or green ring shell; in the 
latter case with a large burster giving an initial cloud of vapour 
and droplets and little persistent vesicant effect. A later develop- 
ment, the Green ring Yellow shell, is discussed below. 
The latest information on the banding and contents of chemical 
shell is as follows, all having been confirmed by examination except 
Double Yellow ring and Blue ring 2 which have not yet been found 
Yellow ring - Mustard gas, small burster 
Double Yellow ring - Thickened mustard gas, small burster 
Green ring - Mustard gas, medium burster 
Green ring 1 - Nitrogen mustard, large burster 
Green ring 3 “ Tabun, head burster 
Green ring Yellow - Mustard gas, large burster 
Blue ring 1 - DM with exterior burster 
Blue ring 2 - DA in ArsenSl, central burster 
Blue ring 3 - Hi, base ejection generator 
White ring - CN/HE intimate mixture 
Six types of chemical shell had been accepted for service. 
The markings which identify each type are stamped on in the same 
colour as the identification ring of the shell. 
(a) The earlier type of ground contamination shell has a 
long narrow central burster tube (filled Hc/Wax 60:40) and 
is always marked Gb, g/B, The "Gb” stands for Yellow ring gas (Ge lb ring Kampfstoff), the "G" for ground contamina- 
tion (Gelandebelagung) and the "B" is the code letter for 
the chemical filling (see below). A negative characteristic 
of this type of shell is the absence of any large coloured 
number just above the driving band (see (c), (d) and (f) 
below) • There are two shell and one mortar bomb of this 
nature. 
10,5 can P H Gr Gelbring (mstard gas) (Pig#IIl)o 
15 cm G-r 19 G-elbring (mustard gas) (pig.IV)* 
10 cm Wgr 35 St Gelbring (mustard gas) (PigoXVl), 
(b) Differing from the above type only in the amount of HE in 
the burster tube (it is not so highly diluted with wax) is 
the earlier type of G-reen ring (initial cloud" shell marked 
G-b I/O (in green). Again the "Gb" represents Yellow ring 
gas (vesicant) but the fact it is dissipated as a cloud 
by the heavier burster is indicated by the letter "L" 
(Luftkampfstoff - an air-bome gas)» The last letter "0" 
is again the code letter for the CW filling. Two shell 
only of this nature exist. 
10.5 cm P H G-r Grunring (mustard gas) (Pig.I.) 
15 cm G-r 19 Grunring (mustard gas) (pig.II.) 
(c) The new type of ground contamination shell which has a 
head burster, having a plate between the HE and CW filling, 
is known as the "Zwischenboden" (separating plate) shell. 
It is identified by the large coloured number 39 just above 
the driving band, representing the year of design of this 
body type. 
10,5 cm P H G-r 39 G-elbring (mustard gas) (Pig.VI.) 
15 cm G-r 39 Gelbring (mustard gas) (pig.VII.) 
In addition, the Type 39 shell is also filled as Green 
ring 3 the Germans having found that there was less decom- 
position of the Tabun filling with a head burster than with 
a central burster. 
10,5 cm P H Gr 39 Grunring 3 (Tabun) (Pig.X.) 
15 cm Gr 39 Grunring 3 (Tabun) 
(d) In order to produce a completely "initial cloud" or 
choking gas effect with vesicants the Type 38 shell was 
developed. This shell has a very large burster (weiter 
Kainmerhulse - wide burster) relative to its size and is 
marked with the number 38, the year of design of this 
body type, just above the driving band, (in certain 15 can. rockets the 38 may be replaced by the abbreviation "wKh".) 
10.5 cm P H Gr 38 Grunring-Gelb (mustard gas) (FIG.V.) 
10.5 cm P H G-r 38 Grunring 1 (nitrogen mustard ( PIG. VIII.) 
15 cm G-r 38 G-runring 1 (nitrogen mustard (piG.IX.) 
(e) A fifth design is used for the solid HE/CW chargings of the 
White ring and Blue ring 1 types. There are no special 
markings to distinguish shell of this nature, except that 
the threaded-on base plate has in it two holes for the 
insertion of a two pin spanner. 
7o3 cm Jgr 18 Weissring (GNT) (PIG.XXIV). 
10 cm G-r 19 Blauring 1 (DM) 
10 cmGr19 Weissring (CN) 
10.5 cm P H Gr Blauring 1 (m) (PIGoXHl). 
10.5 can P H Gr Weissring (gn) (PIG.Xl). 
15 am Gr 19 Blauring 1 (m) (PIG.XIV). 
15 cm Gr 19 Weissring (GN) (PIG.XIl). 
(f) The latest design is the Type 40 base ejection (AB - Ausstoss- 
buchse) generator shell, marked 40 and Bu l/M in blue. MBuw 
indicates a Blue ring gas, "L” that it is a cloud gas 
(Luftkampfstoff) and "M" is the code letter for the filling. 
Also stencilled in black on the side near the base is 40 AB. 
10o5 cm P H G-r ifO Blauring 3 (Eld) (PigoXV). 
On each shell (and mortar bomb, rocket or aircraft bomb with GW 
filling) is a code letter, the same colour as the rings, which indicates 
the exact nature of the chemical filling. This letter is sometimes 
by itself but may be combined with other letters and numbers, e.g.;- 
®> GA -rv t/h K 0 f-6^84 
q/B 39 VM wKh 38 
In these examples the code letters are B, GA, M, K, 0 and P respectively. 
On bombs and occasionally on shell the code letter is painted in 
black. The code, taken from a captured microfilm, and complete to 
1st January 1945, is as follows 
A - Chloroa ce t ophe none 
B - Thiodiglycol raustard-Arsinol, 1:1 (Winterlost) 
C - Thiodiglycol mstard-Chlorobenzol, 2+.xi (Winterlost) 
D - Thickened mustard (made from B) 
E - Thickened mustard (made from a mixture of homologous 
mustards) 
F - phosgene G - Tabun 
GA - Tabun with 20 per cent Chlorobenzol (also Ga) 
H - Diphosgene 
K - Nitrogen mustard 
L - Thiodiglycol mustard - Anthracenol, 
2:1 (Winterlost) 
M - Ql or Hi with DA 
N - DA in 40s60 
0 - Thiodiglycol mustard (Summerlost) 
P - Hydrogen cyanide 
There is a code number to indicate the nature of the HE bursters 
This is alwasy a black number just above or below the colour ring on 
the ogive* In the case of the White ring and Blue ring 1 shell the 
number refers to the whole OW/HE insert* The code number does not 
refer to the size or shape of the bursting charge but only to the 
identity of the explosive used. Thus the same code number, 57 > is 
used to indicate the head burster of both the 10*5 and 15 cm Type 
59 shells. The list of bursters, where they are used and their 
general description is as follows 
37 “ The head burster of the 10®5 and 15 cm Yellow 
ring 39 shell. (lEW/Wax 60/40) 
36/38 - The small burster in the earlier type Yellow 
ring ground contamination 10® 5 and 15 cm shell 
and the 10 cm Yellow ring mortar bomb® 
(BETN/Wax - 60/40) 
32 - The medium burster in the 10.5 and 15 cm Green 
ring shell. This number is also used to indicate 
the relatively heavy burster in the 15 cm Green 
ring Ye How and Green ring 1 rockets, presumably 
because they are thin case weapons and need less 
explosive than a shell to gain the same effect. 
(petr/Wax - 95/3) 
91 - The heavy burster in the Type 38 shell, 10.5 
Green ring Yellow and 10.5 cm and 15 cm Green 
ring 1. (RDX/Wax - 95/5) 
36 - CW/HE insert in the 15 cm Blue ring 1 
46 or - CW/HE insert in the 10.5 cm Blue ring 1 
46A 
45 - CW/HE insert in the 10.5 cm White ring. 
It has been mentioned that the base of the shell also has a 
corresponding coloured ring and the numerals 1, 2 or 5 outside of the 
ring if applicable. In addition, the name of the shell, tha name of 
the fuze, the weight classification and the indication of the nature 
of the driving band all may be superimposed, in black or white, on 
the coloured ring. Detector paint, applied to the welds and filling plug, may be 
pink, brown or yellowish-green in colour and mst not be confused 
with the colour coding of the shell, For instance, in the Green 
ring 3 shell a bank of greenish-yellow detector paint occurs on the 
ogival weld immediately below the green ring and this has, in the 
past, given rise to some confusion. 
Other markings on chemical shell, but of no CW significance, are 
the weight classifications (large Roman numerals I, II, III and IV) 
and the letters indicating the nature of the driving band (FES in 
whit" or KPS in red). These, of course, vary on different shell of 
the same type. 
The Germans who have been interrogated have not produced a 
satisfactory explanation for the Green ring Yellow marking except to 
say that, although primarily producing a cloud effect, this shell may 
also have a vesicant effect. However, as the Green ring Yellow shell 
is the chronological successor to Green ring and has a far larger 
burster the fact is that a Green ring Yellow sheel normally will 
have an even smaller vesicant effect than the Green Ring, A 
possible explanation is that the yellow ring has been added to 
indicate that the shell is a potential source of a vesicant effect 
should it become a leaker or break up after failure to detonate and, 
being a recent development, has not yet been extended to cover the 
case of the Green ring 1 shell which also contains a vesicant. 
The only available German explanation of the relative meanings 
of 1, 2 and 3 ring markings is that the higher number indicates 
greater persistency. While this explanation holds for Yellow ring 
and Double Yellow ring it is not a satisfactory explanation for the 
differences between the different Green ring and Blue ring chargings® 
A more logical explanation would seem to be that the higher the 
number the later the development and therefore the better the gas or 
the better the effect produced. Certainly Tabun (Green ring 3) w3-3 
produced later and was considered a better gas than HM—3 (G-reen 
ring 1) and also the Blue ring 3 shell is a later development and 
a more effective method for the dissemination of EM than is the 
Blue ring 1 shell. In this respect it is noteworthy that it was 
the intention to allot four green rings to AC and five green rings 
to Sarin. 
13 cm Rocket Ammunition 
These rounds are marked in exactly the same manner as shell® 
Three kinds have been examined and a fourth may exist. They are of 
two types, small burster for ground contamination and large 
burster for choking effect. Small burster: 
15 cm Wgr. 41 Gelbring (mustaid) 
Large burster; 
15 cm.Wgr. 41 w. Kho Gr&nring-Gelb (mustard) 
15 cm Wgr. 41 w. Kho GrOnring 1 (nitrogen mustard) 
Not yet examined: 
15 cm Wgr. 41 w. Kh. Grunring 3 (Tabun) 
Aircraft Bombs 
Hie standard (lerraan aircraft gas bomb, KG 250 Kg (Karapfstoff 
Cylinderische), is a modification of the 250 Kg* SC (thin case) type 
HE bomb. In addition there is a specially designed 50 Kg Blue ring 
bomb. It is known that trials have been carried out with 500, 1000 
and 1800 Kg bombs filled various chargings but except for a few 500 
Kg White ring and Green ring very few of these have reached the 
storage dumps. 
The markings on bombs are somewhat confusing and appear to be 
unsystematic. They are named according to weight and ring colour, 
e.g, KG 250 HI Gr which is a 250 Kg gas bomb with three green 
rings, green indicating that the contents have a choking or 
systemic effect. The Roman numeral after the weight should 
indicate the number of rings except when there is one ring when no 
numeral is used but there are nearly as many exceptions as agree- 
ments to this rule. Thus the KG 250 W has two white rings while 
most of the KG 250 II Gr bombs have only one green ring. 
The overall colour of bombs is usually field-grey but may be 
buff. The rings are (usually) painted both on the jiose and near 
the tail while the name of the bomb is in the centre. All markings 
on the bombs (except the colour rings) are in black and, in addition 
to the name, there is recorded the weight e.g. i66 Kg, the chemical 
filling code letter and design number e.g. G-6187, the number of the 
fuze (in a small circle) e.g. (55) and the code number for the 
HE filling and its weight e.g. 14 - 3*2 Kg (14 indicates TNT and is 
the commonest filling). 
The following bombs exist in munition dumps in considerable 
quantities. 
KC 250 Grb - f 1 yellow ring) mustard (PigoXXIo) 
KC 250 II Gb - (2 yellow rings) thickened mustard (Pig.XIX.) KC 250 G-r - (1 yellow, 1 green) Bustard; larger 
burster. fPig.XVIl) 
KC 250 II G-r - 1 or 2 green rings) phosgene. (pig.XIX) 
KC 250 III Gr - (3 green rings) Tabun. (Pig.XXIl) 
KC 50 II Bu - (2 blue rings) DM generator. (Pig.XXIIl) 
KC 250 W - (2 white rings) CAP. (pig.XVTII.) 
i*wo types which have not been accepted into the service may 
be found in small quantities. 
KC 500 II Gr - i2 green rings') phosgene 
KC 500 \ff - (2 white rings) GAP. 
25. Charging of chemical munitions 
Information on the machines used for charging various 
chemical munitions was obtained by an examination of machines 
found at the Nebelfullstelle, Munster Nord, and at the Luftwaffe 
Munitions Anstalt, Oerrel, as well as by the questioning of 
technical personnel, A description of these machines and their 
method of use is given in the following paragraphs, but further 
details may be expected in separate reports to be issued later 
when the investigation at the works of the makers of the charging 
machines, and running tests at the Nebelfullstelle, have been 
completed. 
Charging bombs with phosgene. This was done at the Nebel- 
fullstelle, Munster Nord by passing phosgene through cooling 
pipes, fitted overhead in the filling room to a vertical feed 
pipe approximately 6 feet long, at the bottom of which was fitted 
a hand valve. To this valve was fitted a small bore pipe sloping 
slowly down towards the bomb. At the end of this pipe was 
fitted another hand valve, attached to the outlet of this valve was 
a flexible pipe for insertion into the bomb which was stood on a 
small weighing platform. The valves were opened and phosgene 
allowed to enter the bomb until the required weight registered on 
the scales. It Y/as stated that a charging machine was not 
warranted owing to the small number of bombs filled at thus 
station. 
Semi Automatic charging machines manufactured by Hagenuk of 
Kiel had been received but not installed. A contract was given 
to this Firm to design and develop a charging machine to fill and 
seal shell under pressure. In viewr of the urgent requirement 
permission was given for 6 machines to be buult as soon as the 
design was considered to be promising. Delivery of 2 machines 
v/as made and trials were carried out which eventually proved that the machines were unsatisfactory to fill the original requirement, 
which was to charge and seal shell with phosgene at normal 
tempera tures• 
Semi Automatic Charging and Sealing Machine for 
Charging phosgene at Normal Temperature. 
Manufactured by Hagenuk of Kiel. 
Pilling Head is in position over Shell Vice. The machine comprised the following components 
(i) A measuring cylinder fitted with sight glasses and 
electric light. 
(ii) A float which operates an outlet valve to the charging 
nozzle. 
(iii) A combined charging and sealing head which can be rotated 
through 180 degrees. 
(iv) An oblong table fitted with a shell vice at each end which 
moves through 360 degrees, locked at 180 degrees intervals. 
(v) A foot pedal which releases the locking catch for the table. 
The operations for charging and sealing were as follows 
(i) HLace shell to be charged on vice and clamp in position. 
(ii) Rotate table 180 degrees to bring shell under charging head. 
(iii) Place screwed sealing plug in spanner in charging head and 
rotate head 180 degrees to the right. (This operation was 
stated to be frequently forgotten)• 
(iv) Lower charging nozzle into the shell by moving right hand 
lever to the rear, when liquid will fall by gravity into 
the shell. Observe measuring cylinder and when empty pull 
right hand lever forward, where it is locked, this lifts 
charging nozzle out of shell. 
(v) Rotate charging head 180 degrees, pull left hand lever 
forward thus bringing spanner in contact with filling 
hole and using the hand wheel provided, enter and screw 
the sealing plug downwards when the plug is tight, final 
screwing is done by means of the hand ratches attached to 
the sealing head until the head of the screw is broken off. 
(vi) Return left hand lever to its original position thus 
lifting the sealing spanner up from the shell, place screwed 
sealing plug in spanner, and rotate the charging head back 
to its original position, bringing the charging nozzle into 
position for charging. 
(vii) Release the table catch by depressing the foot pedal and 
rotate table through 180 degrees, thus bringing an empty 
shell to the charging head and remove the filled shell frcm 
the opposite end of the table. Gebruder Schaffler of Berlin had a similar contract to that 
given to Hagenuk of Kiel and produced a machine very similar in 
design but equally useless. 
Semi Automatic Charging and Sealing Machine for 
Charging Phosgene at Normal Temperature. 
Manufactured by Cebruder Schaffler, Berlin. Charging shell with vesicant. Send Automatic rotary charging 
machines manufactured by Gebrdder Sciiaffler of Berlin had been 
installed and tried out charging 10.5 and 15 can. shell with unthiclosned 
chargings. 
The charging head was fixed and fitted with concentric nozzles 
for constant gauge depth filling, a semi rotary hand operated liquid 
supply and vacuum disc valve, a separator and return pipe and vacuum 
gauge. 
The sealing head was fixed and comprised a continuously rotating 
motor fitted with a spanner which had a lead-in for the square on the 
screwed sealing plug. 
The rotating table was fitted with 6 vices and the speed of 
rotation was automatic once it has been fixed according to the size 
of the weapon to be charged. The table was rotated by an electric 
motor through an infinitely variable cone drive. 
The shell were lifted to the charging and sealing heads by 
means of two cams which pick up the vertical shaft of the vice 
table which was fitted with a roller. 
One operator stood between the charging and sealing heads and 
inserted a screwed sealing plug as the charged shell comes round. 
The charging operator started the machine and the shell was 
lifted up to the charging nozzle. The rotary valve lever was moved 
from the right to the left until locked in position. The vacuum 
seal was made on a shaped rubber pad and liquid induced into the 
shell. The charging operator observed the separator through the 
sight glass and immediately liquid was seen the rotary valve lever 
was lifted to release the locking plunger and returned to the right 
automatically by a spring. This opened the breaker leak port and 
the shell ■was lowered by the cam and the table rotated 1/6 of a turn. 
A screwed sealing plug was now inserted and after further movement 
of the table the shell came under the sealing head. The shell was 
lifted by the cam and the rotating spanner picked up the square head 
of the sealing plug which was screwed home until the squared head 
was broken off. The shell was now lowered and the table rotated 
once more. The sealed shell was removed and conveyed away. 
This machine could be started up only by the charging operator but 
in case of accident or any other reason it could be stopped by anyone 
around the machine. 
The charging operator lifted a small catch immediately in front 
of the charging head, snd by means of a hand rail which ran round Serai Automatic Rotary Charging and Sealing Machines. 
Manufactured by G-ebruder Schaffler, Berlin. 
Note Operating Electric Motor Under Table has been 
Removed. the table, he moved the table about 3 inches to the right. This 
moved a lever about 90° away frcm him which started the machine. By 
reversing the movement of the hand rail the small catch engaged into 
its slot and the starting lever returned to the off position. 
Semi Automatic charging machines manufactured by Gebruder 
Schaffler of Berlin had been installed and tried out, charging 10,5 - 
15 cm shell and 8 cm Mortar banbs. These machines are of the 
single table type. 
The charging head was fixed and was fitted with concentric nozzles 
for constant gauge depth filling, a semi-rotary hand operated liquid 
supply and vacuum disc valve, a separator and return pipe, a vacuum 
gauge and thermometer for use when thickened chargings we|re used. 
Sealing of the shell or mortar was dene by hand. 
The table was fitted with a vice, which slid on two runners 
and was located by a stop on the table. The shell was lifted to 
the charging nozzle by means of a heavy counterweight fitted at the 
rear of the machine. 
These machines were intended for installing in batches, and 
were fitted to a common vacuum line. 
The sequence of operations were as follows 
(i) Depress foot lever in front of machine to lower table 
which is locked in down position by a spring loader 
lever cn the left hand side of the machine, 
(ii) Load shell on to vice, ensure shell is in correct 
alignment and push vice against stop on table, 
(iii) Ensure that liquid supply valve lever is towards right 
of machine, 
(iv) Release spring loaded lever on left of machine, when table 
will be raised to charging head by means of the balance 
weight, 
(v) Move charging valve lever to left until it is locked in 
position. Vacuum should now be on and shell filled. 
Operator watches for liquid in separator by observing 
through the sight glass and when liquid is seen the 
liquid supply valve lever is lifted and moved to the 
right, this opens a small breaker lead and vacuum is 
destroyed. Semi Automatic Charging Machine for Thickened or 
Unthicksned Mustard. 
Manufactured by G-eb ruder Schaffler, Berlin,, 
Note Thermometer in Charging Line. (vi) Depress foot lever in front of machine to lower table 
until it is looted in down position*, Insert screwed sealing 
plug and tighten fully by hand until top of plug is 
broten off. Remove shell and replace by another empty. 
The charging rate of this machine was 100-120 per hour for 10.5 
cm,, she 11 o Two of these machines had been converted into rotary 
charging machines for filling rocket heads. 
Fully automatic charging machines manufactured by Hagenuk of 
Kiel had been installed and tried out, charging 10.5 - 15 cm0 shell 
with unthickened liquids. 
Each machine was mounted complete with vacuum and hydraulic 
pimp onto a metal base plate and could be transported almost complete 
for installation. 
The charging head was of the sliding type, being moved downward 
by hydraulic power and spring returned. The charging nozzles were 
in the form of concentric tubes for constant gauge depth filling. 
The inner tube was for liquid and the outer tube for vacuum. The 
sealing head comprised a continuously rotating motor fitted with a 
spanner to take the squared end of the screwed sealing plug. This 
head was lowered hydraulically and returned by springs. 
The table of the machine was of the rotary type, fitted with 8 
shell vices and rotated by electric power through a vrorm wheel and 
worm continuously running. 
Intermittent movement of the table was obtained by the action 
of a sliding arm horizontally mounted and hydraulically operated 
which pushed forward a spring return cam which engaged with a 
projection on the main worm wheel shaft* rotating the table 1/8 
of a turn. An hydraulic interlock was provided under the table 
which located and locked the table in the correct position under the 
operating heads. 
Three men were required to operate this machine; one to load 
empty shell, one to insert the screw plug, one to remove charged and 
sealed shell. 
Empty shell were pigted up by special lifting tongs fitted with 
locating arms which were fitted with small projections and which 
register in the charging hole of the shell, and into two holes on 
the shell vice, thereby ensuring the shell was the correct way up 
and in correct alignment to receive the charging nozzle. When the Semi Automatic Charging Machine for Thickened or 
Unthickened Mustard* 
Manufactured by Cebruder Schaffler, Berlin* 
Converted into Rotary Charging for use in 
Filling 15 cm* Rocket Heads. 
Note Charging Heads are Missing* Fully Automatic Rotary Charging and Sealing 
Machine for Filling Unthiokened Mustard. 
Manufactured "by Hagenuk of Kiel. 
View Shewing Sealing Head and Spring Return Pally Automatic Rotary Charging and Sealing 
Machine for Pilling Unthickened Mustard* 
Manufactured by Hagenuk of Kiel. 
View Shewing Charging Mead and Control panel. shell had been clamped in the vice the lifting tongs were removed. 
The charging operator started the machine, the table rotated 1/8 
turn to bring the first shell under the charging head, the head 
was lowered, a vacuum seal made by the pressure of the head on 
a shaped rubber pad around the charging nozzle, the shell evacuated 
and the charging induced into the shell until it reached the 
level of the nozzles, surplus liquid drawn through the vacuum tube 
into an overflow separator and thence to a reservoir underground* 
The vacuum was now broken by the operation of a breaker leak, and the 
charging head raised by means of the return springs, the table 
rotating 1/8 turn* The operator sitting between the charging and 
sealing head then inserted a screwed plug into the charging hole 
of the shell which was ready for sealing on the further movement of 
the table which brought the shell under the sealing head* The sealing 
head was lowered by hydraulic power and the rotating spanner, which has 
a square recess, fitted with a lead, picked up the squared head of 
the sealing plug and screwed it into the shell* When the sealing 
plug had been screwed firmly home, the top of the plug was twisted 
off by the rotating spanner and the shell sealed* The sealing head 
was raised by the return springs and the table moved around 1/8 turn 
when the unloading operator fixed the lifting tongs onto the shell 
and it was removed* Although this machine was originally designed 
to be fully automatic, it was observed that one operator inserted 
the sealing plug by hand and the reason given for this was that the 
automatic magazine for screw plugs gave so much trouble by jamming 
or cross threaded entry of plugs, that it was discarded in favour 
of hand insertion* 
The rate c ? charging by this machine is approximately per 
hour for 10*5 cm. shell or 120 per hour for 15 cm* shell* 
This machine could not be used for Thickened chargings. 
Fully automatic machines for single shell filling manufactured 
by the same firm had been installed. The charging operation is 
exactly similar to that described above* The shell was lifted onto 
the table by the lifting tongs, and located in the correct alignment 
in the vice* The vice is moved under the charging head and located 
against a stop and the charging head lowered* When the shell had 
been-filled, the charging head was raised and the shell moved fore- 
ward, a screwed sealing plug inserted and tightened by hand until 
the top was broken off. The shell was then removed and another 
empty shell placed in position. Fully Automatic Charging Machine with Hand Sealing® 
Manufactured by Hagenuk of Kiel. 
Note Shell Lifting Tongs on Floor. Charging of No, 42 Hi fie Grenade A small semi-automatic charging 
machine for filling these rifle grenades with AC was examined. The 
essential features were an oblong table with a rotating fixture to 
take 10 grenades for filling, a charging head and a sealing head* One 
operator sat or stood on front of the charging head and loaded the 
empty grenade on to the rotating fixture from a stock of empties 
close to the machine and on his right side* The fixture rotated 
clockwise and another operator on the opposite side of the table 
and to the left of the charging operator, removed the filled grenade 
from the rotating and after inserting the liquid sealing 
cap and detonator tube into the grenade he placed the grenade in a 
vice under the sealing head, which consisted of a continuously rotating 
motor driven spanner fitted with a slipping clutch* This head was 
lowered by hand and when the sealing cap was fully tightened the 
clutch slipped and the head was raised* The seal was made on a lead 
washer fitted into the underside of the sealihg cap. This operator 
removed the filled and sealed grenade and placed it into a box on 
his right side, which when full was taken away. The liquid was 
drawn by vacuum into a cylinder, mounted on top pf the charging 
head column, which was fitted with a coil of tubing, through which 
the AC was drawn into the grenade; cold water being continuously 
circulated around this coil to maintain the AC at a temperature of 
about 6°C, A charging rate of 400-600 per hour per machine wan 
claimed, but in practice 400/hour is considered the most economical 
speed as above this figure the sealing head operator became a 
bottleneck. 
Charging of aircraft bomb with vesicant. Semi automatic 
charging machines manufactured by Gebruder Schaffler of Berlin 
had been installed for filling 250 and 500 Kg. bombs with mustard 
at the Luftwaffe filling station at Oerrel. 
This charging head was of conventional design and works on 
the constant gauge depth principle as used by this Firm on all 
their machines. The bomb to be filled was placed on a special 
trolley which was fitted with a Jig to locate the bomb in the 
correct place for the charging nozxle, the trolley was also located 
by a Jig on to a platform immediately under the charging head by means 
of the plal&rm, a vacuum seal is made by means of the rubber pad around 
the charging nozzle and liquid was drawn from the underground storage 
tanks immediately below the charging machine; when liquid reached the 
level of the charging nozzle, the surplus was returned to the under- 
ground tank via the vacuum nozzle and a separator. The platform was 
lowered, a screwed sealing plug was fitted and fully tightened by 
hand until the top had broken off, and then the trolley was released 
from the platform and rolled away. It was stated that bombs could 
be filled with liquid without being removed from their transport Semi Automatic Charging Machine for Pilling and 
Sealing No«>42 Rifle G-renades with .AC* 
View Shewing Measuring Cylinder in Position 
and Sealing Head on Right of Machine, base* The temperature of the charging room was maintained at 20°C. 
The time taken to charge a 500 Kg. bomb was approximately 2 minutes. 
Mobile charging machine. A mobile charging plant was seen at 
Oerrel, but it had been completely wrecked. By interrogation it was 
learned that this machine, mounted on a special railway truck had 
been intended as a reserve filling plant in case of breakdown of the 
fixed plant. It was further stated that nustard was the only charging 
used with this plant. Similar mobile charging plants were stated 
to be at St.G-eorgen and Locknitz. 
Hand operated machine for charging ampoules for 20 and 30 mm. 
shell. A brief description of a small hand operated charging machine 
using thickened mustard for the above ampoules was obtained by 
interrogation. No sample of this machine was available, it having 
been sent to Raubkammer from Spandau, was later sent to the Air 
Force filling station at Oerrel, but was further despatched from 
there to an unknown destination. 
This is apparently a simple piston or plunger type of machine 
which by manipulation of the handle induced a charge of thickened 
mustard into the ampoule in the form of a ribbon of paste similar 
in consistency to thick porridge. Shis machine had been used very 
little and a complete description could not be given. After the 
ampoule was filled it was removed from the charging machine and a 
push on cap was fitted over the top of the ampoule. A klingerite 
washer was fitted into this cap and the top of the ampoule was turned 
inwards at an angle of about k5° to form a seal on the washer. The 
skirt of the cap was then rolled into a cannelure already formed 
on the body to fom a liquid tight seal. Approximately 1 per cent 
leakers was experienced. 
When asked why this machine had been sent to an Air Force 
filling station, it was stated that the 20/30 urn. shell charged 
thickened mistard has been accepted as an Air Force Store, but no 
confirmation of this was obtained from any other source. 
Charging munitions with CN. No charging machines have "been 
seen for use with CN, it being stated that this was done by hand, 
the CN being heated to 60®G and poured into the munition through 
a funnel. Sealing of the munition also was done by hand. 
Charging experimental mini t ions with Aero form. This was done 
by weighing the required amount of Aeroform into a container, which 
was placed in position on a stand about 8 feet above the weapon. 
Immediately below the outlet to this container was fixed a fhnnel 
and trunking leading down to the munition. In the case of tne 
230 Kg. bomb, a special large filling hole was made in the nose, 
into which a portable funnel was placed, the bomb was stood on to a shaking machine and the contents of the top container was fed by- 
gravity into the bomb, piling up of the charging being prevented by 
the agitation caused by the shaking machine. When the supply con- 
tainer was empty the bomb was removed from the shaking machine and 
sealed by hand. 
26, Smoke Munitions 
The information obtained on smoke, which was entirely confined 
to Army smoke munitions, can be classified under three headings 
(a) coloured smoke, (b) Array smoke munitions such as shell and 
small generators, (C) area screening munitions. These are taken 
in order below 
(A) Coloured smoke was not developed by Pruf 9 but by Pruf 1, 
which in February 1945 had absorbed Pr&f 7 the department 
formerly dealing with signal devices. Very little information 
was therefore obtainable on this subject. It was learned 
however that the possibility of using coloured smoke for 
camouflage by imitating the landscape was being investigated, 
and that large generators for this purpose were being made by 
Pcmmersh Ind, Barth. 
(B) Shell and small generators. Very little, if any develop- 
ment of smoke mixtures was carried out at Raubkammer or Spandau, 
the work mainly being carried out at factories. The factories 
concerned have been investigated as separate targets. The 
following information was however obtained 
A black smoke having a composition of 
60 per cent Anthracene 
38-39 per cent KClOj 
1-2 per cent Kieselguhr 
had been filled into generators, and opinion was beginning to 
favour the use of such generators for night screening in place 
of the white smoke produced by chlorosulphonic acid mixture. 
A grenade made of glass was evolved for the attack of tanks. 
These were originally charged but later SiCl4 was added 
to reduce the freezing point and so counter the low temper- 
atures prevailing in Russia. The incorporation of CaClg in 
these mixtures to increase the rate of moisture adsorption 
was mentioned. The water contained in an inner tube was 
stated to be for the purpose of accelerating the formation 
of solid decomposition products in order to obscure the 
periscopes of tanks, A new flat type for fitting conveniently 
in the pocket was under development. 
Questioned as to the reason for adopting SO* as the 
standard charging for smoke shell and rockets, it was stated that it was realised that WP was the "better smoke producing 
agent, but there was none available for this purpose and SO3 
was adopted as the next best* They had now experimented with 
a base-ejection smoke shell, having seen and tried the British 
B.E. smoke shell. The trials had, however, been confined to 
the 7*5 cm. I. Gr (infantry gun) shell using a single ejected 
canister with an HE ejection charge. The method of use was to 
fire at short range and steep angle of descent, and complete 
or partial burying of the container often occurred with the 
consequence that the performance was no better than that of 
the SO3 shell. No trials were done with multiple containers. 
No smoke trials of smoke shell in deep snow had been carried 
out. It has been found that a rocket with a rear bomb gave 
good results on water and marshes. SO3 shell lost 75 per 
cent of their efficiency in very cold weather. 
(g) Area screening munitions. 
Smoke material. Experiments were carried out in 1932 using 
SiCli + KH3 as a smoke agent, due to the very poor quality of 
CSA being produced at that time. The resulting smoke from 
this mixture was extremely good at all temperatures, hut on 
account of the hulkiness and difficulty of construction of the 
apparatus, this method of producing smoke was not adopted.. 
One witness stated that he considered this the most effective 
of all smokes. 
Up to early 1940 the standard filling for spray 
generators was 60 per cent S0:j + 40 per cent CSA, hut during 
the very cold weather of this period, trouble was experienced 
with this mixture and it was decided that 50/50 and 40/60 
mixtures should be tried® The 40/60 mixture was found to be 
unsuitable and the 50/50 mixture was adopted as the standard® 
Even these mixtures were not satisfactory as the smoke produced 
was found to be of poor quality at temperatures below 5^C* 
During hot summer months 60/40 is sometimes used® 
Experiments had also been carried out using as 
the smoke agent and very good smoke was produced in any tenh- 
penature down to about —20®Co Tnis smoke agent was used on the 
Russian front whenever the was available* It was stated 
that the solid deposit around the spray could be easily removed 
and did not interfere with the quality of the smoke produced® 
The Germans had no knowledge of oil smokes and displayed 
great curiosity about the Esso Generator. Their knowledge of 
this was based solely on Journalistic accounts and they were 
mystified about the role played by the water in the process of 
smoke generation. Apparatus. The standard smoke apparatus is known as KEHEL 
ZERSTAJBER 33* It is filled with 25 litres of smoke liquid, 
the air being admitted to the top of the liquid at a pressure 
of up to 8 - 10 atmospheres. Spray jets passing i, J and 
1 litre per minute could be used with this apparatus, but 
the normal spray used was % litre/min. which would give smoke 
for a period of 45 - 50 minutes. 
Filling with acid mixture from storage drums. A storage 
drum was rolled into position with filling bung uppermost. 
The bung was removed and the filling gear attached. This 
consisted of a dip pipe, hand valve, inlet pipe for air and 
outlet pipes for acid. 
A portable air compressor or hand pump was connected to 
the air inlet pipe, and air was admitted to the storage drum 
until 1-2 atmospheres was showing on the pressure gauge. 
Three smoke containers were placed upsidedown on to a special 
stand and the filling hole plugs removed. The free end of the 
liquid supply pipes was then inserted into each drum, the 
acid valve on the filling gear opened, and liquid transferred 
to the smoke container until 25 litres was shown by dip stick 
to have been transferred. The filling hole plugs were now 
screwed down tightly to form a liquid tight seal. 
Charging with air. With the smoke container still on its 
stand, the extension to the dipjipe complete with valve, was 
fitted to each container. A portable air compressor was 
connected to each of these extension pipes in turn, the 
valve opened and air admitted to the container until 8-10 
atmospheres was showing on the pressure gauge. The valve was 
closed, the air charging line removed, and the containers taken 
out of the stand ard placed upright on the ground. 
Method of filling by machine. The charging machine for 
filling this apparatus with CSM consisted of 
(i) Storage container for bulk GSA, Tank wagon or 
standard storage drum. 
(ii) Machine fitted with measuring cylinder, hand controlled 
outlet valve, sliding head, and charging nozzle. 
(ill) Air reservoir with pipes, valves and flexible 
charging line. Nebel Zerstauber 33- 
Pilling with Acid f!rom Storage Drum. Charging with Air from Portable Compressor Machine for Filling Nh Zsto 33 with GSAM 
and Compressed Air. Procedureo The smoke container was prepared as for hand 
charging and was placed in air inverted position into a special 
housing fitted with quick release clamps. The measuring cylinder 
was filled with 25 litres of liquid from the hulk supply. The 
charging head was lowered uptil the nozzle had been fully inserted 
into the container. The hand controlled outlet valve was opened 
and liquid flowed by gravity into the container until the measuring 
cylinder was empty. The valve was now closed and the charging 
head returned to its original position. The charging hole plug 
was fully tightened to form a liquid tight seal. The compressed 
air line was now connected to the extension pipe previously fitted 
and an air lever on the n&chine was depressed admitting air into 
the container until 8-10 atmospheres showed on the gauge. The 
air lever was returned to its original position, the extension 
pipe valve closed and the compressed air line disconnected. The 
smoke container was now removed from the charging machine and 
placed in an upright position on the ground ready for fitting 
the spraying components. 
Fitting up for spraying. A further extension pipe, fitted 
with a cylindrical filter made of mono-metal was then connected 
to the outlet valve on the container, a conical disc screwed on 
to this pipe and the spray jet fitted to the end of the pipe> 
Single or twin pipes could be fitted to this apparatus. 
Spray Jet. This comprised 4 components. (1) Body, (2) Insert 
with slightly tangential holes, (3) Metering disc, (4) Screwed 
cap. (1), (2) an<3- (4) were made f rom V2A steel, and (3) from 
messing, a Copper Zinc bronze. 
The use of the circular disc immediately behind the spray 
nozzle was mainly to protect the operator. 
All spray jets were calibrated with water, not GSAM. No 
special drying precautions were taken after smoke containers 
had been washed out. They were allowed to drain empty. No 
system of CSAM remote control was used by the Array. All large 
static installations for screening ports, factories etc. being 
controlled by the Luftwaffe. 
Care and Maintenance. Ordinary thin lubricating oil was 
used on screw threads. Asbestos graphite string was used for 
packing valves. Ordinary grease was used for transit pirposes. 
All pipes were made of steel. All screwed components were made 
from'bronze or V2A. The spray was not removed after making smoke, 
and no attempt was made to seal the acid pipe from ingress of moisture from the atmosphere. Lead was used for jointing washers. 
Very little corrosion trouble had been experienced. 
precautions when filling with acid. Operators wore leather 
Jacket and trousers, rubber or leather gloves, eye shields or res- 
pirator without filter. 
First Aid Treatment 
Eyes Liberal -washing with 1 per cent bicarbonate solution 
followed with boric cream* 
Exposed skin Liberal washing with water. 
Miscellaneous Containers, A new design of transport drum 
for CSAM had been introduced and a very limited number made. This 
drum could be fitted up as a spray unit, the components for this 
being contained in clips attached to a loose lid which was held in 
place by 4 screws. The total capacity of this drum was 120 litres, 
but the volume of acid charged into the drum was approximately 90 
litres. Air was admitted directly on top of the liquid to 8 - 10 
atmospheres. Spray Jets of 1 or 2 litre per minute were used when 
fitted up for spraying. It was intended that all future production 
of transport drums for CSAM should be made to this design. 
27, Description of Sections at Raubkajgaer dealing with Chemical 
Munitions 
(A) Bereich H7I 
The complete layout of R7I is shown in Pig,X£V, The 
dimensions of the enclosure are approximately 600 m, x 400 m. 
The buildings are arranged with due regard to explosion 
risks, and bunkers house the large stocks of HE and charged 
munitions. Well surfaced roads give easy access to all parts and 
entry from the main public road is through standard wired 
gates. The recent arrival of material from the Spandau 
Departments IVaL, P and 6b had taken place this being deposited 
in the administration building, Haus P and Haus P, etc. 
The following is a description of the various buildings 
and their contents. Transport drum with spray fittings 
The entrance gates are flanked by the guard house, where 
all the keys \jere held, and the administrative building* The 
administrative building held papers and files recently evacuated 
from Spandau. Adjoining the guard house are washing and drying 
facilities, and here are stored decontamination equipment and 
canteen facilities,, 
The stores or quartermasters receipt and despatch buildings 
are about 50 m. from the gates. In these was a store of igniters, 
boxes, empty munitions etc. There were also small workshops. 
Haus A contains machinery and apparatus for melting CIV 
agents and nitro cellulose; for mixing; and for extruding 
nitrocellulose into bands 7x2 mm. in size, this machine 
was capable of producing 40 bands simultaneously. Attached 
to the building was a laboratory for routine analytical work. 
The of CW agents and Nitrocellulose were passed by 
an enclosed conveyor to Haas B. In this there was machinery 
for cutting up the extruded bands. A drying room for the small 
pieces was provided, this building having its own motive power 
for driving all the machinery. 
Haus G contained pressing plant and a drying room for 
smoke mixtures. A shaking machine was available for con- 
solidating mixtures in containers. Haus D contained laboratory equipment evacuated from Spandau 
VIB. The recent arrivals appeared to have settled in and commenced 
work. The main bulk of the apparatus was electrical and photographic. 
Haus E was the room in which shell etc. were weighed, painted 
and assembled ready for headfilling. It was empty except for seme 
British 25 pr. B.E. smoke shell. Examination of foreign munitions 
took place here. 
Haus F building contained a laboratory, a small semi-scale 
plant and a charging machine0 Attached were baths for washing, and 
the usual decontaminating materials, and clothing. Among the materials 
charged were AC, CK and GG-. Oxygen sets were present in the charging 
room. A small stock of detonators and bursters was held. A large 
cellar with tiled walls contained drums of various CW agents© A 
small room capable of housing the standard 200 gallon drums fitted 
with pipes appeared to have been used to warm thickened mustard in 
order to decrease the viscosity prior to charging. 
Haus P was stated to have been taken over as the office of 
VlaL Spandau. ‘Attached was an experimental pressing room suitably 
protected, for use with mixtures containing HE. Pume cupboards held 
soras pre-pressed pellets containing ON and HEW and the standard 
cardboard shell liners were available for filling. A few of these 
containers were already filled with pellets and a stock of shell 
fuzes was held. 
Haus W was an underground tropical or high temperature storage 
chamber. It was fitted with individual cabinets which could be 
electrically controlled at the required temperature. When examined 
no stores were oresent. 
The six bunkers (Munition Haus 1-6) situated on the perimeter 
of the area remote from the main road are of massive construction, 
concrete and earth, and are entirely above ground, natural venti- 
lation through openings in the roof is provided. 
M.II.1 contained black powder and propellant charges for the 
30 cm. Wurfkorper. 
M.H.2 contained 30 cm. Wurfkorper charged 0-lost, 150 nm. smoke 
shell, and 8 cm. W.G-r. smoke. 
M.H.3. held Sp.Bu 37 mines charged with experimental fillings, 
75 mm. shell with oast CAP/HE (?) fillings. Also there was a stock 
of be containers for shell, filled EM mixture which had come from 
I.G-oF.Huls. M.H*4 held various headfilling HE pellets for smoke ammunition, 
and a stock of propellant charges*, 
M.H*5 held empty hand grenades which had an embossed hexagon 
on the base, also a number of empty smoke and toxic smoke containers 
which were identified as comoonents of cluster bombs* 
M.H06 held egg shaped hand grenades 42, black smoke generators, 
green and brown smoke generators, floats for Nb K«39* and experi- 
mentally filled smoke generators both static and for projectors* 
Haus N contained a CSAM filling plant, drums filled with 
Z11CI2 etc*, transport drums and spare and repair kits for smoke 
spray installations. It also housed hydraulic presses for dealing 
with the insertion of toxic smokes into generators or containers* 
The presses were well screened and operated by remote control* An 
assembly room held black powder and a number standard pull igniters* 
There were a number of miscellaneous storehouses as follows 
L.H*1 - 4,200 Kg. of D.C. ex Lonal Haselhorst made in Nov. 
1943 ai>3- a stock of glass grenades filled TiCl^. 
L.H*2 - Army Gas Laboratory equipment, dummy 250 Kg bombs 
experimental chargings and a mixed collection of smoke equipment, 
chiefly empty* 
L.H.3 - Store of empty boxes. 
L.H*4 - Store of empty boxes, and material from VlaL Spandau. 
It also holds a stock (about 5000 kg*) of Aerofom, GAP, chlorbuna 
of varying viscosities and a stock of thickeners* 
held a sn#ll amount of material from Spandau VIbL. It 
showed evidence of having been used for headfilling and fuzing 
rockets and shell. Entrance to H7I. RVX - Stores Receipt and Despatch Building. RVT - Haus A, B, C and D. RVI - Hails Eo WJJ - Haus P with Haus K in Background. W1 - Haus P. INI - Haus W. RVI - A Typical Banker. Haus R contains low temperature climatic storage chambers and 
refrigeration plant* Experimental phosgene charging could have been 
effected here., 
Hiscellaneous buildings included Fire station. Water tanks and 
supply, Salvage dump, Oil store, two air raid shelters, Corrugated 
iron huts, A general store of empty shell, bombs rockets and com- 
ponents, therefore in large numbers* 
(b) Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe 
The Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe is located in an area between 
the RVI and KEX areas of Raubkaramer bei Munster. It is comprised of 
five small buildings of temporary type construction, a medium size 
2 story brick building and several bunkers. The 4 small buildings 
near the entrance contained the guard and details of administration, 
general stores and a small museum of Air Force CW munitions. The 
brick building housed a well equipped chemical laboratory, a 
balance room store rooms, a,heating plant and a room that was 
equipped with ventilators which could be used for bomb filling 
purposes. Adjacent to.this there was a long building equipped for 
fuzing bombs. 
The bunkers contained various sizes of bombs, varying in size 
up to 1800 Kg* including experimental types* Bombs were also stored 
in well camouflaged open areas* A large percentage of the bombs 
were unfilled* Supplies of chemicals, especially chloroacetophone* 
were also found* 
The area was obviously used for trial fillings of bombs with 
CW material, especially gases. 
The Museum was a temporary one story building about 20 ft* x 
30 ft. containing the following 
Sectioned German bombso 
British 250 and 50 lb. bombs. 
An American M47 bomb. 
French, Russian and Italian bombs. 
Russian spray tanks marked UdSSR WAP-6, UdSSR UCEAB-50G UdSSR 
WAP-500, UdSSR WAP-1000 labelled for HKampstoffe u. Brandfluessigkeit" 
(GW gases and incendiary liquids) * Also UdSSR UGHAB -250 and UdSSR 
UCHAB-500, which were labelled for Kampstoffe u. Nebelsaure (CW gases 
and chlorsulnhonic acid "smoke acid”)* Russian WAP - 1000 spray tank. There vie re no Japanese exhibits. The most interesting 
exhibits were being sent to UoKo for further examination. 
Bunkers and Outside Storage. The bunkers were of standard 
German construction. They were well ventilated, one at least 
being equipped so that a suction machine could be attached 
from the outside. Many of the bombs were empty but there were 
some filled, such as yellow ring, double yellow ring, green 
ring yellow, and white ring. A few 1800 leg. double white ring 
bombs were stored in the onen. 
Approximately thirty (30) 250 kg. bombs vie re grouped around 
an excavation adjacent to the two story brick building. These bombs 
had three green rings and were reputed to have contained Sarin, 
but to have been emptied and the Sarin destroyed with alkali* 
There viere eight spray tanks, with green or yellow markings, marked 
S 500 located near this sane building. 
A number of shell apparently containing chargings under- 
going storage test were found stacked in the open. A small 
building contained drums of such chemicals as sulphuric acid, 
ammonia solution, benzol, etc. 
(c) Nebelfullstelle 
The Nebelfullstelle lies within the wired compound of 
Raubhammer, surrounded by its own inner fence. The layout of 
the buildings is shown in Pig. XXVI. 
The station was commanded by Hauptmann BAUMANN who was 
under the orders of Major 21AITDU at Lima Ost. Under the OG 
(Anstalt Leiter) were a number of Peuerwerkers (all Sgt.Majors 
with one officer). Under the Peuerwerkers were civilian Werk- 
meisters. All the military staff had been evacuated. 
The Nebelfullstelle was originally set up at Raubkammer with 
the idea of trying out experimental methods of charging as part 
of the chemical warfare development organisation. It was, 
however, quickly taken over for production purposes, and then 
comprised one of the five Army charging stations. The other 
four were Locknitz, St. (j-eorgen, Dessau and Lubbeoke (not 
completed) . 
It comprises filling plants. Store sheds, shell finishing 
plants, shell packing plants and 13 concrete earth covered shell 
store rooms. The earth covered store rooms and some qf the 
buildings are camouflaged by vegetation growing over it but 
most of the ground sheds are not camouflaged. The following is 
a list of buildings with a brief note of their contents.  
Name 
Description 
1 
Wache 
Guard room and barracks 
2 
G-eschz. Geb 
Administrative Offices 
3 
Kranke nr ie vie r 
Baracke 
rirst aid post and small hospital 
4 
Lokschuppen 
Maintenance shop for small locomotives 
5 
W.2 Wekstatt 
Vehicle workshop, general stores, 
battery charging, woodworking shop 
etc. 
6 
Onen wooden shed, empty. 
7 
Baracke 2 
Small barracks. 
8 
Loschwasser 
Entnahmestelle 
Static emergency water tank, 
underground. 
9 
G.M.H.6. (Grosse 
Munitionshaus 6.) 
15 cm. green ring. ) about 3000 shell. 
10.5 cm. green ring.} 
10 
G.M.H.7* Grosse 
Muni t i onshau s 
5,000 Sp Bu 37 “ Two yellow rings. 
11 
G.MoH.8* 
5,000 Sp Bu 37 - Two yellow rings. 
12 
G.M.K.9. 
5,000 Sp Bu 37 ~ Two yellow rings. 
13 
GoMoH.10 
31,000 Kg Azin (Adamsite) in steel drums 
German Adamsite 
Italian Adamsite  
Name 
Description 
14 
G.M.H.11 
70 x 200 gals* Clark I. 
15 
G.M.H.12 
20 x 200 gals. Clark I* 
30,000 Kg. Tomesit. 
16 
G.M.H.13 
5,000 Sp Bu. 37 - One yellow ring. 
17 
GroPoSch 3® 
(Grosser 
Backschuppen 3) 
II 
Contains; empty Sp Bu 37 and 10.5 cm. 
white ring shell filled. 
18 
Lgo H. 4 
Lagerhaus 
Contains; 
Product 200 (Tomesit) - 65,000 Kg. 
Tomesit - 15,500 Kg# 
1,000 litre transport 
tanks - 83 
19 
M.A.H.3* Munitions 
Arbeitshaus 
For preparation of shell. Contains a 
few partly filled white ring shell. 
20 
G.P. Sch.4® Gross 
packschuppen 4 
Many empty boxes for Sp Bu 37 and other 
empty containers. Also Polystyrol III • 
160 barrels. 
21 
Transformer and power house. Blown-up. 
22 
Pullho 2 
(Pullhaus 2) 
Two filling machines for 15 cm. 
Nebelwerfer. Pour filling machines for 
10.5 and 15 cm shell. 4 x 20,000 litre 
tanks empty.  
Kane 
Description 
23 
MoA.H. 2 (Munitions 
Arbeitshaus) 
Finishing shell after filling, i.e. 
detector paint, vacuum test, drying, 
painting, markings, head filling, 
fuzing, boxed. 
24 
Timekeepers or foremans office 
25 
G.Po Scho 2 . ( G-r osse r 
packschuppen 2) 
Empty packing boxes, discs, etc. 
26 
V/aage 2 
Weigh House 
27 
Entg. Geb» 1 
(Entgiftungs 
Gebaude,) 
Elaborate personal decontamination 
layout. Respirator testing and repairs 
to respirators and A/G clothing. 
28 
V.St. 
Ve rte ile rs tat ion 
For offloading bulk supplies of war 
gases and transfer to storage tanks. 
3 x 20,000 litres, filled mustard. 
29 
Bump. Ho 2 
Pumping station 
30 
Entgo Geb, 2 
(Entgiftungs 
Gebaude 2) , 
Decontamination of 1,000 1 • transport 
tanks. Small laboratory. 
31 
T. St. (Tetra- 
Station) 
Storage of solvents. 
32 
B 5 
Underground bunker, containing solvents.  
Name 
Description 
33 
B 6 
Underground storage of mstard in eight 
450,000 litre tanks, 7 filled mustard 
1 empty. 
34 
Loschwasser 
Entnahmestelle 2 
Static water supply, underground. 
35 
Lg. H. 3 
(Lagerhaus) 
Workshop 
x 1,630 Kg. Italian H containers, 
some filled 1 filling machine, not 
installed. 
36 
Waage 1 
Weigh House 
37 
LgoHo 1 
(Lagerhaus) 
General stores including protective 
clothing, steam and pipe fitters 
stores, machinists supplies. 
38 
G.M.H. 5 Grosse 
Muni t i onshau s 
15 cm. green ring shell ) about 3000 
10.5 cm. green ring shell ) 
39 
G.M.H* 4 
3,000 rounds 15 cm. one green ring. 
40 
G.M.H. 3 
5,000 Sp Bu 37 - two yellow rings. 
41 
G.M.H. 2 
5,400 - Sp Bu 37 - two yellow rings. 
42 
G.M.H. 1 
1 ,000 x 20 Kg. Italian CAP in barrels. 
6 barrels solid CW agent (Italian) 
20 barrels liquid CW agent (Italian) 
43 
Abort 
Latrine  
Name 
Description 
44 
H.M.Ho 
Munitionshaus 
Small storage of exploders, fuzes, 
etc. 
45 
Canteen and locker rooms 
46 
Entgo Geb. 3 
(Entgiftung, 
Gebaude 3) 
personal decontamination only. 
47a 
G, P. Sch01 • 
(Grosser 
packschuppen 1) 
Storage of empty components, mostly 
15 cm. Nebelwerfer, (about 40,000), 
Some shell. 
47b 
M.A.Ho 1 
(Munitions 
Arbeitshaus 1) 
For preparation of projectiles prior 
to filling. 
48 
Heiz. (Heizung) 
Boiler house and heating plant, etc. 
49 
Schalth. 
(Schalthaus) 
Valve control house. 
30 
Lgo H. 2 
(Lagerhaus 2) 
Earthenware stores and general 
salvage. 
31 
Pullho 1 
(Pullhaus 1) 
Two automatic charging machines with 
complete charging plant. 
52 
Open wooden shelter shed 
53 
Loth* (Lothaus) 
Welding plant.  
Name 
Description 
54 
lump. H.1« 
( Runpenhaus 1 ) 
lumping station 
55 
P. 
(Peuerloschgerat 
Schuppen) • 
Fire apparatus 
56 
Bo 8 
Empty hunter 
57 
Bo 5 
Bunker for inflammable liquids 
The following notes supplement the information given in the 
above list. 
Fullhaus 1. Pilling house 1 contained two automatic filling 
machines used for filling 10.5 cm. and 15 cm0 artillery shells and 
10 cm. mortar shells. The machines were made by Hagenuk at Kiel, 
and were reported to have been installed about a year ago. These 
machines were installed as reserve to the charging machines in 
Pilling House 2. 
Twelve intermediate storage tanks were installed under the 
floor below the filling machines. These tanks were each equipped 
with two mixers. 0 and A were mixed together in these tanks• Six 
tanks were connected to each filling machine. 
Pullhaus 2. Pilling house 2 contained two semi automatic 
rotary filling machines used to fill 15 cm. Nebelwerfer rockets 
and four semi automatic rotary machines used to fill 15 cm, 10.5 
cm artillery shells and 10 cm mortar shells. These machines were 
made by Gebruder Schaffler. These machines filled munitions with 
Z&HL0ST from 1940 until 1942. This caused the machines to corrode 
and therefore the filling of zJhLOST was discontinued. Since then 
munitions were filled with A, 0 and 0A. It was reported that the 
rockets we re filled within the past eighteen months. This house employed thirty five men from which approximately 
three minor casualties occurred per day„ No serious casualties 
had occurred* 
Layout of Shell Charging plant at the NebelfSllstelle 
A brief description of the charging layout is as follows 
Empty munitions were brought on railway wagons and off loaded 
into empty munitions store attached to Munitions Arbeits Haus Nod - 
and stored in stacks of approximately 2,000, the total present 
stock being estimated at 100,000, comprising 10,5 and 15 centimetre 
shell and 15 centimetre rocket heads* A very efficient overhead 
conveyor system runs around this store and the empty munitions were 
loaded on this conveyor and transferred into the next room where 
thoy are off loaded and placed on a table conveyor, fitted, at 
approximately 2* 6” intervals with vices* The munitions were 
inspected to ensure that they were complete and ready for filling* 
Prom this conveyor the weapons were passed by an underground 
conveyor system to Pullhaus 2, where the conveyor emerges at ground 
level alongside the charging machines. The munitions are offloaded, 
placed in the requisite vice for charging and sealing on the charging 
machine* After this the munitions are placed on an underground 
conveyor, and transferred to Munitions Arbeits Haus No*II* Here 
they were painted with detector paint at the sealing plug and 
welded joint between the nose and body. They were next loaded onto 
small trucks holding approximately 100 weapons and three of these 
trucks were placed into a vacuum oven for test for leakers* They 
remained in this oven for about one hour, when they were removed and 
placed on a conveyor, nose down on a spigot and passed through a 
drying oven electrically heated. On emerging from the first pass 
through this oven, the shell rotated and was touched up with paint 
from a spray gun and returned through the oven and back again when 
they were completely dry. This conveyor now passed through a hole 
in the wall into the next room where they were off loaded and 
placed in a vice on a table conveyor. Here they were head filled 
and fitted with a fuse, continuing along the conveyor to a check 
weighing machine, and if they .passed inspection here, they 
transferred to another table conveyor and finally placed in their 
transport box ready for despatch to Muna Ost, whence they were 
sent to Dithlingen for head filling with HE* 
The general layout, convenience of handling weapons and the 
dispositions of the buildings are considered to have been very 
efficient. M.A.II.Io Nebelfullstelle 
Empty Weapons Store 
10,5 era Shell 
15«0 cm Shell 
15«0 cm Rocket Heads. M.A.H.I. Nebelfullstelle 
Examination of Empty Weapons. 
Entrance of Underground Conveyor 
Shewn Extreme Left FullHaus 2 - Nebelf&llstelle 
Overhead Conveyor Shewn on Right of Machines 
4 Semi Automatic Charging and Sealing Rotary Machines 
in Line. Nebelfullstelle 
Semi .Automatic Rotary Charging and Sealing Machines 
Manufactured by Gebruder Schaffler, Berlin. M.A.H.II - Nebelfullstelle 
Overhead Conveyor on Right Emerging from Underground. 
2 Vacuum Ovens for Leak Test* Showing Empty Truck on Right. 
Truck in Vacuum Oven which is Ready for Closing. 
The 2 Ovens are used Alternately. 
99 M,A.H®II - Nebelfullstelle 
Emerging End of Hot Air Oven Shewing First Line of Conveyor 
Emerging, Continuing Back into Oven and Finally Emerging 
Against Hole in Wall. 
Note paint Spray Equipment in Foreground. - NebelfVillstelle. 
Table Conveyor Fitted with Vices for Head Filling 
Faze Fitting and Finally Check Weighing. Investigation of Chemical Warfare Targets in 
the Munster lager Area, Including Raupkaimne'r 
APPENDIX V. 
Production Development 
1. Introduction, 
2. Organisation of Staff at R VIII Raubkanuner, 
3. Description of Site. 
k. Description of Sarin Pilot Unit. 
I a) Raw materials and Intermediates, 
b) Brief outline of Chemistry of each stage, 
Plant yield and output, 
d; Details of plant. 
Analytical Methods. 
(f) Safety precautions. 
(g; Destruction of Stocks of Sarin, 
5. Description of Excelsior Pilot Unit. 
ia.) Raw materials and Intermediates, 
b} Outline of Chemistry of Process, 
Plant yields and output, 
d) Details of plant, 
e) Safety precautions. 
6. Miscellaneous 
(a) Information regarding Sarin not yet obtained but 
believed to be available, 
(bj Production plans for Sarin, 
(c) Equipment of special interest at R VIII 
(d) Equipment removed for examination. 
(e; Chemicals removed for examination, 
7. The Manufacture of Tabun at Raubkammer. 
8, C.W. Production in G-ermany, 
9» Conversion of Mustard Gas to commercial products. 1. Introduction 
The control of all research and. development on the production of 
chemical warfare agents was in the hands of Group VIII of ffa Erttf 9, 
headed by Min.Ral, Dr.van der Linde, assisted by Dr, Gebhardt, The 
actual research work was carried out either by the firms engaged on pro- 
duction or by the research institutes P1, F2 and P3 at Spandau. The 
preliminary technical development work was carried out in laboratory 
VIII L, Spandau, the head of which was Dr, Darken, Plant development 
was carried out either by firms, or by Bereich R VIII at Raubkammer 
(sometimes known as Heidkrug), 
This Appendix is mainly concerned with the activities which had 
been proceeding in recent years at R VIII, Raubkammer, since ample in- 
formation on production research and development proceeding elsewhere is 
obtainable at other targets. It does however, include a note on 
unsuccessful attempts to convert mustard gas into plastics or other use- 
ful materials, and a table* showing the scheduled rates of production of 
war gases at various factories. 
It was possible to erect and test at R VIII Raubkammer units 
having a capacity of up to 10 tons per week. 
The design of these units erected at Raubkammer were carried out by 
a chemist (G-ebhardt) assisted by an engineer (Schneidewind) both opera- 
ting normally in Berlin. The chemists on the plants were plant opera- 
tors who acquired a knowledge of the design from actual operational 
contact, and who often suggested modifications of the design to their 
superiors. 
Research projects were normally under direction of Dr. Reetz at 
Spandau hut it would appear that subsequent to disorganisation at 
Spandau certain work was carried out by individuals at Raubkammer, e.g. 
Engineer Artelt was responsible for laboratory development of 
Excelsior. 
Two processes have been developed and pilot units erected. These 
are the Excelsior and Sarin units - details of which are given later. 
The building at present housing the Excelsior plant was used some 
years ago for the development of Tabun. Information on the method 
used will be found below. 
Raw materials for these production items were obtained from other 
state factories or the I,G, and final products were despatched to other 
sites for safe storage. In the case of Excelsior the intermediate known as Merodan 
was obtained from I,G. (Mainkur) and in the case of Sarin the inter- 
mediate A3, was obtained from Dyhernfurth, 
The Excelsior plant produced some 10 tons of good product 
which is now stored in a Salt Mine near Bugdorf, together with some 
30 tons of merodan* 
Only i ton of Sarin was produced during the development work on 
the unit and this was destroyed by the Germans prior to occupation 
by British troops* 
It should be noted that the development facilities at Raub- 
kanxner were very limited* Only two buildings on the site were 
equipped for chemical production and as far as can be ascertained 
there appeared to have been no programme for the erection of new pro- 
cess houses for the development of any further chemical process. 
With regard to the increased production of the two C.W. agents 
developed at Rauhkamner there appears to he no project for an in- 
creased capacity for Excelsior, hut it has heen stated that it was 
proposed to increase the production of Sarin to some 600 tons per 
month, the production plants being erected at Dyhemfurth and 
Falkinhagen* 
The following were interrogated during the compilation of this 
Appendix* 
Min,Rat Dr, van der Linde 
Head 
of Group VIII 
Wa Prflf 9. 
Dr, Stadler 
- 
VIII 
L Spandau. 
Dr, Schustcritz 
- 
VIII 
L Spandau. 
Dr, Fahrenheitz. 
- 
Head 
of R VIII, Raubkanmer, 
Dr, Rudolph Jannsen 
- 
R VIII Raubkammer, 
Dr, Killinger 
- 
M 
n 
Dr, Richter 
- 
W 
M 
Dr, Heinz Artelt 
- 
M 
M 
Dr, Poeller. 
- 
tl 
M 
Spongier 
- 
M 
M ». 
2* Organisation of Staff at R VIII, Rajubkaicmer 
The most important of the staff at R VIII were as follows Fahrenheitz - a chemist in charge of R VIII but 
largely engaged on administrative duties* 
R* Jannsen - deputy to Pahrenholtz and in charge of 
Sarin development* Chemist. 
Artelt - in charge of Excelsior development. 
Chemical Engineer* 
Schusteritz - A chemist on loan from Spandau and 
engaged on Sarin plant development. 
Poeller - ditto - 
The development work seems to have been largely controlled by 
Dr. Cebhardt, a chemist in Croup VIII of Vfa Pruf 9 who frequently 
visited Raubkammer, Engineering drawings were prepared by Scheidewind, 
an engineer on Cebhardt* s staff. 
3. Description of Site 
Figure I shows the disposition of various buildings. The important 
buildings present externally the appearance of the large farm buildings 
typical of the district and are spread well apart. Building A, contaiAs 
a number of well appointed labs and the offices of Fahrenholtz and 
Artelt, There is also a well stocked apparatus store in house A. 
House C contains the Excelsior plant and House Cl the Sarin unit and the 
offices of Jannsen, Schusteritz and Poeller. There is also a drawing 
office used by Schneidewind in this building. There is a large well 
stocked equipment store for fittings, valves, pumps, glass lines, 
electrical equipment etc, and another store for larger equipment such 
as enamelled reaction vessels, and for steel sheet, angles etc, and 
lead sheet and pipe. 
Electric power and water are supplied to the site. Steam is gener- 
ated on the site. General view of R VIII Shewing Railway and Houses ’A* and 
*0’ together with Auxiliary Buildings, R VIII - House 1A* 
Process Laboratories, Stores and Offices, R VIII House *0’. (Excelsior Building) 
‘ View from the North, K VIII - House *01* (Sarin Building) 
View from South East, R VIII - House *01* (Sarin Building). 
View from North-West. 
9 R VIII - Sarin Plant. 
Foreground - Ventilating Shafts from the Underground 
Storage cellars. 
Background - House *H* containing nickel storage 
vessels. 4* Description of the Sarin Pilot Unit 
The description given below is based on inspection and examina- 
tion of the plant, on information derived from drawings found in an 
near C1 building, and on information supplied by Jannsen, Schusteritz 
end Poeller (together with a small amount of information supplied 
by Spengler and Killinger, two subordinate members of the staff). 
No written reports or memoranda have so far been found. Neither 
Pahrenholtz nor G-ebhardt have been located, which is particularly 
unfortunate since G-ebhardt is probably the only man who knows the 
full story of Sarin development. 
(a) Raw Materials and Intermediates (See also Pig.Il), 
Code 
Letter 
Formula 
Supplier 
S.G. 
~25SC. 
M1P. 
B.P. 
(approx) 
A. 2. 
(CH^CHOH 
Rhein Prussen 
Ruhr, 
A. 3. 
0 r= P-0CH3 
V OCH3 
Dyhernfurth, 
1o 95 
<OPC. 
90PCo at 
30 mm. 
A. 4* 
CH3 
0 = P-OCH3 
0CH3 
Spandau 
1.165 <o»c. 
Ao5. 
Mixture of 0 = P —OH 
OCH3 
1 Intermediate 
j made at 
1 R.8. 
Solid 
at 
or din- 
130- 
150°c. 
Not 
distill- 
able. 
.ch3 ch5 
and 0 = P-OH HO — P = 
0 1 
ary 
temps, 
» 
containing abait 4 mols 
latter to 3 niols of the 
former. 
of 
• 
B. 1. 
PCI3 
Dyhernfurth. Code 
Letter 
Formula 
Supplier 
S, Gr, 
•sre. 
M.P. 
B,P, 
(approx) 
B.2. 
B.3. 
POCI3 
Cl 
0 = P-Cl 
VCH^ 
By-product 
of Sarin 
manufacture 
at R.VIII. 
Intermediate 
made at R, 8 
1.46 
53^3. 
95°C. at 
70 mm. Hg. 
B.4 
Equimolal mixture 
of 
✓C1 
0 = P —Cl and * 
XCH3 
0 3 P—F 
N GH3 
H 
1.38 
<0°C. 
No defin- 
ite B.P. 
Since sub- 
stance is 
a mixture. 
C.2 
HF 
Riedel, 
Hanover, 
Sobering, 
Berlin, 
E(Sarin) 
r" 
@8* 
\ i/ 
Ph 
II 
O 
Final pro- 
duct at 
R.8. 
1.11 
<0°Co 
65°C. at 
30 mm Hg. 
at 
760 mm Hg* 
(with 
some de- 
composi- 
tion) . (b) Brief Outline of Chemistry of each stage 
Stage I» 
A.3 > A.5 + CH3O CHj 
240 - 300°C. 
The reactions involved are complex and small (Quantities of 
F2H4 and CH4 are evolved in addition to CH3OCH3. This stage is a J 
very recent addition to the process. 
Stage II. 
A. 4) 
or a.5) + + > B.2 + B.3 + CH3CI + HC1 
60°C. 
This was originally the first stage at R.VIII (prior to the 
installation of the plant for converting A.3 to A. 5)* 
Stage III. 
Separation of B.2 and B.3 by vacuum distillation, B.3 re- 
quires to be at least 95 per cent pure. 
Stage IV, 
B.3 + HP ... ■... ■> B*4 
One half mol of HP is used per mol B.3« 
Stage V* 
33* if + A* 2 £2 -f HC1 
if0-50°C. 
The crude E is stripped of HCl under vacuum, distilled under 
vacuum, amnonia treated and filtered. 
(c) Plant yield and output 
Rated output = 50 tons month stabilised E„ Less than 1 ton E 
has been produced in the plant and the plant has never operated as a 
ice. all 5 stages have never operated simultaneously. The seccnd stage was the first to be operated (in April 1944) using 
A.4, B, 1 and chlorine. Operation of this stage was however of 
short duration because of failure of the distillation section 
(B.2/B.3) necessitating a radical alteration in the plant which took 
many months. On completion of the new type of still in March 1945 
the second stage was again operated using this time A. 5 + B. 1 + Cl2* 
The apparatus for producing A. 5 was operated in all for about 
120 hours, the second stage in all for about 12 days (including the 
first period using A,4) and the redesigned still for about 14 days. 
The fourth stage ran for a few hours only. It is obvious fron all 
this that no reliable estimates of yield or probable rate of output 
can be given. All the witnesses however appear to think that a very 
great deal more work would be required before an output anywhere 
approaching 50 tons/mcnth would be realised. The yields quoted 
below are indicative of what could reasonably be expected (on the 
basis of yields obtained semi-technically at Spandau) after pro- 
longed operation of the unit at R.VIII, 
Stages 
1,2 and 3. 
Stages 
4 and 5* 
(A.4 ■ —> E.3 about 75 cent, 
(a. 3 > B. 3 about 70 per cent. 
(E.3 ■ > E about 80 per cent. 
i.s. overall yield A. 3 —> E of the order of 50 per cent. 
It is quite likely that this figure is optimistic, at any rate 
as regards possible results frcm the unit as set out at present. 
(d) Details of Plant 
This section deals briefly with the general arrangement of the 
vessels and services and touches briefly on points of special 
interest. No attempt is made to set forth all the detail which has 
emerged from various discussions and interrogations. This detailed 
information will be studied later in conjunction with the plant draw- 
ings which have been found and will form the basis for a design 
memorandum (which, however, will necessarily be incomplete unless and 
until documentary evidence is found or information is obtained from 
Dr, G-ebhardt), 
The following should be read in conjunction with Pigs, II, III 
and IV., and with the photographs. (i) General Arrangement 
The reaction vessels are housed in a building about 
100* x 4JO* which was completed in 1940 and was intended 
to be a general plant building. It has been used only 
for Sarin however. In 1942 a wing containing vacuum 
pumps, compressors, and a refrigerating machine was added. 
A large underground storage cellar was also added, 
to contain sufficient storage space for various raw 
materials and intermediates so that it would be possible 
to keep any stage running for a month independently of 
other stages or of supplies of raw materials from out- 
side. The newer part of the building including the 
underground storage and some offices appears to be well 
laid out but the original building containing the reaction 
vessels and some intermediate storage vessels is very 
congested and the arrangement of the vessels is far from 
ideal. 
Steam is supplied to the building at 3 atmospheres 
and also at low pressure. Compressed air is obtained at 
two pressure (3 and 15 ats,) from compressors in the com- 
pressor house mentioned above. This house also contains 
12 rotary vacuum pumps each equipped with a caustic soda 
scrubbing system. Calcium chloride brine is cooled to 
about - 15°C by four ammonia compressors (Linde) also 
situated in the compressor house. Sarin Plant. 
Vacuum Pumps and Scrubbing Towers. Sarin Plant. 
Ammonia Compressors. Typical arrangement of a 
Vacuum Pump -with Ancillary Scrubbing system. Transfer of liquids throughout the building and to and from 
main storage is normally effected for G-roup A compounds by pump- 
ing, for Group B by air pressure, for Group C by air pressure 
(high pressure required - 8 ats or more) and for E by suction. 
Aqueous plant effluents are collected in a sump and pumped 
200-300 yds. to a brick lined treating pit ■where lime is added. 
The neutralised effluent then flows to an unlined pit where the 
liquid seeps into the earth. The system appears not to have 
worked very well, suffering fran a quite usual fault viz, the 
sump for collecting the effluent is neither big enough nor deep 
enough. 
Operation of the plant was handicapped by shortage of water. 
In an attempt to overcome this the used cooling water was pumped 
to an underground reservoir and then recycled to the plant. 
This scheme was not a success since no water cooler was put in 
the circuit and adventitious cooling was inadequate. 
The whole plant is provided with farced ventilation. 
General ventilation in the plant building is provided by 3 large 
air heaters which blow air into the building through a number of 
ducts, the air being extracted from the base of the building 
through charcoal filters. Special parts of the plant, e.g, the 
E reaction and distillation section are provided with special 
fans, the discharge from which is scrubbed by caustic soda. 
The underground storage cellar is provided with a separate 
forced ventilation system. 
Analytical process control was carried out in the laboratory 
situated in the plant building, A second laboratory was nearly 
completed. 
(ii) Arrangement of Individual Stages 
1st Stage 
A,3 is pumped fran stoneware lined tanks outside C.I, 
building to a nickel head tank. It then flows at about 110 
3/hour to a silver apparatus consisting of two vertical tubes, 
heated externally by electric strip heaters, connected by a 
horizontal tube. The liquid flows up the first tube and down 
the second tube. The apparatus is provided with a shell and 
tube reflux condenser (silver tubes) cooled with water and a 
similar type of condenser cooled with brine). Temperature in the first limb is maintained at 245-260PC and in the second limb 
During operation both limbs are continuously purged 
with nitrogen and the gases evolved (CH3OCH3 with small amounts 
of and are burnt at the base of a vertical steel 
chimney. The silver used for this'plant contains about 1 per 
cent Beryllium and there are two units, one working and one 
spare. One of these units has been dismantled ready for despatch 
to England. 
Sarin Plant. 
A3 to A3 Conversion Unit, 2nd Floor. Sarin Plant. 
A3 to A5 Conversion Unit. 3rd Floor, Sarin Plant. 
A3 to A5 Conversion Unit. 3rd Floor. The plant requires careful temperature control as 
the reaction tends to go with explosive violence if the 
temperature exceeds 300°do Furthermore oxygen must be 
carefully excluded to avoid formation of explosive mix- 
tures with CH3OGH3 and phosphine. In practice control 
was fairly simple at half load (50 1/hr.) but much more 
difficult at full load. The existing plant would not be 
capable of keeping the reaction under control if the 
apparatus were started up using A. 3 only and it is necess- 
ary to start up using A* 3 containing only a small propor- 
tion of A. 3* This limitation appears to be due to the 
relatively small cooling surface/volume ratio since pure 
A, 3 can be used to start up small scale apparatus. 
The quality of the A. 3 supplied from Dyhernfurlhwas 
variable (A* 3 was made by continuous addition of PCI3 to 
CH3OH in CH3CI solution, the CH3CI being continuously 
sucked off, compressed and returned to the apparatus, 
thereby maintaining the reaction temperature at 0° - 10°C) 
and this increased the difficulties of the conversion to 
A. 5). 
The yield of A. 5 from A. 3, a-s measured by the organic 
P content of the two compounds, was about 90 per cent 
under the best operating conditions. 
2nd Stage. 
The product from the 1st stage is fed direct (with- 
out measurement) into a stirred homogeneously lead lined 
vessel (about 500 galls capacity). Equivalent quantities 
of B. 1 and chlorine are added (about 200 1/hr. B.1 and 
160 Kg/hr CI2, but this varies somewhat with the composi- 
tion of the A.5). Over chlorination is indicated by a 
green colour accompanied sometimes with formation of a 
green precipitate. The original method of operation 
utilised A.4 instead of A. 5 and uniform results were then 
more readily obtainable. Reaction temperature is main- 
tained at 60°C by jacket cooling (brine). The reaction 
product overflows continuously to a steam jacketted 
homogeneously lead lined stirred vessel of 500 galls 
capacity where the temperature is raised to 1009c, The 
reaction product (B.2 + B.3) overflows to a lead lined 
storage tank. This material contains about 72 per cent 
B.2, 25 per cent B.3, 1-li per cent residue and 1-2 per 
cent dissolved HC1. Both the HC1 and CH3CI evolved during the reaction pass via lead reflux condensers 
(water cooled) and glass lines to an HC1 scrubbing tower 
from which the HC1 free CH3CI proceeds to a steel gaso- 
meter, Fran the gasometer the CH3CI is drawn to a 
sulphuric acid drying tower and is then compressed in a 
Linde compressor. During the very limited time of 
operation of Stage 2 this compression system 
failed to function satisfactorily (it was not possible 
to obtain gaseous sufficiently free from air). 
The intention was to utilise the recovered CH3CI for A, 3 
manufacture (see earlier). Chlorine used for this 
stage is vaporised by conventional type of vaporiser. 
Sarin Plant. 
Chlorination of A4 or A5 - 1 st Floor. 3rd Stage. 
250 l/hr. of the B.2/B.3 mixture are drawn into a 
homogeneously lead lined vaporiser of special design having 
relatively little liquid capacity and relatively large 
heating surface (steam heating). Short times of heating 
are desirable in order to avoid formation of high boiling 
compounds, 3 vacuum pumps (one working and 2 spare) serve 
this stage exclusively„ The temperature in the 1st 
boiler is about 70°C. (50 mm Hg pressure at the condenser 
outlet). Most of the B.2 and some B,3 is vaporised in the 
1st boiler. The vapour passes to a bubble plate column 
(6 plates) then to a partial condenser cooled with water at 
M°C and then to a final condenser cooled with water at 
3°C. The product from the final condenser is collected in 
a weighed receiver and then passes to storage. This pro- 
duct contains more than 97 per cent 3,2 and constitutes 
about 70 per cent of the B.2/B.3 mixture. The stripped 
B. 3 tram, the 1st vaporiser passes to one of two similar 
vaporisers and the whole of the Be3 is vaporised, passing 
to a small bubble plate column followed by a partial con- 
denser, The vapour leaving the condenser passes to the 1st 
bubble tower. Liquid B,3 frcm the base of the second 
bubble tower passes to one of two heaters of the same 
design as the boilers where the temperature is kept at 
(pressure probably 70-80 ram Hg). Residue is withdrawn 
intermittently from one or other of the B,3 boilers, B,3 is 
drawn intermittently frcm one or other of the B,3 heaters. 
The product contains at least 95 per cent B.3. Residue 
comprises only 1-2 per cent of the original mixture and 
contains 30 per cent B.3» 
The whole of this distillation equipment was designed 
by a firm called Avenarius, Berlin. 
The pure lead component parts of the plant are fairly 
resistant to corrosion but the Regulus metal parts e.g. 
bifbble caps and valves have been severely corroded. 
HC1 evolved during the distillation is absorbed in 
normal type t wers (stoneware lined). The residue is 
destroyed by caustic sooa in a stirred stoneware lined 
vessel. Sarin Plant, 
B2/B3 Distillation Unit, Steam heated 
Boilers. Ground Floor. 
25a Sarin Plante 
B2/B3 Distillation Unit - Bubble Plate Columns 
Corananding the B2 Vajouriser (2nd Floor), 
25b Sarin Plant, 
B2/B3 Distillation Unit. Bubble Plate Columns 
Commanding the B2 Vapouriser (2nd Ploot) and Reflux 
Condensers Commanding the Bubble Plate Columns (3rd Plooafr) 
25c Sarin Plant, 
Reactors and Cooler for B4 Preparation. 1st Floor. 
26 Sarin Plant. 
Preparation of B.4 reactors on 
1st Floor, Reflux Condensers on 2nd Floor. 3th Stage. 
The success of this stage depends upon carrying out 
the reaction as quickly as possible and in removing HCl as 
quickly as possible. Silver or carbon surfaces are used 
throughout. The following series of reactions occur;- 
/CH3 /GH3 
1. 0 = p—Cl + C3H7OH > 0 = P-OC3H7 + HCl 
Cl Cl 
✓ 3 
2. 0 = P-P + C3HtOH > 0 = P - OC3Hy + HP 
P F 
3 3 
3. 0 » + HP > 0 = P--OC3H7 + HCl 
Cl P 
i,e. overall 
/ GH3 
0 = P-Cl + 0 = + 2CjH70H >2 0 = PcOC3H7 + 2HC1 
Unless HCl is rapidly removed from the system, however, the 
following also occurs 
0 = + HC1 > 0 = + C3H7CI 
P P 
B.4 at 80 1/hr and A»2 at 72 l/hr are fed simultaneously 
into a stirred silver mixer having an internal cooling coil 
(brine cooling). The temperature is kept below 50°C and the 
mixture flows into a horizontal silver jacketted tube where 
the temperature is maintained at k-0°C by heating or cooling 
as necessary (as mentioned earlier this section has only been 
operated for a few hours). The total reaction time is 
15-20 mins, only. The reaction product (pale yellow in 
colour) is immediately fed to the top of a stripping tower (two towers are available, one silver lined and one carbon 
lined). Each tower is in two sections, each about 80 cm 
dia, and about 5 metres in length. Steam heating sections 
are spaced at intervals down each tower. Each stripping 
tower is surmounted by a silver brine cooled reflux con- 
denser and the exit HCl is scrubbed out before the gases 
reach the vacuum pump. Each tower is packed with Raschig 
rings. 
Sarin Plants 
Preparation of E from B.4, Plant completely 
enclosed in cubicles. 1st Floor and Ground Floor, Sarin Plant, 
Preparation of E Prom BA. Plant Completely 
enclosed in cubicles. 2nd and 3r<i Floors. The HC1 contains a small amount (5 per cent or so) of 
HP. The stripping section is operated at 50 mm Hg at the 
top and 30 nan Hg at the bottom and the stripped E is 
collected in one of two silver lined receivers. Temperature 
at column top « and at column base = 70-75°C* The 
reaction product contains about 15 per cent HC1, a small per 
cent A.2 and 66 per cent E, the balance being residue. The 
stripped product contains 86 per cent E and only one or two 
per cent HCl, the balance being residue mainly. The stripped 
E is fed at 100 1/hr to a special silver still employing film 
heating, operated at 30 nan Hg pressure. The required pro- 
duct ( >97 per cent E) is condensed in a water cooled silver 
partial condenser and collected in a silver lined storage 
vessel. The uncondensed vapour (90 per cent E 10 per cent 
A. 2) is condensed in a silver condenser firstly cooled by 
water and finally cooled by brine and collected in a silver 
lined receiver whence it is returned to the stripping 
section. Temperature at the base of the still is 
(vapour) and (liquid residue). The liquid 
residue is stirred with caustic soda in a special vessel 
before disposal. 
The distilled E is treated with NH3 in a stirred 
enamelled vessel to neutralise residual acidity then 
filtered in steel nutsches with porous stoneware filter plates, 
allowed to settle, refiltered and then passed to final storage 
in steel tanks. It is hoped by careful attention to the 
various stages of the E reaction including stripping and 
distillation that this NH3 treatment and filtration may be 
eliminated. For satisfactory keeping properties the acidic 
hydrogen in distilled E must not exceed 0,2 grs, per kilo. 
Provided this figure is not exceeded the material can be 
stored in steel without a stabiliser. 
The E reaction section is equipped with vacuum pumps 
which serve this section exclusively. 
Preparation of A, 3 and A. 
Some information on -«£mi-technical work and production 
work on preparation of these compounds has been obtained but 
further information is required from the manufacturers (either 
from I,Gr, Leverkusen or from results obtained at DyhemfUrth, (e) Analytical Methods 
Details of methods of analysis of the important intermediates 
and of the end product are given below: - 
A. 3« A sample is drawn from bulk storage and tested as follows: 
Aon) 2 
The impurities, chiefly P are removed by distillation 
N OCH3 
The A. 3 is treated with N/10 iodine and excess NaHCO^. 
✓ H OH 
0 = P— OCHi + I2 + HoO >0=P— OCH* + 2HI 
" OCh| 2 2 " OCH^ 
and the solution is then back titrated with thiosulphate to estimate 
the iodine used. 
(Alternatively, total phosphorus can be estimated by digesting 
with excess NaOH, acidifying with HNO3 and estimating P by the 
molybdate method. This method of analysis is less accurate than the 
iodine method,) 
A. 3» Total phosphorus is estimated by digesting with NaDH as 
above and inorganic phosphorus is estimated by extracting with NaOH, 
acidifying with HNO3 and estimating P by the molybdate method. 
Organic phosphorus is obtained by difference from the figures for 
total and inorganic phosphorus. 
(Note:- It is considered that all the organic P in A. 5 is 
convertible to B.2 and B. 3)* 
B.3. B.3 is separated from B.2 by distillation, the B.2 being 
distilled off at atmospheric pressure using a good column, A 
distillate containing over 99 per cent POCl* is obtained. The B.3 
is then distilled under vacuum and the distillate analysed for total 
and inorganic P, Total Cl2 content is measured in the usual manner 
and the m,pt, is determined. The nupt, is the most useful criterion 
for plant control, since it can be determined quickly. 
B.4. Total chlorine is measured in the usual manner and 
dissolved HC1 is measured by a calorimetric method utilising the heat 
of reaction between HC1 and acetic anhydride. The organic chlorine 
can thus be determined by difference. Organic fluorine is more 
difficult to estimate and is only determined occasionally. Sodium 
methoxide is reacted with B.4, thereby liberating sodium fluoride frcm 
the fluorine-containing constituent of B.if, „ CH, 
0 = P — p + 2CH30Na > 0 = P — OCH5 + 2NaP 
F v OCHj 
The sodium fluoride is estimated by adding alizarin blue in excess 
HC1 and titrating with ZrCl} until a colour between blue and yellow is 
obtained, A standard P solution is then used under similar conditions 
to obtain a matching colour. 
Sarin. Excess N/10 NaOH is added to a weighed sample of Sarin 
ana after 10 minutes the solution is back titrated with N/10 HCl. 
This gives the NaOH equivalent of Sarin + associated acid 
CH3 
(e.gc 0 a p - d ). 
NP 
Total acidity is then measured by titration 
with KI and KIO3. The NaOH equivalent of this acid can then be 
calculated (since any acids present contain one acidic hydrogen only) 
and the NaOH equivalent of the Sarin obtained by difference, 
(1 mol. Sarin = 2 mols. NaOH), 
(f) Safety Precautions 
Rigorous precautions were adopted as regards enclosure of all toxic 
apparatus in well ventilated cubicles. An antidote known as B-Stoffe 
was used when operatives appeared likely to die as a result of exposure. 
This antidote had to be used with great care owing to its highly toxic 
nature. Decontamination of the plant was effected by caustic soda 
solution, the operatives wearing oxygen masks during the work, 
(See also Appendix III - Medical Aspects). A detection method is 
referred to on page 38, 
(g) Destruction of Stocks of Sarin 
On the approach of the Allied Forces great care was taken to 
destroy all stocks of Sarin in the plant and in the laboratory and to 
flush out thoroughly the plant with water. All intermediates, except 
chlorine were also destroyed or run to waste. 
5, Description of the Excelsior Pilot Unit. 
The description given below is based on inspection and examination 
of the plant in and around House C and on information given by Artelt, 
As in the case of the Sarin process no written records or memoranda 
have been located. A few drawings have been found including one of 
the Nutsche filters which may be useful. (a) Raw materials and intermediates 
Code 
Letter 
Formula 
Supplier 
M.P. 
MERODM 
r' 
. I.G, (Mainkur) 
1 
0 ''OH 
IA 
l 
oro 
As 
❖ \ 
0 OH 
Intermediate at 
R.8 - not 
isolated. 
IB 
i 
a) 
i 
0 
1 
0 
Intermediate at 
“ 
1 1 
Not isolated. 
CH2 
Excelsior 
SsV/^'vAs 
Cl 
Pinal product 
at R.VIII. 
114°C. (b) Outline of the Chemistry of the Process 
The process by which the whole of the Excelsior so far produced 
(about 10 tons) has been made in a batch process in which the 
MKROHAN (prepared by I.G, from which is 
CCO 
readily available) is first reacted at 95°C with ccncentrated 
to give product 1A« Concentrated HCl (aqueous) was then added to the 
reaction mixture and SO2 gas passed in at Excelsior was 
obtained as a finely divided solid after filtration of the reaction 
mixture* The above process was regarded as unsatisfactory technically 
owing mainly to severe corrosion problems and a semi-continuous pro- 
cess was developed which was about to be tried on the pilot scale. 
In this process the first stage using concentrated H2SO4 proceeds as 
before (baitchwise) but the reaction mixture is then fed continuously 
into a tower in which water and SO2 are continuously introduced. The 
following reaction takes place; 
This product in the form of a suspension in water flows continuously 
to a stirred reactor into which also concentrated HCl is fed con- 
tinuously;- The acid solution is vacuum filtered (nutsches) and the product 
washed with methyl alcohol and dried by hot air (on the filter). 
(c) Plant yields and output 
Rated output = 3-4 tons per month* (Artelt estimates that 
centrifugal filtration would have at least trebled the output), 
10 Tons of Excelsior have been produced, entirely by the batch pro- 
cess, The yield on MERODAN was 80 per cent by the batch process 
and was expected to be at least this by the continuous process. 
The plant was operated for about i year (shortage of supplies of raw 
material and severe corrosion difficulties interfered considerably 
with production). 
During this period about 10 tons of Excelsior were produced. 
Difficulties encountered, particularly in the reduction and chlorina- 
tion stage, resulted also in 15-20 tons of reject material being pro- 
duced during this period. No Excelsior has been produced during 
the last 12 months and the stocks of Excelsior and Merodan (except a 
little Merodan) were sent away from the factory to a storage dump. 
It is evident that the performance of the plant using the con- 
tinuous process is a matter of conjecture. The G-erman C.W, 
authorities do not appear to have seriously contemplated large sca}.e 
production of Excelsior, 
(d) Details of Plant 
The following is a very brief outline of the plant arrangement. 
The few drawings which are available give details of the important 
parts of the plant. The description refers to the set up for semi- 
continuous production. 
(i) General arrangement 
The reaction vessels are housed in a building known 
as C House which was formerly used for Tabun production. 
This building is about 55* long and 35' wide x 30* high. 
Storage tanks, vacuum pumps and compressors are located, 
under cover, outside this building. The various plant 
items are situated on the ground floor and on two stagings 
Cooling is effected by a circulating glycerine solution 
(cooled by an ammonia refrigerating system). Effluent 
is collected in a small sump and is treated in much the 
same way as effluent fran the Sarin plant (although the 
two systems are quite separate). Steam at 3 atmospheres 
pressure is supplied to the building. Air is extracted from the building as a whole by a main fan. The final pro- 
duct is withdrawn from the filters in a totally enclosed 
cubicle provided with its own ventilation fan. 
(ii) Arrangement of Individual Stages 
1st Stage. 
ifOO litres of 99 per cent are mixed with 400 kg 
Merodan in a stirred, steam jacketted enamel lined vessel 
(1000 litres), H2SO4 is fed from a head tank. The reac- 
tion takes 30-45 minutes, temperature being 95QC« Two 
reaction vessels are available but only one is required and 
the other is used as a feed tank for the filters. This 
stage has, of course, been fairly well tried out as it was 
also used in the batch process. Corrosion is not serious 
and no particular difficulties have been encountered. 
2nd Stage. 
The acid solution from the 1st stage is pumped at 
about 60 l/hr. by a small glass pump into the top of a tile 
lined tower 40 cm i, d, x 2,5 m, high. Spent water from 
an SO2 scrubbing tower which takes the effluent SO2 from 
the 1st tower is also fed to the top of the 1st tower. The 
2nd tower is 0.3 m, diameter and 3*5 m, long and is 
fabricated in stoneware. The 1st tower is unpacked and is 
stirred by a vertical shaft having four paddles at intervals 
(the whole being coated with silver). The 2nd tower is 
packed with Raschig rings, S02 from a vaporiser is fed to 
the base of the tower 1,4 mols. SO2 per mol, MSRODAN). The 
water feed at the top of the tower is about 200 l/hr. 
Temperature in the tower varies from at the top to 
at the base. SO2 is obtained from a conventional 
type of vaporiser and the exhaust SO2 from the 2nd tower is 
scrubbed out in a normal type of gas scrubbing system using 
water as absorbent. 
3rd Stage. 
The aqueous suspension is fed continuously from the 
base of the tower to a 2000 litre tile lined stirred vessel into which 35 per cent HCl is fed continuously (at the 
rate of 1 mol. pure HCl per mol, MERODM). It is 
estimated that the temperature will maintain itself at 
about without heating or cooling but if not heating 
or cooling will need to be introduced. 
4th Stage. 
The product from the 3rd stage is sucked continuously 
to a 1000 litre Jacketted stirred enamel lined vessel 
where it is cooled to to complete precipitation of 
the Excelsior. The suspension is transferred intermittently 
to one of three Nutsches with porous stoneware filter plates* 
The mother liquor (10-12 per cent H2SO4. and 2-3 per cent 
HCl) is drawn off under vacuum (50-100 mm, Hg) and the pre- 
cipitate washed with methanol and dried by pulling through 
warm dry air. The dry material is discharged from the 
filter by a special mechanism (a drawing of that type of 
filter is available) and is collected in drums each holding 
about 80 kg. 
Used methanol is collected and dried by fractionation. 
The product so obtained is analysed by determination of 
As content (iodine titration) and can be obtained very pure 
(98 per cent or better). 
(e) Safety precautions 
Great care was exercised in avoiding exposure to Excelsior, 
particularly whan discharging material from the filters. Men engaged 
on this Job wore full protective clothing and oxygen masks. 
Much thought had been given to possible methods for controlling 
the purity of the air in a Sarin factory as it was obvious that a 
serious escape of Sarin into the atmosphere might easily take place 
without being noticed unless some form of regular test were carried 
out. 
One interesting suggestion had been made, but had not been tried 
out. This Was to make use of a revolving plate with 8 holes which 
could hold the small silicargel circles mentioned in Appendix II. 
When the plate revolved a silica-gel circle would be placed at 
(l), then at position (2) air would be sucked through, at (3) *ydrogefl 
peroxide added, at (4) tolidine in alcohol added, at (3) anmonia added 
and at (6) the silica-gel circle examined for colour reactions. If colour were present an electric bell could be sounded as a warning. 
The silica-gel circle would be removed at positions (7) and (8). 
By this means it would be possible to test the air in a Sarin factory 
for the presence of 0.5 ag/m3 Sarin every half-minute or as often as 
might be required. 
6. Miscellaneous 
(a) Information regarding Sarin not yet obtained but 
believed to be available. 
1. Physico-Chemical Data - determined in Sections P.1 and P.3 
at Spandau, Information known to 
Dr, Jung and Dr. BSttger who are 
not available for interrogation. 
2, Design Data. - This information is held primarily 
by Dr. Gebhardt and partly perhaps 
by Sneiderwind, neither of whom are 
available for interrogation, (The 
importance of obtaining this 
information is mentioned earlier). 
3* Data on Corrosion Rates Corrosion rates were determined by 
Dr. Doerken of.Spandau who was not 
available for interrogation. 
(b) Production Plans for Sarin 
A unit for producing hundred tons/month nearing completion at 
Dyhemfurth. It was intended at first to use the following process:- 
1. A.4 + PCI3 + Cl2 > B.2 + B,3 CH3CI + HC1 
2. Distillation of B.2 + B#3* 
3. B.3 + C3H7QH + NaP > E + a*aCl + NaHP2 
The last stage is a batch process and is carried out in ethylene 
dichloride solution. The sodium salts have to be filtered off and the 
E then separated by distillation from the ethylene dichloride. Being partly a batch process, the plant required is larger for this process 
than for the process used at R. 8, In addition an A,3~A,5 conversion 
unit was set up at Dyhernfurth. A larger plant at Falkenhagen was 
about 23 per cent completed. 
(°) Equipment of Special Intereat at R«VIII. 
Considerable use was made of silver equipment and of a plastic 
called MIPOLAM (or VINIIXJR) which was used extensively for handling 
mineral acids up to 70°C (but which is not very resistant to organic 
solvents), A very special type of HCl absorption apparatus, made 
of carbon, was in use and was capable of producing concentrated HCl 
in one pass from fresh water and HCl gas, with practically complete 
absorption of the HCl, 
(d) Equipment removed for further examination in England 
The following lists the moat important items; - 
1. Complete silver A.3-A.5 conversion unit. 
2c Various silver valves and pipes. 
3. Various plastic valves and lines together with welding 
apparatus. 
4. Special stoneware and glass non-return valves. 
5. a special high pressure magnetic flow meter for measure- 
ment of rate of flow of gaseous HC1. 
6. Special insulation material made of cellulose (for low 
temperature insulation). 
7. Various glass lines. 
8. A snail steel autoclave. 
(f) Chemicals removed for examination in England 
1, 2 Kegs of Merodan (1 from Burgdorf out of a stock of 
40 tons). 
2. 1 Kg. of Excelsior (out of a stock of 10 tons found in 
a salt mine at Burgdorf near Celle). 7. The Manufacture of Tabun at Raubkaxnmer 
Some years ago a Pilot plant for the manufacture of Tabun was 
operated at Raubkammer, The following details, admittedly sketchy, 
were supplied from memory by a chemist who was associated with the 
process at the time. 
Par the preparation of Tabun, POCI3 is first of all treated with 
Dimethylamine 
„N (CH3)2 
P0C1, + NH(CH3)2 > OaP“Cl + HC1 
Cl 
This reaction is carried out with cooling on account of its 
exothermic character. The HC1 which is formed reacts at once with 
an equivalent of dimethylamine to give the hydrochloride. On this 
account a thick crystalline mass is formed on adding the amine and 
an excess of POCI3 is necessary from the beginning in order to be able 
to stir. The mass is now heated to about 140°G when the amine hydro- 
chloride reacts with the POCI3 as shown in the above equation with the 
formation of HC1. The heating is carried out under a well cooled 
reflux. 
After driving off the HCl (which takes one hour in the Laboratory 
for four gram Mols) the product is fractionally distilled and the 
dimethylamine compound obtained in 90 per cent yield. 
In the second stage the dimethylamine compound is treated with 
NaCN and ethyl alcohol to form Tabun, 
✓ N(CH3)2 xN(CH3 
O-P-Cl + 2Na CN + CaHcOH » 0-P--CN ♦ 2NaCl + HCN 
V Cl oc2h5 
Chlorbenzene is used as solvent and the NaCN is first of all 
suspended in this by stirring, then about half of the dimethylamine 
compound added, and the reaction started by adding alcohol. Then 
the dimethylamine compound and alcohol are added at the same time with 
cooling so that the temperature is kept at 40°C, Towards the finish 
the addition of the remaining alcohol can be accomplished fairly 
quickly. The HCN which is fomed is driven off by heating and 
reaction product filtered off from the sodium chloride. The saltcake 
is washed with chlorbenzene, and the chlorbenzene is then removed from 
the filtrate in vacuum. The brown coloured raw Tabun obtained in this way can be distilled 
in small quantities in the Laboratory, if great care is taken, to give 
a water clear liquid. During this process energetic decomposition may 
take place whereby part of the liquid fonas a brown oil. Small 
quantities of NaCN in the raw Tabun appear to act as catalyst for the 
decomposition, Tabun which has once been distilled can be redistilled 
without difficulty. It is not possible to distil Tabun in the 
technical preparation as the appearance of such decomposition might 
lead to sudden unexpected rises of temperature which could be 
catastrophic. 
Code Names used on Plant, 
POCI3 * OxysSure or Acetylchlorid B 
NH(0113)2 * Ina or C3-Base 
✓n(ch3)2 
Orf-Cl * Stoff 39. 
Cl 
NaCN » Na Salz, 
Technical 
(a) Preparation of Stoff 39. 
The POCI3 was stored in leaded vessels. The dime thy laraine was kept 
under pressure in an iron container which could be cooled vdth brine 
or heated by steam. The cooling was necessary in order to obtain the 
required fall in pressure when filling the container from tank wagons 
etc. On the other hand heating was necessary in order to get the 
required pressure to fill the measuring vessel. The measuring vessel 
was mounted dn a weighing machine, A spiral tube which coild be 
cooled by brine to -109C was built in between the storage container 
and the weighable measuring vessel so that the latter could be easily 
filled at any time without the use of outside pressure. 
The reaction vessel consisted of an enamel container (2 m2) 
fitted with a stoving apparatus and an enamel reflux condenser. The 
jacket of the condenser could be cooled with pre-cooled brine (for part 
I of reaction) and could be heated with pre-heated (electric) oil up to 
a temperature of about 180°C, The POCI3 was pilled over into a lead measuring vessel and thence 
into the reaction vessel by means of vacuum. 
(A brine cooled lead spiral which was built into the reaction 
vessel did not stand up to requirements and was completely destroyed by 
corrosion and erosion after four runs.) 
The addition of the dimethylamine to the POCI3 was carried out by 
means of a control valve cooled by oil and the dimethylamine itself was 
introduced through a brine cooled spiral at -10°C. The addition was 
regulated in such a manner as to raise the temperature in the reaction 
vessel to about 170° at the finish. For each run about 4-5 Kg, Mol. 
i,e, 180-225 Kg dimethylamine were added. 
When all the dimethylamine had been added the cooling oil was let 
out of the condenser Jacket and oil heated up to 180°C pumped in. The 
HC1 formed during the reaction escaped through the reflux condenser to 
an upright brine cooled condenser and thence into a Raschig ring tower 
and finally to a HCl absorption apparatus. The POCI3 which was con- 
densed in the upright condenser and Raschig ring tower was led back 
into the reaction vessel. The escaping HCl was measured by a Rotameter 
built in behind the Raschig ring tower. Driving off the HCl, contrary 
to experience in the Laboratory, took a very long time - 10-11 hours. 
As soon as no more HCl was being given off (noticeable by a fall 
in temperature in the upper part of the reflux condenser which is at 
90OC whilst the bulk of the HCl is being given off), the temperature of 
the reaction vessel having risen to about 130-140°C the heating was 
turned off and the contents of the reaction vessel cooled to 80°C, 
The reaction mixture was now pulled over into a leaded distillation 
vessel and fractionally distilled in vacuum. As the POCI3 which 
separated contained Stoff 39 it was led back with the reaction. To 
control the distillation continual specific gravity measurements were 
made. 
The yields were very good and always over 90 per cent (sometimes 
98 per cent)• The viscous mass left in the reaction vessel was 
sucked out and carefully destroyed with water. 
The great difficulty with this process was corrosion. The built 
in hard lead valves continually leaked and were choked up with lead 
chloride from the feed pipes. Enamel vadves with high grade steel 
which were tried out proved good. 
All the enamel parts behaved in general well (b) Preparation of Tabun. 
Chlorbenzol was introduced into an enamel vessel (2 and 
NaCN added by hand through a filling funnel. St off 39 and alcohol 
were then added as described above. The filters used were the same 
as those now used for Excelsior. The bottle neck in the manufacture 
was the filtration as the NaCl often separated in a slimy form which 
was difficult to filter and, therefore, took a long time. 
The HGN which was formed was burned on the top of the roof. 
As an excess of NaCN had to be used the salt cake which was 
filtered off contained some unattacked NaCN, In order to prevent 
contamination of the effluent with NaCN the dissolved salt was treated 
in an enamel vessel with HC1 and the solution heated to get rid of the 
HCl, The HGN which was given off was burned. 
There were no corrosion difficulties with this part of the 
process. 
The yield was about 80 per cent. 
8. CoW» Production in Germany 
Information obtained by the interrogation of an authoritative 
member of Prdf 9 is given in Table I. It should be noted that Pruf 9 
were not responsible in any way for production and therefore the table 
may not be complete or entirely accurate. No. 
Place 
Company 
Material Made 
Capacity (tons/month) 
1. 
Ammendorf 
Orgacid 
Thiodiglycol H. -Jr could be turned 
over to make HT. The plant could 
also make CM, 
4-50 
Nitrogen mustard (Triethanolamine 
from Ludwig shafen.) 
100 
2. 
Huls. 
I*G, 
Thiodiglycol H. Special continuous 
process. Could also be used for 
HT or CM, also had a small sulphur 
dichloride plant, possibly now 
dismantled. 
100 
3. 
Gendorf 
(Hochwerke) 
Anorgana G.n.b.H. 
Mont an Ges. 
H by sulphur dichloride process. 
4.000 projected, 
1.000 completed. 
4, 
Stassfurt 
Ergethan G.n.b.H. 
ArsinBl, 
180 
5. 
Leese 
Lanai 
Arsinttl. 
450 
6, 
Leese 
Riedel de Haen, 
Chloroacetophenone. 
600 
7. 
Seelze 
Nr.Hanover. 
Riedel de Haen, 
Chloroacetophenone, 
120 
8. 
Haselhorst 
Nr, Berlin. 
Lonal, 
Clark I and II, 
Worked out continuous process for 
diphosgene but no plant supplied. 
Trying technical manufacture of 
phosgene oxime. 
80 
TABLE I, No. 
Place 
Company. 
Material Made. 
Capacity (tons/mcnth) 
9. 
Dyhernfurth 
Anorgana G.n.b.H, 
Tabun 
1,000 
(Niederwerke) 
Montan Ges. 
Sarin 
Cyanogen chloride 
Big plant for Aeroform 
planned, but not supplied* 
100 (% completed) 
100 (nearly completed) 
10. 
Falkenhag en 
(Seewarke) 
Monturon Ges. 
Sarin. 
300 (J completed). 
11. 
Mainkur 
Nr. Frankfurt 
I.G. 
Merodansaure 
12. 
Raubkamaer 
(Heidkrug) 
Sarin. 
Excelsior. 
30 (i ton made) 
3 to 4 
13. 
Urdingen, 
X. G. 
D.Mo 
400 Never made more 
than 200, 
14. 
Ludwigshafen 
X. G. 
Phosgene ) 
Variable wanted 800 
to 1,000, 
15. 
Wolfen. 
I.G. 
Phosgene ) 
16. 
Bitterfeld. 
I.G. 
Had small pilot plant for 
Aeroform, 
TABLE I (Continued) 9. Canyersian of mustard gas to comnercial products. 
The Germans had given very little consideration to the possibility 
of converting mustard gas into products having commercial uses„ The 
French had worked on a process in which mustard is oxidised with nitric 
acid the resulting chloroethylsulphonic acid converted to Taurine. 
This proved to be an expensive process using a large quantity of nitric 
acid and giving a poor yield. A Russian deserter suggested the 
condensation of mustard with sodium sulphide to give a resin suitable 
for the manufacture of gramophone records. This was investigated at 
some length, but no success was achieved. Apart from the above, there 
appeared to have been little investigation into this matter. Disposition of Buildings 
/A t R 8. 
RAU&Kfik/UtR SB! UUHSTf/t 
MAY 1945 
FIG. I. KEY 
/ 43-AS COWetTgR. 8. E CONVERTER 
L CHLOe/U*ro* 9 D££AS5£fZ 
3. 0fa*S6f* to. SrrLL. 
4. cguoe 68 Srore. //. Q/st/luo E Sroez 
5. S3. St/LL /2K/lurgfiLlZSR. 
6 S3 Snogs /S F/LTER 
7. EUto*fM*Tog. H. Product Sroee. 
FLOW SHEET' EOE MANUFACTURE OF ‘SARlKl’ -Schematic Diagram —Sarin Plant- 
g—■ ■ " umaasammgaa—■saa-i"- it-ii asaaasaaasssass. 
RaUAKAMMER BE! KAUKiSTER MAY 1945 
sace H « i in — usssamamm t " i ■! 
FIG: HI . — D/aqbauuatic Law-out—Plamt. — 
Paubkauues Bei Munster Uay 1945 
nc. g. Investigation of Chemical .Varfare Installations 
in the LIunsterlager Area, including Raubkamner 
APHjHDEC VI 
RESEARCH 
German chemical warfare research work might he roughly sub- 
divided into three separate channels :- 
(a) the work done in the research laboratories at Spandau. 
(b) the work requested by rtfa* Priif. 9 frcm the various 
Academical Institutions. 
(c) the work carried out by the industrial firms themselves. 
Jjittle will be said here with regard to (c) as although 
theoretically all research and development work was guided by 
Wa Pruf 9 they had in fact little control over the research work of 
the various industrial fims and merely used the results of their 
research work as it became useful. The research work of industrial 
firms will therefore be left to the reports of those who have visited 
the actual firms. 
In Spandau In addition to the Laboratories for development work, 
there were also five research institutes (Forschungs Institute) called 
F1 to F5, Each of these research institutes was under the direction, 
of its cwn head who was entirely responsible for the work carried out 
and reported only to the head of tfa Pruf 9, Oberst Hirsch, There 
had evidently formerly been some sort of a Conmittee to discuss the 
work to be done by the research institutes, but this Committee had 
now ceased to function and the work was directed entirely by Oberst 
Hirsch, although a certain amount of the co-ordination of the work 
fell to the head of Group V, Professor Wagner0 At least one director 
of a research institute appears to have been well satisfied when 
this Committee ceased to exist and the constant demand for all sorts 
of wierd compounds which might possibly be of some interest came to an 
end. 
The head of Group V, Professor V/agner, was expected to co-ordinate 
a IT research work, see that there was no overlapping and that the work 
was being done as far as possible by the most suitable team, but 
presumably he only advised Oberst Hirsch on possible action to be 
taken and had himself no direct control of research. 
The research institutes at Spandau -were PI - Chemical institute 
P2 - Analytical Institute 
P3 ~ Physical and Physico- 
Chemical Institute 
P4 - Research Laboratory 
for Group X 
P5 - Library 
Director:- Dr, Reetz 
Dr, KSlliker 
Prof, Jung 
Dr, Zeumer 
Dr* ketzener 
Research Institute F1 
Director :- Dr, Reetz 
Assistant Director Dr, BcSttger 
Other interrogated Herr Zahru 
In addition to the Director and Assistant Director there were 6 
chemists, 16 Laboratory assistants, 2 typists and 4 workmen employed 
in P1, 
The chief fields of work were :- 
(1) Synthesis of new war gases 
(2) Scientific investigation of cheraico-technical problems, 
(3) Discovery of new reactions for the preparation of new 
compounds as well as for known war gases* 
(4) Examination of captured war gases (but never had any), 
(5) With P2 the preparation of compounds requ,ired for analysis* 
(6) With P3 the preparation of pure substances for the measure- 
ment of physical properties* 
(7) With YII and VIXL the testing of now compounds and discussions 
on new compounds which might be prepared* 
(8) With VIII and VIIIL the introduction of new methods of 
preparation and analysis discovered by P1c 
Preparation of Sarin and Soman 
The main work of the PI institute had been concentrated during 
the past few years on a study of the methods of preparation of Sarin 
and Sftman, and mary notable improvements in the methods of preparation 
had been developed. After a long and careful study an apparatus had 
been devised and set up in the laboratory which was capable of pro- 
ducing an appreciable amount of Sarin (half to 2 tons a month) and 
which could be used for the preparation of Soman, This apparatus 
is described in the following five steps, but it should be remembered 
that the details have all been supplied entirely from memory. 
Step I (Fig.I) 
GHz OH + PClz > 0 = P-OGHz 
"OCH5 
-2- Carefully measured quantities of and were allowed 
to drop through fine openings in a tube on to a drum revolving 
inside a reaction vessel and kept cool by means of an internal 
stream of tap-water0 It was found that the PCI* should not be in 
excess and that more than 10 per cent excess or GH3OH was also 
inadvisable due to the solubility of HC1 in CH3OH, It was found best 
to work with about a five per cent excess of GH3OH, It was thought 
that the revolving drum would best be made of silver strengthened 
on the inside with steel, but such a drum had not yet been tried 
out at Spandau, A copper drum was used, but this was soon attacked 
and it was intended to replace this with a silver one. 
The product of the reaction passed through a vacuum trap to 
an evaporation column kept warm v/ith water at 60°G where most of 
the volatile by-products were removed and the crude product was then 
collected below. It was found to be an improvement to employ more 
than one column to remove the volatile matter and if possible to 
remove these so effectively that the raw product did not contain more 
than 2 per cent of HC1, 
Step II (Pigoll) 
H - GH3 
0 = P - OCH3 > 0 3 P - OCH3 
N OGH3 x OH 
< CH, * 0 
20 = P- OCHt > GHz - P - 0 - P - GHz + GH,OGHz 
x OH Hr 'OH 
The product from Step I was passed through a measuring pump 
and led into the bottom of a vessel containing Step II product at 
280 Rearrangement took place and the liquid overflowed into 
another exactly similar vessel where the reaction was supposed to 
be completed. It was not considered that this second vessel was 
really necessary, but it was found to be quite convenient. Both 
these vessels were kept under an atmosphere of nitrogen and the 
stream of entering nitrogen was regulated in such a manner that 
the glow of the escaping gases burning in the escape tube from the 
first vessel was never allowed to approach near the actual reaction 
vessel. The escaping gases were chiefly GH3OGH3, PH3, and 
Glk, All this apparatus was made of quartz. This reaction was 
discovered by Pi, but some care had to be taken to regulate temperatures 
etc, when c arrying it out in the laboratory as the reaction could 
proceed explosively especially if the temperature was too high or 
too large quantities of the dimethyl ester were being rearranged 
in the reaction vessel at one time. In Fig. II the product of the rearrangement is shown as being 
collected in a separate vessel, but actually it was found to be best 
to lead this product direct on to Step III as even at 110°G it was 
rather viscous and it was much easier to measure in the correct 
quantities for Step II, 
Step III (Pig.Ill) 
* 0 * 0 
GHv - P - OGH5 + PCI, + Glo > GH, - P - Cl + KX31, 
' OH ** x Cl 
o 0* *0 
GH, - F - 0 - P - GHx > 2 GHzP 
OH HD 
*0 * 0 
CH3 - P + KJ1, ♦ Cl9 > GH3 « P - Cl + POGlv 
*0 3 2 ' Cl 
The rearranged product from Step II was led hot via a heated 
quartz funnel into a reaction vessel into which and chlorine were 
carefully measured. The temperature of the reaction vessel was kept 
to about 60°G, by means of an internal coil circulating cold water. 
Fran the bottom of the vessel the product was led away over a syphon, 
which, was used to control the time of chlorination, to the receiving 
vessel, where thd dichloride and phosphorus oxychloride were collected 
for distillation. It was considered most important to see that the 
correct amounts of* chlorine and PCI, were added. An excess of chlorine 
was shown by a yellow colour due to the formation of PGI5 whilst a 
white turbulence indicated that too little chlorine had been added. 
Impurities obtained during the purification of the dichloride 
have been collected and examined, They were found to consist of 
(a) phosphorus oxychloride due to insufficient fractionation 
(bj GH3-P-OCH3 due to insufficient chlorination of the dimethyl 
‘'Cl ester 
(c) GH3PO2 probably due to decomposition of the ester chloride,, 
,0 
(d) GCI3-B-GI due to excessive chlorination of the dimethyl 
’■‘Cl ester 
(e) in traces due to excessive chlorination*, 
All these impurities were only found in very small quantities. GGl,P0Cl2 wets found to be & white waxy solid which sublimed* In 
water and cold N&OH it s£lit off only one chlorine atom, but in hot 
JfaOH all five were split off* 
The distillation of the product from Step III was effectively 
carried out in the apparatus shown in Pig,VI, 
Step IV (Pig. IV) 
*0 *0 *0 
2 dfc-P-Gl ♦ 2 HP > CH3-P-CI ♦ GH.-P-F 
"Cl N Cl * XP 
The dichloride from Step III was placed in a long glass vessel 
(one third full - 3 litres) and H2P2 was led in from a cylinder 
placed on a weighing machine and connected by means of a copper 
spiral to a copper tube which dipped down to the bottom of the vessel. 
The temperature of the reaction vessel was kept at about 85°C. and 
the HC1 escaped through a condenser. Except for the copper dip-pipe 
it was found that the whole of the apparatus could be made of glass. 
Step V (Pig,V) 
£ *° 
GH3-P-GI ♦ ROH > CH3-P-OR + HOI 
" Cl x Cl 
,0 *0 
GHv-P-P + ROH > CH3-P-0R + HP 
" P 
*0 *0 
GH3-P-OR ♦ HP > GH5-P-OR + HC1 
"Cl "P 
The product from Step IV and isopropyl alcohol were carefully 
Measured into a 200 ml mixing vessel which was kept cool by means 
of an internal coil circulating cold water# The contents were mixed 
by passing in nitrogen through a tube dipping down to the bottom of 
the vessel. The addition was so arranged that the reactants 
remained in the mixing vessel about 5 minutes when they passed 
through an overflow pipe into a long reaction tube placed at a very 
alight angle so that the contents tended to move towards the far 
end. The tube was kept at about 40°C by means of an internal 
circulation of hot water, HG1 escaped from the mixing vessel and 
Reaction vessel through a single condenser, A tube leading out of 
the far end of the reaction vessel had a tap so adjusted that the 
Reagents remained in the reaction vessel for 15 "to 16 minutes® On leaving the reaction vessel the product contained about 12 per 
cent HC1 and it was important that this should be removed as 
quickly as possible without subjecting the product to the presence of 
appreciable quantities of HD1 at a temperature whdre saponification 
of the ester might take place readily0 The HC1 was therefore removed 
in three stages as shown in the sketch so that the HC1 removed in the 
latter stages did not affect the previous stages and the temperature 
could be raised gradually. Good cooling for the condenser was 
necessary and brine at -15°C was used. It was also found that silver 
condensers conducted the heat better, d£he product still contained 
2 per cent HC1 and it was important that it did not contain free 
alcohol otherwise HP was formed and this caused difficulties in the 
distillation. 
*0 
GH,-IK)R + HOR > GH5-P-OR + HP 
0 * P x OR 
A method fbr estimating small quantities of alcohol was said to 
have been worked out by I*rP Bottger (Pi). 
The product was now distilled in the same apparatus for 
continuous distillation as was shown above and provided there was 
no large percentage of impurities present there was no difficulty 
with the distillation and a pure product was obtained in good 
yield. Sometimes if the reaction had not gone well it was necessary 
to treat With ammonia and filter before distillation, but this was 
avoided if possible. 
All workers laid grdat stress on the care which was necessary 
when working with Sarin and that all pumps should be guarded with 
NaOH. 
One great advantage of the above methods and apparatus was 
that a similar technique could be used for the preparation of Soman* 
It was only necessary to make slight alterations in the method of carry- 
ing. out Step V. Here pinacolyl alcohol was used in place of 
isopropyl alcohol. The reactants were kept in the mixing vessel for 
8 minutes and warmed slightly when they passed on into the reaction 
tube where they remained for about 1+.0 minutes at a temperature of 
60°C, 
The above method was found to be most useful for the preparation 
of Sarin in larger quantities. Previously other methods had been used 
such as 
I 3GH3OH + PCI3 H0P(0CH3)2 + GH3CI. 
II H0P(0GH3)2 + + GHJGl — + QH3OH + KaGl 
III GH3P0(0GH3)2 + BGI3 + Cl2 — GH3POGI9 + 2GH3GI + 2P0C13 
.TV GH3POOI2 + NaP ♦ OHgPOPI^Hy) I could be carried out with or without solvent, but required 
good stirring. It was best to add the reactants at -10°0. then grad- 
ually allow the temperature to rise in the same flask and to pull off' 
the HU1 until only 2 per cent was left. 
II All the reagents were added separately with a trace of 
iodine in the GH 3GI, Kept at 2fO°C. then the NaCl filtered off and 
the product distilled. 
III Ester, PCI3 and chlorine were introduced into the reaction 
vessel at a low temperature. Sometimes POCI3 was tried as a solvent 
but no one was sure that it had produced any improvement in yield. 
When all the reagents had been added gradually the temperature was 
raised, the solvents distilled off and the product distilled in 
vacuum. 
IV Sodium fluoride was suspended in benzene, trichlorethylene, 
carbon tetrachloride or chlorbenzol plus one half per cent of water 
and isopropyl alcohol. The dichloride dissolved in the same 
solvent was added at 60-70°G. (1 mol. dichloride in 5° ml* solvent 
added to 150 g. NaPc in 160 ml. solvent and 1 mol Isopropyl alcohol. 
After filtration and distillation of the solvent the product was 
distilled. Great care had to be taken that there was no big excess 
of acid otherwise there was a very big decomposition of the product 
on distillation. 
It was also possible to make the diethyl ester as in the first 
stage of either of the above methods, but a change was then necessary 
in the method of chlorination. The diethyl ester had to be treated 
first with HC1 at to obtain the free acid which could be 
isolated and crystallised from petroleua ether if desired. As a rule, 
however, no purification was carried out and the crude acid was 
treated with an equivalent quantity of POI3 and chlorine. If the 
diethyl ester was treated at once with POI3 and chlorine or with 
PGlc then seme ,,Q 
J OH3-B-OG2H5 was formed and this could not be separated 
VC1 
from the dichloride by distillation. 
IV above was also carried out using the following alcohols in 
place of isopropyl alcohol 
methyl alcohol at 60ctl. 
ethyl 60 
n-propyl 60 
sec-butyl 75 
sec-amyl 80 
cyclo-hexanol 70 
pinacolyl over ,100 
The yield in each case was of the carder of 60 to 85 per cent. A new method had also been worked out for the preparation of 
ethyl-Sarin by allowing phosgene to react on diethyl methyl 
phosphonate at room temperature or up to 3° to 40°Co 
❖ 0 ,0 
GH3-P-OG2H5 + C0C12 > C2H5CI ♦ G02 + GHT-P-OG2H5 
OG2H5 VG1 
The ethyl methylphosphoryl chloride so obtained could be distilled 
and allowed to react with sodium fluoride to give fluoro-ethoxy- 
methyl-phosphine oxide in 80 to 85 per cent yield* Unfortunately 
this method of preparation could not be adapted 30 Well for the 
preparation of Sarin as phosgene did not appear to react so well 
with the di-isopropyl eater, but the possibilities of this method 
were still being most carefully examined in P1. 
R-P-OR1 
VP 
A large number of other compounds of the Sarin series 
were prepared,, It was found that the compounds became less effective 
as R1 increased in molecular weight CHj, G3H7 etc* Nearly all 
compounds where R* was a secondary alcohol were good and much better 
than the compounds derived from the corresponding primary alcohols. 
Any substitution of a methyl group for a hydrogen in the group R* 
seemed to increase the activity of the compound. Rrofessor Huckel 
of the University of Breslau was said to be very Interested in these 
fluorine compounds and in the relationship between the constitution and 
physiological activity. Further information on the relative 
effectiveness of members of this series is given in Appendix III* 
It was also proposed to study the rates of hydrolysis of the 
esters of the Sarin series and to try to correlate this with the 
toxological effecto A study of the action of water on Sarin 
appeared to have raised problems which had by no means been cleared 
up. Physical research in department P3 seemed to show that there 
was an almost immediate decomposition of Sarin, 
*0 *0 
GHz-P-OR + HgO > CH3-P-OR + HP 
NP V0H 
but toxicological measurements by Dr. Sextl were said to have shown 
that Sarin retained its toxicological activity in water for at least 
60 hours. P1 considered that there might be the immediate formation 
of a complex in water such as 
*° -i " 
GH3-P^G3H7 
H2O OH and that this complex could then react with a ferment, the 
ferment replacing the molecule of water in the complex* Obviously 
more knowledge of the work done by the physical chemists of F3 
on this problem is required. 
The action of heat on Sarin was studied and it was found that 
SaHn when h«#ited at its hni 1 inor rwirrh -Pnr* JL fn R hnmra 
decomposed intc and propylene. The decomposition 
started very slwrly, but it was auto-catalytic and became finally 
violent. The speed of the decomposition was increased by the 
presence of hydrogen ions and therefore the acid decomposition 
product Increased the rate of decomposition. If iron filings or 
amines were added to the Sarin the speed of decomposition was very 
much slower. 
CHj-iMDH 
P 
Various trials of the stability of Sarin at 20° and were 
carried out„ It was found that glass caused decomposition and 
that silver was unable to combine with the acid decomposition 
product and prevent an eventual rapid decomposition. Sarin was 
most stable in iron containers where one year at 20°C. produced 2 to 
4 per cent decomposition and one year at 60°G. produced 10 to 15 
percent decomposition* Sarin stored in iron vessels i& colourless, 
but on opening to the air it becomes blue and then brown due to the 
presence of complex iron salts. Sarin containing acid did not keep 
at all well. 
Preparation of Excelsior 
The preparation of Excelsior had also been studied. The 
reactions involved were ; - o-Amino-diphenyl was produced by the I0 G-. according to a 
published patento 
The Barth reaction for the preparation of V from IV has been 
studied at Spandau* Gump and Stolzeriberg, J, aunerc Chem. Soc,, 
described the yield of V as poor, but Steinkopf and others were 
able to show that by alteration of the reaction conditions the 
yield could be increased to about 60 per cento Sometimes yields 
of up to 70 per cent were obtained without it being quite under- 
stood which altered conditions had achieved this Increase in yield 
and it was decided to study the reaction in P1. 
The diazonium chloride of IV did not react at all with sodium 
arsenite in acid solution and in caustic soda solution the yields 
were very poor* The use of carbonate increased the yield* It was 
obvious that a study of the effect of pH on the reaction was 
necessary keeping such other factors as the concentration of 
copper and the temperature constant* To keep a constant pH during 
the Barth reaction was difficult, but it was achieved by the use 
of a buffer solution and by adding an alkaline solution during the 
reaction to neutralise as far as possible the hydrochloric acid 
formed* Attention was also paid to the fact that the copper 
should not only always be in solution, but should also always be in 
the same form (Cu(NH5)4)0 A curve roughly of the following nature 
was obtained* 
It was found that the best conditions lay between a pH of 
9«0 and 9«2 and that it was better to aim for a pH of 9*2 as the 
curve was not so steep on that side of the maximum. The solutions 
with the different pH values were made from NaOH, NaHCO^, NH3, (NE(if and solutions* In estimating the yield the 
acid was precipitated, with HC1, washed with water, and dried at 
on a glass filter. 
With regard to the copper catalyst it was found to be quite.wrong 
to expect that on adding copper sulphate solution to the arsenite 
solution an increase in the amount of copper would produce a 
corresponding increase in yield. The copper was precipitated more 
or less rapidly as Gu(0H)2 and Gu(As03)2 and thus had no catalytic 
effect* It was much more important to see that a sufficient con- 
centration of ammonia was present to keep up the concentration of 
complex in the arsenite solution* As the ratio of 
copper to ammonia depends on the pH of the solution the experiments 
were carried out in such a way that the pH of the solution was 
kept constant and different amounts of (Gu(NH3)i|J were added* It 
was found that an increase of the Cu ion concentration over 
19 (as far as can be remembered) mi Illinois per litre did not increase 
the yield* 
The temperature of the arsenite solution had little effect, but 
the yield appeared to fall over 60°GC 
The older method was to heat the o-arsonic acid with ccnc 
at 80°G, for one half to three quarters of an hour. The 
acridarsonic acid was precipitated with ammonia, dried and then 
suspended in HC1 in the presence of a small quantity of HI and SO2 
passed into the solution until reduction was complete* 
A new method was introduced whereby the acridarsonic acid was 
not isolated* With good stirring the solution of acridarsonic acid 
in sulphuric acid was gradually added to a 50 per cent cone* HC1 in 
the presence of KI and SO2 passed into solution. The precipitated 
Excelsior was filtered, washed with CH3OH and obtained in good yield 
and an excellent state of purity* Further experiments on the 
technical application were carried out by VIII L and RVIII* 
It was understood that Professor Pumnerer had been working on 
an improved method for the preparation of Excelsior and that the con- 
version of V to VII was carried cut in one step with ICI3, but no 
details were known* 
Mi acellaneous preparations 
Attempts were made to prepare the arsenic compound corres- 
ponding to Sarin* This compound was sent for proof without analysis (an unusual 
procedure) and was found to be ineffective* It was considered that 
the reaction + HP might be usable. Itydrofluoric acid 
and methyl arsehite did not give a good yield,, An attempt was also 
made to prepare the compounds of the type but these compounds 
were too unstable splitting off a molecule of RP with great ease. 
It was found that compounds of the Tabun series where the 
ester group was chlorinated were all very inactive. 
70R 
0 = As-OR, 
'F 
dork had been done on the stabilisation of Tabun, but it wad 
understood that no definite results had been obtained, Br, Dorken, 
VIII L, who was not available for interrogation, had been dealing 
with this problem. 
ROx 
RO 
Only one compound of the type was made and this was 
hardly active; the fluorine was very quickly hydrolysed* 
Compounds of the type were all found to be much less 
effective than Sarin« 
aOs *0 
F 
RO ' "F 
The preparation of the alcohol ras under 
c ons i derat i on. 
01N F 
C1-G-CH-GH20H, 
Cl' 
An attempt to prepare the compound, 
from the corresponding alcohol was unsuccessful,, 
Experiments had been carried out on the preparation of the 
compound, 
but this compound was considered to be too unstable 
to be of importance* 
JJti2GH2Cl 
CH2 =CH-N-CH2GH2C1, 
NGH2ai2Gl 
,gh3 
N-GH2CH2C1, 
vG^GH2G1 
22’-di-iodo-di-ethyl sulphide was prepared and found to be less 
effective than mustard gas, but it was a well defined crystalline 
compound and proved very useful for the study of reactions. 
Some lead compounds were examined, but attempts to a. 
lead mustard were unsuccessful and the compound (G2H3)3FbCl, was found 
to be no improvement on tetra-ethyl lead. 
Considerable interest had been shown in the ccmpounds referred 
to by jfraelog and Khhlbach, Ber. 1939, 71. 672, but it was found 
impossible to prepare the compounds in good yield* 
Some work had been carried out on improved methods far the 
preparation of* pinacolyl alcohol, but it was subsequently understood 
that the I.C. were able to get the corresponding unsaturated 
hydrocarbon in good yield by a cracking process. 
Research Institute P2 
This was devoted to Analytical Chemistry under the direction of 
Dr# Rudolf Kolliker. It had six main laboratories as under* 
Lab. 1 o Polariraetry Dr.Ender, Dr, Heinz Vogt* 
Lab. 2. Work on Sarin and Tabun Dr, Johannes Wolf, 
Lab,3, Examination of captured enemy Rudolf Schluter 
material, H3N determinations* 
ampoules for storage trials. 
Lab, 4* Mustard gas derivatives. Dr, Hans Kobs, 
Lab. 5, Chamber trials. Dr. Rudolf Ulm, 
6,' Serin research. Dr, Kolliker, 
The only members of P2 available for interrogation were 
Dr, Ulm and Dr, Kobs, The former was concerned mainly with analyses 
for chamber trials* Full details provided by him for the analysis 
of the various war gases are included in Appendix I, 
Laboratory 4 of P2 carried out investigations into the thermal 
decomposition of mustard gas and Tabun, 
Sulphur dichloride mustard itas heated for }00 days at 60°C, in 
iron vessels when a sludge had separated out and was removed, Prom 
the sludge was isolated what was probably the water soluble 
QMp* Clip 
dithian and a complex of ethylene-bis-j3- 
GH2*GHj 
chlorethyl sulphide and ferric chloride, Fran the liquid layer was obtained ethylene dichloride, dithian and ethylene-bis-(3-chlorethyl 
sulphone* 
Tabun after heating for 3 weeks at 100°C. had decomposed consider- 
ably forming hydrogen cyanide, propionitrile and pyrophosphoric acid - 
diethyl ester - bis - dlmethylarai da. 
It is understood that Dr* Wolf wasMworking art the new methods for 
estimating Sarin and Soman* Dr* Schluter was undertaking accelerated 
storage tests for mustard gas* Ampoules containing the mustard under 
test were filled with steel filings and maintained at high temperature, 
and the mustard analysed from time to time by the usual methods* 
Polarimetric methods for the estimation of Fluorine were under 
investigation. Also a fluorescent method was being developed for the 
estimation of Bromine mustaid (believed by the Germans to be a 
component of a U*S. mixture for spraying). 
Research Institute g' 
P3 was under the direction of Prof. Jung. It dealt with research 
on physical and physico-chemical subjects, including the structure of 
smokes, absorption and desorption by charcoal, determination of physical- 
chemical constants, molecular distillation and optical and X-ray 
experiments as applied to the inspection of the interior of munitions. 
A. projected research was the radio-active examination of the penetration 
of filter materials* Only three members were available for interview, 
Drso Schweckendick, Wolf and Kaael, from whom the information given 
below was obtained. Other workers in P3 were Dr. Holm - absorption 
and desorption by charcoal and Dr* Siemens - Molecular weight deter- 
minations* 
Methods of generating smokes for laboratory experiments Potassium 
iodide was much used as the standard substance for laboratory experiments. 
It was sprayed from solution in methyl alcohol from an atomiser of the 
scent spray type which had a needle valve control for the liquid fuel 
at the orifice and an adjustable nose cap for controlling the air flow* 
Particle size could be varied by altering the strength of the solution* 
Other smokes used in the investigations were chloro-sulphonic acid 
dispersed by spraying and zinc hexachlorethane mixture which was 
ignited. These smoke* were regarded as being representative of those 
actually used in the field. No other smokes had been investigated* 
Methods of determining particle size, number. concentration and shape 
A slit ultramicroscope was used for counting* They preferred to use 
a large sell with a sharply defined beam rather than a small cell in 
which the beam boundary is delimited by the walls of the cell. In 
the latter type, it was considered that losses of particles in the 
walls occur. They had been investigating the use of an "Iconscope" - 
a television scanning device for automatic recording of the number of 
particles* The application of the apparatus was not fully developed 
since it was required for other more urgent work. Particle size distribution determinations were made by measuring 
the rate of fall in a thick walled copper cylinder 125 capacity 
weighing 20 leg* Particles were photographed in a Tyndall beam with 
exposure ©f 13 secs* The negatives were projected on a screen and 
the tracks of the particles measured. Sizes were calculated from the 
Stokes-Cunningham formula. Measurements on 300 particle tracks were 
sufficient for a complete size distribution. Concentrations were 
determined by taking saiqples of Schleicher and Schull filters. 
During the past year they had available a Siemen’s electron- 
microscope and Dr. Schwekendick had received special training in its 
use* This was an electro-magnetic instrument, maximum high tension 
10A Kv (controlled to within + or - 3 volts) The valves derived their 
current ft*em batteries. The resolving power of the instrument was 
0.03 microns or less. The specimen holder was made of platinian with 
an 0.07 mm. hole covered with collodium film. This was exposed in 
the smoke for 10 or 20 minutes in order to obtain a sample. 
By using a very snail emission and very high tension it was 
possible to examine zinc chloride particles. They did not evaporate 
in the high vacmia, possibly this was due to the formation of a 
protective film. The particles were spherical or ellipsoidal in 
shape. Si02 formed hollow shells. Ti02 particles were spherical, 
and the larger particle often had smaller ones attached over the 
surface. U wq.s crystal-line. 
Transmission of Radiation by smokes A considerable amount of work 
had been done on the transmission of visible infra red radiation 
through smokes of the kind described above, the measurements extend- 
ing up to a wave length of 16 microns. These were designed specially 
for assessing the performance of infra|tred viewers (Spannergerat) used 
by the Army and Navy. The Spannergerat for their experiments was a 
standard type made by Allgemeine Electrische Gesellschaft (Forschung), 
Berlin, Reinigendorf. In this instrument the radiation is focussed 
on a quartz caesium cell, and the electrons are accelerated in an 
electric field and focussed by electro-static lenses on a green 
fluorescent screen. It is sensitive up to a wave length of 1.2 
microns. They found that the viewer was useless for penetrating 
smoke screens, but in cases where a target was obscured by dust clouds 
(i.e. by large particles) considerable assistance could be|tderived 
By use of the instrument. A bolometer form of Spannergerat had been 
Used by the Navy for detecting radiation from funnels and 
Dr, Schweckendick thought it had been made by Zedss. 
For longer wave lengths they had used a photo electric cell 
sensitive up to 3*5 microns, which had to be cooled with solid GO2 
saving to thermal instability. This wan made by Elac (Electro- 
Acoustic), Namlau nr Breslau. Longer wave lengths up to 16 microns 
Were detected by a bolometer. Absorption coefficients of smokes 
Were measured. In Chlorosulphonic acid smoke, the transmission of 
16 microns radiation was 15 times that of visible light. Dr* Schweckendick could give no information about the relation be- 
tween scattering of light and particle size* They had preferred to do 
practical experiments before considering theory. He knew about the 
work of Stratton and Houghton on scattering by wa$er droplets, but-was 
unaware of the investigations of Engelhard or Preiss (Koll,Zeit) 
on the polar scattering by small particles. He knew of no methods for 
producing homogenous clouds. 
Measurements of penetration of filters by radio-active indicators and 
general work on filter efficiency In 1941 -42 experiments were made on 
the penetration of German and Polish filters by KL containing a radio- 
active indicator. Hydrogen and thorium emanation were bubbled through 
methyl alcohol. After ten hours the activity was sufficient for 
making up KI solution, which was sprayed in the usual way. The smoke 
was absorbed in methyl alcohol before and after passing through the 
filter and the solutions were evaporated on metal plates which were then 
placed in an electrometer for activity measurements. Concentration 
of original cloud was 60-80 mg/m3. Penetration of the German filter 
was of the order of 0,001/* whilst the Polish was 0.The optimum 
particle size for penetration was about 0.2 microns diameter but little 
systematic work had been done in P3 on this subject. Filter testing 
had also been done in P4 with photo electric apparatus using Clark I 
smoke Zeumer), Foreign filters were all so good that there seemed 
no prospect of securing significant penetration and so little attention 
had been paid to control of particle size. It is interesting to note 
that, although the German particulate filter was excellent, some 
leakage through the outlet valve was found when high concentrations of 
toxic smokes were encountered. 
Stability of smoke compositions Trouble had been experienced owing 
to the spontaneous combustion of smoke mixtures containing aluminium* 
A special bomb calorimeter had been designed which could be initiated 
by electrical thermostatic control at 40°G. The temperature control 
was effected by means of a resistance bridge and photo-electric 
actuation from the spot of light from a galvanometer. Temperature 
of the charging was measured by thermo couples. It was found that 
after a period there was a rapid temperature rise. 
Comment The research in F3 on the physical properties of smokes, 
although no doubt well conducted, was not in an advanced state. No 
information which is at all novel has yet been disclosed and there 
seems to be little indication of work on new lines. 
Infra-red absorption by smokes - Research by Dr, Erich Wolf This 
research was complimentary to that described above which was being 
done by Dr, Schwechendick, and was commenced in Oct, 1944* The 
apparatus was being constructed and assembled at P3 Spandau before the 
move to Raubkaramer and no results had been obtained. It was intended to make measurements of the absorption and 
scattering of I,R® by smokes in relation to particle size. The 
main object of the experiments was to gain fundamental information 
in connection with I,R, photography and the use of infra-red viewers 
and detectors by the Navy, Pea? detecting and measuring the 
intensity of long wave I,R, radiation, a Naval instrument known as 
Donau 60 (probably made by Zeiss and supplied by Wa®Pr. 8) was going 
to be used. Pull details of this were not known, but broadly 
speaking it is a form of sensitive bolometer bridge. The radiation 
falling on the bolometer is interrupted by a rotating sector and 
the alternating current of several hundred cycles per sec, thus 
produced in the bridge circuit is amplified before passing to a 
measuring instrument. 
For near I,R,, a Nemst filament lamp was to be used (samples 
obtained) whilst for longer waves, a high pressure mercury vapour 
lamp was to be the source of radiation. The radiation was to be 
split into two beams by mirrors® Those mirrors were made frem 
spluttered aluminium on glass, A number of them have been retrieved 
from the Spandau stores and are being sent to U,K® They are of very 
high optical quality. One beam was to pass through the cloud whilst 
the other was to be used as the comparison standard and had the same 
optical path (25 m®)* Both beams were then to pass to a monochromator 
so that absorption of different wave lengths could be studied. The 
two beams then passed to the bolometers in the arms of the bridge. 
For wave lengths up to 2 microns, a quartz prism was to be used whilst, 
up to 6 microns, a potassium bromide crystal was to serve, 4ie 
monochromator has been retrieved, but unfortunately the quartz prism 
and the crystal which are particularly valuable have not been found. 
The smoke chamber was to have quartz windows seme 20 cm, square and 
2 ram® thick. For long wave lengths rubber windows, 1/100 ma® thick 
were to be used® Paraffin was to be the source of smoke. 
Emission spectra of vesicant vapours A study was conmenced in 
Dec, 1944 of the emissionq>ectrum of vesicant vapours. The work was 
undertaken by Hans Joachim Kasel, who had worked for two years under 
Prof, Schuler at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Dahlem, There he had 
been investigating the spectra of benzene, toluol and xylol and the 
same technique was enployed in the present study, A spark tube about 
twenty cm, long was used. It had two side limbs, one holding the 
vesicant and the other being cooled in liquid air. The vapour was 
transferred from one limb to another through the main spark discharge 
tube by a stream of hydrogen and in that way a continuous stream of 
undecoraposed molecules was maintained. The voltage drop across the 
tube was 4,000 obtained from a transformer. No significant results 
had yet been obtained. The investigation was of an entirely 
fundamental nature designed to obtain information regarding molecular 
structure. It was complimentary to another study being uhdertaken by 
Fraulein Busch on the Roman spectra of vesicants. Other Research work in hand Ijr was proposed to measure the penetration 
of rubber and other materials by the use of radio-active Mustard gas* 
They intended to make radio sulphur by bombarding chlorine with 0 rays* 
Research Institute PJ 
P4 Director OBR Dr, Zeuaor 
Assistants Dr, Leopold 
Dr, Sperling. 
The Research Institute P4 could well be considered as the research 
laboratories for Group X of Wa. Pruf0 % No member of 74 was available 
for interrogation, but it is understood that thd chief adjects studied 
were as follows 
(a) Examination of substances which might have a deliterious 
effect on the internal combustion engine e.g, dirty the plugs, cause 
corrosion, disturb oil film in cylinders etc# After 2 years work no 
practical results had been obtained, the best substance found being 
ethyl fluoroacetate. 
(b) A study of possible incendiary and sabotage materials, 
(c) Protection against 'incendiaries. 
(d) Fine dust explosions. 
(e) The use of insecticides. 
(f) Sticky materials for the attack of tanks, 
(g) Field trial technique. 
(h) Possible methods of using war gases which are thermally 
sensitive and cannot be detonated in the usual manner. 
Research at Universities etc, 
A considerable amount of the research work for Wa, Pruf,9 was 
carried on at the various Universities and Technical High Schools etc, 
and this work was controlled and co-ordinated by Group V, The scope 
of the work is indicated briefly in Table I, 
In addition much work had been carried out by Professor Steinkopf, 
now retired, and by Professor Ruff who has since died. 
Some compounds said to "be of particular interest wore Compound* 
Prepared by* 
Properties* 
Reason not used. 
GlpAafC' 
♦ substitution derivatives 
✓ asC1„ 
H^C 
* A3GI2 
Pro f,St einkopf) 
Prof* Hans > 
Fischer ) 
Practically 
no smell and 
good green 
cross effect 
Scarcity of 
Arsenic and 
difficulty 
of preparation 
on a big scale. 
Selenium and Tellurium 
c omp ounds, <*. go 
SeOP2. 
Prof.Huckel 
and 
Prof.Brint- 
zinger. 
Strang green 
cross effect 
as well as 
effect on 
skin. 
Almost complete 
Absence of 
Selemium and 
Tellurium in 
Germany. 
P.CH2.CH 2oOH 
P.CH2.CH0 
P.CH2.COOH. 
p.ch2.go.r. 
(R = C2Hc, G zH‘/ 
and = GH2) 
and especially 
Calcium salt* 
Prof, Ruff 
and 
ti 
Prof* Kuckel 
Strong green 
cross effect 
quickly pro- 
duced. 
Difficulty of 
providing raw 
materials, but 
chiefly because 
Tabun was con- 
sidered much 
better. No, 
Name, 
Place, 
Institute. 
Work carried out. 
1o 
Prof. Bockemuller 
Berlin (formerly in 
Wurzburg and went back 
there in February), 
Akademie der Luft- 
waffe. 
Synthesised a series of Fluorine 
compounds. 
2. 
Prof. Bohme, 
Berlin, 
University. 
Compounds of mustard type also 
undertook synthesis of required 
compounds. 
3. 
Prof. Hahn. 
Berlin. 
University. 
Studied break-down of filter* with 
radio active substances, for 
example KI fog from radio active 
iodine. Worked directly with 
Prof. Jung P3« 
4. 
Prof. Hellberger, 
Berlin. 
Tech.H.3, 
Used for the employment of 
Prof, Trochimovsky, See. 6. 
3o 
Dr. Kruger. 
Berlin. 
Now returned to 
.Ahlbech. 
Zellwolle For- 
schungs Institut. 
Worked chiefly directly with 
Group II on materials to give pro- 
tection against mustard. 
6, 
ftrof, Trochimovsky 
Berlin. 
Tech,H,3, 
Born in Ukraine and found in Warsaw 
brought to Berlin as he had exper- 
ience of work on fluorine compounds. 
Hade some fluorine compounds but 
did not have much success. 
C. W, Research >/ork carried out at Academical Institutes in Germany 
APPKNDIX VI 
TABLE I  
Namec 
Place. 
Institute, 
Work carried out. 
7, 
Prof, Huckel 
Breslau (now evacuated 
to Gottingen). 
University, 
Systematic study of fluorine com- 
pounds calcium salt of trifluoro- 
acetic, fluoro-ethyl alcohol etc. 
Also Fluoro phosphates. 
8. 
Prof, Friese, 
Brunswick, 
University, 
Had just commenced work on arsenic 
compounds of Quinoline, 
9- 
Prof, Manegold. 
Dresden, 
Tech. iLS, 
Colloid Chemist worked on mustard 
and nebelsaure foams. 
to. 
Prof, P re derich 
Muller, 
Dresden. 
Tech. K, 3. 
Suitable substitutes for smoke 
generators- 
11. 
Prof, Simon, 
Dresden, 
Tech, H. 3, 
Search for suitable catalysts for 
impregnation of charcoal against 
cyanogen chloride. Was asked to 
study American active charcoal. 
12, 
Prof, Pummerer, 
f 
Erlangen. 
University, 
Worked on Excelsior, New method of 
effecting ring closure, reduction 
and chlorination of Merodansaure to 
Ex all in one stage with PCI3, Also 
worked on simplification of 
synthesis of Merodansaure, Methods 
of estimating how ranch charcoal 
filter had been used. 
13. 
Prof. Gerhardt 
Jander, 
Greifswald, 
University, 
Aerosol problems, particles, size, 
etc. study of hydrolysis of aero- 
sols, Vapour pressure measurements.  
No. 
Name. 
Place, 
Institute, 
■ r—1 r — ■■■ ■ ~~ ■■ ■ ■ 
Work Carried out. 
Um 
Prof. Rengr. 
Hamburg. 
University. 
Micro methods for testing active 
charcoals. 
13. 
Prof. R. Kuhn. 
Heidelburg, 
Kaiser Sfilhelm 
Institute, 
Pharmacological effect of new 
phosphorus compounds. Synthesised 
Soman. Tried C10H10 as antidote 
for H. 
Expected Tocopherol to be useful 
against fluorophosphates as these 
cause "Great inorie" but this does 
not appear to have been successful. 
fl 
16. 
Prof. Koffler. 
Innsbruck. 
University. 
Micro methods of detection. Found 
there were 5 or 6 different 
modifications of DM and also of Ex. 
Was trying to get micro detection 
methods for fluoro phosphates. 
■*1 
17. 
Prof. Brint zinger. 
Jena. 
University. 
Selenium compounds, stink compounds 
synthesis and stability of phosgene 
oxime and similar compounds. 
Nitroso compounds. 
18. 
Prof. Schwarz. 
Kiel, 
Nahrungsmi t tel 
Inst i tut. 
Worked directly for Group III on 
problems of mustard contaminated 
food stuffs.  
' Dr* Erdtrea* 
Munich* 
Braxierei Wis3enschaft~ 
Whether possible to get yeasts or 
liches Institut, 
other fungi which would attack 
mustard or nitrogen mustard. Pound 
it was possible to raise types 
which would decompose mustard and 
nitrogen mustard but not in suffi- 
cient quantity to be practical. 
20. 
Profo Hans Fischer 
Munich. 
i 
Tech,H.S, 
Did not do much work but knew Von 
Sicherer well. Had an assistant 
Dr, Hndenann who was sent to 
Gendorf to help with difficulties 
of H manufacture, 
t As OI2 
Asked to synthesise CHj? 
nAs CQ.2 
Made from acetic acid and arsenic 
trichloride. This point was sent 
in as a suggestion by a School- 
master who had made it under pri- 
mitive conditions. It is said to 
be as poisonous as phosgene, to have 
no lachrymatory effect and very 
little smell. 
21 o 
Prof. Hieber, 
Munich, 
r 
Tech«H,S, 
worked on arsine and whether there 
were different forms of this compound 
said to have found a solid form. 
22. 
Prof, Manchot. 
Munich. 
Tech.H.S0 
Properties of charcoal. Action of 
00 at low temperature. 
* 
CM 
Prof. Scheibe, 
Munich. 
Studied night detector powder, 
break-down of charcoal filter. o 
0 
Name, 
Place, 
Institute, 
rtork carried out. 
2Uo 
Prof, Pricke, 
Stuttgart, 
University, 
Sought GO catalysts free of copper, 
also one which was not so sensitive 
to water. Cobalt sulphate said to 
have been a possibility. 
• 
IA 
CM 
Prof, Ebert, 
Vienna, 
University, 
Thickeners for mustard and also 
HGN, Substitutes for asbestos in 
filter. 
26, 
R?of, Ulrich 
Hoffman, 
Vienna, 
Tech, H, S, 
Improved performance of active 
charcoal against cyanogen chloride. FIG. I. fic.h. nc. m. fic. m. FIC. Y. CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munster lager Area, including Raubkanmer 
APPENDIX VII 
SINQMMS FOR GERMAN CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS 
Several different codes are or have been in use for chemical 
warfare agents in Germany, and these are given in tabular form below* 
The last column is a local code which was in use for a short time and 
which may occasionally be encountered* 
Usual or Chemical name. 
Code Name • 
Code 
lettering. 
Local 
Code. 
Chi or oace t ophenone 
Bromomethylethylketone 
O-salz 
BN-stoff 
A 
Oft 
Methyldichloroarsine 
Medikus 
md 
Phenyldichloroarsine 
m 
Pfifficus 
(Azin 
Pf 
(Adarasite 
M 
az 
da 
Clark I 
Cl 
cc 
DC 
Da Oxide 
Clark II 
Clark oxide, Dora 
on 
cz 
hydrogen cyanide 
Potassium cyanide 
Bauxin 
Bauxin sal* 
Bbc, P 
bx 
Cyanogen chloride 
J1 
ie 
Hiosgene 
P 
fg 
Diphoagene 
Perstoff 
H 
po 
Ghlorpicrin 
Nitrolsaure, Klop 
(Neiler Criin- 
ns 
Tabun 
Tabun - chlorobenzene 
( kreuz Stoff, 
f Gelan I 
(Trilon 83 
Gelan III 
G 
GA 
tb 
Sarin 
Arsine 
Aluminium Magnesiian 
Arsenide 
5-chloro-5:10 dihydro- 
(Trilon 4 
I 
( Gmnkreuz-stoff 
( Senal 
( A-stoff 
Aeroform 
Ex 
sr 
arsacridine 
Iron pentacarbonyl 
Fnosohine 
Excelsior 
Methen 
Penitot 
ex Phosphorus oxychloride 
Thiodiglycol mustard 
oxysaure 
oxol-lost 
0 
U 
Sulfur Dichloride mustard 
D-lost 
D 
Mixture of chlorphenyl 
Arsinol 
A 
arsines 
Thiodiglycol mustard- 
chlorohenzene 1:1 
Winterlost 
C 
Anthracene oil 
Mixture mustard and 
Arsinol 
Winterlost 
R 
OA, B0 
Ja 
Mixture mustard and 
anthracene oil 
Winterlost 
OR, L 
Jr 
British HT 
OB 
Jb 
Mixture of mustard 
and dialkyl mustards 
Gemischtelost 
CM 
Jm 
Thickened mustard 
Zahlost 
Z 
Thickened mixed mustards 
Italian mustard 
" arsinol 
" Winterlost 
S e s quimus tard 
(Doppel-0 
ZOA D 
ZOR 
ZQM £ 
ZOB 
JD 
PDA 
Jl/PDA 
DO 
Trichlortriethylamine 
(m3) 
Phosgene oxime 
(Doppel Omega 
Stickstofflost 
T9 K 
in 
Kant on 
Mt 
Lewisite 1 
Lewisite 2 
Lewisite 3 
Chlorine trifluoride 
K-stoff 
li 
lg 
Id Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munster lager Area, including Raubkammer 
APPENDIX VIII 
NEBELTRUHSN. 
The organization of the Nebeltruppen (Smoke troops) is given 
in Table I, 
At the end of the iflTar there were 9 Brigades of Smoke Troops 
(Werferbrigaden) of 2 Regts„ each. Originally the Smoke troops 
consisted of independent batteries (abteilungen) either for projectors, 
(Nebelwerferabteilungen) or for decontamination (Entgiftungsabteilungen). 
As result of expansion in this arm of the service larger units and 
formations were made in the course of the war. The expansion can be 
followed by the increase of the order of battle of the Smoke troops as 
under 
1935 36 37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
43 
Nebelabteilung 
(Smoke batteries) 
1 2 2 
4 
3 
5 
8 
21 
21 
48 
32 
Entgiftungabteilung 
(Decontamination batteries) 
5 
3 
3 
Road dec cntarainating 
batteries 
3 
3 
3 
Werfer Regt* 
7 
7 
16 
18 
Werferlehr Abteilung 
(Batteries) 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
3 
3 
6 
6 
Brigades 
1 
4 
8 
9 
Werfer Ersatz Regt* 
3 
3 
Mountain Nebelabteilung 
Smoke batteries* 
1 
1 
1 
1 
There were some 5 Decontamination Batteries in existence in June 
1941 when there was some fear of the Russians resorting to C0VT* After 
August 1941 when the Russians were jettisoning their respirators, the 
Decontamination Batteries were all converted to »/erfer Batteries, The Nebeltruppen are Troops (Heeres Truppen)* 
Recruits 
The recruits for the Nebeltruppen are taken on strength by the 
Koraraandantur der Neb el Truppen ic der Ersatz Heeres under Gen* Major 
Graewe with H*Q. in Raubkammer. There are 3 Ersatz Regiments of the 
Nebeltruppen stationed at Bremen, Munster (Sud) and Donauworth* 
Under the aegis of the Werfer Ersatz organization, complete 
abteilung (batteries) were trained for posting to the field Am$r* Also 
shattered and depleted units from the front were posted in for re- 
placement and reforming* 
The General der Nebeltruppe, Ochsner at OKH (until he was pro- 
moted to OKW towards the end of the War) had a visiting right, (besuch 
recht) to see and advise on the training of the Werfer ersatz troops* 
Alteration of tactical training would also originate from his office 
(amt) through OKH (Ersatz Heeres) and Inspection 9. and he passed down 
to the training establishments* 
Nebeltruppenschule - Celle 
The smoke troops' school is at Celle adjoining the Gas Defence 
School* Since 1943 it was divided into three wings 
Lehrstab A - Officers Wing 
Lehrstab B r NoG*0's Wing 
Lehrstab G - Technical Wing 
The school is partly a technical school and partly a Smoke Officers 
Training Centre* 
The school had been evacuated and occupied by a PW (X) camp when 
the team arrived* There wax no staff or documents left* 
Officers1 Wing 
There were various courses* 
Company Commanders courses lasting one to two weeks were held three 
or four times per year* 
Junior Officers courses lasted longer and were held four to five 
times per year. 
No offensive C,W, tactics were taught as far as ascertained* N,G«Ofa Wing 
Courses for Werfer Regt, N,G,O’s were run consecutively. At 
one time in 1944 this wing was stationed at Truppenlager Raubkaramer, 
Technical Wing 
This wing ran rather long courses of one year’s duration and 
longer. 
Schirrmeister (Gh) course 
Oberschirrmeister (Gh) 
course 
Inspector (Gh) course 
(Sgt, i/o chemical stores) 
(Sgt.Maj® i/c chemical stores) 
(lit® i/c chemical stores) 
All these courses covered the use, maintenance, repair, and 
indenting of chemical equipment. Students qualifying were posted 
as Schirrmeister (Gh) at Werfer Regt, Units, 
To qualify for an Inspector (Gh) course or Beamter course, 
candidates had first to have passed the Schirrmeister course. 
Candidates for the Inspector (or Beamter} course were usually 
soliders with 2 years completed service in the ranks. The course 
was therefore equivalent to an O.C.T.U, (or 0,CoSo in U,S. Anqy) 
course for senior N.G.O's to qualify them for jdnior officers* rank in 
administrative branches of the Army, 
Lehrstab G, The gas equipment K,G,0, courses lasting originally 
over a year were progressively shortened to meet the requirements for 
more trainees to post to the expanding ranks of the Smoke troops. 
Course No, 9 ran for ten months, and subsequent courses ran for five 
months* There were also courses of different duration for Active and 
reserve personnel. 
On the Schirrmeister and Beamter courses students were taken out 
once to see a Nebelwerfer shoot demonstration. No offensive C,W, 
tactics were taught. 
Stabsapotheker, FeIdlaborchemiker, and G, W, courses for medical 
officers were apparently held at the Gas Defence School, Gelle, next 
door. 
Feldlaborchemiker 
To every Decontamination Battalion was attached a Field Lab, and 
chemist. It was never settled what chemical standing these officers 
should have. Sane were Baurat ohemiker, but some were only 
Stabsapothekers, After the conversion of the Decontamination 
Abteilung (Batteries) to the Werfer Abteilung (Batteries) in august 1941, some three to four Field labs* were retained in Russia* They were 
under the command of the G.0* Nebelwerfer Regiments, and were attached 
on his orders to Div* or moved if necessary forward* 
The Peldlabor equipment did not stand up well to the bad Russian 
roads, and designs were being drawn up for a new field lab* set to make 
use of the experience gained in Russia* 
With the conversion of the Decontamination Abteilung (Batteries) 
to Werfer Abteilung (Batteries) most of the trained G, W, personnel were 
dispersed* After that date the Germans were not in a position to 
deal with a sudden outbreak of G.W. Apart from the few Peldlabor- 
chemiker and the unit Gabos - who were only given a 10 - 14 day course 
in V& training - they had no G.W, troops* 
The Technical Wing - Lehrstab C - of the Nebeltruppenschule moved 
to Raubkammer in March-April 1945# and later evacuated to Donauworth* 
Nebel Werfer Lehr. Regt. 2, 
This Regiment was permanently in the Celle and Raubkammer area* 
The Regt. H.Q. under Oberst* Lt. Bohme, and Abt. I. W, Lehr Regt* 2* were 
at Celle. Abteilung II andffIII were stationed at (or 
Nebellager) of the Truppenubungsplatz Raubkamaer bei Munster, under the 
Area command of Gen. Haj. Richter* 
In the past these Abteilungs II and III were standing troops and 
carried out training with trial weapons, clothing and equipment* Later, 
owing to manpower shortage, personnel on the strength were posted out 
to field force Werfer Regt. The Nebel ’Werfer Lehr Regt. I though still 
retaining a connection with Celle was permanently on the Eastern front. 
At the Nebellager there was a good museum of all Werfer equipment* 
The following was displayed 
21 cans PzW, 42 
13 cms three barrel NbM. 
Layout of 28/32 cms. S.tf.g.41* 
28/32 S.W.g. mounted on a sledge. 
All smoke acid equipment used by Hebeltruppen with all 
spare part boxes. 
Meteorological equipment for Nebeltruppen. 
Samples of Russian chemical, bombs. 
Samples of mortar shaped Russian rockets with projector. 
Samples of long rockets, Russian, fired from long rails. 
Samples of Russian heavy rockets like the German 28/32 cm.Wk. 
Sections of all Werfer amn*> Owing to the occupation of the Nobel lager by a succession of 
tenants, there was nothing left of the Museum, and all the sectional 
asKU had been thrown on a Junk heap* 
In some of the store sheds were found samples of the Hawig 
Schwinm pump used to fill the Decontamination vehicles. An install- 
ation for the regeneration of collective protectors was found. 
All decontamination vehicles had been evacuated. Copies of 
"Gasschlessen Alle Waffen" were reported to be at the Nebellager, but 
none were found. 
The Lehr Regt, at the Nebellager carried o6t trials of respirators 
and A/& clothing - and of methods of detection, decontamination 
and traversing of ground contaminated with Bulk contamination vehicles, 
portable Spraying canisters, chemical mine (10 1, Sp,Bfi,37) and 
aircraft mustard spray. 
One troop specialized with Detector Dogs, These were not 
successful with the troops as they could not be bothered with them. 
Another troop specialized in horse decontamination. 
For these trials, the Nebel truppen had the benefit of the advice 
and supervision of the interested branches of the Heeres Versuchsstelle, 
R,III for decontamination and detection, R,IV for the vehicles, and 
R* IX for the horse trials. 
The traversing trials were adequately realistic - troops had to 
traverse a course of some 6 kms, taking about 2 hours. They were 
clothed in light A/(* suits. The course included one belt of con- 
tamination and scattered islands of contaminated ground. They were 
required to lie down on the contaminated ground and fire their rifles, 
open lanes of decontamination, reconnaisance with dogs and detector 
powder the islands of contamination, and finally go through the 
processes of decontamination of personnel and clothing. Such trials 
were held only 2 or 3 times a year. 
Werfer Shoots 
There was a Liaison Officer (Nebeltruppenschule Verbindungs 
Offizier) at the Nebellager who arranged for the dating of 'Training 
ranges and the supply of weapons, ammunition, and maintenance per- 
sonnel for the shoots required for students from Celle, Any of the 
three ranges, Raubkammer bei MxSnster, Mfinster-Sud, or Bergen as 
available were used. From the Liaison Officer*s files which were 
captured it is apparent that only HE and smoke airm, were used for 
these school shoots. 
It does not appear that the Lehr Regiment at Raubkammer ever shot 
chemical rockets other than smoke in Regto training. Trials with chemical filled rockets seem only to have been carried 
out by Heeres Versuchsstelle though doubtless Werfer weapons and firing 
crews would have been detailed for the trials from the Nebeltruppen at 
the Nebellager. 
Records of the existence of the following ammunition has been found;- 
30 cm. Wurfkorper, Green ring, 30 cm. W.K©Gn. fillings: 
GG, AC, Tabun, Lost.0. 
12 cm. Wgr. 42 Kh Pilled Nb 
" " " " Blue ring 1 
M " ” M Green ring 1 
” ” H Green ring yellcw 
” " M " Blue ring 2 (range C. 60000 in,) 
30 cm, W.k.Qb» mustard filled for land contamination, range 4-6000 m© 
10 cm, W.gr. 40 w.Kh. Blue ring 2. Pilling solution of 
Clark I in Arsinol. Range 6000 m. 
10 an. W.gr, 40 w,Kh.Gn© filled with Lost 0 in 10 cm, WQfj 
40 w.Kh,Gn.Gb, 
10 cm. W.gr© 40 W.Kh. Gn. filled with in 10 cm. WQn 
40 w,Green ring 1. 
10 an. W.gr. 40 2B Gb, filled 620 ccs mustard for ground 
contaminat ion. 
10 cm. W.gr. 40 2B Gn 2 filled 620 ccs T83 (Tabun?) 
32 cm, W,K.Eg© filled 5° litres Lesantin for decontaminating 
area 6 to 12 sq. m. 
15 can. W gr. 41 w,Kh.GnGb filled Lost 0 
15 " " it n n Green ring filled T9 (MW) 
15 " " " " " Green ring 3 filled Tabun 
None of this amra, has been found, though some 30,000 15 cm. WK DOV 
have been filled by Nebelfulstelle, Munster Nord. They contained 
thickened mustard and may be at H,Muna Munster Ost. There were 75 
Munitions store houses at Breloh which were intended to hold K munitions 
for Nebelwerfera* Mary of these houses were converted to accommodate 
personnel, and to house captured Italian weapons. No Nebelwerfer 
ammunition has been found at Breloh. 
Training. 
No instructor Werfer Regt, officers have been found to interrogate. 
Only a few Inspectors who went to the Technical Wing to qualify for 
Beamter appointments and who did not get posted to Werfer Regiments have 
been interrogated. A file belonging to Major and Abteilung Chef Baron 
von Preyberg has been captured giving details of training programmes for 
different Werfer Ersatz Batteries. 
It appears that practically all activities connected with the 
Nebeltruppen were concentrated in the Celle and Munster areas. Celle was both the site for the Nebeltruppen school, the Nebel 
truppen Regimental depot, and the O.G.T. Uc for Nebelwerfer officers. 
The training for Werfer Regiment officers was carried out 
intermittently with interpolated periods of service at the front. 
Recruits came first to the school or depot for 3 months, then were sent 
to the front for 3 months, then returned to the school for a second 
period of 3 months training, and then became officers after a further 
period of duty at the front. 
The training was run very much on artillery training lines. 
The recruits were given the standard A/G training, but it was 
expected that smoke troops would become models of A/G training to 
other troops. Personnel of decontamination batteries however 
necessarily required additional a/G training. No evidence has been 
found that any C, W. offensive training was given. 
In the south part of the town of Celle there were other barracks 
built in the same style as the buildings of the school. from the fact 
that in the garage annexes were found some Nebelwerfers and amn, it 
would appear that some Werfer units were s'tationed there. Also near 
by was found a large store of all A/G equipment and much Nebelwerfer 
spare barrels. The quantity of A/G equipment found may have represented 
the equipment carried by Decontamination Abteilung (Batteries) or an 
A/G equipment Park (Gasschutz Cerate Park). 
Personalities 
Ochsner, General, 
Scherer, Oberst, 
Graewe, Gne.Llajo 
Richter, GeruMaj, 
Stroh, Oberst, 
Totsihels, Oberst, 
Grosse, Oberst Lt, 
Bohrae, Oberst, 
Gloy, Major 
Schuekraft, Oberst, 
Baron von Preyberg, 
Major, 
General der Nebeltruppen at 0, K,H. later at O.K.W, 
Assistant to Ochsner at O.K.H, 
Kommandant der Nebeltruppen i* do Ersatz Heeres. 
Koramandant der Truppen Ubungs Platz, Raubkammer 
bei Munster,, 
Nebeltruppenschule, Celle0 
Nebeltruppenschule, Celle, 
O.G0 Technical Wing, Nebeltruppenschule, Celle. 
C.O, Werfer Lehr Regt, 2. HQ Celle, 
Werfer Lehr Regt.2, Celle, 
Celle, 
0,G, of a Training Battery, 
Vehicles 
Decontamination Batteries had clothes decontamination vehicles 
KJ293 and Hot water heating vehicles KJ294* These were withdrawn in 
1939 and allotted to the Troop Decontamination Coys, (TEK) of the 
Sanitary arm of the Service. 
It was foreseen that Nebeltruppen would be provided with KJ292 
which is a smaller vehicle, and is fitted to provide hot water and to 
decontaminate heavy rubber K/& clothing. The vehicle from the 
Nebellager, Raubkammer, was evacuated by the Germans. OKW (Replacement 
1 Army) 
Komandantur 
Tp.flb Hz 
Raubkamner 
Gen. Ma J, Richt ei 
W.Ers. Regt. 
Donanworth 
Allgemeine H,Amt, 
i 
1 9 13 
I n 
Chef, H, Rustung v0B, der Ersatzheeres 
i 
Oberst Celle 
Oberst Engelther 
MiruR, Dr. Fischer 
W. Era. Regt, 
Munster 
9 
Inspection^ 
HQ, Replacement 
Smoke Troops 
Gen# Haj0 Graewe 
6 
Horse 
decontaminat ion 
W.KrSoHegt, 
Bremen 
Gas Defence 
School 
TaBLE I 
Organization of Smoke Troops 
Gas HE 
Weapons Mun, 
i 
Clothing 
Trials 
1 9 11 
WoLehr 
Regt * 2, 
I 
H. Waffenamt, 
Wa Pruf 
Smoke School 
Ahteilung I±I 
(Battery) 
I 
OKW 
6 I 
Dec on- 
•taEd.Tva.tion 
Tech.Wing 
Lehrstab C 
Abteiiung II 
(Battery) 
Raiibkammer 
Detection 
III 
Organization 
Training 
Orders 
Active Smoke 
Troops, 
N.C.O.Wing 
Lehrstab B 
Nebeltruppenarat 
Gen« der©Rebeltruppe; Gen. H. Ochsner 
II 
Equipment for 
Smoke troops 
o 
3 
$ ~ 
CO CO 
c+ 
Ahteilung I 
(Battery) 
Celle 
I 
Projectors 
OKW(Field Army 
• la 
Gas defence 
preparations 
lb 
Foreign G0W, 
Intelligence Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munaterlager Area, including Raubkamner 
AHSNDH H 
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 
1# Gas Munition dump at Scheren (Heeres Munitions Anatalt. Celle 
Location m About 1 mile E. of Scheuen which is 6 km, N. of Celle on the 
Celle - Sulse road. 
Description This was an amnunition dump covering several square miles 
in area. The amnunition was stored in 100 bunkers partially under- 
ground with thick concrete roofs, covered with several feet of earth* 
and overgrown with vegetation including small trees. Each bunker had 
two sets of steel double entrance doors, one at each end approached by 
a flight of steps, and had a capacity of approximately 150 tons. 
Bunkers were separated by distances of about 100 yards. The area was 
well wooded. Roads, mainly of well laid macadam and railway lines 
served the bunkers. 
There were also large workshops, filling shops and offices near 
the entrance to the area. 
Gas Munitions No gas munitions were stored at Scheuen until about 
3 weeks ago when quantities were brought from Prebus near Meckleberg. 
These included some shell with green and yellow rings, but we were told 
that these shell were hurriedly evacuated with instructions that they 
were to be sent to Wettenberg or, failing that, to be dumped in the 
Elbe. 
The labour for the dump came from a camp of foreign workers, 
mainly Belgians, situated a short distance away across the main railway 
line. 
The types of gas munitions found were as follows; 
Chemical mines (10 litre) Yellow ring 
250 Kg. Bombs 2 yellow rings 
250 Kg. Bombs 2 green rings 
15 cm, shell Blue ring 
10*5 cm* shell White ring 
15 cm« shell White ring 
(Action No samples of shell or "bombs were takers similar types have 
"been discovered elsewhere and steps taken for examination of their 
contents. The area is now occupied by No. 88 Group T.A.P. and the 
B.D. Officer (P/Lt. Cartwright) of B.D.U. No* 6225 was shown the gas 
dumps and aware of the probable contents of the munitions)• 2* Chemical Shell Dumps at Munster Ost 
This Ordnance Depot about miles from Raubkammer held a large 
stock of chemical shell. The types held were 
a* 7«5> 10„3 and 15 cm, charged 
Blue Ring 1 
Blue Ring 3 
Green Ring 
Yellow Ring 
Green ring yellow 
White Ring 
13 cm. Rockets charged 
Yellow Ring i 
Green ring yellow 
Green ring 1 
A complete inventory of the depot has been made by the British 
No.3 Chemical Defence Laboratory end reported elsewhere. 
3o Aircraft bomb dump at Oerrel 
At this depot about 3 miles from Raubkammer were held large stocks 
of 250 and 500 Kilogram bombs charged 
White Ring 1 
Yellow Ring 1 
Double Yellow Ring 
Blue Ring 2 
Green Ring 1 
Green Ring 2 
An inventory of this depot has been made by the British No.3 
Chemical Defence Laboratory and reported elsewhere. 
4o Activities of WaF„ 
The following information was obtained from an informant of high 
rank concerning the department known as WaP, 
The head of this department was Professor Schumann, who was well up 
in the Nazi organisation and maintained direct and close association with 
the head of the Waffenamt, Schumann was also head of OKA/wiss and 
acted as liaison link between OKW and the Reichforchungsrat, 7/a.F, 
had the reputation of poaching interesting or important developments from 
the departments properly concerned, and was very unpopular amongst the 
latter. The nunber "of fully qualified scientists employed was ifO-30. Among the problems worked on were 
Development of hollow charge projectiles, especially for the 
Luftwaffe (informant stated that they had very33od people on this 
work) o 
Use of chlorine trifluoride to produce an ultra-hot flame; 
to increase efficiency of fuel for ignition of flame barriers; in 
incendiary rockets, Wa,P, were responsible for recommending the 
building of the Palkenhagen plant, at a cost of 100,000,000 marks, 
for producing 50 tons per month of chlorine trifluoride. 
Hydrolysis of mustard (comment by informant:- nothing new in this). 
Production of stream of fire from aircraft. 
Inhibition or destruction of I.C. engines (comment by informant - 
Gruppe X of Pruf 9 were more advanced in this subject) 
Recoilless gun (in collaboration with Pr&f 4) 
Impulse shell. 
Rockets with supersonic speeds (well equipped laboratories existed 
at Gatow near Kummersdorf for this work). 
Atomic bomb. 
Rays to inhibit I,G, engines. 
Telephonic communication by light rays. 
Development of ultra-red for seeing at night. 
Penetration of and dispersal of fogs. 
Improvement of penetration of mustard through skin. 
Much of this work, specifically that on chlorine trifluoride, was 
characterized by informant (whose department was one of those suffering 
frail the alleged poaching activities) as window-dressing. 
5, Intelligence on Russia 
The Russians were considered to have a mustard gas output of 
5000-6000 tons per month, which could be doubled or trebled. The 
factories were begun in 1930 and finished in 1932; the sulphur dichloride 
process was used, and the product was not of high quality. It was believed that the Russians have a one-stage process for 
making lewisite, but no further information could be giveno 
Russian shell containing Dfci, Clark I and ON were captured, as 
were training shell containing 1 Oj solution of GN or mustard. 
60 German Liaison with Russia 
The use of an experimental ground at Tomka in Russia by a German 
mission in 1928 - 32 has already been referred to. 
In the autumn of 1939 a partyof 12 Soviet technicians visited 
Berlin to study German defensive equipment and methods of manufactur- 
ing it. Two of the visiting Russians were recognised as having been 
present during the Tomka trials. The Russians were interested in 
the following subjects :- 
Manufacture of the respirator, especially from Buna (G-.M, 38) 
G-asplane, including casein and raontan wax papers, opponal and 
lyafol. 
Defence against particulates. 
Experience in impregnating and activating charcoal. 
(. G-as-anz e iger, 
The OKW ordered all information, constructional drawings and 
specifications on these subjects to be disclosed, and samples to be 
given as requested. 
The party visited Draegers, Auer, Bata and Continental Gummiwerke 
(Cologne) and also an activated charcoal factory at Bremnitz, 
The tour lasted eight days. 
No questions were asked about offensive matters. 
The Russians wanted to know why the chemical layer in the container 
had been given up and seemed suspicious when told that it was unnecessary* 
It became clear to the Germans later that the Russians had hydrocyanic 
acid in mind, but the fanner did not take up the point at that time. 
The Russians were supplied with $0 containers and in return 
they later sent back some of their containers, which appeared to the 
Germans not to be from stock but to have been especially made up for the 
occasion. The HCN protection of these containers was, however, good* 
The Germans believed the Russians to have 3000 to 6000 scientists 
and technicians, (excluding workmen and medicals) working on C. •./. 
problems. 7o Liaison with axis countries 
Liaison with Japan is dealt with in the "body of the report. 
Italian, Finnish, Hungarian and Rumanian delegations visited 
Raubkamraer. Oberst Kowaliz was head of the Hungarian delegation, 
and General-Major Russo of the Italian. The Rumanians and 
Italians were not given much information, but the Finns and 
Hungarians were told a little more. Investigation of Chemical Warfare Installations 
in the Munsterlager Area, including Raubkamner 
APPENDIX X. 
A German Conception of the Principles of 
Chemical Warfare Tactics. 
A. A tactical appreciation of the different war gases. 
B. Ground contamination, 
C. Use of Gas by the Army, 
D. Use of Gas by the Air Force, 
E. Ground decontamination, 
P, Use of smoke, 
G, The history, organization and equipment of the 
Nebeltruppe, APPENDIX X. 
A German Conception of the Principles of 
Chemical Warfare Tactics 
The following is a translation of material supplied by Oberst 
Hirsch, Head of Wa Prfif 9, and constitutes a resume of the tactical 
use of German gas munitions as understood by him. Sane of the 
information duplicates that included in other sections of the 
report, especially Appendix IV, but this has been allowed to remain 
for the sake of continuity. 
A. A tactical appreciation of the different War Gases. 
(a) White ring gases 
Lachrymators are chiefly useful in order to bring about a 
paralysis of enemy activity. They are very economical in use 
as cfnite small concentrations are ample to necessitate the 
wearing of a respirator. They are mainly used for surprise 
attacks. If necessary the effect, which is often of short 
duration, can be made to persist for longer periods by the 
intermittent firing of white ring shell. 
By the use of air burst bombs large areas of ground can be 
covered in such a manner as to make them cfiite uninhabitable 
without a respirator. In warm weather woods can be made 
unapproachable for weeks without a respirator. These bombs 
are particularly suitable for employment against prepared posi- 
tions, reserve depots, lines of communication, and supply depots. 
A good effect is obtained for a short, time by spraying GNS 
solution from low flying aircraft. In very high concentrations 
the white ring gases also effect a considerable skin irritation. 
Closed rooms can be contaminated with white ring gases in 
such a manner as to make them continuously uninhabitable and for 
this purpose portable spraying apparatus, hand grenades and 
glass containers are suitable. White ring substances can also 
be emitted in good yield from thermal generators so as to be 
effective to a considerable depth. As only small concentrations 
are required it is possible to keep up the attack day after day 
on heavily defended points with themal generators. (b) Blue ring gases 
Blue ring gases can be used in much the same way as white 
ring gases, but their effect is only noticeable after a delay 
of a few minutes. On account of this they are best employed 
in the form of H.E/Chem, shell. Such shell would behave like 
normal H,E, shell and would not be recognised as chemical shell 
so that it might be possible by means of a sudden attack to 
surprise the enemy without his respirator. By the time the 
enemy has recognised the presence of the blue ring gas and has 
put on his respirator it is already too late and the fall effect 
of the blue ring gas then becomes noticeable. 
As the modern filter is so effective it is hardly to be 
expected that blue ring gases could be made to penetrate the 
respirator. Examination of captured English filter-containers, 
however, has shown that their protection against field concen- 
trations of particulates is in many cases inferior. Against 
such an imperfect protection it would be simple to achieve 
penetration particularly by means of thermal generators. 
Thermal generators evolve blue ring gases in good yield 
and even on a narrow front can achieve effects to a depth of 
80 kilometres. Continuous use of thermal generators day after 
day would lead to the complete exhaustion and incapacitation of 
troops forced to wear their respirators. 
Excelsior is considered to be the most effective of the blue 
ring gases. It is suitable for filling into small calibre 
ammunition which is highly efficacious. 
The simultaneous use of blue ring and green ring anmunition 
is hardly likely to be successful under modern conditions. 
Blue ring gases are also suitable for charging into hand and 
rifle grenades. These can be used advantageously against machine 
gun nests and anti-tank guns. 
(c) Green ring gases. 
The employment of green ring gases should be left chiefly to 
the Air Force according to German opinion. The green ring gas 
artillery shoot has lost its significance, but salvo shoots by 
large calibre projectors appears to be a promising fom of attack. Here again an endeavour should be made to surprise the enemy. 
The so-called "Dauerschiessen" (continuous fire) of the last 
World war seems unlikely to achieve any worth while results 
against the modern respirator container. 
In addition to the use of large aircraft bombs the spraying 
of green ring gases from low flying aircraft appears to be a 
very promising method. Against personnel one might expect to 
achieve complete annihilation by means of a surprise attack. 
For use in a surprise attack, the gas should, if possible, be 
effective in small concentrations, so that there is a possibility 
of effecting casualties before the respirator can be adjusted. 
This conception has lead to the development in Germany of a new 
class of war gases - Tabun and Sarin, With both these gases, 
but especially with Sarin, a surprise attack might be expected 
to lead to a high percentage of serious casualties. 
According to German ideas it is unnecessary to strive after 
a definitely lethal concentration. It is much better to make the 
enemy temporarily unfit for military duties. 
As the bulk of the green ring gases are lachrymatory or at 
least possess a noticeable smell it is extremely difficult to 
surprise the enemy with them. It was on account of this that 
nitrogen mustard, which is very difficult to detect, was charged 
as a green ring gas into H.E-Chem. shell in Germany, The search 
for an effective green ring gas without smell or irritation has so 
far been in vain. 
(d) Yellow ring gases. 
Here there is little change from the well known employment 
of these gases in the last world war. The manufacture of 
thickened mustard has produced an increased persistence of ground 
contamination. The mixture of ground contaminants with supple- 
mentary agents has also increased the persistence and lowered 
the FoP. (so called Winter lost). 
A new method of laying ground contamination by means of air- 
craft is important. Low spray is especially effective against 
personnel. Medium and high sprays seem to be possible 
technically, but are tactically of little importance on account 
of the difficulty in aiming the spray. For carrying out ground contamination there are now also 
bulk contamination vehicles, spraying mines, and glass bulbs 
filled with gas. 
The dispersal of gases normally used for ground contamina- 
tion fron thermal generators is also possible when these gases 
become highly effective green ring gases. 
Nitrogen mustard, thickened mustard, and mixtures of mustard 
with oils are particularly difficult to decontaminate. 
Lewisite is considered an unsatisfactory ground contaminant 
on account of its lachrymatory properties, its strong smell and 
the ease with which it can be decontaminated. 
(e) Nettle gases 
War gases which have an immediate effect on the skin 
(e.g. Phosgene oxime) are considered to be very effective. 
They are particularly suitable for low anti-personnel spray and 
can achieve surprisingly good results by this method. The 
question of the stabilisation of phosgene oxime does not seem 
to have been solved anywhere, however. 
The spraying of concentrated acids is much less effective. 
Bo Ground Contamination 
Fortifications constructed by pioneers and chemical barriers can 
both be used for the technical strengthening of areas which have been 
selected for defence. Chemical barriers can also be used alone 
when this fits in with the intentions of the Higher Command. The 
laying of every chemical barrier must have the approval of a Higher 
Consnander (usually an Army Commander) and must fit in with the 
general defence plan. 
It must be realised as fundamental to the laying of such a 
chemical barrier that it must be under the protection of ones own 
fire. A chemical barrier which is not so protected is too easily 
penetrated by the enemy without heavy casualties and is also too 
easily decontaminated. Ones own defensive fire should be used to 
force the enemy to the ground and bring him into considerable contact 
with the contaminated surface. The longer and oftener the enemy 
is forced to the ground the more casualties he will suffer. Chemical barriers can be used for many purposes. They can 
either be used as definite obstacles to an advance or in order to 
guide an expected attack in a desired direction particularly 
favourable to the defence. In addition to this they may enable 
defensive troops to be spared for other purposes. 
Every barrier should be tactically as effective as possible. 
When constructing the barriers it is best to make a reconnaissance 
of the most important positions for contamination from the enemy aide 
ip order to be able to contaminate more or less heavily according to 
the importance of the area. Positions which are absolutely vital 
to the enemy for his attack should be particularly heavily contamina- 
ted. 
For ground contamination a distinction is drawn between a 
"harassing" contamination and a "barrier” of contamination. 
Harassing contaminations are limited areas of contamination at 
specially important points not connected with one another e,g. cross- 
roads, cuttings, roads leading to or from bridges, important 
observation posts etc. Barrier contaminations are large areas of 
contamination more or less connected with one another and set at 
right angles to the line of advance of the enenjy. 
The normal degree of contamination for both types is about 
100 but this figure can he doubled where the ground is 
unsuitable or the weather unfavourable. 
Barriers of contamination may consist of points of contamina- 
tion or areas of contamination. Point contamination is a regular 
chess-board arrangement of contaminated areas of small diameter con- 
structed in sufficient depth to prevent the enengr from being able 
to pass through without coming in contact with the gas. Area con- 
tamination is made up of large areas of contamination Joined 
together to form one or more defensive belts. The minimum depth 
for any one belt is that depth which the attacking troops cannot 
cover in one rush. Normally the least depth for one belt is at 
least 50 metres. The distance apart of the various belts depends 
on the nature of the ground and the tactical situation. According 
to the latest Russian reports a barrier should be laid at least 
1 kilometre deep along a ftrcnt at least 13 kilometres wide, so 
that it cannot easily be by-passed. Such an extensive barrier 
requires an enormous amount of gas, however. Ground contamination can be laid by 
I a) Bulk contamination vehicles, 
b) Sprflh buchsen (spraying mines), 
c) Improvised means, 
d) Boden kugeln (glass bulbs charged gas) 
e) Artillery fire, 
f) Aircraft bombs, 
g) Low spray (to give slight persistence) 
(a) By means of vehicles specially constructed for this purpose 
war gases can be distributed in quite a short time as a most 
economical and effective manner. If the vehicles are suitable 
for cross country work, then difficult country can also be con- 
taminated, The medium sized bulk contamination vehicle used 
by the Nebeltruppe can cover a belt 700 m long by 22 metres 
wide with a contamination of 100 g/m , In order to calculate 
the necessary speed a "spray table" was prepared. 
(b) Ground contamination by means of spraying mines is pre- 
pared by burying the mines or even by just setting them chi the 
ground in a chess-board pattern so that they are 13 metres apart 
in all directions. The Ignition of the spraying mines is 
effected by means of either a time fuse with a 3 minute delay, 
a safety fuse of chosen length, an electric fuse to set off 
groups of 50 to 100, or fuses which are actually by the enemy 
himself by means of trip wires etc. This last method has the 
advantage that the whole body is likely to become contaminated 
from the falling drops. 
The chief advantage in the use of spraying mines for laying 
ground ccntamination is that the contamination can be laid at 
the last minute and the enemy encounters a fresh and very active 
cont aminat ion. 
Spraying mines can also be used for closing gaps in belts of 
contamination laid by the bulk contamination vehicles. They can 
also be used in conjunction with tank barriers to become 
effective when the barriers are being removed. 
Spraying mines can also be laid by motor transport. The 
mines are fitted with a spike on the bottom end which penetrates 
the ground and keeps the mine upright when it is set in its place 
in this manner. If the 3 minute delay fuse is used then the 
speed of the vehicle must be at least 4 km. per hour. Spraying mines which are set in the ground at an angle 
can be fired a distance of about 200 metres and salvos of up 
to 100 can be fired in this way by electrical ignition# 
(c) For improvised methods of ground contamination various 
utensils can be used e,g. watering cans, agricultural vehicles 
for spreading liquid manure, and in fact almost any vehicle to 
which a tank and a spray has been fitted. Any tin can may be 
converted into a spraying mine by placing a charge under it so 
that it will contaminate a circle of 13 to 20 metres diameter. 
(d) The purpose of laying ground contamination in the form of 
Bodenkugeln is to preserve the gas from the effects of the 
weather until it becomes effective through the action of the 
enemy himself. They are broken by the preliminary bombardment 
of the enemy or when an enemy presses on one with his full 
weight. In the latter case the enemy should be forced to the 
ground by fire. 
The Bodenkugeln are spread well-concealed and chess-board 
wise over the ground in such a manner that there is at least 
one but better still two or three per square metre. In long 
grass etc, any further concealment is usually unnecessary. 
Bodenkugeln can also be thrown so as to contaminate 
inside rooms or vertical surfaces. 
(e) Ground contamination through the firing of yellow ring shell 
is dealt with in Section C. The advantage of laying contamina- 
tion by means of artillery shell is chiefly that the contamina- 
tion is spread in country which is already occupied by the enesay 
and therefore produces high rates of casualties. The disadvan- 
tage is the big expense of ammunition and the demand on the large 
number of guns which are required for a large area of contamina- 
tion, When once a barrier has been laid, however, the contamina- 
tion can be continually freshened up and kept active by means of 
intermittent fire. The actual craters remain active for a long 
time. 
The following can be taken as a good indication of the 
ammunition requirements for ground contamination per hectare 
25 shells from 10 cm light field artillery and about £ of that 
for heavy field artilleiy. When projectors are used for ground 
contamination the ammunition requirements depend very much on the 
scatter of the weapon used. (f) Ground contamination is more difficult to lay with aircraft 
bombs than by any of the other methods mentioned in (a) to (e). 
The use of yellow ring bombs with DA fuses is not advisable for 
this purpose. The 250 kg bomb is too big and uneconomical, but 
the 50 kg bomb can be used with much better effect. The bombs 
must be dropped in sticks so that there is a broad overlap 
between the various areas of contamination. The contamination 
is most irregular in that it is too light on the outside edge of 
the area and far too heavy in the centre. The bombs also require 
to be dropped in such a manner that no clean path can be found 
through the area of contamination. If an extensive area is to 
be covered the large requirement in ammunition and aircraft makes 
the use of the DA bomb inadvisable. On the other hand this 
method is ideal for the contamination of important targets or for 
anti-personnel attack. 
Par better and above all far more economical is the use of 
the air burst bomb charged with thickened mustard. According to 
wind-speed and height of burst a 250 kg bomb will contaminate an 
area 200-600 metres long by 50-200 metres wide. The normal 
contamination with thickened mustard may be taken to be 10 g/m . 
Due to the greater persistence of thickened mustard such a con- 
tamination can be expected to last under suitable weather condi- 
tions for 6-8 days. 
This type of contamination is also most suitable for 
increasing the effect of H,E. bombs. The eneny finds the 
clearing up much more difficult and dangerous. 
Trials to lay ground contamination by means of clusters of 
Bodenkugeln did not prove successful. 
(g) Long narrow belts of light contamination can be laid by means 
of low spray. A contamination of 10-20 g/m2 covers a width of 
20-25 metres and this should remain effective for about 12 hours. 
If greater persistence is required or a greater width of contamina- 
tion then several aircraft can be used at once. Low spray is 
particularly effective against personnel. 
Narrow belts of contamination can be laid very quickly by 
this means, Russian instructions stress the importance of using 
this method to slow down and halt an enemy in close pursuit. C. Use of G-as by the Army 
General 
The value of firing gas ammunition in place of H.E, lies in the 
fact that the effect covers a far greater area than that achieved by 
the H.E, The length of time for which it remains effective is also 
far greater than for normal ammunition. 
On account of the high standard of gas defence of the modern 
army only the use of gas in large quantities is likely to achieve any 
success. The direction of the gas war is the task of the Higher 
Command, Decisive for success is the element of surprise. This 
must be attempted at all costs. 
Any gas attack is dependent on the ground and weather conditions. 
A well organised meteorological service is therefore the foundation 
for the conduct of a gas war. 
1, Types of gas attack 
The following different tactical attacks are differentiated as 
under:- 
(i) Surprise Attack (Der Gasflberfall ) 
Consists of an attack on a definite objective for a 
definite space of time with as many pieces as possible and 
with the highest rate of fire. The duration of the shoot 
is at the most 2 minutes. The purpose of the attack is to 
annihilate the enemy before he can put on his defensive 
equipment. At least the enemy should be so badly attacked 
that he is unable to continue fighting even if most have 
succeeded in adjusting their respirators. 
(ii) Crippling fire. (L&hraungsschiessen) 
Usually commences with a surprise attack to be 
followed up over a longer period by the use of smaller 
quantities of ammunition. The purpose is to force the 
enemy into his respirator and to keep him there so that he 
is incapable of putting up a normal defence, 
(iii) Harassing fire. (Das Ermudungsschiessen). 
Consists of firing sufficient ammunition per hour, if 
necessary for days on end, to force the enemy to wear his respirator continuously. The purpose of this is to wear 
down the enemy by forcing him to wear his respirator for 
long periods. 
(iv) Contamination shoot 
The purpose is. to contaminate the ground and especially 
gun positions with persistent gas so as to make it impossible 
or at least very difficult for the enemy to use the ground. 
(v) Use of Gas in an H.E, shoot 
The purpose is to disquiet the enemy and force him to 
constant gas preparedness. 
2, Chemical Ammunition 
(i) Artilleiy Ammunition 
As it was a military necessity that the storage and 
supply of ammunition should.be kept as simple as possible 
this fexceed a limitation to only 3 special types of gas 
shell. As a fourth type the normal H.B, shell can be used 
for several chemical chargings. 
The allocation of these 4 types of shell to the 
different chemical chargings was made from the following 
point of view. 
(a) Solid Chemical Chargings. These are filled into the 
normal H.E. shell. The fragmentation is about 
80 per cent of the pure H,E, shell and the detonation 
is difficult to distinguish from that of the H.E, shell. 
(b) Liquid Chemical Chargings. The "head burster shell" 
(Zwlschenboden geachoss; is used for gases for ground 
contamination, for volatile gases and for non-persistent 
gases which are thermally unstable. On account of its 
small explosive charge, weak detonation and small 
fragmentation effect it is recognised to be solely a 
gas shell. 
The shell with a wide burster container has been 
developed for the use of the less volatile and 
thermally stable,gases. On account of its strong 
explosive charge this can be looked upon as an H,E,-Chem. 
shell with a strong fragmentation effect which can 
hardly be distinguished from an ordinary H.E. shell by 
the sound of the explosion. (c) Chemical thermal generators. For these the shells 
with the ejection pots were introduced. The shells 
carry the thermal-chemical mixture in special pots 
which are thrown out and ignited in the air over 
the target and continue to bum on the ground. This 
is purely a chemical shell without any H,E. effect. 
(ii) Projector Ammunition 
By leaving out the head-burster and pot-ejection 
types of ammuniticn it was possible to have only 2 
different types of projectile. 
(a) Solid chemical Chargings. For am$r use the ordinary 
H.E. projectiles were to be used and the chemical, 
introduced in a tube into a hole in the centre of the 
explosive. The projectiles have both strong blast 
and fragmentation effect. 
(b) Liquid Chemical Chargings. For volatile or heat 
sensitive chargings a projectile with a small burster 
container is used. These projectiles have only a 
small H.E. effect. 
For less volatile chargings and those.stable to 
heat, projectiles with a wide burster container are 
used. The large explosive charge makes these H.E.- 
Chem, projectiles. 
3o Expenditure of Ammunition. 
(i) Non-persistent gases. (including initial cloud). 
The standard for the expenditure of ammunition is thi 
hectare, for short haE, This is understood as being the 
quantity of ammunition required to be shot on to one 
hectare in one minute in a 5 metre/second wind in order to 
achieve a ecu cent rat ion of about 100 This amount 
is sufficient to cause heavy casualties to the enemy. If 
the effects are required to be fatal then the amount 
employed should be that which gives the Ct for t = 1, 
(ii) Persistent gases. 
Again the standard in the hectare - haE. Here is undef" 
stood the expenditure required in order to achieve a con- 
tamination of 10 g/m£. The hectare standards for gas clouds 
and persistent gases are shown in the following two tables. Hectare standard for Gas clouds 
Type of Ammunition 
P.H. Gr. 
10 cm. K, Gr. 
15 cm. H. Gr. 
15 cm. K. Gr. 
15 cm. I. Gr, 
15 cm, Wgr. 41. 
30 cm, Wk, 
Expenditure reqd. per haE. 
60 
60 
20 
20 
20 
144 
[This quantity is for 
16 hectares, the 
smallest area which can 
he considered due to 
the large scatter of 
the weapon). 
Not yet_deterrained. 
The numbers in this table apply only to green ring ammunition, 
for white and blue ring ammunition, where only harassment is to be pro- 
duced, only a fraction of the above expenditure is necessary and this 
varies according to the weather and the nature of the country. 
Hectare standard for Persistent Gases 
Type of Ammunition 
P.H, Gr„ 
10 cm. K, Gr. 
15 can* H. Gr. 
15 cm, K. Gr. 
15 cm. Wgr. VI, 
Expenditure reqd. per haE. 
130 
150 
50 
50 
800 
(This quantity is fee the 
contamination of 16 
hectares as this is the 
smallest area which can 
he considered due to 
the large scatter of the 
weapon). 
The figures in both the above tables refer to a length zone of 
100 metres. Where the length zone is 100-200 metres the figures 
require to be doubled and for length zones over 200 metres trebled. 3* Marking of Gas Ammunition 
(i) Basic principles 
Chemical shell are identified by coloured rings on the 
ogive and on the base. Chemicals which have a similar 
effect are given rings of the same colour. As far as it is 
necessary from tactical considerations different chemicals 
which have the same effect are differentiated by means of 
arabic numerals placed below or within the rings, e.g. 
Creen ring 1, Green ring 2, etc, A number of rings indi- 
cates an increase in persistence, e.g, double yellow ring. 
(ii) Types of Ammunition 
(a) Shelly Green ring yellow. Shell with a wide burster 
container : charging - mustard. H.E.-Chem, The 
narrow yellow ring is there to indicate that leaks 
might cause injury to the skin on handling, 
(b) Shell, Green ring 1, Shell with wide burster 
container ; charging - nitrogen - mustard. These 
shell should not be shot mixed with others as otherwise 
their chief advantage, the fact that the charging is 
difficult to detect, would be lost. H.E.-Chem, shell* 
(c) Shelly Green ring 2. Shell with burster container : 
charging - phosgene. Only 30 cm* projectile planned. 
(d) Shell. Green ring 3* Shell with H.E, filling in head* 
Charging - Tabun. Shell without strong fragmenta- 
tion effect, 
(e) Shell. Green ring 4. Shell with wide burster con- 
tainer, Charging - Sarin, H.E.-Chem shell. 
(f) Shell. Green ring 5. Shell with burster container. 
Charging HOT, Only planned for the 30 cm projectile. 
(g) Shell. Yellow ring. Shell with H.E. head filling. 
Charging - Winter lost. Shell without strong 
fragmentation effect. 
(h) Shell, doable yellow ring. Shell with H.E. head 
filling. Charging - thickened mustard. Shell 
without strong fragmentation effect. (i) Shell, blue ring 1, Normal H.E. shell. Charging 
EM or EM/da mixture, H, K. -Chem. shell, 
(k) Shell, blue ring 2, Shell with wide burster con- 
tainer. charging DA in ArsinSl, H.E.-Chem. shell, 
(l) Shell, blue ring 3» With ejection pot. Charging 
A Powder with EM, Pure gas shell, no fragmentation 
effect, 
(a) Shell, White ring. Normal H,B. shell. Charging - 
GN, H.E.-Chem, shell. 
Do Use of Gas by the Air Farce 
O.K,W, ordered, that should gas warfare commence, the main effort 
in the offensive use of gas should be made by the Air Force, As a 
result of this all possible methods were studied and developed and the 
necessary apparatus was either already stored in large quantities or 
was being manufactured. 
Two possible offensive methods are available: 
(aj dropping of chemical bombs, 
(b) spraying of chemicals from the air. 
(a) The dropping of bombs in level flight is possible from all 
heights and in addition to this bombs can be dropped with great 
accuracy by dive bombing. All kinds of non-persistent as well 
as persistent gases can be employed in bombs. According to 
the type of fuse a distinction is drawn between direct action 
bombs and air-burst bombs. 
White ring aircraft bombs can be prepared in various ways. 
The following have been tried out and to a certain extent 
introduced into the Service, 
(1) White ring bomb with GN filling and airburst. 
Effective area, 200-600 metres long and 100-250 metres 
wide according to the height of burst. The persistence 
of the lachrymatory effect is about 3-4 months in warm 
weather. The employment of such bombs against reserve 
troops and prepared positions in woods is particularly 
effective. Woods can be made quite unapproachable with- 
out a respirator. (2) White ring bomb with a filling of GNS solution and 
a direct action f\ise. Effect same as for (l) over an 
area 50-60 metres in diameter and 200 metres downwind of 
this. Persistence in summer is about 2 days. 
(3) White ring thermal generator bomb with a charging 
of CW thermal mixture and direct action fuse. The bomb 
penetrates up to one to three metres into the earth, 
according to type of ground, and begins to generate after 
2-3 minutes. Such bombs can be effective for a consider- 
able distance downwind and when a large number are used 
can cause lachrymaticn to a depth of 30-50 km. To be 
used effectively the bombs should be dropped well up-wind 
of the target. A stick of 8 z 50 kg bombs is sufficient 
for a target width of about 300 metres. 
(4) Clusters of white ring thermal generators (21, 72 or 
120 according to size of cluster) which open in the air 
and distribute the generators over an area of 80-150 
metres long by 50-80 metres broad. The generator is 
ignited by means of an allways direct action fuse which 
becomeslive when a safety pin is unscrewed by a tail 
diving flight. On account of the high concentration the 
effect from the relatively small scatter zone is good. 
It was intended to employ this cluster against anti-air- 
craft positions etc. 
Blue ring gases are used in thermal generator type 
bombs. Quite recently attempts had been made to 
develop a fragmentation bomb with a blue ring gas or GN 
added and the trials had shown considerable promise. 
The 50 kg blue ring thermal generator bomb had an 
emission time of 3-5 minutes and was effective to a depth 
of several kilometres. Usually dropped in sticks 30 
metres apart the effective depth of a stick of 8 bombs 
was anything up to 10 kms in suitable weather conditions. 
The cluster mentioned in (4) above was also being 
considered for blue ring thermal generator type bombs. 
For the war head of the apparatus BO 24 (V1) a 
charging of 200 blue ring thermal generators was to be pro- 
vided. The emission time of one generator was 1-li 
minutes. Blue ring bombs and blue ring clusters were to be 
used chiefly for the attack of AA guns, battery positions 
etc. Fragmentation bombs with the addition of blue ring 
gas were to be used against personnel, inarching columns of men, 
defensive positions etc. 
Yellow ring gases were only to be used in bombs. Two 
types of bombs were introduced. A 250 kg. bomb with a 
direct action fuse wan to be used chiefly for ground contamin- 
ation. The contaminated area is elliptical in shape and 
roughly 70 metres long by 30 metres wide. The persistence 
in summer is about 1-2 days and in the crater 3 days. The 
bombs should be dropped in parallel rows so that the areas of 
contamination overlap end no uncontaminated pathways through 
the area are left. To put down an extensive barrier of 
contamination a large expenditure of bombs is necessary. 
A yellow ring air-burst bomb with a charging of 
thickened mustard was introduced as the KC 250 II Gb, The 
area of contamination varies according to the height of 
burst and the wind speed. On the average contamination with 
a persistence of 24 hours could be produced over an area 
300-350 metres long by 80-200 metres wide. These bombs are 
also suitable for the subsequent contamination of targets 
which have already been attacked with H.E. 
Trials with clusters of 1 to 1*5- kg. mustard bombs did 
not prove this method to possess any advantage and a trial 
of the 'Bodenkugeln' in a cluster was shown to be impractical 
as many of the bulbs either broke in the air or fell 
unbroken on soft ground and at any rate they did not produce 
a sufficiently continuous contamination. 
Green ring gases are only charged into bombs with DA 
fuses. Only bombs with phosgene charging have been intro- 
duced viz. 250, 500, 100 and 1800 kg. 
Trials with a Tabun charging in the 250 kg, bomb were 
not successful. On the other hand preliminary trials with 
a cluster of small Tabun bombs were most promising and gave 
far better results than those obtained with the larger bomb. 
It was expected that only clusters would be used for Tabun 
and Sarin chargings. 
The use of HGN in bombs proved most difficult as the 
charging inflamed on detonation. Trials to overcome this 
difficulty by the addition of CNC1 or water to the charging 
showed little improvement. The employment of a nitrogen-mustard bomb, with a 
large bursting charge would have been feasible but such 
a bomb was not provisioned. 
Green ring bombs with volatile chargings are very 
effective especially when using the bigger bombs which 
can produce a lethal area of up to 10,000 and a 
casualty area two or three times as big. The effective 
depth from a single bomb or a stick is small, but from a 
mass attack is very considerable. Green ring bombs are 
particularly suitable for attacking heavily populated 
areas. The persistence in built up areas may amount to 
as much as several hours according to wind and weather 
conditions. 
(b) The spraying of gas from spray apparatus, which is fitted 
into the aircraft or is carried under wings, is-particularly 
effective from low altitudes. The persistent gases are most 
suitable for spraying, but non-persistent gases (perstoff, 
phosgene HCN) can also be sprayed from suitable apparatus at 
heights not above 50 metres. 
With apparatus such as the S200 and S300, which are 
approved stores, a spray concentration is obtained which is 
easily sufficient for anti-personnel attack. The effective 
area of contamination for one apparatus depends on the height 
of the aircraft and the wind speed and direction. In general 
a long narrow band of contamination is produced about 400-600 
metres long and 20 to 80 metres wide. In the middle portion 
(so called "Kernzone") of this band contaminations of 15 to 
40g/m2 were measured. The mid-portions are effective as 
barriers of contamination and remain effective for 1 to 1-Jr days. 
For anti-personnel attack the whole of the band is effective 
except for the very smallest drops on the downwind side. 
Spray is chiefly employed against marching columns of 
troops, defense zones, gun positions and any collection of men 
or animals. 
Medium or high spray is quite possible with thickened 
material, but it is very difficult to aim the spray on to a 
target. The German opinion is that this technique is only 
suitable for the attack of very large areas which are well 
populated. 
The spraying of non-persistent gases was specially devel- 
oped by the Russians and appears to be an extremely effective 
form of attack. It is important, however, that the outlet is sufficiently large, so that the gas can escape in a very short 
space of time (2-4 seconds according to the speed of the air- 
craft) . The aircraft should not fly at over 25 metres. 
By means of the S300 (an altered Russian WAP 500) HCN 
concentrations of up to 20 g/m3 were obtained. Two S500's 
charged phosgene gave concentrations of 30-40 Such con- 
centrations are lethal instantly for unprotected men and 
animals. 
The introduction of such a technique at the vital point of 
a battle could be expected to have a decisive effect. 
As well as volatile green ring gases a lachrymator, CNS 
solution can also be sprayed. The S200 and S300 can be used 
for this solution and the aircraft can fly at up to 100 metres. 
The lachrymatory effect lasts in summer for about half a day 
and forces everyone to wear a respirator. In Germany it is 
also considered that a solution of phosgene oxime would be an 
excellent material for such attacks. 
The Russians had a great partiality for low spray attacks 
with liquid incendiary, but these proved to have little effect 
apart from the initial effect on moral. 
E. Ground Decontamination. 
Extensive chemical barriers, which cannot be penetrated via 
clean areas and which cannot be by-passed, must be cleared by mech- 
anical. or chemical means. This is difficult to carry out if the 
contamination barrier is guarded by a sufficient cover of fire. 
Ground decontamination is the duty of the decontamination battery of 
the Nebeltruppe as well as the Pioneers if it is to be done by 
mechanical means. 
The removal of a chemical barrier by mechanical means can be 
accomplished as follows:- 
(a) By scraping off the upper surface to a depth of about 
10 cm, 
(b) By making gas free trenches or furrows with the decon- 
tamination plough or improvised agricultural ploughs. (c) By covering the contaminated surface with clean earth, 
hay, straw, brushwood etc, to a depth of 15-20 cm. 
(d) By bridging the contaminated surface with boards, tiles 
a yard apart, rolls of roofing material, the service 
"Gas laflfer". (A 50 metre long roll of gas plane paper 
impregnated with Mon tan wax) mats woven out of straw 
(quoted from a Russian directive) gas planes a jump 
apart. 
(e) By burning the surface contamination with hay or straw 
which has been soaked in paraffin or petrol (according 
to Russian directions 1 kg of unflammable material soaked 
in 500 g. oil should be used per sq, metre, 
(f) By washing down; hosing with plenty of water without the 
addition of any decontaminant where the surface is suit- 
able, (e.g, cobble or asphalt streets or roads). 
apart. 
The decontamination of the ground by chemical means can be 
carried cut with either solid or liquid decontaminants. As solid 
material bleach or an improved bleach called Losantin can be used. 
Liquid decontaminants are chlorine water, bleach water and solu- 
tions of other substances containing chlorine. In Russia 
sulphuryl chloride dissolved in ethylene chloride is used. In 
general on account of the military transport problems solid materials 
are preferred to liquid. 
The dispersion of the decentaminant is carried out by means of 
cross-country spreaders or sprayers according as to whether a solid 
or liquid decontaminant is being used. The medium sized motor 
decontamination truck of the German decontamination battery can cover 
a strip 700 metres long by 2 metres wide with 500 g/m2 of Losantin 
with one filling. 
The usual quentity of decontaminant to be used for medium con- 
tamination (up to 200 mustard) is 500 For heavier mustard 
centamination or for nitrogen mustard 1 should be used. In the 
case of nitrogen mustard the time allowed between decontamination and 
traversing should be increased by a factor of 3» Normally vhen 
mustard has been decontaminated by Losantin this is 20-30 minutes. 
The requirements for decontamination material and the time allowed for 
decontamination must also be increased for thickened mustard and 
mixtures of mustard and oil. As can be seen from the above the requirements on decontamina- 
tion material is relatively large. So as not to overburden the 
supply services only limited use can be made of decontamination. 
It is impossible to try to decontaminate large areas. In most 
cases one would have to confine oneself to the decontamination of 
narrow paths through the wide barriers or to the decontamination 
of small, but tactically important points (M.G, positions, gun 
positions, important observation posts). The weather would be 
left to carry out the decontamination of unimportant areas. 
The crossing of a chemical barrier can be compared tactically 
to the crossing of a river. It is necessary to form a bridge- 
head on the enemy side of the contamination so that under its pro- 
tection the decontamination of the necessary number of paths can 
be begun. With the increased use of M,T, mechanically laid 
barriers appear to have lost a great deal of their importance. 
Motor vehicles are in Just as much danger as infantry, however, 
when penetrating a barrier of spraying mines. 
Sufficiently strong bodies of assault troops in light gas 
clothing are sent into the attack through the contamination in order 
to give a defensive covering fire. In order to equip these troops 
with light gas clothing each decontamination battery carries 1200 
s.ets of light gas clothing. Narrower barriers can be crossed by 
means of spread out gas planes or with improvised body protection. 
It is obvious that an exact reconnaissance of the extent, 
concentration and age of the chemical barrier should first be 
carried out. This reconnaissance is made by the gas scouts of the 
troops or by the motorised gas scouts of the decentamination 
battery. Their function is to determine the exact position of the 
nearest edge of the contamination, the type of gas used and the 
strength and age of the contamination:• then the position of the 
various bands of contamination mist be determined and finally the 
edge of the contamination on the enemy side and all these marked in 
an unmistakable manner with gas flags. Detector powder is used 
to establish the presence of gas contamination and this is helped 
out if necessary by the use of the HG-asanzeigerM, Where possible 
areas free of contamination or only slightly contaminated should be 
used for the formation of clean paths. When the reconnaissance is 
finished the decontamination vehicles proceed with the construction 
of the paths. In general 3 to 5 paths are made per company sector 
and one of these mist be 2 metres wide for vehicles. When making 
the paths advantage should be taken of all available cover. When 
the necessary time has been allowed for the decontamination to take 
effect then the attacking troops begin to march over the clean paths 
and fan out to continue the attack on reaching the other side. Special road decontamination batteries with their own Impro- 
vised spreaders are provided for the decontamination of roads and 
tracks at the front and behind the front lines. 
For the cleansing of contaminated personnel and for the 
decontamination of their weapons, equipment and uniforms the troop 
decontamination companies are provided with special vehicles 
(cleansing vehicle, bath-vehicle, water—vehicle, decontamination 
of clothing vehicle etc.) and the decontamination battery with 
auxiliary vehicles. Fifty men can be completely cleansed within 
20 minutes by means of the auxiliary bath equipment, with the special 
cleansing vehicles 120 men in 30 minutes. The decontamination of 
the uniforms takes about 12 hours and the boots also about 12 hours 
and a number of improvised methods have also been introduced for 
this purpose. The decontamination of weapons is carried out by 
the soldier himself by means of the weapon decontaminant introduced 
for that purpose. Larger weapons or pieces of equipment are 
treated by the decontamination battery or by the decontamination 
troops of the battalion and regiment. 
For skin decontamination, which is carried out by every soldier 
himself during the battle, each man possesses a package of skin 
decontarainant (Losantin tablets) or a Jar of skin decontamination 
ointment. 
The decontamination of towns and works behind the lines is a 
matter for the civilian A,R,P. For this are available the well- 
known decontamination materials as well as the local organisations 
for road decontamination. The decontamination of clothing should 
be carried out in the local laundries and chemical cleaning plants. 
The decontamination of railway installations should be carried out 
by specially trained railway personnel with improvised equipment. 
The ground staff of the Air Force also possess decontamination 
squads who have been specially trained to decontaminate aircraft and 
leaking ammunition. 
The Navy had on board each ship special decontamination squads 
who carried .out decontamination mainly with the help of steam. 
F, The Use of Smoke 
In the instructions for the German Army there were it is true 
abundant orders as to the use of smoke in attack and defence, but 
in actual practice the use of smoke was generally unpopular and 
seldom used. Only in the last stages of the war did the copious 
use of smoke by the Allies appear to evoke the High Command and the Forces to lose their aversion to it so that here and there a more 
active use of smoke appeared. 
Tactically a distinction was made between ncamouflage smoke™ 
(Tamnebel) and Screening smoke” (Blendnebel), By screening is 
understood the laying of a smoke screen immediately in front or on 
top of an enemy position. By camouflage smoke is understood the 
covering of ones own positions or movements by means of smoke. The 
nearer a smoke screen is laid to the enemy the more economical is 
the amount of smoke required to produce an effective screen. 
The training of troops in correct use of smoke materials and 
to a correct appreciation of the meteorological factors is not easy. 
The extensive use of smoke should only be carried out by order of 
the Higher Command. (Army Corps, Array), The tactical use of 
smoke on a small scale is carried out by orders from Division, 
Regiment, Battallion or Company Headquarters, Fighting in smoke 
is similar in many respects to the conditions in night fighting. 
This also explains the aversion of the Higher Command and of the 
troops to the extensive use of smoke. 
The following smoke airmunition and apparatus have been 
developed and in most cases also accepted into the Service, 
(a) Smoke hand grenades (burster and generator types). 
(b) Rifle grenades (burster and generator types), 
(c) Smoke bombs for the attack of tanks, 
(d) Smoke generator (emission time - 3 minutes), 
(e) Quick Smoke generator (emission time about 1 minute), 
(f) Long Smoke generator (emission time about 20 minutes). 
(g) Long smoke generator, black (black smoke), 
(h) Smoke projectiles for all guns and projectors, 
(i) Smoke spraying apparatus with emission time of 
30 - 120 minutes, 
(j) 50 kg» Smoke bomb (NC-30, emission time 15-20 minutes). 
(k) Clusters with 20 to 12 smoke generators, 
(l) Aircraft smoke curtain installations. (m) 250 kg. Smoke bomb (charging CSA (Nebelsaure), 
(n) Smoke floats and smoke buoys for Navy and Pioneers. 
(o) Wireless controlled smoke carrier (Goliath), 
The troops were very well supplied with smoke materials. The 
monthly supply was far greater than the amount used so that a large 
stock of smoke material was built up. 
The principles for the tactical use of smoke were applied in 
exactly the same manner as in other armies. The chief use of smoke 
was by the firing of smoke ammunition and from the Air Force. The 
commonest use of smoke was for the screening of river crossing, A 
further important use of smoke was the area screening of factories 
and towns. For this purpose the Air Force had set up local forma- 
tions who carried out smoke screening corresponding to the local 
wind conditions with the help of smoke spray apparatus. For the 
protection of specially important smaller installations such as 
lock gates, dams and U-boat shelters a smoke spray apparatus was 
recently developed which formed a smoke cloud up to 30 metres high 
in 2 to 3 seconds. It consisted of a pressure vessel with three 
exit tubes in an upward direction and the pressure was derived 
from the gases from an electrically ignited black powder filling. 
The Navy made considerable use of smoke during their various 
naval engagements and also to screen ships lying in harbour. 
The increasing use of smoke by the Allies on the South and West 
fronts caused the original aversion to the use of smoke to become 
less noticeable in recent times. If the war had continued the 
German Armed Forces would also have made much greater use of smoke. 
The complete lack of phosphorus which (also in German opinion) is 
the best source of smoke and has, as well, a considerable effect on 
moral was a disadvantage. 
G. The History, Organisation and Equipment of the Hebeltmppe. 
There was no Nebeltruppe in the German 100, OCX) man army in the 
first few years after the world war. Smoke screening was carried 
out at manoeuvres by the pioneers or infantry with improvised means. 
Experience gained by the civilian A*R.P* frcm the screening of large 
industrial areas, was passed on to the troops without any special 
directions being laid down or any special body of troops formed. 1932. 
In Konigsbruck (near Dresden) a Nebel squadron was formed. It 
was equipped with smoke spray apparatus (portable and mounted) and 
also with smoke generators. 
1934. 
This squadron was converted to the Nebel Battery (Abteilung) 
Konigsbruck, The equipment remained the same, but was considerably 
increased and the battery became motorised. 
1935. 
This was the year of the birth of the Nebeltruppe, Inspektion 
9 was set up and also an Inspektur der Nebeltruppe. The Truppe 
itself was composed only of the Nebel Battery, Konigsbruck, with one 
instructional company detached from it. 
1936. 
The Nebeltruppe was increased in size to two batteries which were 
equipped with the 10 cm, Nebelwerfer 35, introduced to the Service 
in 1935. Each battery consisted of three troops and each troop had 
two sections of four Werfer. The Nebelwerfer 35 has a maximum range 
of 3500 m. The highest rate of fire for a short time is 15 rounds 
per minute. Mortar bombs were earlier filled with a mixture of 
sulphurtrioxide and pumice, and later only with sulphurtrioxide. 
The results were excellent in humid weather conditions, and in dry- 
weather were still sufficiently good. This ammunition was still 
being used during the French campaign. The first battery remained 
in Konigsbrflck and the second was formed in Bremen, 
1937. 
In October an instructional Nebel battery was fomed with a third 
battery at Celle, 
1958. 
In this year two further batteries were formed, The fourth at 
Munsingen and the fifth in the west near Kaisers-lantern. Up to this 
time the Nebelwerfer batteries as well as being equipped with eight 
projectors per battery, also had a decontamination and bulk contamina- 
tion vehicle so that they could be used as smoke troops, decontamina- 
tion troops or gas contamination troops as required. They were 
trained in all three. Each battery had the following composition. Staff 
Signal Troops 
1-3 troops. 
Light Column, (supply of ammunition for projectors). 
Heavy Column, (composed of all decontamination and bulk 
contamination vehicles as well as vehicles 
for the transport of decontamination 
material and gas containers). 
This set up was shown in the big manoeuvres of 1938 to be too clumsy 
and unwieldy. Accordingly, the following changes were made in 1939# 
1939. 
A division was now made into Nebelwerfer batteries and gas 
decontamination batteries. This now set up at the beginning of the 
year consisted of five Nebelwerfer batteries and four decontamination 
batteries, and later on in the year this was increased to five 
decontamination batteries. The Nebelwerfer battery consisted ofj- 
. Staff. 
Signal Section (wireless and telephone on overland 
transport with four-wheel drive), 
1-3 Troops, each with two sections of four and later 
three projectors. 
Light column (for supply of ammunition). 
The projector used was still the 10 cm. Nebelwerfer 35. The decon- 
tamination battery consisted of;- 
Staff. 
Signal section (as above), 
1-3 Troops (equipped with a special truck on tractors, 
i, e. gas identification vehicle and medium 
and smaller decontamination vehicles). 
Light column (supply of decontamination material) 
Heavy column (the bulk contamination vehicles - the 
medium Sprfth - KW and transport vehicles 
for the containers of ground contamination). 
According to this arrangement each decontamination battery could 
be used as well either for decontamination, or for ground contamina- 
tion. 
Several projector batteries and one decontamination battery took 
part in the campaign in Poland, the latter without ever being used. 1940. 
Quite a number of projector batteries were used in the spring 
offensive in France, They proved themselves useful in many battles, 
but particularly so at river crossings. The decontamination 
batteries were never used for the purpose for which they had been 
trained. 
Projector batteries were also sent to Norway, 
The Nebelwerfer 40 was introduced in this year. It was a 
breach loader and attained a range of 6300 m. On account of its 
weight and angle of fire, it was never popular with the troops, and 
in a short time was removed from the equipment. 
Towards the end of this year, a special Nebel regiment staff 
was formed so that projector batteries and decontamination batteries 
could be grouped together, for the sake of easier and more ccncerted 
control, into one regiment. As long as the Nebeltruppe was only 
used as a battery, the special staff were chiefly concerned only with 
unit training. Special regiments were only formed later. Each 
regiment was composed of two projector batteries (motorised) and one 
decontamination battery (motorised). 
In autumn, an instructional battery was formed in Poland to 
instruct the other batteries (projector and decontamination) in 
the use of the heavy Wurfgerat 40, The Wurfgerat 40 consists of 
a wooden frame firmly anchored to the ground which can be altered 
at will by means of props, to shoot at any angle from 20°/45°. 
The packing cases containing the ammunition are placed on these 
frames and bolted on. The anmunition is shot out of its packing 
case. There was a 28 cm, HE projectile and a 32cm incendiary pro- 
jector, The range for HE was 2200 m, and for incendiary 1950 m. 
The Wurfgerat were set up in parallel rows and fired electrically. 
By means of delay fuses it was so arranged that four projectiles 
could be fired from each frame in eight seconds. Each battery 
had forty-eight such frames and could fire, therefore, 192 pro- 
jectiles in eight seconds. The scatter was considerable and was, 
on the average, about 400 m, in length by 200 m, wide. This weapon 
is therefore only suitable for area shoots, and is decidedly a 
"S chwerpunkt swaf f e ". 
1941. 
At the beginning of this year, it was possible with the forma- 
tion of special regimental staffs to form four regiments of three 
batteries each out of the eight Werfer batteries and five decontam- 
ination batteries, and the constructional battery for the heavy 
Wurfgerat. In the spring campaign in the Balkans several Werfer batteries 
were used with success. 
The greatest use was made of Nebeltruppe in the field during the 
campaign in Russia in June 1941, Most of the batteries were used for 
the forcing of the Bug crossing. An attack was also made on the 
citadel and central defence point of the defensive position of Brest 
Litowsk with the help of nine batteries of heavy Wurfger&t. The 
success of these troops and particularly of the heavy Wurfgerat was 
remarkable. For this attack on Brest Litowsk two of the decontamina- 
tion batteries were equipped with heavy WurfgerlU. This increased 
equipment was left with these two batteries for farther work during 
the Russian campaign and was used from time to time. 
In August 1941 the five decontamination batteries (motorised) 
were finally equipped with the heavy Wurfgerat 40 and they held this 
equipment along with their decontamination equipment. In September 
1941, the decontamination equipment was finally left with the reserve 
troops and the decontamination batteries were now only equippedwith 
the heavy Wurfgerit. 
Towards the end of 1941 the wooden frame of the heavy Wurfgerat 
40 was replaced by an iron frame and fitted with an improved anchoring 
device. This apparatus was given the name - Heavy Wurfgerat 41 • 
To make up for the loss of the decontamination batteries for 
decontamination work, three road decontamination batteries were 
formed in the autumn of 1941. They were equipped with motor vehicles 
on which could be fitted an improvised spreader which could be made by 
the troops themselves. The store of Losantin was carried in drums on 
the vehicle, and the Losantin could be distributed in an even manner 
from the improvised distributor. The chief purpose of this battery 
was to deal with decontamination of transport immediately behind the 
front line. 
1942, 
At the beginning of this year there were in all - 
Five Nebelwerfer regiments (equipped with 15 cm, 
Nebelwerfer). 
Two heavy Werfer regiments (equipped with Nebelwerfer 
for 28/32 cm. ammunition), 
One Mountain Werfer battery. 
Three road decontamination batteries. 
One Nebel instruction regiment. These regiments were usually composed of three batteries, but one 
heavy Werfer regiment had only two batteries. For firing the 
28/32 cm, ammunition an apparatus was introduced for firing 6 at a 
time in place of the heavy Wurfger&t 41. The 28 cm. HE or 32 cm, 
incendiary could be fired fran this apparatus as required. For the 
firing of the smaller calibre, attachable rails could be fitted. In 
addition a 32 cm, Nebelwerfer with a range of 3b00 m, was developed. 
It was expected gradually to replace the 28/32 cm. Werfer. 
In this year the Panzer Werfer was also developed with ten tubes 
on a pivoted base which could be fitted to armoured vehicles. This 
Werfer had a remarkable rate of fire and on account of its mobility 
allowed a quick change-over of the firing point. For armoured 
pioneer companies an attachment was developed which enabled six 28 cm. 
HE or 32 cm. incendiary projectiles in their cases to be fitted to 
the side of mechanised transport and fired electrically. The 
attachment was fitted permanently to the sides of the M.T, and the 
angle of fire could be adjusted by means of a semi-circular plate 
fitted with a scale. These motorised projectors were used with 
particular success against defended villages and posts and against 
tank barriers. Towards the end of the year a special brigade staff 
was formed and used for the larger battles. 
1943. 
At the beginning of this year on account of the scarcity of 
Werfer transport and the big requirements for the use of Werfer 
batteries, all the special vehicles for decantamination and bulk con- 
tamination were changed over to Werfer vehicles. 
In place of the no longer used Spruh KW and the medium decontam- 
ination vehicles, improvised decontamination and bulk contamination 
vehicles were made from transport of the type MMaultierM, In this 
year Panzer Werfer troops each with 10 x 15 cm, tubes on a pivoting 
base mounted on A.F.V*s were formed. Each troop had fcur to six 
such vehicles. During the year the brigade staff for Nebeltruppe 
was finally fanned as well as Werfer brigades, the brigade having to 
begin with two regiments, one light and one heavy. 
1944. 
In the spring of this year there were four Nebelwerfer and one 
Mountain Werfer batterers. During the year the Nebeltruppe was 
doubled in size and by the end of the year consisted of eight Werfer 
brigades which were employed on all fronts. The ninth brigade was 
being formed at the end of the year. The equipment of these brigades 
was 15 cm. Nebelwerfer for the light batteries and 21 cm. and 30 cm. 
Nebelwerfer for the heavy batteries. During the year the road decontamination batteries were disbanded 
and the personnel used for the reforming of the Werfer regiments. 
1943. 
Three further brigades should have been formed during this year, 
but at the cessation of hostilities, only the staff had been formed. 
The projector regiments were also to have been equipped with the 
35 cm. Nebelwerfer, This apparatus was to have been capable of 
firing two different projectiles. The ammunition with a short pro- 
pellant charge at a maximum range of 3500 m. and the ammunition with 
the long propellant charge at a maximum range of 10,000 nu 
Further Planning 
For the future it was planned to go over to even bigger calibres 
with a still greater maximum range, but above all attention was to be 
given to the rather big scatter of the weapon and to improve this by- 
alteration of the-projector frame, and more particularly by paying 
attention to the ballistics of the aianunition. AMPOULE CONTAINING (°-) WATER OR 
O) WATER AND METHYL ALCOHOL. 
FILTER PAPER IMPREGNATED WITH SODIUM P-NITROPHENYL 
ANTI -DIAZOTATE 
SILICA CEL IMPREGNATED WITH COLD CHLORIDE 
. DIATOMITE 
FlC; I -CELLULOSE WADDING- 
ACTIVE CHARCOAL 
-SEALED CLASS TUBE. 
Ficir