QUARANTINE. 
BY 
WALTER WYMAN, M.D., 
SURGEON UNITED STATES MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. 
REPRINT OF CHAPTER XXII 
DR. GEO. H. ROHE’S “TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE.” 
Second Edition; Thoroughly Revised and Largely Rewritten, 
with many Illustrations and Valuable Tables. 
1090 —. 
F. A. DAVIS, 
Medical Publisher and Bookseller, 
PHILADELPHIA. QUARANTINE. 
BY 
WALTER WYMAN, M.D., 
SURGEON UNITED STATES MARINE-HOSPITAL SERVICE. 
REPRINT OF CHAPTER XXII 
DR. GEO. H. ROHfe’S “TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE.” 
Second Edition; Thoroughly Revised and Largely Rewritten, 
with many Illustrations and Valuable Tables. 
1B0O — 
F. A. DAVIS, 
Medical Publisher and Bookseller, 
PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXII. 
Quarantine. 
(By Walter Wyman, M.D., Surgeon United States Marine-Hospital Service.) 
By quarantine is meant the adoption of restrictive measures 
to prevent the introduction of diseases from one country or 
locality into another. The term itself conveys no definite idea, 
being derived through the Italian from the latin “ quadraginta,” 
meaning “forty” and implying forty days, the period of deten- 
tion imposed on vessels by the first quarantines established at 
Venice in 1403. The old significance of the term is entirely 
lost in its present application, which is quite general. Thus, 
besides regular maritime quarantine, mention is often made of 
land, railroad, cattle, shot-gun, house, and even room quaran- 
tines. 
The name of a disease or article of merchandise may be 
used in prefix, as in “yellow-fever quarantine,” small-pox, 
cholera, or rag quarantine. Moreover, quarantines are described 
as properly beginning at the port of departure, and as quaran- 
tines of inspection only, the fumigation and detention being 
imposed at some neighboring station. The term, therefore, is 
applied not only to establishments, but indifferently to persons, 
animals, diseases, localities, and measures. 
There is need of a clear understanding with regard to the 
term, for when, as occasionally, quarantine is ridiculed, or the 
assertion is made that the English disbelieve in quarantine, a 
wrong impression will be received, unless it is understood that 
only particular and obsolete forms of quarantine are meant, 
and not quarantine in the broad sense just mentioned. 
The subject admits of two natural divisions—maritime and 
land quarantine; but before describing them attention is called 
to the following table, containing a list of diseases that are ordi- 
narily found in official quarantine proclamations:— 
365 366 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
Quarantinable Diseases.—Table XXIX. 
Disease. 
Period of Incubation, in Days. 
Shortest. 
Longest. 
Usual. 
Authority and Remarks. 
Plague 
Bristow. Undetermined. 
Yellow fever . . . 
1 
9 
Da Costa, Bartholow. 
Cholera 
2 
14 
2 to 4 
Bartholow. 
Typhus fever . . . 
1 
21 
5 to 14 
Bristow. 
Small-pox .... 
5 
20 
10 
Da Costa. 
Measles 
7 
14 
10 
Da Costa. 
Diphtheria. . . . 
2 
10 
2 to 5 
Bartholow. 
Typhoid fever . . 
7 
28 
21 
Bartholow. 
Scarlet fever . . . 
1 
weeks. 
4 to 7 
Da Costa. 
Relapsing fever . . 
5 
7 
6 
Bartholow. 
Dengue 
1 
10 
5 
Bartholow. 
Leprosy 
.. 
.. 
.... 
Undetermined. 
The above list illustrates the growth of the sanitary idea 
and belief in quarantine. For many years, as now at some 
ports, the list was limited to yellow fever, typhus, cholera, and 
small-pox. It was thus limited at Boston prior to 1881, since 
which date diphtheria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, and measles 
have been added. The statutes of New York define as quaran- 
tinable “yellow fever, measles, cholera, typhus or ship fever, 
small-pox, scarlatina, diphtheria, relapsing fever, and any dis- 
ease of a contagious, infectious, or pestilential character, which 
shall be considered by the health officer dangerous to the public 
health.” 
At Gibraltar, the English sanitary authorities include 
dengue and epidemic rose-rash among the diseases subject to 
their quarantine regulations. 
The most recent addition to the list in this country is 
leprosy, to prevent the introduction of which, and in accord- 
ance with a resolution of the American Public Health Associa- 
tion, a prohibitory circular was issued by the Surgeon-General 
of the Marine-Hospital Service, December 23, 1889. 
Other diseases which may properly call for quarantine are 
mumps, whooping-cough, chicken-pox, epidemic dysentery, MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
367 
glanders, tetanus, beriberi, epidemic influenza, and pulmonary 
tuberculosis. 
Influenza may be considered quarantinable under certain 
circumstances, a successful quarantine being reported by Dr. 
Trudeau, whose cottage sanitarium, in the New 
York, was thus kept exempt during the epidemic of 1890. 
With regard to pulmonary tuberculosis the ground is taken 
by the writer that this disease, at least among immigrants, should 
be excluded from the United States by quarantine. 
MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
In describing a maritime quarantine it should be borne in 
mind that the details in the plant must vary in accordance with 
the special demands of each port. 
Thus, it is not to be expected that at Charleston, where 
immigration is limited, there should be the same provisions for 
detention of immigrants as at New York, through whose 
portals more than one-third of a million of immigrants pass 
each year; or San Francisco, where enter the throng of travelers 
and immigrants from the far East. 
We should not expect that Boston, in the more salubrious 
North, would have the means or adopt the practice of emptying, 
cleaning, and fumigating every vessel from an infected port, 
which process has proven to be the sine qua non of exemption 
to the State of Louisiana. 
Nor should we expect Pensacola, with a completely- 
equipped national refuge-station near at hand (at Chandeleur 
Island), to erect an expensive disinfecting-house, with modern 
steam disinfecting-chambers, as has been recently done for the 
port of Galveston by the health authorities of Texas. 
But, leaving these variations for subsequent notice, the 
first thing to be considered in the establishment of a complete 
maritime quarantine is proper location. This must be at a 
point remote from city or village boundaries, and not likely to 
be encroached upon by urban growth. It should be more or 368 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
less removed from the channels of commerce, and yet he easily 
accessible. Indifference to proper location could readily make 
the quarantine a source of danger instead of a protection. After 
proper location, the main requirements may he stated as 
follows:— 
1. A boarding-station. This includes a boat-house with 
boatmen’s quarters, so located as to avoid possible infection from 
the lazaretto and to be within easy reach of passing commerce. 
2. A boarding-boat, preferably a steamer. 
3. An anchorage. The anchorage is the place of detention 
of the infected vessel. It should be conveniently removed from 
the main establishment and safely remote from the track of 
commerce. Its position should be sheltered, and good holding- 
ground for vessels’ anchors is of the first importance. The 
channel to the anchorage, and, if necessary, its boundaries, 
should be plainly marked by buoys. 
4. A fumigation steamer, to be described under “ Quaran- 
tine Contrivances.” 
5. A wharf. The wharf should be in water of at least 20 
feet depth, and there should be constructed upon it a ware- 
house, tanks for holding disinfecting-solutions, and a disinfection- 
house containing steam disinfecting-chambers. 
6. A lazaretto or hospital for treatment of contagious 
diseases. 
7. A hospital for treatment of non-contagious diseases. 
8. Barracks for the detention in groups of “ suspects,” or 
persons who have been exposed to contagion or infection. 
9. Quarters for medical officers. 
10. A cremation-furnace. 
No better understanding of the subject can be had than by 
a brief survey of the several varieties of maritime quarantines 
that are now maintained on the coasts of the United States. 
First should be mentioned the national quarantine stations, eight 
in number, established at points of danger where either local 
quarantine is defective, or where, by reason of peculiar advan- 369 
MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
tage in location, protection is afforded to several States by one 
station. These stations are as follow:— 
Delaware Breakwater Quarantine Station, Lewes, Del.; 
Cape Charles Quarantine Station, Fisherman’s Island, Ya.; 
South Atlantic Quarantine Station, Blackbeard Island, Sapelo 
Sound, Georgia; Key West Quarantine Station, Tortugas 
Islands, Fla.; Gulf Quarantine Station, Chandeleur Island, 
Miss.; San Diego Quarantine Station, San Diego, California; 
San Francisco Quarantine Station, Angel Island, San Francisco 
Bay, California; and Fort Townsend Quarantine Station, Port 
Townsend, Washington. 
Most of these stations will be complete in plant and equip- 
ment within a short time, but pending completion active quaran- 
tine is maintained the whole year through at all of them, San 
Francisco excepted,—there being a local quarantine at this port. 
The estimated cost of the national quarantine station at 
Angel Island, San Francisco Bay, is $175,000, exclusive of the 
site, which wras in previous possession of the government. 
Surgeon-General Hamilton, in a recent report, says:— 
“ It is evident that a few complete stations of this kind 
will take the place of the many municipal quarantines. The 
latter will become, eventually, simply boarding-stations, and 
vessels requiring treatment will be sent to the nearest govern- 
ment quarantine station.” 
No fees are exacted at the national stations. 
Many of the local quarantine establishments, while entirely 
effective for ordinary quarantine, the occasional detection and care 
of a few contagious cases, would prove insufficient and become, 
in fact, more dangerous than beneficial in the presence of a heavy 
inroad of an epidemic disease, such as the appearance of a ship 
with a thousand emigrants aboard, having a history of many 
deaths at sea from cholera, and cholera still prevailing among 
them. Deficiencies in the plant and the want of modern appli- 
ances and proper accommodations would create embarrassment, 
while the location, once remote from populous centres, but now 370 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
no longer isolated, would at once be recognized as hazarding the 
safety of the neighboring population. 
It is in recognition of these facts that the health authorities 
of the various States and cities interested have contributed their 
influence to the establishment of the national quarantines, using 
them as refuge-stations. 
Among the State and local quarantines, variety of type is 
presented by those of Boston, New York, Louisiana, Galveston, 
Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Charleston. The first four of 
these are complete in themselves, and independent of extraneous 
aid. The others make use of the national stations, particularly 
for the anchorage and cleansing of foul ships. The city of 
Charleston, for example, has a complete plant of approved 
modern design for the disinfection by steam of clothing, baggage, 
and bedding, but use is made of the neighboring national station 
at Blackbeard Island for the treatment of the infected vessel. 
To complete this description of maritime quarantines it 
only remains to mention the special characteristics of the State 
quarantine establishments of New York and Louisiana. 
THE NEW YORK QUARANTINE. 
This consists of— 
1. A ship, or hull, anchored in the lower bay,—the bay 
farthest from the city. The hull is anchored about 4 miles 
inside of Sandy Hook, and about 11 miles from New York. 
This is the boarding-station from May until November, vessels 
being visited by means of a row-boat. 
2. Swinburne Island,—called also Dix Island,—located 
two or three miles from the boarding-station, nearer to New 
York, with an area of two or three acres, on which are erected 
the hospitals for the treatment of the sick, and also a cremation- 
furnace. 
3. Hoffman Island,—like the former, an artificial island,— 
still nearer to New York by about one mile, on which are build- 
ings for the accommodation of two thousand immigrants, with THE LOUISIANA QUARANTINE. 
371 
interior arrangements for their division into groups, while await- 
ing the development of any contagious or infectious disease 
among them. A steam disinfecting-apparatus for the dry or 
moist heat disinfection of baggage, clothing, etc., has been 
established upon this island. 
4. Residence of the health officer, on the “Narrows,” near 
Clifton, Staten Island, 6 miles from New York. 
5. The Anchorage, where infected vessels are treated. This 
is also in the lower bay, which is of so great area that a safe 
location of the vessel is easily effected. 
THE LOUISIANA QUARANTINE. 
To the Louisiana State Board of Health and its successive 
presidents, Drs. C. B. White, Samuel Choppin, Joseph Jones, 
Joseph Holt, and C. P. Wilkinson, is due the credit both of 
combating the pernicious theory of non-quarantine and of per- 
fecting a system of quarantine that is recognized as the most 
extensive and efficient ever devised, and from which a number 
of others have been modeled. Though utilizing the devices of 
others, notably that of Quarantine Officer Dr. Perry, for gener- 
ating and forcing into vessels’ holds sulphur dioxide, and 
though his plant has been improved by his successor, neverthe- 
less the credit of this new and thorough system is justly given 
to Dr. Joseph Holt, President of the Board of Health from 1884 
to 1888, to whose determined energy and genius sanitary and 
commercial interests are equally indebted. 
The improved quarantine consists of, first— 
The Mississippi River Quarantine Station. This is located 
about 90 miles below New Orleans and 4 miles above the “ Head 
of the Passes,” or point where the river divides into its three 
main outlets. 
The plant consists of five buildings exclusive of out-houses, 
viz., a disinfecting-shed and boiler-room, quarters and mess-hall 
for the disinfecting-crew, boat-house and boatmen’s quarters, and 
two residences for the quarantine officer and his assistant. 372 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
The disinfecting-shed immediately adjoins a wharf huilt in 
water of sufficient depth to allow the largest vessels to be 
moored alongside. 
The following description is from the report of Dr. C. P. 
Wilkinson, President of the Louisiana State Board of Health:— 
The disinfecting apparatus consists of three cylindrical steel cham- 
bers and appurtenances, each cylinder being 50 feet long and 8 feet in 
diameter. The ends are spherical, and that facing the river or front end 
is movable, swinging open by means of a crane. At a point 50 feet in 
front of each cylinder commences a double, iron, elevated track, which, by 
a movable section, continues into and throughout the length of each 
cylinder. 
On this track rolls a truck 48 feet in length, and from this truck 
are suspended thirty clothes-racks of 5 bars each. The interior of each 
cylinder contains an arrangement for the employment of moist and dry 
heat, separately and together. The necessary heat is supplied by a 
40-liorse-power steam-boiler at 85 to 100 pounds’ pressure. 
Surmounting the shed is a c}rpress cistern, the bottom of which is 
41 feet above the river-surface, capable of holding 7000 gallons of fluid. 
In this cistern is stored a solution of mercuric chloride, 1 part to 1000 
of water by weight. Pipes lead from this cistern to the outer edge of 
the wharf, and at that point have rubber-hose attachments of sufficient 
length to lead to all parts of a very large vessel, and the hoses terminate 
in hard-rubber roses of 6-inch face. 
The fumigating apparatus, heretofore on a tug, but now proposed 
to be erected on rail-cars on the wharf, consists of a reverberatory sul- 
phur-furnace, with 250 feet of galvanized-iron conductors, 12 inches in 
diameter, and a steam fan. The furnace, 24 inches wide, 48 high, and 40 
deep, is provided with four cast-iron pans, 30 inches long, 23 wide, and 4 
deep, each pan having over cubic feet capacity, or about 175 pounds 
of sulphur. The pans are set on split brick, and are so placed that the 
current of air driven by the fan into the bottom passes over each pan of 
burning sulphur alternately, out through the top and along the conduc- 
tors down into the holds of vessels. 
The process of disinfection of vessels consists in placing all baggage, 
bedding, curtains, carpets, linen, etc.,—in fact, all textile fabrics of vessel, 
crew, and passengers,—on the suspended clothes-racks, which are then 
drawn into the cylinders by a windlass, and applying dry heat until the 
thermometers mark 185° F. (85° C.), at which point moist heat is turned 
on, the temperature rapidly rises to 215° to 220° F. (102° to 105° C.),and THE LOUISIANA QUARANTINE. 
373 
the gauges usually record a pressure of T pounds to the square inch, at 
which point the blow-off valves open, preventing any danger of explosion. 
The contents of the chambers are kept at this temperature and pressure 
for thirty minutes, the cylinders are then opened, and the goods turned 
over to their owners. The vessel in the meantime is washed down—cabins, 
forecastles, decks, and holds—with the mercuric-chloride solution, and 
fumigated by means of the furnace and fan. In the case of loaded vessels, 
washing the interior is omitted, on account of danger to cargo. The holds 
are, however, thoroughly fumigated, and, by a special arrangement of 
“ cargo wells,” the gas penetrates every interspace of cargo. These wells 
are constructed at port of departure, and consist of a long wooden box 
about two feet across,and reach from the bottom to top of holds, the cargo 
being stowed around them at loading-point. The conductor from the 
sulphur-furnace is led into the well, the hatches are tightly closed, and, 
under pressure, the fumes of sulphur are driven into the vessel, the gas 
passing around every package envelope, no matter how tightly packed, 
and chemical examination showed that in the case of sugar-bags it pene- 
trated to the depth of three-fourths of an inch. The character of 
cargoes arriving here from infected ports is almost exclusively coffee and 
sugar, the former always, and the latter nearly always, in bags, neither 
offering obstacles to good and sufficient fumigation in situ. 
When necessary, the cargo is shifted to lighters for more thorough 
disinfection. 
Passengers are required to don their disinfected wearing-apparel to 
permit disinfection of that they may be wearing on arrival. 
Most all of the quarantine work is accomplished at this 
Mississippi lliver Station. 
The second or Lower Quarantine Station is situated in 
Pass a L’Outre, an unused outlet of the Mississippi, a few miles 
below the Head of the Passes. At this station is the lazaretto, 
or hospital for infectious diseases, and it is the anchorage also for 
infected vessels. 
Other stations are the Advance Guard Inspection Station 
at Port Eads, 110 miles below New Orleans, where the waters 
of South Pass are jettied into the Gulf, and the Iligolets and 
Atchafalaya Stations. The two latter control the two lateral 
approaches to New Orleans, and, as the shipping coming through 
these two channels is light in tonnage and mostly from domestic 374 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
ports, by imposing a quarantine of forty days’ detention the two 
approaches are practically closed, compelling all vessels to seek 
the Mississippi as the only available route to New Orleans. 
The following description is for the most part verbatim, 
from the pen of Dr. Joseph Holt (see “Transactions of the 
American Public Health Association,” 1887, vol. xiii):— 
When an inward-bound vessel comes into the offing, she is imme- 
diately boarded by a thoroughly skilled medical officer, and a careful in- 
spection is made of her sanitary record and present condition. If from 
a non-quarantined port, and all is well, she is given •pratique and goes on 
to the city. If from a quarantined port, but presenting a clean health- 
record of vo}'age and no evidence of sickness of a dangerous or doubtful 
character, she proceeds to the Mississippi River Quarantine Station, 
where she is subjected to a full course of sanitary treatment, and is de- 
tained such length of time, not exceeding five days (except in rare in- 
stances wherein further observation may be deemed necessary), as the 
Board of Health may provide. 
If, upon inspection of a vessel entering the river she is found to be 
foul,—that is, showing positive or suspicious evidence of infection either 
in a person then ill or in a foul health-record of voyage,—she is at once 
remanded to the lower station in Pass a L’Outre. The sick, if any, are at 
once removed to the hospital, where every provision has been made. The 
vessel with the well on board is dropped down-stream a few hundred 
yards and anchored. The quarantine tug-boat, with its complete dis- 
infecting outfit, comes alongside, and the work of disinfection begins, 
and does not cease until the vessel has been subjected to the most vigor- 
ous application of the solution of bichloride of mercury, her atmosphere 
below deck completely replaced with one heavily charged with sulphurous 
oxide, and every article of baggage and ship’s wardrobe has been satu- 
rated with the mercuric solution. 
A ship known to be infected with one of the three great pestilential 
diseases—small-pox, cholera, or yellow fever—can stand and must endure 
extraordinary treatment, even if clothing is wetted and some articles 
damaged. 
The immediate segregation of the sick and the well and disinfection 
of the ship and all baggage (in the case of a cholera-infected vessel, 
extended to the disinfectant washing out and refilling of the water-tanks, 
destruction of the food-supply, and revictualing the vessel) constitute 
the treatment of an infected vessel at this station. The ship, together 
writh all on board, is held for observation a period of ten days or more, THE LOUISIANA QUARANTINE. 
375 
according to circumstances, when she is released and proceeds to the 
Mississippi River Station, where the processes of sanitary treatment are 
repeated, with the addition of the use of moist heat applied to baggage, 
ship’s apparel, etc.; and the vessel is then allowed to proceed to the 
city. 
The tug-boat mentioned is of sufficient power to move a vessel to 
or from the wharf, and is equipped with a complete outfit for generating 
and applying germicidal gas for the displacement of the entire atmos- 
phere within the ship, transported, perhaps, directly from some infected 
port. In the hold of this tug is constructed a wooden tank of 2000 
gallons capacity, to hold the bichloride-of-mercury solution, for treatment 
of vessels in the lower quarantine. This tank is furnished with a steam- 
pump made of iron (on account of the greater resistance of that metal 
to amalgamation), supplied with a f-inch rubber hose. 
The quarantine procedure at the Louisiana quarantine 
stations may be further understood through the following quar- 
antine proclamation by the Governor of the State, May 1, 
1890:— 
Executive Department, State of Louisiana. 
In conformity with the provisions of Section 3049 of the Revised 
Statutes of the State, and upon the advice of the State Board of Health, 
requesting the Governor to issue his annual proclamation of quarantine 
against the hereinafter enumerated and mentioned ports, to take effect 
from and after the 1st day of May, A.D. 1890, to wit:— 
All vessels arriving at the several quarantine stations in this State, 
together with their crews, cargoes, and passengers, shall be subjected to 
inspection by the quarantine officers at said stations. 
All vessels, together with their cargoes, crews, passengers, and 
baggage arriving at the Mississippi River Quarantine Station from inter- 
tropical American and West Indian ports shall be subjected to thorough 
maritime sanitation according to the following schedule, to writ:— 
First Glass.—Vessels arriving from non-infected ports. 
Second Class.—Vessels arriving from suspected ports. 
Third Class.—Vessels arriving from ports known to be infected. 
Fourth Class.—Vessels which, without regard to port of departure, 
are infected; that is to say, vessels which have }rellow fever, cholera, or 
other contagious or infectious disease on board at time of arrival, or 
have had same on voyage. 
of the first class to be subjected to necessar}7" maritime 
sanitation at the Mississippi River Quarantine Station, without detention 376 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
of either vessel or persons longer than may be necessary to place such 
vessel in perfect sanitary condition. 
Vessels engaged in the tropical-fruit trade and coming from known 
non-infected localities, and whose sanitary condition and health-record 
are satisfactory, may be allowed to pass the quarantine station after 
inspection, subject, however, to such regulations and sanitary treatment 
as the Board of Health may prescribe. 
Vessels of the second and third classes to undergo the same con- 
ditions as those of the first class, together with detention for observation 
for a period of five full days from hour of arrival in quarantine. 
Vessels of the fourth class to be remanded to the Lower Quarantine 
Station, there to undergo sanitation and detention of vessel and persons 
such length of time as the Board of Health may determine. 
All vessels arriving from ports known or suspected to be infected 
with cholera or small-pox, or which may hereafter become infected, shall 
be subjected to maritime sanitation and such detention as the Board of 
Health may determine. 
Vessels arriving from the above-named ports and places, and be- 
longing to the second, third, and fourth classes, as is set forth in the 
above schedule, shall not be allowed to pass the Rigolets, the Atcliafalaya, 
or Lake Charles Quarantine Stations, or other State quarantine stations 
which may hereafter be established, without having undergone a period 
of detention of forty days and thorough cleaning and disinfection. 
Now, therefore, I, Francis T. Nicliolls, Governor of the State of 
Louisiana, have thought proper to issue this, my annual proclamation 
of quarantine, directing that quarantine shall take effect from and after 
Thursday, the 1st day of May, A.D. 1890, against the above-mentioned 
ports, and as contained in the foregoing schedule. 
Quarantine officers at the several stations in this State are especially 
charged and required to strictly enforce the execution of this proclama- 
tion, and the Board of Health in the city of New Orleans is requested to 
prosecute vigorously all violations of the same, as well as the quarantine 
laws and regulations of this State. 
In testimony whereof I have hereunto affixed my signature, authen- 
ticated with the seal of the State of Louisiana, at the city of Baton 
Rouge, this eighteenth day of April, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and ninety. 
Francis T. Niciiolls, 
Governor of Louisiana. 
By the Governor: 
Geo. Spencer, 
Assistant Secretary of Stale. QUARANTINE CONTRIVANCES. 
377 
Special Suggestions to Owners, Agents, Masters of Vessels, and Passengers. 
The Louisiana State Board of Health recommends the following 
suggestions to agents, owners, masters of vessels, and passengers for 
the purpose of facilitating the work of quarantine ollicers and reducing 
the period of detention to a minimum :— 
1. That vessels should be stripped during the quarantine season 
of all woolen hangings, carpets, curtains, and such-like materials, and 
upholstered furniture as far as practicable. Hair or moss mattresses to 
be replaced by wire or wicker beds. 
2. That as far as possible vessels trading with tropical ports should 
be manned with acclimated crews. 
3. Masters of vessels and ship and consular agents are earnestly 
requested to instruct passengers from quarantinable ports to dispense, as 
far as possible, with baggage which may be injured by wetting, in case 
of pestilential outbreak on board, while undergoing disinfection. Such 
passengers are especially warned against bringing silks, laces, velvets, 
and other fabrics of delicate texture, as they will be compelled to assume 
all risks of injury. 
4. While in ports infected with yellow fever, vessels should be 
anchored out in the harbor, when this is possible, and the crew prohibited 
from going ashore, especially at night. 
5. When practicable, cargoes should be loaded in such a manner as 
to allow access to the pumps, and also to enable the quarantine ollicials 
to pump out and wash the bilge. 
6. Special attention should be given to cleanliness of vessels and 
persons, and provision should be made for all possible ventilation of 
the entire vessel. The best disinfectants and instructions for using the 
same can be obtained by application to the Board of Health or any of 
its officers. 
7. Masters should, before arrival, see that the bilge is thoroughly 
pumped out and cleansed, and that the entire vessel be put in such good 
sanitary condition as to permit of the least possible detention. Fruit 
vessels, particularly, should be kept thoroughly cleansed for the purpose 
of avoiding dela}' at the quarantine station. 
8. Vessels observing the above recommendations will receive special 
consideration at the quarantine station, detention and cost of cleaning, 
disinfecting, etc., being materially lessened thereby. 
QUARANTINE CONTRIVANCES, 
Of modern contrivances first should be mentioned the 
disinfection steamer. This must be a powerful boat on the 378 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
general plan of a tug-boat, about 85 feet in length on the 
water-line, provided with iron tanks of at least 2000 gallons’ 
capacity for holding the solution of bichloride of mercury, to 
which may be attached a steam-pump and rubber-outlet hose. 
To prevent contact of the mercury with the iron the tanks may 
be painted with three coats of red lead and two of paraffine paint 
(Holt). 
The steamer is also provided with a steam-fan, by means of 
which fresh air may be made to displace foul air in the hold of 
the vessel under treatment. A sulphur-furnace is also provided 
for the generation of sulphur dioxide, which is conveyed into 
the hold of the adjoining ship after displacement of the foul air. 
The improved pattern of sulphur-furnace is the design 
of Assistant-Surgeon Kinyoun, Marine-Hospital Service, who 
states that it is on the principle of a reverberatory furnace, con- 
sisting of a series of shelves arranged one above another, each 
shelf holding a pan of burning sulphur. A forced draught is 
kept up by means of a fan-blower connected at the bottom. 
The draught of air charged from the burning sulphur of each 
shelf is made to reach and pass over the shelf above by means 
of apertures made by shortening the shelves alternately at their 
rear and front extremities. With an experimental furnace Dr. 
Kinyoun states that “repeated experiments gave from 14 to 16 
per cent, of S02, temperature 21° C., while burning sulphur in 
a closed place gave only 6 per cent, at 21° C., he., it would not 
support the combustion of sulphur above that percentage.1 
The furnace belonging to the fumigation vessel of the 
Louisiana Board of Health is of a special pattern. I)r. 
Salomon, secretary of the board, states that for each vessel 200 
to 800 pounds of sulphur will be used, according to the size of 
the vessel, and the fumes will be allowed to remain in the hold, 
with hatches sealed, twenty-four to thirty-six hours, or longer.2 
* See Abstracts of Sanitary Reports, Marine-Hospital Service, vol. iii, pages 347 and 348. 
a See Transactions of the American Public Health Association, vol. xiii, for Dr. Holt’s 
description of his system, and vol. xiv, page 113, for Dr. Salomon’s reports and improvements 
thereon. STEAM DISINFECTING-CHAMBERS. 
379 
The amount of sulphur used at the New York Quarantine 
by the pot method (pots of burning sulphur lowered into the 
hold) is 50 to 100 pounds, according to the vessel’s size).1 
At Pensacola about 12 pounds of sulphur are used to every 
100 tons’ register, and the fumigation lasts twelve hours. 
At the Delaware Breakwater 4 pounds are used to each 
1000 cubic feet of space, and the fumes are kept twenty-four 
hours in the vessel’s hold. At Chandeleur, 35 pounds in hold 
to 100 tons. 
STEAM DISINFECTING-CIIAMBERS. 
The principle of disinfection by steam was first advocated 
by Dr. A. N. Bell, of Brooklyn, but the contrivance about to be 
described was first used by Dr. Joseph Holt, and improved by 
Dr. Wilkinson and others. These chambers, two or three at 
one station, consist of jacketed, cylindrical shells, made of strong 
boiler-iron, each shell being 40 or 50 feet long and 7 or 8 feet in 
diameter, inside measurement, furnished with doors at each end.2 
The jacketing is for the purpose of using the chambers 
with either dry beat or with superheated steam. 
Articles of clothing, bedding, etc., are arranged on trucks, 
which are run into the chamber at one end and taken out at 
the other. A bacteriological test made by Dr. Kinyoun at the 
Louisiana Quarantine Station showed that all germs were killed 
after exposure to a dry heat of 79.4° C., obtained in sixteen 
minutes, steam then being turned on for twenty minutes.3 
Another and simple contrivance for fumigating is the 
“ Liquid Sulphurous Dioxide,” the compressed gas furnished in 
metal reservoirs, which, being opened, the gas rapidly escapes. 
By this means any proportion of S02 can be introduced in a 
vessel without any apparatus. It is manufactured in Hagenau 
and in Oberhausen, Germany, and may be purchased in New 
'See Report by Dr. John H. Rauch upon an Inspection of the Atlantic and Gulf Quar- 
antines. State Printer, Springfield, 111., 1886. 
9 See description under “ Louisiana Quarantine.” 
’ For plans and specifications, see Annual Report Marine-Hospital Service for 1889, and 
Abstract of Sanitary Reports, vol. iv, page 443. For Dr. Kinyoun's experiments, see Abstract 
Sanitary Reports, vol. iii, pages 117 to 147. 380 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
York, and of Finlay & Brunswig, wholesale druggists, New 
Orleans, at a cost of five cents per pound when not less than 
one ton is taken. It has been suggested that this may take the 
place of the sulphur-furnace and appliances on the steamer. 
The cost by this method is thought to be but little, if at all, 
greater than by the furnace method, if the interest on the plant 
is added to the latter. This method has been occasionally used 
at the Grosse Isle Quarantine, in Canada, but to establish its 
complete practicability will require further test. 
The following are the rules and regulations of— 
1. The National Quarantine Stations. 
2. State Quarantine Service of Texas. 
3. The Local Quarantine at Pensacola, Florida. 
In these three types will be found all the ordinary admin- 
istrative regulations, which are, however, subject to minor 
changes yearly. 
ADMINISTRATION OF MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
1. Regulations for the National Quarantine Stations. 
(From the Regulations of the Marine-Hospital Service, 1889.) 
328. At ports where quarantine may be established by special statute 
or by the Secretary of the Treasury, ever}' vessel, before being permitted 
to enter, shall present to the Collector of Customs satisfactory evidence 
either that said vessel had not, at any time during a period of thirty 
days immediately preceding its arrival, touched at or communicated 
with any foreign port where cholera or yellow fever exists, or small-pox 
was known to exist in an epidemic form; that there had not been at any 
time during that period any case of contagious disease on board; and 
that said vessel does not convey any person or persons, merchandise, or 
animals affected with any infectious or contagious disease, or that the 
said vessel has been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected by the quarantine 
officer, and is free from infection at the time of entry. The certificate to 
that effect, of the medical officer of the Marine-Hospital Service, acting 
as quarantine officer for the United States at the port, shall be accepted 
by the Collector of Customs as satisfactory evidence, and the medical 
officer shall, before granting such certificate, satisfy himself that the 
matters and things therein stated are true. 
329. Yessels coming from a foreign port or country where cholera ADMINISTRATION OF MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
381 
or 3’ellow fever exists, or small-pox is known to have existed in an epi- 
demic form within thirty days preceding their arrival, and vessels or 
vehicles conveying any person or persons, merchandise, or animals 
affected with any contagious disease, or having had on board at any time 
during the thirty days preceding their arrival any case of contagious 
disease, shall not enter any port of the United States until such disin- 
fection or other precautionary measures shall have been performed as 
prescribed by these regulations, and the certificate of the medical officer 
of the Marine-Hospital Service, or other designated agent of the Treasury 
Department, shall, in such cases, as in the cases referred to in the pre- 
ceding paragraph, be accepted by the Collector of Customs as satisfactory 
evidence of compliance with the regulations. 
330. Quarantine stations will be governed by the general regulations 
of the Service, so far as applicable. 
331. No pilot or other person will be allowed to leave a vessel until 
the vessel shall have been inspected by the quarantine officer, and any 
person violating this regulation shall be reported to the nearest United 
States attorney for prosecution under the act of August, 1888, and no 
person will be allowed to leave the quarantine reservation, or a vessel 
placed in quarantine, without permission of the quarantine officer. 
332. Quarantine officers are hereby empowered and authorized to 
cause the temporary arrest of any person violating the quarantine regu- 
lations, and turn them over to the custody of the nearest United States 
marshal, and notify the United States attorney to that effect; or, if that 
be impracticable, to confine them on the quarantine reservation, subject 
to the orders of the said marshal or attornej’’. 
333. When a vessel arrives at a United States quarantine boarding- 
station, the inspecting officer will examine the papers of the vessel to 
inform himself of her passengers and cargo; he will require all persons 
named on the passenger-list and crew-list to present themselves and 
answer to their names at muster. Should any person have died on the 
vo3'age, the circumstances of the death will be inquired into, and, in case 
of there being an3’ person sick, such person will be carefulty examined 
b3r the inspecting officer, the only exception being, in case of naval 
vessels, the statement of the senior surgeon or medical officer as to the 
sanitaiy condition of the vessel will be accepted. 
334. When persons are found sick of cholera, small-pox, yellow 
fever, plague, or diphtheria, the3* shall be removed to the 
quarantine hospital, and the vessel be disinfected. 
335. In order to stimulate ship-masters to aid in securing a clean 
ocean-going fleet, the following regulations concerning the treatment of 
foul ships will be observed at all national quarantine stations:— 382 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
When a vessel arrives at any national quarantine station from an infected port, and 
requires disinfection, she will be subjected to ordinary disinfection, as provided in former 
regulations. 
When any vessel shall arrive at a national quarantine station in such foul condition 
as to render her dangerous from a sanitary point of view, and is found to require cleansing 
and disinfection, having at any former time within one year been subjected to ordinary 
disinfection, such vessel will be required to undergo extraordinary disinfection, which, in 
addition to the ordinary measures, will include holy-stoning, scraping, the taking out of 
rotten wood, a second disinfection, and interior repainting, all of which will be required 
before granting a certificate of free pratique. 
336. The recognized method of disinfection of vessels will be, for 
all vessels: a, by bichloride of mercury; b, by sulphurous oxide; c, by 
flushing with sea-water. 
337. For disinfection of clothing and other fomites, dry heat will 
be used whenever practicable, and when it is not practicable to use dry 
heat the sulphurous-oxide fumigation will be used. 
338. The Supervising Surgeon-General will from time to time issue 
detailed instructions for the practice of disinfection, under these regula- 
tions, which instructions will include such improvements as may be 
suggested by the advance of science. 
2. Quarantine Regulations, State of Texas. 
No. 1. After the declaration of quarantine by the Governor, every 
vessel, before entering any port on the coast of Texas, shall be boarded 
by quarantine officers, and the crew and passengers be subjected to such 
questions by said officers as will be necessary to determine their probable 
connection with epidemic influence or infectious diseases. 
No. 2. Vessels hailing from infected districts, or having communi- 
cated with others from such districts, by contact or otherwise, shall be 
placed in quarantine, casting anchor at such place or places as may be 
designated by quarantine officer of port, and a complete list of both crew 
and passengers taken. Notice in writing shall be given captains, holding 
them responsible for strict non-communication of both passengers and 
crew with other vessels or with any one from shore. Violation of this 
rule shall be punished by fine against vessel and captain, not less than 
$500 or more than $1000. 
No. 3. From the masts of all vessels in quarantine shall be displayed 
a yellow flag, of such dimensions as to warn off others approaching. 
No. 4. All vessels held in quarantine shall be under the direction 
of port quarantine officer, and put in thorough sanitary condition by fumi- 
gation of hold, washing decks with disinfecting fluids, and purifying 
bilges, etc. 
General Rules. ADMINISTRATION OF MARITIME QUARANTINE. 
383 
No. 5. Costs of fumigation, disinfection, etc., shall be at expense of 
vessels. 
No. 6. A complete muster of crew and passengers must again be 
taken before vessels are given free pratique, and a concise report made 
to State health oflicer. No vessel shall be finally released without per- 
mission of State health ollicer. 
No. 7. Families of quarantine officers will not be allowed at stations 
without special permission from State health officer during the existence 
of quarantine. 
Pilots. 
Pilots will not be allowed to visit, or board, or communicate with 
any vessels without permission of port quarantine officer, under penalty 
of forfeit of their commissions as such. 
Market Vessels. 
Market vessels—meaning those which belong at the port, and which 
furnish daily supplies to vessels at anchor or in quarantine—shall, in 
every instance, apply to quarantine officer for permission before attempt- 
ing to trade or communicate with such vessels; and in case of violation 
of this rule shall themselves be placed in quarantine and held at discre- 
tion of officer in charge. 
Vessels with Cargo to be Disinfected. 
Any vessels from infected districts which may desire to enter such 
cargo shall, upon arrival at outer bar, make known their intention to 
quarantine officer. Quarantine officers receiving this cargo at quarantine 
warehouse shall employ, as far as possible, only acclimatized men, and 
said employes shall be kept under quarantine themselves a sufficient 
number of days to determine their probable infection, their clothing and 
other articles capable of conveying infection be subjected to a high tem- 
perature, say 220° F. (105° C.), before being allowed to return to cities 
or shore. The crews of said vessels shall be subject to rules as above, 
and such other precautions as may be deemed requisite at the time by 
State health officer. Costs in this instance, as in others, are chargeable 
to owners of cargoes. 
3. Quarantine Regulations at Pensacola, Florida. 
(Issued by the Escambia County Board of Health.) 
1. The port inspector shall visit and inspect every vessel entering 
the bay of Pensacola, and ascertain and report her sanitary condition; 
and until such inspection and report, and the release of such vessel by 
said officer, no person shall visit her, and no person from her shall visit 384 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
any other vessel or the shore. The master or owner of each vessel so 
inspected shall pay to this Board for such services $5. 
2. No vessel coming into the port of Pensacola, having on board 
any contagious or infectious disease, or from a port where any such dis- 
ease prevails, shall remain within the territory under the jurisdiction of 
this Board, except at a point designated and under restrictions imposed 
by this Board, according to the exigencies of each case. 
3. It shall be the duty of any person coming into the county of 
Escambia or port of Pensacola, from any locality where any disease in 
an epidemic form prevails, to report at once to this Board or some officer 
thereof, and no person coming from any such locality shall remain in said 
county without the permit of this Board, and then only at such point as 
may be designated, and under such restrictions as may be imposed by 
this Board, according to the exigencies of each case. 
4. No ballast brought into the bay of Pensacola by vessels shall be 
discharged in the county of Escambia, or the waters separating that 
county and the county of Santa Rosa, except at such point as may be 
designated in a permit obtained from this Board or granted on its 
authority; and in case this Board or its sanitary inspector or other 
officer, with approval of this Board, deem it expedient for the preserva- 
tion of the public health to require fumigation, disinfection, or discharge 
of ballast at quarantine station, the same shall be done at the expense of 
the vessel, and in accordance with the system in use by this Board. 
5. All pilots and tow-boats of the port of Pensacola shall be sup- 
plied with copies of these rules, and every pilot or tow-boat master speak- 
ing or boarding a vessel coming into said port shall hand a copy thereof 
to the master of said vessel. 
6. In case any vessel shall be required, by authority of this Board 
in the exercise of its powers to preserve the public health, to discharge 
ballast at quarantine station or be fumigated, she shall pay 25 cents per 
ton for the ballast discharged, and for the fumigation shall pay as follows : 
Steam-ships, $75 ; ships, $50; barks and other vessels other than brigs 
and two-masted schooners, $40 ; brigs, $20 ; two-masted schooners, $15. 
7. No pilot, tow-boatman, or other person shall remove, transfer, 
or receive, or assist in removing, transferring, or receiving any person 
from any vessel entering the bay of Pensacola until such vessel shall 
have been inspected and released by the port inspector. 
QUARANTINE PRACTICE. 
The practical duties of administration, particularly the 
inspection and treatment of vessels, are well described by the QUARANTINE PRACTICE. 
385 
medical officers in command of the several stations named in 
the following letters :— 
Gulf Quarantine Station, Chandeleur Island, Miss. 
(Letter from P. A. Surgeon H. It. Carter, U. S. M.-H. S.) 
I board the incoming vessel while under way and give her such a 
berth as in my judgment is suitable. 
When she is at anchor I first examine her papers, bills of health, 
crew-list, and log ; questioning the master at the same time on such points 
as may bear on the sanitary condition of his vessel; and, except in the 
case of Dr. Burgess’s papers, given at Havana, far more valuable infor- 
mation will be given by, or may be extracted from, the master than is 
conveyed by the bills of health. The master is asked how long he lay at 
the port of clearance, especially where he discharged and where he lny; 
there being, for instance, as much difference in the liability to infection 
between different wharves in Havana, or between the Gamboa and the 
Coal Islands in Rio, as between different ports. 
I especially ask for the cause of discharge of men left (generally in 
hospital) at the port of clearance, and mark the substitutes shipped there 
for special examination. These men having probably been ashore for 
some time and quite frequently just out of hospital, where they were left 
by other vessels, are occasionally the means of introducing yellow fever 
aboard a vessel healthy until they are shipped. 
The statements of the master and even the log (except in British 
vessels) are naturally to be taken Avitli some “ personal correction ” 
dependent on circumstances, and which has wide limits. In general, I 
think intentional false statements are extremely rare, but statements of 
damaging facts may not readily be volunteered. 
The vessel is then inspected. I go all over it, into every place, 
noting especially the sleeping-places and bedding, water-closets, character 
of ballast, and condition of the hold and forecastle, as regards cleanliness, 
ventilation, and dryness ; whether the air streaks are open ; if the ports 
have been open recently, or the wind-sails show signs of recent use. In 
the hold, aft and forward are most apt to be dirty. If the ballast has 
been recently trimmed and the crew is healthy it is a good sign ; on the 
other hand, it may account for a sudden outbreak of fever after she puts 
to sea, in a ship previously healthy. 
The bilge is examined by pumping, if in ballast; by lifting a timber- 
plank if not; and on the smell more stress is laid than on the color. 
I inspect the ship before I do the crew, so that I may see the crew 
when the}’ are not aware they are under observation. I then inspect the 
crew. All stand together, and as I call the roll each man answers, 386 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
comes to me, find passes to another place. Any I wish to examine more 
closely are told to step aside. These would in general he : Those who 
look sick, or as if they had been sick; those who by the log or master’s 
statement had been sick; those "who had shipped at port of clearance. 
They are examined as may be deemed necessary. In these cases little 
dependence can be placed on the accounts sailors give of their past ail- 
ments, and a kind of inverse malingering is universal. For instance, the 
cabin-boy of the “Maria,” with yellow fever, was standing up, although 
holding by a chair, and reported himself as perfectly well and “ could eat 
much,” then staggered and had fallen had I not caught him in my arms, 
vomiting as he fell. 
We have no cargoes, save occasionally a schooner with fustic, log- 
wood, or sisal. 
The baggage is examined when unpacked for disinfection. 
If the vessel is infected and has sick men aboard, I attend to the 
sick first, and remove them if possible. Right here I may say that in 
some stages of yellow fever removal is not possible with safety to the 
patient—it means death to him. In this event, he should be isolated on 
board ship, having alread}" had the disease two or three da}rs, and thereby 
having already exposed the vessel. As soon as possible, however, he 
should be removed. 
A preliminary fumigation and disinfection is done immediately 
before doing anything else, in the hope of destroying the contagium at 
its source, and preventing the sickness of others of the crew. This is 
done as thoroughly as possible without removing ballast or much prelimi- 
nary mechanical cleaning, but particular attention being given to the 
probable source of infection. The vessel is then treated in the routine 
manner, as follows :— 
The bilge is first pumped out and washed until clean, after which 
the disinfectant is put in,—generally bichloride of mercury. At Chande- 
leur we have practically no cargoes to deal with. The ballast therefore 
is next removed. All sand, earth, porous stone, or other foul ballast is 
removed—thrown overboard. The work is done by the ship’s crew. 
Clean, sharp stone—as much as may be to hold the vessel, i.e., 
prevent her capsizing—may be allowed to remain, each stone having 
been immersed in a 1 to 800 solution of bichloride of mercury. This is 
done by the crew while trimming ballast,—a necessary procedure, irre- 
spective of disinfection. The hold is washed down with sea-wrater by 
means of a force-pump, birch and whalebone brooms being also used, and, 
if necessary, scrapers. The same is done to the forecastle and other 
parts, if necessary. 
The vessel being mechanically clean in its accessible portions, the QUARANTINE PRACTICE. 
387 
disinfection is begun. All soiled or used clothing, and all bedding that 
can be so treated without destruction, is soaked for half an hour in 
bichloride solution. The remainder is hung up loosely for fumigation. 
Not unfrequently there are articles—cotton-stuff comforts, etc.—which 
cannot be disinfected, and are, therefore, destined. All articles not 
capable of conveying infection, as chronometers and articles made from 
the precious metals, are removed. The cabin, forecastle, and hold are 
then fumigated. For close vessels the amount of sulphur used in the 
hold is 35 pounds per 100 tons. The cabin and forecastle are kept 
closed twenty-four hours, the hold from forty-eight to seventy-two hours. 
Iu an ordinarily tight ship it is impossible to enter the hold, even after 
seventy-two hours, until the fumes have been displaced by air from wind- 
sail and open ports. When the doors are opened all surfaces are washed 
with a solution of bichloride, either with hose and brooms or with mops. 
Gilt-work, being utterly destroyed by this agent, is washed with water as 
near boiling as it can be used. 
The quarantine detention of the vessel now begins. The proper 
time in quarantine is not less than the period of incubation. The number 
of days of passage from foreign ports counts for nothing, as does also 
the time on the quarantine grounds previous to completion of dis- 
infection. 
In estimating the probability of a vessel being infected, it makes 
quite a difference whether the yellow fever she has had in passage devel- 
oped at such time that it could have been contracted elsewhere than on 
board ship, or so long after clearing as of necessity to have been com- 
municated by the ship or fomites aboard her. In the latter case she was 
infected. This has a direct bearing on her treatment. 
South Atlantic Quarantine Station, Blackbeard Island, Ga. 
(Description of Quarantine Methods, by Passed-Assistant-Surgeon J. H. White, U.S.M.-H.S.) 
On boarding a newly-arrived vessel, I first demand the crew-list and 
passenger-list (if any). I have the roll called, and, when all have 
answered, inspect each and every person, with a view to the discovery of 
any signs of present or recently-passed sickness, of any character. 
The cabin, forecastle, galle}', and any other rooms are then in- 
spected, and every chest and locker opened and contents seen. 
The hold and between decks are next inspected. All sick are 
removed to hospital. 
This constitutes the first step. 
The second consists in putting into all these places a preliminary 
fumigation with sulphur of sutlicient quantity, this process occupying 
about twenty-four hours. 388 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
Third.—All ballast is removed when possible, and wrhen not so it 
is dipped stone by stone in bichloride solution of the strength of 1 to 300 
or 1 to 500, and the whole vessel is washed as clean as water can make 
her,—hold, deck-houses, and all. 
Fourth.—Another, and even stronger fumigation than the first, 
with sulphurous-acid gas. 
Fifth.—With a force-pump and hose, a solution of bichloride 
(1 to 500, or stronger) is freely applied to every part of ship and con- 
tents. Clothing, both in use and not, is either burned, boiled, or soaked 
in a 1 to 500 solution of bichloride; sometimes both the latter measures. 
Soaking lasts ten to fifteen minutes. Clothing is boiled twenty minutes; 
bedding two to three hours. Bedding is most often burned, and always 
after small-pox. 
Delaware Breakwater Quarantine Station. 
(Inspection and Treatment of Vessels, by William P. Okr, A. A. Surgeon U. S. M.-H. S.) 
The plan which I have followed in inspecting vessels at this station 
is as follows:— 
I first go down into the cabin and examine the bill of health (and 
manifest, if the vessel lias a general cargo). From these I learn the 
following important facts : The sanitary condition of the port of depart- 
ure at the time of sailing; the date of departure; number of crew and 
passengers, and whether the vessel sails in quarantine or free 'pratique. 
I will say just here that the bills of health issued by Dr. Burgess, an 
Inspector of the Marine-Hospital Service, stationed at Havana, are the 
most complete and satisfactory bills of health that I examine, and we 
have vessels coming to the Breakwater from all over the world. He 
gives the sanitary history and condition of the vessel, cargo, 
crew, and passengers, and the number of cases and number of deaths 
from contagious diseases during the week previous to the departure of 
the vessel. 
If on arrival there is no sickness on the vessel, and there has been 
none during the passage, and there is no infectious or contagious disease 
at the port whence she sails, then the vessel is discharged from quaran- 
tine. If there is any contagious disease on board on arrival, the sick 
are brought ashore and cared for in hospital, and the vessel fumigated, 
disinfected, and detained for a variable period, usually ten days, in order 
to observe the crew and see whether anjr new cases are going to appear. 
If the crew are all well on arrival, but have had sickness (b}r sickness I 
mean yellow-fever, small-pox, or cholera) during the passage, the vessel 
receives the same treatment as above. In case the crew are all well, and 
there has been no sickness during the passage, but the vessel comes from SPECIAL MEASURES AGAINST CHOLERA. 
389 
an infected port, then the treatment of the vessel depends upon the 
number of days’ passage, the condition of the vessel, the statement of 
the captain (which is made under oath) as to whether the crew were 
allowed to visit the shore, and the length of time the vessel was in port 
discharging the cargo and reloading, and other considerations which 
enable us to decide whether any danger need be apprehended in allowing 
the vessel to enter. After careful inspection of a vessel from an infected 
port, if I lind everything neat and clean, I usually allow her to proceed, 
provided she has had a passage of ten days or more; but if she has noL 
been out for that length of time I detain the vessel, during the summer 
season, for observation until the ten days from date of departure have 
expired. At the end of this time, if no sickness appear, the vessel is 
discharged. 
To clean an infected vessel, we begin the first by fumigating,— 
that is, burn about 4 pounds of sulphur for every 1000 cubic feet 
of air-space, the hatchways, doors, and windows being closed and 
caulked, so as to make the hold, cabin, and forecastle as nearly air-tight 
as possible. The sulphur-fumes are allowed to remain in the hold twenty- 
four hours, and in the cabin and forecastle about ten hours; the second 
day all beds, pillows, and furniture which cannot be satisfactorily disin- 
fected are burned, and all clothing, blankets, curtains, carpets, and cotton 
and woolen goods are soaked in a bichloride solution (1 to 2000). The 
third day the floors, walls, and ceilings of the cabin and forecastle, and 
all furniture, drawers, and chests in them washed with the same solution. 
The vessel is now supposed to be clean, and is discharged at once, pro- 
vided the average period of incubation for the disease from which the 
crew have suffered has elapsed since there was any one sick on board. 
SPECIAL MEASURES AGAINST CHOLERA. 
Other features of quarantine administration are well ex- 
pressed in the following extract from the editorial pages of the 
Philadelphia Medical Neivs of October 15, 1887, showing the 
measures necessary to extinguish an incipient epidemic of cholera 
and to prevent its spread. Such measures are as follow:— 
(a) Speedy recognition and isolation of the sick ; their proper 
treatment; absolute and rapid destruction of the infectious agent of the 
disease, not only in the dejecta and vomit, but also in clothing, bedding, 
and in or upon whatever else it finds a resting-place. 
(b) The convalescents should remain isolated from the healthy so 
long as their stools possibly contain any of the infecting agent; before 390 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
mingling again with the well they should be immersed in a disinfecting 
bath, and afterward be clothed from the skin outward with perfectly 
clean vestments, which cannot possibly contain any of the infectious 
material. 
(c) The dead should be well wrapped in cloth thoroughly saturated 
in a solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 500), and, without delay, cortege, 
or lengthy ceremonial, buried near the place of death in a deep grave, re- 
mote as possible from water which may, under any circumstances, be used 
for drinking, washing, culinary or other domestic purposes. (Cremation, 
of course, is by far the safest way of disposing of cholera cadavers.) 
(d) Those handling the sick or the dead should be careful to dis- 
infect their hands and soiled clothing at once, and especially before touch- 
ing articles of food, drinking, or culinary vessels. 
(e) In the case of maritime quarantine, the well should be disem- 
barked and placed under observation in quarters spacious enough to 
avoid crowding, and so well appointed and furnished that none will suffer 
real hardships. 
(f) Once having reached the station, those under observation 
should be separated in groups of not more than twelve to twenty-four, 
and the various groups should, under no pretext, intermingle. The quar- 
ters for each group should afford stationary lavatories and water-closets 
in perfect working condition, adequate to the needs of the individuals 
constituting the group, and supplied with proper means of disinfection. 
There should be a bed raised above the floor, proper coverings, and a 
chair for each member of the group, each person being required to use 
only his own bed. There should be a common table of sufficient size to 
seat around it all the members of the group, who should be served their 
meals from a central kitchen, and with table furniture belonging to the 
station and cleaned by the common kitchen scullions. 
(g) Drinking-water, free from possible contamination and of the 
best quality, should be distributed in the quarters of each group as it is 
needed, and in such a manner that it is received in drinking-cups only. 
There should be no water-buckets or other large vessels in which hand- 
kerchiefs, small vestments, children’s diapers, etc., can be washed by the 
members of any group. 
(h) Immediately after being separated into groups in their respec- 
tive quarters, every person under observation should be obliged to strip 
and get into a bath (a disinfecting one is preferable), and afterward be 
clothed with fresh, clean vestments from the skin outward. Every article 
of clothing previously worn should be taken away and properly disin- 
fected. 
(i) Then all of the personal effects should be at once removed to a SPECIAL MEASURES AGAINST CHOLERA. 
391 
separate building, washed (if possible), and thoroughly disinfected, or, 
if necessary, destroyed. After disinfection they should be temporarily 
returned to the members of groups, when occasion requires a further change 
of clothing. 
(&) Under no circumstances whatever should washing of clothing 
by those under observation be permitted. All used clothing should be 
first thoroughly disinfected (by boiling, when possible),and then should 
be cleansed, the disinfection and washing being done by a sufficiently 
trained and absolutely reliable corps of employes supplied with adequate 
appliances. 
(1) All those under observation should be mustered in their own 
quarters, and be subjected to a close medical inspection, while on their 
feet, at least twice every day, in order to discover and isolate, as soon as 
possible, new cases which may develop ; and, of course, the clothing and 
bedding of these new cases should be treated without delay in the manner 
already mentioned. In the meantime, a watch should be set over the 
water-closets for the purpose of discovering cases of diarrhoea, and, when 
discovered, such cases should be temporarily separated from the rest. 
They should receive judicious medical attention at once, and precautions 
should be taken as if they were undoubted but mild cases of cholera. 
(in) The quarters should be kept thoroughly clean, and every sur- 
face upon which infectious material could possibly be deposited, includ- 
ing the floors, should be washed with a strong disinfectant twice daily, 
and oftener when necessary. Evacuations from the bowels should be 
passed into a strong disinfectant; the hopper of the closet should be 
then flushed and finally drenched with a quantity of the same dis- 
infectant. 
(n) For the proper attention to the sick, there should be two or 
more competent and experienced physicians, assisted by a sufficient corps 
of intelligent and efficient nurses, with hours of duty so arranged that a 
physician, with a sufficient number of nurses, be in constant attendance 
in the wards of the hospital. 
(o) For the prompt recognition and separation of new cases, their 
temporary medical attention, the proper treatment of discovered cases 
of diarrhoea or cholerine and of other maladies, and the immediate cor- 
rection of every insanitary practice or condition by constant, vigilant, and 
intelligent supervision, there should be at least two or more competent 
and experienced physicians, with hours of service so arranged that a phj'- 
sician is on duty night and day among those under observation; and he 
should have, subject to his orders at any and every moment, a sufficient 
and efficient corps of nurses and laborers to carry out properly and 
promptly his directions. 392 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
(p) In order to prevent tlie intermingling of the various groups, to 
enforce obedience and order, and to make it absolutely impossible for the 
quarantined and their personal effects to have any communication with 
the exterior, a well-organized and sufficiently large police corps should 
patrol the borders of the stations and the buildings day and night. 
(q) Any group among whom there have developed no new cases of 
cholera or of choleraic diarrhoea, during the preceding eight or ten days, 
may be regarded as harmless, and allowed to leave quarantine after each 
one is finally immersed in a disinfecting bath and re-clothed with clean 
garments from the skin outward, the garments removed being destroyed 
or thoroughly disinfected and cleansed, as already indicated. 
As yet no reference has been made to the crew, ship, and cargo. 
What has been said of the treatment of those under observation applies 
to every one of the ship’s inhabitants. The observation, isolation, and 
cleansing of the crew and their effects could safely be performed aboard 
ship if necessary. The ship should be thoroughly cleansed and disin- 
fected, particular attention being given to the quarters of the emigrants 
and crew. 
In aid of the national quarantines, sanitary inspectors are 
appointed by the Marine-Hospital Service at special points of 
danger, either in the United States or abroad. Through the 
State Department consular notification from foreign ports is 
received regularly by mail, or, in emergency, by cable, and the 
information thus received, and that received also from home 
ports, is communicated, by the Marine-Hospital Bureau, to all 
quarantine authorities and others, by means of a weekly publi- 
cation known as the “Abstract of Sanitary Reports.” 
An important source of information concerning the move- 
ments of vessels in every portion of the world is the “Maritime 
Register,” published in New York. The United States Col- 
lectors of Customs are efficient aids, having, by law, the power 
of search and detention of vessels, and having exceptional 
knowledge of the sanitary condition of the shipping at their 
respective ports. The Revenue-Cutter Service, a national coast 
patrol, renders efficient aid, and the light-liouse establishment 
and coast survey render valuable assistance in locating and 
buoying the anchorages. 
AIDS TO QUARANTINE. INLAND QUARANTINE. 
393 
Finally, the Marine-Hospital Service, having, besides the 
quarantines, the care of the sick of the merchant vessels of the 
United States, with 126 physicians stationed at all the larger 
and many of the smaller ports, is ready at a moment’s notice to 
extend indefinitely its quarantine service. To the surgeon- 
general of this service, at Washington, are entrusted all national 
quarantine matters. 
INLAND QUARANTINE. 
Under Inland Quarantine will be mentioned The Sanitary 
Cordon, Camps of Probation, Railroad Quarantine, Disinfection 
Stations, and Inspection Service. 
The Sanitary Cordon.—This consists of a line of guards, 
military or civil, thrown around a district or locality, either to 
protect the same from the surrounding country when infected, 
or to protect the surrounding country from the infected district 
or locality. When a given locality is infected, and the adjacent 
territory is regarded as suspicious, it may be necessary to establish 
a double cordon, the first one embracing the whole suspected 
territory at its outer edge, the second investing more closely the 
well-defined infected locality. After the expiration of a sufficient 
time to prove that the area between the cordons is not infected, 
or lias been cleared of infection, the first cordon may be re- 
moved. Hospitals and camps of probation may be necessary 
adjuncts to the cordon. The most noted example of the sanitary 
cordon is found in the history of the plague epidemic in Russia 
in 1878. A colony on the river Volga, called Wetljankaja, with 
a population of 1700 inhabitants, became infected with the 
Oriental plague, which extended to the neighboring villages. A 
military cordon was made to embrace all the infected district. 
The inhabitants of the focus of infection, Wetljankaja, were 
removed, property appraised for re-imbursement by the govern- 
ment, and the village burned. An additional cordon was thrown 
around Zarizin, a neighboring commercial city of importance 
and terminus of the Russian railway system. The cordons were 
maintained several months, and the plague was stamped out. 394 
TEXT-ROOK OF HYGIENE. 
(See Abstract Sanitary Reports, vol. i [Bulletin’s], page 78.) 
The sanitary cordon is the customary method of preventing the 
spread of epidemic disease in the eastern countries. 
In the United States, when yellow fever prevailed in Pen- 
sacola in 1882, to the extent of 2200 cases, the navy-yard 
reservation, whose boundary-line is within two miles of the city 
limit, with a population of about 1500, was successfully guarded 
bv means of a cordon and non-intercourse. 
J 
The following year, 1883, the navy=yard itself was infected, 
and a cordon was thrown around it to protect the city of Pen- 
sacola, and was maintained for a period of sixty days. This 
cordon was under the management of the Surgeon-General of the 
Marine-IIospital Service, aid having been requested of the na- 
tional government. The Collector of Customs of Pensacola 
was made the agent to execute the orders of the Marine-Hospital 
Bureau, and to the president of the local Board of Health was 
entrusted the immediate command of the line and guards. The 
cordon entirely surrounded the land boundary of the naval 
reservation. Its line was four miles in length, one mile of it 
through a dense thicket, and was marked by blazed trees and 
flags. Forty men were employed as guards, an equal number 
being selected from each of the two political parties. Two cap- 
tains were appointed, and were obliged to supervise the line 
night and day. 
The sentinel posts were furnished with tents, and two guards 
■were allotted to each post, taking alternate watches of four 
hours each. A detention or probation camp was established 
and placed in charge of a physician, where persons wishing to 
leave the reservation were obliged to pass a probationary period 
of twenty days. Not more than half a dozen persons were 
received in this camp. The government expended about 
$20,000 in these restrictive measures, which were entirely suc- 
cessful. Not one person got through the cordon line. The 
success was due largely to the thorough discipline maintained 
by the Collector and the President of the Board of Health. INLAND QUARANTINE. 
395 
Yellow-Fever Cordon in Texas.—In 1882, yellow fever pre- 
vailing in Mexico along the liio Grande, and in Brownsville, 
Texas, a sanitary cordon was established by the Surgeon-General 
of the Marine-Hospital Service, on request of the Governor of 
the State, extending along the line of the railroad from Corpus 
Christi, on the Gulf of Mexico, inland to Laredo, on the Rio 
Grande. This line was 180 miles northeast of Brownsville, the 
triangular territory thus hemmed in by the cordon on one side, 
the Rio Grande on another, and the Gulf on the third, being all 
suspected territory, although the fever prevailed in only one 
corner of it, viz., in Brownsville. All persons were detained at 
least ten days at the cordon before being allowed to pass north- 
ward,—a period of probation to insure that no one having the 
disease should carry it farther north. As soon as practicable 
another cordon was established much nearer to Brownsville, 
only 30 miles from it, the line extending from the mouth of the 
Sol Colorado, on the Gulf of Mexico, to Santa Maria, on the 
Rio Grande. After a time sufficient to prove that no more 
fever prevailed between the two cordons, the first one was 
removed. Within the second line, where the fever prevailed, 
chiefly in Brownsville, a hospital was established and dispensa- 
ries opened for the gratuitous treatment of all applicants. 
Upon the Mexican side of the Rio Grande the fever con- 
tinued to spread northwardly, and, in order to oppose it, still 
another cordon had to be established on the American side of 
the river, extending from Santa Maria on the south to Laredo 
on the north, a distance of 500 miles. Three hundred guards 
well mounted (Texan cow-boys) were employed in this cordon, 
and, while the disease was being stamped out in Brownsville, 
any further importation from Mexico was thus prevented. In 
Mexico the fever continued to spread until the authorities finally 
adopted measures similar to the above. 
Much violent language has been used concerning the hard- 
ships imposed by the sanitary cordon, but in the presence of an 
epidemic the authorities who are responsible need to pay more 396 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
heed to the efficiency of the cordon than to individual com- 
plaints. It should be borne in mind that the sanitary cordon is 
not intended to bottle up all the people who are caught within 
an infected district. On the contrary, it is intended as a means 
of exit to those who will not carry with them contagious disease 
to the people beyond. 
The cordon, then, imposes simply a period of detention 
corresponding to the incubative period of the prevailing disease. 
Ample preparation must be made for housing and feeding, in 
camps or other quarters, persons awaiting the expiration of the 
detention period; and hospitals must be provided for the treat- 
ment of those who develop sickness. Provision must also be 
made for the disinfection of suspected baggage. 
Camps of Probation.—Camps of probation or detention 
should be established with all the precision of arrangement 
and regard for site, water, and drainage that pertain to a military 
camp. Every effort should be made to make the camp as com- 
fortable and cheerful as possible, and to this latter end amuse- 
ments and entertainments such as might be suggested by the 
campers themselves should be encouraged. Every necessity in 
the matter of food, bedding, and the ordinary comforts of life 
should be anticipated to prevent any just cause of complaint. 
Such a natural division of the inhabitants should be made as 
seems desirable at the time, those of equal intelligence and 
refinement naturally seeking each other’s company. The greatest 
concern is to prevent the camp itself from becoming infected. 
To this end no baggage should be allowed within the camp 
boundary without previous disinfection; and every refugee 
should be examined by a physician before being admitted to the 
camp. No one should be received who does not intend to pro- 
ceed to an uninfected locality after his probation. In other 
words, a camp of probation should not be used as one of 
refuge. 
The camp must be surrounded by guards to prevent egress 
or ingress, excepting through the established portal. At least INLAND QUARANTINE. 
397 
twice or three times in the twenty-four hours all refugees should 
be inspected in their quarters, and any case of sickness at once 
he isolated and watched until the diagnosis is certain. If the 
case is one of the prevailing disease, the patient must be re- 
moved immediately to the hospital, which should be at a safe 
distance, half a mile or more, from the camp. Before leaving 
the camp, each refugee’s clothing should be fumigated, and he 
should be given a certificate that he has passed the required 
period of probation. A clear distinction must be made between 
camps of probation and camps of refuge. Camps of refuge are 
simply residence camps established to receive the population of 
an infected community when it has been determined to depopu- 
late the infected district. 
Depopulation of a house, a block, a district, or a whole 
city, if possible, the people moving into camps, is now recog- 
nized as a valuable means of controlling an epidemic; and 
there may be either camps of probation or simply camps of 
refuge, or both, according to the requirements of the situation. 
Camps of refuge, in connection with depopulation, were sug- 
gested by the late Surgeon-General Woodworth, in 1878, and 
the measure was practically carried out at Memphis, in 1879, 
by the establishment of Camp Mitchell. “ But the establish- 
ment of a camp to which persons from infected points could go, 
he kept under observation a sufficient length of time to demon- 
strate they were not infected, have their baggage disinfected, 
and be given ‘free pratique,’ is apparently a new departure in 
inland quarantine.” 
Camp Perry, Fla.—Such was Camp Perry, Florida, de- 
scribed by the surgeon in charge, W. H. H. Hutton, in the 
Marine-Hospital Service Report for 1889. The site was admir- 
ably chosen by Passed-Assistant-Surgeon John Gniteras, upon a 
bluff on the south side of St. Mary’s River, the dividing line 
between Florida and Georgia, about forty miles north of Jack- 
sonville, Fla., which city was in the throes of a yellow-fever 
epidemic. The camp was opened August 20, 1888. It con- 398 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
sisted, in its completed stage, first, of 50 wooden cottages built 
elsewhere and transported on cars. Their dimensions were 12 
feet by 10, and 10 feet in height, constructed of plain lumber, 
with cracks battened, and windows on each side with swinging 
shutters. Each held four cots, chairs, and toilet-stand, while 
unused clothing was neatly arranged on the rafters above. 
Besides the 50 cottages there were a quartermaster and guard- 
house, commissary building, dining-room, and kitchen, and 
laundry, built of rough lumber; 2 Ducker portable barracks, 
each 18 by 35 feet, provided with 12 beds each, and 350 tents, 
used principally by the single men, the employes and guards, 
and the colored refugees. The camp was laid out and its 
military discipline established under the temporary personal 
command of Surgeon-General Hamilton. So far as known this 
is the first camp of the kind ever established, at least in the 
United States. The cottages were arranged in a quadrangle 
around a parade-ground two acres in extent, and the tents were 
arranged in streets and alleys in the rear of the cottages. The 
accommodations were sufficient for 600 people, and extra tents 
were on hand so that if required 1000 persons could have been 
provided for, or 3000 per month, allowing for only ten days’ 
detention of each person. Two hundred hospital-tents will 
accommodate 1200 people comfortably, according to Surgeon 
Hutton, who states that the small A-tents are unsuited for 
women and children, but will answer for men or boys. Wire- 
mattress cots should be provided. The marine-hospital officer 
at Savannah, Ga., was the purchasing agent for the camp, and 
promptly forwarded all subsistence supplies on requisition by 
mail or telegraph. 
Discipline of the Camp.—On arrival of a train, each pas- 
senger was personally examined by a physician, his health- 
certificate scrutinized, and he was made to await the examination 
of others. Hand-bags, clothing, and loose wearing-apparel 
were left in the baggage-car for disinfection. The refugees were 
then marched to the quartermaster’s room for registration and 399 
INLAND QUARANTINE. 
assignment to quarters. On first arrival they were placed in the 
southern part of the camp, and in two days, there being no 
sickness, were moved forward several cabins, and this progres- 
sion was repeated until the time for discharge. 
Twelve guards were employed, under the command of a 
captain, and were divided into squads of four each. The 
schedule was so arranged that each guard was on duty two 
hours and off duty four. 
A bugler announced the several calls as follows:— 
5.30 a.m., .... Reveille. 
6.00 a.m., .... Breakfast, employes. 
7.00 a.m., .... Breakfast, guests. 
9.00 a.m., .... Surgeon’s call and inspection. 
12.00 m., . . . Dinner, employes. 
1.20 p.m., .... Dinner, guests. 
4.30 P.M., .... Surgeon’s call and inspection. 
5.30 p.m., .... Supper, guests. 
6.00 p.m., .... Supper, employes. 
6.30 P.M., .... Retreat and change of guard. 
9.00 p.m., .... Retiring taps. 
The yellow-fever hospital-camp, under the special charge 
of Dr. Faget, was located one-half mile from the probation 
camp. It consisted of 2 frame buildings, 2 hospital and 12 
smaller tents, arranged in a double-crescent shape, the avenue 
in the middle presenting an attractive appearance. 
Of the 12 small tents, 4 were for nurses, 3 for employes, 
2 for convalescents, and 1 each for drug-store, storage- and 
dead- house. One of the hospital-tents was used as a dining- 
room for employes, convalescents, and parents of the sick. 
The hospital was established September 3, 1888, and be- 
tween that date and November 24th 35 cases of yellow fever 
were admitted and treated, 3 died, and 32 were discharged. 
Twelve hundred and eleven refugees were received into Camp 
Perry, nearly all of whom were from the infected district of 
Jacksonville. 
Thirty-five cases of yellow fever were caught by the ten 400 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
days’ detention, but no case of fever was contracted at the camp, 
and of the 1208 refugees who passed the required detention and 
proceeded to different parts of the country, so far as known, not 
one subsequently developed or carried the disease elsewhere. 
The general plan of the preventive measures adopted during this 
epidemic will be described under Railroad Quarantine. 
Railroad Quarantine, Inspection Service, and Disin- 
fection Stations.—Railroad quarantine, disinfection stations, 
and inspection service may be described by a brief account of 
the actual measures of this nature, made use of during the 
yellow-fever epidemic in Florida in 1888, of which Camp Perry, 
just described, was an important adjunct. (For details, see 
annual reports marine-hospital service, 1888 and 1889.) 
The Governor of Florida made application to the national 
authorities, July 16th, for aid, and it was determined to prevent 
further spread of the disease by disinfecting all baggage from 
infected localities before permitting its transportation into other 
States, and by enforcing upon all persons from infected localities 
seeking to leave the State a probationary detention of ten days. 
Accordingly, disinfection-stations were established at two 
points, through which all persons leaving Florida by rail were 
obliged to pass. One of these was at Live Oak, in Northwestern 
Florida; the other at Way Cross, Georgia, near the boundary- 
line of Northeastern Florida. The only other means of egress 
from the State was from the sea-ports; but healthy sea-ports 
maintained a vigorous quarantine against people from the in- 
fected districts, and infected sea-ports were not visited by the 
steam-ship lines, because their vessels would thereby be made 
liable to quarantine detention at other ports. The fumigation 
of baggage at Live Oak and Way Cross was accomplished by 
means of box-cars specially prepared, and subsequently in 
warehouses, the agent being sulphur dioxide. 
Regarding persons, the inspectors, properly uniformed and 
wearing official shields, boarded the trains when the latter arrived 
at the inspection-stations, and demanded of each passenger a INLAND QUARANTINE. 
401 
certificate, showing where he had been during the previous ten 
days, which certificate was considered valid only when it bore 
the seal or signature of some officer of health, or recognized 
municipal authority. The inspectors themselves were kept 
informed regarding all infected or suspected localities, and a 
person coming from such locality was either made to return to 
it, or given the option of going to the camp of probation, there 
to spend the ten days’ period of probation before being allowed 
to enter other States. 
This was Camp Perry, previously described, located 38 
miles south of the Way Cross Station, and 40 miles north of 
Jacksonville, where the epidemic prevailed chiefly. All egress 
from Jacksonville was, perforce, through Camp Perry and its ten 
days’ probation. 
This camp was a means of protecting not only other States, 
but the uninfected portions of Florida itself, more particularly 
Southern Florida, whose health authorities refused to admit 
within their limits the refugees from the infected districts unless 
they had passed the period of probation at Camp Perry. To 
assist in this protection to Southern Florida, no person was 
allowed to board a south-bound train between Way Cross, 
on the north, and Orange Park, a station 20 miles south of 
Jacksonville. 
Moreover, through south-bound trains were boarded at 
Way Cross, and all passengers compelled to furnish evidence of 
coming from healthful localities. The evidence consisted of 
certificates from local authorities, baggage-checks, or railroad- 
tickets showing they were purchased in the North, and in some 
instances letters showing by the superscription and stamps where 
the person had been. 
No train, excepting the special government train, wTas 
allowed to stop at Camp Perry. A government train also 
carried those who had passed the period of probation from Camp 
Perry to a point 3£ miles distant, Folkstone, where they were 
transferred to a regular train running as far north as Way Cross, 402 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
Ga., where another transfer had to be made to a regular north- 
bound train. No Florida passenger-car was allowed to go north, 
and more than 1000 baggage and freight cars were disinfected 
by government officers before being allowed to leave the State. 
The methods of railroad quarantine may also be studied 
in a review of the action taken to prevent the introduction of 
small-pox into the United States from Canada, where it prevailed 
extensively in the fall and winter of 1885, and January and 
February, 1886. 
The following regulations were issued by the Surgeon- 
General of the Marine-Hospital Service, October, 10, 1885:— 
The act approved April 29, 1878, entitled, “ An act to prevent the 
introduction of contagious or infectious diseases into the United States,” 
provides that no vessel or vehicle coining from any foreign port or 
country where any contagious or infectious disease exists, or any vessel 
or vehicle conveying persons, merchandise, or animals affected with anjT 
contagious disease, shall enter any port of the United States, or pass the 
boundary-line between the United States and any foreign country, except 
in such manner as may be prescribed under said act. 
Attention is now directed to the prevalence of the contagious and 
infectious disease of small-pox in Montreal and other places in the 
Dominion of Canada, and the law referred to is held to apply alike to 
trains of cars and other vehicles crossing the border, and to vessels 
entering ports on the northern frontier. 
Because, therefore, of the danger which attaches to the transporta- 
tion of persons and baggage, and articles of merchandise, or animals, 
from the infected districts, the following regulations are framed, under 
the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, and subject to the 
approval of the President, for the protection of the health of the people 
of the United States against the danger referred to :— 
1. Until further orders all vessels arriving from ports in Canada, 
and trains of cars and other vehicles crossing the border-line, must be 
examined by a medical inspector of the Marine-Hospital Service before 
they will be allowed to enter the United States, unless provision shall 
have been made by State or municipal quarantine laws and regulations 
for such examination. 
2. All persons arriving from Canada, by rail or otherwise, must be 
examined by such medical inspector before they will be allowed to enter 
the United States, unless provision has been made for such examination. INLAND QUARANTINE. 
403 
3. All persons coming from infected districts, not giving satis- 
factory evidence of protection against small-pox, will be prohibited from 
proceeding into the United States until after such period as the medical 
inspector, the local quarantine, or other sanitary officer duly authorized, 
may direct. 
4. The inspectors will vaccinate all unprotected persons who desire, 
or are willing to submit to, vaccination free of charge. Any such person 
refusing to be vaccinated shall be prevented from entering the United 
States. 
5. All baggage, clothing, and other effects, and articles of mer- 
chandise, coming from infected districts, and liable to carry infection, or 
suspected of being infected, will be subjected to thorough disinfection. 
6. All persons showing evidence of having had small-pox or vario- 
loid, or who exhibit a well-defined mark of recent vaccination, may be 
considered protected, but the wearing-apparel and baggage of such pro- 
tected persons who may come from infected districts, or have been 
exposed to infection, will be subjected to thorough disinfection as above 
provided. 
7. Customs officers and United States medical inspectors will con- 
sult and act in conjunction with authorized State and local health author- 
ities so far as may be practicable, and unnecessary detention of trains or 
other vehicles, persons, animals, baggage, or merchandise, will be avoided 
so far as may be consistent with the prevention of the introduction of 
diseases dangerous to the public health into the United States. 
8. Inspectors will make full, weekly reports of services performed 
under this regulation. 
9. As provided in Section 5 of said act, all quarantine officers or 
agents acting under any State or municipal system, upon the application 
of the respective State or municipal authorities, are empowered to en- 
force the provisions of these regulations, and are hereby authorized to 
prevent the entrance into the United States of any vessel or vehicle, 
person, merchandise, or animals prohibited under the act aforesaid. 
10. In the enforcement of these regulations there shall be no inter- 
ference with any quarantine laws or regulations existing under or to be 
provided for by any State or municipal authority. 
The following are the special instructions for the guidance 
of sanitary inspectors, issued by Surgeon II. W. Austin, in 
charge of the inspection service on the Canadian frontier from 
Buffalo, N.Y., to the Atlantic coast during the epidemic above 
referred to (See Marine-Hospital Report, 1886):— 404 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
Regulations for Sanitary Inspectors. 
The following instructions will be observed by the sanitary inspector 
on the following-mentioned railroads crossing the United States boundary- 
line, viz., the Grand Trunk Railway, at Rouse’s Point, N. Y., and 
Island Pond, Vt.; the Passumpsic Railroad, at Newport, Vt.; the Cen- 
tral Vermont Railroad, at Highgate Springs or Saint Albans ; the Canada 
Atlantic, at Rouse’s Point, N. Y.; and the Southeastern Railway, at 
Rich ford, Vt.:— 
All persons bound for the United States coming from Montreal, or 
other places in Canada where small-pox prevails, must produce satisfac- 
tory evidence to the inspector that they are protected by a recent vaccina- 
tion, or submit to this operation before they are allowed to cross the 
boundary-line. 
Inspectors will vaccinate all unprotected persons free of charge. 
Persons coming from Montreal, or suburban villages, will be care- 
fully questioned as to their residence, whether small-pox has occurred in 
their families, or whether they have been in contact with the disease. 
Inquiries should also be made relative to their baggage, whether it 
consists of bedding, household goods, etc., likely to be infected; and if 
any person or article of baggage is considered by the inspector infected 
or likely to introduce the disease into the country, he or it should not be 
permitted to cross the line into the United States. 
You may consider persons protected who may show evidence of 
having had the small-pox or varioloid, or who exhibit a well-defined mark 
of vaccination. Accept as evidence of protection a certificate from any 
physician in good standing that the person presenting the same has been 
successfully vaccinated. Should you doubt the validity or authenticity 
of the certificate, you may refuse any such person presenting the same 
the privilege of crossing the border unless he submits to vaccination. 
Baggage known to have come from any infected district, and believed to 
be infected, will be thoroughly fumigated with sulphur at Rouse’s Point, 
Saint Albans, Richford, Newport, and Island Pond. 
Weekly reports should be made to Surgeon H. W. Austin, United 
States Marine-Hospital Service, Burlington, Vt., of the number of trains 
inspected, number of persons examined, number of persons vaccinated, 
number of pieces of baggage fumigated, and any other information 
relative to services performed by the inspector. 
It will be observed that all the railroads, five in number, 
over which passengers or freight might be brought direct from 
Canada into the New England States were guarded. INLAND QUARANTINE. 
405 
Besides the line commanded by Surgeon Austin (Atlantic 
coast to Buffalo), another line was under the direction of Passed- 
Assistant-Surgeon Wheeler, at points east of Buffalo, and still 
another on the Michigan frontier, under command of Surgeon 
W. II. Long. These lines were established at the request and 
with the co-operation of the authorities of the respective States. 
Thirty-six inspectors were employed at 37 stations, who exam- 
ined 49,631 persons on railroad-trains, vaccinated 16,547, and 
detained or sent back 603. The contents of more than 7000 
pieces of baggage were disinfected. The measures taken were 
successful. 
The following are the rules for railroad quarantine adopted 
by the Quarantine Conference held in Montgomery, Ala., March 
5th to 7th, 1889:— 
1. Quarantine should not be made against any place until it is 
officially known that yellow fever or other infectious or contagious dis- 
ease exists at such place. 
2. Only competent physicians should be put in charge of quaran- 
tine stations, and only thoroughly-qualified persons should be employed 
as inspectors on rail way-trains. 
3. Quarantine stations located on railroads should be established 
at convenient points, oil one or both sides of a town or station, as may 
be deemed necessary. 
4. If an epidemic of yellow fever or other infectious or contagious 
disease exist at a town or station, trains carrying passengers or freights 
should be required to pass through the limits of such towns or stations 
at a speed of not less than ten miles per hour, without stopping at such 
towns or stations, but should stop at the quarantine station. 
5. Passengers to or from such infected point should only be received 
or delivered at the quarantine station, under the supervision of the quar- 
antine officer in charge of the station. 
6. Rail way-tickets may be sold to persons leaving an infected place 
to any point willing to receive them. 
7. All baggage from any infected point should be properly disin- 
fected. 
8. As far as practicable, the same rules proposed for railroads 
should be applied to vessels of every kind, stage-coaches, or other means 
of travel. 406 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
9 The passage of railroad-trains through any point on the line of 
road, whether infected or not, should not be prohibited by any quaran- 
tine regulations. The conductors of passenger-trains should close the 
windows and ventilators and lock the doors of cars passing through any 
place where a train is not permitted to stop. 
10. All freight to any infected place should be delivered either at 
the quarantine station or the nearest railway-station to such infected 
point where it can be properly cared for. 
11. All mail-matter from any infected place should be properly 
disinfected by the United States Government; and mail-matter intended 
for infected points should be put off the trains at the quarantine stations. 
The United States Government should instruct postmasters to receive 
and deliver mails at such quarantine stations. 
12. Railroads and express companies may receive for transporta- 
tion from any infected place, during the time such infection exists, any 
merchandise or traffic consigned to places willing to receive it. 
13. State authorities should employ competent persons on passen- 
ger-trains as inspectors of passengers, baggage, and express matter, as 
additional precaution; but the fact of inspectors being on such trains 
should not relieve trains carrying passengers or express matter or 
baggage from stopping at quarantine stations for such inspection as the 
officer in charge may determine to be necessary. 
14. It is recommended that all quarantines, as far as practicable, 
should be uniform in their requirements and operations, which will 
greatly contribute to the prevention of panics, and tend to allay un- 
necessary excitement and fear on the part of the people. 
15. The form of health certificate adopted by the Quarantine Con- 
vention, held at Montgomery, March 5, 1889, should be prepared for 
health officers to issue to such persons as may be found entitled to re- 
ceive the same. A copy of this certificate should be printed with these 
rules, and conspicuously posted at rail way-stations. 
16. It is the desire and intention of health authorities, as far as 
practicable, to throw every safeguard around the public health of all 
localities. Municipal, county, and State authorities are expected to 
co-operate in every possible way with health officers located in towns, 
villages, and cities, and in charge of quarantine stations, to enable them 
to prevent the introduction or spread of yellow fever or other infectious 
or contagious diseases. 
It was also resolved by this conference that the best form 
of disinfectant for personal baggage is moist heat. MUNICIPAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL QUARANTINE LAWS. 
407 
CORRELATION OF MUNICIPAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL QUARANTINE 
LAWS. 
As shown in the foregoing pages, quarantines are admin- 
istered under three forms of government,—local, State, and 
national. A vessel arriving at a given port may be refused 
permission to discharge cargo by authority of either a national 
statute, a Shite law, or a city ordinance. At Brooklyn, for 
example, if the United States officers should consent to a vessel’s 
entry and discharge, restraint could still be imposed by the State 
officers; and if the latter also should consent, the city author- 
ities could still prevent. In some instances, as at Philadelphia 
and New Orleans, municipal officers are included in the State 
quarantine boards, and harmony of action between city and 
State is thus assured. But, unfortunately, there are still a few 
States which exercise either little or no supervision of quaran- 
tines, so that a county or village quarantine may be purely a 
local affair conducted without regard to neighboring counties or 
villages or to the rest of the State. It is this form of quarantine 
which, in times of epidemic and panic, has for so many years 
wrought untold misery, which has given rise to the shot-gun 
quarantines, checked all the currents of trade and social inter- 
course, arrayed county against county, village against village, 
and turned the hand of neighbor against neighbor in a ferocious 
struggle to ward off the pestilence. 
Instances of this form of quarantine were numerous in the 
Southern States during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1878, when 
the policy of non-intercourse between communities was so rigidly 
enforced that many were cut off from subsistence supplies, and 
there was danger of starvation. 
Much has been written upon the folly of the shot-gun 
quarantines, yet communities employing this method have, under 
their peculiar circumstances, acted wisely, and the results, as 
compared with those of similar communities neglecting this 
method, have demonstrated its merit. The blame for all the 
hardships and suffering entailed is to be laid upon those whose 408 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
business it is to make the laws of the State. In the States in- 
dicated there were no State boards of health, or they were 
clothed with but little authority, or, being formed in conjunction 
with the board of some principal sea-board city, gave little atten- 
tion to inland districts. 
The most recent illustration of the difficulties made by 
local quarantines, without State supervision, was in Florida 
during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1888, when the whole 
State, there being no central sanitary authority, was in confusion 
through the enactments of village, county, and city boards of 
health, all acting independently, with no common plan or guid- 
ance. When finally, by request of the Governor, the United 
States authorities assumed control, the petty enactments of these 
small local boards, and their adherence to their rights, gave 
great trouble to the government officers, some of whom ex- 
perienced great delay and personal hardships in getting through 
the local lines to the points of danger and activity to which they 
had been ordered. This epidemic demonstrated clearly the need 
of a State board of health, which the Legislature has since 
established. State boards of health do not do away with local 
boards, but make them work in harmony on broad plans laid 
down in the interest of all. 
But there are States which yet have no boards of health, 
where, in case of epidemic, the old confusion might arise were 
it not for a new exercise of power on the part of the national 
government, made possible by the Act of Congress, approved 
March 28, 1890, known as the Interstate Quarantine Act, to 
which further reference will be made. 
Having shown the necessity of State supervision over 
village and county quarantines, it is now pertinent to consider 
the relation of the States to one another. Theoretically, in 
maritime quarantine, there is opportunity for clashing. One 
State might be very rigid in its exactions, while a neighboring 
State, owing to financial stringency, indifference, or a desire to 
divert the commerce of the first to its own ports, might be very MUNICIPAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL QUARANTINE LAWS. 
409 
lax. On this account, and to secure uniformity of procedure, 
it has been urged that all maritime quarantines should be given 
over to the national government. It is not intended to enter 
into this subject exhaustively, but it may be remarked that 
practically there is little clashing between the State maritime 
quarantines; and that, while the national government could 
readily and effectively conduct all the more important quaran- 
tines upon the coast, to establish or maintain the very numerous 
smaller ones would be an excess of responsibility and labor. 
Moreover, it would seem that the people of each section are 
best qualified to judge of measures of protection required by 
their own peculiar surroundings; and if they were not it might 
still be a questionable public policy to relieve the State govern- 
ments of this sanitary responsibility, and encourage thus a weak 
leaning upon the national government. But another view of 
the ffiatter is had from the stand-point of the interior States. 
The interior States are as much interested in the efficiency of 
quarantine at New York or New Orleans as are the cities 
named, for fomites failing of proper disinfection at these points 
are rapidly carried to innumerable localities in the interior. 
Thus, in a measure, the people of the whole interior are de- 
pendent upon these quarantines, that is to say, upon the legis- 
lative liberality of the States in question, and the efficiency of 
their executive officers. 
Should, however, there be a persistently lax maritime 
quarantine on the part of a State, the interior States could 
maintain inland quarantine against the offending one, and by 
thus restricting its commerce compel a greater efficiency. 
Should an epidemic disease obtain lodgment in a State the 
others may, and frequently do, quarantine against it. In the 
Southern States particularly the interruption to interstate com- 
merce has been frequent by reason of quarantines. The effect 
of this has been beneficial in that it has stimulated the health 
authorities in their efforts to exclude epidemic disease. But if 
there is danger of the spread of cholera, yellow fever, small- 410 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
pox, or plague from one State to another, the national author- 
ities, by virtue of the interstate quarantine act, may adopt the 
necessary preventive measures. 
The relation which the national government has always 
borne toward the States in the matter of quarantine is that of a 
powerful ally, in the absence of local quarantine assuming 
jurisdiction, giving aid, when requested, to weak quarantines, 
and establishing quarantines at points, as the Delaware Break- 
water and Cape Charles, where one establishment serves for the 
protection of several States. All national quarantines have been 
located by the request or ready assent of the States in proximity. 
While it has been urged that quarantine is a function of 
the general government by reason of the constitutional right 
of Congress to regulate commerce, the other theory has pre- 
vailed, viz., that it is a police power appertaining to the State. 
The first quarantine laws were enacted by the States or colohies, 
by Massachusetts, for example, as early as 1648. 
A resolution looking to the national control of quarantine 
was offered in the Fourth Congress, April 28, 1796, as follows: 
“ Resolved, That the President of the United States be authorized 
to direct such quarantines to be performed on all vessels from 
foreign countries arriving at the ports of the United States as 
he shall judge necessary.” This resolution failed to pass, but 
one was adopted authorizing the President “to direct the revenue 
officers and the officers commanding ports and revenue-cutters 
to aid in the execution of quarantine laws, and also in the 
execution of the health laws of the States respectively, in such 
manner as may to him appear necessary.” From that time 
until the passage of the interstate quarantine act of 1890, there 
was no national quarantine legislation that was not distinctively 
and only in aid of State laws. 
With regard to quarantine fees, however, without which 
many State and local quarantines could not be maintained, it is 
noticeable that Congress, while not forbidding their exaction, de- 
clares, in Section 4792 of the Revised Statutes, that “ nothing in 411 
UNITED STATES QUARANTINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 
this Title shall enable any State to collect a duty of tonnage or 
impost without the consent of Congress.” The inference is 
that Congress, in its constitutional power to regulate commerce, 
is unwilling to formally surrender this right. 
The right of the State to impose fees has been affirmed, 
however, by the Supreme Court of the United States. 
Before extending quarantine aid to a State it is the custom 
of the government to obtain a formal request from the Governor 
or State sanitary authorities. The agent of the government is 
the Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service, who 
assumes then the direction of expenditures and measures. 
When necessary the employes, sanitary guards, etc., of the 
Marine-Hospital Service are given a proper legal footing by 
being sworn in as State or local officers, deputy sheriffs, etc., 
and likewise under the law State officers may be endowed with 
the authority of United States sanitary officers. In this manner 
the national and State authorities work together harmoniously. 
Following are the United States quarantine laws in full:— 
UNITED STATES QUARANTINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 
Section 4792, Revised Statutes of tiie United States. 
The quarantines anti other restraints established by the health laws 
of any State, respecting any vessels arriving in, or bound to, any port or 
district thereof, shall be duly observed by the officers of the customs 
revenue of the United States, b}r the masters and crews of the several 
revenue-cutters, and by the military oflicers commanding in any fort or 
station upon the sea-coast; and all such officers of the United States 
shall faithfully aid in the execution of such quarantines and health laws, 
according to their respective powers and within their respective precincts, 
and as they shall be directed, from time to time, by the Secretary of the 
Treasury. But nothing in this Title shall enable an}r State to collect a 
duty of tonnage or impost without the consent of Congress. 
NATIONAL QUARANTINE ACT. 
AN ACT to prevent the introduction of contagious or infectious diseases into the 
United States. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America, in Congress assembled, That no vessel or 
vehicle coming from any foreign port or country where any contagious 412 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
or infectious disease may exist, and no vessel or vehicle conveying any 
person or persons, merchandise, or animals infected with any infectious 
or contagious disease, shall enter any port of the United States, or pass 
the boundary-line between the United States and any foreign country, 
contrary to the quarantine laws of any one of said United States, into 
or through the jurisdiction of which said vessel or vehicle may pass, or 
to which it is destined, or except in the manner and subject to the regula- 
tions to be prescribed, as hereinafter provided. 
Sec. 2. That whenever any infectious or contagious disease shall 
appear in any foreign port or country, and whenever any vessel shall 
leave any infected foreign port, or, having on board goods or passengers 
coming from any place or district infected with cholera or yellow fever, 
shall leave any foreign port, bound for any port in the United States, the 
consular officer, or other representative of the United States at or nearest 
such foreign port shall immediately give information thereof to the 
Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service, and shall 
report to him the name, the date of departure, and the port of destination 
of such vessel; and shall also make the same report to the health officer 
of the port of destination in the United States, and the consular officers 
of the United States shall make weekly reports to him of the sanitary 
condition of the ports at which they are respectively stationed ; and the 
said Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service shall, under the 
direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, be charged with the execu- 
tion of the provisions of this act, and shall frame all needful rules and 
regulations for that purpose, which rules and regulations shall be subject 
to the approval of the President, but such rules and regulations shall not 
conflict with or impair any sanitary or quarantine laws or regulations of 
any State or municipal authorities now existing, or which may hereafter 
be enacted. 
Sec. 3. That it shall be the duty of the medical officers of the 
M arine-Hospital Service and of customs officers to aid in the enforce- 
ment of the national quarantine rules and regulations established under 
the preceding section; but no additional compensation shall be allowed 
said officers by reason of such services as they may be required to per- 
form under this act, except actual and necessary traveling expenses. 
Sec. 4. That the Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital Service 
shall, upon receipt of information of the departure of any vessel, goods, 
or passengers from infected places to any port in the United States, 
immediately notify the proper State or municipal and United States 
officer or officers at the threatened port of destination of the vessel, and 
shall prepare and transmit to the medical officers of the Marine-Hospital 
Service, to collectors of customs, and to the State and municipal health 413 
UNITED STATES QUARANTINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 
authorities of the United States weekly abstracts of the consular sani- 
tary reports and other pertinent information received by him. 
Sec. 5. That whenever, at any port of the United States, any State 
or municipal quarantine system may now or may hereafter exist, the offi- 
cers or agents of such system shall, upon the application of the respective 
State or municipal authorities, be authorized and empowered to act as 
officers or agents of the national quarantine sj-stem, and shall be clothed 
with all the powers of United States officers for quarantine purposes, 
but shall receive no pay or emolument from the United States. At all 
other ports where, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury, it 
shall be deemed necessary to establish quarantine, the medical officers or 
other agents of the Marine-Hospital Service shall perform such duties in 
the enforcement of the quarantine rules and regulations as may be 
assigned them by the Surgeon-General of that Service under this act: 
Provided, That there shall be no interference in an}' manner with any 
quarantine laws or regulations as they now exist, or may hereafter be 
adopted under State laws. 
Sec. 6. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent writh this act be, 
and the same are hereby, repealed. 
Approved April 29, 1878. 
[Extract from Quarantine Act of August 1,1888.] 
AN ACT to perfect the quarantine service of the United States. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America, in Congress assembled, That whenever any 
person shall trespass upon the grounds belonging to any quarantine 
reservation, or whenever any person, master, pilot, or owner of a vessel 
entering any port of the United States, shall so enter in violation of 
Section 1 of the act entitled, “An act to prevent the introduction of 
contagious or infectious diseases into the United States,” approved April 
twenty-ninth, eighteen hundred and seventy-eight, or in violation of the 
quarantine regulations framed under said act, such person, trespassing, 
or such master, pilot, or other person in command of a vessel shall, upon 
conviction thereof, pay a fine of not more than three hundred dollars, or 
be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not more than thirt}' days, 
or shall be punished by both fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of 
the court. And it shall be the duty of the United States attorney in 
the district where the misdemeanor shall have been committed to take 
immediate cognizance of the offense, upon report made to him by any 
medical officer of the Marine-Hospital Service, or by any officer of the 
Customs Service, or by any State officer acting under authority of 
Section 5 of said act. 414 
TEXT-BOOK OF HYGIENE. 
Sec. 2. That as soon after the passage of this act as practicable, the 
Secretary of the Treasury shall cause to be established, in addition to 
the quarantine established by the act approved March fifth, eighteen 
hundred and eighty-eight, quarantine stations, as follows : One at the 
mouth of the Delaware Bay; one near Cape Charles, at the entrance of 
the Chesapeake Bay; one on the Georgia coast; one at or near Key 
West; one in San Diego Harbor ; one in San Francisco Harbor ; and one 
at or near Port Townsend, at the entrance to Puget Sound ; and the said 
quarantine stations when so established shall be conducted by the 
Marine-Hospital Service under regulations framed in accordance with the 
act of April twenty-ninth, eighteen hundred and seventy-eight. 
Approved August 1, 1888. 
AN ACT to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases from one State to another and 
for the punishment of certain ofFenses. 
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever it shall be made 
to appear to the satisfaction of the President that cholera, yellow fever, 
small-pox, or plague exists in any State or Territory, or in the District 
of Columbia, and that there is danger of the spread of such disease into 
other States, Territories, or the District of Columbia, he is hereby author- 
ized to cause the Secretary of the Treasury to promulgate such rules 
and regulations as in his judgment may be necessary to prevent the 
spread of such disease from one State or Territory into another, or from 
any State or Territory into the District of Columbia, or from the District 
of Columbia into any State or Territory, and to employ such inspectors 
and other persons as may be necessary to execute such regulations to 
prevent the spread of such disease. The said rules and regulations shall 
be prepared by the Supervising Surgeon-General of the Marine-Hospital 
Service, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. And any 
person who shall willfully violate any rule or regulation so made and 
promulgated shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon convic- 
tion shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, 
or imprisonment for not more than two years, or both, in the discretion 
of the court. 
Sec. 2. That any officer, or person acting as an officer, or agent of 
the United States at any quarantine station, or other person employed to 
aid in preventing the spread of such disease, who shall willfully violate 
any of the quarantine laws of the United States, or anjr of the rules and 
regulations made and promulgated by the Secretary of the Treasury as 
provided for in Section 1 of this act, or any lawful order of his superior UNITED STATES QUARANTINE LAWS AND REGULATIONS. 
415 
officer or officers, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction shall be punished by a fine of not more than three hundred 
dollars, or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both, in the dis- 
cretion of the court. 
Sec. 3. That when any common carrier or officer, agent, or 
of any common carrier shall willfully violate any of the quarantine laws 
of the United States, or the rules and regulations made and promulgated 
as provided for in Section 1 of this act, such common carrier, officer, 
agent, or shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, 
upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred 
dollars, or imprisonment for not more than two years, or both, in the dis- 
cretion of the court. 
Approved March 28, 1890.