ON AD1P0CIRE, ■ AND I T S FORMA T I 0 N, BY CHARLES M, WETHERILL, PH, D, M. D, Head January 19, 1855. (Extracted from ttje i&ransajCtiotts of ttje American Jpljilosopljijral Qorietn, t)pL X3. PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY WM, S. YOUNG, PRINTER TO THE SOCIETY, 1855,. ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITSUFORMATION. BY CHARLES M. WETHERILL, PH. D. M. D. [From tlie Transactions of the American Philosophical Society.] The formation of fat is interesting, both from a chemical and a physiological point of view. The relation of lignine starch and sugar to alcohol, afforded reasons for Liebig’s theory of the formation of fat in the body. Recent experiments by Liebig, Bopp, Guckel- berger, Keller and others, on the formation of the lower terms of the series of fatty acids by the oxidation and putrefaction of the blood-forming substances, rendered possible the formation of the higher members, from albumen, fibrin and caseine, by similar means,* for example, by a less intense degree of oxidation. It was thought that the study of adipocire, with a view to this question, would perhaps throw some light upon it; and upon reading all the articles within my reach, upon this body, from the time of its discovery by Four- croy, I find a considerable difference of opinion with regard to it. In 1785, Fourcroy examined a portion of a liver which had hung for ten years in the air in the laboratory of de la Salle; it was fatty,smooth, and unctuous to the touch. Potash ley dissolved a portion of the liver completely, forming a soap. Subsequently, when he had examined the fat of grave yards, and spermaceti, he proposed to name these three fats, * Liebig thinks this probable. Ch. Bricfe. 1 2 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. viz.: of biliary calculi, spermaceti, and from grave yards, adipocire, considering them to be identical, and possessing an intermediate nature between fat and wax. Chevreul, in his fifth Memoire, corrects this error, and calls the fat of gall stones cholesterine, and that of spermaceti cetine. In 1786-7, Fourcroy had an opportunity of studying the fat of grave yards, in the re- moval of the bodies from the Cemetiere des Innocens, a work which lasted for two years, and which was supervised by Dr. Thouret, who was placed there to care for the health of the workmen. The substance was abundantly found, and especially in the “fouilles,” or ditches, where the slightly made coffins of the poorer classes had been piled one upon another; the trench being open for some time until it was filled with bodies, when it was covered with a slight quantity of earth; on opening the trenches after some fifteen years, the bodies were converted into adipocire; they were flattened by mutual pressure, and had impressions on their surface of the grave clothes. Fourcroy’s analysis proved it to be a soap of ammonia, with phosphate of lime, and the fat, melted at 52° 5 C.* He supposed adipocire to arise from the putrefaction of all animal matter, except hair, nails, and bones, for he states that in the carcasses of all animals exposed upon the borders of pieces of water, a fatty, white, fusible substance resembling spermaceti is found. Perhaps the earliest record on this change from flesh to fat, is to be found in Lord Bacon’s Sylva Sylvarum, where he says, (article Fat,) “ Nearly all flesh may be turned into a fatty substance, by cutting it into pieces and putting it into a glass covered with parchment, then letting the glass stand six or seven hours in boiling water.” This may be a profitable experiment for making fat or grease; but then it must be practised upon such flesh as is not edible, viz.: that of horses, dogs, bears, foxes, badgers, &c. George Smith Gibbes, 1794, observed that in Oxford, in the pits where were thrown the remains of dissections, and at the bottom of which flowed a gentle current of water, large quantities of adipocire were formed. He placed a piece of beef in the river in a box pierced with holes, and also a piece in which putrefaction in the air had commenced, and adipocire resulted in both cases. He proposes to make use of this property to utilize the dead bodies of animals, and states that nitric acid will effect the same change in three or four days. John Bostock (Nicholson’s Journal, March, 1803,) digested muscular fibre with dilute nitric acid, and washed with water: the result was a clear, yellow fat, of the consistence of tallow, melting at 33° C. Is less soluble in alcohol than Fourcroy’s substance: the greater part deposits nearly white on cooling, and the residue can be precipitated from the alcohol by water. Hot ether dissolves it and abandons it on cooling; caustic alkali forms a soap; ammonia dissolves but little of the fat. * The degrees of thermometer in this article are centigrade, and the weights grammes. OX ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. 3 Chevreul, on repeating this experiment with pure fibrine, could obtain no fat. Hartkol, (CJre’s Diet. art. Adipocire,) experimented for twenty-five years on adipocire, and concluded that it is not formed in dry grounds, that in moist earth the fat does not increase, but changes to a fetid mass, incapable of being made into candles. Animals in running water leave a fat after three years, which is more abundant in the intestines than in the mus- cles, and more fat is formed in stagnant, than in running water. Chevreul, 1812, found the fat of church yards to contain margaric and oleic acids, com- bined with yellow colouring and odorous matters, also lime, potash, oxide of iron, lactic acid salts and azotized matter. He supposes the fiitty acids are liberated from their glycerine by ammonia, which subsequently itself escapes, and that adipocire is thus formed from the original fat of the body. Gay Lussac, (An. de Ch. et de Ph. iv. 71,) adopts the same views. He subjected finely chopped muscular fibre deprived of its fat by ether, to the action of water, and did not succeed in forming adipocire. Yon Bibra, (Annalen der Chem. und Ph. 56, p. 106,) in an examination of the flesh of the leg of a Peruvian mummy, a child, obtained 19.7 per cent, of fat, which he supposes to have been formed from the muscles. In comparison, dry human muscle from several analyses by himself, gives nine per cent, of fat. The muscular fibre of the mummy, after treatment with ether, presented the same appearance under the microscope, as fresh muscle placed in the same circumstances. Bibra states in the same article, that he is fully con- vinced of the change of muscle to fat, having obtained a human corpse in which all the parts of flesh were nearly wholly converted into fat. Blondeau, (Comptes Rendus, Sep. 6th, 1847, and Ch. Gazette, same year, p. 422,) arrived at the same conclusion from an examination of the Roquefort cheese manufacture. This cheese is placed in dark, damp, cool cellars to ripen. Before this treatment, the cheese contained of its weight of fat, and after two months in the cellars the caseine was almost wholly converted into a fat, which melts at 40°, boils at 80°, and decomposes at 150° C. The unaltered caseine could be removed from it, by mere melting with boiling water. In an additional experiment, a pound of beef free from fat was slightly salted, sur- rounded with paste, and placed in a cellar; after two months, it had undergone no putrid decomposition, and was converted, for the greater part, into a fatty body, presenting the greatest analogy to hog’s lard. In these instances a number of parasite plants are observed on the material, and it is necessary to scrape the cheese from time to time, to free it from these mycodermic plants, which are reproduced with fresh energy. As these plants require ammonia for their development, Blondeau supposes it can only come from the nitrogen of its caseine, and that fat is one of the results of the caseine decomposition. Gregory, (Annalen der Chem. und. Ph. 61, p. 362,) examined the adipocire of a fat hog 4 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. which had died of sickness, and had been buried for fifteen years in moist ground; at the bottom of the grave was the adipocire in a layer hardly an inch in thickness; it contained i stearic and f margaric and oleic acids, together with from 1. 5 to 3.5 per cent. lime. The glycerine was all gone, and so was the bone earth, which together with the flesh were re- moved, as Gregory supposes, by the carbonic acid of the rain water, leaving the original fatty acids of the body. Prof. Hnnefeld, (Jour, fur Pr. ch. 7, p. 49,) examined a loaf of rye bread, which had been buried for at least eighty years in a turf-moor, and found 2.2 per cent, of a waxy or fatty substance, and he refers to an examination by Bracconot, of a mouldered wheat bread containing, among other substances, a fatty body. Hunefeld supposes that the substance of the bread was displaced by the turf material, the form of the loaf being retained; and admits the possibility of the bread substance partaking in part a change into resin and waxy humus. B. Wagner, (Ch. Gazette, vol. 9, p. 306,) transplanted the recently removed testicles of rabbits and frogs into the abdominal cavity of fowls; the testicles of fowls into other fowls and pigeons, those of pigeons into fowls, and fresh crystalline lens into fowls and pigeons which were killed after ten or fifteen days. The testicles of frogs contained three per cent, of fat, which was augmented to 5.15 per cent. In one case the crystalline lens, after the experiment, contained 47.86 per cent, of fat; in a number of other experiments on lenses, the result was of from 7 to 15 per cent, of fat, calculated for the dry substance of the lens; care- fully cleaned portions of frog intestines filled with coagulated blood of pigeons and calves, fat free muscle from the thigh of a frog, and boiled white of hen’s egg, in similar conditions, all gave fat. These experiments were repeated by Husson and Burdach,* enveloping the nitrogenized substances in bags or coatings of gutta percha, caoutchouc and collodion. They found the substance well preserved, but no change into fat; so that admission of the animal juices must conduce to it, if the change be possible. Burdach placed porous vegetable substances, as wood and tinder, in the abdominal cavity, and found a deposit of fat on them, and which was imbibed in the pores, which speaks against the change in question. Finally, Burdach determined the fat of the egg of Linnceus stagnalis, and detected a considerable increase of it during the development of the embryo; but, on the other hand, the egg con- tains sugar from which the fat could have been formed; and in opposition to this the quantity of sugar in hens’ eggs has been noticed rather to increase than diminish during incubation. Quain & Virchow quoted by Lehmann,*}* examined muscle changed in macerating troughs to adipocire, and are of opinion that the fibrine is here changed to fat. I have questioned * Lehmann, Lehrbuch. *)• Lehrbuch, 111. p. 187. ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. 5 my medical friends, who have had experience in this matter, and find them to hold the same opinions. Prof. Leidy, who macerated with water the bodies of small animals, in stoppered bottles, to obtain their skeletons, found that the deposition of adipocire upon the bones was quite abundant. The physiological question of the formation of fat, has been fully discussed within the past ten years, and it has been proven by diet and analysis, that herbivorous animals pos- sess more fat than is taken in their food; but whether the fat be formed wholly from non- nitrogenized or from nitrogenized bodies, or partially from both, is yet undecided. Patho- logical considerations from the fatty degeneration of several of the organs, where the fat is found both within and without the cell,* appear likewise to have divided scientific men as to its origin, whether from a change of the proteine compounds of the organs, or from an abnormal plastic activity. The connexion of the organs of generation with the deposit of fat, and the increase of the latter after castration, is worthy of consideration; for the cutting off the supply of the highly albuminous semen, gives an impulse to the fat forma- tion. The flesh and the fat of the body stand in an intimate relation to each other, and neither the non-nitrogenized nor the nitrogenized diet exclusively is conducive to health. Repose is necessary, (with a proper diet,) to the formation of fat, and as the activity of the muscles requires their reparation from the food, perhaps it is as much this wearing away by activity, that hinders the formation of fat, as the increased combustion by the quick- ened respiration. It therefore appears to me probable that both classes of food conduce to the fat formation. It was thought that the study of adipocire would throw some light upon the question, whether fat be formed from proteine compounds, and I was surprised to find the great difference of opinion as to the formation and nature of this body, and in general, as to the changes that bodies undergo in grave yards. These various changes are ascribed by under- takers to the nature of the soil, to its dryness or moisture; but in a late removal of a grave yard in this city, some bodies were found converted into adipocire, the graves of which were contiguous to those in which decomposition had advanced to its full extent, leaving nothing but the skeleton. The preservation of some bodies seems inexplicable, according to our present knowledge, of which I may cite the well known case of General Washington, (who was not embalmed,) who having reposed in his tomb for more than forty years, was so perfectly preserved, as to have been recognised from the resemblance of his portraits. The problems proposed for this research were:— 1st. The chemical examination of different kinds of adipocire. 2d. To watch the decomposition of flesh with water, and imitating the condition of a body in moist ground. * Lehmann. 6 ON- ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. With regard to the first of these, I possessed the following specimens of adipocire: (a) Two from sheep buried at the country seat of the late J. P. Wetherill. (b) Two from human subjects, which I obtained myself from a grave yard. (c) From a fossil ox, presented by Prof. Leidy. (a) SHEEP ADIPOCIRE. Specimens of this adipocire were presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, by my uncle, who found them at his country seat, opposite Valley Forge, buried in moist ground, near a drain which led water from a spring-house. About ten years previously, the shepherd in charge of a flock of sheep indulged in a drunken spree, and in the meanwhile some fifteen of the sheep in his care died from neglect, and were buried in the above mentioned spot. My uncle, who was present at the exhumation of the sheep, stated that in some of the remains, the exterior forms of the muscles were very distinct. The two specimens I obtained were in lumps, amorphous under the microscope, floating on water; of greasv feel, and rank mutton smell, mingled with a peculiar disagreeable fundamental smell, that I have observed in all my specimens of adipocire, including the fossil one. Heated in a capsule with water, a transparent fat floats melted on the surface; heated alone in a platinum crucible, it melts and burns with a smoky flame, leaving a slight residue, which effervesces with hydrochloric acid, and contains beside sand and a little iron, principally lime. Under the microscope with moderate powers, it is white, fatty, and granular, dis- appearing with Canada balsam; with higher powers it is amorphous: melted on the glass slide covered with thin glass, is crystalline on cooling, in groups of plumose crystals, which give a beautiful play of colours with polarized light; a drop of its weak alcoholic solu- tion evaporated spontaneously on glass gave the same appearance of crystallization. Water added to this solution precipitated it in the form of a pure white amorphous powder: dis- tilled per se, leaves a slight carbonaceous residue, and gives a volatile fat, yellowish, and cryst, on cooling. This volatile fat is soluble in hot alcohol, and precipitates partly on cool- ing. The weight of material was seventy grammes; it was melted in the water bath, and filtered through paper in a hot funnel; the filtered solidified fat was of alight coffee colour, and weighed fifty-four grammes; in a capillary tube, is soft at 54°, fluid at 62°; on cooling becomes opaque at 50°. When pressed in paper, the latter is greased by oleic acid; it con- tains no ammonia, nor any nitrogen by the potassium test; the residue on the filter (together with the filter) was boiled with alcohol, filtered hot on a weighed filter, and washed with alcohol. This alcoholic solution deposited twelve grammes of fatty acid, by spontaneous evaporation, during the summer. The crystals at first deposited were white and warty; a portion of the alcoholic solution on a glass slide, exhibited with the microscope, white, curved dendritic forms, arranged stellate; in the capillary tube, they begin to melt at 53°, 7 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. are fluid at 62°, and on cooling begin to cloud at 58°, and are opaque at 50°. The residue on the filter weighed about four grammes, and viewed under the microscope, consisted of mem- branous matter, wool, dirt, and the white element of cellular tissue; it gave ammonia with potassa solution, and nitrogen by Laissaigne’s test, together with a strong smell of phos- phuretted hydrogen when the water was added in the latter test. This residue burned, gave thirty per cent, of ash. The following is the per centage result for the adipocire:— Solid fatty acids, a little oleic acid, and coally matter, . 94.2 Membranous matter and cellular tissue, .... 2.3 Ash and dirt, ...... 3.5 100.0 The portion of fatty acid which passed through the filter by melting, contained 0.73 per cent, of a dark-coloured ash, principally lime, wdth iron, and traces of phosphoric and sulphuric acids, potash and soda. The potash and soda were detected by Dr. Lawrence Smith’s beautiful method by polarized light, which I have frequently used with success. In this instance, the quantity of material was so small, that neither the potash nor soda could be detected by the usual method. [An experiment was tried to ascertain whether the fatty acids would dissolve phos- phate of lime. About six or eight grammes of fatty acid, (the residue from the hot press of the candle factories, crystallized from much alcohol, and of which one gramme left no appreciable ash by experiment) were kept for half an hour melted with pulverized bone ashes. One gramme of this gave an ash of only a quarter of a milli-gramme; when this was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and neutralized by ammonia, it was impossible to conclude whether there was a precipitate or not.] Sixty grammes of the fatty acids were then saponified with potash ley, according to Chevreul’s proportions, during which operation neither ammonia nor cholesterine could be detected. The soap was decomposed by tartaric acid, and washed several times by melt- ing with water; it dissolved thus in alcohol with reddish brown colour, and after filtering hot, was suffered to deposit the greater part of its fat on cooling. The crystals thus de- posited were nacreous scales, and of lustre like the feathers of moth wings; when melted, they weighed 26 grammes, and had a goat-like smell; by further standing, the alcohol deposited four grammes of very translucent crystals, with traces of stellar groupings. A third crop of crystals by spontaneous evaporation was obtained, which was small in quantity, weighing 0.6 grammes, and, when melted, cooled with a flat, waxy, surface, with traces of stellar aggregations. The mother alcohol of this last crystallization, was treated with an alcoholic solution of acetate of lead. The lead salts, treated in the usual manner by ether, yielded a few drops of very highly coloured oleic acid. From the in- soluble lead salts, the fat was separated. 8 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. The alcoholic solution from which the oleate and other lead salts were precipitated by acetate of lead, was evaporated to dryness, and treated by ether, when another portion of oleic acid was obtained. It results from this that the quantity of oleic acid in the adipo- cire is small. The greater portion of the lead salt was insoluble in ether and alcohol, its fat was separated and added to the first crop of crystals which fell from the alcoholic solu- tion of the fat from saponification. To ascertain whether any glycerine was in combina- tion with the fatty acids in the adipocire, the aqueous solution from which the crop was precipitated by tartaric acid during the purification of the fat, was heated, filtered from small fat globules, and after removing the tartar deposit, subjected to distillation. The acid residue of the retort was neutralized by carb. potash, and after evaporating on the water bath was exhausted with absolute alcohol, which proved the absence of glycerine, as it gave on evaporating nothing but a small residue of colouring matter, which was yellow, and of a bitter taste. The distillate in this experiment had a goat-like smell, and it was doubtful whether it reacted acid to litmus paper. Baryta water was added to alkaline reaction, for which but a small quantity was needed, and the solution evaporated. There was but little residue, which, on the addition of a drop of hydrochloric acid and water, emitted a rancid smell, but no oil globule appeared; the volatile fatty acids may, therefore, be considered to be present in the adipocire only in faint traces. The following melting points were obtained:—The first crop of crystals from the alco- holic solution of the fat after saponification, which, when melted, cooled with a stellated surface, tried three times by dipping the thermometer bulb in the melted solution, and noting the temperature when it became opaque, gave 55° for the solidifying point. In a capillary tube, begins to melt at 57°, fluid at 59°, on cooling, opaque at 55°; this portion was taken from the capsule on melting the fat, before the whole mass was melted: another portion taken when all was fluid, and after stirring, gave the same results. The crystalline appearance of the second crop of crystals from the alcoholic solution after saponification, when melted and suffered to cool in a capsule, is similar to that of the first crop; in the capillary tube, begins to melt at 53°, fluid at 54° 55°, on cooling, crystals form in the tube at 51°, and is opaque at 50°. The melting point of the third crop of crystals was 50°.5. In ascertaining the melting points of the different fats described in this paper, I tried the various modes in use, and settled at first upon the following:—A beaker of distilled water (which must be boiled just before using, to prevent air globules settling upon the capillary tubes, which would falsify the result) is placed upon wire gauze upon a retort stand in front of a window, the thermometer hangs, by a string, in this water from another • stand, and the lamp must be moveable from under the beaker glass. A piece of string is tied so loosely around the top of the (cylindrical) mercury ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. 9 reservoir of the thermometer, that the different capillary tubes may be readily slipped in and out on raising the thermometer from the water; the heat from the lamp must be such that the temperature of the water rises gradually; the capillary tubes are so placed that they lie closely to the mercury of the thermometer, and when the temperature approaches the melting point, the water is stirred with the thermometer to equalize the heat, the lamp is then removed, and the point of solidification observed in the usual way. I doubt very much the use of noting the point of solidification, as it is influenced so much by extraneous circumstances. The cooling of water and certain salts below their solidifying points, is well known, and the same must take place in these instances. Heintz has noticed how the thermometer rose ten degrees in determining the solidifying point of melted human fat. In one of my experiments, the fat in the tube was separated by minute air globules into three or four columns, quite close together; in observing the fusing point, they all melted at the same instant; but in solidifying, one would be quite clear while those on either side had become opaque, no matter how much the tube was stirred or vibrated by striking the beaker glass. After having observed this in several instances, I abandoned taking the points of solidification, and modified the process for the fusing point, by keeping the water as near that point as possible, and repeatedly lifting the thermometer and attached capillary tube out of the water for a few seconds, that the fat might solidify, and noting the fusing point as that at which it at once becomes liquid; this point is reached twice; first, when the water is being heated, and secondly, as it is cooling: I have found by repetition of the same experiment, that the degree thus obtained, is constant from the first, and I think gives the most accurate results. The mode of using capillary tubes for the fusing points, is convenient, as, at the close of the experiment, they can be sealed at the open end, and placed on a card with descriptions, for future reference. I weighed the quantity of fat in one instance, and found that half a milligramme was much more than enough to obtain the melting point with the capillary tube. (b) HUMAN ADirOCIRE. Towards the close of the year 1853, 1 visited a grave yard in Philadelphia, the remains of which were being removed, and from which, through the kindness of the superintendant, I obtained specimens of adipocire and valuable information. The surface of the burial ground was depressed about four or six feet below that of the neighbouring streets, and was of a very moist nature. Many of the bodies were converted more or less into adipocire, and of these, all had been large persons. There was none among the remains of children. I obtained specimens from two persons. No. 1, was from a large man, which had been buried from ten to fifteen years; the 10 ON ADirOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. ground was very moist, and the coffin rotten; the grave was seven feet deep. The adipo- cire was from the middle of the coffin, and was in irregular lumps. No. 2, was from a very large man; buried five or six years; the ground moist, though not so much so as number one; the grave five feet deep. The ground around the coffin was of a bloody colour, and all of the body was decayed, except the lower portion. The shape of the rump was plain, and the legs separate; the fat was at the bottom of the coffin, and the bones (femur, tibia) were lying along it. The adipocire contained an im- pression of the bone, was spongy and dark-coloured on the inside; and on the outside it was smooth, white, and presented impressions of the grave clothes, and here and there appearances as if of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, but which lost this appearance when viewed with the microscope. There was no hair on this specimen. The pieces of adipocire of this specimen were large, at the thickest part being about three inches in thickness; they presented the shape of different parts of the leg, though flattened; tough fibrous bands, like aponeuroses, were seen in some parts traversing the mass of fatty matter. The appearance of these two specimens with the microscope, was very similar to each other and to the sheep adipocire. Powder scraped from them, with a fine needle, gave no appearance of fat globules, but irregular masses, mingled with membranous matter; a por- tion sliced off with a sharp knife, presented by reflected light, brilliant, white, irregular fatty fragments, but no traces of globules. When alcohol was added with heat, the fat disappeared, leaving membranous matter, and fibres not-anastomosing (the white element of cellular tissue.) The addition of acetic acid causes the fibres to disappear, and with- out showing nuclei. Portions of number one presented an appearance as if of the hair follicles, and there were mingled with it cylindrical hairs, of an inch and a half in length, brownish in colour, and quite fine. From these hairs, and from its position in the coffin, adipocire number one probably came from the abdomen. The fat from this portion gave the same appearance under the microscope, as specimen number two. The alcoholic solution of the fat evapo- rated on the microscope slide, gave the appearance of stellated dendritic crystals, with curved branches, resembling the so called margaric acid under the same circumstances. The whole mass of fat in the two specimens, seems to be entangled in a web of disinte- grated membrane, and fibrous tissue. I have never been able to detect any traces of muscular fibre under the microscope; and Dr. Leidy, who was kind enough to examine specimens with the microscope, communicated to me the same results. The smell of the two specimens was peculiar; what might be called an adipocire smell; for I have observed it in all specimens of adipocire that I have examined. This smell is indescribable, the nearest approach to it being that of faeces, but it is much more disagreeable. The following melting points were observed from the original adipocire, melted per se in ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. 11 watch glasses, and the fat taken up in capillary tubes. In these specimens, (a) was taken from parts with little, and (b) from parts with miLch cellular tissue: (a) fuses at 56° solidifies 50° No. 1. fuses 50° solidifies 43° 44° G) fuses 55° solidifies 50° No. 2. («) GO fuses 55° solidifies 50° They commenced to melt a little below and to solidify a little above these points, which were taken for perfect fluidity or opacity. Generally in solidifying, the crystallization commenced at one point, and spread gradually through the capillary tube. The density varied with different portions of one and two, from below 0.7487 to 1.0, and was ascertained, by immersing specimens (freed from external air globules) in ether of the above density, alcohol of density 0.8365, and distilled water. The ash,"no doubt, varied also; but the following determinations were made with the whitest portions of one and two: viz.: those of the density of ether. No. 1, contained 0.573 per cent, of ash, (1.135 gave 0.0065) which effervesced with acid, and contained principally, lime, with traces of chlorine, sulphuric and phosphoric acid, nlso iron, potassa soda, and (doubtful) magnesia. The melting point of this portion was 52°, 53°. No. 2, gave 0.18 per cent, of ash, (1.109 gave 0.002) which contained the same substances as number one. The melting point of this fat was 53°, 55°. The two specimens of adipocire were melted with about one and a half times their weight of ordinary alcohol, filtered hot, washed a couple of times with hot alcohol, and pressed, the residue being weighed. This gives an approximate per centage of the membranous and fibrous matter, which is rather too low, owing to a little fat remaining in the residue and filter. The specimens of adipocire were picked as far as practicable from dark pieces. No. 1, 360 grammes, gave nine of residue, or a per centage of Fat colouring matter and water, . . 97.8 Organic tissue, . . . . 2.2 100.0 No. 2, 997 grammes adipocire, gave twenty-seven residue, or per cent. Fat colouring matter and water, . . 97.3 Organic tissue, .... 2.7 100.0 12 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. The fats were then saponified with Potassa; No. 1 by Chevreul’s process, and No. 2 by Heintz’s process with alcohol. The soaps were precipitated several times, by solution of common salt; no ammonia nor cholesterine were detected during the process; a heavy, flocculent soap fell during the melting, which was examined, and found to be a soap of alumina, oxide of iron and magnesia; probably from impurities in the salt. No glycerine was present (by direct experiment) in either of the specimens. An examination for vola- tile fatty acids, gave negative results for number one, and a very slight trace in number two of volatile fatty acids, acetic and butyric, and one or two minute floating oil drops, most probably from the alcohol employed. The fats thus obtained, were very dark in colour, and when cooled, after being melted in a capsule on water, solidified with a smooth, waxy surface, with the fibres of crystalli- zation vertical. At the point of crystallization, the expansion pushed up, and broke the soft cake of fat in the centre. No. 1 weighed 237 and No. 2,644 grammes. No. 1, (the melting point of which was 57°5, the solidifying point 52°) was melted with an equal weight of alcohol, and on cooling, filtered and pressed; a very dark liquid ran through, a drop of which, evaporated on a glass slide, gave dendritic, stellate, polarizable crystals. To the residue weighing 177 grammes, 100 grammes of alcohol were added, and the fat which separated, together with some depositing from the last filtrate by standing, were added to the fat of the previous operation; the fat which separated from this solution of 177 grammes, melted at 59°-60°, and solidified at 53°-54°. The dark-coloured alco- holic liquid, filtered from these fats, was saponified by an alcoholic solution of potassa; the alcohol expelled by boiling with water, and after transferring to a retort, was boiled with sulphuric acid. The distilled water, examined for volatile fatty acids, gave negative results. The fat was very dark in colour, melted at 55°, and solidified at 50°, though it was difficult to determine these points exactly, as the change exhibited itself very gradu- ally. A portion of this fat was converted into a potassa salt, and precipitated by chloride of barium; the filtrate from which, treated with hydrochloric acid, gave a small quantity of a yellow fat, not further examined. The baryta salts were treated by ether, and the residue by boiling alcohol. The ethereal, alcoholic solutions, and the residue, were severally decomposed by hydrochloric acid. The ethereal solution gave a small quantity of oleic acid, in very dark drops. The alcoholic solution fat was also small in quantity, and dark. It fused at 61°-62°, and solidified, as well as could be judged, at 45°. The residual fat, which was the largest in quantity, yellow, and of a waxy surface, melted at 43°-46°, and solidified at 45°-40°. The purification of fat No. 2, was now undertaken, and experimented upon more par- ticularly than No. 1, since this specimen of adipocire conformed to the shape of part of the human frame. 13 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. 1°. An equal weight of alcohol was added, and the fat, which weighed 644 grammes, was dissolved by heat; on cooling it was pressed, and as the filtrate deposited more fat on standing, it was pressed again, and the fat added to the former. The dark-coloured filtrate was bottled, and the fat melted. It was of smooth and waxy surface, and weighed 511 grammes. 2°. The fat from 1° was melted with 170 alcohol, and the same operation performed. Residue weighed 327 grammes. 3°. Added 124 alcohol to this fat. In this all the liquor was absorbed by the pressing cloths; the fat weighed 335 grammes. 4°. Added an equal weight of alcohol and melted; pressed after two days. The liquid by this time, was light yellowish; the fatty crystals in white flakes or scales; the smaller ones transparent under the microscope, and polarizable. A portion of the fat was melted, and observed cooling under the microscope with polarized light; as the solidification approached, a beautiful play of prismatic colours took place, and the drop shot into crystal interlaced lamellae. A drop melted with alcohol, and let cool, gave the peculiar dendritic curved appearance of margaric acid. 5°. The fat by this time weighed 300 grammes; it was melted with an equal weight of alcohol, and pressed the following day. Residue, 253 grammes. 6°. This was melted with 250 alcohol; the liquid from the press was very little less coloured than the last; the residue weighed 227 grammes, and was brilliant white, with a tinge of yellow; the fracture showed large crystals, and could not be distinguished from the product of the stearic candle factories. When melted, it cooled with raised, uneven sur- face, and was completely soluble in ether. When the ethereal solution was suffered to separate spontaneously, the first fat which made its appearance melted at 60°, solidified at 55°, and the fat extracted from the rest of the ether gave exactly the same points. The following are the melting points yielded by the fatty residues of the foregoing alco- holic crystallizations: Fat 2° melts 58° . . solidifies 53° “ 3° “ 58° . . “ 53° a 52° “4° ... “ 58° . . “ 53° a 52° “ 5° “ 58° a 58° 5 . “ 53° “ 6° “ 60° . . “ 55° 54° The examination of the liquids separated from the above crystallizations, was now taken up. Their colour was from a very deep reddish brown (No. 1°) down to light yellow, and nearly colourless (No. 6°.) In 1°, 2°, and 5°, crystals had deposited by standing, and as 2° was not corked like the rest, the deposit here was abundant; it was re-melted with addition of as much alcohol as had evaporated, and was suffered to stand for several days 14 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. longer, when a drusy crystalline deposit made its appearance. The following are the melt- ing points for these two precipitates: Precipitate in 1° . . melts 62° 63° . . soliJifies 44° 5—40° “ “ 5° v . “ 51° 5o° . . “ 44° 5—43° The fat deposited in 2° melted at 58°, and solidified at 52°, and the fat separated from the liquid of this bottle, melted at 59° 5, solidified at 53°, but continued translucent down to 33°. After the above melting points, 1° and 5° were observed, the same fat was raised slowly to the melting points, and then kept for a considerable time in the thermostat, at 100°, the points were again determined, and found to be the same. The liquids separated from the fats 1°—6°, gave the following results: The fat from Liquid 1° . . melts 36°—46° . . solidifies 41°—? “ “ 2° « 39°—41° . . “ 37°—35° 5 “ “ 4°* . « 59°—62° . . “ 40° 5—35° “ “ 5° “ 62°—66° . . “ 58°—53° “ “ 6° “ 53°—56° . . “ 41°—? The melting point of liquid 2°, does not accord with that above stated, but I note the experiments as they were observed, merely mentioning that I observed carefully, and am not conscious of having made an error. The above points seem vague, but it was impos- sible to fix a point definitely, as a cloudiness persisted up to the highest degree stated, so I prefer to give the limits of certainty. In 1° and 6° the solidifying points, 41°, were taken when the liquid in the capillary tubes seemed to become solid, but it remained translucent for a long time below this point, and 6° only became opaque (and that gradu- ally) when suffered to stand in the air. We are reminded here of Duffy’s observations upon certain isomeric transformations of the fats, (Quar. Jour. Ch. Sec. V. 197.) Tie noticed that stearine heated 1° above its point of solidification, became transparent, but soon after resumed its opacity; and Heintz made a similar observation. Duffy attributes this to an isomeric transformation of the fat by the heat; but it seems to me simpler until an isomerism be more distinctly proven, to as- sume a mixture of fats, which unite to form a definite compound under the circumstances, and which has the above mentioned property.f Heintz’s researches on the fats should make us look with suspicion upon fats as pure, that are only purified by crystallization. * The liquid from No. 3 was all absorbed by the pressing cloths, and not collected. f Since the above was written, I have received the Journal fiir Pract. Chemic., Heft III. Band LXIII. in which some late results by Heintz on this point are communicated. He artificially prepared chemically pure stearine from the acid and glycerine, by Berthelot’s process, and found that it had two melting points, first at 55°, then solidifying and melting again when the heat reached 71° *6. ON ADIPOCIKE, AND ITS FORMATION. 15 Duffy’s remarks were made upon the glycerine compounds of the kitty acids; it appears from the above examination of the liquids 1° and 6°, as if something similar took place with the fatty acids themselves, although, with one or two exceptions, in other determina- tions of melting points noted in this article, I have not observed the same phenomenon of transparency. A few experiments were now made with the alcoholic liquid 6°. A concentrated alco- holic solution of acetate of magnesia added to this liquid, produced no precipitate, but micaceous crystalline scales fell on adding acetic acid, and upon adding more acetic acid, and heating, besides these crystals, an oil floated on the surface, which solidified on cool- ing, and which behaved like a fat, and gave the melting point of palmitic acid, viz.: 62° (solidifies gradually from 47° to 39°.) The crystals gave a small quantity of ash when burned on platina foil, and on being decomposed by hydrochloric acid, gave a fat with the melting point of stearic acid 72° 73°, and solidifying at 60° 55°. The mother liquid con- tained too little fat to experiment upon. To another portion of the liquid 6°, alcoholic acetate of magnesia was added without addition of acetic acid, and the solution evaporated in a retort. The first crystals which appeared contained a fat which fused at 65°, 68° 5, and solidified at 62°, 58°. The solid crystalline fat No. 6° which was removed from the liquid 6°, and which was the most highly purified result from the crystallization of this specimen of adipocire, was now examined more particularly; an alcoholic solution was made upon which to try the different experiments. Fifteen grammes of the fat required 300 of alcohol of 93 per cent, to keep it in solution; but before having added so much alcohol, on standing for a short time 0.656 grammes of pearly crystalline scales fell, which had a melting point of 62° 5, and solidified at 55° 5. The fat of the liquid after these crystals had fallen, when~preci- pitated by water, melted at 58° 61°, and solidified at 55° 5: these crystals, re-crystallized from alcohol, melted at 62° 5, and solidified at 58°, 57°; these were dissolved a third time, in twenty times their weight of 93 per cent, alcohol, which deposited, on standing, less than a milligramme of tufted crystals of the form of palmitic acid, of which it had the melting point 62°: more alcohol was added to the solution, and it was divided by fractional precipitation with acetate of magnesia and the addition of a little ammonia with heat, into two portions, weighing 0.256 and 0.164 grammes, and they had the same melting point. This fat appears, therefore, to be palmitic acid, one of the acids into which Heintz divided margaric acid. The crystals deposited from alcohol do not at all resemble those of mar- garic acid, but under the microscope are lamellar. These two fats were converted respec- tively, by an excess of nitrate of silver, into silver salts, 0-24725 gave 0-074 Ag. = 29-93 per cent, and 0-14275 gave 0 04175 Ag. = 29-25 per cent., which corresponds to the per- centage of silver in the palmitate of this base. 16 ON ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. C32 192.00 By calculation. Mean of two Exper. Ii31 31.00 04 32.00 Ag. 107.97 29.7 29.5 362.97 There is no doubt, therefore, of the presence of palmitic acid in the fat of human adipo- cire. The second crop of crystals which fell from the mother liquid of those just ex- amined, contained a fat melting at 62°, in all probability palmitic acid also. A determina- tion of the silver of the salt of this fat was lost in the following curious manner: The silver salt was in lumps, as it had dried on the filter, and after it had stood for a short time at 100 in a watch glass, thinking to facilitate the escape of water, by pulverizing it in an agate-mortar, it became so exceedingly electric, that of the whole quantity of silver salt from 0.651 grammes of fat, I was not able to collect the smallest portion for analysis; whether the powder was attempted to be removed by steel, platinum, glass, a feather, or paper, on the first touch it flew into the air, and alighted upon the table: I have often noticed this behaviour in organic silver salts, and perhaps it would be worth while to try whether one of them could not favourably replace the amalgam on the cushion of the elec- trical machine. The following experiments were made upon the alcoholic solution of the fats, from which the above portions of palmitic acid were separated. Enough alcohol was added to this solution to prevent any further deposit by standing, for which, as was before stated, 300 alcohol were required for 15 fat. Its percentage of fat was determined by evaporating the alcohol from a known quantity, and weighing the residue; the melting point of this fat was 60° 5 to 61°. This melting point was again determined after saponification, to ascer- tain whether a fatty ether might not have been formed, and was found to be the same. The alcoholic solution of acetate of magnesia was also titled so that the necessary quantity might be added to the fat solution by measurement: the fat under consideration should be, by Heintz’s experiment, a mixture of stearic and the so called margaric acids, together with impurities. Before proceeding to the fractional precipitation by acetate of magnesia, the alcoholic fatty solution was treated with an excess of acetate of magnesia, and an excess of acetic acid (aided by a little warmth) added; the resulting liquid was then evaporated over sulphuric acid (removing the crystals as they formed) in order to ascertain what effect this treatment would have upon the melting points. On cooling, a small quantity of a powdery precipitate fell, and after standing for a couple of hours over sulphuric acid, the liquid crystallized rather suddenly, to plates or scales, the melting point of which, after treatment with acid, gave 62°; recrystallized from hot alcohol it melted at 62° 5, 63°. 17 OX ADIPOCIRE, AND ITS FORMATION. precipitate the whole, was added; to the filtrate an excess of the magnesia solution was added, and the fat remaining in the filtrate from this precipitation was separated, as was also that of the other two precipitates. The following results and melting points are in their order as determined: (а) 0*351 . . melts 61° (б) 0*527 . . “ 61° (c) 0-085 . . “ 53° loss 0-173 1.136 grammes. (a) and (b) were united, dissolved in alcohol, enough alcoholic solution of acetate of mag- nesia to precipitate the half added, and after standing for a couple of days, the precipitate was filtered off, and ammonia added to alkaline reaction to the filtrate. The first magnesia salt was translucent, and fused by heat to a transparent liquid, which by more heat gra- dually grew darker, finally black, and left a residue of magnesia. The melting point of the fat of this substance was as before, 61°. The second magnesia salt was white and amorphous; it presented the same relations to heat as the first, and contained a fat of the same melting point, 61°. These fats were both brilliant white, lamellar, and of rough surface. The first magnesia salt contained a per centage of 7-59 MgO (0-25025 gave 0*019) and the second contained about double the per centage of magnesia, viz.: 14-91; for 0’28 salt gave 0-04175 magnesia by incineration. Neutral palmitate of magnesia C32, H31, 03 MgO gives by calculation 7‘6 per cent, mag- nesia, and basic palmitate C32, H31, 03 2 MgO gives 14T5 magnesia, which approaches the nearest to the magnesia salt of the above fatty acids. The experiments of fractional precipitation of the normal solution of fat 6°, were con- ducted in the same manner, and with the following results, in which (c) and (d) represent the fatty acids of the two magnesia salts, and (e) that of the portion not precipitated by an excess of acetate of magnesia: (c) 0-474 melt pt. 59° 5 (d) 0-440 “ 61° 5 (e) 0*356 “ 58° 5 loss during the ex. 0-010 1-280 grammes of fat. The magnesia salts from which the fats (c) and (