OF 
COUNCIL COMMITTEE 
ON 
WATER WORKS, 
</ FOR 
CITY OF SAN DUSKY, 
WITH ESTIMATE A . KT 2D REPORT OF 
J. D. COOK, C. E., 
ALSO, 
MESSAGE OF MAYOR-REPLY OF TRUSTEES, AND RE- 
PORT OF CITIZENS' COMMITTEE 
OF TOLEDO. 
STEAM PRINTING HOUSE OF KINNEY BROTHERS. 
1875. Resolved, That the Report of J. D. Cook, Civil Engineer, and 
the Committee on Water Works be accepted, and the recommend- 
ations adopted, so far as the Council are now advised, but all 
questions relating to the plan of Water Works and their mode 
of construction, and the place of obtaining water, are reserved 
for our future determination, and we hereby order the publica- 
tion of the several reports of the Committee on Water Works, 
that the electors of the city may be advised on the subject sub- 
mitted by Ordinance at this meeting. 
The above Resolution was adopted January 11th. 
1875, and is published by order of Council. 
CTIAS. CROSS, City Clerk. REPORT OF COUNCIL COMMITTEE. 
To the Hon. President and Council : 
In pursuance of the duties imposed upon your special com- 
mittee, to whom was referred the petition for the construction 
of Water Works, they invited J. D. Cook, Esq., Chief Engineer 
of the Toledo Water Works, to visit our city, overlook the sit- 
uation, and report at his earliest convenience upon the best and 
most economical plan of carrying into effect the wishes of nu- 
merous citizens representing a very considerable share of the 
wealth and respectability of the city. His report and estimate 
has been received, and is hereunto appended and submitted for 
your consideration. 
With perhaps a few changes on locating water mains and pos- 
sible modification in regard to the settling basins, your Committee 
recommend the adoption of his plan for constructing the Works. 
They believe the estimated cost is a liberal one and that the en- 
tire work, covering contingencies, can be completed within the 
estimate of $365,000. Should the stone taken from the trenches 
in laying mains, be made available for McAdamizing streets, sold 
for lime or filling docks, the Engineer's estimate can be reduced, 
for that portion of the work, fifty per cent. This alone (and we 
believe it possible) would reduce the total cost to say $325,000, 
or even less. Your Committee are of the opinion that the set- 
tling basins may be dispensed with, or constructed at consid- 
erable less than the sum estimated. If to these possible savings 
in expense be added that on iron, as intimated by Mr. Cook, after 
his estimate for that material, the gross cost for substantial 
Water Works may be brought down to $300,000. 
The advantages of such expenditure, or even if necessary the 
full sum estimated, must be apparent if the object be attained. 
In addition to the local benefits to be gained from a complete 
system of Water Works, mentioned in the report of Mr. Cook, 
such as extended facilities for manufacturing in all parts of the 4 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
city and consequent enhancement of value in real estate, there is 
yet to be considered the sanitary advantages, alike important 
and, in fact, of the greatest importance to every citizen. Our 
city is literally, and in truth, built upon a rock, and although we 
have high authority for wisdom in so doing, yet in our case its 
disadvantages are manifest. As a rule, our citizens use water 
from wells for drinkingand culinary purposes. This water' comes 
from the surface exclusively, reaching the wells through fissures 
in the rocks, and bringing with it the poisonous remains of de- 
cayed vegetable and animal matter. 
During and immediately subsequent to the cholera season of 
1849, it was the favorite theory of some of our citizens, and no 
doubt a true one, that its extraordinary fatality in this locality 
was due to the lime stone immediately underlying (at a depth of 
from one to four feet) our entire city. . But your Committee 
suggest that the lime stone would then have proven harmless 
had there been sufficient soil overlying it to purify the surface 
water perculating through it before reaching the conduits to our 
wells immediately underneath. It is well known that in cities, 
however deep the soil, the unavoidable accumulation of fecal 
matter permeates and fillsit beyond its capacity of purification. 
This is easily discoverable by the crystal clearness, sparkling- 
quality and sweetness of taste. 
That bad or impure water from well or cistern generates ty- 
phoid and other malarial fevers, with a long list of other diseases, 
is at this day unquestioned. 
There are other considerations yet important, and among- them 
the saving of fire insurance. Tn Ogdensburg and some other 
cities insurance companies reduced their rates one-third on the 
completion of Water Works. In other cities where underwri- 
ters refused to make suitable deductions on premium rates, cit- 
izens reduced their amounts insured, choosing to take the risk 
themselves where facilities for extinguishing fires were so greatly 
increased. As a rule, companies will insure no more than two- 
thirds the valuation of building and contents. The other one- 
third is at the risk of the owner, but with one hundred and twelve 
hydrants, each equal to two of our best engines, and one such 
within 200 feet of nearly every building in the city, the fire risk 
is greatly lessened. It is more difficult to estimate a bypothet- REPORT OE COUNCIL COMMITTEE. 
5 
ical saving of money than to ascertain an amount actually ex- 
pended in insurance. It is said there is the sum of $75,000 paid 
annually by our citizens for insurance. If this is the premium 
on two-thirds the property insured, then the other one-third, 
which the owner himself must risk, is $37,500, one-half of which 
is gained to him by the increased facilities for extinguishing 
fires. 
One-third deduction on $75,000,$25,000 
One-half saved on estimated owner's risk,18,500 
Total saving on insurance by Water Works,$43,500 
A sum greatly exceeding the interests on their entire cost. 
The city has eight cisterns located at various points beyond 
the reach of water supply from our water fronts. These cisterns 
cost about $1,000 each. There were petitions for five additional 
ones the last Spring, and it is safe to say that to equalize their 
benefits to all our citizens by any scale of justice, there should 
be at least fifteen additional cisterns within that portion of our 
city beyond water supply from the bay. Any one of these cis- 
terns can be drained in from forty to sixty minutes by either of 
our rotary engines, while the sediment unavoidably settling on 
their bottoms, cuts away their valves and necessitates immedi- 
ate and expensive repairs. With the Water Works completed, 
two volunteer hose companies may be organized in each ward, 
and made effective at merely trifling expense to the city. This 
would save a large sum to the city in the fire department. In 
addition, for further security against fire, each person may keep 
ready for use a section of small hose, to be used in an emergency 
for extinguishing fire in his own or adjoining premises. 
Your Committee suggest that a system of sewerage should 
be provided for in laying the Water mains. The expense of sew- 
ers would be materially reduced if constructed conjointly with 
Water Works. By dividing the expense between the two im- 
provements in some equitable way, either would cost less than 
if done singly, and should the manner of assessments for Whisky 
Kun Sewer District be adopted it would not be oppressive on our 
tax payers. 
The means of payment for the heavy expense to be incurred 6 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
in constructing a valuable system of Water Works docs not ne- 
cessarily come-within range of duty'expcctcd of your Committee. 
They, therefore, make no suggestions on that subject, further 
than to say that the present is a most favorable time for selling 
the bonds of the city on long time, say twenty or thirty years. 
And further, that labor and material needed in accomplishing the 
work is now cheaper than for the last twelve years. 
With the view of giving general and perfect understanding as 
to the various systems of Water Works, we append hereto the 
report of the Trustees of Toledo Water Works with their rea- 
sons for preferring the Stand-Pipe to the Holly system of supply. 
The various opinions of hydraulic engineers and experts embod- 
ied in their reports, justify our choice of the two systems in ac- 
cord with theirs. This, howerer, your Committee can only rec- 
ommend, nor would they if they could determine a question so 
important until'the last opportunity had closed for avoidingjhc 
mistakes of others, or making available the latest possible im- 
provement in works of this kind. 
In submitting their report, your Committee feel that their du 
ties have carried with them great responsibilities. Some of its 
members were opposed to any improvement which involved the 
beginning of a bonded indebtedness ; but, on a careful investi- 
the subject, their opinions were unanimous that the 
advantages to be derived from Water Works greatly overbalance 
any conceivable objection. 
WM. ZIMMERMANN, 
A. II. BARBER, 
B. F. FERRIS, 
Committee. 
January 11th, 1875. REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
To William Zimmerman, Chairman, and the Committee 
on Water Works, Sandusky, Ohio : 
Gentlemen:-Having been requested by your Committee to 
present, or suggest a general plan or system of Water Works 
that would, in my judgment, be best adapted to the present and 
prospective requirements of your people, I respectfully report 
that I have made such examinations and investigations as were 
deemed necessary to a reasonably correct understanding of the 
iocal characteristics of your city, its topographical features, nat- 
ural obstacles to be encountered, &c. 
In contemplating a subject so replete with interest to every 
citizen, and so inseparably connected with the present and future 
health, safety, and general welfare of an entire city, many ques- 
tions of varying importance and magnitude are necessarily pre- 
sented for candid consideration. Among the more prominent of 
which may be named the source of supply, the purity of the wa- 
ter to be supplied, the most eligible means in point of durability, 
economy and safety by which to obtain the desired force or press- 
ure necessary to secure an adequate supply for domestic, manu- 
facturing and fire purposes ;-the kind of pumping machinery 
best adapted to the performance of the service required, at least 
comparative current cost, with greatest immunity from delays 
and the frequent recurrence of expensive repairs, consequent 
upon imperfections in mechanism or design ;-a judicious pipe 
distribution, covering a territorial area commensurate with public 
and private requirements-a liberal distribution of fire hydrants 
of large capacity, located in such proximity as to guarantee the 
greatest attainable safety during times of conflagration, &c. 
The primeval construction of Water Works in most or all the 
cities of the country, has been characterized by misconception 
of future necessities engendered partly by misjudgment as to the 
unparalleled subsequent growth which has almost uniformly 8 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
marked the history of American cities, and largely by a tendency 
on the part of municipal authorities to remain unmindful of fu- 
ture wants, in their efforts at financial economy in first or origi- 
nal cost. 
In the general design of a system to be recommended for your 
city, it has been my purpose to offer that which would best sub- 
serve your present and future interests, by the adoption of a pipe 
distribution both liberal in extent and capacity, with the most 
approved and reliable pumping machinery, substantial buildings, 
and everything necessarily incident to utility rather than orna- 
ment. 
SOURCE OF SUPPLY. 
The source of supply is a question fraught with an importance 
second, perhaps, to no other consideration. Situated as you are, 
however, on the southern verge of Sandusky Bay, and so nearly 
adjacent to the waters of Lake Erie, there would certainly seem 
to be little or at least inconsiderable ground for solicitude as to 
the general purity of your water supply. In the absence of ad- 
verse winds, the natural current caused by the outflow of San- 
dusky river, must tend to carry impurities 'held in suspension, 
such as local drainage, sewerage, &c., into the Lake, to'be carried 
off by waves or precipitated into quiet water, deeper than the 
bay contiguous to the city, and below the influence of surface 
waves or river current. 
Some of your citizens have suggested the propriety or neces- 
sity of taking water from the Lake on the easterly side of Cedar 
Point-others from a large well, constructed or excavated 
to proper depth into the sand, of which the Point is composed, 
-and others from a point nearly abreast of the foot of Sycamore 
Street, and some 300 feet east of the old Lake Shore Railroad 
track. 
Referring to the first proposition, I fail to see the feasibility 
of the project, excepting at a cost beyond your probable present 
desire or ability to meet-necessitating as it would the laying of 
some two miles of submerged conduit pipe-the excavation or 
dredging of a channel through Cedar Point, in order to reach 
a point sufficiently distant into the Lake from the Cedar Point 
shore to secure the necessary depth of water and to avoid im- 
purities, consequent upon the back flow caused by easterly and REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
9 
north-easterly winds acting upon and disturbing the shoal waters 
near shore. 
I am also compelled to express more or less distrust, as to the 
feasibility and permanent utility of sinking an influent well in the 
Cedar Point sand-fearing that the history of other cities where 
similar experiments have been tried, might be repeated in your 
case. The constant convergence of so large a volume of water 
to one comparatively small point-ever depositing impurities 
held in suspension, during incessant percolation, would naturally 
tend to estop or retard the inflow, and ultimately prove inade- 
quate and unreliable. Another fruitful cause of objection to 
this project may be found in the fact that the quantity and the 
cost of submerged pipe necessary to reach the Point would very 
nearly equal the amount requisite for taking water from the Lake 
as above set forth. Without going into the more minute or prac- 
tical details to be observed in constructing the Cedar Point well, it 
may be proper to suggest, that in case the face of the excavation 
extending from top to bottom, should be left nearer perpendicu- 
lar, than say 21, to 3 feet horizontal, to 1 foot perpendicular, a 
rip rap wall or other protection would be found necessary to hold 
it in place. Or should it be decided to have the sides perpen- 
dicular, walls of masonry or sheet piling would be brought in 
requisition-the major part, or all the water in that case bping 
delivered into the well through the bottom-the constantly in- 
flowing water might tend to reduce the depth of well by a grad- 
ual, though unceasing sand deposit. 
In view of the immense (and as I think unnecessary) expendi- 
ture which either of the foregoing projects, when permanently 
consummated, must ultimately entail, I would respectfully sug- 
gest, and recommend for the consideration of your Committee 
and the Honorable City Council the construction of two settling 
reservoirs between the Railroad track and main shore at a point 
near the foot of Sycamore Street. Accompanying map and hy- 
drographical chart of your city and bay, will correctly represent 
the location and general plan of these proposed reservoirs. The 
earth, overlying the rock, to be removed by dredging and used 
as far as practicable in the formation of reservoir banks, with a 
thorough rip rap, or lining of broken stone to prevent impregna- 
tion of the water by contact with the earth. Each reservoir to 10 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
A have separate influent and effluent chambers, constructed with 
sluice gates,-the former for receiving water from the Bay Crib, 
and the latter for discharging by natural flow, into pumping well; 
-each to have a storage capacity of six million gallons, and a 
consequent subsidence of four to six days before passing into 
distribution. 
Considering the benefits, almost universally derivable from 
settling reservoirs, as evinced by a wide range of experience 
elsewhere, it would seem fair to conclude, and I have no hesi- 
tancy in predicting, that with such an arrangement the water' 
from your bay could be favorably brought into analytical com- 
parison with the supply of any or all the other cities of the 
country. 
PUMPING ENGINES. 
Without deeming it prudent or promotive of your interests to 
recommend any particular system of machinery, it is proper to 
suggest that your pumping service will for all time, be the gov- 
erning element in your entire system, in point of current finan- 
cial economy, reliability and safety,-constituting a question, the 
importance and magnitude of which cannot be too fully appre- 
ciated, and to which all others will be daily and hourly tributary. 
It should be characterized by simplicity in mechanical design 
and directness in the transmission of power. I would recommend 
for your service two pumping engines, each with a capacity of 
raising two million gallons of water in twenty-four hours, from 
pumping well to top of stand pipe, (as hereinafter described and 
recommended). They should be so constructed as to properly 
facilitate expansion of steam-with condensing apparatus of such 
size and proportion as to ensure a working vacuum of not less 
than twenty-six inches, together witl steam jackets and all other 
appliances for securing a high duty, and consequent saving in 
cost of fuel. 
Steam should be furnished by two sets of boilers of proper 
metal and most approved construction, with twenty-two square 
feet of heating surface per actual horse power of 33,000 pounds 
raised one foot high per minute. REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
11 
STAND-PIPE. 
There being no natural elevation of ground, reasonably contig- 
uous to your city to render practicable the construction of a res- 
ervoir, with an altitude sufficient to furnish the requisite press- 
ure for fire or even for domestic and manufacturing purposes, I 
would recommend the construction of a wrought iron stand pipe 
five feet internal diameter and 2U0 feet high-resting on a stone 
foundation ten feet above city base, giving a total altitude or 
water head of 210 feet above high water line in the bay. The 
tower or stand pipe enclosure to be of brick or stone as may be 
desired. 
The benefits derivable from the use of a stand pipe, in contra- 
distinction to the several other projects, and advocated systems 
of direct supply, urgently seeking public favor, have been often 
and thoroughly canvassed. I therefore deem it needless to en- 
cumber this report or weary your patience with anything like an 
extended discussion-further than to remark that it subserves all 
the purposes for which reservoirs of equal altitude are con- 
structed, excepting in storage capacity, and the consequent ne- 
cessity for running the pumping machinery in continuity. It is 
an ever-present medium of relief and safety to the engines by 
concentrating and reducing the applied power to the simple ser- 
vice of controlling a column of water extending from the pumps 
to the top of the pipe-the force or pressure meeting with an 
elastic resistance by the water in the pipe being in.constant con- 
tact with the atmosphere-the distributing pipes throughout the 
city receiving gravity pressure directly from, and in proportion 
to the altitude of water in the pipe. 
PIPE DISTRIBUTION. 
In deciding upon and recommending a pipe distribution which 
may be adequate to your present and probable future wants, I 
am admonished by the almost countless calamities which have 
befallen other cities, as a general resultant of small and insuffi- 
cient water pipes and fire hydrants ;-and the further fact that 
most or all the leading cities of the country are annually taking- 
up small pipes and replacing them with others of greater capacity. 
When we consider that the comparative weight and cost of 12 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
pipes of different diameters, are widely different from their com- 
parative capacity, the policy which dictates an inefficient distri- 
bution for the purpose of subserving present financial economy 
becomes at once an erroneous and demonstrably dangerous one. 
The weight of a 12 inch pipe, as estimated for your works, is 
approximately 88 lbs. per lineal foot, and a 6 inch pipe 35 Tbs- 
per lineal foot-weight of 12 inch 2,5c10 times that of 6 inch. The 
practical capacity or comparative discharge of pipes is directly 
as the 2.5 power of their diameters. Hence the capacity of a 
6 inch pipe is to the capacity of a 12 inch pipe as 88.2 is to 
498.8, the 12 inch being times greater than the 6 inch-leav- 
ing out of view the immense excess in loss of head by friction 
due to increased velocity for an equal discharge through the 
smaller pipe. 
The location of the main and distributing pipes so as to best 
promote free and perfect circulation, and afford ample and prompt 
supply at most remote points in the distribution, is a desideratum 
of permanent importance. Every system of water works depend- 
ent upon the constant running of the pumping engines, should 
be indemnified against the ever-present danger of accidents by 
which the main may beco'me disabled, and the general distribu- 
tion momentarily liable to become inoperative and temporarily 
worthless. In view of, and to avoid such possible contingency 
in your case, I have included in the general design an auxiliary 
main, connecting with the pumps and extending independently 
of force main into the general distribution-this main to be so 
connected and arranged with valves,'that it can be worked inde- 
pendently of, or through the stand pipe as may be desired. 
The following tabular statements will correctly represent the 
general plan of pipe distribution, sizes of pipes together with 
approximate lengths ;-also, fire hydrants and water gates, which 
are respectfully presented for your consideration : PROPOSED LOCATION OF PIPES 
Diam. of 
Pipe. 
Name of Street. 
F«om 
To 
Length 
Lineal feet 
20 inch... 
Madison, 
Engine House... 
Columbus Av... 
3400 
16 inch... 
Madison, 
Columbus Av... 
Miami Av 
1430 
Columbus Av.... 
Madison, 
Park Place. 
1300 
- 
2730 
Madison,. 
Engine House... 
Meigs 
430 
Meigs. 
Madison, 
Washington 
1450 
Washington 
Meigs. 
Wayne 
2340 
Wayne, 
Washington 
Huron 
115 
Park Place, 
Wayne, 
Park Place, 
Jackson 
980 
Jackson, 
Water 
1050 
Washington 
Jackson, 
Lawrence 
1400 
Poplar. 
Madison.. - 
Jefferson 
700 
Jefferson ... 
Lawrence 
Camp 
1300 
9800 
8 inch... 
Water,. 
Shelby. 
Perry 
5200 
Washington 
Lawrence 
Camp 
1000 
Jefferson 
Lawrence 
Meigs 
4740 
Monroe 
Lawrence 
Columbus Av... 
1900 
Tiffin Av. 
Harrison. - 
Shelby 
1700 
Camp. 
Monroe 
Washington 
2050 
Shelby. 
Market 
Water 
530 
Lawrence 
Monroe 
W ater 
2900 
Decatur. 
Madison.. 
Water 
2350 
Hancock. 
Scott.. 
Water 
4230 
Perry 
Monroe.. 
Water 
2930 
29530 
6 inch... 
Market... 
Shelby 
Perry 
5200 
N. side Park 
Jackson, 
Wayne 
980 
Adams, 
Camp, 
Meigs 
5950 
Madison, 
Camp, 
Lawrence 
1580 
Monroe 
Camp, 
Lawrence 
1750 
Monroe... 
Columbus 
Meigs 
2850 
Scott,. 
Columbus 
Hancock 
980 
Harrison. 
Monroe 
Tiffin 
1460 
R. R. Av. 
Monroe 
Tiffin 
Monroe 
Harrison. 
Camp 
1200 
R. R. Av, 
Tiffin 
Shelby 
1000 
Shelby 
Washington 
Market 
489 
McDonough 
Adams 
Water 
1510 
Fulton. 
Madison.. 
Water 
2400 
Decatur. 
Madison.. 
Columbus Pike 
2000 
Wayne. 
Scott 
Water 
4060 
Franklin 
Madison 
Water 
2390 
Meigs. 
Monroe 
Madison 
1770 
Columbus Pike- 
Decatur. 
Wayne 
2100 
Huron Av 
Park Place. 
Franklin. 
1460 
Hydrant, 
Connection, 
1283 
Extra. 
10560 
52960 14 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
LOCATION OF HYDRANTS 
One at Engine House. 
One at the northwest corner of Washington and Meigs streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Meigs and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Meigs and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Meigs and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Meigs and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Washington streets 
One at the northwest corner of Perry and Market streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Perry and Water streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Water and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Market and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Washington and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Adams and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Jefferson and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Madison and Warren streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Monroe and Warren streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Franklin and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Franklin and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Franklin and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Franklin and Washington streets. 
On? at the northwest corner of Franklin and Market streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Franklin and Water streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Hancock and Water streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Market streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Washington streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Reese streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Neil streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Hancock and Scott streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Scott streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Neil streets. REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
15 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Reese streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Adams streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Washington and Wayne streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Wayne and Market streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Wayne and Water. 
One at the southwest corner of Columbus Av. and Water streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Columbus Av. and Market streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Park Place and Columbus Av. 
One at the southwest corner of Park Place and Columbus Av. 
One at the northwest corner of Adams street and Columbus'Av. 
One at the northwest corner of Jefferson st. and Columbus Av. 
One at the southwest corner of Columbus Av. and Madison st. 
One at the northwest corner of Monroe street and Columbus Av. 
One at the northeast corner of Columbus Pike and Columbus Av. 
One at the west side of Columbus Pike, opposite Neil street. 
One at the northeast corner of Scott street and Columbus Av. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Washington streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Jackson and Market streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Jackson and Water streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Decatur and Water streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Market streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Washington streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Decatur and Monroe streets. 
One at the west side of Decatur street, south of Monroe street. 
One at the northeast corner of Columbus Pike and Decatur st. 
One at the east side of Columbus Pike at Townsend street. 
One at the northwest corner of Fulton and Miami streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Fulton and Jefferson streets. 
Une at the northwest corner of Fulton and Adams streets. 16 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
One at the northwest corner of Fulton and Washington streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Fulton and Market streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Fulton and Water streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Lawrence and Water streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Market streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Washington sts. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Adams streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Lawrence and Monroe streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Monroe and McDonough streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Madison and McDonough sts. 
One at the northwest corner of Jefferson and McDonough sts. 
One at the northwest corner of Adams and McDonough streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Washington and McDonough sts. 
One at the northwest corner of Market and McDonough streets. 
One at the southwest corner of Water and McDonough streets. 
One at the southeast corner of Water and Shelby streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Market and Shelby streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Madison and Shelby streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Monroe and Shelby streets. 
One at the northeast corner of Monroe and Camp streets. 
One at the west side of Camp street, opposite Madison street. 
One at the west side of Camp street, opposite Jefferson street. 
One at the west side of Camp street, opposite Adams street. 
One at the southwest corner of Tiffin Av. and Washington st. 
One at the west side of Railroad st., bet. Tiffin Av. and Market st. 
One at the southeast corner of Tiffin Av. and Railroad street. 
One at the northwest corner of Railroad and Jefferson streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Railroad and Madison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Railroad and Monroe streets. 
One at Tiffin Av., near Jefferson street. 
One at Tiffin Av., southwest corner of Harrison street. 
One at the northeast corner of Monroe and Harrison streets. 
One at the northwest corner of Monroe and Clinton streets. 
Total number-112. REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
17 
VALVES. 
20-inch at stand-pipe, Madison street. 
20-inch northwest corner of Madison street and Huron Av. 
IG-inch at the northwest cor. of Madison st. and Columbus Av. 
1G inch at the southwest cor. of Columbus Av. and Adams st. 
12-inch at Madison street, near engine house. 
12 inch at the northwest cor. of Meigs and Madison streets. 
12-inch at the northwest cor. of Washington and Meigs streets. 
12-inch at the northwest cor. of Washington and Warren sts. 
12-inch at the northeast cor. of Washington and Wayne sts. 
12-inch at Park Place, southeast cor. of Columbus Av. 
12-inch at Park Place, southwest cor. of Columbus Av. 
12-inch at Washington street, northwest cor. of Jackson street. 
12-inch at Jefferson street, northeast cor. of Camp street. 
8-inch at Washington street, southwest cor. of Lawrence st. 
8-inch at Water street, southwest cor. of Decatur street. , 
8 inch at Water street, southwest cor. of Jackson street. 
8-inch at Water street, southeast cor. of Jackson street. 
8-incli at Water street, southwest cor. of Wayne street. 
8-inch at Water street, southwest cor. of Franklin street. 
8-inch at Water street, southwest cor. of Perry street. 
8-inch at Washington street, northeast cor. of Shelby street. 
8-inch at Washington street, northwest cor. of Lawrence st. 
8 inch at Jefferson street, northeast cor. of Lawrence street. 
8-iuch at Jeflerson street, northeast cor. of Decatur street. 
8-inch at Jefferson street, northwest cor. of Columbus Av. 
8-iuch at Jefferson street, northeast cor. of Columbus Av. 
8-inch at Jefferson street, northeast cor. of Hancock street. 
8-inch at Jefferson street, northwest cor. of Warren street. 
8-inch at Jefferson street, northwest cor. of Meigs street. 
8-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of Columbus Av. 
8-inch at Tiffin Av,, northwest cor. of Harrison street. 
8-inch at Camp street, northwest cor. of Monroe streets. 
8-inch at Camp street, southwest cor. of Jefferson street. 
8-inch at Camp street, southwest cor. of Washington street. 
8-inch at Shelby street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
8-inch at Lawrence street, northwest cor. of Monroe street. 
8-inch at Lawrence street, northwest cor. of Jefferson street. 18 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
8-inch at Lawrence street, southwest cor. of Washington st. 
8-inch at Lawrence street, northwest cor. of Washington st. 
8-inch at Lawrence street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
8-inch at Decatur street, southwest cor. of Jefferson street. 
8-inch at Decatur street, southwest cor. of Washington street. 
8-inch at Hancock street, northwest cor. of Scott street. 
8-inch at Hancock street, northwest cor. of Reese street. 
8-inch at Hancoek street, southwest cor. of Madison street. 
8-inch at Hancock street, northwest cor. of Washington st. 
8-inch at Hancock street,zsouthwest cor. of Huron Av. 
8-inch at Hancock street, southwest cor. of Adams street. 
8 inch at Hancock street, southwest cor. of Washington st. 
8-inch at Hancock street, northwest cor. of Washington st. 
8-inch at Hancock street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
8-inch at Perry street, southwest cor. of Madison street. 
8-inch at Perry street, northwest cor. of Madison street. • 
8-inch at Perry street, southwest cor. of Adams. 
6-inch at Market street, northeast cor. of Shelby street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Lawrence street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Decatur street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Jackson street. 
6-inch at Market street, northeast cor. of Jackson street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Wayne street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Franklin street. 
6-inch at Market street, northwest cor. of Perry street. 
6-inch at Park Place, northeast cor. of Jackson street. 
6-inch at Park Place, northwest cor. of Wayne street. 
6-inch at Adams street, northeast cor. of Camp street. 
6-inch at Adams street, northwest cor. of Lawrence street. 
6-inch at Adams street, southwest cor. of Decatur street. 
6-inch at Adams street, northwest corner of Columbus Av. 
6-inch at Adams street northeast cor. of Columbus Av. 
6 inch at Adams street, northwest cor. of Huron Av. 
6-inch at Adams street, northwest cor. of Warren street. 
6-inch at Adams street, northwest cor of Meigs street. 
6-inch at Madison street, north',vest corner of Camp street. 
6-inch at Madison street, northwest cor. of Lawrence street. 
6-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of Lawrence street. 
6-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of Wayne street. REPORT AND ESTIMATE OF J. D. COOK, C. E. 
19 
6-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of B. & 0. R. R. 
G-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of Meigs street. 
G-inch at Scott street, northeast cor. of Columbus Av. 
G-inch at Railroad street, northwest cor. of Monroe street. 
G-inch at Railroad street, southwest cor. of Tiffin Av. 
G-inch at Railroad street, northwest cor. of Tiffin Av. 
6-inch at Monroe street, northeast cor. of Harrison street. 
G-inch at Monroe street, northwest cor. of Camp street. 
G-inch at Shelby street, northwest cor. of Washington street. 
6-inch at Shelby street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
6-inch at McDonough street, northwest cor. of Adams street. 
6-ineh at McDonough street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
6-inch at Fulton street, northwest cor. of Madison 
6-inch at Fulton street, southwest cor. of Washington street. 
G-inch at Fulton street, northwest cor. of Washington street. 
G-inch at Fulton street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
G-inch at Decatur street, northwest cor. of street. 
6-inch at Decatur street, northwest cor. of Monroe street. 
G-inch at Decatur street, northwest cor. of Jefferson street. 
G-inch at Wayne street, northwest cor. of Scott street. 
6-inch at Wayne street, southwest cor. of Monroe street. 
6-inch at Wayne street, southwest cor. of Madison street. 
6-inch at Wayne street, northwest cor. of Madison street. 
6-inch at Wayne street, southwest cor. of Park Place. 
6-inch at Wayne street, northeast cor. of Park Place.] 
6-inch at Wayne street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
6-inch at Franklin street, northwest cor. of Madison street. 
G-inch at Franklin street, southwest cor. of Washington. 
6-inch at Franklin street, northwest cor. of Washington st. 
6-inch at Franklin street, southwest cor. of Water street. 
6-inch at Wayne street, southwest cor. of Madison street. 
6-inch at Columbus Pike, cor. of Townsend street. 
6-inch at Columbus Pike, southwest cor. of Monroe street. 
G-inch at Huron Av., southeast cor. of Park Place. 
G-inch at Huron Av., northwest cor. of Franklin street. 20 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
Total length 20 inch pipe, 3,400 lineal feet. 
" " 1G " " 2,730 " 
" " 12 " " 9,800 " " 
" " 8 " " 29,530 " " 
" " 6 " " 52,960 " " 
98,420 " '1 
Or, 18.64 miles. 
Total number of Fire Hydrants, 112. 
Number of 20 inch Valves, 2 
" " 16 " " 3 
" " 12 " " 9 
" U g u u 41 
" " 6 " " , 57 
112 
RECAPITULATION. 
Discharge in 24 /tours, due to pipes of different diameters-under 200 
feet head-for a length of one half mile. 
DIAMETER OF PIPES IN INCHES. 
20 
16 
12 
8 
6 
DISCHARGE-GALLONS IN 24 HOURS. 
22,944,000 
13,150,080 
6,405,120 
1,321,280 
1,131,810 
Loss of head by friction for a, general discharge of 2,000,000 gallons in 
24 hours-length of pipes 3,000 lineal feet. 
DISCHARGE-GALLONS IN 24 HOURS. 
2,000,000 
1,600,000 
1,200,000 
800,000 
600,000 
LOSS OF HEAD IN FEET BY FRICTION. 
1 72-100 
3 36-100 
11 34-100 
38 82-100 
92 50 100 REPOET AND ESTIMATE OF J. I). COOK, C. E. 
21 
Height of jets or fire streams due to 200 feet head. 
SIZE OF NOZZLES IN INCHES. 
5 
1 i 
1 3 
1 
H 
u 
1* 
12 
HEIGHT OF JETS IN FEET. 
90 
116 
137 
150 
158 
166 
169 
It will be seen that the above tabular statement is based upon 
a delivery of 100,000 gallons per inch diameter of pipes, which, 
of course, is disproportionate to their respective capacities, being 
but little over 10 per cent, of capacity for 20 inch main, while 
it is more than 50 per cent, of the capacity of 6 inch pipe. Lt 
must be borne in mind, however, that while the main is called 
upon for the entire supply, the small pipes are intersected and 
frequently supplied by other and larger ones-hence the loss of 
head by friction for 6 and 8 inch pipes, as shown above, is greater 
than will be found in practice. The actual loss of head canno t 
be considered more than one-half the loss as shown by above 
statement. With the ample distribution herein contemplated' 
your remotest hydrants will give a jet or fire stream of 140 to 
150 feet in height. 
Estimated cost of entire work is as follows : 
20 inch pipe, 325 tons, 
16 " " 181 " 
12 " " 424 " 93Qtons at $45, $ 41,850 
8 " " 741 " 
6 " " 930 " 1670 " $46, 76,820 
6 " " 2 miles extra 155 tons at $46, 7,130 
Special Castings, 50 tons, $70, 3,500 
Pipe laying,$98,500 
Per centage of excess over schedule weights of pipes, 
55 tons at $45, 2,475 230,275 
112 Fire Hydrants, $60, 6,720 
Setting " 10, 1,120 7,840 
2 Check Valves, $400 800 
2 Foot Valves, 300 600 22 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
3 20 inch Stop Valves, 500 1,500 
4 16 " " " 175 700 
12 12 " " " 80 960 
45 8 " " " 45 1,980 
70 6 " " " 30 2,100 
Setting and enclosing valves, 2,500 11,140 
Suction and force main and other pipe connections at 
pumping works, 4,500 
Influent pipe and screen, 3,750 
Conduit to pumping well, 1,750 
Pumping well, 2,550 
2 settling reservoirs,21,300 
Engine and Boiler Houses, 11,000 
Stand Pipe, 20,500 
2 Pumping Engines, including Boilersand settings,••• 25,000 90,350 
Officers' salaries, engineering, inspection, and superin- 
tendence-office and all other contingent expenses 
from commencement to completion, 25,000 
Estimated cost of entire works complete,-..$364,605 
It is usually found to be practically impossible in making pre- 
liminary estimates to correctly foresee all the contingent ele- 
ments of cost, occurring during the progress of a work so mis- 
cellaneous in its nature. In making the foregoing computations, 
I have therefore endeavored, as far as possible to compass the 
entire range of uncertainties, accidents and omissions that could 
by any reasonably imaginary probability be considered as liable 
to occur. 
All of which is respectfully submitted. 
J. D. COOK. 
December 26, 1874. AN ORDINANCE 
To submit to the electors of the City of Sandusky the question whether 
Water Works shall or shall not be established by said City, at a cost 
not exceeding Three Hundred and Seventy-five Thousand Dollars. 
Section 1. Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of San- 
dusky, That Water Works shall be established and constructed by said 
City, tor the purpose of supplying the citizens thereof with water, to 
increase its manufacturing facilities, to aid in the extinguishment of 
fires and prevent the destruction of property. 
Section 2. In order to defray the necessary expenses of making 
surveys, purchasing real estate, and constructing said Water Works, the 
bonds of the City of Sandusky shall be issued to an amount not exceed- 
ing Three Hundred and Seventy-five Thousand Dollars, to bear interest, 
at the rate of eight per cent, per annum, with interest coupons attached, 
and in every other respect to conform to the municipal code of Ohio, 
and its amendments thereto, to be issued in such denominations and 
payable at such times and places, as may hereafter be determined by 
the City Council of said City. 
Section 3. For the purpose of determining the question as to the 
construction of said Water Works, and the issue of bonds to the amount 
specified in the foregoing section of this ordinance, the Mayor of the 
City is hereby directed to issue his proclamation for a special election, 
in conformity to law, at least ten days before holding the same, which 
election is to take place on the fifteenth day of February, A. D. 1875, 
at such places as the City Council may determine, and the same is to be 
conducted by the same officers, under the same regulations, and the re- 
turns to be made in the same time, place and manner as the annual 
municipal elections of the City of Sandusky, and in all respects to con- 
form to the laws of the State of Ohio on that subject. 
Section 4. All electors of the City of Sandusky who favor the estab- 
lishment of Water Works, and the .issue of the bonds of said City, not 
exceeding the amount specified in this ordinance, shall place upon their 
ballots, the words " For Water Works," and all opposed to the establish- 
ment of said Water Works, and the issue of bonds as aforesaid, shall 
place upon their ballots the words, " Against'Water Works," and it 
shall be the duty of the Clerk of said City to report the result of said 
election to said Council, at its next meeting after the holding of said 
election, and if a majority of the electors, voting at said election, shall 
vote :'For Water Works," it shall be the duty of the City Council of said 
City, immediately to provide by ordinance for making the necessary 
surveys, the purchase or condemnation of all real estate requisite for the 
purpose, the election of all officers, at the ensuing municipal election, 
and in every practicable way, by legislation and by instruction t® the 
executive officers of said City, to give full effect and operation to the 
vote of the electors, as declared at said special election. 
Passed January 11, 1875. W. H. WILSON, 
Attest: CHAS. CROSS, Prest. of the Council. 
City Clerk. 25 
APPENDIX. 
APFEHPIX. 
Mayor's Office, 1 
Toledo, O., March 31, 1873. J 
Gentlemen of the City Council: 
At the suggestion of a number of citizens interested in the estab- 
lishment of Water Works at the earliest practicable moment, I addressed 
a communication to the Trustees of Water Works, asking them to state 
to me more specifically the factsand reasons by which they were induced 
to report adverse to the Holty System of Water Works, and in favor of 
the Stand-pipe plan,recommended in their report of Dec. 28, 1872. The 
enclosed communication has been received in reply, and is transmitted 
to your honorable body as containing information which may contribute 
light upon a subject which has been given a patient and faithful inves 
tigation by them, and which it is hoped may conduce to relieve the em- 
barrassments of the situation. 
I can do no less than express the opinion that their conclusions are 
based upon sound facts and views. We have a large extent of territorial 
area, which must be supplied with water at no distant day, for the ex- 
perience of municipalities proves that clamors for the wants and com- 
forts of man will not cease until they finally consummate them by their 
political power. As showing the extent to be supplied with water in our 
City, the areas of some of the principal cities of the country are sub- 
mitted, viz: 
New York, 22 7-10 square miles. 
Brooklyn, 21 8-10 
Chicago, 35 " " 
St. Louis, 19 9-10 " 
Louisville, 12 3-10 " 
Toledo, 21 5-10 
Milwaukee, 14£ 
It will be seen that the territory to be supplied with water nearly 
equals that of Brooklyn or New York, and a prudent foresight would 
dictate that the supply mains and pumping machinery should be of 
large size, if we would not too soon outgrow them. We may reasonably 
expect our manufacturing interests to vastly increase upon the advent 
of cheap coal, and a liberal supply of water will be indispensable to 
their welfare. 
I cannot too strongly urge upon your consideration the propriety 
of granting authority to the Trustees to advertise for water pipes, such 
as they have recommended, in order that the work may progress as 
much as possible during the coming season. The question of machinery 
is no less important, but at the moment, perhaps, less urgent. 
Feeling the urgent need of Water Works to promote our material 
progress, our people have regretted that unfortunate differences of 
opinion should have arisen between the Council and the Board of Water 
Works, by which these delays have been brought about. But now, as it 
is understood that the Committee of citizens appointed by the Council, 
have concluded their investigations and will to day submit their report, 
it is hoped that no future differences will retard the completion of our 
much needed Water Works. 
Very respectfully, 
Your obt. servant, 
W. W. JONES, Mayor. 
MESSAGE FROM THE MAYOR. 26 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
REPLY BY THE TRUSTEES. 
Toledo,'March 29th, 1873. 
Hon. W. W. Jones', Mayor of the City of Toledo. 
Dear Sir:-Your communication, asking the Trustees of Water 
Works to state to you more specifically the facts and reasons by which 
they are induced to report adverse to the Holly System of Water Works, 
and in favor of the plan recommended in their report of December 28, 
1872, has been received, and we avail ourselves ofthe earliest opportunity 
to reply. We have at all times been ready and willing to impart to any 
ofthe City authorities of citizens any and all information of which we 
are posessed, touching upon the question of different systems of Water 
Works, and also make known the facts and reasons controlling our 
action. 
Before entering upon a statement of the facts and reasons influenc- 
ing our action, we desire to state the understanding we have had as to 
the duties required of us, as agents ofthe citizens and tax-payers ofthe 
City, as well as the object to be attained in the establishment of Water 
Works. 
Upon our election and qualification as Trusteess of the Water 
Works, we deemed it obligatory upon us to make such investigations as 
would enable us to ascertain what system of water supply would best 
subserve the true interests of our City; and being novices in the matter, 
we spent considerable time in the examination of various systems of 
Water Works in operation in the principal cities of the country, and 
gleaning information from those in charge of such Works, as to the 
original cost, efficiency, durability and expense of maintaining the same, 
and in procuring suggestions and advice from Hydraulic Engineers, not 
immediately connected with the Water Works, in different places visited 
by us. 
Whatever motives may have influenced the votes of those who 
elected us as Trustees, we are free to say that we entered upon the dis- 
charge of our duties, as understood by us, unprejudiced and uncom- 
mitted to the success or defeat of any particular plan or system of 
Water Works, the paramount consideration with us being that of decid- 
ing upon such a system as, in our opinion, would best promote the public 
interests. 
A difference of opinion seems to prevail as to the real object to be 
attained in the establishment and maintenance of Water Works, it being 
urged by some that the principal object to be secured is that of furnish- 
ing protection against fire; and, indeed, this has been claimed with such 
a degree of pertinacity by the adherents of the so-called "Holly System," 
that the question of furnishing a supply of water for domestic and all 
ordinary purposes, has been almost entirely lost sight of and ignored. 
While we have not overlooked the great importance of securing a 
protection against the ravages of fire in the establishment of a system of 
water supply, we must confess that we have greatly mistaken the real 
object to be obtained in the erection and maintenance of Water Works 
in our City, if it should be chiefly for fire purposes. If the question of 
domestic supply was and is so important in the solution of the problem 
as to the best system to be adopted, why did the City Council incur the 
trouble and expense of procuring an analysis of water taken from arte- 
sian wells and from the River, for the purpose of ascertaining the relative 
freedom from organic matter and other impurities ? Or, why did the 
Council, in the ordinance providing for the construction of Water Works, 
provide for their location at a point above the outlet of all the sewerage 
of the City, and also provide for the construction of filtering beds ? We 27 
APPENDIX. 
think no one will claim that there is any necessity for having water pure 
a»d free from organic matter or sedimentary deposit, in extinguishing 
fires, and a very great saving of expense could be secured by dispensing 
with the process of filtration, locating the pumping works near the cen- 
ter of population, and taking water direct from the River, and at the 
same time answer every purpose as a fire protection. 
In the Spring of 1869, the proposition was submitted to the voters 
of the City to authorize the levy of $100,000 for a water supply from the 
Miami and Erie Canal, and intended solely as a fire protection, and it 
was overwhelmingly defeated. We cannot believe that so great a 
change has been brought about in public sentiment, as to authorize, by 
a very large majority of the votes cast at an election held three years 
later, the levy of $500,000 for the same purpose. 
If our Water Works are designed for fire purposes only, the expense 
of maintaining them, as well as the first cost, must be met by the general 
tax, regardless of the benefits that may accrue to particular portions of 
the City, as section 344 of the Municipal Code clearly provides that, the 
Trustees of Water Works shall make no charge ftr supplying water for 
extinguishing fires, orcleaning fire apparatus, &c. No revenue can be 
derived from the operation of Water Works for their maintenance, ex- 
cept for the supplying of water for household and all other ordinary 
purposes. 
Numerous other facts might be cited, and arguments given to 
sustain us in the belief acted upon, that Water Works for our City 
would be expected to meet the requirements for protection against fire, 
and domestic supply; but the clearly understood wishes of the people 
are of such an unmistakable character that further comment on this 
point is unnecessary. 
The motive power by which our City is to be supplied with water, 
involves the real question in controversy, as the quality of pipe recom 
mended has not been questioned, a difference of opinion existing merely 
as to the size of the main and some of the distribution pipes, and upon 
which we shall have more to say when we come to the reasons by which 
we were induced to recommend the use of nothing smaller than six-inch 
pipe and a thirty-inch main. 
The question as to the first cost of pumping engines is not so im- 
portant as that relating to the expense of future maintenance ; although 
from the prices charged in other cities by the Holly Company, and the 
estimate made by Mr. Ketchum for pumping engines on the Holly plan 
for this City, the first cost of the Holly engines greatly exceeds that of 
most other kinds of equal pumping capacity. The cost of the Holly 
machinery in Columbus, exclusive of foundations, was $55,000, and the 
greatest capacity claimed for it by the President of the Holly Company 
is three million gallons per day. The estimated cost of the same kind 
of machinery for this place, with a capacity of four million gallons per 
day, was $60,000 ; while our estimate of the cost of a different kind of 
machinery, including foundations, with a capacity of six millions per 
day, is only $b5,000. 
The real utility and duty of engines, and the cost of keeping them 
in operation and proper repair, are the main questions to be considered 
in determining the merits of pumping engines, and that system or kind 
of machinery which combines in the largest degree all of these qualities, 
is certainly entitled to the preference, and the one possessing the least 
should be discarded. 
In our investigations as to the real merits of Water Works machine- 
ry, we have been forced to the conclusion, by proof too palpable for suc- 
cessful contradiction, that the Holly machinery stands very low in point 28 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
of efficiency, duty and durability, when compared with the Worthington, 
Henderson and Cornish engines, as well as many others that might be 
mentioned; but on the other hand experience shows that the Holly 
machinery is a fruitful source of expense to maintain in anything like 
good working order. 
No weightier or more conclusive testimony is needed to verify the 
above statements, than the official reports of the authorities in charge of 
Works in cities where such machinery is in use. In Buffalo, where the 
Holly machinery has been used for two or three years, we found that 
the authorities were taking steps to rebuild their works on a much en- 
larged scale-not by duplicating or supplementing the Holly engines, 
but by introducing into the pumping service there a Worthington en- 
gine, with a capacity of supplying ten million gallons of water per diem. 
If the practical workings of the Holly machinery in that city had given 
satisfactory evidence of its efficiency, economy or durability, it is rather 
remarkable that a different kind of machinery should be introduced for 
their new Works, is an evidence of the lack of confidence the authorities 
had in such machinery, as ample time had been given to test it, besides 
the fact that Buffalo is near the home office of the Holly Manufacturing 
Company, and this would be strong reason to use such machinery if it 
were adapted to the wants of that city in furnishing an adequate water 
supply. 
In Columbus the official reports of the Trustees and other officers 
of the Water Works, show most conclusively that the operation of the 
Holly Works has not yet proven their adaptability to the wants of that 
place, while they have been a continual source of expense to keep in 
proper repair and working condition, as breakages and other disarrange- 
ments have been of frequent occurence. The Superintendent of the 
Works in that city, in his official report for the year ending March 31, 
1872, after specifying the various repairs in machinery, concludes with 
the following words: "Making a total for repairs to machinery and 
boilers, more than was anticipated or reasonable to expect, from the 
amount of labor performed. To guard againstpossibilities and to insure 
an abundance of reliable power for the future use, a comparatively 
short time will elapse, ere it will be absolutely necessary to duplicate 
the pumping machinery." From this language we are to infer that 
double the amount of machinery will be absolutely necessary to insure 
an abundance of reliable power " for an adequate water supply" in that 
city, which would make the first cost of the machinery $110,000, exclu- 
sive of foundations for the same. Since the date of said report, measures 
have been taken for the substitution of other pumping machinery in 
place of the Holly, which is another evidence of the inefficiency of the 
latter. 
The workings of the Holly system in Dayton, as shown by the offi- 
cial reports of the officers in charge of the Works, have not been of 
such character as to recommend that system, in point of economy or 
efficiency, for other cities of an equal size; as the reports show that the 
repairs on machinery have been both numerous and expensive, the 
amount paid during the last year being $1,072.86, besides the fact that 
their machinery has not the capacity to meet the requirements for sup- 
plying water, as anticipated for the ensuing yfiar, although the average 
daily snpplj for the last year was less than three quarters of a million 
gallons. The reports contain language as follows : " The necessity for 
an additional set of machinery cannot be safely or economically post- 
poned." Although the duty performed by the Holly engines in Colum- 
bus and Dayton, is not given in the reports, from the data showing the 
average pressure pumped against, the number of gallons supplied, and APPENDIX. 
29 
pounds of coal consumed, it is ascertained that the maximum duty per- 
formed during any of the years, in which they have been in operation, 
does not exceed thirteen millions ; that is, the raising of thirteen million 
pounds one foot high, by the consumption of one hundred pounds of 
coal, or less than one-fourth the duty required under our specifications 
for the machinery recommende I by us. 
The Holly pumps were introduced in the WaterWorks at Minneap- 
olis, Minn., in the fall of 1867, and a different kind was put in last sea- 
son to supersede them. Many other places might be named, in which 
the Holly works have proven unsatisfactory in practical operation, but 
it is not deemed necessary to multiply facts upon this point. This ma- 
chinery is so complicated in its construction as to render it liable to 
become frequently disarranged, besides being inefficient and expensive 
in its use. 
Our reasons for reporting against the Holly system are, that we do 
not consider it adapted to the present and prospective wants of the City 
in furnishing a water supply, and that it is too expensive, inefficient and 
unreliable in its operation to justify its introduction. The amount au- 
thorized for the construction of Water Works is too limited to warrant 
the making of experiments in machinery, when that which has proven 
to be durable, reliable and efficient can so readily be obtained. We are 
told that Clapp & Joues, of Hudson, N. Y., have improved on the system 
known as the Holly, but the agent of that firm, Mr. Richardson, says 
that "the only thing experimental about their machinery for Water 
Works is the pump." Shall we, then, invest in this " experiment ?" 
We have recommended the kind of pumping machinery described 
in our report to the Council December 28, 1872, for the reason that a 
thorough test in many cities of the country has demonstrated its supe- 
riority as regards simplicity of construction, economy, reliability and 
efficiency in operation, as well as in point of its durability. Pumping 
engines of this kind have been in use for supplying water during a pe- 
riod running back about twenty years, in the following cities, viz : 
Savannah, Ga.; Cambridge, Charlestown and Salem, Mass.; Newark, 
Jersey City and Rahway, N. J.; Harrisburg, Philadelphia and Norris- 
town, Pa.; Providence, R. 1.; Poughkeepsie and Brooklyn, N. Y.; 
Burlington, Vt.; Portland, Oregon; and Annapolis, Md.; and they are 
being built for the Water Works in Baltimore, Md., Buffalo, N. Y.; New- 
Bedford, Woburn and Waltham, Mass.; Phoenixville, Pa.; Zanesville, O.; 
and Bowling Green, Ky. This machinery is highly recommended by 
those familiar with its workings in the cities named, and it has been 
subjected to the close scrutiny of professional men in the leading cities 
of the country, and its merits have become so widely known as to pro- 
duce a rapid increase in its introduction, during the past few years, into 
the pumping service for water supply in different cities. 
Of this kind of engines, T. R. Scowden, Esq., in his report on Water 
Works for Newport, Ky., uses the following language: "This much 
may be said, and is conceded by competent and impartial judges of the 
performance and merits of machinery, that the Duplex engine for sim- 
plicity, cheapness of foundations, reliability, economy of working, and 
required attendance, is doubtless unsurpassed by any other pnmping 
engine in use.'' In his annual report for the year'1871, Frederic Graff. 
Esq., Chief Engineer of the Philadelphia Water Works, in speaking of 
the workings in that city of this kind of machinery says : " Engine No. 
1 has run almost daily since September 19, 1870, giving entire satisfac- 
tion; it has not cost one dollar in repairs or additions." In a later 
report he says the Duplex has given him no trouble, the cost for repairs 
have been so trifling as scarcely to deserve mention, and that their im- 30 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
munity from accidents, due to their mechanical construction, is such 
that he is relieved from the anxiety and care inseparably connected 
with the working of Cornish Engines. 
Edward Lawrence, Esq., President of the Works at Charlestown, 
Mass., says " that the Duplex was adopted after a full and careful ex- 
amination of the claims of the Cornish and other forms of pumping 
engines, and after using the Duplex for six years he is so well satisfied 
concerning its superiority, that he has recently ordered a third engine 
of the same pattern, but of larger dimensions for the Mystic Works, and 
that the cost of repairs for the six years had been less than one hundred 
dollars." 
In his annual report for the year 1872, John P. Culver, Esq., Chief 
Engineer of the Jersey City Water Works, quotes from a previous report 
made by the Consulting Mechanical Engineer of said Works and him- 
self, as follows: "The Worthington Duplex appears to be the engine 
destined to supplant the Cornish, and from the date of its introduction 
its reputation has grown and increased, until now its superiority is gen- 
erally acknowledged by those most competent to decide. Seventeen 
years ago three Worthington Engines were put up at Savannah ; others 
of the same kind were erected at Cambridge, in the year 1856, which, 
under careful trial, excelled every other engine in the country. The 
Charlestown engines were erected in the year 1861, and their perform- 
ance is asserted to be the best on record. One has been running at 
Harrisburg, Pa., almost constantly for ten years with almost no repairs. 
A noticeable feature and valuable characteristic of the Duplex Engine, 
is the noiseless way in which it performs its work. There is no concus- 
sion, nor even an appreciable jar, in the engine or its attachments. So 
that from motives of economy, believing that a great saving can be 
effected, and the work done as well, if not better, than in any other 
manner, we would give our most emphatic preference to the Worthing- 
ton Duplex Engines." 
Additional testimony could be given to show the superiority of the 
Duplex engines in furnishing a water supply for cities, but we do not 
consider it necessary to add anything further on this point, as the prac- 
tical workings of this kind of machinery in the various cities named, 
furnish the most potent reasons for their use in preference to any other. 
We have recommended the use of a Stand-pipe, because our inves- 
tigations led us to believe that it would serve as a great safeguard to 
the pipes, besides serving as a measure of relief to the engines, and to 
illustrate the correctness of our views on this point we beg leave to refer 
you to opinions of hydraulic engineers, embodied in this communication. 
COMPARISON OF COST. 
We have been charged through the press, time and again, with at- 
tempting to force upon the City a system of Water Works that would 
cost $200,000 more in their construction than the Holly, and we desire to 
notice these statements by comparing the estimate of the two systems, 
and then leave you to judge whether the figures justify such charges. 
The estimated cost on the Holly plan, with pumping machinery of four 
million gallons daily capacity was $500,000; and the estimated cost on 
the Stand-pipe system with pumping machinery of six million gallons 
daily capacity is $595,987; which makes the cost, as per approximate 
estimates of the Stand-pipe system $95,987 in excess of that for the 
Holly. 
Now let us examine the items of said estimates and see if we can 
account for this difference in cost. APPENDIX. 
31 
Filtering Beds, $ 60,000 00 
Engine House,... 20,000 00 
Cost of 5,245 tons of pipe, at $75, 393,375 00 
Engines six millions capacity 65,000 00 
For superintendence, &c., 20,161 25 
Excess 
of 
Trustees' 
By Mr. Ketcham, Estimate. 
Filtering Beds, 26,000 34,000 00 
Engine House, 16,000 4,000 00 
Cost of 4,816 tons of pipe, at $75, 361,200 32,175 00 
Engines, 4 millions capacity, *60,000 *10,000 00 
Superintendence, &c., Nothing. 20,761 25 
Total of excess, $100,936 25 
Estimate of Trustees. 
*In comparing the cost of pumping machinery, an allowance of 
twenty-five per centum has been added to the cost of the Holly engines 
to increase their daily capacity from four to six million gallons. 
Adding this amount of the cost of excess of materials, labor and 
increased pumping power of machinery to the estimated cost of the 
Holly system would make $600,936.25, as the real cost of said system, 
with machinery of equal capacity and an equal amount "of materials 
with that of the Stand-pipe system, making the cost of the latter $4,949.25 
less than the former. 
Six-inch supply pipe is the smallest we have recommended, and our 
reason for so doing is the fact that sizes anything smaller have proven 
to be ot little practical utility in the water supply of cities scattered 
over a large scope of territory. In many of the large cities where 
smaller sizes have been used, they have been taken up and discarded, 
and the advice uniformly given us by men of large experience in such 
matters, has been to use nothing smaller than six-inch pipe, which is 
the minimum size now adopted in cities of equal or larger population 
than Toledo. 
The report of our Engineer, Mr. Lane, heretofore submitted to the 
Council, is so elaborate on the question of pipes, and the relative value 
in regard to capacity of the various sizes, so clearly defined that we 
would respectfully refer you to it for further reasons for our action on 
this question. 
PIPES. 
The proposed location of the pumping works being so remote from 
the center of population of the City, suggested to us the importance of 
providing a principal main of ample size to afford a sufficient amount 
of water for the distribution pipes in different portions of the City for 
several years to come, and thereby obviate the necessity for duplicating 
the mains. The first cost of the thirty inch main, is only seventy per 
cent, in excess of that of twenty-inch main, while it has a capacity of 
nearly three times that of the latter ; and the cost of the thirty-inch main 
is only 28 per cent, more than of a twenty-four-inch main, while it has 
a capacity for supplying water nearly two-fold that of the latter, from 
which it must appear evident in considering the quantity of water that 
will be required to meet the varied demand that it would be a matter of 
economy to use the thirty-inch main in preference to anything smaller. 32 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
OPINIONS OF EXPERTS. 
As previously stated by us, we were greatly aided in our investiga- 
tions by the advice given us by our own Engineer, and other eminent Hy- 
draulic Engineers in different places, as to the relative merits of various 
systems of Water Works in operation, and in arriving at our conclusions 
as to the system of water supply to be adopted in this City, we relied in 
great measure upon the information conveyed to us by professional men, 
and others of large experience, because we believe the opinions and advice 
of such men entitled to far greater weight in the determination of the 
question under consideration, than the statements of contractors and 
others interested in the introduction of particular kinds of machinery. 
We therefore append copies of the opinions of few Engineers, whose 
reputations in point of skill and integrity cannot reasonably be 
questioned, and who are so widely known as to need no other intro- 
duction than the mere mention of their names. 
HENRY EARNSHAW, ESQ., 
Chief Engineer of the Cincinnati Water Works, says: " My own opinion 
is, your City is entirely too large for the Holly system." 
T. R. SCOWDEN, ESQ., 
Engineer for the new Water Works in Cincinnati, says: 
"They (Trustees of Columbus WaterWorks) employed me as En- 
gineer to investigate and make plans for improvements for additional 
supply. I made the necessary investigations, surveys, plans and esti 
mates for Filter Basin, and recommended Stand-pipe and Worthington 
Duplex Engine as a substitute for Holly machinery now in use. As an 
Engineer, I estimate the value of any motor for its efficiency, reliability 
and economy of working. I think if any pumping engine combines the 
advantages desired, it is the Worthington Engine. I send you my re- 
port on Newport Water Works, to which I beg leave to refer you on the 
subject of Pumping Engine. The other fact bearing upon the question 
of economy is established by referring to the records of the different 
Water Works in practicable operation in this country, which will show, 
by comparison, that the Worthington Engine does the very highest duty, 
and the Holly the least or lowest." 
JAMES P. KIRKWOOD, ESQ., 
Hydraulic Engineer, Brooklyn, N Y., gives his opinion as to the advan- 
tages to be derived by the use of a Stand-pipe, in the following language, 
viz : 
" The Stand-pipe is a great relief to an engine of any size, as com- 
pared with the dull resistance it would have to encounter in pumping 
into a column of water two or three thousand feet long or more, whose 
requirements of delivery might besides be varying every hour. Under 
such circumstances, you cannot cut off short, you can get little benefit 
of expansion, but the application of the Stand-pipe changes all that, 
and the load being transferred to a short column, the engine controls it. 
with comparative ease and can venture on a high, or at least a profita- 
ble expansion, with freedom. This tells on the economy of coal, but it 
tells in a more palpable way on the economy of capital. For instance, 
at Belleville, (the pumping station of the Jersey City Water Works,) 
before the Stand-pipe was built, the Cornish Engine there, (see trials by 
Copeland & Worthen,) made in the first trial 4.8 strokes per minute, 
and in the second trial 4.5 strokes per minute. After the erection of 
the Stand-pipe the same engine made 7 strokes per minute; they are now 33 
APPENDIX. 
making 8 easily. The Stand-pipe increased the pumping capacity of 
the engine, besides enabling it to do its work more economically. In 
this case two engines with a Stand-pipe would do more work than three 
engines of the same size without the Stand-pipe. Undoubtedly, at 
Belleville, the Stand-pipe in this sense has more than paid for itself-I 
mean that two engines and Stand-pipe would costless than three engines 
without the Stand-pipe, and do more work. This will be more or less 
the effect of a Stand-pipe anywhere; but we have generally dwelt upon 
it more as a measure of relief and safety to the engine, than as besides 
an economizer of capital." 
The following is the opinion of 
JOHN BIRKINBINE, ESQ., 
Hydraulic Engineer, Philadelphia, as to the advantages to be derived 
by the use of a Stand-pipe, instead of pumping directly into and through 
the mains and distribution pipes : 
" The first Stand-pipe erected in this country was a part of a water 
supply constructed by my father, H. P. M. Birkinbine, for Germantown, 
(then a suburb of Philadelphia.) This Stand-pipe, erected in 1852, is 
still in use. Since that time we have erected three in Philadelphia, one 
at Camden, N. J., one at Erie, Penn., and expect to have one form a 
part of the new Works now being constructed for Harrisburg, Penn. I 
have, therefore, had considerable opportunity to examine into the ad- 
vantage, utility and economy of using Stand-pipes. 
" Water-towers or Stand-pipes are usedin connection with the water 
supplies of London, and other large European cities, and in this country 
may be mentioned, New York, Boston, Chicago, Jersey City, Charles- 
town, Mass., Erie, Pa. Camden, N. J., and Philadelphia, the latter city 
having'in use six (6) of them. Among the advantages arising from the 
use of Stand-pipe in connection with a water supply, are the following : 
" First. In pumping water each stroke of the pumping apparatus 
produces a wave, which is carried along the pipes until it finds an out- 
let. Each wave is distinct, although they may follow each other very 
rapidly, and each wave produces a distinct shock upon the pipes con- 
veying the water from the pumps. (It has been claimed that pumping 
apparatus moving rapidly, overcomes these shocks by making them a 
continuous strain. I can best illustrate this fallacy by calling your at- 
tention to the jar experienced by a Railroad car crossing slowly a joint 
in the tracks , as the speed increases the shock is less perceptable, 
but none the less severe.) By placing a Stand-pipe upon the forcing 
main the waves created by the pumps exhaust into it, and in it all the 
oscillations take place, the water flowing from it in a steady and con- 
tinuous stream at a uniform pressure. The introduction of a Stand- 
pipe, therefore, relieves the mains from the continuous shocks, and 
reduces the risk of breakage. It allows the pumping machinery to work 
freer, and thus savds fuel; and the pipes leading from it will convey a 
greater quantity of water with less strain. 
" Second. A reservoir, where it is possible, is a valuable adjunct 
to any system of water supply-keeping in store surplus water in cases 
of emergency, and delivering the water at a uniform pressure. Stand- 
pipes are often used as substitutes for reservoirs, where the latter are 
impracticable, either for the want of the necessary elevated ground, or 
the requisite funds for their construction. The Stand-pipes at Erie, 
West Philadelphia and Germantown, were constructed as substitutes for 
reservoirs, until the corporations felt at liberty to incur the additional 
expense. The City of Erie proposes to construct a large reservoir du- 
ring the coming season, and retain the Stand-pipe for the advantages 34 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
above mentioned. Of course, the quantity of water contained in a 
Stand-pipe will not allow of the stoppage of the machinery for any length 
ofjtime; but it has a great advantage over direct supply works, (so 
called,) in permitting the engine to be stopped long enough to attend to 
any trifling repairs and packing. 
" Third. Where the reservoir is connected with the pumping ma- 
chinery by a long line of pipes, or where the distributing pipes connect 
directly with the forcing main, a Stand-pipe is a valuable auxiliary. 
At Camden, N. J., and Kensington, Pa., the pumping machinery dis- 
charges into reservoirs by a long line of pipe, and Stand-pipes are placed 
immediately at the works, in both eases having amply repaid all outlay 
by the reduction of the risk of breakage and freedom of working the 
machinery. 
" Fourth. In pumping water, it is always advantageous to run the 
machinery at a uniform speed, and have as few sudden fluctuations as 
possible. There are several patented regulators, of complicated con- 
struction, designed to compensate for variable demand ; but a Stand- 
pipe in a more simple manner fully answers the purpose. The most 
simple forms of pumping machinery can be used in connection with a 
Stand-pipe, and be made self-regulating. When the Germantown Works 
were built, in 1852, an alarm bell gave notice of a decrease of pressure 
from the Stand-pipe. We consider there is not a Stand-pipe in use in 
this country which is not amply repayingall interest upon its cost, and 
have so strong faith in the advantages gained, that they are always 
recommended for pumping works, unless the reservoir is very close to 
the pumps. 
" Being fully aware of the energy and pertinacity used in giving 
publicity to forms of patented machinery for direct supply works, I am 
convinced Toledo has been favored with all its claimed advantages. I, 
however, am free to say that your City will certainly find a Stand-pipe 
a valuable addition to any system of direct supply it adopts, and by its 
use will secure the advantage of- 
" Free working of machinery and saving of fuel; 
"Exhaustion of waves and decrease of risk t and 
"A reserve supply sufficient for any ordinary purpose and uniform- 
ity of pressure secured by simple arrangements. 
" An accident to a Stand-pipe at Jersey City, several years ago, 
which was owing to defective construction, has been magnified to the 
damage of what is termed the Stand-pipe system; but you will find a 
large majority of Hydraulic Engineers unite in considering the Stand- 
pipe as a great advantage to a water supply." 
JOHN B. JERVIS, ESQ., 
Rome, N. Y., who has given the subject of water supply for cities a great 
deal of attention, and whose opinion as a professional man is entitled to 
great respect and consideration, defines the advantages of a Stand-pipe 
as follows: 
" As to Stand-pipe in pumping water for the supply of a city, the 
object is, first, to keep a uniform action on the pumps ; and, second, to 
maintain a uniform pressure on the supply pipes. A Stand-pipe is 
provided with a waste pipe, to carry off the water at a certain height or 
pressure. If you pump directly into the supply pipes, you should have 
a proper waste-cock in some convenient point in your main, that will 
open and waste when an excess of pressure is on. Water will be used 
in a city very irregularly, and without some provision to let off above 
the pressure you want, there would often be such over-pressure as to 
endanger, and sometimes burst the pipe. This regulating valve should APPENDIX. 
35 
be as near your pump-house as you can have it, so that the man in 
charge of the pump may see when he is pumping to waste. In the night 
much less water will be used. If you desire to give your pump extra 
power at any time as in a fire, you have only to add to the weight on 
your valve the addition you want, or what you think your pipe will bear. 
Unless you have some provision of this sort, you will be likely to burst 
your pipe, especially the service-pipe in buildings. 
" The Holly plan profess to regulate by a contrivance which opens 
or shuts off as the occasion may require, and it is called 'self-acting, or 
automaton.' This is a very ingenious contrivance of machinery, and 1 
do not like to speak against it. It is very plausible to most men, but I do 
not regard it as of any practical value. 1 gi eatly prefer a good waste- 
cock that will let off surplus when necessary, and not depend on any 
apparatus that may disappoint. A Stand-pipe will be an expense, and 
for moderate size pumps you might get along without it; but if you 
have large pumps, they will work more steadily, be less liable to get out 
of order, and give you a regular pressure on your pipes. If you desire a 
large head or pressure, as in case of fire, then, I would make a connec- 
tion between the rising and falling main, at such height as would give 
proper pressure for your ordinary wants. In this cross pipe put a stop- 
cock that may be shut when you want the high pressure, and the water 
will rise to the top and give the pressure you want. Keep in mind 
this extra pressure should not be allowed to rise beyond the strength of 
your pipe, either supply pipes or service pipes in dwellings. A Stand- 
pipe can be arranged as not to have a falling main, by uniting your 
supply main near the bottom of Stand-pipe. 
" For a City like Toledo-present and prospective-I should 
recommend a Stand-pipe, as the best method I have known, when you 
cannot have a reservoir of sufficient height. You can work by pumping 
directly into your supply'pipes, being careful to have a good waste-cock 
that will lift when the pressure is too high. To your City, the cost of a 
Stand-pipe, with all the provision you need for extra pressure and waste- 
pipe. is small, compared to the advantage of regularity in pumping and 
savingin current'repairs. Don't fail to have your pumps made to move 
stow-large and slow, is much better than small and quick." 
It may be added, in this connection, that Mr. Jervis was the Engi- 
neer who built the Croton Water Works for supplying the City of New 
York, and he is generally acknowledged to be one of the first Hydraulic 
Engineers in"the country. 
E. S. CHESBROUGH, ESQ., 
City Engineer of Chicago, says, in relation to the system recommended 
by us: 
''I think you haveidevised a very judicious plan. On such a site, 
it is better to spend the large sums required for satisfactory reservoirs, 
in duplicating the pumping power, whenever found necessary, such was 
the conclusion arrived at here fifteen years or more. Our supply has 
been practically a direct one for a long time, cur reservoirs being too 
small to hold two hours' consumption at present. The Worthington 
Pumping Engine has now been so thoroughly tested in different cities, 
that there can be no doubt of its satisfactory performance. With regard 
to fire purposes-if you make your Stand-pipe 175 ft. high and have dis- 
tributing pipes of suitable size, (which I am glad to see you recommend,) 
there can be no doubt of your ability to throw water from hydrants over 
all ordinary buildings. As to extraordinary ones, they require in other 
cities extraordinary measures. So far as I can learn, buildings nearly 36 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
or quite one hundred feet high, when once ablaze, are not extinguished 
readily, either by hydrants under high pressure, or the most powerful 
fire steamers, unless the hose be carried to near the top of the buildings 
on fire or to an adjoining one." 
" In this connection, 1 send you a copy of Mr. Shedd's report on 
the fire hydrants of Providence. I think it will interest you. The great 
point in the extinguishment of fires, is to have an abundant supply, un- 
der a high pressure, at the hydrants. Whether this pressure should be 
obtained by means of reservoirs or pumping directly into the mains and 
distributing pipes, must depend upon local circumstances. The duty of 
the Engine is to secure the object aimed at, with the least expense, 
having reference, not merely to first cost, but to future maintenance." 
FREDERIC GRAFF, ESQ., 
For several years the Chief Engineer of Water Works in Philadelphia, 
gave us some very valuable suggestions when we were in that City last 
fall examining into the question of Water Works, and in acknowledging 
the receipt of a copy of our report, embodying the report of Mr. Lane, 
on the question of water supply for our City, Mr. Graff makes use of the 
following language, viz : 
"The printed report sent is before me, and I have looked over it 
carefully and can fully endorse Mr. Lane in the matter. I am free to 
say that his views in regard to the rejection of the so-called "Holly 
System," and the adoption of the Stand-pipe plan with an economical 
and efficient pair of pumping engines, are sound in every particular, and 
is the plan I certainly would adopt under similar circumstances." 
JOHN P. FREEMAN, 
- EDWARD MALONE, 
CARL SCHON, 
J. T. GREER, Secretary. Trustees. 
REPORT OF THE CITIZENS' COMMITTEE. 
Gentlemen of the City Council: 
At a meeting of your honorable body, held at the Council Chamber, 
on the 15th day of February last, you adopted a series of preamble and 
resolutions reciting the wants and necessities of the City in relation to 
an " economical and efficient supply of pure water, not only for the 
present, but for the future demands of the City," And in view of the 
large expense of your Fire Department, and the urgent necessity of its 
increase within a few years to double its present expense, a system 
should be adopted for efficient fire protection, as well as for domestic 
and manufacturing purposes. And in order to gain such information 
as would enable the Council to adopt such plan as in their judgment 
will serve the best interests of the City, all things considered, in your 
last resolution, you declare " that for the purpose of such investigation 
a committee be appointed, who shall be authorized to visit the principal 
points where these various systems are in operation, thoroughly investi- 
gate the same and report to this Council such facts and information as 
will enable it intelligently to decide which system will be the best 
adapted to the present and future wants of our City. 
With these objects in view, and fully appreciating the responsibility 
of the undertaking, your Committee left Toledo on the evening of the 
5th inst., and in the course of twenty-three days traveled over three 
thousand miles, visited twenty-five principal cities and thirteen States. APPENDIX. 
37 
At most of the points visited, a careful and even ciitical examination 
was made of the systems, machinery, size and cost of pipes, capacity of 
engines, quantity of water pumped daily, expense of raising a given 
quantity a given height, amount and cost of fuel, and all the other ex- 
penses necessary for the performance of a given duty Also the length 
of time each had been in operation, the expense of keeping them in 
repair, their durability and liability to breakage, and consequent, expense 
and danger from failure of supply. At all points we were courteously 
received, and every facility placed at our disposal for obtaining the in- 
formation desired. In this connection it gives us pleasure to acknowl- 
edge our obligations to Mr. Frederick Graff, of Philadelphia, Mr. J. 
Herbert Shedd, of Providence, R. I., and others. And while availing 
ourselves of the information tendered by those having supervision of 
the works, we also examined the mechanism of the engines, and con- 
sulted the operative engineers in charge. 
From a careful examination of exhibits, reports, etc., received from 
financial officers at the various points visited, as also the verbal and 
detailed statement of engineers and others in actual charge of works, 
we have arrived at what we deem at least a near approximation as to 
actual duty of engines, to wit: amount of water pumped, together with 
actual cost of same. In order to secure a correct comparison between 
the different systems and kinds of machinery, we have made all our 
calculations upon a common initial basis, the cost of raising one million 
gallons of water one foot high. Such a comparison may militate against, 
some of the systems named, owing to difference in quality of coal used, 
and cost of same, together with other local causes to which we hereinaf- 
ter refer. 
While we have examined several different kinds of pumping engines, 
we deem it needless to include in this report more than three represen 
tative systems. We accordingly give below the cost of raising one 
million gallons one foot high, at the several points named, by what is 
known as ''Cornish," " Holly," and " Worthington Duplex" Engines. 
CORNISH ENGINES. 
Erie, Penn., one million gallons one foot high, 10} cents. 
Roxboro, Phil., one million gallons one foot high, 12 7-10 cents 
Schuykill, Penn., one million gallons one foot high, 11 2-10 cents. 
HOLLY ENGINES. 
Dunkirk, N. Y., 1,000,000 gallons one foot high, 61 cts. 
Columbus, O., " " " " " 22 2-10 " 
Dayton, O., " " " " " 471-2 " 
Covington, Ky., " " " '* " 36 1-2 " 
Indianapolis, Ind, partly run by water, 18 1-10 " 
WORTHINGTON DUPLEX ENGINE. 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1,000,000gallons one foot high, 10 3-10cts, 
Belleville, N. J., " " " " 11 8 
Newark, N. J., " " " " " 8 
Roxborro, Phil., " " " " " 9 9-10 " 
Bellmont, Phil., " " " • " " 7 38 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
RECAPITULATION. 
Average cost one million gallons one foot high : 
Cornish Engines,11 35-100 cts. 
Holly Engines, 36 8-100 " 
Worthington Duplex Engines, 8 64-100 " 
In view of the immense excess in comparative cost of operating the 
Holly Works as shown above, and as these figures, unexplained, would 
tend to mislead, we deem it just and proper to remark that this system 
is intended to subserve the double purpose of furnishing water for do- 
mestic supply, and also supplant the steam fire engines, and that in thus 
saving, or mitigating expenses of the Fire Department, it is equitably 
entitled to corresponding credit, when brought into financial comparison 
with machinery intended for domestic supply only. Anol her fruitful 
cause of the above excess must be found in the fact that most or all of 
the Holly Works referred to are located at points requiring an amount 
of water vastly below the capacity of the engines to furnish, while the 
expense necessarily required in operating the works cannot be corres- 
pondingly diminished. For instance, the engines at all points named 
above, are claimed to be capable of pumping two million gallons per 
diem, the amount actually required and pumped is but little, if any, in 
excess of one million ; ami the first, named, (Dunkirk,) is only required 
to pump 300,000 gallons. With an addition of perhaps not more than 
fifty per cent, in current expenses, the daily average could be increased 
to two million gallons. 
We are satisfied from knowledge obtained, and the comparison of 
statistics given above, that for the use intended in our case, there can be 
little question which engine should be selected. The efficiency of the 
pumping service of a city, underlies the prosperity, comfort, safety and 
health of its inhabitants, and such efficiency is dependant to a great extent 
upon the durability of the engines, and their freedom from accidents; 
and on these points, in the judgment of your Committee, the Worthing- 
ton Duplex is the most desirable. In fact, its superiority is generally 
acknowledged by those most competent to decide; the capacity of 
pumping machinery for the prospective wants of the City, has also re- 
ceived careful attention. All things considered, it is the unanimous 
opinion of the Committee, that two Duplex Engines, of the capacity of 
five million of gallons each, will be the safest, and in the end prove most 
economical. Should these figures seem large, it should be borne in 
mind, that the universal experience in this country and elsewhere, is 
that Water Works for City supply have always been constructed on too 
small a scale. The demand for water usually very largely exceeds the 
most sanguine expectation of the projectors and this has been especially 
true since steam has been so largely used as a motive power for manu- 
facturing establishments; the tendency being to concentrate these es- 
tablishments in cities, principally on account of the much greater facility 
of obtaining skilled labor, and receiving and shipping conveniences, and 
such influences must continue to operate to a still greater extent than 
heretofore. The desire of your Committee has been, and is, that works 
of a substantial and permanent character, with a supply of water ample 
beyond contingency, should be provided for; and nothing expended for 
ornament. 
The question of constructing a small Reservoir, with capacity o 
about three million gallons, has also been the subjectfof careful inquiry 
All engineers, and others who have given attention to the question Op APPENDIX. 
39 
water supply for cities, unhesitatingly recommend the reservoir system 
over all others, where, from the nature of the location, it can be adopted. 
Toledo is not favored with ground of sufficient elevation on which to 
construct reservoirs of large capacity, and hence whatever is construct- 
ed on that plan, must necessarily be on a limited scale. Wrought-iron 
tanks are in use in New York, Boston and Cincinnati. In the latter 
city, two tanks of this description, located on Mt. Auburn, of capacity 
of 750,000 gallons each, are in use, and we were informed, while there, 
another one of similar, or greater capacity, is to be erected this year. 
They serve a good purpose there, and at all other points where used, 
hence your Committee unhesitatingly recommend the construction of a 
wrought-iron reservoir tank, to hold not less than 3,000,000 gallons of 
water, on ground now owned by the City, and convenient to the spot 
where, in all probability, the pumping works will be erected. This 
ground is twenty-five feet above the surface of the street at the Post 
Office, and a reservoir of this description, located there, of, say, seventy 
feet in heighth, and ninety feet in diameter, will more than contain the 
quantity mentioned above, and furnish an ample supply for domestic 
and manufacturing purposes, as well as a reserve for fire and other con- 
tingencies. Water from this reservoir, making all needful deductions 
for loss by friction, depletion through lateral means, &c., will be forced 
by gravity pressure to any altitude in the City, required for domestic 
use. An estimate of the cost of construction will be given elsewhere in 
this report. 
The subject of protection from fire through other means than an 
extensive fire department, has also received the careful and patient 
consideration of your Committee. The system of pumping directly 
through the mains on what i's known as the Holly plan, fur fire purposes, 
is in use in several of the cities visited by us. At these points we were 
unremitting in our efforts to become acquainted with actual workings of 
that system, and after weighing all the available evidence, we are clearly 
of the opinion that it is not what Toledo wants. There remains but the 
Stand-pipe system for consideration. With the plan and recommenda 
tions submitted to your honorable body herewith, your Committee are 
of.the opinion that the Stand-pipe can be made available in connection 
with the reservoir for efficient lire protection. A pipe five feet in diameter 
and 225 to 250 feet in heighth, according to approved authority, will 
furnish fire pressure in any part of the City, equal to an altitude of 140 to 
150 feet above City base line. 
On the score of economy, the Stand-pipe, in connection with the 
reservoir will effect a great saving, by reason of having a receptacle 
sufficiently large to hold what will be pumped by a slow, regular motion 
of engine, during the entire twenty-four hours, raising the water to a 
maximum head of about ninety-five feet for domestic distributions, in- 
stead of forcing all the water used for all purposes through a Stand pipe 
alone of much greater altitude. We therefore recommend the con- 
struction of a Stand-pipe of the dimensions given above, an estimate of 
the cost of which will be found elsewhere in this reply. 
While nothing is said in your preamble or resolutions in reference 
to the filtering process, through which the water taken from the Maumee 
River must pass before it will be fit for culinary uses, yet thi; branch of 
the subject is of such vital importance to the whole system of water 
supply, your Committee deem it within the province of their duty to 
examine carefully the processes in use at the several points where filter - 
ation is resorted to. The conclusion to which we have arrived is here- 
with submitted. Since our return, we have examined the ravine east- 
erly from the House of Correction, and find it well adapted to the 40 
CITY WATER WORKS. 
construction of a subsiding reservoir and filtering beds. This depression 
or ravine is but little above the ordinary level of the Maumee River, and 
with comparatively light earth work can be cheaply prepared for the 
natural flow of water from the river into and through the filtering beds. 
This plan avoids the necessity of constructing such beds in the River, 
where they would be more expensive and very much less secure; and 
also the necessity and expense of raising water by steam into filter beds 
located above the surface of the River, where, after Alteration, would 
again have to be pumped into the reservoir. In this connection, we also 
recommend that the pumping engines be located on the northerly side 
of the River Road, on land belonging to the City, and connected with 
the filtering well by a conduit or suction main. 
Without deeming it necessary to enter into aadetailed estimate of 
cost of construction, we give you herewith what we consider a sufficiently 
near approximation, as follows: 
One wrought iron reservoir, complete,$ 60,000 
One Stand Pipe, 10,000 
Two Worthington Duplex Engines, in place, 95,000 
Engine House, 20,000 
Pipes, Hydrants, Superintendence &c., 440,000 
Total,$685,000 
These estimates, we regret to say, materially exceed the appropria- 
tion set apart for this purpose, yet we are unanimous in the belief that 
the interests of our City, present and prospective will be better subserved 
by what may seem a burthensome outlay, than by the adoption of a 
policy, engendered by a mistaken financial economy and a misconcep- 
tion of the rapidly growing requirements of our people. 
In recommending the construction of a Stand-pipe in connection 
with a reservoir for fire protection, the design is to use the pressure 
through the pipe only in case of fire. At all other times the pipe will 
be kept full of water, so that when the alarm of fire is given the pumping 
machinery may be turned into the Stand pipe and the extreme pressure 
kept up during the continuance of the fire; or, in other words, to use 
the Stand-pipe for fire-pressure only. It can, however, be used for do- 
mestic or other purposes if necessary. 
All of which is respectfully submitted for the consideration of your 
Honorable Body, trusting that commensurate good may grow out of the 
protracted investigation of the undersigned. 
J. S. NORTON, 
J. D. ( OOK, 
H. A. BOYD, 
JOHN T. MAHER. 
Toledo, March 31, 1873.