=LAWS=5=~ (ABSTRACT) AND BOARD RULINGS Regulating the Practice of Medicine in the United States and Elsewhere Revised to Mar. 15, 1915 Twenty - Third Edition Price Thirty Cents Copyright 1915, by the American Medical Association American Medical Association N. DEARBORN STREET CHICAGO MEMORANDA M EMORANDA CONTENTS Names and addresses of secretaries of state examining board..9-10 UNITED STATES PAGE Alabama 13 Alaska 15 Arizona 16 Arkansas 19 California 22 Canal Zone 27 Colorado 28 Connecticut 33 Delaware 36 District of Columbia 38 Florida 39 Georgia 40 Hawaii 42 Idaho 43 Illinois 44 Indiana 49 Iowa 53 Kansas 56 Kentucky •. 58 Louisiana 62 Maine 66 Maryland 67 Massachusetts 70 Michigan 71 Minnesota 78 Mississippi 79 Missouri 81 PAGE Montana 83 Nebraska 84 Nevada 86 New Hampshire 87 New Jersey 90 New Mexico 92 New York 94 North Carolina 98 North Dakota 99 Ohio 101 Oklahoma 104 Oregon 106 Pennsylvania 107 Philippine Islands 110 Porto Rico Ill Rhode Island 112 South Carolina 113 South Dakota 115 Tennessee 117 Texas 118 Utah 122 Vermont 124 Virginia 126 Washington 129 West Virginia 131 Wisconsin 132 Wyoming 135 Dominion of Canada 136 Dominion Registration 136 Alberta 137 British Columbia . 137 Manitoba 138 New Brunswick 139 Nova Scotia 139 Ontario 140 Prince Edward Island 140 Quebec 141 Saskatchewan 142 Newfoundland 142 Mexico 143 Cent. America and West Indies .143 Cuba 143 Guatemala 144 Haiti 144 Honduras 144 Nicaragua 144 Panama 144 Santo Domingo 145 South America 145 Argentine Republic 145 Bolivia 145 Brazil 145 FOREIGN COUNTRIES Chile 146 Colombia 146 Ecuador 146 Peru 147 Uruguay 147 Europe 147 Austria 147 P>elgium 148 Bulgaria 149 Denmark 149 Egypt ISO France 150 Germany 151 Breat Britain 153 Greece 155 Hungary 155 Italy 156 Japan 158 Netherlands 158 Monaco 159 Norway 159 Portugal 159 Roumania 160 Russia 160 CONTENTS—Continued PAGE Servia 160 Siam 161 Spain 161 Sweden 162 Switzerland . .. 162 Turkey 163 South Africa 164 Cape Colony 164 Madagascar 164 Natal 164 Orange River Colony 164 Rhodesia 164 Transvaal 164 Australia 164 New South Wales . ..: 164 Victoria 164 South Australia 164 Queensland 164 West Australia 164 Tasmania 164 New Zealand 165 PAGE Minor British Colonies 165 Africa, East and West Coasts of 165 Bahama Islands 165 British Honduras 165 British Guiana 165 British New Guiana 165 Bermuda Islands 165 Ceylon 165 Cyprus 165 Falkland Islands 166 Fiji Islands 166 Gibraltar 166 Hongkong 166 Leeward Islands 166 Malta 166 Mauritius 166 St. Helena . .. 166 Seychelles Island 166 Straits Settlements 166 West India Islands 166 Windward Islands 166 MISCELLANEOUS Foreign Medical Colleges 166 Argentine Republic 166 Australia 167 Austria 167 Belgium 167 Bolivia 167 Brazil 167 Canada 167 Chile 167 China 167 Colombia 167 Cuba 167 Denmark 168 Ecuador 168 Egypt 168 England 168 France 168 Germany 169 Greece 169 Guatemala 169 Haiti 169 Honduras 169 Hungary 169 Iceland 169 India 169 Ireland 169 Italy 170 Japan 170 Korea 170 Madagascar 170 Malaya 170 Mexico 170 Netherlands 170 New Zealand 170 Norway 170 Persia 170 £eru ..!! 171 Portugal 171 Koumania 171 Russia ’ 171 Scotland 171 Siam 171 South Africa 171 Spain 171 Sweden 171 Switzerland 171 Syria 172 Turkey 172 Uruguay 172 Venezuela 172 Wales 172 Medical Colleges of the World. 172 Foreign Standards, Chart 173 Medical Standards Abroad Com- pared 174 Council on Medical Education, Standards 176 Standard High School Course 177 Grading of Medical Colleges 185 Third Classification of Medical Colleges 186 Higher Preliminary Require- ments by State Boards 191 Association of American Medi- cal Colleges, Standards... 193 Reciprocity, with table 197 Recognition of Government Ex- amination 198 Essentials of State Laws 200 INTRODUCTION It will be noted that this book does not give verbatim the medical practice act, but gives from the practice acts and from board rulings the conditions or legal restrictions of medical practice in the several states and territories of the United States. The matter is presented in a classified arrangement under definite heads, so as to enable the reader more easily to find what he is seeking. This arrangement also permits of a more ready comparison of the requirements of two or more states. The table on page 200 gives the essential features of the various state laws and the conditions surrounding medical licensure. The many changes made in the medical practice acts since the last edition of this book was issued has made it desirable to have a new edition printed including these additions and giving correct statements of the requirements in force as far as can be learned up to the present time. In all cases the matter has been submitted to the secretaries of the several licensing boards and this book embodies their corrections. Information collected by the Council on Medical Education from reliable sources is also given regarding foreign medical schools and medical registration and practice in foreign countries. These data have been submitted to the United States embassies abroad and in most instances have been verified by them. The rapidly increasing demand for this book shows how it is appreciated. It is hoped that each subsequent edition will be more useful than those which preceded it. NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE SECRETARIES OF STATE EXAMINING BOARDS STATE NAME AND ADDRESS OF SECRETARY Alabama Alaska Dr. H. C. DeVighne, Juneau. Arizona Arkansas .... (R) Dr. W. S. Stewart, Pine Bluff. (H)Dr. Scott C. Runnels, Little Rock. (E)Dr. Claude E. Laws, 712 Garrison Ave., Fort Smith. California . . . . Colorado Denver. Connecticut .. (R) Dr. ‘ Charles A. Tuttle, 196 York St., New Haven. (H)Dr. E. C. M. Hall, 82 Grand Avenue, New Haven. (E)Dr. T. S. Hodge, 19 Main St., Torrington. Delaware (Council) Dr. H. W. Briggs, Wilmington. (R)Dr. J. H. Wilson, Dover. (H)Dr. H. W. Howell, Wilmington. District of Columbia. ... Dr. George C. Ober, Washington. Florida ' (R) Dr. E. W. Warren, Palatka. (H)Dr. C. W. Johnson, Jacksonville. (E) Dr. H. S. Hampton, Tampa. Georgia Dr. C. T. Nolan, Marietta. Hawaii Dr. R. W. Benz, Honolulu. Idaho Dr. J. F. Schmershall, Jerome. Illinois Dr. C. St. Clair Drake, Springfield. Indiana apolis. Iowa Dr. G. H. Sumner, State House, Des Moines. Kansas Dr. H. A. Dykes, Lebanon. Kentucky .... Louisiana . .. (R) Dr. E. L. Leckert, 830 Canal St., New Orleans. (H) Dr. C. R. Mayer, 919 St. Charles St., New Orleans. Maine land. Maryland .... .... (R) Dr. J. McP. Scott, Hagerstown. (H)Dr. O. N. Duvall, 1817 N. Fulton Ave., Bal- timore. Massachusetts Boston. Michigan .... Dr. B. D. Harison, 504 Washington Arcade, Detroit. Minnesota . .. Paul. Mississippi . . . Dr. E. H. Galloway, Tackson. Missouri Dr. J. A. B. Adcock, State House, Jefferson City. Montana Dr. Wm. C. Riddell, Helena. Nebraska . . .. Dr. H. B. Cummins, Seward. Nevada Dr. S. L. Lee, Carson City. N. Hampshire (Regent) H. C. Morrison, Concord. New Tersey . . Dr. Horace G. Norton, Trenton. New Mexico . . Dr. W. E. Kaser, East Las Vegas. New York . . . Dr. Otto V. Huffman, Education Department, Albany. North Carolina Dr. H. A. Royster, Raleigh. North Dakota . Dr. George M. Williamson, Grand Forks. Ohio Dr. George H. Matson, Columbus. Oklahoma . ... Dr. J. W. Duke, Guthrie. 10 STATE EXAMINING BOARDS STATE NAME AND ADDRESS OF SECRETARY Oregon . . ..Dr. L. H. Hamilton, Portland. Pennsylvania Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, Harrisburg. Philippine Islands . . Dr. Claude E. Norris, Bureau of Health, Manila. Porto Rico Dr. Quevedo Baez, San Juan. Rhode Island Dr. Gardner T. Swarts, Providence. South Carolina . . ..Dr. A. Earle Boozer, 1806 Hampton Ave., Columbia. South Dakota .... Dr. Park B. Jenkins, Waubay. Tennessee . . ..Dr. A. B. DeLoach, Scimitar Bldg., Memphis, . . . . Dr. M. P. McElhannon, Belton. Utah . ..Dr. G. F. Harding, Templeton Bldg., Salt Lake Vermont . . . . Dr. W. Scott Nay, Underhill. Virginia . . ..Dr. J. N. Barney, Fredericksburg. Washington . . . . Dr. C. N. Suttner, Walla Walla. West Virginia . . . . Dr. S. L. Jepson, 81, 12th St., Wheeling. Wisconsin Dr. Tohn M. Beffel, 3200 Clybourn St., Mil waukee. Wyoming . . ..Dr. H. E. McCollum, Laramie. MEMORANDA MEMORANDA LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE IN THE UNITED STATES AND ELSEWHERE Board.—The Board of Censors of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama, a body consisting of ten physicians, constitutes the State Board of Medical Examiners. Board of Members.—W. H. Sanders, M.D., Chairman, Montgomery; S. W. Welch, M.D., Talladega; I. L. Watkins, M.D., Montgomery; V. P. Gaines, M.D., Mobile; D. F. Talley, M.D., Birmingham; L. W. Johnston, M.D., Tuskegee; R. M. Cunningham, M.D., Birmingham; C. A. Mohr, M.D., Mobile; Glenn Andrews, M.D., Montgomery; S. G. Gay, M.D., Selma. Examinations.—Examinations are held beginning on the second Tuesday of January and July of each year, at the Capitol, Montgomery. Fees.—For examination, $10.00; for registration of certifi- cate in the probate office, $1.00. Application for License.—The applicant must fill out an application blank giving his name, age, residence, college and date of graduation, and furnish a certificate of good moral character and two cabinet size, unmounted photographs of himself. A diploma from a reputable medical college must also be presented by each applicant and he must pass a written examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, the etiology, pathology and symptomatology of diseases, obstet- rics and obstetric operations, gynecology, surgery, physical diagnosis, diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Four days are required to com- plete the examination. In case of failure the applicant may take another examination within one year without additional fee. To avoid ground on which schools of medicine differ, materia medica and the administration of medicines are omitted. A filial average of at least 75 per cent, must be obtained. When an applicant states, in writing, that he has neither studied, nor proposes to practice, major surgery, he will be ALABAMA 14 ALABAMA exempted from examination in that branch. His certificate of qualification, if obtained, will not entitle him to practice major surgery. Certificates of license must be recorded in the office of the probate judge of the county wherein the holder resides and re-recorded in case of removal to another county. Failure to have certificate so recorded will render it null and void and prevent recovery of medical fees at law. The board is empowered to refuse or revoke a license for cause. Penalties—Any person who treats, or offers to treat, diseases of human beings, by any system of treatment what- soever, without having obtained a certificate of qualification, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of from $50 to $500, or imprisonment for from one to three months, or to both fine and imprisonment. College Standard.—The State Medical Association deter- mines the question of college standing and in so doing is guided by the latest report of the Council on Medical Educa- tion of the American Medical Association. Colleges in Class C are not granted recognition. In order to secure licenses to practice medicine in Alabama, graduates of 1919 and thereafter, must have completed two years of work in an approved college of liberal arts including courses in physics, chemistry, biology and a modern language prior to entering on the study of medicine. This applies to all students matriculating in the session of 1915-16 and thereafter. Exemptions.—The board is empowered to issue certificates of qualification without examination to medical officers in the public services of the United States on presentation of satisfactory credentials. On the face of these certificates it must appear that they were issued pro forma, and without examination. Reciprocity.—The board is empowered to establish reci- procity with states which require an examination in sub- stantially the same subjects as those required in Alabama, and whose requirements otherwise are equal. Certificates so issued must show that they were issued pro forma, and with- out examination. No reciprocal relations have as yet been established. Definition of Act.—Any person who treats or offers to treat diseases of human beings by any system whatsoever is considered to be practicing medicine. Act effective, July 1, 1907. ALASKA 15 ALASKA Board.—The Territorial Medical Examining Board con- sists of eight members, two from each judicial district, appointed by the governor, for a term of two years and no member is to serve for more than two terms in succession. Board Members.—J. H. Mustard, M.D., President, Nome; J. L. Myers, M.D., Ketchikan; J. M. Sloan, M.D., Nome; Chas. A. Winans, M.D., Valdez; J. H. Romig, M.D., Seward; J. A. Sutherland, M.D., Fairbanks; A. B. Bradley, M.D., Fairbanks; H. C. DeVighne, M.D., Secretary, Juneau. Examinations.—Examinations are held beginning on the first Tuesday of January and July of each year at Juneau. Fees.—Examination or reciprocal registration fee, $25. Application for License.—Applicant must show evidence of being 21 years of age, of good moral character, and must have graduated from a duly authorized medical college. He must submit to a written but practical examination in anat- omy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, thera- peutics, preventive medicine, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence and such other subjects as the board deems advisable. Tem- porary Permits may be issued, valid until the next meeting of the board. The board is empowered to refuse or revoke a license for cause. College Standard.—Applicant must have graduated from a “duly authorized medical college” defined in relation to tem- porary permits as a college having standards equal to those of the Association of American Medical Colleges. Reciprocity.—The board in its discretion is empowered to license without examination applicants holding licenses from other states which have reciprocal relations with Alaska, where the applicant fully complies with the requirements of the territory. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to emergency ser- vices, nor to commissioned officers of the United States services while in the performance of their official duties, nor to physicians or surgeons from the United States called into consultation, nor to physicians actually practicing in Alaska prior to the passage of this act. There is to be no discrimi- nation against any particular school of medicine, surgery or osteopathy. Definition.—Any person shall be deemed as practicing within the meaning of this act who shall have and maintain an office or place of business with his or her name and the 16 ARIZONA words physician and surgeon, “Doctor,” “M.D.” or “M.B.” in public view, or shall assume or advertise the title of doctor or any title which shall show or shall tend to show that the person assuming or advertising the same is a lawful practi- tioner of any of the branches of medicine or surgery in such manner as to convey the impression that he or she is a practitioner of medicine or surgery under the laws of this territory, or any person who shall practice medicine or sur- gery under a false or assumed name, or for a fee prescribe, direct or recommend for the use of any person, any drug or medicine for the treatment, care or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease. Note.—Until the present practice act was secured the laws regulating medical practice in Alaska were contained in the Criminal Code, approved March 3, 1899, and the Civil Code, approved June 6, 1900, and amendments approved Feb. 6, 1909. (Sections 10 to 18 of an Act of Congress entitled: “An Act Relating to Affairs in the Territories,” approved Feb. 6, 1909, 35 Statutes at Large, 600.) Present law approved April 29, 1913. ARIZONA Board.—The Board of Medical Examiners of Arizona con- sists of five members—two regulars, one homeopath, one eclectic and one osteopath—appointed by the governor for a term of two years. The members must be graduates of the respective schools and licensed practitioners of Arizona. Board Members.—Ira E. Huffman, President, Tucson; W. H. Sargent, M.D., Phoenix; Charles T. Sturgeon, M.D., Globe; George W. Martin, D.O., Tucson; John Wix Thomas, M.D., Secretary, Phoenix. Examinations.—Examinations are held in Phoenix begin- ning on the first Tuesday of January, April, July and October of each year. Fees.—Application must be accompanied by a fee of $25. In case applicant’s credentials are not sufficient, or in case the examination is not taken, $15 will be returned on appli- cation. Application for License.—Three forms of certificates are provided; for (a) physicians, (b) osteopaths and (c) practi- tioners of “other systems” of healing. 1. To secure a certificate to practice medicine and surgery application must be made on a blank furnished by the board at least two weeks prior to the examination. It must show ARIZONA 17 applicant to be of good moral character, and must set forth the facts regarding his preliminary and medical education. It must be accompanied by a diploma from a medical col- lege which at the time diploma was granted held standards equal to those of the Association of American Medical Col- leges and applicant must show satisfactory evidence that he is the person named in the diploma. 2. To secure a license to practice osteopathy the same rou- tine is required except that he must file a diploma from a legally chartered college of osteopathy requiring prior to 1908 twenty months of instruction, and after 1908 three years of nine months each, including the studies examined on under this act. 3. To secure a license to practice “other systems” of heal- ing the same routine is followed except that the applicant must present a diploma from a legally chartered college of the system he claims to follow. Examinations will be conducted in whole or in part in writing and in the English language, and will consist of ten questions in each of the following branches, with a time limit as here given: (1) anatomy, 2 hours; (2) histology, 1J4 hours; (3) gynecology, 1)4 hours; (4) obstetrics, 2 hours; (5) physiology, 1)4 hours; (6) hygiene, 1)4 hours; (7) pathology, 1)4 hours; (8) bacteriology, 1)4 hours; (9) chem- istry and toxicology, 1 hour; (10) general diagnosis, 2 hours. All applicants must obtain not less than a general average of 75 per cent, and not less than 60 per cent, in any one subject. Applicants who can show at least ten years of reputable prac- tice will be granted a credit of 5 per cent, on the general average, and 5 per cent.’additional for each subsequent ten years of such practice. He must receive not less than 50 per cent, on any subject, however. The certificate must be recorded by the clerk of the county in which the holder is practicing. Failure to have the certifi- cate so recorded makes the holder liable to a fine of $25 to $100 and imprisonment. The board has the right to refuse or revoke a certificate for unprofessional conduct or other cause. College Standard.—Three standards are provided. 1. For Physicians.—The standards of the Association of Ameri- can Medical Colleges are required—which means at least a four-year high school education, the work of which is pre- scribed, and graduation after four years of work in a rep- utable medical college the standards and equipments of which are outlined by the association. 2. For Osteopaths.—Gradua- tion from a “legally chartered” college of osteopathy with a 18 ARIZONA maximum requirement of three years of nine months each. 3. For Practitioners of “Other Systems.”—Merely a diploma from a “legally chartered” college of the system of treatment claimed is all that is required. For the last two certificates the law makes no provision for preliminary education or for standards or equipment of the “college.” But the rule of the Board is that no license will be granted anyone whose preliminary education is less than that required to receive a high school diploma in this state. Exemptions.—The act does not inhibit emergency services of the domestic administration of family remedies. It does not apply to commissioned medical officers of the United States services in the discharge of their official duties, nor to dentists while practicing dentistry, nor to practitioners from other states called into consultation by legally qualified prac- titioners of Arizona. Reciprocity.—No provision for in the practice act. Definition.—Any person shall be regarded as practicing medicines within the meaning of this act who shall, within this state, (a) by advertisement, or by any notice, sign or other indication, or by any statement, printed, written or oral, in public or in private, made, done or procured by him- self or herself, or any other, at his or her request, for him or her, claim, announce, make known or pretend his or her ability or willingness to diagnosticate, or prognosticate, any human diseases, ills, deformities, defects, wounds or injuries; (b) or who shall so advertise or make known or claim his or her ability or willingness to prescribe or administer any drug, medicine, treatment, method or practice, or to perform any operation, or manipulation, or to apply any apparatus, or application, for cure, amelioration, correction, reduction or modification of any human disease, ill, deformity, defect, wound, or injury, for hire, fee, compensation or reward, promised, offered, expected, received or accepted, directly or indirectly; (c) or who shall within this state diagnosti- cate or prognosticate any human disease, ill, deformity, defect, wound or injury, for hire, fee, reward or compen- sation, promised, offered, expected, received or accepted, directly or indirectly; (d) or who shall within the state pre- scribe or administer any drug, medicine, treatment, method or practice, or perform any operation or manipulation, or apply any apparatus or appliance for the cure, alleviation, amelioration, correction, reduction or modification of any human disease, ill, deformity, defect, wound or injury, for hire, fee, compensation or reward, promised, offered, ARKANSAS 19 expected, received or accepted, directly or indirectly; (e) or who shall act as the agent of any person, firm or corpora- tion, in the practice of medicine as hereinbefore set forth; (f) except it be in the advertisement or practice of dentistry, midwifery, or pharmacy, or in the usual business of opticians, or of vendors of dental or surgical instruments, apparatus, and appliances. Practicing medicine within the meaning of this act is construed to include the practice of osteopathy. Note.—Original practice act approved March 18, 1897; Board of Examiners created by law of 1901; second practice act approved March 19, 1903; present act approved March 22, 1913. ARKANSAS Boards.—The law provides for three separate Boards of Medical Examiners—a regular, a homeopathic, and an eclec- tic. Each board consists of seven members, one from each congressional district and no one of whom must be connected with a medical college. The appointments are made by the governor from a list of names presented by the respective medical societies. The length of service is four years. The boards are authorized to adopt all rules, regulations and by-laws necessary to properly perform their duties. Board Members.—The members of the regular board are as follows: J. C. Wallis, M.D., President, Arkadelphia; M. Fink, M.D., Helena; E. F. Ellis, M.D., Fayetteville; T. J. Stout, M.D., Brinkley; F. T. Isbell, M.D., Horatio; G. S. Brown, M.D., Conway; W. S. Stewart, M.D., Secretary, Pine Bluff. The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: Victor H. Hallman, M.D., President, Hot Springs; George M. Love, M.D., Rogers; W. B. Hughes, M.D., Little Rock; C. S. Bungart, M.D., Fort Smith; Perry C. Williams, M.D., Texar- kana; I. J. Brooks, M.D., Little Rock; Scott C. Runnels, M.D., Secretary, Little Rock. The members of the eclectic board are as follows: R. M. Jernigan, M.D., President, Rector; E. L. Sullivan, M.D., Poughkeepsie; Pearl H. Tatman, M.D., Eureka Springs; Lycurgus Gardner, M.D., Atkins; W. C. Dallanbaugh, M.D., Pine Bluff; J. L. Vail, M.D., Little Rock; Claude E. Laws, M.D., Secretary, 712 Garrison Ave., Fort Smith. Examinations.—Each board holds two regular examinations per year, on the second Tuesday in May and November, at such places as a majority may agree on, consulting the con- venience of the boards and the applicants. 20 ARKANSAS Fees.—For examination and registration, $15.00; reciprocal fee, $25.00. For reciprocal endorsement $5.00. Application for License.—Application must be made to the secretary of board representing the school of medicine from which he graduated, accompanied by the fee. The applicant must also present satisfactory evidence of graduation from a reputable medical college. If the credentials are satisfactory, the applicant is entitled to an examination, which may be written or oral, and shall be of a practical character, including anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, theory and practice of medicine, pathology, bac- teriology, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology and hygiene. For each applicant who has been engaged in the reputable prac- tice of medicine for five years or more an allowance of 1 per cent, for each year of such practice will be made. A certificate will be issued if, in the opinion of the board, the applicant possesses the necessary qualifications. This cer- tificate must be recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the applicant intends to practice. Any member of the board representing the school of medi- cine from which the applicant graduated may grant a tempo- rary permit to practice on the payment of the required fee and after a satisfactory examination; but such permit shall not continue in force longer than until the next regular meeting of the board and shall not be granted for a longer period than two months in advance of the next regular and stated meeting of the board. Revocation.—The boards have the right to refuse or to revoke licenses for cause, including: (a) chronic or persistent inebriety; (b) the practice of criminal abortion; (c) offenses involving moral turpitude (d) advertising special ability to treat or cure chronic or incurable diseases; and (e) for any fraud in obtaining diploma or license. College Standard.—All medical colleges are required to conform to the following schedule: Preliminary Education.— (1) Each student admitted must hold a certificate of good moral character signed by at least two physicians in good standing in the state from which the applicant comes. (2) He must also hold an entrance certificate issued by the board on: (a) A diploma from a reputable university or college granting the degree A.B., B.S., or equivalent degree; (b) a diploma or certificate of graduation from an accredited four- year high school or college whose course of instruction equals that required for entrance by the University of Arkansas; (c) evidence of having passed a matriculation examination ARKANSAS 21 of a recognized literary or scientific college; (d) a certificate of successful examination equivalent to the matriculation examination by the faculty of any reputable university or college, and (e) a certificate of having passed successful examination before the state superintendent of public instruc- tion or his authorized agent. For full admission, 14 units must be required by the medical school; 7 of these must be in specified subjects as follows: English, 3; algebra, 2; plane geometry, 1, and United States history, 1. The remaining 6 units may be taken from any of the following elective subjects: Latin, 4; Greek, 3-4; French, 3-4; German, 3-4; English, 1 in addi- tion to required; ancient history, 1; modern history, 1; English history, y2-\; physical geography, l/2-\; physiology, y2-1; botany, y2-\; zoology, y2-1; biology, 1; chemistry, 1; physics, 1; civil government, y2; agriculture, ; ele- mentary pedagogy, y2-1; elementary psychology, y2; manual training, y2. The figures following each subject show the minimum and maximum credit which may be obtained for each. After Jan. 1, 1915, one year each of physics, chemistry and biology of college grade, of not less than 8 semester hours, will be required in addition to the above. Medical Education.—The medical school must give a course of not less than four sessions of thirty-two teaching weeks each, and at least 10 months shall intervene between the beginning of any course and the beginning of the pre- ceding course. Attendance of at least 80 per cent, of each course must be required; frequent examinations must be conducted; each student must dissect a lateral half of the cadaver and must have attended at least two years of instruction in well-equipped laboratories and two years on clinical and hospital instruction. No medical school will be regarded as in good standing that issues a catalogue or an announcement containing misrepresentations regarding its teaching facilities, its course of instruction or the number of students matriculated. Exemptions.—Those who administer domestic remedies without receiving any compensation therefor, and midwives, are exempt. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations on the basis of an exam- ination only have been established with District of Colum- bia, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Wisconsin, and on the basis either of an examination or on a diploma from a reputable medical college without examination if the diploma and the 22 CALIFORNIA license were issued prior to Feb. .17, 1903, with Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio and Oklahoma. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine in any of its departments who appends to his name the letters M.D. or M.B., or who repeatedly prescribes or directs for the use of any person or persons any drug, or medicine, or other agency, for the treatment, cure, or lelief of any bodily injury or disease. Approved Feb. 17, 1903. CALIFORNIA Board.—The Board of Medical Examiners of California consists of ten members appointed by the governor as fol- lows : Three for one year, two for two years, two for three years and three for four years. Hereafter as terms expire all appointments will be for a term of four years. All members must have been citizens of the state for at least five years prior to their appointment and must hold license issued “under any of the medical practice acts” of the state. Board Members.—Harry E. Alderson, M.D., President, San Francisco; W. W. Vanderburgh, D.O., San Francisco; Fred F. Gundrum, M.D., Sacramento; H. V. Brown, M.D., Los Angeles; A. M. Smith, M.D., Oakland; Robert A. Campbell, M.D., Los Angeles; H. Clifford Loos, M.D., San Diego; Wm. R. Molony, M.D., Los Angeles; D. L. Tasker, D.O., Los Angeles; Charles B. Pinkham, M.D., Secretary, Capitol Bldg., Sacramento. Examinations.—The board meets at Sacramento beginning the second Tuesday in January. Two other meetings will be hejd annually, one each at Los Angeles and San Fran- cisco, time not specified, and other meetings may be called at the direction of the board. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; registration fee for a retired or honorably discharged medical officer of the United States Army or Navy and the reciprocal registration fee, $50.00. Where credentials are insufficient or in case no examination is taken $15.00 of the examination fee will be returned on request to the applicant; to applicants for registration through reciprocity in case n,o certificate is issued, $40.00 will be returned. Reciprocity applicants who have been denied a “reciprocity certificate” and who elect to take the written examination are entitled to a refund of $15.00 of the original $50.00 fee. Application for License.—Three forms of license are pro- vided for: (a) physicians, (b) drugless practitioners, and CALIFORNIA 23 (c) reciprocal registration. Each candidate for examina- tion, at least two weeks prior to the regular meeting of the board, must file an application, on a blank prescribed by the board, with the secretary of the board, together with the fee of $25.00, accompanied by testimonials of good moral char- acter, and attached thereto a 3x4-inch photograph of the applicant taken within sixty days of the date of application, and a diploma from a medical or other college approved by the board, together with an affidavit that the applicant is the person named in the diploma, that he is the lawful holder thereof and that it was procured after a regular course of instruction and an examination without fraud or misrepre- sentation. An extra 3x4-inch autographed photograph is also required. The candidate seeking a physician and surgeon certificate must show that he has attended four courses of study of at least 32 weeks each, and at least ten months must have elapsed between the beginning of any course and the begin- ning of the preceding course. The applicant must have com- pleted in the aggregate 128 weeks of actual work in the four courses, including at least 4,800 hours of class-room work. (See college standard.) Applicant must pass an examina- tion in (1) anatomy and histology; (2) physiology; (3) bacteriology and pathology; (4) chemistry and toxicology; (5) obstetrics and gynecology; (6) materia medica, thera- peutics and pharmacology, including clinical prescription writing; (7) general medicine, including clinical micros- copy; (8) surgery, and (9) hygiene and sanitation. He must secure a general average of at least 75 per cent, and not less than 60 per cent, in any two subjects. One per cent, credit on the general average is allowed for each year of actual practice since graduation. If in the first examina- tion the applicant secures 75 per cent, in seven branches but fails to get the required general average, he may be reex- amined in the subjects only in which he failed without addi- tional fee. The applicant seeking the drugless practitioner’s certificate must show he has attended two courses of study of 32 weeks each and ten months at least must have elapsed between the beginning of any course and the beginning of the preceding course. During the two courses the applicant must have completed at least 64 weeks of actual work, including 2,400 hours of class-room work. Applicant must pass an examina- tion in (1) anatomy and histology; (2) physiology; (3) general diagnosis; (4) pathology and elementary bacteri- ology; (5) obstetrics and gynecology; (6) toxicology and elementary chemistry, and (7) hygiene and sanitation. He 24 CALIFORNIA must secure a general average of 75 per cent, and must not fall below 60 per cent, in any two subjects. If in the first examination he secures 75 per cent, in five branches but fails to get the required general average, he may be reex- amined in the subjects only in which he failed without additional fee. A person who holds a “drugless practitioner certificate” and who presents evidence of having successfully completed the additional courses required for the “physician and surgeon certificate” as hereinbefore provided shall be permitted to take his examination in subjects required for a “physician and surgeon certificate” without being reexam- ined in “drugless practitioner” subjects. Special permits or temporary licenses are not authorized by the practice act. The board has the authority to refuse or revoke a license for unprofessional conduct, which is defined by the practice act. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—Graduation from a California four-year high school or its equivalent, such as a certificate from the college entrance examination board of any state or territory, or, if over 30 years of age, he must give evidence satisfactory to the board of a training power equal to the required high-school education. After Jan. 1, 1919, in addition to the above requirement the applicant must have completed a year of work of college grade in each of the subjects physics, chemistry and biology. Medical Education.—The college, medical or otherwise, must be one approved by the board. Medical colleges must have at least four sessions of 32 weeks each, aggregating in the four courses 4,800 hours. Colleges of drugless methods must have at least two courses of 32 weeks each, aggregating at least 2,400 hours. The subjects of the curriculum with the amount of work required in each are shown in the following schedules: Schedules of Courses and Hours FOR A “PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON CERTIFICATE’'’ Group 1. 825 hours. Anatomy 600 hours Embryology 75 hours Histology 150 hours Group 2. 620 hours. Elementary chemistry and toxicology 140 hours Advanced chemistry 180 hours Physiology 300 hours Group 3. 700 hours. Elementary bacteriology 60 hours Advanced bacteriology 100 hours Hygiene 90 hours Pathology 450 hours CALIFORNIA 25 Group 4. 240 hours. Materia medica 80 hours Pharmacology 105 hours Therapeutics 55 hours Group 5. 1,120 hours. Dermatology and syphilis 45 hours General medicine and general diagnosis 700 hours Genito-urinary diseases 45 hours Nervous and mental diseases 180 hours Pediatrics 150 hours Group 6. 965 hours. Laryngology, otology, rhinology 60 hours Ophthalmology 60 hours Surgery and surgical diagnosis 500 hours Orthopedic surgery 45 hours Physical therapy, including electrotherapy, x-ray, radiotherapy, hydrotherapy 300 hours Group 7. 300 hours. Gynecology 105 hours Obstetrics 195 hours Miscellaneous. 30 hours. Ethics, jurisprudence, etc 30 hours Total 4,800 hours FOR A “DRUGLESS PRACTITIONER CERTIFICATE” Group 1. 645 hours. Anatomy 510 hours Histology 135 hours Group 2. 420 hours. Elementary chemistry and toxicology 120 hours Physiology -300 hours Group 3. 375 hours. Elementary bacteriology 60 hours Hygiene 45 hours Pathology 270 hours Group 4. 420 hours. Diagnosis 420 hours Group 5. 260 hours. Manipulative and mechanical therapy 260 hours Group 6. 300 hours. Gynecology 105 hours Obstetrics 195 hours Total 2,400 hours Prior to July 1, 1918, in lieu of a diploma, evidence of hav- ing completed the above medical or drugless college courses may be accepted for admission to the examination. After July 1, 1918, however, a diploma from an approved college giving courses equal to the above schedule will be essential. 26 CALIFORNIA Exemptions.—Nothing in this act shall be construed to pro- hibit service in the case of emergency, or the domestic admin- istration of family remedies; nor shall this act apply to any commissioned medical officer of the United States army, navy or public health service, in the discharge of his official duties; nor to any licensed dentist when engaged exclusively in the practice of dentistry. Nor shall this act apply to any practitioner from another state or territory, when in actual consultation with a licensed practitioner in the state or ter- ritory in which he resides; provided, that such practitioner shall not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls within the limits of the state. Nor shall this act to be construed so as to discriminate against any par- ticular school of medicine or surgery, or any other treatment, nor to regulate, prohibit or to apply to, any kind of treatment by prayer, nor to interfere in any way with the practice of religion. “Nothing in this act shall be construed to prohibit the prac- tice by any person holding an unrevoked certificate hereto- fore issued under or validated by any medical practice act of this state, but all such certificates may be revoked for unprofessional conduct in the same manner and on the same grounds as if they had been issued under this act.” Reciprocity.—Holders of certificates to practice medicine issued since Aug. 1, 1901, by a medical examining board or by any other board or officer authorized by law to issue a certificate entitling the holder thereof to practice medicine and surgery either in the District of Columbia or any state or territory of the United States will be granted a certificate to practice medicine in the State of California on the pay- ment of a $50.00 fee; provided that the requirements of the medical college from which he graduated and the board which issued such certificate shall not have been in any degree or particular less than those required for issuance of a certificate in the State of California at that time. Appli- cant must furnish from the board which issued such certifi- cate satisfactory evidence that the requirements of the col- lege or board met the above-mentioned requirements of this state. Licentiates prior to Aug. 1, 1901, who have prac- ticed medicine and surgery in any other state and who desire to register in this state, shall file application on a blank furnished by the board showing: First, full name of the applicant; second, all institutions in which he studied and the period of study, and all institutions where he graduated; third, statement of certificate or certificates to practice medi- cine and surgery which may have been issued to him, together with date and description of the same; fourth, CANAL ZONE 27 statement of all places in which applicant has practiced medicine or surgery; fifth, such other general information as to his past practice as may be required by the said board. The board shall then investigate and if acceptable shall afford him a practical, clinical, oral examination not less than six months subsequent to the date of application.” A return courtesy has been granted for physicians desiring to move from California by the licensing boards of Colorado, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont and Wisconsin. Definition.—Any person who shall practice or attempt to practice, or who advertises or holds himself out as practic- ing, any system or mode of treating the sick or afflicted in this state, or who shall diagnose, treat, operate for, or pre- scribe for, any disease, injury, deformity, or other mental or physical condition of any person, without having at the time of so doing a valid unrevoked certificate as provided in this act, or who shall in any sign or advertisement use the word “doctor,” the letters or the prefix “Dr.,” the let- ters “M.D.,” or any other term or letters indicating or implying that he is a doctor under the terms of this or any other act, or that he is entitled to practice hereunder, or under any other law, without having at the time of so doing a valid unrevoked certificate as provided in this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars ($100) nor more than six hundred dollars ($600), or by imprisonment for a term of not less than sixty (60) days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. The use by the holder of a “drugless practitioner certificate” of the let- ters “M.D.,” or the words “doctor of medicine,” or the term “physician and surgeon,” or the term “physician,” or the term “surgeon” in connection with his name or in con- nection with his practice, or otherwise, upon any sign, card, advertisement or announcement, or otherwise, is included in the definition of unprofessional conduct and renders the drugless practitioner liable to a revocal of his license. Note.—Act approved June, 1913; in effect Aug. 11, 1913; repeals Act of 1907, with its amendments of March 19, 1909, and May 1, 1911. CANAL ZONE Every physician, dentist, pharmacist and midwife must obtain a license from the Board of Health of the Isthmian Canal Zone before he or she is legally entitled to practice. Applicants must present diplomas from colleges which, in the 28 COLORADO judgment of the board, are in good standing and pass an examination. The fee for the examination and license is $5.00. Practicing without a license makes the offender subject to a fine of $25 and imprisonment for thirty days. The law does not apply to medical officers of the United States ser- vices nor to those in the service of the Isthmian Canal Com- mission. The definition of the practice of medicine is as follows: “Any person shall be regarded as practicing medi- cine within the meaning of this order who shall prescribe for, operate on or in any wise attempt to heal, cure or allevi- ate, or who shall in any wise treat any disease or any physical or mental ailment of another; provided that nothing in this order shal be construed to prohibit (a) the practice of the religious tenets of any church in the ministration of the sick or suffering by mental or spiritual means without the use of any drug or material remedy, whether gratuitously or for compensation, provided that such sanitary laws, orders, rules and regulations as now are or hereafter may be in force in said Canal Zone are complied with; or (b) gratuitous ser- vices in case of emergency; or (c) the administering of ordinary household remedies.” Circular No. 3 of Oct. 8, 1904, and Executive Order of Dec. 26, 1911. COLORADO Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners is com- posed of nine members appointed by the governor. The term of service is six years. Board Members.—C. S. Elder, M.D., President, Denver; Luke MacLean, M.D., Pueblo; Miller E. Preston, M.D., Den- ver; W. W. Rowan, M.D., Ouray; Leonard E. Bartz, M.D., Windsor; Frank E. Rogers, M.D., Denver; Charles B. Dyde, M.D., Greeley; A. C. Magruder, M.D., Colorado Springs; Kelly and Haines, Counsel, Denver; David A. Strickler, M.D., Secretary, 612 Empire Building, Denver. Examinations.—-The board holds examinations in the city of Denver on the first Tuesday of January, April, July and October of each year, and at such other times and places as may be found necessary. Fees.—Examination and registration fee, $25.00. Two- fifths of the fee is returned to the applicant in case the Board refuses to grant a license. For verifying credentials, practice records, etc., for reciprocity candidates, $15.00. Application for License.—Application must be made to the secretary on forms and blanks prescribed by the board, accompanied by evidence of good moral character and two COLORADO 29 unmounted photographs of the applicant. Examinations for licenses are held by the board according to the method deemed by it to be the most practicable and expeditious to test the applicant’s qualifications. The subjects of written, oral or clinical examination are as follows: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, symptomatology, toxicology, pathology, surgery and obstetrics (exclusive of materia medica and therapeutics). The passing grade is 75. The credentials of applicants relating to their general reputation, their preliminary education and the courses of study they have pursued; the degrees they have received; the number of years they have been engaged in the lawful practice of medicine; their experience in general hospitals, medi- cal departments of the Army, Navy and United States Public Health Service; licenses granted to them by other states and countries, and their experience as teachers of medicine, are given due consideration by the board in con- ducting its examinations. On investigation of an applicant’s credentials the board may, when convinced that the applicant is qualified to practice medicine, grant him a license without further examination. Licenses must be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county in which the applicant intends to practice. Students who have completed the work of the first two years in a recognized medical college will be permitted to take examinations in the subjects completed, credit for same to be accepted toward the final examination for license after the students have graduated. College Standard.—The standard of educational require- ments adopted July 19, 1906, is as follows: Applicants who have received a license by examination to practice medicine in one of the United States, in which the standard of licensure is equal to that of Colorado, and have been continuously and actively engaged in the lawful practice of medicine since receiving said license, and present duly authenticated evidence of either of the following classes of credentials, are, when the board is satisfied as to their record for reputable practice, licensed without technical examination: Class A.—Applicants who graduated prior to July 1, 1893, must have been matriculated in and graduated from a medical college in good standing with the board at that time, and which required a preliminary examination for admission, and at least two winter courses of instruction in anatomy, chem- istry, physiology, pathology, surgery, practice of medicine, obstetrics and materia medica and therapeutics. Class B.—Applicants who graduated between July 1, 1893, and July 1, 1895, must have matriculated in and graduated 30 COLORADO from a college which gave a minimum of twenty-six weeks of instruction in each twelve months of three separate years in anatomy, chemistry, physiology, pathology, materia medica and therapeutics, obstetrics, gynecology, surgery, medical jurisprudence, theory and practice of medicine and hygiene, and which required for matriculation graduation from some approved university or literary, scientific, normal or high school, or its equivalent. Class C.—Applicants graduating between July 1, 1895, and Jan. 1, 1900, must have matriculated in and graduated from a medical college which required for matriculation the evi- dence mentioned in the preceding paragraph, and which gave four full courses, in four separate years, in anatomy, chem- istry, physiology, pathology, material medica and therapeu- tics, surgery, theory and practice of medicine, bacteriology and obstetrics. Class D.—Applicants graduating after Jan. 1, 1900, must have matriculated in and graduated from a medical college which enforced the following requirements: Preliminary Education.—Evidence of preliminary education, as a mini- mum requirement, any of the following: (a) A diploma or certificate of graduation from an accredited four-year high school; (b) a certificate signed by a principal of a regu- larly organized, approved high school, the faculty of a rec- ognized literary or scientific college or university, state superintendent of public instruction, superintendent of public schools, or some duly appointed state board or person to conduct such an examination, of having successfully passed an examination in all the several branches embraced in the curriculum of a four-year high school course. The matricu- lation examination shall not have been conducted by any member of the faculty of the medical college. All applicants graduating after Jan. 1, 1912, must have matriculated in and graduated from a medical college which, in addition to the above requirements of preliminary education, demanded at least one year’s work in an accredited college of liberal arts, including the study of physics, chemistry, biology and one modern language. Applicants graduating after Jan. 1, 1914, must furnish satisfactory evidence that when they matriculated in the medical college from which they gradu- ated they had previously been matriculated in and had com- pleted two years’ study without condition in an accredited college of liberal arts. Advanced Standing.— (1) Applicants holding the degree of A.B. or B.S., or an equivalent degree or certificate obtained in an elective course from a regularly established and approved college of arts or scienee, which COLORADO 31 requires an attendance of four years as an essential to gradu- ation, may be given credit for work actually done in the branches in the medical curriculum of the first year, and may be advanced to the second year of a four years’ medical course, on condition that they comply with the matriculation require- ments of this schedule and that they subsequently complete the work of the first year and prove that the work already taken shall not be below the standard required by this board. (2) Graduates of medical colleges complying with the provi- sions of this schedule may be admitted to any class without examination. Students of such colleges, who possess certifi- cates of attendance and of successful examinations, can enter without examination the term immediately following that previously attended. Medical Education.— (1) The course of instruction must consist of a minimum term of four years in four separate years of nine months each, in at least the following subjects: Anatomy, chemistry, physiology, path- ology, bacteriology, materia medica and therapeutics, theory and practice of medicine, obstetrics, gynecology, surgery, ophthalmology, otology, laryngology, dermatology, neurology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. (2) The number of hours of instruction given in the four terms must not be less than thirty-six hundred (3,600). (3) Such colleges must possess adequate laboratory and teaching- equipment, and ample hospital facilities for clinical instruction, such as obtain in the majority of medical colleges of the United States, and a proper corps of competent teachers to consti- tute a faculty whose salaries are not dependent on the gradua- tion of students. (4) Clinical and hospital instruction through- out at least two annual terms. (5) A full dissection of at least the lateral half of a human cadaver. (6) Regular attendance during the entire lecture course, allowance being made only for absence occasioned by the sickness of the student, or his immediate family, such absence not to exceed 20 per centum of the course. Graduation.— (1) A record for sobriety, hon- esty and integrity during the college course. (2) The atten- dance on the four full terms of lectures as prescribed (certain persons to whom advanced standing is allowed excepted). (3) Students, graduates as well as undergraduates, allowed advanced standing must attend all lectures and stand all examinations embraced in the last year of the curriculum. All such applicants must have received a license, by examina- tion, to practice medicine in one of the United States, in which the standard of licensure is equal to that of Colo- rado, and must have been continuously and actively engaged in the lawful practice of medicine since receiving said license, and must have been so engaged at least one year. 32 COLORADO Class E.—This class 'includes all applicants who have been admitted, and are duly authorized to practice medicine in any of the medical departments of the Army, Navy and Public Health Service of the United States, and are in good standing and good repute in such Federal service. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit gratuitous service in case of emergency, nor the practice of the religious tenets of any church; nor does it apply to commissioned surgeons of the United States Army or Navy or the United States Public Health Service while so engaged, nor to regularly licensed physicians called from other states or territories to attend specific cases in this state, nor to the practice of dentistry. Reciprocity.—Colorado will license without examination physicians registered in other states prior to 1900, whether by examination or otherwise, and physicians licensed since 1900 by examination, regardless of whether those states recipro- cate with Colorado or not; provided such applicants present satisfactory evidence of good moral character, and reputable practice since registration, and whose preliminary and pro- fessional education comply with our schedule of minimum educational requirements. The Colorado license on the basis of an examination is now accepted by the state boards of California, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Loui- siana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—“The terms, ‘practice of medicine,’ ‘to practice medicine,’ ‘practicing medicine’ and ‘practice medi- cine,’ as used in this act, are each hereby defined to mean holding oneself out to the public as being engaged within this state in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or injuries of human beings; or the suggestion, recommendation or pre- scribing of any form of treatment for the intended pallia- tion, relief or cure of any physical or mental ailment of any person, with the intention of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift or compensation whatsoever; or the maintenance of an office for the reception, examination and treatment of any person suffering from disease or injury of body or mind; or attaching the title ‘M.D.,’ surgeon, doc- tor, or any other word or abbreviation to his name, indica- tive that such person is engaged in the treatment or diagno- sis of the diseases or injuries of human beings. If any person shall hold himself out to the public as being engaged within the state in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or injuries of human beings; or shall suggest, recommend or prescribe any form of treatment for the palliation, relief or CONNECTICUT 33 cure of any physical or mental ailment of any persons with the intention of receiving therefor, either directly or indi- rectly, any fee, gift or compensation whatsoever; or shall maintain an office for the reception, examination and treat- ment of diseased or injured human beings; or shall attach the title of ‘M.D.,’ surgeon, doctor, or any word or abbreviation to his name indicative that he is engaged in this state in the treatment of diseased or injured human beings; and shall not in any of these cases, theretofore have received, or shall not in any of these cases then possess, in full force and vir- tue, a valid license to practice medicine under the laws of this state, he shall be deemed to be practicing medicine with- out complying with the provisions of this act and in violation hereof.” Act approved, April 20, 1905. CONNECTICUT Boards.—The state has three Medical Examining Boards, each consisting of five members, appointed by the State Board of Health from nominations submitted by the regular, homeo- pathic and eclectic medical societies of the state, Secretary of the State Board of Health, Dr. J. H. Townsend, Hartford. The members of the regular board are: J. Francis Calef, M.D., President, Middletown; Samuel M. Garlick, M.D., Bridgeport; W. L. Barber, M.D., Waterbury; John B. McCook, M.D., Hartford; Chas. A. Tuttle, M.D., Secretary, New Haven. The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: Wm. Pitt Baldwin, M.D., New Haven; H. A. Roberts, M.D., Derby; F. E. Wilcox, M.D., Willimantic; E. H. Linnell, M.D., Norwich; E. C. M. Hall, M.D., Secretary, New Haven. The members of the eclectic board are as follows: John W. Fyfe, M.D., Chairman, Saugatuck; E. H. Marsh, M.D., Mansfield Center; James E. Hair, M.D., Bridgeport; Ernest A. Markham, M.D., Durham; Thomas S. Hodge, M.D., Sec- retary, Torrington. Examinations.—The boards hold examinations on the sec- ond Tuesday of March, July and November at such places as they designate. Fees.—Examination, $15.00; registration, $2.00. Application for License.—Applicant must present to the board certificates of good moral character signed by two repu- table citizens of Connecticut and also evidence of satisfactory preliminary education and a diploma from a recognized legally incorporated medical college (see College Standard). Exam- inations are held in anatomy, physiology, medical chemistry, 34 CONNECTICUT obstetrics, gynecology, hygiene, surgery, practice, including pathology, diagnosis, and therapeutics, including materia medica. An applicant must he a graduate of a medical col- lege representing the same school of medicine as the board by which he is examined. In case of failure he may be reex- amined at any subsequent examination of the same board. Licenses must be recorded with the town clerk of the town in which the applicant intends to practice. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—No medical college will be in good standing with the Connecticut Regu- lar Medical Examining Board that does not hereafter require of each applicant as a condition of admission to the college the following: First.—A certificate of good moral character, signed by two reputable citizens of the state of which he was last a resident. Second.—Documentary evi- dence of preliminary education, the minimum being a diploma or certificate of graduation from a commissioned high school, scientific or literary college or university, the curriculum of which embraces at least the following: (1) English gram- mar; (2) rhetoric and composition; (3) history of the United States as presented in Montgomery’s “History of the United States” or equivalent text; (4) general history as pre- sented in Myers’ “General History” or equivalent text, or Greek and Roman history or English history, in lieu thereof; (5) algebra, including fundamental rules, fractions, simple equations, involution and evolution and quadratic equations as given in Milne’s “High School Algebra” or equivalent text; (6) plane geometry as given in Wentworth’s “New Plane and Solid Geometry” or equivalent text; (7) physics as presented in Gage’s “Elements of Physics” or equivalent text; (8) general biology or botany and zoology as presented in Sedgwick and Wilson’s “General Biology” or equivalent text; (9) chemistry as presented in Shepard’s “Elements of Chem- istry” or equivalent text; (10) Latin, including Latin gram- mar, prose composition and the translation of four books of “Caesar’s Gallic War” or the equivalent. From and after Jan. 1, 1914, no person shall be eligible to examination under this act until he shall, in addition to the foregoing requirement, present to the board satisfactory evi- dence that before beginning the study of medicine he has completed a course of at least nine months’ duration, which included physics, chemistry and general biology. Medical Education.—Hereafter only such medical colleges shall be considered in good standing by the Connecticut Medi- cal Examining Board as have (1) complied with the require- ments of this board heretofore in force; (2) that possess a full and complete faculty for teaching medicine, surgery and CONNECTICUT 35 obstetrics in all their branches; (3) that afford their students adequate clinical and hospital facilities; (4) that embrace in their curriculum anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, histology, pathology, dermatology, bacteriology, ophthal- mology, otology, laryngology, rhinology, physical diagnosis, hygiene and medical jurisprudence; (5) that require atten- dance on at least 80 per cent, of each course of instruction; (6) that give four graded courses of instruction, the aggre- gate of which amounts to at least 104 weeks of at least thirty-six hours each, and at least forty-two months must have elapsed between the beginning of the student’s first course of medical lectures and the date of his graduation; (7) that require an average grade in each course of instruc- tion of at least 75 per cent, in examinations as a condition of graduation, and (8) that fulfil all their published promises, requirements and claims respecting advantages to their stu- dents and courses of instruction. In determining the reputability of a medical college, while reserving the right to investigate and make a personal inspec- tion of the same, this board will be governed by the reports of the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance- ment of Teaching. Exemptions.—The law does not apply to dentists; nor to any person in the employ of the United States government while acting in the scope of his employment; nor to any one furnishing medical or surgical assistance in case of emer- gency; nor to persons in consultation with licensed physicians of the state; nor to practitioners residing outside of the state who are employed to come into the state to treat the sick, provided they do not open an office in the state; nor to any actual resident of the state recommending by advertisement or otherwise the use. of proprietary remedies sold under trade- marks, issued by the United States government, in so far and to such extent only as the use of such remedies are con- cerned; nor to chiropodists or clairvoyants who do not use drugs, medicines or poison; nor the persons practicing mas- sage, Swedish movement cure, sun cure, mind cure, mag- netic healing or Christian Science; nor to persons who do not use or prescribe drugs, poisons, medicines, chemicals, or nostrums. Reciprocity.—The license granted by any other state may be accepted on presentation of satisfactory evidence that said license was granted after an examination equivalent to that of the Connecticut board. At present this privilege is not exer- cised by the regular board. 36 DELAWARE Definition of Act.—The definition given in the law is: No person shall, for compensation, gain or reward, received or expected, treat, operate, or prescribe for any injury, deformity, ailment, or disease, actual or imaginary, of another person, nor practice surgery or midwifery, until he has obtained a certificate of registration. Based on digest of laws of 1907. DELAWARE Boards.—Delaware has two Boards of Medical Examiners, one representing the regular and the other the homeopathic state society. Each board consists of five members, serving two years, appointed by the governor from lists submitted by the societies. The Medical Council of Delaware consists of the chief justice of the state and the presidents of the two Boards of Medical Examiners. The boards act in the capacity of executive officers of the council. The members of the regular board are as follows: Henry W. Briggs, M.D., President, Wilmington; P. S. Downs, M.D., Dover; G. Frank Jones, M.D., Georgetown; William Wer- tenbaker, M.D., Wilmington; J. H. Wilson, M.D., Secretary, Dover. The members of the homeopathic board as as follows: E. S. Anderson, M.D., President, Dover; A. E. Frantz, M.D., Wilmington; T. O. Cooper, M.D., Wilmington; J. Paul Lukens, M.D., Wilmington; H. W. Howell, M.D., Secretary, Wilmington. Examinations.—Examinations are held by the Board of Examiners twice a year, one beginning the third Tuesday in June and the other the second Tuesday in December. The Medical Council also holds two stated meetings in each year. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; reciprocal registration fee, $50.00. Application for License.—The applicant must pay the required fee and file satisfactory proof that he is 21 years of age and of good moral character. He must present a diploma from some reputable literary or scientific college or a certifi- cate from Delaware College that he is qualified to enter the freshman class of the Latin-Scientific course of that college. He must have graduated from a legally incorporated medical college which in the opinion of the Medical Council was in good standing at the time his diploma was issued. He must then pass an examination in anatomy, physiology, hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology, diagnosis, therapeu- tics, practice of medicine and materia medica. Examinations are conducted in writing, and 75 per cent, is considered a DELAWARE 37 passing grade. In case of failure, the candidate, after the expiration of six months and within two years, has the privi- lege of a second examination by the same board to which application was first made without the payment of an addi- tional fee. If the application is withdrawn, after six months or within two years the fee will be returne'd. A certificate is issued by the Medical Council to all those passing the exam- ination, and this certificate must be filed with the clerk of the peace of the county in which the applicant intends to prac- tice. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—The minimum requirements of preliminary education, since May 12, 1907, is a certificate of admission to the Latin-scientific course of Dela- ware College. Medical Education.—Applicants must have received their degree in medicine after four years of study of medicine, including four regular courses of lectures of not less than seven months each in different years, in some legally incorporated medical college approved by the Medical Council. Exemptions.—This law shall not apply to the giving of family remedies in cases of emergency, or to dentists or dental surgeons in the practice of dentistry or to surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service in the discharge of their official duties, nor shall it prevent the mechanical application of glasses nor to prevent druggists practicing pharmacy according to existing laws, or to pre- vent the treatment of corns or bunions, manicuring or mas- sage. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination, has been established with District of Columbia, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia. Definition of Act.—For the purpose of this act the words practice of medicine or surgery shall mean to open an office for such purpose, or to announce to the public, or to any indi- vidual, in any way, a desire or willingness or readiness to treat the sick or afflicted in any county in the State of Dela- ware, or to investigate or diagnosticate, or to offer to inves- tigate or diagnosticate any physical or mental ailment, or disease, of any person, or to give surgical assistance to, or to suggest, recommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person, any drug, medicine, appliance or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or pallia- tion of any ailment or disease of the mind or the body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury or 38 ■DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA deformity, after having received or with the intent of receiv ing therefor, either directly or indirectly, any money, gift, or any other form of compensation. It shall also be regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act if any one shall use in connection with his or her name the words or letters Dr., Doctor, Professor, M.D., M.B., or Healer, or any other title, word, letter or designation which may imply or designate him or her as a practitioner of medicine or sur- gery in any of its branches. Act approved, April 18, 1895; supplementary act providing for revocation of license and for reciprocity, approved March 16, 1899. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Boards.—The District Commissioners appoint three Medi- cal Examining Boards—a regular, a homeopathic and an eclectic—consisting of five members each, the homeopathic and eclectic medical examining boards being selected from lists presented by the representative homeopathic and eclec- tic societies in the district. The presidents of these three boards and two persons not physicians, one of whom must be learned in the law, constitute the Board of Medical Super- visors, which has general control of admission to examina- tions, of the examinations themselves and of the issuance and revocation of licenses. The examining boards submit the questions to the supervisors, who select those for use in the examination. Board Members.—J. B. Gregg Custis, M.D., President, Washington; E. J. Collins, M.D., Washington; L. Cabell Williamson, Esq., Washington; Benjamin F. Leighton, Esq., Washington; George C. Ober, M.D., Secretary, Washington. Examinations.—Examinations are held beginning on the second Tuesday in January, April, July and October. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; registration fee, 50 cents. Application for License.—On presentation of a proper diploma and of satisfactory evidence as to age, moral char- acter and duration of medical study, and on payment of the examination fee, the candidate is entitled to an examination in anatomy and histology, physiology and hygiene, chemistry, toxicology and medical jurisprudence, pathology and bacteri- ology, materia medica and therapeutics, surgery and diseases of the eye and ear, obstetrics and gynecology, and practice of medicine. The examination is- both written and oral. A general average of 75 per cent, entitles the candidate to a license, if in no section the percentage is less than 60. Reexamination in any section is granted immediately, if FLORIDA 39 requested, unless the applicant has less than 60 per cent, in more than one section or less than 45 per cent, in any one section. Licenses must be recorded with the clerk of the District Supreme Court. College Standard.—The diploma must represent a four- years’ course of study in colleges authorized by law to confer the degree of doctor of medicine. Exemptions.—The law provides for the exemption of United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service medical officers, legally qualified, outside consultants, and emergency and domestic practice. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination only, have been established with Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Wyoming; and on the basis either of an examination or on diploma from a reputable medical college, without examina- tion if the diploma and the license were issued, prior to June 3, 1896, with Indiana, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Act approved, June 3, 1896. Boards.—-There are three Boards of Medical Examiners appointed by the governor—a regular board with seven mem- bers, a homeopathic board with three members and an eclec- tic board with three members. The members of the regular board are as follows: G. B. Glover, M.D., President, Monticello; W. S. Gramling, M.D., Miami; Thomas H. Stokes, M.D., Pensacola; Thomas A. Neal, M.D., Sanford; Andrew R. Bond, M.D., Tampa; E. W. Warren, M.D., Secretary, Palatka. The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: J. B. Griffin, M.D., President, St. Augustine; F. C. Whitaker, M.D., Tampa; Chas. W. Johnson, M.D., Secretary, Jackson- ville. The members of the eclectic board are as follows: B. W. Adams, M.D., President, Panama City; Hiram J. Hampton, M.D., Tampa; E. E. Bennett, M.D., Pensacola; Ham S. Hampton, M.D., Secretary, Tampa. Examinations.—The boards hold examinations twice a year. No dates set; probably will be held in June and December. Fees.—Examination fee, $15.00. Application for License.—The hoards examine every appli- cant who possesses a diploma from a recognized college in the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, gynecology, FLORIDA 40 GEORGIA surgery, therapeutics, obstetrics and chemistry. The homeo- pathic board also examines in materia medica. Any two mem- bers of either board may grant a certificate of qualification, and any member of either board may grant a temporary license, on examination, which is effective until the next regular meeting of the board. The certificate must be recorded by the clerk of the Circuit Court in the county in which the holder intends to reside before he is entitled to practice. College Standard.—None. The regular board does not recognize colleges rated in class “C” by the Council on Medi- cal Education of the American Medical Association. Exemptions.—All practitioners engaged in the practice of medicine in this state prior to May 31, 1889, will be granted a certificate of qualification without examination or charge on presentation to the Board of Examiners of a diploma from a recognized medical college. The provisions of this amend- ment shall not apply to persons who have heretofore received certificates of qualification and have recorded the same as provided by the laws of this state heretofore existing, nor to females who follow the practice of midwifery strictly as such. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—None. Act of May 31, 1889, amended May 15, 1905. GEORGIA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of ten members—five regulars, three eclectic and two homeo- pathic—appointed by the governor, and so classified that the term of office of two shall expire in one year, three in two years, two in three years, and three in four years from date of appointment; appointment of two members for a term of four years to be made annually thereafter. The members must be graduates of reputable medical schools and licensed practitioners of Georgia for a term of five years, but none shall be connected in any way with a medical college. Board Members.—J. W. Palmer, M.D., President, Ailey; A. Fleming, M.D., Waycross; F. M. Ridley, M.D., La Grange, F. D. Patterson, M.D., Cuthbert; N. Peterson, M.D., Tifton; R. E. Hinman, M.D., Atlanta; C. M. Paine, M.D., Atlanta; O. B. Walker, M.D., Bowman; A. F. White, M.D., Flovilla; C. T. Nolan, M.D., Secretary, Marietta. The Preliminary Examiner is Jos. S. Stewart, Athens. GEORGIA 41 Examinations.—Examinations are held at two regular meetings each year, one in May or June. The other meeting shall be held the second Tuesday in October at the state capitol. Call meetings at the discretion of the President. Fees.—Examination fee, $20.00, which shall accompany application; temporary license, $20.00, which includes fee for examination for permanent license; reciprocal license fee, $50.00; recording fee, as for deed; application for certificate as evidence of preliminary education, $2.00, and for each sepa- rate subject on which the applicant may be required to be examined, $2.00. No part of any fee returnable. Application for License.—The applicant must furnish the board with evidence of good moral character and proof of graduation from a legally incorporated medical college or institution in good standing with the board, and must name in his application the system of practice he purposes to fol- low. The applicant is required to take a written examination, in which he is designated by number, on the following sub- jects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, hygiene, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, pathology and diagnosis. Provision is made for refusal or revocation of license for cause. The board also has the power to revoke a certificate granted to any applicant who makes any misstatement of any material fact in his application for examination. Certificates must be registered within thirty days, with the clerk of the Superior Court of the county in which applicant resides. Temporary licenses, which shall have the force and effect of permanent licenses till the next regular meeting of the board, when same become void, may be issued at the discretion- of the secre- tary-treasurer of the board with the approval of the presi- dent. Said licenses need not be recorded. College Standard. — Preliminary Education. — Fourteen units, evidence of same to be a certificate furnished by the professor of secondary education in the State University on the basis of an examination conducted by him or by some person designated by him. Medical Education.—Instruction shall consist of four graded courses, amounting to at least 120 weeks, exclusive of holidays, of at least forty hours each week; and at least forty-two months must have elapsed be- tween the beginning of the student’s course and graduation; each session composed of twenty-nine weeks of actual instruc- tion, with at least 40 per cent, of laboratory instruction m the first and second years and a minimum of 35 per cent, of clinical work in third and fourth years. An attendance of at least 80 per cent, of each course of instruction and a grade of 75 per cent, in all examinations required for graduation. 42 HAWAII Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit gratuitous service in cases of emergency, nor the practice of the religious tenets of any church, neither does it apply to osteopaths not pre- scribing medicine or administering drugs, permanently located opticians, nor to commissioned surgeons of the United States Army or Public Health Service while in the discharge of their official duties, nor to regularly licensed physicians called in consultation from other states or territories, nor to the prac- tice of dentistry, nor to midwives or nurses. Reciprocity.—The Board of Examiners may grant a license without examination to licentiates of boards from other states requiring equal or higher qualifications, on the same basis as such states reciprocate with the State of Georgia. Georgia now has reciprocal relations with Arkansas, California, Colo- rado, District of Columbia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Holding one’s self out to the public as being engaged within this state in the diagnosis or treatment of disease, defects or injuries of human beings; the sugges- tion, recommendation or prescribing of any form of treatment for the intended palliation, relief or cure of any physical, mental or functional ailment or defect of any person, with the intention of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift or compensation whatsoever; the maintenance of an office for the reception, examination and treatment of any person suffering from disease, defect or injury of body or mind; or the attaching of the title of M.D., Oph.D., D.Op., Surgeon or Doctor, or any other word or abbreviation to one’s name indicative that such person is engaged in the treat- ment or diagnosis of disease, defects or injuries of human beings, shall constitute the practice of medicine within the meaning of this act. Approved Aug. 18, 1913, repealing the Practice Act approved Dec. 12, 1894. HAWAII Board.—The governor appoints the Board of Medical Examiners, consisting of three members, who hold office for three years. This board reports results of examinations to the Board of Health. Board Members.—The members of the Board of Health are as follows: J. S. B. Pratt, M.D., President; D. Kalauokalani, Sr., A. R. Keller, G. R. Carter, C. J. Campbell, W. C. Hobdy, M.D., I. M. Stainback, K. B. Porter, Secretary, Honolulu. IDAHO 43 The members of the Board of Examiners are as follows: George Herbert, M.D., Chairman, Honolulu; James R. Judd, M.D., Honolulu; R. W. Benz., M.D., Secretary, Honolulu. Examinations.—Examinations are held by appointment between the board and candidates. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00. Application for License.—No person is recommended by the Board of Health for license to practice medicine or sur- gery except on the written report of the Board of Medical Examiners, setting forth that the applicant has been duly examined and found to be possessed of the necessary qualifi- cations. All examinations are conducted in English. College Standard.—A diploma from a reputable college of medicine whose curriculum embraces not less than four years of study must be presented. Exemptions.—The act does not forbid any person from the practice of any method or the application of any remedial measure under the direction or with the approval of a licensed physician. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—For the purpose of this act the practice of medicine shall be held to include the use of drugs and medicines, water, electricity, hypnotism or any means or method of any agent, either tangible or intangible, for the treatment of disease in the human subject. (Any person who shall attempt the cure of another by any practice of sorcery, witchcraft, anaana, hoopiopio, hoounauna, hoomanamana or other superstition or deceitful method, is liable to conviction.) IDAHO Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of six members representing not less than three schools of medi- cine, not more than three members to represent any one school. The board is appointed by the governor and holds office for six years. Board Members.—Charles A. Dettman, M.D., President, Burke; C. M. Cline, M.D., Idaho Falls; Russell Truitt, M.D., Cottonwood; J. E. Serres, St. Jean, M.D., Wallace; Houston E. Snyder, M.D., Midvale; J. F. Schmershall, M.D., Secre- tary, Jerome. Examinations.—Regular examinations are held on the first Tuesday of April and October at Boise City, or such other place as the board may designate. 44 ILLINOIS Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00. In case of failure the applicant is entitled to a reexamination after the expira- tion of six months and within one year without the payment of an additional fee. Application for License.—Applicants must submit a diploma, properly attested to, issued by a reputable college of medicine, which entitles him to an examination in anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, hygiene, chem- istry, histology, toxicology and such other branches of the theory and practice of medicine and surgery as are taught in schools of the system of medicine to which the appli- cant belongs and which he intends to practice. If the applicant correctly answers at least 75 per cent, of all the questions submitted, he will be given a license to practice, which must be recorded with the county clerk of the county in which he intends to practice. College Standard.—The board has authority to fix the standards of preliminary and medical education which must be enforced by approved medical colleges. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to dentists and regis- tered pharmacists or midwives, nor to commissioned medical officers of the United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service in the discharge of their official duties, nor to rail- way surgeons or legally qualified outside consultants, nor does it prohibit services rendered in cases of emergency where no fee is charged. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations have been established with Utah and Texas. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine or surgery who advertises in any manner, or holds himself or herself out to the public as a physician and sur- geon, or either, or who investigates or diagnosticates or offers to investigate or diagnosticate any physical or mental ailment of any person with a view to relieving the same, as is commonly done by physicians or surgeons, or suggests, recommends, prescribes or directs for the use of any person, sick, injured or deformed, any drug, medicine, means of appliance, for the intended relief, palliation, or cure of the same, with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift or compensation whatsoever. Act approved March 3, 1899. Amended March 15, 1909, and March 9, 1911. ILLINOIS Board.—The State Board of Health consists of seven mem- bers, appointed by the governor, to hold office for seven years. ILLINOIS 45 Board Members.—John A. Robison, M.D., President, Chi- cago; Adam Szwajkart, M.D., Chicago; Robert D. Luster, M.D., Granite City; Tullius B. Lewis, M.D., Hammond; James J. Hassett, M.D., McLeansboro; Thomas O. Freeman, M.D., Mattoon; C. St. Clair Drake, M.D., Secretary, Spring- field. Examinations.—The board holds regular examinations in Chicago in January, April, July and October, and one or two special examinations. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; certificate fee, $5.00. The fee for reciprocal registration will be the same as that charged by the state from which such applicant comes. Application for License.—Application must be made in writing at least two weeks before the examination on the blank form prescribed. This must be accompanied by the examination fee and with proof that the applicant is of good moral character, that he is a graduate of a medical college or institution recognized by the board, and that he possesses preliminary qualifications the equivalent of a four-year high school education. He will be required to present to the sec- retary of the board, at the examination, an unmounted photograph of himself, taken recently, which is filed with the application. On the reverse of this photograph the applicant must have written his name in the presence of the physicians or other persons by whom he has been recommended to the State Board of Health to be licensed to practice in Illinois. Such physicians or other persons shall certifiy, under the signature of the applicant, that the person whose name is written above, is personally known to them to be the person shown in the photograph, and that the signature was written in their presence. A form for said certificate will be found with blank form for application. No applicant will be exam- ined who has not complied with this rule in every respect. Photographs must not be sent to Springfield. All candidates graduating subsequent to July 1, 1918, must have completed five full courses of lectures in five separate years. The first year may have been taken either in an approved college of liberal arts or in the medical school, but must have included courses in physics, chemistry and biology. No person will be admitted to an examination unless he presents a card of admission which is issued to all candidates whose applications are perfected at least five days before the examination. Examinations are conducted in writing in the following subjects: anatomy, including histology and- embryology, 10 questions; chemistry, 5 questions; etiology and hygiene 5 46 ILLINOIS questions; physiology, 7 questions; neurology, 3 questions; materia medica and therapeutics, 10 questions; pathology and bacteriology, 10 questions; surgery, 10 questions; physical diagnosis, 5 questions; ophthalmology and otology, 3 ques- tions ; pediatrics, 2 questions; obstetrics, 10 questions; gyne- cology, 6 questions; laryngology and rhinology, 2 questions; medical jurisprudence, 2 questions; practice, 10 questions. All matriculants in medical colleges, matriculating on or after Jan. 1, 1915, will be examined in physics and biology, in addition to the subjects above enumerated, when applying for license to practice medicine in Illinois. An average of at least 75 per cent, is required for a passing grade, with a minimum of not less than 60 per cent, in any subject or group. The examination of those who desire to practice any other system or science of treating human ailments who do not use medicines internally or externally, and who do not practice operative surgery, is of a character sufficiently strict to test their qualifications as practitioners. Certificates to practice must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county in which the holder resides or practices within three months from date of issuance. Until such cer- tificate is recorded the holder thereof cannot exercise any of the rights or privileges conferred therein. On or after Aug. 1, 1914, the board will accept as an equiva- lent of part of the examination required, satisfactory evidence of two or more years of reputable practice, and will allow a credit of 1 per cent, on the required average of 75 per cent, for each year of such- practice on the part of a candidate for certificate up to a maximum allowance of 30 per cent. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—The board is empowered to establish a standard of preliminary education deemed requisite to admission to a medical college in “good standing,” and to require satisfactory proof of the enforce- ment of this standard by medical colleges. The board will not recognize examinations of applicants for admission to medical colleges that have been conducted by the faculty or officers of a medical college. The Illinois Medical Practice Act provides that the diploma of an approved high school or equivalent school having a course of studies requiring an attendance through four school years, or a certificate of having passed a satisfactory examination before the state superintendent of public instruc- tion, or like state officer, in the studies embraced in the curriculum of such approved high school, shall be considered satisfactory evidence of preliminary education. The Illinois State Superintendent of Public Instruction is empowered to ILLINOIS 47 exact a fee of five dollars from each applicant for such examination. The board is also empowered to determine the standing of literary or scientific colleges, high schools, seminaries, normal schools, preparatory schools, and the like, and may, in its discretion, accept as the equivalent of one or more of the sessions or terms prescribed in its requirements governing medical colleges in good standing attendance in a literary or scientific college in good standing as evidenced by a degree from said institution, providing that the standards of said literary or scientific college are fully equal to those of the State University of Illinois. Medical Education.—The board will not consider in good standing after Sept. 1, 1914, any college which does not, require of all students except graduates of reputable colleges of arts and sciences, an attendance on five full courses of lectures of at least eight months in five separate years. After Sept. 1, 1914, the college shall have a five years’ course of instruction consisting of five terms, extending over a period of five calendar years, and the minimum time between the commencement of the work of the freshman year and the ending of the work of the senior year, on which all students are required to be in attendance, shall be not less than fifty months. No two terms begun on or after Jan. 1, 1915, shall commence or end within any consecutive eighteen months, except the first and second sessions may be embraced in sixteen months. The time occupied in each regular term begun on or after Jan. 1, 1915, shall be not less than eight months, or.thirty- four teaching weeks. Each term shall consist of not less than ten hundred and twenty hours of work, and no student to be allowed to absent himself from more than 20 per cent, of the course. The branches of medicine to be included in the course shall be at least as follows: chemistry, physics, biology, anatomy, physiology, materia medica and thera- peutics, theory and practice of medicine, including ophthal- mology, otology, dermatology and neurology, pathology and bacteriology, surgery, including orthopedic surgery; obstet- rics, gynecology, hygiene, medical jurisprudence, dissection of at least the lateral half of a human cadaver, and clinical and hospital instruction throughout two annual terms. No college can be held to be in good standing until it has established its claim to such standing by an active existence of not less than five years; but the board may, after personal investigation by a committee, grant full recognition during the first year of existence, if it so elects. Colleges must 48 ILLINOIS publish in their annual announcements a list of matriculates and graduates of the session or year immediately preceding. Exemptions.—Nothing in this act applies to the administra- tion of domestic or family remedies in cases of emergency, to surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, in the discharge of their official duties, nor to any person who administers to or treats the sick or suffering by mental or spiritual means without the use of any drug or material remedy. Reciprocity.—Illinois now reciprocates in the case of licenses issued after examination with Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. This is in effect, however, only in the case of certificates issued after examination to graduates of medical colleges in good standing with the board. Applicant must have been in active practice for at least one year before his license can be accepted for registration through reciprocity. The Illinois board may accept, in lieu of the examination, satisfactory evidence of an examination at least equivalent to that exacted by the rules of the Illinois State Board of Health, successfully passed in the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, by a surgeon in the service of the United States at the time of making application for a state certificate to practice medicine in the state of Illinois. The application of a physician for a state certificate based on a state license issued, after examination, by a state board with which the Illinois State Board of Health sustains recip- rocal relations, must be accompanied by letters of recommen- dation with regard to the moral, professional and ethical char- acter of the applicant: (a) From at least two members of the State Board of Examination issuing the original license, who shall certify that they have personally known.the appli- cant for one year or more; or (b) From a state, district, county or city medical society in the state from which the applicant comes; or (c) From at least two of the duly elected officers of such state, district, county or city medical society, who shall certify that they have personally known the appli- cant for one year or more; or (d) From at least two physi- cians approved by the State Board of Health who are of national reputation, and who reside in the state from which the applicant comes, and who shall certify that they have per- sonally known the applicant for one year or more; and (e) From at least two reputable physicians, approved by the State Board of Health, of the county in which the applicant last INDIANA 49 resided. Recent graduates in medicine will not be required to comply with the requirements of qualifications (a) to (d) inclusive, although they will be permitted to do so. Supple- mentary examinations will be required in materia tnedica and practice if the original licenses were obtained in states which do not require examinations in those subjects. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act who treats or pro- fesses to treat, operates on or prescribes for any physical ail- ment or any physical injury to or deformity of another. Act of July 1, 1899. INDIANA Board.—The State Board of Medical Registration and Examination is appointed by the governor, holds office for four years, and consists of six members—two regulars, one homeopath, one eclectic, one physiomedicist and one osteo- path. Board Members.—W. A. Spurgeon, M.D., President, Mun- cie; James M. Dinnen, M.D., Fort Wayne; S. G. Smelser, M.D., Richmond; M. S. Canfield, M.D., Frankfort; John F. Spaunhurst, D.O., Indianapolis; W. T. Gott, M.D., Secretary, Crawfordsville. Examinations.—The examinations are held in January and July of each year, commencing the second Tuesday at 9 a. m., and continuing three days. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; county recording fee, $1.50; reciprocal license fee, $50.00. Application for License.—Every applicant must make appli- cation to the board at least five days before the time of the examination which is required of all candidates. Applica- tion must be fully and correctly filled out, the same to be attested before a notary or other official authorized to admin- ister oaths. Application must be accompanied by credentials of preliminary education; by a diploma from a reputable medical college; by affidavits from two freeholders certify- ing that applicant is of good moral character and the iden- tical person named in the diploma; by an unmounted photo- graph of the applicant, on the reverse side of which must be applicant’s signature, signed in the presence of two free- holders, who will certify under the signature that the person whose name appears above is personally known to them to be the person shown in the photograph and that the signa- ture was written in their presence and that he is the person they recommend in the “freeholders’ affidavit,” and the exam- 50 INDIANA ination fee of $25.00. Applicant must be a bona fide resident of the state before a permanent license will be isssued. Applicant must pass an examination in the required subjects of the medical curriculum (see College Standard) with an average of at least 75 per cent, in order to obtain a cer- tificate. Falling below 50 per cent, in more than two sub- jects will be counted as failure. The certificate issued by the board must be recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county wherein holder intends to reside and a license obtained thereon before full right to practice medicine is granted. Changing of residence from one county to another requires that a new license be secured in the latter, which will be issued on presentation of the license from the former county. Only permanent certificates should be filed with the county clerk. The board at its discretion may authorize the secretary to issue a temporary license, which will be valid until the next regular meeting of the board. Provision has been made whereby students can take exam- inations at the close of their sophomore year in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, bacteriology and pathology, credit for which will be acceptable toward the examination for license after they have secured their diplomas. Subsequent to April 20, 1905, osteopaths entering the state are not eligible to examination unless both they and the col- lege from which they come comply with the same educational standards as required of others. (See College Standard.) College Standard.—Medical colleges, to be in good standing with the board after January, 1909, -shall require, as a pre- requisite to matriculation: Preliminary Education.— (1) A certificate of good moral character, signed by two reputable physicians of the state in which applicant last resided. (2) As evidence of required preliminary education, a diploma from a recognized university, or college of arts or science, or equivalent degree requiring a four years’ course of study as an essential to graduation; or a diploma or certificate of graduation from a recognized commissioned high school, issued after four years of study of at least eight months in each separate year. Or, in lieu of diploma: (3) A certificate of qualification from a state medical examining board, after a successful examination before said board, with an average grade of not less than 75 per cent, in the following required branches: 1, English grammar; 2, rhetoric and composition; 3, history of the United States; 4, general history, or Greek and Roman history, or English history in lieu thereof; 5, algebra, including fundamental rules, fractions, simple equa- INDIANA 51 tions, involutions and evolution, and quadratic equations; 6, plane and solid (or concrete) geometry; 7, civil govern- ment; 8, physics (or chemistry); 9, botany or zoology; 10, Latin, including Latin grammar, prose composition and the translation of four books of Caesar’s Gallic War or equiva- lent. Elective branches, besides the optional courses above, are: Physical geography, geology, commercial arithmetic and bookkeeping. Medical students matriculating subsequent to Jan. 11, 1910, who contemplate practicing medicine in Indiana, must have had, in addition to a four-year high-school education, one year of work in a recognized college of liberal arts, and two years of such college work after Jan. 1, 1911. This require- ment applies to all candidates for license after Jan. 11, 1914. Subsequent to June 30, 1912, all matriculants in medical col- leges who intend to practice in Indiana, in their preliminary work must have completed courses of at least one year each in physics, chemistry and biology, one of which must be taken in college. Medical Education.—The curriculum must embrace anatomy, including histology and embryology, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, pathology, bacteriology, ophthalmology, otology, laryngology, rhinology, dermatology, physical diagnosis, pediatrics, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Instruction shall consist of four graded courses, in separate calendar years, the aggregate of which must amount to at least 120 weeks of at least 30 hours each, and at least 42 months must have elapsed between the date of beginning study and date of graduation. Students must attend 80 per cent, of each course of instruction, and receive a grade of 75 per cent, in all examinations. Graduates of a regularly established and recognized univer- sity or college of arts or science, or students presenting satis- factory evidence from such institutions requiring four years as an essential to graduation and having completed three years of such course may be admitted to the sophomore year of a four-year medical course; provided, certificate from such scientific or literary institution shall show that the medical degree from such medical college will entitle the holder to the bachelor’s degree from the institution granting such certifi- cate; and, provided, such students have complied with the entrance requirements of this board as herein set forth, and have completed all the work of the medical freshman year before advancement to the sophomore year in said medical college. 52 INDIANA Graduates of a recognized university or college of arts or science, requiring a four-year course of study as an essential to graduation, may be admitted to the junior year of a medi- cal college recognized by this board; provided, such university or college of arts or science embraces in its curriculum and possesses adequate equipment for teaching all of the subjects taught in the freshman and sophomore years of the medical college in which matriculation is sought; and, provided, that applicants for such advanced standing shall present sat- isfactory evidence of having completed all work of the freshman and sophomore years of such medical course. Colleges are required to publish full and comprehensive descriptions of their several laboratories, together with a detailed statement of equipment and to furnish a copy of same on request of the board. Exemptions.—The exemptions made by the law are gratui- tous services in cases of emergency, the administration of family remedies, commissioned officers of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service in the discharge of their official duties, legally qualified consultants, practitioners residing on the border of a neighboring state whose practice extends into this state, medical students practicing under the immediate and direct supervision of a licensed physician for a limited period. Reciprocity.—Applicants must have been in the active prac- tice of medicine for at least one-year before they are eligible for registration under the reciprocity clause. Indiana has established reciprocal relations on the basis of an examina- tion, only, with Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming, and, on the basis either of examina- tion or on a diploma obtained from a reputable medical col- lege without examination if the diploma and license were issued prior to March 11, 1901, with Arkansas, Colorado, District of Columbia, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mary- land, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. While the above states have entered into reciprocity with Indiana each state reserves the right to reject applicants who do not comply with the rules and regulations governing reciprocity in the state where license is sought. Applicants having failed to pass the Indiana examination are not eligible to licensure through reciprocity. Definition of Act.—To open an office for such purpose, or to announce to the public in any way a readiness to practice IOWA 53 medicine, or to prescribe for, or to give surgical assistance to, or to heal, cure or relieve, or to attempt to heal, cure or relieve those suffering from injury, or deformity, or disease of mind or body, or to advertise, or to announce to the public in any manner the readiness or ability to heal, cure or relieve those who may be suffering from injury, or deformity, or disease of mind or body, shall be to engage in the practice of medicine within the meaning of this act. Also, if any one shall use in connection with his or her name the words or letters “Dr.,” doctor, professor, “M.D.,” or healer, or any other title, word, letter or designation, intending to imply or designate him or her as a practitioner of medicine or sur- gery in any of its branches. Act approved March 8, 1897. Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners shall con- sist of the physicians of the State Board of Health and the Secretary of the State Board of Health shall be secretary thereof. Board Members.—Walter L. Bierring, M.D., President, Des Moines; H. A. Dittmer, M.D., Manchester; J. L. Tamisiea, M.D., Missouri Valley; G. F. Severs, M.D., Centerville; G. H. Sumner, M.D., Secretary, State House, Des Moines. Examinations.—Examinations are held in March, June, September and December. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; recording fee, $0.50; recip- rocal licensing fee, $50.00; for certifying to physician’s cre- dentials for reciprocal recognition elsewhere, $1.00. Application for License.—Applicant must present a certifi- cate of good moral character, signed by at least two physi- cians of good standing in the State of Iowa. With his appli- cation he must send in a recently taken unmounted photo- graph of himself. He must send his diploma, together with the examination fee, to the secretary at least two weeks prior to the date of examination. Altogether 100 questions are asked, as follows: anatomy, 8; histology, 2; embryology, 2; chemistry, 10; physiology, 10; materia medica and thera- peutics (general), 8; toxicology, 2; obstetrics, 10; gynecology, 5; pathology, 8; bacteriology, 2; etiology, 3; practice (gen- eral), 7; neurology, 2; physical diagnosis, 2; pediatrics, 2; hygiene, 2; surgery (general), 9; laryngology and rhinology, 2; ophthalmology and otology, 3; medical jurisprudence, 1. A general average of 75 per cent, is required, but no certificate will be issued to an applicant whose grade is below 60 per IOWA 54 IOWA cent, in either physiology, obstetrics, pathology or practice. The certificate issued by the board must be recorded in the office of the county recorder of the county wherein the holder is to practice. In lieu of a diploma, the board accepts a cer- tificate from the dean of the college attended by the appli- cant showing that he has satisfactorily passed all the college examinations and will be awarded a diploma at the approach- ing commencement. In that case the certificate is withheld until the diploma is verified by the secretary. Applicants who have been legal practitioners of medicine will be allowed 1 per cent, for each year of practice not to exceed 15 per cent. Candidates failing at one examination may have a second trial without additional fee. Students who have completed the first two years of medical studies may be admitted to the state examination in anatomy, chemistry and physiology on the following conditions: (a) Each applicant must file with his application a certificate from the dean of his college showing that he has completed the second year work and passed the college examination thereon, (b) The applicant shall pay the regular fee of $10.00, which shall not be returnable nor entitle the applicant to additional examination, (c) If the applicant attains a rating of 75 per cent, or above in one or more of the branches mentioned in this rule, he shall be excused from further examination in said branch or branches and the rating awarded thereon shall be credited on his final examinations after graduation. The board has the power to refuse or revoke a license for cause. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—A diploma or certificate of graduation from an accredited four-year high school, or such as will admit the holder to the College of Liberal Arts, University of Iowa, without examination; or a certificate of successful examination equivalent to the matri- culation examination by any reputable university or college, or by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This examination must be conducted by one especially qualified appointed by the Board of Medical Examiners and must not be conducted by any member of the medical faculty. A condi- tion is-allowable in Latin, but must be removed before the student begins his sophomore medical course. All applicants graduating after Jan. 1, 1915, must have completed two years of collegiate work prior to beginning the study of medicine. Advanced Standing.—After July 1, 1906, no medical col- lege will be regarded as in good standing that does not require as a condition for graduation at least four courses of IOWA 55 lectures of not less than seven months each, no two of which shall begin or end in the same calendar year, or that grants any advanced standing because of the possession of a literary or scientific degree; nor will the graduates of such colleges after the date above given be admitted to examination by the Iowa State Board of Medical Examiners. Medical Education.—Branches of medical science to be included in the course of each medical college recognized by the board are as follows: 1. Anatomy, 690 hours, including general anatomy 450, histology, 120, embryology 90 and osteology 30. 2. Chemistry, 340 hours, including chemistry and toxicology 300 and medical jurisprudence, 40. 3. Materia medica and therapeutics, 150 hours. 4. Pharmacology, 60 hours. 5. Obstetrics, 320 hours, including general obstetrics 160 and gynecology 160. 6. Pathology, 470 hours, including general pathology 240, bacteriology 140 and clinical micros- copy and post mortems, 90. 7. Physiology, 375 hours, includ- ing general physiology 300 and hygiene, dietics and public health, 75. 8. Medicine, 995 hours, including general practice, 540, nervous and mental diseases 120, electrical therapeutics 60, physical diagnosis 100, pediatrics 100 and skin and vene- real diseases, 75. 9. Surgery, 780 hours, including general surgery, 540, orthopedic surgery 60, genito-urinary surgery, 60, laryngology and rhinology 60 and ophthalmology and otology 60. Total, 4,180 hours. A passing grade of 75 or its equivalent in any other system of marking shall be required in every branch. Such medical schools as are in good standing with the board whose medical curriculum does not conform to the above standard will be given a reasonable time to perfect their course, provided, how- ever, their schedule of requirements after July 1, 1906, shall not be less than 90 per cent, of the total requirements, and not less than 80 per cent, of the requirements in any one branch. Medical colleges are required to have the laboratory and hospital equipment conforming to a schedule adopted by .the board July 14, 1908. Regular attendance of at least 80 per cent, is to be required on all courses. Frequent examinations or quizzes shall be conducted by each lecturer or professor. There must be a sufficient and competent corps of instructors and necessary facilities for teaching. Colleges must not make misrepresen- tations in their catalogues. Each student must have dissected one lateral half of a cadaver. Attendance on at least two terms of clinical and hospital instruction and practical work in well-equipped laboratories shall be required. 56 KANSAS Exemptions.—The exemptions are as follows: Medical stu- dents who have attended not less than two full courses of lectures in a reputable medical college may prescribe under the supervision of a preceptor; surgeons of the United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service; persons rendering gratuitous service in cases of emergency; physicians who have previously obtained certificates on length of practice without diploma or examination, registered pharmacists filling prescriptions, advertising or selling patent or proprie- tary medicines or natural mineral water flowing from wells or springs. Reciprocity.—Iowa has established reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination, with Colorado, Delaware, New Jersey, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming, and on the basis either of examination or on a diploma from a reputable medical college without examina- tion where the diploma was issued prior to Jan. 1, 1899, with Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mich- igan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hamp- shire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, West Vir- ginia and Wisconsin. Temporary permits to practice until the following board meeting are issued to applicants for reci- procity whose credentials are satisfactory. Definition of Act.—Any one is regarded as a physician who publicly professes to be a physician, surgeon or obstetrician, and assumes the duties thereof, or who makes a practice of prescribing and furnishing medicine for the sick, or who publicly professes to cure or heal. Itinerant physicians are regarded as practicing medicine and must pay into the state treasury a license fee of $250.00 annually, in addition to procuring a physician’s certificate. Act approved March 15, 1904. KANSAS Boards.—The State Board of Medical Registration and Examination, consisting of seven members, representing the different schools of practice, is appointed by the governor and the members hold office for four years. Board Members.—A. J. Anderson, M.D., President, Law- rence; L. A. Ryder, Topeka; L. P. Gaillardet, M.D., Formosa; F. P. Hatfield, M.D., Olathe; Albert S. Ross, M.D., Sabetha; J. E. Sawtell, M.D., Kansas City; Henry A. Dykes, M.D., Secretary, Lebanon. Examinations.—The board holds regular examinations on the second Tuesday in February, June and October of each KANSAS 57 year at Topeka, in the assembly room of the National Hotel, from 9 to 12 o’clock a. m. and from 1 to 5 :30 o’clock p. m. and continuing for three days. Fees.—Examination fee, $15.00; certificate, $2.00; recording fee, $1.00; reciprocity fee will be the same as is charged Kan- sas licentiates by the state from which the applicant comes. Application for License.—Application must be made in writing, accompanied by the fee and satisfactory evidence that the applicant has devoted not less than four periods of at least six months each, no two in the same twelve months, to the study of medicine and surgery. Approval of the appli- cation by the board entitles the applicant to an examination which shall embrace all subjects a knowledge of which is gen- erally required by reputable medical colleges for the degree of doctor of medicine. The examination in materia medica and therapeutics and in the theory and practice of medicine must be conducted by those members of the board who are of the same school of practice as the applicant. College Standard.—The board has the authority to fix standards of preliminary and medical education which must be held by approved medical colleges. After Jan. 1, 1910, no medical school will be approved which does not require for entrance at least one year of work in a college of liberal arts in addition to a four-year high school education. This applies to all applicants for license after Jan. 1, 1914, and to all matriculants for the session of 1910- 11, and thereafter. Exemptions.—This act does not apply to commissioned medical officers of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service in the discharge of their official duties; nor to legally qualified dentists engaged in the legitimate practice of their profession; nor to consultants; nor does it prohibit the administration of domestic remedies nor the rendering of gratuitous service. Nothing in this act shall be construed as interfering with any religious beliefs in the treatment of dis- ease; provided, that quarantine regulations relating to con- tagious diseases are not infringed on. Reciprocity.—Kansas reciprocates on a basis of examina- tions since 1901, and on diploma prior to 1901 with the fol- lowing states: Arkansas (Regular and Eclectic Boards), California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South .Carolina, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. 58 KENTUCKY Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine and surgery within the meaning of this act who shall prescribe, or who shall recommend for a fee for like use, any drug or medicine, or perform any surgical oper- ation of whatever nature for the cure or relief of any wounds, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease of any other person, or who shall use the words or letters “Dr.,” “Doctor,” “M.D.,” or any other title in connection with his name which in any way represents him as engaged in the practice of medi- cine and surgery, or any person attempting to treat the sick or others afflicted with bodily or mental infirmities, or any person who represents or advertises himself by any means or in any manner through any medium whatsoever to indicate that he is authorized to, or does practice medicine or surgery in this state, or that he is authorized to and does treat the sick. All persons who practice osteopathy shall be registered and licensed as doctors of osteopathy but they shall not administer drugs or medicines of any kind nor perform oper- ations in surgery. The penalty for violation of this act is a fine of not less than $50.00 nor more than $200, and imprisonment for not less than thirty days nor more than six months in the county jail. The treating of each patient is considered a separate offense. Act approved March 1, 1901. KENTUCKY Board.—The State Board of Health consists of eight mem- bers, seven of whom are appointed by the governor, and the eighth member, who is the secretary and executive officer, is elected by the board. One member is a homeopath, one an eclectic, one an osteopath, and five are regulars. The mem- bers are selected by the governor from lists furnished by the respective state societies. Board Members.—John G. South, M.D., President, Frank- fort; C. A. Fish, M.D., Frankfort; I. A. Shirley, M.D., Win- chester ; George T. Fuller, M.D., Mayfield; W. W. Richmond, M.D., Clinton; Charles Z. Aud, M.D., Cecilian; O. C. Robert- son, D.O., Owensboro; A. T. McCormack, M.D., Secretary, Bowling Green. The assistant examiner of the board, who has charge of medical students’ examinations, is Prof. Felix Kerrick, Louis- ville, Ky. Examinations.—Examinations are held in July and Novem- ber of each year in Louisville. No special examinations are given under any circumstances. * KENTUCKY 59 Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; recording fee, $0.50. Application for License.—All applicants must be bona fide residents of the state and graduates of recognized colleges located within the United States and have a properly indorsed application on file at least ten days prior to date of examina- tion. The application must be accompanied by an unmounted photograph of the applicant, on the reverse side of which must be his or her full signature duly attested before a notary. Examination is required of all applicants. A diploma is a prerequisite for admission to the examination. Written exam- inations are required in the following subjects: Anatomy, including histology and embryology, physiology, pathology, chemistry, practice of medicine and materia medica, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, bacteriology, hygiene, ophthalmology, otology, medical jurisprudence, mental and nervous diseases, etiology and physical diagnosis. An average grade of 70 is required, with a minimum of 60 in any one branch. The law makes no provision for temporary certificates. Licensed osteo- paths are not permitted to administer drugs nor to perform surgical operations with the knife. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—No person can be matriculated, entered or carried as a student in any man- ner whatever in any medical college until he has presented to the executive officer of such college a certificate of admis- sion from a preliminary examiner appointed and under the control of the State Board of Examiners of the state in which the college is located. This certificate may be issued on acceptable credentials or on an examination by the board’s official examiner. The credentials which may be accepted are as follows: (a) A diploma from a reputable college granting a degree of A.B., B.S. or equivalent degree; (b) a teacher’s permanent or life certificate; (c) a certificate of admission to a univer- sity that is a member of the Association of American Univer- sities; (d) a certificate of admission for entrance to the sophomore year from a reputable college or university. In the absence of the foregoing qualifications, the official examiner for a certificate of entrance to the medical college shall examine applicants in such branches as are required for graduation from a registered four-year high school of this state, and the completion of the preliminary college year hereinafter referred to; but no certificate shall be issued on examination unless the applicant successfully passes the exam- ination of 15 units, 30 points or 60 counts. If the examina- tion is passed and a fee of five dollars ($5.00) is paid, the medical student’s entrance certificate will be issued. 60 KENTUCKY A general average of 75 per cent, is required, but no con- ditions will be allowed. No medical college matriculating stu- dents without such certificate of preliminary education as above required shall be considered reputable. (One point in any subject in a high school or academic course demands not less than five periods per week for forty- five minutes each for eighteen weeks.) One point is equal to two counts. SCHEDULE Studies Counts Studies Counts English *1, Grammar Biology*2 4 to 8 * and Rhetoric and Botany 4 Comp 10 to 16 Zoology 4 English Literature .... 4 to 8 Physiology and Hy- Algebra 5 to 10 giene 4 Geometry 5 to 8 Physical Geography .. 4 Trigonometry 2 Latin 10 to 20 Greek and Roman His- Greek 10 to 20 tory 4 German 10 to 20 Mediaeval and Modern French 10 to 20 History 4 Spanish 10 to 20 General History 4 Civil Government.... 2 to 4 English History 4 Commercial Geography 2 to 4 U. S. History and Civics 4 Political Economy . .. 2 to 4 Physics 5 Geology 2 to 4 Chemistry 5 Astronomy 2 to 4 * (1) The three subjects in heavy type, making together at least twenty counts, must be presented by all applicants. Sufficient counts to make a total of sixty counts may be selected from the remaining subjects in the list. The number of counts which will be accepted in the several subjects is shown by the figures in “Counts” column. A total of sixty counts is required to get a certificate for entrance to a medical college. * (2) Since biology is defined as one-half year of botany and one- half year of zoology, it cannot be accepted from an applicant who offers at the same time either, or both, of these subjects. Upon request the applicant may be examined in any other academic branches, not included in the above list, that are taught in any academic school. This examination must be conducted by or under the authority of the State Board of Medical Examiners of the state in which the college is located. In no case shall it be conducted by any person connected with the faculty, medical or otherwise, of the institution to which the student is seeking admission. In addition to the above requirements, after Jan. 1, 1918, all applicants will be required to have completed one year of at least thirty-two weeks of actual instruction, including final examinations, in an approved college of liberal arts, this preliminary year to include courses in physics, chemistry, biology and German or French. This applies to all medical students matriculating after Jan. 1, 1914. KENTUCKY 61 Medical Education.—As a condition of being recognized as reputable by the State Board of Health of Kentucky every medical college shall comply with the following requirements : (1) It shall uniformly exact the requirements for matricu- lation set forth in “requirements for admission to medical col- leges,” adopted by this board on this date. (See Preliminary Education.) (2) It shall literally observe its own published requirements for admission, tuition, time of attendance at the annual ses- sions and graduation, which must be definitely expressed. (3) It shall have adequate equipment for an active and competent faculty for teaching the science and art of medi- cine, embracing the following departments, viz.: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, histology, bacteriology, sur- gery, obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology, otology, hygiene, and state medicine, medical jurisprudence, physical diagnosis and therapeutics and practice, in accordance with the system to which the college belongs, and a comprehensive course in medical economics, including medical bookkeeping and the other essentials in the business life of a physician, and his duties to the poor; a course in practical ethics and medical organization. (4) It shall have clinical and hospital facilities based on a minimum municipal population at its place of location of not less than 75,000: Provided, that this requirement shall not apply to institutions under state control, which, by virtue of such control, actually receive patients gratuitously from all parts of such state. (5) It shall require actual attendance on 80 per cent, of each of four courses of instruction of not less than thirty continuous weeks excluding holidays, in four separate years, and shall not hold more than one graduating course in any one year.* (6) It shall not accept notes in payment of fees, or offer or accept scholarships, or any reduction in fees, or any form of rebates, except as provided for or required under state laws, or under the laws of endowed universities, and no student shall be given credit for attendance, or advanced or graduated until all fees have been paid. (7) Colleges may honor the official credentials presented by students from other colleges having the standard require- ments provided herein, excepting for the fourth year of their course, but no college shall admit a student to advanced stand- ing without first communicating with the college from which * It should be noted that no provision is made for giving advanced standing for A.B., B.S. or other degrees. 62 LOUISIANA such student desires to withdraw, and receiving from the dean of such college a direct written communication certifying to the applicant’s professional and moral qualifications, and to the exact work he has done in said college. Exemptions.—The law provides for the usual exemptions— gratuitous services in case of emergency, midwives, commis- sioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, and legally qualified consultants from other states. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of a written examination only, have been arranged with California, Colo- rado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without examination if the diploma and license were granted prior to Sept. 1, 1907, with Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. For at least one year the applicant must have been a member of his county and state societies and the national association of the system of medicine with which he affiliates and recommended as worthy of reciprocity at a stated meet- ing of the medical society in which his membership originated. Definition of Act.—To open an office for the purpose of practicing medicine, or attempting to practice medicine in any of its branches, or to treat or attempt to treat any sick or afflicted person by any system or method whatsoever for reward or compensation, or to announce to the public in any way a readiness to treat the sick or afflicted, shall be deemed to engage in the practice of medicine within the meaning of this act. Act as amended, Feb. 1, 1904. Boards.—There are two Boards of Medical Examiners, con- sisting of five members each, appointed by the governor from a list recommended by the Louisiana State Medical Society and the Hahnemann Medical Association of Louisiana. The term of office is six years. The members of the regular board are as follows: J. G. Martin, M.D., President, Lake Charles; Homer Dupuy, M.D., New Orleans; S. L. White, M.D., Ruston; Leon J. Menville, M.D., Houma; E. T. Florence, Esq., Counsel, New Orleans; E. L. Leckert, M.D., Secretary, 830 Canal Street, New Orleans. LOUISIANA LOUISIANA 63 The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: C. R. Mayer, M.D., President, 919 St. Charles St., New Orleans; J. W. Belden, M.D., New Orleans; R. A. Bayley, M.D., New Orleans; F. H. Hardenstein, M.D., New Orleans; , Secretary, 702 Machea Bldg., New Orleans. Examinations.—Regular examinations are held at least twice a year in New Orleans, in June and October. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; reciprocal license fee, $50.00; recording fee, $1.00; temporary permit fee, $10.00. Temporary permit fees are credited toward the fees for per- manent license. Application for Licensure.—Applicant must present satis- factory proof of his identity, together with evidence that he is at least 21 years of age and of good moral character, that he has had a fair education and is a graduate from a medical college in good standing as determined by the board. The application blank must be accompanied by a recent unmounted photograph of the applicant. On approval of this evidence the applicant must present his diploma in person, pay the examination fee ($25.00) and pass the required examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, obstetrics, gynecology, physi- cal diagnosis, surgery, pathology, materia medica, theory and practice of medicine and hygiene. The percentage required to pass is 75. Certificate of registration to practice medicine or midwifery must be recorded with the clerk of the district court in the parish where the applicant intends to practice (fee $1.00), and then sent to the secretary of the Louisiana State Board of Health, where they are registered and placed on file. There is no fee for registration. A certified copy of the certificate may be obtained for 50 cents. Temporary permits, valid until the next regular examination of the Board, may be granted by any member of the board after an oral examination and the payment of a fee of $10.00, which fee is credited toward the fee for the permanent license. Practicing without a license is a misdemeanor and subject to a fine not to exceed $100.00 or by imprisonment not to exceed ninety days, or by both fine and imprisonment. College Standard.—The standards of both preliminary and medical education are made by the examining boards.—Pre- liminary Education.—On and after Oct. 18, 1911, applicants for license to practice medicine in Louisiana must furnish satisfactory evidence of possessing qualifications such as are obtained by a student finishing and graduating from a four- year high school, with educational units showing fourteen units, with the following distributions: 64 LOUISIANA Required: (a) English, 3 units (grammar, rhetoric, litera- ture, each 1 unit) ; (b) mathematics, 3 units (algebra, \y2 units; plane geometry, 1 unit; solid geometry, y2 unit); (c) history, 2 units,, selected from history of England and America, 1 unit; history of United States, 1 unit; general history, 1 unit; Greek and Roman history, 1 unit; (d) lan- guage, Latin, 2 units (grammar and composition, 1 unit; four books of Caesar or its equivalent, 1 unit). Elective: French, 1 or 2 units; German, 1 or 2 units; Spanish, 1 or 2 units; physics, 1 or 2 units; chemistry, 1 or 2 units; botany, y2 or 1 unit; zoology, J4 or 1 unit; physiog- raphy, 1 unit; physiology, 1 unit; freehand drawing, 1 unit; mechanical drawing, y2 unit; manual training, y2 to 2 units. Among these, fourteen (14) units must be satisfied. A unit represents the work done in a high school in one full session of not less than thirty-six weeks, with five recita- tions of forty minutes each per week. The board will accept the following as satisfying the above qualifications. a. A diploma from a reputable university or college grant- ing the degree of A.B., B.S., or an equivalent degree. b. A certificate of admission by examination to entrance in a standard university, viz., one requiring a high school diploma with the above fourteen units. c. A diploma from a high school, academy or normal school the curriculum of which may satisfy by certification the four- teen specified units. d. A medical student’s certificate issued by certification or after examination by any state board of medical examiners having a standard for certification based on a high school diploma with the fourteen required units. As some states require the certificates from other state boards of medical examiners to be issued or certified by state officials in education not connected with the university with which the medical school or department is identified, the Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners has established the following rule: Students beginning the study of medicine in the State of Louisiana will be furnished, on application, with medical stu- dents’ certificates on (a) a certificate showing a credit of fourteen units from a recognized high school and on gradu- ation from the same; (b) on examination before the super- intendent of education of the State of Louisiana or of the City of New Orleans. Such fcertificates, to become valid, must be approved by the secretary of the State Board of Medical Examiners of Louisiana. “Students matriculating on and after June 1, 1915, must present, in addition to the above requirements (an education LOUISIANA 65 equal to that possessed by a student finishing and graduating from a four-year high school, with fourteen educational units), evidence of the successful completion at an approved college or university of one full year of work (thirty semester hours) including biology, physics, chemistry and a modern language.” Medical Education.—Applicants must hold diplomas from medical colleges listed by the boards among Class A or Class B colleges, i. e., those so rated by the Councils on Medical Education of the American Medical Association and the American Institute of Homeopathy. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to commissioned sur- geons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, practicing in the discharge of their official duty, nor to legally qualified consulting physicians or surgeons from other states or territories, nor to dentists and osteopaths authorized by their respective boards, and Christian Scientists. Reciprocity.—On and after June 1, 1909, the regular board will grant a license without examination to any applicant who furnishes the board an application properly filled out, together with a recent unmounted photograph; who appears personally before the board and presents a diploma from a college rated Class A + and Class A by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association; who presents a license from a recognized State Board of Medical Examiners and certificate of good moral character; who shows evidence that he has been in the active practice of medicine for at least one year, and who pays the required fee. Reciprocal relations have been established with Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, Vermont, Virginia, West Virgina, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as practic- ing medicine within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters M.D. or M.B. to his or her name, or shall examine, prescribe, direct, or apply, or shall profess or publicly adver- tise that he prescribes, directs or applies for the alleged pur- pose of treating, curing or relieving any bodily or mental disease, infirmity, deformity, defect, ailment or injury in any person other than himself, any drug, instrument, or force, whether physical or psychic, or of whatever nature, or any other agency or means is to be applied or used by the patient or by any other person; and whether such prescribing, direct- ing, or applying, be for compensation of any kind or be gratui- 66 MAINE tous; and any officer, or agent, or employee or member of any corporation, association or partnership which does or pro- fesses or publicly advertises that it does examine for, cure, treat, or relieve such diseases, ailments, deformities, defects, injuries or infirmities, in any of the modes mentioned in this section shall be regarded as practicing medicine under the provisions of this act. Act approved, July 1, 1914. MAINE Board.—The Board of Registration of Medicine consists of six members, appointed by the governor, and hold office for six years. Board Members.—George H. Emerson, M.D., Chairman, Bucksport; Luther G. Bunker, M.D., Waterville; William S. Thompson, M.D., Augusta; J. L. M. Willis, M.D., Eliot; Aus- tin I. Harvey, M.D., Bangor; Frank W. Searle, M.D., Secre- tary, Portland. Examinations.—The board holds regular examinations on the second Tuesdays and Wednesdays of March, July and November. Fees.—Examination fee, $15.00; registration fee, $2.00. In case of failure, one re-examination, without additional fee, will be granted at any regular meeting of the board within two years. Application for License.—On presenting satisfactory proor of being 21 years of age, of having a good moral character, and of being a graduate of some reputable medical college having power to confer a degree in medicine and maintaining a standard of preliminary education and of medical instruc- tion approved by the board, the applicant is entitled to an examination which embraces the general subjects of anatomy, physiology, pathology and bacteriology, materia medica and therapeutics, surgery, principles and practice of medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, chemistry, sanitation, disease of the eye, ear, nose and throat and medical jurisprudence. College Standard.—All medical schools and colleges, legally chartered by the states in which they exist, and having the power to confer the degree of doctor of medicine, and grant- ing diplomas only after four years of study and an exam- ination in all the branches, with a rating averaging, at least, 75 per cent., are considered as reputable, and are in good standing with the board. Prior to 1902 diplomas must repre- sent three years of study; after that four years of study. The minimum grade of preliminary education before admis- sion to the study of medicine, which is approved by the board, as a standard four-year high school course, evidenced by a MARYLAND 67 knowledge of English, spelling and composition and mathe- matics, including algebra and plane geometry, geography, his- tory, natural philosophy or physics and chemistry, with some laboratory work; and also the ability to read at sight common Latin prose. A college degree, a diploma from some normal school, high school or academy or a successful entrance exam- ination to any recognized college will be accepted in lieu of an examination. Exemptions.—This act does not apply to commissioned officers of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, nor to a physician or surgeon who is called from another state to treat a particuler case, and who does not otherwise practice in this state, nor to clairvoyants or to persons practicing hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage, Christian Science, osteopathy, or any other method of healing, if no poisonous or dangerous drugs are employed nor surgical operations performed; provided, such persons do not violate any of the provisions of this act in relation to the use of or the title of doctor or physician. The act does not prohibit gratuitous service or the rendering of assis- tance in emergency cases. Reciprocity.—Any person who is eligible for examination before this board, and who has been examined and registered or licensed by the examining board of any other state which maintains a standard of education at least equal to that required in this state, may be registered on complying with the requirements of the board. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, Texas, Ver- mont, Virginia and Wyoming, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examination if the diploma and license were granted prior to July 1, 1901, with Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—“Whoever shall practice or shall adver- tise or hold himself out to the public as a physician or sur- geon, or who appends to his name the letters ‘M.D.,’ or who uses the title of doctor or physician, meaning thereby a doctor of medicine, is considered as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act.” Act approved, March 27, 1895; effective, July 1, 1895. MARYLAND Boards.—There are two separate Boards of Medical Exam- iners—one appointed by and representing the Medical and 68 MARYLAND Chirurgical Faculty—the other representing the State Homeo- pathic Medical Society. Each board consists of eight mem- bers, who will serve for four years. The terms of two mem- bers expire each year. Physicians connected in any way with medical colleges are not eligible for membership on the boards. Board Members.—The members of the regular board are as follows: Herbert Harlan, M.D., President, 516 Cathedral St., Baltimore; Harry L. Homer, M.D., Baltimore; B. W. Golds- borough, M.D., Cambridge; James A. Stevens, M.D., Easton; Lewis A. Griffith, M.D., Upper Marlboro; A. L. Wilkinson, M.D., Raspeburg; Henry M. Fitzhugh, M.D., Westminster; J. McP. Scott, M.D., Secretary, Hagerstown. The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: W. Dulany Thomas, M.D., President, Baltimore; G. L. Ewalt, M.D., Baltimore; G. H. Wright, M.D., Forest Glen; C. F. Goodell, M.D., Frederick; A. P. Stauffer, M.D., Hagerstown; H. H. Stansbury, M.D., Baltimore; M. E. Shamer, M.D., Baltimore; O. N. Duvall, M.D., Secretary, 1817 N. Fulton Ave., Baltimore. The Preliminary Examiner is Isaac L. Otis, 1211 Cathedral St., Baltimore. Examinations.—The examinations are held at such time and place as may be determined by the board. Fees.—Examination and license fee, $15.00; registration of license, $1.00. Reciprocal fee, $25.00. A fee of $15.00 is also required for certifying to the credentials of Maryland physi- cians seeking licenses elsewhere through reciprocity. Application for License.—Applicant must give satisfactory evidence that he is more than 21 years of age, is of good moral character, has obtained a competent high-school education, and that he is a graduate of a legally incorporated college requiring a four years’ standard of education as defined by the Association of American Medical Colleges or the inter-col- legiate committee of the American Institute of Homeopathy. On approval of this evidence, the applicant is examined in anatomy, physiology, medical chemistry, surgery, practice of medicine, materia medica, therapeutics, obstetrics and path- ology. The board shall refuse a license if the applicant is radically deficient in any essential branch. In case of failure a second examination may be taken without extra fee if taken after six months but within twelve months after the first trial. At the second trial he will not be required to be reex- amined in such branches in which he has been found to be proficient. When the applicant has satisfactorily passed in all branches a license will be granted. This license must be registered at once with the clerk of the Circuit Court cff the MARYLAND 69 county in which the holder intends to reside, and in case of removal to some other county, the license, or a certified copy, must be re-registered. Medical students who have completed the studies of anatomy, physiology, medical chemistry and materia medica, are entitled to an examination in such studies by the examining board at the end of their second year of study, the result of said examination to be considered a part of the final examination. The full fee must be paid at this time, no part of which is to be returned, but placed to the credit of the applicant for the remainder of the examination still to be taken. Diplomas of foreign countries are accepted by the board, if a four years’ course of study has been required. Penalty.—Practicing medicine without a license is a misdemeanor subject to a fine of $50.00 to $200.00 for each offense. To secure registration or license through fraud is likewise a misdemeanor subject to a fine of $50.00 to $500.00 and the forfeiture of all rights and privileges of such registra- tion. To practice under another’s name is a misdemeanor sub- ject to imprisonment of from 30 days to one year, or to a fine of $20.00 to $500.00, or both fine and imprisonment. Revoca- tion of License.—The boards have the right to refuse or revoke licenses for fraud or other dishonorable conduct which includes fraud or deception in passing examinations, habitual drunkenness, criminal abortion and offenses involving moral turpitude. College Standard.—The board exacts the requirements of the American Medical College Association and the Intercol- legiate Committee of the American Institute of Homeopathy. In 1912, a resolution was adopted by the board refusing to admit to examination graduates of medical colleges rated in Class C by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. Exemptions.—The law exempts gratuitous services, hos- pital physicians in the discharge of their hospital or dispen- sary duties, legally qualified consultants from other states, commissioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, chiropodists, midwives, masseurs or other manual manipulators who use no other means; physi- cians residing on the border of a neighboring state; provided, that nothing in this act shall annul any of the acts of the present dental law of Maryland, nor shall it apply to any registered graduate of dental surgery now practicing in Mary- land with sign titles: Dentist, surgeon dentist, dental surgeon, or stomatologist. Faith healers and Christian Scientists are not exempt. Reciprocity.—Maryland now has reciprocal relations with Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, 70 MASSACHUSETTS Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minne- sota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine within the meaning of this act who shall append to his or her name the words or letters “Dr.,” “Doc- tor,” “M.D.,” or any other title, with the intent thereby to imply that he or she is engaged in the art or science of heal- ing, or in the practice of medicine in any of its branches, or who shall operate on, profess to heal, prescribe for, or other- wise treat any physical or mental ailment or supposed mental ailment of another, or who shall for hire or for any gratuity or compensation, either directly or indirectly to him or her paid, undertake by any appliance, operation or treatment of whatever nature, to cure, heal or treat any bodily or mental ailment or supposed ailment of another; or who for any hire, gratuity or compensation, either directly or indirectly to him or her paid, by or for any patient, shall undertake to treat, heal, cure, drive away or remove any physical or mental ail- ment or supposed ailment of another, by mental or other process, exercised or invoked on the part of either the healer or the patient, or both. Act effective, June 1, 1892; amended, April 11, 1902. Board.—The Board of Registration in Medicine consists of seven members, not more than three of whom shall at one time be members of any one chartered state medical society. The appointments are made by the governor, with the con- sent of the council, term of office being seven years. Board Members.—Samuel H. Calderwood, M.D., Chairman, Boston; Augustus L. Chase, M.D., Randolph; Nathaniel R. Perkins, M.D., Boston; George L. Richards, M.D., Fall River; Charles H. Cook, M.D., Natick; Matthew T. Mayes, M.D., Springfield; Walter P. Bowers, M.D., Secretary, State House, Boston. Examinations.—The board holds regular examinations on the second Tuesday of March, July and November, and addi- tional meetings in May and September, for the examination of applicants. Fees.—Examination fee, $20.00. Application for License.—Each applicant for registration must furnish satisfactory proof of being over 21 years of age and of good moral character, whereupon he is examined in anatomy, surgery, physiology, pathology, obstetrics, gynecol- MASSACHUSETTS MICHIGAN 71 ogy, diagnosis, practice of medicine, hygiene, histology, bac- teriology, pediatrics and toxicology. A diploma is not required. In case of failure, the applicant is entitled to reex- amination within one year. College Standard.—None. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit emergency service nor the domestic administration of family remedies, nor does it apply to a commissioned medical officer of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service in the performance of his official duty, nor to a legally qualified consultant, nor to a physician residing in another state whose practice extends into the border towns of this state, provided he does not open an office nor designate a place where he may meet patients or receive calls, nor to a physican called as the family physician to attend a person temporarily abiding in this commonwealth. Registered pharmacists prescribing gratuitously, clairvoyants, or persons practicing hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage, Christian Science, or cosmopathic methods of healing are not permitted to hold themselves as practitioners of medi- cine, or to practice or attempt to practice within the meaning of this act. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—Whoever holds himself out as a prac- titioner of medicine, or practices or attempts to practice medicine in any of its branches, is deemed as practicing medi- cine within the meaning of this act. Act effective, June 13, 1894. MICHIGAN Board.—The Board of Registration in Medicine consists of ten resident electors of the state, appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate—five regu- lars, two homeopathics, two eclectics, and one physiomedical. All appointees shall be legally registered physicians of the state, graduates in good standing of reputable colleges, and shall have been actively engaged in the practice of medicine in the state for at least six years immediately preceding the time of such appointment. Appointments to be made for a term of four years. No member of said board shall belong to the faculty of any medical college or university. Board Members.—George L. LeFevre, M.D., President, Muskegon; Austin W. Alvord, M.D., Battle Creek; Henry C. Maynard, M.D., Hartford; Albertus Nyland, M.D., Grand Rapids; Joseph A. Crowell, M.D., Iron Mountain; Enos C. Kinsman, M.D., Saginaw; Arthur M. Hume, M.D., Owosso; William T. Dodge, M.D., Big Rapids; Colonel B. Burr, M.D., 72 MICHIGAN Flint; Nelson McLaughlin, M.D., Lake Odessa; Beverley D. Harison, M.D., Secretary, 504 Washington Arcade, Detroit. Examinations.—The hoard holds two annual meetings, one on the second Tuesday of June, and one on the second Tues- day of October, and such additional meetings at such times and places as it may determine. Fees.—Preliminary examination fee, $5.00. Examination and registration fee, $25.00. Primary fee is $10.00. Reci- procity fee, $50.00; endorsement of certificate to another state, $5.00. Drugless practitioner examination fee, $15.00. Application for License.—Applicant must he at least 21 years of age and of good moral character, and, at least one week prior to examination, must file with the secretary of the hoard an approved application covering details of said appli- cant’s personal history and preliminary and medical educa- tion, and such other evidence of qualification as the board may require. The applicant must have as a minimum quali- fication a diploma from a recognized and reputable high school, academy or college having a classical course, or an equivalent credential, and in addition, a certificate of having completed the course and examinations covering first-year work of college grade course, involving one year of physics, chemistry, biology, German or French, or must pass an examination equivalent to the minimum standard of pre- liminary education adopted by the board, and must possess a medical diploma from a college recognized by the board; and must pass an examination, either written, clinical, laboratory or oral, or a combination of said methods, as the board may determine, in the following subjects: Anatomy, histology and embryology; physiology, chemistry and toxicology; bac- teriology, pathology, diagnosis, hygiene and public health; medical jurisprudence, diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, obstetrics, gynecology and surgery; and such addi- tional subjects made necessary by advances in medical educa- tion as the board may designate; the higher requirements of medical education, however, to be modified at the discretion of the board, in the case of persons graduating from a legally organized and recognized medical college prior to the pas- sage of Act 237 of the Public Acts of 1899, but a standard of medical education equal to the minimum standard in the state at the time of gradualion to be applied. Said examination may be divided into a primary examination on anatomy, his- tology and embryology; physiology, chemistry and toxicology; and bacteriology; and a final examination on the remaining subjects. An average of 75 per cent., and of not less than 50 per cent, on each subject, is required for passing grade. The board may modify the minimum percentage requirement in MICHIGAN 73 the case of a qualified applicant who has been in reputable and legal practice at least five years. The board may also issue a license to any person desiring to practice without the use of drugs or medicine (barring surgery and midwifery) who possesses preliminary education requirements the same as for one seeking regular license, and who passes a con- tinuous examination on the following subjects: Anatomy, his- tology and embryology; physiology, chemistry, bacteriology, pathology, diagnosis, hygiene and public health. Neither the title of “doctor” or “professor” or any abbreviation, sign or appellation designating a physician or surgeon is to be used, however, by applicants for this form of license. Refusal and Revocation of License.—The board may refuse to issue or continue a license for grossly unprofessional and dishonest conduct, defined in the act, and may also revoke a license on mistake of material fact or by reason of fraudulent misrepre- sentation of facts. College Standard.—In force September, 1914.—Preliminary Education.—The minimum requirement is graduation from a high school, academy or college having a classical course, or an equivalent credential, and, in addition, a certificate of having completed the course and examinations covering first- year work of college grade, course involving one year of physics, chemistry, biology, German or French, or an exam- ination equivalent to the minimum standard of preliminary education adopted by the board. The following credentials are recognized by the board as fulfilling the requirements for entrance to an approved and designated medical college subsequent to Sept. 17, 1903, pro- vided such credentials are in harmony with and equal to the minimum standard of preliminary education as determined by the board. The secretary of the board will, on request, issue and sign a certificate of endorsement of preliminary educa- tion, if the diploma or certificate fulfils and equals the require- ments of this board: (1) A certificate of graduation from a recognized and repu- table high school, academy or college, issued after four years of study of at least eight months in each separate year (or an equivalent recognized qualification), with the following minimum requirements: Group I.—English Language: (a) English grammar; (b) rhetoric and composition. Group II.—History: (a) History of the United States, as presented in McLaughlin’s History of the American Nation, Johnston’s History of the United States, or equivalent text, (b) General History, as presented in Meyer’s General His- 74 MICHIGAN tory, or equivalent text. Greek and Roman history or English history will be accepted as a substitute for general history. Group III.—Mathematics : (a) Algebra—fundamental rules, fractions, simple equations, involutions and evolution, the calculus of radicals and quadratic equations, as given in Olney’s Complete School Algebra, or Beman and Smith’s Ele- ments of Algebra, or some equivalent text, (b) Geometry, as given in Beman and Smith’s Plane and Solid Geometry, or equivalent text, (c) Plane trigonometry as given in Went- worth’s Trigonometry, or equivalent text. Group IV.—Natural Sciences: (a) Physics, as presented in Carhart and Chute’s Elements of Physics, or an equivalent text, (b) General biology, or botany and zoology, as pre- sented in Sedgwick and Wilson’s General Biology, or Spald- ing’s Introduction to Botany and Kingsley’s Comparative Zoology. These courses will be accepted only when accom- panied by laboratory work, (c) Chemistry, as presented in Freer’s Elementary Chemistry, or an equivalent amount of work in Remsen’s Introduction to the Study of Chemistry, (d) Physiology and hygiene, as presented in Colton’s Briefer Course, or an equivalent text, (e) Physical geography, as presented in Tarr’s First Book of Physical Geography, or an equivalent text. Group V.—Modern Languages: (a) German, French or Spanish. The applicant must be able to read German, French or Spanish. Group VI.—Classics, Latin grammar; Latin prose composi- tion. Reading—four books of Caesar’s Gallic War; Greek grammar; prose composition, Xenophon or Homer. An applicant for endorsement of secondary education pre- senting a recognized literary diploma or certificate for entrance to medical schools of a minimum standard of not less than 65 counts in accordance with the minimum standard of secondary education adopted by the board, may be con- ditioned in 5 counts in Latin and must remove such conditions before the Michigan Board of Preliminary Examiners, or other recognized authority (course and examination in an authorized literary college or attendance and examination in a recognized secondary or high school and certificate of hav- ing completed the course and examinations covering first- year work of college grade course, involving physics, chemis- try, biology and German or French) before beginning the second course in a recognized medical school, counting toward the degree, otherwise the applicant will be held as not hav- ing complied with the requirements of the board relative to its standard of preliminary education; provided, that if at the time of seeking endorsement the applicant, in addition to the MICHIGAN 75 65 counts required in the recognized diploma or certificate as a qualification for conditions, presents a recognized supple- mental certificate of course and examination in necessary studies not covered in the presented diploma or certificate, of a date prior to registration or matriculation in a medical school, such supplemental certificate may be made a part of and included in the original diploma or certificate on which endorsement is sought in accordance with the method of standard adopted by the board. (2) A certificate issued by the Board of Preliminary Exam- iners in Michigan or having passed the board’s minimum standard of secondary education prior to certificate of college grade year. The minimum standard of preliminary education adopted by the board consists of 70 counts, in (a) required subjects of which at least 35 counts must be offered as follows: English, 10-20; mathematics, 10-15; Latin, 10-20; history, 5, and (b) optional courses, enough to bring the aggregate up to 70 counts, as follows: Greek, 10-15; French, 8-10; German, 8-10; Spanish, 8-10; history, 5-15; chemistry, 5; biology, 4-5 (or botany or zoology each alone, 4-5) ; physiology and hygiene, 2-5; English literature (not allowed unless a whole year taken in addition to the 10 counts required), 5; trigo- nometry (not allowed unless offered in addition to the 10 counts required in mathematics), 2-5; physical geography, 2-5; manual training, 2-5; drawing, 2-2)4. The figures follow- ing the subjects above given show the minimum and maximum credit in counts accepted. A “count” is here defined as the measure of the work successfully completed in a high school pursued for 36 weeks in weekly recitation periods of 45 min- utes each. Schedule college grade year—Physics: lectures, 64 hours; laboratory, 128 hours; total, 192 hours. Chemistry: lectures, 64 hours; laboratory, 128 hours; total, 192 hours. Biology : lectures, 64 or 96 hours; laboratory, 128 or 64 hours; total, 192 or 160 hours. German or French, 128 or 96 hours. Medical Education.—The applicant must hold a diploma from a recognized medical college having as a minimum requirement a four-years’ course of eight months in each calendar year. The board has the authority to fix standards of preliminary and medical education which must be held by approved colleges. No medical college is approved by the board subsequent to Sept. 17, 1903, nor is a medical diploma recognized unless it fulfils the minimum standard of medical education established by the board. This standard is shown by the following table. 76 MICHIGAN Medical course must cover a four-years’ course of eight months in each calendar year, the aggregate of which amounts to at least 138 weeks of at least 36 hours each week and at least 44 months must have elapsed between the student’s beginning his first course of lectures and the date of his graduation. Further, no college is approved which does not have (a) an adequate equipment for teaching medicine and surgery in all of its branches; (b) modern and up-to-date laboratories, microscopes and other necessary apparatus found in medical colleges of reputation and standing; (c) ample clinical and hospital facilities, and (d) an active and competent faculty, as may be determined by the board. No. of Hours Didactic No. of Hours Laboratory. No. of Hours Clinics Total. Histology 30 60 90 Embryology 30 60 90 Osteology 30 30 Anatomy 190 230 420 Physiology 180 120 300 Chemistry and toxicology 100 200 300 Materia medica 40 20 60 Pharmacology 40 20 60 1 herapeutics 90 90 Bacteriology 40 ioo 140 Pathology 100 140 240 Medical zoology, post-mortem work and clinical microscopy 30 60 90 Physical diagnosis 20 80 100 Practice of medicine 180 360 540 Surgery 180 360 540 Obstetrics 100 60 160 Gynecology so 110 160 Pediatrics 40 60 100 Eye and ear 30 30 60 Nose and throat 30 30 60 Mental and nervous diseases 60 60 120 Electrotherapeutics 20 40 60 Genito-urinary diseases 30 30 60 Dermatology and syphilis 20 20 40 Hygiene and public health 30 30 Dietetics 30 30 Medical jurisprudence 30 30 1,750 1,010 1,240 4,000 Curriculum Each approved college must have a required attendance on 80 per cent, of all courses and must require an average grade of 75 per cent, on examination as a condition of graduation. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to commissioned sur- geons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health MICHIGAN 77 Service, in actual performance of their official duties, nor to legally licensed physicians and surgeons from out of the state in actual consultation with physicians and surgeons of this state, nor to dentists in the legitimate practice of their pro- fession, nor to temporary assistance in cases of emergency, nor to domestic administration of family remedies, nor to osteopaths practicing under the provisions of Act 162 of the Public Acts of 1903, nor to optometrists registered under Act 71 of the Public Acts of 1909, nor to chiropodists who confine their practice to chiropody, and who do not use the title of “doctor” or “professor” or any abbreviation, prefix or affix in a medical sense, nor to persons who confine their ministra- tions to the sick or afflicted to prayer, without the use of material remedies. Reciprocity.—Any applicant furnishing satisfactory proof of the possession of a certificate of registration or license issued to said applicant within the states, territories,'districts or provinces of the United States, or within any foreign coun- try, where the requirements for the registration of said applicant at the date of his or her license shall be deemed by the board to be equivalent to those of this act is eligible for registration under the reciprocity clause. Michigan now reciprocates on the basis of an examination only with District of Columbia, Illinois, Louisiana, New Jer- sey, New York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Wyoming; and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examination if the diploma and license were granted prior to Oct. 2, 1899, with Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Unless otherwise provided, the term “practice of medicine” shall mean the actual diagnosing, cur- ing or relieving in any degree, or professing or attempting to diagnose, treat, cure or relieve any human disease, ailment, defect or complaint, whether physical or mental, by attendance or advice, or by prescribing or furnishing any drug, medi- cine, appliance, manipulation or method, or by any therapeutic agent whatsoever; and any person who appends the letters “M.D.” or “M.B.” or other letters in a medical sense, or shall prefix the title “doctor” or its abbreviations or any sign or appellation in a medical sense, to his or her name shall be considered as “practicing medicine” within the meaning of the act. Act adopted Oct. 2, 1899; amended June 18, 1907, and Mav 4, 1913. 78 MINNESOTA MINNESOTA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners is appointed by the governor, and consists of nine members, three of whom are homeopaths. The term of office is three years. Board Members.—Charles Bolsta, M.D., President, Orton- ville; Frank R. Wiser, M.D., Windom; A. G. Moffat, M.D., Howard Lake; Carl J. Holmes, M.D., Mankato; Frank B. Hicks, M.D., Grand Marais; John E. Campbell, M.D., South St. Paul; Annah Hurd, M.D., Minneapolis; Robert D. Mat- chan, M.D., Minneapolis; Thomas S. McDavitt, M.D., Secre- tary, Lowry Bldg., St. Paul. Examinations.—The board holds meetings for examination at the State University in Minneapolis in January, April, June and October, and at such other times and places as it may elect. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; reciprocal registration fee, $50.00. Application for License.—All applicants must submit to an examination in the following branches: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, materia medica, therapeutics, preventive medicine, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, disease of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, medical jurisprudence and such other branches as the board may deem advisable. A practical exam- ination in laboratory work is required in anatomy, histology, pathology, bacteriology, urinalysis and in clinical diagnosis. All reciprocates from other states must take the practical examination. All applicants must present evidence of having attended four full courses of lectures in a medical college recognized by the board, of at least twenty-six weeks each, no two courses being within the same year. Licenses to practice must be filed with the clerk of the district court of the county in which the applicant resides. College Standard.—Four years of at least twenty-six weeks each, no two courses in the same year, is the standard set by statute. Graduates of medical colleges granting advanced standing for work done at non-medical institutions are not admitted to examination. The board requires a strictly four- year course, extending over four years, at a recognized medi- cal college which demands as a minimum entrance require- ment two years of university work the equivalent of that done in the liberal arts department of the University of Minnesota. This rule applies to all applicants after June 1, 1912, and therefore to all students matriculating for the ses- sion of 1908-9 and thereafter. Matriculants previous to this MISSISSIPPI 79 date are required to have as a preliminary a diploma from a four-year high school or equivalent qualifications. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to commissioned sur- geons of the United States Army or Navy, nor to physicians or surgeons in actual consultation from other states and ter- ritories ; nor to actual medical students practicing medicine under the direct supervision of a preceptor; nor to dentists. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination only, have been established with Arkansas, Colo- rado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Ken- tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, North Caro- lina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Vir- ginia and Wyoming, and on the basis either of an examina- tion or of a diploma from a reputable medical college with- out an examination provided the diploma and the license were issued prior to Jan. 1, 1887, with Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters “M.D.” or “M.B.” to his or her name, or for a fee prescribe, direct or recommend for the use of any person any drugs or medicine, or other agency for the treatment, care or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease. Act effective, April 18, 1905; amended, March 1, 1906, and April 23, 1909. MISSISSIPPI Board.—The State Board of Health supervises the licensing of physicians. The board is appointed by the governor and holds office for four years. Board Members.—C. E. Catchings, M.D., President, Wood- ville; John Darrington, M.D., Yazoo City; T. E. Ross, M.D., Hattiesburg; E. A. Cheek, M.D., Areola; I. W. Cooper, M.D., Newton; Theodore Borroum, M.D., Corinth; S. E, Eason, M.D., New Albany; W. W. Reynolds, M.D., Meridian; W. W. Hall, M.D., Lumberton; J. R. Jiggitts, M.D., Canton; S. W. Glass, M.D., Lyons; J. S. Sharp, M.D., Grenada; N. C. Womack, M.D., Jackson; E. H. Galloway, M.D., Secretary, Jackson. Examinations.—The board holds examinations at the Capi- tol, in Jackson in May and October, the date to be set by the board. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; license fee, 25 cents; tem- porary license fee, $10.50; reciprocity fee, $50.00. 80 MISSISSIPPI Application for License.—All applicants must submit to an examination. A diploma from a reputable medical college is required. The application for license must state the appli- cant’s name, residence, age and nativity, time spent in medical studies, name and address of preceptor, course of medical lec- tures attended, name of medical school attended, if a graduate of a medical college, the name thereof, time spent in a hos- pital and the practice of medicine, if any, school or system of practice chosen and references as to personal character. The application must be accompanied by a recent unmounted Yz cabinet-sized photograph of the applicant. On the back of the photograph must be an affidavit prepared before a notary, certifying that the photograph is a true likeness of the appli- cant. The application, together with a fee ($10.25) must be in the hands of the board not less than ten days prior to the examination. Licenses must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the Circuit Court of the county in which the applicant resides. Temporary licenses may be granted by the Secretary, and are valid until the next meeting of the board for examining applicants. The licensed physicians of other states living near the state line whose practice extends into this state may obtain a non-resident license for one county only without examination. Penalties.—If any person shall practice as a physician or surgeon, without having first been examined and obtained a license as required by law, he shall, on conviction, be fined not less than $20.00 nor more than $200.00, or be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—Candidates for license who graduate after Jan. 1, 1919, must show evi- dence of having completed before matriculation in a medical college, a course of preliminary education equal to that obtained by graduation from a four-year high school with at least fourteen educational units, and in addition the success- ful completion at an approved college or university of one full year (30 semester hours) of work, including courses in physics, chemistry, biology and a modern language. Medi- cal Education.—The college must be a reputable institu- tion, requiring a four-years’ course of at least thirty-two weeks each session. On and after July, 1912, the state board will recognize as reputable medical colleges only those schools classified and recognized as “A” and “B” by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. Exemptions.—The law makes no exemptions, except in the case of females engaged in the practice of midwifery; they are not required to have a license. MISSOURI 81 Reciprocity.—Mississippi reciprocates on the basis of a diploma from a Class “A” or “B” medical college, written examination and license, and evidence of good standing with county and state medical societies, with Arkanasas, Colo- rado, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Mary- land, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. Definition of Act.—The practice of medicine shall mean to suggest, recommend, prescribe, or direct for the use of any person, any drug, medicine, appliance or other agency, whether material, or not material, for the cure, relief, or palliation of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound or fracture or other bodily injury or deformity, or the practice of obstetrics or midwifery, after having received, or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift, profit or com- pensation; provided, that nothing in this section shall apply to females engaged solely in the practice of midwifery. MISSOURI Board.—The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, without discrimination between schools of medicine, appoints seven physicians for a term of four years to constitute the State Board of Health, which has general supervision over the registration of petitioners of medicine, surgery and midwifery. At least five of said board shall be physicians in good standing and of recognized professional and scientific knowledge and graduates of reputable schools and they shall have been residents of this state for at least five years next preceding their appointment. Board Members.—F. H. Matthews, M.D., President, Liberty; T. A. Son, M.D., Bonne Terre; R. L. Wills, M.D., Neosho; G. O. Cuppaidge, M.D., Moberly; T. H. Wilcoxen, M.D., Bowling Green; M. R. Hughes, M.D., St. Louis; J. A. B. Adcock, M.D., Secretary, Jefferson City. Examinations.— Examinations are held at Jefferson City at such times as the board may deem expedient. Fees.—Examination fee, $15.00; recording fee, $1.00; recip- rocal registration fee, $25.00. Application for License.—Applicant must furnish evidence of good moral character as well as of satisfactory preliminar and medical education. He must pass an examination in anatomy, chemistry, physiology, therapeutics, obstetrics, gyn ecology, surgery, practice of medicine, bacteriology, medical jurisprudence, hygiepe and such other branches as the board may direct. The passing grade is 75. In case of failure 82 MISSOURI applicant may take another examination within twelve months without extra charge. Temporary licenses are not granted. The license must be recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county where the holder resides. In case of removal to another county, the license must be recorded in the county to which removal is made. Neglect to have license so recorded makes the holder liable to a fine of not less than $50.00, and after thirty days to a fine of not less than $100.00. Revocation of Licenses.—The board may revoke or refuse licenses to individuals guilty of unprofessional or dishonor- able conduct, which is explained to include habitual drunken- ness, the excessive use of narcotics or the producing of criminal abortions, although this specification is not intended to exclude other acts for which licenses may be refused or revoked. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—Each applicant must present satisfactory evidence of preliminary qualifica- tions, to-wit: A certificate of graduation from an accredited high school or state normal school, college, university, acad- emy or a certificate from the county school commissioner certifying that he has satisfactorily passed an examination showing an education equivalent to that of an accredited high school. Medical Education.—Applicant must have received a diploma from same reputable medical college having four- years’ requirements at the time such diploma was granted. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit gratuitous service nor does it apply to legally qualified consultants, nor to com- missioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service in the official discharge of their duties. Reciprocity.—No applicant who has failed to pass the board’s examination will be granted a license. One year of reputable practice in a reciprocating state is required of all applicants, as well as membership in a county, state or national medical society. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Illinois since January, 1907, and with Louisiana, Mississippi, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas and Virginia since June 1, 1901. On the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without examination, if the diploma and license were issued prior to June 1, 1901, with California, Colorada, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Utah, Vermont, West Vir- ginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person practicing medicine or sur- gery in this state, and any person attempting to treat the sick or others afflicted with bodily or mental infirmities, and any MONTANA 83 person representing or advertising himself by any means or through any medium whatsoever, or in any manner whatso- ever, so as to indicate that he is authorized to or does treat the sick or others afflicted with bodily or mental infirmities, without a license from the board as provided in this act, or after the revocation of such license by the board as provided in this act, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by a fine of not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00, or by imprisonment in the county jail for a period of not less than thirty days nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment for each and every offense; and treating each patient shall be regarded as a separate offense. Act approved, March 12, 1901; amended, April, 1907. MONTANA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of seven members, one of whom is appointed by the governor each year and who holds office for seven years. Board Members.—W. P. Mills, M.D., President, Missoula; P. H. McCarthy, M.D., Butte; F. J. Adams, M.D., Great Falls; Le Roy Southmayd, M.D., Great Falls; W. W. Andrus, M.D., Miles City; William L. Renick, M.D., Butte; William C. Riddell, M.D., Secretary, Helena. Examinations.—The board holds examinations on the first Tuesday in April and October at Helena and at such other times and places as it may elect. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; reexamination within six months free. Application for License.—The applicant must present a diploma issued by a medical school legally organized and in good standing, and submit to an examination in anatomy, physiology, materia medica, therapeutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, disease of the nervous system and diseases of the eye and ear. When desired, such examination may be conducted in the presence of the dean of any medical school or the president of any medical society in this state, i. e., such dean or presi- dent may be present. Certificates must be recorded with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant resides. Appeals from the action of the Board of Medical Examiners in refusing to license to practice, for failure to pass the required examination, under the 1903 amendment are to be tried by a jury of six physicians. College Standard.—The board has authority to fix standard of preliminary and medical education which must be enforced by approved medical colleges. 84 NEBRASKA Exemptions.—The act does not apply to midwives of skill and experience, commissioned surgeons of the United States Army or Navy in the discharge of their official duties, nor to legally qualified consultants. Reciprocity.—Although the law provides for reciprocal registration, the board does not at present reciprocate with any other state. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing within the meaning of this act who shall append or affix the letters M.D. or M.B. or the title Dr. or Doctor, or any other sign or appellation in a medical sense to his or her name, who shall publicly profess to be a physician or a sur- geon, who shall publicly profess either on his own behalf, in his own name, in his trade name, or on behalf of any other person, corporation, association, partnership, either as man- ager, bookkeeper, solicitor or other agent, to cure, treat, relieve or palliate any ailment, disease or infirmity of the mind or the body of another by using or prescribing any drug, medicine or surgical treatment, or who shall recom- mend, prescribe, or direct for the use of any person any drug, medicine, apparatus or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or palliation of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury or other deformity after having received, or with the intention of receiving there- for, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift or compen- sation. Act approved March 13, 1895; amended March 5, 1907. NEBRASKA Board.—The State Board of Health consists of the gov- ernor, attorney general and superintendent of public instruc- tion. The governor appoints four secretaries, who hold office for a term of four years, two of whom shall be regulars, one a homeopath and one an eclectic. The secretaries are in reality the Board of Health. The method adopted is to get around the constitution, which forbids the creation of more boards. Board Members.—E. Arthur Carr, M.D., President, Lin- coln ; P. F. Dodson, M.D., Wilber; C. T. Burchard, M.D., Falls City; Herschel B. Cummins, M.D., Secretary, Seward. Examinations.—The board holds examinations at the State House, Lincoln, in May and November of each year, and in August and February also when there is a sufficient demand. Fees.—Examinations or reciprocal fee, $25.00; for gradu- ates of Nebraska colleges, $10.00; endorsement of reciprocal credentials of applicants leaving state, $2.00. NEBRASKA 85 Application for License.—Each applicant must present evi- dence of good moral character to the board, as well as his diploma, together with an affidavit that he is the lawful possessor of and the person named in said diploma, and that he has attended the full course of study required for the degree. After due investigation has shown that the creden- tials are satisfactory, applicant is then required to submit to an examination in all the branches generally required by reputable medical colleges for the degree of doctor of medi- cine. Examinations on practice and therapeutics are con- ducted by the member or members of the Board of Secre- taries who are of the same school of practice as the applicant. Certificates must be filed with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant resides. Students having satisfactory preliminary education and who have successfully completed the first two years of study in a recognized medical college will be permitted to take examina- tions in anatomy, physiology, physiological chemistry, chem- istry, materia medica and pharmacology on payment of the required fee, these credits to be accepted toward the exam- ination for license after the student has secured his diploma. No reexamination will be required in such subjects in which the student has been found proficient. College Standard.—To be in good standing a medical col- lege must require for admission an approved high school diploma or an equivalent preliminary examination in all the common branches and in Latin and the higher mathematics, which requirements shall be regularly published in all the advertisements and in catalogues issued by said school. The medical school must also require as a requisite for granting the degree of M.D. attendance on four courses of lectures of at least eight months each, no two courses to be held within one year, and must have a full faculty of capable professors in all the different branches of medical education and require clinical instruction in the last two years of the course in medicine and surgery of not less than four hours per week. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency, nor the administration of ordinary household remedies, and does not apply to commissioned sur- geons in the United States Army or Navy, nor to nurses engaged in their legitimate occupations. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination only, have been established with Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont and Virginia, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examination, provided the diploma 86 NEVADA and the license were issued prior to Aug. 1, 1903, with the District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, West Vir- ginia and Wisconsin. No certificate will be granted on reci- procity where the applicant has not resided and been in repu- table practice in the state endorsing him for at least one year immediately preceding the endorsement. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine who shall operate or profess to heal or pre- scribe for, or otherwise treat any physical or mental ailment of another. Act effective Aug. 1, 1903. NEVADA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of five members, three regulars, one homeopath and one eclec- tic, appointed by the governor, and holds office for four years. Board Members.—John A. Lewis, M.D., President, Reno; John J. Sullivan, M.D., Virginia City; P. J. Mangan, M.D., Winnemucca; Sidney K. Morrison, M.D., Reno; Simeon L. Lee, M.D., Secretary, Carson City. Examinations.—The board holds examinations twice a year, the first Monday of May and November, at such place as it may designate. Fees.—Examination or reciprocal fee, $25.00. Application for License.—Applicants must furnish satis- factory proof of having graduated from a legally rec'ognized medical school and must pass a satisfactory examination before the board. The examination embraces the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry, toxicology, materia medica, therapeutics, general medicine, surgery, obstetrics, bacteriology, pathology, and diseases of the skin, eye, ear, nose, throat, brain and the genito-urinary system. A grade of 75 per cent, must be obtained in each branch. In case of failure, after not less than six months, the applicant may be reexam- ined without additional fees. After a second failure at least one year must elapse before the third trial, for which he must pay another fee. Certificates must be registered with the county clerk of the county in which the appilcant intends to practice. College Standard.—The board recognizes colleges legally organized in the state or territory in which they are located. Possession of diploma does not exempt from examination. Exemptions.—The act exempts gratuitous services in case of emergency and the administration of family remedies; no*- NEW HAMPSHIRE 87 does it apply to commissioned surgeons of the United States Army and Navy, in the discharge of their official duties, nor to professional nurses, or legally qualified consultants. Reciprocity.—Nevada has reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, with Arkansas, Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mississippi, New Hampshire, Okla- homa, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont and West Virginia, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examination if the diploma and the license were issued prior to March 1, 1907, with Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—“For the purposes of this act the words, ‘practice of medicine, surgery and obstetrics,’ shall mean to open an office for such purpose, or to announce to the public, or to any individual, in any way, a desire or willingness or readiness to treat the sick or afflicted in any county in the State of Nevada; or to investigate or diagnosticate, or to offer to investigate or diagnosticate, any physical or mental ail- ment, or disease, of any person, or to give surgical assistance to, or to suggest, recommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person, any drug, medicine, appliance or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or pallia- tion of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture, or bodily injury, or deformity, after having received or with the intent of receiv- ing therefor, either directly or indirectly, any money, gift, or any other form of compensation. It should also be regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act if any one shall use in connection with his or her name the words or letters ‘Dr.,’ ‘Doctor,’ ‘Professor,’ ‘M.D.,’ or ‘Healer,’ or any other title, word, letter or other designation intended to imply or designate him or her as a practitioner of medicine, or surgery, or obstetrics in any of its branches.” Act approved, March 4, 1905; amended in 1913. NEW HAMPSHIRE Boards.—There are three separate State Boards of Medical Examiners, each consisting of five members nominated by and representing the New Hampshire Medical Society, the Homeo- pathic Medical Society, and the Eclectic Medical Society. The boards are appointed by the governor from lists furnished by these societies, and hold office for five years. The super- intendent of public instruction, ex-officio, is the regent of the State Boards of Medical Examiners and conducts the exam- inations from lists of questions furnished by the various boards. 88 NEW HAMPSHIRE The members of the regular board are as follows: Arthur C. Heffenger, M.D., President, Portsmouth; Geo. H. Shedd, M.D., North Conway; Howard N. Kingsford, M.D., Hanover; George S. Foster, M.D., Manchester; George Cook, M.D., Secretary, Concord. The members of the homeopathic board are as follows: George R. Smith, M.D., President, Dover; C. W. Adams, M.D., Franklin; Henry M. Wiggin, M.D., Whitefield; Chan- ning Bishop, M.D., Bristol; R. V. Sweet, M.D., Secretary, Rochester. The members of the eclectic board are as follows: A. J. Marston, M.D., President, Plymouth; Walter H. True, M.D., Laconia; A. S. Russell, M.D., Rumney; Wm. R. Garland, M.D., Plymouth; Lester R. Brown, M.D., Secretary, Win- chester. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, Henry C. Mor- rison, State Library, Concord, is the regent of the State Board of Medical Examiners. Examinations.—Examinations may be arranged for by the regent at any time, but at least one examination must be held annually. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; reciprocal fee, $5.00. Unsuccessful applicants are entitled to a second examination without fee, after six months. Application for License.—The regent may admit to exam- ination any candidate who pays the prescribed fee and sub- mits satisfactory evidence of having graduated from a reg- istered college, or of having satisfactorily completed a full course in a registered academy or high school, or had an equivalent preliminary education, and of having graduated from a medical school conforming to the requirements of the board. The regent must accept as the equivalent for any of these requirements evidence of five or more years reputable practice, provided, that such substitution is specified in the license. Students who matriculated in a New Hampshire medical school before Jan. 1, 1898, are exempted from the preliminary education requirement. Graduates from the Dart- mouth Medical School may receive a certificate on presentation of diploma, if said diploma was issued between March 18, 1897, and January, 1903. Questions are submitted to the regents by each board for thorough examinations in anatomy, physi- ology and hygiene, chemistry, surgery, obstetrics, pathology and diagnosis, and therapeutics, including practice and materia medica. The papers are marked by the boards. Licenses must be recorded. College Standard.—The legal standard is four years of at least nine months each, in four different calendar years, the NEW HAMPSHIRE 89 college to be registered with the regents as maintaining a satisfactory standard. Only graduates of colleges rated as acceptable (classes A + and A) by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association are admitted to examinations. Medical colleges to be registered must require for admission at least one year of collegiate work, including college courses in physics, chemistry and biology in addition to a standard four-year high school education. This applies to all students matriculating in the session of 1914-15 and thereafter and to graduates of 1918 and there- after. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to commissioned med- ical officers serving in the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, or any one actually serving on the resident medical staff of any legally incorporated hospital, or any legally registered dentist, exclusively engaged in prac- ticing dentistry; or any manufacturer of artificial eyes, limbs, or orthopedic instruments or trusses, in fitting such instru- ments on persons in need thereof, or lawfully qualified con- sultants, or physicians residing on the border of a neighbor- ing state who do not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls within the State of New Hamp- shire; or to the regular family physicians of non-residents when called to attend them during a temporary stay in the state; to clairvoyants or to persons practicing hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage, Christian Science, or any other method of healing, if no drugs are employed or surgical operations are performed; provided, such persons do not violate any of the provisions of this act in relation to the use of “M.D.” or the title of doctor or physician. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Colorado, Indi- ana, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Dakota, Penn- sylvania, South Carolina, Virginia and Wyoming, and, on the basis of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examination, if the diploma and license were issued prior- to Sept. 1, 1897, with Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Tennessee, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person holding himself out to the public as a physician and surgeon, or advertising as such, or who appends the letters “M.D.” to his name, or who assumes or advertises the title of doctor (or any title which shall show or tend to show that the person assuming or advertising the same is a practitioner of any of the branches of medicine) in such a manner as to convey the impression that he is a 90 NEW JERSEY legal practitioner of medicine, or of any of its branches, is deemed practicing medicine within the meaning of this act. Act effective, Sept. 1, 1897. NEW JERSEY Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners is appointed by the governor, and consists of nine members, five regulars, three homeopaths, and one eclectic. The term of office is three years. Board Members.—Alexander Marcy, Jr., M.D., President, Riverton; Edward Hill Baldwin, M.D., Newark; Chas. A. Groves, M.D., East Orange; Davis P. Borden, M.D., Paterson; Alexander McAlister, M.D., Camden; F. Wilbur Cornwell, M.D., Plainfield; John J. Mooney, M.D., Jersey City; William Perry Watson, M.D., Jersey City; D. Webb Granberry, D.O., Orange; Horace G. Norton, M.D., Secretary, Trenton. Examination.—Examinations are held at Trenton on the third Tuesday and Wednesday in June and October, and at such other times and places as the board may deem expedient. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; reciprocal registration fee, $50.00; recording of license, $5.00. Application for License.—Each applicant for examination must present satisfactory proof of being more than 21 years of age, of possessing a good moral character, and of having obtained, at least, a certificate or diploma issued after four years of study either in a normal, manual training or approved high school of the first grade in New Jersey, or its equivalent as determined by the State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion of this state, either from credentials submitted or a cer- tificate of examination from the State Board of Examiners for Teachers. The application must be sent to the secretary of the board at least ten days prior to the examination and must be accompanied by a recent photograph of the applicant, on the back of which must appear the applicant’s signature signed in the presence of a notary or other legal official. Applicant must have graduated from a medical college recog- nized by the board (see College Standard) and pass an exam- ination in writing before this board in nine sections, embrac- ing ninety questions on fourteen subjects, viz.: Materia medica and therapeutics, obstetrics and gynecology, practice of med- icine, including physical diagnosis and diseases of the skin, nose and throat; surgery, including surgical anatomy and dis- eases of the eye, ear and genito-urinary organs; anatomy; physiology; chemistry; histology, pathology and bacteriology; hygiene and medical jurisprudence. A general average of not NEW JERSEY 91 less than 75 per cent, is required to obtain a license. The certificate must be registered in the county where the holder intends to reside, and re-registered in case of removal to another county. The board may refuse to revoke a license for unprofessional conduct. College Standard.—The standard of requirements of New Jersey is as follows: Preliminary Education.—A high school diploma issued after four years of study in an approved school of the first grade in this state, or its equivalent as determined by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction of New Jersey, either from credentials submitted or a certifi- cate of examination from the State Board of Examiners for Teachers. Medical Education.—Four courses of lectures of at least seven months each, in four different calendar years prior to graduation from a medical college approved by this board. Exemptions: Candidates who graduated prior to July 4, 1894, after two courses of medical lectures in separate calendar years and who have been in continuous and reputable practice since graduation, and candidates who graduated prior to July 4, 1903, after three courses of lectures and who have been in continuous and reputable practice for at least five years, may be admitted to the examinations on presenting satisfac- tory evidence of good moral character and competent aca- demic education as determined by the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Such exemptions will be specified in the license. Certificate must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county in which the holder intends to practice. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to commissioned medical officers of the United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service, while so commissioned; or to lawfully quali- fied consultants; or to a legally qualified physician of another state taking charge of the practice of a physician of this state temporarily during the latter’s absence therefrom, pro- vided application for permission to do so has been filed with the board and granted; or to any legally qualified physician of another state, provided such practitioner shall not open an office or a place for the practice of his profession within New Jersey; or to any one serving as a member of the resident medical staff of a legally incorporated charitable or municipal hospital; or to any legally qualified or registered dentist, exclusively engaged in practicing the art of dentistry; or to any one who has been practicing in the state since before July 4, 1890, provided such right to practice was obtained on a duly registered diploma, issued by a legally chartered and recognized medical institution, or to any resident of the state who has been continuously engaged in giving treatment by electricity during the past fourteen years, provided such per- 92 NEW MEXICO son graduated from a legally incorporated electro-therapeutic school in good standing; or to any legally licensed and regis- tered pharmacist of the state actually engaged in the practice of his profession, but who does not carry on the business of a dispensary unless it is in charge of a legally licensed physi- cian of the state; or to any legally licensed veterinary or dentist engaged in the practice of veterinary medicine or dentistry, or to any professional nurse, masseur, or electrician operating under the specific direction of a regularly licensed physician, or to any one giving aid in emergency or accident cases pending the arrival of a regularly licensed physician. Reciprocity.—-The board may in its discretion license with- out examination a candidate who holds a license issued in another state if the standards of that state are substantially equal to those of New Jersey. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Colo- rado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indi- ana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine or surgery within the meaning of this act who uses the words or letters “Dr.,” “Doctor,” “Professor,” “M.D.,” or “M.B.,” in connection with his name, or any other title intend- ing to imply or designate him as a practitioner of medicine or surgery or any of its branches, and who in connection with such title or titles, or without the use of such title or titles, prescribes, directs, recommends, advises, applies, gives or sells for the use of any person or persons any drug or medicine or other agency or application for the treatment, cure or relief of any bodily injury, infirmity or disease. The act applies to all persons professing and attempting to cure diseases by means of the so-called systems of “faith-curism,” “mid-heal- ing,” “laying-on-of-hands,” and other similar systems. Act approved, May 22, 1894. Amended April 8, 1903, and March 25, 1912. NEW MEXICO Board.—The New Mexico Board of Health and Medical Examiners is composed of seven physicians who must be graduates of medical colleges in good standing as herein defined, and must have been registered practitioners in, and bona fide residents of, New Mexico for a period of at least five years preceding their appointment. The members are appointed by the governor for a term of four years, the term NEW MEXICO 93 of office of part of the board expiring every two years. The board is authorized to make all necessary rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions *of the law. Board Members.—L. G. Rice, M.D., President, Albuquerque, G. V. Hackney, M.D., San Marcial; W. T. Joyner, M.D., Ros- well; J. A. Massie, M.D., Santa Fe; W. R. Lovelace, M.D., Albuquerque; R. K. McClanahan, M.D., East Las Vegas; W. E. Kaser, M.D., Secretary, East Las Vegas. Examinations.—Regular examinations of the board are held in the Capitol Building in Santa Fe on the second Mon- days of January, April, July and October of each year. Fees.—License fee, $25.00. Application for License.—Any applicant of good moral character, and who is a graduate of a medical college in good standing, after payment of the required fee, will be granted a license without examination. Graduates of reputable medi- cal colleges other than those in good standing, who have served internships in good hospitals or who have taken six months or more of postgraduate instruction in some institu- tion having ample clinical facilities, or who have had three or more years of actual practice since graduation, may secure license by passing an examination in anatomy and histology, chemistry, etiology and hygiene, physiology, materia medica, therapeutics, pathology and bacteriology, surgery, physical diagnosis, obstetrics, gynecology, practice of medicine, medical ethics and jurisprudence and in such other subjects as the board may prescribe. An average of 75 per cent, and a grade not less than 50 per cent, in each subject must be obtained in order to pass. In case of failure in not more than two sub- jects applicant may be allowed to take another examination at the next regular meeting of the board in the subjects in which he failed. The license must be recorded in the office of the probate clerk of the county in which the holder resides, and again be recorded in any county to which holder may remove permanently. Failure to have the license so recorded shall be accepted by the court as prima facie evidence that no such license exists, and holder is liable to the penalty for practicing without a license. The board may refuse to license any person guilty of immoral, dishonorable or unprofessional conduct, or may revoke a license for like cause. College Standard.—A medical college in good standing is defined to be one which has a standard as high as that required by the Association of American Medical Colleges, and which has ample clinical facilities. The board will not recognize any college which misrepresents its records, its clinical facili- ties or as to its students or graduates. 94 NEW YORK Exemptions.—The act is not intended to interfere with gratuitous services in cases of emergency, nor the domestic administration of family remedies, nor with women practicing midwifery, nor with United States surgeons in the discharge of their official duties, nor with the practice of osteopathy, optometry, or dentistry as provided by law. Reciprocity.—The board may grant licenses without exami- nation to applicants who have been regularly licensed in other states or territories having equal requirements. Reciprocal relations on the basis of an examination only have been estab- lished with Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Pennsyl- vania and South Dakota. Definition.—The words “practice of medicine” are defined to mean to open an office for such purpose or to announce to the public or to any individual in any way a desire or willing- ness or readiness to treat the sick or afflicted, or to investigate or diagnose, or offer to investigate or diagnose, any physical or mental ailment or disease of any person, or to suggest, rec- ommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person, any drug, medicine, appliance or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or palliation of any ail- ment or disease of the mind or body or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury or deformity, after having received, or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift or compensation. Any person making a false oath or affidavit before the board shall be deemed guilty of perjury and subject to the punish- ment provided for that offense. Any person practicing medi- cine without first securing a license shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $100.00 or imprisonment not to exceed ninety days, or by both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of nine members appointed by the regents of the University of the State of New York for terms of three years. Three vacancies occur each year. Board Members.—Henry B. Minton, M.D., President, Brooklyn; Ralph H. Williams, D.O., Rochester; Hans Zinsser, M.D., New York City; Melvin J. Stearns, M.D., Ogdensburg; Earl H. King, M.D., Saratoga Springs; Arthur W. Booth, M.D., Elmira; Aaron B. Miller, M.D., Syracuse; Lewis S. Pil- cher, M.D., Brooklyn; William G. Bissell, M.D., Buffalo; Otto V. Huffman, M.D., Secretary, State Education Bldg., Albany. NEW YORK NEW YORK 95 Examinations.—Examinations are held in January, May, June and September, simultaneously, in New York, Albany, Syracuse and Buffalo. The regents select the questions from lists prepared by the board, edit them and provide proctors for conducting the examinations. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; county clerk’s certificate and registration fee, $1.00. In case of failure applicants are obliged to pursue their studies for six months before they can be reexamined. Application for License.—Each applicant must have paid the examination fee, must be 21 years of age, of good moral character, must have completed his preliminary education, the equivalent of graduation from a registered high school with credits for one years’ work each in physics, chemistry and biology prior to beginning his first year of medicine; he must have been graduated from a medical college registered by the regents, having studied medicine four years of at least seven months each; and must pass the examination unless excused by approval of his foreign license. Provision is made for examining in anatomy, physiology and chemistry, at the end of the second year, this credit to be acceptable toward the exam- ination for license after four years in a medical college have been successfully completed. The licensing examination covers the subjects named above unless applicant has already passed examination in them, as well as surgery, obstetrics, gyne- cology, pathology and bacteriology, diagnosis and hygiene and sanitation. Candidates failing at one examination may, after not less than six months additional study, have a second exam- ination without fee. Licenses must be registered in the county where applicant locates. The regents have the power at any time to inquire into the identity of any person claiming to be a licensed physician and to revoke any license for cause. Among the causes mentioned for revocation are: Fraud or deceit, crimes or misdemeanors, habitual drunkenness, the habitual use of morphin, opium, cocain or other drugs having similar effect, and the performance of criminal operations. Action may be begun on charges preferred by any person or corporation, or by the regents themselves. After licenses have been revoked they may be restored in the discretion of the regents. College Standard.—New York medical schools and New York medical students shall not be discriminated against by the registration of any medical school out of the state whose minimum graduation standard is less than that fixed by statute for New York medical schools. 96 NEW YORK Preliminary Education.—The degree of bachelor or doctor of medicine shall not be conferred in this state before the can- didate has filed with the institution conferring it the certifi- cate of the regents that, before beginning the first annual medical course counted toward the degree, he had either been graduated from a registered college or satisfactorily completed a full course in a registered academy or high school; or had a preliminary education considered and accepted by the regents as fully equivalent; or had passed regents’ examinations con- sidered the equivalent. The regents will accept as fully equivalent to the required academic course any one of the following: (a) Certificate of having successfully completed at least a full year’s course of study in the collegiate department of any college or uni- versity, registered by the regents as maintaining a satisfac- tory standard; (b) a certificate of having passed in a reg- istered institution examinations equivalent to the full collegi- ate course of the freshman year or to a completed academic course; (c) regents’ pass cards for 60 specified academic counts or any regents’ diploma; (d) a certificate of graduation from any registered gymnasium in Germany, Austria, or Rus- sia; (e) a certificate of the successful completion of a course of five years in a registered Italian ginnasio and three years in a liceo; (f) the bachelor’s degree in arts or sciences or sub- stantial equivalents from any registered institution in France or Spain; (g) any credential from a registered institution or from the government in any state or country which repre- sents the completion of a course of study equivalent to gradu- ation from a registered New York high school or academy or from a registered Prussian gymnasium. Credit is not given on certificate for work in evening schools. (The term “count” is the measure of work successfully completed in a secondary school, pursued an entire school year of at least thirty-eight weeks, not including the time consumed by examinations or tests, in one weekly period of not less than 45 minutes.) Since Jan. 1, 1913, medical schools shall not matriculate conditionally medical students who are deficient in any part of the prelimi- nary educational requirement, which must include a year’s work each of physics, chemistry and biology. Medical Education.—Four years of medical study are re- quired, including four courses of seven months each in four separate calendar years. A list of “registered” or recognized medical schools is kept by the regents. Work done in colleges not registered is evaluated by the regents, and registered schools are forbidden, under penalty of losing their registra- tion, from giving any more credit than that fixed by the regents, in giving advanced standing to students for work done NEW YORK 97 in these colleges. The regents publish their accreditings for work done in medical schools not registered along with the lists of registered medical schools. No credit shall be given for the successful completion of only one year’s study in a school not registered. If the four-year course is accredited three years by the regents, three years’ work is accredited two years; two years’ work one year; one year nothing. If the four-year course is accredited two years, the successful com- pletion of three years’ work is accredited one year; two years nothing. The regents do not register medical schools which give advanced standing for work done in schools of den- tistry, pharmacy, veterinary surgery or colleges of liberal arts. None but graduates of registered medical schools can be admitted to the examination for the license to practice medi- cine. Graduates of schools not registered would have to be graduated by a registered medical school and it is forbidden from giving them advanced standing in excess of that per- mitted for that particular medical school. Exemptions.—The act is not construed to affect medical officers of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service while so commissioned; or any one engaged in the practice of dentistry, or who fits or sells lenses, artificial eyes, limbs or other apparatus, or to affect any doctor from an adjoining state who shall be called in consultation with a locally legally registered physician. Reciprocity.—Provision is made for reciprocity with states maintaining equal standards, as defined by statute, and for the accepting of candidates of known eminence and authority regardless of reciprocity. Reciprocal relations have been established with Delaware, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, Utah, Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—A person practices medicine within the meaning of this article who holds himself out as being able to diagnose, treat, operate or prescribe for any human disease, pain, injury, deformity or physical condition, and who shall either offer or undertake, by any means or method, to diag- nose, treat, operate or prescribe for any human disease, pain, injury, deformity or physical condition. Any person who practices without first being duly registered or who shall prac- tice under any unlawful means shall be guilty of a misde- meanor, while practicing under an assumed name or imper- sonating another constitutes a felony and any one so prac- ticing is subject to a fine in accordance with penal code for such offense. Act approved, May 13, 1907, and as amended to May, 1914. 98 NORTH CAROLINA NORTH CAROLINA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of seven members who are appointed by the State Medical Society to hold office for six years. Board Members.—J. F. Highsmith, M.D., President, Fayette- ville; John G. Blount, M.D., Washington; Charles T. Harper, M.D., Wilmington; John Q. Myers, M.D., Charlotte; Martin L. Stevens, M.D., Asheville; Isaac M. Taylor, M.D., Morgan- ton; H. A. Royster, M.D., Secretary, Raleigh. Examinations.—The board holds an examination the Tues- day preceding the regular meeting of the State Medical Society, usually in June, at the place designated for said meeting. Fees.—Examination and annual license fee, $15.00; recipro- cal license fee, $50.00; temporary license, $5.00; recording fee, 25 cents. Application for License.—The board examines all applicants possessing a diploma on furnishing satisfactory proof of graduation from a medical college in good standing, in anat- omy, physiology, surgery, pathology, medical hygiene, chem- istry, pharmacy, materia medica, therapeutics, microscopy, obstetrics, gynecology, pediatrics and the practice of medi- cine. Certificates must be registered with a county clerk. Two members of the board may grant a temporary license to applicants complying with the requirements. An average of 80 per cent, is required, with ndt less than 35 per cent, in any one branch. College Standard.—The requirements for recognition are not less than four years of medical work, and such facilities for clinical instruction as may be prescribed by the board. Exemptions.—Midwives and outside consultants are exemp- tions. The board in its discretion may modify the require- ments as to application and examination in case it is neces- sary to provide physicians for certain districts of the state. In case a special or “limited” license is granted the holder will be prohibited from practicing outside the specified district. Reciprocity.—The board in its discretion may license with- out examination physicians presenting licenses from any other state which has requirements equal to those of North Caro- lina. Such relations have been established with Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Virginia on a basis of examination only, and with Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma and Tennessee on the basis of either a written examination or on a diploma and a license without examination if the diploma and the license were granted prior to 1903. NORTH DAKOTA 99 Definition of Act.—None. Law of March, 1885 amended Feb. 18, 1913. NORTH DAKOTA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of nine members, two of whom shall be homeopaths, and all of whom shall be duly licensed physicians who have graduated from medical schools of high educational requirements and standing, and who have been in the active practice of medi- cine in the state for at least five years. On Aug. 1, 1911, the members were appointed by the governor, three for a period of one year, three for a period of two years and three for a period of three years. Hereafter as the terms expire all mem- bers will be appointed for a term of three years. Board Members.—Paul Sorkness, M.D., President, Fargo; F. G. Benn, M.D., Kulm; A. G. Patterson, M.D., Lisbon; H. G. Woutat, M.D., Grand Forks; A. W. Skelsey, M.D., Fargo; Francis Peake, M.D., Jamestown; J. E. Countryman, M.D., Grafton; A. J. McCannel, M.D., Minot; G. M. Williamson, M.D., Secretary, Grand Forks. Examinations.—These are held at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, beginning at 9 o’clock a. m. on the first Tuesday of January and July of each year. Fees.—Registration fee, $25.00; reciprocal fee also $25.00 except in instances where the state from which the applicant comes exacts a higher fee, in which case a similar amount is charged. Application for License.—On a blank provided by the board, applicant must set forth his age, residence, preliminary educa- tion, medical education and date of graduation. The applica- tion must be sent in at least two weeks before examination, together with the registration fee, the applicant’s diploma, a certificate of good moral character signed by two qualified physicians and a cabinet-size unmounted photograph of the applicant. This photograph must have been taken within the preceding year and must bear on the reverse side the appli- cant’s signature above those of the two physicians who have endorsed him. He must take a written examination in anat- omy, physiology, chemistry, toxicology, pathology, bacteri- ology, histology, preventive medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gyne- cology, physical diagnosis and jurisprudence. Practical labora- tory examinations are required in pathology, histology, bac- teriology and urinalysis, and oral and practical examination in anatomy, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, preventive medicine, toxicology and physical diagnosis. If the examination is taken in a foreign language a fee of $20.00 will be required to pro- 100 NORTH DAKOTA vide for translation. A general average of 75 per cent, must be obtained and a minimum of 60 per cent, in any one subject except in obstetrics, surgery, preventive medicine and physical diagnosis, in which the minimum grade must be 75 per cent. License must be recorded in the office of the recorder of deeds of the county or counties wherein the holder of the license intends to practice before the right to practice is conferred, Revocation.—The board has the right to refuse or revoke a license in cases of fraud or for unprofessional conduct. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—Graduates of 1912 and thereafter must have had sufficient preliminary edu- cation to admit them to the College of Medicine of the Uni- versity of North Dakota, which is two years of work in a standard college of liberal arts, including work in Latin, physics, chemistry and biology (botany and zoology). Appli- cants who graduated prior to 1912 must have graduated from an accredited four-year high school or possess an equivalent education. Medical Education.—Applicants who graduated subsequent to Jan. 1, 1905, must show proof that they have attended four full courses of lectures of at least eight months each in four separate calendar years, in a recognized medical college. Colleges listed in Class C by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association are not rec- ognized. Exemptions.—“Nothing in this act, however, shall be con- strued to affect lawfully qualified physicians in other states or countries meeting legally licensed physicians in this state for consultation, or any physician residing on the border of a neighboring state and duly licensed under the laws thereof to practice medicine therein, and who does not open an office or appoint a place to meet patients or receive calls within this state; or the domestic administration of family remedies or dentists practicing their profession; nor to prohibit the prac- tice of Christian Scientists or religious rules or ceremonies as a form of religious worship, devotion, or healing, provided that the persons administering or making use of or assisting or pre- scribing such rely on faith and prayer alone, and do not pre- scribe or administer drugs or medicines nor perform surgical or physical operations, nor assume the title of, or hold them- selves out to be physicians or surgeons; nor shall this act be construed to prohibit any person, if qualified under Chapter 172 of the Laws of 1909, from engaging in the practice of osteopathy, or similar manual treatment when not represent- ing himself, as, or assuming the title of doctor, physician or surgeon; provided such person does not profess or hold him- self to nor administer or prescribe drugs or perform surgery, except minor surgery; or optometrists when licensed and prac- OHIO 101 ticing under the provisions of Article 15, Chapter 4, Political Code, Revised Code of 1905; nor shall it be construed to pro- hibit commissioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service from performing their lawful duties in this state as such.” Reciprocity.—At the discretion of the board a certificate of registration showing that an examination has been made by the proper board of any state, on which an average grade of not less than 75 per cent, was awarded, the holder thereof hav- ing been at the time of said examination the legal possessor of a diploma from a medical college in good standing in the state where reciprocal registration is sought, may be accepted in lieu of examination as evidence of qualification. In case the scope of the examination was less than that prescribed by this state or where practical examinations in laboratory work and the oral examination in anatomy, obstetrics and physical diag- nosis are not required, the applicant will be required to submit to a supplemental examination in such subjects as have not been covered. The applicant must have been reputably engaged in the practice of medicine, in the state from which he seeks reciprocity, for at least one year subsequent to receiving the license on which registration in this state is sought. On the above basis North Dakota has reciprocal relations with Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—“A person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine, within the meaning of this act, who holds him- self or herself out to the public as being engaged within this state in the diagnosis or treatment of diseases or injuries of human beings; or who suggests, recommends or prescribes any form of treatment for the intended palliation, relief or cure of any physical or mental ailment of any person, with the intention of receiving therefore, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift of compensation whatsoever; or who maintains an office for the examination or treatment of persons afflicted with disease or injury of body or mind; or who attaches the title of M.D., surgeon or doctor, or any word or abbre- viation to his name, indicative that he is engaged in the treat- ment or diagnosis of the diseases or injuries of human beings.” Act effective Aug. 1, 1911, amending Act of July 1, 1905. OHIO Board.—The governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, appoints the State Medical Board, consisting of 102 OHIO seven members, to serve for seven years, representation being given to schools of practice in the state as nearly as possible in proportion to their numerical strength in the state but no one school to have a majority of the whole board. Board Members.—T. A. McCann, M.D., President, Dayton; S. M. Sherman, M.D., Columbus, A. Ravogli, M.D., Cincin- nati ; Lee Humphrey, M.D., Malta; L. E. Siemon, M.D., Cleve- land; John H. J. Upham, M.D., Columbus; Silas Schiller, M.D., Youngstown; George H. Matson, M.D., Secretary, State House, Columbus. The entrance examiner for the board is Prof. K. D. Swart- zel, Columbus, Ohio. Examinations.—-Examinations are held at Columbus begin- ning on the first Tuesday of January, April, July and October of each year. Fees.—Examination, $25.00; recording fee, 50 cents; reci- procal fee, $50.00. Preliminary examination fee, $3.00. In case of failure applicant is entitled to reexamination within twelve months. Application for License.—The applicant must file with the secretary a written application on a form prescribed by the board, verified by oath, and furnish satisfactory proof that he is more than 21 years old and is of good moral char- acter. In the application, as a condition of admission to the examination, he must produce acceptable credentials of pre- liminary education (see College Standard) and must present either a diploma from some legally chartered medical insti- tution in the United States in good standing at the time of issuing such diploma, as defined by the board, or a diploma or license approved by the board which has conferred the full right to practice all branches of medicine or surgery in some foreign country. The diploma or license, legally certified, must be presented with the application, together with such other data bearing on the applicant’s medical education, as the board may require. If the evidence submitted is satisfactory to the board, the applicant is admitted to an examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, diagnosis, materia medica and therapeutics, the principles and practice of medicine and pathology, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and chil- dren, and such other subjects as the board may require. Examinations in materia medica, therapeutics and practice are conducted by the member or members of the board repre- senting the applicant’s school of practice. The examination in diagnosis includes laboratory tests in urinalysis, identifica- tion of pathologic and bacteriologic slides and also clinical examination of patients. Practical examinations are also OHIO 103 given in anatomy, surgery and obstetrics. Certificates must be recorded with the probate judge of the county in which the applicant resides. On change of residence the certificate must be recorded anew by the probate judge of the county into which the holder removes. The board has authority to refuse or to revoke a license for cause. College Standard.—Preliminary Requirements.—In accor- dance with the law of April 14, 1900, amended May 9, 1908, the board appointed and certified a preliminary examiner who is empowered to issue certificates to prospective matriculants in Ohio medical colleges which guarantee proper preliminary education, and which are on (1) acceptable credentials or (2) on examination. The credentials which may be accepted are as follows: (a) A diploma from a reputable college granting the degree of A.B., B.S., or equivalent degree; (b) a diploma from a high school of the first grade, normal school or seminary, legally constituted, issued after four years of study; (c) a teacher’s permanent or life certificate; (d) a medical student’s cer- tificate of examination for admission to the freshman class of a reputable literary or scientific college. In the absence of the foregoing qualifications, the entrance examiner may examine the applicant in such branches as are required for graduation from a first-class high school of this state, and to pass such examination is deemed sufficient qualification. If the examination is passed and the fee of $3.00 is paid, a medical student’s entrance certificate is issued. A general average of 75 per cent, is required. Medical Edu- cation.—Applicant must have completed four full courses of not less than thirty-two weeks each, exclusive of vacations and holidays, in four separate years in a medical college rec- ognized by the board. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit service in case of emergency, or the domestic administration of family reme- dies ; nor does it apply to any commissioned medical officer of the government services in the discharge of his professional duties, nor to any legally qualified dentist when engaged exclusively in the practice of dentistry; nor to legally quali- fied consultants; nor to legally qualified physicians or sur- geons residing on the border of a neighboring state, whose practice extends into the limits of this state; nor to any osteopath who passes an examination before the board in anatomy, physiology, obstetrics and diagnosis, and who is licensed to practice osteopathy in the state, but not permitted to administer drugs nor to perform major surgery. Reciprocity.—No applicant who has failed to pass the Ohio examination will be granted a license under the reciprocity 104 OKLAHOMA clause. Ohio reciprocates on the basis of an examination with Illinois, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsyl- vania, Texas, Utah and Virginia, and on the basis either of an examination or diploma from a recognized medical college without examination, if the diploma and the license were issued prior to Jan. 1, 1900, with Arkansas, Colorado, Dela- ware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Definition of Act,—“A person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine or surgery or midwifery, within the meaning of this act, who uses the words or letters, ‘Dr.,’ ‘Doctor,’ ‘Professor,’ ‘M.D.,’ ‘M.B.,’ or any other title in connection with his name which in any way represents him as engaged in the practice of medicine, surgery, or midwifery, in any of its branches, or who examines or diagnoses for a fee or compen- sation of any kind, or prescribes, advises, recommends, admin- isters or dispenses for a fee or compensation of any kind, direct or indirect, a drug or medicine, appliance, application, operation or treatment of whatever nature for the cure or relief of a wound, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or dis- ease. The use of any such words, letters or titles in such connection or under such circumstances as to induce the belief that the person who uses them is engaged in the practice of medicine, surgery or midwifery, shall be prima facie evidence of the intent of such person to represent himself as engaged in the practice of medicine, surgery or midwifery.” Acts of Feb. 27, 1896; April 14, 1900; April 21, 1902, and March 19, 1906; revised and consolidated May 9, 1908; codi- fied Feb. 14, 1910; amended May 31, 1911; amended April 18, 1913. OKLAHOMA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of nine members appointed by the governor for a term of four years, but a clause provides that the term of office of the first board shall expire in 1911. All schools of medicine are represented on the board as follows: There are four regu- lars, one homeopath, two eclectics, one physiomedical and one osteopath. Board Members.—F. B. Fite, M.D., President, Muskogee, R. E. Sawyer, M.D., Durant; F. A. Englehart, D.O., Okla- homa City; Melvin Gray, M.D., Mountain View; LeRoy Long, M.D., McAlester; J. O. Wharton, M.D., Duncan; W. L. Bonnell, M.D., Chickasha; Philip F. Herod, M.D., Alva; John W. Duke, M.D., Secretary, Guthrie. OKLAHOMA 105 Examinations.—Examinations are held on the second Tues- day of January, April, July and October. Fee.—Examination fee, $15.00; reciprocity fee, $25.00. The entrance examiner of medical students is Prof. I. H. Holcomb of Oklahoma City. Application for License.—Applicant must show evidence of good moral character and a diploma from a legally char- tered medical college, the requirements of which at the time of granting the diploma were the equivalent of those pre- scribed by the Association of American Medical Colleges. He must prove that he is the person named in the diploma. After paying the examination fee, applicant must submit to a writ- ten examination in anatomy, histology, physiology, chemistry, physical diagnosis, bacteriology, pathology, medical jurispru- dence, toxicology, surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, the branches peculiar to the teachings of the school attended by the applicant, and such other additional subjects made neces- sary by the advance in medical education; provided, that the applicant shall be examined in theory and practice, materia medica and therapeutics by those members of the Board of Examiners who represent the school of practice to which the applicant professes to belong. Applicant must not fall below 50 per cent, in any one branch and must receive an average of at least 70 per cent. In case of failure, he is entitled to another examination within twelve months without extra cost. Cer- tificates must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county wherein the holder intends to reside. The board has the right to refuse or to revoke a certificate for unprofes- sional conduct. Osteopaths are required to be graduates of colleges having at least twenty months of instruction until 1907, when the requirement will be three years of nine months each. They will not be allowed to administer drugs except anesthetics in the practice of surgery and obstetrics and in cases of emergency. College Standard.—Physicians graduating after Jan. 1, 1918, must have completed a year of college work in addition to having an accredited four-year high-school education, and this college year must have included courses in physics, chemistry, biology and a modern language. This applies to all students who matriculated after Jan. 1, 1914. Exemptions.—All physicians and surgeons legally licensed and practicing in what is now the State of Oklahoma on the sixteenth of November, 1907, shall be required to re-register, but shall be exempt from examination except as to creden- tials, and if such are authentic shall be entitled to a certificate on payment of the fee of $5.00. 106 OREGON Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations have been established with Texas, on the basis of an examination only, and with Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia and Wisconsin on the basis of either a license by examination or on the basis of a diploma and a license without examination in case the diploma and the license were issued prior to June 12, 1908. Definition of Act.—The following persons shall be deemed as practicing medicine and surgery within the meaning of this act: First, those who prescribe or administer any drug or medicine now or hereinafter included in materia medica in the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity of human beings; second, those who practice major or minor surgery in the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity of human beings, except dealers in surgical, dental or optical appliances. Act approved, June 12, 1908. OREGON Board.—The State Board of Examiners consists of six members, three regulars, one homeopath, one eclectic and one osteopath, appointed by the governor to hold office for five years. Board Members.—H. F. McKay, M.D., President, Portland; H. S. Nichols, M.D., Portland; H. L. Henderson, M.D., Astoria; F. E. Moore, D.O., Portland; C. T. Chamberlain, M.D., Portland; L. H. Hamilton, M.D., Secretary, Portland. Examinations.—The board holds examinations on the first Tuesday of January and July in Portland. Special meetings may be called, if necessary. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00. Application for License.—Application must be made in writing, setting forth the actual time spent by the applicant in the study of medicine and surgery, when and where gradu- ated and length of time engaged in actual practice. On approval of such evidence by the board, the applicant is examined in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women, medical jurisprudence, diagnosis, pathology, dis- eases of children, diseases of the nervous system, histology, diseases of the eye and ear, and such other branches as the board may deem advisable. A general average of 75 per cent, is necessary to make a passing grade. Five per cent, will be allowed for each ten years of active practice. Licenses must be filed with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant intends to practice. PENNSYLVANIA 107 College Standard.—The board recognizes colleges lawfully organized in the state or territory in which they are located. The candidate must have graduated from a reputable medical college as determined by the Board. Exemptions.—The law makes no exemptions, except that dentists, in the practice of their professions, arc not affected by the act. Reciprocity.—Although the law provides for reciprocal registration, the board, at present, does not reciprocate with any other state. Definition of Act—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act who appends the let- ters “M.D.” or “M.B.” to his name, or, for a fee, prescribes, directs or recommends, for the use of any person, any drug or medicine or agency for the treatment, cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, infirmity or disease. Act approved Feb. 23, 1895. Boards.—The Bureau of Medical Education and Licensure of the Department of Public Instruction of Pennsylvania, con- sists of seven members. Two of these are ex-officio, the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Commissioner of Health. The other five are appointed by the governor from the legally qualified physicians who have been practicing in the state at least ten years prior to their appointment. One member, must be a regular, one a homeopath and one an eclectic; the other two are not to represent the same school of medicine. No member must be on the faculty of a medical college. Two members of the first board serve for one year, two for two years and one for three years. As the terms of office expire the appointments will be for a term of three years. Board Members.—John M. Baldy, M.D. (1915), President, 2219 Delancey St., Philadelphia; Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., Com- missioner of Health, Harrisburg; Daniel P. Maddux, M.D., (1915), Chester; Calvin L. Johnstonbaugh, M.D., (1916),Beth- lehem; William A. Stewart, M.D. (1916), Pittsburgh; J. W. Sallade, M.D. (1917), Auburn; F. H. Schneider (1917), Philadelphia; Nathan C. Schaeffer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary, Harrisburg. The preliminary examiners are Prof. John Loman, 422 Perry Bldg., Philadelphia, and C. Blaine Smathers, Pitts- burgh. Meetings.—Examinations will be held at Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Harrisburg in June and at Philadelphia in December of each year. PENNSYLVANIA 108 PENNSYLVANIA Fees.—Licensing fee, $25.00; registration fee, $50.00. Application for License.—Applicant must furnish satisfac- tory proof that he is 21 years of age, is of good moral char- acter, is not addicted to the intemperate use of alcoholic or narcotic drugs, and has had a satisfactory preliminary and medical education. Each application must have attached to it an affidavit of the applicant as to it verity, and must be accompanied by two recently taken, unmounted photographs of the applicant, one of which must be certified by the dean of the medical school of which the applicant attended, and the other is to be left blank for use in the examination. He must show evidence of having graduated from a medical college approved by the bureau, and also of having completed an internship in an approved hospital. If his credentials are sat- isfactory the applicant must submit to an examination in the English language which must be written but which may be supplemented by oral or practical laboratory, or bedside exam- inations, or both. The examination includes anatomy, physi- ology, chemistry, hygiene and preventive medicine, pathology, bacteriology, symptomatology, diagnosis, surgery, gynecology and obstetrics, medical jurisprudence and toxicology, materia medica and therapeutics. The examinatiorTin materia medica and therapeutics will be conducted by the members of the bureau of the same school of medicine as the respective appli- cant. In case of failure the applicant after the expiration of six months, may take a second examination without extra fee. If he fails at the second examination, he must make a new application and pay another fee. The certificate of license must be registered in the office of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. Revoca- tion of License.—The bureau may refuse to issue or may revoke a license in cases where the applicant has been proved guilty of unprofessional conduct, which includes the aiding or abetting in producing a criminal abortion; conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, habitual intemperance in the use of ardent spirits or stimulants or narcotics. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—The comple- tion of a standard four-year high school course and not less than one year of college credits in physics, chemistry and biology are required prior to the beginning of medical study. Medical Education.—Applicants must have graduated from legally incorporated medical colleges recognized as in good standing with the bureau and which give four courses of at least 32 weeks each of 35 hours per week of actual work in didactic and clinical study. Before he can secure a license he must have completed also an internship in an approved hospital, though this need not necessarily be obtained prior PENNSYLVANIA 109 to graduation. Hospital Standard.—The required internship must be taken in a hospital which shall have at least twenty- five beds to each intern, devoted to the treatment of medical, surgical, gynecological, and special diseases; shall maintain or establish cooperation with a maternity department or hospital in which each intern shall have not less than six weeks’ ser- vice, or the equivalent thereof, during which time he shall have attended or participated in the attendance on not less than six confinements; shall maintain a thoroughly equipped mod- ern pathological and clinical laboratory proportionate to the necessities of the hospital, and the records on file of the cases treated in said hospitals shall give evidence of the labo- ratory work so done by the intern; shall maintain a depart- ment of anesthesia consisting of one or more anesthetists who shall have supervision over all the anesthesia given in the institution and whose duty it shall be to instruct all interns in the administration of anesthetics. Nothing in this act, how- ever, shall be construed as applying to hospitals employing on salary graduate interns whose service is confined exclusively to the said institution. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to officers in the regu- lar medical service of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service while in the discharge of their official duties, nor to physicians duly licensed in another state who have been called in consultation by a licensed physician of Pennsylvania; nor to those who are actually serving as mem- bers of the resident medical or surgical staff of an incorpo- rated or state hospital. The act is in no way to conflict with the acts relating to the practice of pharmacy and osteopathy. Reciprocity.—The bureau is given authority in its discre- tion to accept certificates of license issued by other states in lieu of an examination where those states accord a like recog- nition of licenses issued in Pennsylvania. The applicant must have been reputably engaged in the practice of medicine, in the state from which he seeks reciprocity, for at least two years subsequent to receiving the license on which registration in this state is sought. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mary- land, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hamp- shire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virgina, West Virginia, Wiscon- sin and Wyoming. Definition of Act.—No attempt is made to define the prac- tice of medicine, but the act provides that “it shall be unlaw- ful for any person to engage in the practice of medicine 110 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS and surgery, or to hold himself forth as a practitioner in medicine and surgery, or to assume the title of doctor of medicine and surgery, or doctor of any specific disease, or to diagnose diseases, or to treat diseases by the use of medi- cines or surgery, or to sign any death certificate, or to hold himself forth as able to do so,” excepting those herein exempted, unless he has been duly licensed so to do. Act approved, June 3, 1911; in effect Jan. 1, 1912; amended in June, 1913. Board.—The director of Health for the Philippine Islands appoints the Board of Medical Examiners, consisting of three physicians. The term of office is three years. The board appertains to the Department of the Interior so far as execu- tive action may be required in connection with it. Dr. Victor G. Heiser, of the United States Public Health Service, is the director of health. Board Members.—A. P. Goff, M.D., President, Manila; M. A. Velarde, M.D., Manila; Claude E. Norris, M.D., Sec- retary, Bureau of Health, Manila. Examinations.—The board meets in Manila, for the pur- pose of examining candidates, on the second Tuesday of January, April, July and October. Fees.—Certificate of registration, $15.00. Application for License.—The board issues a certificate of registration to any person who furnishes satisfactory proof of having received a diploma as Doctor of Medicine from a chartered medical school or college in good standing, or a degree as Licentiate in Medicine and Surgery from the St. Thomas University in the city of Manila, and who passes a successful examination before the board in anatomy, physi- ology, chemistry, materia medica and therapeutics, pathology and bacteriology, hygiene, surgery, practice of medicine, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, diseases of the nervous system, diseases of the eye and ear, and medical juris- prudence. Examinations may be written or oral, or both. In case of failure, the applicant is not permitted again to present himself for examination until a period of six months has elapsed. The board issues four forms of certificates of registration: one for persons holding the degree of Doctor of Medicine; another for persons holding the degree of Licentiate of Medi- cine; a third for undergraduates in medicine or cirujanos ministrantes, and a fourth for midwives. Certificates must be recorded in the office of the registrar of deeds in the province or provinces in which the applicant may desire to practice. The usual fees are charged for recording such certificates. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS PORTO RICO 111 College Standard.—The board is guided by the rules of the Association of American Medical Colleges and Southern Medical College Association. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit the rendering of services in cases of emergency or the administration of family remedies; nor does it apply to medical officers of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service; nor to physi- cians or surgeons from other countries, provinces or cities, called in consultation; nor to actual medical students prac- ticing medicine under the direct supervision of a preceptor who is a registered doctor of medicine. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act who shall treat, operate on, prescribe or advise for any physical ailment of another for a fee, or who shall represent himself by means of signs, cards, advertisements or otherwise as a physician or surgeon. Act of Dec. 4, 1901. PORTO RICO Board.—The Board of Examiners is appointed by the gov- ernor, with the advice and consent of the executive council, and consists of five members who hold office for five years. Secretary, Dr. Quevedo Baez, San Juan. Examinations.—The board holds examinations in San Juan on the first Tuesday of April and October, and at such other times and places as it may determine. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; certificate fee, $5.00. Application for License.—Application must be made in writing, accompanied by proof that the applicant is a gradu- ate of a medical school or institution in good standing and legally organized, and duly approved by the board. The evi- dence proving satisfactory, the applicant is required to take an examination embracing anatomy, physiology and hygiene, histology and bacteriology, pathologic anatomy, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pathology, diagnosis, legal medicine and toxicology, materia medica and therapeutics, and a prac- tical examination. The examinations are conducted in English or Spanish, as the applicant may desire. Certificates must be recorded within sixty days from the date thereof, in the office of the Sanitation Department. The usual fees are charged for making such record. Any one failing to pass the required examination is entitled to a second examination within six months, without fee. The requirements for applicants who desire to practice osteopathy are the same as for applicants to 112 RHODE ISLAND practice medicine with the exception of the examination in therapeutics. College Standard.—Applicant must be a graduate of a reputable medical college legally organized and which is approved by the board. Exemptions.—Medical officers serving in the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service are exempted from examination, but are required to be registered by the Superior Board of Health and to pay a fee of $5.00. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing within the meaning of this act who shall append the letters “M.D.” (for medical doctor) to his or her name, who shall profess publicly to be a physician or surgeon, or who shall recommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person any drug, medicine, appliance, apparatus or other agency, whether material or not material, for the cure, relief or pal- liation of any ailment, or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury or other deformity, after having received, or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, gift or compensation. RHODE ISLAND Board.—The State Board of Health, which is appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, each member successively holding office for five years, has charge of the registration and licensing of physicians. The board consists of eight members, five regulars, one homeopath and two laymen (one clergyman and one druggist). Board Members.—Alexander B. Briggs, M.D., President, Ashaway; Rev. George L. Locke, Bristol; James O’Hare, P.D., Providence; Rufus E. Darrah, M.D., Newport; John H. Ben- nett, M.D., Pawtucket; Robert M. Smith, M.D., Riverpoint; W. L. Harris, M.D., Providence; Gardner T. Swarts, M.D., Secretary, Providence. Examinations.—Examinations are held on the first Thurs- day and Friday of January, April, July and October in Provi- dence. Fees.—Examination fee, $20.00; certificate fee, $2.00. Application for License.—Applicants at the examination present a recent photograph with their signature on the reverse side, and must hold a diploma from a medical school in good standing and must pass a satisfactory examination in anatomy and physiology, materia medica and chemistry, path- SOUTH CAROLINA 113 ology, surgery, theory and practice of medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, medical jurisprudence and hygiene, with an aver- age grade of 80 per cent. Certificates must be registered with the town or city clerk of the applicant’s place of residence. College Standard.—Only graduates of medical colleges rated as acceptable (Class A + and Class A) by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association are admitted to examination. Medical colleges to be so rated must require of all students admitted in the sessions of 1914-15 and thereafter, completion of at least one year of collegiate work including college courses in physics, chemistry and biology, in addition to a standard four-year high-school edu- cation. Exemptions.—The law does not discriminate against any particular school or system of medicine; it does not prohibit gratuitous services in cases of emergency; nor does it apply to commissioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, nor to legally qualified consultants from another state called in consultation with a physician registered in this state, providing they do not open an office or appoint a place at which they may meet patients or receive calls. Reciprocity.—None. Definition of Act.—Any person who shall practice medicine or surgery or attempt to practice medicine or surgery, or any of the branches of medicine or surgery, after having received therefor or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly or indirectly, any bonus, fee or compensation, or who shall open an office with intent to practice medicine, or shall hold himself out to the public as a practitioner of medicine, whether by appending to his name the title of doctor or any abbreviation thereof, or “M.D.,” or any other title or desig- nation implying a practitioner of medicine, or in any other way, shall be deemed practicing medicine within the meaning of the act. Act approved, 1902. Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners is com- posed of eight members, one from each of the seven con- gressional districts and one from the state at large, is nomi- nated by the State Medical Association, and is appointed and commissioned by the governor. The term of office is two years. Board Members.—Harry H. Wyman, M.D., President, Aiken; H. L. Shaw, M.D., Fountain Inn; J. J. Watson, M.D., SOUTH CAROLINA 114 SOUTH CAROLINA Columbia; John Lyon, M.D., Greenwood; J. T. Taylor, M.D., Adams Run; E. W. Pressly, M.D., Clover; A. Moultrie Brails- ford, M.D., Mullins; A. Earle Boozer, M.D., Secretary, 1806 Hampton Ave., Columbia. Examinations.—The board holds examinations on the second Tuesdays in June and November at Columbia. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00; recording fee, 25 cents. Application for License.—All persons holding diplomas from reputable medical schools, given prior to the passage of the act, and who give evidence of sufficient preliminary educa- tion (equivalent to a teacher’s first-grade certificate) are eligible for examination, irrespective of time of attendance on medical lectures. All persons graduating after the passage of this act (February, 1904) must present evidence of sufficient preliminary education and of having attended four full courses of lectures of at least twenty-six weeks each, no two courses being in the same year. The examinations of the board are divided into two sections, known as the junior and the senior curriculum. The junior curriculum comprises examination in general anatomy, physiology and histology; materia medica and medical botany; chemistry, organic and inorganic, and medical physics; bacteriology and pathology. The senior cur- riculum comprises regional or surgical anatomy, practical hygiene, sanitary science, state medicine, practical urinalysis and urinary microscopy, therapeutics and toxicology, general and special surgery, surgical procedure, practical medicine and diseases of children, practical obstetrics and gynecology and medical jurisprudence. Applicants possessing a diploma, and who have pursued study in four separate courses, attaining a mark of not less than 75 per cent, on each individual branch of the curriculum, are exempted from examination in the junior curriculum. Those applicants who hold a diploma, but whose term of attendance was less than four years, must pass on both the junior and senior curriculum, as must also those attending a four-year course who cannot produce a certificate showing that they attained a mark of 75 per cent, on all branches of their college curriculum. Temporary permits may be issued by the president and sec- retary of the board, such permits to be valid until the next regular meeting of the board. The board will issue licenses to graduates of colleges of osteopathy and homeopathy spe- cifically for the practice of osteopathy and homeopathy, these applicants to be examined in all branches of the medical col- lege course except materia medica and therapeutics, major surgery and the practice of medicine. Revocation of License. —The board is authorized to suspend or revoke a license for SOUTH DAKOTA 115 gross immorality, addiction to drug or liquor habits or for illegal practices. College Standard.—In addition to a preliminary education at least the equivalent of a first-grade teacher’s certificate, a four-year graded course of at least twenty-six weeks each year in a medical college of established reputation, no two courses to be given in the same calendar year. After July 1, 1914, the board will not recognize colleges rated lower than Class B by the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to dentists or mid- wives. Reciprocity.—The board is empowered to endorse, without examination, on receipt of the regular fee ($10.00), the licenses issued by other state boards having an equal standing. The board now reciprocates with Maine, Maryland, West Virginia and Wyoming. No applicant who has failed to pass the board’s examination will be granted a license under the reci- procity clause. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine, within the meaning of this act, who shall treat, operate on, or prescribe for any physical ailment of another, except those engaged solely in the practice of osteopathy. Act approved, Feb. 27, 1904; amended, March 4, 1905, and Feb. 26, 1908. SOUTH DAKOTA Board.—The Board of Health and Medical Examiners con- sists of five members, and is appointed by the governor to hold office for two years. Three members of the board are regulars, one is a homeopath, and one is an eclectic. Board Members.—W. E. Daniels, M.D., President, Madison; H. R. Kenaston, M.D., Bonesteel; F. E. Ashcroft, M.D., Deadwood; E. W. Feige, M.D., Huron; Park B. Jenkins, M.D., Secretary, Waubay. Examinations.—The board holds two regular examinations each year, beginning on the second Tuesday of January and July. Fees.—Examination fee, $20.00. No portion of this fee is returned in case of failure, but applicant may take a second examination without additional fee. Application for License.—On a blank which can be obtained from the secretary of the board, applicant must give his age, residence, preliminary education, time and place where each course of medical lectures were taken and the date of gradua- 116 SOUTH DAKOTA tion. He must furnish a certificate of good moral character signed by two reputable physicians, and if he has been in practice for one year, a certificate signed by the president and secretary of his local medical society. He must also fur- nish an unmounted photograph of himself taken within the preceding year, with an affidavit on the back showing it to be a true likeness. This photograph is to remain the property of the board. The application, together with the diploma and the fee ($20.00), must be in the hands of the secretary prior to the first day of January or July if applicant is to be admitted to the examination in that respective month. On approval of the credentials applicant must pass an examination in anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, chemistry, pathology, therapeutics, practice of medicine, surgery, obstet- rics, gynecology, diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, skin and genito-urinary diseases, hygiene and sanitation, bac- teriology, medical jurisprudence, and practical laboratory work in chemistry, urinalysis, pathology, histology and embryology, and such other branches as the board may deem advisable. An average of at least 75 per cent, of correct answers is required from the applicant. Licenses must be recorded with a county register of deeds. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—Applicants for examination who matriculated in a medical college subsequent to Aug. 1, 1911, must as a prerequisite thereto present to the board satisfactory evidence of preliminary education consisting of an accredited four-year high-school course and in addition two years of work in a college of liberal arts or its equiva- lent. Those matriculating prior to Aug. 1, 1911, but subsequent to Jan. 1, 1908, must have a preliminary training equal to one year o'f college work in addition to the accredited four- year high school education. Medical Education.—Those who graduated subsequent to Jan. 1, 1905, must show evidence of having attended four full courses of study of at least eight months each year in a recognized medical college. No medi- cal college which accepts or graduates students who do not have the preliminary education required by the board as a prerequisite to medical education will be considered in good standing by the board. Exemptions.—This act does not apply to commissioned sur- geons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, in the actual performance of their duties, nor to legally qualified consultants, nor to dentists or osteopaths in the legitimate practice of their profession, nor to Christian Scientists as such who do not practice medicine, surgery or obstetrics by the use of any material remedies or agents. TENNESSEE 117 Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations on the basis of an exam- ination are held with Minnesota and North Dakota. Definition of Act.—“When a person shall append or prefix the letters ‘M.B.,’ or ‘M.D.,’ or the title ‘Dr.’ or‘ Doctor,’ or any other sign or appellation in a medical sense to his or her name, or shall profess publicly to be a physician or surgeon, or who shall recommend, prescribe or direct for the use of any person any drug, medicine, apparatus or other agency for the cure, relief or palliation of any ailment or disease of the mind or body, or for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture or bodily injury, or deformity after having received or with the intent of receiving therefor, either directly of indirectly, any bonus, gift or compensation, shall be regarded as practicing within the meaning of this act.” Act approved Feb. 28, 1905. Rulings amended Feb. 1, 1912 TENNESSEE Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of six members—four regulars, one eclectic and one homeopath, and is appointed by the governor to hold office for four years. Board Members.—Ambrose McCoy, M.D., President, Jack- son ; W. L. McCreary, M.D., Knoxville; George D. Butler, M.D., Pulaski; Benjamin L. Simmons, M.D., Granville; S. W. Woodyard, M.D., Greeneville; Alfred B. DeLoach, M.D., Sec- retary, Scimitar Bldg., Memphis. Examinations.—The board holds examinations annually, in Nashville, Memphis and Knoxville. Fees.—Examination fee for temporary license, $5.00; for permanent license, $10.00; for the issuance of a certificate of temporary license, $1.00; for permanent license, $5.00. County recording fee, 50 cents. Application for License.—Application must be made in writing, accompanied by examination fee, and satisfactory proof that the applicant is of good moral character. A diploma is not required. All applicants are examined in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, surgery, obstetrics, materia medica and practice, and the branches peculiar to the teachings of the school attended by the applicant. Certificates of license must be recorded with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant proposes to practice within three months from the date of issuance, and in case of removal to another county, certificate must be again recorded in that county. A recent decision of the Supreme Court says that each license to be valid must be recorded, word for word, just as a deed is recorded. Practitioners who have registered in 118 TEXAS the county in which they reside may go from one county to another on professional duties without being required to register. Temporary licenses are granted on examination, which are good until the next meeting of the board. College Standard.—Tennessee recognizes no colleges. A diploma is not a prerequisite for examination. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit the administration of domestic or family remedies in cases of emergency, nor does it apply to the practice of dentistry, to surgeons of the United States Army, Navy or Public Health Service, nor to any registered physician or surgeon of other states called in actual consultation, nor to midwives, nor to veterinary sur- geons, nor osteopaths, not giving or using medicine in their practice, nor to opticians, nor to Christian Scientists. Reciprocity.—The applicant must have been reputedly engaged in the practice of medicine, in the state from which he seeks reciprocity, for at least one year subsequent to receiv- ing the license on which registration in this state is sought. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Colorado, Maryland, Nebraska, Penn- sylvania and Wyoming and on the basis either of an exami- nation or of a diploma from a reputable medical college with- out examination if the diploma and the license were issued prior to April 20, 1901, with Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Min- nesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Utah, Virgina, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing who treats or professes to treat, operate on, or prescribe for any physical ailment or any physical injury to or deformity of another. Act approved, April 20, 1901. TEXAS Board.—The Texas State Board of Medical Examiners consists of eleven members who must have been legal and active practitioners of the state for at least three years preced- ing their appointment, and no school of medicine is to have a majority on the board. Board Members.—T. J. Crowe, M.D., President, Dallas; M. F. Bettencourt, M.D., Mart; J. J. Williams, M.D., Groes- beck; J. H. McLean, M.D., Fort Worth; J. S. McCelvey, M.D., Temple; W. S. Swain, M.D., Dallas; H. C. Morrow, M.D., Austin; M. A. Cooper, M.D., Childress; S. L. Sco- thorne, Temple; H. B. Mason, Temple; M. P. McElhannon, M.D., Secretary, Belton. TEXAS 119 Examinations.—Regular examinations are held on the fourth Tuesday in June and the second Tuesday in November of each year. Fees.—Examination fee, $15.00; reciprocal fee, $20.00; recording fee, $1.00. Application for License.—Applicants must present satis- factory evidence that they are 21 years of age, that they are of good moral character and are graduates of reputable medi- cal schools, and on payment of the required fee must submit to a written examination in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, pathology, bacteriology, physical diagnosis, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. A general average of 75 per cent, is required. Falling below 50 per cent, in two or more branches is counted as a failure regardless of the general average. In case of failure to pass the examination, after one year applicant will be permitted to take a second examination without additional fee. License must be recorded in the office of the district clerk of the county in which the holder resides. Provision is made for the refusal or the revocation of a license in cases of fraud or for immoral or unprofessional conduct, which is defined to include crimes involving moral turpitude, the procuring, aiding or abetting the procuring of a criminal abortion, efforts to deceive or defraud the public, or gross intemperance or addic- tion to drugs. College Standard.—The requirements of preliminary and medical education are given in the following schedule relating to medical colleges: Section I. Authority.—The Board of Medical Examiners for the State of Texas is by the Medical Practice Act of 1907 allowed to admit to its examinations for license to practice medicine only applicants who are graduates of bona fide, reputable medical schools. The law says: “Such schools shall be considered reputable within the meaning of this act whose entrance requirements and course of instruction are as high as those adopted by the better class of medical schools of the United States.” On this authority are issued the following standard requirements for Texas medical colleges, equivalent to those adopted by the better class of medical schools of the United States. Only those Texas medical schools enforcing the following entrance requirements and having the following prescribed facilities and courses of instruction will be consid- ered reputable and their graduates admitted to the examina- tions of this board. Section II. Entrance Requirements.—Colleges to be consid- ered reputable shall admit to their courses of instruction only students having the following credentials of preliminary edu- cation: (1) Acceptable Credentials: (a) A diploma from a 120 TEXAS reputable university or college granting the degree of A.B., B.S., or equivalent degree. (b) A student’s certificate of admission by examination, issued by a university or college of the first class, which will be accepted for admission to the College of Arts of the Uni- versity of Texas. (c) A diploma from the Texas State Normal Schools, the Agricultural and Mechanical College or the Girls’ College of Industrial ■ Arts. (d) A diploma from a high school which is affiliated in the first grade with the University of Texas. Graduates of high schools in the second and third groups of affiliated schools will be credited with the subjects completed, but must pass examination on a sufficient number of elective branches to secure a total credit of 14 units. (e) A diploma from a normal school, academy, seminary or other school legally constituted, when documentary evidence shows that the work included a four years’ course which was preceded by eight years of study in the elementary and inter- mediate grades. (f) A medical student’s certificate will be accepted at the time of entrance, issued on examination by any State Board of Medical Examiners having reciprocity arrangements with this Board. (g) Holders of first-grade teachers’ certificates will be given credit for eight units. Holders of permanent teachers’ certifi- cates will be given credit for eleven units. Electives: From the following list sufficient subjects must be selected to make fourteen units. A unit represents one study of a recitation period of forty minutes, for a term of thirty-six weeks. English.—1 unit. History.—y2, 1, 1 y2 or 2 units (additional to prescribed units). Latin.—2, 3 or 4 units. Greek.—2 or 3 units. French.—2 or 3 units. German.—2 or 3 units. Spanish.—2 or 3 units. Physics.—1 or 2 units, with laboratory works (Car hart, Chute, Gage). Chemistry.—1 or 2 units, with laboratory work (Williams or Remsen, Briefer Course). Botany.—1 or 2 units. Physiography.—unit. (Colson Briefer Course.) Physiology.—y2 unit. Civics.—y2 unit. Solid Geometry.—y2 unit. Trigonometry.—y2 unit. Manual Training.—1 or 2 units. After June 1, 1914, in addition to the above, at least one year of collegiate work (30 semester hours), including col- lege courses in physics, chemistry, biology and a modern TEXAS 121 language must have been completed by the student before matriculation in a medical college. Section III—Requirements of Medical Colleges.—This hoard will consider in good standing only such medical col- leges of this state as have the following requirements for admission and graduation, facilities for instruction and curricula. Schools of this and other states having the above entrance requirements and the following curricula shall have its grad- uates admitted to examination before this board when said school is approved by the national association to which school belongs: (a) Matriculation only on certificates, guaranteeing a pre- liminary education, issued by this board. (b) An attendance on four full courses of lectures in four separate years, the work of each year to include not less than 900 teaching hours and an aggregate of 3,600 teaching hours. (c) An attendance of at least 80 per cent, on each course of instruction. (d) A period of at least forty-two months from the date of matriculation and the date of graduation. (e) Colleges must possess adequate and competent facili- ties for teaching modern medicine, surgery and obstetrics in all their branches. (f) Colleges must afford their students adequate labor- atories and laboratory equipment and adequate clinical and hospital facilities. (g) Colleges must embrace in their curriculum courses in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, histology, bacteri- ology, pathology, dermatology, physical diagnosis, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. (h) Colleges must literally observe their own published requirements for admission, tuition, times of attendance on the annual sessions and graduation, which must he definitely set forth, together with complete lists of matriculants and annual graduates in their regular printed annual catalogues or announcements. Exemptions.—There is to 1 : no discrimination against any school of medicine, and this act shall not apply to dentists in the practice of dentistry, nor to nurses who practice only nursing, nor to masseurs practicing massage who publicly rep- resent themselves as such, nor to government surgeons in the performance of their duties, nor to legally qualified physicians of other states called in consultation, nor to licensed druggists in the sale of drugs and medicines. Reciprocity.—The board is authorized to arrange for reci- procity in license with other states having requirements equal to those of Texas. On the basis of an examination only, Texas reciprocates with Arkansas, District of Columbia, Geor- 122 UTAH gia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska,- Nevada, New Jer- sey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah, Vermont, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine who shall publicly profess to be a physician or surgeon or shall treat or offer to treat any disease or dis- order, mental or physical deformity or injury, by any system or method, or to effect cures thereof and charge therefor, directly or indirectly, money or other compensation. Penal- ties.—Any person practicing medicine in violation of this act, shall, upon conviction, be fined not less than $50.00, nor more than $500.00, and by imprisonment not execeeding six months, and in no case where the provisions of this act are violated shall the violator be entitled to recover by action, suit or warrant, any compensation for the service rendered, and each day shall constitute a separate offense. Act approved in 1907. UTAH Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of ten members, nine of whom are appointed by the governor from licensed graduate practitioners representing the various schools of medicine. The attorney-general is ex-officio the tenth member of the board. This board has the power to sue or be sued in its official name, to employ legal counsel and to conduct such business as is necessary in the performance of its duty. In 1911 three members were appointed for a term of two years, three members for four years and three members for six years. Hereafter every two years three members will be appointed to serve for six years. Board Members.—D. C. Budge, M.D., President, Logan; F. E. Straup, M.D., Bingham Canyon; C. L. Olsen, M.D., Murray; Fred W. Taylor, M. D., Provo; C. F. Osgood, M.D., Ogden; Clarence Snow, M.D., Salt Lake; Robert R. Hampton, M.D., Salt Lake; A. P. Hibbs, D.O., Ogden; G. F. Harding, M.D., Secretary, Salt Lake. Examinations.—The board holds examinations on the first Monday in January, April, July and October of each year in the state capitol. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; reciprocity fee, $75.00. Application for License.—Applicant must present evidence of satisfactory preliminary education and a diploma from a legally chartered medical college recognized by the board, together with an unmounted, full-face photograph, at least 3 by 4 inches, which was taken of himself within a year of the date of the application. He must then pass an examina- UTAH 123 tion in anatomy, histology, physiology, chemistry, bacteriology, pathology, therapeutics, physical diagnosis, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology and practice of medicine. A general average of 75 per cent, is required. The license must be recorded in the office of the recorder»of the county wherein holder resides, and must be again so recorded in case of removal to another county. Revocation of License.—The board has the right to revoke or refuse a license for unprofessional conduct after due investigation has been made and proof established. Unprofes- sional conduct is defined to include criminal abortion, claiming to permanently cure manifestly incurable diseases, betraying of professional secrets, the making of grossly improbable state- ments in advertisements, the advertising of any medicine or means regulating or re-establishing the monthly periods of women, any offense involving moral turpitude, habitual intem- perance, the excessive use of drugs or gross immorality. College Standard.—The minimum standard of preliminary education is graduation from a first-grade high school or an equivalent education, which must have included two years of German or Latin. After the year 1916 the applicant shall have completed, in addition to the above, a of collegiate work. Applicant must also have received a diploma from a recognized medical college which at the time of granting the diploma required an aggregate of at least 3,500 hours in the following subjects: Anatomy, histology, physiology, chemistry, toxicol- ogy, urinalysis, therapeutics, bacteriology, pathology, theory and practice of medicine (or osteopathy), surgery, obstetrics, materia medica (or osteopathic therapeutics), gynecology, pediatrics, dermatology, hygiene, medical jurisprudence, oph- thalmology, otology, rhinology and laryngology. Exemptions.—This act does not prohibit gratuitous services in case of emergency, the administration of proprietary or family remedies, or the sale of appliances, nor to the medical officials of the government services in the performance of their official duties, nor to those healing by spiritual means without pretending to have a knowledge of medicine. Reciprocity.—The applicant must have been reputably engaged in the practice of medicine in the state from which he seeks reciprocity for at least one year subsequent to receiving the license on which registration in this state is sought. Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, have been established with Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wyoming, and, on the basis either of an examination, or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without exam- ination, if the diploma and license were issued prior to Dec. 24, 1892, with Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, 124 VERMONT Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Tennessee and Wisconsin. Definition.—“Any person shall be regarded as practicing medicine within the meaning of this act who shall diagnose, treat, operate on, prescribe or advise for, any physical ailment or any abnormal mental or physical condition of another, after having received or with the intent to receive therefor, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift, compensation or other pecuniary benefit, reward or consideration, or who shall hold himself out by means of signs, cards, advertisements, or otherwise, as a physician or surgeon.” Penalties— Practicing without a license is a misdemeanor, and one so practicing is liable to a fine of from $100.00 to $500.00 or imprisonment for sixty to eighty days, or both fine and imprisonment. Act approved March 14, 1907; amended 1911. VERMONT Board.—The State Board of Medical Registration consists of seven members—three regulars, two homeopaths, and two eclectics—who serve fpr a term of six years. The terms of two members expire every two years. The members must be graduates of legally chartered medical colleges, and in active practice, but must not belong to the faculty of any medical college or university. The appointments are made by the gov- ernor from a list furnished by the medical, homeopathic and eclectic societies of the state. The board is authorized to make such rules and regulations as are necessary for the performance of their duties. Board Members.—F. H. Godfrey, M.D., President, Chelsea; E. B. Whitaker, M.D., Barre; George L. Bates, M.D., Morris- ville; P. -L. Templeton, M.D., Montpelier; S. W. Hammond, M.D., Rutland; G. I. Forbes, M.D., Burlington; W. Scott Nay, M.D., Secretary, Underhill. Examinations.—The board holds examinations at the State House in Montpelier on the second Tuesday in January, and at Burlington on the second Tuesday in July, commencing at 9 o’clock a. m., and at such other times and places as it may determine. Fees.—Examination fee, $20.00; recording fee, 25 cents; reciprocal registration fee, $50.00. Application for a License.—Applicant must be 21 years of age, of good moral character and a graduate of a legally char- tered medical college which is recognized by the board. If his credentials are satisfactory, on payment of the required fee, he is entitled to an examination, which is wholly or in part in writing, embracing 90 questions in anatomy, physiology, VERMONT 125 chemistry, pathology, bacteriology, hygiene, practice of medi- cine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, materia medica, thera- peutics and legal medicine. A general average of 75 per cent, is required to pass. Reputable practitioners are allowed 1 per cent, for each year of practice, this allowance not to exceed 10 per cent. In case of failure the applicant may be re-examined within one year without additional fee. Students who have completed the work of the sophomore year in recognized medical colleges may be examined in anat- omy, physiology, chemistry and histology, on payment of one- half of the regular examination fee. Any credits received will count toward the examination for license and the fee paid will be credited toward the regular examination fee. Each license must be recorded in the office of the secretary of state within thirty days after date of issuance. Refusal or Revocation of License.—The board has authority to refuse or revoke a license for unprofessional conduct, which includes the practice of criminal abortion, false or fraudulent representations made to obtain practice, the assuming of another’s name, or other dis- honorable conduct. Penalties.—Practicing under an assumed name or without a license makes the person so doing liable to a fine of from $50.00 to $200.00 or to imprisonment for not more than three months, or to both fine and imprisonment. College Standard.—The standard of requirements of the Vermont board is as follows: Preliminary.-*- A four-year high- school education or its equivalent, such as would admit the student to a recognized university. Those who graduate after July 1, 1916, must have completed a year’s college work devoted to physics, chemistry and biology in addition to the high-school course prior to beginning medical study. Medical. —Four courses of lectures of 90 hours each, in four different calendar years prior to graduation from a medical college approved by the board. Only graduates of medical schools rated in Class A by the Council on Medical Education are admitted to examinations since June, 1913. Exemptions.—This act does not apply to persons licensed under the provisions of former acts, nor to persons who resided and practiced medicine in the state previous to Nov. 28, 1876, nor to commissioned officers of the United States Army, Navy, or Public Health Service, nor to legally quali- fied consultants, nor to midwives. Reciprocity.—Vermont has reciprocal relations, on the basis of an examination only, with Arkansas, District of Columbia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Nebraska, New Jersey, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wyoming, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an examina- 126 VIRGINIA tion if the diploma and the license were issued prior to Janu- ary 1, 1905, with California, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oklahoma, Utah and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—A person who advertises or holds him- self out to the public as a physician or surgeon, or who assumes the title or uses the words or letters “Dr.,” “Doctor,” “Professor,” “M.D.,” or “M.B.,” in connection with his name, or any other title intending to imply or designate himself as a practitioner of medicine or surgery in any of its branches, and in connection with such title or titles shall prescribe, direct, recommend or advise, give or sell for the use of any person, any drug, medicine or other agency or application for the treatment, cure or relief of any bodily injury, infirmity or disease, or who follows the occupation of treating disease by any system or method, shall be deemed a physician, or practitioner of medicine or surgery. These provisions apply to persons professing and attempting to cure disease by means of “faith cure,” “mind-healing” or “laying on of hands.” Act approved, Jan. 14, 1909. VIRGINIA Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners shall con- sist of one regular physician from each congressional district and one homeopath and one osteopath from the state at large. The term of office is four years. The board is appointed by the governor and is selected from a list furnished by the Medical Society of Virginia; the homeopathic and osteopathic members are nominated by their respective state societies. Board Members.—R. S. Martin, M.D., President, Stuart; E. H. Shackleford, D.O., Richmond; J. E. Warriner, M.D., Richmond (R. F. D.) ; O. C. Wright, M.D., Jarratts; P. W Boyd, Jr., M.D., Winchester; Lewis G. Holladay, M.D., Orange; W. W. Chaffin, M.D., Pulaski; J. W. Preston, M.D., Roanoke; Robert Glasgow, M.D., Lexington; Harry S. Corey, M.D., Richmond; Southgate Leigh, M.D., Norfolk; J. N. Bar- ney, M.D., Secretary, Fredericsburg. Examinations.—The board holds examinations in June and December of each year. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; duplicate certificate, $5.00, reciprocal license fee, $25.00; for certification credentials of Virginia licenses going elsewhere through reciprocity, $10.00; recording fee, as for a deed. Annual state license fee, $10.00 to $25.00; county license fee, $10.00; city license fee, $10.00 to $75.00. Application for License.—An application must be filed with the secretary of the board at lease ten days prior to the exam- VIRGINIA 127 ination, giving the applicant’s name, residence, place and date of birth, preliminary education, when and in what medical school each session of study was taken and date of graduation. It must be accompanied by a certificate of good moral char- acter, signed by the dean of the medical school attended, or by the president or secretary of a state or county medical society, or by two physicians in good standing, one of whom must be a resident of Virginia and a member of the state society. With the application also must be a money order for the exam- ination fee ($25.00). If the candidate is a graduate of a for- eign medical school the application must also be accompanied by certified copies of the applicant’s academic and medical diplomas made by and under the seal of the counsel-general, showing that the candidate possesses the full right to practice medicine in all its branches in the country where the diploma was issued, to which the candidate must make affidavit that he is the person named therein. Neither academic or medical diplomas should be sent to the secretary unless requested. If the candidate is approved he is advised of the time and place of the examination. On coming to examination, the candidate must bring a recent photograph of himself, on the back of which must appear his signature, certified to by a notary or other legal official. Candidate is then admitted to the examination, which covers (Sec. 1) materia medica, therapeutics and toxicology; (Sec. 2) obstetrics and pediatrics; (Sec. 3) practice of medi- cine, including physical diagnosis and diseases of the skin, nose and throat; (Sec. 4) surgery, including surgical anatomy and diseases of the eye, ear and genito-urinary organs and gynecology; (Sec. 5) anatomy and histology; (Sec. 6) physi- ology and embryology; (Sec. 7) chemistry; (Sec. 8) pathology and bacteriology, and (Sec. 9) hygiene, medical jurisprudence and preventive medicine. A general average of at least 75 per cent, is required and the grades must not fall below 50 per cent, in the subjects of any one section. If the general average is below 75 per cent, the candidate fails in the entire examination. Undergraduates who have completed not less than the first two years of a graded course in any regularly chartered medical school which requires not less than four years for a graduation are entitled to examination on the subjects of Sections, 5, 6 and 7, and if they pass no further examination is required in those branches. If the applicant fails to pass the examination he is not permitted to be re-examined until he presents a diploma of graduation. The fee for the partial examination is $10.00, the remaining $15.00 to be paid when the candidate comes up for the final examination. The giving of temporary permits was discontinued in 1912. 128 VIRGINIA The board has the right to revoke a certificate obtained through fraud or misrepresentation or for unsafe or unpro- fessional conduct. The board may also refuse a license for similar reasons. College Standard.—Preliminary Education.—The candidate must present a certificate from the State Board of Education showing that he has had the required preliminary training. This means he must have completed the work of a standard four-year high school or have an equivalent education. Only medical colleges rated in Classes A + and A by the Council on Medical Education are registered by the Virginia State Board of Medical Examiners, and medical colleges to be so rated must require of all students admitted in the sessions of 1914-15 and thereafter, completion of at least one year of collegiate work including college courses in physics, chemistry and biology, in addition to a standard four-year high-school education. Medical Education.—Four courses of at least eight months each in, and graduation from, a medical college recognized by the board as in good standing at the time the diploma was granted are required. If courses have been taken in more than one medical school a certificate of attendance attested by the seal of the college must be presented from each institution with the application. Exemptions.—The practice act does not apply to commis- sioned officers of the United States services while engaged in their official duty; nor to dentists in the practice of dentistry, nor to hospital interns or assistants serving without salary or receiving fees, nor to non-itinerant persons or manufacturers who mechanically fit or sell lenses, artificial eyes, limbs or other applicances, nor to the examination of the eyes for the adjusting of eye-glasses; nor to qualified physicians of another state or country who may be called into consultation by quali- fied practitioners of Virginia; nor to the domestic administra- tion of family remedies; nor to medical assistance in cases of emergency; nor to the practice of the religious tenets of any church in the ministration to the sick by mental or spiritual means without the use of any drug or material remedy, whether gratuitously or for compensation, provided sanitary laws are complied with; nor to the operation of hospitals established prior to March 13, 1912, if there is a licensed prac- titioner resident and practicing therein; nor to nurses who practice nursing only;' nor to masseurs in their particular sphere of labor who publicly represent themselves as such. Graduates of sectarian schools of medicine who profess to practice according to the tents of said school are to meet all the requirements of the act except that they are exempted WASHINGTON 129 from taking the examination required for the regular practi- tioners of medicine in the practice of medicine, materia medica and therapeutics. Graduates of sectarian schools of medicine are not permitted to administer drugs nor to practice sur- gery with the use of instruments unless they satisfy the board that they have had adequate clinical facilities at their respective colleges of graduation, or by hospital work, to enable them to perform such operations. Reciprocity.—Virginia reciprocates since June, 1904, with Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, Texas and Wisconsin; since June, 1901, with Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire and West Virginia; with Iowa and Maine since December, 1907; with Wyoming since June, 1908; with Louisiana since Decem- ber, 1908; with Arkansas, North Carolina and Vermont since June, 1910; with Tennessee since 1911, and with Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma and Pennsylvania since 1914. The board provides for the acceptance of any can- didate from a reciprocal state so long as he otherwise meets requirements. Definition of Act.—“Any person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine within the meaning of this act (1) who opens an office for such purpose, or announces to the public in any way a readiness to practice medicine in any county or city of the state, or prescribes for, or gives surgical assistance, or heals, cures or relieves those suffering from injury or defor- mity, or disease of mind and body, or advertises or announces to the public in any manner a readiness or ability to heal, cure or relieve those who may be suffering from injury or defor- mity or disease of mind or body. (2) Or who shall use in con- nection with his name the words or letters ‘Dr.,’ ‘Doctor,’ ‘Pro- fessor,’ ‘M.D.,’ or ‘Healer,’ or any other title, word, letter or designation intending to imply or designate him as a practi- tioner of medicine in any of its branches, or of being able to heal, cure or relieve those who may be suffering from injury or deformity or disease of mind or body.” • Act approved March 13, 1912. WASHINGTON Board.—The Board of Medical Examiners of the State of Washington consists of nine members, five regulars, two homeopaths and two osteopaths, who are appointed by the governor for a term of three years. No member is allowed to serve for more than two consecutive terms. Board Members.—R. P. Smith, M.D., President, Seattle; R. A. Gove, M.D., Tacoma; A. J. Nelson, M.D., Seattle; J. J. Tilton, M.D., Toppenish; J. A. McLachlan, M.D., Dayton; 130 WASHINGTON E. D. Olmstead, M.D., Spokane; J. E. Hodgson, D.O., Spo- kane; H. R. Morse, D.O., Wenatchee; C. N. Suttner, M.D., Secretary, Walla Walla. Examinations.—The board holds examinations alternately in Eastern and Western Washington, at such places as it may designate, on the first Tuesday of January and July. Special meetings may be held when necessary. Fees.—Examination fee, $25.00; registration of certificate, $1.00. Application for License.—Applicants must present satisfac- tory evidence as to age, moral character, and graduation from a legally chartered medical college. The applicant is examined in anatomy, histology, gynecology, pathology, bacteriology, chemistry, toxicology, physiology, obstetrics, general diagnosis and hygiene. At least ten question are asked in each subject. Applicant must receive a general average of 75 per cent, and must not fall below 60 per cent, in any one subject. Five per cent, is allowed on the general average for each ten years of reputable practice. Three forms of certificates are provided for. To obtain a certificate to practice medicine and surgery applicant must hold a diploma from a medical college having requirements no less than those prescribed by the Association of American Medical Colleges at the time he graduated. To obtain a certificate to practice osteopathy applicant must hold a diploma from a college of osteopathy which requires an actual attendance on a course of instruction of at least twenty months, and after 1909, of three years of nine months each. The third form of certificate authorizes the holder to practice any other system of medicine. Certificates must be registered with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant intends to practice. College Standard.—To obtain a certificate to practice medi- cine and surgery the applicant is required to be a graduate of a college having requirements as stated in the law, in no particular less than those of the Association of American Medical Colleges at the time of graduation. The standard of the college association are: Preliminary Education.—Students matriculating after Jan. 1, 1914, in addition to a four-year high-school education, must have completed at least one year of work in an approved col- lege of liberal arts or its actual educational equivalent, this preliminary year or years to include college courses in physics, chemistry, biology and German or French. Medical Education.—Four courses of at least thirty-two weeks of actual work in a well-equipped medical college. The standard for a certificate to practice osteopathy does not provide for preliminary education, but requires actual attendance in a legally chartered school of osteopathy for three years of nine months each. WEST VIRGINIA 131 For the certificate to practice “other systems of treatment” no standard is fixed either of preliminary or medical educa- tion. Applicant must hold a diploma from a legally chartered college of the system of medicine he expects to practice and pass the board examination. Exemptions.—The act does not apply to services rendered in cases of emergency, nor to the administration of family remedies, nor to medical officers of the United States while in the discharge of their official duties, nor to physicians from other states so long as they do not “open an office or appoint a place of meeting patients or receive calls.” Nor is the act “to discriminate against any particular school of medicine or surgery or osteopathy, or any system or mode of treating the sick or afflicted, nor to interfere in any way with the practice of religion.” Special provision is made exempting treatment by prayer. Reciprocity.—No provision for. Definition of Act.—None. Act approved, March 18, 1909. WEST VIRGINIA Board.—The State Board of Health consists of twelve members, two from each congressional district and two at large, and are appointed by the governor to hold office for four years. Board Members.—W. W. Golden, M.D., President, Elkins; J. E. Robins, M.D., Charleston; H. M. Rymer, M.D., Harris- ville; H. A. Barbee, M.D., Point Pleasant; Joseph L. Pyle, M.D., Chester; James H. Shipper, M.D., Gerrardstown; James A. Rusmisell, M.D., Buckhannon; Will J. Davidson, M.D., Parkersburg; Plenry A. Brandebury, M.D., Huntington; G. D. Lind, M.D., Greenwood; George P. Daniel, M.D., Marshes; S. L. Jepson, M.D., Secretary, 81, 12th Street, Wheeling. Examinations.—The board meets three times a year at such time and place as it may designate. Fees.—Examination fee, $10.00, with permission to take one other examination, in case of failure, within one year, without the payment of an additional fee. Application for License.—Applicants who show evidence of having completed the work of an accredited four-year high- school course and who are graduates of reputable medical col- leges are examined in accordance with the following schedule, ten questions in each division: Chemistry and medical juris- prudence, materia medica and therapeutics, anatomy and embryology, obstetrics and gynecology, bacteriology and 132 WISCONSIN hygiene, physiology and histology, practice and pediatrics, surgery and special medicine, oral and practical examination. College Standard.—The board has the authority to decide what colleges are reputable, but will not receive applicants from colleges rated below Grade B in the classification of the Council on Medical Education of the American Medical Association. Exemptions.—Commissioned officers of the United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service and qualified con- sultants are exempt. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination only, have been established with Illinois, Louisiana, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Vermont and Wyoming, and, on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical college without an exam- ination, if the diploma and the license were issued prior to May 23, 1895, with District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine who professes publicly to be a physician and pre- scribes for the sick and who appends to his name the letters “M.D.” The act also applies to apothecaries and pharma- cists who prescribe for the sick. Penalties.—Any person prac- ticing or attempting to practice medicine, surgery or obstet- rics without first being registered is deemed guilty of a mis- demeanor and subject to a fine of not less than $50.00 or more than $500.00, and imprisonment for not less than one month or more than twelve months, or to both fine and imprisonment. Any person filing or attempting to file as his own the certificate of another, or who shall file or attempt to file a forged affidavit of his identity, or who shall swear falsely to any question propounded to him, on conviction, shall be imprisoned for from one to three years or fined from $100.00 to $500.00, in the discretion of the court. WISCONSIN Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consists of eight members appointed by the governor from lists of ten names each presented by the Wisconsin State Medical Society, Homeopathic Medical Society and Eclectic Medical Society, and five names presented by the Wisconsin State Osteopathic Association. The term of service is four years. Three members of the board are regulars, two are homeo- paths, two eclectics and one is an osteopath. WISCONSIN 133 Board Members.—Henry W. Abraham, M.D., President, Appleton; G. H. Ripley, M.D., Kenosha; William L. Thomp- son, D.O., Fond du Lac; Fay T. Clark, M.D., Waupun; F. C. Haney, M.D., Watertown; A. B. Bailey, M.D., Fennimore; James M. Dodd, M.D., Ashland; John M. Beffel, M.D., Sec- retary, 3200 Clybourn Street, Milwaukee. Examinations.—Regular examinations are held on the sec- ond Tuesday in January at Milwaukee, and on the second Tuesday in July at Madison. Fees.—Examination and license fee, $20.00; reciprocal license fee, $25.00; county recording fee, 50 cents; for endors- ing reciprocal licenses to other states, $2.00. For students who have completed the first two years’ work in a reputable medical college the examination fee is $15.00. Application for License.—-All persons desiring to practice medicine, surgery or osteopathy in any of their branches shall apply to the board at the time and place designated for license so to practice, shall present a diploma from a reputable col- lege of medicine and surgery or osteopathy, and shall pass the regular examination in the English language in anatomy, his- tology, physiology, obstetrics, gynecology, pathology, urinaly- sis, chemistry, toxicology, dietetics, physical and general diag- nosis, hygiene and theory and practice of osteopathy. The examination in materia medica, therapeutics and practice shall be conducted by members of the board representing the school of practice which the applicant claims or intends to follow. The examination includes practical tests in physical diagnosis, chemical and microscopic urinalysis, bacteriology, pathology, histology and practical anatomy. Students who have com- pleted the work of the first two years in approved medical colleges may be examined in the branches of those years, the balance of the qualifying examination to be taken after graduation. After examination the board shall, if it find the applicant qualified, grant a license to practice medicine and surgery in all their branches in this state, or a license to prac- tice osteopathy, which can only be granted by the consent of not less than six members of the board. Osteopaths, when so licensed, shall have the same rights and privileges and be subject to the same laws and regulations as practitioners of medicine and surgery, but shall not have the right to give or prescribe drugs or to perform surgical operations. Licenses must be Recorded with the county clerk of the county in which the applicant desires to practice. Refusal of License.— The board has the authority to refuse a license for immoral, dishonorable or unprofessional conduct, which is declared to mean: First, procuring, aiding or abetting a criminal abor- tion ; second, advertising, either in his own name or in the 134 WISCONSIN name of another person, firm, association or corporation, in any newspaper, pamphlet, or other written or printed paper or document, in any obscene manner or in a manner derogatory to good morals the curing of venereal diseases, the restoration of “lost manhood,” or the advertising of any medicine or any means whereby the monthly periods of women can be regu- lated or the menses reestablished, if suppressed, or being employed by or in the service of any person, firm, association or corporation so advertising; third, the obtaining of any fee on the assurance that a manifestly incurable disease can be permanently cured; fourth, wilfully betraying a professional secret; fifth, indulging in the drug habit; sixth, conviction of any offense involving moral turpitude. College Standard.—Every medical or osteopathic college, to be in good standing with this board, must require for admission a preliminary education equal to graduation from an accredited high school of Wisconsin, and must require for graduation the completion of at least four courses of seven months each, no two said courses to be taken within any one twelve months. Exemptions.—Commissioned surgeons of the United States Army, Navy and Public Health Service and legally qualified consultants are exempt. Reciprocity.—Wisconsin reciprocates, on the basis of an examination only, with Arkansas, Connecticut, Illinois, Loui- siana, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wyoming, and on the basis either of an examination or of a diploma from a reputable medical col- lege without examination, if the diploma and the license were issued prior to Jan. 1, 1901, with California, Colorado, District of Columbia, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and West Virgina. Definition of Act.—Every person shall be regarded as prac- ticing medicine, surgery or osteopathy within the meaning of this act who shall append to his or her name the words or letters, “Doctor,” “Dr.,” “Professor,” “Prof.,” “Specialist,” “M.D.,” “M.B.,” or “D.O.,” or any other title, letters, com- bination of letters or designation which in any way represents him or her, or may tend to represent him or her, as engaged in the practice of medicine, surgery or osteopathy, In any of its branches, or who shall for a fee or for any compensation of any kind or nature whatsoever prescribe or recommend for like use any drugs or other medical or surgical treatment or osteopathic manipulation, for the cure or relief of any wound, fracture, bodily injury, infirmity or disease, provided, how- WYOMING 135 ever, that nothing in this act contained shall be construed as applying to any dentist or resident refracting optician engaged in the practice of his profession. Act approved, May 22, 1903. WYOMING Board.—The State Board of Medical Examiners consist of three members, and is appointed by the governor to hold office for four years. Board Members.—C. D. Stafford, M.D., President, Kcm- merer; J. G. Cogswell, M.D., Riverton; H. E. McCollum, M.D., Secretary, Laramie. Examinations.—Examinations are held each year in Feb- ruary, June and October, at such places as the board may select. Examination Fee.—Fee, $25.00. Failing to pass the exam- ination, the applicant may present himself for re-examination within one year, without payment of additional fee. Application for License.—The applicant must present to the board, for verification, a diploma issued by a regularly chartered college, recognized by the State Board of Health or the State Board of Medical Examiners of the state in which it is located. On approval of the diploma, he is required to take an examination in the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, chemistry and toxicology, pathology, physical diagnosis, gynecology, principles of surgery, obstet- rics, hygiene and bacteriology, and such other branches as are necessary to complete the system of which he is a practitioner. An average grade of 75 per cent, in all branches is required, and not less than 60 per cent, in any one branch. Certificates issued to persons who successfully pass these examinations must be recorded in the office of the county clerk of the county in which such persons desire to practice. College Standard.—Recognition by examining boards of the state in which the college is located. Exemptions.—The act does not prohibit gratuitous service in case of emergency; nor does it apply to commissioned sur- geons of the United States Army or Navy, nor to medical examiners of relief departments of railroad companies while so employed, nor to legally qualified consultants, nor to physicians and surgeons residing on the border of a neighbor- ing state. Reciprocity.—Reciprocal relations, on the basis of an exam- ination only, have been established with District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, 136 DOMINION OF CANADA Minnesota, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Caro- lina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Definition of Act.—Any person is regarded as practicing medicine who in any manner holds himself out to the public as being engaged in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases or injuries or deformities of human beings, or who suggests, recommends, or prescribes, any form of treatment for the intended palliation, relief or cure of any physical or mental ailment of any person, with the intention of receiving there- for, either directly or indirectly, any fee, gift, or compensa- tion ; or who maintains an office for the reception, examina- tion and treatment of any person suffering from disease or injury of body or mind; or who attaches the title of surgeon, doctor or any other word or abbreviation to his name indicating that he is engaged in the practice of medi- cine. Act approved, Feb. 15, 1905. REQUIREMENTS ABROAD The statements given regarding the requirements in for- eign countries are based on the best available information, and an effort has been made to secure recent and official veri- fication. The date when the information was revised is men- tioned at the end of the statement. Before making a final decision, however, physicians contemplating registration in any foreign country are advised to confer regarding the mat- ter either with that country’s diplomatic or consular represen- tative in this country or with the American consul located in the country in which registration is sought. Names of the proper officials with whom to correspond are given wherevei the information has been secured. NOTE REGARDING REQUIREMENTS ABROAD DOMINION OF CANADA Dominion Registration—Canada has established the Medi- cal Council of Canada. Passing the examination conducted by this board will qualify the physician to practice in any province of the Dominion. The candidate must be either a licensed practitioner of some province of Canada, or not being so must present to the Registrar a certificate from some Provincial Registrar that he has fulfilled all the require- ments for examination. The fee of $100.00, with papers, etc., must be deposited Avith the Registrar at least four weeks DOMINION OF CANADA 137 before the date set for examination. The first examination was held in Montreal, Quebec, in October, 1913. The Regis- trar is Dr. R. W. Powell, 180 Cooper Street,‘Ottawa, Ontario, to whom all communications should be addressed. (Revised August, 1914.) Alberta.—The Medical Council, which has charge of the registration of physicians, consists of one member from each of seven electoral districts, elected for a term of four years by the members of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, which is the body corporate of the legally licensed physicians of the province. The council admits to the register any one who presents a certificate from the Registrar of the University of Alberta, showing that the holder is duly qualified. A standard high- school education and a four years’ course in a recognized medical college are required. For those graduating after June 1, 1913, the preliminary education required must be equivalent to matriculation in the University of Alberta and a five-year medical couse. For osteopaths the preliminary requirements and the examinations in all the common sub- jects are the same as for physicians. Examinations are writ- ten and oral. Application for examination should be made to Cecil E. Race, Registrar of the University of Alberta, Ed- monton. Examination fee, $50.00; registration fee, $50.00; annual assessment, $2.00. The Registrar of the council is Dr. G. Macdonald, Calgary, Alberta. (Revised, August, 1914.) British Columbia.—The Medical Council admits to its examination any person who produces a diploma of qualifica- tion from any college or school of medicine and surgery, requiring at least four years of study, and who makes applica- at least two weeks prior to the date fixed for the examination. A five years’ course of study is required from applicants matriculating after Jan. 1, 1912. The applicant must also furnish evidence of identification, and pass a satisfactory examination orally and in writing, in anatomy, chemistry, and public health, physiology and histology, pathology, materia medica and therapeutics, medical jurisprudence, theory and practice of medicine, theory and practice of surgery, clinical medicine, clinical surgery and surgical anatomy, obstetrics and diseases of women and children, urinary analysis and clinical microscopy. This examination extends over two weeks and includes written, oral and clinical work. The examination fee is $100.00, half of which is returned to the candidate in case of his failure to pass the examina- tion. Two examinations are held each year, beginning on the first Tuesday of May and the last Tuesday of October at 138 DOMINION OF CANADA Victoria. Successful candidates of the Medical Council of Canada may be registered by paying the fee of $100.00. For further information apply to the Registrar, Dr. A. P. Proctor, Victoria, B. C. (Revised, August, 1914.) Manitoba.—The College of Physicians and Surgeons, which is composed of all the medical practitioners whose names are duly entered on the Manitoba Medical Register, is neither a teaching nor an examining body, but is the sole licensing body in medicine in the province. The University of Mani- toba is the sole examining body. Only graduates in medicine of the University of Manitoba, licentiates of the Medical Council of Great Britain and the Medical Council of Canada by examination are admitted with- out examination. A graduate of any other medical school must send his diploma before March 1 to the Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and, if the credential is found satisfactory, he will be reported to the University of Manitoba as eligible to write at the examination. Each can- didate must hold a degree from a medical college which gives a full five-year course. This means the candidate must have taken the five-years’ course or must show a fifth year taken from an approved college to supplement an approved four- years’ course in case he graduated before the five-years’ courses were in vogue. A graduate of any medical college in the United States or other foreign country is required to send to the Registrar of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba, Winni- peg, in addition to his diploma, detailed and authoritative information regarding his medical training. At the same time he sends his credentials the applicant should send $15.00 examination fee in a separate communication addressed to the Registrar of the University. This will be returned to the applicant in case he is not permitted to take the examination. If the credentials furnished show that the applicant has had a training at least the equivalent of the medical course offered by the University of Manitoba (a course of five years, the first of which is devoted to physics, chemistry, zoology, his- tology and anatomy) the applicant is declared eligible to take a written examination in therapeutics, medicine, surgery, obstetrics, pediatrics and gynecology, and clinical examination in medicine, surgery, ophthalmology and otology. A per- centage of 50 in each branch is required to pass. Examinations are conducted by the University of Manitoba beginning at 9 o’clock a. m. on the third Monday of April of each year. The examination fee is $15.00, payable to the Registrar of the University. The fee for license is $100.00, DOMINION OF CANADA 139 payable to the Registrar of the C. P. and S., Dr. J. S. Gray, 358 Hargrave Street, Winnipeg. (Revised, May, 1912.) New Brunswick.—The Council of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick is composed of nine legally qualified prac- titioners, four of whom are appointed by the governor in council and five by the New Brunswick Medical Society. Applicants for licensure must have passed the preliminary examination prescribed by the council; must have studied medicine during four years, and must have passed the pro- fessional examination, irrespective of any diploma they may possess. The examination is held twice yearly, beginning the fourth Wednesday in June and the second Wednesday in December, at St. John. Students beginning the study of medicine after Oct. 1, 1910, are required to take five years course. The Registrar is Dr. Stewart Skinner, St. John. (Revised, May, 1912.) Nova Scotia.—The Provincial Medical Board consists of thirteen practitioners of at least seven years’ standing, seven of whom are appointed for life by the Government, and six for three years by the Medical Society. Students.—No person can begin the study of medicine for the purpose of qualifying for practice in the province until he has passed the preliminary examination prescribed by the board, or a recognized equivalent. Preliminary examinations are held at Halifax twice a year, beginning on the second Wednesday in September, and on the Wednesday preceding the first Monday in May. (When May begins on Monday, examinations begin on the following Wednesday.) All students must be registered. Fee for examination antf registration, $10.00. Practitioners.—No person can practice legally unless he is registered by the board. Except as here- inafter no person can be registered until he passes the pre- scribed examinations and secures the board’s qualification (License in Medicine and surgery, Provincial Medical Board of Nova Scotia). The following may register without exam- ination : Persons registered in Great Britain and persons reg- istered by the Medical Council of Canada. Candidates for license must show that they have satisfied the preliminary examination requirements; that they have studied for at least five collegiate sessions of at least eight months’ duration each (or the equivalent) at some university, college or medical school recognized by the board, and that they have passed the professional examinations as follows: First professional examination taken at the end of the second year; fee, $20.00; second professional examination, taken at the end of the third year; fee, $15.00, and the third 140 DOMINION OF CANADA professional examination, taken at the end of the fifth year; fee, $35.00. Exemptions.—Certificates from recognized colleges are ac- cepted for the first and second examinations. Persons who began study previous to July 1, 1908, may be admitted to the final examination after an approved course of four years. Fees.—Fee for the final examination under these conditions, $50.00. No additional fee for registration. Fee for registra- tion only (under 3 (a) and (b) as above), $30.00. Professional examinations are held on the same dates as the preliminary examinations and are written, oral and clini- cal. The final examination includes: Medicine; clinical medi- cine ; surgery, including surgical anatomy and diseases and injuries of the eye, ear, throat and nose; clinical surgery; obstetrics and diseases of women and of new-born children; therapeutics and hygiene. The Secretary of the board is Dr. A. W. H. Lindsay, 319 Pleasant St., Halifax. (Revised to August, 1914.) Ontario.—The Council of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (the name adopted by the medical pro- fession of the province in its corporate capacity) is empow- ered to enact laws for the regulation of all matters connected with medical education, and to fix the terms on which practi- tioners of medicine, duly qualified in other countries, may be admitted as members of the college, this being the only mode in which they can become legally entitled to practice medicine in the province. Graduates in medicine from recognized colleges outside the Dominion of Canada who desire to qualify themselves for registration must pass the matriculation required by the council; must attend one or more full winter courses of lec- tures in one of the Ontario medical schools; must complete fully the practical and clinical curriculum required by the council after the fourth year, and must pass the written, oral and practical examinations prescribed by the council. Professional examinations are held in Toronto beginning the first Tuesday in November and the last Tuesday in May. The examination fee is $75.00 and the registration fee, $25.00. Fee for eligibility certificate to the Medical Council of Can- ada, $25.00. The Registrar is Dr. J. L. Bray, 170 University Avenue, Toronto. (Revised, August, 1914.) Prince Edward Island.—The Council of the Medical Society is composed of seven members elected by the society every alternate year. Every applicant for registration must satisfy the council that he has passed a preliminary or matriculation examination on the subjects specified in the by-laws of the DOMINION OF CANADA 141 council and had his name placed on the medical students’ register; that he has studied medicine five years in a univer- sity or medical college of good standing, and that he has sat- isfactorily passed a professional examination before the coun- cil. The fee for registration in the medical register is $20.00; for the professional examination, $15.00; for the matriculation examination, $10.00, and for registration in the medical students’ register, $2.00. The examination is held each year beginning the last Wednesday of July at Charlotte- town. The subjects of the examination are physiology, path- ology, materia medica, therapeutics, obstetrics, diseases of children, surgery, gynecology, medical jurisprudence, toxi- cology, hygiene and practice. Persons holding the license of the Medical Council of Canada will be registered without examination on paying the registration fees. There is reci- procity between Great Britain and Prince Edward Island and also between the latter and New Brunswick. The Registrar is Dr. S. R. Jenkins, Charlottetown. (Revised, August, 1914.) Quebec.—Licenses are granted only at the regular meetings of the medical board, the College of Physicians and Sur- geons. Meetings are held twice a year; the second Wednes- day of July in Montreal and the last Wednesday of Septem- ber in Quebec. Application, accompanied by the required fee, must be received by the Registrar at least fifteen days pre- ceding the meeting. The fees are: For preliminary examination (required of graduates of all foreign colleges), $25.00, and for the pro- fessional examination, $50.00. Every candidate for a license to practice medicine, sur- gery, and midwifery, in this province, desiring to be regis- tered, and who has not obtained a degree or diploma from any of the institutions specified by the law, must pass the pre- liminary and professional examinations before the board and submit satisfactory evidence of having complied with all the other requirements of the board. Students beginning the study of medicine after Jan. 1, 1910, are required to take a five-year course. A person graduating from any recognized college outside of Great Britain and her provinces and who has obtained a license to practice must pass the preliminary examination or show that he has already passed an equivalent examina- tion. The subjects for this examination are arithmetic, alge- bra, geometry, chemistry, physics, philosophy, botany, zoology, Latin, literature, history, geography and English or French. They must also follow in one of the schools of medicine in 142 NEWFOUNDLAND the province the last year of the medical course and pass the professional examination. For information write to the Registrar, Dr. Joseph Gauv- reau, 30 St. James Street, Montreal. (Revised, August, 1914.) Saskatchewan.—The Medical Council, which has charge of the registration of physicians, consists of one member from each of the seven electoral districts elected for a term of four years by the members of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, the corporate name applied to the medical profession of the province. Regular examinations are held at Regina on the third Monday of June. Application for examination must be made on the regular form at least two weeks before the date of the examination and it must be accompanied by the examina- tion fee ($50.00), the diploma and a recent unmounted pho- tograph of the applicant, which must be certified to by two regular qualified practitioners. The council admits to the register any one who holds a diploma from a medical college having a four years’ course of at least six months each, and who shall pass an examina- tion in anatomy, descriptive and surgical; physiology and his- tology; materia medica and pharmacy; medical jurisprudence and toxicilogy; sanitary science—a passing mark of 50 per cent, is required in the subjects mentioned and of 60 per cent, in the following: Surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, princi- ples and practice of medicine, pathology, bacteriology, thera- peutics and pediatrics. The examination is entirely written. Examination fee, $50.00; registration fee, $50.00; annual asses- ment, $2.00. Persons holding certificates of registration from the Medical Council of Canada will be registered without examination on payment of $100.00 and presenting proof of identity. The Registrar is Dr. G. A. Charlton, Regina, Sas- katchewan. (Revised, August, 1914.) NEWFOUNDLAND The Newfoundland Medical Board consists of seven mem- bers, elected by the registered medical practitioners and who shall hold office during good behavior. Four members are required to be residents of St. John’s. In order to have his name entered on the Newfoundland Medical Register, each candidate must satisfy the board that he holds a diploma (not honorary) from a regular medical college having not less than a five years’ course of study satisfactory to the board; must show that he has passed an examination in preliminary education satisfactory to the board; must furnish satisfactory evidence of identification MEXICO-CENTRAL AMERICA 143 and good moral character, and must pass the board’s exam- ination touching his fitness and capacity to practice as a physi- cian and surgeon. Graduates of homeopathic, osteopathic and similar schools are debarred from practice in Newfoundland. Examinations are held regularly in St. John’s on the first Tuesday of September each year, and the board is authorized in its discretion to hold other special examinations. The subjects of the examination are medicine (including thera- peutics), midwifery (including gynecology and the diseases of children), and surgery (including anatomy and pathology). Any person desiring to take the examination must give to the Registrar of the board at least fourteen days’ notice in writing of his intention to do so, and with such written notice must pay a fee of $25.00 for the examination. Any person holding a medical degree from a medical school of the United Kingdom, Dominion of Canada, or the British Colonies who has qualifications as outlined above and which are satisfactory to the board and who is already registered in a British possession, may be registered without further exam- ination on paying a fee of $25.00 and on producing a certifi- cate of good standing from the profession at his previous location. An annual license fee of $1.00 is required from those practicing in Newfoundland. The Registrar of the board is Dr. Herbert Rendell, St. John’s. (Revised, August, 1914.) MEXICO Graduates of legally chartered medical colleges of the United States can secure licenses to practice medicine in any part of the Republic of Mexico by having their diplomas registered with the proper authorities and proving their iden- tity. In the State of Vera Cruz and in the City of Mexico an examination in the Spanish language must also be passed. The local fees vary in different states, but are said to be moderate. CENTRAL AMERICA AND WEST INDIES Cuba.—Graduates of foreign institutions must present their degree to the Department in Charge of Public Instruction, and this degree must be registered by the University of Havana, providing it has been issued by an authorized insti- tution, one which fully authorizes professional practice in the country, state or territory wherein the degree was issued; that the signatures thereto are duly legalized; each of these requirements to be proved by a certificate properly attested. 144 CENTRAL AMERICA After having furnished such proofs, the department grants permission for an examination, the petitioner to be properly identified. The fee for the examination is about $50.00, American gold. The examination is theoretical, and consists of a clinical examination of one patient, description of the method of performing a prescribed operation, and a thesis, five hours being allowed for the writing of this thesis. All examinations, both written and oral, are held in Spanish, or through an interpreter; the interpreter to be chosen by the department, the applicant to pay $15.00 for his services. Re-examination after six months without extra charge is permitted. (Revised, August, 1914.) Guatemala.—A foreign physician cannot practice without first passing an examination both general and technical. One holding a diploma from an accredited medical school is required to pass only the general examination. All examina- tions are conducted in the Spanish language. (Verified, August, 1914.) Haiti.—A six-year course in medicine is required. In order to secure a license to practice medicine it is expected that the applicant be a graduate of a medical school of standing and to pass an examination before the medical board (Jury Medical) composed of five medical men and one druggist, all appointed by the government. If the applicant is successful they issue him a license to practice. (Revised, June, 1912.) Honduras.—A six-year course in medicine is required. A foreign physician must present his diploma properly authenti- cated by the Honduras consul in the United States. He is also required to pass a verbal or written examination not necessarily in the Spanish language before permitted to prac- tice. (Revised, August, 1914.) Nicaragua.—Unofficial information states that those seek- ing the right to practice in Nicaragua must be graduates of reputable medical colleges. The signatures on the diplo- mas must be acknowledged before a notary public, and the notary’s signature and seal be certified to by the United States secretary of state. The signature of the secretary of state must in turn be certified to by the diplomatic or consular offi- cer of Nicaragua in the United States. The diploma must then be sent to the authorities at Managua for approval, and then, if the diploma is approved, the practitioner is registered. If these requirements are carried out, it is stated, no examina- tion is' required. (Unofficial statement received June, 1912.) Panama.—Registration to practice medicine is under the control of the National Board of Health. Each applicant must have a diploma acceptable to the board. A registration fee of $200.00, payable in the currency of the country, is at SOUTH AMERICA 145 the present time worth $100.00 gold. There is also an exam- ination fee, payable to the examining board, of $45.00 gold. The examination is oral, written and clinical, and in either Spanish or English. The law, however, says that the exam- ination shall be in the form and according to the program established by the board in each case. The President of the National Board of Health is Dr. C. L. Urriola, Panama. This law does not apply to the zone controlled by the United States government. (See Canal Zone, page 27.) (Verified, August, 1914.) Santo Domingo.—Applicant must present his diploma duly authenticated and pass an examination, partly theoretical and partly practical, before a medical board, the Instituto Profes- sional, after which he must make application to the Superior Medical Council (Consejo Superior Medico) for permission to practice. The application must be accompanied by (a) A diploma from an accredited medical school properly endorsed by the Dominican consul in the country where the diploma was issued; (b) certificate of good moral character, likewise properly legalized, and (c) the certificate of Instituto Profes- sional. (Revised, August, 1914.) Argentine Republic.—Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 14, and secondary education between the ages of 12 and 18, thereby overlapping the elementary by two years. Twelve years of study, therefore, lead to the medical course, which covers six years, including preliminary work in physics, chemistry and biology. The complete course requires at least eighteen years and a minimum age at the completion of the course is 24. Bolivia.—The course in medicine at the Universities of La Paz and Sucre covers six years and a bachelor’s degree is required prerequisite for admission. Foreign candidates for license to practice must take an examination conducted in the Spanish language in all medical branches. The same license permits him to become registered without further examina- tion in Argentine, Chili, Colombia, Equador, Paraguay and Peru, with which countries reciprocal treaties have been established. Brazil.—Elementary education extends between the ages of 7 and 15, overlapping the work of the gymnasium by three years, the latter extending between the age of 12 and 19. Elementary work may be begun at the age of 6 years, and in such cases students may finish the gymnasium at 18. Twelve years of work lead to medicine, where six years of work are SOUTH AMERICA 146 SOUTH AMERICA required, including preliminary courses in physics, chemistry and biology. The time required to complete the entire course is at least eighteen years and the usual age at completion is 25. Unless the foriegn physician has been a professor in a university medical school or is the author of an important medical book, the requirements to qualify for the practice of medicine are said to be almost prohibitive. After securing the endorsement of his credentials he must undergo exam- inations in Portuguese (interpreters not allowed) in all the branches of the medical curriculum, for which the fees amount to about $85.00. The applicant’s diploma must be officially endorsed by some authority in the country whence it is issued, and that signature recognized by the minister of foreign affairs. (Revised, July, 1912.) Chile.—Foreign physicians and surgeons presenting degrees from medical schools recognized by the Bureau of Educa- tion in Chile are considered equal to licentiates of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Chile and are required to take a practical examination before they can obtain the right to practice. This examination, which is in the Spanish language, covers anatomy, pathology, theory and practice of medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, ophthal- mology and diagnosis. The fee is 200 pesos (approximately $40). Foreign physicians and surgeons from medical schools not recognized in Chile are required to take the final exami- nations prescribed for graduates of medicine and pharmacy of the University of Chile. (Verified November 14, 1914.) Colombia.—Under the law of Jan. 8, 1905, persons holding the degree of Doctor of Medicine granted by a foreign uni- versity of recognized competence may without further exam- ination, practice their profession in the republic. Those not possessing diplomas from recognized universities may obtain leave to practice by submitting to an examination by the faculty of medicine of the University of Bogota. A six- year course in medicine is given by the University of Bogota. (Revised, August, 1912.) Ecuador.—In order to be admitted to practice it is neces- sary to take an examination in Spanish before a board of examiners in the usual medical and surgical subjects; the fee for this examination and for recording title, etc., is about $60.00 United States gold, being the same fee that a medical student in the national colleges pays for his last examination, license, recording fee, etc. The same license also permits him to practice in Columbia, Peru and Chili without further exam- ination. Reciprocity has also been established between Argen- tine, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. AUSTRIA 147 Peru.—Completion of six years of elementary instruction, between the ages of 6 and 7 and 12 or 14 years, leads to the four-year course of secondary education completed at the age of 16 or 18. This admits to the schools of pharmacy and dentistry, but two more years’ study in the Department of Natural Sciences are required for admission to the seven- year medical course. After finishing the medical course, at about the age of 25 or 27, and on presentation of an accepta- ble thesis the candidate secures the degree of Doctor of Medi- cine. Hospital attendance is required throughout the entire c.ourse. To secure the right to practice a series of five exam- inations, covering all the branches studied in the seven years, must be passed. Graduates of all medical schools outside of South America are required to pass an examination in the Spanish language. According to report the examinations are quite severe and the total fees are approximately $500.00. Inquiry should be made to the dean of the faculty of medicine of the University of Lima, Peru. By special agreement graduates of medical schools of all South American countries are privileged to practice medicine in any part of the conti- nent without special permission being required. (Revised, August, 1912.) Uruguay.—Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 14 years, leading to the secondary, which extends from the 14th to the 18th year. A six-year medical course follows, which includes preliminary work in physics, chemis- try and biology. The time to complete the entire work is at least eighteen years, and the minimum age at completion is 24. Foreign candidates must have graduated from medical colleges having courses equal to that given at the University of Montevideo in order to be admitted to the examination, which is conducted in Spanish. (Revised, June, 1912.) EUROPE Note.—For the standard of preliminary and medical educa- tion in the various countries of Europe see the chart on page 173. AUSTRIA Before the study of medicine can be undertaken an entrance examination called “matura” must be passed, comprising a knowledge of Greek and Latin, besides arithmetic and geome- try, geography and history, the natural, sciences (physics and chemistry), religion and philosophy. Drawings must be pro- 148 BELGIUM duced. Foreign candidates are required to present creden- tials showing the completion of the above courses before admission to the “matura” examination. In Austria elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 14, overlapping the gymnasium course by four years, the latter extending between the ages of 10 and 18. Twelve years of study, there- fore, admit to medicine. The medical course covers nearly six years and includes preliminary courses in physics, chem- istry and biology. The total time required is at least 18 years and the minimum age at completion is 24. Since all medical schools are attached to public hospitals and are owned and governed by the state, teaching is practically on a uniform scale. Five and one-half years (eleven semesters) is the mini- mum period of study in the laboratories and hospital wards. Final examinations are then passed and diploma granted. Foreign diplomas are recognized only after all examinations are passed. Women are admitted to the profession. Natural- ization as an Austrian subject is necessary before right to practice is given. (Revised, July, 1912.) Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 14, overlapping the work in the Royal Athenees, the sec- ondary schools, by three years, the latter extending between the ages of 11 and 18. The time spent in the primary and secondary schools is, therefore, twelve years. An additional year devoted to physics, chemistry and biology in a college of science admits to the five-year medical course. The time necessary to complete the work is at least eighteen years and the minimum age at completion is 24. After completing the courses of the Faculty of Science the student must pass an examination in (1) logic; (2) experi- mental physics; (3) elementary zoology; (4) general chem- istry; (5) elementary botany; (6) elementary notions of mineralogy, geology and (7) physical geography, besides passing a practical test in chemistry and making a microscopic demonstration. Having thus secured the diploma of candi- date of science, the student is required to pursue medical study in the following courses: (1) embryology; (2) human anatomy, systemic and topographic; (3) histology, general and special; (4) elementary comparative anatomy; (5) psy- chology and (6) physiology. He must also pass practice tests in macroscopic and micro- scopic demonstrations. To complete the above subjects requires two years, or three years if coupled with the work for the candidate of science. Three years are necessary in BELGIUM BULGARIA—DENMARK 149 the study of (1) general pathology and therapeutics; (2) elementary pharmacology and pharmaco-dynamics; (3) mor- bid anatomy; (4) medical pathology and special therapeutics of internal and mental disease; (5) surgical, general and spe- cial pathology; (6) theoretical midwifery; (7) hygiene, pub- lic and private; (8) forensic medicine; (9) clinical medicine; (10) clinical surgery; (11) theory and practice of surgical operations; (12) ophthalmology, didactic and clinical, and (13) clinical obstetrics. Candidate must also pass practical tests in macroscopic and microscopic demonstrations of path- ologic anatomy and demonstrations of regional anatomy. Diplomas may be granted by a state university, a free uni- versity, or by juries appointed by the government. Four universities grant medical degrees, two of which, at Liege and Ghent, are state institutions, the so-called free universi- ties being at Brussels and Louvain. A diploma is required for authority to practice. Doctors from foreign countries must pass an examination before a special jury, which must be first ratified by a special commission at Brussels. Foreign practitioners must obtain permission to practice through a duly appointed medical board whose requirements are so stringent as to be practically prohibitive. (Verified, May, 1912.) BULGARIA Practice of medicine is restricted to legally qualified medi- cal men and is under the control and supervision of the min- ister of the interior, assisted by a medical council, which meets at Sofia and consists of six medical men selected by the government. Every person who desires to practice medicine must show that he obtained his medical degree after a regular course of study and that he has previously passed an examination in arts, after which he must pass an examination in medicine and surgery, conducted in the Bulgarian language, for which he must pay an examination fee of 100 francs (about $19.00). Subsequent registration of certificate by the medical coun- cil costs another 100 francs. Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 12, leading to the “laerdeskoler,” the secondary schools, which extends between the ages of 12 and 18, a total of twelve years. The medical course covers six years, including preliminary courses in the natural sciences. Time to complete the work is eighteen years and the minimum age at completion is 24. The prescribed educational course for medical students embraces not only lectures and training in the subjects for examination, but also courses in (1) dissection; (2) physio- DENMARK 150 EGYPT—FRANCE logic chemistry; (3) practical physics, and clinical courses of (4) medicine; (5) surgery; (6) dermatology and venereal diseases; (7) ophthalmology; (8) otolaryngology; (9) epi- demic diseases; (10) psychiatrics; (11) obstetrics and pedi- atrics, and further courses in (12) topographic anatomy and (13) vaccination. The medical examination is divided into two parts, which must he absolved within a space of time not exceeding six years. The first part embraces oral examination in (1) anatomy; (2) physiology; (3) physics; (4) chem- istry, and practical trials of (5) dissection and (6) inorganic qualitative analysis. The character for physiology is reckoned double, and for the trials of chemistry and physics is given one common character, thus making the aggregate number of characters for this part of the examination five. The second part embraces written theses in (1) general pathology; (2) surgery, and (3) medicine; practical trial in (4) clinical medicine; (5) clinical surgery and (6) surgical operation; oral trial in (7) general pathology; (8) pathologic anatomy; (9) forensic medicine; (10) surgery; (11) medicine; (12) obstetrics, and (13) pharmacology. Medical graduation examination is the only legal title to practice excepting in obstetrics, for which a supplementary course must be passed at the Royal Lying-In Hospital. Women physicians are on an equality with men. Foreign graduates must pass the exam- ination. (Statements verified July, 1912. A change in the requirements is said to be quite probable in a year or two.) Only those having qualifications which would allow them to practice medicine in Great Britain are eligible to practice. EGYPT FRANCE The only legal qualification to practice medicine is the degree of doctor of medicine granted by the state after exam- inations by a recognized faculty of medicine. The same regulation applies to Algiers. Before commencing the study of medicine the candidate must produce a diploma of bachelor of secondary classical education in letters or philosophy and a certificate of study of physics, chemistry and natural science; or four certificates of higher studies obtained from a faculty of science in physics, chemistry, botany, zoology or general physiology or embryology. Elementary education in France extends between the ages of 6 and 13 or 14. The majority of students entering the sec- ondary schools, however, obtain their elementary work from tutors or in special preparatory courses connected with the lycees. The secondary school, the lycee, has a nine-year course divided into two cycles of five and four years, respec- GERMANY 151 tively, and extends between the ages of 11 and 18. From age 6, therefore, twelve years of training are required to complete the primary and secondary work. An additional year devoted to the natural sciences which must be taken in a college of science admits to the five-year medical course. The entire course therefore requires at least seventeen years and the minimum age at completion is 23. The examinations for the degree of doctor in medicine are as follows: The first examination to be taken between the sixth and eighth trimesters, consisting of a practical test in dissection and oral examination in anatomy, excluding regional anatomy; the second examination, to be taken between the eighth and tenth trimesters, covering histology, physiology, including biologic physiology and biologic chemis- try; the third examination, between the thirteenth and six- teenth trimesters, consists of (1) a practical test in operative surgery and regional anatomy and an oral examination in regional anatomy, external pathology and midwifery; and (2) a practical test in pathologic anatomy and an oral exam- ination in general pathology, animal and vegetable parasites, microbes and internal pathology; the fourth examination, to be taken after the sixteenth trimester, consists of oral exam- inations in therapeutics, hygiene, forensic medicine, materia medica, pharmacology, with illustrations of physical and natural science, and the fifth examination covering clinical courses in surgery, midwifery and medicine. The period of medical study extends over four or five years, including the preliminary science requirement. The French laws have been revised during the past fifteen years and are comprised within three general statutes enacted Nov. 30, 1892; July 25, 1893, and a governmental decree dated Feb. 4, 1894. Graduates of foreign schools can practice only by obtaining the diploma of doctor of medicine in France and conform to the ordinances which apply to French students. Advanced standing will not be allowed under any circumstances for more than the first three examinations. Application must be made to the minister of public instruction to whom must be sub- mitted all degrees and qualifications. Diplomas must be reg- istered at the prefecture or a subprefecture and at the office of the clerk of the civil tribunal of the district in which holder resides before he is legally entitled to practice. It is reported that the regulations regarding practice by for- eign physicians have been almost prohibitive. Exemptions are more reasonable for those who seek the French diplomas but not the right to practice. (Revised, August, 1912.) GERMANY Elementary study extends between the ages of 6 and 14, overlapping the gymnasium by four years, the latter extend- 152 GERMANY mg between the ages of 10 and 18. Then follows a six-and-a- half-year course which includes preliminary courses in the natural sciences. The last year must be spent in hospital work. This gives the right to practice, but additional work is required, and a severe examination, the “examen rigorosum,” must be passed to secure the license. At least eighteen years of work lead to medical practice or nineteen and one-half years to the doctorate, and at the age of completion is at least 25 or 26. Altogether there are seven examinations, for which the total cost in fees charged is 200 marks ($48). In exceptional cases credit is allowed for work at schools or universities outside the German Empire, but a previous examination must be passed, to be immediately followed by at least four half-years’ study at a German university. After the first five half-year terms of study a preliminary examina- tion must be passed in anatomy, physiology, physics, chem- istry, zoology and botany. The applicant must also have had at least two half-years in medical, surgical and midwifery clinics; must have personally attended four labor cases; must have had a half-year’s practice in clinics in the diseases of the eye, ear, nose and throat, mental diseases, skin and vene- real diseases and pediatrics. He must also have been instructed in vaccination and acquired dexterity in its prac- tice. The examination comprises anatomy, physiology, general pathology, pathologic anatomy, surgery, medicine, obstetrics, gynecology, ophthalmology and hygiene. In the clinical part of the examination in medicine and surgery, the candidate on two succeeding days has to examine a patient in the presence of the examiner, giving the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, immediately after which he draws up a report, which is countersigned by the examiner. On the same day he prepares a critical report at home, which is presented to the examiner next morning, with the date and the candidate’s signature affixed. For the next week he has to visit both patients once or twice daily. He must keep an accurate account of the progress and treatment of the disease, and in case the patient dies within the seven days he must give a written opinion of the cause death. Somewhat similar clinical examinations are required in ophthalmology, obstet- rics, pediatrics and mental diseases. Passing in these qualifies the candidate to enter on the work of his “practical year” in a hospital. Not till this is completed does his qualification become effective. No candidate can- enter for an examination after two rejections except in very special cases. Gradua- tion from a German university giving the degree of doctor is not essential to practice, but is a prerequisite to the examina- tion in state medicine and also gives a higher professional standing. In order to graduate applicant must present evi- dence of having passed the qualifying medical examination. The examination for the degree of doctor may be taken before or after the year of hospital service, but the degree is GREAT BRITAIN 153 not conferred until after the hospital year has been com- pleted. Those wishing to obtain appointments as health officers or forensic physicians are also required to pass an examination in state medicine and psychology, which is very stringent. This examination cannot be taken until two years after qualification and is limited to those having the doctor’s degree, who, in the qualifying examination, obtained a mark- ing of “good” or “very good,” and who' have had at least three months’ experience as attendent in an asylum of not less than 150 beds and not less than 150 yearly admissions. The examination is limited entirely to state medicine. Foreign graduates must pass the qualifying examination. (Revised August, 1912.) There appears to be no connection between the elementary and secondary systems of education. Elementary public schools have been provided, extending between the ages of 6 and 12 or 15. Those entering secondary schools usually obtain their elementary instruction from private tutors or in the preparatory courses of the secondary schools. At present there are no public secondary schools in Great Britain, although that country abounds in private secondary schools, having courses varying as to age limits. Taking Rugby as an example, the course extends from the age of 10 to 17. Others extend from the age of 12 to 19. There are various ages at which the student may enter the medical schools, the mini- mum age fixed by the General Medical Council being 16. The time spent in elementary and secondary education, therefore, ranges from ten to thirteen years. Work must then be taken in physics, chemistry and biology either in a college of science or in the medical college as a part of the regular five-year medical course. Authorities agree that only a small propor- tion of students enter the medical school before the eighteenth year and few graduate in medicine before the age of 23. Most of the twenty-two universities and other bodies which examine and graduate medical students exceed the strict requirements of the General Medical Council. Thus it requires eight years of university study to obtain the A.B. and the M.B. degrees at Oxford; Cambridge requires six years of medical study for the M.B. degree, and the University of London requires five and one-half years. Since the pro- motion from one grade to another depends entirely on the passing of an examination, the time to complete the medical course and obtain the M.B. degree, which entitles the holder to register, usually requires six or more years. The regulations governing registration as a medical student, preliminary examination and medical education are as fol- lows : GREAT BRITAIN 154 GREAT BRITAIN Every medical student must be registered as such by the General Medical Council or must pass a preliminary examina- tion before the Conjoint Board at the beginning of his medi- cal course. In order to register, each must show satisfactory proof of being at least 16 years of age and must have passed a preliminary examination which includes the following: (a) English grammar, paraphrasing, composition, questions on English history and geography; (b) Latin (grammar, trans- lation into English from unprescribed Latin books, translation into Latin of a continuous English passage and a short idio- matic English sentence) ; (c) mathematics (arithmetic, alge- bra, including easy quadratic equations; geometry, including the subject-matter of Euclid i, ii, iii and simple deductions) ; (d) one of the following subjects: (1) Greek (grammar, translation into English from unprescribed Greek books; translation into Greek of short idiomatic English sentences) ; or (2) a modern language (grammar, translation into English from unprescribed books; translation of a continuous English passage and of short idiomatic English sentences). A degree of any university recognized by the council will be accepted as a sufficient testimonial of proficiency. The period of pro- fessional study between the date of registration as a medical student and the date of final examination must be not less than five years. (The majority of students spend more than six years, many as much as seven, owing largely to the severity of examinations.) The course of medical study and examinations must include the following subjects: (1) Physics, including the elementary mechanics of solids and fluids and the rudiments of heat, light and electricity; (2) chemistry, including the principles of the science and the details which bear on the study of medicine; (3) elementary biology; (4) anatomy; (5) physiology; (6) materia medica and pharmacy; (7) pathology; (8) therapeutics; (9) medi- cine, including medical anatomy and clinical medicine; (10) surgery, including surgical anatomy and clinical surgery; (11) midwifery, including diseases peculiar to women and new- born children; (12) theory and practice of vaccination; (13) forensic medicine; (14) hygiene; (15) mental disease. The first year may have been taken in a university acceptable to the General Medical Council which offers satisfactory courses in physics, chemistry and biology. The next three years must be spent in recognized schools of medicine, but the fifth year is devoted to clinical work in public hospitals of dispensaries, although half of this year may be spent as a pupil to a registered practitioner who is satisfactory to the Medical Council. The laws permit one to practice without registration, although such are forbidden to take the title of a licensed GREECE—H UNGA R Y 155 physician, cannot use the courts for the recovery of his charges and cannot give valid certificates of death. To obtain a license a graduate of a foreign medical college which is recognized by the General Medical Council must pass the qualifying examinations. GREECE Elementary education is given in the “Demotic” schools between the ages of 6 and 10 and in the “Hellenic” schools between the ages of 10 and 13, leading to the secondary schools or gymnasia, which occupy the time between the ages of 13 and 17. Eleven years are occupied, therefore, by ele- mentary and secondary education. One year of work in the university devoted to botany, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, geology and zoology must be completed as a part of the five-year medical course for the degree of doctor. To secure the right to practice medicine nine months of postgraduate work in a hospital must be completed. The total time required, therefore, to secure the right to practice medicine is nineteen years, and the minimum age at completion of course is 24. Graduates of a foreign medical school whose standing is reputed to be equal to that of the University of Athens and who have received a permit to practice medicine from the competent foreign authorities, may practice their profession in Greece on passing an examination on medical subjects before the faculty of the university. Such examination may be conducted in either the Greek, French, German or Italian language, at the option of the candidate. Also, a graduate of a foreign school must have his diploma and permit to prac- tice certified to by the Greek consul whose jurisdiction includes the place where the diploma and permit were issued. If he can produce no foreign permit, or certificate, authoriz- ing him to practice, he must procure such a permit from the proper Greek authorities. Finally, a graduate of a foreign school must pay 400 drachmas ($77.20) for a fee stamp to be affixed to his diploma and 100 drachmas ($19.30) for a stamp to be affixed to his permit. (Revised July, 1912.) HUNGARY Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 12 years, overlapping secondary education, which extends between the ages of 10 and 18, and finishes by the “matura” examination. The twelve years’ work thus completed leads to the five-year medical course. Three examinations must be 156 ITALY undergone. The first is taken during the course and includes physics, chemistry (each theoretical only), biology and anat- omy (each theoretical and practical). The second and third examinations are taken after the medical course is completed. The subjects of the second examination are: Pathologic anatomy (theoretical and practical), general pathology and therapeutics, pharmacology, hygiene and legal medicine (each theoretical only). The subjects of the third examination are: Internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, dis- eases of the eye (each theoretical and practical) and a special branch of medicine (alternately mental diseases or pediatrics or dermatology and syphilis). Having succeeded in these examinations the applicant has to undergo a year of compulsory hospital practice either at the university clinics or in public hospitals. The time for the entire course, therefore, is eighteen years, and the minimum age at completion is 24. Foreign diplomas are recognized only after all examinations are passed. Women are admitted to the profession. Natu- ralization as a Hungarian subject is necessary before right to practice is given. The Hungarian ministry for education has recently ordered that the holders of diplomas gained abroad (Austria included) can apply for the right to practice only under the condition that they produce proofs of having passed examinations absolutely equivalent to those required from a medical student in Hungary (knowledge of Latin, Greek, an equal curriculum, and the same subjects as are required in Hungary). The fees for the examination are 295 kronen (about $60). (Revised July, 1912.) ITALY To enter the courses of medicine at the Italian universities one must follow a five-year course of elementary education and undergo secondary education, viz., five years in the ginnasio and three years in the liceo. The student is admitted to the six-year course of medicine on presentation of the license from the liceo. The degree of Doctor may be obtained in the sixteen royal universities or in the Royal Institutes of Milan (Instituti Clinici di Perfezionamento) and of Florence; the degree is an indispensable requisite for practice. The course lasts six academic years; it has twenty-three obligatory subjects and the student must pass an examination in each subject before the final examination for the “Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia.” The propedeutic lectures (the order of which the student is at liberty to choose) are zoology, comparative anatomy ITALY 157 and physiology, botany, chemistry, physics, descriptive human anatomy, topographic human anatomy, physiology, materia medica and general pathology. Afterwards (as a rule in the second term of three years) the student must follow the lec- tures on special medical pathology, special surgical pathology, pathologic anatomy, medical clinic, surgical clinic, surgical medicine, hygiene, clinic of nervous and mental diseases, ophthalmology, obstetrics, dermatology, syphilis, pediatric clinic and legal medicine. The academic year begins on October 16 and the lectures end on June 15. The second half of October and the second half of June are occupied by the examinations. There are holidays of about a fortnight each at Christinas and Easter, so that the lectures extend over about twenty-seven weeks. The obligatory lectures last, as a rule, one year. Those on pathology, anatomy and physiology last two years; those on human anatomy, medical and surgical clinic, three years. Besides the obligatory lectures, supplementary courses and free lectures are delivered by private tutors. The professors are named by royal decree on the proposal of a special commission of the Superior Council of Public Education. They cannot be transferred, except for miscon- duct or at their personal request. The final examination consists of one written and several oral theses, all selected by the student. Failure is very rare. The M.D. must be registered at the “prefettura” and at the “Ordine dei Medici” of the province in which the applicant resides. This procedure must be repeated in case of change of residence. A foreign graduate can obtain the “Laurea in Medicina e Chirurgia” in one of the royal universities. To that end he must make application to the president of the university (Rettore) and submit his titles and birth certificate, legalized by the Italian consul of the country or state in which they were issued and by -the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In addition, said documents must bear the stamps required by the Italian Law on “Bollo.” The Ministry of Public Educa- tion will decide case by case, compelling the candidate, if considered necessary, to follow some of the lectures and to pass some of the special examinations before admission to the final examination, “Laurea.” The candidate must pay the matriculation fee of $15.00, and if compelled to follow the courses for one or more years, the annual and examina- tion fee of $35.00 per year. If the candidate is not compelled to follow the lectures, but only to pass special examinations, he has only to pay the fee for the sixth year. The fees for the final examination “Laurea” amount to $30.00. (Revised September, 1914.) 158 J A PA N—NE THER LANDS JAPAN Ordinary elementary .education extends between the ages of 6 and 12 years and leads to the “middle school,” which extends between the ages of 12 and 17 years. Completing the work of the middle school admits to the medical course in all medical schools except those connected with the Tokyo, Kioto and Fukuoka universities, which require three additional years of higher preliminary education. The medical course covers four years. The entire course of training for the medical degree, therefore, may be completed at. the minimum age of 21 years, or in the university medical schools at the age of 24 years. According to a law passed May, 1906, Japan requires cer- tain qualifications and a license from the minister of the interior before an outsider can practice medicine. An exam- ination in the Japanese language in all the branches of the medical curriculum is required. Four years of medical study are the minimum requirement, and the right is reserved to refuse or revoke the license in case the applicant is a minor, or deaf, dumb or blind, has been imprisoned or has been fined for medical malpractice. The law provides that each physician must keep a record of all his patients, with name, age, residence, occupation, disease and treatment. This record must be preserved for ten years. The law further pro- hibits false announcements in regard to a physician’s ability, and it also prohibits advertising of secret remedies by physi- cians. (Verified July, 1912.) NETHERLANDS Elementary education extends through six years between the ages of 6 and 13 years; then the student must choose between the gymnasium, a course of six years with classical requirements, or the city high schools, offering a course of five years without requirements in Latin and Greek but with more extensive requirements in mathematical and natural sci- ences. Admission in both cases is then secured to the medical course, which lasts about seven years and which includes work in the natural sciences. All examinations for students of either category are the same. After passing an examination in practical medicine, sur- gery and midwifery, the medical student is given the title of “arts” and the right to practice, but not the title of “doc- tor,” which is a purely scientific one and is obtained only by writing a scientific thesis and defending it before the medical faculty of the university. Only those may try for the title of “doctor” who have had a thorough training in classical schol- MONACO—NORW A Y—PORTUGAL 159 arship and have graduated from the gymnasium, or passed an equivalent examination. The diploma of “arts” must be recorded in the office of the chief inspector of public health and shown to the burgomaster of the commune before the holder may practice. Foreign graduates are required to pass the examination before they can practice medicine in the Netherlands. Government universities are located at Leyden, Utrecht and Groningen; at Amsterdam there is a municipal Athanaeum Illustre, of which the diploma is equivalent to those of the universities. The admission fee is 200 florins ($80) annually. (Revised June, 1912.) MONACO In the principality of Monaco, qualifications equal to the French diploma of medicine are required. Application, enclos- ing certified credentials, must be made to the counsel of the principality or to the mayor of Monaco. NORWAY Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 12 years, overlapping the secondary, which extends between the ages of 9 and 18 years. Secondary education is divided into a six-year middle school and a three-year gymnasium. The completion of the course of the gymnasium admits to the six-year medical course, which includes work in physics, chemistry and biology. The time is at least eighteen years and the minimum age at completion is 24. This gives the right to practice with the title of physician. The degree of doctor requires extra work and the passing of special exam- inations. The state examination, which is quite severe, must be passed by any one wishing to practice medicine. The govern- ment may, however, in individual cases, grant permission to practice to persons who present satisfactory evidence of requisite knowledge. PORTUGAL Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 12 years, thus overlapping the work of the lyceum, which extends between the ages of 9 and 16. This is followed by a course of one or two years in a faculty of philosophy (Coimbra) or in the polytechnic schools (Lisbon and Oporto) and then five years in medicine for the degree of licentiate in medicine and a sixth year for the degree of doctor. The time 160 ROUMANIA—R US SI A—,SERVIA for the entire course is at least eighteen years and minimum age at completion 24. For Board of Health service a special course in sanitary medicine is required; for Army and Navy service, a further course is required in bacteriology, parasit- ology, hygiene, climatology and tropical diseases. The medical course covers a period of five years, extending each year from October to July. Matriculates must have had seven years of preliminary education, including Latin, French, and German, and in addition must have studied physics, chemistry (inorganic, organic and chemical analysis), zoology, and botany, and in one of the three medical schools, mathe- matics. Foreigners must pass the state examination before they can practice. (Revised July, 1912.) ROUMANIA To become qualified to practice medicine, the candidate who having first passed his baccalaureate or examination in arts, must study medicine for five years in a medical faculty. Having passed the various examinations he is admitted to the examination for the degree of doctor. This, if obtained, gives him authority to practice. Graduates of foreign schools must present full credentials and pass the state examination. RUSSIA Elementary education in the church or parish schools extends for three years between the ages of 7 or 8 and 11. Secondary education in the gymnasium, extends through eight classes between the ages of 9 and 17. Completion of the secondary work or passing the final examinations of the gymnasium admits to the five-year medical course, which includes preliminary wo'rk in the natural sciences extending through the first two years along with other subjects. The total time is at least fifteen years and the minimum age at completion is 22, but the average age of completion of the medical course is 24 or 25. American physicians wishing to practice in Russia would have to pass the examination at a gymnasium in the Russian language before being allowed to take the final medical examinations at the university. Excep- tions to this rule are very scarce and are made by special per- mission to the minister of education. (Revised June, 1912.) SERVIA There being hitherto no university in Servia, students desir- ing to study medicine have been obliged to study abroad. SIAM—SPAIN 161 Servia recognizes only medical diplomas acquired at the uni- versities of Paris, Vienna and Berlin. Degrees from uni- versities of other countries are recognized only after an examination has been passed before a commission. Only Servian subjects may practice. (Revised June, 1912.) SIAM There are no legal restrictions to the practice of medicine. Opportunities are not good for private practice. (Verified July, 1912.) Elementary education extends between the ages of 6 and 14 years, overlapping the work of the gymnasium, the sec- ondary schools, which conduct work between the ages of 10 and 17. After completing the work of the gymnasium, one year of “preliminary study” must he taken, devoted to chemis- try and natural science. Six years more gives the degree of licentiate in medicine and one more that of doctor. The com- plete course, therefore, requires at least eighteen years of study and the minimum age at completion is 24. The official curriculum for the degree of licentiate includes the following courses: St Descriptive anatomy, normal histology and histo-chemistry, anatomical technic, embryology, physiology, general path- ology with clinical attendance, materia medica and therapeu- tics, morbid anatomy, medical and surgical pathology, obstet- rics and gynecology, pediatrics, clinical medicine and surgery, diseases of the nose, ear and larynx; regional anatomy and operations, hygiene, with statistics and sanitary legislation; forensic medicine, dermatology and syphilography. For the degree of doctor the course includes also the following courses: Critical history of medicine, chemical analysis, bio- logical chemistry, anthropology, experimental psychology. Students may pursue their study when and where they choose so long as they can pass the examination. The government, on advice of the Council on Public Instruction, may recognize medical work done abroad or may grant the temporary right to practice. At the present time, foreign medical men must qualify in the same way as Spaniards. Foreign physicians should be careful not only to have their diplomas legalized before a Spanish consul in the United States, but should also have similarly legalized a statement of the studies which have been pursued. It would also be well to have a similarly SPAIN 162 S WEDEN—SWITZERLAND legalized statement from the secretary of state of the state in which the college is located showing the right of the insti- tution to grant degrees. (Revised June, 1912.) SWEDEN Elementary education extends over three years between the ages of 6 and 9. Secondary education consists of a five-year lower modern course and a four-year higher gymnasium course, the two courses being attended by students between the ages of 9 and 18. After completing the gymnasium, one year of preliminary work in the natural sciences must be taken in a college of philosophy. Seven years more of study gives the degree of licentiate in medicine, which carries with it the right to practice provided he has passed all the qualifying examinations. To secure the degree of doctor requires more work and the passing of special examination. Promotion to each succeeding grade depends on the passing of an examina- tion, and the medical course often extends to nine or more years. The entire course, therefore, includes: Elementary work, 3 years; lower modern school, 5 years; higher gym- nasium, 4 years; college of philosophy, 1 year, and medicine, 7 years, a total of 20 years. The physician in Sweden, there- fore, seldom begins the practice of medicine before he reaches the age of 28 or 30. Graduates of foreign medical schools must pass a severe state examination, although some reduction in curriculum may he granted. (Revised May, 1912.) SWITZERLAND The cantons differ somewhat in the length of their secon- dary courses, but all agree in regard to the preliminary work for admission to medicine and the length of the medical course. Taking the canton of Zurich as an example, the elementary work extends over six years, between the ages of 6 and 12. The secondary schools, known as gymnasia (realschulen or lycea), have courses covering seven years, students attending between the ages of 11 and 18. Gradua- tion from the gymnasium admits to the five-year medical course, which includes preliminary courses in physics, chem- istry and biology. The entire course, therefore, requires: Elementary work, S years; gymnasium, 7 years, and medicine, 5 years, a total of 17 years. The minimum age at completion is 23. The degree of doctor is not essential to practice, but may be obtained by writing a special thesis and taking certain courses without necessarily requiring a longer course. TURKEY 163 A qualified foreign practitioner, even if he desires to prac- tice only among his own countrymen, is required to pass the federal and “maturity” examinations, which may be passed at Basel, Zurich or Berne in German, and at Geneva or Lau- sanne in French. The applicant is advised to call on or address Professor Courvoisier, president of the Federal Medi- cal Examining Board at Basel. We are informed that every information would be afforded, and that no difficulties are placed in the way of candidates. Three examinations are required. At the University of Zurich, as a rule, these are held as follows: The first and second at the latter part of January or the middle of September, and the third early in January or October, or the latter part of May. At Geneva the examinations are held in the third week in October and in the second week in July. At Lausanne the first and second examinations are held in April and October; the third in February, March, June and July. The examination fees are approximately $45. (Revised December, 1912.) TURKEY Elementary education extends over four years during the ages of 6 to 10 years; intermediate studies occupy the next four years from the ages of 10 to 14 years, and secondary studies occupy the three years from the ages of 14 to 17 years. A diploma from the secondary school admits to the six-year medical course, which may be completed at the age of 23. The six-year medical course includes preliminary courses in physics, chemistry and biology, and four examina- tions must be passed before admission is gained to the sixth- year course, which must be taken in the general hospitals of Constantinople. Two theses have to be presented at the fourth examination. There are two foreign provincial schools, the French and the American medical schools at Bei- rut, which now have the privilege of granting degrees and the consequent right to practice. The examinations are con- ducted by a commission from the Constantinople School of Medicine, so that their degrees are equivalent to the latter. A foreigner must present a diploma from a recognized medi- cal college and a license to practice in one of the states of the United States, and these documents must be legalized by a Turkish consul in the United States; must show his pass- port, which must have been countersigned by his consular authority, and must then pay 20 lira ($88) and pass a very strict oral examination, the “colloquium,” after which on a further payment of 5 lira ($22), he is given permission to practice. 164 SOUTH AFRICA—AUSTRALIA SOUTH AFRICA Cape Colony.—Medical practice is under the control of the Colonial Medical Council. Admission to the register is given on any diploma covering five years’ study, if the diploma entitles the holder to practice in the country wherein it was granted. The working of the law, however, practically excludes all but British diplomas. If the diploma is satisfac- tory the council recommends the holder to the colonial secre- tary, who in due course records the applicant and forwards his license. Fee for registration is approximately $25. (Re- vised September, 1912.) Madagascar.—A medical degree granted by the French government is required before the right to practice medicine is conferred by the inspector general of health. Natal.—Only sucli diplomas as are registrable in the United Kingdom are acceptable for registration to practice, and the requirements are about the same as in Cape Colony. Medi- cal affairs in charge of the Natal Medical Council. (Revised September, 1912.) Orange River Colony.—Diplomas from such medical col- leges as are satisfactory to the Colonial Medical Council are acceptable for registration. The applicant must also hold a license to practice medicine in the state or country from which he comes. The law is well enforced. The examination fee is $25. An annual license fee of about $40 must be paid by every practitioner. (Revised September, 1912.) Rhodesia.—Registration is required and such degrees as would be acceptable for license in Great Britain are recog- nized. A license to practice costs about $25. (Verified, Sep- tember, 1912.) Transvaal.—The Medical Council at Pretoria has medical matters in charge, and registration is required. The fee for license is about $50. (Verified, September, 1912.) AUSTRALIA New South Wales.—All physicians must be registered as legally qualified practitioners. Applicants must hold cre- dentials of medical training acceptable to the medical board. The same holds with Victoria and South Australia. In Queensland and West Australia applicant must prove that he has passed through a regular course of study and has received, after examination, a degree of qualification to prac- tice. In Tasmania the laws are more stringent, providing for registration and licensing of medical practitioners by a court of examiners, and such registration is strictly required. (Verified, September, 1912.) NEW ZEALAND—MINOR BRITISH COLONIES 165 Registration is required to practice. Only those holding qualifications of the New Zealand University or who are admissible to the United Kingdom Register are eligible to reg- ister. Graduates of foreign universities must give satisfac- tory evidence that their qualifications are equal to those of the New Zealand University and submit to the university final examination. The course of professional study must have extended over at least five years. The medical profession in New Zealand is said to be seriously overcrowded and on account of “friendly societies” is badly paid. (Verified, Sep- tember, 1912.) NEW ZEALAND MINOR BRITISH COLONIES Africa, East and West Coasts of.—No regulations. Gov- ernment efforts exerted toward stopping dangerous practices of native medicine men and witch doctors. Bahama Islands.—Registration is required and penalties are provided for practicing without first being duly regis- tered. No examination is required where applicant presents satisfactory credentials of graduation from a medical school legally incorporated in the country wherein it is located. Other physicians may be registered as “unqualified practitioners,” but a list of such is publicly exhibited annually in the Official Gazette. British Honduras.—Registration is required of all prac- titioners. Medical affairs are in charge of a medical committee. British Guiana.—Has a thorough medical organization. Only medical men who are already registered in the United Kingdom are admitted to the register. British New Guinea.—Has no medical acts. Bermuda Islands.—Registration after an examination is required of all applicants before the right to practice is con- ferred. (Unofficial statement, May, 1912.) Ceylon.—Under an ordinance approved July, 1905, registra- tion is required to practice and any one not so qualified who proposes to practice or hold himself as ready and willing to treat patients is liable to prosecution. The register is in charge of the Ceylon Medical College and no foreign degrees or qualifications are acceptable unless the foreign state or country recognizes the certificate of Ceylon. Cyprus.—Registration is required and any person may secure it who holds qualifications which permit him to practice where such qualifications were obtained. 166 FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES Falkland Islands.—Medical act of the United Kingdom considered to be in force, but there is no special local medi- cal act. Fiji Islands.—Now provides medical education for natives. Medical practice now controlled by government and registra- tion is required. Any one entitled to practice in the United Kingdom or British Colonies may claim admission. Gibraltar.—Registration is required, and there are mod- erately stringent regulations. Permission to practice is entirely in the hands of the governor. (Verified, June, 1912.) Hongkong.—The conditions imposed on all practitioners render the admission of non-British graduates very difficult. (Verified, September, 1912.) Leeward Islands.—Has an act regulating medical practice, passed in 1903, limiting practice to persons who would be entitled to practice in the United Kingdom. Malta.—Registration is required. There is a schedule of qualifications and a Medical Board controlling medical educa- tion. There is a medical school located there. (Verified, June, 1912.) Mauritius and St. Helena.—Registration is required and a heavy fine for unregistered practice, but there is no medical act. Seychelles Island.—Those holding qualifications acceptable to the chief medical officer are admitted to the register. Straits Settlements.—Registration is required to practice and any one not so qualified who professes to practice or who holds himself ready and willing to treat patients is liable to prosecution. West Indian Islands.—There is no register and any one may practice, but only those having qualifications registrable in the United Kingdom may recover fees at law. (Bahama Islands, see page 162.) Windward Islands.—There is a Medical Act in force and registration is required. FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES This list has been prepared from data collected by the Council on Medical Education. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC Buenos Ayres—Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Cordova.—Universidad Nacional. FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES 167 AUSTRALIA Adelaide.—University of Adelaide. Melbourne.—University of Melbourne. Perth.—University of Perth. Sydney.—University of Sydney. AUSTRIA Graz, Styria.—K. K. Karl Franzens Universitat. Innsbruck, Tyrol.—K. K. Leopold Franzens Universitat. Krakow, Galicia.—C. K. L’niwersytet Jagiellonski w Krakowie. Lemberg, Galicia.—C. K. Uniwersytet Imienia Cesarza I’ranciszka I. Prague, Bohemia.—K. K. Deutsche Karl Ferdinands Universitat. Prague, Bohemia.—C. K. Ceska Universita Karlo-Ferdinandova. Vienna, Nether Austria.—K. K. Universitat. BELGIUM Brussels.—Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Ghent.—Universite de l’etat de Gand. Liege.—Universite _ de Liege. Louvain.—Universite Catholique. BOLIVIA I.a Paz.—Universidad de La Paz. Sucre.—Universidad de Sucre. BRAZIL Bahia.—Faculdade de Medicina, Cirurgia e Pharmacia. Porto Allegre.—Faculdade Livre de Medicina e Pharmacia. Rio de Janeiro.—Faculdade de Medicina, Cirurgia e Pharmacia. CANADA Edmonton, Alberta.—University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine. Halifax, Nova Scotia.—Dalhousie University. Kingston, Ontatrio—Queen’s University. London, Ontario.—Western University. Montreal, Quebec.-—McGill University. Montreal, Quebec.—Montreal School of Medicine. Quebec, Quebec.—Universite Laval. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.—University of Saskatchewan. Toronto, Ontario.—University of Toronto. Winnipeg, Manitoba.—University of Manitoba (Manitoba Medical Col- lege). CHILE Santiago.—Universidad de Chile. CHINA Canton.—University Medical College. Canton.—South China Medical College. Canton.—Kwong Tung Rung Yee Medical College. Hongkong.—Hongkong University College of Medicine. Nanking.—East China Union Medical College. Pekin.—The Union Medical College. Shanghai.—Woman’s Medical School. Shanghai.—Harvard Medical School. Tientsin.—Imperial Medical College. Tientsin.—Army Medical College. Tientsin.—Peiyang Medical College. Tsi-nan-fu.—Union Medical College. COLOMBIA Bogota.—Universidad de Bogota. CUBA Havana.—Universidad de la Habana. 168 FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES DENMARK Copenhagen.—Kjobenhavns Universitet. ECUADOR Quito.—Universidad Central de Ecuador. EGYPT Cairo.—Kasr il Aini (School of Medicine). ENGLAND Birmingham.—University of Birmingham. Bristol.—University of Bristol. Cambridge.—University of Cambridge. Durham.-—Durham University (Durham College of Medicine). Leeds.—University of Leeds. Liverpool.—University of Liverpool. London.—University of London (including the following Medical Schools: (a) St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, (b) Charing Cross Hospital, (c) St. George’s Hospital, (d) Guy’s Hospital, (e) King’s College, (/) London Hospital, (g) St. Mary’s Hospital, (h) Middlesex Hospital, (t) St. Thomas’ Hospital, (/) University College. (k) Westminster Hospital, and (/) Royal Free Hospital (School of Medicine for Women). Manchester.—Victoria University (Owen’s College, founded in 1851, was merged in Victoria University in 1905). Oxford.—University of Oxford. Sheffield.—University of Sheffield. FRANCE Faculties of Medicine (to degree of doctor in medicine, including the five required examinations). Bordeaux.—Universite de Bordeaux. Lille.—Universite de Lille. Lyons.—Universite de Lyon. Montpellier.—Universite de Montpellier. Nancy.—Universite de Nancy. Paris.—Universite de Paris. Toulouse.—Universite de Toulouse. Preparatory Schools of Medicine.—Graduates of the 16 following schools are allowed to take the first two examinations if they are presided over by some member of a medical faculty: (a) “Full Exercise,” or complete course (covering the work of 16 trimesters). Algiers (Africa).—Academie d’Alger. Marseilles.-—Universite d’Aix-Marseille. Nantes.—Ecole de Plein Exercice de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the University of Rennes). Rennes.—Universite de Rennes. (b) Reorganized Schools.—(Completing the first 12 trimesters). Amiens.—Ecole Preparatoire de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the University of Lille). Angers.—Ecole Preparatoire de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the University of Rennes). Besancon.—Universite de Besancon. Caen.—Universite de Caen. Clermont.—Universite de Clermont. Dijon.-—Universite de Dijon. Grenoble.—Universite de Grenoble. Limoges.—Ecole de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the Uni versity of Poitiers). Poitiers.—Universite de Poitiers. Reims.—Ecole Preparatoire de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the University of Paris). Rouen.—Ecole de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the Uni- versity of Caen). Tours.—Ecole Preparatoire de Medecine et de Pharmacie (part of the University of Poitiers). FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES 169 GERMANY Berlin, Prussia.—Konigliche Friedrich-Wilhelm Universitat. Bonn, Prussia—-Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat. Breslau, Prussia.—Konigliche Universitat. Erlangen, Bavaria.—Konigliche Friedrich-Alexanders Universitat. Freiberg, Baden.—Grossherzogliche Badische Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat. Giessen, Hesse.—Grossherzogliche Hessische Ludwigs-Universitat. Gottingen, Prussia.—Konigliche Georg-August-Universiiat. Greifswald, Prussia.—Konigliche Universitat. Halle, Prussia.—Vereinigte Friedrichs-Universitat, Halle-Wittenberg. Heidelberg, Baden.—Grossherzogliche Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat. Jena, Thuringia.—'Grossherzogliche und Herzogliche Sachsische Gesamt- Universitat. Kiel, Prussia.—Konigliche Christian-Albrechts-Universitat. Konigsberg, Prussia.—Konigliche Albertus-Universitiit. Leipzig, Saxony.—Universitat. Marburg, Prussia.—Universitat. Munich, Bavaria.-—Konigliche Bayr. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat. Rostock, Mecklenburg.—Universitat. Strassburg, Alsace-Lorraine.—-Kaiser-Wilhelms-Univer si tat. Tubingen, Wurtemberg.— Konigliche Eberhard-Karls-Universitiit. IViirzberg, Bavaria.—Konigliche Julius-Maximilians Universitat. GREECE Athens.—National University. GUATEMALA Guatemala.—Facultad de Medicina. HAITI Port au Prince.—L’Ecole Nationale de Medecine. HONDURAS Tegucigalpa.—Facultad de Medicina. HUNGARY Budapest.—Budapesti Kiralyi Magyar Tudomany-Egyetem (Royal Hungarian University). Klausenburg.—Kolozsvari Magyar Kiralyi Ferencz-Jdzsef Tudomany- Egyetem (Royal Hungarian Franz-Joseph University). Pressburg.—Royal Hungarian University. ICELAND Reykjavik.—Loeknaskoli (School of Physicians). INDIA Bombay.—University of Bombay (Grant Medical College). Calcutta.—University of Calcutta (Medical College of Bengal). Lahore.—Panjab University (Lahore Medical College). Lucknow.—King George’s Medical College. Madras.—University of Madras (Madras Medical College). Ceylon (Columbo).—The Ceylon Medical College. Note.—There are several minor medical colleges in India not accredited by the examining board in England. IRELAND Belfast.—Queen’s University. Dublin.—National University of Ireland (including University College, Dublin; University College, Cork; University College, Galway). Dublin.—University of Dublin (The School of Physic in Ireland, Trin- ity College; Catholic University Medical School). Dublin.—Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Schools of Surgery (including the Carmichael College of Medicine and the Ledwich School of Medicine). 170 FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES ITALY Bologna.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Cagliari, Sardinia.—Universita degli Studi. Camerino.—Libera Universita degli Studi. Catania.—Regia Universita degli Studi di Catania. Ferrara.—Libera Universita degli Studi di Ferrara. Florence.—Regia Instituto di Studi Superiori, Practici e di Per- fezionamento. Genoa.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Messina.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Modena.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Naples.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Padua.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Palermo.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Parma.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Pavia.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Perugia.—Universita Libra degli Studi. Pisa.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Rome— Regia Universita degli Studi. Sassari.-—Regia Universita degli Studi. Siena.—Regia Universita degli Studi. Turin.—Regia Universita degli Studi. JAPAN Kyoto.—Imperial University (a part of the medical school is located at Fukuoka). Tamsui, Formosa.—-Medical School of Formosa. Tokyo.—Imperial University (Tokyo Medical College became the Medical Department in 1877). Tokyo.—Nippon Medical College. Medical schools are located also at Chiba, Sendai, Okayama, Kan- azawa and Nagasaki. KOREA Seoul.—Severance Medical College. MADAGASCAR Tananarive.—L’Ecole de Medecine. MALAYA Singapore.—Malaya Medical School. MEXICO Guadalajara.—Escuela de Medicina y de Farmacia de Jalisco. Mexico.—Escuela Nacional de Medicina. Monterey.—Escuela de Medicine de Nuovo Leon. NETHERLANDS Amsterdam.—Universiteit van Amsterdam. Groningen.—Rijks-Universiteit te Groningen. Leyden.—Rijks-Universiteit. LJ trecht.—Ri j ks-Universiteit. NEW ZEALAND Wellington.—University of New Zealand (affiliated with the University of Cambridge, England). NICARAGUA Leon.—Universidad de Nicaragua. NORWAY Christiania.—Kongelige Frederiks Universitet. PERSIA Urumia.—Urumia College Medical Department. FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES 171 PERU Lima.—Universidad Mayor de San Marcos. PORTUGAL Coimbra.—Universidade de Coimbra. Lisbon.—Escola Medico-Cirurgica. Oporto.—Escola Medico-Cirurgica. ROUMANIA Bukharest.—Universitatea din Bucuresti. Jassy.—Universitatea din Jasi. RUSSIA Helsingfors, Finland.—Kejserliga Alexanders Universitet. Jurjev (formerly Dorpat).—Imperatorski Jurjevskij Universitet. Kazan.—Imperatorskij Kasanskij Universitet. Kharkof.—Imperatorskij Charkovskij Universitet. Kief.—Imperatorskij Universitet Sv. Vladimira. Moscow.—Imperatorskij Moskovskij Universitet. Odessa.—Imperatorskij Novorossijskij Universitet. Tomsk, Siberia.—Tomskij Universitet. Warsaw.—Imperatorskij Varsavskij Universitet. SCOTLAND Aberdeen.—University of Aberdeen. Dundee.—University of St. Andrews (University College). Edinburgh.—University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh.—School of Medicine of the Royal Colleges (including the Surgeons’ Hall School). Glasgow.—University of Glasgow (including Queen Margaret College). Glasgow.—Anderson’s College Medical School. Glasgow.—St. Mungo’s College and Glasgow Royal Infirmary. Glasgow.—Western Medical School. SIAM Bangkok.—Royal Medical College. SOUTH AFRICA Cape Town.—South African Medical College. SPAIN Barcelona.—Universidad de Barcelona. Cadiz.—Facultad de Medicina. Granada.—Universidad de Granada. Madrid.—Universidad de Central de Espana. Santiago.—Universidad. Saragossa.—Universidad. Seville.—Universidad de Sevilla. (To this university also belongs the Medical Faculty at Cadiz.) Valencia.—Universidad. Valladolid.—Universidad. SWEDEN Lund.—Kungl. Karolinska Universitetet. Stockholm.—Karolinska Institutet (Medico-Chirurgical Institute). (This institute has the same chancellor as the universities at Lund and Upsala, and is guided by a similar constitution.) Upsala.—Kungl. Universitetet i Upsala. SWITZERLAND Basel.—Universitat. Berne.—Kantonale Universitat. Fribourg.—Universitat. Geneva.—Universite de Geneve. 172 FOREIGN MEDICAL COLLEGES Lausanne.—Universite. Neu-Chatel.—Universitiit. Zurich.—Universitat. SYRIA Beirut.—Syrian Protestant College. Beirut.—Universite Saint Joseph de Beyrouth. TURKEY Constantinople.—University of Constantinople. (Another medical department of this university is located at Damascus.) URUGUAY Montevideo.—Universidad. VENEZUELA Caracas.—Universidad Central de Venezuela. WALES Cardiff.—University of Wales (Cardiff School of Medicine). MEDICAL COLLEGES OF THE WORLD Nation. Colleges Argentine .+ 2 Australia 4 7 Belgium 4 2 3 Canada 10 Chile 1 China 12 Colombia 1 Cuba 1 1 1 Egypt 1 England 21 7 Germany 20 Greece 1 1 Haiti 1 Honduras 1 Hungary 3 Iceland 1 India 6 4 Italy 20 Nation. Colleges 9 Korea 1 Madagascar 1 Malaya 1 3 Netherlands 4 New Zealand 1 Nicaragua 1 Norway 1 Persia 1 Peru 1 Portugal 3 Roumania 2 9 8 1 South Africa 1 9 Sweden 3 Switzerland 7 2 Turkey 1 Uruguay 1 United States . ... 101 1 Wales 1 Total medical colleges in all countries 310 There are also about 20 sectarian schools in the United States, the graduates of which treat diseases, giving this country a total of 121 CHART 1.—PRELIMINARY AND MEDICAL EDUCATION AT HOME AND ABROAD Age. Argentine Republic.. Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Denmark France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Peru Portugal Russia Spain Sweden Switzerland (Zurich) Turkey . [Uruguay i United States, 1 ( United States, 2 United States, 3 United States, 4 United States, 5.... United States, 6 United States, 7 United States, 8 A. M. A. “Ideal”... Apparent trend of University Schools Representing 17 Colleges* 45 College 18 State College ' States Age. =Primary. ! intermediate. I =Natural Sciences with Med. Course. =Collegiate. Medical. Hospital Year. a Shows average time required to complete the medical course. * Not including osteopathic and other pseudomedical colleges. 174 STANDARDS ABROAD COMPARED MEDICAL STANDARDS ABROAD COMPARED The list of foreign medical colleges, on the preceding pages, shows a total of 206 such colleges outside the United States, while this country alone has 121. All European medical schools are medical faculties of universities or are under the direct control of universities, and there are no proprietary or pseudomedical sectarian schools such as are permitted to exist in this country. The information regarding preliminary education as well as collegiate and medical was obtained from original sources and from foreign publications and has been verified in most instances by the American consuls in the different countries. The requirements in twenty-five foreign countries are graph- ically presented in the chart on page 173, where each divi- sion of education is shown according to the ages at which students are in attendance. The shaded portions of the bands represent primary and secondary education, the black portions the medical, and the white portions represent the requirements of higher preliminary education, including work in physics, chemistry and biology. The dotted portions, a for Great Britain and Sweden, indicate the average length of time required to graduate in medicine. The chart allows valuable comparisons to be made and, as measured by years, shows more of a uniformity of educational standards than one would expect. It is interesting to note how sharply the line repre- senting the age of 18 separates the secondary from higher education. The age at the completion of the medical course in each country, as shown in the chart, with one or two exceptions, represents the lowest age at which the student can secure the right to practice medicine, disregarding the rare exceptions when the student graduates at an earlier age. The average age is one or two years higher than is shown in the chart, since the regular course of study between the ages of 6 and 24 is often broken by sickness, failure to receive promotion, or other causes. In the majority of foreign countries secondary education begins from two to five years earlier than in this country, and in some countries has no direct connection with the ele- mentary. In fact, in several European countries, in Great Britain and in France, for example, it appears that the major- ity of students entering the secondary schools secure their elementary instruction from private tutors or in preparatory courses offered by the secondary schools, rather than in the regular elementary schools. The United States and Japan are the only countries named in the chart which do not require preliminary work in physics, STANDARDS ABROAD COMPARED 175 chemistry and biology of every medical student. Even the South American countries are ahead of the United States in this respect. In some countries named the work is taken in the first one or two years of the medical course, along with the usual medical studies, while ih others, notably in France, Belgium and Sweden, it must be taken in a college of science or philosophy. In still others, as in Austria and in Great Britain, the work may be taken either in a college of liberal arts or in the medical school. In France this work was given as a part of the regular medical course until in 1893, when it was transferred to the college of science, because the labora- tories and trained instructors in those colleges made it certain that the courses would be thoroughly taught. Only one year devoted to the preliminary scientific studies is required by all but two of the countries named, or else the work extends through about two years along with regular medical subjects. In no instances are more than two years of college work devoted entirely to preliminary study. This seems to indicate that the preliminary requirement by a few medical schools in this country of three and four years of col- lege work is extreme and had no parallel in other countries. In six of the countries named, disregarding rare exceptions, the earliest age at which the right to practice medicine can be secured is 23. In three countries the age limit is 25 or beyond. But in the great majority the age limit is 24 and the entire course of elementary, secondary, college and medical education is completed in eighteen years. This agrees with the “ideal standard” adopted at Portland, Ore., in 1905, by the American Medical Association, as well as with the so-called six-year combined course for the degrees of B.S. and M.D., which is being generally adopted by medical schools in this country. That the formerly serious diversity of standards of medical education in the United States is rapidly being corrected is also shown by the chart. Preliminary standards still range from a common school education up to the requirement of a college degree. ,Of the 101 colleges in the United States, only 18 now require a four-year high-school education or less, as shown in Groups 1 and 4, while 45 colleges now require one year of college work and 39 colleges require two or more years of work in a college of arts. Of these 84 higher stand- ard colleges, 80 raised their requirements in the past ten years, or since the Council on Medical Education began its effective work. The twenty or more pseudo-medical or “drugless healing” colleges invariably lack entrance standards or have such as are less than a high-school education. This group of colleges and the years when the higher require- ments became effective are as follows: 176 STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION STANDARDS OF THE COUNCIL ON MEDICAL EDU- CATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Essentials of an Acceptable Medical College (Revised to February 1, 1915) The following outline of the essentials of an acceptable medical college was issued by the Council on Medical Educa- tion of the American Medical Association for its suggestive value in the rapid development in progress among the medi- cal colleges in the United States. It also represents the basis on which medical colleges are rated in the Council’s classifications. ADMISSION OF STUDENTS 1. A strict enforcement of the following standards and requirements, the college itself to be held responsible for any instances in which they are not enforced. [Since the product of the medical school depends largely on the quality of the students admitted, in rating medical colleges, special emphasis is laid by the Council on the strictness and honesty by which the standards of admission and advanced standing are administered. By the admission of unfit students the school is handicapped from the very beginning and, in the opinion of the Council, deserves a low rat- ing regardless of its equipment, its clinical facilities and its teaching force.] 2. A requirement for admission of a four-year high-school education, and in addition at least one year of college work, including eight semester hours each of physics, chemistry and biology of college grade and a reading knowledge of German or French. 3. These minimum requirements for admission to the study of medicine are set forth in the following statements relating (1) to the high school work and (2) to the work of the pre- liminary college year. The prescribed minimum of work in physics, chemistry, biology and German or French should be required by every medical school whether given in a prelimi- nary year by the medical school itself or required in one or more years of collegiate work. The statements are as fol- lows : (a) For admission to the preliminary college year, stu- dents must have completed a four-year course of at least fourteen units in a standard accredited high school or other institution of standard secondary school grade, or have its equivalent as demonstrated by an examination conducted by I. ADMISSION TO THE PRELIMINARY COLLEGE YEAR STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 177 a duly authorized examiner of the College Entrance Exami- nation Board; or by the authorized examiner of a standard college or university which has been approved by the Coun- cil on Medical Education, or by an examiner whose certifi- cates are accepted by such approved standard colleges or universities. A detailed statement of attendance at the secondary school and a transcript of the student’s work should be kept on file by the medical school authorities. This evidence of actual attendance at the secondary school or schools should be obtained for every student no matter whether he is admitted by examination or on presentation of acceptable credentials. This should be kept separate from the transcript of college work described below. (b) The subjects for which credits for admission to the preliminary college year may be accepted are shown in the accompanying schedule. (c) The preliminary college year shall extend through one college session of at least thirty-two weeks of actual instruc- tion, including final examinations. (d) In excellence of teaching and in content, the work of this preliminary college year shall be at least equal to the work done in the freshman year in standard colleges and universities which enforce for admission at least 14 units of accredited high school work, and exact for graduation at least 120 semester hours of collegiate work. IX. WORK OF THE PRELIMINARY COLLEGE YEAR SCHEDULE OF SUBJECTS OFFERED IN ACADEMIC AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS, CREDITS IN WHICH ARE ACCEPTABLE FOR ENTRANCE TO THE PRELIMI- NARY COLLEGE YEAR LEADING TO THE MEDICAL COURSES ENGLISH SUBJECTS UNITS REQUIRED ELECTIVE Reading and Practice 2 2 Study and Practice 1 i MATHEMATICS Algebra to Quadratics 1 1 . . . Algebra (Quadratic Equations, Binomial Theorem and Progres- sions) 34 34 Plane Geometry 1 i Solid Geometry 34 34 Trigonometry 34 34 LATIN Grammar and Composition 1 * 1 Caesar 1 * 1 Cicero l l Virgil 1 1 Cornelius Nepos l 1 178 STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION Greek Grammar and Composition 1 * 1 Xenophon 1 * 1 Homer 1 1 German (or French) Elementary 2 2* Intermediate 1 1 Spanish Elementary 2 2 Scandinavian Elementary 2 2 HISTORY American History and Civil Gov- ERNMENT 1 1 Greek and Roman History 1 1 Medieval and Modern History 1 1 English History 1 1 Science f Botany and Zoology, each 1 1 or Biology 1 1 Chemistry 1 1 Physics Physiography Physiology 1 8 1 lA 'A Agriculture 1 l Drawing 1 l Manual Training 1 l Domestic Science 1 l Music Appreciation or Harmony I l Total 35 A 7 28)4 A unit is the credit value of at least 36 weeks’ work of 4 or 5 reci- tation periods per week, each recitation period to be of not less than 40 minutes. In other words, a unit represents a year’s study in any subject in a secondary school constituting approximately a quarter of a full year’s work. A satisfactory year’s work in any subject cannot be accomplished under ordinary circumstances in less than 120 sixty- minute hours, or their equivalent. Required Branches: Of the 14 units of high-school work it is sug- gested that the subjects in capitals aggregating 7 units be required. Other work to the amount of at least 7 units may be made up from any of the other subjects of the above schedule. * Two units of Greek or Latin may be substituted for the two required units of French or German. f Credentials of each science course should include evidence of laboratory work. (e) This preliminary college year shall consist of at least thirty semester hours,1 fully completed before the student enters the medical school. This is entirely in addition to the 14 units of secondary school work, or to any of the required sciences in which the students may be conditioned. A student who makes his preparation in an institution requir- ing less than 14 units for admission or who is permitted more than two units of condition on admission, will have to present thirty semester hours of standard college work in addition to such deductions as may have to be made from his college work to make up the prescribed 14 units. 1. Or its full equivalent in other terms of measurement. STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 179 (f) This preliminary college year shall include courses in physics, chemistry, biology and French or German, each course to embrace at least eight semester hours of didactic and laboratory work in each subject as shown in the accom- panying schedule, provided that the requirement in biology may be satisfied by presenting six semester hours of college zoolog}', or by presenting one unit of high school biology, including laboratory work, and completing four semester hours of college zoology; and provided that the requirements in physics may be satisfied by presenting one unit of high school physics, including laboratory work, and completing four semester hours of college physics which continues and does not duplicate the work done in high school. Subject Lectures or Total Hours Per Semester Total Sem- Recitations Periodsf ester Hours Per Week Per Week Per Year Physics, 1. .. . 2 or 3 2 or 1 4 8 Chemistry, 1.. 2 2 4 8 Biology, 1. .. . (orZoology,l)* 2 or 3 (1) 2 or 1 (2) 4 (3) 8 (6) French or German, 2. . 4 or 3 4 or 3 8 or 6 9 or 11 6 or 5 16 or 15 32 or 30 SCHEDULE OR, EXPRESSED IN CLASS HOURS Subject Total Hours Lectures, or Recitations Total Hours Laboratory Work Total Minimum Hours Didactic and Laboratory Physics, 1. .. . 64 or 96 128 or 64 192 or 160 Chemistry, 1. . 64 128 192 Biology, 1. . . . 64 or 96 128 or 64 192 or 160 (orZoology,l) * French or (32) (128) (160) German, 2. . 128 or 96 128 or 96 Totals 288* or 352 ' 384 or 256 704 or 608 't Each laboratory period should extend over at least two hours. * See paragraph (/) above. (g) Credits for two or more years of collegiate work can- not be considered fully acceptable unless courses in physics, chemistry and biology, as described above, have been com- pleted. It is urged that a reading knowledge of French or German also be required. (h) Medical schools which aim to give a premedical year, including these science courses, should admit only those 180 STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION students who have completed at least 14 units of high school work; should provide expert full-time teachers in the various subjects in addition to the regular staff of the medical school; should provide standard laboratory equipment and should provide a training in the subjects no less thorough than that given in standard colleges of liberal arts, the total work of this premedical year amounting to at least thirty semester hours. (i) Post-graduate courses given in high schools by high school teachers cannot as a rule be considered equal to col- lege courses given by college teachers, unless such post- graduate courses are definitely organized on a junior college basis, and credits for work done in them regularly recog- nized and accepted by a state university or other university of similar rank, approved by the Council on Medical Educa- tion. O') A year of work in a college of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, or other professional college is not considered as an equivalent to the required premedical college year. III. ENTRANCE CONDITIONS UNTIL JANUARY 1, 1917 (k) A candidate who has completed at least one year (thirty semester hours, see paragraph e) of work in an approved college of liberal arts or science may be admitted conditioned either in one-half of the required course in physics, or one-half of the required course in biology, and in one-half of the course in a modern language, these con- ditions to be removed before the beginning of the work of the second medical year. No conditions may be permitted in the prescribed eight semester hours of college chemistry. (0 A candidate wTho has completed two or more years of work in an approved college of liberal arts, or who holds a baccalaureate degree from such college, may be admitted conditions to be removed before the beginning of the second half of the work required in biology, and in a modern lan- guage, to a total not to exceed twelve semester hours, these conditions to be removed before the beginning of the second medical year. No condition may be permitted in the pre- scribed eight semester hours of college chemistry. (m) Since the medical course demands the full energy of the student, especially in the freshman year, all deficiencies should be removed, so far as possible, during the summers preceding and following the freshman medical year. (n) A medical school having students who were con- ditioned on entrance in 1914-15, under the former regulations, are entitled to have the conditions of such students brought STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 181 into conformity with the rulings here announced without prejudice to its standing. (o) If a satisfactory “reading knowledge” of French or German is to be obtained in the one year of college work it is essential that an advanced course be offered and that the student shall have completed as a prerequisite in the high school two units of elementary work in French or German. 5. The college should require that students be in actual attendance in the college within the first week of each annual session and thereafter. 6. Actual attendance at classes should be insisted on except for good cause, such as for sickness, and under no circum- stances should credit be given for any course where the atten- dance has been less than 80 per cent, of the full time. 7. (a) Full advanced standing may be granted to students only for work done in other acceptable colleges and in grant- ing advanced standing there should be no discrimination against the college’s full-course students. (b) In exceptional cases students from Class B medical schools may be given advanced standing but not higher than entrance to the third year (junior) class and no credit should be given in any sub- ject except on recommendation of the head of the depart- ment teaching that subject, (c) In exceptional cases students from Class C colleges may be given advanced standing but not higher than entrance to the second year (sophomore) class and then only after thorough examinations in all first year subjects have been passed. SUPERVISION, EQUIPMENT, TEACHERS 8. There should be careful and intelligent supervision of the entire school by a dean or other executive officer who holds, and has sufficient authority to carry out fair ideals of medical education as interpreted by modern knowledge. 9. There should be a good system of records showing con- veniently and in detail the credentials, attendance, grades and accounts of the students by means of which an exact knowledge can be obtained regarding each student’s work. Records should also be kept showing readily the attendance of patients at the teaching hospitals and dispensaries; the maternity cases attended by students and the post-mortem cases used in teaching. 10. The college should have a fully graded course covering four years of at least thirty-two weeks each, exclusive of time required for matriculation and holidays, and at least thirty hours per week of actual work; this course should be clearly set forth in a carefully prepared and printed schedule of lectures and classes. 182 STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION (a) The college should give two years of work consisting largely of laboratory work in thoroughly equipped labora- tories in anatomy, histology, embryology, physiology, chem- istry (inorganic, organic and physiologic), bacteriology, path- ology, pharmacology, therapeutics and clinical diagnosis. Present-day medical knowledge makes it quite essential that these subjects be in charge of full-time, thoroughly trained teachers. (&) Two years of clinical work largely in hospitals and dispensaries, with thorough courses in internal medicine (including physical diagnosis, pediatrics, nervous and mental diseases), surgery (including surgical anatomy and opera- tive surgery on the cadaver), obstetrics, gynecology, laryn- gology, rhinology, ophthalmology, otology, dermatology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. (c) As soon as conditions warrant, a fifth undergraduate year should be required which should be spent by the stu- dent as an intern in an approved hospital. 11. The college should provide at least six expert, thor- oughly trained professors in the laboratory branches, sal- aried so that they may devote their entire time to instruction and to that research without which they cannot well keep up with the rapid progress being made in their subjects. These professors should have a definite responsibility in the conduct of the college, and their first and chief interest should be the training of medical students. It is advised that four of these professors be placed in charge of the departments of (a) anatomy, (b) physiology, (c) pathology and bacteriology and (d) physiologic chemistry and phar- macology. The other two may be assigned one to the labo- ratory course in histology and embryology under the depart- ment of anatomy and the other to the department of path- ology and bacteriology, possibly to the course in laboratory clinical diagnosis. There should also be a sufficient number of assistants in each department to look after the less impor- tant details. For colleges having sixty students or less in each class, there should be at least one full-time salaried assistant for each of the four departments mentioned, and at least one additional assistant in each of these departments should be provided for each additional thirty students enrolled. This represents a low average of the full-time assistants already employed by the accepted medical colleges. 12. The faculty should be thoroughly organized and should be made up of graduates of institutions recognized as medical colleges and who have had a training in all departments of medicine. Non-medical men should be selected as teachers in medical schools only under exceptional circumstances and only because medical men of equal special capacity are not STANDARDS OF MEDICAL , EDUCATION 183 available. All faculty members should be appointed because of their ability as teachers and not because they happen to be on the attending staff of a hospital or for other like rea- sons. CLINICAL FACILITIES 13. The college should own or entirely control a hospital in order that students may come into close and extended con- tact with patients under the supervision of the attending staff. This hospital should be in close proximity to the col- lege and have a daily average (for senior classes of 100 stu- dents or less) of not less than 200 patients which can be utilized for clinical teaching, these patients to be of such character as to permit the student to see and study the com- mon variety of surgical and medical cases as well as a fair number in each of the so-called specialties. 14. The college should also have ample hospital facilities for children’s diseases, contagious diseases and nervous and mental diseases. 15. At least six maternity cases should be provided for each senior student, who should have actual charge of these cases under the supervision of the attending physician. Care- ful records of each case should be handed in by the student. 16. Facilities should be provided for at least thirty necrop- sies during each college session which are attended and can be participated in by senior students (for senior classes of 100 students or less). 17. The college should own or control a dispensary, or out- patient department, the attendance to be a daily average of sixty cases (for senior classes of 100 students or less, the patients to be carefully classified, good histories and records of the patients to be kept and the material to be well used. The attending staff should be made up of good teachers, should be well organized and be regular in attendance. OTHER TEACHING FACILITIES 18. The college should have a working medical library to include the more modern text and reference books with the Index Medicus and thirty or more leading medical periodi- cals ; the library room should be properly lighted and heated, and easily accessible to students during all or the greater part of the day; it should be equipped with suitable tables and chairs, and have a librarian in charge. 19. A working medical museum having its various ana- tomic, embryologic, pathologic and other specimens carefully prepared, labeled and indexed so that any specimen may be easily found and employed for teaching purposes. It is sug- 184 STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION gested that so far as possible with each pathologic specimen coming from post mortems there also be kept the record of the post mortem, the clinical history of the patient on whom the necropsy was held and microscopic slides showing the minute structures of the disease shown in the gross speci- men. 20. There should be sufficient dissecting material to enable each student individually to dissect at least the lateral half of the human cadaver; to provide cross-sections and other demonstration material and to allow of a thorough course for each senior in operative surgery on the cadaver. 21. For modern experimiental laboratory work in physiol- ogy, pharmacology and bacteriology as well as for a reason- able amount of medical research, a supply of animals—frogs, turtles, rabbits and guinea-pigs, if not also cats and dogs— is essential. Proper provision, also, is necessary for the housing and care of such animals. In any use made of ani- mals great care should be used to prevent needless suffering and work by students should be carefully supervised. 22. A supply of such useful auxiliary apparatus as a stere- opticon, a reflectoscope, carefully prepared charts, embryo- logic or other models, manikins, dummies for use in bandag- ing, a Roentgen-ray and other apparatus now so generally used in medical teaching. 23. The college should show evidences of thorough organi- zation and of reasonably modern methods in all departments and evidences that the equipment and facilities are being intel- ligently used in the training of medical students. 24. A clear statement of the college’s requirements for admission, tuition, time of attendance on the classes, sessions, courses offered and graduation should be clearJy set forth, together with complete classified lists of its matriculants and latest graduating class in regular annual catalogues or an- nouncements. By vote of the House of Delegates of the American Med- ical Association the Council on Medical Education has been given special instructions at various times as follows: (a) Not to rate higher than Class C any medical college which gives the major portion of its instruction after four o’clock in the afternoon (Atlantic City, June, 1907). (b) To include in Class A only such medical colleges as required, for admission, in addition to an accredited four- year high school course, at least one year of college credits in physics, chemistry and biology (Atlantic City, June, 1912). In 1914 (June, Atlantic City), it was emphasized that the courses in physics, chemistry and biology to be acceptable should be of college grade. STANDARDS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION 185 (c) No college is to be rated higher than Class C which is conducted as a stock corporation in the interests of the stockholders (Atlantic City, June, 1914). NOTE.—Correspondence from medical colleges regarding any of the above requirements is invited, and any further suggestions or information available will be gladly furnished. Definitions of a Medical College* and a Medical Schoolf “An institution to be ranked as a medical college must have at least six professors giving their entire time to medi- cal work, a graded course of four full years of college grade in medicine, and must require for admission not less than the usual four years of academic or high-school preparation, or its equivalent, in addition to the preacademic or grammar- school studies.” By a medical school as differentiated from a medical col- lege is meant a part of a university requiring for admission two years of collegiate work, or its equivalent, and offering instruction of not less than two years’ duration, leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Grading of Medical Colleges As in the previous classification, all medical colleges were rated by the Council on Medical Education on a civil service basis on a scale of 1,000 points. The data relating to each college were grouped under ten general heads in such manner that the groups would have as nearly equal weight as pos- sible, each group allowing a possible 100 points (10 per cent.) out of a possible 1,000 points (100 per cent.). The ten heads under which the data were arranged are as follows: 1. Showing of graduates before state boards and other evidences of the training received. 2. Enforcement of a satisfactory preliminary educational requirement, granting of advanced standing and the character of the records. 3. Character of curriculum, grading of course, length of session, time allowed for matriculation and supervision. 4. Medical school buildings; light, heat, ventilation, cleanliness. 5. Laboratory facilities and instruction. 6. Dispensary facilities and instruction. 7. Hospital facilities and instruction, maternity work, autopsies, spe- cialties. 8. Faculty, number and qualifications of trained teachers, full-time instructors, and assistants, especially of the laboratory branches, organi- zation, and extent of research work. 9. Extent to which the school is conducted for properly teaching the science of medicine rather than for the profit of the faculty directly or indirectly. 10. Possession and use made of libraries, museums, charts, stereopti- cons, etc. * This definition of a college is based on that given in the revised ordinances of the state of New York. It has been adopted also by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. t Based on the definition of the term “school” adopted in 1909 by the Association of American Universities. 186 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES Class A colleges are those which are acceptable; Class B, those which, under their present organization, might be made acceptable by general improvements, and Class C, those which require a complete reorganization to make them acceptable. THIRD CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES Revised to March 1, 1915 CLASS A—ACCEPTABLE MEDICAL COLLEGES 1. Requiring two or more years of collegiate work for admission: Requirement Began Alabama University of Alabama, School of Medicine 1915 California Leland Stanford Junior University, School of Medicine.. 1909 University of California Medical School 1905 Colorado University of Colorado, School of Medicine 1910 Connecticut Yale Medical School 1909 District of Columbia Georgetown University, School of Medicine 1912 Howard University, School of Medicine 1914 Illinois Northwestern University Medical School 1911 Rush Medical College (University of Chicago) 1904 University of Illinois, College of Medicine ..1914 Indiana Indiana University, School of Medicine 1910 Iowa State University of Iowa, College of Medicine 1910 State University of Iowa, Col. of Homeopathic Med 1910 Kansas University of Kansas, School of Medicine 1909 Maryland Johns Hopkins University, Medical Department 1893 Massachusetts Medical School of Harvard University 1900 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES 187 Michigan University of Michigan, Depart, of Med. and Surgery... 1909 Minnesota University of Minnesota Medical School 1907 Missouri University of Missouri, School of Medicine* 1910 Washington University Medical School 1912 Nebraska University of Nebraska, College of Medicine 1909 New Hampshire Dartmouth Medical School* 1910 New York Columbia University, Coll, of Physicians and Surgeons.. 1910 Cornell University Medical College 1908 Syracuse University, College of Medicine. 1910 North Carolina Wake Forest College School of Medicine* 1908 North Dakota University of North Dakota, School of Medicine* 1907 Ohio Western Reserve University School of Medicine 1901 Medical College of the University of Cincinnati 1913 Ohio State University, College of Medicine 1915 Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine 1910 University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine 1913 Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania 1915 South Dakota University of South Dakota, College of Medicine* 1909 Utah University of Utah, School of Medicine* 1910 Virginia Medical College of Virginia 1915 Wisconsin Marquette University School of Medicine 1915 University of Wisconsin Medical School* 1907 2. Requiring one year of collegiate work for admission: District of Columbia George Washington University, Medical School 1914 188 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES Georgia Atlanta Medical College 1914 University of Georgia, Medical Department 1914 Kentucky University of Louisville, Medical Department 1914 Louisiana Tulane University of Louisiana, School of Medicine.... 1910 Maine Medical School of Maine 1912 Maryland College of Physicians and Surgeons 1914 University of Maryland, School of Medicine 1914 Massachusetts Boston University, School of Medicine 1914 Tufts College Medical School 1914 Michigan Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery 1914 University of Michigan, Homeopathic Medical College. .1912 Mississippi University of Mississippi, Department of Medicine* 1914 Missouri St. Louis University, School of Medicine 1910 New York Albany Medical College 1914 Fordham University, School of Medicine 1911 Long Island College Hospital 1914 University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College 1912 University of Buffalo, Medical Department 1914 North Carolina University of North Carolina, School of Medicine* 1910 Oregon University of Oregon, Department of Medicine 1910 Pennsylvania Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital 1914 Jefferson Medical College 1914 Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia 1914 Tennessee Vanderbilt University, Medical Department 1914 University of Tennessee, College of Medicine 1914 Texas University of Texas, Department of Medicine 1910 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES 189 Vermont University of Vermont, College of Medicine 1912 Virginia University of Virginia, Department of Medicine 1910 CLASS B—COLLEGES NEEDING GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS TO BE MADE ACCEPTABLE 1. Requiring tzvo years of collegiate work for admission: Requirement Began North Carolina Leonard Medical School* 1914 2. Requiring one year of collegiate ivork for admission: Arkansas University of Arkanas, Medical Department 1915 California College of Physicians and Surgeons, Los Angeles 1914 Hahnemann Medical College of the Pacific 1915 Illinois f Bennett Medical College 1914 Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital 1914 Nebraska John A. Creighton Medical College 1914 Oklahoma University of Oklahoma, School of Medicine 1914 Pennsylvania Temple University, Department of Medicine 1914 South Carolina Medical College of the State of South Carolina 1914 Texas Baylor University, College of Medicine 1913 Southern Methodist University, Medical Department.... 1914 Texas Christian University, School of Medicine 1914 West Virginia West Virginia University, School of Medicine* 1911 f The rating of the Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery is at present undetermined. 190 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES 3. Requiring a four-year high-school course for admission: Alabama Birmingham Medical College1 Birmingham California Oakland College of Medicine and Surgery Oakland New York New York Homeopathic Medical College and Flower Hospital2 New York City North Carolina North Carolina Medical College3 Charlotte Ohio Eclectic Medical College Cincinnati Tennessee Lincoln Memorial University, Medical Dept.4 Knoxville Meharry Medical College Nashville CLASS C—COLLEGES REQUIRING A COMPLETE REORGANIZATION TO MAKE THEM ACCEPTABLE California California Eclectic Medical College Los Angeles College of Physicians and Surgeons San Francisco College of Medical Evangelists Loma Linda Georgia Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery... .Atlanta Illinois Chicago Hospital College of Medicine Chicago Jenner Medical College • Chicago Maryland Maryland College of Medicine and Surgery5 Baltimore Massachusetts College of Physicians and Surgeons6 >. ....Boston Missouri American Medical College1 St. Louis Eclectic Medical University8 Kansas City Kansas City Hahnemann Medical College Kansas City St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons St. Louis Nebraska Cotner University Medical College Lincoln New York New York Med. Coll, and Hosp. for Women. .New York City CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES 191 Ohio Cleveland-Pulte Medical College'1 Cleveland Tennessee University of West Tenn. Coll, of Med. and Surg.. .Memphis * These colleges give only the first two years of the medical course. Leonard Medical College discontinued clinical teaching in June, 1914. 1. After the close of the present session this college will offer only postgraduate medical work. 2. Rating dropped to Class B, Feb. 15, 1915. 3. This college retains only a nominal existence to grant degrees to its three remaining classes now being taught at the Medical College of Virginia with which it merged. Rating raised to Class B, June 21, 1914. 4. This college retains only a nominal existence to grant degrees to its three remaining classes now being taught at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine with which it marged. Rating raised to Class B, June 21, 1914. 5. Reported not recognized by the Maryland State Board of Medical Examiners. Former names were Eclectic School of Medicine of Milton University, and Eastern University School of Medicine. 6. Reported not recognized by the Massachusetts Medical Society. 7. Also known as the Medical Department of the National Univer- sity of Arts and Sciences. 8. Reported not recognized by the Missouri State Board of Health. 9. Reported to have transferred its property to Columbus, O., to form the Ohio State University Homeopathic Medical College. Official statements from the following state licensing boards indicate that as a rule the colleges rated in Class C are not recognized: Colleges Not Recognized Alabama Arkansas (Reg.) Colorado Connecticut (Reg.) Delaware Florida Georgia Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana (Reg.) Maryland (Reg.) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Porto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Of the above states the boards of New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Virginia recognize only the medical colleges listed in Class A. State Requirements of Higher Preliminary Education There are now twenty-five states which have adopted requirements of preliminary education in addition to a standard four-year high-school education. These states, the number of college years required and the time the higher requirement becomes effective are as follows: 192 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICAL COLLEGES State Examining Board of— Number of Years Required Affects Students Matriculating Affects All Ap- plicants Requiring Two Years: Alabama 2 1915-16 1919 Colorado 2 1910-11 1914 Indiana 2 1910-11 1914 Iowa 2 1911-12 1915 Minnesota 2 1908-09 1912 North Dakota 2 1908-09 1912 South Dakota 2 1911-12 1915 Requiring One Year: Arkansas 1 1915-16 1919 California 1 1915-16 1919 Connecticut 1 1910-11 1914 Illinois* 1 1915-16 1919 Kansas 1 1910-11 1914 Kentucky 1 1914-15 1918 Louisiana 1 1915-16 1919 Michigan 1 1914-15 1918 . Mississippi 1 1915-16 1919 New Hampshire 1 1914-15 1918 Oklahoma 1 1914-15 1918 Pennsylvania 1 1914-15 1918 Rhode Island 1 1914-15 1918 Texas 1 1914-15 1918 Utah 1 1910-11 1914 Vermont 1 1912-13 1916 Virginia 1 1914-15 1918 Washington 1 1914-15 1918 * Illinois requires a five-year medical course including a preliminary year in physics, chemistry and biology for all graduates after July 1, 1918. Six medical colleges have adopted the requirement of a fifth year to be spent by the student as an intern in an approved hospital or in other acceptable clinical work before the M.D. degree will be granted. These colleges and the sessions when the requirement became effective are as fol- lows : Hospital Intern Year University of Minnesota, Medical School 1910-11 Leland Stanford Jr. University, School of Medicine 1914-15 Rush Medical College (University of Chicago) t.... 1914-15 University of California, College of Medicine 1914-15 Northwestern University. Medical School 1915-16 University of Vermont, College of Medicine 1915-16 One state licensing board, that of Pennsylvania, now requires that every candidate to be eligible for license to practice medicine in that state, must have served at least one year as an intern in an approved hospital. The requirement became effective in 1914. COLLEGE ASSOCIATION STANDARD 193 Graduate courses in public health have been established in connection with ten medical schools leading to a degree of Doctor of Public Health* (Dr.P.H.), Certified Sanitarian (C.S.), Master of Science in Public Health (M.S.(P.H.)) or Master of Public Health (M.P.H.). The course is for one year except at the universities of Colorado, Michigan, Minne- sota and Wisconsin, where the course for the Doctorate covers two years. Wisconsin gives a Diploma in Public Health (D.P.H.) for a one-year course. The University of California grants a degree of Graduate in Public Health (G.P.H.). These colleges are as follows: Graduate Courses in Public Health Medical College Giving Courses in Public Health Course Degree Years Degrees Name of College started granted in required for in Course entrance Univ. of Penn. Sch. of Med. 190!) (Dr.P.H (c.s 1 1 M.D. A.B. or B.S. Med. Sch. of Harvard Univ. 1910 Dr.P.H 1 (A.B. or B.S. ( and M.D. Univ. of Mich. Dept. & S. 1912 (M.S. (P.H.) (Dr.P.H 5 i (A.B. or B.S. ( and M.D. Univ. of Wis. Med. School.. 1912 (D.P.H (Dr.P.H 1 2 M.D. M.D. Univ. of Colo., Sch. of Med.f 1913 (M.S. (P.H.) (Dr.P.H 1 i (A.B.,B.S. or l M.D. Detroit College of M & S... 1913 M.P.H 1 M.D. Univ. & Bell. Hosp. Med. 0. 1914 Dr.P.H 1 M.D. Tulane Univ., Sch. of Med.. 1914 Dr.P.H 1 M.D. Univ. of Minn. Med. School 1914 Dr.P.H 2 M.D. Univ. of Cal. Med School!.. 1914 G.P.H 1 M.D. * Or Hygiene (University of Pennsylvania). f The University of Colorado offers a course of 1 year, leading to the degree of Master of Science in Sanitary Engineering, to those hold- ing the degree of B.S. in engineering. $ The University of California offers three courses leading to the degree of Graduate in Public Health: a four-year course beginning with the junior collegiate year; a two-year course for graduates in sanitary engineering and a course of one or one and a half years for graduates in medicine. THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES The requirements for admission to and graduation from colleges holding membership in this association are as fol- lows : „ Section 1.—Every college holding membership in this Association shall, on and after Jan. 1, 1912, require for matriculation a completed or unconditioned medical student’s certificate, to be granted by a state medical examining and licensing board, or a board empowered by statute to grant such certificates, or a certificate of entrance to the academic department of any state university, or a certificate of entrance to an accredited university or college, providing that said certificate is granted on no less than the following requirements: 194 COLLEGE ASSOCIATION STANDARD (a) A bachelor’s degree from an accredited college or university. (£>) A diploma and transcript of record from a fully accredited high school, normal school or academy requiring for admission evidence of. the completion of a standard course in primary and intermediate grades, and for graduation, the completion of a standard four-year high school course, embracing two years (2 units) of mathematics, two years (2 units) of English, two years (2 units) of one foreign language, one year (1 unit) of American history and civics, and seven years (7 units) of further credit in language, literature, history or science, making the total of units at least fourteen; and in addition, one year each of physics, chemistry and biology of college grade of each not less than eight semester hours. (c) An examination in the following branches totaling 14 units: (A) Required, 7 units. Units Mathematics (minimum 2 years, maximum 3 years), algebra and plane geometry 2 English (minimum 2 years, maximum 4 years)........ 2 One foreign language (minimum 2 years, maximum 4 years) 2 History (U. S.) and civics 1 Total number of required units 7 (B) Elective, 7 units. To be selected from the following: Units English language and literature (in addition to the required work) 1 to 2 Foreign languages, additional, Latin, German Italian, French, Spanish or Greek (not less than 1 year in any one) . 1 to 4 Advanced mathematics, advanced algebra, solid geometry and trigonometry (J4 year each).. 1 Natural science, chemistry 1 year, physics 1 year, and biology, botany, physiology and zoology ()4 to 1 year each) J4 to 2 Earth science, physical geography, geology and agriculture 04 to 1 year each) J4 to 1 Astronomy (J4 year) y2 Drawing 04. to 1 year) J4 to 1 History, ancient, medieval and modern, and English (1 year each). 1 to 3 Economics 04 year) J4 Manual training (1 year) 1 Book-keeping 04 to 1 year) }4 to 1 And in addition one year each of physics, chemistry and biology of college grade, of each not less than 8 semester hours. One unit in any subject is the equivalent of work in that subject for four or five periods per week for a year of at least thirty-six weeks, periods to be not less than forty-five minutes in length. One unit is equivalent to 2 semester credits or 2 points. THE PRELIMINARY COLLEGE YEAR The requirements for the preliminary college year are the same as set forth by the Council on Medical Education on pages 176 to 181, inclusive. Sec. 2.—The examination of credentials must be conducted by and under the authority of the board of medical examiners of the state in which the college is located, or by a duly authorized examiner of the college entrance examination board, or. the authorized examiner of an accredited university, state or otherwise, or by an examiner whose certificates are accepted by accredited colleges or universities, or by a method approved by the judicial council of this association. Sec. 3.—The term “accredited” as applied to high schools, academies, colleges and universities means institutions of that type that have been investigated and are accredited by the state university of their respective states, by the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary COLLEGE ASSOCIATION STANDARD 195 Schools, the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States, the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Middle States and Maryland, the New England College Entrance Certificate Board, the Association of American Universities and the Association of State Universities, provided that such accrediting is based on Article III, Section 1, of this constitution. Sec. 4.—Colleges in membership in this Association may honor the official credentials presented by students from other colleges having the standard requirements maintained by members of this Association, excepting for the fourth year of the course, but no member of this Association shall admit a student to advanced standard without receiving from the dean, secretary or registrar of such college a direct written communication certifying to the applicant’s standing. Credit for time or scholarship cannot be given beyond that of the college issuing the credentials, except by mutual agreement between the colleges. Sec. 5.—Candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine shall have attended four courses of study in four calendar years, each annual course to have been of not less than thirty-two teaching weeks’ duration, and at least ten months shall intervene between the beginning of any course and the beginning of the preceding course. Sec. 6.—No time credit shall be given to holders of a Bachelor’s degree, but subject credit may be given on satisfactory examination. Four years of residence in a medical college shall be required of all candidates for the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Sec. 7.—A college which gives less than a four years’ course of study, but does not graduate students, and is possessed of other required qualifications, may be admitted to membership. Sec. 8.—Each student shall be obliged to attend not less than 80 pe_r cent, of the exercises in every annual course of study for which he seeks credit. No student shall be given credit on examination unless he attains a grade of at least 70 per cent, or its equivalent in any other marking system. And no student shall be graduated unless he shall have attained a passing grade in each and all subjects of the required curriculum. Curriculum Section 1.—The entire course of four years shall consist of at least 4,000 hours for each student, and shall be grouped in divisions and subdivided into subjects; each division and subject to be allotted the number of hours as shown in the following schedule: Division 1.—Anatomy, 720 Hours (18 per Cent.) (a) Gross anatomy (including ap- plied anatomy) Hours. 510 Lect. Rec. Dem. 120 Lab. Wk. 390 (b) Histologic and microscopic anatomy 135 30 105 (c) Embryology 75 30 45 Division 2.—Physiology and Chemistry, 600 Hours (15 Per Cent.) Hours. Lect. Rec. Dem. Lab. Wk. (a) Inorganic chemistry , . . . 180 60 120 (b) Organic chemistry ... 75 30 45 (c) Physiologic chemistry . .. ... 104 30 75 (d) Physiology , ... 240 140 100 Division 3.—Pathology, Bacteriology and Hygiene, 450 Hours (11.25 Per Cent.) Hours. Lect. Rec. Deni. Lab. Wk. (a) Bacteriology 13S 30 105 (b) (c) Hygiene and general dietetics 45 Pathology 270 45 60 210 Division 4.—Pharmacology, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 240 Hours (6 Per Cent.) Hours. Lect. Rec. Dem. Lab. Wk. (a) Pharmacology . 105 40 65 (b) Materia medica and pliarma- cology . ... 80 (c) Therapeutics . . 55 ... 196 COLLEGE ASSOCIATION STANDARD Division 5.—Medicine and Medical Specialties, 970 Hours (24.25 Per Cent.) Hours. Lect. Rec. Deni. Lab. Wk. (a) General medicine (including clinical microscopy) .... 640 (b) Pediatrics 150 (c) Nervous and mental diseases 105 (d) Jurisprudence, ethics and -30 economics (e) Dermatology and syphilis . .. 45 Division 6.—Surgery and Surgical Specialties, 720 Hours (18 Per Cent.) (a) General surgery Hours. . .. 510 Lect. Rec. Dem. Lab. Wk. (b) Orthopedic surgery .. . 45 (c) Genito-urinary diseases . . .. . 45 Eye . . . 60 (e) Ear. nose and throat . . . 60 Division 7.—Obstetrics and Gynecology, 300 Hours (7.5 Per Cent.) fa) Obstetrics Hours. 195 Lect. Rec. Dem. Lab. Wk. (b) Gvnecologv (including some abdominal surgery) .... 105 Colleges may reduce the number of hours in any subject not more than 20 per cent, provided that the total number of hours in a division is not reduced. Where the teaching conditions in a college are best subserved, the subject may be, for teaching purposes, transferred from one division to another. When didactic and laboratory hours are speci- fied in any subject, laboratory hours may be substituted for didactic hours. Sec. 2.—Each medical college in membership in the Association shall print in every annual catalogue or announcement a table of the total number of hours work given in said college, arranged both by subjects and years. Sec. 3.—Each college in membership in this Association shall print annually a list of its students by classes. University of Alabama School of Medicine. Leland Stanford Junior University School of Medicine. University of California College of Medicine. College of Physicians and Surgecns, Los Angeles. University of Colorado School of Medicine. Yale Medical School. Georgetown University School of Medicine. George Washington University Medical School. Howard University School of Medicine. University of Georgia Medical Department. Northwestern University Medical School. Rush Medical College. University of Illinois College of Medicine. Indiana University School of Medicine. State University of Iowa College of Medicine. University of Kansas School of Medicine. University of Louisville Medical Department. Tulane University of Louisiana School of Medicine. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Medical Department. University of Maryland School of Medicine. Medical School of Harvard University. Tufts College Medical School. Detroit College of Medicine and Surgery. University of Michigan Department of Medicine and Surgery. 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