A MANUAL 
OF 
ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. 
BEING A 
GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA OF THE VEGETABLE 
AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS, 
FOR THE 
USE OF STUDENTS, DRUGGISTS, PHARMACISTS, AND 
PHYSICIANS. 
/by 
JOHN M. MLAISCH, Ph. M., Phar. J)., 
LATE PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDISaTnD BOTANY IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE 
OF PHARMACY. 
SEVENTH EDITION. 
Revised by HENRY C. C. MAISCH, Ph.G., Ph.D., 
PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MEDICA AND BOTANY IN THE MEDICO-CHIRURGICAL COLLEGE 
OF PHILADELPHIA, DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY. 
WITH TWO HUNDRED AND E IG H TYrT IV e" flAu S»R AjTfp NfcJ. H A 
LEA BROTHERS & CO., 
PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK. 
1899. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by 
LEA BROTHERS & CO., 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
All rights reserved. 
ELECTROTYPED BY 
WESTCOTT & THOMSON, PHILADA. 
WILLIAM J, DORNAN, 
PRINTER, PHILADA. PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION. 
In revising the Manual for a new edition the endeavor 
has been made to incorporate all recent advances in the 
pharmacognostic and chemical study of drugs, and to intro-- 
duce such substances as may have attained a medical im- 
portance since the previous issue. The labor bestowed has 
been a filial as well as a professional pleasure and duty, and 
if the work has been maintained at the level achieved by 
its author, the efforts represented in this new edition are 
well requited. 
The new British Pharmacopoeia has been fully recognized, 
and such additions and corrections have been made as were 
rendered necessary by the increase in the stringency of its 
requirements. Where the name given in the British Phar- 
macopoeia differs from the United States standard it has 
been added as a synonym. 
Though the total amount of material in the Manual has 
been increased by these additions and changes, it has been 
accommodated without exceeding the convenient size which 
has characterized previous editions. 
Henry C. C. Maisch. 
March, 1899. 
III CONTENTS. 
PAGE 
Introduction 17 
PART I.—ANIMAL DRUGS. 
1. Animals 19 
2. Eggs 24 
3. Anastomosing fibrous tissue 25 
4. Membranous tissues and gelatins 25 
5. Secretions and excretions 27 
6. Calcareous skeletons and concretions 35 
PART II.—CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
1. Roots.—Radices 39 
2. Rhizomes.—Rhizomata 90 
3. Tubers and Bulbs.—Tubera et Bulbi 135 
4. Twigs and Woods.—Stipites et Ligna 145 
5. Barks.—Cortices 152 
6. Leaves and Leaflets.—Folia et Foliola 197 
7. Herbs.—Herbse 240 
8. Leafy tops.—Cacumina, Summitates 280 
9. Flowers and Petals.—Flores et Petala 283 
10. Fruits.—Fructus 299 
11. Seeds.—Semina 339 
12. Cellular drugs not readily recognized as distinct organs of 
plants 370 VI 
CONTENTS. 
PART III.—DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
PAGE 
1. Extracts and Inspissated Juices.—Extracta et Succi In- 
spissati 393 
2. Sugars.—Sacchara 409 
3. Gums.—Gummata 415 
4. Gum resins.—Gummi-resinae 418 
5. Resins.—Resinae 427 
6. Balsams and Oleoresins.—Balsama et Oleoresinae 437 
7. Volatile Oils and Camphors.—Olea Volatilia et Camphorae 449 
8. Fixed Oils and Waxes.—Olea Pinguia et Cerae 461 
Drugs arranged according to origin 483 
Alphabetical Index 503 A MANUAL OF MATERIA MEDICA. 
INTRODUCTION. 
In arranging the vast mass of material within our reach 
for the study of Materia Medica several methods may be 
followed: 
1. An alphabetical arrangement, while it affords us all 
the advantages due to facility of references, lacks the 
essential requisites of a systematic investigation of the 
subject. 
2. The classification usually adopted in works intended 
for the use of Medical Students and Physicians is based 
upon a similarity in the action of drugs on the animal 
economy; and it presents obvious conveniences for the 
purpose. 
3. Another method of classification is founded upon the 
chemical relation of substances which have a definite com- 
position, and upon the botanical and zodlogical origin of 
organic drugs. This method has been followed by Pereira, 
Guibourt, Royle, Bentley, and by Fliickiger (“ Grundriss”), 
and is employed in the “ Pharmaeographia” and in other 
valuable and instructive works. Its chief advantage, as far 
as Vegetable Materia Medica is concerned, is due to the 
close chemical and physiological relations of the different 
parts of the same species, and in many instances of the 
different plants belonging to the same natural order. A 
synopsis of such classification will be found in the present 
volume, arranged according to Bentham and Hooker’s 
“ Genera Plantarum.” 18 
INTRODUCTION. 
4. But the primary object of Pharmacognosy or Materia 
Medica, as more especially adapted to the needs of the 
Pharmacist and the Druggist, is to enable us to recognize 
drugs, to determine their quality, to detect their adultera- 
tion, and to distinguish the characteristic elements of those 
which are closely allied. Organic drugs which resemble one 
another in physical and structural properties are thus natu- 
rally brought together; and the special properties of each 
are made the more prominent by comparison. Classifica- 
tions based on these considerations have been elaborated 
by Berg, Schleiden, Planchon, Fliickiger (“ Lehrbuch ”), 
Wigaud, Marm6, and others, and have been found useful and 
instructive. With such modifications, as we have thought 
desirable, such a system has been adopted in this work. 
The medical properties and doses of the various drugs, 
and the treatment of poisoning from excessive doses of what 
are usually designated as “ poisonous drugs,” are briefly pre- 
sented as matters of important information ; but it is not 
the design of this treatise to give instruction in the thera- 
peutical application of medicines. 
The development of the different organs of plants and of 
the histological changes incident to their growth, and the 
botanical relations of the different natural orders and species 
of medicinal plants, are subjects which are foreign to the 
scope of our work. Their consideration is appropriate to a 
separate course as an introduction to the study of Materia 
Medica proper. Bast in’s “ College Botany,” Gray’s “ Struc- 
tural Botany,” Bentley’s “ Manual of Botany,” and the 
works of Sachs, De Barv, and Thome, will prove excellent 
books of reference and study for those who desire informa- 
tion, which it is not the object of this treatise to furnish, 
on Vegetable Anatomy, Organography, and Systematic 
Botany. PART I 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
They consist either wholly or in part of cellular tissue, 
except a few which are free from it. On being heated, they 
give off vapors having a peculiar animal empyreumatic odor, 
resembling the odor of burning horn or urine. 
1. ANIMALS. 
CANTHARIS.—Cantharides. 
Spanish flies. 
Cantharis (Lytta, Fabricius) vesicatoria, De Geer. 
Class, Insecta; order, Coleoptera. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe, mainly upon 
oleaceae and caprifoliacese. 
Collection.—By shaking the trees or shrubs, or beating the 
branches in the morning, and killing the insects with hot 
water, or, after placing them in a well-closed vessel, with 
oil of turpentine, carbon disulphide, or ammonia. Yield of 
dry insects about 40 per cent. 
Description.—From 15 to 30 millimeters (§-lk inches) 
long, and 6 to 8 millimeters (^—i inch) broad ; head obtusely 
triangular and somewhat heart-shaped, with filiform, in the 
upper part, black antennae; thorax obtusely quadrangular; 
the flattish cylindrical body covered with the ample mem- 
branous, brownish, transparent wings, and these with the 
long wing-cases, which, like the other parts, are of a shining 20 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
copper-green color; odor strong and disagreeable; taste 
acrid. They yield a grayish-brown powder, containing 
green, shining particles. 
Cantharides should be thoroughly dried at a temperature 
of 40° C. (104° F.) and preserved in well-closed vessels. 
On keeping cantharides without previous drying in this 
manner, the addition of a little oil of turpentine, chloroform, 
benzol, or carbon disulphide is useful for preventing the 
attack of mites. 
Fig. 1. 
Fig. 2. 
Cantharis vesicatoria. 
Cantharis vittata. 
Constituents.—Cantharidin, C1()Hr204 (colorless scales or 
prisms, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fats, volatile 
oils, glacial acetic acid, also sparingly in water; sublimable; 
with alkalies yields cantharidates), also fat, odorous com- 
pound, various extractives, and salts; ash about 6 per 
cent.; moisture about 10 per cent. 
Valuation.— The powder is exhausted with chloroform 
(containing some HC1) or acetic ether, the solution evap- 
orated, fat and coloring matter removed bv carbon disulph- 
ide; yield 0.4-0.7 per cent, cantharidin. It is with diffi- 
culty obtained in crystals from old cantharides; these may 
be treated with potassa and then with hydrochloric acid, or 
mixed with magnesia and water, dried, acidulated, deprived 
of oil by petroleum benzin, and exhausted with chloroform, 
etc. 
Other species.—Cantharis (Epicauta, Fabricius) vittata, 
Latreille. Potato fly, indigenous to the United States ; wing- COCCUS—COCHINEAL. 
21 
cases black, each with a yellow margin and a yellow stripe 
along the middle; contains, when fresh, 1.3 per cent, can- 
tharidin. 
Epicauta Gorrhami. Japanese blistering flies. Wing- 
cases black, with delicate brown 
longitudinal stripings; head red- 
dish and relatively large ; contain 
0.45 per cent, cantharidin. 
Mylabris cichorii, Fabricius, and 
M. phalerata, Pallas. Chinese blis- 
tering Hies. Indigenous to Southern 
and Eastern Asia; black, each wing- 
case with two bands and at the base with a spot; bands 
and spots orange-yellow; contain 1.0-1.2 per cent, can- 
tharidin. 
Mylabris bifasciata, from Southern Africa. About 25 
millimeters (1 inch) long; black, upon the wing-cases two 
undulating narrow dark-yellow bands; contain 1.0 to 1.09 
per cent, cantharidin. 
Properties.—Diuretic, aphrodisiac, acrid poison; exter- 
nally, rubefacient, vesicant. Dose, 0.01 to 0.07 gram (gr. 
-jr—gr. j), mostly in form of tincture. 
Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump, or emetics); de- 
mulcents (barley-water, flaxseed tea—not oils, or oil emul- 
sions) ; morphine. 
Fig. 3. 
Mylabris cichorii. 
COCCUS.—Cochineal. 
Coccionella. 
Coccus cacti, Linne. 
Class, Insecta; order, Hemiptera. 
Habitat.—Mexico and Central America, upon Opuntia 
cochinilllfera, Miller, and other species. 
Collection.—Cultivated ; the wingless females, after fecun- 
dation, increase in size; they are brushed off from the 
plants and killed by hot water, or the heat of an oven. 22 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
Description.—About 5 millimeters inch) long, oblong, 
angular, flat or concave beneath and with six short legs, con- 
vex above, annulate and wrinkled, purplish-black or gray, 
yielding a dark-red powder; odor faint, taste slightly bitter. 
Granilla is an inferior kind, and con- 
sists of the smaller and of uncultivated 
insects. 
Adulteration.—The silvery-gray cochi- 
neal with carbonate or sulphate of barium 
and lead ; the black cochineal with graph- 
ites, ivory-black, or manganese dioxide; 
on maceration in water the powders are 
separated. 
1 aluation.—Exhausting with boiling distilled water, and 
decolorizing the cold decoction with potassium permanganate, 
preferably in the presence of a little indigo-carmine. 
Constituents.—About 10 per cent, of earminic acid, 
Ci7H18Oi0 (brownish-purple, yielding a red powder, very 
soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies, precipitated purple by 
earths; insoluble in fats and volatile oils; splits into sugar 
and carmine red, CuH1207, a vermilion-red powder, also 
soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies); about 18 per cent, 
of wax and fat; the wax, coccerin, forms the wool-like cov- 
ering of gray cochineal; the fat consists of myristin, liquid 
fat, and fat-acids; various organic compounds; ash about 3 
per cent, (not more than 5 per cent., U. 8. P.; not much 
more than 1 per cent., Brit. Phar.); moisture about 6 per 
cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic; chiefly 
used for its coloring matter. Dose, 0.06 to 0.5 gram (gr. 
j-viij). _ 
Carmine is the precipitate obtained from the decoction of 
cochineal with alum or cream of tartar, and contains 50-60 
per cent, of coloring matter, the balance being moisture, 
nitrogen compounds, traces of wax, and some ash. 
Fig. 4. 
Coccus cacti.—Female 
insect, natural size; a, 
before, and b, c, after 
impregnation—dry, and 
soaked in water. HIRUDO LEECH. 
23 
BLATTA.—Cockroach. 
Blatta (Periplaneta, Burmeister) orientals, Linne. 
Class, Insecta ; order, Orthoptera. 
Habitat.—Asia, now found in most parts of the world, in 
kitchens, and damp, warm rooms. 
Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, oblong, 
flat; reddish-brown or black-brown; antennae long, filiform; 
head hidden beneath the prothorax; wings in the male long, in 
in the female very short; odor very disagreeable. 
Constituents.—Fetid oil, extractive, antihydropin (crystalliz- 
able, not diuretic), trimethylamine, ammonia. 
Properties.—Diuretic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in 
powder or tincture. 
Other species of Blatta resemble the above in odor and per- 
haps in properties. B. gigantea of the West Indies is about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long. B. americana of North America is 
25 to 30 millimeters (1 to inch) long. B. germanica of Cen- 
tral Europe is 10 to 12 millimeters (about inch) long. 
HIRUDO.—Leech. 
1. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny; and 2. Sang, officinalis, 
Sav. Class, Vermes ; order, Annelida; sub-order, Apoda; family, 
Hirudinea. 
Habitat.—1. Central and Northern Europe (Swedish or Ger- 
man leech) ; 2. Southern Europe (Hungarian leech) ; in fresh- 
water ponds. 
Description.—Body 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, 
smooth, soft, round, somewhat flattened, narrowed toward both 
ends, composed of 90 to 100 rings; posterior end terminated by 
a broad disk, anterior end by a narrower disk, in the centre with 
the mouth, containing 3 jaws, each with a double row of teeth; 
back olive-green or blackish-green, with 6 longitudinal stripes 
dotted with black ; belly yellowish-green or olive-green—No. 1 
with numerous black spots, No. 2 with a black line on each side, 
unspotted. No. 1 draws readily about its own weight of blood ; 
No. 2 draws more, and a larger amount of blood will flow after 
the animal has fallen. 
Preservation.—In clear river water in a shady place, free from 
noxious vapors ; temperature 10° to 20° C. (50° to 68° F.) ; the 
bottom covered or the greater part of the vessel filled with 
pebbles, turf, moss, some charcoal. 
Leeches gorged with blood should be kept by themselves, and 24 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
not used for six months or more ; they may be made to disgorge 
the blood by placing them for a short time in a solution of table 
salt. 
Uses.—For local depletion. 
2. EGGS. 
OVUM.—Egg. 
Origin.—Gall us Bankiva, var. domesticus, Temminch, 
s. Phasianus Gall us, Linne. Class, Aves; order, Gal- 
linse. 
Habitat.—Java and Cochinchina, domesticated. 
The egg consists of the shell and lining membrane about 
10 per cent., albumen 60, and yolk 30 per cent. 
1. Testa ovi, Egg-shell.—Composed of 90-97 per cent, 
calcium carbonate, 1-5.7 calcium and magnesium phosphates, 
and 2-4.7 organic matter. 
2. Albumen ovi, White of egg.—Weight 20 to 26 grams 
(Sv-yjss). Contains 82-88 per cent, water and 12-18 per 
cent, solid constituents, mostly albumin, traces of fat, sugar, 
and extractive, and about 0.65 ash, of which 42 per cent, is 
KC1 and 9 NaCl, the remainder being carbonates, phos- 
phates, and sulphates of alkalies, calcium, magnesium, and 
iron. 
3. Vitellus ovi, Yolk, Yelk.—Contains 48-55 per cent, 
water, 16 vitellin (a proteid related to casein, mixed with 
albumin), 30 fat, 1.5 inorganic salts (chlorides, sulphates, and 
phosphates of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium), 
0.42 cholesterin ; also lecithin, coloring matter, lactic acid, 
sugar. 
Properties and. Uses.—Egg-shell is antacid. White of egg 
is nutritious, and used for the clarification of liquids and as 
an antidote to metallic poisons. Yelk is nutritious, and used 
for emulsionizing oils and as a dressing for burns, etc. ICHTHYOCOLLA—ISINGLASS. 
25 
3. ANASTOMOSING FIBROUS TISSUE. 
SPONGIA.—Sponge. 
Origin.—Spongia officinalis, Linne. Class, Poripliera ; order, 
Ceratospongise. 
Habitat.—In the sea attached to rocks; sometimes planted. 
Collection.—By diving and cutting, or the inferior kinds by 
tearing from the rocks with a forked instrument. The gelati- 
nous animal matter is removed by exposure and washing. 
Description.—A framework consisting of long, elastic, rami- 
fying, and anastomosing fibres, and traversed by numerous 
smaller or larger cavities and pores; yellowish, brownish, or 
brown ; soluble in potassa solution with evolution of ammonia ; 
charred by heating, giving off empyreumatic ammoniacal 
vapors. 
The best kind is the soft, cup-shaped Turkey sponge, col- 
lected on the coast of Asia Minor and Syria from Euspongia 
molfssima, 0. Schmidt. Zimocca sponge, from Euspongia 
Zimocca, Schmidt, coast of Greece, is flatter, harder, and less 
elastic. Bathing sponge, from Euspongia equina, Schmidt, 
North African coast, is nearly spheroid and coarse. The 
sheep’s-wool, Bahama, Florida, and Nassau sponges are ob- 
tained from the AVest Indies from different varieties of the 
preceding species. 
Constituents.—Spongin (slowly soluble in cuprammonium 
solutions; soluble in KHO with evolution of NH3; yields with 
H2S04 leucin and glycocoll [glycin] ; various salts; when free 
from sand, etc., ash 3-4 per cent. 
Uses.—For cleaning, absorbing liquids, dilating cavities 
(sponge tents); for preparing burnt sponge, spongia usta, by 
heat in covered vessels (yield 30-35 per cent.); contains silica, 
potassium and sodium chloride and bromide, calcium carbonate 
and sulphate, and about 1.8 per cent, of iodine, combined with 
sodium and potassium. 
4. MEMBRANOUS TISSUE AND GELATINS. 
ICHTHYOCOLLA.—Isinglass. 
Colla piscium. Russian isinglass. 
Origin.—Acip6nser Huso, Linne (belugo); Ac. Gulden- 
sta'dtii, Brand et Ratzeburg (osseter); Ac. ruth onus, Linne ANIMAL DRUGS. 
(sterlet); Ac. stellatus, Pallas (sewruga). Class, Pisces; 
order, Sturiones (Gadoidei, Acipenseridae). 
Habitat.—Caspian and Black Seas and tributary rivers. 
Preparation.—The swimming bladder is cut, washed, 
deprived of the outer layer, and dried. 
Description.—In separate sheets (leaf isinglass), several 
sheets folded together (book isinglass), or rolled and folded 
into various forms (staple isinglass), of horny or pearly 
appearance, whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, irides- 
cent, tough, tearing parallel with the fibres, inodorous, 
insipid; almost completely soluble in boiling water and in 
boiling diluted alcohol. The solution in 24 parts of hot 
water forms, on cooling, a transparent jelly. 
Other kinds.—American isinglass. The sounds of Gadus 
merluccius, Linne (hake), and Otolithus regalis, Cuvier 
(weak-fish), dried in thin sheets or ribbons. 
Purse or pipe isinglass. Fish sounds dried without being 
cut open. 
Japanese or Chinese isinglass (agar-agar) is prepared from 
Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, Gracilaria lichenoides, Agardh, 
and other algae. 
Constituents.—Gelatin (glutin) with about 2 (the inferior 
kinds sometimes 30) per cent, of insoluble membrane; ash 
about 0.5 per cent. 
Properties.—Emollient, nutritive, externally as a pro- 
tective. 
GELATINA.—Gelatin. 
Preparation.—Bone cartilage, skins, tendons, and ligaments 
are boiled in water until dissolved, and the resulting jelly is 
dried in the air. 
Description.—Thin, transparent sheets, or porous and opaque 
layers, or shreds; the solution in hot water is colorless and 
inodorous, and made in the proportion of 1 to 50, solidifies on 
cooling. Inferior kinds of gelatin are called glue. It dissolves 
freely in acetic acid (liquid glue); its aqueous solution is not 
precipitated by dilute acids, alum, lead acetate, and ferric salts; 
it is precipitated by tannin ; its solution, containing Iv2Cr.207, 
yields an insoluble compound on exposure to light. MOSCHUS—MUSK. 
27 
Composition.—Glutin contains about 50 per cent. C, 18 N,7 
H, 24 O, and 0.5 S. 
Chondrin resembles gelatin ; it is obtained from the carti- 
lages of the ribs and other non-ossifying cartilages; its aqueous 
solution is precipitated by alum, lead acetate, ferric salts, acetic 
acid, and a small quantity of mineral acids ; it is not precipi- 
tated by tannin or mercuric chloride. 
Properties.—Emollient, slightly nutritive, externally as a 
protective. 
5. SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS. 
a. Friable, not Fusible. 
MOSCHUS.—Musk. 
Origin.—From the preputial follicles of the male animal, 
Moschus mosclnferus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, 
Ruminantia; family, Cervicke. 
Habitat.—Central Asia. 
Description. — Irregular, crumbly, somewhat unctuous 
grains, dark reddish-brown, and in the anhydrous state 
Fig. 5. 
Lower surface. 
Chinese musk-sac. 
Upper surface. 
almost inodorous; the commercial article contains about 10 
per cent, of moisture, and has a peculiar penetrating and 
persistent but not ammoniacal odor and bitterish taste. 
Musk is contained in oval or roundish sacs about 5 centi- 28 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
meters (2 inches) in diameter, and about 2 centimeters (| 
inch) thick; on one side invested with a smoothish mem- 
brane, on the other side covered with stiff, appressed, grayish 
hairs concentrically arranged around two orifices near the 
centre; in the muscular coat with a portion of the thin penis. 
Strong alcohol dissolves about one-tenth the weight of musk ; 
the tincture is light brownish-yellow, and on the addition of 
water becomes slightly turbid. Water dissolves fully one- 
half the weight of musk, the solution being deep-brown, 
faintly acid, and strongly odorous. Macerated with oil of 
turpentine musk disintegrates, forming, when viewed under 
the microscope, brownish amorphous translucent particles. 
The secretion, freed from skin and hairs, on ignition gives 
off a somewhat urine-like odor, and leaves 6 to 8 per cent, 
of a gray ash. The odor is materially altered by camphor 
and oil of bitter almonds. 
Varieties.—Chinese, Thibet, or Tonquin musk is the best 
variety. Siberian or Russian musk is sometimes scarcely 
inferior, but often in flat oval sacs with thin and light hairs, 
the secretion compact and less aromatic (Cabardine musk). 
Bucharian and Assam musk is in small sacs, often with 
portions of the hide adhering. 
Constituents.—Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, wax, 
gelatinous and albuminous principles; ash about 8 per cent. 
The odorous principle has not been isolated. Camphor, 
hydrocyanic acid, ergot, oily seeds, etc., remove the odor of 
musk. 
Properties.—Diffusible stimulant, aphrodisiac, antispas- 
modic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. j-x), in powder, pills, 
or enema. 
Substitutions and Adulterations.—Artificial musk-bags, 
having none of the characters described, or the secretion 
partly replaced by dried blood, resin, lead, and other sub- 
stances. 
Trinitro-isobutyl-methy 1-benzol has a strong musk-like PEPSINUM—PEPSIN. 
29 
odor (artificial musk). The homologues of isobutylxylol are 
analogous in odor. 
Zanzibar copal, amber, or resin is distilled, the product 
oxidized with chromic acid, neutralized with ammonia, 
treated with alcohol, evaporated, and then extracted with 
ether. This leaves the perfume on evaporation as an oily 
liquid. 
CASTOREUM.—Castor. 
Origin.—From the preputial follicles of both the male and 
female animals Castor Fiber, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, 
Rodentia; family, Castoridse. 
Habitat.—Northern hemisphere, between 33° and 68° north 
latitude. 
Description.—Follicles in pairs, each about 75 millimeters 
(3 inches) long, club-shaped or narrow pyriform, wrinkled, 
brown or blackish ; the inner coat iridescent, glandular, and 
much folded ; the contents brown, hard, friable, of a peculiar 
odor, and of a bitter, rather acrid and nauseous taste. Alcohol 
dissolves about one-half of the weight of castor, the tincture 
being of a brown color. The decoction with water has a light 
brownish-yellow color, becomes turbid on cooling, and acquires 
a dark color with ferric chlorid. 
Varieties.—American or Canadian Castor. Weight of folli- 
cles between 30 and 125 grams (1 and 4 oz.) ; the membranes 
adhering firmly, the contents often rather glossy. Russian or 
Siberian Castor. Subglobular or roundish pyriform; weight, 
75 to 250 grams (2| to 8 oz.) ; the outer membranes rather 
readily separable; the contents dull brown, of a more agree- 
able odor. The Russian variety is very rare, and yields a red- 
brown tincture, which on the addition of water becomes turbid 
and translucent, and clear again by ammonia water. The 
tincture of American castor, treated in the same manner, leaves 
some resin undissolved. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, containing carbolic acid, 1 to 2 
per cent., bitter resinous substance 14 to 58 per cent., castorin 
(colorless fusible needles), salicin, cholesterin, etc.; ash about 
3.5 per cent. 
Adulterations.—The secretion of castor sacs from diseased 
animals is sometimes of a brownish-gray color, and may con- 
tain over 50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Adulterations 
with earthy matters, resin, blood, etc., are rare. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Dose, 
0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). 30 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
THYROIDEUM SICCUM.—Dry Thyroid. 
Origin.—The dried and powdered thyroid gland of the 
sheep, Ovis Aries, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Rumi- 
nantia. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Description.—The thyroid gland is located about the two 
first tracheal rings, brownish-red when fresh, two-lobed 
joined by a narrow band, the isthmus, in front of the 
tracheae; lobes are ovoid, consist of minute vesicles sur- 
rounded by a plexus of capillaries and connected by areolar 
tissue ; the gland is ductless, but is copiously supplied with 
blood by branches of the carotid; the albuminous secretion 
of the gland is probably absorbed by the lymphatics, and 
thus conveyed to the blood. For medicinal use the external 
fat and connective tissue are cut away from the perfectly 
fresh gland ; this is then cut across, rejecting such as con- 
tain cysts, are hypertrophied, or are otherwise abnormal; 
the glands are then minced, dried at 32.2° to 37.8° C. (90° 
to 100° F.), and all the fat removed by extraction with 
petroleum spirit, and the powder dried. 
Dry thyroid represents a light dull-brown powder, odor 
and taste slight meat-like, free of putrescence; on exposure 
to air liable to become damp and then deteriorates. 
Constituents.—Thyriodin (an iodine compound), fibrous 
matter, etc. 
Properties.—Used in myxoedema. Dose, 0.18 to 0.6 grams 
(gr. iij-x). 
PEPSINUM.—Pepsin. 
A proteolytic ferment or enzyme obtained from the gland- 
ular layer of fresh stomach of healthy pigs, and capable of 
digesting not less than 3000 times its own weight of freshly 
coagulated and disintegrated egg-albumen.— U. S. 
Origin.—The mucous membrane of the stomach of the 
hog, Sus scrdfa, Linne {order, Pachydermata), the sheep, PANCREATINUM—PANCREATIN. 
31 
O'vis A'ries, Linne (order, Ruminantia), or the calf, Bos 
Taurus, Linn6 (order, Ruminantia). Class, Mammalia. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Preparation.—By maceration or digestion in acidulated 
water and precipitation with sodium chloride (precipitated 
pepsin); or clarification with sulphurous acid, precipitation 
with sodium sulphate at a higher temperature, sulphate re- 
moved by dialysis, and slightly acid liquid concentrated and 
dried or scaled (scale pepsin). 
Properties.—The dried membrane forms a light-brown 
powder. Precipitated pepsin is translucent brownish or 
brownish-yellow. Scale pepsin forms thin pale yellow or 
yellowish transparent or translucent scales or grains, more 
or less liable to absorb moisture from the air, depending 
on the amount of peptone present; it is moderately soluble 
in water, forming a thick mucilaginous liquid, slightly in 
alcohol 90 per cent. Saccharated pepsin is a mixture of 
pepsin with milk sugar, and is an opaque, whitish, or 
pale-yellowish powder. It is insoluble in alcohol, almost 
completely soluble in water (syntonin insoluble), curdles 
milk, and is altered by alkalies. Should be free from an 
offensive odor and possess a mildly acidulous or slightly 
saline taste. 
Test.—Digested at 38° C. (100° F.) for six hours a solu- 
tion should result from 10 gin. hard-boiled egg-albumen 
with 100 c.c. of water containing 0.2 c.c. absolute hydro- 
chloric acid, 0.00335 pepsin. 
Use.—In dyspeptic disorders. Dose, 0.06 to 0.3 gram 
(gr- J-y)- 
PANCREATINUM.—Pancreatin. 
A mixture of enzymes naturally existing in the pancreas 
of warm-blooded animals, usually obtained from the fresh 
pancreas of the hog.— U. S. 
Origin.—The fresh pancreas of the hog, Sus scrofa, Linne. 32 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
Class.—Mammalia; order, Pachydermata. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Preparation.—The fresh pancreas, freed from fat, is re- 
duced to a paste, mixed with half its weight of cold water, 
kneaded, strained, and forcibly expressed, filtered, and the 
ferment precipitated by an equal volume of alcohol. The 
precipitate is collected and is freed by pressure from as much 
of the adherent liquid as possible, dried at a temperature 
not exceeding 40° C. (104° F.), and reduced to powder. At 
times a highly dilute hydrochloric acid is used for extraction 
and the fat extracted from the powdered mass by purified 
benzin. 
Properties.—Pancreatin forms a yellowish, yellowish- 
white, or grayish amorphous powder, or transparent, brittle, 
yellowish scales ; odorless, or of a faint, not unpleasant odor; 
taste, meatlike ; almost completely soluble in water, insoluble 
in alcohol. It digests albuminoids, converts starch into 
sugar, and emulsionizes fats. Prolonged contact with acids 
renders it inert. 
Tests.—According to the U. S. P., 400 c.c. of fresh cow’s 
milk when treated for half an hour at 38° C. (100.4° F.) 
with 0.28 gm. of pancreatin and 1.5 gm. of sodium chlo- 
ride in 100 c.c. of water should yield a solution which is not 
coagulated by nitric acid. 
Uses.—In intestinal disorders. Pose, 0.3 to 1.0 gram 
(gr. v-xv). 
b. Fusible or Soft. 
Origin.—Found floating on the sea; a calculus formed in the 
rectum of Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; 
order, Cetacea ; family, Physeteridse. 
Habitat.—Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans. 
Description.—Fusible in hot water; in the cold, friable, gray 
or brown-gray, streaked and dotted; sp. gray. 0.80 to 0.92, of a 
peculiar fragrance, nearly tasteless ; soluble in ether, fats, volatile 
oils, and hot alcohol ; insoluble in potassa solution. 
AMBRA GRISEA.—Ambergris. SANGUIS—BLOOD. 
33 
Constituents.—Ambre'in, 85 per cent, (white, tasteless needles, 
fusible at 36° C.); balsamic extractive ; ash a minute quantity. 
Tests.—Heated upon platinum foil, no acrid vapors are 
evolved, and only a minute residue is left. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
(gr. v-xv). Mostly used in perfumery. 
HYRACEUM.— Hyraceum. 
Origin.—From the Klipdas, Hyrax capensis, Cuvier. Class, 
Mammalia; order, Hyracoidea. 
Hab itat.—So uthern Africa. 
Description.—Black-brown, tough and plastic, partly soluble 
in water, less soluble in alcohol and ether; when warmed, of a 
castor-like odor; taste bitter, nauseous. It has been regarded 
by some as the dried urine, by others as the feces of the animal. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, fat, various acids and salts. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
(gr. v-xv). Rarely employed. 
Zibethum. 
Origin.—From glands in a pouch between the anus and 
genitals of the male and female animals. I. Viverra Zibetha, 
Schreber, and 2. Viv. Civetta, Schreber. Class, Mammalia; 
order, Carnivora ; family, Viverridse. 
Habitat.—1. Southern Asia, and 2. Africa. 
Description.—Unctuous, fresh yellowish, afterward brown, 
fusible; almost insoluble in water, soluble in hot ab-olute alco- 
hol, partly soluble in ether; odor strong, resembling musk; 
taste bitterish acrid, nauseous. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, fat, resinous and coloring matters, 
salts. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
(gr. v-xv). Used in perfumery. 
CIVETTA.—Civet. 
c. Liquid. 
SANGUIS.—Blood. 
Origin.—The arterial fluid of the ox, Bos Taurus, Linne. 
Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Bovidse. 
Habitat. —Domesticated. 
Properties.—Red, opaque ; sp. grav. 1.050 ; odor peculiar ; 
contains blood corpuscles in suspension ; coagulates on expo- 
sure, separating the clot, cruor, from the liquid or serum. 
Evaporated, it forms extractum sanguinis or pulvis sanguinis. 34 
ANIMAL DRUGS. 
Constituents.—Water about 78, albumin 7, fibrin 0.4, salts 
0.9, corpuscles and other constituents about 13 per cent. The 
red color is due to haemoglobin. The serum contains between 
9 and 10 per cent, of solids, about 8 of these being albuminoids. 
The salts are chlorides, phosphates, and sulphates of alkalies, 
calcium, and magnesium. 
Properties.—Restorative. Dose, of dried blood, 0.5 to 1 gram 
(gr. viij-xv). 
Lac vaccinum. 
Origin.—From the mammary glands of the cow, Bos Taurus, 
Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Bovidae. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Description.—White, opaque; sp. gray. 1.030; odor slight; 
taste bland and sweet. 
Constituents.—Water 87, solids 13, consisting of albuminoids 
4.1, fat 4.0, milk sugar 4.2, and salts, chiefly phosphates with 
some chlorides, 0.7. The fat is emulsionized by the albuminoids 
(casein and lactoprotein). 
Derivatives..—Cremor lactis, cream. The fat rising to the sur- 
face on standing, containing some albuminoids and serum. 
Skim milk. The white liquid from which the cream lias been 
removed, containing the albuminoids, sugar, and salts; taste 
bland. 
Buttermilk, lac ebutyratum. The opaque liquid separated 
in churning the cream; contains the albuminoids, sugar, and 
salts; of a slightly acidulous taste. 
Butter, Butyrum ; see Fats. 
Milk sugar, Saccharum lactis; see Sugars. 
Whey, Serum lactis. The opalescent liquid separated from 
milk after removing the albuminoids and fat, either by rennet 
(serum lactis dulce) or by acids or acid salts (ser. lact. acidum, 
aluminatum, tamarindatum, etc.). It contains the sugar and 
salts, also the acid or salt added. 
Properties.—N utritious. 
LAC.—Milk. 
FEL BOVIS.—Ox Gall. 
Fel bovinum ; Fel tauri. 
Origin.—From the gall-bladder of the ox, Bos Taurus, 
Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, 
Bovidse. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Description.—A viscid liquid, greenish or brownish-green ; CORALLUM—CORAL. 
35 
sp. grav. 1.018-1.020; neutral or faintly alkaline; odor 
peculiar; taste sweetish, very bitter, and nauseous; pro- 
duces with sugar and strong sulphuric acid a brownish-red 
color, successively changing to carmine, purple, and violet 
(Pettenkofer’s test). 
Constituents.—Water about 85-90 per cent., solids about 
10 per cent., consisting of mucilage (precipitated by 2 vol- 
umes of alcohol), bilirubin (cholepyrrhin) C]6H13N203, and 
other coloring matters, cholesterin C26H440, lecithin, and 
salts, among them the sodium salts of two bitter acids, 
glycocholic (cholic) and taurocholic (choleic) acid; both 
acids give Pettenkofer’s reaction, and, on being boiled with 
alkalies, yield cholic (cholalic) acid and, the former, glycocoll; 
the latter, taurin. 
Derivatives.—Evaporated to the consistence of an extract 
(fel bovis inspissatum). Purified by precipitation with alco- 
hol, then evaporated (fel bovis purificatum s. depuratum). 
Properties.—Tonic, laxative. Dose (of inspissated bile), 
0.3 to 1 (gr. v-xv). 
6. CALCAREOUS SKELETONS AND CON- 
CRETIONS. 
Almost wholly soluble, with effervescence, in hydrochloric 
acid. 
Origin.—1. Oculma virginea, Lamarck, and 2. Corallium 
rubrum, Lamarck. Class, Polypiphera ; orders, 1. Hexacoralla, 
and 2. Octocoralla. 
Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. 
Description.—Hard, cylindrical, brandling pieces, with a 
more or less uneven, porous, and striate surface, and a radiating 
interior, frequently hollow; inodorous, tasteless, white (from 
No. 1) or red (from No. 2). 
Constituents.—Animal matter 7.75, calcium carbonate 83.25, 
magnesium carbonate 3.50, ferric oxide 4.25 (in red coral). 
Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
Used in tooth powders. 
CORALLIUM.—Coral. ANIMAL DRUGS. 
OS SEPIiE.—Cuttlefish Bone. 
Origin.—The calcareous bone of Sepia officinalis, Linne. 
Class, Cephalopoda; order, Decapoda; family, Sepiadse. 
Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. 
Description.—White, oval-oblong, 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
or more in length, flattened; both sides convex; outer surface 
smoothish, hard, the remainder porous and friable ; inodorous ; 
taste earthy, somewhat saline. 
Constituents.—Animal matter, 10-15 per cent., the remainder 
calcium carbonate, with little sodium chloride and traces of cal- 
cium phosphate and magnesia. 
Properties.—Antacid, mostly used in tooth powders; also 
for polishing. 
TESTA.—0 YSTER-SHELL. 
Conchae, s. testa ostrese. 
Origin.—The bivalved shell of Os'trea virginiana, Lister, and 
O. edulis, Linne. Class, Acephala (Conchifera, Lamelli- 
branchia) ; order, Monomya ; family, Ostracea. 
Habitat.—Several species are found on the coast of the 
Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 
Description.—Irregular roundish, oblong or obovate; hinge 
toothless; valves composed of imbricate foliaceous layers, ex- 
ternally rough, inner surface smooth, glossy, and white. For 
medicinal purposes, it is purified by boiling with water and 
elutriation. 
Constituents.—Animal matter 0.5-4.5 per cent., the remainder 
calcium carbonate, with a small proportion of calcium phosphate 
and sulphate, magnesia, alumina, ferric oxide, and silica. 
Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
TESTA OVI.—Egg-shell. 
(See page 32.) 
Lapides, s. lapilli, s. oculi cancrorum. Crabs’ eyes. 
Origin.—Concretions in the stomach of As'tacus fluviatilis, 
Fabricius, s. Cancer As'tacus, Linne. Class, Crustacea ; order, 
Decapoda ; family, Astacida. 
Habitat.—Northern temperate zone, in rivers. 
Description.—Circular, 3 to 10 millimeters (| to f inch) in 
diameter: plano-convex; the upper side with a concentric 
groove; white, hard; in boiling water rose-red; effervescing 
CALCULI CANCRORUM.—Crabs’ Stones. OS BONE. 
37 
with hydrochloric acid, leaving a cartilaginous plano-convex 
mass; inodorous, tasteless. 
Constituents.—Animal matter, 12-15 per cent.; calcium car- 
bonate, 63; calcium phosphate, 17 ; the remainder magnesium 
phosphate and sodium salts. 
Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
Substitutions.—Factitious crabs’ stones, treated with hydro- 
chloric acid, leave little or no residue. 
OS.—Bone. 
Origin.—The skeleton of vertebrate animals. 
Description.—White, smooth, internally more or less porous, 
insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid with some 
effervescence, leaving a gelatinous mass. 
Constituents.—40 to 67 per cent, of calcium phosphate, in- 
cluding 5 to 10 per cent, of calcium carbonate, 1 to 2 per cent, 
of magnesium phosphate, and other salts. The organic ossein 
yields gelatin on being boiled with water. On dry distillation 
Dippel’s animal oil is obtained, containing pyridine, picoline, 
and other bases. 
Uses.—For preparing boneblack (animal charcoal) and 
phosphates. PART II. 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
These consist of plants and parts of plants—all being 
composed of one or more kinds of cells. 
1. ROOTS.—RADIOES. 
A root is the descending axis of a plant and resembles the 
ascending axis or stem, but is destitute of leaves, and conse- 
quently does not branch by the growth of axillary buds. 
The pith found in the stem of dicotyledons usually descends 
only a short distance into the main or tap root, and the epi- 
dermis of even young roots becomes uneven and obliterated 
by the formation of cork ; with these exceptions, the tissues 
of the root and their arrangement resemble those of the 
stem. Roots are destitute, or nearly so, of chlorophyll. 
Annual roots, separated from the other portions of the 
plant, are not employed in medicine; the officinal roots 
derived from biennial or perennial herbs emanate from a 
short crown (base of stem) bearing leaf scars and producing 
buds, the crown being several- or many-headed in perennial 
roots; the roots of shrubs and trees are destitute of such a 
crown. In the monocotyledons the tap root is commonly 
not developed, but in its place appear a number of adven- 
titious roots (rootlets) of about equal thickness and length, 
and usually not branched, though frequently beset with 
fibres. Adventitious roots are also met with in dicotyledons, 
and emanate, as in the monocotyledons, from the base or 40 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
other parts of the stem, or from the rhizome. But the 
dicotyledonous roots which are medicinally employed consist 
generally of the main or tap root and its branches—in some 
cases of the latter alone. The branches at their base are 
often but little thinner than the main root from which they 
emanate, and, like the latter, are tapering toward the tip. 
Histology.—The rootlets of monocotyledons (see Sarsapa- 
rilla) consist, under the epidermis, of a circle of parenchyme, 
which is followed by the nucleus sheath or endoderm, formed 
of one or sometimes two rows of thick-walled cells, and 
inclosing an irregular circular layer, containing a few or 
numerous small fibro-vascular bundles, which are never 
arranged in wedge-shaped rays; the centre of the rootlets is 
often occupied by parenchyme tissue, similar in character to 
that of the outer layer. 
The roots of dicotyledons consist of bark, the outer layer 
of which is cork, followed by parenchyme, and an inner 
layer, rarely containing bast fibres and usually traversed by 
more or less distinct medullary rays. A cambium layer 
containing the newly formed cells and indicated in the dried 
root as a dark line, separates the bark from the wood, the 
bundles of which are wedge-shaped, and separated from one 
another by medullary rays. The central pith is mostly 
minute or nearly wanting, except in the upper part, and 
occasionally for some distance in the main root; in the latter 
case it becomes considerably thinner toward the tip. 
Classification. 
Sect.. 1. Monocotyledonous Roots (Rootlets). 
Orange-brown; outer layer mealy "or horn-like; 
taste acrid. 
Sarsaparilla. 
Pale brownish; outer layer spongy; taste pun- 
gently aromatic. 
Vetiveria. 
Sect. 2. Dicotyledonous Roots (Tap roots and 
branches). 
I. Fleshy roots: wood either soft or wood bundles 
thin, with broad medullary rays. ROOTS—RADICES. 
41 
1. 
Free from starch and inulin. 
Taste acrid; externally keeled ; wood not cylin- 
drical. 
Senega. 
red-brown ; wood yellowish, not radiate. 
Saponaria. 
light brownish-gray ; wood whitish, radiate. 
Saponaria 
levantica. 
Taste bitter; wood bundles thin; inner bark; 
radiate; yellowish-brown. 
Gentiana. 
pale orange-brown. 
Frasera. 
Taste mucilaginous; externally brown-black. 
Symphytum. 
2. 
Free from starch, but containing inulin. 
Taste bitter; laticiferous vessels in bark forming 
concentric circles. 
Taraxacum. 
laticiferous vessels in bark in radiating lines. 
Taste acrid; burning; resin cells forming con- 
Cichorium. 
centric circles in bark and medullary rays. 
Pyrethrum. 
resin cells in bark only (root thin). 
Pyrethrum 
German. 
Taste aromatic; resin cells numerous, scat- 
tered ; wood bundles small. 
Taste mucilaginous and bitter; neither resin 
Inula. 
cells nor milk vessels; wood and bark radiate. 
Lappa. 
3. 
Containing starch. 
a. With laticiferous vessels in bark. 
Cork orange-brown; bark thin; laticiferous 
Asclepias 
vessels few. 
tuberosa. 
Light brown; subcylindrical; bark thick, 
Apocynum 
wood porous; yellowish. 
cannabinum. 
Pale yellowish-brown ; subcylindrical; inter- 
Euphorbia 
nally white. 
ipecacuanha. 
Cork blackish; internally whitish. 
Euphorbia 
corollata. 
Gray-brown ; internally pinkish ; scattered 
resin cells. 
Stillingia. 
b. With radiating rows of resin cells in bark. 
Root-stock short, divided into numerous long 
rootlets; resin cells large. 
Angelica. 
Root nearly simple, with several stout 
Angelica 
branches; resin cells small, 
with several long branches; resin cells 
triquinata. 
small. 
Levisticum. 
(brown cork removed) whitish ; wood white, 
brown-yellow; wood yellow, porous, in 
Laserpitium. 
branching rays. 
Pimpinella. 42 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
brownish-yellow; resin cells in numerous 
approximate rows. 
Petroselinum. 
brown-gray; resin cells irregular in thin 
bark and thick pith; wood bundles small. 
Imperatoria. 
In sections; tough ; resin cells in irregular rows ; 
wood bundles irregularly matted. 
Sumbul. 
c. Resin cells not radiating. 
Tuberous, napiform; resin cells in broad and 
Jalapa 
narrow concentric circles. 
(see Tubers). 
Roots forked below; yellowish; resin cells in 
bark in concentric circles. 
Panax. 
Root large, nearly simple; brown-gray; inter- 
Ipomoea 
nally whitish; resin cells scattered. 
pandurata. 
d. Neither resin cells nor laticiferous vessels. 
Very pungent; cylindrical; used fresh. 
Armoracia. 
Taste acrid; grayish; wood wedges short; 
numerous, in several circles. 
Phytolacca. 
Taste bitter; grayish - white; wood bundles 
small, in numerous circles, and forming many 
rays; usually in disks. 
Bryonia. 
Taste mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; gray- 
ish ; wood bundles irregular; mostly in disks 
and sections. 
Nymphsea. 
Taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter; cork gray- 
brown ; internally whitish, no bast fibres; 
wood yellow, porous. 
Belladonna. 
Taste mucilaginous, insipid; (brown cork re- 
moved) white, with long bast fibres. 
Althsea. 
Taste sweetish, slightly acrid ; deep red ; thin or 
in powder; red color soluble in water. 
Rubia. 
Taste slight; bark scaly, friable, dark purple; 
red color insoluble in water. 
Alkanna. 
Taste astringent; purplish-brown; internally 
reddish. 
Ileuchera. 
Taste mucilaginous and bitter : 
In sections; grayish and pale yellow; wood 
bundles in distant circles. 
Calumba. 
Fusiform, yellowish-brown; medullary rays 
reddish. 
Rumex. 
Fusiform, brown-red ; medullary rays red. 
Rhaponticum. 
Sections; marbled by interrupted and inter- 
woven red medullary rays, radiate near 
cambium. 
Rheum. SARSAPARILLA. 
43 
II. Woody roots: wood firm and medullary rays 
narrow. 
Taste sweet; color tawny-yellow internally. 
Glycyrrhiza. 
inner bark whitish and with laticiferous vessels. 
Hemidesmus. 
Taste bitterish and sweetish; color yellowish in- 
ternally. 
Abrus. 
Taste sweetish and pungent; externally pale brown. 
Hydrangea. 
Taste pungent; externally grayish-brown; wood 
wedges narrow. 
Methysticum. 
Taste bitter, nauseating ; bark annulate. 
Ipecacuanha. 
bark more or less annulate, resin-dotted. 
Gillenia (see Rhi- 
zomes). 
bark wrinkled, contains milk vessels. 
Apocynum an- 
drossemifolium. 
Taste bitter, aromatic; bark thin, light brown; 
wood yellowish-white, hard. 
Gelsemium 
Taste spicy ; wood pale reddish-brown. 
Sassafras (see 
Woods). 
Taste bitter; wood in irregularly concentric circles, 
pale brown. 
Pareira. 
wood yellow ; bark foliaceous, loose, yellow. 
Berberis. 
bark firm, yellow. 
Berberis aquifo- 
lium (see Rhizomes)* 
Taste bitterish, somewhat acrid; brown; wood 
white, indistinctly rayed. 
Baptisia. 
Taste astringent; reddish-brown ; wood-wedges nar- 
row, yellowish. 
Statice. 
rust-brown; wood reddish. 
Ceanothus. 
rust-brown or purplish-brown ; wood brownish. 
Krameria. 
SARSAPARILLA.—Sarsa parilla . 
Origin.—Smilax officinalis, Kunth, S. Papyracea, Poiret, 
S. inedica, Schlechtendal, and other undetermined species of 
smilax. Natural order, Liliacese, Smilacese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. 
Description.—Very long, cylindrical, about 5 millimeters 
(£■ inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown or 
orange-brown externally, white and mealy or somewhat 
horny internally, with a circular zone of wood-bundles 
around a central layer of parenchyme (pith); nearly in- 44 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
odorous; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, acrid. The thick 
woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should be removed. 
Fig. 6. 
Structure.—Epidermis, subcuticular layer (2 or more rows 
of cells with thickened walls), pareuchyme (cortical layer), 
Mexican sarsaparilla.—Transverse section, microscopic appearance. 
Fig. 7. 
Fig. 8. 
Fig. 9. 
Fig. 10. 
Honduras 
sarsaparilla. 
Mexican 
sarsaparilla. 
Rio Negro 
sarsaparilla. 
Jamaica 
sarsaparilla. 
Sections through and near nucleus sheath, magnified 80 diam. 
nucleus sheath (1 row of thick-walled cells), wood zone, and 
central parenchyme (pith). The parenchyme contains com- SARSAPARILLA. 
45 
pound starch granules or pasty starch, numerous cells with 
raphides of calcium oxalate, and few resin cells. 
Varieties.—a. Non-mealy sarsaparillas. Starch mostly 
pasty; rarely in granules. 
1. Mexican sarsaparilla, in part from Smilax medica. 
The long roots folded back over the 
rhizome, to which portions of the 
stem are often attached. Roots deeply 
wrinkled, with some fibres, brown-gray 
from adhering earth ; woody and med- 
ullary zones nearly equal in width, and 
about half as broad as the cortical 
layer; nucleus sheath with the cells 
radially elongated, the inner cell- 
walls thickest. In the market as Vera Cruz and Tampico 
sarsaparilla. 
2. Jamaica sarsaparilla, from Smilax ornata, Hooker. In 
loose bundles with or without the rhizome; resembles the 
preceding, but has more fibres attached (bearded sarsaparilla;), 
and surface usually more of a red tint, and less deeply 
wrinkled; medullary and cortical layers broader than the 
Fig. 11. 
Mexican sarsaparilla, 
magnified 3 diam. 
Fig. 12. 
Mexican sarsaparilla. 
woody zone. Caracas sarsaparilla is probably derived from 
Smilax ojficindlis. 
b. Mealy sarsaparillas. Starch in granules, occasionally 
pasty. 
3. Honduras sarsaparilla, probably from Smilax ojicindlis. 
In subeylindrical bundles, tied with a root and rounded at 
the ends by the roots being folded back. Roots rather 46 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
finely wrinkled, with few fibres, brown or gray-brown from 
adhering earth. Cortical and medullary layers and woody 
zone about alike in thickness, or the latter somewhat thinner; 
Fig. 13. 
Fig. 14. 
Jamaica sarsaparilla. 
Jamaica sarsaparilla, 
magnified 4 diam. 
cells of the nucleus sheath nearly square, with large apertures 
and the cell-walls evenly thickened. 
Fig. 15. 
Honduras sarsaparilla 
4. Rio Negro sarsaparilla (also 
called Para and Lisbon sarsaparilla) 
probably mainly from iSniilax papy- 
rdeea. In large cylindrical rolls, 
neatly tied with the stem of a climb- 
ing plant, and evenly cut off at both 
ends. Roots finely wrinkled, dark 
brown or blackish-brown from adher- 
ing earth; cortical layer thick; woody 
zone narrow; medullary layer as 
broad as the cortical layer, or broader; cells of the nucleus 
sheath somewhat radially elongated, the inner cell-walls 
thickest, the aperture small. 
Fig. 16. 
Honduras sarsaparilla, 
magnified 3 diam. SENEGA—SENEKA. 
47 
Constituents.—Parillin, smilacin, sarsasaponin, trace of 
volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter, calcium oxalate, 
and other salts. Parillin, C26H4lO10.2|H2O, insoluble in 
water, smilacin, 5(C20H32O10.2JH2O), soluble in water, and 
sarsasaponin, 12(C22II36O10.2|H2(J), easily soluble in water, 
Fig. 17. 
Fig. 18. 
Rio Negro sarsaparilla. 
Section, magnified 3 diam. 
Rio Negro or Para sarsaparilla; 
portion of bundle. 
the last one crystalline, are glucosides belonging to the 
saponin group. With dilute acids they are split into dex- 
trose and galactose and sarsapogenin or parigenin. 
Medical properties.—Regarded as an alterative. Dose, 
2 to 8 grams (3ss-3ij). 
YETI VERI A.—V etivert. 
Radix Ivarancusse. 
Origin.—Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. Natural order, 
Graminese, Andropogonese. 
Habitat.—East India. 
Description.—Rootlets emanating from a short, thin rhizome, 
light yellowish-brown, somewhat waxy, about 15 to 20 centi- 
meters (6 to 8 inches long), about 1 millimeter (2V inch) thick, 
tough, aromatic, balsamic. The bark has large air-passages, 
and a number of resin cells. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil and resin. 
Medical properties.—Tonic, stimulant; almost exclusively 
used in perfumery for sachet powders, etc. 
SENEGA.—Seneka. 
Origin.—Polygala Senega, Linne. Natural order, Poly- 
galeae. 48 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
Habitat.—United States, westward to Minnesota. 
Description.—About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, with 
a very knotty crown, bearing numerous short stem rem- 
nants with scaly leaves, and divided into a few branches 
from 5 to 10 millimeters (|—§ inch) thick ; branches spread- 
ing, tortuous, wrinkled, somewhat fissured transversely 
and keeled when dry, fleshy and round after having been 
soaked in water; externally, yellowfish-gray or brownish- 
yellow ; fracture short; bark whitish within, sweetish, after- 
ward acrid, inclosing an irregular porous, yellowish, less acrid 
or nearly tasteless wood; odor slight, but unpleasant. 
A northern variety of Polygala Senega yields a larger, 
thicker, and less tortuous root, which is usually of a darker 
color than described above, and has a less prominent keel, 
or is sometimes nearly keelless. 
Fig. 19. 
Senega—Transverse sections, magnified, 
Structure.—Bark thick; the small-celled inner bark 
present only on one side, taking the place of more or less 
of the outer bark, and on drying forming the keel; no 
bast fibres present ; wood circular near the crown, below 
consisting of various shaped segments and rays; medullary 
rays delicate. 
Constituents.—Polygalic acid, senegin, and a second gluco- 
side (lsevorotatory, soluble in absolute alcohol), fixed oil (con- 
taining virginic acid), little volatile oil (methyl salicylate), 
polygalite, pectin, sugar, coloring matter. Polygalic acid is SENEGA—SENEKA. 
49 
sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether or chloroform, 
and is precipitated by lead acetates. Senegin has a neutral 
reaction, is dextrorotatory, nearly insoluble in cold absolute 
alcohol, is not precipitated by normal lead acetate, and 
yields sapogenin (Robert, 1887). Exhausting the root with 
Fig. 20. 
Senega root, magnified 18 diam. 
60 per cent, alcohol, concentrating and precipitating with 
alcohol and ether, yields 5 per cent, of crude senegin. 
Substitution.—White or false senega. Collected west of 
the Mississippi River from Polygala alba, Nuttall. The 
Fig. 21. 
False senega root, magnified 10 diam. 
root is usually 5 or 6 millimeters (3- or \ inch) thick, and 
closely resembles senega root, but has descending, scarcely 
spreading branches, a lighter, internally white, color, is 50 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
destitute of the keel, and lias a cylindrical wood. It 
contains about 3 per cent, of polygalic acid, and yields a 
light-colored infusion and tincture. The root of Polygala 
Boykinii, Nuttall, of the Southern States, is thin, but 
otherwise resembles the preceding, and has similar prop- 
erties. 
Admixtures.—Ginseng root and the rhizomes and roots 
of Gillenia and of Cypripedium are sometimes present from 
careless collection; the rootlets of American species of 
Gentiana, and in Europe the subterraneous portion of 
Cynanchum Vince toxicum, R. Brown, have been used for 
adulteration ; all are easily distinguished from senega root. 
Properties. — Expectorant, emetic, somewhat diuretic. 
Dose, 0.2 to 1.5 grams (gr. iij-xxij). 
SAPONARIA.—Soapwort. 
Origin.—The root of Saponaria officinalis, Linne. Natural 
order, Caryophylleae, Sileneae. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—About 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, 2 to 5 
millimeters to j inch) or more in thickness, 
nearly cylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled, 
light rust-brown, internally whitish, with a 
rather thick bark containing numerous small 
white crystal cells, and a pale yellow meditul- 
lium, with indistinct medullary rays; inodor- 
ous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, persist- 
ently acrid. 
The subterranean runners are, to some extent, 
present in the commercial drug; they resemble 
the root branches, but have somewhat thickened internodes 
and have the same properties. 
Old woody roots are rarely collected. 
Constituents.—Saponin 4 to 5 per cent., mucilage, a little 
resin. Saponin C3TTS(018, is a white powder, sternutatory, solu- 
ble in hot water and alcohol, the aqueous solution foaming like 
soap water; by acids it is split into sugar and crystallizable 
sapogenin, which is sparingly soluble in water. 
Properties.—Alterative, resembling sarsaparilla. 
Fig. 22. 
Saponaria. 
Transv. sec. 3 diam. GENTIANA—GENTIAN. 
51 
SAPONARIA LEV ANTIC A.—Levant Soaproot. 
Origin.—The root of Gypsophila Arrostii, Gussone, and G. 
pauiculata, Linne. Natural order, Caryophylie®, Silene®. 
Habitat.—Italy to Asia Minor. 
Description.—Simple, 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) 
long, 2 to 5 centimeters (f to 2 inches) thick, somewhat fusiform, 
with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse ridges; light brown- 
ish-gray, internally whitish, with a thickish bark and a whitish 
meditullium containing numerous medullary rays and rather 
narrow wood-wedges; inodorous; taste sweetish, persistently 
acrid. 
Constituents and Properties.—Sapotoxin 8.5 per cent., a glu- 
coside yielding sapogenin (Kruskal, 1891), otherwise similar to 
the preceding; mostly used in washing silks and other fabrics. 
Radix gentian® rubrse. 
Origin.—Gentiana lutea, Linne. Natural order, Genti- 
an e®, Swertie®. 
Habitat.—Mountains of Central and Southern Europe. 
Description.—In nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal 
slices, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long and 
GENTIANA.—Gentian. 
Fig. 23. 
Gentian root, longitudinally sliced: about one-half natural size. 
about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, the head closely annu- 
late, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled; externally 
deep yellowish-brown, internally lighter ; somewhat flexible 
and tough when damp; rather brittle when dry ; fracture 
short, indistinctly radiate; odor peculiar, faint, more promi- 
nent when moistened; taste sweetish, persistently bitter. 
The root of Gentiana purpurea is shorter, thinner, and 
darker; that of G. pannonica is scarcely annulate, shorter, 
and darker; that of G. punctata little annulate, lighter, 52 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
otherwise like the official root; they have the same 
properties. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick, by a blackish cambium 
line separated from the somewhat spongy meditullium; 
medullary rays indistinct, nar- 
row, of about the width of the 
vascular rays; bast fibres and 
wood fibres are wanting. 
Constituents. — Gentiopicrin 
0.1 per cent., gentisic acid, 
gentisin (monomethyl ether of 
trioxyxanthin),uncrystallizable 
sugar about 14 per cent., pectin, 
fixed oil 6 per cent., ash about 8 per cent. Gentiopicrin is 
an amorphous or crystalline glucoside, freely soluble in 
water and alcohol, and yields amorphous bitter gentiogenin. 
Gentisic acid, C7He04, hvdroquinone carbonic acid, crystal- 
lizes in yellow tasteless needles, is somewhat soluble in 
alcohol and ether, and colors ferric salts dark brown ; and 
a dark green color is produced by a principle which is pre- 
cipitated by water from the alcoholic tincture. The pectin 
compound is precipitated by lead acetate. Gentianose, the 
sugar present in the fresh root, crystallizes in scales and is 
fermentable, but does not reduce Fehling’s solution 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
The American gentian root, collected from Gentiana puberula, 
Michaux, G. Saponaria, Linne, and G. Andrewsii, Grisebach, 
consists of a scarcely annulated head of about 12 millimeters 
(-§• inch) long and three millimeters inch) thick, and numerous 
nearly simple, light brown-yellow, wrinkled rootlets about 6 centi- 
meters (2|- inches) or more long, and having a thick whitish bark 
and thin meditullium ; odor and taste like those of gentian. 
Fig. 24. 
Gentian.—Transverse section, mag- 
nified 3 diam. 
FRASERA.—American Columbo. 
The root of Frasera Walteri, Michaux, F. carolinensis, Walter. 
Natural order, Gentianese, Swertiese. 
Habitat.—United States in the Alleghanies and westward. TARAXACUM—DANDELION. 
53 
Description.—Mostly in longitudinal slices, about 25 milli- 
meters (1 inch) thick, the upper portion annulate, the lower 
portion longitudinally wrinkled, externally pale orange-brown, 
internally light yellowish-brown ; the bark thick, overlapping 
on the edges, by a brown cambium line separated from the 
rather spongy meditullium ; odor gentian-like, more prominent 
when moistened ; taste sweetish and bitter. 
Constituents.—The same as gentian, but apparently less gen- 
tiopicrin. The yellow crystalline principle differs from gentisic 
acid in solubility, and in the higher melting-point. 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). The 
recent root is said to be emetic and purgative. 
SYMPHYTUM.—Comfrey. 
The root of Symphytum officinale, Linne. Natural order, 
Boraginese, Boragese. 
Habitat.—Europe, cultivated and spontaneous in the United 
States. 
Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 1 to 2 
centimeters (-f.to f inch), thick, deeply wrinkled, brown-black, 
internally somewhat horny, whitish or, when old, gray ; the dry 
root hard; fracture short, showing a thickish bark, short nar- 
row wood-bundles, broad medullary rays, and in the upper 
part a thin pith ; inodorous, taste sweetish, mucilaginous, and 
faintly astringent. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, a little tannin, few starch 
granules, and a small quantity of asparagin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, somewhat astringent. Dose, 8 to 15 
grams per day. 
TARAXACUM.—Dandelion. 
Origin.—Taraxacum officinale, Weber, s. T. Dens-leonis, 
Desfontaines, s. Leontodon Taraxacum, LinnL Natural 
order, Composite, Cichoriace*. 
Habitat.—Grassy places and roadsides in Europe, natu- 
ralized in North America. Collected in the autumn. 
Description.—Slightly conical, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 
12 inches) long, above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, 
crowned with several short thickish heads, little branched, 
longitudinally wrinkled, externally gray-brown, internally 
white with a yellowish centre, when dry breaking with a 54 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
short fracture; inodorous, bitter. It should be tree from 
chicory root. 
Structure.—Bark thick, white, consisting of parenchyme, 
and containing numerous concentric brown circles, formed 
by laticiferous ducts. Meditullium yel- 
lowish, porous. Medullary rays want- 
ing. 
Constituents.—Early in spring dande- 
lion contains uncrystallizable sugar, which 
diminishes during the summer; in autumn 
it contains about 24 per cent, of inulin ; 
pectin is also present. The milk-juice 
contains the bitter principle taraxacin, two 
resins, a glutinous body, and taraxacerin, C<,H1;iO, a wax- 
like body, which in alcoholic solution lias an acrid taste. 
Taraxacin is soluble in water and alcohol. 
Properties.—Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic disorders, on 
continued use deranging digestion. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
(3ss—ij). 
Fig. 25. 
Transverse section of 
taraxacum root. 
CICHORIUM.—Chicory, Succory. 
Origin.—Cichorium Intybus, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Cichoriacese. 
Habitat.—Roadsides in Europe, naturalized in North Amer- 
ica, cultivated in Europe. 
Description.—Chicory bears a close resemblance to dande- 
lion ; but the root of wild plants is 
usually lighter in color and more woody, 
and has a relatively thinner bark. It, 
like the more fleshy and darker culti- 
vated root, is readily distinguished by 
the radiating arrangement of the lati- 
ciferous vessels in the bark. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle, inulin, 
pectin, sugar. 
Properties. — Deobstruent, tonic, in 
overdoses deranging digestion. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. The 
roasted root is used for adulterating coffee. 
Fig. 26. 
Cichorium. —Transverse 
section. PYRETHRUM GERMANICUM GERMAN PELLITORY. 
55 
PYRETHRUM.—Pellitory. 
Radix pyrethri romani. Roman pellitory. 
Origin.—Anacyclus Pyrethrum, I)e Candolle. Natural 
order, Compositse, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—Highlands of Northern Africa. 
Description.—Somewhat fusiform, nearly simple, 5 to 10 
centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about 12 millimeters 
inch) thick, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled 
below, externally dark gray-brown, internally brownish- 
white, fracture short. Inodorous, pungent, and very acrid. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick, containing two circles of 
shining axially elongated resin ducts; wood-wedges slender, 
yellowish ; medullary rays wider, with about four circles of 
shining resin ducts. 
Fig. 27. 
Pyrethrum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam 
Constituents.—Pellitorine, acrid brown resin and acrid 
fixed oils, one brown and soluble in potassa, the other yel- 
low and insoluble in potassa ; inulin about 50 per cent., trace 
of tannin, mucilage; pyrethrin (crystalline, bitter burning 
taste, soluble in absolute alcohol, acetone, ether, 
and carbon disulphide). 
Properties.—Irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue. Pose, as a 
masticatory 2 to 4 grams (^ss-j). 
PYRETHRUM GERMANICUM.—German Pellitory. 
Radix pyrethri germanici. 56 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
Origin.—Anacyclus officinarum, Hague. Natural order, 
Compositse, Anthemideae. 
Habitat.—Central Europe, cultivated in Thuringia, Germany. 
Description.—Nearly simple, 
about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, about 3 millimeters (£ 
inch) thick, almost filiform 
toward the tip, finely wrinkled, 
brown-gray, brittle, internally 
brownish ; odor slight; taste 
acrid, burning. In commerce 
it is usually found with the thin, almost tasteless stem, which 
should be separated. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick, in the outer layer one circle 
of distinct resin ducts; wood-wedges very slender, soft. 
Constituents.—Acrid resin, fixed oil, inulin, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Like Roman pellitorv. 
Fig. 28. 
Pyrethrum germanicum. 
Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
INULA.—Elecampane. 
Radix inulse s. enulse. 
Origin.—In'ula Helenium, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Inuloidese. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, and eastward to 
Central Asia ; spontaneous in the United States; cultivated. 
Fig. 29. 
Inula.—Transverse section, natural size. 
Description.—Branches of the root 15 to 30 centimeters 
(6 to 12 inches) long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (f to 1 inch) 
in diameter; in commerce nearly always in transverse con- 
cave slices or longitudinal sections with overlapping bark, 
externally wrinkled and brown, flexible in damp weather, 
when dry breaking with a short, somewhat horny fracture, LAPPA—BURDOCK. 
57 
internally grayish, slightly radiate and dotted ; odor peculiar, 
aromatic; taste bitterish, camphoraceous, aromatic. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, with several irregular circles 
of resin ducts; wood-bundles small, forming many narrow 
wedges; medullary rays broader, containing numerous resin 
ducts. 
Constituents.—Acrid resin, helenin, inulin, bitter extrac- 
tive, wax, etc.; odor and camphoraceous taste are due to the 
volatile oil, containing alantol (inulol), C20H32O, having a 
peppermint-like odor and taste, and alantic (inulic) anhy- 
drid, C15H2ij02, which is in needles and slightly camphor- 
like ; helenin, C6H80, is insipid. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, 
externally rubefacient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (3ss-ij) in 
infusion. 
LAPPA.—Burdock. 
Radix bardanse s. lappse. 
Origin.—Arc'tium Lappa, Linne, s. Lappa officinalis, 
Fig. 30. 
Lappa.—Transverse section, magnified 2 diam. 
AlUoni, and of some other species of Arctium. Natural 
order, Composite, Cynaroidese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in 
North America in waste places. 
Description.—Nearly simple, fusiform, 30 centimeters (12 58 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —ROOTS. 
inches) or more long; above from 1 to 2 centimeters (1 inch) 
thick, fleshy, longitudinally wrinkled, crowned with a tuft 
of whitish, soft hairy leaf-stalks; gray-brown, internally 
paler; fracture short; odor feeble, unpleasant; taste muci- 
laginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick, without bast fibres, the 
inner part and the meditullium radially striate, the paren- 
chyme often with cavities lined with snow-white remains of 
tissue; medullary rays rather broad; vascular rays narrow, 
porous, destitute of wood-fibres. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, inulin, bitter extractive, 
little tannin and resin ; fat 9 per cent. ; possibly a glucoside 
(olive-green by Fe2Cl6); ash 3 to 4 per cent. In autumn 
and early spring the root of one year’s growth contains 
about 45 per cent, of inulin. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 
8 grams (3ss-ij) in decoction. 
Asclepias, U. S. P. 
Origin.—Asclepias tuberosa, I Anne. Natural order, As- 
clepiadeae, Cynanchese. 
Habitat.—United States, near the Atlantic coast. 
Description.—Root large and fusiform, dried in longi- 
tudinal or transverse sections from 2 to 15 centimeters 
(| to 6 inches) long, and about 20 millimeters (f inch) or 
more in thickness, the head knotty, and slightly but dis- 
tinctly annulate, the remainder longitudinally wrinkled; 
externally orange-brown, internally whitish ; fracture un- 
even, tough; inodorous; taste bitterish and somewhat acrid. 
When long kept, pleurisy root acquires a gray color. 
Structure.—Bark thin, in two distinct layers, the inner 
one whitish ; wood yellowish and porous, with broad white 
medullary rays. 
Constituents.—Crystalline glucoside possessing the taste 
ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.—Pleurisy Root. APOCYNUM CANNABINUM CANADIAN HEMP. 
59 
of the root, soluble in alcohol, ether, and somewhat in water, 
precipitated by tannin; apparently identical with that of 
Asclepius cornuti. Also two resins, tannin (?), mucilage, 
starch, etc. 
Properties.—Sudorific, expectorant, carminative, anodyne. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—3j). 
APOCYNUM CANNABINUM.—Canadian Hemp. 
Apocynum, U. S. P. 
Origin.—Apocynum cannabinum, Linne. Natural order, 
Apocynacese, Echitidese. 
Habitat.—United States, on the border of thickets and in 
grassy places. 
Fig. 31. 
Apocynum cannabinum.—Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. 
Description.—Long, cylindrical, branched, about 6 milli- 
meters (|- inch) thick, pale brown-gray, longitudinally 
wrinkled; somewhat fissured transversely; fracture short, 
white, and pale yellow ; inodorous ; taste bitter, disagreeable. 
The bitter taste resides chiefly in the bark, which constitutes 
about 65 per cent, of the root. This drug is sometimes sold 
in place of Apocynum androssemifolium. 
Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork layer, 
and containing many scattered laticiferous vessels, and in 
the inner layer numerous narrow medullary rays; wood 60 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
yellow, soft, porous, consisting of several circles and radiate 
by fine medullary rays. 
Constituents.—Tannin, resin, apocynin (sparingly soluble 
in water), apocynein (freely soluble in water), bitter extrac- 
tive, starch, etc.; ash, 10 to 12 per cent. 
Properties.—Emetic, cathartic, expectorant, diuretic, anti- 
periodic. Dose, as an antiperiodic and diuretic, 0.3 gram 
(gr. iv-v); as an emetic, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-3Ss). 
EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA.—Ipecacuanha Spurge. 
American ipecac. 
Origin.—Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Natural order, 
Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. 
Habitat.—United States, in sandy soil, not far from the 
Atlantic coast. 
Description.—Several, or many-headed, branches of the bead 
short or sometimes 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat 
knotty and marked with stem scars; roots more than 30 centi- 
meters (12 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (■§ inch) thick, 
nearly cylindrical, somewhat branched, light brown, wrinkled, 
fracture short; bark rather thick, white internally; wood yel- 
lowish, spongy; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, slightly 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Probably a glucoside, resins, euphorbon, starch, 
etc. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, cathartic, emetic. Dose, 0.3, 0.6, 
1.3 gram (gr. v, gr. x, 9j). 
EUPHORBIA COROLLATA.—Large-flowering 
Spurge. 
Origin.—Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Natural order, Eu- 
pliorbiacese, Euphorbieae. 
Habitat.—United States in meadows; most abundant in the 
Southern States and west of the Alleghanies. 
Description.—Many-headed : branches of the head usually 
short and stumpy ; root 20 centimeters (8 inches) or more long, 
branched, subeylindrical or elongated-conical, from 5 to 25 
millimeters (£ to 1 inch), thick, externally blackish-brown or 
brown-black, wrinkled and somewhat fissured, fracture short, or, 
in old roots, somewhat fibrous; bark rather thick, white inter- 
nally ; wood yellowish, soft, inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, 
and slightly acrid. STILLINGIA—STILLINGIA, QUEEN’S DELIGHT. 
61 
Constituents.—Resin, mucilage, sugar, starch, etc.; probably 
similar to preceding. 
Properties and Dose.—Diaphoretic (0.3 gm. = gr. v), cathartic 
(0.6 gm. — gr. x), emetic (1.3 gm. = gr. xx). 
STILLINGIA.—Stillingia, Queen’s Delight. 
Origin.—Stillfngia sylvatica, Linne. Natural order, 
Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
Habitat.—Southern United States, in sandy soil. 
Description.—Subcylindrical, about 30 centimeters (12 
inches) long, nearly 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, tapering, 
little branched, compact, wrinkled, brown-gray, tough, frac- 
ture fibrous; internally pinkish, with yellowish-brown dots; 
odor peculiar, unpleasant; taste bitter, acrid, pungent. 
Fig. 32. 
Stillingia, magnified 10 diam. 
Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork, and con- 
taining many resin cells and few bast fibres; the meditullium 
porous, and with numerous narrow wedges of wood and 
medullary rays, the latter containing resin cells. The 
parenchyme contains starch. 
Constituents.—Sylvacrol (acrid resin, soluble in alcohol 
and chloroform, insoluble in benzin), probably a glucoside, 
but no alkaloid (E. G. Eberhardt, 1891); resin, fixed oil, 
volatile oil, tannin, gum, starch; ash, 5 per cent. 62 
cellular vegetable drugs—ROOTS. 
Properties.—Alterative, antivenereal, in large doses emetic. 
Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-3ss). 
AN GELIOA.—Angelica. 
Origin.—Archangelica (Angelica, Moenc/i) officinalis, Hoff- 
mann. Natural order, Umbelliferae, Seselinese. 
Habitat.—Central and Northern Europe and Northern Asia; 
cultivated ; collected in the spring of the second year. 
Description.—Root-stock 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
long, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) thick, crowned with 
Fig. 33. 
Angelica.—Transverse section of root-stock and rootlet, magnified 3 diam. 
remnants of leaf-bases, annulate; below divided into numerous 
nearly simple cylindrical and tuberculate wrinkled branches, 
which are 2 to 6 millimeters (TV to inch) thick, and 20 to 30 
centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long; grayish-brown; fracture 
short; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Root-stock 
with a rather thick bark, irregularly curved yellowish porous 
wood-wedges, and a whitish pith ; root branches with the spongy 
whitish bark rather thicker than the yellowish soft wood ; bark 
with radiating lines of large resin ducts in the bast rays, which 
are destitute of bast fibres. 
Constituents. per cent, volatile oil, 6-10 per cent, resin, 
valerianic acid, 4 per cent, angelic acid, C5H802 (volatile, crys- 
talline, fusible at 45° C. = 113° F., aromatic), angelicin or 
hydrocarotin (crystalline, pungent, insoluble in water), sugar, 
bitter principle, starch, tannin, and 7 or 8 per cent, of ash. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, in 
large doses emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. in powder 
or infusion. 
ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.—American Angelica. 
Origin.—Archangelica (Angelica, Linne) atropurpurea, Hoff- 
mann, s. Angelica triquinata, Michaux. Natural order, Umbel- 
liferse, Seselinese. LASERPITIUM WHITE GENTIAN. 
63 
Habitat.—Northern and Western United States, south to 
Pennsylvania. 
Description.—About 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long 
and 18 millimeters (f inch) thick, branched, deeply wrinkled, 
light brown-gray, internally whitish, fracture short, with a thick, 
finely resinous-dotted bark, and soft, radiating wood ; aromatic, 
sweetish, pungent, and bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, volatile acid, resin, starch. 
Properties and Dose.—Similar to preceding. 
LEVISTICUM.—Lovage. 
Origin.—Levisticum officinale, Koch, s Ligusticum Levisti- 
cum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated in Germany. 
Description.—Head 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long 
and 2 to 4 centimeters (|-lf- inches) thick, branched, annu- 
late ; below divided into a few nearly 
simple, subcylindrical, and deeply wrinkled 
branches, which are about 20 centimeters 
(8 inches) long and 2 to 6 or 10 milli- 
meters (yg- to \ or i inch) thick; brown 
or reddish-brown ; fracture short, spongy ; 
aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. 
Head branches with a rather thick bark, 
and yellowish porous wood, which is 
radiate near the bark and in irregular 
meshes toward the centre; roots with the 
bark rather thicker than the porous, yel- 
lowish wood; the bark with numerous bast rays, and small 
resin ducts, in somewhat radiating lines. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (C10H18O, C10H16, isovalerianic acid, 
benzoic acid), bitter extractive, resins, sugar, starch, mucilage, 
angelic acid. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. in infusion. 
Fig. 34. 
Levisticum. — Trans- 
verse section, magnified 
3 diam. 
LASERPITIUM.—White Gentian. 
Radix gentian se albse. 
Origin.—Laserpitium latifolium, Linne. Natural order, Um- 
bel life ne, Laserpitiese. 
Habitat.—Central Europe. 
Description. — Several-headed, somewhat conical, annulate 
above, branched below, and deeply wrinkled; the brown, 
corky layer removed; grayish-white; aromatic, bitter, frac- 64 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
ture short, white; bark thick, with numerous orange-colored 
resin ducts; wood finely porous. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, mucilage, starch. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv-3j). 
PIMPINELLA.—Pimpernel. 
Origin.—Pimpinella Saxffraga, Linne, and P. magna, Linne. 
Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. 
Habitat.—Central Europe and Western Asia, in dry and 
mountainous localities. 
Description.—Several-headed, branches of the head short, 
terminated by the hollow stem-base; 
fusiform, about 20 centimeters (8 inches) 
long, annulate above, longitudinally 
wrinkled and tuberculate below; ex- 
ternally yellowish-brown or brown-yel- 
low; aromatic; sweetish, pungent; frac- 
ture short, whitish ; bark thick, radiate, 
with numerous yellow resin ducts in 
radiating lines ; wood yellowish, porous, 
radiate, with broad medullary rays. 
The pith of the head contains resin 
cells. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, acrid resin, 
sugar, starch, crystallizable and almost tasteless pimpinellin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, sialagogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-jss). 
Fig. 35. 
Pimpinella. — Transverse 
section, magnified 3 diam. 
PETROSELINUM.—Parsley. 
Origin. — Petroselinum sativum, Hoffmann, s. Apium 
(Carum, Bailloti) Petroselinum, Linne. Natural order, Uin- 
bellifene, Amminese. 
Habitat. — Southern Europe ; exten- 
sively cultivated. 
Description.—Somewhat conical, about 
15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and about 
12 millimeters (■£ inch) thick ; light brown- 
yellow ; annulate above; wrinkled below, 
with transverse ridges; faintly aromatic, 
sweetish; fracture short; bark thick; 
resinous-dotted, and, like the medullary 
rays, white; wood light yellow, porous. 
Constituents. — Volatile oil, mucilage, 
sugar, starch, apiin (tasteless). 
Fig. 36. 
Petroselinum — Trans- 
verse section, magnified 
3 diam. IMPERATORIA MASTERWORT. 
65 
Properties. — Carminative, diuretic, nephritic, discutient. 
Dose, 2 to 4 grams (sss-j), in infusion. 
SUMBUL.—Sumbul. 
Origin. — Ferula (Eury&ngium, Kauffmann) Siimbul, 
Hooker-filius. Natural order, Umbel! iferae, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—Central and North- 
eastern Asia. 
Description. — In transverse 
segments about 5 centimeters (2 
inches) thick, and 2.5 centi- 
meters (1 inch) long, but vary- 
ing considerably in diameter and 
thickness, light, spongy, annu- 
late or longitudinally wrinkled; 
fracture irregularly fibrous; 
gray-brown, internally whitish and brown-yellow; odor 
strong, musk-like; taste bitter and balsamic. 
Structure.—Bark thin, with fibre circles; wood fibres 
irregularly twisted; resin ducts numerous in the spongy 
white parenchyme. 
False Sumbul of India.—Ammoniacum root, somewhat 
flavored with sumbul; firmer, denser, and of a yellow or 
reddish tint. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, per cent., bluish ; soft resin, 
9 per cent., of musk odor; angelic acid, methylcrotonic 
acid, valerianic acid, bitter extractive, sugar, starch; on dry 
distillation yields umbelliferon. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-3ss) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. 
Fig. 37. 
Sumbul.—Section. 
Origin. — Peucedanuin (Imperatoria, Inline), Ostriithium, 
Baillon. Natural order, Umbelliferae, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. 
Description.—Somewhat conical, about 5 centimeters (2 
IMPERATORIA.—Masterwort. 66 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
inches) long, and nearly 2 centimeters (| inch) thick, flattish, 
finely annulate above, wrinkled and tubereulate; brown-gray, 
internally whitish, with numerous resin dots ; odor balsamic ; 
Fig. 38. 
Imperatoria root, natural size; and transverse section, magnified. 
taste pungent and bitter; bark thin, wood-bundles small, 
inclosing a large pith. 
Constituents. — Volatile oil f per cent., imperatorin (peu- 
cedanin; crystalline, pungently acrid, insoluble in water), 
ostruthin (tasteless). 
Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv-xxx). 
PANAX.—Ginseng. 
Origin. — Panax (Aralia, Gray) quinquefolium, Linne. 
Natural order, Araliacese, Panacese. 
Habitat. — North America, south to the mountains of 
Georgia and Tennessee; in rich woods. 
Description.—Fusiform, 50 to 75 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) 
long, annulate above, divided below into 2 or 3 equal branches, 
wrinkled longitudinally; sweetish and slightly aromatic; ex- 
ternally pale brownish-yellow; fracture short, mealy, white, ARMORACIA— HORSERADISH. 
67 
with a thin bark containing numerous reddish resin cells; 
wood-wedges narrow, yellowish ; medullary rays broad. 
Constituents.—Panaquilon, sweet, amorphous, soluble in water 
and alcohol, insoluble in sodium sulphate solution, precipitated 
by tannin ; resin, mucilage, starch. 
Properties.—Demulcent, slightly stimulant. Dose, 1 to 8 
grams (gr. xv-3ij). 
IPOMQEA PANDURATA.—Wild Jalap, Manroot. 
Origin. — Ipomoe'a (Ipomse'a) pandurata, Meyer. Natural 
order, Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. 
Habitat.—United States, in sandy fields. 
Description.—Large, conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
thick, above with several rhizome branches about 1 centimeter 
(-f inch) thick; in longitudinal or transverse slices, with over- 
lapping bark, wrinkled and brownish-gray externally, whitish 
internally; bark thin with a zone of resin cells; wood-wedges 
numerous and narrow, in the medullary rays scattered resin 
cells; odor slight; taste sweetish, bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents.—Resin 1-2 per cent., sugar, gum, coloring matter, 
starch. The resin is a glucoside, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- 
form, and alkalies, the last solution being precipitated by acids. 
Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv-3j). 
ARMORACIA.—Horseradish. 
Origin.—Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne, s. Armoracia rusti- 
cana, Gaertner. Natural order, Cruciferse, Alyssinese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Europe, cultivated. 
Description.—Used only in the fresh state and collected from 
cultivated plants. Heads several, annulate ; root cylindrical, 
30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long, 12 to 25 millimeters 
(1-1 inch) thick, pale yellowish-brown, somewhat scaly and 
warty; internally white, fracture short; when crushed, of a 
pungent odor and sharp, acrid taste. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, covered with a thin cork and con- 
taining numerous yellow stone cells in the outer layer; wood- 
bundles small in narrow wedges; medullary rays broad ; the 
rhizome with a central pith. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.05 per cent., of same composition 
as oil of mustard, resin, sugar, starch, etc., and about 80 per 
cent, of water. 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritating, rubefacient. 
Substitution.—In Europe fresh aconite root, which has a 
radish-like odor, has been mistaken for horseradish. 68 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
PHYTOLACCvE RADIX.—Pokeroot. 
Origin. — Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Natural order, 
Phytolaccacese, Euphytolacceae. 
Habitat.—North America, in waste places; naturalized 
in Southern Europe and the West Indies. 
Description.—Large, conical, branched, 
and fleshy, mostly in transverse or lon- 
gitudinal slices, wrinkled, brown-gray; 
internally whitish, hard; fracture fibrous; 
inodorous; sweetish, aerido 
Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin 
suberous coat; wood-bundles numer- 
ous, small, and narrow, arranged in 
rays and concentric circles, and surrounded by thin-walled 
parenchyme. 
Constituents.—Resin, probably a glucoside, starch, tannin, 
mucilage, volatile acid, oil and waxy matter, sugar, ash 
8-10 per cent. 
Properties.—Alterative, anodyne, resolvent, emetic. Dose, 
0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v—3ss) in powder, decoction, or extract. 
Fio. 39. 
Phytolacca. — Trans- 
verse section, natural 
size. 
BRYONIA.—Bryony. 
Origin.—Bryonia alba and B. diofca, Linne. Natural 
order, Cucurbitacese. Cucumerineai. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe. 
Description.—Root conical, about 50 centimeters (20 
inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick ; 
in commerce usually in thin rugged disks about 5 centimeters 
(2 inches) in diameter; externally gray-brown, wrinkled, 
from the first species with warts and transverse ridges; the 
central portion white or grayish with numerous projecting 
wood-wedges; fracture short; inodorous; disagreeably bitter. 
Structure.—Bark thin with a thin friable cork ; wood- 
bundles numerous, small, arranged in rays and concentric 
circles, and surrounded by thin-walled parenchyme. BELLADONNAS RADIX—BELLADONNA ROOT. 
69 
Constituents.—Bryonin, C34H4809 (bitter glucoside, white, 
amorphous, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, 
precipitated by tannin ; yields bryoretin and hydrobryoretin, 
besides sugar), starch, sugar, gum, etc. 
Properties.—Emmenagogue, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 
0.6 to 4 grams (gr. x-3j). 
BELLADONNiE RADIX.—Belladonna Root. 
Origin. — Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Natural order, 
Solanacem, Atropem. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, in woods. 
Description.—In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- 
tudinally wrinkled pieces, 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 
inches) long and 12 to 25 millimeters (J to 1 inch) or more 
thick; externally brownish-gray, internally whitish ; frac- 
ture nearly smooth, mealy, not radiating in the bark or in 
the meditullium, except in the thicker roots inside or near 
the cambium line; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, after- 
ward bitterish aud strongly acrid. 
Roots which are tough, woody, and break with a splintery 
fracture, also the hollow stem bases sometimes present, should 
be rejected. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, indistinctly radiate, free from 
bast fibres; wood-bundles yellowish, near the centre small 
and distant, surrounded in the 
thicker roots by broader wood- 
wedges and equally wide medullary 
rays. The wood predominates in 
old roots. 
Constituents. — Atropine 0.2-0.6 
per cent., belladonine (probably 
oxyatropine, C17H23N04), hyoscy- 
amine, atropamine, starch, atrosin 
(a fluorescent compound). Atro- 
pine, 017H23NO3, is white, crystalline, bitter and acrid, solu- 
Fig. 40. 
Belladonna.—'1 rails verse sec- 
tion, magnified 3 diam. 70 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
ble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, also in water ; with alkalies 
yields tropic acid and tropine; its gold precipitate is crys- 
tallizable and of a dull yellow color. On digesting tropine 
tropate in acidulated water, atropine is reproduced. Other 
alkaloids (tropeines) are formed in a similar manner; tropine 
mandelate thus yields homatropine, C16H21N03, w hich resem- 
bles atropine in its effects. Atropamine, C17H21N02, which is 
sometimes present, is easily decomposed by mineral acids. 
Young roots contain only hyoscyamine; older roots (8- 
10 years) also atropine; the alkaloids are found chiefly in 
the bark; hence woody roots should be rejected; they are 
present in largest quantity about the time of flowering. 
Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, sedative, narcotic. 
Dose, 0.06 gram (gr. j); of atropine, 0.5 to 1 milligram 
(tst ~ -gr grain). 
Antidotes.—Emetic (vegetable or mineral), or stomach- 
pump; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); morphine; physo- 
stigmine; pilocarpine. 
Allied Drug.—The rhizome of Scopola (Scopolia) car- 
niolica, Jacquin, indigenous to southern Central Europe, is 
of horizontal growth, 2-4 centimeters (1-1J inch) thick, 
almost jointed with few annulations; tissues similar as in 
belladonna root; contains the same alkaloids. 
A LTH2E A.—Marshmallow. 
Origin.—Althae'a officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Mal- 
vaceae, Malveae. 
Habitat.—Europe, Western and Northern Asia; natu- 
ralized in the eastern United States and in Australia, in salt 
marshes; cultivated in Europe. 
Description.—The fleshy branches are collected and de- 
prived of the brown corky layer and small roots ; cylindrical 
or conical, longitudinally wrinkled pieces, from 7 to 15 cen- 
timeters (3 to 6 inches) long, and about 1 centimeter (f inch) RUBIA MADDER. 
71 
or more in diameter; externally white, mealy, somewhat 
hairy from detached slender bast fibres, and marked with 
circular scars of the rootlets; fracture short and granular 
in the meditullium, whitish and 
fleshy or mealy. Odor faint, aro- 
matic, stronger in infusion; taste 
sweetish, mucilaginous. 
Marshmallow should not be 
coated with lime. 
Young uncoated belladonna root 
resembles marshmallow; but is 
externally not fibrous, and has yellowish wood-bundles or 
wood-wedges. 
Structure.—Bark thickish; inner bark radiating from 
small groups of long bast fibres; meditullium in outer layer 
faintly radiating; wood-bundles distant and small; medul- 
lary rays narrow; the parenchyme filled with starch and 
containing scattered crystal cells and larger mucilage cells. 
Constituents.—Asparagin, about 1 per cent. ; mucilage, 35 
per cent.; sugar, 8 per cent.; pectin, 10 per cent.; starch, 
35 per cent.; ash, 4-5 per cent. 
Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (;5ss—ij) in 
infusion or syrup. 
Fig. 41. 
Altlirea.—Transverse section, 
magnified 2 diam. 
RUBIA.—Madder. 
Origin.—Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Natural order, Rubiacese, 
Galiese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe. 
Description.—Rhizome cylindrical, long, about 5 millimeters 
(1 inch) thick with distant nodes; roots about 3 millimeters 
(i inch) thick, dark red, deeply wrinkled, with a foliaceous 
cork, thin brown-red inner bark, spongy red wood, and irreg- 
ular medullary rays, the rhizome with a dark-red small pith; 
fracture short, odor feeble; taste sweetish and slightly bitter, 
acrid, and astringent. Mostly kept in form of powder. 
Constituents.—Ruhian (yellow, bitter), rubihydran (gum- 
like), ruberythrin (yellow needles, blood-red with alkalies), 
alizarin (orange-red needles, purple or blue with alkalies), pur- 72 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
purin (red needles, violet colored with alkalies), pectin, sugar, 
tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv-3i). 
ALK ANN A.—Alkanet. 
Origin. — Alkanna (Anchusa, Linne) tinctoria, Tausch. 
Natural order, Boraginese, Boragese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. 
Description.—Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 
and 1 to 2 centimeters (|—f- inch thick), with a crown of felt- 
like leaf-bases ; deeply wrinkled ; bark dark-purple, foliaceous, 
friable, easily separated from the twisted yellowish wood, which 
is cleft by purple friable medullary rays ; nearly inodorous and 
tasteless; does not tinge the water red. 
Constituents.—Alkannin, little starch. Alkannin is of resin- 
ous appearance, dark purplish-red, soluble in ether, alcohol, fats, 
and certain volatile oils, with a red color; in alkalies blue. 
Uses.—For coloring tinctures and pomades. 
HEUCHERA.—Alum Root. 
Origin.—Heuchera americana, Linne. Natural order, Sax- 
ifragacese, Saxifragese. 
Habitat.—United States, woodlands. 
Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 12 
millimeters (I inch) thick, several-headed, somewhat contorted, 
branched, wrinkled, tuberculate, purplish-brown, fracture short 
and granular; internally reddish or brownish ; bark thin or 
thickish ; meditullium rather spongy; inodorous; very astrin- 
gent, somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—About 14 per cent, of tannin (by ferric chloride 
dark green from acid solution, and dark blue from neutral solu- 
tion), trace of gallic acid, sugars, etc. 
Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
CALUMBA.—Colombo. 
Origin.—Jateorrhlza palm&ta (Lamarck), Miers. Natural 
order, Mei 1 i sperm aceae, Tinosporese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Africa, cultivated in some East Indian 
islands. 
Description.—Nearly circular or broadly elliptic disks, 3 
to G centimeters (If to inches) in diameter, 6 to 12 milli- 
meters (} to \ inch) thick, externally greenish brown-gray CALUMBA—COLOMBO. 
73 
and wrinkled; internally yellowish, and near the cambium 
gray ; depressed in the centre, with a few interrupted circles 
of projecting wood-bundles, distinctly radiate in the outer por- 
tion near the blackish cambium line ; frac- 
ture short, mealy; odor slight; taste mu- 
cilaginous, slightly aromatic, very bitter. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin, 
brown cork and narrow bast rays without 
fibres; wood-bundles bright yellow, small, 
distant near the centre, in narrow rays 
near the bark : medullary rays broader; 
the parenchyme filled with mostly simple 
starch granules having an eccentric hilum. 
Fig. 43. 
Fig. 42. 
Calumba.—Transverse section, natural size. 
Constituents.—Columbin about 0.8 per cent, (white needles, 
insoluble in cold or hot water, cold ether, and alcohol, but 
readily soluble in hot; neutral; when heated with caustic alkali 
solution or the halogen acids it is converted into columbic acid 
naturally present), columbic acid (yellowish, amorphous, in- 
soluble in water and ether, soluble in hot alcohol; its alka- 
line solutions are deep brown), berberine (yellow, crystalline), 
cholesterin, starch, mucilage, ash about 6 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij- 
3ss-j), in infusion, tincture, extract. 
Magnified 25 diam. 74 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
RUMEX.—Yellow Dock. 
Radix lapathi. 
Origin.—Rumex crlspus, I Anne, and other species of 
Rumex. Natural order, Polygouacese, Rumicese. 
Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; in 
grassy places and along roadsides. 
Description.—Fusiform, fleshy, 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 
12 inches) long, 1 to 2 centimeters to inch) thick, nearly 
simple, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled be- 
low ; externally brown or reddish-brown, internally dingy 
brownish-yellow; fracture short; nearly inodorous, taste 
bitter and astringent; on mastication the saliva is tinged 
yellowish. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin cork and distinct 
yellowish bast wedges; cambium circle prominent; wood 
wedges porous, somewhat horny; medullary rays narrow. 
The parenchyme contains starch grains, reddish-brown color- 
ing matter, and crystals of calcium oxalate. 
Constituents.—Tannin, mucilage, starch, chrysophanic acid 
(rumicin, lapathin), calcium oxalate. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, alterative, in larger doses 
laxative. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). 
RHAPONTICUM.—Rhatontic Root. Crimean Rhubarb. 
Origin.—Rheum rhaponticum, Linne. Natural order, Poly- 
gonaceae, Rumicese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, cultivated 
in some parts of Europe, and in 
North America (pie plant). 
Description.—Fusiform, about 10 
centimeters (4 inches) long, and 2 
centimeters (f inch) thick, somewhat 
annulate above, deeply wrinkled; 
partly deprived of the orange-red 
cork; fracture short, internally 
whitish, with narrow straight interrupted red medullary rays, 
and a rather thick bark; odor and taste resembling rhubarb, 
Fig. 44. 
Rhaponticum.—Transverse 
section, magnified 3 diam. RHEUM—RHUBARB. 
75 
more mucilaginous, and less gritty; the saliva, on mastication, 
tinged yellow. 
Constituents.—Like rhubarb, but astringency predominating. 
Properties.—Astringent, laxative. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
xv-xlv). 
RHEUM.—Rhubarb. 
Origin.—Rheum officinale, Baillon, and probably other 
specius of Rheum. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rum ice jb. 
Habitat.—Western and Central China. 
Description.—Cylindrical, conical, or flattish segments of 
the rhizome or its lateral branches, deprived of most of the 
dark-brown corky layer, smoothish or somewhat wrinkled, 
externally marked with white, elongated meshes, containing 
a white, rather soft tissue, and a number of short red-brown 
or brown-yellow striae, and covered with a bright yellowish- 
brown powder; compact, firm; fracture uneven; internally 
white, marbled with yellow and red ; odor peculiar, aromatic; 
taste bitter, somewhat astringent; gritty when masticated; 
the saliva is tinged orange-yellow. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue is thin-walled par- 
enchyme containing starch or crystal groups of calcium 
oxalate. The narrow medullary rays contain orange-red 
coloring matter, are parallel only near the cambium, and in 
the interior are irregularly curved and interrupted. . The 
vascular bundles are soft and porous. Near the cambium 
line are a few stellate spots, or sometimes a larger number 
arranged in a loose circle; they indicate the internal origin 
of the leaves, and contain short, red, somewhat wavy medul- 
lary rays radiating from a common centre. 
Varieties. — 1. Russian Rhubarb came from Chinese 
Tartary by way of Siberia (Kiachta) to St. Petersburg, and 
consisted of carefully selected pieces, which after drying were 
trimmed to beneath the cambium line, and marked with a 
conical hole, penetrating beyond the middle. It is no longer 
an article of commerce. 76 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
2. Chinese Rhubarb, sometimes called East India Rhu- 
barb, is exported from Canton and other Chinese ports, oc- 
casionally by way of India. 
The inner bark is always pres- 
ent, small patches of the rough 
corky layer are occasionally 
adhering, and fragments of 
Fig. 45. 
Fjg. 46. 
Rhubarb.—Section near the cam- 
bium, magnified 40 diam. 
Oxalate of calcium crystals in 
rhubarb. 
twine on which the root was dried are not unfrequently 
observed. Its color is less bright, and its odor somewhat 
Fig. 47. 
Russian rhubarb.—Transverse section. 
less aromatic than that of Russian rhubarb. This variety 
is the official rhubarb. 
3. European Rhubarb. From Rheum palmatum, rha- 
ponticum, com pactum, undnlatnm, Emodi, and other species, 
cultivated in Moravia (Austria), England, and France. Fre- RHEUM RHUBARB. 
77 
quently trimmed so as to resemble Chinese rhubarb, but the 
surface entirely or nearly destitute of white meshes, and the 
medullary rays inter- 
rupted, narrow, and 
nearly straight; the 
color is paler, the odor 
weaker, the taste more 
mucilaginous, and on 
mastication it is less 
gritty than Chinese 
rhubarb. It is some- 
times used in veterinary practice. 
Constituents.—Chrysophanic acid, erythroretin, emodin, 
rhein, phseoretin, aporetin, starch, tannin, crystals of cal- 
cium oxalate; the first-named principles yield with alka- 
lies a deep-red or brown-red color. Chrysophanic acid, 
c15H10o4, is nearly tasteless, gol- 
den yellow, crystalline, fuses at 
178° C., freely soluble in benzene, 
chloroform, volatile and fixed 
oils, less soluble ‘in alcohol and 
ether, nearly insoluble in cold 
water, and insoluble at ordinary 
temperature in potassium or so- 
dium carbonate or bicarbonate. 
Erythroretin is yellow, tasteless, 
readily soluble in alcohol, less so 
in ether. Emodin, C15H10O5, is 
orange-colored, fuses at 250° C., 
soluble in benzene, potassium, 
and sodium carbonate; benzene 
solution cherry red with ammonia. Rhein, C15H10O6, yel- 
lowish-brown scales, sparingly soluble in hot or cold alcohol, 
almost insoluble in benzene, ether, or cold glacial acetic acid, 
fuses considerably above 280° C. Phceoretin is yellowish- 
Fig. 48. 
Chinese rhubarb.—Transverse section. 
Fig. 49. 
European rhubarb. — Transverse 
section. 78 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROUTS. 
brown, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, 
and water. Aporetin is blackish, resinous, sparingly soluble 
in simple solvents. Rheotannic acid, C26H26Oh, is yellowish, 
soluble in water and alcohol, and yields with dilute acids 
sugar and rheumic acid, C2uH1609, which is red, amorphous, 
and sparingly soluble in cold water. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, aperient, purgative. Dose, 
0.3 to 1.6 grams (gr. v-xxv). 
METHYSTICUM.—Kava-kava. 
Origin.—Piper (Macropiper, Miguel) methysticum, Forster. 
Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
Habitat.—South Sea Islands. 
Description.—Root large, in commerce usually cut longi- 
tudinally and transversely into irregular pieces ; light, and 
often more or less hollow in the interior; externally blackish- 
gray, internally dingy white ; fracture farinaceous and some- 
what splintery; bark thin; meditullium porous, with irregu- 
larly twisted thin wood-bundles, radiating near the surface 
Fig. 50. 
Kava root.—Transverse section. 
and separated by broader white medullary rays, the wood- 
bundles forming distinct meshes underneath the bark. Root- 
lets, if present, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more in 
length, often braided, more or less fibrous. Odor slight, agree- 
ably aromatic ; taste somewhat pungent and benumbing. 79 
GLYCYRR1IIZA—LICORICE ROOT. 
Constituents.—Acrid resin 2 per cent., little volatile oil, 
kavahin (crystalline, tasteless, soluble in water, not colored by 
nitric acid, yields benzoic acid); methysticin, C,6018H5 (crystal- 
line, tasteless, insoluble in water, colors nitric acid yellow and 
red) ; gum, starch 45 per cent., ash 4 per cent. 
Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and tonic. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-lx). The alcohol extract is a local 
anaesthetic. 
HYDRANGEA.—Hydrangea. 
Origin. — Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Natural order, 
Saxifragese, Hydrangeae. 
Habitat.—United States; on rocky banks. 
Description.—Head irregular, knotty, about an inch or more 
in thickness; roots thinner, much bent and branched, usually 
cut into pieces of variable length ; the bark about inch thick, 
pale gray with rust-colored patches, slightly ridged longitudinally 
or somewhat scaly, brittle, and readily separated from the 
tough, white, tasteless wood, the latter with numerous narrow 
or linear wood-wedges and medullary rays ; fracture splintery ; 
inodorous; taste of the bark sweetish, somewhat pungent. 
Constituents.—Resin, gum, sugar, starch, crystalline glucoside 
(Bondurant, 1887). 
Properties.—Diuretic, lithontryptic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j)- 
GLYCYRRHIZA.—Licorice Root. 
Radix liquiritiae. 
Origin.—1. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne, and 2. Glyc. 
glabra, var. glandulifera (Waldstein et Kittaibel), Regel et 
Herder. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papilionaceae, Gale- 
geae. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe and Western Asia, cultivated. 
Description.—1. Spanish, Italian, and Turkish licorice 
root. Exported from the countries named. 
Long cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 millimeters (I to 1 
inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, externally grayish- 
brown, warty ; internally tawny-yellow ; pliable, tough ; 
fracture coarsely fibrous; nearly inodorous; taste sweet, 
somewhat acrid. 80 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
The underground runners, which are often present, have 
the same appearance, but contain a thin pith. 
2. Russian licorice root. From Southeastern Europe. 
Consists usually of roots and root-branches, 15 to 30 centi- 
meters (6 to 12 inches) long, 1 to 4 centimeters (f to If 
inches) thick; is deprived of the corky layer; externally 
bright tawny-yellow, smooth, the wood softer, paler, and 
larger celled than the preceding, and the tissue often cleft. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick, with a thin cork and nar- 
row bast wedges, the latter containing tough bast fibres and 
Fig. 51. 
Fig. 52. 
Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome). 
Glyc. glabra, var. glandulifera (root). 
cells with crystals of calcium oxalate. Wood-wedges nar- 
row, appearing porous from small groups of large ducts, 
and accompanied by crystal cells. Medullary rays distinct, 
consisting of several rows of cells, and containing starch. 
Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin about 6 per cent, (combined 
with ammonia), glycyramarin, sugar, asparagin about 3 per 
cent., starch, resin. Glycyrrhizin, C24H3609 or C44IT63018 
(?), is sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in hot 
water; its neutral ammonium salt freely soluble in water, 
insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is a glucoside, splitting 
into glucose (or parasaccharic acid?) and bitter glycyrretin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-3j). 
HEMIDESMUS.—Indian Sarsaparilla. 
Origin.—Hemidesmus indicus, R. Brown. Natural order, 
Asclepiadese, Periplocese. 
Habitat.—East Indies. IPECACUANHA—IPECACUANHA. 
81 
Description.—Cylindrical pieces, about 15 centimeters (6 
inches) long, and 6 to 12 millimeters (l-i inch) thick, tortu- 
ous, wrinkled, and fissured, dark-brown, hard; internally 
whitish and mealy, with numerous latex tubes in bark ; odor 
tonka-like; taste sweetish and slightly acrid. The stems are 
nearly inodorous and tasteless. 
Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork and small scattered 
laticiferous ducts. Medullary rays narrow, indistinct. 
Constituents.—Stearopten, starch, etc. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative, tonic. Dose, 
2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). 
ABKI RADIX.—Indian Licorice. 
Origin.—Abrus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
nnnosse, Papilionacese, Viciese. 
Habitat.—India; naturalized in most tropical countries. 
Description.—Cylindrical, somewhat twisted pieces, 6 to 25 
millimeters (1-1 inch) thick ; externally light reddish-brown ; 
fracture shoi’t, fibrous; internally yellowish ; bark quite thin ; 
meditullium composed of alternating layers of porous wood 
and parenchyme, traversed by medullary rays varying in 
width; odor slight; taste bitterish, afterward sweetish. 
Constituents.—A body resembling glycyrrhizin, resin, an or- 
ganic acid 8 per cent., and an alkaloid (when heated with 
caustic soda yields a volatile body of very penetrating odor). 
Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. 
IPECACUANHA.—Ipecacuanha. 
Origin.—Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero), A. Richard. 
Natural order, Rubiacese, Psychotrieae. 
Habitat.—Brazil to Bolivia and Xcw Granada, in damp 
forests; cultivated in India. 
Description.—About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long and 
4 millimeters (-g- inch) thick ; mostly simple, contorted, dull 
gray-brown or blackish, finely wrinkled, closely irregularly 
annulated, and often transversely fissured ; internally scarcely 
radiate ; bark thick, brittle, brownish-gray, somewhat waxy, 
easily separated from the thin, whitish, tough, and nearly 
tasteless ligneous portion, which amounts to about 15 per 
cent, of the root; odor slight, nauseous ; taste bitterish, 
acrid, nauseating. 82 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
Structure.—Cork thin. Bark not uniform in thickness, not 
radiating, consists of parenchyme inclosing small compound 
starch granules or raphides of calcium oxalate, the latter 
being more numerous in the inner bark. Meditullium 
slightly radiating, consists mainly of pitted wood cells 
containing starch. 
Ipecacuanha—Transverse section, magnified 65 diam. 
Fig. 54. 
Fig. 55. 
Fig. 56. 
Ipecacuanha, 
Striated ipecacuanha. 
Undulated ipecacuanha. IPECACUANHA. 
83 
Varieties.—According to the tint of the corky layer, gray, 
red, and black ipecac, all being derived from the same species. 
Ipecacuanha from Carthagenais somewhat larger than Brazil- 
ian root, annulations due to narrow merging ridges, has a more 
firmly adhering bark, and the medullary rays of the wood are 
more distinct; it comes from Cephaelis acuminata, Karsten. 
Substitution.—The following are used in Brazil, besides 
other roots, like ipecacuanha, and are occasionally met with 
in Europe, but rarely seen in the United States: 
Striated ipecacuanha. From Psychotria emetica, Linne. 
Natural order, Rubiacese, Psychotrieae. Longitudinally 
wrinkled, not annulate, but with distant transverse fissures; 
dark purplish-brown ; bark thick, containing much sugar, 
no starch, and little emetine. 
Undulated ipecacuanha. From Richardson ia scabra, 
Saint Hilaire. Natural order, Rubiacese, Spermacocese. 
Undulate, slightly wrinkled, somewhat annulate and trans- 
versely fissured ; externally brownish-gray; bark white, 
mealy, not bitter; wood nearly the thickness of the bark. 
White ipecacuanha. From Iomdium Ipecacuanha, 
Ventenat. Natural order, Violariese, Violese. Somewhat 
branched, not annulate, longitudinally wrinkled, whitish or 
pale brownish-yellow; wood porous, rather thick, yellow- 
ish ; free from starch. 
Constituents.—Emetine, cephaeline, and probably other 
alkaloid, ipecacuanhic acid (an indefinite compound), resin, 
pectin, starch, saccharose. Emetine, Cir)H22N205, is amor- 
phous, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, sparingly 
soluble in water or petroleum spirit, insoluble in solutions 
of caustic alkali, fusible at 68° C. Cephaeline, CuH20NO2, 
crystallizable, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether, 
more soluble in petroleum spirit than emetine, readily sol- 
uble in solution of caustic alkali, fusible at 102° C.; Colum- 
bian ipecac contains more than the Brazilian variety, which 
contains a larger quantity of emetine. 84 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
Properties and Dose.—Expectorant 0.06-0.3 grams (gr. 
j-v), nauseant emetic 1 or 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
APOCYNUM ANDROSSEMIFOLIUM.—Dog’s Bane. 
Origin. — Apocynum androssemifolium. Linne. Natural 
order, Apocynacese, Echitidese. 
Habitat.—North America, chiefly northward. 
Description.—Long, cylindrical, branched, about 8 milli- 
meters G inch) or less thick ; bark pale brownish, wrinkled, 
transversely fissured, thickish ; internally white, containing a 
circle of stone-cell groups, and rather small laticiferous ducts; 
unpleasantly bitter, easily separable from the tough, white, 
porous, and tasteless wood, which lias narrow medullary rays. 
The rhizome has a central pith. 
It should not be confounded with the root of Apocynum 
cannabinum, Linne, which has a relatively thicker bark and 
soft fragile, porous wood. 
Fig. 57. 
Apocynum androssemi folium.—Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle (probably apocynin and apo- 
cynein), resin, caoutchouc, starch, etc. 
Properties.—Diuretic, sudorific, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 
to 1.6 grams (gr. v-xxv). 
GELSEMIUM.—Gelsemium. Yellow Jasmine. 
Origin.— sempervlrens {Linne) Persoon. 
Natural order, Loganiacem, Gel semi esc. 
Habitat.—Southern United States. 
Description.—The creeping rhizome and roots are col- 
lected. Cylindrical, long or cut in sections, occasionally 3 P A R EIR A P A R EIR A BRAVA. 
85 
centimeters inch) thick, the roots often thinner; exter- 
nally light brown-yellow with purplish-brown longitudinal 
lines; tough, fracture splintery; internally yellowish; odor 
aromatic, heavy ; taste bitter, of the wood slightly so. 
Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork and silky bast 
fibres, arranged in an interrupted ring close to the corky 
layer, adheres closely to the wood. The latter is yellowish, 
composed of porous wood-wedges, and has rather broad 
medullary rays. The rhizome has a thin pith, frequently 
divided into four nearly equal segments. The parenchyme 
contains starch and a few crystals of calcium oxalate. 
Admixtures.—The commercial article at times contains 
also pieces of the stem, which has the bast in comparatively 
large bundles near the wood. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, gelsemine, gclseminine, gel- 
seminic acid (not identical with sesculin, Coblentz, 1897), 
resin, starch. Gelsemine, C49H63N5Ou 
(F. A. Thompson, 1887), is color- 
less, bitter, crystallizes with difficulty, 
dissolves in 650 parts cold water, 
is freely soluble in ether, chlo- 
roform, and alcohol, and yields with 
HC1 and HNOs crystalline anhydrous 
salts, soluble in 40 parts water; it 
is not colored by strong H2S04 or 
HNOs, but with sulphuric acid and manganic oxide 
becomes cherry-red, then olive green. Gelseminine is 
brown, amorphous, bitter, the salts amorphous, the chlo- 
ride freely soluble; H2S04 colors light yellow, HN03 
deep green; sulphuric acid and manganic oxide color deep 
purple, changing to purplish-blue. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetic); atropine; 
stimulants. 
Properties.—Nervine, autispasmodic, sedative. Dose, 0.2 
to 0.6 gram (gr. iij—x) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. 
Fig. 58. 
Gelsemium. — Transverse 
section. 86 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
PA RE IR A.—Pa re i ra Brava . 
Origin.—Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruis et Pavon. 
Natural order, Menispermacese, Tinosporese. 
Habitat.—Brazil. 
Description.—Subcylindrical, somewhat tortuous pieces, 
about 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, varying in 
thickness between 2 and 10 centimeters (| and 4 inches); 
externally dark brown-gray, with transverse ridges and 
fissures and longitudinal furrows; internally pale brown, 
porous; the fresh cut of a waxy lustre; inodorous, bitter. 
Pieces having a bright yellow color, or with a grayish, 
hard, nearly tasteless wood, should be rejected. 
Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork. Wood in two 
or more somewhat irregularly concentric circles, which are 
separated by layers, composed of parenchyme, stone cells, 
and compressed cells; the central circle occupied by about 
12 wood-wedges, containing large ducts, separated by some- 
what narrower medullary rays, and terminating by a semi- 
circular line of compressed cells; the subsequent circles 
have the same structure, but a larger number of wood- 
wedges and medullary rays. 
Admixtures and Substitutions.—Pareira brava is not un- 
frequently mixed with sections of the stem, which has a 
rather thicker bark, when young dotted with black warts, 
nearly regular zones of wood-wedges, and a small central 
pith; taste bitterish; otherwise resembles the root. 
False Pareira brava.—a. Wood hard, very excentric, in 
separate circles and sections of circles, grayish, the fresh cut 
not waxy; bark thin, slightly bitter. Origin unknown. 
b. Wood hard, pale brown, nearly concentric, separate cir- 
cles ; bark thin, nearly tasteless; otherwise resembling the 
preceding. Origin unknown. 
c. Bark blackish; wood whitish, amylaceous, tasteless; 
derived from Abuta rufescens, Aublet (Menispermacese, 
Cocculese). PAREIRA—PAREIRA BRAVA. 
87 
d. Wood hard, very excentrie, in separate circles and sec- 
tions of circles, bright yellow like the thin bark ; bitter. It 
contains berberine or a closely allied alkaloid, and is prob- 
ably derived from Abuta amara, Aublet. Habitat Brazil. 
e. Boot resembling true pareira, but readily crumbling 
into pieces on cutting; wood-rays terminating with a nearly 
circular layer of compressed cells. Origin not determined. 
Fig. 59. 
Pareira brava.—Portion of a root, and transverse sections of the same. 
Constituents.—Pelosine, about 0.5 per cent., identical with 
beberine and buxine; little tannin, ash 4 to 5 per cent. 
Properties.—Diuretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss—j). 88 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 
BERBERIS.—Barberry. 
Radix berberidis. 
Origin.—Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Ber- 
berideae, Berberese. 
Habitat.—:Europe and Western Asia ; naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—Much branched, sometimes 5 centimeters (2 
inches) thick, hard and tough, brownish, internally yellow, 
with a rather thin, foliaceous bark, and thick, light yellow 
wood ; inodorous, bitter. 
Constituents.—Berberine (see Hydrastis), oxyacanthine (vin- 
etine or berbine), berbamine, and a fourth alkaloid. See Bar- 
berry bark. 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j) in decoction, 
etc. 
BAPTISIA.—Wild Indigo. 
Origin.—Baptisia tinctoria, Robert Brown. Natural order, 
Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Podalyriese. 
Habitat.—North America. 
Description.—Head short, with knotty branches, and with 
several roots ; the latter are bent, little branched, about 50 
centimeters (20 inches) long, from 3 to 12 millimeters (j—j inch) 
thick; externally brown, somewhat warty and scaly; fracture 
tough and fibrous; internally whitish ; bark rather thick, with 
a thin brown cork, and tough bast fibres in radial lines; wood 
tough, finely porous; medullary rays narrow, indistinct; in- 
odorous ; taste of bark bitterish, somewhat acrid and nauseous ; 
wood tasteless. 
Constituents.—Baptitoxine or baptisine (identical with cytisine, 
acrid, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, poisonous), baptisin 
(bitter, indifferent glucoside, insoluble in water), baptin (acicu- 
lar, soluble in water, glucoside, purgative), resin, starch, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
(gr. v-xv). 
Origin.—Statice Limonium, Linne, var. caroliniana, Gray. 
Natural order, Plumbaginese, Staticese. 
Habitat.—North America, near the coast. 
Description.—Several-headed, 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 
inches) long, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or more thick; annulate 
above, branched and wrinkled below, compact, tough, purplish- 
brown externally, lighter internally, with a rather thick bark 
and narrow, yellowish wood-wedges; inodorous, strongly as- 
tringent, and slightly bitter. 
ST A TICE.—Marsh Rosemary. KRAMERIA—RHATANY. 
89 
Constituents.—Tannin 14-18 per cent., mucilage, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx). 
Baycura root, probably from Statice brasiliensis, resembles 
the above, and has similar properties; it is said to contain a 
crystalline alkaloid. 
CEANOTHUS.—Red Root. 
Origin.—Ceanothus americanus, Linne (New Jersey tea). 
Natural order, Rhamnacese, Rhamnese. 
Habitat.—North America, in dry woodlands. 
Description.—Head simple or branched ; knotty-tuberculate ; 
root about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long, and above 10 to 25 
millimeters (-f-1 inch) thick, contorted, somewhat branched, 
rust-brown, finely wrinkled, fracture granular through the thin 
rust-colored bark ; wood tough, pale brown-red, with fine medul- 
lary rays ; inodorous ; bitter and astringent. 
Constituents.—Tannin (6.5 per cent, in bark), ceanothine 
(crystalline, best solvent is chloroform; reduces gold chloride ; 
red-brown by H2S04; blue by Froehde’s reagent; does not 
readily form salts), starch, sugar, mucilage, red coloring matter, 
ash 2-3 per cent. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. 
x-xxx). 
KRAMERIA.—Rhatany. 
Origin.—1. Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Par on, and 2. 
Krameria Ixina, LinnL Natural order, Polygalese. 
Habitat.—1. Peru and Bolivia; 2. New Granada. 
Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, knotty 
and several-headed above, branched below, the branches thin- 
ner and long ; bark smooth or scaly, deep rust-brown, about 
2 millimeters (T1y inch) thick, very astringent, inodorous, 
readily separating from the wood; 
wood pale brownish, tough, finely 
radiate, nearly tasteless; bark of 
branches about or the diameter. 
The root of Krameria Ixina 
(Savanilla rhatany) is less knotty, 
more slender, and has a dark 
brown-purplish, somewhat scaly bark, about 3 millimeters 
inch) thick ; bark of branches about to \ the diameter. 
Fig. 60. 
Transverse section of—a. Peru- 
vian, b. Savanilla rhatany root. 90 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
Structure.—Cork rather thick; parenchyme of bark dotted, 
contains starch; bast bundles small, forming interrupted 
lines ; medullary rays in the finely porous wood very narrow. 
Varieties.—1. Peruvian or Payta rhatany, and, 2, Sava- 
nilla rhatany. Described above. 
3. Para or Brazilian rhatany. Probably from Kr. argen- 
tea, Martins. Resembles Savanilla rhatany; but is more 
blackish, less of a purple tint, very flexible; bark trans- 
versely fissured, somewhat warty, adhering firmly to the 
pale reddish-brown wood. 
4. Guayaquil rhatany, described by Holmes (1886). Origin 
unknown ; root large, woody, contorted ; bark comparatively 
thin, fibrous, rich in tannin, reddish-brown, the surface 
striated and warty. 
5. Krameria secundiflora, I)e Candolle, of Texas, and Kr. 
lanceolata, Torrey, of Florida, have thin dark-brown roots 
with thick bark, rich in tannin. Not found in commerce. 
Constituents.—Kramero-tannic acid about 20 per cent., 
rhatanic red, starch. The tannins differ somewhat in 
chemical behavior. In alcoholic tincture Payta rhatany 
yields a red-brown, but Savanilla or Para rhatany a bluish- 
gray, precipitate with lead acetate. 
Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
3ss) in powder (rarely), syrup, tincture, extract. 
2. RHIZOMES.—RHIZOMATA. 
Rhizomes are stems remaining wholly or partly under 
ground, and are mainly distinguished from roots by the 
presence of scaly leaves or of sheathing leaf-bases or their 
scars, whereby they, or at least their younger portion, ac- 
quire a more or less annulated appearance. Rhizomes grow 
mostly in a horizontal or oblique direction, and produce 
overground stems from lateral buds, or more generally from 
buds terminating the branches, the rhizome elongating from 
a lateral bud ; thus the stem-scars are found mostly on the RHIZOMATA—RHIZOMES. 
91 
upper side of the rhizome, while the rootlets are mainly on 
the lower side. A few of the official rhizomes have a 
perpendicular growth, are on all sides uniformly sur- 
rounded by rootlets, and on the lower end are more or less 
truncate. Branches, if present, emanate from the axils of 
leaf-scars. 
Histology.—The rhizomes of cryptogamous plants (ferns) 
consist of parenchyme, in which a few, more or less later- 
ally elongated, not wedge-shaped, vascular bundles are im- 
bedded, sometimes arranged in a loose circle, each bundle 
being surrounded by an endoderm. 
The rhizomes of monocotyledons consist of a circle of 
parenchyme, the cortical layer, followed toward the interior 
by a circular row of thick-walled cells, the nucleus sheath 
or endoderm, and inclosing a cylinder of parenchyme in 
which wood-bundles are irregularly scattered, and these are 
often most abundant near the nucleus sheath ; in some cases 
wood-bundles are also observed in the outer layer. 
The rhizomes of dicotyledons have usually the epidermis 
replaced by a layer of cork; the bark consists of an outer 
and an inner layer, the latter being the liber, and is sepa- 
rated by a thin layer of cambium from the wood, which is 
circularly arranged in more or less distinctly wedge-shaped 
masses, and these alternate with medullary rays and inclose 
a circular pith. Some of the dicotyledonous rhizomes, like 
valerian, contain an endoderm, which is also observed in 
the rootlets of some of these drugs. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Cryptogamous Rhizomes. 
Rhizome densely covered with stipes, and 
between 
these with brown silky chaff. 
Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous Rhizomes. 
Collected without rootlets. 
Aspidium. 
Aromatic and pungent. 
Peeled or unpeeled, flattish, lobed, with numer- 
ous oil-cells. 
Zingiber. 92 
cellular vegetable drugs—rhizomes. 
Usually in disks, light reddish or brown-gray, 
with oil-cells. 
Zedoaria. 
Cylindrical, annulate, branched, reddish-brown ; 
internally whitish, with oil-cells. 
Galanga. 
Globular pyriform, or more frequently cylindri- 
cal, gray; internally orange-yellow, horny. 
Curcuma. 
Aromatic and bitter, flattish-cylindrical, on the 
lower side with scars of rootlets in wavy and 
branched lines. 
Calamus. 
Odor of violets, bitterish, white, consisting of flat- 
tened, club-shaped joints. 
Iris florentina. 
Taste sweet; thin, straw-yellow, internally whitish, 
Triticum 
spongy, hollow in centre. 
repens. 
Taste bitterish, acrid ; thin, brown-gray, under the 
epidermis a circle of large air-tubes. 
Carex arenaria. 
Taste bitterish; thick, tuberous, tuberculated, red- 
dish-brown ; internally whitish-brown, dotted. 
Smilax China. 
Taste acrid, tingling; obconical, brown, sur- 
rounded by scars of rootlets; internally whitish, 
Veratrum 
with short curved wood-bundles. 
album. 
Collected with rootlets. 
Taste acrid, tingling; obconical, brown, surrounded 
by shrivelled, lighter-colored, simple rootlets; 
Veratrum album 
internally whitish, with short curved wood- 
and Ver: 
bundles. 
viride. 
Resembling the preceding, but of larger dimen- 
sions, dark gray, and, when rubbed, of a dis- 
agreeable odor. 
Dracontium. 
Taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, and acrid; sub- 
globular or obconical; wood-bundles curved. 
Trillium. 
Taste bitter; short, cylindrical; wood-bundles 
crowded near centre. 
Chamselirium. 
Taste amylaceous, bitter; short, cylindrical, jointed. 
Aletris. 
Taste acrid ; brown, consisting of cylindrical joints, 
which are flattened above. 
Iris versicolor. 
Taste bitterish, slightly acrid; long, thin, subcyl- 
indrical; little branched, brown ; on upper side 
with approximate cup-shaped stem-scars. 
Cypripedium. 
Long, thin, cylindrical, branched, whitish, with 
rather distant stem-scars above. 
Convallaria. 
Resembling the preceding, but thicker and 
jointed between the stem-scars. 
Polygonatum. RHIZOMATA RHIZOMES. 
93 
Taste acrid ; flattish cylindrical, bent and branched; 
whitish, hard. 
Dioscorea. 
Sect. 3. Dicotyledonous Rhizomes. 
Collected with few or no rootlets. 
Short, leaf-scars approximate. 
Acrid; cylindrical, deep brown-red ; internally 
white, with numerous red resin-cells. 
Sanguinaria. 
Astringent; cylindrical, brown; internally red- 
dish ; bark thin; wood-wedges small; medul- 
lary rays broad. 
Geranium. 
Astringent; irregularly conical, pitted, brown; 
internally reddish; bark thick; wood-wedges 
small; medullary rays broad. 
Tormentilla. 
Astringent; S-shaped, flattish, red-brown ; inter- 
nally reddish ; bark thick ; wood-wedges small, 
numerous; medullary rays narrow. 
Bistorta. 
Long horizontal, leaf-scars mostly distant. 
Mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; grayish, 
spongy, wood-bundles scattered; disks or sec- 
tions. 
Nymplisea. 
Somewhat bitter and acrid ; composed of joints, 
terminated by a broad cup-shaped scar on 
upper side, and a tuft of rootlets underneath. 
Podophyllum. 
Cylindrical, somewhat tuberculate, with lati- 
Asclepias 
ciferous vessels. 
Cornuti. 
Somewhat aromatic, sweetish ; cylindrical, annu- 
Aralia 
late above. 
nudicaulis. 
Very pungent, cylindrical. 
Armoracia 
Collected with rootlets. 
Rhizomes short, upright or mostly oblique, often 
knotty. 
Aromatic, more or less pungent. 
Upright, subglobular, or obconical; internally 
brownish, waxy, with small wood-wedges. 
(see Roots). 
Valeriana. 
Cylindrical, oblique, or horizontal; wood cir- 
cle narrow ; in bark of rhizome and rootlets, 
near the wood, a circle of resin cells. 
Arnica. 
Thin cylindrical, oblique, with projecting 
stem-scars on upper side and numerous 
rootlets beneath ; wood somewhat excentric. 
Serpen taria. 
Thin cylindrical, with deeply cup-shaped 
stem-scars on upper side and numerous 
rootlets beneath, wood excentric. 
Spigelia. 94 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
Slightly aromatic, bitter, and astringent. 
Subcylindrical, oblique, with fragile rootlets; 
wood soft, pith brown-gray. 
Geum rivale. 
Subcylindrical or obconical, with numerous 
fragile rootlets; wood rather hard; pith 
reddish ; odor clove-like. 
Geum urban um. 
Not aromatic; bitter or somewhat acrid, wood 
(except in Hydrastis) prominent, hard. 
Subglobular; wood white ; rootlets numerous, 
Asclepias 
brittle; pale brown. 
incarnata. 
Obconical or oblique and short-jointed; yel- 
lowish-gray ; internally bright yellow. 
Hydrastis. 
Horizontal, short-branched, matted; stem- 
scars broad ; brown ; tough. 
Caulophyllum. 
Very knotty and hard ; brown-gray ; stem-scars 
shallow. 
Collinsonia. 
Irregular tuberculate, blackish-brown, waxy; 
wood-bundles rather distant; wood of root- 
lets somewhat hexagonal. 
Helleborus niger. 
Like preceding, somewhat smaller; wood- 
bundles approximate in about four distant 
groups; wood of rootlets with four short 
rays. 
Helleborus viridis. 
Like the following, but smaller. 
Acteaj alba. 
Stout branches ascending, black-brown, hard; 
wood-wedges approximate; wood of rootlets 
with four long rays. 
Cimicifuga. 
Stout knotty-cylindrical, gray-brown, hard; 
scars concave; medullary rays fine. 
Triosteum. 
Knotty, red-brown; rootlets more or less an- 
nulate ; resinous dotted in the bark. 
Gillenia. 
Elongated, mostly not knotty. 
Aromatic; knotty from prominent stem-scars; 
roots long. 
Aralia racemosa. 
Aromatic; pungent; quadrangular or two- 
edged, thin, gray-brown ; bark thick; wood- 
wedges small; pith large. 
Asarum. 
Bitter, slightly acrid; flattened, branched, 
black-brown ; bark thin ; wood thick, tough ; 
pith brownish. 
Leptandra. 
Bitter; cylindrical, pale yellowish-brown ; in- 
ternally bright yellow; wood tough ; pith 
small. 
Xanthorrhiza. ASPIDIUM. 
95 
Bitter; often knotty; yellowish-brown ; tough. 
Berberis aqui- 
Aromatic, bitter; cylindrical, light brown; 
folium. 
Gelsemium 
bark thin; wood hard; pith small. 
(see Roots). 
Sweet; cylindrical, brownish ; internally tawny- 
yellow ; bark rather thick; wood large- 
Glycyrrhiza 
porous. 
(see Roots). 
Sweetish, slightly acrid; cylindrical or in 
Rubia 
powder; deep-red. 
(see Roots). 
Bitter; cylindrical, yellowish-brown; inter- 
nally yellowish ; woody zone narrow, tough ; 
pith prominent, somewhat excentric. 
Menispermum. 
Male fern. 
Origin.—1. Dryopteris Filix-mas, Schott, and 2. Dry- 
opteris marginale, Asa Gray. Natural order, Filices, 
Polypodiacese. 
Habitat.—1. North America (Canada, Northern Michigan, 
Dakota, to the Rocky Mountains), Northern Asia, and Eu- 
ASPIDIUM.—Aspidium. 
Fig. 61. 
Fig. 62. 
Filax-mas.—Transverse section magnified 3 
diam. /. Vascular bundles. 
Surface of peeled 
rhizome. 
rope. 2. North America south to the mountains of North 
Carolina. 
Description.—From 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) 
long, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) thick, and, together 
with the closely imbricated dark-brown, roundish and slightly 96 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
curved stipe remnants, 50 to 75 millimeters (2-3 inches) in 
diameter, and densely covered with brown, glossy, trans- 
parent, and soft chaffy scales; fracture short and cork-like; 
internally pale green, rather spongy ; the vascular bundles 
about 10 (I). Filix-mas) or 6 (D. marginale) in number, 
arranged in an interrupted circle outside of which a variable 
number of small scattered bundles are found; odor slight, 
disagreeable ; taste sweetish, somewhat astringent and bitter, 
acrid and nauseous. 
When used, the chaff, together with the dead portions of 
the rhizome and stipes, must be removed, and only such por- 
tions as have retained their green color should be employed. 
Structure.—The parenchyme is thin-walled, and contains 
minute starch grains and green oil, and in the intercellular 
spaces short-stalked oil-glands. The vascular bundles con- 
sist largely of scalariform ducts. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 6-7 per cent., volatile oil, filitan- 
nic acid, filixred, chlorophyll, filicin C35H40O12, filicic acid, 
C35H42013, aspidin, C23H2707, aspidinin, and aspindol. Filicin 
or filicic anhydride is not poisonous, is crystalline, soluble in 
chloroform, benzol, fixed and volatile oils, less soluble in 
ether and alcohol, insoluble in water; melts at 184.5° C.; 
yields with fusing potassa butyric acid and phloroglucin. 
Filicic acid is white, amorphous, tasteless, more freely sol- 
uble than its anhydride, straw-yellow at 100°, melts at 125°, 
is anthelmintic and poisonous. Aspidin is colorless, insol- 
uble in water, soluble in alcohol, benzol, ether, and alkalies, 
poisonous. The constituents named are contained in Oleo- 
resina filicis. Ash 2-3 per cent. 
Properties.—Tmnifuge. Dose, 2 to 8 grams or 
the oleoresin, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). 
Allied drugs.—Aspfdium rfgidum, Swartz, indigenous to 
Europe and California. The rhizome is longer and thinner 
than male fern, lias the stipes loosely imbricate, and con- 
tains 6 vascular bundles. 
Aspidium athamanticum, Kunze, panna-panna, uncomo- ZINGIBER—GINGER. 
97 
como, from Southern Africa; thicker and firmer than male 
fern; internally brownish, with black resin-dots and broader 
vascular bundles. 
Substitutions.—The rhizomes of most indigenous ferns are 
thinner, the stipes rarely closely imbricate, and usually free 
from, or with very little, chaff. 
ZINGIBER.—Ginger. 
Origin.—Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Natural order, Scita- 
minese, Zingiberese. 
Habitat.—India ; cultivated in the tropics. 
Description.—Flattish, about 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 
inches) long, 15 millimeters (-| inch) broad, 4 to 8 milli- 
meters inch) thick, on one side lobed or clavately 
branched, each branch terminated by a depressed scar; de- 
prived of the epidermal layer, pale buff-colored, striate and 
fibrous ; breaks with a mealy rather fibrous, at times resinous, 
Fra. 63. 
Fig. 64. 
Zingiber.—Transverse section, magnified 
3 diam. 
Ginger starch-granules, 
magnified 250 diam. 
fracture; internally whitish, with numerous small orange- 
colored dots and a distinct nucleus sheath; aromatic and 
spicy, of a pungent and warm taste. 
Structure.—The tissue consists mainly of parenchyme 
containing flattened starch-granules, and is, in coated gin- 
ger, surrounded by a layer of tangentially elongated cells, 
resembling those of the nucleus sheath. The resin cells 
are scattered through the tissue, and the fibro-vascular 
bundles are most numerous within the circle of the nucleus 
sheath. The cortical layer is much thinner than the central 
cylinder. 98 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
Varieties.—Coated and uncoated ginger; the latter de- 
prived of the epidermal layer; the former sometimes dis- 
tinguished as black ginger—a designation more properly 
restricted to the rhizome which, before drying, has been 
steeped in boiling water, and, when dry, breaks with a 
horny, blackish, somewhat diaphanous fracture, due to the 
pasty condition of the starch. The commercial varieties are 
designated from the country of production. 
Fig. 65. 
1. Jamaica ginger. The kind described above; some- 
times the rhizome has been steeped in milk of lime, and is 
covered with a white powder of cal- 
cium carbonate. 
2. African ginger. Coated with a 
light brown or gray-brown suberous 
tissue, rhizome shorter, the lobes 
broadly linear or oblong. 
3. Chinese ginger. Coated, rhizome 
shorter, the lobes stumpy. 
4. East India ginger. Coated on 
the edges, the flat sides deprived of 
the epidermal layer. 
5. Green ginger. The lobed 
branches recently dug and sent to 
market without drying. 
Jamaica ginger. 
Fig. 66. 
East India ginger. ZEDOARIA ZEDOARY. 
99 
6. Preserved ginger. Fresh ginger steeped in hot syrup; 
it is soft, brown-yellow, translucent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, 1 to 2 per cent., gingerol 
(viscid inodorous liquid, to which the hot taste is due, solu- 
ble in fat, volatile oil, alcohol, ether, very sparingly soluble 
in benzin), resin (yields protocatechuic acid), starch 20 per 
cent., mucilage, etc.; ash about 4 per cent. Jamaica ginger 
yields about 5 per cent., East India ginger about 8 per cent, 
of oleoresin. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sternutatory, rube- 
facient, anodyne. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in 
powder or tincture. 
ZEDOARIA.—Zedoary. 
Origin.—Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe. Natural order, Sci- 
taminese, Zingiberese. 
Habitat.—India. 
Description.—Circular disks of a tuber, 1 to 4 centimeters 
(f to If inches) in diameter, orange-brown; internally pale 
Fig. 67. 
Zedoaria.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
reddish gray-brown, with numerous brown-yellow resin cells, 
and lighter colored wood-bundles, the latter most numerous 
within the nucleus sheath, which separates the central portion 
from a much thinner cortical layer; fracture short, somewhat 
mealy, and slightly horny; odor and taste ginger-like. 
Yellow zedoary, the pear-shaped tuber of Zingiber Cassumu- 
nar, Roxburgh, has a more camphoraceous odor and bitterish 
taste. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil | to 1 per cent., resin (to which 
the pungent taste is due), starch, mucilage, etc. 
Properties and Dose.—Like ginger. 100 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
GALANGA.—Galangal. 
Origin.—Alpinia officinarum, Hance. Natural order, Sci- 
taminese, Zingiberese. 
Habitat— China. 
Description.—Cylindrical, branched, about 5 centimeters 
(2 inches) long and 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, annulate by 
Fig. 68. 
Galanga. 
somewhat distant leaf-sheaths, rust-brown ; fracture short, some- 
what fibrous; internally brownish-white, with numerous brown- 
Fig. 69. 
Galanga.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
yellow resin cells and brownish tvood-bundles which are scat- 
tered in the outer layer and approximate in the equally thick 
central portion ; odor and taste ginger-like. 
The larger galangal from Alpfnia Galanga, Swartz (India), 
which is of larger dimensions and of a more reddish tint 
externally, is now not an article of commerce. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent., resin, fat, galangol 
(soft, very pungent, inodorous), three yellow tasteless crystal- 
line principles (kempferid, galangin, alpinin), starch, mucilage, 
etc., ash about 4 per cent. 
Properties and Dose.—Like ginger. 
CURCUMA.—Turmeric. 
Origin.—Curcuma longa, Linne. Natural order, Scitaminese, 
Zingiberese. CURCUMA—TURMERIC. 
101 
Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Oval or oblong, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1-2 inches) 
long and about one-half as thick (round turmeric); or cylindri- 
Fig. 70. 
Fig. 71. 
Long turmeric. 
Fig. 72. 
Round turmeric. 
Curcuma.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
cal branches about 1 centimeter (§ inch) thick (long turmeric); 
sometimes cut longitudinally or transversely; externally yel- 
lowish-gray, somewhat annulate; internally orange-yellow' or 
brown-yellow, with a circular nucleus sheath ; the cortical layer 
about one-half the thickness of the central cylinder; fracture 
flattish, resinous, glossy; odor slight, ginger-like; taste warm, 
aromatic, and bitterish ; powder deep yellow, turning brown- 
red by alkalies and borax. 
Varieties. — 1. Chinese turmeric. Central rhizomes and 
branches. 
2. Bengal turmeric. Slender branches, reddish. 
3. Madras turmeric. Thick branches and transverse sections 
of central rhizomes. 
4. Java turmeric. Rather small central rhizomes and 
branches, usually cut transversely and longitudinally. 
5. Cochinchina turmeric. Sections of large diameter, rough 
externally. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 per cent., viscid oil 11 per cent, 
(containing aromatic turmerol), a little pungent resin, curcu- 
min, pasty starch, mucilage, etc. 
Curcumin, CuHh04, is orange-yellow, resinous, insoluble in 
water and benzin, soluble in alcohol and ether, also with a red- 
brown color in alkalies ; red-brown by boric acid ; sparingly 
soluble in benzol and carbon disulphide. 102 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RIIIZOMES. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used for coloring ointments 
and tinctures, and for the detection of alkalies and borates. 
Sweet flag. 
Origin.—A'corus Calamus, Linne. Natural order, Aroideae, 
Orontieae. 
Habitat.—Europe and North America, on the banks of 
streams and ponds. 
Description.—The unpeeled rhizome is directed. It grows 
horizontally, 1 meter (40 inches) or more in length ; in com- 
merce it is cut in sections of various length, subcylindrical, 
about 2 centimeters (| inch) broad ; externally reddish-brown, 
when peeled pinkish-white), deeply-wrinkled, somewhat an- 
nulate, or the upper surface marked with the oblique leaf- 
scars or their fibro-vascular bundles, forming triangles; on 
the lower surface marked with the circular scars of the 
rootlets in wavy longitudinal lines; whitish internally, of 
a spongy texture, breaking with a short corky fracture, 
showing numerous yellowish and brownish dots on both 
CALAMUS.—Calamus. 
Fig. 73. 
Calamus.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
sides of the elliptic nucleus sheath ; odor aromatic; taste 
strongly bitter. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme con- 
taining numerous large air-passages; the cells are filled with 
starch or with oil, the latter being more numerous in the 
thick cortical zone. The yellowish fibro-vascular bundles 
are most numerous within and near the nucleus sheath, the 
latter consisting of rather thin-walled cells. IRIS FLORENTINA—FLORENTINE ORRIS. 
103 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2-3 per cent., acorin about 0.2 
per cent., choline, calamine (minute quantity), resin, tannin, 
starch, mucilage. Acorin of Thoms (1886) is a thick honey- 
yellow neutral liquid, faintly aromatic, very bitter, insoluble 
in water, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether. The 
bitter principle appears to be crystallizable and precipitated 
by tannin (Fliickiger). 
Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. xv-3j), in powder, infusion, and tincture. 
Origin.—I'ris florentfna, Linne, I. pallida, Linne, and I. 
germanica, Linne, chiefly the last two species. Natural order, 
Iridese, Moneese. 
Habitat.—Northern Italy; cultivated. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth; flattened, consisting of 
joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, broadest near 
the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar; peeled, 
of a whitish color; on the upper side with small fibro-vascular 
bundles in transverse lines; on the lower side with numerous 
circular brownish scars of the rootlets; fracture short, some- 
what mealy ; nucleus sheath prominent in lower half; wood- 
bundles scattered, crowded within 
the nucleus sheath; odor violet- 
like; taste mealy, bitterish, and 
slightly acrid. 
Long, rather slender joints are 
selected for the use of teething 
infants, trimmed smoothly and 
frequently whitened by chalk or 
magnesia. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, iri- 
din, irone, C,3H20O (a ketone, odor of violets), resin, fat, starch, 
mucilage, bitter extractive. Oil of orris, about 0.1 per cent., 
distilled by means of superheated steam, is solid at ordinary 
temperature, has an agreeable violet odor, and consists chiefly 
of myristic acid mixed with a little thickish volatile oil. Iridin, 
glucoside, white needles, soluble in hot alcohol, acetone, and 
water; hot dilute acids yield irigenin (a phenol), which with 
strong alkalies gives formic acid, iridic acid, and iretol. 
Properties.—Errhine, diuretic, in fresh state irritant ; used 
chiefly in dentifrices and perfumery. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
(gr. v-xv). 
IRIS FLORENTINA.—Florentine Orris. 
Fig. 74. 
Iris lioreiitina.—Transverse section. 104 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
Triticum, U. 8.; Rhizoma (Radix) graminis.—Quitch- 
grass, Quickens. 
Origin.—Agropyrum (Triticum, Linne), repens, Beauvais. 
Natural order, Gramineae, Hordeeae. 
Habitat.—Europe and North America. 
Description.—A7ery long and creeping, the internodes 
about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, cut in sections about 
1 centimeter inch) long, about 2 millimeters inch) 
TRITICUM REPENS.—Couchgrass. 
Fig. 75. 
Triticum repens.—Rhizome and transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
thick, smooth but wrinkled, straw-yellow, hollow in the 
centre; inodorous, sweet. 
It should be gathered in autumn or in early spring and 
deprived of the rootlets. 
Structure.—The cortical zone consists of large parenchyme 
cells, with about six small 
wood-bundles, and is free 
from starch. The woody 
zone is narrow, yellowish, 
and incloses a narrow circle 
of parenchyme, the remnant 
of the medullary centre. 
Constituents.—Glucose, 
fruit-sugar, i nosit, triticin 
(about 8 per cent., resembles 
inulin), mucilage, malates; 
ash about 5 per cent. Lactic acid and mannit are found in 
the extract as products of fermentation. Starch is absent. 
Fig. 76. 
Triticum repens.—Section through por- 
tion of rhizome, magnified 65 diam. VERATRUM ALBUM—WHITE VERATRUM. 
105 
Properties.—Diuretic, aperient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
(3ss-ij). in decoction and as extract. 
Radix sarsaparillse germanicse, Radix graminis rubrse. 
Origin.—Carex arenaria, Linne. Natural order, Cyperacese, 
Caricese. 
Habitat.—Central and Northern Europe, near the coast. 
Description.—Horizontal, long, internodes 1 to 3 centimeters 
(|- to \\ inch) long, angularly furrowed, brown-gray, the nodes 
fringed with leaf-sheaths and marked with scars and remnants of 
rootlets ; internally with a large centre containing numerous ap- 
proximate wood-bundles, and surrounded by a circle of large air- 
passages ; nearly inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, and acrid. 
Constituents.—Acrid and bitter principle, sugar, resin, starch. 
Properties.—Alterative ; used similarly to sarsaparilla. 
Substitutions.—The rhizomes of many other species of Carex 
are destitute of the large air-passages, and in many the wood- 
bundles in the central portion are surrounded by broad layers 
of parenchyme. 
CAREX ARENARIA.—Red Sedge. 
Origin.—Snnlax China, Linne. Natural order, Liliacese, 
Smilacese. 
Habitat.—China, Japan. 
Description.—Irregularly tuberous, about 10 or 15 centi- 
meters (4 or 6 inches) long and 3 to 5 centimeters (14 to 2 
inches) thick, tuberculate by short branches, reddish-brown; 
internally whitish, mealy, with numerous small brown resin 
cells, and near the centre with many scattered wood-bundles, 
but without a nucleus sheath ; inodorous, insipid, afterward bit- 
terish, and slightly acrid. 
Substitutions.—Snnlax pseudocluna, Linne, Central and 
Southern North America. Smaller, less tuberculate, rather 
spongy, and destitute of resin cells. 
The tubers of Snnlax glauca, Walter, are yellowish or pale 
brownish, spongy, and destitute of resin cells. 
Constituents.—Smilacin, resin, starch, a little tannin. 
Properties.—Alterative ; used similarly to sarsaparilla. 
SMILAX CHINA.—China Root. 
VERATRUM ALBUM.—White Veratrum. 
Origin.—Veratrum album, Linne. Natural order, Liliacese, 
Veratrese. 
Habitat.—Europe, in mountainous regions. 106 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
Description.—It closely resembles American veratrum in all 
essential characters. Formerly it consisted only of the rhizome, 
deprived of its rootlets; but the latter are now present, as 
directed by the German Pharmacopoeia. 
Fig. 77. 
Fig. 78. 
Veratrum.—Longitudinal section. 
Constituents.—Jervine, pseudojervine, rubijervine, veratralbine 
(amorphous), veratroidine, protoveratridine, veratrine (?), jervic 
acid (identical with chelidonic acid), resin, sugar, veratramarin 
(yellow, deliquescent, bitter, present in minute quantity). 
Properties.—Emetic, cathartic, errhine, poisonous. Dose, 0.00 
to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, mostly externally as ointment 
in itch, and mixed with an inert powder as snuff. 
Veratrum.—Transverse section. 
VERATRUM VIRIDE.—American Veratrum. 
Origin.—Veratrum viride, Solander. Natural order, 
Li liacete, Veratreae. 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. 
Description.—Closely resembles white veratrum. Rhi- 
zome obeonical, mostly simple, 5 to 8 centimeters (2-3 
inches) long, 2 to 5 centimeters (|~2 inches) thick, tufted 
above, truncate below, externally blackish-gray, and invested 
on all sides with numerous shrivelled light yellowish-brown 
rootlets, which are about 20 centimeters (8 inches) long and 
2 millimeters inch) thick ; internally whitish with numer- 
ous darker-colored dots and short wavy lines within the 
nucleus sheath ; inodorous, bitter, very acrid, sternutatory. 
Structure.—Cortical zone about of the diameter of the 
rhizome, consists of parenchyme, containing starch and SYMPLOCARPUS—SKUNK CABBAGE. 
107 
occasionally calcium oxalate, and has few short-curved 
wood-bundles; nucleus sheath wavy, the inner cell-walls 
thickened; central portion like the cortical zone, but the 
wood-bundles numerous. The rootlets have a thick cortical 
zone consisting mainly of spongy parenchyme, the cells 
filled with starch or calcium oxalate; the brown nucleus 
sheath encloses a fibro-vascular cord. 
Constituents.—Resin, starch, and alkaloids. Jervine, 
C26H37N()3, is crystalline, tasteless, not sternutatory, in- 
soluble in water, benzin, and acetic ether, soluble in 270 
parts absolute ether, 60 parts chloroform, and 17 parts abso- 
lute alcohol; turns gradually red with concentrated HC1, 
and on boiling yellowish ; colored yellow and green by 
H2S04, the salts insoluble in dilute mineral acids. Vera- 
troidine is uncrystallizable, sternutatory, soluble in ether, 
chloroform, and benzol, colored yellow and red by H2S04, 
pale red by concentrated HC1, and on boiling cherry-red. 
Pseudojervine resembles jervine, but its sulphate is more 
soluble in water. Rubijervine resembles veratroidine, but is 
not sternutatory. Cevadine is also contained in sabadilla seed. 
Properties.—Emetic, diaphoretic, sedative, errhine. Pose, 
0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij) in powder, or preferably in tinc- 
ture and fluid extract. 
SYMPLOCARPUS.—Skunk Cabbage. 
Origin. — Symplocarpus foe tidus, Salisbury (Dracontium 
foe'tidum, Linne). Natural order, Aroideae, Orontieae. 
Habitat.—North America, in moist 
grounds. 
Description. —Obconical, truncate 
above and below, 7 to 10 centimeters 
(3 to 4 inches) long, and about 5 cen- 
timeters (2 inches) in diameter ; the 
upper half beset with numerous long 
shrivelled rootlets; gray-brown ex- 
ternally; internally whitish, with 
numerous short bent wood-bundles, 
which are crowded within the somewhat wavv nucleus sheath. 
Fig. 79. 
Draccmtium.—Section through 
upper part, natural size. 108 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
When triturated, it emits a disagreeable odor; taste acrid, 
biting. 
Constituents.—Fat, resin, sugar, gum, starch, the acrid princi- 
ple, which appears to be altered by heat, has not been isolated 
(see Arum). 
Properties.—Emetic, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulant. Dose, 
0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in recent powder or infusion. 
Origin.—Trillium erectum, Linne, and other species of 
Trillium. Natural order, Liliacese, Medeolese. 
Habitat.—United States, in damp woods. 
Description.—Varying between subglobular and obconical, 
somewhat tufted above, truncate below, about 3 centimeters (14 
inches) long, annulate, orange-brown, rootlets light brown; 
internally whitish ; fibro-vascular bundles mostly near the cir- 
cumference, curved or circular; inodorous; taste sweetish, 
astringent, bitter, and acrid. 
Constituents.—Acrid glucoside (not precipitated by lead 
acetate, nearly insoluble in water), fixed oil, resin, tannin, 
starch, ash 2 to 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Emmenagogue, emetic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j). 
TRILLIUM.—Bethroot, Birthwort. 
CHAMiELIRIUM.—Starwort. 
Origin.—Chamselirium luteum, Gray, s. C. carolinianum, 
Willdenow, s. Helonias dioica, Pursh. Natural order, Liliacese, 
Nartheciese. 
Habitat.—North America, in low grounds. 
Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long and 6 milli- 
meters (I inch) thick, subcylindrical, closely annulate, gray- 
brown, on upper side few stem-scars, on lower side wiry rootlets; 
internally whitish; fracture smooth and horny; wood-bundles 
near the centre numerous ; inodorous ; taste bitter. 
Constituents.—Starch, chamselirin, Cx8H3209 (yellowish glu- 
coside, watery solution frothing, by sulphuric acid colored 
orange-red, crimson, brown, etc.). 
Properties. — Tonic, diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. xv-3j). 
ALETRIS.—Colicroot, Starw'ort. 
Origin.—A'letris farinosa, Linne. Natural order, Hsemo- 
doracese, Conostylese. 
Habitat.—United States, in sandy woods. IRIS VERSICOLOR BLUE FLAG. 
109 
Description.—About 30 millimeters inches) long, and 3 
millimeters inch) thick, flattened and tufted on upper side, 
convex, and with numerous wiry or whitish rootlets on the 
lower side; indistinctly jointed, brown-gray; fracture mealy, 
white, somewhat fibrous ; inodorous ; taste amylaceous, bitter. 
Constituents.—Starch, bitter principle. 
Properties. — Tonic, emetic, purgative. Dose, 0.6 gram 
(gr. x). 
IRIS VERSICOLOR.—Blue Flag. 
Iris, U. S. P. 
Origin.—I'ris versicolor, Limit. Natural order, Iridese, 
Morseese. 
Habitat.—North America, in swampy localities. 
Description.—Rhizome of horizontal growth, consisting of 
joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, cylindrical in 
Fig. 80. 
Iris versicolor.—Joint of rhizome and section of branches. 
the lower half, flattish, and about 2 centimeters (A inch) broad 
near the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar, 
annulated from the leaf-sheaths, gray-brown, fracture short, 
brownish or grayish brown ; rootlets long, simple, crowded 
near the broad end ; odor slight; taste acrid, nauseous. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, 
containing starch and some crystals. The nucleus sheath 
encloses most of the scattered wood-bundles. 
Allied drugs.—I'ris virgfnica, Linne, Boston iris, and I. 
verna, Linne, dwarf iris of the United States. The joints 110 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
of the rhizome are about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 
about 1 centimeter (f inch) broad, brownish-gray; other- 
wise resembling the above. 
Constituents.—Acrid resin, camphoraceous body, fat, sugar, 
gum, tannin, possibly an alkaloid. 
Properties.—Alterative, diuretic, purgative, emetic. Dose, 
0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, or the oleoresin, 0.06 
to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij). 
CYPRIPEDIUM.—Cypripedium. 
American Valerian. 
Origin. — Cyprip6dium pubescens, Swartz, and Cvpr. 
parviflorum, Salisbury. Natural order, Orchidese, Cypri- 
pediese. 
Habitat.—North America, in swampy places. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, bent, 10 centimeters 
Fig. 81. 
Cypripedium pubescens.—Rhizome and rootlets, natural size. 
(4 inches) or less long, about 3 millimeters inch) thick; 
on the upper side with numerous circular cup-shaped scars; 
Cypripedium parviflorum.—Rhizome and rootlets, natural size. CONVALLARIA. 
closely covered below with simple wavy rootlets, varying 
from 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 inches) in length; 
brittle; dark brown or light orange-brown; fracture short, 
white; odor faint, but heavy; taste sweetish, bitter, and 
somewhat pungent. 
Cypripedium parviflorum yields the shorter and thinner 
rhizome with orange-brown rootlets. 
Structure.—Cortical parenchymatous zone thickish. Nu- 
cleus sheath indistinct. Wood-bundles approximate, near 
the centre more distant. The parenchyme contains starch. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (trace), fixed oil, volatile acid, 
resins, tannin, sugar, starch ; the bitter principle appears to 
be a glucoside. Ash about 6 per cent. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, infusion, or extract. 
CONY ALLARI A.—Convallaria. 
Lily of the valley. 
Origin.—Convallaria majalis, Linne. Natural order, 
Liliacese, Convallariese. 
Habitat.—United States, in the Alleghany mountains; 
Europe and Northern Asia. 
Description.—Creeping and branched, about 3 millimeters 
(i inch) thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, the internodes 
from 2 to 6 centimeters (-§—2-1- inches) long, marked with few 
circular scars, the joints annulate, and beset with a circle of 
8 or 10 grayish, branching long rootlets, about 1 millimeter 
(Jg- inch) thick; fracture rather tough, somewhat fibrous, 
white; inodorous; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat acrid. 
Structure.—The rhizome contains a small number of 
fibro-vascular bundles within a thick-walled nucleus sheath ; 
the cortical and central parenchyme is thin-walled. 
Constituents.—Convallamarin (white powder, sweet and 
bitter, soluble in water and alcohol; precipitated by tannin ; 
with dilute acids yields convallamaretin and sugar) and con- 112 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
vallarin (acrid prisms; sparingly soluble in, but foaming with 
water; with dilute acids yields couvallaretin and sugar); both 
are glucosides. 
Properties.—Heart-tonic, poisonous. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 
gram (gr. jss-vj). 
POLYGONATUM.—Solomon’s Seal. 
Origin.—Polygonatum biflorum, Elliot, and P. giganteum, 
Dietrich. Natural order, Liliacese, Polygonatese. 
Habitat.—North America, in woodlands. 
Description.—Jointed and annulate, about 15 centimeters 
(6 inches) long, and 5 millimeters (£ inch) thick, somewhat 
battened, each joint on the upper side with a circular concave 
stem-scar; pale brownish-yellow; fracture short; internally 
whitish, spongy ; wood-bundles most numerous near the centre, 
not enclosed by a nucleus sheath ; inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, 
somewhat acrid. 
Smilacfna racemosa, Desfontaines, false Solomon’s seal, has 
the circular stem-scars flattish, and the rhizome not constricted 
at the termination of the annual shoots. 
Constituents.—Probably the same as in European Solomon’s 
seal from Polygonatum multiflorum, Moench; convallarin, 
asparagin, mucilage, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—Diuretic, emetic, cathartic. 
DIOSCOREA.—Wild Yam, Colic Root. 
Origin.—Dioscorea villosa, Linne. Natural order, Dios- 
coreacese. 
Habitat.—United States, in most thickets. 
Description. — Flattish-cylindrical, branched and curved; 
about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 1 centimeter (■§• 
inch) thick, pale brownish, hard; fracture short, somewhat 
fibrous; internally white with yellowish wood-bundles; in- 
odorous; taste insipid, afterward acrid. 
Constituents.—Acrid principle allied to saponin, resin, starch, 
sugar, ash 2-3 per cent. 
Properties.—Expectorant, diaphoretic, emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 
grams (gr. x-xxx). 
SAN GUIN A RI A.—Bloodroot. 
Origin.—Sanguinaria canadensis, IJnne. Natural order, 
Papaveracese, Eupapavereae. SANGUINARIA— BLOODROOT. 
113 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long, 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, 
somewhat branched, faintly annulate, wrinkled, reddish- 
Fig. 82. 
Sanguinaria.—Rhizome with transverse section. 
brown; fracture short, somewhat waxy, whitish, with nu- 
merous small red dots, or of a nearly uniform brownish-red 
color; rootlets very brittle; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid. 
It should be collected in autumn. 
Structure.—Bark thin; vascular bundles small, not woody, 
in one or two loose circles; pith large; rootlets with a 
thick bark, and rather thin central fibro-vascular column; 
resin cells axially elongated, with red or orange secretion, 
single, scattered in the parenchyme; vessels in inner bark, 
short, with yellow secretion. 
Constituents.—Sanguinarine, C20H15NO4, chelerythrine, 
C21H17N04, protopine, C20H17NO5, homochelidonine, 
C22H21N04, citric and malic acids, resins, starch, ash about 
8 per cent. Sanguinarine is white, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
and benzol, and yields bright red salts having an acrid taste. 
Chelerythrine is very similar in its properties, but yields 
lemon-colored salts. Protopine, also present in opium, is 
colored deep purple by H2S04. The resins yield proto- 
catechuic acid. 
Properties.—Alterative, tonic, stimulant, emetic, sternuta- 
tory. Pose, 0.2, 0.5, 1 to 4 grams (gr. iij, viij, xv-3j), in 
powder or tincture. 114 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
GERANIUM.—Geranium, Cranesbill. 
Origin.—Geranium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, 
Geraniaceae, Geraniese. 
Habitat.—North America, in woods and thickets. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, 5 to 7 
centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, 10 millimeters (f inch) 
Fig. 83. 
Geranium maculatum.—Rhizome and transverse section of rhizome and rootlet, 
natural size. 
or less thick, rather sharply tuberculated, longitudinally 
wrinkled, dark brown ; fracture short, pale red-brown ; root- 
lets shrivelled, very brittle; inodorous; taste astringent. 
Structure.—Bark thin; wood-wedges yellowish, small, 
varying in number, forming a circle near the cambium line; 
medullary rays broad ; central pith large; rootlets with a 
thick bark and a thin central column of fibro-vascular tissue. 
Constituents.—Tannin 12-27 percent, (maximum in April; 
blue-black with ferric salts), gallic acid (in dry rhizome), red 
coloring matter, starch, pectin, sugar. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
xv-xlv). 
TORMENTILLA.—Tormentil. 
Origin.—Potentdla Tormentflla, Sibthorp (Tormentflla erecta, 
Linne). Natural order, Rosacese, Potentillese. 
Habitat.—Europe, in open woodlands. 
Description.—Conical, oblong, or nearly cylindrical, occa- 
sionally branched, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 
15 millimeters (f inch) thick, with irregular rounded eleva- 
tions and ridges, depressed stem-scars, and minute scars of the 
filiform brittle rootlets; brown or reddish-brown; fracture 
smooth, slightly fibrous; internally light brownish-red; bark BISTORTA—BISTORT. 
115 
thin ; wood-wedges small, distant, in one or in two distant 
circles, enclosing a large pith; inodorous, astringent. The 
Tormentilla.—Rhizome and transverse section. 
parenchyme contains starch grains and raphides of calcium 
oxalate. 
Constituents.—Tannin (25 per cent.), red coloring matter 
(tormentil red), kinovic acid, ellagic acid, starch, mucilage. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. 
x-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
Origin.—Polygonum Bistorta, Linne. Natural order, Poly- 
gonacese, Eupolygonese. 
Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, Canada, and Northwestern 
United States, in swampy meadows. 
BISTORTA.—Bistort. 
Fig. 85. 
Bistorta.—-Natural size. 
Description.—Depressed, S-shaped, about 5 centimeters (2 
inches) long, and 15 millimeters (f inch) broad, flattened or 116 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
channelled and transversely striate on the upper side, convex 
and with depressed thin root-scars on the lower side, dark red- 
brown ; fracture smooth, scarcely fibrous; internally light 
brownish-red; bark thick; wood-wedges small, numerous, ap- 
proximate, enclosing a pith broader or about equal to the bark; 
inodorous, astringent. The parenchyme contains starch grains 
and raphides of calcium oxalate. 
Constituents.—Tannin (20 per cent.), red coloring matter, 
starch. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
viij-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
NYMPHA1A.—Water-Lily. 
Origin.—Nymphae'a odorata, Aiton. Natural order, Nymphse- 
acese, Nymphseae. 
Habitat.—United States, in ponds. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 50 centimeters 
(20 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, with sub- 
circular leaf-scars on the upper side, and with remnants of 
rootlets on the lower side; usually in light segments; exter- 
nally brown ; internally whitish or gray ; wood-bundles irregu- 
lar in the spongy parenchyme; inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, 
astringent. 
The rhizome of the yellow pond-lily, Nuphar advena, Nuttall, 
is very similar. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, probably alkaloids. 
Properties. — Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams 
(gr. x-xxx). 
PODOPHYLLUM.—Mayapple. 
Origin.—Podophyllum peltatum, IAnnL Natural order, 
Berberidese, Berbereae. 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woods and thickets. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 5 millimeters 
inch) thick, nearly cylindrical, consisting of joints about 
5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat enlarged at the end, 
which has a circular scar on the upper side, a tuft of about 
ten nearly simple fragile rootlets on the lower side, and 
is sometimes branched laterally; smooth or somewhat 
wrinkled, orange-brown; fracture short; internally white PODOPHYLLUM MAY APPLE. 
117 
and mealy, or pale brownish and horny; inodorous; taste 
sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid. 
Structure.—Bark thickish ; wood averaging about 16 or 20 
short vascular wedges, placed in a circle and enclosing a 
Fig. 86. 
Podophyllum.—Natural size. 
large pith; the thin-walled parenchyme contains mainly 
starch, occasionally calcium oxalate. 
Constituents.—Resin 4-5 per cent., starch, sugar. The 
resin is a mixture of several compounds, partly neutral, 
partly acid; both portions are partly soluble in ether; the 
acid yields yellow compounds with alkalies and earths. 
Podophyllotoxin, C15Hu06 (white, crystallizable, bitter, 
neutral, strongly lsevorotatory, soluble in chloroform and 
acetone, slightly soluble in ether and cold benzol, sparingly 
soluble in water; colored cherry-red, then greenish-blue 
and violet bv H2S04), converted by hydration into podo- 
phyllic acid, C15H1607, unstable, gelatinous, readily loses 
water, forming picropodophyllin (isomeric with podophyllo- 
toxin, optically inactive, inert; less soluble than the latter; 
crystalline, bitter), quercetin (yellow needles, insoluble in 
water, slightly soluble in chloroform, more soluble in ether, 
freely in alcohol); podophylloresin (purgative), green oil, 
and crystalline fatty acid. 
Podophyllum Emodi, Wallich, a Himalayan species, has 
a cylindrical rhizome with crowded stem-scars on the upper 
side, and numerous simple rootlets below. It yields from 
10 to 12 per cent, of resin. 118 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
Properties.—Alterative, cholagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 
to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder or extract; the resin 0.03 
to 0.06 gram (gr. ss-j). 
Silkweed. 
Origin.—Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne, s. A. syriaca, Linne, 
Natural order, Asclepiadacese, Cynanchese. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields and waste places. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, 0.5 to 2 meters (U-6 
feet) long, cut in sections, 6 to 12 millimeters (l-i inch) thick, 
cylindrical, nearly simple, finely wrinkled, somewhat knotty 
gray-brown, tough; fracture short or splintery, white; bark 
rather thick, with laticiferous vessels; wood-wedges yellowish, 
porous, narrow; nearly inodorous; taste bitterish, nauseous. 
ASCLEPIAS CORNUTI.—Milkweed. 
Fig. 87. 
Constituents.—Bitter crystalline principle, asclepion (taste- 
less), caoutchouc (6 per cent, of milk juice), resin, tannin, 
starch, sugar, fat. 
Properties.—Diuretic, diaphoretic, alternative, emetic. Dose, 
0.5 to 3 grams (gr. viij-xlv), in powder, infusion, or extract. 
Asclepias Cornuti.—Portion of rhizome. 
Origin. — Aralia nudicaulis, Linne. Natural order, Arali- 
acese, Aralieae. 
Habitat.—North America, in rocky woodlands. 
ARALIA NUDICAULIS.—False Sarsaparilla. VALERIANA—VALERIAN. 
119 
Description. — Of horizontal growth, 30 centimeters (12 
inches) or more long, about 5 millimeters (4 inch) thick, 
wrinkled, annulate above, stem-scars cup-shaped ; rootlets few ; 
bark light gray-brown, exfoliating; internally white with a 
yellowish wood and spongy pith; fracture short; odor slightly 
aromatic; taste mawkish. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, organic acid, acid resin, 
starch, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (3ss-j), in infusion or decoction. 
Y ALERIANA.—V aleri an. 
Origin. — Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Natural order, 
Valerianese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in New 
England, in moist and dry localities; cultivated. 
Description.—Rhizome growing upright, subglobular or 
obconical, from 2 to 4 centimeters (f to 1J inches) long, 1 
to 2 centimeters (J- to £ inch) thick, truncate at both ends, 
yellowish-brown or brown; internally whitish or pale 
brownish, waxy or horny. Horizontal branches, if present, 
about 5 millimeters inch) thick. 
Fig. 88. 
Valeriana—Longitudinal and transverse sections 
Rootlets numerous, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
long, about 2 millimeters ( inch) thick, slender, brittle, 
brown. Odor peculiar, becoming stronger and unpleasant 
on keeping; taste camphoraceous and bitter. 
Collected from dry localities, the rhizome is small, and 
has few light-brown rootlets; from moist localities, it is 120 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
larger, usually cut longitudinally, has numerous, larger, and 
darker rootlets, shows at the lower end scars from decayed 
roots, and contains less volatile oil. 
Structure.—Bark rather thin, covered with a thin cork; 
nucleus sheath mostly indistinct; fibro-vascular bundles 
small, forming a circle and enclosing a thick pith; the 
branches have a similar structure but a thick bark. The 
rootlets have a thick bark, and a slender central vascular cord 
with a meagre pith and enclosed in a nucleus-sheath. The 
parenchyme contains starch, extractive matter or oil drops. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent.; valerianic, 
formic, acetic, and malic acids, chatinine (isolated in 1891), 
a glucoside (crystalline, isolated in 1893), tannin, resin, starch, 
mucilage, sugar. The volatile oil has the density 0.94, and 
consists of the alcohol borneol, C10HlsO (laevorotatory), terpi- 
neol, an alcohol, C15H240, their formic, acetic, butyric, and 
valerianic ester, a dextrorotatory terpene, camphene, citrene, 
and a sesquiterpen, C15H24; the acids are liberated by the 
gradual decomposition of the compound ethers. Valerianic 
acid, C5H10O2, is oily, volatile, soluble in 30 parts of water, 
and has a peculiar odor; the salts have a sweet taste. 
Properties.—Stimulant, anodyne, antispasmodic, nervine. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—oj), in infusion, tincture, or 
fluid extract. The volatile oil, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij). 
ARNKLE RADIX.—Arnica Root. 
Origin.—Arnica montana, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Senecionidee. 
Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, Northwestern Amer- 
ica, in mountainous localities. 
Description.—Of oblique growth, about 5 centimeters (2 
inches) long and 3 to 4 millimeters inch) thick, cylin- 
drical, brown, sharply wrinkled longitudinally, rough and 
irregularly annulate from remnants of leaves and stem bases; 
fracture short, internally whitish. Rootlets thin, about 10 SERPENTARIA. 
121 
centimeters (4 inches) long, light-brown, fragile. Odor 
slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent, bitter. 
Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin layer of cork, and 
near the cambium a circle of resin cells; wood-wedges short, 
yellowish, forming a close circle, and enclosing a large pith. 
The rootlets have a thick bark, a slender central fibro-vas- 
cular cord, and surrounding the latter a circle of few resin 
cells. 
The rhizome of strawberry, Fragaria vesca, Linne, has 
a similar appearance, but is harder, darker brown, not 
annulate, and contains starch, but no resin cells. 
Fig. 89. 
Fig. 90. 
Arnica.—Transverse section of rhizome, 
natural size, and magnified 12 diam. 
Section of rootlet, magnified 
25 diam. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil per cent., acrid and taste- 
less resins, arnicin, capronic and caprylic acids, inulin 10 
per cent., tannin, mucilage. Arnicin, C12H2202, is yellow, 
amorphous, acrid, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, insol- 
uble in water. 
Properties.—Irritant, stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary. Pose, 
0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder or infusion. 
SERPENTARIA.—Serpentaria. 
Origin.—1. Aristolochia Serpentina, Linne, and, 2. 
Aristolochia reticulata, Nuttall. Natural order, Aristolo- 
ehiacese. 122 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
Habitat.—United States, in hilly woods. No. 1, east of 
the Mississippi; No. 2, in the Southwestern States. 
Description.—Rhizome about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long 
and 3 millimeters inch) thick, bent, on the upper side 
with approximate short stem-remnants, on the lower side 
with numerous thin branching rootlets about 10 centimeters 
(4 inches) long; dull yellowish-brown, internally whitish; 
fracture smooth ; odor aromatic, camphoraceous; taste warm, 
bitterish, and camphoraceous. 
The rootlets of Ar. reticulata (Red River or Texas snake- 
root) are coarser, longer, and less interlaced than those of 
Ar. Serpentaria (Virginia suakeroot). 
Fig. 91. 
Serpentaria. 
Rhizome with rootlets. 
Transverse section of rhizome. 
Structure.—Bark thin; wood-wedges longest on lower 
side of rhizome, separated by broad medullary rays; pith 
large-celled. Rootlets with a thick bark and a thin central 
fibro-vascular cord. The parenehyme contains starch and, 
in scattered cells, oil. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil per cent, (contains ter- 
pene and mainly C15H2502, an ether of borneol), aristolo- 
chine, little tannin, starch, sugar, mucilage, albumin, resin ; 
ash 11 per cent. Aristolochine forms light yellow needles, SPIGELIA. PINKROOT. 
123 
is very bitter, soluble in most simple solvents. (Ferguson, 
1887.) 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 
2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or fluid 
extract. 
Admixtures.—The subterraneous parts of Panax, Cypri- 
pedium, Hydrastis, and others are readily distinguished; 
Spigelia has no projecting stem-remnants, and in the wood 
indistinct medullary rays. The rhizome and rootlets of 
Polemonium reptaus, Linne, resemble serpentaria in size and 
shape, but are nearly white. 
SPIGELIA.—Spigelta. Pinkroot. 
Origin.—Spigelia marilandica, Linne. Natural order, 
Logan iacese, Euloganiese. 
Habitat.—Southern United States, westward to Texas and 
Wisconsin, in rich woods. 
Description.—Rhizome horizontal in growth, 5 centime- 
ters (2 inches) or more long, about 3 millimeters (|- inch) 
thick, bent, purplish-brown, somewhat branched, on the 
upper side with cup-shaped scars, on the lower side with 
numerous thin, brittle, lighter-colored rootlets about 10 cen- 
timeters (4 inches) long; fracture smooth; somewhat aromatic, 
sweetish, and bitter. 
Structure.—Bark thin; wood-circle whitish, thickest on 
lower side, scarcely radiate; pith usually dark-colored or 
decayed. Rootlets with a thick bark and a slender central 
fibro-vascular cord. 
Tt should not be confounded with the rhizome of Phlox 
Carolina, Linne (like Spigelia, known as Carolina pink), 
which is short, upright, and has a central pith, hard wood, 
and brownish-yellow, rather coarse, straight rootlets con- 
taining a straw-colored wood underneath a readily remov- 
able bark; benzin extracts from it a crystalline white taste- 124 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
less hydrocarbon (1 per cent.), with some fat, wax, and red 
color. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resins, bitter principle 
(insoluble in ether), tannin, wax, fat, gum, spigeline (vola- 
tile alkaloid). 
Properties.—Anthelmintic, toxic, dilates the pupil. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). 
GEUM RIVALE.—Water Avens. 
Origin.—Geum rivale, Linne. Natural order, Rosacea;, 
Potentillese. 
Habitat.—North America (south to Pennsylvania), Northern 
Asia, Northern and Central Europe. 
Description.—Horizontal or oblique in growth, about 5 to 7 
centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long and 6 millimeters inch) 
thick, tuberculate and scaly above, wrinkled ; fracture short, 
waxy, reddish or brownish, with a thin bark, small and distant 
whitish wood-wedges, and a large pith. Rootlets wrinkled, 
with a thick bark. Odor faintly aromatic; taste astringent, 
bitterish. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, 
sugar, resin, etc. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
xlv), in powder or decoction. 
GEUM URBANUM.—Avens. 
Radix caryophyllatse. 
Origin.—Geum urbanum, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, 
Potentilleae. 
Habitat.—Europe, in shady places. 
Description.—Upright or oblique, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 
inches) long, obconical, thinner and abrupt below, tuberculate 
and scaly, dark brown, hard; upon transverse section waxy, 
light purplish-brown ; bark thin ; wood-circle yellowish, narrow ; 
pith large. Rootlets light brown, with a thiekish bark. Odor 
aromatic, clove-like; taste astringent, somewhat aromatic, and 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin 30 per cent., bitter 
principle, resin, etc. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
xlv), in powder or decoction. HYDRASTIS. GOLDEN SEAL. 
125 
ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA.—Swamp Milkweed. 
Flesh-colored Asclepias. 
Origin.—Asclepias incarnata, Linne. Natural order, Ascle- 
piadeae, Cynancheae. 
Habitat.—North America, wet grounds. 
Description.—Of upright or oblique growth, about 2 centi- 
meters (-§- inch) long, irregularly globular or oblong, knotty, 
yellowish-brown, hard, with a thin bark, tough whitish wood, 
and rather thick central pith, or hollow. Rootlets 10 centi- 
meters (4 inches) or more long, light brown, with the white 
bark and woody cord of about equal thickness. Inodorous; 
taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, two acrid resins, ascle- 
piadin (yellow amorphous glucoside, emetic, easily decomposed), 
alkaloid, pectin, starch, sugar, etc.; ash 8.25 per cent. 
Properties.—Alterative, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams 
(gr. xv-xlv), in decoction. 
HYDRASTIS.—Hydrastis. Golden Seal. 
Origin.—Hydrastis canadensis, Linne. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Missouri and Arkansas, 
in woodlands. 
Description.—Obconical and upright, or of oblique growth 
subcylindrical and tortuous, about 4 centimeters (1J inches) 
long and 6 millimeters (| inch) thick, with short branches 
terminating in cup-shaped scars, somewhat annulate, and 
longitudinally wrinkled; externally brownish-gray; fracture 
short, waxy, bright reddish-yellow; rootlets thin, brittle, about 
12 centimeters (5 inches) long; odor slight; taste bitter. 
Structure. — Bark thickish, yellow or orange-colored. 
Wood-wedges about 10, narrow, light yellow. The yellow 
broad medullary rays and large pith like the bark contain 
starch. Rootlets with a thick yellow bark and thin sub- 
quadrangular woody cord, surrounded by a nucleus sheath, 
and enclosing a meagre pith. 
Constituents.—Berberine, C20H17NO4, 3-4 per cent., hydras- 
tine, C21H21N06, canadine, C20H21NO4, resin, fluorescent 126 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
compound, starch, sugar, etc. Berberine dissolves m alcohol 
and in water, slightly in ben- 
zol, and is insoluble in ether, 
chloroform, and petroleum 
benzin ; its salts are bright 
yellow, and sparingly soluble 
in acidulated water; the hot 
alcoholic solution yields with 
iodine not in excess dark 
green lustrous scales. Hy- 
drastine is soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, and most soluble 
in chloroform ; its salts are white and bitter; on oxidation 
with Mn02, yields opianic and finally hemipinic acid and 
hydrastinine ; on dry distillation trimethylamine and meco- 
nin. Canadine, tetrahydroberberine, forms white needles, 
the sulphate only easily soluble in water and alcohol; in 
alcoholic solution yields with iodine yellow crystals. 
Properties.—Tonic, deobstruent, alterative. Pose, 0.3 to 
3 grams (gr. v-xlv), in decoction or fluid extract. 
Fig. 92. 
Hydrastis.—Rhizome with transverse 
section. 
CAULOPHYLLUM.—Blue Cohosh, Papoose Root, 
Squaw Root. 
Origin.—Caulophyllum (Leontice, Linne) thalictroldes, 
Michaux. Natural order, Berberideae, Berbereae. 
Habitat.—North America, southward to Kentucky, in 
rich woodlands. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, matted, about 10 
centimeters (4 inches) long, 6 or 8 millimeters inch) 
thick, and with the branches 4 or 5 centimeters (1|—2 
inches) broad, bent, knotty, with numerous broad concave 
stem-scars, dark gray-brown, hard, fracture rather short; 
internally whitish. Rootlets very numerous, densely matted, 
about 13 centimeters (5 inches) long, and about 1 or 1.5 
millimeters or jtg- inch) thick, wiry and tough. Nearly HELLEBORUS—BLACK HELLEBORE. 
127 
inodorous; taste sweetish, slightly bitter, and somewhat 
acrid, unpleasant. 
Structure.—Bark thin; wood-wedges narrow or linear, 
numerous, elongated or in two circles in the rhizome, in the 
branches shorter, more uniform, and in a single narrow 
circle; medullary rays rather broad; pith large. Rootlets 
with a relatively thicker bark, and a rather thick central 
woody cord. The parenchyme contains starch. 
Admixture.—Hydrastis differs in shape and color. 
Constituents.—Leontin (white, feathery, soluble in boiling 
alcohol and ether, acrid, sternutatory; glucoside), caulophyl- 
line (colorless, odorless, slight taste, soluble in water, alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform, alkaloid), resins, tannin, wax. 
Properties.—Antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 
1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—xxx). 
Origin.—Collinsonia canadensis, Linne. Natural order, 
Labiatae, Satureinese. 
Habitat.—North America, in woodlands. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 10 centimeters 
(4 inches) long, and with the very knotty, short, and irregu- 
lar branches nearly as broad; stem-scars numerous, shallow; 
externally brown-gray, very hard ; internally whitish or grayish ; 
bark very thin; wood-wedges irregular; rootlets numerous, 
rather brittle; nearly inodorous; taste bitterish, nauseous. 
Constituents.—Resinous matter, etc. 
Properties.—Diuretic, irritant. 
COLLINSONIA.—Stoneroot. 
HELLEBORUS.—Black Hellebore. 
Origin.—Helleborus nfger, Linne. Natural order, Ranuu- 
culacese, Helleborese. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe. 
Description.—Of upright growth, irregular knotty, about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long and 1 centimeter (-f-inch) thick, 
with short, somewhat annulate branches; externally brown- 
black ; internally grayish, with a thick bark, a circle of about 
8 wood-wedges, broad medullary rays, and a large pith. Root- 
lets long, brown-black, very brittle, with a thick bark and an 128 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
hexagonal wood-centre. Odor slight, heavy (in the fresh state 
radish-like) ; taste sweetish, bitterish, and acrid. 
Fig. 93. 
Helleborus niger.—Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 3 diam. 
Helleborus viridis, Linne, Green hellebore. The rhizome 
resembles the preceding, but is of smaller dimensions, and the 
Fig. 94. 
narrow wood-wedges form three or four groups, separated by 
broad medullary rays ; the woody cord of the rootlets has about 
4 obtuse rays. It contains more helleborin, and is considered to 
be more active than black hellebore. 
Constituents.—Helleborin, C36H42Oti, and helleborein, C2fiIT440I£), 
both poisonous; resin, fat, starch, no tannin. Helleborein pre- 
dominates, is precipitated by tannin, soluble in water, also in 
alcohol, not in ether ; yields with acids sugar and inert helle- 
boretin. Helleborin is scarcely soluble in ether and cold water, 
easily soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol; with acids yields 
sugar and helleboresin. 
Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 
1.3 grams (gr. v-xx), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
Admixtures.— Actie'a alba, Linne. The rhizome with root- 
lets has the dimensions of black hellebore, but closely resem- 
bles black snakeroot in appearance and structure, and contains 
tannin. 
Ilelleborus viridis.—Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 3 diam. CIMICIFUGA—BLACK SNAKEROOT. 
129 
CIMICIFUGA.—Black Snakeroot. 
Origin.—Cimicifuga racernosa, Nuttall. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woodlands, westward 
to Eastern Kansas. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, 5 to 15 centimeters 
(2-6 inches) long, about 2 centimeters (| inch) thick, hard, 
with numerous stout, upright or curved branches, termi- 
nated by a cup-shaped scar; brownish-black, hard; frac- 
ture smoothish; internally whitish. Rootlets numerous, 
wiry, brittle, obtusely quadrangular, about 2 millimeters 
(TV inch) thick; fracture short. Nearly inodorous; taste 
bitter and acrid. 
Structure.—Bark of rhizome thick and firm ; wood-wedges 
elongated, narrow or linear, most uniform in the branches; 
medullary rays of about the same width or wider; central 
pith rather large. Rootlets with a thick bark and a lig- 
neous cord branching into about four broad rays, and en- 
closed in a nucleus sheath. 
Constituents.—Crystalline principle (alkaloid ?), not pre- 
cipitated by lead acetate, soluble in chloroform and alcohol, 
the solution intensely acrid; resins, fat, wax, tannin, starch, 
Fig. 95. 
Cimicifuga.—Transverse section through a branch of the rhizome and through 
rootlets, natural size. 
gum, sugar. The crystalline principle has not been ob- 
tained by recent investigators. A glucoside is probably 
present. 
Properties.—Alterative, emmenagogue, sedative. Dose, 130 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, decoction, or fluid 
extract. 
GILLENIA.—Gillenia. American Ipecac. 
Origin.—1. Gillenia stipulacia, Nuttall, and, 2. Gillenia 
trifoliata, Moench. Natural order, Kosacese, Spiraeeae. 
Habitat.—United States: No. 1, Western and Southern 
States ; No. 2, east of the Alleghanies. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, very knotty, much 
branched, 10 to 25 millimeters inch) thick, with a thin 
bark, and numerous tortuous or undulated, annulate and some- 
what transversely fissured rootlets having a thick irregular bark, 
which is brittle, composed of two reddish layers and marked 
with numerous minute resinous dots; wood tough, whitish, with 
Fig. 96. 
Fig. 97. 
G. stipulaeea. 
Rootlets, natural size. 
G. trifoliata. 
fine medullary rays, and in the rhizome with a thin pith; 
nearly inodorous, taste bitter. 
i he rhizome of Gillenia trifoliata is smaller and less knotty; 
the rootlets smoother and less distinctly annulate. 
Constituents.—Gillenin, resin, tannin, starch, etc. Gillenin ASA RUM—WILD GINGER. 
131 
is a whitish powder, bitter, neutral, soluble in water, alcohol, 
and ether, and colored blood-red by nitric acid. 
Properties.—Mild emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
TRIOSTEUM.—Feverroot. Bastard Ipecac. 
Origin. — Triosteum perfoliatum, Linne. Natural order, 
Caprifoliacese, Lonicerese. 
Habitat.—United States, in woodlands. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, 15 centimeters (6 inches) 
or more long, about 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, knotty- 
cylindrical, with broad cup-shaped stem-scars, yellowish-brown, 
bark thin, wood hard, whitish, with fine medullary rays. Root- 
lets long, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, with a thick 
wrinkled bark. Inodorous; taste bitter, somewhat nauseous. 
Constituents.—No analysis. 
Properties. — Purgative, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv—xx x). 
ARALIA RACEMOSA.—American Spikenard. 
Origin.—Aralia racemosa, Linne. Natural order, Aralia- 
cese, Araliese. 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. 
Description.—Grows obliquely, 10 or 15 centimeters (4 or 6 
inches) long with prominent concave stem-scars about 3 centi- 
meters inches) broad, pale brown, internally whitish. Roots 
numerous, long, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick at the base, 
little branched, wrinkled, pale brown, breaking with a short 
fracture, internally whitish ; of a peculiar aromatic odor and 
taste. 
Constituents.-— Probably volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative, expectorant. 
Dose, 2 to 4 grams in infusion. 
AS ARUM.—Wild Ginger. 
Origin.—A'sarum canadense, Linne. Natural order, Aris- 
tolochiacese. 
Habitat.—North America to North Carolina, in rich 
woodlands. 
Description.—Of horizontal growth, 10 centimeters (4 
inches) or more long, and 3 millimeters inch) thick, 
irregular quadrangular or almost two-edged, finely wrinkled, 132 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 
grayish-brown or purplish-brown, internally whitish, frac- 
ture short; rootlets thin, nearly simple, on the nodes, which 
are about 12 millimeters inch) distant; aromatic, pungent, 
and bitterish. 
Structure.—Bark rather thick ; cambium layer prominent; 
wood-wedges short and distant; central pith large. The 
parenchyme contains starch and occasionally oleoresin or oil, 
the latter principally in the bark. Rootlets with a thick 
bark and a thickish ligneous cord. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, 1.5-3.5 per cent., resin, color- 
ing matter (asarin), starch, mucilage, sugar, possibly an 
alkaloid; ash about 13 per cent. The volatile oil is of spec, 
gray. 0.953, very aromatic, and consists of asarene C10H16, a 
neutral body C12H)602, asarol C10H18O, and the acetic and 
probably also the valerianic ether of asarol; probably also 
methyl-eugenol. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 
2 grams (3ss), in infusion. 
Allied drug.—A'sarum europse'um, Linne. Asarabacca. 
The rhizome is 1 or 2 millimeters (ys-iV >nc‘h) thick, 
nearly quadrangular, and is emetic, cathartic, and em- 
ployed as an errhine. The volatile oil contains asarene, 
methyl-eugenol, and asarone (crystalline, emetic), but no 
asarol. 
LEPTANDRA.—Leptandra. Culver’s Root. 
Origin.—Veronica (Leptandra, Nuttall), virginica, Linne. 
Natural order, Scroplmlarineae, Digital ere. 
Habitat.—United States, south to Georgia and west to 
Minnesota, in low grounds. 
Description.—Horizontal, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 
inches) long, about 5 millimeters Q- inch) thick, somewhat 
flattened, bent, and branched, deep blackish-brown, on upper 
side with cup-shaped scars, hard, of a woody fracture, inter- 
nally blackish with a broad yellowish circle of wood ; root- MENISPERMUM—YELLOW PARILLA. 
133 
lets thin, wrinkled, very fragile ; inodorous ; taste bitter and 
feebly acrid. 
Structure.—Bark thin, blackish-gray; wood tough, yel- 
lowish in one or two circles; pith large, purplish-brown, 
often partly destroyed, three to six- 
rayed from the medullary rays. Root- 
lets with a thick bark and a slender 
ligneous cord. 
Constituents.— Leptandrin, resin 6 
per cent., saponin, tannin, mannit, 
gum, and possibly a volatile alkaloid. 
Leptandrin is crystalline, bitter, sol- 
uble in water, alcohol, and ether, not precipitated by lead 
subacetate. Leptandrin of the eclectics is essentially the 
alcoholic extract. 
Properties.—Alterative, cholagogue, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 
4 grams (gr. xv~3j), in powder and extract. 
Fig. 98. 
Leptandra. — Transverse 
sections of rhizome and 
rootlets, natural size. 
MENISPERMUM.—Yellow Parilla. 
Origin.—Menispermum canadense, Llnne. Natural order, 
Menispermacese, Cocculese. 
Habitat.—Nortli America, in moist thickets. 
Description.—Cylindrical, 1 meter (40 inches) or more 
long, about 6 millimeters inch) thick, somewhat knotty 
from scars of overground stems, with indistinct nodes, finely 
wrinkled longitudinally, and beset with numerous thin 
branching and rather brittle rootlets, externally yellowish- 
brown ; fracture tough, woody; internally yellowish ; nearly 
inodorous; taste bitter. 
Structure.—Bark thickish with semilunar bast bundles; 
wood-wedges about 14, broad, porous, separated by rather 
broad medullary rays, those on the lower side longest; cen- 
tral pith nearly equalling the shortest wood-wedges. The 
parenchyme contains starch. The overground stem, which 134 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —RHIZOMES. 
is often present, has a large spongy central pith, and short, 
almost square, wood-wedges. 
Constituents.—Berberine, menispine, starch, resin, tannin. 
Fig. 99. 
Menispine is white, insoluble in benzol and alkalies, and 
becomes brown by H2S()4 and brownish-yellow by ZnCl2. 
Properties.—Tonic, alterative, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. xv-.yj). 
Menispermum canadense.—Transverse section of rhizome, magnified. 
Origin.—XanthorrMza apiifolia, L’Heritier. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Helleboreae. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central United States. 
Description.—Horizontal, 0.5 to 1 meter (20 to 40 inches) 
long, 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, bent, much branched, spar- 
ingly beset with brittle fibres, externally light yellowish-brown ; 
bark thin, internally deep yellow, covering a bright yellow, tough 
wood, with a thin pith ; inodorous, bitter. 
XANTHORRHIZA.—Yellow Root. TUBERS AND BULBS TUBERA ET BULBI. 
135 
Constituents.—Berberine, a white alkaloid, starch, sugar, 
mucilage, resin, etc. Ash about 2 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (.qss-j), in powder or 
infusion. 
BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM.—Oregon Grape. 
Origin.—Berberis aquifolium, Pursh; B. nervosa, Pursh; 
and B. repens, Lindley. Natural order, Berberidese, Berbereae. 
Habitat.—Rocky Mountains and westward. 
Description.—In more or less knotty and tough pieces, vary- 
ing from 3 to 25 or 50 millimeters (_£ to 1 or 2 inches) in thick- 
ness, with a thin, yellowish-brown, internally bright yellow 
bark, and a yellow hard wood with fine medullary rays, the 
rhizome with a thin pith ; inodorous and bitter. The rhizomes 
and roots of B. repens and B. nervosa rarely exceed 3 millimeters 
(|- inch) in diameter. 
Constituents.—Berberine, oxyacanthine, berbamine, phyto- 
sterin, sugar, gum, etc. See Barberry Bark. 
Properties.—Tonic, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
in decoction or fluid extract. 
3. TUBERS AND BULBS.—TUBERA ET BULBI. 
Tubers are enlarged, more or less fleshy subterraneous 
stems or branches, or dilated bases of stems, which are not 
invested with leaves. They consist of either one internode 
or of several, and hence may develop either a terminal or 
several lateral buds. The tuberous roots of jalap and aco- 
nite carry upon the apex small portions or scars of the stem. 
The dilated fleshy tuberous base of an annual stem is often 
designated as a corm. 
Bulbs are buds with a permanently short, fleshy axis, 
which is invested with fleshy leaves, called scales, the ex- 
ternal layers of the latter usually decaying and becoming 
dry and papyraceous. The scaly bulb has the leaves rather 
short, thick, and imbricate; in the tunicated bulb the leaves 
are broad, cover the axis and inner leaves completely, or 
nearly so, and thus form concentric layers. If several small 
bulbs surround a common axis, and the whole is again in- 136 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS TUBERS. 
vested with fleshy or dry leaves, the compound bulb is pro- 
duced. Bulbous plants are monocotyledons. 
Histology.—The arrangement of the tissue in the tubers 
corresponds with that of the rhizome, while the scales of 
the bulbs have, like the leaves proper, more or less delicate 
fibro-vascular tissue (veins) imbedded in soft and fleshy 
parenchyme. 
Tubers.—Sect. 1. Of Dicotyledons. 
With resin cells in circles. Jalapa. 
Without resin cells; turnip-shaped, very acrid. Aconitum. 
Subglobose, yellowish, bitterish. Corydalis. 
Sect. 2. Of Monocotyledons. 
Ovate with a lateral groove; usually in reniform sec- 
tions ; bitter. Colchicum. 
Depressed globose, above with a zone of rootlets or their 
scars; acrid. Arum. 
Ovate or roundish; horny ; mucilaginous. Salep. 
Bulbs, all tunicated. 
Single ; globular ovate; mostly in sections of the scales; 
mucilaginous, bitter, acrid. Scilla. 
Compound ; mucilaginous, pungent, acrid. Allium. 
Classification. 
J A LAP A.—Jala p. 
Origin.—Ipomoe'a jalapa, NuttaU. Natural order, Con- 
volvulacese, Convolvuleae. 
Habitat.—Eastern Mexico. 
Description.—Jalap tubers are produced from the nodes 
of the thin rhizomes by the enlargement of the bases of the 
rootlets, and are either napiform, and 5 to 10 centimeters 
(2-4 inches) thick, or pyriform or oblong and thinner, but 
varying in size ; the larger ones incised, more or less wrinkled, 
bark brown, with lighter-colored warts and short transverse 
ridges, hard, compact, internally pale grayish-brown, scarcely 
radiate, but showing numerous concentric circles; fracture JALAPA—JALAP. 
137 
resinous, not fibrous; odor slightly smoky and sweetish ; 
taste sweetish and acrid. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenehyme, con- 
taining starch (which in the outer layers is pasty) and cal- 
cium oxalate. Bark thin, in the inner layer with a dense 
zone of resin cells. Vascular bundles small, distant, and 
indistinct; the concentric circles formed of resin cells, ar- 
ranged in wavy, narrow, or somewhat broader zones. 
Fig. 100, 
Fig. 101. 
Jalap tuber, small. 
Jalap.—Transverse section, natural size. 
PharmacopcdalEstimation.—“Onexhausting 100 parts of 
jalap with alcohol, concentrating the tincture to 40 parts, 
and pouring it into water, a precipitate of resin should be 
obtained which, when washed with water, and dried, should 
weigh not less than 12 parts, and of which not over 10 per 
cent, should be soluble in ether.” 
Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, etc., resin 7 to 15 or 22 
per cent.; about of the resin (soft, waxy matter ?) is 
soluble in ether, also in potassa, and reprecipitated by acids ; 
the remainder is the glucoside jalapurgin (convolvulin), 
which is soluble in alkalies and converted into 
jalapnrgic (convolvulinic) acid, soluble in water, and volatile 
methyl-ethyl-acetic acid. 
False Jalaps.—Tampico jalap, from Ipoince'a slmulans 
Hanbury. Irregularly globular, or elongated, deeply wrin- 138 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. 
kled, without transverse ridges or scars, yields 10 to 15 per 
cent, resin (tampicin), almost wholly soluble in ether. 
Fusiform (male or light) jalap, jalap stalks ; from Ipomoe'a 
orizabensis, Ledanois. Spindle-shaped, but mostly divided 
longitudinally and transversely, in sections or rectangular 
irregular and rather woody pieces ; the transverse section dis- 
tinctly radiate from thick porous wood-bundles. The resin, 
orizabin (jalapin), C34H56Oi6, is completely soluble in ether. 
Mechoacanna root, from Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Van- 
delli, and perhaps from other plants; in sections, light, 
whitish, mealy, contains little resin. 
Properties.—Diuretic, hydragogue, cathartic. Pose, 0.5 to 
1.5 grams (gr. viij-xx); of the resin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). 
ACONITI RADIX.—Aconite Root. 
Aeon i turn, U. 8. P. 
Origin.—Acomtum Napellus, Linne. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Hellebores. 
Habitat.—Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, and 
Northwestern North America. 
Characters.—Produced at the end of short, horizontal 
rhizomes; 15 to 20 millimeters (f—f inch) thick at the crown, 
conically contracted below, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, with scars or fragments of rootlets, topped with the 
remnants of an undeveloped bud, externally dark brown, 
wrinkled ; fracture short, amylaceous, or horny ; internally 
whitish or brownish; odor none (the fresh tuber radish- 
like) ; taste sweetish, soon acrid, producing a sensation of 
tingling and numbness, lasting for some time. 
Structure.—Bark thick; the inner layer composed of small 
cells, and separated from the outer layer by a nucleus sheath. 
Cambium about seven-rayed. Vascular bundles small, 
located at the termination, and at the base of the rays. 
Pith large-celled. The parenehyme contains starch. 
Constituents.—Resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, H3C6H306, ACONITI RADIX—ACONITE ROOT. 
139 
and about 0.07 per cent, of alkaloids, consisting of aconitine 
C34H47NOu, aconine, C26H41NOa, isaconitine, picraconitine, 
C32H45NO10, and a fourth alkaloid. Aconitine is crystalline, 
the others amorphous. These alkaloids and one or two amor- 
phous bases are contained in commercial aconitine. By heat- 
ing in sealed tubes with water aconitine is decomposed into 
benzoic acid and aconine, accompanied by the formation of 
isaconitine (benzoyl-aconine), which is non-poisonous. 
Fig. 102. 
Aconitum Napellus.—Tubers and transverse section. 
Properties.—Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 
to 0.12 gram (gr. j—ij), in tincture. Commercial aconitine, 
being of variable composition, is not adapted for internal 
use. 
Antidotes.—Emetic (mustard, ipecacuanha, zinc sulphate, 
apomorphine); friction of extremities; amyl nitrite inhala- 
tion ; atropine ; digitalis. 
Other Aconite Roots.—Aconltum Cammarum, Jacquin, 140 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS TUBERS. 
Europe; globular-ovate, about 15 millimeters (f inch) long, 
the rays of the pith about five in number, rather short and 
rounded. 
Acomtum Stoorkeanum, Reichenbach, Europe; slender 
conical, the pith roundish pentagonal. The tubers of this 
and the preceding species are sometimes found among com- 
mercial aconite root, and possess similar properties. 
Aconltum ferox, Wallich. Bikh or bish, Indian aconite. 
From 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, and 25 milli- 
meters (1 inch) or more in diameter above, conical, brown, 
internally whitish, mealy or horny, intensely acrid. The 
roots of the Ac. uncinatum, LinnS; Ac. luridum, Hooker 
filius et Thomsen, and perhaps others, are said to be col- 
lected with it. The constituents are similar to those of 
Ac. Napellus. 
Japanese and Chinese aconite, obtained from Ac. Fischeri, 
Reieli, Ac. japonicum, Thunberg, and others. The tubers 
are napiformor elongated, the pith circular, elliptic, or more 
or less five- to seven-rayed. Allied to the first species is Ac. 
columbifinum, Nuttall, of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra 
Nevada. The drug contains japaconitine, CggHggNgO^; 
very poisonous. 
Acomtum heterophyllum, Wallich, India ; conical or fusi- 
form, bitter, not acrid or poisonous. 
Acomtum Anthora, Linne, Europe; long, fusiform ; pith 
thin, with short and longer rays. 
Acomtum Lycoctonum, Linne, Europe and Northern Asia; 
oblique, several-headed rhizome with elongated conical root- 
lets, bitter. 
CORYDALIS.—Turkey Corn, Squirrel Corn. 
Origin.—Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle, s. Corydalis cana- 
densis, Goldie. Natural order, Papaveracese, Fumariese. 
Habitat.—Canada and mountains of United States, south to 
Kentucky. 
Description.—Depressed globose, about 6 millimeters (| inch) COLCHICI RADIX—COLCHICUM ROOT. 
141 
thick, with a scar on each of the depressed sides, somewhat 
wrinkled, otherwise smooth ; tawny-yellow, internally whitish or 
yellowish, fracture horny or rather mealy, inodorous, bitter. 
The rhizome of Dicentra eximia, De Candolle, s. Corydalis 
formosa, Pursh, is scaly. 
Constituents.—Acrid and tasteless resin, starch, mucilage, 
fumaric acid, and corydaline, which is very bitter in solution. 
Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams 
(gr. x-xxx), in powder or extract. 
COLCHICI RADIX.—Colchicum Root. 
Origin.—Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Natwal order, 
Liliacese, Colchicese. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. 
Description.---Developed from the base of the parent 
tuber, producing flowers in autumn, fruit in the following 
summer, and in the second year a new tuber, when it shrivels 
and disappears. About 25 to 40 millimeters (1 to \\ inches) 
loug, ovoid, flattish, and with a groove on one side; exter- 
nally brownish and wrinkled ; internally white and solid; 
often in transverse slices, reniform in shape, breaking with a 
short, mealy fracture; inodorous, taste sweetish, bitter, and 
somewhat acrid. 
Fig. 103. 
Colchium. — Transverse 
section. 
Tuber of Colchicum. 
Colchicura root breaking with a horny or very dark col- 
ored fracture should be rejected. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, con- 
taining starch and occasionally raphides; vascular bundles 
numerous, scattered ; nucleus sheath wanting. 142 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. 
Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, resin, fat, colchicine 
(about 0.5 per cent.). (See Colchici Semen.) 
Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and 
rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in pow- 
der, wine, fluid extract, or extract. 
Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump or emetics); tan- 
nin ; demulcents; stimulants. 
ARUM.—Indian Turnip, Dragon Root. 
Origin.—Arisse'ma (A'rum, Linne) triphyllum, Torrey. Natu- 
ral order, Aroidese, Arinese. 
Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. 
Description.—Developed from the end of short rhizomes. 
Depressed globular, 2 to 5 centimeters (|- to 2 inches) broad, 
above with a zone of numerous simple rootlets, the lower sur- 
face wrinkled; externally brown-gray, internally white, mealy 
Avith scattered wood-bundles; inodorous, taste burning, acrid. 
Constituents.—Starch, mucilage, sugar, fat, a volatile acrid 
principle, soluble in ether. According to R. A. Weber (1891) 
the acridity is due to raphides of calcium oxalate. 
European dragon-root, from A'rum maculatum, Linne; A. 
Draciinculus, Linne; and A. italicum, Lamarck. Oval or 
oblong, with radicles on the lower side, in commerce often 
peeled, and in white mealy sections; very acrid. 
Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant. 
Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, mixed with honey, 
externally in ointment. 
Origin.—Or'chis mascula, Linne, 0. Morio, Linne, and other 
species of Orchis. Natural order, Orchidese, Ophrideae. 
Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, in rich woods. 
Description.—Oblong or ovate, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or 
less long, deprived of the epidermal layer, and scalded, brown- 
yellow, hard, translucent, internally horny ; inodorous, taste in- 
sipid. The tissue contains scattered vascular bundles, paren- 
chyme with pasty starch, or occasionally with raphides, and large 
cells containing mucilage. The powder is pale grayish-yellow. 
The tubers of Or'chis latifolia, Linne, O. maculata, Linne, 
and others, closely resemble the preceding, but below are 
palmately divided (radix palmse Christi). 
SALEP.—Salep. SCILLA—SQUILL. 
143 
Fig. 104. 
Salep.—Tubers and transverse section. 
Constituents.—Starch 27, mucilage 48, sugar, proteids, and 
ash about 2 per cent. One part of powdered salep with 50 of 
boiling water yields, after cooling, a jelly. 
Properties.—Demulcent, nutritive. 
SCILLA.—Squill. 
Origin. — Urginea (Scilla, Linne), 
maritima, Baker. Natural order, Lili- 
acese, Scillese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterra- 
nean, near the sea. 
Description.—Bulb broadly ovate or 
pear-shaped, 10 to 15 centimeters (4-6 
inches) in diameter; in commerce usually 
the fleshy scales, rejecting the insipid 
inner ones; narrow segments about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long, and 3 milli- 
meters (-|- inch) thick, slightly trans- 
lucent, yellowish - white or reddish, 
brittle and pulverizable when dry, flex- 
ible and tough, horny on exposure to damp air ; inodorous; 
taste mucilaginous, bitter and acrid. 
Structure.—The thin-walled parenchyme contains muci- 
lage and numerous raphides, and is traversed by parallel 
vascular bundles, and small laticiferous ducts; the epidermis 
on both sides with stomata. 
Fig. 105. 
Scilla.—Bulb. 144 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BULBS. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, sinistrin, C6H10O5, (laevogyre; 
resembling dextrin; easily converted into sugar), sugar, 
crystals of calcium oxalate (cause irritation on handling 
squill); the active principles are scillipicrin (yellowish, 
hygroscopic, bitter, very soluble in water, acts upon the 
heart), scillitoxin (brown, bitter burning taste, soluble in 
alcohol, acts upon the heart), and scillin (crystalline, soluble 
in alcohol and boiling ether, produces numbness, vomiting, 
etc.) [Merck], Jamersted’s scillain is a yellowish glucoside, 
soluble in alcohol, poisonous, decomposed by hydrolysis into 
dextrose, butyric acid, and isopropyl alcohol. Ash about 3 
per cent. 
Properties.—Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, emetic, irri- 
tant. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 or 0.6 gram. (gr. ss-v-x), in powder, 
vinegar, syrup, or tincture. 
ALLIUM.—Garlic. 
Origin.—Al'lium sativum, LinnL Natural order, Lili- 
aceae, Alliese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe, cultivated. 
Description.—Bulb subglobular, compound, consisting of 
about eight compressed wedge-shaped bulblets, which are 
arranged in a circle around the base of the stem and covered 
by several dry membranaceous scales. It has a pungent, 
disagreeable odor, and a warm, acrid taste. It is used only 
in the fresh state. 
Hybrids of the above species with Al'lium Porrum, 
Linn#, and perhaps with other species of Allium, are 
frequently met with. 
Constituents.—Mucilage 35 per cent., albumin, volatile 
oil | per cent., consisting of oxide and sulphides of ally! 
(C3H5). 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmin- 
tic, irritant. 
Dose.—2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), as expressed juice or syrup. TWIGS AND WOODS—STIPITES ET LIGNA. 
145 
4.—TWIGS AND WOODS-STIPITES ET LIGNA. 
The twigs are the overground stems and branches of 
perennial herbaceous or suffruticose plants, deprived of 
leaves, flowers, and fruit; they consist of a woody column, 
enclosing a pith and covered by a green bark. The twigs 
of one plant only are now official. 
The medicinal woods are derived from dicotyledonous 
trees, and as used in pharmacy have the bark removed. 
Histology.—The woods consist principally of prosen- 
chyme, the elongated wood-fibres with tapering ends and 
thickened cell-walls (libriform), associated with ducts 
(tracheae), which, upon transverse section, appear as pores. 
With the exception of the annular and spiral ducts near the 
medullary sheaths, the ducts are mostly dotted. The wood 
of Coni ferae is destitute of ducts, and the wood-fibres on 
their lateral walls are marked with disks; they are dis- 
tinguished as tracheids. The wood encloses a pith com- 
posed of parenchyme, and is radially dissected by medullary 
rays, which, upon transverse section, appear as fine lines 
separating the narrow wood-wedges, upon radial section as 
broader bands, and upon tangential section as short vertical 
striae, which are narrowed at both ends. The medullary 
rays consist of parenchyme cells, somewhat elongated in the 
radial direction, forming either a single row, or broader 
rows of two or more cells, and vertically a layer of six or 
more cells. Parenchyme is also found scattered in some 
woods or accompanying the ducts and, extending laterally, 
sometimes forming more or less complete circles; its cells 
are vertically elongated and it is designated as wood paren- 
chyme. The wood-cells formed in the spring are larger, 
those formed toward the close of the season are thinner and 
more compact; the annual layers or circles of wood are 
thus plainly indicated by the abrupt transition from the 
growth of one year to that of the next. In woods from 146 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TWIGS. 
tropical countries the annual layers are less distinctly 
marked, and often cannot be recognized. The inner layer 
of wood, from deposits upon its cell-wells, is harder, denser, 
and frequently of a darker color than the outer layer; the 
former is called the heartwood or duramen, the latter is the 
sapwood, or alburnum. 
The structural characters of the dicotyledonous woods 
depend upon the vertical course of the wood-fibres, the 
width and thickness of the medullary rays, the size and 
distribution of the ducts, the presence or absence of the 
wood parenchyme, etc. 
Twigs; nodes alternate; cylindrical; taste bitter- 
sweet. 
Dulcamara. 
pentangular; taste bitter, nauseous. 
Scoparius (see 
Woods containing ducts. 
Annual layers distinct. 
Pale reddish-brown ; soft; aromatic. 
Herbs). 
Sassafras. 
Annual layers indistinct, or with irregular circles 
of wood-parencliyme. 
Bark present; yellowish-gray ; bitter. 
Gouania. 
Bark mostly absent; wood whitish, very bitter. 
Quassia. 
greenish-brown, heavy, taste somewhat acrid. 
Guaiacum. 
dark-red, ducts large; nearly tasteless, not 
Santalum 
coloring water. 
rubrum. 
dark-red, ducts fine; astringent and sweetish, 
tingeing water red. 
Haematoxylon. 
yellowish or whitish, ducts fine; on rubbing 
Santalum 
aromatic. 
album. 
Classification. 
DULCAMARA.—Bittersweet. 
Origin.—Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Natural order, 
Solanaceae, Solanese. 
Habitat. — Europe and Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—Cylindrical, somewhat angular; longitudi- 
nally striate, more or less warty; usually hollow in the SASSAFRAS LIGNUM (RADIX)—SASSAFRAS. 
147 
centre; about 6 millimeters inch) or less thick, cut into 
short sections; externally pale greenish or light greenish- 
brown, marked with alternate leaf-scars, 
and internally green, with a greenish or 
yellowish wood. Odor slight; taste bitter, 
afterward sweet. 
Structure. — Cork thin, gray-brown; 
bark thickish, composed of parenchyme, 
with few bast fibres, and with narrow 
medullary rays; wood in one or two 
circles with large ducts and numerous 
one-rowed medullary rays; pith promi- 
nent, but mostly hollow. The parenchyme contains minute 
starch grains and chlorophyll. 
Constituents.—Resin, gum, wax, starch, calcium lactate, 
an amorphous alkaloid (solaniue?), and the glucoside dul- 
camarin, C22H34O10 (0.4 per cent.), which is soluble in water 
and alcohol, yields frothing solutions, and has a bitter and 
sweet taste. 
Properties.—Deobstruent, alterative, resolvent, anodyne. 
Dose, 4 to 8 grams (3j-ij), in decoction, fluid extract, or 
extract. 
Fig. 106. 
Dulcamara.—Trans- 
verse section, magni- 
fied 3 diam. 
SASSAFRAS LIGNUM (RADIX).—Sassafras Wood 
(Root). 
Origin. — Sassafras varii folium (Salisbury), 0. Kuntze. 
Natural order, Laurinese, Litseaceae. 
Habitat.—North America, woods. 
Description.—In branching billets or logs, partly covered 
with bark, or in chips; pale brownish or reddish, coarse- 
grained, soft, with narrow medullary rays, large ducts, and 
oil cells scattered in the different tissues ; odor and taste 
aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, starch. 
Properties and Uses.—Like sassafras bark. 148 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. 
GOUANIA.—Chewstick. 
Origin.—Gouania domingensis, Linne. Natural order, Rham- 
nese, Gouaniese. 
Habitat.—West Indies. 
Description.—Pieces of stems about 12 millimeters (I inch) 
thick; externally brownish-gray; wrinkled; internally yellow- 
Fig. 107. 
Gouania.—Transverse section. 
ish-gray ; fracture fibrous ; bark thin ; wood porous; medullary 
rays fine; the parenchyme contains many cells with crystals ; 
inodorous, taste bitter. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle. 
Properties.—Ton ic. 
Origin. — Picrae'na (Simaruba, J)e Candolle, Quassia, 
Swartz) excelsa, Lindley. Natural order, Siraarubeae, 
Picraranieae. 
Habitat.—Jamaica. 
Description.—Various sized billets, sometimes 30 centi- 
meters (12 inches) thick, dense, tough, of medium hardness, 
freed from the thick tough bark, internally porous, yellowish- 
white, radially striate and marked with irregular circles; in the 
shops usually in raspings or chips; inodorous, intensely bitter. 
Structure.—Ducts large, mostly in small groups; medul- 
lary rays of about three rows of cells; circular zones of 
wood parenchyme distinct in layers of 4 to 6 elongated 
cells containing a single crystal of calcium oxalate ; central 
QUASSIA.—Quassia. GUAIACI LIGNUM—GUAIACUM WOOD. 
149 
pith thin. Externally and internally occasionally with 
blackish patches or lines from the mycelium of a fungus. 
Surinam quassia, from Quassia amara, Linne, is in much 
thinner billets, has a thin, brittle bark, smaller ducts, nar- 
rower zones of wood parenchyme in layers of 2 or 3 cells, 
and indistinct medullary rays of mostly one cell in width. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, resin, alkaloid (? fluor- 
escent in acidulated alcoholic solution), picrasmin (a mix- 
ture of crystalline compounds, homologous with the quassin, 
C32II40O10, of Surinam quassia; these principles are very bit- 
ter, are soluble in chloroform, in alcohol, and in water, and 
are precipitated by tannin). The wood is free from tannin 
and yields 7 to 8 (Surinam quassia 3 to 4) per cent, of ash. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv-Sj), in infusion, tincture, or extract. 
GUAIACI LIGNUM.—Guaiacum Wood. 
Origin.—Gualacum officinale, Linne, and Gualacum sanc- 
tum, Limit. Natural order, Zygophyllese. 
Habitat.—West Indies and Northern South America. 
Description.—In billets and logs, with a yellowish albur- 
num ; heavier than water, hard, brown or greenish-brown, 
resinous, internally marked with irregular concentric circles; 
splitting very irregular, wavy and splintery; when heated 
emitting a balsamic odor; taste slightly acrid. 
Used in the form of raspings, which should be greenish- 
brown, contain few particles of a whitish color, and on the 
addition of nitric acid acquire a dark blue-green color. The 
alcoholic tincture turns blue with ferric chloride. 
Structure.—The predominating tissue consists of wavy 
interwoven wood-fibres, with numerous one-rowed medul- 
lary rays, large single ducts and narrow lines of wood pareu- 
chyme in one or two rows, arranged in irregular and inter- 
rupted circles. All cells contain resin. 
Constituents.—Resin 20 to 25 per cent, (see Guaiaci resina) ; 150 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —WOODS. 
extractive, soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent., ash less than 1 
per cent. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
(3ss-ij), in decoction. 
SANT ALUM RUBRUM.—Red Saunders. 
Origin. — Pterocarpus santalmus, Linne jilius. Natural 
order, Leguminosse, Papiliouacese, Dalbergiese. 
Habitat.—Madras ; cultivated. 
Description.—In billets deprived of light-colored sap- 
wood, heavy, hard ; splitting coarsely splintery ; externally 
dark red-brown; the fresh transverse section deep red 
marked with lighter red indistinct radiating lines and dis- 
tinct irregular concentric circles; inodorous and very 
slightly astringent; on maceration in water does not color 
it. Used in the form of chips or of an irregular powder, 
of a deep brown-red or purplish-red color. 
Structure.—Ducts large ; medullary rays one-rowed ; wood 
parenchyme in about four rows, forming interrupted irregu- 
lar circles. The cells contain red resinous coloring matter, 
the parenchyme also crystals of calcium oxalate. 
Constituents.—Santalin, C15H]405 (red needles, soluble in 
ether with a yellow, and in alkalies with a violet color); 
santal, C8H603 (colorless scales, in alcoholic solution deep 
red by Fe2Cl3); pterocarpin, C20H16O6, and homopterocarpin, 
C24H2406 (colorless crystals, the latter soluble in cold CS2; 
fused with HKO yields phloroglucin). 
Used for coloring tinctures. 
HiEMATOXYLON.—Logwood. 
Origin.—Hsematoxylon campechianum, LinnL Natural 
order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Eucaesalpiniese. 
Habitat. — Central America, naturalized in the West 
Indies. 
Description.—In logs; heavy, hard, splitting irregularly, 151 
SANTALUM ALBUM—SANDALWOOD. 
externally, dull orange to blackish-purple, often with a 
green metallic lustre; fracture coarse splintery; internally 
brown-red, finely porous, marked with irregular concentric 
circles and numerous delicate radiating lines; odor faint, 
agreeable; taste sweetish, astringent; colors the saliva dark 
pink. Used in the form of small chips or coarse powder 
of a dark brown-red color, often with a greenish lustre. 
Structure.—Ducts rather large, often in groups of two; 
medullary rays about two-rowed ; wood parenchyme in 
broader wavy circular lines. The coloring matter is de- 
posited mainly in the wood-fibres and ducts. 
Constituents.—Hsematoxylin, C16II1406, colorless, sweet, 
soluble in water and alcohol, turning red in sunlight, 
purplish by alkalies; fused with potassa yields pyrogallol. 
Hsematein, C16H1206, is a product of oxidation of the 
former, has a green metallic lustre, and is soluble in alka- 
lies with a blue color. Also tannin, fat, resin, trace of 
volatile oil. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), 
in decoction or extract. 
SANTALUM ALBUM.—Sandalwood. 
Origin.—1. Santalum album, Linne; 2. S. Yasi, See- 
mann, and other species. Natural order, Santalacese, 
Osyridese. 
Habitat.—\. Southern India; 2. Fijee Islands; other 
species in Australia, the Sandwich Islands, etc. 
Description.—Malabar sandalwood is in billets, or logs, 
10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick, splitting readily, 
heavy, hard, yellowish, brownish or whitish, marked with 
darker circles; odor when rubbed aromatic, somewhat 
musk-like ; taste aromatic. 
Structure.—Ducts of moderate size, single; wood paren- 
ehyme narrow, contains volatile oil or calcium oxalate; 
medullary rays very narrow, in one or two rows. 152 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
Macassar sandalwood resembles the preceding in all essen- 
tial characters ; but on treating sections with tincture of 
iodine the oil is colored black. 
West Indian sandalwood resembles the former in color, but 
not in structure; the ducts are in radial rows of two to ten ; 
no essential oil is present in the wood, but numerous oil cells 
are scattered in the bast layer of the bark. 
Constituents.—Resin, tannin, volatile oil 1-4 per cent.; 
the latter is yellow, thick ; sp. grav. 0.96 ; readily soluble in 
alcohol while fresh, strongly aromatic, but varying some- 
what with its origin. 
Properties.—The volatile oil stimulant, sudorific, used in 
gonorrhoea in doses of 0.5 to 1 or 1.5 grams (gr. viij-xv- 
xxij), also in perfumery; the wood for fancy articles. 
5. BARKS.—CORTICES. 
Barks constitute the outer layer of dicotyledonous stems 
and roots, separated from the wood by the cambium layer, 
and are collected mostly from the trunk or stem and its 
larger branches, in a few cases from the root. The outer 
surface of the stem bark is not unfrequently beset with 
larger or smaller patches of lichens; the inner surface, 
immediately after the removal of the bark from the wood, 
is mostly whitish or light-colored and smooth, but darkens 
more or less on drying, and often becomes rough or rigid 
in consequence of the unequal shrinkage of different parts 
of the tissue. 
Histology.—The bark consists originally of two layers, 
the outer bark, wholly composed of parenchyme, containing 
chlorophyll; and the inner bark, bast or liber, which is 
composed of vertically elongated bast parenchyme and of 
bast prosenchyme or liber fibres, and this tissue is radially 
dissected by medullary rays, formed of radially elongated BARKS—CORTICES. 
153 
parenchyme. The pharmacopoeial root barks are destitute 
of liber fibres. The epidermis is present only in very young 
barks; its place is soon taken by the primary cork, which is 
frequently present in wart-like projections, or in longitudinal 
or transverse ridges, and is composed of tangentially flattened 
cells. The secondary cork, composed of similar cells, pene- 
trates in layers or bands into the outer or inner bark, and 
the exterior tissue cracks off in layers or falls away by 
decay. The tissues which may be present in barks are: 1, 
the epiphlceum or exophlceum, formed by the primary cork; 
2, the mesophlceum, primary or outer bark, also sometimes 
called middle bark; or these two layers may have been 
thrown off, so that the external layer is formed by, 3, the 
rhytidoma, or secondary cork; 4, the endophloeum or liber. 
The term periderm is often used to designate the external 
corky layer, whether it be epiphlceum or rhytidoma, but is by 
some authors confined to the latter. The parenchyme of 
some barks contains cells in which volatile oil, resin, muci- 
lage, or crystals are found; and others in which the cell- 
walls become considerably thickened and indurated, pro- 
ducing the gritty cells or stone cells or sclerenchyme. 
Aside from the natural color of the tissue, the appearance 
of the outer surface of the medicinal barks depends upon the 
presence or absence of lichens, epiphlceum, mesophlceum, 
and rhytidoma, and the appearance of the inner surface 
upon the degree of shrinkage in drying of the medullary 
rays and bast parenchyme. The breadth of the medullary 
rays on the one hand, and the radial or lateral arrangement 
of the bast cells on the other hand, cause the radial, lateral 
(tangential), or checkered markings upon the transverse sec- 
tion of the inner bark. 
Sect. 1. Taste bitter and astringent. 
Bast fibres with a minute cavity, single, in short 
radial lines or small groups. Cinchona. 
Classification. 154 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —BARKS. 
Bast fibres with larger cavity, in close radial lines; 
copper-colored. 
Bast indistinctly tangentially striate; cork re- 
Remijia. 
moved; fracture granular. 
Nectandra. 
Bast radially striate, pale red ; periderm brown. 
Bast radially striate, cinnamon-colored; periderm 
Cornus florida. 
brown-gray; bark thin. 
Cornus circinata 
Bast radially striate, pale brown; periderm pur- 
plish-brown ; bark thin. 
Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm purplish- 
Cornus sericea. 
brown. 
Liriodendron. 
Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm gray or 
brownish. 
Magnolia. 
Bast radially striate, yellowish; periderm grayish, 
dotted. 
Prinos. 
Bast radially striate, rust-brown; periderm green- 
Prunus virgini- 
brown. 
ana. 
Bast layers tangential, checkered, yellow, exfoliat- 
ing. 
Berberis. 
Bast layers tangential, checkered, pale cinnamon- 
colored. 
Salix. 
Bast layers tangential, pale cinnamon-colored; 
periderm ash-gray, exfoliating. 
Bast layers tangentially arranged, pale brownish; 
Hamamelis. 
periderm ash-gray ; separating in layers. 
Viburnum opulus. 
Bast indistinctly striate, whitish; periderm pur- 
Viburnum 
plish or grayish-brown. 
prunifolium. 
Sect. 2. Taste astringent. 
Bast checkered, pale brown ; inner surface ridged ; 
saliva not tinged. 
Quercus alba. 
Bast checkered, pale brown; inner surface ridged ; 
saliva tinged yellow. 
Bast tangentially striate; periderm blackish ; inner 
Quercus nigra. 
surface smooth, brownish ; tough. 
Bast scarcely striate, yellowish; inner surface 
Rubus. 
smooth ; fracture short. 
Granatum. 
Sect. 3. Taste bitter, not aromatic. 
Bast radially striate, whitish ; inner surface smooth ; 
fracture splintery. 
Fraxinus. 
Bast radially striate, pale brownish; bark tough. 
Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm blackish; 
Simaruba. 
bark tough. 
Quassia excelsa. BARKS—CORTICES, 
155 
Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm gray; bark 
brittle. 
Quassia amara. 
Bast radially striate, grayish, dotted; slightly 
acrid. 
Condurango. 
Bast scarcely striate, brownish-yellow; periderm 
dark gray. 
Frangula. 
Bast scarcely striate, yellowish ; periderm gray and 
Rhamnus 
whitish. 
Purshiana. 
Bast somewhat checkered; internally with blue- 
green patches; odor opium-like. 
Piscidia. 
Bast checkered, brown and white; cork removed ; 
inner surface striate. 
J uglans. 
Bast yellowish-brown, dotted; outer bark in undu- 
lated layers. 
Aspidosperma. 
Bast tangentially striate, yellowish; cork rust- 
brown, tasteless. 
Azedarach. 
Sect. 4. Taste acrid or pungent. 
Slender prickles in transverse rows. 
Aralia spinosa. 
Brown-gray, inner surface whitish ; fracture short; 
Xanthoxylum 
spines brown, two-edged. 
Americanum. 
Brown-gray, inner surface whitish ; fracture short; 
Xanthoxylum 
spines brown, stout, upon a thick, corky base. 
Clava-Herculis. 
Beddish-brown, with thin grayish cork; fracture 
short. 
Myrica. 
Red-brown; internally with brown-yellow spots; 
brittle. 
Erythrophlceum. 
Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish ; periderm 
greenish, glossy. 
Mezereum. 
Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish ; periderm 
reddish ; taste slightly acrid. 
Gossypium. 
Bast tangentially striate, tough, with yellow dots; 
cinnamon-brown; aromatic, pungent. 
Goto. 
Bast tangentially striate, whitish; periderm gray 
and blackish, scaly; taste slightly acrid and 
bitter. 
Euonymus. 
Bast checkered, white or whitish ; cork removed ; 
sternutatory. 
Quillaia. 
Sect. 5. Mucilaginous. 
Bast checkered, whitish or brownish; cork re- 
moved. 
Ulmus. 
Sect. 6. Aromatic (some also bitter) with oil or resin 
cells. 156 
CELLUEAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
Astringent; compound quills; papery, outer sur- Cinnamomum 
face lightest. Zeylanicum. 
Astringent; curved or quilled; both surfaces cinna- Cinnamomum 
mon-brown. cassia. 
Astringent; curved or quilled; outer surface gray- Cinnamomum 
brown, rough; inner surface cinnamon-brown. Saigonicum. 
Astringent; flattish fragments, rust-brown; frac- 
ture corky. Sassafras. 
Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish and reddish, 
with white scars; bast white. Canella. 
Bitterish, pungent; periderm brown, with dark- 
brown scars ; bast brown. Cinnamodendron. 
Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish or brown; 
inner surface ridged; contains tannin. Wintera. 
Very bitter; reddish-brown; in outer bark white 
striae. Angustura. 
Very bitter; periderm white, fissured; inner sur- 
face brown. Cascarilla. 
CINCHONA.—Cinchona, Peruvian Bark. 
Origin.—Between 30 and 36 species of cinchona are 
usually recognized, of which number about one-half furnish 
commercial cinchona bark. O. Kuntze regards most of 
these as hybrids or as varieties, and recognizes only four 
typical species. Those recognized by the pharmacopoeias 
are mentioned below. 
Natural order, Rubiaceae, Cinchonese. 
Habitat.—South America, commencing at 19° S. lat., on 
the eastern slope of the central chain of the Andes, north- 
ward to 2° S. lat., where a second belt commences on the 
eastern slope of the western chain ; thence spreading north- 
ward into Colombia to 10° N. lat. The valuable species 
grow at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 meters (5300 to 8000 
feet), Cinch, succirubra at 700 metres (2300 feet). Other 
species of little or no value are found up to 3500 meters 
(11,600 feet), and down to 100 metres (330 feet). The cli- 
mate where the best species grow has a mean temperature 
of 12° to 13° C. (55° F.), and is damp and foggy through- 
out the greater part of the year. CINCHONA PERUVIAN BARK. 
157 
Cinchonas are now extensively cultivated in Japan, India 
(Neilgherry and Himalaya Mountains), Jamaica (Blue Moun- 
tains), and other countries; to a limited extent also in South 
America, Central America, and Western Africa. Nearly all 
the commercial bark is obtained from cultivated trees. 
Structural Characteristics.—'The bast fibres are short, 
about 1 millimeter (inch) long, rather fusiform, obtusely 
Fig. 108. 
Fig. 109. 
Calisaya bark.—Radial longitudinal section, 
showing bast fibres, bast parenchyme, and 
medullary rays. 
Cinchona lancifolia.— 
Transverse section, mag- 
nified 30 diam., showing 
numerous stone cells in 
outer bark and outer bast 
layer; bast cells in in- 
terrupted radial lines. 
pointed, unbranched, have very much thickened cell-walls 
and a minute cavity, and are quite brittle. They are im- 
bedded in the bast parenchyme, either singly, or in short 158 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
radial lines, composed of one or two rows, or in irregular 
groups of 2, 3, or sometimes 6 or 8 cells. The bast rays 
Fig. 110. 
Cinchona micrantha.—Transverse section, magnified 40 diam.; few stone cells in 
outer bark ; bast fibres single and in groups. 
contain also incomplete fibres or staff cells, which are elon- 
gated and thick-walled. The primary bark of some species 
contains somewhat elongated unbranched laticiferous ducts 
(vessels, lacunae) and thick-walled stone cells containing CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 
159 
resin or crystals, which are also occasionally found in the 
medullary rays. The formation of secondary cork bands, 
penetrating deeply into the interior, causes the absence of 
these ducts and stone cells in the older trunk bark of some 
species. The cork cells are thin-walled. 
The structure of cultivated cinchona is to some ex- 
tent modified by the process of mossing, and in renewed 
bark. 
Official Cinchona Barks. — The bark of any species of 
cinchona is admitted for medicinal use if containing at least 
5 per cent, of total alkaloids, at least one-half of which 
should be quinine (U. S. Phar.). 
The Brit. Phar. admits all cinchona barks for the prepara- 
tion of the alkaloids, but requires for all galenical prepara- 
tions cultivated red bark—containing between 5 and 6 per 
cent, of alkaloids—of which not less than half shall consist 
of quinine and ciuchonidine. 
The German Phar. directs trunk and branch bark of culti- 
vated cinchonas, preferably C. succirubra, containing at least 
5 per cent, of alkaloids. 
The French Codex requires pale (Loxa or Huanuco) 
bark to contain at least 1.5 per cent, of alkaloids; yellow 
(Calisaya) bark to yield at least 2.5 per cent, of crystal- 
lized quinine sulphate, and red bark to give not less than 
2 per cent, of quinine sulphate, and 3 per cent, of total 
sulphates. 
Desci'iption.—Cultivated cinchona bark is seen in com- 
merce in the form of quills or curved pieces, about 10 centi- 
meters (4 inches) or more in length, the thickness of the 
bark being usually about 2 or 3 millimeters (y or * inch); 
occasionally 5 or 6 millimeters or \ inch). The outer sur- 
face consists of whitish or brown-gray cork, and is more or 
less rough from scattered, or in older bark more numerous, 
warts frequently forming longitudinal lines in C. succirubra, 
from shallow longitudinal furrows and ridges, and from 160 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
short transverse, sometimes also longitudinal fissures (met 
with chiefly in 0. Calisaya and C. officinalis). The inner 
surface is of a more or less deep cinnamon-brown, or in 
thick succi rubra bark of a dark reddish-brown color, and is 
finely, or in older bark more coarsely, striate; the fracture is 
short and granular in the outer layer, and finely fibrous, but 
never splintery, in the inner layer; the powder is cinnamon- 
brown, or from succirubra bark reddish-brown in color; 
odor slight, sometimes aromatic; taste bitter and distinctly 
astringent. 
These barks contain in their inner layer the characteristic 
bast fibres described above, and these are seen in the thin 
quills, mostly single and arranged in interrupted radial lines; 
the arrangement in bark from old wood is described below; 
the tissue is never in concentric layers. 
On heating about 0.1 gram (1| grains) of the powdered 
bark in a dry test-tube, a tarry distillate of a red color is 
obtained (Grahe’s test). 
Classification of the Most Important Cinchona Barks. 
1. Bast fibres single, sometimes in groups of 2 or rarely more, medium 
sized. 
C. 
Calisaya. Laticiferous ducts in young bark; no or very few stone 
(resin) cells; old bark with prominent secondary cork; medullary 
rays narrow. 
2. Bast fibres single, or oftener in groups, not in distinct radial lines. 
C. 
micrantha. No laticiferous ducts; stone cells few or none; bast 
fibres medium, in groups of two or three, in older barks of five to 
eight; medullary rays narrow. 
3. Bast fibres in interrupted, single or double radial lines. 
C. 
suecirubra. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row, in old bark often filled 
with cells; stone cells none; bast and medullary rays narrow; bast 
fibres medium, in lines of two to five, occasionally eight. 
C. 
officinalis. Laticiferous ducts thin, some obliterated; stone cells 
none or very few ; bast fibres medium, in irregular lines of two to 
four; medullary rays narrow. 
C. 
lancifolia. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells many; bast fibres 
medium, in single or double lines of two to four, with some incom- 
plete fibres; medullary rays large-celled. CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 
161 
4. Bast fibres in nearly uninterrupted radial lines. 
C. scrobiculata. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows; stone cells and bast 
fibres numerous ; medullary rays large-celled. 
The following cinchona barks were formerly shipped from 
South America in large quantities; the two or three varieties 
first described below are still recognized by several pharma- 
copoeias. 
Calisaya bark, or yellow cinchona, the bark of the trunk of 
Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell (U. S. P. 1880), from Northeast- 
ern Bolivia and Southeastern Peru, growing at an altitude of 
1500-1800 meters (5000-6000 feet). In quills or fiat pieces, 
varying in size; bark 2 or 3 millimeters (y or | inch) thick, 
externally gray with fissures forming nearly square meshes 
with raised edges, internally yellowish, cinnamon-colored; 
inner surface nearly smooth; fracture granular and short- 
fibrous ; the fiat pieces from 4 to 10 millimeters to § inch) in 
thickness; almost completely deprived of the brown corky 
Fig. 111. 
Fig. 112. 
Cinch. Calisaya, showing digital furrow 
and short fibrous fracture. 
Cinch, scrobiculata. 
layer; compact; of a tawny-yellow color; outer surface marked 
with shallow conchoidal depressions (digital furrows) and inter- 
vening, rather sharp ridges; inner surface closely and finely 
striate; transverse fracture showing numerous, very short, 162 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
and rigid, glistening fibres. Powder light cinnamon-brown, 
slightly aromatic, and persistently bitter. The young bark 
contains a layer of primary cork, no stone cells, and near the 
Fig. 113. 
Calisaya bark, magnified 30 diam., quilled, with primary cork and near the bast 
rays with laticiferous ducts. 
bast rays one or two circles of large laticiferous ducts. The 
flat bark consists of liber only, has the bast fibres singly or 
sometimes in pairs, arranged in radial lines, and contains bands 
of secondary cork. 
Calisaya bark was sometimes confounded with other cinchona 
barks of a similar color, but having the bast fibres in bundles 
Fig. 114. 
Fig. 115. 
Flat, inner layer; with narrow 
medullary rays and single bast 
fibres in radial lines. 
Flat, outer layer; with bands of 
secondary cork and distant bast 
fibres. 
or radial rows, and breaking with a splintery or coarsely fibrous 
fracture (Cinch, scrobiculata and C. lancifolia). 
Red Cinchona from Cinchona succirubra, Pavon, indigenous CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 
163 
to Ecuador, west of Chimborazo, at an altitude of 700-1500 meters 
(2300-5000 feet). Incurved pieces or quills, varying in length 
and width, and from 2 to 12 millimeters (y to \ inch) thick ; 
compact; of deep brown-red color; outer surface covered with 
numerous suberous warts, and in the older bark with ridges, or 
longitudinally and somewhat transversely fissured ; inner surface 
rather coarsely striate, brick-red or deep reddish-brown ; trans- 
verse fracture short-fibrous; powder deep brown-red, slightly 
odorous, astringent, and bitter. It should not be confounded with 
other barks having an orange-red color and breaking with a coarse 
splintery fracture. The tissue contains no stone cells; the large 
laticiferous ducts are frequently present in old bark and often 
filled with cells; the bast fibres are placed 
in interrupted lines of two to about eight. 
Loxa bark or crown bark, chiefly from 
C. officinalis, Hooker. Thin single or dou- 
ble quills; periderm brown or gray-brown, 
more or less fissured transversely, otherwise 
smooth ; liber vellowish-brown or reddish- 
brown ; fracture slightly fibrous in inner 
layer; powder pale brown. 
Pitaya bark, from C. Pitayensis, Weddell. 
Periderm smooth ; ochre-colored, with cir- 
cular scars ; liber reddish cinnamon-brown ; 
fracture short splintery; powder bright 
brown-yellow. 
Cusco bark, from C. pubescens, Vcchl. 
Periderm pale brown-yellow, warty, some- 
times whitish ; liber cinnamon-colored, with 
a coarse splintery fracture. 
Carthagena bark, from C. lancifolia, 
Midis, and C. cordifolia, Midis. Quills 
and half-quills ; periderm whitish, ochre- 
colored or yellowish-brown, soft; inner 
surface cinnamon-brown, with orange or 
reddish tint; inner fracture fibrous. 
Lima or Huanuco bark, from C. peru- 
viana, Howard, C. nitida, Ruiz et Pavon, 
C. micrantha, R. & P., and other species. 
Quills and half-quills, varying according 
to the origin. 
Huamalies bark, from C. micrantha, 
Ruiz et Pavon, C. Glandulifera, R. & P., O. purpurea, R. P., 
and other species. Quills and half-quills, varying according 
to origin. 
Fig. 116. 
Cinchona succirubra. 
—Transverse section, 
magnified 30 diam. 164 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
Jaen bark or false Loxa bark, from C. Humboldtiana, Lam- 
bert. Inferior. 
Cinchona Pahudiana, Howard, formerly cultivated in Java. 
Bark of handsome appearance, but inferior. 
Spurious Cinchona Barks.—From different species of Laden- 
bergia, Exostemma, Nauclea, etc. The liber layer is more or 
less distinctly radially striate or checkered, and contains bast 
fibres with large cavity, variously arranged. Occasionally a 
bast fibre like those of the cinchonas is observed. These are 
rarely, if ever, seen in commerce at the present time. 
Constituents.—Kinic (quinic) acid, C7H1206 (5 to 7 per 
cent., yields kinone, C6H402, with sulphuric acid and man- 
ganese binoxide); kinovic (quinovic) acid, C32H4806 (taste- 
less) ; kinovin (quinovin), C30H48O8 (bitter; yields kinovic 
acid and mannitan); cinchotannic acid (usually 2 to 4 per 
cent.); cinchona red (derivative of the preceding); volatile 
oil (minute quantity), gum, sugar, wax, ash (2-3 per cent.). 
The most important constituents are the following five 
alkaloids: quinine and quinidine (conquinine), 
cinchonine and cinchonidine, ClflIT22N20 (older formula, 
C20H24N2O); quinamine, C19H22N202. Their properties are 
as follows: 
Alkaloids. 
Rotation. 
Soluble in parts of 
Water. Alcohol. Ether. 
Cl and NH3 
Cl, KCfo, 
and NH3 
Quinine 
left 
1670 
6 
26 
green 
dark red 
Quinidine 
right 
2000 
26 
30 
green 
dark red 
Cinchonine 
right 
3740 
133 
370 
not gr. 
not red 
Cinchonidine 
left 
1680 
20 
188 
not gr. 
not red 
Quinamine 
right 
1520 
110 
55 
not gr. 
not red 
A large number of allied alkaloids have been obtained, 
some of which are known to be produced under the influ- 
ence of heat or of reagents : 
Isomeric with quinine are quinidine and quinicine. 
Isomeric with quinamine are conquinamine, quinamidine, 
quinamicine. 
Isomeric with cinchonine are cinchonidine, cinchonicine, REMIJIA CUPREA BARK. 
165 
homocinchonine, homocinchonidine, homocinchonicine, and 
apoquinamine. 
In the preparation of the cinchona alkaloids a mother- 
liquor is obtained yielding a brown amorphous body known 
as chinoidine (quinoidine), which is usually a mixture of 
dieinchonicine (= 2C19H22N20), and diconquinine 
(diquinidine), C40H46N4O3 (= 2C20H24N2O2—H20); the latter 
gives the chlorine water and ammonia the green thalleioquin 
color. 
Other alkaloids obtained from varieties of cinchona barks 
are paricine, C16H18N20, in red bark; cuseonine and aricine, 
C23H26N204, in Cusco bark; pay tine, C21H24N20, in Payta 
bark. 
Properties. — Astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, febrifuge. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-.3j), in powder, fluid extract, 
extract, or the salts of the alkaloids. 
REMIJIA.—Cuprea Bark. 
Origin. — Remfjia pedunculata, Triana. Natural order, 
Rubiaceae, Cinchoneae. 
Habitat.—Colombia, central part, at an altitude of 1000 to 
2000 meters (3300 to 6600 feet). 
Description.—Flat or curved pieces, about 3 to 6 millimeters 
(1 to \ inch) thick, rarely in quills, mostly deprived of the warty 
and furrowed brownish cork, otherwise of a characteristic dull 
copper-red color; the inner surface striate; hard, fracture 
coarsely granular and splintery; odor slight; taste bitter, 
somewhat astringent. The cork cells are thick-walled; the 
primary bark contains a few laticiferous ducts ; the bast fibres, 
Avith rather large cavities and obtuse ends, are in close radial 
lines, most numerous in the outer bast layer; numerous stone 
cells are found in the primary bark and the bast layer. Cuprea 
bark, powdered and heated in a dry test-tube, yields a tarry 
distillate of a red color (Grahe’s test). 
Constituents.—Quinine, 2 to 3 per cent., quinidine and cin- 
chonine, also kinovin, but no cinchonidine. Quinine exists in 
part as homoquinine, which is a compound of quinine with 
cupreine, Ci9H22N202; the latter dissolves with difficulty in 
ether and chloroform, is colored red-brown by ferric chloride, 166 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
and green by chlorine and ammonia, and may be converted 
into quinine by treatment with methyl chloride. 
Remijia Purdieana, Weddell, which is also a native of Colom- 
bia, yields a bark of a yellowish-brown color, covered with a 
brown-gray cork, and containing radial rows of thin bast fibres 
with rather large cavities, and scattered stone cells in the 
primary bark, but none in the bast layers. It does not respond 
to Grahe’s test, and contains the alkaloids cinchonamine, 
concusconine, chairamine, conchairamine, chairamidine, and 
conchairamidine. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Cuprea bark has been used 
for the manufacture of quinine. 
NECTANDRA.—Bebeeru. Greenheart Bark. 
Origin.—Nectandra Rodise'i, Schomburgk. Natural order, 
Laurinese, Perseacese. 
Hah itat.—Gu i an a. 
Description.—Flat pieces, 6 millimeters (1 inch) or less 
thick; outer surface gray-brown, with numerous longitudinal 
depressions; inner surface cinnamon-colored, coarsely striate; 
fracture granular from the numerous stone cells, in the liber 
somewhat tangentially striate ; inodorous ; taste astringent and 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Bebirine, CI8H21N03, identical with buxine and 
pelosine, white, soluble in ether; sipirine, red-brown, amorphous, 
insoluble in ether. 
Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, antiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams mostly the alkaloid, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. j-x). 
CORNUS.—Dogwood. 
Origin.—Cornus florida, Linne. Natural order, Cornacese. 
Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Texas, 
in woods. 
Description.—The bark of the root is collected and is deprived 
of the furrowed brown-gray corky layer ; in curved pieces of 
various sizes, about 3 millimeters (i inch) thick; outer and 
inner surface pale reddish or light reddish-brown, striate; 
transverse and longitudinal fracture short, whitish, with brown- 
yellow stride of stone cells; inodorous; astringent and bitter. 
Constituents.—Cornin (cornic acid, silky needles, bitter, solu- 
ble in water and alcohol), tannin (3 per cent.), resin, gum, etc. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-gj), in decoction and fluid extract. 
The bark of Cornus circinata, L' Heritier, or round-leaved 
dogwood, is thin, quilled or curved; outer surface greenish or magnolia. 
167 
brownish-gray, with suberous warts or longitudinal lines; inner 
su rface ci nnamon-brown. 
The bark of Cornus serfcea, Linne, or swamp dogwood, is 
quilled, thin; outer surface purplish-brown or purplish-gray, 
with few suberous warts; inner surface cinnamon-brown. 
These barks agree Avith that of Cornus florida in taste, con- 
stituents, and properties. 
Origin.—Liriodendron Tulipffera. Linne. Natural order, 
Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. 
Habitat.—United States, westward to Eastern Kansas, in 
woodlands; also in China. 
Description.—The bark of the branches is collected. Quills 
or curved pieces, about 2 millimeters inch) thick; outer 
surface purplish-brown or blackish-gray, with thin, often cleft 
ridges forming elongated meshes; internally whitish, smooth ; 
transverse fracture short, somewhat fibrous in the inner layer; 
nearly inodorous; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bit- 
ter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is 
whitish, fibrous, and less pungent. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, various resins (including 
liriodendrin), glucoside, tulipiferine (white tasteless alkaloid; 
heart tonic), tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 grams 
(3j-ij), m infusion or fluid extract. 
LIRIODENDRON.-—Tulip-tree Bark. 
MAGNOLIA.—Magnolia. 
Origin.—Magnolia glauca, Linne, M. acuminata, Linne, and 
M. tripetala, Linne. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. 
Habitat.—Middle and Southern United States. 
Description.—Thin quills or curved pieces; periderm orange- 
brown, glossy, or light gray, with scattered warts, somewhat 
fissured; inner surface whitish or brownish, smooth ; fracture 
in inner layer somewhat fibrous; inodorous; taste somewhat 
astringent, pungent, and bitter. The bark of old wood de- 
prived of the corky layer is whitish or pale brownish, fibrous, 
and less pungent. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resins, a tasteless crystalline 
glucoside, tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Magnolin is a 
crystalline principle of the fruit of M. tripetala, having an irri- 
tating taste, or when pure tasteless, insoluble in water, soluble 
in most simple solvents and in alkalies. The identity of the 
crystalline principles in the bark and fruit of the different 
species has not been demonstrated. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j), in decoction. 
PRINOS.—Black Alder, Winterberry. 
Origin. — Flex verticillata, Gray, s. Prmos verticillatus, 
Linne. Natural order, Ilicinese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, in swampy 
thickets. 
Description. — Thin slender fragments, about 1 millimeter 
inch) thick, fragile; outer surface brownish ash-colored, 
with whitish patches and blackish dots and lines, the corky 
layer easily separating from the green tissue; inner surface pale 
greenish or yellowish; fracture short, tangentially striate; 
nearly inodorous, bitter, slightly astringent. 
Constituents.—Tannin, wax, fat, resin, chlorophyll, albumin, 
sugar, gum, starch, amorphous bitter principle, which is pre- 
cipitated by subacetate of lead; ash 4 to 5 per cent. 
Properties.—Astringent tonic, alterative, febrifuge. Dose, 2 
to 4 grams (3ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
PRUNUS VIRGINIANA.—Wild Cherry Bark. 
Origin.—The bark of Pruuus (Cerasus, Loiseleur) se- 
rotina, Ehrhart. Natural order, Rosace*, Prune*. 
Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and 
Louisiana; in woods. 
Description.—Curved pieces or irregular fragments, 2 
millimeters (y inch) or more thick; outer 
surface greenish-brown or vellowish-brown, 
smooth, and somewhat glossy ; if collected 
from old wood deprived of most of the 
corky layer, the outer surface rust-brown 
and uneven ; inner surface somewhat stri- 
ate or fissured, cinnamon-brown ; brittle ; 
fracture granular, radially striate ; trans- 
verse section shows groups of irregular 
stone-cells; after maceration in water, of 
a distinct bitter almond odor; taste as- 
tringent, aromatic, and bitter. 
It should be collected in autumn. The bark of the very 
large and of the very small branches is to be rejected. 
Fig.117. 
Prunus virginiana. BERBERIS BARBERRY BARK. 
169 
Constituents.—Tannin, gallic acid (?), bitter principle, 
resin, starch, amorphous principle (somewhat bitter, soluble 
in alcohol and not precipitated by ether), and a ferment 
which is not identical with emulsin (Power, 1887). The 
reaction in water of the two last-named principles generates 
hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almond. Collected in 
October, the bark yields 0.144 per cent. HCy, contains about 
3J per cent, of tannin, and yields a dark-colored infusion. 
The bitter taste is partly due to a glucoside, crystallizing in 
colorless needles, soluble in ether, and showing blue fluores- 
cence in aqueous and alkaline solution. 
Properties.—Tonic, sedative, pectoral. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j), in infusion, syrup, or fluid extract. 
BERBERIS.—Barberry Bark 
Cortex radicis berberidis. 
Origin.—Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Berberi- 
dacese, Berberese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—Thin fragments ; periderm yellowish gray, soft; 
inner surface smooth, orange-yellow; fracture short, bright yellow; 
separable in laminae; inodorous; taste bitter, not astringent, 
tingeing the saliva yellow. 
Constituents.—Little tannin (green with ferric salts), wax, fat, 
resin, albumin, gum, starch, berberine, 1? per cent, (see Hydrastis), 
oxyacantliine, C19H21NOs (vinetine, or berbine ; bitter, white, solu- 
ble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; separates iodine from iodic 
acid ; isomeric with thebaine ; the salts sparingly soluble in so- 
dium phosphate), berbamine, Ci8Hl9N03 (white, the salts spar- 
ingly soluble in sodium nitrate), and a fourth amorphous alka- 
loid. A dilute solution of potassium ferricyanide with ferric 
chloride is colored blue by salts of berbamine and oxyacantliine. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, in large doses laxative. Dose, 
0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x), in powder or decoction. 
SALIX.—Willow. 
Origin.—Salix alba, Linne, and other species of Salix. 
Natural order, Salicacese. 170 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARK. 
Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; culti- 
vated. 
Description.—Collected from branches several years old. 
Fragments or quills, 1 or 2 milli- 
meters (2V or tV inch) thick, 
smooth ; outer surface somewhat 
glossy, brownish or yellowish, more 
or less finely warty or somewhat 
transversely ridged, under the 
corky layer green; inner surface 
brownish-white, smooth; fracture 
tough and fibrous. The less es- 
teemed trunk bark is much thicker, 
deprived of the ash-gray cork, 
pale cinnamon-brown, the fracture 
more, fibrous, somewhat splintery. The liber separates in 
thin layers, and the transversely elongated liber bundles are 
accompanied by axial rows of crystal cells ; inodorous, bitter, 
and astringent. 
Constituents.—Tannin, about 12 per cent.; salicin, C13If1807, 
1 to 3 per cent., white bitter scales or needles, insoluble in 
ether, blood-red by sulphuric acid ; by dilute acids split into 
sugar and saligenin, C7H802 (solution blue by ferric chloride), 
or saliretin, C141T1403. The white or crack willows appear to 
contain more tannin, the purple willows more salicin. Salicin 
has also been found in the leaves and flowers of several species 
of willow, and in the bark and leaves of several species of 
Populus associated with populin, which is benzoylsalicin. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, vermifuge, febrifuge. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j) or more. Salicin as a tonic or febri- 
fuge in doses of 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij— xv). 
Fig. 118. 
Salix.—Transverse section, mag- 
nified 15 diam. 
HAMAMELIS.—Hamamelis, Witch Hazel. 
Origin.—Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Hama- 
melideae. 
Habitat.—North America, in thickets. 
Description.—In irregular fragments or curved pieces, 1 or 2 171 
VIBURNUM OPULUS—CRAMP BARK. 
millimeters inch) thick ; outer surface ash-gray, smooth, 
with scattered small blackish warts, or with short transverse 
ridges or scars, or somewhat scaly in older bark ; the thin gray 
corky layer easily removed from the pale cinnamon-colored mid- 
dle bark; inner surface smooth or finely striate; the liber of 
older bark separating in thin layers; fracture of young bark 
short, of older bark tough in the bast layer ; transverse section 
shows a circle of sclerenchyme cells and tangentially elongated 
groups of bast fibres ; inodorous ; taste astringent, somewhat 
bitter and pungent. 
Constituents.—Gallic acid ; hamamelo-tannic acid (CuHuO»+ 
5H.20) ; a glucosidal tannin (both gallic-acid derivatives) ; fat 
(ester of C2?H440 + H20, a monatomic alcohol); phytosterin ; 
small quantities of triglycerides; glucose; bitter and pungent 
principles (not isolated); resin ; ash 6 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (£ss-j), in 
infusion or fluid extract. 
VIBURNUM OPULUS.—Viburnum Opulus, Cramp 
Bark. 
Origin.—Viburnum opulus, Linne. Natural order, Capri- 
foliacese, Sambucese. 
Habitat.—Northern United States, Canada, Europe, and 
Asia. 
Description.—The bark is found either in flattish or in 
curved bands or quills, occasionally 30 centimeters (12 inches) 
long and from 1 to 1.5 millimeters (jt 1o iV inc‘b) thick. 
The outer surface is ash-gray or brownish-gray, with scat- 
tered, somewhat transversely elongated brownish warts, due 
to abrasion, and more or less marked with blackish dots and 
in a longitudinal direction with irregular black lines or thin 
ridges; underneath the readily-removed corky layer pale 
brown or reddish-brown; inner surface is dingy white or 
brownish ; fracture tough, tissue separating in layers; in- 
odorous ; taste somewhat astringent and bitter. 
Structure.—In the outer layer irregular groups of stone 
cells, surrounded by parenchyme; the bast fibres in large 
groups tangentially arranged and separated by narrow 
medullary rays. 
Constituents.—Valerianic acid, malic acid, tannin (blue 172 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
with iron), viburnin (white powder, neutral; taste bitter; 
slightly soluble in water, more readily in alcohol). 
Properties.—Antispasmodic, uterine sedative. Dose, 2 to 
4 grams (3ss-j) in infusion or fluid extract. 
Fig. 119. 
Fig. 120. 
Viburnum opulus, magnified 
68 diam. 
Viburnum prunifolium, 
magnified 35 diam. 
VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM.—Black Haw. 
Origin.—Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. Natural order, 
Caprifoliaceae, Sambuceae. 
Habitat.—United States, westward to Kansas and Missis- 
sippi; in thickets. 
Description.—The bark of the stem is in thin pieces or 
quills, glossy purplish-brown, with scattered warts and mi- 
nute black dots; collected from old wood grayish-brown ; the 
thin corky layer easily removed from the green layer; inner QUERCUS TINCTORIA—BLACK OAK BARK. 
173 
surface whitish, smooth ; fracture short; inodorous, or of a 
slight valerian-like odor; taste somewhat astringent, bitter. 
The root bark is reddish-brown, internally cinnamon-colored, 
very bitter. 
Structure.—In the middle and inner bark irregular, some- 
what tangentially elongated, groups of stone cells. 
Constituents.—Valerianic acid, brown bitter resin, green- 
ish-yellow bitter principle (viburnin), tannin, sugar, oxalates, 
citrates, malates, and ash 8-9 per cent. 
Properties.—Diuretic, tonic, nervine; used in threatened 
abortion. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or fluid 
extract. 
QUERCUS ALBA.—White Oak Bark. 
Origin. — Quercus alba, Linne. Natural order, Cupu- 
liferse, Quercinese. 
Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota, Kansas, 
and Mississippi; in woods. 
Description.—Nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky 
layer, about 6 millimeters Q inch) thick, pale brown, inner 
surface with short, sharp, longitudinal ridges; tough ; frac- 
ture coarsely fibrous ; odor faint tan-like ; taste strongly as- 
tringent ; in the shops usually in an irregular fibrous powder, 
which does not tinge the saliva yellow. 
Constituents.—Tannin, 6-11 per cent, (olive-brown with 
ferric salts; on sublimation yields needles soluble in alcohol 
and sparingly in water, colored green by ferric chloride), 
red-brown coloring matter, pectin, resin, etc. Young oak 
bark is richer in tannin than bark from old wood. Querco- 
tannic acid is C28H24012 and 028H28O14, the latter being 
readily soluble in water. Oak red is C28H22On. 
Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j); 
mostly used externally. 
QUERCUS TINCTORIA.—Black Oak Bark. 
Origin.—Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria, Gray. Natural 
order, Cupuliferse, Quercinese. 174 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Texas; 
in woods. 
Description.—Flattish pieces, deprived of the corky layer 
about 5 millimeters inch) thick, reddish-brown, inner surface 
somewhat ridged ; compact but rather brittle ; fracture coarsely 
fibrous; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly astringent and 
somewhat bitter, imparting a brownish-yellow color to the 
saliva. Usually kept in an irregular fibrous powder. 
In the Southern States the barks of Quercus nigra, Linne 
(black jack), and of Qu. falcata, Michaux (Spanish oak), are 
frequently used as black oak bark ; they are of a much coarser 
texture and of a deep reddish-brown color. 
Constituents.—Tannin 6 to 12 per cent, (blue with ferric salt), 
red-brown coloring matter, pectin, quercitrin, C36H38O20. The 
latter is yellow, crystalline, nearly tasteless; nearly insoluble in 
cold water; colored dark yellow by ferric salts, and with dilute 
acids yields isodulcit, ChH1406, and yellow’ quercetin, C24H16Ou 
(with alcoholic ferric chloride dark green, on boiling deep red). 
Origin.—Rubus villosus, Alton; Rubus canadensis, I Anne; 
and Rubus trlvinlis,Miehaux. Natural order, Rosacese, Rubese. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields and thickets; the 
last-named species is confined to the Southern States, west- 
ward to Texas. 
Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Thin, 
tough, flexible bands, outer surface blackish or blackish- 
gray, inner surface pale brownish, some- 
times with strips of whitish tasteless 
wood adhering, fracture rather tough 
and fibrous, the bast fibres in trans- 
versely elongated groups, forming rather 
broad wedges ; inodorous, strongly astrin- 
gent, somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Tannin 10-13 per cent., 
gallic acid 0.4 per cent., villosin 0.8 per 
cent., ash 3 per cent., etc. Villosin is a 
bitter crystalline glucoside, soluble in 
alcohol, sparingly soluble in water and 
benzin, insoluble in ether or chloroform; 
RUBUS.—Blackberry Bark. 
Fig. 121. 
Rubus villosus, magni- 
fied 45 diam. GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX DARK OF POMEGRANATE. 
175 
it readily yields villosic acid, which is soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform. Both yield with H2S04 and little 
water deep blue or violet color; with H2S04 and little 
HNOs blood-red color disappearing by water (G. A. Krauss, 
1889, 1890). 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (3ss- 
ij), in decoction, syrup, or fluid extract. 
GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX.—Bark of 
Pomegranate Root. 
Origin. — Punica Granatum, 
Linne. Natural order, Lythrarieae, 
Lvthrese. 
Habitat.—India and Southwest- 
ern Asia; cultivated and natural- 
ized iu subtropical countries. 
Description.—The bark of the 
stem and root is directed by the 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia In thin 
Fig. 123. 
Fig. 122. 
Granati cortex.—Transverse section, 
magnified 10 diam. 
quills or fragments, 5 to 10 centi- 
meters (2 to 4 inches) long, little 
over 1 millimeter (2V inch) thick ; 
outer surface yellowish-gray or 
brown-gray, somewhat warty or 
longitudinally and reticulately 
ridged. The stem-bark is longi- 
tudinally ridged, with dots or 
patches of blackish lichens; the 
larger pieces of root-bark with conchoidal scales of cork; 
Magnified 40 diam. 176 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
inner surface smooth, finely striate, grayish-yellow, or with a 
brownish tinge; fracture short, granular, brownish-yellow, 
indistinctly radiate in the liber, which contains scattered 
stone cells and numerous transversely and axially packed 
cells with crystals of calcium oxalate; inodorous, scarcely 
bitter, astringent. 
Constituents. — Punico-tannic acid (gallo-tannic acid), 
C20H16O13, about 20 per cent., mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, 
pelletierine, C8H13NO (colorless oily aromatic alkaloid, 
soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; resinifies 
on exposure; the salts crystalline), and three allied alka- 
loids; ash 14 to 16 per cent. The bark from stem and 
branches contains from 0.35 to 0.61 per cent, of alkaloids, 
and the root-bark from 1.01 to 1.32 percent. (Stoeder, 1888). 
Properties. — Anthelmintic, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 16 
grams (gij-iv), in decoction. 
Adulterations.—The barks of Berberis vulgaris, Linne. 
(see page 175) and Biixus sempervfrens, Linne, are bitter, 
not astringent, and yield infusions which are not colored 
blue-black by ferric salts. 
FRAXINUS.—White Ash. 
Origin.—Fraxinus americana, Linne (Fr. |alba, Marsh). 
Natural order, Oleacese, Fraxinese. 
Habitat.—North America. 
Description.—The bark of the root is preferred. Quills or 
curved pieces about 5 millimeters inch) thick ; cork warty, 
ash-gray, often removed ; whitish or yellowish ; inner surface 
smooth ; fracture coarsely fibrous, splintery; odor faintly aro- 
matic, taste bitter, slightly acrid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, glucoside 
(fluorescent with alkalies), crystalline principle, bitter prin- 
ciple, ash, 5 to 6 per cent. 
Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 gram (gr. xv). 
SIMARUBA.—Simaruba. 
Origin.—1. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle; and, 2. S. 
medicinalis, Endlicher. Natural order, Simarubese. 
Habitat.—1. Guiana to Northeni Brazil. 2. West Indies. CONDURANGO. 
177 
Description.—The bark of the root is usually collected. 
Flattish, curved or quilled pieces, often 0.5 to 1 meter (20-40 
inches) long, and about 3 milli- 
meters (i inch) thick; periderm 
yellowish or brownish, often partly 
or wholly removed; then gray- 
brown ; inner surface light brown, 
striate ; bast coarsely fibrous, tough, 
flexible, difficult to break; bast 
rays wavy and oblique ; inodorous ; 
taste very bitter. No. 2 is light 
yellowish-brown, the inner surface 
finely striate. 
Constituents. — Probably quassin 
or picrasmin, some resin, trace of volatile oil, etc. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
xxx), in infusion or decoction. 
Fict. 124. 
Simaruba.—Transverse section, 
magnified 3 diam. 
QUASSIA CORTEX.—Quassia Bark. 
Origin.—Picrse'na (Quassia, Swartz) excelsa, hindleg. Natu- 
ral order, Simarubese. 
Habitat.—J amaica. 
Description.—Flat or curved pieces, about 5 millimeters (£ 
inch) or more thick ; outer surface black-gray, longitudinally 
furrowed and verrucose; inner surface whitish, smooth; bast 
rays somewhat wavy ; fracture in inner layer tough ; inodorous, 
taste very bitter. 
The bark of Quassia amara, Linne, or Surinam quassia, is 
about 1 millimeter inch) thick ; externally gray, smoothish ; 
inner surface whitish, smooth; very brittle ; fracture smooth. 
Constituents.—Picrasmin (a mixture of crystalline principles 
homologous with quassin), alkaloid (?), trace of volatile oil, etc. 
The bark of Surinam quassia contains quassin. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij— 
xxx), in infusion. 
CONDURANGO.—Condurango. 
Origin.—Gonolobus Condurango, Triana. Natural order, 
Asclepiadacese, Gonolobese. 
Habitat.—Ecuador. 
Description— Quills or curved pieces about 5 to 10 centi- 
meters (2-4 inches) long; bark about 2 to 6 millimeters 
ineb) thick, externally brownish or brown-gray, wrinkled and 
warty; inner surface pale brownish and striate; fracture 178 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
granular, slightly fibrous, brownish, with scattered latex tubes 
and brownish yellow groups of stone cells in the wavy bast 
wedges; the parenchyme contains starch and raphides; nearly 
inodorous; taste slightly hitter and somewhat acrid. The in- 
fusion, prepared with cold water, becomes turbid on heating, 
but clear again on cooling. 
Constituents.—Tannin, a peculiar glucoside (less soluble in hot 
than in cold water), alkaloid (trace; resembling strychnine in 
action), resin, starch, gum, etc., ash about 12 per cent. 
Properties.—Used in cancer and rheumatism ; tonic. Dose, 2 
grams (gr. xxx). 
FRANGULA.—Frangula. 
Origin. — Rhamnus Frangula, Linne. Natural order, 
Rhamneae. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia. 
Description.—Quilled, about 1 to 1.5 millimeters (2V-tV 
inch) thick; outer surface gray-brown or blackish-brown, 
with numerous small whitish transversely 
elongated suberous warts; inner surface 
smooth, pale brownish-yellow; fracture 
in the outer layer short, of a purplish 
tint; in the inner layer fibrous and pale 
yellow; bast bundles in tangential groups, 
accompanied by axial rows of cells con- 
taining crystals ; nearly inodorous ; taste 
mucilaginous, sweetish, and bitter. On 
Fig. 126. 
Fig. 125. 
Frangula, magnified 
40 diam. 
Frangula.—Transverse section, magnified 10 diam 
mastication it colors the saliva yellow. Immersed in diluted 
alkali solution, its inner surface is colored red. The reddish 
infusion is colored dark brown by ferric chloride. The bark 
should not be used sooner than a year after it has been 
collected. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA—CHITTEM BARK. 
179 
Constituents. — Fraugulin or rhamuoxanthin, C21H20O8, 
about 0.04 per cent, (yellow glucoside, tasteless, sublimable, 
purple by alkalies; yields yellow needles of emodin and 
rhamnose, or isodulcite, a sugar), emodin, C15H10O5 about 
0.1 per cent, (reddish), isoemodin, C15II804 (bitter and laxa- 
tive), resin, tannin, ash 5-6 per cent. Fresh frangula bark 
contains neither frangulin nor emodin. 
Properties.—When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, purga- 
tive, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (3ss-ij), in decoction. 
RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.—Cascaiia Sagrada, 
Chittem Bark. 
Origin.—Rhamus Purshiana, De Candolle. Natural order, 
Rhamneae. 
Habitat.—Northern Idaho and westward to Pacific coast. 
Description.—Curved or quilled, usually about 10 centi- 
meters (4 iuches) loug, 1 or 2 to 4 millimeters (2*5— i2~l 
Fig. 127. 
inch) thick; periderm brownish-gray and whitish, with 
numerous rather broad pale-colored corky warts, and the 
young bark often with patches of lichens, otherwise smooth ; 
underneath brown or reddish-brown; inner surface yellow- 
ish or brownish, dark brown by age, smooth or finely striate; 
fracture short, yellowish, in the inner layer of the thick 
pieces somewhat fibrous; medullary rays narrow, converg- 
ing in groups at their outer ends ; bast bundles in tangential 
Rhamnus Purshiana, magnified 23 diam. 180 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
groups; stone cells in the outer bark in clusters; inodorous, 
taste bitter. 
Rhamnus californica, Eschscholtz, from Central California 
southward, is locally also known as cascara sagrada. The 
bark resembles the preceding, but is rather thinner, the color 
somewhat reddish dull-gray, the corky warts less numerous 
and disappearing rather early, the bast rays somewhat 
broader with the bast bundles sometimes in pairs, and the 
inner surface distinctly striate from the depressed medullary 
rays, which do not converge at their outer ends. 
Both these barks when masticated color the saliva yellow 
and resemble also frangula bark in their behavior to alkali 
and ferric chloride. 
Constituents.—Tannin, volatile oil, fixed oil (dodecyl 
stearate and palmitate), white sublimable principle, purshi- 
anin (glucoside, dark brown-red, crystalline, yields emodin 
and sugar), and three resins (one is colored brown by 
potassa, another purple by the same reagent, and the third 
red-brown by sulphuric acid). The composition probably 
changes on keeping; 0.05 per cent, emodin was found in 
bark about a year old (Schwabe, 1888). 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, purgative. Dose, 1 to 2 
grams (gr. xv—3ss), in decoction, tincture, or fluid extract. 
PISCIDIA.—Jamaica Dogwood. 
Origin.—Piscidia Erythrfna, Jacquin. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
Habitat.—West Indies. 
Description.—In quills or curved pieces, 5 to 15 centimeters 
(2-6 inches) long, about 4 or sometimes 6 millimeters or 
inch) thick, externally orange-brown or dark gray-brown, with 
thin longitudinal and transverse ridges, roughish wrinkled, some- 
what fissured ; inner surface brownish, smooth, or fibrous ; frac- 
ture tough, fibrous, with blue-green or brownish-green patches; 
bast fibres in tangentially elongated bundles, arranged in radial 
rows, attached to cells containing crystals of calcium oxalate 
and imbedded in parenchyme; odor narcotic, opium like; taste 
bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents.—Resin, fat, piscidin (crystallizable, insoluble in ASPIDOSPERMA—QUEBRACHO. 
181 
water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, soluble in chloroform and 
benzol), and a bitter glucoside soluble in water. 
Properties.—Sudorific, soporific. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
xy-xlv). 
Origin.—Juglans cinerea, Dinnt. Natural order, Jug- 
landese. 
Habitat.—North America. 
Description.—The inner bark of the root is collected in 
autumn. Flat or curved pieces, 3 
to 6 millimeters \ inch) thick, 
outer surface dark gray aud nearly 
smooth or freed from soft cork deep 
brown; inner surface smooth and 
striate; transverse fracture short, 
delicately checkered from whitish 
parenchyme and transverse groups 
of brown bast fibres; odor feeble; 
taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents. — Nucin (j uglandic 
acid, juglone), C10H6O8 (orange-yel- 
low needles,acrid, purple by alkalies, 
volatile with water vapors, decom- 
posed by long boiling), fixed oil 14 per cent., trace of volatile 
oil, tannin, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—Cathartic, tonic. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (sj-ij), 
in infusion or extract. 
JUGLANS.—Butternut. 
Fig. 128. 
Juglans, magnified 23 diam. 
ASPIDOSPERMA.—Aspidosperma, Quebracho. 
Quebracho bianco. 
Origin.—Aspidosperma Quebracho-bianco, Schlechtendal. 
Natural order, Apocynaceae, Plumerieae. 
Habitat.—Argentine Republic. 
Description.—Nearly flat pieces, 1 to 3 centimeters (f~H 
inches) thick; cork deeply fissured, gray, yellowish-gray, 
or brownish, and internally reddish-brown ; inner surface 182 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
yellowish or brown and striate; hard, fracture granular in 
the outer layer, showing wavy strata of cork and parenchyme, 
and short splintery in the yellowish- or reddish-brown bast 
layer; the parenchyme of both layers with numerous 
whitish groups of stone cells arranged in tangential lines; 
the bast fibres dark-colored, scattered, and accompanied by 
axial rows of stone cells; medullary rays in about three 
rows of cells; small starch grains in the parenchyme; 
nearly inodorous; taste very bitter; slightly aromatic. 
Constituents.—Six alkaloids, viz., aspidospermine, quebra- 
chine, quebrachamine, aspidospermatine, aspidosamine, and 
hydroquebrachine, the last two amorphous; a peculiar sugar, 
quebrachit; tannin 3-4 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, antispasmodic in asthma, etc. Dose, 1 
to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). 
Quebracho Colorado (Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach). 
Natural order, Anacardiacese. Bark neatly checkered from 
tangential bands of dark-colored cork and groups of bast 
fibres, and from radial light-colored medullary rays. Wood, 
red-brown, contains 20 percent, of tannin; also loxopterygine. 
Origin.—Melia Azedarach, Linne. Natural order, Meliacese, 
Meliese. 
Habitat—China and India, cultivated in the Southern 
United States. 
Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Curved 
pieces or quills of variable size and thickness, outer surface 
red-brown, with irregular blackish longitudinal ridges; inner 
surface whitish or brownish, longitudinally striate; fracture 
more or less fibrous ; upon transverse section tangentially striate, 
with yellowish bast fibres; inodorous, sweetish, afterward bitter 
and nauseous. 
If collected from old roots, the bark must be freed from the 
thick rust-brown, nearly tasteless corky layer. 
Constituents.—Bitter yellowish-white resin, soluble in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform ; no tannin. 
Properties.—Anthelmintic, emetic, poisonous. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. xv~3j), in decoction. 
AZEDARACH.—Azedarach. XANTHOXYLUM—PRICKLY ASH. 
183 
XANTHOXYLUM.—Prickly Ash. 
Origin.—Xanthdxylum (Zanthoxylum) americanum, Mil- 
ler (X. fraxfneum, Willdenow), (Northern prickly ash), and 
X. Clava-Herculis, Linne (X. carolinianum, Lamarck), 
(Southern prickly ash). Natural order, Rutacese, Xan- 
thoxylese. 
Habitat.—North America; the first species in rocky woods 
in the Northern and Central States; the second species not 
far from the coast, Southern Virginia to Eastern Texas. 
Description.—Northern prickly ash is in curved or quilled 
fragments, about 1 millimeter inch) thick, outer surface 
brown-gray with whitish patches and minute black dots, 
Fig. 129. 
Fig. 130. 
Xanthoxylon, americanum 
magnified 45 diam. 
Xanthoxylon Clava-Herculis, 
magnified 22 diam. 
faintly furrowed, with some brown, glossy, straight, two- 
edged spines, linear at the base, and about 6 millimeters 184 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
inch) long; inner surface whitish, smooth; fracture short, 
non-fibrous, green in the outer and yellowish in the inner 
layer; inodorous, bitterish, very pungent. Southern prickly 
ash resembles this, but is nearly 2 millimeters inch) 
thick, and is marked by many conical corky projections, 
sometimes 2 centimeters (f inch high), and by stout brown 
spines, rising from a corky base. 
Prickly ash should not be confounded with the bark of 
Aralia spinosa, Linne, which is nearly smooth externally, 
but the stem-bark beset with slender prickles in transverse 
rows. 
Constituents.—Acrid green oil, resin (crystalline, white, 
tasteless, in alcoholic solution bitter; the principles from the 
two barks are similar in behavior, but not identical), soft 
resin (acrid), bitter principle (probably an alkaloid, brown 
and dark red with sulphuric acid), little tannin, sugar, ash 
11 to 12 per cent. 
Properties.—Sialagogue, stimulant, alterative, emmena- 
gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder or 
tincture; large doses in decoction. 
MYRICA.—Bayberry Bark. 
Origin.—Myrica cerifera, Linne. Natural order, Myricacese. 
Habitat.—North America. 
Description.—Quills or curved pieces, about 1.5 millimeters 
(tV inch) thick ; externally whitish or grayish, scaly; under- 
neath the thin suberous layer smooth, red-brown ; inner surface 
red-brown, faintly striate; fracture reddish, granular, slightly 
fibrous; odor somewhat aromatic; taste astringent, bitter, pun- 
gently acrid. 
Constituents.—Acrid resin, myricinic acid (resembling sapo- 
nin, acrid, frothing with water), little volatile oil, tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Acrid, stimulant, sialagogue, errliine. Dose, 0.3 
to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x). 
ERYTHROPHLCEUM.—Sassy Bark. 
Origin.—Erythrophloe'um guineense, Don. Natural order, 
Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Dimorphandrese. MEZEREUM— MEZEREON. 
185 
Habitat.—Western and Central Africa. 
Description.—Flat or curved, about 5 millimeters (£ inch) 
thick; externally warty, fissured, red-brown, hard; fracture 
coarsely granular and fibrous, inodorous, astringent, bitter, and 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Erythrophleine (heart tonic, said to possess 
anaesthetic action), tannin, coloring matter. 
Properties.—Astringent, diaphoretic, narcotic. 
M EZEREUM.—Mezereon. 
Origin.—Daphne Mezereum (Mezereum), Linne, and other 
species of Daphne. Natural order, Thymelacese, Euthyme- 
lseese. 
Fig. 131. 
Mezereum, magnified 45 diam. 
Habitat.—Europe, in mountainous regions, eastward to 
Siberia; spontaneous in Canada and New England. 
Description.—Long, thin bands, folded or rolled into disks, 
or in quills of various lengths; outer surface yellowish, 
brown-yellow, or purplish-brown, with transverse scars and 
minute blackish dots; underneath the thin cork is a thin 
parenchyme layer of light greenish color; inner surface whit- 
ish, silky ; bast in irregular transverse layers, very tough; 
inodorous, very acrid. 
Fig. 132. 
Mezereum.—Transverse section, magnified 15 diam. 
Daphne Laureola, Lining, and D. Gmdium, Linne, of 
Southern Europe, yield similar barks. 186 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
Constituents.—Soft acrid resin and oil; daphnin, C15H1609 
(bitter glucoside, insoluble iu ether, soluble in alkalies with a 
yellow color, blue by ferric salts), the acrid principle has been 
named mezerein. 
Properties. — Sialagogue, stimulant, diuretic, alterative ; 
externally vesicant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 gram (gr. jss-vj), 
mostly combined with other drugs. 
GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTEX.—Bark of Cotton 
Root. 
Origin.—Gossypium herbaceum, Linne, and other species 
of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malveae. 
Habitat.—Subtropical Asia and Africa, cultivated in the 
United States. 
Fig. 133. 
Gossypium, magnified 45 diam 
Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Thin, 
flexible bands or quilled pieces; outer surface brownish- 
yellow, with slight longitudinal ridges or meshes, small 
black circular dots or short transverse lines, and, from the 
abrasion of the thin cork, with dull brownish-orange patches; 
inner surface whitish, of a silky lustre, finely striate; bast 
fibers long, tough, separable in papery layers; inodorous; 
taste very slightly acrid and faintly astringent. 
Constituents.—In the fresh bark a yellow chromogene, be- EUONYMUS—WAHOO. 
187 
coming red and resinous; yellow resin, fixed oil, little tannin, 
sugar, starch, etc. 
Properties.—Emmenagogue, oxytocic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(Sss-j), in decoctiou or fluid extract. 
Origin.—Unknown, possibly from natural order Laurinese or 
Anacardiacese. 
Habitat.—Bolivia. 
Description.—Flat or curved, mostly deprived of cork, about 
5 to 15 millimeters (A—| inch) thick; outer surface cinnamon- 
brown, smooth ; inner surface darker brown ; fracture granular 
in the outer layer, tenacious and fibrous in the inner layer, with 
numerous yellow groups of stone cells and bast fibres; odor aro- 
matic, cinnamon-like ; taste pungent, slightly bitter. 
Another coto (paracoto) bark, likewise from Bolivia, is usually 
about 10 to 20 millimeters (f-f inch) thick; sometimes with 
whitish fissured cork; odor fainter, nutmeg-like. 
The bark of Drfmys Winteri, Forster, var. granatensis, 
Eicliler, is said to have been offered as coto bark from Vene- 
zuela. 
Constituents.—Cotoin, C22H1806 (pale yellow, very acrid, solu- 
ble in alkalies, sparingly soluble in water), in coto bark. Para- 
cotoin (pale, yellow, tasteless), leucotin, hydrocotoin, etc., in 
paracoto bark. Both barks contain volatile oil, resin, and 
piperonylic acid, G18H604; no tannin. 
Properties.—Useful in diarrhoea. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. 
v-x), in powder or tincture. Dose, of cotoin 0.05 to 0.10 gram 
(f-Q gr.), of paracotoin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). 
COTO.—Coto Bark. 
EUONYMUS.—Wahoo. 
Origin. — Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin. Natural 
order, Celastrinese. 
Habitat.—United States, southward to Florida, and west- 
ward to Wisconsin, in shady woods. 
Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Quilled 
or curved pieces, about 2 millimeters inch) thick ; outer 
surface ash-gray with blackish ridges or patches, detached in 
thin and small scales; inner surface whitish or slightly 
tawny, smooth; fracture smooth, whitish, the inner layers 188 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARRS. 
tangentially striate ; odor faint, characteristic ; taste sweet- 
ish, somewhat bitter, and acrid. 
Constituents.—Euonymin (very bitter, amorphous, soluble 
in alcohol and water), atropurpurin (when pure does not re- 
duce Fehling’s solution; is dulcite or anisomere), bitter ex- 
tractive, pungent principle, citric, tartaric, and malic acids, 
resins, fixed oil, free fat acid, wax, starch, pectin, ash 14 to 15 
per cent. (Wendell, 1862; Naylor and Chaplin, 1889). Com- 
mercial euonymin is usually the extract or powdered extract. 
Fig. 134. 
Euonymus, magnified 45 diam. 
Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, laxative, antiperiodic. Dose, 
2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), iu decoction or fluid extract. 
QUILLAJA.—Quillaja. Soapbark. 
Origin.—Quillaja (Quillaja) Sapouaria, Molina. Natural 
order, Rosaceae, Quillajese. 
Habitat.—Chili and Peru. 
Description.—The bark is deprived of the brown periderm. 
Flat large pieces, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, pale 
brownish-white, and smooth on both sides, or the outer sur- 
face with small patches of red-brown cork ; tough ; fracture 
splintery; transverse section checkered, with tangentially 
arranged pale brownish bast fibers, white bast parenchyme, 
and distinct white medullary rays about 5 cells in width; 
the tissue contains small starch grains and a large quantity ULMUS—SLIPPERY ELM. 
189 
of acicular crystals of calcium oxalate ; inodorous, sternu- 
tatory, astringent, and very acrid. 
Constituents.—Saponin, about 9 per cent., a little starch, 
gum, salts, etc. This saponin is a mixture of the two glu- 
Fig. 135. 
Quillaja, magnified 17 diam. 
cosides, quillaic acid, C19H30O10 (soluble in cold absolute alco- 
hol, precipitated by lead acetates), and quillaia-sapotoxin, 
C17H26O10 (neutral, nearly insoluble iu absolute alcohol, not 
precipitated by normal lead acetate) (Kobert, 1887). 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, irritant, detergent. Dose, 
1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
ULMUS.—Slippery Elm. 
Origin.—Ul'mus fulva, Michaux. Natural order, Urtica- 
cese, Ulmeae. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Louisiana and Ne- 
braska, in woods. 
Fig. 136. 
Ulmus, magnified 31 diam. 
Description.—The bark is deprived of the brown periderm. 
Flat pieces varying in length and width, about 3 millimeters 190 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
(i inch) thick, tough, pale brownish-white, the inner surface 
finely ridged ; fracture fibrous and mealy, the transverse sec- 
tion delicately checkered; odor slight, fenugreek-like, taste 
mucilaginous, insipid. 
European Elm bark from Ul'mus campestris, Linnt, and 
U. effusa, Willdenow, is cinnamon-colored, nearly inodorous, 
and of a mucilaginous, bitterish, and astringent taste. 
Constituents.—Mucilage; in European Elm bark also a 
little tannin and bitter principle. Ground elm bark is 
sometimes adulterated with corn meal and other starchy 
materials. 
Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. Dose, 8 grams (sij) or 
more, mostly used externally. 
CINNAMOMUM.—Cinnamon. Ceylon Cinnamon. 
Origin.—Cinnamomum zeylauicum, Breyne. Natural 
order, Laurinese, Perseacege. 
Habitat.—Ceylon ; cultivated. 
Description.—The outer bark has been removed by scrap- 
ing. In long closely rolled quills, composed of 8 or more 
layers of bark of the thickness of paper; pale yellowish- 
brown ; outer surface smooth, formed by a layer of stone 
cells, and marked with wavy lines of bast bundles; inner 
surface scarcely striate ; fracture short splintery; the paren- 
chyme contains starch and reddish-brown coloring matter, 
scattered oil cells and larger cells with mucilage; odor 
fragrant; taste sweet and warmly aromatic. 
CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM.—Saigon Cinnamon. 
Origin. — An undetermined species of Cinnamomum. 
Natural order, Laurinege, Perseacege. 
Habitat.—China. 
Description.—Corky layer present, quilled, about 15 centi- 
meters (6 inches) long, and 10 to 15 millimeters (f- to § 
inch) in diameter, the bark being 2 or 3 millimeters (j to CINNAMOMUM CASSIA—CINNAMON CASSIA. 
191 
inch) thick ; the outer surface gray or grayish-brown, with 
whitish patches and more or less rough from numerous 
warts and some transverse ridges and fine longitudinal 
Fig. 137. 
Saigon cinnamon, magnified 42 diam. 
wrinkles; the inner surface is cinnamon-brown or dark 
brown and striate; fracture short granular; in the outer layer 
cinnamon-brown and near the cork an almost uninterrupted 
line of white striae; odor aromatic ; taste warmly aromatic, 
sweet, and slightly astringent; yields a darker-colored pow- 
der than cassia cinnamon and is of a pleasanter odor. In 
structure it resembles cassia cinnamon, cork, however, being 
always present. 
CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.—Cinnamon Cassia. 
Chinese Cinnamon. 
Origin.—One or more undetermined species of Cinna- 
momum. Natural order, Laurineae, Perseaceae. 
Habitat.—China. 
Fig. 138. 
Cassia cinnamon, magnified 45 diam. 
Description.—Nearly deprived of the corky layer, 1 milli- 192 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
meter inch) or more in thickness; yellowish-brown; 
more or less quilled; fracture nearly smooth; odor and 
taste analogous to those of cinnamon, but less delicate. The 
tissue resembles that of Ceylon cinnamon, but has the stone 
cells in irregular groups, and contains fewer bast fibres and 
more mucilage cells. 
Fig. 139. 
Cinnamon.—a, b, c. From China, d, e. From Ceylon. 
Cassia lignea is either Chinese cinnamon, or a thicker, 
less fragrant, and more mucilaginous bark. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (J to 1J per cent.), tannin, 
sugar, mannit, mucilage, ash about 2 to 5 per cent. Oil of 
cinnamon has the spec. grav. 1.055 to 1.065, is readily solu- 
ble in alcohol, and consists of a hydrocarbon, cinnamyl acetate, SASSAFRAS. 
193 
and of cinnamic aldehyd, C9H80 (75 to 90 per cent.), which 
oxidizes to cinnamic acid, C9H802. The oil of Ceylon cinna- 
mon is most fragrant. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, astringent. Dose, 
0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, tincture, or infusion. 
SASSAFRAS.—Sassafras. 
Origin.—Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury), 0. Kuntze. 
Natural order, Laurinese, Litseacem. 
Habitat.—North America, from Eastern Texas and Kan- 
sas eastward to Florida and Ontario; in woods. 
Description. — The bark of the 
root is collected and deprived of the 
gray corky layer; irregular frag- 
ments, about 3 millimeters (■£• inch) 
thick, bright rust-brown, soft, brittle, 
with a short corky fracture showing 
numerous oil cells, several suberous 
bands, and in the inner layer lighter 
colored medullary rays and few bast 
fibres; inner surface smooth; strongly 
fragrant, sweetish, aromatic, some- 
what astringent. 
Constituents.— Volatile oil (about 
5 per cent.), tannin, sassafrid, starch, 
gum, resin, wax. Oil of sassafras 
has the spec. grav. 1.070 to 1.080, 
dissolves readily in alcohol, and yields 
with nitric acid a dark red resin—it 
consists of safrol, C10H10O2, pinene, 
Ci„H16, phellandrene, C10H16, cam- 
phor, dextrogyrate, C10H16O, eugenol, 
C10II12O2, and cadinene. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 
to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusionmostly used as a flavor. 
Fig. 140. 
Sassafras, magnified 
32 diam. 194 
cellular vegetable drugs—barks. 
CANELLA.—Canella. 
Origin.—Canella alba, Murray. Natural order, Canellaceae. 
Habitat.—West Indies. 
Description.—In quills or broken pieces about 3 millimeters 
(i inch) thick ; almost completely deprived of the gray suber- 
ous layer; external surface pale orange-red, with transversely 
elongated cork scars and shallow whitish depressions; inner 
surface white, finely striate; fracture short, granular, white, 
with numerous orange-yellow resin cells, and in the inner layer 
brownish ; odor cinnamon-like; taste bitterish, biting. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 per cent, (contains eugenol), 
resin, bitter principle, mannit about 8 per cent., mucilage, starch, 
albumin ; free from tannin. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
xxx), in powder and as an addition to tinctures. 
CINNAMODENDRON.—False Winter’s Bark. 
Origin.—Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Natural order, 
Canellaceae. 
Hub itat.—Jamai ca. 
Description.—Curved or quilled, about 3 millimeters (i inch) 
thick ; deprived of the dark brown corky layer; outer surface 
smooth, light brown, with red-brown, roundish or transversely 
elongated scars ; inner surface pale brown, finely striate ; frac- 
ture short, granular, whitish and brownish, with numerous dark 
brown resin cells, and the inner layer brown; odor cinnamon- 
like ; taste bitterish ; biting. 
Constituents.—Probably like Canella. 
Properties and Uses.—Like Canella. 
Origin. — Drirays Winteri, Forster. Natural order, Mag- 
noliacese, Winterese. 
Habitat.—Western part of South America. 
Description.—Quilled or curved, 2 to 8 millimeters (T to | 
inch) thick ; outer surface gray and smooth, or rust-brown and 
wrinkled ; inner surface brown, coarsely striate or ridged ; frac- 
ture granular, brown, with whitish groups of stone cells, and 
yellow resin cells; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste very pungent, 
astringent. 
Constituents. — Volatile oil (containing winterene, Ci5H24), 
tannin, pungent resin, starch. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, antiscorbutic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or tincture. 
WINTERA.—Winter's Bark. ANGTJSTURA. 
195 
ANGUSTURA.—Angustu ra , Cuspa ria. 
Origin.—Cusparia febrifuga, De C. (Galipea Cusparia, St. 
Hilaire; Gal. officinalis, Hancock; Cusparia trifoliata, Engler). 
Natural order, Rutacese, Cuspariese. 
Habitat.—Northern South America. 
Description.—Flat, curved, or quilled, 2 to 3 millimeters (tl 
to | inch) thick ; periderm ochrey-gray, friable, often partly or 
wholly absent, and the outer surface then reddish-brown ; inner 
surface light cinnamon-brown, smooth; fracture smooth, resinous; 
reddish-brown, with scattered darker oil-cells and glistening 
Fig. 141. 
Fig. 142. 
Angustura bark, 
about one-half nat- 
ural size. 
white strise (crystals of calcium oxalate) ; odor aromatic, musty ; 
taste aromatic, very bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil \ to per cent., angusturin, four 
alkaloids, a glucoside, resins, gum, asli 8 per cent. Angusturin 
has a bitter taste, is insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol and 
water, precipitated by tannin. A fluorescent glucoside is in- 
soluble in ether and alcohol. The four alkaloids are white and 
crystallize from petroleum benzin ; the salts of galipine and 
galipidine are yellow or yellowish, those of cusparidine and 
cusparine white, and the latter sparingly soluble in water 
(Beckurts and Nehring, 1891). 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams 
(gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or tincture. 
Substitutions.—Esenbeckia febrffuga, Martins (Rutacese), so- 
called Brazilian angustura. Bark externally browTn-gray or 
with light rust-brown patches, internally dark brown ; fracture 
short fibrous ; taste bitter, not aromatic. Contains evodine or 
esenbeckine (yellowish-green by H2S04). 
Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne (Loganiacese), so-called false 
angustura bark. Externally gray with whitish warts and bright 
rust-colored patches; inner surface brown; fracture granular, 
Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. 196 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. 
smooth, of a brown color, showing one or occasionally two yellow- 
ish tangential layers of stone cells, but no short white striae; taste 
strongly bitter; not aromatic. Contains strychnine and brucine. 
CASCARILLA.—Cascarilla. 
Origin.—Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Natural order, Eu- 
phorbiaceae, Crotoneae. 
Habitat.—Bahama Islands. 
Description.—In broken quills or curved pieces, rarely 10 
centimeters (4 inches) long, about 2 millimeters inch) 
thick, having a grayish, somewhat fis- 
sured, . longitudinally wrinkled, easily 
detached corky layer, with chalky white 
patches of a thin lichen and black dots; 
the regaining tissue dull brown, and 
the inner surface smooth ; fracture short, 
resinous, radially striate; the paren- 
chyme contains starch, and in scattered 
cells either oil, brown coloring matter, 
or crystals ; bast fibres few ; medullary 
rays whitish, narrow ; no groups of stone 
cells ; when burned emits a strong aro- 
matic somewhat musk-like odor; taste 
warm and very bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1.5 per 
cent., a base allied to choline (platinum 
Fig. 144. 
Fig. 143. 
double salt, dark yellow hexagonal plates or octahedra), cas- 
carilline (alkaloid, platinum double salt, prismatic plates), 
cascarillin (bitter needles, soluble in alcohol, ether, and hot 
water), resin 15 per cent., little tannin, pectin, gum, starch. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, in large doses 
Cascarilla; quill. 
Cascarilla, magn. 42 diam LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 
197 
nauseating. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion 
or tincture. 
Allied Drugs.—Copalchi bark, from Croton Pseudo-china, 
Schlechtendal, Mexico. Large quills; periderm whitish or 
gray, not fissured; inner surface cinnamon-brown, smooth; 
fracture granular, in inner layer finely fibrous; odor and 
taste similar to Cascarilla. 
Malambo bark, from Croton Malambo, Kcirsten, Vene- 
zuela. Large quills, resembling the preceding, the thin 
cork warty, longitudinally fissured, and easily removed; 
fracture in inner layer coarsely fibrous. 
Other barks from different species of Croton are not un- 
i'requently sold for Copalchi and Malambo bark. 
6. LEAVES AND LEAFLETS.—FOLIA ET 
FOLIOLA. 
Leaves grow laterally from the stem, and are attached 
thereto either by the blade, in which case they are sessile, or 
they are petiolate, raised upon a foot-stalk. A leaf is called 
simple if it has only one blade, and compound if it has two 
or more distinct blades on a common leaf-stalk. The sepa- 
rate blades of compound leaves are termed leaflets, and, if 
they are articulated with the common leaf-stalk, they are, 
after collection and drying, usually detached from the latter, 
and cannot then be distinguished from simple leaves. The 
veins of a leaf may run parallel from the base to the apex, 
or from the midrib to the margin; or they may branch and 
divide in various ways and anastomose, forming a network. 
Parallel-veined leaves are met with in most monocoty- 
ledonous plants, while the dicotyledons have only netted- 
veined leaves, with the exception of the so-called phyllodia, 
which are foliaceous petioles. Most leaves are more or less 
hairy, at least while young; in fully matured leaves, which 
are otherwise smooth, hairs sometimes remain on the lower 
surface, and particularly along the veins. Hairs may con- 198 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
sist of a single or of several cells ; sometimes they terminate 
in oil-bearing glands, as in the leaves of the labiatse. The 
hairy covering modifies to some extent the green color of 
the surface. The color of the upper surface is, as a rule, 
darker green, owing to the compact nature of the tissue on 
that side. Occasionally the surface of leaves becomes coated 
with a wax-like exudation. Deciduous leaves, which last 
only for a single season, are rarely leathery; but the semper- 
virent leaves, lastiug for more than one season, are generally 
of a leathery texture. All of the official leaves are derived 
from dicotyledons. 
Histology.—The petiole or foot-stalk consists mainly of 
fibrovascular tissue, which, on entering the blade, branches 
so as to form the ribs and veins or framework of the leaf, 
the spaces between which are filled with parenchyme (meso- 
phyll). Under the epidermis of the upper side of expanded 
leaves is found a layer consisting of one or more rows of 
vertically elongated, compacted parenchyme cells (palisade 
cells). A few of the official leaves, like senna, have also a 
small palisade layer beneath the epidermis of the lower sur- 
face, and in the falcate eucalyptus leaves nearly the entire 
mesophyll consists of palisade cells. The parenchyme 
between this layer and the lower surface is loosely arranged, 
leaving irregular air-spaces between the horizontally elongated 
cells. The parenchyme contains the chlorophyll, likewise the 
oil-glands, if present, which usually give the leaves a pellucid- 
puuctate appearance; and in the same tissue originates the 
suberous growth which appears upon certain leaves in the 
form of circular or roundish disks. On the lower surface, 
and in some leaves also on the upper surface, are found the 
stomata or breathing pores. 
Classification. 
I. Margin entire. 
1. Aromatic and glandular; all coriaceous except 
Thymus. 
Linear, revolute, woolly beneath, green above. Rosmarinus, LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 
199 
Linear, revolute, pubescent beneath, grayish- 
green. 
Thymus. 
Broad oval, obtuse, rough on both sides. 
Boldus. 
Oval-oblong, retuse, uneven at base. 
Pilocarpus. 
Lance-oblong, acute at both ends. 
Laurus. 
Falcate-lanceolate, pointed, uneven at base 
Oval-lanceolate or elliptic, smooth, delicately 
Eucalyptus. 
wrinkled. 
Chekan. 
Elliptic, smooth, reticulate above. 
Myrcia. 
Oval-oblong, smooth, petiole winged. 
2. Not aromatic or glandular; coriaceous. 
Aurantium. 
Linear-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, smooth. 
Elliptic-oblong, revolute, rusty-woolly beneath, 
Oleander. 
aromatic when bruised. 
Ledum. 
Obovate, somewhat revolute, smooth. 
Uva ursi. 
Ovate-oblong, rather acute, pale green. 
Arctostaphylos 
glauca. 
Roundish cordate, bristly. 
Epigaea. 
Elliptic, acute at both ends, smooth. 
Kalmia. 
3. Not aromatic or coriaceous. 
Obovate, mucronulate, uneven at base, nearly 
smooth. 
Senna (baladi). 
Lance-oval, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. 
Senna 
alexandrina. 
Lanceolate, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. 
Senna indica. 
Ovate-oblong, obtuse, uneven at base, nearly 
Cassia 
smooth. 
marilandica. 
Lance-oblong, pointed, sometimes with a few 
teeth or three-lobed. 
Obovate-oblong, acute at base, near the mid-rib 
Sesamum. 
with two folds. 
Ovate-oblong, acute, papery and smooth, upper 
Erythroxylon. 
side mostly brownish. 
Belladonna. 
Oval-lanceolate, acute below, smooth. 
Ovate-lanceolate, acute, papery, hairy, brown on 
Duboisia. 
both sides. 
Tabacum. 
II. Margin toothed or crenate. 
1. Not coriaceous. 
Ovate, uneven at base, angular-toothed, papery, 
smooth. 
Stramonium. 
Ovate-oblong, gray-green, hairy, the teeth large 
and triangular. 
Hyoscyamus. 200 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Ovate, obtuse, crenate, beneath with white retie- 
ulations. 
Digitalis. 
Lanceolate, finely crenulate, beneath with brown 
reticulations. 
Matico. 
Ovate-oblong, finely crenulate, gray-green, soft 
hairy beneath. 
Salvia. 
Oval-obovate, obliquely heart-shaped, wavy 
toothed. 
Hamamelis. 
Oval, acute at both ends, irregularly toothed, 
smooth. 
Thea. 
Lance-oblong, rather obtuse; teeth distant. 
Ilex para- 
guayensis. 
Obovate or lance-obovate, rather obtuse; teeth 
few. 
Turnera. 
Oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate serrate, 
smooth, feather-veined. 
Castanea. 
Lanceolate, pointed, closely serrate, smooth. 
Persica. 
Lance-oblong, with few teeth, mostly entire (see 
above). 
Sesamum. 
Roundish heart-shaped, angular, white tomentose 
beneath. 
Tussilago. 
2. Coriaceous. 
Oval, spiny-wavy toothed. 
Ilex opaca. 
Oblanceolate, sharply serrate above, green, and 
smooth. 
Chimaphila. 
Lanceolate, serrate, on upper surface a whitish 
Chimapliila 
spot. 
maculata. 
Roundish oval, mucronate, with appressed teeth, 
smooth. 
Gaultheria. 
Oblong, serrate, with depressed glands near base 
of mid-rib. 
Laurocerasus. 
Oval, obovate, or roundish, crenate or serrate, 
gland in each sinus. 
Buchu (short). 
Linear-lanceolate, rather thin, glandular like 
preceding. 
Buchu (long). 
Elliptic-lanceolate, dentate, varnished above, 
white and reticulate beneath. 
Eriodictyon. 
III. Margin lobed; subcoriaceous. 
Linear-lanceolate, lobes alternate, roundish. 
Comptonia. 
Kidney-shaped, three lobed, lobes entire. 
Hepatica. 
Suborbicular, the divisions linear-lanceolate and 
furrowed above- 
Aconitum. ROSMARINUS ROSEM A R Y. 
201 
IV. Leaves ternate. 
Leaflets sessile, obovate oblong, slightly crenate. 
Lateral leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate ; all en- 
Menyanthes. 
tire or notched. 
Toxicodendron. 
V. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate. 
Pi time subcoriaceous, spatulate, nearly entire, 
pellucid-punctate. 
Ruta. 
Pinnae thin, oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed. 
Conium. 
ROSMARINUS.—Rosemary. 
Origin.—Rosmarinus officinalis, Linn6. Natural order, 
Labiatse, Monardese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterra- 
nean ; cultivated. 
Description.—Rigid, linear, about 
25 millimeters (1 inch) long, entire, 
re volute, dark green above, woolly 
and glandular and with a promi- 
nent midrib beneath ; pungently aro- 
matic, somewhat camphoraceous, and 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 
per cent., resin, tannin, bitter princi- 
ple. The volatile oil is yellowish, 
spec. grav. 0.895, readily soluble in 
alcohol, contains the hydrocarbon 
cineol, C10H16, and the compounds, 
C10H16O and C10H18O. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimu- 
lant, diuretic, emmenagogue, dia- 
phoretic. Dose, 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv), in infusion. 
Fig. 145. 
Rosmarinus officinalis 
branch and flower. 
Origin.—Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
Satureinese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Description.—Linear or narrow oblong, 5 to 10 millimeters 
THYMUS.—Garden Thyme. 202 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS LEAVES. 
(|—§• inch) long, revolute, grayish-green, glandular punctate 
on both sides, grayish pubescent beneath; aromatic; taste 
spicy. The expanded leaves are ovate or lanceolate. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 2? per cent., spec. grav. 
0.89, readily soluble in alcohol, consists of cymene, C10HU, 
thymene C10H16, and thymol, Ci0HuO; 
the latter melts at 50° C. (122° F.), 
and liquefies in contact with camphor. 
Properties.—Carminative, tonic, em- 
menagogue, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 
to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. Thy- 
mol externally as an antiseptic. 
Fig. 146. 
BOLDUS—Boldo. 
Origin. — Peumus Boldus Molina 
(Boldoa fragrans, Ruiz et Pavon). 
Natural order, Monimiaceae. 
Habitat—Chili; cultivated. 
Description.—Broadly oval or oval- 
oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, obtuse, rough on both sides, 
glossy above, hairy beneath, often red- 
dish-brown, fragrant; taste pungent, 
somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent., boldine 0.1 per cent., 
glucoside 0.3 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether), aromatic 
resin, tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
in infusion or tincture. 
Boldus.—Natural size. 
PILOCARPUS.—Jaborandl 
Origin. — Pilocarpus Selloanus, Engler, and Pilocarpus 
Jaborandi, Holmes. Natural order, Rut ace*, Xantlioxyleae. 
Habitat.—Brazil, near Pernambuco. 
Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 11 leaflets, the 
terminal one with a stalk about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long 
and nearly equal at base; the others short-stalked and un- 
equal at the base; oval or ovate-oblong, about 10 centimeters 
(4 inches) long, 4 to 6 centimeters (1| to 2| inches) broad, 
entire, and slightly revolute at the margin, near which the PILOCARPUS—JABORANDI. 
203 
anastomosing veins form one or two distinct wavy lines ; ob- 
tuse and emarginate ; dull green, coriaceous, pellucid-punctate, 
mostly smooth; when bruised, slightly aromatic, somewhat 
Fig. 147. 
Pilocarpus.—Leaflet, natural size. 
pungent and bitter. The first speeies yields the Rio Janeiro 
jaborandi and the second species the Pernambuco jaborandi. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (chiefly pilocarpene, C10H16), 
and several alkaloids amounting to about § per cent. 
Pilocarpine, CuH17N202, is the principal active constit- 
uent; it is crystalline, soluble in water, combines with 
alkalies, on heating, particularly with HC1, yields jaborine 204 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
and pilocarpidine, its salts readily soluble in water and alco- 
hol, the physiological action similar to that of nicotine. 
Jaborine, C22H32X404, is yellow, amorphous, soluble less in 
water and more in ether than pilocarpine; resembles atro- 
pine in action. Pilocarpidine, Cl0II14X2O2, is deliquescent; 
the salts mostly amorphous ; action weaker than pilocarpine ; 
on oxidation in air yields syrupy jaboridine, which may be 
identical with jaborandine, C10H12N2O3, and resembles jaborine 
in its action. 
Properties.—Sialagogue, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in powder or tincture; pilocarpine 0.005 to 
O. gram (gr. TV-i)* 
Other Jaborandis.—Monnieria trifolia, Linne (Aubletia 
trifolia, Richard), and Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) elegans, 
Engler, of the natural order Rutaceee. Serronia Jaborandi, 
Guillemin (contains jaborandine), Piper reticulatum, Linne, 
P. nodulosum, Link, P. citrifolium, Lamarck, and Artanthe 
Mollicoma, Miguel, of the natural order Piperacese. 
LAURUS.—Laurel, Bay Leaves. 
Origin.—Laurus nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Laurinese, 
Litseacese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. 
Description.—Oblong or lance-oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 
to 4 inches) long, acute at both ends, or the apex rather obtuse, 
veined beneath, pellucid-punctate, brownish, smooth ; aromatic, 
somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, astringent. 
Origin. — Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardibre. Natural 
order, Myrtacese, Leptospermeae. 
Habitat.—Australia; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
Description.—The leaves are collected from the older parts 
of the tree. Petiolate, lanceolately scythe-shaped, 15 to 30 
centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long, oblique and rounded or 
EUCALYPTUS.—Eucalyptus. CHEKAN—CHEKEN. 
205 
somewhat attenuated below, tapering above, entire, leathery, 
gray-green, glandular, feather-veined between the midrib and 
marginal veins; odor strongly balsamic; taste pungently aro- 
matic, somewhat bitter, and astringent. 
The leaves of young shoots are broadly ovate, obtuse, 
cordate at base, pale bluish-green, thinner, and less aro- 
matic. 
Fig. 148. 
Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardibre. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 6 per cent., tannin, cerylic alco- 
hol, crystallizable fatty acid, crystallizable resin. The vola- 
tile oil contains eucalyptene and dextro-pinene, C10H16, and 
cineol or eucalyptol, C10H18O. 
Properties.—Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, antiseptic. 
Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, tincture, 
or extract. 
CHEKAN.—Cheken. 
Origin.—Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Natural order, Myrta- 
cese, Myrtese. 
Fig. 149. 
Habitat.—Chili. 
Description.—Nearly sessile, oval-lanceolate or elliptic, about 
Cheken leaves.—Natural size. 206 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat revolute on the margin ; 
light green, smooth, delicately wrinkled, pellucid-punctate, aro- 
matic. Usually accompanied by the much - branched rough 
brown stems. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent., alkaloid, tannin 4 per 
cent.; ash, 9 per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, antiseptic. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (3ss-j). 
MYRCIA.—Bay Leaves, Wild Clove Leaves. 
Origin.—Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Natural order, Myrta- 
cete, Myrtese. 
Habitat.—West Indies. 
Description.—Elliptic or broadly oval, 5 to 10 centimeters 
(2 to 4 inches) long, obtuse, reticulate, smooth, pellucid-punc- 
tate, aromatic, and spicy. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil; it contains several hydrocarbons, 
eugenol, and little methyl-eugenol. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used for preparing the volatile 
oil and for bay-rum. 
AURANTII FOLIA.—Orange Leaves. 
Origin.—Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese 
Aurautiese. 
Habitat.—Asia; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
Description.—Oval- or ovate-oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 
to 4 inches) long, pointed, smooth, pellucid-punctate; petiole 
articulate, with a broad obovate or obcordate wing; aromatic, 
somewhat bitter. 
The similar leaves of Citrus Aurantium, Risso, have the 
petioles narrow-winged or nearly naked. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, stachydrine. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. 
OLEANDER.—Oleander. 
Origin.—Nerium Oleander, Linne. Natural order, Apocy- 
nacete, Echitese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. 
Description.—Nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, 10 centimeters 
(4 inches) long, finely pointed, somewhat revolute, smooth, glossy 
above, feather-veined ; inodorous, bitter, nauseous. UVA ursi. 
207 
Constituents.—Oleandrine and pseudocurarine (two amorphous 
alkaloids, the former poisonous), neriantin (glucoside). 
Properties.—Sedative, poisonous. 
LEDUM.—Labrador Tea. 
Origin.—Ledum latifolium, Alton. Natural order, Ericaceae, 
Rhodorese. 
Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States, west to Min- 
nesota. 
Description.—Elliptic oblong, about 3 centimeters (U, inches) 
long, revolute, rounded or cordate at base, rusty woolly beneath ; 
odor, when bruised, heavy; taste astringent, bitter, somewhat 
pungent. 
Ledum palustre, Dinne, Marsh tea, grows in the northern 
continents, and is free from andromedotoxin ; leaves linear or 
lance-linear, otherwise like Ledum latifolium. 
Constituents.—Tannin, volatile oil 1.2 per cent, (contains large 
quantity of ledum camphor, C15H260, fusing at 105° C., crystal- 
lizes in needles, poisonous), ericolin, ericinol, resin, etc. (in L. 
palustre). 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, alterative, in large doses poi- 
sonous (probably due to andromedotoxin). Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
UVA URSI.—Uva Ursi. 
Origin.—Arctostaphylos U'va ursi (Linne), Sprengel. 
Natural order, Ericaceae, Arbutese. 
Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in dry and sandy or 
rocky places; in the United States south to Pennsylvania, 
New Mexico, and California. 
Description.—Very short-stalked, obovate, or oblong-spat- 
ulate, about 2 centimeters (i inch) long, and 5 to 8 millimeters 
(tL to )r inch) broad, obtuse, the apex frequently curved back, 
slightly revolute on the margin, smooth, yellowish-green, 
and glossy on the upper surface with depressed veins, paler 
and reticulate on the lower surface; odor faint hay-like; 
taste strongly astringent, somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Tannin 6-7 per cent., gallic acid, arbutin, 
ericolin, ursone, ash about 3 per cent. Free from andro- 
medotoxin. Arbutin, Ci2H1607, bitter needles, soluble in 208 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
alcohol and hot water, nearly insoluble in ether; blue with 
dilute ferric chloride; in alkaline solution azure-blue with 
phosphomolybdic acid; yields glucose and arctuvin, or 
Fig. 150. 
Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel. 
hydrokinone (excreted with the urine). Ericolin, C34H56021, 
yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, yields glucose 
Fig. 151. 
Uva ursi leaves, natural size, showing upper and lower surface. 
and ericinol (volatile oil). Ursone, C10H16O, tasteless needles, 
sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water. EPKLEA—TRAILING ARBUTUS. 
209 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA.—Manzanita. 
Origin.—Arctostaphylos glauca, Lindley. Natural order, 
Ericaceae, Arbuteae. 
Habitat.—Mountains of California. 
Description.—Petiolate, ovate oblong, about 5 centimeters 
(2 inches) long, usually acute above and obtuse at base, glau- 
cous pale green ; inodorous, astringent and somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Arbutin, ursone, tannin 9-10 per cent., ash 6 
per cent. 
Properties and Uses.—Like uva ursi. 
Fig. 152. 
Manzanita leaves, natural size. 
EPIGiEA.—Trailing Arbutus, Gravel Plant. 
Origin.—Epigae'a repens, Linne. Natural order, Ericaceae, 
Ericineae. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to 
Minnesota; in sandy woods. 210 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Description.—Ovate or suborbicular, cordate, about 5 centi- 
meters (2 inches) long, reticulate, bristly ; inodorous; taste as- 
tringent and bitter. 
Constituents.—Tannin 3-4 per cent., acid resembling gallic 
acid, arbutin, ericolin, ursone. 
Properties and Uses.—Like uva ursi. 
KALMIA.—Mountain Laurel. 
Origin.—Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Natural order, Ericaceae, 
Rhodorese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Ten- 
nessee ; in damp or rocky woods. 
Description.—Elliptic or lance-oval, 5 to 9 centimeters (2 
to inches) long, acute at. both ends, smooth and green on 
both sides; inodorous; taste astringent, bitter. 
Constituents. — Tannin, arbutin, resin, andromedotoxin, 
C31H51O10. The latter is a neutral compound, poisonous, solu- 
ble in water, alcohol and chloroform, not precipitated by lead 
acetates or alkaloid reagents; colored red by warm dilute 
mineral acids. 
Properties.—Astringent, in large doses poisonous. 
SENNA ALEXANDEINA.—Alexandria Senna. 
Origin.—Cassia acutifolia, Delile. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Csesalpineae, Cassiese. 
Habitat.—Eastern and Central Africa. 
Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 8 or 10 leaflets, which 
Fig. 153. 
Cassia acutifolia, Delile.—Legume and leaflet. 
are lanceolate or lance-oval, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
long, subcoriaceons, brittle, rather pointed, unequally oblique SENNA INDICA—INDIA SENNA. 
211 
at the base, entire, grayish-green, somewhat pubescent; odor 
peculiar; taste nauseous, bitter. 
It should be free from stalks and legumes, but often con- 
tains argel leaves (from Solenostemma A'rgel, Hayne; nat. 
Fig. 154. 
Fro. 155. 
Fig. 156. 
Argel leaf. 
Coriaria leaf. 
Tephrosia leaflet. 
ord. Asclepiadese), which are thicker, one-veined, glaucous, 
even at the base, and short-hairy on both sides; not laxative 
(Schroff). The poisonous three-nerved leaves of Coriaria 
myrtifolia, Linne, have occasionally been mixed with senna; 
also the emarginate leaflets of Tephrosia Appoltnea, De 
Candolle (Papilionacese, Galegese). 
SENNA INDICA.—India Senna. 
Origin.—Cassia angustifolia, Vahl. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Africa to India ; cultivated. 
Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 8 to 16 leaflets, which 
are lanceolate, from 3 to 5 centimeters (1-2 inches) long, 10 
to 15 millimeters (-f tof) inch broad, acute, unequally oblique 
at base, entire, thin, dull green, smooth, or slightly pubescent, 
of a peculiar, tea-like odor, and a mucilaginous, bitter taste. 
It should be free from stalks, discolored leaves, and 
other admixtures. 
Varieties.—Commercial Alexandria senna sometimes con- 
sists of small leaflets of Cassia elongata, more or less broken, 212 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
and mixed with the leaflets of Cassia obovata, Colladon, 
known as Senna baladi or wild senna; these are obovate or 
obovate-oblong, mucronulate, rather longer than C. acuti- 
folia, and are regarded as less efficacious. 
Fig. 157. 
Cassia elongata, Lemaire.—a. Legume. 6. Leaflet. 
Tripoli senna. Like Alexandria senna, leaflets more 
broken, free from argel leaves. 
Tinnevelly senna, the cleanest variety of India senna, 
carefully dried and unbroken ; from cultivated plants. 
Fig. 158. 
Cassia obovata, Colladon.—a. Legume, b. Leaflet. 
Bombay senna, an ordinary or inferior India senna, often 
mixed with discolored and small leaves. 
Mecca senna, like the preceding, leaflets often brown, 
broken, and mixed with legumes. 
Aden senna, from Cassia holosericea, Fresenius (C. pubes- CASSIA MARILANDICA AMERICAN SENNA. 
213 
cens, R. Brown, s. Senna ovalifolia, Batka), indigenous to 
Abyssinia; leaflets 10 to 15 millimeters (f—f inch) long, 
elliptic or oval-oblong, slightly retuse or mucronulate at 
Fig. 159. 
Tripoli senna. Leaflets and legumes 
apex and appressed-hairy upon both surfaces and on the 
margin. It is rarely seen in commerce. 
Constituents.—Chrysophan, phseoretin, sennacrol (soluble 
in ether), sennapicrin (insoluble in ether), cathartic acid, 
sennit (eathartomannit), mucilage, ash 10-20 per cent. 
Cathartic acid is amorphous, black, nearly insoluble in 
water and alcohol, its alkaline and earthy salts soluble in 
water, and insoluble in alcohol ; mineral acids split it into 
glucose and cathartogenic acid. 
Properties.—Cathartic. Dose, 8 to 15 grams (3ij-Iss) in 
infusion or fluid extract. 
CASSIA MARILANDICA.—American Senna. 
Origin.—Cassia marilandica, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
minosee, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. 
Habitat.—United States, west to Louisiana and Nebraska; in 
low grounds. 
Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 12 to 18 leaflets, which 
are ovate-ohlong or elliptic, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, 
obtuse, uneven at base; odor and taste senna-like (but weaker), 
if collected in September and October. 214 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS LEAVES. 
Constituents.—Cathartic acid, probably chrysophan, sugars, 
mucilage, albuminoids, etc.; ash 7 per cent. Dose, 16 to 50 
grams (§ss-jss), in infusion. 
SESAMUM.—Benne. 
Origin.—Sesamum mdicum, Linne. Natural order, Peda- 
line®, Sesame®. 
Habitat.—India ; cultivated. 
Description. — Petiolate, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
pointed, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, en- 
Fig. 160. 
Sesamum indicum, Linni.—a. Flowering branch, b. Section of seed, 
tire, sometimes with a few teeth or two basal lobes, prominently 
veined, smoothish, mucilaginous. Used chiefly in the fresh 
state. 
Constituents.—Mucilage. 
Properties.—Demulcent; used in infusion in dysentery, etc. 
ERYTHROXYLON.—Coca. 
Origin.—Erythrdxylon Coca, Lamarck. Natural order, 
Line®, Erythroxyle®. 
Habitat.—Peru, Boliva; cultivated. 
Description.—Ovate, lanceolate or obovate-oblong, 2 to ERYTHROXYLON—COCA. 
215 
5, sometimes 10 centimeters (f to 2 or 4 inches) long, 
brownish-green, short-petiolate, entire, terminated by a 
short horny point frequently broken off, reticulate on both 
sides, with a prominent midrib, possessing a ridge on the 
Fig. 161. 
Fig. 162. 
Bolivian coca; lower surface, natural size. 
Small Peruvian coca, 
natural size. 
upper surface and on the lower surface a curved line on each 
side of it (caused by a strand of collenchyme cells; Sohrenk, 
1887), running from base to apex; odor slight, tea-like, not 
camphoraceous; taste somewhat bitter and aromatic. Peru- 
vian coca leaves are somewhat smaller, more fragile, pale 
green, do not show a prominent ridge above midrib, and the 
curved lines on the lower surface are not as distinct. Coca 
leaves cultivated in Java and India are considered inferior 
to those of South America; they are said to be derived from 
E. Spruceanum, Burch, and E. bolivianum, Burch. 
Constituents.—Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cinnamylcocaine, 216 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
truxilcocaine (truxilline or cocamine), hygrine (mixture, vola- 
tile, oily, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, the dilute 
solutions of the salts in water fluorescent), cocatannic acid, 
methyl salicylate, wax. Cocaine, C17H21N04, forms colorless, 
bitter prisms, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, also in water; 
melts at 98°; with strong HC1 yields methyl-alcohol, ben- 
zoic acid, and ecgonine, C9H15NOs, which is sweetish-bitter, 
freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and 
insoluble in ether. Cocaine salts give a violet-purple crys- 
talline precipitate with potassium permanganate. Ben- 
zoylecgonine, C16H19N04, crystallizes with 4HaO; when 
dry melts at 198°; insoluble in-ether, freely soluble in 
alcohol and hot water; yields benzoic acid and ecgonine. 
Cinnamylcocaine on saponification, yields cinnamic acid 
(sometimes also isocinnamic acid). Truxilline (cocamine) 
yields truxillic acid, C9H802, in several modifications which 
seem to be polymerides of cinnamic acid. From Java coca 
leaves beuzoyl-pseudotropeine, C15H19N02, has been ob- 
tained ; it melts at 49°, and is easily soluble in alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, benzol, and benzin; yields with HC1 benzoic 
acid and pseudotropine, C8H15NO (deliquescent rhombic 
crystals, sparingly soluble in ether, freely in chloroform). 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-3j), in substance, infusion, fluid extract; usually 
combined with an alkali. Cocaine as a local anaesthetic in 
solution of 4 to 8 or 10 per cent. 
BELLADONNAS FOLIA.—Belladonna Leaves. 
Deadly Nightshade. 
Origin. — A'tropa Belladonna, Limit. Natural order, 
Solanaceae, Atropeae. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia Minor. 
Description.—Ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 10 to 15 
centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters 
(2-4 inches) broad, narrowed into a petiole, tapering at the BELLADONNA FOLIA DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. 
217 
apex, entire, almost smooth, thin, occasionally with circular 
perforations caused by cork, upper surface brownish-green, 
lower surface grayish-green; both surfaces, viewed under 
Fig. 163. 
Atropa Belladonna, Linne— Branch, fruit, seed, and section of seed, 
the last two magnified. 
the magnifying glass, of a whitish granular appearance, due 
to numerous cells located in the mesophyll containing a 
crystalline powder of calcium oxalate; odor slight, taste 
bitterish, disagreeable. 
Constituents.—About 0.5 per cent, mydriatic alkaloids, 
choline (bilineurine), mucilage, wax, asparagin, albumin, 
chrysatropic acid (scopoletin), succinic acid, nitrates, ash 
14 per cent. Atropine, yields a gold double 
salt at first oily, finally crystalline, without lustre. Hyos- 
cyaniine (see hyoscyamus leaves) is sometimes the predomi- 
nating alkaloid. Belladonine, a yellow powder, is probably 
oxyatropine, Cl7H23N04, or apoatropine, C17H21N02. 
Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 
0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ssr-iij). 218 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Antidotes.—Emetics; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); 
morphine; physostigmine; pilocarpine. 
DUBOISIA.—Duboisia. 
Origin.—Duboisia myoporofdes, It. Brown. Natural order, 
Solanacese, Salpiglossidese. 
Habitat.—Australia. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 7 to 10 centi- 
meters (3 to 4 inches) long, 15 to 25 millimeters (| to 1 inch) 
broad, narrowed at both ends, entire, midrib prominent; the 
margin somewhat revolute; thin, nearly smooth, inodorous and 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Duboisine, volatile alkaloid, resin, etc. Du- 
boisine appears to vary, and to consist usually of atropine with 
more or less piturine. 
Properties.—Similar to those of belladonna and hyoscyamus. 
Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij); of the alkaloid, 0.0005 to 
0.001 gram (gr. j^-^)- 
Antidotes.—Similar as for belladonna. 
TABACUM.—Tobacco. 
Origin.—Nicotiana Tabaeum, Linne. Natural order, Sola- 
naceae, Cestrineae. 
Habitat—Tropical America; cultivated. 
Description.—The commercial dried leaves are used. Oval 
or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 50 centimeters (20 iuches) 
long, short petiolate or sessile, acute, entire, brown, friable, 
glandular-hairy; odor heavy, peculiar; taste nauseous, bitter 
and acrid. 
Constituents.—Nicotine, C10H14N2, 0.7 to 5, sometimes 11 
per cent., nicotianin (scaly, volatile, probably a salt of nico- 
tine, according to others a camphoraceous compound), resin, 
albumin, gum, extractive, malates, citrates, ash 14 to 18, 
occasionally 27 per cent. Nicotine is colorless, spec. grav. 
1.011, becomes rapidly brown, is pungently acrid, freely 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and is colored violet 
with warm HC1, and browned by Cl gas. Tobacco smoke 
contains a number of pyridine bases. STRAMONII FOLIA—STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 
219 
Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 0.3 
to 0.13 gram (gr. ss-ij); as emetic, 0.3 gram (gr. v), in pow- 
der, infusion, or wine; externally as sternutatory, enema, etc. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants; astringents; nux vomica; stimu- 
lants. 
STRAMONII FOLIA.—Stramonium Leaves. 
Origin.—Datura Stramonium, Linne. Natural order, 
Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
Habitat.—Asia; naturalized in most countries. 
Description.—Petiolate, ovate, about 15 centimeters (6 
Fig. 164. 
Datura Stramonium, Linne.— Flowering branch. 
inches) long, smooth, pointed, unequal at the base, coarsely 
and sinuately angular-toothed, smooth or nearly so, dark 
green and rather fleshy when fresh, frequently with circular 
perforations, caused by cork; after drying thin, brittle, the 
upper surface usually brownish-green and somewhat whitish, 220 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
granular under the magnifying glass, due to cellc of the 
mesophyll containing cluster-crystals of calcium oxalate; 
odor characteristic; taste unpleasant, bitter, and nauseous. 
Datura Tatula, Limit;, is very similar, but has the foliage 
deeper green, and the stem and flowers purple colored. 
Constituents.—Daturine 0.2 per cent., mucilage, albumin, 
ash 17 per cent. Daturine is a mixture of atropine and 
hyoscyamine, the latter usually predominating. 
Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 
0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder or extract. 
Antidotes. — Evacuation by stomach-pump or emetic; 
stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); douches; morphine ; phy- 
sostigmine; pilocarpine. 
HYOSCYAMI FOLIA.—Hyoscyamus Leaves. 
Henbane. 
Origin. — Hyoscyamus mger, Linne. Natural order, 
Solanacese, Hyoscyameae. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of 
North America. 
Description.—The leaves and flowering tops of plants of 
second year’s growth are collected; leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong, sometimes 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, and 10 
centimeters (4 inches) broad, petiolate or sessile, acute, 
sinuate-toothed, the teeth large, oblong, or triangular ; gray- 
green, glandular-hairy, especially along the veins on lower 
surface; the mesophyll contains small prisms of calcium 
oxalate ; midrib prominent; odor heavy narcotic ; taste bit- 
ter, somewhat acrid. The flowers have a five-lobed pale 
yellow and purplish-veined corolla, and an urn-shaped, five- 
toothed calyx ; occasionally the capsule (pyxis) enclosed in 
the calyx is present. 
Constituents.—Mydriatic alkaloids about 0.3 per cent., 
choline (biliueurine), hyoscipicrin, mucilage, al- 
bumin. Hyoscyamine, C17H23N03, yields a gold double salt DIGITA LIS—FOXGLOVE. 
221 
in lustrous yellow scales, which melt at 160° C., but not 
under water; splits into tropine, C8H15NO, and tropic acid, 
C9H10O3, distinguished with difficulty from atropine. Hyos- 
Fig. 165. 
Fig. 166. 
Calyx, containing cap- 
sule, natural size. 
Hyoscyamus niger, Linne.— Flowering branch. 
cine, identical with scopolamine, C17H21N04, is amorphous 
or crystalline; the gold double salt melts at 212° C.; splits 
into atropic acid, C9H802, and scopoline, C8H13N02. By 
heating liyoscyamine for six hours to near 120° C. (248° F.) 
it is converted into atropine. 
Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the pupil, nar- 
cotic. Pose, 0.13 to 0.6 gram (gr. ij-x), in powder, tincture, 
fluid extract, or extract. 
Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. 
DIGITALIS.—Digitalis, Foxglove. 
Origin.—Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Natural order, 
Scrophularmese, Digitalese. 222 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Habitat.—Europe, in sandy soil and the edges of woods. 
Description.—The leaves are collected from plants of the 
second year’s growth. Ovate-oblong, rather acute, narrowed 
into a winged petiole ; from 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 
inches) long; irregularly crenate, downy; dull green and 
wrinkled above ; paler and whitish reticulate beneath ; midrib 
near the base broad; odor faint, tea-like; taste bitter, nau- 
seous. Hairs of the upper surface simple, usually three-celled 
glandular; calcium oxalate crystals absent in the mesophyll. 
A 10 per cent, infusion made with boiling water has a pe- 
culiar odor, turns litmus paper red, and with ferric chloride 
acquires a darker tint—a brown precipitate forming in a few 
hours. The diluted infusion becomes turbid with tannin. 
Constituents.—Digitalin, resin, digitalosmin (stearopteu), 
digitoleic acid, mucilage, extractive, inosit, pectin, ash 10 
per cent. Commercial digitalin is a mixture of several com- 
Fig. 167. 
Digitalis.—Leaf of the first and of the second year’s growth. 
pounds, of which the following have been investigated to 
some extent: Digitoxin is crystallizable, insoluble in water, MATICO. 
223 
benzol, and carbon disulphide, sparingly so in ether, soluble 
in alcohol and chloroform, and by acids is converted into 
toxiresin ; alcoholic hydrochloric converts it into digitoxi- 
genin and digitoxose. Digitonin, C27H44013, is a glucoside, 
crystallizes from 85 per cent, alcohol, is soluble in water (the 
solution foaming), but not in ether, benzol, or chloroform, 
dissolves with a red color in II2S04 and warm HC1, and splits 
into dextrose, galactose, and digitogenin, which is insoluble in 
water. Digitalein is soluble in alcohol, ether, and water. 
Digitalin is crystalline, sparingly soluble in water and ether, 
soluble in alcohol. These principles are cardiac poisons, while 
another, digitin, has no such action. The behavior to solvents 
is more or less altered by the presence of other principles. 
Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 
0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, infusion, tincture, or ex- 
tract. The dose of digitalin is uncertain, owing to its vari- 
able composition; crystallized digitalin (digitoxin; but 
sometimes consists of digitonin) is given in doses of 0.05 
to 0.1 milligram - <rb- grain). 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics); tan- 
nin ; stimulants (injections); aconitine. 
MATICO.—Matico. 
Origin.—Piper angustifolium, Iiuiz et Pavon. Natural 
order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America. 
Description.—Short petiolate, oblong-lanceolate 10 to 15 
Fig. 168. 
Matico. -One-half natural size. 
centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, pointed, unequally heart- 
shaped, very finely crenulate, tessellated above, reticulate 224 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
and rough beneath, the meshes small, and the veins densely 
brownish-hairy; aromatic, spicy, and bitterish. 
The leaves of Artanthe adunca, Miguel, are not tessellated, 
rough, and hairy like true matico. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2J per cent., pungent resin, 
bitter principle, artanthic acid (crystalline), tannin, muci- 
lage, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, vulnerary, styptic. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-sj), in powder, infusion, or extract; 
also externally as a styptic. 
SALVIA.—Sage. 
Origin.—Salvia officinalis, Linne. Natural order, La- 
biatse, Monardese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Petiolate, ovate-oblong, about 5 centi- 
meters (2 inches) long, obtuse, or 
rather acute, finely crenulate, the 
base narrowed, rounded, somewhat 
heart-shaped or auriculate (the lat- 
ter forms rare in market), thickish, 
wrinkled, grayish-green, and beneath 
reticulate, soft hairy, and glandular; 
aromatic, bitterish, somewhat astrin- 
gent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil J-f per 
cent., resin, tannin, albumin, extractive, 
etc. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 
0.89, freely soluble in alcohol, and 
contains pinene, cineol, and salviol, 
c10h18o. _ 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, astrin- 
gent, vulnerary. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion ; 
externally as a gargle, etc. 
Fig. 169. 
Salvia.—Natural size, up- 
per and lower surface. HAMAMELIS WITCH HAZEL. 
225 
HAMAMELIS.—Hamamelis. Witch Hazel. 
Origin.—Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Natural order, 
Hamamelideae. 
Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and 
Louisiana; in thickets. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, thiekish, 10 to 15 centi- 
meters (4-6 inches) long, obovate or oval-obovate, obtuse, 
Fig. 170. 
Hamamelis virginiana.—Leaf one-half natural size. 
wavy-toothed, narrowed below, and oblique and slightly 
heart-shaped at base, feather-veined, veins on lower surface 
with stellate hairs, prominent, nearly smooth, dark green or 
brownish-green above, paler below, inodorous, taste astrin- 
gent and bitter. 226 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Constituents.—Tannin, bitter principle, trace of volatile oil. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, somewhat sedative ; exter- 
nally in skin diseases. Dose, about 4 grams (sj), in decoction 
or fluid extract. 
THlilA.—Tea. 
Origin.—Camellia Thea, Link, s. Thea chinensis, Sims. 
Natural order, Ternstrcemiacese, Gordoniese. 
Habitat.—Southeastern Asia; cultivated. 
Fig. 171. 
Tea leaves—Natural size. 
Description.—Short petiolate, oval or oblanceolate, 25 to 50 
or 75 millimeters (1 to 2 or 3 inches) long, acute at both 
ends, or rather obtuse above, irregularly serrate, except near the 
base, the lateral veins anastomosing near the margin ; smooth 
or the veins somewhat pubescent; odor agreeable, peculiar; 
taste pleasantly astringent and bitterish. In commerce the 
leaves are rolled ; bluish green or blackish. TURNERA—DAMIANA. 
227 
Adulterations with other leaves are recognized by the shape, 
the character of the venation, and the serratures on the 
margin. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.6-1 per cent., theine (chemically 
identical with caffeine but produces spasms and convulsions, 
and its lethal dose is larger than that of caffeine), l?-4 per 
cent. (Indian and Ceylon teas contain between 3.2 and 4.6 
per cent, of theine, Paul and Cownley, 1887), theophylline 
(isomeric with theobromine, readily soluble in hot water), tan- 
nin 11 to 21 per cent. (Hooper, 1889), boheic acid, albumin, 
wax, resin, ash 4-6 per cent., containing about 14 per cent, of 
phosphoric acid. Tea leaves yield about 40 per cent, of aqueous 
extract. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 
to 8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. 
ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS.—Mate, Paraguay Tea. 
Origin. — I'lex paraguay ensis, Lambert. Natural order, 
Ilicinese. 
Habitat.—Brazil and Argentine Republic. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, lance-oblong, about 5 centi- 
meters (2 inches) long, nearly obtuse, margin few-toothed; 
smooth ; odor slight; taste astringent, bitterish and somewhat 
empyreumatic. The commercial mate consists of the slightly 
torrefied leaves, reduced to coarse powder. 
Constituents.—Tannin 10-16 per cent., caffeine, 0.2-1.6 per 
cent., little volatile oil and stearopten, wax, glucoside, proteids 
about 8 per cent., ash 4 to 8 per cent. 
Properties and Dose.—Like thea. 
TURNERA.—Damiana. 
Origin. — Turnera diffusa, Wildenow, var. aphrodisfaca, 
Urban. Natural order, Turneraeese. 
Habitat.—Mexico. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, thickish, obovate, lance-obo- 
vate, or oblong, 10 to 25 millimeters (|—1 inch) long, rather 
obtuse, with a wedge-shaped base and on each side of the margin 
with from 3 to 6 teeth; the pinnate veins prominent beneath ; 
light green, nearly smooth, somewhat aromatic. The much- 
branched stems and small pentamerous yellow flowers are some- 
times present. 
Haplopappus (Aplopappus) discofdeus, De Candolle, False 
damiana. Natural order, Composite. Leaves lanceolate or 228 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
oblanceolate, acute, 1- to 3-toothed on each side, roughish and 
minutely dotted; involucre of flower-heads imbricate, florets 
yellow, pappus hairy. 
Fig. 172. 
Fig. 173. 
Fig. 174. 
Figs. 172,173. —Turnera leaves.—Natural size, 
Fig. 174.—Aplopappus leaf.—Natural size. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, laxative. Dose, 2 grams (gr. 
xxx), in fluid extract. 
CASTANEA.—Chestnut Leaves. 
Origin.—Castanea dentata {Marshall), Sudworth. Natural 
order, Cupuliferae, Quercinese. 
Habitat.—North America, from Ontario south to Florida, 
and west to Arkansas and Michigan. 
Description.—From 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) 
long, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide, petiolate, oblong- 
lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, feather-veined, sinuate 
serrate, smooth, of a slight odor and a somewhat astringent 
taste. 
They should be collected in September or October, while 
still green. 
Constituents.—Tannin, about 9 per cent., gum, albumin, 
resin, fat, ash 5-6 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, mild sedative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
(3ss-ij), in iufusiou or fluid extract, in whooping-cough. PERSICA—PEACH LEAVES. 
229 
Fig. 175. 
Castanea.—Leaf one-half natural size. 
PERSICA.—Peach Leaves. 
Origin.—Prunus Persica, Linne (Persica vulgaris, De Can- 
dolle). Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. 
Habitat.—Levant; cultivated. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 10 centimeters 
(4 inches) long, pointed, closely serrate, smooth ; odor slight, in 
infusion bitter almond-like ; taste hitter. 230 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS LEAVES. 
Constituents.—Amygdalin, or allied compound, tannin. 
Properties.—Mild sedative, tonic. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx) in 
infusion. 
TUSSILAGO.—Coltsfoot. 
Origin.—Tussilago Farfara, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
positae, Eupatoriacese. 
Habitat.—Northern Asia and Europe, naturalized in the 
United States. 
Description.—Long-petiolate, roundish heart-shaped, about 10 
centimeters (4 inches) in diameter, 5- to 7-nerved, angular- 
toothed, smooth and green above, white tomentose beneath ; 
inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, and slightly astringent. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, bitter amorphous glucoside, tannin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), 
in decoction. 
ILEX OPACA.—Holly. 
Origin.—I'lex opaca, Aiton. Natural order, Ilicinese. 
Habitat.—United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and 
from Missouri to Texas. 
Description.—Petiolate, oval, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, spinous wavy-toothed, coriaceous, smooth, inodorous; taste 
mucilaginous, bitterish, astringent. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, tonic, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx). 
CHIMAPHILA.—Pipsissewa, Prince’s Pine. 
Origin.—Chimaplnla (Chimaplnla) umbellata, Nuttall. 
Natural order, Ericaceae, Pyrolese. 
Habitat.—Northern continents. 
Description.—Oblanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, sharply serrate above, wedge-shaped and nearly entire 
toward the base; coriaceous, smooth, dark green on upper 
surface; nearly inodorous, and of an astringent and bitterish 
taste. 
The leaves of the spotted pipsissewa, Chim. maculata, 
Pursh, indigenous to North America, are lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, serrate, and 
upon the upper surface variegated with white. GAULTHERIA—WINTERGREEN. 
231 
Constituents.—Arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin 4 per cent., 
chimaphilin (yellow, tasteless, volatile prisms, red by sul- 
Fig. 176. 
Chimaphila umbellata; upper part of flowering stem. 
phuric acid), several white crystalline principles (tasteless, 
volatile, melting at 153°, 166°, and above 250° C.; possibly 
solid hydrocarbons—J. C. Peacock, 1892), resin, sugar, gum, 
ash 5 per cent. Free from andromedotoxin. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
Origin.—Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. Natural order:', 
Ericaceae, Andromedeae. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Minnesota and south 
to Georgia. 
GAULTHERIA.—G aultheria, Wintergreen. 232 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, obovate or roundish-oval, 
about 4 centimeters (If inches) long, and 
2 centimeters (f inch) or more broad, 
mucronate, slightly serrate with appressed 
teeth, coriaceous, smooth, glossy-green 
above, paler beneath; fragrant; taste 
aromatic and astringent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, 0.5 percent., 
arbutiu, ericolin, urson, resins, tannin 6 
per cent., sugar, gum, proteids, ash 4 to 
5 per cent. Free from andromedotoxin. 
The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 1.175, 
readily soluble in alcohol, colored dark 
purple by ferric chloride in alcoholic 
solution, and with nitric acid yields color- 
less prisms; it consists mainly of methyl salicylate, 
CH3C7Hr,03, together with a small amount of a paraffin 
(C30H62) ?, an aldehyde or ketone, an apparently secondary 
alcohol, C8H1gO, and an ester, C14H2102. 
Properties.—Stimulant, astringent, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
Fig. 177. 
Gaultheria.—Natural 
size. 
LAUROCERASUS.—Cherry Laurel. 
Origin.—Prunus (Cerasus, Loiseleur) Laurocerasus, Linne. 
Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in Southern Europe. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) 
long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat revolute, dis- 
tantly sharply serrate, thick, coriaceous, dark green and glossy 
above, dull green beneath, and on the lower surface near the base 
one to three pairs of depressed glands ; odor (when bruised) 
bitter-almond-like; taste aromatic, bitter. Generally used in 
the fresh state. 
Constituents.—Laurocerasin (amorphous, insoluble in ether, 
possibly a compound of amygdalin), a ferment, bitter princi- 
ple, tannin, sugar, gum; after bruising and macerating in 
water, yields hydrocyanic acid and volatile oil, consisting of 
benzaldehyde, C7H60. 
Properties.—Sedative; used for making cherry-laurel water. BUCHU. 
233 
BUCHU.—Buchu. 
Origin.—Barosma betulina (Thunberg), Bartling et Wend- 
land, and Bar. crenulata (Linne), Hooker. Natural order, 
Rutacese, Diosmete. 
Fig. L78. 
Bucliu.—a, b. Barosma crenulata. Hooker, c, d. Bar. betulina, Bartling. g, h. 
Bar. serratifolia, Willdenow. e,f. Empleurum serrulatum, Alton. b,c,f,g. Natu- 
ral size. 
Habitat.—Southern Africa. 
Description.—Roundish-obovate, with a rather wedge- 
shaped base (B. betulina), or varying between oval and 
obovate (B. crenulata), about 2 to 3 centimeters (f-lf inch) 
long, obtuse, crenate or serrate, with a gland at the base of 
each tooth, dull yellowish-green, thickish, rigid, cartilaginous 
when slightly moistened, smooth, pellucid-punctate; strongly 
aromatic, somewhat mint-like, pungent, and bitterish. Trans- 
verse section shows an epidermis whose inner cell walls are 
thickened and rich in mucilage, the cells containing yellow 
sphsero crystals. Portions of the branchlets, flowers, and 
capsules are sometimes mixed with this drug. 
Varieties.—Short buchu from B. betulina and B. crenu- 
lata ; long buchu from B. serratifolia. The latter are about 
3 to 4 centimeters (If-If inches) long, thinner, linear lan- 
ceolate, obtuse—otherwise like the preceding; sometimes 
mixed with the very similar leaves of Empleurum serrula- 234 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
turn, Alton (Natural order, Rutacese), which are narrow 
linear, and, at the apex, acute and glandless. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (1-1.6 per cent, from short, 0.66 
from long buclin; the stearopten, diosphenol, C10H16O2, is col- 
ored black-green by ferric salts), resin, mucilage (in a layer 
beneath the upper epidermis), bitter principle, rutin (?), etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or fluid extract. 
Fig. 179. 
Eriodictyon.—Leaves, natural size, lower and upper surface, 
ERIODICTYON.—Eriodictyon. 
Origin.—Eriodictyon glutinosum, Bentham. Natural or- 
der, Hydrophyllacese, Name®. COMPTONIA—SWEET FERN. 
235 
Habitat.—California. 
Description.—Oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 
4 inches) long § to •§ inch (9 to 15 millimeters) broad, rather 
acute, narrowed into a short petiole, more or less sinuately 
dentate; upper surface smooth, green, or brown, and var- 
nished ; lower surface reticulate and white-hairy; odor some- 
what aromatic; taste balsamic, slightly bitter and sweetish. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, glucoside(C. Mohr, 1879), 
ericolin, eriodyctic acid (yellow plates, neutral, taste sweet- 
sour, ferric chloride gives reddish-black precipitate, soluble 
in ammonia) (Quirini, 1887). 
Properties.—Expectorant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j), in 
decoction or fluid extract. 
COMPTONIA.—Sweet Fern. 
Origin.—Mynca (Comptonia, Aiton) asplenifolia, Endlicher. 
Natural order, Myricacese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to North Carolina, west to 
Minnesota, in sterile soil. 
Description.—Short-petiolate, linear-lanceolate, about 7 cen- 
timeters (3 inches) long, rather thin, pinnatifid with alternate 
roundish lobes, pubescent, resin-dotted; stipules two, small, 
obliquely ovate, acuminate; aromatic and astringent. 
Fig. 180. 
Comptonia leaves, upper and lower surface. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (about 0.1 per cent.; spec. gray. 
0.926; odor cinnamon-like), tannin, gallic acid (?), a saponin- 
like compound, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv-xxx). 236 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
HEPATICA.—Liverwort. 
Origin.—Anemone (Anemone) Hepatica, Linne (Hepatica 
triloba, Chaix), and A. (Hepatica, De Candolle) acutiloba. 
Lawson. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Anemone*. 
Habitat.—North America and Europe, in woods. 
Description.—Broad kidney heart-shaped, about 5 centimeters 
(2 inches) long and broad, long-petiolate, tliree-lobed, the lobes 
obtuse or acute; slightly leathery, smooth, and dark green 
above; inodorous, insipid, slightly astringent, slightly bitterish. 
The leaf of the European plant is intermediate in shape. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, little tannin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, deobstruent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 
grams (3ss-ij), in decoction. 
ACON1TI FOLIA.—Aconite Leaves. 
Origin.—Acomtum Napellus, Linne. Natural order, Ranun- 
culacese, Hellebore*. 
Fig. 181. 
Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, AVestern North America, 
in mountainous regions. 
Aconite leaf, natural size. RHUS TOXICODENDRON—POISON OAK. 
237 
Description. — Leaves petiolate, suborbicular, somewhat 
cordate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, 
smooth, somewhat glossy above, palmately three- or five-parted, 
the segments narrow wedge-shaped and incised, the divisions 
linear-lanceolate and toothed; petiole and midrib with a fur- 
row above ; odor slight; taste gradually bitter, acrid, tingling. 
The leaves of Acomtum Stoerckeanum, Reichenbach, have the 
parts broadly wedge-shaped and the divisions lanceolate. The 
leaves of the Ac. Cammarum, Jacquin, have ovate or rhomboid 
segments. 
Constituents.—Aconitine (see Aconiti radix, page 138), napel- 
line, gum, sugar, albumin, tannin, aconitic acid, ash 16 per cent. 
Properties.—Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 
0.20 gram (gr. j-iij), in powder or extract. 
Antidotes.—Emetic (vegetable or mineral) ; friction of skin ; 
inhalation of amyl nitrite; atropine. 
MENYANTHES.—Buckbean, Bogbean. 
Origin.—Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. Natural order, Gen- 
tianese, Meny an these. 
Habitat.—Temperate Northern Hemisphere, in bogs. 
Description.—Long-petioled, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, about 
5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed 
below, entire or somewhat crenate, smooth, pale green ; inodor- 
ous, bitter. 
Constituents. — Menyanthin (amorphous, precipitated by 
Mayer’s reagent and tannin, soluble in alcohol and hot water, 
sparingly soluble in ether, glucoside, yields menyanthol, having 
an aromatic odor), mucilage, albumin, saccharose, fat (cholesterin 
and ceryl-esters), probably carotin. 
Properties —Tonic, antiscorbutic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, 
febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in decoction or 
extract. 
RHUS TOXICODENDRON.—Poison Oak. 
Origin.—Rhus Toxicodendron, Idnne. Natural order, 
Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Wyoming and Texas, 
in thickets. 
Description.—Long-petioled, trifoliate; the lateral leaf- 
lets nearly sessile, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 
obliquely-ovate, pointed; the terminal leaflet stalked, ovate 238 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. 
or oval, pointed, often with a wedge-shaped base; all leaflets 
either entire or variously notched, coarsely toothed or lobed, 
downy beneath ; after drying papery and brittle; inodorous, 
somewhat astringent, and acrid. 
Constituents.—Toxicodendric acid (volatile, reduces gold 
from the chloride), toxicodendrol (3.3 per cent, oily, nonvol- 
atile, soluble in alcohol and ether, precipitated by lead acetate, 
irritant to the skin), tannin, fixed oil, wax, mucilage, etc. 
Fig. 182. 
Rhus toxicodendron.—Leaf one-half natural size. 
Properties.—Irritant, rubefacient; in paralysis, etc. Dose, 
0.12 to 0.3 gram (gr. ij-v), gradually increased, in powder 
or tincture. RUTA—RUE. 
239 
RUTA.—Rue. 
Origin.—Ruta graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Rutacese, 
Rutese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Petiolate, triangular-ovate in outline, 5 to 10 
centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, the upper ones pinnatifid, the 
Fig. 183. 
Ruta graveolens.—Leaf with axillary branch, 
others twice or thrice pinnate, the divisions thickish, spatulate 
or obovate-oblong, sparingly crenate, the terminal ones larger, 
yellowish-green, smooth, finely pellucid-punctate, aromatic, 
balsamic, bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent., rutin, O42H50O25, resin, 
etc. The volatile oil is greenish-yellow, freely soluble in alco- 
hol, consists chiefly of methyl-nonyl-ketone, CH:j.CO.C9H19, 
and with nitric acid yields cenanthylic, caprylic, pelargonic, 
and caprinic acids. Rutin forms light yellow needles, is sol- 
uble in alcohol, less freely in water, sparingly soluble in ether; 240 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS HERBS. 
green with ferric chloride; with acid splits into isodulcit and 
quercetin. 
Properties. — Irritant, stimulant, emmenagogue, nervine. 
Dose, 0.3 to 1.3 gram (gr. v-xx), in infusion. 
CONI1 FOLIA.—Conium, Hemlock. 
Origin.—Comum maculatum, Linne. Natural order, Um- 
belliferse, Ammineae. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America, 
in waste and moist places. 
Description.—Petioles hollow and sheathing, upper leaves 
sessile, pinnatifid, lower leaves broadly triangular-ovate in out- 
line, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) 
long, pinnately twice or thrice decompound, 
pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed or 
incised ; thin, gray-green, smooth ; odor and 
taste disagreeable, narcotic. 
Constituents.—Coniine (a minute quantity), 
volatile oil (not poisonous), albumin, muci- 
lage, ash 12 per cent. 
Properties.—Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.3 
gram (gr. v) ; much larger doses have pro- 
duced little effect. 
Antidotes. — Emetic; astringents ; stimu- 
lants ; application of warmth to extremities. 
Fig. 184. 
Conium.—Terminal 
portion of pinna. 
7. HERBS.—HERBIE. 
Under this heading all those drugs are comprised which 
are usually met with in commerce having those organs 
which are necessary for their botanical identification. Be- 
sides the few medicinal cryptogams, all medicinal herbs are 
dicotyledons, and consist mostly of leaves and tender tops, 
the stems, if hard and tasteless, being rejected. Crypto- 
gams which are employed in a partially developed state, or 
in a condition unsuited for botanical identification, will be 
found in Class 12. 
Classification. 
Sect. I. Thallogens. Plants destitute of fibro-vascular 
tissue and flowers, HERBS IIERBiE, 
241 
Thallus filiform, flattened above, repeatedly forked, 
margin crisped. 
Chondrus. 
Thallus flattened, with air-vesicles in pairs. 
Fucus 
vesiculosus. 
Thallus compressed, the air-vesicles single. 
Thallus flattened, lobed, and toothed; brownish 
Fucus nodosus. 
above, whitish beneath. 
Cetraria. 
Sect. II. Ferns. 
Stipe polished; frond pinnate; leaflets triangular- 
oblong. 
Adiantum. 
Sect. III. Dicotyledons. 
1. Petals distinct (flowers polypetalous). 
a. Petals five or four (3 in Polygala) : stamens 
more than five; leaves alternate. 
Leaves with linear acute lobes ; akenes numerous, 
tipped with a long hairy style. 
Base of stem tuberous; leaves three-divided; 
Pulsatilla. 
akenes numerous, short-beaked. 
Bhizome golden yellow; leaves trifoliate; fol- 
Ranunculus. 
licles 7, few-seeded. 
Coptis. 
Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; capsule linear. 
Leaves mostly radical, toothed or pinnatifid ; pod 
Chelidonium. 
inversely heart-shaped; petals white. 
Stem somewhat woody; leaves simple; capsule 
Bursa pastoris. 
several- or many-seeded. 
Leaves linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate; flowers 
Helianthemum. 
yellow with black dots. 
Hypericum. 
Flowers irregular, purple ; stamens 8, united. 
Stamens diadelphous; leaves trifoliate, leaflets 
Polygala. 
toothed, fragrant. 
Stamens monadelphous; leaves small trifoliate; 
Melilotus. 
leaflets entire ; twigs pentangular. 
Scoparius. 
Stem woody ; leaves lance-ovate ; flowers purple. 
Leaves interruptedly pinnate; flowers small, yel- 
Spiraea. 
low; calyx uncinate. 
Leaves digitate, five-foliate; flowers axillary, yel- 
Agrimonia. 
low. 
Potentilla. 
Leaves lance-oblong; flowers showy, yellow, cap- 
sule long. 
Leaves lanceolate; flowers showy, purplish; cap- 
(Enothera. 
sule linear. 
16 
Epilobium. 242 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
b. Petals and stamens five. 
Leaves with foliaceous pinnatifid stipules; corolla 
one-spurred. 
Viola tricolor. 
Leaves rosulate, fleshy, glandular-bristly. 
Drosera. 
c. Petals and stamens numerous. 
Sepals and white petals imbricate; branches 
fleshy, pentangular, spiny. 
Cactus. 
2. Petals united (flowers gamopetalous). 
a. Flowers in a close head on a receptacle sur- 
rounded by an involucre. 
Pappus slender, bristly; leaves lanceolate, con- 
nate-perfoliate. 
leaves alternate ; rays numerous, very narrow 
Eupatorium. 
purplish or whitish. 
Erigeron. 
rays inconspicuous, not longer than pappus. 
Erigeron 
canadense. 
florets yellow; heads in recurved racemes, 
small; odor anise-like. 
Solidago. 
Pappus three awns; florets yellow; rays con- 
spicuous ; leaves broadly spatulate or oblong. 
Grindelia. 
Pappus 2 or 3 awns ; florets yellow ; leaves spat- 
Grindelia 
ulate or linear. 
squarrosa. 
Pappus of five-awned scales; florets yellow ; rays 
conspicuous; stem winged. 
Pappus none, or a short crown ; leaves alternate; 
Ifelenium. 
rays white; receptacle conical, chaffy. 
Cotula. 
rays white ; receptacle flat, chaffy. 
Achillea. 
rays white; receptacle convex, naked. 
Parthenium. 
rays yellow ; receptacle convex, naked. 
Tanacetum. 
rays none ; receptacle small, hairy. 
Absinthium. 
receptacle small, smooth; leaves green above; 
Artemisia. 
plant white woolly. 
Gnaphalium. 
rays yellow ; receptacle flat, naked. 
rays none; receptacle bristly; involucre and 
Calendula. 
leaves soft-spiny. 
Centaurea. 
b. Flowers not in heads; corolla more or less two- 
lipped. 
Leaves alternate ; stamens 5, forming a tube. 
Lobelia. 
stamens 4; plant yellowish-brown. 
Leaves opposite, not glandular; stamens 4; 
Epiphegus. 
corolla urn-shaded ; lips short. 
Scrophularia. 
corolla inflated; upper lip arched. 
Chelone. HERBS—HERB.E. 
243 
Leaves opposite, glandular; lips nearly equal; 
stamens 4; inflorescence terminal, spikes 
slender, acute. 
Mentha viridis. 
spikes conical, obtuse. 
Mentha 
stamens 2; flowers in axillary whorls. 
piperita. 
Lycopus. 
upper lip erect; stamens 2, exserted ; inflores- 
cence cymose. 
Cunila. 
stamens 4, exserted; inflorescence spicate. 
Hyssopus. 
inflorescence corymbose, bracts reddish. 
Origanum. 
inflorescence clustered, spicate, bracts gray- 
green. 
Majorana. 
corolla short, slightly two-lipped, stamens 4; 
Thymus (see 
inflorescence spicate ; leaves small, linear. 
Leaves). 
leaves small, ovate. 
Serpyllum. 
corolla curved, two-lipped; stamens 4, upper 
pair shorter; flowers in axillary whorls. 
Melissa. 
corolla small, two-lipped; filaments 4, only 
two with anthers. 
Hedeoma. 
corolla long, with narrow lips; stamens 2 ; 
bracts variegated. 
Monarda. 
upper lip arched; stamens 4, the lower pair 
shorter; floral leaves bract-like. 
Cataria. 
flowers in axillary cymules; leaves and floral 
leaves alike. 
Glechoma. 
upper lip erect; stamens 4, short; flowers in 
dense axillary whorls. 
Marrubium. 
stamens 4, the lower pair longer; calyx lips 
entire, upper one with helmet-like pro- 
jection. 
Scutellaria. 
calyx spiny five-toothed; leaves palmately 
lobed. 
Leonorus. 
c. Flowers not in heads; corolla lobes spreading. 
Corolla salver-form; flowers in dense spikes; 
leaves rosulate. 
Plantago. 
flowers in pairs; leaves opposite. 
Mitchella. 
Corolla rotate; leaves in whorls, rough on the 
margin. 
Galium. 
leaves opposite; sessile, oblong-ovate, acute (or 
linear-oblong). 
Sabbatia. 
obovate-oblong, obtuse, 
Centaurium. 
ovate, acuminate ; drug brown. 
Chiretta. 244 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
3. Petals absent 
(flowers apetalous; monochlam- 
ydeous). 
Leaves digitate; 
leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrate. Cannabis. 
CHONDRUS.—Irish Moss, Carrageen. 
Origin.—Chondrus crispus, Stackhouse, and Gigartina 
mamillosa, J. Agardh (Chondrus mamillosus, Greville). 
Natural order, Algse, Florideae. 
Habitat.—Atlantic Ocean. 
Description.—From 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) or 
more long; yellowish or whitish, horny, translucent, when 
softened in water cartilaginous, many times forked, segments 
Fig. 185. 
Chondrus crispus. 
varying in shape between wedge-shaped and linear, at the 
apex emarginate or two-lobed ; spore vessels imbedded in the 
frond, in Gig. mamillosa short stipitate along the channeled 
branches; odor slight seaweed-like; taste mucilaginous, 
somewhat saline. 
One part of it boiled for ten minutes with 30 parts of 
water yields a solution which gelatinizes on cooling. 
Constituents.—Aside from moisture, consists mainly of FUCUS VESICULOSUS—BLADDER-WRACK. 
245 
mucilaginous compounds, some albuminoids and 8-15 per 
cent, ash, chiefly chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates, with 
traces of bromides and iodides. 
Fig. 18(5. 
Fig. 187. 
Chondrus crispus.—Narrow form 
with fruit. 
Gigartina mamillosa. 
Properties.—Demulcent, somewhat nutritive. Dose, 4 to 
8 grams (<5j-ij), in decoction or jelly. 
FUCUS VESICULOSUS.—Bladder-wrack. 
Origin.—Fucus vesiculosus, Linne. Natural order, Algae, 
Fucoidese. 
Habitat.—Atlantic Ocean. 
Description.—About 1 meter (40 inches) long, and 15 milli- 
meters (| inch) broad, flattened, branched, with a midrib and 
the air-vessels in pairs, blackish; odor like seaweeds; taste 
mucilaginous, saline. 
Fucus nodosus, Linne, is narrow, without midrib, air-vesicles 
single, otherwise like the preceding. 
Constituents.—Organic matter 02, ash 16, moisture 22 per 
cent. Organic principles: mucilage, mannit, fat, etc. Ash: 
chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, and sulphates. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
Fig. 188. 
Fucus vesiculosus, Linni — Fruiting branch, natural size. 
Properties.—Alterative. Dose, about 8 grams in decoc- 
tion ; recommended in obesity. 
CETRARIA.—Iceland Moss. 
Origin. —Cetraria islandica (Linne), Acharius. Natural 
order, Lichenes, Ascomycetes. 
Habitat.—Northern Hemispliere. ADIANTUM MAIDENHAIR 
247 
Description.—Five to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, 
foliaceous, irregularly divided into 
fringed and channeled lobes, brown- 
ish above, whitish beneath and marked 
with small depressed white spots, 
brittle, and inodorous; when soaked 
in water, soft cartilaginous and of a 
slight odor; taste mucilaginous and 
bitter. When boiled with about 25 
parts of water, Iceland moss yields a 
solution forming a jelly on cooling. 
Pine leaves, mosses, and other 
lichens, which are frequently found 
mixed with it, should be removed. 
Constituents. — Lichenin and iso- 
lichenin (dextrolichen) C12H20O10, 70 per cent., cetraric acid, 
C18H1608, 2 per cent, (crystalline, bitter), lichen-stearic acid, 
C14H3403, 1 per cent., fumaric acid, oxalic acid, sugar, cellu- 
lose 16 per cent., ash 1-2 per cent. Isolichenin is soluble in 
cold water, dextrogyre, colored blue by iodine, and does not 
combine with alkalies. Lichenin separates from its hot- 
water solution as a jelly, is not colored blue by iodine, 
and combines with bases. 
Properties.—Demulcent, tonic, nutritive. Dose, 4 to 8 
grams (3j-ij), in decoction or jelly. 
Fig. 189. 
Cetraria islandica. 
Origin.—Adiantum pedatum, Linne. Natural order, Filices 
Polypodiacese. 
Habitat.—North America and Eastern Asia; in woods. 
Description.—About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high ; stipe 
polished, brown-black, forked at the summit and branched; 
branches nearly horizontal, each bearing on one side about six 
linear-lanceolate pinnse; leaflets triangular-oblong, crenately- 
toothed on the upper margin; fruit-dots at the apex of the 
teeth; odor faintly aromatic; taste mucilaginous, sweetish, 
slightly astringent and bitter. 
ADIANTUM.—Maidenhair. 248 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (^ss-j). 
Adiantum Caplllus Veneris, Linne, is indigenousAo Europe 
and the Southern United States west to California; it is used 
like the preceding. 
PULSATILLA.—Pulsatilla. 
Origin.—Anemone (Anemone) (Pulsatilla, Miller) pra- 
tensis, Linne, and An. Pulsatilla, Linne. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Auemonese. 
Fig. 190. 
Anemone pratensis.—Leaf with flowering scape. 
Habitat. —Europe. 
Description. — Leaves radical, petiolate, silky-villous, 
twice or thrice deeply three-parted or pinnately cleft, with RANUNCULUS—CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUPS. 
249 
linear acute lobes, appearing after the large purple flowers; 
akenes numerous, prolonged into the hairy style; inodorous; 
very acrid. 
The herb should be collected shortly after flowering, care- 
fully preserved, and not kept longer than one year. 
Allied Plant.—Anemone patens, Linne, var. Nuttalliana, 
Gray, indigenous to Western North America, is closely re- 
lated to official plants. 
Constituents. — Anemonin, C10H8O4, anemonic acid, 
C10H10O5, anemoninic acid, C10H12O6, and acrid anemone- 
camphor. This is oily, crystallizing, not fusible or volatile, 
but distils from the herb with water; soluble in chloroform ; 
neutral; spontaneously decomposed into anemonin and in- 
soluble isoanemonic acid, C10H10O5. Anemonin is colorless, 
inodorous, acrid when melted or distilled with water, 
sparingly soluble in water and alcohol; may be converted 
into the two acids named above, which are freely soluble in 
water (Beckarts, 1892). 
Properties.—Irritant, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, 
dilating the pupil; poisonous. Dose, 0.12 to 0.6 gram 
(gr. ij-x), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
Origin. — Ranunculus bulbosus, Linne. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Ranunculese. 
Habitat.-—Europe, naturalized in North America, in grassy 
places. 
Description.—Base of stem tuberous; radical leaves with 
sheathing petioles, ternate, the lateral divisions sessile, rhomboid 
wedge-shaped, three-cleft, hairy; stem leaves smaller; flowers 
yellow, five-petalous, with a reflexed calyx, numerous stamens 
and ovaries, the latter forming akenes with a short curved beak; 
inodorous ; taste very acrid. 
Ranunculus repens, Linne, not bulbous; leaflets stalked, 
three-lobed and toothed; akenes straight-beaked. 
Ranunculus acris, Linne, not bulbous; divisions of the leaves 
sessile; akenes with a sharp curved beak. 
Constituents.—The aqueous distillate yields to chloroform an 
RANUNCULUS.—Crowfoot, Buttercups. 250 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
acrid yellow oil from which anemonin and anemonic acid may 
be obtained. 
Properties.—Irritant, diuretic; externallydised as a counter- 
irritant. 
COPTIS.—Goldthread. 
Origin.—Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. Natural order, Ranun- 
culaceae, Helleboreae. 
Habitat.—Northern continents. 
Description.—Rhizome filiform, golden-yellow, with very thin 
rootlets ; leaves radical from a scaly base, petiolate, trifoliate, 
the leaflets 1 to 2 centimeters (f to § inch) long, wedge-obovate, 
obtusely three-lobed and mucronately crenate; flowers single, 
yellowish ; fruit about seven follicles, containing a few black 
seeds ; inodorous, strongly bitter. 
Constituents.—Berberine, coptine (white alkaloid, possibly 
identical with hydrastine), resin, sugar, etc., ash 4-5 per cent.; 
no tannin. 
Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in 
decoction. 
CHELIDONIUM.—Celandine. 
Origin. — Chelidonium maj us, Linne. Natural order, 
Papaveracem, Papaverete. 
Habitat.—Europe; naturalized in North America; in 
waste and cultivated grounds. 
Description. — Root several-headed, red-brown; stem 
about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, hairy; leaves 10 to 
20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, the upper ones sessile, 
light green above, glaucous beneath, lyrate-pinnatifid, the 
pinnae ovate-oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate or incised, the 
terminal one often three-lobed; petals 4, yellow; capsule 
linear, two-valved, one-celled, many-seeded; odor, when 
fresh, unpleasant; taste acrid. The whole plant contains a 
saffron-colored mi 1 k-jnice. 
Constituents. —Chelerythrine, C21H17N04, sanguinariue, 
C29H15N04, chelidonine, C20H19NO5, a and ft homocheli- 
donine, C21H21N05, protopine, chelidoxanthin 
(yellow bitter needles), chelidonic (jervic) acid, chelidoninic HELIA NTHEMUM—FROSTWORT. 
251 
(ethylene-succinic) acid. Ghelerythrine melts at 203° C. ; 
its salts are lemon-yellow. Sanguinarine melts at 211° C.; 
salts red. The other alkaloids yield white salts and have 
the following melting-points: Chelidonine, 130°; a liomo- 
chelidonine, 182°; /? homochelidonine, 159°, and protopine, 
207° C. 
Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv“3j), ie exlract 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv); the milk- 
juice externally as a caustic. 
BURSA PASTORIS.—Shepherd’s Purse. 
Origin. — Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Natural order, 
Cruciferae, Lepidineae. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe, naturalized in most countries 
of the temperate zones; in grassy places and along roadsides. 
Description.—Very variable. Root annual, thin; radical 
leaves rosulate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long, lanceo- 
late, narrowed into a petiole, more or less coarsely toothed or 
deeply pinnatifid; stem about 15 centimeters (6 inches) high ; 
stem leaves alternate, sessile, clasping with an arrow-shaped 
base, lanceolate, entire or toothed; flowers small, in corym- 
bose, finally elongated racemes; petals 4, white; stamens 6, 
tetradynamous; fruit inversely heart-shaped, on spreading 
peduncles, containing about 20 minute seeds; nearly inodor- 
ous ; taste acrid, pungent, and bitter. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil (identical with mustard 
oil), choline (bursine), bursic acid (probably glucoside), bitter 
principle, resin, etc. 
Properties.—Hsemostatic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- 
3j), in tincture. 
HELIANTHEMUM.—Frostwort. 
Origin.—Helianthemum canadense, Michaux, and Helianthe- 
mum corymbosum, Michaux. Natural order, Cistinese. 
Habitat.— North America, south to Florida and west to East- 
ern Texas and Minnesota ; in sandy woods and fields. 
Description.—About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high; stem 
rigid, slender, hairy; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic, or linear 
lanceolate, about 2 centimeters (-f inch) long, woolly beneath; 
flowers of two kinds, the earlier ones single with five large yel- 
low caducous petals; the later ones in hoary clusters, nearly 
sessile, apetalous ; inodorous, bitterish, astringent. 252 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
The second species is very similar, butdias the stem branched 
from the base, the leaves narrower, densely tomentose under- 
neath, the flowers all clustered at the summit, the apetalous 
ones being in glomerate terminal cymes. 
Constituents.—Tannin, 11 per cent, bitter principle (probably 
a glucoside, soluble in water, alcohol, and benzol), sugar, gum, 
wax, ash 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-xxx), in decoction. 
HYPERICUM.—St. John’s Wort. 
Origin.—Hypericum perforatum, Linne. Natural order, 
Hypericinese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America. 
Description.—Erect, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 
smooth; stem somewhat two-edged; leaves opposite, sessile, 
linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate; flowers about 2 centimeters 
(f inch) broad, in terminal cymes, yellow, black-dotted ; odor 
slight, balsamic ; taste acrid, bitter. 
Constituents.—Resin, tannin, red coloring matter (soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and oils). 
Properties.—Stimulant, discutient; mostly used externally. 
POLYGALA.—Bitter Polygala. 
Origin.—Polygala polygama, Walter (P. rubella, Willdenow). 
Natural order, Polygalese. 
Habitat.—North America, in grassy places. 
Description.—Ascending, smooth, about 20 centimeters (8 
inches) high, somewhat branched ; leaves alternate, oblanceo- 
late or lance-linear, mucronate; inflorescence racemose; flowers 
purple, the keel crested and shorter than the wings ; capsule 
ovate-oblong, two-seeded, the seeds with a scale-like crest; 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle. 
Properties.—Tonic. 
MELILOTUS.—Sweet Clover. 
Origin.—Melilotus altfssimus, Thuilliers (M. officinalis, 
Willdenow), and Mel. albus, Desrousseaux. Natural order, 
Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Genistese. 
Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America. 
Description.—Erect, about 1.2 meters (4 feet) high, smooth, 
much branched ; stipules entire, awl-shaped; leaves alternate, 
trifoliate; leaflets oval or obovate-obloug, sharply serrate, near SCOPARIUS—BROOM. 
253 
the base entire; flowers small, yellow or white, racemose; 
legumes small, wrinkled, few-seeded; odor fragrant, stronger 
on drying ; taste aromatic, somewhat pungent and bitter. 
Constituents.—Coumarin (see Dipterix), melilotol (fragrant, 
volatile oil), cumaric acid, C9H803 (sublimable, soluble in alco- 
hol, ether, and hot water), melilotic (hydrocumaric) acid C9H10O3 
(strongly acid ; odor honey-like), choline. 
Properties.—Stimulant, discutient; mostly used externally. 
SCOPARIUS.—Broom. 
Origin.—Cytisus scoparius (Linne), Link. Natural order, 
Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Genistese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, Southern and Western Europe; 
naturalized in some localities in the United States. 
Fig. 191. 
Scoparius; flowering branch. 
Description.—Thin flexible twigs, pentangular, winged, 
nearly smooth, tough, usually free from leaves, which are 
small trifoliate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, entire; flowers 254 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
racemose, showy, yellow, with ten monadelphous stamens; 
odor, when bruised, peculiar; taste disagreeably bitter. 
Constituents.— Volatile oil, scoparin, C20H20O10 -f- 5H20 
(yellow needles, not a glucoside), sparteine, C15H26N2, tannin, 
fat, wax, sugar, ash 5-6 per cent. Sparteine is colorless, 
oily, very bitter, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, 
sparingly so in water, insoluble in benzol; narcotic ; the sul- 
phate in prisms, freely soluble in water; the hydriodide in 
plates, freely soluble in alcohol, less so in cold vTater. 
Properties.—Diuretic, somewhat narcotic, in large doses 
emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—xxx), in decoction. 
Origin.—Spirse'a tomentosa, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, 
Spirseese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Georgia and west to 
Minnesota. 
Description.—Stem slender, red-brown, woody; leaves alter- 
nate, lance-ovate, serrate, rusty tomentose beneath ; inflores- 
cence racemose paniculate ; flowers small with 5 purplish-red 
petals, numerous stamens and 4 or 5 ovaries, producing one- 
seeded woolly follicles; odor slight aromatic; taste astringent, 
somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (dss-j). 
SPIRJEA.—Hardback. 
Origin.—Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linne. Natural order, 
Rosacese, Poteriese. 
Habitat.—Europe and North America, west to Colorado; in 
grassy places. 
Description.—Erect, hairy; stem about 60 centimeters (2 
feet) high, roundish angular, nearly simple; leaves alternate, 
petiolate, pinnate, with clasping serrate stipules, and about 6 
pairs of elliptic oblong coarsely toothed leaflets with several 
pairs of minute ones ; inflorescence slender, racemose; calyx 
persistent, with hooked bristles; petals 5, small, yellow ; stamens 
about 10; fruit one or two akenes ; odor faintly aromatic; taste 
mildly bitter and astringent. 
Coiistituents.—Tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3SS-j). 
AGRIMONIA.—Agrimony. EPILOBIUM—WILLOW herb. 
255 
POTENTILLA.—Cinquefoil. 
Origin.—Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- 
cese, Potentillem. 
Habitat.—North America, in sandy soil. 
Description.—Ascending, with slender runners, more or less 
soft-hairy, leaves petiolate, digitate, the five leaflets obovate or 
oblanceolate, incised above; flowers axillary, stalked ; calyx 
five-cleft; petals 5, yellow; stamens, ovaries, and akenes numer- 
ous ; inodorous, astringent. 
Constituents.—Tannin, 
Properties.—Astringent, vulnerary. Dose, 2 to 4 grams, 
(gss-j), in infusion. 
(ENOTHERA.—Evening Primrose. 
Origin.—(Enothera biennis, Linne. Natural order, Ona- 
grariese. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields; naturalized in Europe. 
Description.—Erect, hairy, branched ; leaves alternate, short- 
petiolate, ovate oblong or oblong lanceolate, acute, slightly- 
toothed ; inflorescence spicate, leafy; calyx superior, the four 
lobes reflexed; petals 4, showy, light yellow, obcordate; stamens 
8; capsule sessile, roundish four-sided, about 3 centimeters (If 
inches) long ; seeds numerous ; taste mildly astringent. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, 
Properties.—Alterative, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j). 
EPILOBIUM.—Willow Herb. 
Origin.—Epilobium angustifolium, Linne. Natural order, 
Onagrariese. 
Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in low grounds and open 
woodlands. 
Description.—Erect, smooth, about 1 meter (40 inches) high ; 
leaves subsessile, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, nearly entire, 
pale green beneath, inflorescence racemose; calyx superior, 
four-lobed; petals 4, purplish or pink, showy; stamens 8; 
capsule linear, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat 
curved; seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs; taste mucilagi- 
nous, astringent. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, etc. 
Properties. — Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
OH). 256 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
VIOLA TRICOLOR.—Pansy, ITeart’s-Ease. 
Origin.—Viola tricolor, Linne. Natural order, Violariese. 
Habitat.—Europe, North America, and Northern Asia; cul- 
tivated ; but the wild-grown alone should be collected. 
Descrijytioji.—Stem 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) high, 
angular, nearly smooth; leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate or 
oblong, obtuse, crenate, the lower ones roundish-ovate, and 
somewhat heart-shaped; stipules leaf-like, pinnatifid, the lateral 
lobes linear and entire, the terminal one lance-ovate and 
crenate; flowers long-peduncled, petals shorter or longer than 
the calyx, variegated, the lateral 
ones bearded, forming one obtuse 
spur ; inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, 
somewhat bitter and acrid. 
Constituents. — Mucilage, sugar, 
salicylic acid 0.1 per cent., bitter 
principle, resin, etc. 
Properties. — Alterative, expecto- 
rant, in large doses emetic. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. in decoc- 
tion or extract. 
Fig. 192. 
DROSERA.—Sundew. 
Origin. — Drosera rotundifolia, 
Linne. Natural order, Droseracese. 
Habitat.—North America (west to 
Minnesota) and Europe, in boggy 
places. 
Description.—Leaves radical, rosu- 
late, petiolate, orbicular, about 8 
millimeters inch) broad ; fleshy, 
with purple glandular bristles; scape 
slender; inflorescence racemose, one- 
sided ; flowers small, whitish; in- 
odorous; taste acidulous, acrid, and 
bitter. 
Drosera intermedia, Hayne, has spatulate leaves. 
Constituents.—Citric acid, acrid resin, etc. 
Properties.—Pectoral, rubefacient. 
Drosera rotundi folia. 
CACTUS.—Night-blooming Cereus. 
Origin.—Cactus (Cereus, Miller) grand iflor us, Linne. Natural 
order, Cactacese, Echinocactese. EUPATORIUM—THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. 
257 
Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. 
Description.—The fresh flowering branches are used. Branches 
weak, fleshy, five- or six-angled, on the edges with clusters of 5 
or 6 spines; flowers sessile, large, fragrant; calyx imbricate, 
brownish and yellow; corolla white; petals and stamens nu- 
merous ; fruit berry-like; taste acrid. 
Constituents.—No analysis. 
Properties.—Vermifuge, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 gram 
(gr. v), in fluid extract or tincture. 
EUPATORIUM.—Thoroughwort, Boneset. 
Origin.—Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne. Natural order, 
Composite, Eupatoriaceae. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Dakota; in low grounds. 
Fig. 193. 
Eupatorium perfoliatum; flowering top. 
Description.—Leaves opposite, united at base, lanceolate, 
10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, tapering, crenately 
serrate, rugosely veined, rough above, downy and resin- 
dotted beneath; flower-heads corymbed, numerous, with an 258 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
oblong involucre of lance-linear scales, and with 10 to 15 
tubular white florets, having a bristly pappus in a single 
row; odor aromatic, wreak; taste astringent and strongly 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Eupatorin (bitter glucoside, crystallizable, 
soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform), volatile 
oil, crystalline wax, resin, tannin, gum, sugar, ash 7.5 per 
cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, laxative, emetic. 
Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or fluid extract. 
ERIGERON.—Erigeron, Fleabane, Scabious. 
Origin.—Erigeron philadelphicus, Linne, Erigeron annuus, 
Persoon, and Erigeron strigosus, Muhlenberg. Natural order, 
Composite, Asteroidee. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields and pastures. 
Description.—The three plants are similar in aspect; erect 
and hairy. Radical leaves petiolate, ovate, or lanceolate, 
coarsely toothed, serrate, or (E. strigosus) nearly entire; stem 
leaves smaller, alternate, petiolate, the upper ones sessile; some- 
what toothed or entire; all hairy ; flower-heads corymbose, with 
the involucral scales narrow and nearly equal, the receptacle 
flattish and naked, the ray florets numerous, narrow, in one or 
two rows, purplish or white, and the disk florets numerous, tubu- 
lar, and yellow; pappus bristly, simple (E. philadelphicus) or 
double (the other two species); odor slightly aromatic; taste 
bitterish, astringent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
in infusion. 
ERIGERON CANADENSE.—Canada Erigeron. 
Origin.—Erigeron canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Asteroidese. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields and waste places; natural- 
ized in other countries. 
Description.—Bristly-hairy and erect; leaves alternate, sessile, 
lance-linear, nearly entire ; flower-heads in corymbose panicles, 
numerous, small, with a cylindrical involucre, inconspicuous ray 
florets, and a straw-colored bristly pappus ; odor aromatic; taste 
bitterish, somewhat acrid and astringent. GRINDELIA. 
259 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent, of fresh plant, 
bitter principle, tannin. The volatile oil has spec. grav. 0.864, 
is soluble in alcohol, polarizes to the left and becomes thick and 
brown by age. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, styptic. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 
SOLIDAGO.—Golden Rod. 
Origin.—Solidago odora, Aiton. Natural order, Composite, 
Asteroidese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Ken- 
tucky ; border of woods and fields. 
Description.—Erect; leaves smooth ; sessile, linear-lanceolate, 
3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, entire, acute, pellucid- 
punctate ; flower-heads small, numerous, in one-sided recurved 
racemes, with a yellowish scaly appressed involucre, several 
yellow florets and bristly pappus; odor and taste sweet, anise- 
like. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, probably containing anisol. 
Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 to 
8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. 
GRINDELIA.—Grindelia. 
Origin.—(1) Grindelia robusta, Nuttall, and (2) Grindelia 
squarrosa, Dunal. Natural order, Composite, Asteroidese. 
Habitat.—North America, (1) west of the Rocky Moun-. 
tains, in salt marshes; (2) western plains to the Sirera 
Nevada and south to Texas. 
Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
Leaves thickish, varying from broadly spatulate or oblong 
to lanceolate, sessile or clasping, about five centimeters (2 
inches) or less long, rather acute, more or less serrate, light 
green, smooth, finely dotted, and brittle; heads many-flow- 
ered, subglobular or conical ; the involucre hemispherical, 
about 15 millimeters (f inch) broad, composed of numerous 
imbricated, strongly squarrose and often resinous scales; ray- 
florets yellow, in second species sometimes wanting, ligulate, 
pistillate; disk-florets yellow, tubular, perfect; pappus con- 260 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
sisting of about three awns of the length of the disk-florets ; 
odor balsamic; taste pungently aromatic and bitter. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin; possibly a pecu- 
liar glucoside and alkaloid ; besides fat, wax, sugar, gum, 
little tannin, ash 7-8 per cent. 
Properties.—Sedative, in asthma, etc.; externally in rhus 
poisoning. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gr. in tincture or 
fluid extract. 
HELENIUM—Sneezewort. 
Origin.—Helenium autumnale, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Helenioidese. 
Habitat.—North America, across the continent, in thickets. 
Description.—Erect, nearly smooth ; stem about 1.2 meters 
(4 feet) high, quadrangular, winged ; leaves sessile, alternate, 
lanceolate, pointed, serrate; flower-heads numerous with a 
two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, long 
yellow pistillate ray-florets, yellow perfect disk-florets, and top- 
shaped akenes having a pappus of 5 awned scales; taste bitter, 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Bitter glucoside, resin, malic acid, little tannin, 
etc. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, errhine. 
COTULA.—Mayweed, Wild Chamomile. 
Origin.—An'themis (Maruta, De Candolle) Cotula, Linne. 
Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; in fields 
and waste places. 
Description.—Nearly smooth, pale green; stem ascending, 
branched, furrowed; leaves sessile, thrice pinnatifid with linear 
subulate segments; flower-heads terminal with a conical chaffy 
receptacle, white ligulate neutral rays, yellow perfect disk-florets, 
and obovoid akenes without pappus; odor unpleasant aromatic; 
taste bitter, acrid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, valerianic acid, acrid fat, tannin, 
anthemidine (?), anthemic acid (crystalline, bitter, soluble in 
ether). 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, sudorific. Dose, 2 to 
8 grains (3-ss-ij), in infusion. TANACETUM—TANSY. 
261 
ACHILLEA.—Yarrow, Milfoil. 
Origin.—Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—Northern temperate zone, in fields. 
Description.—Erect, hairy; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate 
in outline, glandular beneath, 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 
inches) long, thrice pinnatifid, with linear spatulate toothed 
segments; flower-heads corymbed, with an oblong imbricate 
involucre, flat chaffy receptacle, five short white pistillate rays, 
greenish-white perfect disk florets, and oblong flat akenes with- 
out pappus; odor somewhat chamomile-like; taste bitter 
aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.1 per cent, (blue or dark green), 
choline, achilleine, C20H38N2O15 (amorphous, bitter, soluble in 
water and alcohol, insoluble in ether), resin, tannin, aconitic 
acid; ash about 13 per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 
PARTHENIUM.—Feverfew. 
Origin.—Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum, Smith; Matricaria, 
Linne) Parthenium, Persoon. Natural order, Composite, An- 
themidese. 
Habitat.—Europe, cultivated. 
Description.—Erect, pubescent; leaves alternate, petiolate, 
broadly ovate, bipinnatifid, the segments oblong, obtuse, and 
somewhat toothed; flower-heads in terminal cymes, with a 
two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, white 
ligulate and obtusely three-toothed rays, and yellow tubular 
disk-florets; odor and taste chamomile-like, bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv~3j). 
TANACETUM.—Tansy. 
Origin. — Tanacetum vulgare, LinnL Natural order, 
Composite, Anthemidese. 
Habitat. — Asia and Europe; naturalized in North 
America; cultivated. 
Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
Stem erect, striate, smooth; leaves alternate, nearly sessile, 
gbout 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, pinnatifid, the seg- 262 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
ments oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate or incised, dark green, 
smooth and glandular; flower-beds corymbose, with an 
imbricated involucre, a convex naked finely pitted recep- 
tacle, numerous yellow tubular florets, those of the ray with 
a short three-lobed margin, and obovate akenes having a 
short crown ; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent and 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent. (spec. grav. 0.926 
yellow or green, freely soluble in alcohol), tauacetin (bitter 
granular, precipitated by tannin, insoluble in ether), fat, 
resin, tannin, mucilage, sugar, tartrates, citrates, and 
malates. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, anthelmintic, diuretic, em- 
menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-oj), in infusion. 
ABSINTHIUM.—Wormwood. 
Origin.—Artemisia Absinthium, Linne. Natural order, 
Composite, Anthemideae. 
Habitat.—Northern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; 
naturalized in North America; cultivated. 
Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
Leaves petiolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, silky- 
hoary, roundish-triangular in outline, twice or thrice pin- 
natifid, the segments lanceolate, the terminal one spatulate; 
bracts three-cleft or entire; flower-heads numerous, race- 
mose, 3 millimeters inch) long, subglobose, with an 
imbricated bell-shaped involucre, a small hairy convex 
receptacle, small tubular yellowish florets, and obovoid 
akenes without pappus; odor aromatic; taste very bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 
0.92, dark green, becoming brown, freely soluble in alcohol, 
contains thujone, palmitic, acetic and isovaleric acid, a small 
quantity of pliellandrene and possibly pinene), absinthin, 
CJ5H20O4 (bitter glucoside, amorphous, white, soluble in CALENDULA—MARIGOLD. 
263 
ether, alcohol, and cold water; with acids yields dextrose, a 
resinous compound, and a volatile odorous body), tannin, 
resin, succinic acid, malates, nitrates, ash 7 per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—3j) in infusion, tincture, or extract. 
ARTEMISIA.—Mugwort. 
Origin.—Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
positse, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—Asia, Europe, naturalized in North America. 
Description.—Stem often reddish, branched ; leaves subsessile, 
green above, white tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, segments 
lanceolate, acute, incised or entire; flower-heads numerous, 
small, nearly sessile, ovate, with an imbricated involucre, a 
small smooth receptacle and tubular reddish florets; odor aro- 
matic ; taste bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
in infusion. 
GNAPHALIUM.—Life Everlasting. 
Origin.—Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michaux. Natural order, 
Compositse, Inuloidese. 
Habitat.—North America, from the Atlantic region south- 
westward to Texas and Mexico; in fields and woods. 
Description.—Erect, about 25 centimeters (10 inches) high, 
densely woolly ; leaves sessile, lanceolate ; flower-heads in dense 
terminal clusters, small, obovate, with a whitish imbricate 
involucre and tubular yellowish florets; odor agreeable; taste 
bitterish, aromatic. 
Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Linne, has larger, globular- 
ovate, pearl-white heads and a slight odor. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 
grams (^ss-j). 
CALENDULA.—Marigold. 
Origin.—Calendula officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Calendulacese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Description.—Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 264 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
somewhat angular, rough, leaves alternate, thickish, after dry- 
ing thin, hairy, spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or slightly 
toothed, the upper ones sessile and amplexicaul; involucre 
hemispherical, receptacle flat, naked; ray-florets in one or 
several rows, fertile, the akenes incurved and muricate on the 
back, those of the outer row winged; odor somewhat narcotic; 
taste bitter and saline. 
Calendula arvensis, Linne, which is frequently cultivated, is 
rather smaller and more spreading, has light yellow flowers 
and nearly straight akenes in the outer row, and resembles the 
former in odor and taste. 
Constituents.—A trace of volatile oil, amorphous bitter prin- 
ciple, tasteless yellow calendulin, sugar, gum, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary, alterative. Dose, 
0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in infusion, tincture, or 
extract. 
CARDUUS BENEDICTUS.—Blessed Thistle. 
Origin.—Cnfcus benedfctus, Gaertner (Centaurea benedfcta, 
Linne). Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidse. 
Habitat.—Levant and Europe, rare in the United States. 
Description.—Erect, somewhat woolly; leaves sessile above 
and somewhat decurrent, alternate, lance-oblong, sinuately 
lobed, soft spiny; flower-heads ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 
inch) long, with an imbricate squarrous spinously-pointed 
involucre, a flat hispid receptacle, tubular yellow florets and 
grayish akenes, crowned with ten teeth and with ten long and 
ten short bristles; odor slight, of the fresh herb disagreeable; 
taste very bitter. 
Constituents.—Cnicin (bitter needles, slightly soluble in cold 
water and ether), tannin, malates, calcium oxalate. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr- 
xv-3j). 
LOBELIA.—Lobelia, Indian Tobacco. 
Origin.—Lobelia inflata, Linne. Natural order, Cam- 
panulacege, Lobelieae. 
Habitat.—North America, in fields and open woods. 
Description.—Erect; leaves alternate, petiolate, the upper 
sessile, ovate or oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, 
irregularly toothed, pubescent, pale green; branches fur- 
rowed, hairy, with narrow wings, terminating in long 
racemes of small pale blue flowers, having an adherent nar- LOBELIA—INDIAN TOBACCO. 
265 
rowly five-toothed calyx, which is inflated in fruit, a pale 
blue two-lipped corolla, and 5 united stamens; odor slight, 
irritating; taste mild,afterward burning and acrid. A cross 
section of the stem shows latex tubes in the bast. 
The leaves and flowering tops should be collected after a 
Fig. 194. 
Lobelia inflata, branch with flowers and fruit. 
portion of the capsules are ripe, and contain a large number 
of minute reticulate seeds. 
Constituents.—Lobeline (white powder, inodorous, soluble 
in most simple solvents, acrid, the salts not crystalline, freely 266 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
soluble in water), a second alkaloid (?), inflatin (tasteless 
crystals, probably wax), lobelacriu (probably lobelate of 
lobeline), lobelic acid (precipitated by copper sulphate, olive- 
brown by ferric salts), resin, wax, volatile oil, gum. 
Properties.—Expectorant, nervine, purgative, emetic, 
narcotic*. Dose, 0.12, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. ij-viij-xxx), in 
powder, infusion, or tincture. 
Antidotes. — Astringents; stimulants; application of 
warmth. 
Fig. 195. 
Fig. 196. 
Flower of lobelia, and section, magnified 5 diam. 
Lobelia seed.—Highly 
magnified. 
Origin.—Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Natural order, 
Orobanchacese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Wisconsin and Arkansas ; 
parasitic upon roots of the beech. 
Description.—Erect, branched, about 40 centimeters (16 
inches) high, yellowish-brown, tuberous at base, angular 
above; leaves scaly, ovate; flowers in spicate racemes, the 
upper sterile ones with a somewhat curved and two-lipped 
corolla; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Astringent, depurative, Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss—j). 
EPIPHEGUS.—Beechdrop. CHELONE—BALMONY. 
267 
SCROPHULARIA.—Figwort. 
Origin.—Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Natural order, Scro- 
phulariacese, Chelonese. 
Habitat.—North America (west to Mississippi, Utah, and 
Oregon) and Europe; in moist thickets. 
Description.—Erect; smooth ; stem obtusely quadrangular; 
leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, serrate, 
rounded or heart-shaped at base; inflorescence loosely panicu- 
late; corolla greenish-brown, hemispherical urn-shaped, the five 
teeth roundish-obtuse, the two upper ones larger and brown, the 
lowest one spreading ; stamens 4, short, the fifth sterile; capsule 
two-celled, many-seeded ; taste bitter, nauseous. 
Fig. 197. 
Scrophularia; flower and corolla cut open, 
Constituents.—Scrophularin (crystalline scales, bitter, precipi- 
tated by tannin), alkaloid (from the root in minute quantity), 
scrophularosmiu (stearopten), tannin, gum, pectin, resin, starch, 
salts. 
Properties.—Depurative, vulnerary. 
CHELONE.—Balmony. 
Origin.—Chelone glabra, Linne. Natural order, Scrophu- 
lariacese, Chelonese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Minnesota and Texas; in 
wet places. 
Description.—Erect, smooth ; leaves short-petiolate, opposite, 
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate; inflorescence spicate, term- 
inal; corolla about 3 centimeters (li inches) long, white or 
pinkish, bilabiate, the upper lip arched, the mouth somewhat 
gaping; capsule two-celled; seeds many, winged; inodorous, 
bitter. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle. 
Properties.—Tonic, laxative, anthelmintic. Dose, 2 to 8 
grams in decoction. 268 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
MENTHA PIPERITA.—Peppermint. 
Origin.—Mentha piperita, Smith. Natural order, Labi- 
atae, Satureinese. 
Habitat.—Wild in Asia, Europe, and North America; 
cultivated. 
Description.—The leaves and tops are collected. Leaves 
petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; 
branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in terminal 
conical spikes, with a tubular, sharply five-toothed, often 
purplish calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, aud 4 short 
stamens; aromatic; taste pungent and cooling. 
Fig. 198. 
Mentha piperita, LinnP, flowering tops. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent., little tannin, 
resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil lias the spec. grav. 0.91, 
is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of acetic and iso- 
valeric aldehydes and acids, pinene, phellandrene, cineol, 
dipentene, limonene, menthone, menthol, and a thick oil 
(resembling cedar wood in odor and yielding cadinene), 
American oil also contains methyl disulphide, MENTHA VIRIDIS—SPEARMINT. 
269 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, stronger 
than spearmint. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infu- 
sion. 
MENTHA VIRIDIS.—Spearmint. 
Origin.—Mentha vlridis, Linne. Natural order, Labiate, 
Satureineee. 
Habitat.—Wild in Europe and North America; cultivated. 
Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
Leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, acute, serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; branches 
Fig. 199. 
Fig. 200. 
Mentha viridis, TAnne, flowering tops. 
Spearmint leaf, natural size. 
quadrangular, mostly light green; flowers in terminal, in- 
terrupted, narrow, acute spikes, with a tubular sharply five- 
toothed calyx, a light purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 ex- 
serted or included stamens; aromatic and pungent. 270 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about \ per cent., resin, gum, 
etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely 
soluble in alcohol, and consists of limonene, C10H16 (boil- 
ing point 160° C.), and of carvol, C10HuO (both lsevogyrate). 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 to 
4 grains (3ss-j), in infusion. 
LYCOPUS.—Bugle. 
Origin.—Lycopus (Lycopus) virgmicus, Linne. Natural 
order, Labiatse, Satureinese. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Florida and Missouri, and 
west to Oregon ; in moist shady places. 
Description.—Stem obtusely quadrangular, with slender run- 
ners ; leaves about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, short-petioled, 
elliptic-lanceolate, toothed above, smooth; flowers in axillary 
clusters, small, with a bluntly four-toothed calyx, a purplish 
four-lobed corolla, and two fertile stamens; odor somewhat 
mint-like ; taste bitter. 
Lycopus sinuatus, Elliott, also indigenous to North America, 
and extending across the continent, has a sharply quadrangular 
stem, the leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid at the base, and a 
sharply five-toothed calyx. It is closely related to L. europse'us, 
Linne. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. 
Properties.—Astringent, tonic, sedative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams 
(gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. 
CUNILA.—Dittany. 
Origin.—Cunlla Mariana, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
Satureinese. 
Habitat.—United States, south to Georgia and Arkansas ; in 
dry soil. 
Description.—Stem thin ; leaves nearly sessile, about 25 milli- 
meters (1 inch) long, ovate, serrate, subcordate; flowers in small 
cymes, with an ovate-tubular calyx, a two-lipped, pale purple 
corolla, and 2 exserted stamens; odor mint-like ; taste pungent 
aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (yellowish-red, spec. grav. 0.915). 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. in infusion. ORIGANUM—WILD MARJORAM. 
271 
HYSSOPUS.—Hyssop. 
Origin.—Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labi- 
atse, Satureinese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe ; naturalized in the United States; 
cultivated. 
Description.—Stem-branched, wand-like; leaves sessile, about 
25 millimeters (1 inch) long, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse; 
flowers in small clusters, with a five-toothed calyx, a two-lipped, 
purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens; aromatic, 
pungent, bitterish. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about \ per cent., bitter principle, 
tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. in infusion. 
ORIGANUM.—Wild Marjoram. 
Origin.—Origanum vulgare, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
Satureinese. 
Habitat.—Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; naturalized in 
North America in some of the Atlantic States. 
Description.—Stem roundish, purplish, short-hairy, branched 
above; leaves petiolate, about 2 centimeters (f inch) long, 
Fig. 201. 
Origanum vulgare; flower and corolla, magnified, 
roundish-ovate, obtuse, nearly entire, hairy beneath; flowers 
corymbose, with reddish bracts, a five-toothed calyx, a some- 
what two-lipped, pale-purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous 
stamens ; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, 
light yellow, neutral, bitterish, not freely soluble in 80 per cent, 
alcohol, contains oxygen), tannin, bitter principle, resin. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 
to 4 grams (gr. xv~3j), in infusion. 272 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
MAJORANA.—Sweet Marjoram. 
Origin.—Origanum Majorana, Linne. Natural order, Labi- 
atese, Satureinese. 
Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Description.—Stem branched, subterete ; leaves sessile above, 
about 15 millimeters (| inch) long, spatulate or obovate, obtuse, 
entire, gray-green, soft hairy ; flowers in clusters, spicate, with a 
two-lipped calyx, a whitish, somewhat two-lipped corolla, and 4 
exserted didynamous stamens ; fragrantly aromatic and pungent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, readily soluble in 
alcohol). 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue, cephalic. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in infusion. 
SERPYLLUM.—Wild Thyme. 
Origin.—Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Natural order, Labi- 
atse, Satureinie. 
Habitat.—Northern Asia, Europe; naturalized in North 
America; cultivated. 
Description.—Stem branched, pubescent; leaves short-petioled, 
about 6 millimeters (| inch) long, ovate, obtuse, entire; flowers 
in small capitate spikes, with a two-lipped calyx, a purplish- 
spotted, somewhat two-lipped corolla, and four usually short 
stamens; aromatic and pungent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (about 0.5 per cent., spec. grav. 
0.91, readily soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. 
Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
MELISSA.—Balm. 
Origin.—Melissa officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labi- 
atae, Satureineae. 
Habitat.—Asia Minor, Southern Europe; naturalized in 
the United States ; cultivated. 
Description.—Stem branched, pubescent; leaves petio- 
late, ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obtuse or 
somewhat acute, crenate-serrate, the base rounded or rather 
heart-shaped, somewhat hairy, glandular; branches quad- 
rangular; flowers in about four-flowered cymules, with a 
tubular bell-shaped five-toothed calyx, a whitish or pur- 273 
HEDEOMA—PENNYROYAL. 
plish two-lipped corolla, and four didynamous stamens; 
fragrant, aromatic; somewhat astringent aud bitterish. 
Fig. 202. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil | per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, 
soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, em- 
menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-sj), in infusion. 
Melissa.—Flower and corolla magnified. 
HEDEOMA.—Pennyroyal,. 
Origin.—Hedeoraa pulegioldes (Linne), Persoon. Natural 
order, Labiatre, Sat u rein ere. 
Habitat.—North America, south to Georgia and west to 
Dakota; in sandy fields. 
Fig. 203. 
Flower and corolla of hedeoma, magnified. 
Description.—Stem roundish-quadrangular, hairy; leaves 
opposite, short-petioled, about 12 millimeters (| inch) long, 274 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
oblong-ovate, obscurely serrate, glandular beneath; flowers 
in small roundish axillary cymules, with a tubular-ovoid, 
two-lipped and five-toothed calyx, and a small pale-blue- 
spotted, pubescent, two-lipped corolla, containing two sterile 
and two fertile exserted stamens; odor strong, mint-like; 
taste warm and pungent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.93 to 0.94, read- 
ily soluble in alcohol, containing formic, acetic, and isoheptoic 
ethers, and hedeomol in two modifications (Kremers, 1887). 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 
1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
MONARDA.—Horsemint. 
Origin.—Monarda punctata, Linne. Natural order, Labi at*, 
Monarde*. 
Habitat.—United States, west to Texas 
and Colorado; in sandy fields. 
Description. — Stem nearly simple ; 
leaves petiolate, lanceolate, about 5 centi- 
meters (2 inches) long, acute, somewhat 
toothed, glandular, nearly smooth ; flowers 
whorled, with sessile yellowT and purple 
bracts, a tubular, downy, five-toothed 
calyx, a prominent, two-lipped, pale yel- 
low and purple-spotted corolla, and two 
stamens; aromatic, pungent, and bitter- 
ish. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, yellowish or 
reddish-brown, neutral, spec. grav. 0.92, 
readily soluble in alcohol. It contains 
cymene, C10HU, thymol, C10H14O, and 
another oxygenated compound. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, 
nervine, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in 
infusion. 
Fig. 204. 
Flowers of monarda, 
magnified. 
CAT A RI A.—C atnep. 
Origin.—Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Natural order, Labiate, 
Nepetese. 
Habitat.—Asia, Europe ; naturalized in the United States. MARRUBIUM—HOREIIOUND. 
275 
Description.—Stem branched, hairy, gray ; leaves petiolate, 
about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, triangular-ovate, cordate, 
crenate-serrate, grayish-green, and hairy; flowers in terminal 
panicles with an obliquely five-toothed calyx, a two-lipped, 
whitish, purple-spotted corolla, and 4 didynamous stamens; it 
has a peculiar, somewhat mint-like odor, and a bitterish, aro- 
matic, and pungent taste. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin (?), bitter principle 
(crystalline, soluble in ether, acid reaction, not a glucoside), 
sugar, gum, ash 12.5 per cent. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, em- 
menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
GLECHOMA.—Ground-ivy. 
Origin.—Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham (Glechoma hederacea, 
Linnb). Natural order, Labiate, Nepetese. 
Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in the United States. 
Description—Creeping, short-hairy; leaves petiolate, round- 
reniform, crenate, nearly smooth ; flowers in axillary cymules; 
corolla blue or purplish, much longer than the calyx ; somewhat 
aromatic and bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, etc. 
Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j). 
MARRUBIUM.—Marrubium, Horeiiound. 
Origin.—Marrubium vnlgare, Linne. Natural order, 
Labiate, Stachydese. 
Habitat.—Europe, Central Asia; naturalized in North 
America; cultivated. 
Description.—Stem branched, quadrangular, white tomen- 
tose; leaves opposite, petiolate, roundish-ovate, about 25 
millimeters (1 inch) long, obtuse, coarsely crenate, downy 
above, white hairy beneath ; flowers in dense axillary woolly 
whorls, with a stiffly ten-toothed calyx, a whitish bilabiate 
corolla and four included stamens; aromatic and bitter. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, marrubiin, resin, fat, wax, 
tannin, sugar, gum, albumin, salts. Marrubiin has a bitter 
taste, crystallizes in scales or prisms, fusing at 154-155° C., 276 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
is soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, benzene, acetone, 
and hot water, insoluble in benzin, and not precipitated by 
tannin or salts of metals. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, resolvent, deobstruent, an- 
thelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
SCUTELLARIA.—Skullcap. 
Origin.—Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne. Natural order, 
Labiate, Stachydese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Alabama, New Mexico 
and Oregon ; in damp thickets. 
Description.—Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 
quadrangular, smooth, branched; leaves opposite, about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long, petiolate, lance-ovate or ovate- 
oblong, serrate; flowers in axillary one-sided racemes; 
corolla pale blue; stamens 4, didynamous; calyx closed in 
fruit, upper lip helmet-slmped; odor slight ; taste bitterish. 
The following species having a more decidedly bitter taste 
are sometimes collected; they are indigenous to North 
America, and have a nearly simple stem and blue flowers: 
Sc. integrifolia, Linne. Minutely hairy; leaves sliort- 
petioled, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, entire; racemes 
terminal. 
Sc. pilosa, Michaux. Hairy; leaves petiolate, rhombic- 
ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, in distant pairs; 
racemes te rm i nal. 
Sc. galericulata, Linne. Nearly smooth; leaves short- 
petioled, lance-ovate, slightly cordate, crenately serrate; 
flowers axillary, single. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle (crystalline glucoside, sol- 
uble in ether), tannin (?), volatile oil (trace), sugar, ash 14 
per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, nervine, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 to 4 
or 8 grams (3ss-j-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. MICHELLA—SQUAW VINE. 
277 
Origin.—Leonurus Cardfaca, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
Stachydese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia, naturalized in North America; 
in waste places. 
Description.—Erect, roughish ; leaves petiolate, the lower ones 
roundish or heart-shaped, the upper ones oblong wedge-shaped, 
all palmately acutely seven- to three-lobed ; flowers in dense 
axillary cymules; calyx spinously five-toothed ; corolla exserted, 
rose-colored, upper lip bearded, lower lip dotted; stamens 4, 
didynamous; odor unpleasant; taste bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. 
Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, stimulant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j), in infusion. 
LEONURUS.—Motherwort. 
PLANTAGO.—Plantain. 
Origin.—Plantago lanceolata and P. major, Linne. Natural 
order, Plantaginacese. 
Habitat.—North America, along roadsides and in grassy 
places; introduced from Europe; the second species also in- 
digenous in the Northwestern States. 
Description.—Leaves all radical, petiolate, nerved, somewhat 
toothed, more or less hairy, lanceolate, or of the second species 
ovate or elliptic; scape with a dense ovate-oblong or, in the 
second species, cylindrical spike; corolla whitish, membranous, 
salver-form, four-lobed; stamens 4, exserted; capsule few- 
seeded ; inodorous; somewhat bitter and astringent. 
PL Regelii, Decaisne, indigenous westward to Texas and Min- 
nesota, closely resembles the broad-leaved plantain, but has a 
long and narrow spike of flowers. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle, resin, wax, pectin, citrates, 
oxalates, ash 12 per cent. 
Properties.—Mild astringent, hsemostatic; the seeds demul- 
cent. 
MITCHELLA.—Squaw Vine. 
Origin.—Mitchella repens, Linne. Natural order, Rubiacese, 
Anthospermese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Mississippi; in dry woods. 
Description.—Evergreen, slender, creeping; leaves opposite, 
petiolate, roundish-ovate, entire, smooth; flowers in pairs; 
corolla salver-form, four-lobed, white or pink, bearded inside, 
fragrant; fruit a twin berry, bright-red, four-seeded; taste 
somewhat astringent and bitter. 278 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. 
Constituents.—Saponin-like compound, principle precipitated 
by tannin and picric acid, wax, resin, gum, sugar, albuminoids, 
ash 5.5 per cent. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
(3ss-j). 
GALIUM.—Cleavers. 
Origin.—Galium Aparine, Linne. Natural order, Rubiacese, 
Galiese. 
Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in thickets. 
Description.—Stem weak, climbing, quadrangular, retrorsely 
prickly; leaves in whorls of 6 or 8, linear-oblanceolate, 
mucronate, margin and midrib rough; cymes loose and few- 
flowered ; corolla small, white, rotate, four-lobed; stamens 4; 
fruit two-seeded, covered with hooked bristles; inodorous; taste 
saline, somewhat astringent and bitter. 
Galium trifiorum, Michaux, has whorls of 6 elliptic-lanceo- 
late and cuspidate leaves, and becomes fragrant from coumarin 
on drying; it grows in most parts of North America, in wood- 
lands. 
Constituents.—Tannin, various salts. 
Properties.—Diuretic, refrigerant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
in infusion. 
SABBATIA.—Sabbatia, Centaury. 
Origin.—Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, and S. paniculata, Pursh. 
Natural order, Gentianeae, Chironiese. 
Habitat.—United States, in dry fields. 
Description.—Stem branched above, winged, quadranglar, 
about 60 centimeters (2 feet) high, smooth ; leaves opposite, 
about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, clasping, oblong-ovate, 
acute, entire, five-nerved, or (Sab. paniculata) linear-oblong, 
obtuse, and one-nerved; corolla mostly rose-colored (S. pani- 
culata whitish), wheel-shaped and five-parted; stamens 5; in- 
odorous, bitter. 
Sabbatia Elliottii, Steudel, quinine-flower, has leaves about 
12 millimeters (J inch) long, varying between obovate and 
linear. 
Erythrse'a Centaurium, Persoon. European centaury. Stem 
30 centimeters (12 inches) high, leaves oval or ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, three- to five - nerved; otherwise resembling the 
preceding. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle, erythrocentaurin, C27H2408 
(tasteless crystals, colored red by light; readily soluble in 279 
CHIRATA—CHIRETTA. 
benzol, carbon disulphide, chloroform, alcohol and boiling 
water, less freely in ether; not precipitated by tannin). The 
bitter principle of European centaury (Lendrich’s erythro- 
centaurin, 1892) is an amorphous glucoside, readily soluble in 
alcohol and hot water, less so in ether, precipitated by tannin 
and other alkaloid regents, splits into a tasteless fermentable 
sugar and aromatic oil. 
Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
in decoction. 
Origin. — Swertia Chirata, Hamilton (Ophelia Chirata, 
Grisebach, s. Agatbotes Chirata, Don). Natural order, 
Gentianese, Swertiese. 
Habitat.—Mountains of Northern India. 
Desci'iption.—Root nearly simple, about 75 millimeters (3 
inehes) long; stem branched, nearly 1 meter (40 inches) 
long, slightly quadrangular above, with a narrow wood 
circle and thick pith; branches slender, decussate; leaves 
opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, five-nerved; flowers numerous, 
small, with a four-lobed calyx and corolla, panicled; fruits 
superior, one-celled, composed of two carpels; the whole 
plant smooth, pale brown or purplish brown, inodorous, 
and intensely bitter. 
Constituents.—Ophelic acid, C13H20O10 (bitter, amorphous, 
viscid, soluble in water, alcohol,and ether, not precipitated by 
tannin), chiratin, C2t;H48015 (bitter, crystalline, yellow, soluble 
in ether, alcohol and warm water, precipitated by tannin, glu- 
coside); ash of leaves 7-8 per cent., of stem about 4 per cent. 
Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
xv—xlv), in infusion. 
Substitution.—Swertia angustifolia, Wallich, s. Ophelia 
angustifolia, Don, has the entire stem quadrangular and 
somewhat winged, and a less bitter taste; pith thin and often 
wanting. 
CHIRATA.—Chiretta. 
CANNABIS INDICA.—Indian Hemp, Gunja. 
Origin.—Cannabis sativa, LinnL Natural order, Urti- 
cacese, Cannabinese. 280 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TOPS. 
Habitat.—Asia; collected in India. 
Description.—Only the flowering tops of the female plant 
are collected. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, com- 
pressed, brittle, branching, with few digitate leaves and 
lance-linear leaflets, and numerous sheathing and ovate- 
lanceolate bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, 
sometimes with the nearly ripe fruit, the whole more or less 
agglutinated with a resinous exudation, from external oleo- 
resin glands ; the leaves and bracts have one-celled hairs, re- 
curved, bases enlarged, with cystoliths; it has a brownish- 
green color, peculiar narcotic odor, and slightly acrid taste. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil (stearopten and a sesqui- 
terpene, C15H24, boils at 256° C., slightly lsevorotatory, col- 
orless, aromatic), brown amorphous resin, about 15 to 20 per 
cent., cannabinon (soft resin), choline. Choline (bilineurine), 
C5H15N02, is syrupy, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and 
yields with Mayer’s solution a yellow crystalline precipitate ; 
it is contained in Hay’s tetanocannabine, and with alkalies 
gives trimethylamine (Siebold’s cannabinine) (E. Jalms, 
1887). American hemp contains a small proportion of resin. 
Allied Drug.—Cannabis americana. The hemp plant 
grown in the Southern United States. Stem 2 or 3 meters 
(6 to 10 feet) high, rough; leaves alternate above, petiolate, 
digitate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, serrate; staminate 
flowers in loose pedunculate clusters, forming compound 
racemes; pistillate flowers small, mostly in pairs, axillary 
sessile, bracteate and with two slender unequal styles; odor 
somewhat heavy; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. 
Properties.—Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. Dose, 0.5 to 
1 gram (gr. viij-xv), mostly as extract, 0.03 to 0.20 gram 
(gr. ss-iij). 
8. LEAFY TOPS.—CACUMINA, SUMMITATES. 
Among the herbs are included the tops of plants which 
are usually collected with flowers. The present division SABINA—SAVINE. 
281 
embraces a few drugs having imbricated leaves, and col- 
lected occasionally with the fruit, but never with the flowers. 
The plants yielding these drugs are trees of the natural 
order Conifene, group Cupressinese. 
Twigs quadrangular, oil-gland near the base of the 
Juniperus 
leaves. 
virginiana. 
the leaves with an oil-gland on the back. 
Twigs two-edged, the flat leaves with a gland on the 
Sabina. 
back. 
Thuja. 
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.—Red Cedar. 
Origin.—Jumperus virginiaua, Linne. Natural order, 
Coniferse, Cupressinese. 
Habitat.—North America, excepting Western Texas, Cal- 
ifornia, and Oregon. 
Description.—The commercial branchlets are about 25 
millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat quadrangular; leaves 
in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millimeters (y 
inch) long, appressed, imbricated, lance-ovate or rhomboid, 
acute, the older ones much longer, sharply acute and spreading, 
on the back with a longitudinal furrow and near its base a 
circular or oblong gland ; odor terebinthinate ; taste balsamic, 
bitterish, and acrid. Peduncle of the galbulus (berry) erect. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (not readily soluble in alcohol), 
resin, tannin, etc. The volatile oil distilled from the wood 
consists mainly of cedreue, C15H24, with some camphor, 
c15H26o. 
Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, less irri- 
tant than savine. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij- 
xv), in powder or infusion. 
SABINA.—Savine. 
Origin.—Juulperus Sabina, Linne. Natural order, Con- 
verse, Cupressinese. 
Habitat.—Siberia, Europe, Canada, and Northern United 
States. 282 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS TOPS. 
Descrijition.—Short, thin, subquadrangular branchlets ; 
leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millime- 
ters (TV inch) long, appressed, imbricated, rhombic-lanceo- 
late, the older ones longer, sharply acute and spreading, 
Fig. 205. 
Sabina. 
on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong 
or roundish gland ; odor terebinth in ate; taste nauseous, 
resinous, and bitter. Galbulus (berry) if present, upon a 
recurved peduncle. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, chiefly C10H16, about 2 per 
cent., resin, tannin. The volatile oil, C10H16 is of spec, 
grav. 0.91, not readily soluble in alcohol, and boils near 
160° C. (320° F.), the boiling-point rising to over 200° C. 
Properties.—Irritant, diuretic, hsmagogue, emmenagogue, 
vermifuge. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in 
powder, infusion, or fluid extract. 
THUJA.—Arbor Vit^e. 
Origin.—Thuja occidentdlis, Linne. Natural order, Con- 
ifers, Cupres sines. 
Habitat.—Canada and United States south to North Caro- 
lina and west to Minnesota; also cultivated for ornament. FLOWERS AND PETALS. 
283 
Description.—Twigs flatfish, two-edged, pale green on the 
lower side, the scale-like leaves appressed in four rows, rhom- 
bic-ovate, obtusely pointed, the flat ones about 5 millimeters 
Q- inch) long, closely imbricate, and with a roundish gland 
near the apex; the others folded lengthwise, boat-shaped, 
about 4 millimeters (|- inch) long, and mostly glandless; 
odor balsamic, somewhat terebinthinate; taste pungently 
aromatic, camphoraceous, and bitter. 
Chammcyparis splueroulea, Spach (Cupressus thyokles, 
Linne); like the preceding plant, often called white cedar, 
grows southward to Florida and Mississippi. The twigs 
resemble those of Thuja, but are more slender, less flat- 
tened ; the leaves are 1.5 to 2 millimeters (iVtV iuch) long, 
and the flat leaves have a longitudinal groove on the back. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent, (readily solu- 
ble in alcohol, contains O), resin, tannin, pinipicrin, C22H18Ou 
(yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in 
ether; glucoside, yields erieinol), thujin, C20H22O12 (yellow, 
crystalline, astringent, dark green with ferric salts; soluble 
in alcohol and water; glucoside, precipitated by lead acetate), 
thujigenin, C14H1207 (precipitated by basic lead acetate, the 
alcohol solution green with NH3). 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, irritant. Dose, 1 to 4 
grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion and fluid extract. 
9. FLOWERS AND PETALS.—FLORES ET 
PETALA. 
Flowers contain the male or female, or both kinds, organs 
of reproduction, surrounded by two circles of modified 
leaves, of which those of the inner circle, the petals forming 
the corolla, very generally have a color differing from green, 
while those of the outer circle, the sepals forming the calyx, 
mostly have a green color. The modified leaves of these 
two whorls are sometimes of the same shape and color, or 
one of the whorls is entirely wanting ; in both these cases 284 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS FLOWERS. 
they, whether green or of a different color, are called peri- 
anth or perigone. The flowers of some plants are placed 
close together upon a common receptacle, and such a head is 
surrounded by one or more whorls of modified, frequently 
scale-like leaves called the involucre, a term which is also 
employed to designate the whorl of modified leaves found 
outside of the calyx of each flower in certain plants. The 
male organs of reproduction, or stamens, consist each of a 
filament which is usually thin and filiform, and bears at its 
apex the mostly two-celled anther; in the cells of the latter 
the pollen is contained. The female organ of reproduction 
consists of one or more ovules enclosed by one or more 
carpels (modified leaves) forming the ovary, and frequently 
prolonged above into a style bearing the stigma. In the 
absence of the style, the stigma is attached to the ovary, 
and is said to be sessile. The shortened axis upon which 
the organs of reproduction are attached is the torus, also 
called the receptacle. The footstalk of a flower is called 
the peduncle, and its branches the pedicels. 
Classification. 
I. Buds, unexpanded flowers. 
Calyx superior, four-cleft. 
Caryophyllus. 
Small heads with an imbricated involucre. 
Santonica. 
II. Expanded flowers and petals. 
1. Petals distinct; corolla polvpetalous. 
Calyx inferior, corolla white, ovary one. 
Aurantium. 
Inflorescence cymose ; the peduncle partly united 
with a leafy bract. 
Tilia. 
Inflorescence paniculate; sepals 5, reddish ; petals 
small. 
Cusso. 
Petals numerous, clawed, rose-colored. 
Rosa centifolia. 
deep red. 
Rosa gallica. 
Petals short-clawed, dull purple, with a black 
spot. 
Rhoeas. 
Petal with the claws attached to the column of 
filaments; involucre six-cleft. 
Althaea rosea. 
involucre three-leaved. 
Malva. CARYOPHYLLUS—CLOVES. 
285 
2. Petals united ; corolla garaopetalous. 
Flowers compound, rays white; receptacle coni- 
cal, hollow; pappus none, 
rays white, in many rows; receptacle conical, 
Matricaria. 
not hollow; pappus a short crown, 
rays whitish or rose-colored, receptacle con- 
Anthemis. 
vex ; pappus a short crown. 
Pyrethri flores. 
rays yellow ; pappus bristly. 
Arnica. 
akenes curved, pappus none. 
Calendula. 
Florets tubular, five-lobed, brownish-red. 
Flowers not compound; corolla whitish, wheel- 
Carthamus. 
shaped, tive-lobed. 
Sambucus. 
corolla wheel-shaped, five-lobed, yellow, 
corolla blue, two-lipped; calyx blue-gray, five- 
Verbaseum. 
toothed. 
Lavandula. 
CARYOPHYLLUS.—Cloves. 
Origin.—Eugenia (Caryophyllus, Linne) aromatica, 0. 
Kuntze. Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrtese. 
Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- 
tries. 
Description. — The unexpanded flowers are collected. 
About 15 millimeters (f inch) long, dark brown, consisting 
of a subcylindrical, solid, and glandular calyx-tube, 3 or 4 
millimeters (-| or inch) thick, and containing near its apex 
the two-celled, several-ovuled ovary, and terminated by four 
obtuse teeth; it is surmounted by a globular head, formed 
by four glandular petals, which cover numerous curved 
stamens and one style, the latter situated in the centre, and 
the former near the base of an elevated disk. Cloves con- 
tain numerous oil-glands under the epidermis, emit oil when 
scratched, and have a strong aromatic odor and a pungent 
spicy taste. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 18 per cent., tannin 10 to 13 
per cent, (yielding the same decomposition products as gal- 
lotannic acid), gum 13 per cent., resin 6 per cent, (tasteless), 
wax, caryophyllin, C10HlfiO (white, tasteless needles, blood- 
red with sulphuric acid), eugenin, C10H12O2 (pearly scales 286 
CELLtTLAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
from distillate, colored red by nitric acid), vanillin. The 
volatile oil is readily soluble in alcohol, and consists of cary- 
Fig. 200. 
Fig. 207. 
Caryophyllus.—a, Natural 
size, b, Longitudinal sec- 
tion magnified. 
Clove—Transverse section, magnified 
15 diameters. 
ophyllene (a sesquiterpene, C15H24, spec. grav. 0.91), eugenol 
or eugenic acid (C10H12O2, a colorless oil, spec. grav. 1.076, 
the solution blue with ferric chloride, by permanganate oxi- 
dized to vanillic acid), and its acetic and acetyl salicylic acid 
esters, furfurol and normal amyl methyl ketone. 
Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, antiemetic. Dose, 0.2 
to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), in powder; mostly used as a con- 
diment. 
SANTONICA.—Santonica, Levant Wormseed. 
Origin.—Artemisia pauciflora, Weber. Natural order, 
Composite, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—T a rkestan. 
Description. — Unexpanded flower-heads, oblong-ovoid, 
about 2 or 3 millimeters (t2 inch) long, obtuse, smooth, 
somewhat glossy, grayish-green, after exposure to light 
brownish-green, with an involucre of about 18 imbricated 
ovate or oblong glandular scales, enclosing 4 or 5 rudimen- AURANTII FLORES—ORANGE FLOWERS. 
287 
tary florets; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphoraceous; 
taste aromatic and bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent, (consists mainly of 
cineol, C10H18O, agitated with iodine 
solution yields greenish crystals of 
Ci0H18OI2), santonin l|-2 per cent., 
artemisin, resin, gum, etc. Santonin, 
C15H1803, is white crystalline, soluble 
in chloroform, alcohol, and ether, 
sparingly soluble in water, colored 
yellow in sunlight, and forms with al- 
kalies bitter soluble compounds. Cold 
nitric acid dissolves it without color ; 
the colorless solution in sulphuric acid 
gradually turns red, and with ferric 
chloride becomes violet-colored. Santonin has been adul- 
terated with boric acid, salicin, and strychnine. Artemisin, 
Clr)H1804, white, crystalline, soluble in alcohol, water, forms' 
crystalline compound with chloroform ; the colorless solution 
in sulphuric acid becomes yellowish-brown with ferric chloride. 
Properties.—Stimulant, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-3j), in powder, or electuary; santonin, 0.016 to 0.06 
gram (gr. |-j), in powder or troches. 
Fig. 208. 
Santonica.—Head and lon- 
gitudinal section, magnified 
10 diam. 
AURANTII FLORES.—Orange Flowers. 
Origin.—Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aurantium, Bisso. 
Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. 
Fig. 209. 
Orange flowers, natural size; unexpanded, petals removed, and section. 
Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical 
countries. 288 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
Description.—The partly expanded flowers are collected 
and mostly used in the fresh state. About 15 millimeters 
(■| inch) long; calyx small, cup-shaped, five-toothed ; petals 
5, oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, white, and glandular punc- 
tate; stamens numerous with the filaments united near 
the base, in about three sets; ovary globular, about ten- 
celled, situated upon a small disk, with a cylindrical style 
and globular stigma; odor very fragrant; taste aromatic, 
somewhat bitter. Dried flowers are brownish. 
When it is desirable to keep fresh orange flowers for some 
time, they may be preserved by being well mixed with half 
their weight of chloride of sodium. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, fluorescent 
with alcohol), mucilage, bitter extractive. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic; used for prepar- 
ing orange-flower water. 
TILIA.—Linden Flowers. 
Origin.—Tflia americana, Linne, and T. heterophylla, Ven- 
tenat. Natural order, Tiliacese, Tiliese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Manitoba and Texas. 
Description.—Cymes varying between about seven- and thirty- 
flowered, the long peduncle partly united to an oblong-lanceolate 
bract, which is about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, and 10 milli- 
meters (f inch) wide; calyx five-parted; petals 5, yellowish, notched 
at the base with a large scale; stamens numerous, hypogynous, 
in 5 groups united with the petaloid scales; ovary five-celled; 
stigma five-lobed; odor agreeable, taste sweet, mucilaginous. 
Tflia ulmifolia, Scopoli, indigenous to Europe, cultivated in 
the United States, has about seven-flowered cymes and the petals 
without scales. The cymes of T. platyphylla, Scopoli, are mostly 
three-flowered. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, stimulant, lenitive. Dose, 1 to 2 
grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
CUSSO.—Kousso, Brayera. 
Origin.—Hagenia abyssfnica (Bruce), Gmelin (Brayera 
anthelmintica, Kunth). Natural order, Rosace®, Poteriese. 
Habitat.—Abyssinia. CUSSO—KOUSSO, BRAYERA. 
289 
Description.—The female inflorescence is collected. In 
rolls, or compressed bundles, consisting of hairy and glan- 
dular panicles about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, with a 
sheathing bract at the base of each branch; the two round- 
ish bracts at the base of each flower and the four or five 
Fig. 210. 
Hagenia abyssinica {Bruce), Gmelin.—A. Branch of panicle. B. Staminate flower, 
and C. pistillate flower, magnified 4 diam. 
obovate outer sepals are of a reddish color, membranous, 
and veiny; flowers about 6 millimeters inch) broad; 
calyx top-shaped, hairy, enclosing one or two ovate- 
oblong and pointed carpels or nutlets; odor slight, tea- 
like ; taste bitter acrid and nauseous. 290 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
Constituents.—Tannin 24 per cent., bitter acrid resin 
per cent., tasteless resin, little volatile oil, ash about 5 per 
cent. Protokosin (crystalline, inactive), kosotoxin (amor- 
phous, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, strong mus- 
cle poison, yields with baryta water a yellow, crystalline 
inactive body possibly identical with commercial kossin). 
Properties.—Anthelmintic, t®nifuge. Dose, 16 to 24 or 
32 grams (3iv-vj-gj), in powder or electuary. 
ROSA CENTIFOLIA.—Pale Rose. 
Origin.—Rosa centifolia, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- 
ce®, Rose®. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—The petals are collected. Roundish-obovate 
and retuse, or obcordate, piuk, fragrant, sweetish, slightly 
bitter, and faintly astringent. 
When it is desirable to keep fresh pale rose for some 
time, it should be preserved bv being intimately mixed 
with one-half its weight of chloride of sodium, pressing 
the mixture into a suitable jar, and keeping it in a cool 
place. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin 
(quercitrin ?), malates, etc. Oil of rose is obtained from 
Rosa damascene, Miller. 
Properties.—Mild carminative; used for preparing rose- 
water. 
ROSA GALLICA.—Red Rose. 
Origin.—Rosa gallica, Linne. Natural order, Rosace®, 
Rose®. 
Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe; culti- 
vated. 
Description.—The petals are collected before the flowers 
are expanded. Small cones, consisting of numerous imbri- 
cated, roundish, retuse, deep purple-colored, yellow-clawed MALVA—M A LLO W. 
291 
petals, having a roseate odor and a bitterish, slightly acid- 
ulous, and distinct astringent taste. 
Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, 
quercitrin. 
Properties.—Tonic, mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-3j), in powder, confection, or infusion. 
RHCEAS.—Red Poppy. 
Origin.—Papaver Rhoe'as, Linne. Natural order, Papa- 
veracese, Papavereie. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe, in fields. 
Description.—Petals roundish, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
broad, somewhat shorter, below contracted into a short blackish 
claw, thin, brownish-purple (fresh scarlet-red); odor slight; 
taste mucilaginous and bitterish. 
Constituents.—Rhoeadine a trace, probably a second alka- 
loid, rhoeadic and papaveric acids (red coloring matters), 
gum, etc. 
Properties.—Demulcent, mildly anodyne, used chiefly for 
coloring mixtures. 
ALTHAEA ROSEA.—Hollyhock. 
Origin.—Althse'a (Alcea, Linne) rosea, Cavanilles. Natural 
order, Malvaceae, Malveae. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, cultivated in gardens. 
Description.—Involucre six-cleft, shorter than the five-cleft 
calyx, the lobes lance-ovate, stellately hairy; corolla 7 to 10 
centimeters (3-4 inches) broad, in cultivation often double, the 
five petals broadly obovate, retused or notched at the apex, the 
claws attached to the base of the column formed by the united 
numerous filaments; the color varies from white to deep red and 
purple, and becomes deeper on drying; odor slight; taste sweet- 
ish, mucilaginous, somewhat astringent. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, coloring matter. 
Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. 
Origin.—Malva sylvestris, Linne. Natural order, Malvaceae, 
Malveae. 
Habitat.—Europe, introduced in North America. 
Description.—Involucre three-leaved, hairy; calyx about 5 
millimeters inch) long, five-cleft, hairy; petals five, 2 centi- 
MALVA.—Mallow. 292 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
meters (f inch) long, obcordate, the claws attached to the base 
of the column formed by the united numerous filaments; the 
color is rose red or purplish with darker veins, after drying 
blue; odor slight, taste mucilaginous, sweetish. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, coloring matter, reddened by acids 
and turned green by ammonia. 
Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. 
MATRICARIA.—German Chamomile. 
Origin.—Matricaria Chamomllla, Linne. Natural order, 
Composite, Anthemideae. 
Habitat.—Europe aud Western Asia. 
Fig. 211. 
Matricaria.—a. Flower-head. b. Involucre, c. Receptacle and involucre, d. 
Longitudinal section of receptacle, with disk florets, e. Ray floret. /. Disk floret. 
g. Stamens and style of disk floret. 
Description.—Flower-heads about 15 to 20 millimeters 
(f—f- inch) broad; involucre flattish, imbricated, the scales 
oblong, obtuse, aud with a scarious margin; receptacle con- 
ical, pitted, hollow, naked, about 5 millimeters (|- inch) 
high; ray florets about 15, white, ligulate, three-toothed, 
pistillate, reflexed, about 8 millimeters inch) long; disk 
florets numerous, yellow, tubular, perfect, about 3 milli- 
meters (J inch) long; akenes oblong, without pappus; 
strongly aromatic and bitter. 
The similar flower-heads of An'themis arvensis, Linne, 
and Maruta Cotula, De Candolle, have a conical solid aud 
chaffy receptacle. ANTHEMIS CHAMOMILE. 
293 
Constituents.—Volatile oil per cent, (dark blue, soluble 
in alcohol), anthemic acid (bitter needles), authemidin (taste- 
less), extractive, little tannin, malates, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, mild tonic, carminative, nervine, 
emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
ANTH EMIS.—Chamomile. 
Origin.—An'themis nobilis, Idnne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—Southern and Western Europe; cultivated; 
naturalized in a few localities in the United States. 
Description. — Collected from cultivated plants. The 
wild-grown flower-heads have about 15 ray florets in one 
Fig. 212. 
Anthemis nobilis.—Ray and disk floret, magnified 4 diam. Section through 
single flower-head. 
row; the cultivated plants have the tubular disk florets 
mostly transformed into ligulate florets. Subglobular, about 
2 centimeters (f inch) broad; involucre hemispherical, im- 
bricated, the scales ovate-oblong and with a scarious margin ; 
receptacle solid, conical, chaff* dense, concave, blunt and 
narrow ; ray florets numerous, white, pistillate, strap shaped, 294 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
three-toothed ; disk florets few, yellow, tubular; akenes obo- 
vate with a short crown. Odor strong and pleasant; taste 
aromatic, bitter. 
Constituents.—Anthemene, C18H36 (tasteless needles, melt 
at 63° C.), volatile oil (nearly 1 per cent., blue, green, or 
yellow, spec. grav. 0.90, soluble in alcohol, contains anthe- 
mol, C10H16O, and the isobutylic and isamylic esters of 
isobutyric and angelic acids), bitter principle (anthemic 
acid ?), resin, little tannin, etc. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, carminative, nervine, em- 
menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-sj), in infusion or 
fluid extract. 
PYRETHRI FLORES.—Insect Flowers. 
Origin.—1. Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum, Treviranus) cin- 
erarisefblium, Visiani; 2. Chrys. (Pyrethrum, Bieberstein) 
roseum and C. carneum, Weber. Natural order, Composite, 
Anthemidese. 
Habitat.—1. Dalmatia. 2. Western Asia, 
Description.—Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 25 mil- 
limeters (1 inch) broad ; involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the 
scales obtuse, brownish with a whitish scarious margin (No. 1), 
or greenish and with a red-brown scarious margin (No. 2) ; re- 
ceptacle somewhat convex, naked; ray florets about 20, whitish 
(No. 1) or rose colored (No. 2), ligulate, three-toothed, pistillate; 
disk florets yellow, tubular, five-toothed, perfect; akenes obovate 
with a short scarious, somewhat to'othed crown ; odor peculiar, 
aromatic; taste bitter and acrid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, chrysanthemic acid (volatile), 
wax, pyrethrotoxic acid (non-volatile) resin acid, chrysanthe- 
mine (liquid), glucoside (crystalline), sugar, a hydrocarbon, and 
a higher homologue of cholesterin. 
Properties.—Insecticide; externally as powder or tincture. 
The Dalmatian insect flowers collected shortly after expansion 
are considered the most effectual. 
ARNICA.—Arnica Flowers. 
Origin.—Ar'nica montana, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
positse, Senecionidese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia, in mountainous 
districts. CALENDULA MARIGOLD. 
295 
Description.—Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 25 
millimeters (1 inch) broad; involucral scales lanceolate, 
acute, hairy, in two rows; recep- 
tacle nearly flat, pitted, and hairy; 
ray florets 15 to 20, yellow, strap- 
shaped, 2 or 3 centimeters (|— 
inches) long, eight- or ten-nerved, 
three-toothed, pistillate; disk florets 
numerous, yellow, about 15 milli- 
meters (f- inch) long, five-toothed 
tubular, perfect; akenes slender, 
spindle - shaped, rough, crowned 
with a hairy pappus, 6 or 8 milli- 
meters inch) long; feebly aro- 
matic; acrid and bitter; the dust 
sternutatory. 
Some pharmacopoeias direct the removal of the involucre 
with the receptacle, which frequently contains the larvae of 
an insect (Trypeta). 
Ar'nica foliosa, Nuttall, A. alpiua, Olin, and A. Cha- 
missonis, Lessing, have flowers resembling the preceding; 
the plants are indigenous to the mountains of Colorado, 
westward and northward, the last species also eastward to 
Maine. 
Constituents.—Arnicin, C12H2202 (crystalline, yellow, acrid, 
easily soluble in alcohol and ether), a fat (glycerin ester of 
lauric and palmitic acid and a hydrocarbon), resin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, irritant. Dose, 
0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in infusion ; mostly used externally 
as tincture. 
Fig. 213. 
Arnica montana. — Ray and 
disk florets. 
CALENDULA.—Marigold. 
Origin. — Calendula officinalis, Linne. Natural order, 
Composite, Calendulacese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 296 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
Description.—Flower-heads about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
broad, with the involucral scales in two rows, lanceolate, 
acute, hairy, and equal; a flat and naked receptacle, and 
incurved, muricate akenes without pappus; the yellow disk 
florets tubular, five-toothed, and staminate. 
The ray florets, which are usually employed instead of the 
flower-heads, are in one or occasionally in several rows, 
pistillate, ligulate, 10 to 15 millimeters (§- to § inch) long, 
about 3 millimeters inch) broad, the limb delicately veined 
in a longitudinal direction, three-toothed at the apex ; the 
short hairy tube enclosing the remnants of the filiform style 
which terminates in two elongated branches; odor slightly 
narcotic; taste somewhat bitter, slightly saline. 
Constituents.—Amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yel- 
low calendulin, volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, sugar, gum, etc. 
Substitutions.—The flower-heads of Tagetes erecta and 
Tag. patula, Linne, cultivated as French or African mari- 
gold, have a tubular involucre, yellow or variegated broad 
ray florets, and straight slender flattish akenes with a chaffy 
pappus. 
Properties.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 
to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, tincture, or extract. 
CARTHAMUS.—Safflower. 
Origin.—Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
posite, Cynaroidese. 
Habitat.—India ; cultivated. 
Description.—The tubular florets are collected. Cylindrical, 
about 2 centimeters (f inch) long, five-lobed; lobes nearly 
linear; tube of the anthers protruding from the throat, and sur- 
mounted by the two-cleft style; brownish-red ; odor slight; taste 
insipid, bitterish. 
Constituents.—Carthamin, C14Hifi07, about 0.5 per cent, (red- 
brown, with metallic lustre, soluble in alcohol and alkalies, 
sparingly so in water, insoluble in ether), yellow coloring 
matter about 20 per cent, (soluble in water and alcohol), muci- 
lage, etc. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic, laxative. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram 
(gr. viij-xv), in infusion. VERBASCUM—MULLEIN. 
297 
SAMBUCUS.—Elder. 
Origin.—Sambucus canadensis, Linne. Natural order, 
Capri foliacese, Sambucese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to the Rocky Mountains; 
in damp places. 
Description.—In large corymbose five-rayed cymes ; calyx 
half-superior, minutely five-toothed; ovary three-celled, 
three-ovuled, and with three sessile stigmas ; corolla cream- 
colored, wheel-shaped, fresh about 5 millimeters inch) 
broad, after drying shrivelled and yellowish, five-lobed, and 
on the short tube with five stamens; of a peculiar fragrance 
and mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste. 
Elder should be collected iu dry weather, rapidly dried, 
and deprived of the stalks. 
The inflorescence and flowers of Sambtlcus nigra, Linne, 
the European elder, closely resemble the preceding. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (butyraceous), little fat, wax, 
and resin ; mucilage, sugar ; probably a little tannin; pectin 
and albuminoids. 
Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 
2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 
VERBASCUM.—Mullein. 
Origin.—1. Verbascum phlomoides, Linne. 2. V. thapsi- 
forme, Schrader. 3. V. Thapsus, Linne. Natural order, Scrophu- 
lariacese, Verbascese. 
Habitat.—Europe, in fields; No. 3 naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—The five-lobed calyx is often rejected. Corolla 
wheel-shaped, 2 to 4 centimeters (f to If inches) broad; lobes 
five, roundish-obovate, bright yellow, smooth above, stellately 
hairy beneath ; stamens in the short tube five, three filaments 
white-woolly and two naked; the corolla of No. 3 about 10 
millimeters (f inch) broad; odor slight, honey-like; taste 
mucilaginous and sweet. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, etc. 
Properties.—-Demulcent, pectoral. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
xv-3j). 298 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. 
LAV ANDULA.—Lavender. 
Origin.—Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Natural order, 
Labiatse, Ocimoidese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Description.—Bracts rhombic-ovate, pointed, brownish, 
and glandular; calyx tubular, about 5 millimeters inch) 
long, blue-gray, hairy and glandular, five-toothed, the upper 
tooth largest and roundish-rhomboid; corolla violet-blue, 
about 10 millimeters (|- inch) long, hairy and glandular on 
Fig. 214. 
Lavender flower and corolla, magnified 4 diam, 
the outside, tubular and two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed, 
the smaller lower lip three-lobed ; stamens four, didynamous, 
short, on the corolla-tube; odor fragrant; taste bitterish 
aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1| to 3 per cent., resin, little 
tannin. The volatile oil contains C10H16, the alcohol C10H18O 
(linalool), its acetic ester and cineol; spec. grav. 0.885 to 
0.895; readily soluble in alcohol, and very fragrant; dis- 
tilled from the leaves and stalks the odor is more rank. 
Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, nervine, errhine. 
Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion, but rarely 
used internally. FRUITS—FRUCTUS. 
299 
10. FRUITS.—FRUCTUS. 
The fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower, and consists 
of the pericarp or fruit-integuments enclosing one or more 
seeds. The outer layer of the pericarp is called epicarp or 
exocarp, the inner layer endocarp. A middle layer, the 
mesocarp or sarcocarp, is present in many, particularly the 
fleshy, fruits. Fruits are crowned with the style or its rem- 
nants, or are marked with a scar where the style had been 
attached ; a second scar is found at the base of the fruit, 
where it had been connected with the foot-stalk or attached 
to the floral axis. 
With few exceptions, the official fruits consist of fructi- 
fied single pistils ; the exceptions are two aggregate fruits 
(staranise and raspberry), composed of several separate 
carpels belonging to one flower; one anthocarpous fruit 
(rose hip), composed of a fleshy receptacle enclosing several 
akenes; and a few collective fruits, produced by the aggre- 
gation of several or many flowers. 
Sect. 1. Collective fruits. 
Berry-like, containing three seeds with oil- 
glands. 
Cylindrical spikes of numerous coalesced berry- 
Juniperus. 
like fruits; peppery. 
Piper longum. 
Oblong-conical spikes; fleshy, sweet, acidulous. 
Glandular strobiles with akenes at the base of the 
Morus. 
leafy bracts. 
Pear-shaped fleshy receptacle with numerous 
Humulus. 
akenes upon the inner surface. 
Ficus. 
Sect. 2. Fruits of single flowers. 
I. Pitcher-shaped fleshy receptacle containing 
akenes. 
Rosa canina. 
II. Small drupes and berries, about the size of pep- 
per; superior. 
Ten-celled, ten-seeded, with a dark purple juice. 
Phytolacca. 
Four-celled, four-seeded, with a convex inferior 
Rhamnus 
disk. 
cathartica* 
Classification. 300 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
One-celled, one-seeded, bright red, woolly. 
Rhus glabra. 
black, globular, pericarp prolonged into a stalk. 
Cubeba. 
unstalked, the undeveloped embryo in a 
central cavity. 
Piper nigrum. 
whitish, globular, veined, not hollow. 
Piper album. 
III. Inferior drupaceous fruits. 
Globular, brown, two-celled, two-seeded. 
Pimenta. 
Oval-oblong, dark brown, two-celled, each cell 
Caryophylli 
with one or two seeds. 
fructus. 
IV. Superior drupes. 
Roundish-reniform, blackish, seed semilunar, 
bitter. 
Cocculus. 
Flattish - reniform, brown, nut-like, sarcocarp 
Anacardium 
caustic. 
occidentale. 
Flattish-ovate, blackish, nut - like, sarcocarp 
Anacardium 
caustic. 
orientale. 
Somewhat five-angled, orange- or blackish-brown, 
very astringent. 
Myrobalanus. 
Oblong, dark blue, glaucous, sweet. 
Prunum. 
Oblong-ovoid, brownish-black, slightly glaucous. 
Serenoa. 
Hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of 
many small drupes. 
Rubus idseus. 
V. Superior berries. 
Globular, acidulous, sweet, few-seeded. 
Uva passa. 
six-celled, six-seeded, very astringent. 
Diospyros. 
ten-celled, many-seeded, very aromatic. 
Aurantium. 
twelve-celled, many-seeded, pulp hard, muci- 
laginous. 
Bela. 
Oval, with a nipple-shaped apex; pulp very 
acid. 
Limon. 
Oblong, two-celled, many-seeded, burningly acrid. 
Capsicum. 
VI. Inferior berries. 
Pulp white, spongy, separable into three many- 
seeded cells. 
Colocynth. 
VII. Capsular fruits, superior. 
Cylindrical, with numerous transverse partitions 
containing a sweet pulp ; indehiscent. 
Cassia fistula. 
Broadly linear; internally fleshy, sweet. 
Ceratonia. 
Subglobose; stigmas sessile, radiating; seeds 
numerous, parietal. 
Papaver. 
Small utricle ; seed lenticular, black, glossy. 
Chenopodium. 
Capsules 3, two-valved; seeds 1 or 2, black. 
Xanthoxylum. 
Follicles 8, stellate, one-seeded, aromatic. 
Illicium. FRUITS—FRUCTUS 
301 
VIII. Capsular fruits, inferior. 
Triangular-ovate, three-celled; pericarp dry, 
tasteless; seeds spicy. 
Long-linear, subtriangular, fleshy, one-celled, 
Cardamomum. 
many-seeded, aromatic. 
Vanilla. 
IX. Akenes. 
Grayish-yellow, grooved; pericarp and testa 
coalesced. 
Brown-gray and black, roughish, somewhat 
Hordei fructus. 
curved. 
Lappse fructus. 
glossy, straight; the oblique apex margined. 
Silybum. 
Greenish-gray, veined, glossy. 
Cannabis. 
X. Cremocarps; fruits of umbelliferse. 
Coelospermous, globular, 2 vittse in each meri- 
carp. 
Campylospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, 
Coriandrum. 
vittse none. 
Orthospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, 
Conium. 
hairy, each mericarp about 15 vittse. 
ovate, laterally compressed, smooth, each meri- 
Anisum. 
carp 12 vittse. 
Apium. 
smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse. 
Petroselinum. 
rough, each mericarp 6 vittse. 
oblong terete, smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse, 
Ajowan. 
ribs obtuse, prominent. 
Fceniculum. 
ribs obtuse, thin. 
Phellandrium. 
oblong, laterally compressed, each mericarp 6 
vittse, ribs 9, rough. 
Cuminum. 
ribs 5, smooth. 
oblong, dorsally compressed, each mericarp 6 
Carum. 
vittse, ribs 5, smooth. 
Anethum. 
ribs 9, bristly. 
Carota. 
XI. Parts of fruits. 
Pericarp leathery, glandular, orange-colored. 
Aurantii cortex. 
yellow. 
Limonis cortex. 
very hard, with adhering mucilaginous pulp. 
Bela. 
(see Fruits). 
brittle, brown, crowned with calyx. 
Granati fructus 
cortex. 
Pulp acidulous, red-brown, with flat, subquad- 
rangular, glossy seeds. 
Tamarindus. 302 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
JUNIPERUS.—Juniper. 
Origin.—Jumperus communis, Limit. Natural order, 
Con if me, Cupressinese. 
Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere; in North America 
throughout Canada, the Northern United States, and in 
the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico. 
Fig. 215. 
Juniperus.—Fertile catkin and longitudinal section. Galbulus, and transverse 
section. Seed, and longitudinal section. 
Description.—Nearly globular, about 8 millimeters (-J- 
inch) in diameter; dark purplish, with a bluish-gray bloom, 
at the apex with a three-rayed furrow, and at the base 
usually with one or two whorls of three small brownish 
scales; internally pulpy, greenish-brown, with oil cells, 
and containing three ovate somewhat triangular bony seeds 
with several large oil glands on the surface; odor aromatic; 
taste sweet, balsamic, bitterish, and slightly acrid. 
The pulpy portion is produced from the coalesced three 
scales forming the upper whorl of the pistillate catkin. 
The galbulus ripens in the second year. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil J to 1J per cent., sugar 15 to 
30 per cent., resins 10 per cent., yellowish juniperin (solu- MORUS MULBERRY. 
303 
ble with green color in ether and volatile oils), wax, fat, 
proteids, mucilage, ash 4 per cent. Oil of juniper berries 
is colorless, of about the specific gravity of 0.85 to 0.89, 
Isevogyre, slightly soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, fulminates 
with iodine, and contains pinene, C10H16, and other hydro- 
carbons. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, externally used as an 
anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-oj), in infusion, the 
concentrated juice, distilled water, and spirit, etc. 
PIPER LONGUM.—Long Pepper. 
Origin.—1. Piper (Chavica, Miquel) officinarum, De Can- 
dolle, and, 2. Piper longum, Linne (Chavica Roxburghii, 
Miquel). Natural order, Piperaceae, Piperese. 
Habitat.—1. Java and other East Indian islands; 2. Bengal 
and Philippine Islands. 
Description.—Spikes of the coalesced, immature, but full- 
grown fruit, about 35 millimeters (If inches) long, and 5 milli- 
meters (I inch) thick, cylindrical, uneven, dusty, blackish-gray ; 
the numerous fruits spirally arranged, each crowned with rem- 
nant of style; odor and taste like black pepper. Bengal long 
pepper is darker colored and shorter, 20 to 25 millimeters (f to 
1 inch) long. 
Constituents, Properties, and Uses.—Same as those of black 
pepper. 
Origin.—Morus rubra, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, 
Morese. 
Habitat.—North America, from southern Canada to Florida, 
and west to Dakota and New Mexico; in woods. 
Description.—Dense spikes of the coalesced perianths, enclos- 
ing the lenticular nutlets; oblong-conical, about 25 millimeters 
(1 inch) long, dark purple, fleshy and juicy, each fruit crowned 
with two filiform styles ; juice deep purplish-red, sweet and 
acidulous. 
Morus nigra, Linne, has a shorter ovate or oblong fruit, 
resembling the preceding. The fruit of Morus alba, Linne, is 
white, reddish, or blackish, sweet, scarcely acidulous. 
Constituents.—Sugar about 10 per cent., pectin, citrates, 
malates, etc. 
Properties.—Refrigerant; used for flavoring mixtures. 
MORUS.—Mulberry. 304 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Origin.—Humulus Lupulus, IAnne. Natural order, 
Urticacese, Cannabinese. 
Habitat.—Northern temperate zone; cultivated. 
Description.—Strobile, oblong-ovoid or ovate, about 3 
centimeters (1 inches) long, consisting of a thin, hairy, un- 
dulated axis, and many obliquely ovate membranous green- 
ish scales, which are in the upper part reticulately veined, 
and toward the base parallel-veined, free from reddish or 
brownish spots, glandular, and surrounding a subglobular 
akene; odor aromatic and characteristic; taste bitter, aro- 
matic, and slightly astringent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.8 per cent., resin 9-18 per 
cent., asparagin, choline (see Cannabis), tannin, C25H24013, 
3-4 per cent., ash 7-10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter 
virtues reside in the glands. (See Lupulinum.) 
Properties.—Tonic, sedative, anodyne. Dose, 2 to 20 
grams (3ss-v), in infusion or tincture; externally as fomen- 
tation and poultice. 
HUMULUS.—Hops. 
FICUS.—Fig. 
Origin.—Ficus Carica, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, 
Artocarpese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in subtropical coun- 
tries. 
Description.—Compressed, of irregular shape, fleshy, yel- 
lowish or brownish, covered with an efflorescence of sugar, 
of a sweet fruity odor and very sweet mucilaginous taste, 
When softened in water, figs are pear-shaped, with a scar or 
short stalk at base, and a small scaly orifice at apex, near 
which the staminate flowers are situated; hollow internally, 
the inner surface covered with numerous yellowish, hard 
akenes. Figs consist of the fleshy receptacle, which in the 
unripe state contains an acrid milk-juice. 
Constituents.—Akenes and cellular tissue 15, water 16, 
sugar 62 per cent., gum, fat, and salts. PHYTOLACCA FRUCTUS—POKE FRUIT, 
305 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used internally as 
dietetic; externally as poultice. 
Fig. 216. 
Ficus Carica, Linne.—a. Section of fig. b. Staminate, c. Pistillate flowers. 
ROSA CARINA.—Hips. 
Cynosbata. 
Origin.—Rosa camna, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Rosese. 
Habitat.—Europe. 
Description.—Pitcher-shaped, about 2 centimeters (§ inch) 
long, bright red, glossy, fleshy, inner surface bristly, nearly in- 
odorous, and of a sweetish, acidulous, somewhat astringent taste. 
Hips consist of the receptacle (or calyx-tube), are crowned with 
the five sepals or their remnants, and enclose a number of brown 
hairy akenes. For medicinal use the akenes and hairs are re- 
moved. 
Constituents.—Malic acid 7-8, citric acid 2-3, sugar 30, gum 
25 per cent., tannin a trace, etc. 
Properties.—Refrigerant, mild astringent, diuretic ; used as a 
dietetic and as an excipient in the form of confection. 
PHYTOLACCA FRUCTUS.—Poke Fruit. 
Origin.—Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Natural order, 
Phytolaccacese, Euphytolaccese. 306 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Habitat.—North America; naturalized in Europe. 
Description.—Depressed globular, dark purple, compound 
berry about 8 millimeters inch) in diameter, composed of 
10 carpels, each containing one lenticular black seed; juice 
purplish-red ; inodorous, sweet, slightly acrid. 
Constituents.—Sugar, gum, coloring matter (turned yellow 
by alkalies and bleached by sunlight), phytolaccic acid 
(brownish, amorphous, acrid, precipitated by lead subacetate, 
soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro- 
form and glycerin). 
Properties.—Alterative, laxative, emetic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 
gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, or the expressed juice in dose 
of half to one teaspoonful. 
RHAMNUS CATHARTICA.—Buckthorn. 
Origin.—Rhamnus (Cervispma, Moench) cathartica, Linne. 
Natural order, Rhamnese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—Globular, and, after drying, deeply wrinkled, 
about 5 millimeters (| inch) in diameter, purplish-brown or 
black, at the base with a convex disk, and a fragile peduncle; 
Fig. 217. 
Rhamnus: fruit, transverse and longitudinal sections.—Natural size. 
fleshy, with a brownish-green pulp and juice ; endocarp parch- 
ment-like, four-celled, and four-seeded; the seeds dark brown, 
triangular convex, furrowed on the back; odor slight, unpleas- 
ant ; taste disagreeable, bitter, and acrid. 
Constituents.—Rhamnocathartin (amorphous, yellowish), rham- 
nin (yellowish granules, tasteless, olive-green by ferric salts, 
yields isodulcit and bright yellow rhamnetin), sugar, gum, tan- 
nin ; ash about 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Cathartic; the expressed juice made into syrup, 307 
CUBEBA—CUBEB. 
in doses of 10 to 20 grams (fjij-v). The juice of the green 
fruit treated with lime or alumina yields sap-green. 
Allied Drugs.—French berries from Rhamnus infectoria, Linne, 
and Persian berries from Rhamnus saxatilis, Linne, and other 
species of Rhamnus are collected unripe, resemble buckthorn 
berries, but are less wrinkled, internally yellowish, from two- to 
four-seeded, are employed for dyeing yellow, and contain xan- 
thorhamnin, C48H66029 (crystallizes from alcohol in golden-yellow 
needles; glucoside, yields lemon-yellow rhamnetin), and rham- 
negin (yellow powder, freely soluble in alcohol). 
RHUS GLABRA.—Sumach. 
Origin.—Rhus glabra, Linne. Natural order, Anacar- 
diacese, Anacardiese. 
Habitat.—North America, west to Colorado and Idaho, in 
barren soil. 
Description.—Subglobular, about 3 millimeters Q- inch) 
in diameter, drupaceous, crimson, densely hairy, contain- 
ing a roundish-oblong, smooth putamen; inodorous; taste 
acidulous. 
Constituents.—Acid calcium and potassium malates, tan- 
nin, coloring matter, etc. 
Properties.—Refrigerant, diuretic, astringent; used mostly 
as gargle in decoction or fluid extract. 
Origin.—Piper Cubeba, Linne films (Cubeba officinalis, 
Miquel). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
Habitat.—Java ; cultivated. 
Description.—Collected full-grown but unripe. Globular, 
about 4 to 5 millimeters inch) in diameter, contracted 
at the base into a stipe about 6 to 8 millimeters (|-—§• inch) 
long, reticulately wrinkled, blackish-gray, the mesocarp 
with numerous oil cells; the epicarp and endocarp are 
layers of sclerenchyma cells, those of the latter radially 
elongated; internally whitish and hollow, containing a 
partly developed depressed globular seed with oil cells 
CUBEJBA.—Cubeb. 308 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
and starch granules; odor strong spicy; taste pungently 
aromatic. Crushed cubeb colors sulphuric acid crimson. 
Cubeb should not be mixed with the nearly inodorous 
rachis or stalks. Recently the 
drug often contained a consid- 
erable proportion of immature 
shrivelled cubebs. 
Allied Fruits.—Cubeba Lowong, 
Miquel, and C. Wallichii, Miquel. 
Closely resembling cubeb. 
Piper (Cubeba, Miquel) caninum, 
Dietrich. Fruit smaller than cu- 
beb ; stipe half the length of the 
globular portion. 
Piper (Cubeba, MiquelI) crassipes, Korthals. Fruit larger 
than cubeb; pedicel stout and flattish ; odor agreeable; taste 
bitter. 
False cubebs of unknown origin. Fruit strongly wrinkled, 
gray-brown, odor mace-like; stalk flattened, 4 to 6 milli- 
meters inch) long, about equal to diameter of fruit. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 15 per cent., resin 3 per 
cent., cubebic acid 1 to 3 per cent., cubebin, fat, wax, starch, 
ash 5-6 per cent. Oil of cubeb is colorless, pale greenish 
or yellowish, of spec. grav. 0.92, not freely soluble in 80 per 
cent, alcohol, lsevogyre, not fulminating with iodine, of com- 
position C15H24, colored red by warm H2S04. Cubeb resin 
is amorphous, not precipitated by alcoholic solution of lead 
acetate. Cubebic acid is readily soluble in alkali, alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform, is precipitated by lead acetate, amor- 
phous, some of its salts crystalline. Cubebin is white, 
pearly, crystalline, inodorous, its alcoholic solution bitter. 
The three last-mentioned compounds are colored red by sul- 
phuric acid. 
Properties.—Stimulant, local irritant, carminative (vola- 
Fig. 218. 
Cube!); fruit.—Natural size and 
magnified. PIPER ALBUM—WHITE PEPPER. 
309 
tile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic acid). Dose, 1 to 8 
grams (gr. in powder, fluid extract, or oleoresin. 
PIPER.—Black Pepper. 
Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne. Natural order, Piperacese, 
Piperese. 
Habitat.—India; cultivated in the tropics. 
Desci'iption.—Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 milli- 
meters inch) in diameter, reticulately wrinkled, brownish- 
black or grayish-black, the mesocarp with scattered oil cells; 
internally lighter, hollow, with a partly developed embryo; 
aromatic and of a spicy hot taste. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 2 per cent., piperine 6 to 8 
per cent., volatile alkaloid (probably piperidine) 0.56 per 
cent., soft, pungent resin or chaviein (soluble in alkalies, 
alcohol, and ether), fat 7 per cent., proteids 12 per cent., 
starch in very small granules, ash 5 per cent. Volatile oil 
of pepper is colorless, not pungent, of spec. grav. 0.864 
and composition C10H16. Commercial oil of black pepper 
(so called) contains the pungent resin and fat, and is ob- 
tained as a by-product in the preparation of piperine. The 
latter is C17H19NOs, forms colorless or yellowish prisms, is 
inodorous, of a slowly developed peppery taste, soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and benzol, colored blood-red by H2S04, and 
by alcoholic solution of alkalies decomposed into piperic 
acid, C12H10O4, and piperidine, C5HUN, which has an 
ammoniacal and peppery odor. Piperic acid, oxidized with 
permanganate, yields crystals of piperonal, C8H608 (artificial 
heliotropin). 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, tonic, febrifuge. Pose, 
0.3 to 1.5 gram (gr. v-xxij), in powder, confection, or 
oleoresin. 
PIPER ALBUM.—White Pepper. 
Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne (see above); the ripe fruit 
deprived of epicarp and mesocarp. 310 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Description.—Globular, smooth, with ten or twelve veins from 
base to apex, whitish, and, after the removal of the endocarp, 
reddish-brown; under the testa an albuminous seed containing 
small starch grains ; odor and taste pepper-like, less pungent. 
Constituents and Properties.—Same as black pepper, but more 
starch and less ash (1 to 1.5 per cent.). 
PIMENTA.—Pimenta. 
Semen amomi. Allspice. 
Origin. — Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle, s. Pimenta 
officinalis, Lindley. Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrtese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America ; cultivated. 
Description. — Collected nearly ripe.' Nearly globular, 
about 6 millimeters inch) in diameter, crowned with the 
short four-parted calyx limb or its remnants and a short 
style, brownish or brown-gray, granular and glandular, two- 
celled, each cell with one brown, plano-convex, roundish- 
reuiform seed; pungently aromatic, clove-like; the pericarp 
and embryo contain oil cells, the latter also starch grains. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., resin, fat, tan- 
nin, sugar, gum, ash 4 per cent. Oil of pimento has the 
spec. grav. 1.045 to 1.055, and contains C15H24 and eugenol. 
Properties.—Stomachic, stimulant, carminative. Dose, 0.5 
to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder. 
CARYOPHYLLI FRUCTUS.—Mother Clove. 
Anthophylli. 
Origin.— Eugenia (Caryophyllus, Linne) aromatica, 0. 
Kuntze. Natural order, Myrtacese, Myr- 
tese. 
Habitat — Molucca Islands; cultivated 
in the tropics. 
Description. — Collected while unripe; 
oval-oblong, about 20 millimeters (f inch) 
long, crowned with four calyx teeth, dark 
brown, two-celled, each cell with one or two 
seeds; odor and taste clove-like, mild. 
Constituents and Properties. — Similar 
to cloves. 
Fig. 219 
Caryophylli fructus. COCCULUS INDICUS—FISHBERRY. 
311 
COCCULUS.—Cocculus Indicus. Fishberry. 
Origin.—Anamirta paniculata, Colebrooke. Natural order, 
Menispermacese, Tinosporese. 
Habitat.—East India. 
Description.—Globular kidney-shaped, about 10 milli- 
meters (§■ inch) long and 6 millimeters inch) thick, 
blackish-brown, wrinkled, the basal and apical scars close 
Fig. 220, 
Cocculus.—Fruit and longitudinal section. 
together and united by a distinct ridge through the ventral 
notch, and by an obscure ridge around the convex back; 
endocarp whitish, thin, on the concave side projecting deeply 
into the interior; seed semilunar, oily, very bitter ; the peri- 
carp nearly tasteless. 
Constituents.—The pericarp contains menispermine (solu- 
ble in ether) and paramenispermine (insoluble in ether), two 
tasteless alkaloids, hypopicrotoxic acid, resin, fat, gum, ash 
5 per cent. The seed contains picrotoxin, anamirtin (or 
cocculin; not bitter or poisonous; sparingly soluble in 
chloroform and benzol), fat, etc. Picrotoxin, C30H31O13 is 
bitter, poisonous, colored brick-red by KN03+H2S04, and 
by fractional crystallization from benzol and water separated 
into picrotoxinin, C15H1606 (32 per cent., poisonous), and 
picrotin, 0]5H18O7 (66 per cent., bitter, not poisonous); these 
three principles are gradually colored yellow and orange-red 
by H2S04. 
Properties.—Nervine, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram 
(gr. jss-iij), in powder, of picrotoxin 0.001 gram grain); 
externally in decoction for killing vermin. 
Antidotes. — Emetics; chloral hydrate ; potassium bro- 
mide. 312 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
ANACARDIUM.—Cashew Nut. 
Origin.—Anacardium occidental, Linne. Natural order, 
Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
Habitat. — Tropical America; naturalized in Africa and 
India. 
Description.—Kidney shaped, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
long, 18 millimeters (f inch) broad, and 10 millimeters (§ inch) 
thick, gray-brown, finely punctate; between the brittle epicarp 
and endocarp a soft sarcocarp containing a black acrid juice; 
seed large, of a mild oily taste, and consisting of a brown testa, 
two plano-convex white cotyledons of the shape of the fruit, and 
a short radicle curved under the lower inner edge of the fruit. 
Constituent.—In the pericarp cardol, C21H30O2 (oily, color- 
less, soluble in alcohol and ether, very acrid and poisonous), 
anacardic acid, C22H3203 (hot taste, not vesicating), resin, tan- 
nin, gum, etc.; in the seed a bland fixed oil; ash about 1.5 to 
2 per cent. 
Properties and Uses.—The pericarp as a rubefacient, epi- 
spastic, and caustic ; the seed is edible, likewise the fleshy and 
acidulous pedicle. 
SEMECARPUS.—Anacardium Orientale. Oriental 
Cashew Nut. 
Origin. — Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne Jilius. Natural 
order, Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
Habitat.-—East India. 
Description. — Ovate heart-shaped, flattish, about 20 milli- 
meters (| inch) long, blackish-brown, in the pericarp with a 
brown acrid juice; seed white, mild, oily. 
Constituents.—In the pericarp an acrid vesicating oil, 32 per 
cent., perhaps containing cardol. In the seed a bland fixed oil. 
Properties—Local irritant. 
MYROBALANUS.—Myrobalan. 
Origin.—Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, and T. bellerica, Rox- 
burgh. Natural order, Combi’etacese, Combretese. 
Habitat.—East India. 
Description.—Chebulic myrobalans are oblong, roundish-oval, 
or pyriform, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, more or less 
distinctly five-angled and five-ribbed, otherwise smooth, orange- 
colored (smaller and brown or black when collected unripe); 
sarocarp of a somewhat resinous fracture; endocarp hard, 
resinous-dotted, containing a white oily seed ; inodorous, strongly 
astringent. T. citrfna, Roxburgh, yields a very similar fruit. SERENOA—SAW PALMETTO. 
313 
Belleric myrobalans are globular or ovoid, 15 to 25 milli- 
meters (| to 1 inch) long, the surface yellowish felt-like. 
Constituents.—Gallotannic acid 30 to 45 per cent., gallic acid, 
resin, mucilage. Belleric myrobalans contain from 6 to 17 per 
cent, of tannin. 
Properties.—Astringent; used for tanning purposes and for 
preparing tannin. 
PRUNUM.—Prune. 
Origin.—Priinus domestica, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- 
cem, Prunese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia ; cultivated in many varieties. 
Description.—Oblong or subglobular, 3 centimeters (1 L 
inch) long, shrivelled, blackish-blue, glaucous, the sarcocarp 
brownish-yellow, sweet and acidulous; putamen hard, smooth 
or irregularly ridged ; the seed almoud-like, but smaller, and 
of a bitter taste. For medicinal use the putamen and seed 
are rejected. 
Constituents.—In the sarcocarp sugar 12 to 25 per cent., 
pectic, malic acid, salts; in the seed fixed oil, amygdalin, 
emulsin. 
Properties.—The sarcocarp is nutritious and laxative; 
used as a corrective for senna in decoction and confection. 
Origin.—Serenoa serrulata (Michaux), Hooker f. s. Sabal ser- 
rulaturn, Nuttall. Natural order, Palmese. 
Habitat.—Along the Atlantic coast, Florida northward to 
South Carolina. 
Description.—Oblong-ovoid, 12 to 25 millimeters (1 to 1 inch) 
long and half as thick, wrinkles few, not very strongly marked, 
slightly glaucous, brownish-black; the sarcocarp slightly fibrous 
and stringy, taste sweetish and peculiar; putamen hard, thin, 
Saiooth; seed oblong, one surface slightly flattened, bearing a 
distinct rliaphe, running the entire length. The sarcocarp is 
used medicinally. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, fixed oil, fat, alkaloid, indifferent 
resin, dextrin, glucose. 
Properties.—Sedative, pseudo-narcotic, diuretic, anticatarrhal. 
Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gr. as fluid extract or extract. 
SERENOA.-Saw Palmetto. 314 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
RUBUS IDiEUS.—Raspberry. 
Origin.—Rubus Idse'us, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, 
Rubeae. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Hemispherical, about 12 millimeters (| 
inch) broad, with a conical cavity from the separation of 
the receptacle; red, finely hairy, composed of about 25 
small drupes, which are coalesced at the base and each 
crowned with the remnant of the style; juicy, of an agree- 
able odor, and a pleasant acidulous taste. The fruit is used 
in the fresh state only. 
Rubus strigosus, Michaux, indigenous to North America, 
south to North Carolina, and west to New Mexico and Mani- 
toba, closely resembles the preceding; the color of the fruit 
is a lighter red. 
Rtibus occidentals, Limit, has a purplish-black fruit. It 
is indigenous to North America, west to Oregon and south 
to Georgia and Texas. Both may be used in place of the 
first. 
The blackberries, Rubus villosus, Aiton, etc., have the 
fruit united with the receptacle. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, citric and malic acids, 
sugar about 5 per cent., pectin, coloring matter. 
Properties.—Refrigerant, mild laxative, dietetic. 
UVA PASSA.—Raisin. 
Origin.—Vitis vimfera, Linne. Natural order, Ampelidese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; extensively cultivated in Southern 
Europe and in California. 
Description.—Shrivelled and flattened, in the fresh state 
globular, one-celled berries, brownish, somewhat translucent, 
sweet, and acidulous. 
Raisins should be freed from the stalks and seeds. 
Varieties. — Large raisins, Passu he majores, produced in 
Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, and California; the Sultana raisins 
are seedless. 
Small raisins, Passulse minores or Corinthian raisins (often 
called currants), are chiefly exported from Greece. AURANTII FRUCTUS—BITTER ORANGE. 
315 
Constituents.—In the epicarp tannin and coloring matter ; in 
the pulp grape sugar, acid potassium tartrate, calcium tartrate, 
little malic acid, mucilage, etc. 
Properties.—Nutritive, demulcent, refrigerant, aperient; used 
as a corrective and flavor of mucilaginous and bitter drinks, etc. 
DIOSPYROS.—Persimmon. 
Origin.—Diospyros virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Eben- 
acese. 
Habitat.—United States, south to Florida and Louisiana, west 
to Kansas ; in low grounds and woods. 
Description.—Globular or globular-oblong, about 25 milli- 
meters (1 inch) long, green, smooth, at the base with the four- 
lobed calyx, at the apex with a short remnant of the style, 
six-celled and six-seeded; odor slight, fruit-like; taste very 
Diospyros.—Fruit and transverse section, natural size, 
astringent. After exposure to frost the taste is acidulous and 
sweet. 
Constituents.—Tannin, malic acid, pectin, 
Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in 
infusion or tincture. 
AURANTII FRUCTUS.—Bitter Orange. 
Origin.—Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese, 
Aurantiese. 
Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated and naturalized in sub- 
tropical countries. 
Description.—1. Orange berries, Aurantia immatura; the un- 
ripe fruit; globular or subglobular, 3 to 20 millimeters to § 
inch) in diameter, black-green or brownish, granular rugose; at 
the base with about ten round depressions forming a circular 316 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS FRUITS. 
scar ; at the apex with a short remnant of the style ; hard, con- 
taining 8 to 12 cells, each with several undeveloped seeds; agree- 
ably aromatic, very bitter. 
2. Bitter Orange, Aurantii fructus; the ripe fruit; of the size 
and shape of a sweet orange, but externally rougher, orange-red, 
the juice acidulous and bitter. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin (somewhat bitter, crys- 
talline glucoside; soluble in cold alkalies ; insoluble or sparingly 
soluble in most simple solvents; yields glucose, isodulcit, and 
hesperitin, which is sweet and colored red-brown with Fe2Cl6), 
resin, fat, gum, etc.; in the seeds limonin (crystalline, very 
bitter, precipitated by tannin) ; in the juice citric acid. The 
volatile oil of orange berries was formerly sold as essence de 
petit grain (now often made of the leaves), and contains hesperi- 
dene, C10H16 (like the oil of bitter orange, obtained by grating 
the epicarp), linalool, CJ0H18O, and its acetic ester. Orange 
berries yield 5 to 6 per cent, of ash. 
Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in tincture or wine. The juice of the ripe fruit is 
also refrigerant. 
Origin.—iE'gle (Gratae'va, Linne) Marmelos, Correa. Natural 
order, Kutacese, Aurantiese. 
Habitat.—Himalaya Mountains ; cultivated in India. 
Description.—Collected while unripe. Globular or subglo- 
bose, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, about 
twelve-celled ; in commerce often in fragments, consisting of a 
brownish-gray, smooth, hard rind, 2 to 3 millimeters (y to y 
ineh) thick, to which a hard, mucilaginous, somewhat acidulous, 
red-brown and internally whitish pulp is adhering, enclosing 
oblong flat, woolly seeds; somewhat aromatic; mucilaginous, 
slightly acidulous, and faintly astringent; the infusion is scarcely 
affected by iron salts. 
Adulterations.—Garcfnia Mangostana, Linne. Natural order, 
Guttifene. Mangosteen rind is thicker than bael rind, deep 
brown, without adhering pulp, and of an astringent taste; a 
radiating sessile stigma is attached to some of the pieces. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, sugar, and traces of tannin, 
bitter principle, and volatile oil; ash 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
xlv), in infusion or fluid extract. 
BELA.—Bael. Bengal Quince. CAPSICUM—CAYENNE PEPPER. 
317 
LIMON.—Lemon. 
Origin.—Citrus Limonum, Risso. Natural order, Ru- 
taceae, Aurantiese. 
Habitat.—India ; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
Description.—Used in the fresh state. Oval or obovate 
with a nipple-shaped apex, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) 
long, yellow, nearly smooth, but ruggedly glandular; in- 
ternally divided into from 8 to 12 cells, each with 2 or 3 
seeds and containing an acid juice ; the rind fragrant and 
somewhat bitter (see Limonis Cortex). 
Constituents.—Yield of juice 20 to 30 grams (.^v-vijss); 
spec. grav. about 1.04; yellowish; contains 7 to 9 per 
cent, of citric acid, a little malic acid, and mucilage, and 
yields not over J per cent, of ash. On keeping lemons 
for several months, the citric acid is decomposed into sugar 
and carbonic acid. 
Properties.—Refrigerant. Dose of the juice, 8 to 20 grams 
(3ij-v), diluted with water and as syrup. 
CAPSICUM.—Cayenne Pepper. Bird Pepper. 
Origin.—Capsicum fastig-iatum, Blame. Natural order, 
Solanacese, Solanese. 
Habitat.—Probably tropical America; cultivated in 
tropical countries. 
Description.—Conical or oblong ovate, from 10 to 20 
millimeters (f or inch) long, obtusely pointed, supported 
by a flattish, cup-shaped five-toothed calyx; pericarp red, 
shining, membranous, and translucent, enclosing two cells, 
and about eighteen flat, reniform, yellowish seeds attached 
to a thick central placenta. It has a peculiar odor and an 
intensely hot taste. 
The fruit of Capsicum annuum, Linne, is larger, 5 to 8 
centimeters (2 to 3J inches) long, oblong-conical, sometimes 
curved or subglobular; the fruit of C. cerasiforme, Willde- 
now, is of the size and shape of a cherry. 318 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Constituents.—Capsaicin, C9H1402, about 0.02 per cent, 
(mainly in the placenta), fixed oil, fat acids, trace of vola- 
tile oil, waxy matter, resin, coloring matter, trace of vola- 
tile alkaloid having the odor of conine, ash 4-5 per cent. 
Capsaicin is crystalline, colorless, fusible, volatile, extremely 
acrid, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, and fixed oils. T. 
Pabst (1892) obtained it as an amorphous resin-like acid, to 
which the red coloring matter persistently adheres. The 
alkaloid does not exist in the fresh fruit. The free fat acids 
are oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. 
Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, powerful rubefacient. 
Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in powder, infusion, 
tincture, or oleoresin ; externally in liniments and plasters. 
COLOCYNTHIS.—Colocynth. 
Origin. — Citrullus (Cucumis, Linne) Colocynthis, 
Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerineae. 
Habitat.—Southern and Western Asia, Northern and 
Southern Africa, Greece, and Spain. 
Description.—Deprived of the smooth, light brownish- 
yellow rind. Globular, 5 to 10 oentimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
Fig. 222. 
in diameter, white or yellowish-white, light, spongy, readily 
breaking into three wedge-shaped pieces, each containing 
near the rounded surface many flat, ovate, white or brown 
seeds ; inodorous; taste intensely bitter. 
Peeled Colocynth.—Longitudinal and transverse section. CASSIA FISTULA—PURGING CASSIA. 
319 
The pulp alone (about 30 per cent of the peeled fruit), 
deprived of the seeds, should be employed. Hard and 
dark-colored colocynth should be rejected. 
Constituents.—Colocynthin, about 0.6 per cent., resin, 
colocynthitin (tasteless crystalline resin), pectin, gum, 11 
per cent, ash ; no starch ; fixed oil, only traces in the pulp. 
Colocynthin is yellow, amorphous, or crystalline, soluble in 
water and alcohol, very bitter, and splits into sugar and 
resinous colocynthein. The seeds contain little bitter prin- 
ciple, 17 per cent, of fixed oil, no starch, 6 per cent, of 
albuminoids, and 2.5 to 3 per cent, of ash. Pulp contains 
about 9 per cent, of ash. 
Properties.—Drastic purgative, in overdoses emetic and 
irritant poison. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram 
(gr. jss-viij), in powder, tincture, or 
extract. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants ; demulcents; 
opium; stimulants. 
Fig. 223. 
CASSIA FISTULA.—Purging 
Cassia. 
Origin.—Cassia (Cathartocarpus, Per- 
soon) Fistula, Linne. Natural order, 
Leguminosae, Caesalpinae, Cassiese. 
Habitat.—East India; naturalized 
in tropical Africa and America. 
Description.—Cylindrical, 45 to 60 
centimeters (18 to 24 inches long, 
nearly 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diam- 
eter; pericarp blackish-brown, woody, 
somewhat veined, the sutures smooth, 
forming two longitudinal bands, the 
ventral band with a shallow groove, and the dorsal one with a 
fine ridge; indehiscent; internally divided transversely into 
Cassia Fistula.—Part of 
pod, natural size. 320 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
numerous cells, each containing an ovate, flattish, reddish- 
brown and glossy seed imbedded in a blackish-brown sweet 
pulp ; odor resembling prunes. 
Other Varieties.—Cassia moschata, Kunth, of New Gran- 
ada, perhaps also C. baccilaris, Linne films, of Surinam. 30 
to 50 centimeters (12 to 20 inches) long, about 15 millimeters 
(f- inch) thick; often curved; the pericarp and pulp of a 
lighter color than in Cassia Fistula. 
Cassia brasiliana, Lamarck, s. C. grandis, Linne filius, of 
Brazil. 60 centimeters (24 inches) or more long, laterally 
compressed, about 40 millimeters (1| inches) broad, black- 
brown, coarsely veined, the sutures prominent. 
Constituents.—The pulp (yield about 30 per cent.) con- 
tains sugar 60 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, 
salts (calcium oxalate). 
Properties.—Laxative. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (oj-ijss); used 
for confection of senna. 
CERATONIA.—St. John’s Bread. 
Siliqua dulcis. 
Origin.—Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Caesalpiniese, Cassiese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe. 
Description.—Broadly linear, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) 
long, 2 centimeters (f inch) broad, and 4 millimeters inch) 
thick, flat, thickened and grooved on the edges; epicarp leath- 
ery, brown, glossy; sarcocarp red-brown, pulpy; internally 
divided transversely into from 6 to 12 cells, each containing an 
ovate, flattish, glossy brown hard seed; odor sweetish, taste 
mucilaginous and sweet. 
Constituents.—Sugar 40 to 50 per cent., mucilage, pectin, 
albuminoids, isobutyric acid 0.6 per cent., little tannic, capronic, 
and other acids. 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used as an addition to 
expectorant mixtures. 
PAPAVER.—Poppy. 
Origin.—Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papa- 
veraceie, Papaverese. CHENOPODIUM AMERICAN WORMSEED. 
321 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—The capsules are collected when nearly ripe and 
freed from the seeds. Globular-ovate or ovate-oblong, grayish 
green or light yellowish-brown, smooth, crowned with the sessile, 
Fig. 224. 
Black. 
Poppy capsules and seeds (a, natural size; b, magnified). 
White. 
Depressed. 
peltate, many-rayed stigma, one-celled, but on the inner surface 
furnished with numerous vertical projecting placentas; of a 
slight odor and bitter taste. 
Constituents.—Alkaloids in variable proportion, from traces 
to 0.10, occasionally as much as 2 per cent., consisting of mor- 
phine, narcotine, rhceadine, narceine, codeine, and papaverosine ; 
little meconic acid ; citric and tartaric acids, mucilage, wax, 
ash about 14 per cent. 
Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in decoction, syrup, and extract; externally as 
poultice. 
CHENOPODIUM.—Chenopodium. American Worm- 
seed. 
Origin.—Chenopodium ambrosoides, Linne, and the var- 
iety anthelmmticum, Gray. Natural order, Chenopodiacese, 
Euchenopodiese. 
Habitat.—West Indies and Central America; naturalized 
in the United States. 322 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Description.—Nearly 2 millimeters inch) in diameter, 
depressed globular, glandular, dull greenish or brownish, 
the integuments friable, containing a lenticular, obtusely- 
edged, glossy, black seed, with a strongly curved embryo; 
odor peculiar, somewhat terebinthinate; taste bitterish, pun- 
gent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.91-0.97, consists 
of C10H16 and C10H16O. 
Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
xlv), in power or electuary; the volatile oil 5 to 10. 
XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS.—Prickly Ash Fruit. 
Origin.—Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) Clava-Herculis, Linne 
(X. carolinianum, Lamarck), and X. americanum, Miller (X. 
fraxfneum, Willdenow). Natural order, Rutaceae, Xanthox- 
ylese. 
Habitat.—United States; the first species near the coast from 
Virginia to Eastern Texas; the second species in rocky woods in 
the Northern and Central States. 
Description.—Two or three carpels sessile on the thin recep- 
tacle (X. Clava-Herculis), or three to five carpels upon short 
stalks from the thin peduncle (X. americanum) ; each capsule 
somewhat obliquely globular, 4 or 5 millimeters Q- or | inch) 
in diameter; pericarp brown-greenish or yellowish-brown, pitted 
and somewhat wrinkled, firm, two-valved, dehiscent by the 
inner suture and the upper half of the outer suture, valves 
spreading; each carpel contains one subglobular, or two some- 
what flattened, black, glossy, and more or less wrinkled seeds, 
with a crustaceous testa enclosing a white fleshy albumen and 
embryo; odor somewhat aromatic; taste pleasantly pungent, 
the seeds slightly bitter. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin, fat. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv- 
xxx). 
Origin.—Illicium verum, Hooker films. Natural order, 
Magnoliacese, Wintereae. 
Habitat. —Northern Anam. 
Description.—Fruit is pedunculate and consists of eight 
ILLICIUM.—Staranise. ILLICIUM—STARANISE. 
323 
follicles, stellately arranged around a central column about 5 
millimeters (|- inch) long; carpels about 10 millimeters 
(J- inch) long, boat-shaped, somewhat woody, wrinkled, with 
a straight beak, rusty-brown, split along the upper suture; 
internally red-brown and glossy, containing a flattish, oval, 
glossy brown seed ; odor anise-like; taste sweet, aromatic; 
the seeds oily. 100 parts of fruit yield 78 parts of capsules 
and 22 parts of seed. 
Adulteration.—Illfcium religiosum, Siebold, indigenous to 
China and Corea, cultivated in Japan. Shikimi fruit. 
Poisonous. The fruit resembles the preceding, but the car- 
pels are more woody, shrivelled and wrinkled, and have a 
Fig. 225. 
Fig. 226. 
Illicium anisatum. 
Illicium religiosum. 
thin beak, mostly turned upward, a faintly aromatic, some- 
what clove-like odor, and a disagreeable taste. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (from the capsules 5.3 per cent., 
from the seeds 1.8 per cent,), fat (from the capsules 2.8 per 
cent., from the seeds 20 per cent.), saponin, protocatechuic 
acid, shikimic acid, C7H10O5 (crystalline, not poisonous), 
resin, mucilage, ash about 2 per cent. The volatile oil 
differs slightly from that of anise fruit in odor and taste, 
and also in that it usually congeals, if at rest, at about 1° C. 
(34° F.), the temperature rising to about 10° C. (50° F.); 
it acquires a pale brown color with an alcoholic solution of 
HC1; it consists chiefly of anethol, CluH)20, with small 
quantities of terpenes, safrol, ethylester of hydroquinone, 
anisic acid, methylehavicol, etc. 324 
CELEUEAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
Shikimi (Sikimi) fruit contains 0.44 per cent, of non- 
solidifying volatile oil, spec. grav. 1.006, shikimic acid, 
sikimipicrin (crystalline, bitter), and sikimin, the poisonous 
crystalline principle, soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid, 
ether, and chloroform; sparingly soluble in water and al- 
kali ; insoluble in benzin. The volatile oil contains safrol 
and eugenol. 
Properties.—Carminative, anodyne, stimulant, diuretic. 
Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams (gr. viij-xxiij); mostly used for 
flavoring. 
CARDAMOMUM.—Cardamom. 
Origin. — Elettaria repens (Sonnerat), Baillon. Natural 
order, Scitaminese, Zingiberese. 
Habitat.—Malabar; cultivated in India. 
Fig. 227. 
Fig. 229. 
Malabar Cardamom.—a, short; 
b, medium; c, long. 
Fig. 228. 
Cardamom seed.—Transverse and 
longitudinal section, magnified 5 
diam. 
Ceylon Cardamom.—a, capsules; 
6, transverse section of capsule; c, 
seeds; d, section of seed with em- 
bryo, magnified. 
Description.—Ovoid or oblong, from 10 to 15 millimeters 
(| to I inch) long, obtusely triangular, rounded at the base, CARD A MOMUM—CARDAMOM. 
325 
short-beaked, longitudinally striate, of a pale buff color, 
three-celled, with a thin, leathery, nearly tasteless pericarp 
and a central placenta; seeds about 20, about 4 millimeters 
(f inch) long, reddish-brown, irregularly angular, trans- 
versely rugose, depressed at the hilum, surrounded by a 
thin membranous arillus, of an agreeable odor, and a pun- 
gent aromatic taste; the integuments nearly tasteless. 100 
parts of fruit yield 22 parts of capsules and 78 parts of 
seeds. 
Varieties.—Malabar Cardamom, the most esteemed, of a 
light buff color, plump. 
Aleppy Cardamom, mostly short, of a greenish tint. 
Madras Cardamom, of a pale color, oblong, somewhat 
attenuated above. 
The following varieties are of a somewhat different and 
inferior flavor : 
Ceylon Cardamom, from Elettaria major, Smith, s. E. 
Cardamomum, var. ft. Nearly 40 millimeters (If inches) 
long, triangular, prolonged into a beak about 15 millimeters 
(f inch) long, dark gray-brown. 
Bound Cardamom, globular or globular-ovate, from 
Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, of Siam and Java, and 
Am. globosum, Loureiro, of China. 
Bengal Cardamom, from Amomum aromaticum, Rox- 
burgh, near the apex with 9 wings. 
Winged Java Cardamom, from Am. maximum, Rox- 
burgh, with from 9 to 12 wings from base to apex. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 4 to 5 per cent., fixed oil 10 
to 11 per cent., starch in minute granules, albuminoids, 
mucilage, ash about 6 per cent., and in Ceylon Cardamom 
15 per cent., containing 0.8 per cent, of manganese. 
Properties.—Carminative, stomachic, stimulant. Dose, 0.3 
to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, or tincture. 326 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
VANILLA.—Vanilla. 
Origin.—Vanilla planifolia, Andrews. Natural order, 
Orchidese, Neottiese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Mexico, in hot damp woods; cultivated 
in the tropics. 
Description.—Collected before ripe; the color and aroma 
developed by sweating. Linear, obscurely triangular, from 
15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) long, about 8 milli- 
meters inch) thick, narrowed and bent or hooked at the 
base, rather oblique at the apex, wrinkled, somewhat warty, 
dark brown, glossy, leathery, one-eelled, containing a black- 
ish-brown fragrant pulp with numerous minute black seeds 
and more or less acicular crystals; odor and taste peculiar, 
fragrant. 
Varieties.—Mexican Vanilla, the finest quality. 
Bourbon Vanilla, rather shorter and lighter than the pre- 
ceding, the odor suggestive of tonka. 
Venezuelan Vanilla, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 
thick; resembling tonka in odor; probably from Vanilla 
guianensis, Splitberger. 
Brazilian Vanilla, vanillon, from Vanilla Pompona, 
Schiede, longer and thicker than the preceding; of an in- 
ferior vanilla odor; contains 0.5 per cent, vanillin. 
Constituents.—Vanillin, C8H803 (1.7 per cent, in Mexican, 
2 per cent, in Bourbon, and 2.75 in Java vanilla, in the 
last two associated with odorous oil), fixed oil 11 percent., 
resin, sugar, mucilage, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Vanillin is the 
aldehyd of methyl-protocatechuic acid, and is prepared arti- 
ficially from coniferin (in the sap-wood of pines), carbolic 
acid, eugenol, and guaiacol. It forms colorless needles, 
melts at 81° C.; is easily soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
chloroform, also in carbon disulphide and water; combines 
with bases, and the solution is colored blue or green with 
Fe2Clfi. LAPPiE FRUCTUS—BURDOCK FRUIT. 
327 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, antihys- 
teric. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, tincture, 
or syrup. 
HORDEI FRUCTUS.—Barley. 
Origin.—Hordeum dfstichum, Linne. Natural order, Gram- 
inese, Hordeeae. 
Habitat.—Probably Western Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Elliptic, about 9 millimeters (f inch) long, 
tapering toward both ends, and somewhat truncate, flattish 
upon the back, somewhat angled on the sides, with a groove 
along the front, smooth and grayish-yellow from the adherent 
palese, after their removal pale brownish; pericarp coalesced 
with the testa, and enclosing a layer of gluten, covering the 
central parenchyme filled with starch; taste farinaceous. 
Maltum.—Malt is barley germinated until the thin germ 
reaches nearly the length of the fruit, then dried ; taste sweet- 
ish. Loss in weight from 10 to 20 per cent. 
Constituents.—Barley: starch 60-68, proteids 12-16; fat 3, 
ash 3 per cent., little sugar. 
Malt: diastase, dextrin, sugar, starch, etc.; about 60 to 65 
per cent, soluble in water. 
Properties.—N utritious. 
Origin.—Arc'tium Lappa, Linne (Lappa officinalis, Allioni). 
Natural order, Composite, Cynaroideae. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe, naturalized in North America; 
in waste places. 
Description.—Obovate-oblong, about 6 millimeters (i- inch) 
long, somewhat curved and angled, roughish-wrinkled, brown- 
gray, easily deprived of the short stiff-hairy pappus; inodorous, 
bitter. 
The fruit of Sflybum marianum, Gaertner, or Marythistle 
of Southern Europe, is of similar appearance, obovate, about 
5 millimeters (i inch) long, flattish, smooth, mucilaginous, and 
somewhat bitter. 
Constituents.—Bitter principle (white glucoside, granular, 
soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform), fixed oil, resin. 
Properties.—Tonic, in psoriasis. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv-xxx), in tincture. 
LAPPM FRUCTUS.—Burdock Fruit. 328 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —FRUITS. 
CANNABIS.—Hempseed. 
Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, 
Cannabinese. 
Habitat—Asia; cultivated in many countries. 
Description.—Oval or subglobular, about 4 millimeters 
inch) long, slightly compressed, with a whitish keel on the 
margin ; testa greenish-gray or brownish, veined, glossy, brittle, 
enclosing a single oily seed ; odor slight; taste oily and sweet. 
Constituents.—Greenish drying oil 30 per cent., trigonelline, 
albuminoids 24 per cent., sugar, mucilage, resin, ash 5 per cent. 
Properties.—Demulcent and anodyne in the form of emul- 
sion ; mostly used for obtaining the oil. 
CORIANDRUM.—Coriander. 
Origin.—Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Natural order, 
Umbelliferee, Caucalinese. 
Habitat.—Central Asia and Southern Europe; culti- 
vated. 
Fig. 230. 
Coriandrum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam. 
transverse section, magnified 8 dim. 
Description.—Globular, 4 or 5 millimeters or inch) 
in diameter, crowned with the calyx teeth and stylopod, 
brownish-yellow, smooth; the two mericarps cohering, en- 
closing a lenticular cavity, and each furnished on the face 
with two oil-tubes, and on the back with five wavy slightly 
raised ribs and with four rather more prominent ridges; 
odor and taste agreeably aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil to 1 per cent., fat 13 per CONII FRUCTUS—CONIUM FRUIT, HEMLOCK FRUIT. 
329 
cent., mucilage, ash 5 per cent. Volatile oil is colorless or 
yellowish, spec. grav. 0.870 to 0.885 and contains dex- 
tropinene and coriandrol, C10H18O, the latter boiling at 
195 C°. 
Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 
0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx). 
CONII FRUCTUS.—Conium Fruit, Hemlock Fruit. 
Conium, U. S. P. 
Origin. — Conium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, 
Umbelliferse, Amminese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in North 
America. 
Description.—The fruit is gathered when full grown, 
while yet green. About 3 millimeters inch) long, broadly 
Fig. 231. 
Conium.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; 
tansverse section, magnified 8 diam. 
ovate, laterally compressed, gray-green, smooth, often divided 
into the two mericarps, and these with five crenate ribs, 
without oil-tubes, crowned with the depressed stylopod, and 
containing a seed which is grooved on the face; odor and 
taste slight; triturated with solution of potassa, a strong 
disagreeable mouse-like odor is given olf. 
Constituents.—Conine, C8H17N, J per cent., mythyl- 
conine, C8H16CH3N, conydrine and pseudoconydrine, 
C8H17NO, little volatile oil, fixed oil, ash 6 per cent. 330 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS FRUITS. 
Coniue is colorless, oily, of spec. grav. 0.88, boiling-point 
166° C. (331° F.), of a disagreeable odor and an acrid 
taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, and water, less in hot water. 
Methylconine resembles conine. Conydrine is in irides- 
cent scales, melts at 120.6° C. (249° F.) boils at 224.5° C. 
(436° F.), is less poisonous than conine, and with P2Os, 
yields poisonous coniceine, C8H15N. Pseudoconydrine melts 
at 100° C., and boils at 230° C. (446° F.). 
Properties.—Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram 
(gr. jss-v); of conine, 0.005 gram (gr. y1^). 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics); astrin- 
gents ; stimulants; friction of extremities. 
ANISUM.—Anise. 
Origin. — Pimpinella Auisum, Linne. Natural order, 
Umbelliferee, Amminese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, Egypt, Southeastern Europe ; 
cultivated. 
Description.—Four or 5 millimeters (jf—j- inch) long, ovate 
compressed at the sides, grayish-brown, finely hairy, and 
consisting of two mericarps, each with a flat face, five light- 
Fig. 232. 
Anisum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam. 
transverse section, magnified 8 diam. 
brownish filiform ridges, and about 15 or more thin oil- 
tubes ; odor agreeable, aromatic ; taste sweet, spicy. 
Italian anise often contains a small quantity of the fruit 
of conium, which is usually in separate mericarps, smooth, PETROSELINUM—PARSLEY FRUIT. 
331 
grooved upon the face, with crenate ridges and wrinkles be- 
tween them, and has no oil-tubes. It occasionally also con- 
tains the bluish-green fruits of Setaria glauca, Bcauv., and 
of Indian grass, Echinochloa crus galli, Beauv., Graminese. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1|—3 per cent., choline, fixed oil 
3-4 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of 
anise is colorless or yellowish, of spec. grav. 0.98 to 0.99, and 
congeals, if at rest, at about 10° C. (50° F.), the temperature 
rising to about 15° C. (59° F.). With alcoholic solution of 
HC1 it affords a pink color. It consists of anethol, C10H12O, 
having the melting-point 21° C. (70° F.), and spec. grav. 
0.986 at 25° C. (77° F.), and methylchavichol, C10H12O. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 
0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. 
APIUM.—Celery Fruit. 
Origin.—A'pium graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Um- 
belliferse, Amminese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Description.—About 1 millimeter (yh inch) long, roundish- 
ovate, laterally compressed, brown, smooth, mostly divided into 
the two mericarps, and these with 5 filiform ribs, flat on the 
face, and containing about 12 oil-tubes; aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.88, fixed oil, mucilage. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, used for flavoring. 
PETROSELINUM.—Parsley Fruit. 
Origin. — Carum (A'pium, Linne) Petrosehnum, Baillon 
(Petrosehnum sativum, Hoffmann). Natural order, Umbel- 
liferse, Amminese. 
Habitat.—Levant, Southern Europe ; extensively cultivated. 
Description.—About 2 millimeters (y inch) long, ovate, 
laterally compressed, greenish- or brownish-gray, smooth, 
mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 fili- 
form pale-colored ribs, flat on the face, and containing 6 oil- 
tubes ; aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil li to 3 per cent., fixed oil 12 per 
cent., resin 5 per cent., apiin, apiol, cariol, mucilage, ash 7 per 
cent. The crude volatile oil contains much stearopten, vola- 
tilizing with difficulty. Pure apiol, Ci2Hu04, forms long 332 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
needles, has a faint parsley odor, spec. grav. 1.015, melting- 
point 30° C. (86° F.), boiling-point 294° C., soluble readily in 
alcohol and ether, in H2S04 with blood-red color, with HN03 
yields oxalic acid. Cariol, C]4H1804, a homologue of apiol, 
similar in action to this (Mourgues, 1892). Apiin is tasteless, 
crystallizes in silky needles, with hot water forms a jelly, and 
with acids yields glucose and apigenin. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or spirit. Impure 
apiol, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), was recommended as a feb- 
rifuge. 
A J O W AN.—A jo w a n. 
Origin.—Carum (Ptychotis, De Candolle) A'jowan, Bentham 
et Hoolcer. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. 
Habitat.—India, Persia, Egypt. 
Description.—About 2 millimeters (y inch) long, ovate, later- 
ally compressed, gray-brown, rough and fluey warty, usually 
divided into the two mericarps, and these with five thin ribs, 
flat on the face, and with 6 oil-tubes; odor aromatic, thyme- 
like ; taste pungent, aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 6 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.896; 
contains cymene, C10H14, and thymol, Ci0HuO), ash about 10 
per cent. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant; used for preparing 
thymol. 
FCENICULUM.—Fennel. 
Origin.—Foemculum capillaceum, Gilibert, s. F. vulgare, 
Gaertner. Natural order, Umbellifeme, Seselinese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly curved, 
4 or 8 millimeters or inch) long, brownish or green- 
ish-brown ; readily separable into the two mericarps, and 
these with five light-brown conspicuous obtuse ribs, 4 oil- 
tubes on the back and 2 or 4 oil-tubes upon the flat face; 
stylopod conspicuous; odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. 
Varieties.—Saxon or German Fennel, described above. 
Roman Fennel. Larger than the preceding, 8 to 12 
millimeters to | inch) long. PHELLANDRIUM—WATER-DROP WORT. 
333 
Bitter Fennel, collected in Southern France from wild 
growing plants; smaller, 3 to 5 millimeters to inch) 
long; taste bitterish and spicy. 
Indian Fennel, average length 6.7 mm., taste and odor 
of oil are sweet and aniselike. 
Japanese Fennel, smaller, average 3.4 mm., resembles 
anise, but does not taper toward apex; 
taste and odor of oil very sweet and 
camphoraceous. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 6 
per cent., fixed oil 12 per cent., sugar, 
mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil 
of fennel is colorless or yellowish, 
sweet, of spec. grav. 0.96, congeals 
below 10° C. (50° F.), and contains 
phellandrene, C10H16, both solid and liquid anetliol, and 
fenchone (a camphor). 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, galacta- 
gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, 
spirit, volatile oil. 
Fig. 233. 
Foeniculum.—Fruit, 3 diam.; 
transverse section, 8 diam. 
PHELLANDRIUM.—Water-dropwort. 
Five-leaved water hemlock. 
Origin.—CEnanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck, s. Phellan- 
drium aquaticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Se- 
selinese. 
Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia. 
Description.—Oblong or oblong-ovate, 4 or 5 millimeters 
(f | inch) long, nearly terete, brown or blackish-brown, 
smooth, each mericarp with five broad and obtuse ribs, four 
narrow grooves, and 6 oil-tubes; odor caraway-like, but unpleas- 
ant; taste aromatic bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents.—Yolatile oil 1 to li per cent., fixed oil, resin, 
mucilage, ash about 8 per cent. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic. 
Dose, 1 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. in powder or infu- 
sion. 334 
CELLULA R VEGETABLE DREGS—FRUITS. 
Origin.—Cunnnum Cynhnum, Linne. Natural order, Um- 
belliferse, Caucalinese. 
Habitat.—Northeastern Africa; cultivated. 
Description.—Oblong, 5 or 6 millimeters (± or \ inch) long, 
narrowed at both ends, laterally compressed, brown, rough- 
CUMINUM.—Cumin Fruit. 
Fig. 234. 
Cumin.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse 
section, 8 diam. 
hairy; each mericarp with 5 filiform yellowish ribs, 4 broader 
ones of a brown color, and 6 oil-tubes; odor and taste peculiar, 
somewhat like caraway. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 3 per cent., fixed oil, resin, 
mucilage, ash 8 per cent. Oil of cumin is of spec. gray. 0.92, 
and consists chiefly of cymol or cymene, C10HU, and cuminol or 
cuminaldehyd, C10H12O. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or volatile oil. 
CARUM.—Caraway. 
Origin.—Carom CYirvi, Linne. Natural order, Umbel- 
li ferae, Ammineae. 
Habitat.—Central and Western Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Oblong, laterally compressed, 4 or 5 milli- 
meters or inch) long, 1 millimeter inch) broad, brown, 
smooth, usually separated into the two mericarps, and these 
curved, narrower at both ends, with five yellowish filiform 
ribs, and with six oil-tubes; seed upon transverse section 
pentagonal; odor aromatic, agreeable ; taste sweetish, spicy. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 7 per cent., fixed oil, resin, 
sugar, mucilage, little tannin, ash 5 per cent. Oil of cara- ANETHUM—DILL. 
335 
way has the spec. grav. 0.96, and consists of carvene, 
C10H16, and chiefly of carvol, C10H14O (boiling-point 227° 
C.). A strong solution of the oil in alcohol mixed with 
Fig. 235. 
Carum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse 
section, 8 diam. 
ammonia and treated with H2S, yields white needles of 
(C10H14O)2H2S. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 
to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, spirit, and 
volatile oil. 
Origin.—Anethum (Peucedanum, Hierri) graveolens, Linne. 
Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Oblong or oval, about 4 millimeters inch) 
long, dorsally compressed, brown, smooth, usually separated 
ANETHUM.—Dill. 
Fig. 236. 
Anethum.—Fruit, 3 diam.; transverse section, 5 diam. 
into the two thin mericarps, and these with six oil-tubes and 
with five ribs, of which three are filiform and the two lateral 
ones broadly winged and light-colored ; odor and taste spicy, 
caraway-like. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., fixed oil, mucilage. 
Oil of dill has the spec. grav. 0.87, and contains 60 per cent, 
anethene, Ci0H]6 (of a lemon-like odor, and boiling-point 170° 336 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
C.), 10 per cent, of terpene, Ci0H16 (boiling-point 155° C.), and 
30 per cent, of carvol. 
Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 
2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or volatile oil. 
CAROTA.—Carrot Fruit. 
Origin.—Daucus Carota, Linne. Natural order, Umbel- 
liferse, Caucalinese. 
Habitat.—Northern Asia and Europe; naturalized in North 
America; cultivated. 
Description.—About 4 millimeters inch) long, oval, dor- 
sally compressed, gray-brown, each mericarp with six thin 
oil-tubes and with nine ribs, of which five are hairy and four 
beset with long spiny bristles; odor slightly aromatic; taste 
pungent. 
The fruit is collected from wild plants. 
Constituents.—Trace of volatile oil, fixed oil. The volatile 
oil consists of Ci0H16 and C10H18O, the latter probably identical 
with cineol. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv-xxx), in infusion. 
AURANTII CORTEX.—Orange Peel. 
Origin.—1. Citrus vulgaris, Risso (s. C. Aurantium, var. 
Bigaradia, Jlooker f.), bitter orange. 2. Citrus Aurantium, 
Risso, sweet orange. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. 
Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical 
countries. 
]description.—Narrow, thin bands, the epidermis glandu- 
lar and dark brownish-green or orange-red (Anrantii amari 
cortex), or orange-yellow (Anrantii dulcis cortex), and with 
very little of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; 
odor fragrant ; taste aromatic and bitter, or, in the sweet 
orange peel, faintly bitter. In commerce frequently met 
with in curved elliptical sections, about 75 millimeters (3 
inches) long, with a rather thick layer of the white zest. 
The epicarp consists under the epidermal layer of paren- 
chyme containing numerous large oil-cells and distant deli- 
cate vascular bundles. LIMONIS CORTEX LEMON PEEL. 
337 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin (see Aurantii fruc- 
tus); in the white zest a principle giving a black color with 
ferric salts; ash 4-5 per cent. Oil of bitter orange peel 
Fig. 237. 
Orange peel.—Transverse section, magnified 65 diam. 
(essence de Bigarade) and oil of sweet orange peel (essence 
de Portugal) consist mainly of hesperidene, C10H16, with a 
small portion of geranial, C10H16O, having a strong orange 
odor, and boiling at 225° C. (437° F.). 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv-xxx), in infusion or tincture. The volatile oil used for 
flavoring and in perfumes. 
LIMONIS CORTEX.—Lemon Peel. 
Origin.—Citrus Limonum, Risso. Natural order, Ruta- 
ceae, Aurantiese. 
Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in subtropical 
countries. 
Description.—Narrow thin bands, the epidermis deep 
lemon-yellow and ruggedly glandular, and with very little 
of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; odor fra- 338 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 
grant; taste aromatic bitterish. In commerce frequently 
met with in curved elliptical sections with a rather thick 
layer of white zest. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin, principle reacting 
black with ferric salts, ash 4 per cent. Oil of lemon is pale 
yellow, of spec. grav. 0.87, and consists mainly of several 
hydrocarbons, C10H16, with a little cymene, C10H14, a com- 
pound ether, and citral, C10II16O, boiling at 228° C., and 
chemically identical with geranial. 
Properties.—Stimulant; used for its flavor. 
GRANATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.—Pomegranate Rind. 
Origin.—Punica Granatum, Linne. Natural order, Lyth- 
rariese, Lythrese. 
Habitat.—India and Southwestern Asia; cultivated and 
naturalized in subtropical countries. 
Description.—In irregular curved brittle fragments, 1 or 2 
millimeters to y inch) thick, some of them with the tubular 
six- to nine-toothed calyx attached ; externally roughish-tuber- 
Fig. 238. 
Fruit of Punica Granatum, 
cular and reddish-brown ; inner surface lighter colored, marked 
with depressions; fracture granular; inodorous ; taste astringent. 
Constituents.—Tannin 28 per cent., gum, little sugar, ash 6 
per cent. 
Properties— Astringent, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
TAMARINDUS.—Tamarind. 
P u 1 pa ta m ari n d o ru m. 
Origin.—Tamarindus mdica, I Anne, s. T. officinalis, SEEDS—SEMINA. 
339 
Hooker. Natural order, Leguminosae, Csesalpiniese, Am- 
lierstiese. 
Habitat.—India and tropical Africa; naturalized in the 
West Indies. 
Des&'iption.—The indehiscent legume is flattish, from 5 to 
15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, and about 25 millimeters 
(1 inch) broad; the gray-brown pericarp having a corky 
texture is removed, and the remainder constitutes commercial 
tamarind. A reddish-brown, sweet, acidulous, pulpy, rather 
tough mass, containing strong, somewhat branching fibres, 
and polished brown flattish subquadrangular seeds, each en- 
closed in a tough membrane. 
A piece of bright iron left in contact with the pulp for 
thirty minutes should not exhibit any reddish deposit. 
Varieties.—West Indian tamarinds; described above; the 
inner part of the fruit is mixed with syrup. 
East Indian tamarinds ; usually preserved without syrup ; 
tough, dark-colored masses, of a strong acid taste. 
Egyptian tamarinds; preserved without sugar, formed 
into cakes, and dried; hard flattish acid cakes, frequently 
mouldy. 
Constituents.—Tartaric, citric, a little malic, and acetic 
acids, mostly as potassium compounds; sugar, pectin, tannin, 
the latter in the testa of the seeds. 
Properties.—Refrigerant, laxative. Dose, 2 to 20 grains 
(3ss-v) or more, in infusion, whey, confection. 
11. SEEDS.—SEMINA. 
The seed is the fertilized and fully developed ovule, and 
contains the embryo. It is invested with one or two integu- 
ments, the outer one being called testa or spermoderm, and 
the inner one tegmen or endopleura. In many seeds the teg- 
men is blended with the testa or coheres with the kernel. 
The seed stalk, called funiculus or podosperm, is usually 340 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
absent in the official seeds; the scar left by its detachment 
is the hilum. The continuation of the funiculus along the 
testa is the raphe, and where it is confluent with the nucleus 
the chalaza or inner hilum is located. The micropyle, a 
small depression of the testa, marking the location of the 
radicle, is in nearly all official seeds near the hilum; most 
of the seeds are anatropous, and have the hilum and chalaza 
at nearly opposite ends and united by a raphe, while the 
campylotropous seeds, which are more or less kidney-shaped, 
have hilum, chalaza, and micropyle close together. 
Within the seed-integuments is contained the embryo, 
consisting of caulicle, plumule, and one or two cotyledons, 
and either completely filling the seed-coats, in which case 
the seed is exalbuminous, or it is invested with another tis- 
sue, usually horny, oily, or amylaceous, which is called the 
albumen (endosperm, also perisperm). The kernel of exal- 
buminous seeds consists chiefly of the cotyledons, the caulicle 
(radicle) and plumule being usually small; but albuminous 
seeds have frequently a small embryo, the greater portion of 
the seed-kernel consisting often of the albumen. 
The testa of the different seeds varies greatly, not only in 
color, but likewise in texture, in external appendages (hairs, 
epithelia, etc.) and more particularly in the character of the 
cells and their thickening layers, all of which may afford 
microscopic characteristics for distinguishing seeds even in 
the powdered condition. The embryo is in most cases 
formed of delicate parenchyme cells, among which rudi- 
mentary or but partly developed vascular bundles are 
found; these cell-elements, therefore, offer few characteris- 
tics, except through the nature of their contents. Although 
the albumen (endosperm) is often made up of cells similar 
to those of the embryo, their variations in shape, thickness, 
texture and contents are much greater. SEEDS—SEMINA. 
341 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Dicotyledonous seeds. 
I. Exalbuminous. 
a. Embryo straight. 
Angular ovate ; testa mucilaginous. 
Cydonium. 
Flattish ovate; testa membranous, brown, and 
Amygdala 
scurfy; taste bland. 
dulcis. 
taste bitter. 
Amyg. amara. 
testa coriaceous, black or whitish ; seed small. 
Sesamum. 
testa coriaceous, white. 
Flat ovate; testa white, grooved near the mar- 
Melo. 
gin, edge obtuse. 
Pepo. 
testa white, ungrooved, edge thickish, acute. 
Cucumis. 
testa marbled or orange-brown, edge obtuse. 
Oitrullus. 
Oblong; testa blackish, fragile ; fragrant. 
Ovate-oblong, testa brown, fragile; cotyledons 
Dipterix. 
crumbling when cut. 
testa reddish-brown; cotyledons dark colored, 
Theobroma. 
differing in size. 
Cola. 
b. Embryo curved. 
Reniform-oblong, with a long furrow on the 
convex side. 
Physostigma. 
Rhomboid, with a diagonal furrow. 
Foenum 
grsecum. 
Subglobular; scarlet red with a black spot. 
Abrus. 
Globular ; testa yellowish, finely pitted. 
Sin apis alba. 
testa blackish-brown, finely reticulate. 
Sinapis nigra. 
testa blue-black, finely pitted, larger. 
Rapa. 
II. Albuminous. 
a. Embryo straight. 
Orbicular, horny. 
Nux vomica. 
Oblong, angular. 
Ignatia. 
Tetrahedral; testa black, pitted. 
Delphinium. 
testa, gray-brown, pitted. 
Staphisagria. 
Triangular-ovate, black, fragrant when rubbed. 
Nigella. 
Flattish-ovate; testa brown, mucilaginous. 
Linum. 
Oblong-lanceolate, silky, gray-green. 
Globular-ovate ; testa removed ; albumen mar- 
Strophanthus. 
bled. 
Myristica. 
Ovate-oblong; testa dull brownish-gray; kernel 
brown, oily. 
Oval-oblong; testa glossy, grayish, variegated 
Gynocardia. 
with red-brown. 
Ricinus. 342 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
surface dull gray-brown mottled with black. 
Tiglium. 
testa dull black, with fine fissures. 
Curcas. 
b. Embryo curved. 
Elliptic plano-convex, grooved on the flat side. 
Caffea. 
Reniform ; testa black, reticulate, and pitted. 
Stramonium. 
testa gray-brown, finely pitted. 
Hyoscyamus. 
testa blackish, bluish, or whitish, with shal- 
low pits. 
Papaver. 
Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous seeds; all albuminous. 
Linear-oblong; blackish-brown. 
Sabadilla. 
Subspherical; testa granular; albumen horny. 
Colchicum. 
Roundish-angular, spicy; hilum depressed. 
Granum 
hilum tufted. 
paradisi. 
Melegueta. 
Roundish-conical, veined externally and inter- 
nally. 
Areca. 
CYDONIUM.—Quince Seed. 
Origin.—Pyrus Cydonia, Linne (Cydonia vulgaris, Per soon). 
Natural order, Rosacese, Pomese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 
Fig. 239. 
Quince seed.—Natural size and section. Section through epithelium, testa, and 
tegmen, into a cotyledon; magnified 150 diam. 
Description.—About 6 millimeters (1 inch) long, ovate or 
ovate-oblong, triangularly compressed ; hilum near the pointed AMYGDALA ALMOND. 
343 
end ; chalaza at the bunt end ; testa brown, covered with a 
whitish mucilaginous epithelium, causing the seeds of each cell 
to adhere together, and, on immersion in water, forming a 
gelatinous zone ; taste of the unbroken seed insipid ; embryo 
white, oily, and of a bitter-almond taste; cotyledons thick, 
plano-convex. 
Constituents.—Mucilage 20 per cent., not precipitated by 
borax; fixed oil, proteids, ash 3.5 per cent. 
Properties.—The unbroken seeds are demulcent and pro- 
tective. A thick mucilage is yielded from 1 part of seeds to 
50 parts of water. 
AMYGDALA.—Almond. 
Origin.—Amygdalus communis, Linne, var. a amara, 
ft dulcis, De Candolle. Natural order, Rosaceae, Prunese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; naturalized in the Mediterra- 
nean basin; cultivated. 
Description.—Flattish ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20 to 25 
millimeters (f to 1 inch) long; testa cinnamon-brown, scurfy, 
with about 16 longitudinal veins emanating from the blunt 
Fig. 240. 
Almond.—Seed. Section through seed coats and portion of the cotyledon. 
end; hilum near the pointed end; chalaza broad at the 
rounded end; embryo white, oily, consisting of two ovate- 344 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
lanceolate plano-convex cotyledons and a short projecting 
conical radicle; inodorous. 
Amygdala dulcis. Mostly large, and sides rather convex; 
taste bland. 
Amygdala amara. Mostly shorter, proportionately broader, 
and flatfish; taste bitter; the emulsion with water has an 
odor resembling that of hydrocyanic acid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil, 45 (in bitter almonds) to 56 per 
cent, (in sweet almonds), mucilage 3 per cent., sugar 6 per 
cent., proteids precipitated by acetic acid (myosin, vitellin, 
and conglutin) 25 per cent., ash about 3 per cent., and in the 
testa tannin; the unformed ferment (enzyme) of almonds is 
emulsin or synaptase, which is coagulated by heat and is 
precipitated by alcohol, but not precipitated by acetic acid. 
Bitter almonds contain, in addition to these compounds, 1 to 
3 per cent, of amygdalin, C20H27NOn, which crystallizes in 
prisms, is soluble in water, less freely in alcohol, insoluble in 
ether, is slightly bitter, and splits into glucose, hydrocyanic 
acid (1 part from 17 parts amygdalin), and benzaldehyd, 
C7H60, or oil of bitter almond. The latter (yield about 1 
per cent., or after the expression of the fat, about 2 per cent, 
of the seed) in the crude state has the spec. grav. 1.06-1.075 ; 
when freed from hydrocyanic acid it is 1.049. It is some- 
times adiilterated with nitrobenzol. 
Properties.—Demulcent, used in emulsion; the bitter 
almond sedative. Dose of the volatile oil J to 1 drop; 
poisonous in overdoses. Treatment of poisoning necessitates 
rapid evacuation ; then stimulants and douches. 
Origin.—Sesamum orientale and S. indicum, Linne. Nat- 
ural order, Pedalinese, Sesamea3. 
Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical and sub- 
tropical countries. 
Description.—Flattish ovate, 3 to 4 millimeters (i to inch) 
long, 2 millimeters inch) broad, and 1 millimeter (^5 inch) 
SESAMUM.—Benne Seed. PEPO—PUMPKIN SEED. 
345 
thick ; testa black or purplish-brown (S. orientale), pale brown, 
yellowish or whitish (S. indicum), finely punctate, with four del- 
icate longitudinal ridges; hilum near the pointed end, some- 
what prominent; tegmen (endosperm ?) thin, white, oily ; coty- 
ledons plano-convex, white and oily; inodorous; taste bland. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 50-60 per cent., proteids 22 per cent., 
mucilage 4 per cent., ash 6-8 per cent. 
Properties.—Laxative ; mostly used for preparing benne seed 
oil. 
MELO.—Melon Seed. 
Origin.—Cucumis Melo, Linne. Natural order, Cucurbita- 
cese, Cucumerineae. 
Habitat.—Central Asia ; cultivated. 
Description.—Flattish ovate or lance-ovate, 10 to 13 milli- 
meters inch) long ; testa white or whitish, smooth, the 
edge rather blunt; hilum near the pointed end; cotyledons 
plano-convex, white, and oily ; inodorous; taste bland. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil, proteids. 
Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (sj-ij) in 
emulsion. 
PEPO.—Pumpkin Seed. 
Origin.—Cucurbita Pepo, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- 
bitacese, Cucumerinese. 
Habitat.—Tropical Asia and America; cultivated. 
Description.—Flat, broadly ovate, about 2 centimeters 
Fig. 241. 
Pepo.—Seed and cotyledon with radicle and plumule. 
(| inch) long; testa white or whitish with a shallow groove 
and flat ridge parallel to the margin ; hilum near the pointed 
end ; cotyledons flat, white, and oily ; radicle short, conical; 
inodorous; taste bland. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 44 per cent., proteids (myosin 346 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
and vitellin), starch, acrid resin, sugar, ash 3 or 4 per cent. 
The infusion of the seeds on being saturated with NaCl, 
precipitates myosin, and on the further addition of C02, 
separates vitellin of same behavior as vitellin of yolk of 
egg- 
Properties.—Tsenifuge. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (sj-ij), in 
powder or emulsion. 
CUCUMIS.—Cucumber Seed. 
Origin.—Cucumis satfvus, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- 
bitacese, Cucumerinese. 
Habitat.—Central Asia ; cultivated. 
Description.—Flat and thin, 8 to 12 millimeters inch) 
long, lance-oblong, ungrooved, acutely edged, dingy white; 
otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. 
Constituents.—Fixed oils, proteids, etc. 
Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams 
(3ij-§ij)* 
Origin.—Cucumis (Cucurbita, Linne) Citrullus, Scringe, s. 
Citriillus vulgaris, Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbitacese. 
Cucumerinese. 
Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Flat, ovate, 10 to 15 millimeters (f—§ inch) 
long; testa blackish and marbled, or orange-brown, ungrooved, 
blunt on the edge; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 30 per cent., and proteids. 
Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams 
CITRULLUS.—Watermelon Seed. 
Origin.—1. Dipteryx (Coumarouna, Aublet) odorata, Will- 
denow ; 2. D. oppositifolia, Willdenow. Natural order, Legu- 
minosae, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
Habitat.—Guiana. 
Description.—Oblong, somewhat compressed, 4 to 5 centi- 
meters to 2 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (| inch) broad ; 
hilum near the thin end ; testa blackish, fragile, thin, somewhat 
glossy, veined and wrinkled ; embryo pale brown, oily; radicle 
short and thick; cotyledons plano-convex, enclosing a rather 
DIPTERYX.—Tonco. Tonka Bean. THEOBROMA—CACAO. 
347 
large pinnate plumule and acicular crystals; fragrant; taste 
aromatic bitter. 
Varieties.—Dutch Tonka. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
long, frequently covei*ed with a crystalline efflorescence. 
English Tonka. About 4 centimeters (H inch) long; its 
surface with little or no efflorescence. 
Constituents. — Fixed oil about 25 per cent., coumarin, 
C9H602, sugar, mucilage, ash 3.5 per cent. Coumarin is in 
glossy aromatic prisms, is freely soluble in alcohol and fats, 
sparingly soluble in cold water, and melts at 67° C. (152.6°F.). 
Properties.—Stimulant; used only for its flavor. 
THEOBROMA.—Cacao. 
Origin.—Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Natural order, Ster- 
culiacese, Buettneriese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. 
Description.—The seeds are either dried when removed 
from the fruit, or are previously fermented in the sweating- 
box or buried in the ground (claying), until the astringency 
disappears. Ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat flattened, 
obtuse, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) long; testa red- 
dish-brown to brown-gray, thin, fragile, with numerous 
longitudinal veins; hilum at the broad end ; chalaza at the 
narrow end ; embryo red-brown, oily; radicle short; coty- 
ledons ribbed upon the face, irregularly lobed from the back 
through the folds of the tegmen, and readily breaking into 
angular fragments; taste oily, aromatic and bitterish. Un- 
sweated cacao has a more bitter and astringent taste. 100 
parts of cacao yield about 12 parts of shells and 88 parts of 
kernels. 
Constituents.—Fat about 50 per cent., starch 16 per cent., 
proteids 18 per cent., ash 3.5-4.5 per cent., sugar 0.6 per 
cent.; coloring matter, a little caffeine, and 1.5 to 4.5 
per cent, (somewhat less in the testa) of theobromine 
(dimethylxanthine) C7H8N402, which is white, crystalline, 
bitter, not altered by potassa solution, slightly soluble in 
cold water, alcohol, and ether, and may be converted into 
caffeine by treating theobromine-silver with methyl-iodide. 348 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
Properties.—Nutritive, stimulant; used for preparing 
chocolate. 
Origin.—Cola (Sterculia, Beauvais) acuminata, R. Brown. 
Natural order, Sterculiaceae, Sterculiese. 
Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa, and cultivated in the 
West Indies. 
Description.—Oblong-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
long, somewhat flattened; testa brown or reddish-brown, often 
with blackish spots, brittle; embryo usually dark-colored, when 
freshly cut yellow or whitish, the cotyledons differing in size, 
thick, variously bent; odor faintly nutmeg-like; taste some- 
what aromatic. 
Constituents.—Caffeine 2 per cent., little theobromine, kolanin, 
starch, 42 per cent., kolazym (a ferment), sugar, gum, proteids, 
little volatile oil, fat, and tannin ; ash 3 per cent. Kolanin (kola 
red, Heckel) glucoside, brown-red, amorphous, bitter powder, 
insoluble in cold water, partly in hot; boiling dilute acids de- 
compose it into caffeine, glucose, and kola red (Knebel). 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine; used also roasted like 
coffee. 
COLA.—Cola. 
Origin. — Physostigma venenosum, Balfour. Natural 
order, Leguminoste, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. 
Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa, near the mouths of 
the Niger and Old Calabar. 
Description.—Oblong and somewhat reniform, 25 to 30 
PHYSOSTIGMA.—Calabar Bean. 
Fig. 242. 
Physostigma.—View from the side and edge, showing length of hilum. 
millimeters (1-1 \ inches) long;, 15 to 20 millimeters (§—f 
inch) broad, and 12 millimeters (| inch) thick; testa gran- PHYSOSTIGMA—CALABAK BEAN. 
349 
ular, chocolate brown; hilum in a broad black groove 
extending over the entire length of the convex edge, 
bordered on each side by a reddish-brown ridge, marked 
along the centre by the linear raphe, and having at one end 
the micropyle, at the other end the chalaza; embryo with a 
short-curved radicle and two large white concavo-convex 
cotyledons, which adhere with the back to the integuments, 
and between their faces enclose an elliptic cavity ; inodorous, 
taste bean-like. The integuments weigh about 28, and the 
embryo 72 per cent. 
Fig. 243. 
Fig. 244. 
Physostigma split, showing cotyledons. 
Physostigma cylindrospermum. 
On moistening the embryo with solution of potassa it 
acquires a pale yellow color. 
The seed of Physostigma (Mucuna, Oliver) cylindro- 
spermum, Holmes, is 4 centimeters (If inches) long, nearly 
cylindrical, has a shorter groove and hilum, otherwise closely 
resembles the preceding. 
Constituents.—Physostigmine or eserine, C15H21N302 (in 
the embryo; amorphous, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, benzol, carbon disulphide, less freely in water, 
reddened by alkalies and by chlorinated line), calabarine 
(derivative of physostigmine; tetanic; insoluble in ether), 
eseridine (causes diarrhoea; by warm dilute acids converted 350 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS SEEDS. 
into physostigmine), physosterin (indifferent, crystalline), 
starch 48 per cent., proteids 23 per cent., mucilage, ash 3 
per cent. 
Properties.—Sedative, poisonous; contracts the pupil. 
Dose, 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, tincture, or 
extract; eserine, 0.0006 to 0.001 gram (gr. to -gly). 
Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach-pump, emetics); atro- 
pine ; chloral; strychnine; stimulants. 
FCENUM GR^ECUM.—Fenugreek. 
Origin. — Trigonella Fce'num grse'cum, Linne. Natural 
order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Trifolieae. 
Habitat.—India, naturalized in the Mediterranean basin; 
cultivated. 
Description.—Rhomboid, about 3 millimeters (A inch) long, 
and 2.5 millimeters inch) broad, compressed, four-edged; 
from the hilum on Gne edge, diagonally furrowed on both sides; 
testa brownish or yellowish, finely granular, hard; tegmen 
(endosperm ?) colorless, horny; embryo light yellow, oily, the 
radicle curved upon the edge of the cotyledons ; odor peculiar ; 
taste mucilaginous, bitter. 
Constituents.—Mucilage 28 per cent, (chiefly in the inner 
seed coat), fat 6 per cent., volatile oil a trace, trigonelline 
(crystalline, soluble in Avater, not poisonous; yields nicotic 
acid), choline (probably from decomposition of lecithin), proteids 
22 per cent., bitter principle, ash about 4 per cent., free from 
starch. 
Adulteration.—Powdered fenugreek is sometimes adulterated 
Avith ground amylaceous seeds. 
Properties. — Demulcent, discutient; used in veterinary 
practice. 
ABRI SEMEN.—Prayer Beads, Jequiriti. 
Origin.—A'brus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Papilionacse, Viciese. 
Habitat.—India; naturalized in other tropical countries. 
Description.—Subspherical or globular-ovate, 5 to 8 milli- 
meters (i—| inch) long, scarlet-red, with a black spot at the 
hilum; testa hard; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, 
curved; inodorous; taste bean-like. 
Constituents.—Abric acid (crystalline, soluble in alcohol, 
sparingly soluble in water), fixed oil, lecithin or protagon SINAPIS ALBA—WHITE MUSTARD. 
351 
(yields phosphoric acid, glycerin, etc.), alkaloid (probably de- 
composition product), ash about 3 per cent. The irritating 
principles are two proteids rendered inactive by moist heat, a 
paraglobulin (soluble in 15 per cent. NaCl solution, coagulated 
near 80° C.) and an albumose (not coagulated by heat, but pre- 
cipitated by HN03, this redissolved on heating, and reprecipi- 
tated on cooling). 
Properties.—Irritating to the eyes ; infusion used in granular 
ophthalmia. 
Origin.—Brassica (Sinapis, Linne) alba, Hooker films. 
Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassiceee. 
Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Almost globular, nearly 2 millimeters (yfj 
inch) in diameter; hilum circular; testa yellowish, finely 
pitted, hard; embryo greenish yellow, oily, with a curved 
radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; in- 
odorous ; taste pungent and acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil (20-25 per cent., bland), lecithin 
(small quantity), mucilage (mainly in the testa), myrosiu 
and other proteids, sinalbin, sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 
4.5 per cent.; free from starch. Sinalbin, C30H44N2S2O16, 
forms colorless prisms, is soluble in w’ater, sparingly solu- 
ble in cold alcohol; insoluble in ether and carbon disul- 
phide, colored yellow by alkali, blood-red by HN03, and 
splits into sugar, sinapine sulphate, C16H23N05HgS04, and 
acrinyl sulphocyanide, C7H7O.NCS; the latter is a yellow 
acrid non-volatile oil, readily soluble in alcohol and ether. 
Sinapine sulphocyanide forms colorless bitter prisms, solu- 
ble in water and alcohol. On boiling with alcohols sinapine 
yields choline (bilineurine) or sinkaline, C5H15N02, and sina- 
pic acid, CnH1205. 
Properties.—Tonic, laxative, diuretic, stimulant, emetic; 
externally rubefacient and epispastic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-5j), entire, in powder, or infusion; externally as 
poultice. 
SINAPIS ALBA.—White Mustard. 352 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
SINAPIS NIGRA.—Black Mustard. 
Origin.—Brassica (Sinapis, lAnne) nigra, Koch. Nat- 
ural order, Cruciferae, Brassicese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Fig. 245. 
Sinapis.—Entire, mag- 
nified. 
Embryo. 
Transverse section. 
Description.—Almost globular, about 1 millimeter 
inch) in diameter, with a circular hilum; testa blackish- 
brown, finely reticulate, hard; embryo greenish-yellow, 
oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded 
over the other; inodorous when dry, but when moist of 
a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungently 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent, (bland), mucilage 
(mainly in the testa), lecithin (minute quantity), myrosin 
and other proteids, siuigrin or potassium myronate about 
0.5 per cent., sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4 per cent., no 
starch. Sinigrin, KC10H18NS2O10, forms golden yellow crys- 
tals, is soluble in water, slightly soluble in absolute alcohol, 
insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; splits into sugar, 
acid potassium, sulphate, and allyl sulphocyanide or volatile 
oil of mustard, C3H5CNS; the latter is very pungent and 
acrid, has the density 1.018, dissolves in sulphuric acid 
without coloration, and contains also variable quantities of 
CS2. Myrosin coagulates at 60° C. (140° F.). 
Properties and Dose similar to Sinapis alba. NUX VOMICA. 
353 
Allied Seeds.—Turnip seeds, from Brassica Rapa, Linne. 
Larger than the preceding, 1.5-2 millimeters (xV~T2 inch) 
thick, brown or nearly black, finely pitted; slightly acrid. 
Rape seed, Cole or Colza seed, from Brassica Napus, 
Linne. Larger than turnip seed, 2-2.5 millimeters (y2~to 
inch) thick, finely pitted, mostly blue-black, slightly acrid. 
NUX VOMICA.—Nux Vomica. 
Origin.—Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. Natural order, 
Loganiacese, Euloganiese. 
Habitat.—India and East India Islands. 
Fig. 246. 
Nux vomica,—Whole seed; cut longitudinally; cut transversely. 
Description.—Orbicular, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) in 
diameter, nearly Hat, occasionally bent, grayish or greenish- 
gray ; soft-hairy, of a silky lustre, with a slight ridge ex- 
tending from hilum in the centre of one side to the edge, 
where the radicle is located; testa thin, tough, and closely 
blended with the albumen, which is horny, yellowish or 
whitish, somewhat translucent, very tough, and has a large 
circular cavity, into which the heart-shaped nerved coty- 
ledons project; inodorous, persistently bitter. 
Constituents.—Alkaloids (total amount 2.5-4.0 or 5.3 per 
cent.), strychnine, brucine, and igasurine (probably impure 
brucine), combined with igasuric acid (identical with caffeo- 
tannic acid, amorphous, dark green by ferric salts, by hydro- 
lysis split into glucose and caffeic acid) ; loganin, proteids 11 
percent., fat,gum, sugar 6 percent.,ash 1-1.5percent. Strych- 
nine constitutes from 33 to 50 per cent, of the total alkaloids. 
Strychnine, C21TI22N202, is in four-sided prisms, very 354 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
bitter, insoluble in absolute ether, soluble in 7 parts of 
chloroform, 110 parts of cold 90 per cent, alcohol, 1600 
Fig. 247. 
Nux vomica.—Section through hilum and albumen, magnified 60 diam. 
parts of benzol, 6700 parts of cold water; melting-point 
268° C. Sulphuric acid with potassium dichromate colors 
deep violet or blue; similar color by sulphuric acid and 
potassium dichromate, lead peroxide or potassium ferricyanide, 
changing to red and yellow; heated with strong nitric acid 
yields picric acid; but diluted nitric acid does not affect the 
alkaloid (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Com- 
mercial strychnine contains some homostrychnine, C22H24N202 
(Koefoed, 1889). Strychnine oxidized with permanganate 
yields amorphous strychnic acid, CnHnN03. Boiled with 
soda in absolute alcohol strychnine is converted into strych- 
nol (also called strychnic acid), C21 H24N203, which is readily 
soluble in alkalies, does not give the strychnine reaction with 
chromic acid, is colored red by mixture of nitric and sul- 
phuric acids, and is reconverted by heating at 190° C. in a 
current of hydrogen. 
Brucine, C23H2fN2()4, is in rectangular octahedra, contain- 
ing 4H20, is readily soluble in alcohol and in 7 parts of IGNATIA—BEAN OF ST. IGNATIUS. 
355 
chloroform, insoluble in pure ether, melting-point (of an- 
hydrous) 178° C.; nitric acid colors blood-red, changing to 
orange and yellow, and the yellow liquid becomes violet on 
the addition of stannous chloride, or sulphide of ammonium 
or sodium ; even nitric acid of 1.06 spec, gravity decomposes 
brucine on heating (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. 
Loganin, C25H34014, forms colorless prisms, is easily solu- 
ble in alcohol and water, turns red and purple with sul- 
phuric acid, and splits into sugar and loganetin. 
Properties.—Tonic, spinal nervine, poisonous. Dose, 0.03 
to 0.3 gram (gr. ss-v), in tincture or extract. Strychnine, 
0.001 to 0.003 gram (gr. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, purga- 
tives) ; tannin, or animal charcoal; chloroform inhalation ; 
chloral hydrate. Also potassium bromide, curare, cannabis 
indica, amyl nitrite, etc., have been recommended. 
IGNATIA.—Bean of St. Ignatius. 
Origin.—Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley, s. Ignatiana philip- 
pmica, Loureiro. Natural order, Loganiaceae, Euloganiese. 
Habitat.—Philippine Islands. 
Description.—Oblong or ovate, irregularly 
angular, about 3 centimeters (1|- inches) long, 
dull brownish or blackish, very hard, horny; 
hilutn at one end ; fracture granular irregular; 
the albumen brownish, somewhat translucent, 
enclosing an irregular cavity with an oblong 
embryo; inodorous, very bitter. 
Constituents.—Strychnine 0.5 to 1.5 per 
cent., brucine 0.5 to 1.4 per cent., igasuric 
acid (caffeotannic acid), proteids 10 per cent., 
fat, gum, ash 2.5 per cent. 
Properties.—Like mix vomica. Dose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram 
(gr. ss-iij). 
Antidotes.—Same as for mix vomica. 
Fig. 248. 
Ignatia.—Verti- 
cal section. 356 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
DELPHINIUM.—Larkspur Seed. 
Origin.— Delphinium Consolida, Linne. Natural order, 
Ranunculacese, Hellebore®. 
Habitat.—Central Europe; cultivated. 
Description.—Flattish tetrahedral, 1 to 1.5 millimeters (YV 
to Y5- inch) broad, acute on the edges; testa black, roughly 
pitted ; albumen whitish, oily, enclosing a small straight em- 
bryo ; inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil, probably also delphinine. 
Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous ; externally 
rubefacient; rarely employed. 
STAPHISAGRIA.—Stavesacre. 
Origin.—Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Natural or- 
der, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. 
Description.—Flattish tetrahedral, about 5 millimeters (£ 
inch) long and 3 or 4 millimeters (-| to inch) broad, 
the broadest side convex, testa brown or 
brown-gray, with reticulate ridges; albu- 
men whitish, oily, enclosing a small straight 
embryo ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitter and 
nauseous. 
Constituents.—Delphinine (white, crys- 
talline, acrid), delphinoidine (amorphous), 
delphisine (crystalline); the three alkaloids soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and chloroform, the last two becoming brown 
by sulphuric acid; staphisain (yellow, insoluble in ether, 
acrid, red and violet by sulphuric acid), fixed oil 25 per 
cent., trace of volatile oil, proteids, mucilage; ash 9 per 
cent. 
Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous ; exter- 
nally rubefacient; mostly used for killing vermin. 
Fig. 249. 
Stavesacre seed and 
section; magnified 2 
diam. 
Origin.—1. Nigella damascena, Linne. 2. N. satfva, Linne. 
Natural order, Ranunculace®, Hellebore®. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
NIGELLA.—Nigella. LINUM—LINSEED, FLAXSEED. 
357 
Description.—1. Triangular-ovate, 2.5 millimeters (T\j- inch) 
long, finely pitted, dull-black ; testa brittle; albumen oily ; em- 
bryo straight, small, in the pointed end ; odor on rubbing straAV- 
berry-like; taste bitter, somewhat acrid; imparts fluorescence 
to petroleum benzin. No. 2. Similar, but netted-wrinkled, 
rounded at the edges, odor on rubbing cajuput-like; benzin not 
rendered fluorescent. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil, volatile oil (odor different from that 
of the seeds); in No. 1 damascenine (melting-point 27° C., 
fluorescent; solutions of the salts not fluorescent); in No. 2 
melanthin (acrid glucoside, soluble in alcohol, red or violet by 
H2S04) ; ash 4 per cent. 
Properties. — Emmenagogue, diuretic, expectorant; rarely 
used. 
LINUM.—Linseed, Flaxseed. 
Origin.—Lmum usitatissimum, Linne. Natural order, 
Liuese, Eulineae. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated and 
spontaneous in most temperate countries. 
Description.—Flattish ovate or oblong ovate, about 5 
millimeters inch) long, obliquely pointed at one end; 
Fig. 250. 
Flaxseed.—Entire; magnified 3 diam. Transverse section near the edge 
magnified 65 diam. 
testa brown, glossy, very finely pitted, covered with a trans- 
parent mucilaginous epithelium, which swells considerably 
in water; hilum near the pointed end ; embryo whitish, 
oily; cotyledons large, plano-convex, covered with a thin 
albumen; inodorous, mucilaginous, oily and bitter. 358 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
Ground linseed should be free from rancidity, and yield to 
carbon disulphide not less than 25 per cent, of fixed oil. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 30-35 per cent, (in the nucleus), 
mucilage 15 per cent, (in the epithelium), proteids 25 per 
cent., amygdalin (minute quantity), resin, wax, sugar, ash 
3-4 per cent. After expressing the oil, cake meal yields 5 
to 6 or 8 per cent, of ash. Starch is absent. 
Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (3j-ijss) or 
more, in infusion ; externally as poultice. 
STKOPH A NTHU S.—Strophanthus. 
Origin.—Strophanthus Kombe, Oliver, now regarded by 
Oliver as a variety of Str. hispid us, De Candolle. Natural 
order, Apocynaceae, Echitese. 
Habitat.—Tropical Eastern Africa. 
Description.—The seeds deprived of the long awn are 
used. Oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 20 millimeters (■§—f- inch) 
long, and 4 or 5 millimeters (i~i inch) broad, narrowed, 
but blunt at the base, flattened on the sides and obtusely 
two-edged, grayish-green, covered with appressed silky 
hairs, one side with a longitudinal ridge prolonged through 
the attenuated, pointed apex into a brittle awn, which is 7 to 
10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, bare in the lower half, 
and above on all sides beset with delicate, straight, white 
silky hairs, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length; kernel 
white, oily, consisting of a straight embryo with two thin 
cotyledons, short caulicle, and surrounded by a thin layer of 
endosperm, which is colored green by sulphuric acid; odor 
faint, unpleasant, taste very bitter. 
The seeds are met in the market deprived of the awns; 
but are sometimes imported in the follicles, which are 20 
to 30 centimeters (8-12 inches), long, linear-oblong, and 
pointed; for medicinal purposes the awns and pericarps 
are to be removed, the seed alone being used. 
The decoction is brownish and not changed in color by 
solutions of iodine, ferric chloride, or Mayer’s test. STKOPHANTHUS. 
359 
False Kombe Seeds.—The seeds of Str. hispid us, I)e C., and 
Str. dichotomus, De C., resemble the above, but are brown 
or chestnut-brown, and less densely covered with hairs. 
Fig. 251. 
The seed of Kicksia africana, Bentham, is pointed at both 
ends, has the cotyledons irregularly folded, and is awnless, 
Strophanthus seed with comose awn. 360 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
but provided with a long funiculus covered with long 
hairs. 
Constituents.—Kombic acid (precipitated bv lead acetate), 
choline, trigonellin, and strophantin, C32H48016. The latter 
is imperfectly crystalline, neutral, very bitter, soluble in 
water and alcohol, nearly insoluble in ether, benzol, and 
chloroform, precipitated by tannin, colored green and brown 
by H2S04, and blue by H2S04, and K2Cr207, and is by most 
acids easily split into glucose and crystals of strophanthidin, 
W + iffiA 
Properties.—Heart sedative. Dose of tincture (1:16 alco- 
hol), 4-8 minims. 
MYRISTICA.—Nutmeg. 
Origin.— Myristica frag ran s, Houttuyn (M. moscMta, 
Thunberg, M. aromatiea, Lamarck, M. officinalis, Linne 
jilius). Natural order, Myristicacese. 
Fig. 252. 
Fig. 253. 
Nutmeg, with mace and transverse section. 
Wild nutmeg, with mace. 
Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- 
tries. 
Description.—Roundish-ovate or oval, about 25 millime- 
ters (1 inch) long; deprived of the brittle woody testa, 
which shows shallow impressions from mace; kernel exter- GYNOCARDIA—CH A U LM l JGR A. 
361 
nally light brown, reticulately furrowed; internally of a 
fatty lustre, pale brownish with dark brown veins contain- 
ing the folds of the inner seed-coat; hilura and micropyle 
on the broad end, chalaza near the upper end, united by a 
groove corresponding to the raphe; embryo small, in a 
cavity at the base; strongly aromatic, somewhat bitter. 
Varieties.—Limed or Dutch nutmegs; covered with a 
white powder, lime. 
Penang and Singapore nutmegs; unlimed. 
False Nutmegs.—Myristica fatua, Houttuyn, wild or male 
nutmegs; 4 to 5 centimeters (1| to 2 inches) long; kernel 
pale colored, slightly aromatic. 
Torreya californica, Torrey (Natural order, Coniferese), 
testa smooth, brittle; kernel oblong, marbled, terebinthinate. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 8 per cent., fixed oil 25 to 
30 per cent., starch, proteids, mucilage, ash 2 per cent. Vol- 
atile oil of nutmeg has the spec. grav. 0.93, and consists of 
myristicene, C10Hlg, and a little myristicol, C10H14O. Ex- 
pressed oil of nutmeg consists chiefly of myristin, with 
some myristic acid, palmitin, olein, resin, and about 6 per 
cent, volatile oil. 
Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams 
(gr. viij-xxij). 
GYNOCARDIA.—Chaulmugra. 
Origin.—Gynocardia (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. 
Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. 
Habitat.—Malayan peninsula and Northeastern India. 
Description.—Irregular ovate-oblong, 2 to 3 centimeters (f-l-j 
inches) long, 10 to 12 millimeters inch) broad, somewhat 
angular and flattish; testa dingy brown-gray, brittle; tegmen 
brown, thin ; albumen brown, oily ; embryo nearly of the length 
of the seed, with a thick club-shaped radicle, and two broad, 
leafy-veined and somewhat heart-shaped cotyledons ; odor slight; 
taste oily. 
Constituents.—Fat 50 per cent., proteids, mucilage. 
Properties.—Alterative, tonic ; in larger doses emetic. Dose, 362 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x) ; mostly used for preparing chaulmugra 
oil. 
RICINUS.—Castor Oil Seed. 
Origin.—Ricin us communis, Linne. Natural order, Eu- 
phorbiaceae, Crotonese. 
Habitat.—India; cultivated in tropical and warm tem- 
perate countries. 
Description.—Variable in size and color; 10 to 20 milli- 
meters (f—f inch) long, about 8 millimeters (4 inch) broad, 
oval-oblong, flattened on the ventral surface; on one end 
with a whitish caruncle, covering the hilum and micropyle; 
chalaza near the broader end; raphe on the flat side; testa 
glossy, grayish or pale grayish-brown variegated with red- 
brown, brittle; tegmen white, thin, adhering to the white 
Fig. 254. 
Ricinus fruit. 
Seed. 
Longitudinal sections. 
oily albumen ; embryo straight, with a short conical radicle 
and two thin broad and veined cotyledons; inodorous; taste 
oily, acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 50 per cent, (see Oleum 
Ricini), ricinin (crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, 
sparingly soluble in ether and benzol), proteids 20 per cent., 
mucilage, sugar, ash (testa 10 per cent., kernel 4 per cent.). 
The poisonous principle is an albuminoid compound, ricin 
(Stillmark, 1888); it is soluble in 10 per cent. NaCl solu- 
tion, precipitated by acids and redissolved by excess, coag- 
ulated by heat, precipitated by Mayer’s reagent and by plios- 
photungstic acid. CURCAS—PURGING NUT. 
363 
Properties.—Violently cathartic and emetic; used for pre- 
paring castor oil. 
TIGLIUM.—Croton Seed. 
Origin.—Croton Tiglium, Linne, s. Tlglium officinale, 
Klotzsch. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
Habitat.—China; cultivated in India. 
Description.—About 12 to 15 millimeters or inch) 
long; oval-oblong, somewhat quadrangular, more or less 
flattened on the ventral side; surface dull gray-brown, or 
Fig. 255, 
Croton Tiglium.—Lateral and ventral view, and longitudinal 
section of seed. 
mottled with black from the removal of the outer coat; the 
caruncle usually absent from the commercial seed ; otherwise 
like castor-oil seeds. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 50 to 60 per cent, (see Oleum 
Tiglii), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose, ash 3 
per cent. 
Properties.—Violently drastic; used for preparing croton 
oil. 
CURCAS.—Purging Nut. 
Origin.—Jatropha Curcas, Linne (Curcas purgans, Adamson'). 
Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America; naturalized in other tropical 
countries. 
Description.—About 20 millimeters (f inch) long; resembles 
croton seed, but the testa is dull black and marked with numer- 
ous small fissures ; taste less acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 40 per cent, (yellowish or colorless, 
vesicating), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose. 
Properties.—Drastic and emetic; similar to, but milder than 
croton seed. 364 
CELEUEAR VEGETAREE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
CAFFEA.—Coffee. 
Origin.—Coffea (Coffea) arabica, I Anne. Natural order, 
Rubiacese, Ixoreae. 
Habitat.—Tropical Africa; cultivated in tropical coun- 
tries. 
Description.—Elliptic or oval, from 8 to 12 millimeters 
to inch) long, yellowish or bluish-gray, plano-convex, 
on the flat side with a longitudinal groove, penetrating with 
a curve deeply into the horny albumen ; somewhat oblique 
on one end ; hilum near the groove beneath the rounded end; 
testa membranous, brittle, usually wanting on the back; 
embryo small, at the oblique end slightly curved under the 
convex side; odor faint, peculiar; taste somewhat bitter, 
astringent. 
Varieties.—The cultivated varieties vary in size, color, 
and flavor. The large and well-flavored Liberian coffee is 
obtained from Coffea liberica, Hiern. 
Constituents.—Fat 13 percent., glucose and dextrin 15 per 
cent., proteids 13 per cent., caffeine 1 to 1.3 per cent., caffeo- 
tannic acid, trace of volatile oil, ash 3 to 4 or 5 per cent. 
Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, is methyl-theobromine (trimethyl-xan- 
thine) in white silky needles, faintly bitter, sublimable, 
soluble in water, more so in alcohol and chloroform ; on 
boiling with barium hydrate (or with potassa) converted into 
carbonic anhydrid, C02, and caffeidine, C7H12N40, and the 
latter ultimately into sarkosine, formic acid, methylamine, 
and ammonia. It is said not to produce spasms like theine, 
and its lethal dose to be smaller than that of theine. 
Caffeotannic acid, is amorphous, yields by oxi- 
dation viridinic acid, with boiling potassa yellow crystalline 
caffeic acid, and with fusing potassa protocatechnic acid. 
By the roasting of coffee the fat, sugar, and tannin are 
destroyed, a little caffeine is lost with the water, and empy- 
reumatic volatile oils (caffeone) are produced. The loss by STRAMONII SEMEN—STRAMONIUM SEED. 
365 
roasting amounts to about 8 per cent, of water and 9 per 
cent, of organic matter. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine, antiemetic. Dose, 
4 to 16 grams (3j-iv), in infusion; caffeine 0.1 to 0.2 gram 
(gr. jss-iij). 
Thornapple seed. 
Origin.—Datura Stramonium, Linne. Natural order, 
Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
Habitat.—Asia ; naturalized in most countries. 
STRAMONII SEMEN.—Stramonium Seed. 
Fig. 256. 
Stramonium.—Capsule and longi- 
tudinal section. 
Stramonium seed and section, 
magnified 3 diam: 
Description.—Reniform, flattened, about 4 millimeters 
Q- inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the concave edge; 
testa dull brownish-black, pitted and wrinkled; albumen 
whitish, oily, enclosing a cylindrical embryo curved par- 
allel with the edge of the seed; inodorous, unpleasant when 
bruised ; taste oily and bitter. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, 
proteids, ash 3 per cent., alkaloids 0.3 per cent. Daturine 
is a mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine. Scopolamine is 
also present. The oil contains daturic acid, C17H3402. 
Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Pose, 
0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetic) ; stimu- 
lants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; hot and cold douches ; morphine; 
pilocarpine. 366 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. 
HYOSCYAMI SEMEN.—Hyoscyamus Seed. 
Origin.—Hyoscyamus (Hyoscyamus) nfger, Linne. Natural 
order, Solanacem, Hyoscyameae. 
Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of 
North America. 
Description.—Roundish-reniform, flattened, 1 to 1.5 milli- 
meters (^s to inch) long; hiliim and micropyle on the con- 
cave edge; testa finely pitted, roughish, light gray-brown; 
Fig. 257, 
Hyoscyamus niger.—Fruit (pyxis) removed from calyx. Seed, natural 
size, magnified, and section. 
albumen whitish, oily, enclosing a cylindrical embryo curved 
parallel with the edge of the seed, but with the tip of the 
cotyledons incurved; inodorous; taste oily, bitter, somewhat 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, proteids, 
hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), hyoscypicrin (bitter glu- 
coside), ash 3 to 4 per cent. 
Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. 
Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v), in powder or emulsion. 
Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. 
PAPAVER.—Poppy Seed, Maw Seed. 
Origin.—Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papa- 
veracete, Papaverete. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Reniform, 1 to 1.5 millimeters (y to y'y inch) 
long; hilum and micropyle on the concave side ; testa varying 
in color, bluish, blackish, or whitish, with shallow pits ; albumen 
whitish, oily, enclosing a cylindrical semilunar embryo ; inodor- 
ous ; taste oily. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 55 per cent., proteids about 16 
per cent., mucilage, morphine (?), ash 6 to 7 per cent. 
Properties.-—Demulcent, mild anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
(gr. xv-oj), in emulsion. SABADILLA—CEVADILLA. 
367 
SABADILLA.—Cevadilla . 
Origin.—Asagrce'a officinalis (Schlechtendal et Chamisso), 
Lindley. Natural order, Liliacese, Veratrese. 
Habitat.—Mexico to Venezuela. 
Description.—Narrow-oblong or lance-linear, about 6 milli- 
meters inch) long, rounded below, rather beaked above, 
Fig. 258. 
Sabadilla.—Fruit, natural size; seed and longitudinal section, magnified. 
somewhat angular; testa brownish-black, rugosely wrinkled, 
thin; albumen whitish and oily, with a small linear embryo 
near the base; inodorous, bitter, persistently acrid, sternutatory 
The papery follicles sometimes present should be rejected. 
Constituents.—Veratrine, C37H53NOu, cevadine, C32H49N09, 
cevadilline, C34H-3NOg, sabadine, C29H51NOg, sabadinine, 
angelic acid, Cr,H802 (needles melt at 45° C.), 
methylcrotonic acid, C5H802 (scales melt at 64.5° C), cevadic 
acid (sublimable, odor of butyric acid, probably identical 
Avith the preceding), veratric. acid (sublimable in prisms, 
melt at 180° C.), fixed oil, ash 3.5 per cent. Veratrine 
(of Wright and Luff) is amorphous, melts at 180° C., is 
sternutatory, and by potassa is split into veratric acid and 
amorphous verine, C28H45NOg. Cevadine (Merck’s veratrine) 
crystallizes from alcohol in prisms, melts at 205° C., is 
sternutatory, with sugar and H2S04 is colored deep green 
and blue, and by potassa is split into mythylcrotonic acid 
and amorphous cevine, Cevadilline is amorphous 
and nearly insoluble in ether and benzol. Sabadine crystal- 
lizes from ether in needles, and is then nearly insoluble in 368 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS SEEDS. 
ether, melts at 238° C., is not sternutatory, and, like the 
preceding alkaloids, is colored yellow, afterward red, by 
H2S04. Sabadinine resembles sabadine, but is at once col- 
ored blood-red by H2S04. Medicinal veratrine is a white 
powder, consisting of a mixture of the foregoing alkaloids, 
and probably of their derivatives, acrid, sternutatory, readily 
soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, less freely soluble 
in glycerin and olive oil, and is colored yellow and deep red 
by sulphuric acid, yellow by nitric acid, and deep red by hot 
hydrochloric acid. 
Properties.—Powerful irritant; used for preparing vera- 
trine, and for killing vermin. Pose, of veratrine, 0.002 
to 0.005 gram (gr. to in pills; mostly externally 
in ointment. 
Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump or emetic); tan- 
nin ; stimulants (brandy, coffee, ammonia, etc.); application 
of warmth. 
COLCHICI SEMEN.—Colchicum Seed. 
Origin. — Colchiciun autumnale, Linne. Natural order, 
Liliacese, Colchicese. 
Habitat.—Europe ; in meadows. 
Description.—Subglobular, 2 to 3 millimeters (y to l 
inch) thick; hilum circular, furnished with a soft caruncle; 
testa dull reddish-brown, finely 
pitted, thin, but hard ; albumen 
whitish, oily, horny, and tough, 
enclosing a small embryo nearly 
opposite the hilum, cell-walls 
thickened,with large pits; inodor- 
ous ; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 6 to 8 per cent., gum, starch, 
sugar, ash 2.6 per cent., colchicine about 0.3 per cent., and 
derivatives of the latter. Colchicine, C22Har)N06 (Zcisel, 
1888), is a weak alkaloid, colorless or yellow, amorphous, 
fusible at 145° C., soluble in water, alcohol, and chloro- 
Fig. 259. 
Colchici semen.—a. Natural size. 
b. Section, magnified. GRANUM PARADISI—GRAIN OF PARADISE. 
369 
form, less soluble in ether and benzol, of a saffron-like 
odor and bitter taste, precipitated by tannin, turns moist 
litmus paper slowly blue, and in aqueous solution is colored 
yellow by hydrochloric acid. It is the methylic ether of col- 
chicein, C21H23N06 -f H20 (white crystals, melting and 
becoming anhydrous at 140° C., inodorous, soluble in alco- 
hol, chloroform, and hot water, colored green by ferric 
chloride, and, after several days’ standing, precipitated by 
tannin). Colchicoresin is brown, amorphous, soluble in 
chloroform and alcohol, insoluble in ether, and very spar- 
ingly soluble in cold water. Beta-colchicoresin is blackish- 
brown, soluble in strong alcohol and chloroform, and insolu- 
ble in water and ether. The last two principles are not, or 
but slightly, affected by tannin, are colored brown-green by 
ferric chloride, and dissolve in potassa with a brown color. 
Colchicine and colchicein yield with potassa yellow solu- 
tions. The four principles yield with sulphuric acid and 
potassium nitrate a deep blue or purplish-blue color, and, 
when this has disappeared, concentrated potassa solution 
gives a more permanent brick-red color. They are extracted 
from the unbroken seeds by digestion with alcoholic liquids, 
while maceration in the same exhausts only about two-thirds 
of the principles. 
Propei'ties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and 
rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), 
in powder, tincture, wine, or fluid extract. 
Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump or emetics); tan- 
nin ; demulcents; stimulants. 
GRANUM PARADISI.—Grain of Paradise. 
Origin.—1. Amomum Granum-paradfsi, Afzelius. 2. Am. 
Melegueta, Roscoe. Natural order, Scitaminese, Zingiberese. 
Habitat.—Western Africa. 
Description.—Roundish-angular, 2 to 3 millimeters to |- 
inch) long; hilum at the slightly conical end, rather broad and 
depressed (Granum-paradisi), or grayish tufted (Melegueta); 
testa reddish-brown, finely warty ; albumen whitish, mealy, and 370 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
oily, enclosing a small embryo ; odor slightly spicy ; taste pun- 
gent, pepper-like. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.3 per cent., paradol, C9Hu02, (vis- 
cid, pungent), tannin, fat, resin, starch, gum, ash 2 to 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant; used mainly in cattle powder, and 
for imparting artificial strength to spirits. 
ARECA.—Areca Nut. 
Origin.—Areca Catechu, Linne. Nat. order, Palmese, Arecete. 
Habitat.—East Indies; cultivated. 
Description.—Roundish conical, about 25 millimeters (1 
inch) long, flattish at the hilum, externally brown, veined, 
internally horny, white, with dark brown veins ; embryo near 
the hilum, small, conical; odor faint; taste slightly astringent. 
Constituents.—Fat 14 per cent., several alkaloids, tannin, 
resin, mucilage, ash 2.2 per cent. Arecoline (methylarecaidine), 
C8H]3N02, is oily, soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and 
water; poisonous; yields crystallizable salts, and probably 
represents the tsenifuge principle. Arecaine, C7HuN02, melts 
at 213° C.; the isomeric arecaidine melts at 222° C., and 
guvacine, C6H9N02, fuses at 271° C.; these three alkaloids crys- 
tallize, are soluble in water and diluted alcohol; insoluble, or 
nearly so, in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, and benzol, 
and are not poisonous. 
Properties.—Astringent, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 12 grams 
(3ij-iij). 
12. CELLULAR DRUGS NOT READILY RECOG- 
NIZED AS DISTINCT ORGANS OF PLANTS. 
This class embraces excrescences, hairs, glands, sporules, 
and such other vegetable drugs as do not belong to any 
of the preceding classes, and do not constitute a distinct 
organ of a plant, or are not readily recognizable as such. 
The starches, though not truly cellular, but being of a definite 
shape, are embraced in this class. 
Sect. 1, Not farinaceous. 
Globular, tuberculated above. 
Galla. 
Irregular-ovate, tuberculated or lobed hollow; 
Gall* chinenses et 
shell thin. 
japonic*. 
Classification. GALLA—NUTGALL. 
371 
Irregular pieces, white, friable, very bitter. 
Felt-like pieces, soft, brown, glossy, tasteless. 
Fungus laricis. 
Fungus 
chirurgorum. 
Irregular-globose, falling into a brown-black pow- 
der. 
Ustilago. 
Narrow oblong and subtriangular, three-grooved. 
Ergota. 
Cylindrical, brownish, horn-like. 
Laminaria. 
Cylindrical, white, spongy, mucilaginous. 
Sassafras 
medulla. 
Flat, divided into narrow bands, aromatic. 
Macis. 
Tbread-like, notched above, orange-brown red. 
Crocus. 
Long, silky, thread like, yellowish. 
Curling, white filaments, under the microscope 
Zea. 
band-like. 
Gossypium 
purificatum. 
Curling, brown, glossy filaments, under the micro- 
scope jointed. 
Stiff, brown-red, under the microscope retrorsely 
Cibotium. 
serrate. 
Mucuna. 
Pulverulent, brick-red, consisting of hairs and 
glands. 
Kamala. 
brown or dark purple, mixed with wood fibres, 
brown-yellow, aromatic, under the microscope 
Araroba. 
subglobular or hood-shaped, 
pale yellow, tasteless, under the microscope 
Lupulinum. 
tetrahedral. 
Lycopodium. 
Viscid liquid, containing roundish cells. 
Fermentum. 
Sect. 2. Farinaceous. 
I. Unaltered starch granules, consisting of more or 
less distinct layers. 
Amylum. 
II. Granules partly altered. 
Globular grains; granules oblong, truncate. 
Sago. 
Irregular lumps; granules muller-shaped. 
III. Granules wholly or partly enclosed in tissue. 
Tapioca. 
Globular grains with a brown groove; granules 
similar to wheat starch. 
Meal; granules polyhedral, small, united to 
Ilordeum. 
globules. 
Avena. 
Origin.—Excrescences on Quercus lusitanica, Webb, var. 
infectoria, De Candolle, s. Q. infectoria, Olivier [Natural 
GALLA.—Nutgall. 372 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
order, Cupuliferse), caused by the punctures and deposited 
ova of Cynips gall* tiuctori®, Olivier (Class, Insecta. 
Order, Hymenoptera). 
Habitat.—Levant. 
Description.—Subglobular, 2 centimeters (i inch) or less 
in diameter, with a short stipe, more or less tuberculated 
above, otherwise smooth; heavy, hard, often with a circular 
Fig. 260. 
Galla.—Entire. 
Section. 
hole near the middle, blackish-olive-green or blackish-gray; 
fracture granular, grayish ; in the centre a subglobular 
cavity containing either the partly developed insect or pul- 
verulent remains left by it, with remnants of the starchy 
parenchyme. The cavity is enclosed by a hard shell, com- 
posed of stone cells; outside of it the tissue consists of 
parenchyme, chiefly containing tannin, and of a few soft 
wood bundles. Nutgalls are nearly inodorous, and have a 
strongly astringent taste. 
Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgalls should be 
rejected. 
Varieties.—Aleppo, or Syrian nutgalls, dark colored and 
heavy. 
Smyrna nutgalls, of a grayish-olive color, intermixed 
with white galls. 
Sorian nutgalls, size of a pea; blackish. 
Indigenous nutgalls, globular, smooth, or tuberculate, 
white or blackish, spongy or firm, varying according to GALLA—NUTGALL. 
373 
origin ; the galls of Quercus virens, Alton, are of a firm 
texture, dark color, and rich in tannin (40 per cent.). 
California oak balls, from Quercus lobata, Engelmann, are 
Fig. 261. 
Gallse chinenses. 
globular, 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, orange-brown, 
internally white and spongy; very astringent. 
Chinese nutgalls, from Rhus semialata, Murray, by the 
sting of A'phis chiudnsis, Bell; about 4 or 5 centimeters 
(lj to 2 inches) long, ovate, but very irregular, tuberculate, 
grayish-downy, hollow; shell thin, fragile, enclosing the 
remnants of numerous insects. 
Japanese nutgalls, from Rhus semialata or an allied 
species; about 2 to 3 centimeters (§- to 1\ inches) long, 
usually lobed, and the lobes tuberculate, densely pubes- 
cent; contains starch granules; otherwise like the preceding. 
Constituents.—Tannin 50 to 60 per cent, (white galls 
about 30 per cent.), gallic acid 2 to 3 per cent., mucilage, 
sugar, resin, and, in the nucleus, starch. Tannin, gallo- 
tannic acid or digallic acid, C14EIj0O9, is yellowish-white, 
amorphous, insoluble in absolute ether, chloroform, benzol, 
benzin, and carbon disulphide, soluble in glycerin, alcohol, 
and water, precipitated blue-black by ferric salts and white 
by gelatin. Commercial tannin contains a little odorous 
and coloring matter and variable quantities of glucose. 374 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
Gallic acid, C7H605.H20, is in white silky needles, soluble 
in alcohol and boiling water, less so in ether, and sparingly 
soluble in cold water; the aqueous solution is colored red 
by potassium cyanide, is precipitated blue-black by ferric 
Gallse japonica. 
salts, the color disappearing on boiling, and is not affected 
by gelatin, except in the presence of gum. The tannin of 
Chinese nutgalls differs somewhat from that of the official 
nutgalls. 
AGARICUS ALBUS.—Fungus Laricis, White Agaric. 
Origin. — Polyporus officinalis, Fries, s. Boletus laricis, 
Jacquin. Natural order, Fungi, Hvmenomycetes. 
Habitat.—Asia and Europe, on the larch (Larix). 
Description.—Deprived of the outer rind ; hoof-shaped or 
conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) broad, usually in 
irregular pieces, white, light, somewhat fibrous and spongy, 
very friable, but not readily pulverizable; odor faint; taste 
sweetish, acrid, and very bitter. 
Constituents.—Agaricin, C16H30O5 (also known as agaric acid 
or laricin ; white, crystalline, soluble in hot alcohol and glacial 
acetic acid, less soluble in ether and chloroform, almost insoluble 
in benzol), about 25 per cent, of bitter resin (brown-red, soluble 
in cold alcohol, chloroform, benzol, etc., purgative), resins, spar- 
ingly soluble in cold alcohol, an indifferent crystalline substance 
about 4 per cent., white amorphous substance separating jelly- 
like, 3 or 4 per cent., sugar (mannit ?), and fumaric, citric, and 
malic acids. 
Properties.—Antisudoral, purgative, in large doses emetic. 
Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x), in powder, tincture, or ex- 
tract ; of agaricin 0.005-0.010 gram (gr. y2~g) as antisudoral. ERGOTA—ERGOT. 
375 
Origin. — Polyporus (Boletus, Linne) fomentarius, Fries. 
Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. 
Habitat.—Europe, on the oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus). 
Description.—Deprived of the harder rind, cut into slices, 
boiled in lye, washed and beaten. Felt-like, soft-velvety pieces, 
brown, glossy, nearly inodorous, tasteless ; consists of interlaced 
filiform cells. Impregnated with potassium nitrate it constitutes 
spunk or touchwood. 
Uses.—Externally for arresting hemorrhage. 
FUNGUS CHIRURGORUM.—Surgeon’s Agaric. 
USTILAGO.—Cornsmut. 
Origin.—Ustilago Maydis, Leveille. Natural order, Fungi, 
iEcidiomycetes. 
Habitat.—Upon all parts of Zea Mays, Linne, most frequently 
upon the inflorescence. 
Description.—Irregular globose masses, sometimes 15 centi- 
meters (6 inches) in diameter, consisting of a blackish gelatinous 
membrane, enclosing innumerable brown-black, globular, and 
nodular spores; odor and taste disagreeable. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 2.5 per cent., probably sclerotic acid, 
crystalline principle (soluble in carbon disulphide), crystalline 
alkaloid (bitter, soluble in ether), volatile base, sugar, mucilage, 
ash 5 per cent. 
Properties.—Emmenagogue, parturient. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx). 
ERGOTA.—Ergot. 
Secale cornutum. 
Origin.—Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Natural order, 
Fungi, Ascomycetes. 
Habitat.—In the inflorescence of Secale cereale, Linne, 
and other grasses. 
Description. — Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, 
usually curved, about 20 to 40 millimeters (|— 1J inches) 
long, 3 or 4 millimeters inch) thick, three-furrowed, 
attenuated and obtuse at both ends, purplish-black, often 
transversely fissured, breaking with a short fracture, inter- 
nally whitish, with some purplish striae; odor peculiar, 
heavy, increased by trituration with solution of potassa; 
taste oily, unpleasant. 376 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS, 
Ergot grows from a loose white mycelium, which in its 
early stage is accompanied by an unpleasantly sweet mucus, 
Fig. 263. 
Fig. 264. 
Ergota. 
Fig. 265. 
Fig. 266. 
Ergotized rye. 
Ergot with fruit- 
heads. 
Section of head, showing 
conceptacles. 
and penetrates into the ovary. In the following spring 
stiped fruit-heads are produced, containing numerous hot- ERGOTA—ERGOT. 
377 
tie-shaped conceptacles (peritheeia) with fusiform spore-sacs 
(asci) enclosing 8 filiform spores. 
Ergot should be only moderately dried, should be kept in 
a close vessel, and a few drops of chloroform added from time 
to time to prevent the development of insects, and renewed 
every year. 
Constituents.—Mostly difficult to isolate and purify, owing 
to their amorphous condition and changeable nature. The 
following have been obtained : Fixed oil 30 per cent., man- 
nit, mycose, proteids, cholesterin, ash about 3 per cent, 
(mainly phosphates), scleromucin 2—3 per cent, (brown, 
tasteless, after drying insoluble in water; ecbolic; accord- 
ing to Kobert, impure ergotic acid), sclererythriu per 
cent, (soluble in alcohol, ether, and in alkalies with a deep 
red color), scleroiodin (not soluble in simple solvents, violet 
in alkalies), picrosclerotin (poisonous), sclerocrystallin and 
scleroxanthin (crystalline, soluble in ether, inert). Two 
acids possessing ecbolic properties have been obtained in 
different stages of purity and named sphacelic and sclerotic 
(ergotic) acid ; both are amorphous and nearly tasteless; the 
former, also known as sphacelotoxin, is insoluble in water, but 
soluble in alkalies ; the latter is soluble in water. Of alka- 
loids prepared from ergot, ergotinine is colorless, 
fluorescent in alcohol, ether, and chloroform solutions, by 
H2S04 colored red, violet, and blue, and is regarded as 
harmless. Cornutine is an active alkaloid, and is probably 
present to some extent in the impure alkaloids ecboline and 
ergotine; it is of a reddish color and entirely insoluble in 
ether and water and is the chief active constituent of alco- 
holic extracts of ergot, which contain also sphacelic acid. 
Aqueous extracts contain principally ergotic acid and 
sphacelates. Jakoby (1897) isolated chrysotoxin, secalin- 
toxin, and sphacelotoxin. 
Bonjean’s ergotin is the aqueous extract of ergot, precipi- 
tated by alcohol, filtered and evaporated. 378 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Properties.—Emmenagogue, ecbolic, parturient, hemo- 
static, poisonous. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in 
powder (freshly prepared), infusion, wine, or fluid extract; 
ergotin, 0.06 to 0.02 gram. (gr. j-iij). 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, purga- 
tives) ; stimulants; amyl nitrite inhalation ; frictions. 
LAMINARIA.—Laminaria. 
Origin.—Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston, s. L. digitata, 
Lamouroux. Natural order, Algae, Fucoideae. 
Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean. 
Description.—The stipitate portion of the plant is used. 
Cylindrical or somewhat flattened pieces about 1 centimeter 
(f inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brownish or brown, often with 
a saline efflorescence, horn-like, sometimes hollow in the centre 
(from old plants); after soaking in water brown-green, elastic, 
and four or five times the former thickness; in the outer layer 
with large mucilage cells; odor slight sea-weed-like; taste 
mucilaginous, saline. 
Constituents.—Mucilage, mannit, salts. 
Properties.—Absorbent, dilatant; turned cylindrical or coni- 
cal, used as tents. 
SASSAFRAS MEDULLA.—Sassafras Pith. 
Origin.—Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury), 0. Kuntze. 
Natural order, Laurinese, Litseacese. 
Habitat.—North America, from Ontario to Florida and 
Eastern Texas. 
Description.—Slender cylindrical pieces, often curved or 
coiled, light, spongy, white, inodorous, insipid; consisting 
entirely of parenchyme. 
Constituents.—Mucilage; from its aqueous solution it is 
not precipitated by alcohol or subacetate of lead. 
Properties.—Demulcent ; used mostly in collyria. 
MACIS.—Mace. 
Origin.—Myrlstica fragrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, 
Myristicacese. 
Habitat.—Molucca Islands ; cultivated in the tropics. CROCUS—S A FFRON. 
379 
Description.—It is the aril lode of nutmeg. In narrow 
bauds, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 1 millimeter 
inch) thick, somewhat branched and lobed above, united 
to broader pieces at the base; of a brownish orange color, 
fatty when scratched or pressed; fracture short, showing 
numerous yellow oil cells; fragrant; taste warm, aromatic. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 8 per cent, (mostly macene, 
C10H16, with little oxygenated compound), resin, fat, sugar, 
dextrin, mucilage, proteids, no starch granules, ash 1.5-2 
per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used chiefly for flavoring. 
Origin.—Crocus satfvus, Linne. Natural order, Iridese, 
Sisyrinehiese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated for commerce mainly 
in Spain and France. 
Description.—It consists of the stigmas, which are sepa- 
rate, or three attached to the top of the style, about 3 centi- 
meters inches) long, flattish tubular, almost thread-like, 
broader and notched above; orange-brown red; crisp and 
somewhat elastic; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitterish 
and aromatic. When chewed it tinges the saliva deep 
orange-yellow. It consists of thin-walled elongated paren- 
chyme and of delicate vascular veins, repeatedly forked, a 
vein terminating in each tooth. 
Satfron should not be mixed with the yellow styles, and 
should not be sticky (glycerin). When pressed between 
filtering paper it should not leave an oily stain. When 
soaked in water, it colors the liquid orange-yellow, and 
should not deposit any pulverulent mineral matter, nor 
show the presence of organic substances differing in shape 
from that described (stamens, corolla-tubes, safflower, calen- 
dula, etc.). For adulterating saffron mineral matters are 
made to adhere to the drug by means of syrup or glycerin, or 
it is impregnated with concentrated solutions of alkali salts, 
CROCUS.—Saffron. 380 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
or with a solution of a barium salt, and then with a sulphate 
(cells show crystals of barium sulphate under the microscope), 
or with cheaper coloring matters. Picric acid and sodium 
nitrocresylate dissolve in petroleum spirit with a lemon- 
yellow color; the coloring matter of saffron is insoluble. 
Varieties.—Commercial saffron is mostly of Spanish or 
French (Gatinais) origin. African saffron is usually saf- 
flower (carthamus). Cape saffron consists of the corolla of 
Lyperia crocea, Ecklon, natural order Scrophularinese. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, 1 per cent., fixed oil, 
wax, mucilage, sugar, proteids, ash 7.5 per cent., moisture 
about 14 per cent., picrocrocin and crocin (polychroit), 
C44H70O28. The latter is amorphous, brown-yellow, insolu- 
ble in ether, soluble in ordinary alcohol and water, and is 
split into sugar (crocose), and red crocetin (formerly called 
crocin), C34H4609, which is soluble in ether and alcohol, 
Fig. 267. 
a 
Crocus—a. Stigma, upper part, magnified 4 diam. b. Style with stigmas. 
c. Papillose margin of stigma, magnified 120 diam. 
nearly insoluble in water, and is colored blue by sulphuric 
acid, like crocin. Picrocrocin, forms colorless 
bitter needles, is readily soluble in alcohol and water, less GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM—PURIFIED COTTON. 
381 
so in chloroform, sparingly soluble in ether, and with acids 
or alkalies yields crocose and the volatile oil, C10H16. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogue, ano- 
dyne, mildly sedative. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in 
powder, infusion, tincture, or syrup. 
ZEA.—Zea (Cornsilk). 
Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Grainineae, 
Maydese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated in the warm tem- 
perate zone. 
Description.—The styles and stigmas are collected. Fine 
thread-like, 15 centimeters (6 inches) or more long, about 
0.5 millimeters inch) broad, yellowish or greenish, soft- 
silky and delicately veined longitudinally, finely hairy; 
inodorous, taste sweetish. 
Constituents.—Sugar, mucilage; maizenic acid (composition ? 
soluble in water, alcohol, and ether), fixed oil, resin, salts. 
Properties.—Diuretic, lithontriptic. Dose, about 2 grams 
(3ss) in decoction or syrup ; of the aqueous extract, 0.3 to 0.5 
gram (gr. v-viij). 
GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM.—Purified Cotton, 
Absorbent Cotton. 
Origin.—Gossypium herbaceum, I Anne, and other species 
of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibiscese. 
Habitat.—Tropical Asia and Africa; cultivated in trop- 
ical and subtropical countries. 
Description.—The hairs attached to the seeds, freed from 
adhering impurities and freed from fatty matter, are used. 
One-celled filaments, about 2 (short staple) to 4 (long staple) 
centimeters (4—1-f inches) long, and about 0.02 millimeter 
(0.0008 inch) broad; white, soft, curling, under the micro- 
scope appearing as flattened, hollow, and twisted bands, 
which are spirally striate and slightly thickened at the 382 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
obtuse edges; inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in water, alco- 
hol, ether, and potassa solution ; blackened by warm solu- 
tion of stannic chloride, not dyed by picric acid, soluble in 
Fig. 268. 
Cotton fibres. 
ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate. When thrown on 
water it should readily sink. 
Constituents.—Cellulose, inorganic constituents 0.8 per 
cent.; in the crude state, fixed oil 9-10 per cent., the latter 
removed by repeated boiling with caustic alkali (absorbent 
cotton). 
Uses.—For preparing collodion and for surgical dressings. 
CIBOTIUM.—Penghawar. 
Penghawar-Djambi, Paku-kidang, Pulu. 
Origin.—Cibotium Baromez, J. Smith, Cib. djambianum, 
Hasskarl, and other species of ferns. Natural order, Filices, 
Cyatheacese. 
Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, and islands of the Pacific. 
Description.—The chaffy hairs of the bases of the fronds and 
stem are collected. Curling filaments, about 0.05 millimeter 
(0.002 inch) broad, glossy, brown or brown-yellow; under the 
microscope flat and jointed; inodorous, tasteless. Penghawar 
is about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and of a yellowish tint. 
Paku-kidang, from Alsophila lurida, Hooker, etc., is about 5 
centimeters (2 inches) long, and of a brown color. Pulu, or 
Pulu-pulu, from Cibotium glaucum, Hooker, etc., is slightly 
curling and very soft. KAMALA. 
383 
Cibotium Schiedei, Schlechtendal, of Mexico, yields a similar 
product. 
Constituents.—Humin compounds, little resin, wax, trace of 
tannin (green with iron). 
Properties.—Hemostatic through the mechanical absorption 
of the blood serum. 
MUCUNA.—Cowage. 
Origin.—Mucuna (Stizolobium, Persoon; Dolichos, Linne) 
pruriens, De Candolle. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilio- 
nacese, Phaseolese. 
Habitat.—East and West Indies. 
Description.—The hairs attached to the legumes are used. 
One-celled, 2 or 3 millimeters (jV-! inch) long, stiff, brown-red, 
under the microscope appearing sharp-pointed, retrorsely serrate, 
rather thick-walled and partly filled with a brown granular 
matter. The hairs easily penetrate the skin, causing violent 
itching. 
Constituents.—Little tannin and resin. 
Mucuna urens, De Candolle, yields shorter and darker hairs, 
which are equally irritating. 
Properties.—Anthelmintic, externally irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 
0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij), mixed with syrup. 
KAMALA.—Kamala. 
Origin.—Mallotus philippinensis {Lamarck), Mueller Arg. 
(Rottlera tinctoria, Roxburgh). Natural order, Euphorbia- 
cese, Croton ese. 
Habitat.—India, China, Philippine Islands, Australia; 
possibly also in Abyssinia. 
Description.—The glands and hairs of the capsules are 
collected. Granular, mobile, brick-red, inodorous and nearly 
tasteless powder, imparting a deep red color to alkaline 
liquids, alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; boiling water yields 
a pale yellow solution, becoming brown with ferric chloride. 
Under the microscope Kamala is seen to consist of stellately 
arranged colorless hairs, mixed with depressed globular 
glands, containing from 40 to 60 red club-shaped vesicles. 
When heated in a crucible to redness, it leaves an ash, 
weighing not over 8 per cent, of the drug. 384 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS —VARIOUS. 
Constituents.—Resins nearly 80 per cent., one soluble in 
cold, the other in hot alcohol; rottlerin, (soluble in 
hot alcohol, in ether, benzol, carbon disulphide, and with a 
red color in alcohol; altered on exposure to air), isorottlerin 
(groups of minute plates, fuses at 198-199°C, insoluble in 
carbon disulphide, chloroform and benzol), wax, a trace of 
yellow crystalline coloring matter, albuminous matter and 
cellulose, ash about 3 per cent. 
Adulteration.—Earthy matters, sometimes to the extent of 
60 per cent.; best detected by incineration. 
Properties.—Tsenifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (3j— ij), in 
powder or electuary. 
Substitute.—Wars or Wurrus from Flenringia rhodocarpa, 
Baker; Papilionacese, Phaseolese; indigenous to Eastern 
Africa. The powder is coarser than Kamala, is deep purple, 
has a slight odor, becomes black in the water-bath, and con- 
Fig. 269. 
Kamala.—Magnified 190 diam. 
sists of cylindrical or subconical glands, enclosing several 
tiers of oblong vesicles. Used as a vermifuge, in skin dis- 
eases, and as a dye. An inferior kind of wars consists of 
altered starch of flemingia seeds mixed with red sand 
(Fliickiger). It contains flemingin, C12H1203, crystalline, 
resembles rottlerin; homoflemingin ; two resins; albuminous 
matter, cellulose, and ash 6 per cent. 
ARAROBA.—Goa Powder. 
Origin.—And fra Araroba, Aguiar. Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergieae. LUPULINUM—LUPULIN. 
385 
Hcibitat.—Brazil. 
Description.—Collected from radial clefts of the wood. 
When fresh, light yellow, after exposure ochre-colored, 
umber-brown, or brown-purple; somewhat crystalline, 
rough, mixed with wood-fibres; inodorous, bitter. Water 
dissolves about 7 per cent., the solution being brownish; 
benzol dissolves about 80 per cent., and subsequently alcohol 
about 2 per cent.; hot chloroform should extract not less 
than 50 per cent, of chrysarobin; the insoluble portion con- 
sists mostly of wood-fibres. 
Constituents.—Gummy matter, resin, and chrysarobin, 
C30H2GO7 (orange-yellow, crystalline, soluble in alcohol and 
ether, more freely soluble in chloroform and benzol; the 
solution in potassa is yellow, has a green fluorescence, and 
becomes red, when it contains chrysophanic acid); ash about 
0.5 per cent. 
Properties.—Irritant; used externally in skin diseases. 
LUPULINUM.—Lupulin. 
Origin.—Humulus Lupulus, LinnL Natural order, Urti- 
cacese, Canuabinese. 
Habitat.—Northern temperate zone ; cultivated. 
Description.—The glands attached to the axis and bracts 
of the strobiles are collected. Bright, brownish-yellow, be- 
coming yellowish-brown ; resinous, aromatic, and bitter, con- 
Fig. 270. 
Lupulin (fresh). 
sisting of minute granules, which, under the microscope, are 
subglobular or rather hood-shaped, and reticulate, the lower 
half being obtusely conical, odor strongly hop-like, taste 386 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
bitter and aromatic. When agitated with water and allowed 
to stand, no appreciable sediment consisting of sand should 
be deposited. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 per cent., choline (formerly 
called lupuline, strongly alkaline liquid, not bitter, probably 
from the decomposition of lecithin ; on boiling yields tri- 
methylamine), resin, wax (myricin), lupamaric acid, 
(bitter prisms, insoluble in water, freely soluble in diluted 
and strong alcohol, ether, chloroform and other solvents, 
turns yellow and resinous on exposure, with HNOs turns 
red, changing to orange on dilution or with an alkali), ash 
about 5 per cent. The volatile oil, on exposure, yields 
valerianic acid. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, anodyne. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 
or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in powder, tincture, fluid extract, 
or oleoresin. 
L Y COPODIUM.—Lycopodium. 
Origin.—Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, and other species 
of Lycopodium. Natural order, Lycopodiacese. 
Habitat.—Europe, Asia, and North America, in dry 
woods. 
Description.—A fine powder, pale yellowish, very mobile, 
inodorous, tasteless, not wetted by water, floating on water 
Fig. 271. 
Lycopodium. 
but sinking on boiling, burning quickly when thrown into a 
flame. Viewed under the microscope the granules are seen 
to be tetrahedral, reticulated, rounded on one side and on the 
edge with short projections. 
Constituents.—Fixed oil 47-49 per cent., cane sugar 2 per FERMENTUM—YEAST. 
387 
cent., volatile base (methylamine) in minute quantity; ash 
1.15 per cent, (and 3 or 4 per cent, of sand, etc.), containing 
45.7 per cent, of P2Os. The oil contains a peculiar oleic 
acid, C16H30O2 (Langer, 1889). 
Uses.—For protecting excoriated surfaces, and for prevent- 
ing the mutual adhesion of pills. 
Fig. 272. 
Pollen of pine. 
Adulterations.—Pine pollen consists of an elliptic cell, at 
both ends of which a globular cell is attached. Starch is 
colored blue by iodine. Powdered turmeric is colored red- 
brown by alkalies. Mineral admixtures subside in carbon 
disulphide and increase the yield of ash. 
FERMENTUM.—Yeast. 
Origin.—Torula (Saccharomyces, Meyen) cerevisise, Turpin. 
Natural order, Fungi, Saccharomycetes. 
Habitat.—In fermenting malt liquors. 
Fig. 273. 
Description.—A viscid liquor or semifluid frothy mass, con- 
taining numerous isolated roundish or oval cells (bottom 
Yeast cells. 388 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS VARIOUS. 
yeast), or the cells are arranged in short branching rows (top 
yeast); odor peculiar, taste bitter. 
Properties.—Tonic, stimulating, laxative, antiseptic. Dose, 
30 to 65 grains (3j-ij); externally for poultices. 
Origin.—In most vegetables. For medicinal and dietetic 
purposes, and for uses in the arts, starch is prepared from 
amylaceous seeds, tubers, rhizomes, and palm stems. 
Description.—Fine white powder, sometimes superficially 
adhering so as to form irregular angular or columnar masses, 
white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in ether, alcohol, and 
cold water; under the microscope appearing as minute 
granules, varying in size and shape according to origin, and 
consisting of more or less distinct concentric or exceutric 
layers, which are arranged around a cavity called the hilum 
AMYLUM.—Starch. 
Fig. 274. 
Fig. 275. 
Fig. 276. 
Corn starch. 
Rice starch. 
Wheat starch. 
or nucleus. Its ultimate composition is C6H10O5, but it con- 
sists of a mixture of various modifications of starch-cellulose 
and starch-gran ulose, the latter becoming blue with iodine. 
Boiled with water the granules are ruptured and dissolve, 
yielding, on cooling, a jelly or mucilaginous liquid acquiring 
a blue color with iodine. Heated to 180° C. (356° F.) 
starch is converted into dextrin. Boiled with dilute sul- 
phuric acid, starch yields different dextrius (colored violet AMYLUM—STARCH. 
389 
or red, or not affected by iodine), and finally glucose (dex- 
trose). 
Fig. 277. 
Fig. 278. 
Maranta starch. 
Potato starch. 
Starch soluble in water has been observed in the epider- 
mal layers of some plants. Some starches acquire a yellow 
and brown color with iodine, and probably consist mainly of 
starch cellulose. 
Fig. 279. 
Fig. 280. 
Canna starch. 
Curcuma starch. 
The most important starches found in commerce may be 
distinguished by the microscopic appearance of the gran- 
ules, as follows (the cuts represent the starch granules 
magnified 250 diameters): 
Polyhedric, uniform; layers not distinguishable; 
hilum central, large. Z&i Mays. 390 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
Polyhedric, uniform; much smaller; hilum small. 
Oryza satfva. 
Lenticular, large and minute granules; layers indis- 
Trfticum 
tinct ; hilum slight, near the centre. 
vulgare. 
Ovate; layers delicate, distinct; hilum at broad end, 
Maranta 
often cleft. 
arundinacea. 
Ovate or roundish ovate; larger than preceding; lay- 
ers very distinct; hilum rather small at the narrow 
Sol&num 
end. 
tuberosum. 
Ovate or ovate-oblong; larger than preceding; layers 
numerous, delicate; hilum inconspicuous, mostly 
at the narrow end. 
C&nna spec. 
Elliptic, flat, contracted at one end ; layers numerous, 
delicate; hilum small at the narrow end. 
Curcuma spec. 
SAGO.—Pearl Sago. 
Origin. — Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, and M. Rumphii, 
Martins (Sagus Rumphii, Willdenow), and other palms. Natural 
order, Palmae, Lepidocaryae. 
Habitat.—East India Islands; cultivated. 
Fig. 281. 
Sago starch. 
Description.—Globular, pearl-like grains, prepared by granu- 
lation with heat; white or brownish, somewhat diaphanous ; 
the unaltered starch granules oblong, elliptic, or ovate, truncate 
at one end ; layers more or less distinct; hilum at the rounded 
end, often cleft. 
TAPIOCA.—Tapioca. 
Origin.—Manihot utiKssima, Pohl (Jatropha Manihot, Linne), 
and Manihot Afpi, Pohl (Jatr. dtilcis, Gindin). Natural order, 
Euphorbiacese, Crotoneae. 
Habitat.—Brazil; cultivated in the tropics. 
Description.—The starch of the rhizome (cassava starch), A YEN A3 FARINA—OAT MEAL. 
391 
while still moist, is dried on heated plates. Irregular lumps, 
white and opaque or somewhat diaphanous; the unaltered 
Fig. 282. 
Fig. 283. 
Cassava starch. 
Altered starch granules from tapioca. 
starch granules muller-shaped; layers indistinct; hilum near 
the rounded end, small, often cleft. 
HORDEUM.—Pearl Barley. 
Origin.—Hordeum distichum, Linne, and other cultivated 
species of Hordeum. Natural order, Graminese, Hordeese. 
Habitat.—Asia; cultivated. 
Fig. 284. 
Barley starch. 
Description.—The fruit is almost completely deprived of the 
integuments. Globular, white, mealy, on one side with a groove, 
containing remnants of the brown integuments ; the starch gran- 
ules resemble those of wheat, but are rather smaller; a portion 
of the gluten is present. 
AYENJE FARINA.—Oat Meal. 
Origin.—Avena satlva, Linne. Natural order, Grami- 
nese, Avenese. 392 
CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. 
Habitat.—Probably Asia; cultivated. 
Description.—Meal not uniform, grayish-white, containing 
the gluten and fragments of the integuments ; taste bitterish ; 
Fig. 285. 
Oat starch. 
the starch granules polyhedric, or muller-shaped, often united 
to subspherical or ovoid masses; layers scarcely observable; 
hilum rather indistinct. 
Properties.—Starches are demulcent; farinaceous sub- 
stances containing both starch and gluten, are demulcent and 
nutritive. PART III. 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
These comprise secretions, exudations, and other organic 
products which are destitute of cellular structure, though 
fragments of tissue are in some of them always present, 
and which, if of animal origin, like some of the fats, are 
not readily recognized as such. 
1. EXTRACTS AND INSPISSATED JUICES.— 
EXTRACTA ET SUCCI INSPISSATI. 
These are of black or brown color, either wholly or partly 
soluble in water or alcohol, yielding brown-colored solutions ; 
two of the inspissated milk-juices are completely insoluble in 
both menstruums. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Wholly or partly soluble in water and alcohol. 
I. Taste bitter. 
Containing fragments of tissue; also starch and 
tannin ; red-brown, black-green by ferric salts. 
Fragments of tissue; neither starch nor tannin; 
Guarana. 
red-brown, blood-red by ferric salts. 
Neither tissue, starch, nor tannin; gray-brown, 
Opium. 
not altered by ferric salts. 
Lactucarium. 
dark orange-brown, black by ferric salts. 
Aloe. 
blackish-brown, poisonous. 
II. Taste sweet. 
Curare. 
Brown black, glossy. 
Extractum 
glycyrrhizse. 394 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
III. Taste astringent and sweetish. 
Dark brown, more or less glossy; black-green by 
ferric salts. 
Catechu. 
Brown, earthy, crystalline; black-green by ferric 
salts. 
Gambir. 
Brown-red, angular pieces ; black-green by ferric 
Kino and Euca- 
salts. 
lypti Gummi. 
Black-brown, somewhat acrid; blue-black by 
ferric salts. 
Monesia. 
Brown-red; violet-black by ferric salts. 
Extr. 
Sect. 2. Insoluble in water and alcohol. 
Plastic in hot water. 
hsematoxyli. 
Gutta percha. 
Elastic at ordinary temperature. 
Elastica. 
GUARANA.—Guarana. 
Origin.—Paullinia Cupana, Kunth, s. P. sorbilis, Martins. 
Natural order, Sapindacese, Sapindese. 
Habitat.—Northern and Western Brazil. 
Preparation.—The seeds are subglobular, 8 to 10 milli- 
meters (|—f inch) in diameter, glossy blackish-brown and 
with a broad light brown hilum and a whitish embryo. 
They are roasted, then broken, kneaded with water into a 
pasty mass, formed into cakes, and dried by artificial and 
solar heat. 
Description.—Subglobular, elliptic, or cylindrical cakes, 
hard, dark reddish-brown; fracture uneven, lighter colored, 
showing fragments of the seeds ; odor slight, peculiar, resem- 
bling chocolate ; taste astringent and bitter; partly soluble 
in water and alcohol. The powder is light reddish-brown, 
and contains thick-walled cells and thin-walled parenchvme 
with pasty starch, starch granules, crystals, oil drops, etc. 
Constituents.—Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, 4 to 5 per cent., cate- 
chin, catechu-tannic acid (coloring ferric salts dark green), 
starch, mucilage, fat, saponin, resin, volatile oil, ash 2.5 
per cent. 
Properties.—Mild astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. OPIUM. 
395 
Dose, 0.5 to 4 grams (gr. viij-3j), in powder, syrup, or 
fluid extract. The extract (made with diluted alcohol), 0.2 
to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv). 
OPIUM.—Opium. 
Meconium, Thebaicum, Succus thebaicus. 
Origin.—Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, 
Papaveracese, Papaverese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 
Preparation.—The green capsule is scarified transversely 
by a one-bladed knife (Asia Minor and Egypt), or longi- 
tudinally by a several-bladed knife (India, Japan); the 
white milk-juice assumes a brown color, thickens, and is 
then scraped off and formed into cakes. In Asia Minor 
the cakes are wrapped in a poppy leaf and packed with 
rumex-capsules; this constitutes the official opium. 
Description.—Subglobular or irregularly angular and flat- 
tened cakes, with the remains of poppy leaves and some 
fruits of a species of rumex adhering to the surface, plastic, 
and chestnut-brown, or harder, darker, somewhat shining, 
and with a coarsely granular fracture; internally with some 
tears and fragments of the epicarp of the poppy capsules; 
odor heavy narcotic; taste bitter and nauseous. 
10 grams of opium—previously dried at a temperature 
of 105° C. (220° F.), exhausted with cold water and the 
solution evaporated to dryness—yield an extract weighing 
between 5.5 and 6 grams (or between 55 and 60 grains 
from 100 grains of well-dried opium). Opium should con- 
tain about 10 per cent., and powdered opium 12 to 16 per 
cent., of morphine, when assayed by the official process. 
Varieties.—Smyrna, Turkey, or Constantinople opium, 
described above. 
Egyptian opium. Flattish cakes, enveloped in poppy leaf, 
free from rumex fruit; now rarely exported. 
Persian opium. Cylindrical sticks, short cones, or small 396 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
balls of a rather light brown color; wrapped in paper or 
oftener packed in poppy trash; oily and of rather firm 
consistence. 
East Indian opium. In globular balls weighing about 
1900 grams (nearly lbs. avoirdupois), and enclosed in a 
hard shell formed of poppy petals (provision opium); or 
in flat square or circular cakes wrapped in oiled paper 
(Abkari opium). 
European and American opium, prepared experimentally, 
but never on a large scale. 
Factitious opium has been occasionally met with; it was 
probably the aqueous extract of the poppy plant, of a blackish- 
brown color, soft consistence, and deficient in odor and taste. 
Adulterations.—Lead balls, shot, pebbles, and gum have 
been used for the purpose. In some cases starchy substances 
are used in Asia Minor for the proper manipulation of opium, 
and as this usually shows the official percentage of morphine 
the starch cannot well be regarded as an adulterant. 
Constituents.—Free from starch, tannin, and oxalates. 
Contains odorous principle, glucose, mucilage, pectin, 
caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring principle, ash 6 
per cent., meconic acid, C7II407 (present in free state; 
ferric salts produce a deep red color, which is not dis- 
charged by hydrochloric acid or mercuric chloride), lactic 
acid 1|- per cent., meconin, CI0H10O4 (bitter, soluble in 
alcohol and ether), meconoiosin, C8H10O2 (red, changing to 
purple when evaporated with slightly diluted sulphuric 
acid, while meconin turns green), and numerous alkaloids, 
mostly present as sulphates. 
Narcotine, C22H23N07, 1.3 to 10 per cent. Soluble in 
ether, benzol, chloroform and boiling alkali solutions; melts 
at 176° C. (349° F.); dissolves blood-red in sulphuric 
acid containing some nitric acid, and with orange carmine 
and dingy violet colors in hot sulphuric acid; Frbhde’s 
reagent colors green, brown, yellow, and reddish; heated OPIUM. 
397 
with nitric acid yields opianic acid, meconin, and cotarnine, 
C12H13N03, a stronger base. 
Morphine, C17H19N03.H20, 2.5 to 15 or 22.8 per cent. 
Insoluble in cold, slightly soluble in hot anisol, nearly 
insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol, soluble in 
alkalies; blood-red, orange, then yellow with nitric acid; 
orange-colored by chlorinated alkalies; deep blue by ferric 
chloride, the color disappearing on heating or on the addition 
of acids; liberates iodine from iodic acid ; Frohde’s reagent 
colors violet, brown, and greenish ; heated with hydrochloric 
acid under pressure yields apomorphine, C17H17N02, which is 
emetic, and in moist air turns green. 
Codeine, C18H21N03, 0.2 to 0.7 per cent. Soluble in ether, 
chloroform, benzol, anisol, and water; melts in hot water; 
crystallized from anhydrous ether melts at 153° C. (307.4° 
F.); colored yellow by nitric acid ; blue by sulphuric con- 
taining a trace of nitric acid or ferric salt. It is the methyl 
ether of morphine, C17IIlsN02.0CH3. 
Pseudomorphine, phormine or oxydimorphine, C34H36N206, 
0.2 per cent. Insoluble in ether and chloroform ; red by 
nitric acid, and blue by ferric chloride; tasteless, not poi- 
sonous. 
Thebaine (paramorphine), C19H21N03, 0.15 to 1 per cent. 
Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; somewhat soluble 
in alkalies; colored red and yellow by sulphuric acid; yel- 
low by nitric acid ; easily decomposed by mineral acids. 
Narceine, C23H29N09, 0.02 to 0.1 or 0.7 per cent. In- 
soluble iu ether and benzol; freely soluble in boiling water 
and alcohol; sparingly so in chloroform ; colored violet and 
cherry-red by warm dilute sulphuric acid ; transiently yellow 
by nitric acid ; blue by a little iodine; brown and yellow by 
Frohde’s reagent. 
Papaverine, C21H21N04, 1 per cent. Soluble in chloro- 
form and benzol; slightly soluble in ether; melting-point 
147° C. (297° F.); violet blue by warm sulphuric acid, 398 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
changing to green with a nitrate; Frohde’s reagent colors 
violet, blue, and yellowish. 
Rhoeadine, C21H21NOG. Nearly insoluble in simple sol- 
vents ; solutions in dilute acids tasteless and colorless, turn- 
ing purple by sulphuric acid. 
Cryptopine, C21H23N05. Freely soluble in chloroform, 
sparingly soluble in other simple solvents ; melting-point 
217° C. (422.6 F.); salts gelatinize from hot water; blue 
by sulphuric acid, changing to orange-yellow by a nitrate. 
Gnoscopiue, C22H21N07. Soluble in chloroform, carbon 
disulphide and benzol; melts at 228° C. (442.4° F.); car- 
mine-red by sulphuric containing nitric acid. 
Oxynarcotine, Soluble in alkalies; sparingly 
so in alcohol; insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; on 
oxidation yields cotarnine and hemipinic acid. 
Lanthopine, C23H25N04. Readily soluble in chloroform ; 
melts near 200° C. (392° F.); orange-red by nitric acid; 
pale violet color by sulphuric acid, dark brown on heating. 
Meconidine, 021H23NO4. Amorphous; readily soluble in 
ether, benzol, and chloroform ; melts at 58.6° C. (136.4° 
F.); olive-green by sulphuric acid; orange-red by nitric 
acid. 
Laudanine, C20H^NO4. Sparingly soluble in cold alcohol 
or ether, soluble in chloroform and benzol; melts at 166° C. 
(331° F.); rose-red by sulphuric acid containing ferric salt, 
violet on heating; orange-red by nitric acid; emerald green 
with ferric chloride ; the salts bitter. 
Codamine, Readily soluble in simple sol- 
vents; melting-point 121° C. (250° F.); blue with sul- 
phuric acid containing ferric salt, on heating green and dark 
violet; dark green by nitric acid or ferric chloride; salts 
amorphous. 
Deuteropine, C20H21NO5. Not known in pure state. 
Laudanosine, C21H27N04. Soluble in ether, chloroform, 
and benzol; melts at 89° C. (192.2 F.); colored yellow by LACTUCARIUM. 
399 
light; brown-red by sulphuric acid containing ferric salt, 
changed to green and dark violet on heating. 
Protopine, C20H19NO5. Slightly soluble in ether, benzol, 
and alcohol; more soluble in chloroform; melting-point 
202° C.; crude H2S04 colors deep violet. 
Hydrocotarnine, C12H15N03. Soluble in ether, chloro- 
form, and benzol; melts at 50° C. (122° F.); hot H2S04 
colors red; on oxidation yields cotarnine. 
Xanthaline, CgyHggNgOg. Sparingly soluble in boiling 
alcohol, more readily in benzol, and readily in chloroform; 
melting-point 206° C.; sulphuric acid colors deep orange. 
The last thirteen alkaloids are present only in minute 
quantities. 
Properties.—Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, 
hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphine present. Narcotine is 
antiperiodic and tetanizing, in doses of 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
xv—xxx) hypnotic; of similar action is hydrocotarnine. 
Codeine is hypnotic, in large doses tetanic, used in diabetes. 
Thebaine is soporific, excitant, and tetanizing. Narceine is 
feebly hypnotic. Papaverine and cryptopine are hypnotic 
and sedative. Laudanine and laudauosine have a tetanizing 
action. Dose, opium 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij) or more. 
Morphine 0.01 to 0.03 gram (gr. ss) or more. 
Antidotes.—Evacuation, preferably by mechanical means 
(stomach-pump, etc.); ambulatory treatment; stimulants 
(strong coffee, brandy, etc.); cold douches; atropine. 
LACTUCARIUM.—Lactucarium. 
Origin.—Lactuca virosa, Linne, L. satfva, Linne, and L. 
Scariola, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Cichoriacese. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe; the second 
species extensively cultivated (garden lettuce); the third 
species naturalized in some parts of North America. 
Preparation.—The top of the flowering stalk is cut off, 
and the milk-juice scraped into earthen vessels to harden. 400 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Description.—In sections of plano-convex circular cakes, 
or in irregular angular pieces; externally gray-brown or 
dull reddish-brown ; internally whitish or yellowish, of a 
waxy lustre; odor somewhat narcotic, heavy ; taste bitter. 
It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether, is softened by hot 
water, and, when triturated with water, yields a turbid mix- 
ture ; it softens in boiling water, and yields a brownish-col- 
ored liquid which is not colored by iodine. Diluted alcohol 
dissolves between 36 and 44 per cent, of the lactucarium. 
Spirit of chloroform dissolves between 55 and 60 per cent., 
chiefly lactucon. 
Lactuca canadensis, Linn6, at the time of flowering, yields 
a good lactucarium; earlier in the season its milk-juice is 
not bitter, or but slightly so. 
Constituents.—Lactucin, CuH1203.II20 (bitter scales sol- 
uble in 60 parts of cold water, insoluble in ether; turns red 
and brown by alkalies, and loses its bitter taste), lactucic 
acid (crystalline, bitter, red by alkalies), lactucopicrin 
(amorphous, bitter), lactucerin or lactucon about 50 per 
cent, (tasteless needles; composition variable), caoutchouc, 
resin, sugar, mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil, ash 7 
to 10 per cent., etc. 
Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 
0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in syrup or fluid extract. 
Thridace, or French lactucarium, is not the milk-juice but 
the extract of the herb. 
ALOE.—Aloes. 
Origin.—1. A'loe Perryi, Baker. 2. A. vera (Linne), 
Webb., and A. chinensis, Baker. 3. A. ferox, Miller, and 
other species of Aloe. Natural order, Liliacese, Aloeineae. 
Habitat.—1. Eastern Africa, in the island of Socotra. 2. 
India and Northeastern Africa; naturalized in the West 
Indies. 3. Southern Africa, where A. spicata, Thunberg, ALOE—ALOES. 
401 
and 6 or 8 additional species and hybrids are used in the 
preparation of aloes. 
Preparation.—The leaves are cut off and the juice exud- 
ing from them is collected without using any pressure, after 
which it is evaporated. 
jDescription.—Of different shades of brown, opaque, and 
in thin layers translucent or transparent; fracture somewhat 
conchoidal, dull waxy or glossy resinous; odor peculiar, 
when breathed upon saffron-like; taste bitter, nauseous. 
Aloes is almost completely soluble in alcohol, in boiling 
water, and in alkalies; nearly insoluble in ether, chloroform, 
benzol, benzin, and carbon disulphide. 
Varieties.—Aloe socotrina; Socotrine aloes. Hard, or the 
interior occasionally soft, opaque, yellowish-brown or orange- 
brown, not greenish, translucent; odor rather pleasant. 
Mixed with alcohol, and examined under the microscope, it 
exhibits numerous crystals; imparts to nitric acid a yellow- 
ish or reddish-brown color, and should not turn blue with 
sulphuric and nitric acids. It is exported from Zanzibar 
and other places of Eastern Africa, frequently via Bombay. 
A'loe barbadense ; Barbadoes aloes. Deep orange-brown, 
opaque, translucent; odor differing somewhat from that of 
the preceding; with nitric acid a crimson color; should as- 
sume at most only a light green-blue not blue color with 
sulphuric and nitric acids ; under the microscope crystalline. 
It is exported from the island of Barbadoes. Bonare and 
Curasao aloes, also derived from Aloe vera, are more glossy, 
and the splinters transparent. 
A'loe cap§nsis; Cape aloes. Blackish-brown or olive- 
black, transparent and red-brown on the edges, glossy; odor 
unpleasant; not crystalline under the microscope. 
Natal aloes. Light yellowish-gray-brown, dull, and 
opaque; odor and taste weaker than in the other varieties; 
crystalline under the microscope ; medicinally of little value. 
Dissolved in sulphuric acid and the vapor of nitric acid 402 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
blown over it, turns blue. The plant yielding it is un- 
known ; it is exported from Port Natal. 
Moka aloes. Brown-black, opaque, impure, and of dis- 
agreeable odor; from the interior of Arabia. 
Caballine aloes ; Horse aloes. Dark colored, opaque, and 
fetid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil a minute quantity, ash about 1 
per cent., emodin, aloin, and so-called resin. The latter 
amounts to about 60 per cent., is soluble in hot water, and 
almost wholly reprecipitated on boiling; soluble in alcohol 
and colored brown-black by ferric salts; on hydrolysis 
yields cinnamic acid or other organic acid and aloresinotan- 
nol. The crystalline aloin is yellow or pale yellow, and not 
freely soluble in simple solvents. When solutions are ex- 
posed to air they develop emodin, also obtained by heating 
with 1 per cent, caustic potash solution. 
Socaloin or zanaloiu, C15H1607, is little affected by cold 
nitric acid. 
Nataloin, C10H18O7, is colored crimson by cold nitric 
acid. If added to cold sulphuric acid, and the vapor of 
nitric acid passed over it, the orange color will rapidly 
change to green, red, and blue; the other aloins are little 
affected by this test. Oxidation with HNOs yields picric 
and oxalic acids. 
Barbaloin, C1(iH16Or, is colored crimson by cold nitric acid. 
Yields, like socaloin, on oxidation with HNOa, chrysammie, 
aloetic, picric, and oxalic acids. Cape aloes also contains 
aloin, but is obtained with difficulty in crystals due to the 
presence of a resin. 
Properties.—Laxative, drastic, emmenagogue, vermifuge. 
Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 or 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. ij-v or viij-xv), in 
pills, tincture, wine, enema, or suppository. EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA—LICORICE. 
403 
CURARA.—Curare. 
Origin.—Strychnos Castelnseana, Weddell, Str. toxffera, 
Schomburgk, and other species of Strychnos. Natural order, 
Loganiacese, Euloganiese. 
Habitat.—Brazil and Guiana. 
Preparation.—An infusion or decoction is made from the bark 
with the addition of various other substances; afterward evapo- 
rated. 
Description.—Blackish-brown, extract-like, and hygroscopic, 
or firmer, brittle, and friable; about 75 per cent, soluble in cold 
water. 
Constituents.—Curarine, NC18H35, resin, fat, gum, inorganic 
matters. Curarine is crystalline, very bitter, hygroscopic, spar- 
ingly soluble in ether and chloroform, and is colored dark red 
by nitric acid ; sulphuric acids colors carmine-red, becoming 
violet with potassium chromate. 
Properties.—Diaphoretic, nervous sedative, irritant. Dose, 
0.006 to 0.02 gram (gr. to~D- 
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE.—Liquorice. 
Licorice. 
Succus liquiritise. 
Origin.—Glycyrrhlza glabra, LinnL Natural order, Legu- 
minosse, Papilionacese, Galegese. 
Habitat.—Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Preparation.—The bruised root is boiled with water, ex- 
pressed, the liquid evaporated, aud the stiff extract while 
warm rolled out into sticks. 
Description.—Cylindrical brown-black sticks of varying 
dimensions, somewhat flexible when warm, breaking with a 
glossy and flat conchoidal fracture, and yielding a brown 
powder; odor slight; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. 
Licorice loses on drying from 10 to 15 per cent, of mois- 
ture, and if now treated with cold water, yields to it from 
60 to 70 per cent, of its weight, and subsequently an addi- 
tional quantity to dilute ammonia. 
Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin, free and combined with bases, 
the former soluble in ammonia; glucose, pasty starch, frag- 
ments of tissue, ash 6 to 8 per cent. 404 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Adulteration.—Dextrin and gum are precipitated from the 
aqueous infusion by alcohol; glucose is not precipitated. 
Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
(gr. xv-xxx); used for correcting the taste of bitter medi- 
cines. 
CATECHU.—Catechu. Cutch. 
Origin.—Acacia Catechu (Linne fit.), Willdenow. Natural 
order, Leguminosse, Mimosese, Acaciese. 
Habitat.—India. 
Preparation.—The brown heartwood is boiled with water, 
and the concentrated decoction poured upon mats of leaves 
or into moulds. 
Description.—In irregular masses, containing fragments of 
leaves, dark brown, glossy when freshly broken, brittle, 
breaking with a conchoidal fracture, often somewhat porous 
in the interior; the powder of a red-brown color; nearly 
inodorous; taste strongly astringent and sweetish; partly 
soluble in cold water, the solution having an acid reaction, 
and the undissolved portion containing numerous aeicular 
crystals; yields with hot water a dark brown turbid liquid ; 
hot alcohol leaves not over 15 per cent, uudissolved; the 
tincture diluted is turned green by ferric salts. 
Constituents.—Catechutannic acid, about 35 per cent, 
(brown, insoluble in ether, black-green with ferric salts), 
catechin, C18H1808 (white needles, sparingly soluble in cold 
water, soluble in ether, sweetish, green with ferric salts, pre- 
cipitated by albumen, but not by gelatin; melting-point 
217° C., on dry distillation yields pyrocatechin, phenol, and 
acetic acid), catechu red, little quercetin, gum, ash 0.6 to 6 
per cent. Catechin, fused with potassa, yields phloroglucin 
and protocatechuic acid, C7H604 (Fe2Cl6 colors the solution 
dark green, changing by alkali carbonate to blue and red). 
Pyrocatechin or catechol has the formula C6H602; Fe2Cl6 
colors it dark green, changing by ammonia, etc., to violet. KINO. 
405 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
CATECHU PALLIDUM.—Gambir. 
Pale Catechu. Terra japonica. 
Origin.—Uncaria (Nauclea, Hunter) Gambir, Roxburgh. 
Natural order, Rubiacese, Nauclese. 
Habitat.—East India Islands. 
Preparation.—The leaves and young shoots are boiled in water 
and the decoction is evaporated. 
Description.—Irregular masses or cubes about 25 milli- 
meters (1 inch) square; externally reddish brown, internally 
pale brown-gray or light cinnamon-brown; fracture dull earthy, 
under the microscope crystalline, friable, inodorous, bitterish, 
astringent, and sweetish ; slightly soluble in cold water, almost 
entirely in boiling; alcohol dissolves about 70 per cent. 
Constituents.—Catechin (predominating in the pale-colored 
varieties), catechutannin, quercetin, ash 2 to 5 per cent. Three 
catechins have been isolated, differing in melting-points and in 
composition, also from those of catechu. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
KINO.—Kino. 
Origin.—Pterocarpus Mars ilpi urn, Roxburgh. Natural 
order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
Habitat.—East Indies. 
Preparation.—Incisions are made into the trunk of the 
tree and the exuding red juice is inspissated without the 
use of artificial heat. 
Description.—Small, angular, dark brown-red, shining 
pieces, brittle, in thin layers ruby-red and transparent; not 
crystalline; the powder of a red color; inodorous, very 
astringent, and sweetish; when masticated becomes adhe- 
sive to the teeth and tinges the saliva deep red ; soluble in 
alcohol and in alkalies, mostly soluble in cold water, nearly 
insoluble in ether; separates gelatinous from hot water. 406 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Constituents.—Kinotannic acid (black-green by ferric salts ; 
in neutral solution violet by ferrous salts); kino-red (taste- 
less, nearly insoluble in water), pyrocatechin or catechol 
(trace, soluble in ether and water), kinoin (colorless prisms, 
soluble in ether; slightly soluble in cold water; by ferric 
chloride red; at 125° C. converted into kino-red), ash 1.3 
per cent. 
Varieties.—Malabar kino, described above. 
Bengal or Palas kino, from Butea frondosa, Roxburgh, 
Papilionaceae, Phaseoleae. Blackish-red, in transparent light 
ruby-red tears or fragments, often with impressions of leaf- 
veins, brittle, not adhesive on mastication. 
Gambia kino, from Pterocarpus erinaceus, Poiret, is now 
not an article of commerce. 
Australian or Botany Bay kino (see article on Eucalypti 
Gummi). Ceratopetalum gumimferum and C. apetalum, 
Smith (Saxifragaceae), also yield kino-like exudations, that 
of the last species containing coumarin. MillGia mega- 
sperma, F. v. 31. (Leguminosae), also yields a kino-like 
substance, ruby colored, transparent, fracture conchoidal, 
taste powerfully astringent; contains 78 per cent, tannin. 
W est Indian kino, from Coccoloba uvifera, I Anne (Poly- 
gonaceae). Dark brown-red, almost wholly soluble in water 
and alcohol; taste astringent and bitterish. 
Asiatic species of Myristicaceae yield kino-like substances, 
differs from the official in containing more or less of a dis- 
tinctly crystalline salt (calcium tartrate), visible under the 
microscope. 
Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Pose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
EUCALYPTI GUMMI.—Eucalyptus Gum, Red Gum. 
Origin.—Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendahl and other species 
of Eucalyptus. Natural order, Myrtaceae. 
Habitat,.—Australia. 
Preparation.—This is either a natural exudation or it is Gutta percha. 
407 
secreted in large reservoirs between the bark and wood which are 
tapped, or incisions are made in the trees, and the exuding red, 
thick syrupy liquid evaporated in vacuum pans, or allowed to 
dry without the use of artificial heat. 
Description.—Larger and smaller angular grains, glossy, red- 
dish-brown, in small fragments transparent, ruby red or garnet 
red; inodorous, very astringent; when masticated adheres to 
the teeth and tinges saliva dark red ; almost completely soluble 
in water and alcohol; solutions neutral. 
The red gum which exudes spontaneously from Eucalyptus 
amygdalina, Labillardiere, and many other species, readily be- 
comes insoluble in water. Other species yield a kino-like body 
containing much gum. 
Constituents.—Kino tannic acid, catechin, pyrocatechin. 
Properties and Dose.—Like kino. 
MONESIA.—Monesia. 
Origin.—Lucuma glycyphloe'a, Martius et Eichler (Chrys- 
ophyllum glyciphoe'lum, Casaretti). Natural order, Sapota- 
cese. 
Habitat.—B razil. 
Preparation.—By boiling the bark in water and evaporat- 
ing. 
Description. — Black-brown cakes or angular fragments, 
soluble in water, inodorous; taste sweet, astringent, and 
acrid. 
Constituents.—Tannin 62 per cent, (blue-black by ferric 
salts) ; sweet principle (resembling glycyrrhizin, but not pre- 
cipitated by acids), monesin (resembling saponin, acrid, foam- 
ing in aqueous solution), pectin, coloring matter, ash 3 per 
cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 
grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder, tincture, and syrup. 
Substitutions.—The astringent extracts described above have 
been sold in place of it; also 
Extractum Hrematoxyli, extract of logwood, which is red- 
brown, not acrid, and yields with water a red solution. 
GUTTA PERCHA.—Gutta Percha. 
Origin.—Palaquium oblongifolium, Burch, and several 
allied species. Natural order, Sapotacese, Eusapotese. 408 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Habitat. — Malay peninsula and islands. Isonandra 
(Dichopsis, Palaquium) Gutta, Hooker, is said to be nearly 
extinct. 
Collection.—The trees are felled, and the bark is incised 
or strips of it are removed ; the milky juice is collected, 
allowed to harden, then softened in hot water, and freed from 
pieces of wood and bark. 
Properties.—Grayish or yellowish masses, often with red- 
brown streaks, hard, heavier than water if free from cavities; 
rather horny, somewhat flexible, but scarcely elastic; spec, 
grav. about 0.98 ; plastic above 50° C. (122° F.), very 
soft at the temperature of boiling water ; decomposed on 
melting; nearly inodorous and tasteless; insoluble in water, 
cold alcohol, alkalies, and dilute acids; soluble in ether, 
benzol, chloroform, oil of turpentine, and carbon disul- 
phide. 
Balata, chicle or tuno gum from Mimusops globosa, 
Gaertner (Sapota Mulleri, Belkrode), the Central America 
bully tree, closely resembles gutta percha in appearance and 
properties. 
Constituents.—Gutta, about 80 per cent, (white fine 
powder), a yellow resin, fluavil, and a white crys- 
talline resin, albane, C20II32O2; the last two separate on cool- 
ing from hot alcohol. Ash 3 or 4 per cent. 
Uses.—As an adhesive and protective agent for wounds 
and abrasions, and for the preparation of bougies, pessaries, 
and caustic pencils. 
ELASTICA. RESINA ELASTICA.—India Rubber. 
Caoutchouc. 
Origin.—In the milk-juices of many plants; prepared 
chiefly from trees of the natural order of Euphorbiacese 
(Siphonia, Hevea, Jatropha, etc.), Apocynacese (Urceola, 
Vahea, Landolphia, etc.), and Artocarpacese (Ficus, Uro- 
stigma, Castilloa, etc.); these grow in tropical countries. SUGARS—SACCHARA. 
409 
The official kind is obtained from species of Hevea and 
known in commerce as Para rubber. 
Preparation.—Incisions are made, and the milk-juice is 
allowed to congeal in mass, or it is dried over clay or wooden 
moulds with or without the aid of artificial heat. 
Description.—In cakes, balls, or hollow bottle-shaped 
pieces, externally blackish-brown, internally brownish, mot- 
tled ; spec. grav. about 0.96 ; consequently floats on water; 
very elastic ; odor slight, peculiar, somewhat empyreumatic, 
nearly tasteless; insoluble in water, alcohol, diluted acids 
and diluted alkalies; soluble in carbon disulphide, chloro- 
form, benzin, benzol, and oil of turpentine. It melts at about 
125° C. (257° F.), and after cooling remains soft and ad- 
hesive ; on dry distillation it yields caoutchoucin, containing 
caoutchin, C10H10, isoprene, C5H8, and other hydrocarbons. 
Constituents.—Crude caoutchouc contains some fat, vola- 
tile oil, albumin, and coloring matters; but the principal 
constituent is a colorless solid hydrocarbon, C20H32. On 
combining it with about 10 per cent, of sulphur, vulcanized 
rubber is obtained ; and on incorporating half its weight of 
sulphur and hardening by pressure, vulcanite or ebonite is 
produced. 
Uses.—For plasters, bougies, pessaries, syringes, etc. 
2. SUGARS.—SACCHARA. 
Sugars have a sweet taste, are soluble in water and diluted 
alcohol, and insoluble in ether. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Solid sugars. 
Crystalline; not fermentable; does not 
reduce 
cupric oxide. 
Saccharum. 
Fermentable; reduces cupric to cuprous 
oxide; 
Saccharum 
often contains dextrin. 
uveum. 
contains mucilage and mannit. 
Manna. 
White, gritty, not forming a syrup. 
Saccharum 
lactis. 410 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Sect. 2. Liquid sugars. 
Brown, somewhat empyreumatic. 
Syrupus fuscus. 
Brownish, aromatic; gradually becomes granular. 
Mel. 
SACCHARUM.—Sugar. Cane Sugar. 
Saccharose, Sucrose. 
Origin.—Saccharum officinarum, Linne. Natural order, 
Graminese, Andropogoneae. 
Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical aud sub- 
tropical countries. 
Preparation.—Sugar cane yields by expression about 80 
per cent, of juice, containing about 80 per cent, of water and 
18 per cent, of sugar. The juice is evaporated, the residue 
granulated, the treacle or molasses drained off, and the raw 
sugar refined by dissolving in water, heating with blood or 
albumen, filtering through animal charcoal, and concentrat- 
ing in a vacuum pan, until, after cooling, it congeals to a 
crystalline mass, from which the mother liquid is washed 
out by percolation with water or sugar solution. Sugar is 
also prepared from the sugar-beet (B6ta vulgaris, Linne), 
(Chenopodiaceae), which contains about 14 per cent, of it; 
and also from species of Sorghum (Graminese). 
Description.—White crystalline pieces or transparent 
granules, of spec. grav. 1.59, not hygroscopic, inodorous, 
very sweet; fusible at 160° C. (320° F.); soluble in half 
its weight of cold water, forming a colorless slightly dex- 
trogyre syrup; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol; insolu- 
ble in ether. In contact with ferments contained in the air, 
or on boiling with dilute acids, its aqueous solution is con- 
verted into invert sugar (mixture of glucose and laevu- 
lose), is then directly fermentable, and reduces red cuprous 
oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide. If kept for 
some time at 180° C. sugar is converted, without loss of 
weight, into a mixture of laevulosane, C6H10O5, and dextrose 
(glucose), C6H1206. SACCHARUM UVEUM—GRAPE SUGAR. 
411 
Composition.—C12H22Ou. 
Adulterations.—Inferior sugars are whitened with ultra- 
marine or Prussian blue. 
Derivatives.—Saccharum crystallisation, rock candy, is 
cane sugar in large crystals. 
Saccharum hordeatum, barley sugar, is cane sugar carefully 
melted and cooled; it is amorphous, transparent, and gradu- 
ally becomes crystalline and opaque upon the surface. 
Caramel. Caue sugar is heated to about 200° C. (392° 
F.), the conversion is hastened by alkalies. Dark brown, of 
a bitter taste ; consists of colorless bitter caramelan C12H1809, 
red-brown caramelene, and other compounds ; used for color- 
ing liquors. 
Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive; externally in certain 
ulcerations. 
SACCHARUM UVEUM.—Grape Sugar. 
Saccharum amylaceum. Starch sugar. Glucose. Dextrose. 
Origin and Preparation—Starch is boiled for a considerable 
time with dilute sulphuric acid, the free acid removed by cal- 
cium carbonate, and the filtered solution evaporated. 
Description.—Whitish or yellowish masses or irregular gran- 
ules, crystallizes with and without water, inodorous, sweet (less 
so than cane sugar), soluble in about one part of cold water, but 
in all proportions in hot water; sparingly soluble in strong 
alcohol, insoluble in ether; melts near 85° C. (185° F.), the 
anhydrous crystals at 144° C. (291° F.) Ordinarily, com- 
mercial grape sugar contains about 60 per cent, of glucose, 20 
per cent, of dextrin and allied substances, and 20 per cent, of 
water with 0.3 ash. The cold aqueous solution rotates to the 
right; mixed with twice its bulk of alcohol, it yields a whitish 
precipitate if dextrin is present, and a white precipitate with 
ammonium oxalate from the presence of calcium sulphate. Com- 
mercial liquid grape sugar is called glucose, and contains much 
dextrin. The dilute solution in water is readily fermentable, 
is colored brown when heated with potassa, speedily reduces 
red cuprous oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide, 
and separates a metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of 
silver. 412 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Composition.—C6H1206.H20; on heating it caramel is ob- 
tained. 
Properties.—Similar to cane sugar. 
MANNA.—Manna. 
Origin.—Fraxinus Or'nus, Linne, s. Or'nus europse'a, 
Persoon. Natural order, Oleacese, Oleinese. 
Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. 
Collection. — In Sicily transverse incisions are made 
through the bark, and the exuding juice is allowed to 
harden on the trunk of the tree or on tiles. 
Description.—Flattish three-edged pieces occasionally 20 
centimeters (8 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
broad, usually smaller pieces and irregular fragments; 
friable, externally yellowish-white, internally white, porous, 
and crystalline. Or in brownish-white fragments of differ- 
ent size, somewhat glutinous on the surface, internally 
white and crystalline. Odor honey-like; taste sweet, 
slightly bitter, and faintly acrid ; soluble in water and alco- 
hol, except fragments of bark and similar impurities. 
Manna heated with twenty times its weight of alcohol and 
filtered, should rapidly deposit crystals of mannite. 
Manna consisting of brownish viscid masses which con- 
tain few or no fragments having a crystalline structure 
should be rejected. 
Varieties.—Large flake manna; the larger yellowish- 
white pieces. 
Small flake manna; smaller pieces, occasionally of a 
brownish hue. 
Manna in sorts; minute tears or small glutinous frag- 
ments, internally crystalline. 
Fat manna; brownish viscid masses, without crystalline 
fragments. 
Constituents.—Mannit 90 per cent, in the best varieties, 
glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin, Mannit, SACCHARUM LACTIS—MILK SUGAR. 
413 
C6H8(OH)6, crystallizes in white prisms, dissolves in 6.5 
parts of cold water, and sparingly in strong alcohol; on 
careful oxidation yields fermentable mannitose and various 
acids. The amount of glucose and mucilage is largest in the 
inferior kinds of manna, which also contain a larger portion 
of fraxin, to which the fluorescence of the aqueous solution 
is due. 
The following manuas are not met with in commerce: 
from Larix europae'a, De Candolle (Coniferae); 
Armenian from Quercus vallonea, Kotschy (Cupuliferae); 
Persian from Alhagi camelorum, Fischer (Papilionaceae, 
Hedysareae); Australian from Eucalyptus mannffera, Mudie, 
and E. viminalis, Labillardiere (Myrtaceae); lerp, produced 
iu Tasmania upon Eucalyptus dumosa, Cunningham ; trehala, 
the cocoon of Larin us mellfficus, Jeckel (Coleoptera), and 
others. 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 32 grams 
(3j—Sj), iu solution, syrup, or as addition to other medi- 
cines. 
SACCHARUM LACTIS.—Milk Sugar. 
Lactose, Lactin. 
Origin.—The milk of mammals, especially of Bos Taurus, 
Linne ; order Ruminantia, family Bovidae. 
Preparation. After the removal of the butter and casein 
from cow’s milk, the whey is concentrated and allowed to 
crystallize upon sticks or cords. 
Description.—Hard whitish translucent four-sided prisms, 
usually aggregated into cylindrical masses; spec. grav. 
1.525; becomes anhydrous at 130° C. (266° F.), and melts 
at 203.5° C. (398° F.); soluble in 6 parts of cold water and 
1 part of boiling water without forming a syrupy solution, 
insoluble in strong alcohol and in ether; inodorous; of a 
sandy and sweetish taste. 
The solution in water boiled with potassa turns yellowish- 414 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
brown, slowly reduces cuprous oxide from alkaline solutions 
of cupric oxide, and deposits a metallic mirror from an 
ammoniacal solution of silver. On boiling milk sugar with 
lead acetate, and adding ammonia, a red precipitate is 
formed. Milk sugar should not impart a brown or brown- 
ish-black color to sulphuric acid. 
Composition.—C12H22Ou.H20; on boiling with dilute acids 
splits into dextrose (see page 416) and galactose 06H12O6 
(melting-point 145° C. = 293° F.); on heating caramel is 
obtained. 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative ; chiefly used as a vehicle. 
Sacchari fsex, Theriaca, Treacle. 
Origin.—Obtained in the manufacture and refining of cane 
sugar. 
Description.—Syrupy liquid of various shades of brown, clear 
or nearly clear, spec. grav. about 1.40; reaction slightly acid ; 
odor slightly empyreumatic; taste very sweet; is not precipi- 
tated by an equal bulk of alcohol. 
Varieties.—West India and sugar-house molasses ; the former 
has a lighter color and somewhat different odor. 
Properties.—Like sugar. 
SYRUPUS FUSCUS.—Molasses. 
MEL.—Honey. 
Origin and Preparation.—Honey is deposited in the 
honeycomb by the bee, A'pis mellifica, Linne. Class, In- 
secta. Order, Hymenoptera. It is obtained either by 
draining or by melting the honeycomb. 
Description.—Syrupy, of spec. gray. 1.38 to 1.40; light 
yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, translucent, gradually 
becoming crystalline and opaque, the specific gravity in- 
creasing to about 1.43; polarization slightly to the left, or 
occasionally slightly to the right; reaction slightly acid; 
odor agreeably aromatic; taste sweet, mildly aromatic and 
faintly acrid. 
Boiled with water and allowed to cool, it does not become GUMS—G UMM AT A. 
415 
blue on the addition of compound solution of iodine; and 
when diluted with one part of water, and the solution mixed 
with an equal bulk of alcohol, no precipitate, or but a very 
slight opalescence, is produced. The solution of pure honey 
is but faintly rendered turbid by silver nitrate and barium 
nitrate. Adulteration with glucose may be determined by 
polarization ; and with cane sugar by the difference in the 
effect of Fehling’s solution before and after the inversion 
with a mineral acid. 
Constituents.—Grape sugar or dextrose (becomes crystal- 
line), fruit sugar or Isevulose (remains liquid), little wax, 
proteids, volatile oil, coloring matter, mucilage, and a minute 
quantity of formic acid; ash 0.1 to 0.3 per cent. Crude 
honey usually contains pollen grains in suspension. 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; externally as a mild 
stimulant. 
3. GUMS.-GUMMATA. 
Gums have an insipid taste, are insoluble in alcohol and 
ether, but dissolve in water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, 
or form with water a jelly-like adhesive mass. 
Classification. 
Soluble in water; distinct tears, transparent, but fis- 
sured internally. 
Acacia. 
Swelling in water; curved bands, translucent, com- 
posed of several layers. 
Tragacantha. 
ACACIA.—Gum Arabic. 
Origin.—Acacia Senegal, Willdenow, s. A. Verek, Guil- 
lemin et Perottet, and other species of Acacia. Natural order, 
Leguininosse, Mimcfcese, Acacieae. 
Habitat.—Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan; West- 
ern Africa near the river Senegal. 416 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Production.—The gum exudes spontaneously and from 
incisions made into the bark. 
Description.—Roundish brittle tears of various sizes, or 
broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes 
iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but 
transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces; spec. grav. 
1.49; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous, in- 
soluble in alcohol; soluble in 2 parts of water, forming a 
thick mucilaginous liquid. This solution has an acid reac- 
tion to test-paper, yields gelatinous precipitates with sub- 
acetate of lead, ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of 
borax, is rendered turbid by oxalates, and is not colored 
blue or brown by iodine, nor does it reduce Fchling’s test 
solution. 
Varieties. — Kordofan gum, the best kind, described 
above. 
Senaar gum, nearly equal to the preceding, is produced 
by Acacia fistula, Schweinfurth, and A. stenocarpa, Iioch- 
stetter. 
Savakin (Suakin) gum, of handsome appearance, very 
brittle; does not completely dissolve in water except after 
the addition of a little alkali. 
Senegal gum. The tears are often larger, color more 
yellow or reddish ; fissures fewer in number, therefore more 
transparent and less brittle; taste sometimes bitterish ; 
usually collected with African bdellium. 
East India gum was formerly produced from Eastern 
Africa, and shipped by way of Bombay. In recent years 
much gum of Indian origin from various sources has been 
sent to market, varying from colorless to yellow and red- 
brown. The following gums are completely soluble in 
water: Acacia Catechu, Willdenow; Pithecolobium diilce, 
Bentham; Prosopis spiclgera, Willdenow; Melia Azadi- 
rachta, Linne; Swietenia Mahogani, Linne; and Ferrouia 
elephantum, Correa; the last four gums are not gelatinized TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH. 
417 
by borax. The gum of Anogeissus latifolia, Wallich, is not 
gelatinized by ferric chloride. 
Mezquit gum from Prosopis (Algarobia) juliflora, De 
Candolle, s. P. glandulosa, Gray, in Western Texas and 
Mexico; resembles gum Arabic, but is mostly yellow or red- 
brown ; its solution in water is not precipitated by sub- 
acetate of lead, ferric chloride, or borax. 
Considerable gum is also produced from different species 
of Acacia in Morocco, the Cape Colony, and Australia. 
Composition.—Arabic acid, C12H22Ou, combined with cal- 
cium, magnesium, and potassium; moisture about 14 per 
cent.; trace of sugar; ash 3 to 4 per cent. Arabic or 
gummic acid, after drying, swells with water, but does not 
dissolve in it, except after the addition of an alkali (Sava- 
kin gum) ; on boiling with acids yields arabinose (crystal- 
lizes in prisms; sweet; not directly fermentable), possibly 
also galactose (granular, less sweet). 
Properties.—Demulcent. 
TRAGACANTHA.—Tragacanth. 
Origin. — Astragalus gummifer, LabiUardiere, and other 
species of Astragalus. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papi- 
lionacese, Galegese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia. 
Production.—The tissue of the pith and medullary rays 
is gradually altered to a compound swelling with water, and 
in this condition exuding spontaneously and from incisions 
into the stem of the shrubs. 
Description.—Narrow or broad bands, more or less curved 
or contorted, marked by parallel wavy lines or ridges ; white 
or faintly yellowish, translucent, horn-like, tough, rendered 
more pulverizable by a heat 50° C. (122° F.); fracture 
short; inodorous ; taste insipid, sometimes faintly bitterish. 
It swells with water into a gelatinous mass which is tinged 418 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
blue by iodine, and the fluid portion of which is precipitated 
by alcohol and lead acetate, but not disturbed by ferric 
chloride and borax. 
Varieties.—Flake tragacanth, the bands described above. 
Vermiform tragacanth; very narrow bands or strings, 
variously coiled. 
Tragacanth in sorts. Stratified or nodular, conical, and 
subglobular pieces, more or less brown, often adulterated 
with the gum of the almond and plum trees. 
Constituents.—Traganthin or bassorin, C6H10O5, and the 
calcium compound of a gummic acid, not identical with 
arabic acid; starch, fragments of cells, moisture 14 per 
cent., ash 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Demulcent. 
4. GUM-RESINS. —GUMMI-RESINM. 
Gum resins are milky exudations of plants and consist 
of gum which is wholly or partly soluble in water, and 
resin which is soluble in alcohol. Many gum-resins con- 
tain also volatile oil. Fragments of vegetable tissue, small 
fruits, or seeds are occasionally met with in the commercial 
gum-resins, all of which yield emulsions on being triturated 
with water. 
Classification. 
Sect 1. Gum-resins containing volatile oil. 
Tears internally white, turning red on exposure, 
imbedded in a brown sticky mass. 
Asafoetida. 
Tears small, internally whitish, superficially adhe- 
sive ; occasionally brownish, semifluid. 
Galbanum. 
Tears few, imbedded in a brown sticky mass; emul- 
sion brown; odor garlic-like. 
Sagapenum. 
Tears brownish-yellow, internally milk-white, dis- 
tinct or superficially adhering. 
Ammoniacum. 
Tears or masses, dull reddish-brown. 
Opopanax. 
Tears yellowish, translucent. 
Olibanum. ASA FCETIDA—ASAFETIDA. 
419 
Tears or masses, reddish-brown, translucent; frac- 
ture waxy. 
Resembling myrrh ; but tincture not colored purple 
Myrrha. 
by nitric acid. 
Bdellium. 
Sect. 2. Gum-resins free from volatile oil. 
Pipes or cakes; bright orange-yellow. 
Cambogia. 
Tears frequently hollow ; light brown-yellow. 
Cakes greenish-black or grayish; internally porous ; 
Euphorbium. 
odor cheese-like. 
Scammonium. 
ASAFCETIDA.—Asafetida. 
Origin.—1. Ferula fce'tida, Regel (Seorodosma foe'tidum, 
Bunge). 2. Ferula Asafoe'tida, Regel. 3. Ferula Narthex, 
Boissier (Narthex Asafoe'tida, Falconer). Natural order, 
Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—1, 2. Persia, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. 3. 
Western Thibet and probably Kashmir. 
Collection.—The top of the large root is laid bare, thin 
slices are cut off, and the exuding milk-juice is scraped off. 
Description.—In irregular masses composed of whitish 
tears, 12 to 25 millimeters to 1 inch) in diameter, im- 
bedded in a yellowish-gray or brown-gray sticky mass. The 
tears when hard break with a conchoidal fracture, having 
a milk-white color, which turns gradually to pink and 
finally to brown. The sticky mass always contains veg- 
etable fragments and earthy impurities (calcium sulphate, 
etc.). The odor is alliaceous; the taste bitter, acrid, 
and alliaceous. It is partly soluble in ether and in 
alcohol, and yields with water a milk-white emulsion, 
which becomes yellow on the addition of ammonia. Good 
asafetida yields to alcohol about 60 per cent, of soluble 
matter. Moistened with alcohol, asafetida acquires a green- 
ish color on the addition of hydrochloric acid. The solu- 
tion obtained with boiling water from the residue left on 
heating a small fragment in a dry test should, on largely 
diluting and making alkaline with ammonia, exhibit a blue 
fluorescence. 420 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Varieties.—Liquid asafetida; white, opaque, syrupy, or 
semifluid mass, gradually turning brown. 
Asafetida in tears; tears of various sizes, distinct or 
adhesive and agglutinated. 
Amygdaloid asafetida; the kind described above. 
Stony asafetida; various sized angular or rounded pieces 
of gypsum and other earthy matters, agglutinated or 
merely coated with the milk-juice; unsuited for medicinal 
purposes. 
Constituents.—Aside from the impurities asafetida con- 
tains 3 to 6 or 9 per cent, of volatile oil, 20 to 30 per 
cent., sometimes more, of gum (partly soluble in water, 
mostly soluble in alkalies), and 50 to 70 per cent, of resin, 
soluble in ether (is the ferulic acid ester of asaresino-tannol), 
and a small quantity of a resin insoluble in ether (free resino- 
tannol, C24H3505, with some free ferulic acid, C10H10O4). 
The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.98, and a strongly 
alliaceous odor, and contains two terpenes, a sesquiterpene, 
and two sulphur-compounds, C7H14S2 and C,, II20S2. The 
tears yield 3 to 4 per cent, of ash. The earthy additions 
consist of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and sand, 
occasionally to the amount of 40 per cent. On dry distil- 
lation the resin yields umbelliferon, and fused with potassa 
gives resorcin and protocatechuic acid. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, laxative, antispas- 
modie. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij) in pills, emul- 
sion, or tincture. 
GALBANUM.—Galbanum. 
Origin.—Ferula (Peucedanum, Baillon) galbamflua, Boissier 
et Bufise, and other species of Ferula. Natural order, Umbel- 
liferse, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—Persia. 
Production.—Galbanum exudes spontaneously, chiefly from 
the lower part of the stem. 
Description.—In tears, from the size of a pin’s head to that AMMONIACUM—AMMONIAC. 
421 
of a pea, or larger, mostly agglutinated, forming a more or less 
hard mass; externally pale brownish, with a yellow or green 
tint, internally milk-white or yellowish, with a waxy lustre; 
usually opaque, occasionally more or less translucent, bluish green 
in color, and mixed with slices of root; odor peculiar, balsamic; 
taste bitter and acrid; partly soluble in ether and alcohol; 
yields with water a milk-white emulsion. When moistened with 
alcohol, it acquires a purple color on the addition of a little 
hydrochloric acid. The solution obtained with boiling water 
from the residue left on heating a small fragment in a dry test- 
tube should, after largely diluting and making alkaline with 
ammonia, exhibit a blue fluorescence. 
Varieties.—Galbanum in tears, the kind described above. 
Lump galbanum ; soft or hard masses, of a more or less brown 
color, enclosing tears or free from the same; it differs more or 
less in odor from the preceding and is often not colored by 
alcohol and hydrochloric acid. It may, in part, be derived 
from Ferula rubricaiilis, Boissier. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 6 to 9 per cent., C10H16, resin 60 to 
66 per cent, (soluble in ether, alcohol, carbon disulphide, and 
alkalies; yields on dry distillation a blue volatile oil and um- 
belliferon; fused with HKO, resorcin is obtained, consists of 
esters of umbellic acid with galbaresinotannol), gum 15 to 20 
per cent., umbelliferon, C9H603 (soluble in alcohol and ether, 
sparingly soluble in cold water, the latter solution blue fluor- 
escent with ammonia). The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91 
and a mild aromatic taste, and consists of terpenes and sesqui- 
terpenes. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills or emulsion, externally in 
plasters. 
Allied Gum Resin.—Sagapenum ; probably obtained from a 
species of Ferula ; yellowish-brown or brown, amygdaloid or 
free from tears; blue by hydrochloric acid; contains umbel- 
liferon, the volatile oil free from sulphur. 
AMMONIACUM.—Ammoniac. 
Origin.—Dorema (Peucedanum, Baillon) Ammomacum, 
Don. Natural order, Umbel liferse, Peucedanese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Persia and Turkestan. 
Production.—Ammoniac exudes from the stem and root 
spontaneously, and in consequence of stings by insects. 422 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Description.—Globular or irregular roundish, often some- 
what flattened tears, 2 to 6 millimeters (y to \ inch) or 
more in diameter, either distinct or agglutinated, pale brown- 
ish-yellow externally, and breaking with a conchoidal waxy 
milk-white or pale brownish-yellow fracture. It softens by 
the heat of the hand, yields a white emulsion when trit- 
urated with water, and has a peculiar somewhat balsamic 
odor, and a bitter, acrid, and nauseous taste. When moist- 
ened with alcohol, it is not colored on the addition of hydro- 
chloric acid. The fresh fracture is colored yellow by potas- 
sium hydrate and dark red or orange by chlorinated soda. 
Cake ammoniac, which exudes from the root, contains 
vegetable fragments, sand, and tears imbedded in a brown 
resinous mass; it should not be employed internally. 
Constituent#.—Volatile oil to 4 per cent, (free from sul- 
phur), resin 70 per cent, (an acid and an indifferent resin; 
does not yield umbelliferon), gum 18 to 22 or 28 per cent, 
(partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), moisture 
5 per cent., ash 3 per cent. The resin fused with HKO, 
yields protocatechuic acid and resorcin, C6H602, which is 
soluble in simple solvents, volatile and inflammable, reddened 
on exposure, and becomes purplish-black with ferric chloride. 
The acid resin by saponification yields salicylic acid and 
ammoresinotannol, together with valerianic and butyric 
acids. The gum is an acid calcium arabinate. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams 
(gr. v-xxx), in pills and emulsion. 
Allied Gum Resins.—African ammoniac from Ferula tin- 
gitana, Linne, in Northern Africa; darker colored than the 
preceding, of a rather more agreeable odor, and acrid not 
bitter taste ; yields umbelliferon. 
Opopanax from Opopanax Chironium, Koch, of Southern 
Europe ; dull reddish-brown masses or tears, friable, of waxy 
lustre; odor unpleasant; taste balsamic bitter. MYRRHA—MYRRH. 
423 
OLIBANUM.—Frankincense. 
Origin.—Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood, and other species of 
Boswellia. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. 
Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. 
Production.—Frankincense exudes from incisions made into 
the bark. 
Description.—Roundish, oblong, or irregular tears, variable in 
size, externally dusty ; fracture fiattish, waxy, yellowish or pale 
reddish, translucent; odor balsamic terebinthinate, on burning 
strongly aromatic; softened by mastication; taste balsamic, 
bitterish; partly soluble in alcohol; yields with water a milk- 
white emulsion. 
Lump olibanum consists of irregular impure masses which 
have been gathered from the ground. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 4 to 7 per cent, (olibene, C)0H16, 
and little oxygenated portion), resin 56 to 72 per cent., gum 
about 30 per cent, (resembles arabin), bitter principle (soluble 
in alcohol and water), ash about 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
xv-xlv), in emulsion, mostly used in plasters and for fumiga- 
tions. 
Origin.—Commiphora (Balsamodendron, Nees), Myrrha, 
Engler. Natural order, Burseracese, Bursereae. 
Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia. 
Production.—Myrrh exudes spontaneously from the bark. 
Description.—Roundish or irregular tears or masses, dusty, 
brown-yellow or reddish-brown; fracture waxy, somewhat 
splintery, translucent on the edges, brown, sometimes marked 
with whitish veins; odor balsamic; on mastication adhe- 
sive ; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. When triturated 
with water, myrrh yields a brown-yellow emulsion. Nitric 
acid gives a violet color with myrrh. Alcohol yields a 
brown-yellow tincture which acquires a purple hue on the 
addition of nitric acid. Dark-colored pieces the alcoholic 
solution of which is not rendered purple by nitric acid, and 
pieces of gum which dissolve completely or merely swell 
in water, and are but slightly soluble in alcohol, should be 
rejected. 
MYRRHA.—Myrrh. 424 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 4 per cent, (contains 
C10H14O, is easily resiuified), resin 25 to 40 per cent, (about 
14 per cent, soluble in CS2, 12 soluble in ether, 5 insoluble 
in ether), gum 40 to 60 per cent, (precipitated by lead ace- 
tate), bitter principle (soluble in alcohol and water), ash 3 to 
4 per cent. With fusing potassa the resin yields protocate- 
chuic acid and pyrocatechin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, expectorant, emmenagogue, 
vulnerary. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-3ss), in pills and 
emulsion ; externally in powder and tincture. 
Impurities.—Besides vegetable fragments and sand, occa- 
sionally bdellium (see below) and dark-colored gums, the 
latter becoming adhesive when moistened. 
Balsam of Mecca, a greenish, slightly turbid oleoresin, 
having a rosemary-like odor, is believed to be the exuda- 
tion of Commiphora (Balsamodendron, Kunth) Opobalsa- 
mum, Engler, which as B. Ehreubergianum, Berg, had been 
described as a source of myrrh. 
Origin.—1. Commiphora (Balsamodendron) Mukul, Hooker; 
2. C. africana, Engler. Natural order, Burseraceae, Burserese. 
Habitat.—1. East India, 2. Western Africa. 
Description.—1. Globular or irregular pieces, externally 
dusty; fracture flat conchoidal, dark brown or blackish, trans- 
lucent in thin fragments. 2. Irregular, globular, or oval tears, 
externally dusty; fracture angular, waxy, yellowish to brown- 
red, translucent. Odor and taste myrrh-like; the tincture is 
not colored red by nitric acid. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter principle. 
Properties and Uses.—Similar to myrrh, mostly used in plas- 
ters. 
BDELLIUM.—Bdellium. 
CAMBOGIA.—Gamboge. 
Gutti. Gambogia. 
Origin.—Garclnia Hanburii, Hooker JUius, s. G. Morelia, 
Desrousseaux, var. pedicellata, Hanbury. Natural order, 
Guttiferae (Clusiacese), Garciniese. EUPHORBIUM. 
425 
Habitat.—Anam, Camboja, and Siam. 
Production.—The milk-juice exudes from incisions, and is 
collected in bamboo joints. 
Description.—In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in 
the centre, 25 to 50 millimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter, 
longitudinally striate on the surface ; fracture flatfish con- 
choidal, otherwise smooth, of a waxy or almost resinous 
lustre; orange-red or in powder bright yellow ; inodorous ; 
taste at first mild, afterward very acrid ; the powder sternu- 
tatory. It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether; when 
triturated with water yields a yellow emulsion, and forms 
with solution of potassa an orange-red solution, from which, 
on the addition of hydrochloric acid, yellow resin is precipi- 
tated. Boiled with water, gamboge yields a liquid which 
after cooling does not become green with compound solution 
of iodine (absence of starch). 
Varieties.—Pipe gamboge: the kind described above. 
Cake gamboge : in irregular lumps or cakes, dried in flat 
vessels; more liable to be adulterated. 
Constituents.—Gum 16 to 26 per cent, (not precipitated 
by lead acetate or ferric chloride), resin or cambogic acid 66 
to 80 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether; colored black- 
brown by ferric chloride; soluble in alkalies with a red 
color), wax about 4 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and alkalies), 
ash 1 to 3 per cent. 
Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 
gram (gr. ss-v), in pills, in combination with other medi- 
cines. 
EUPHORBIUM.—Euphorbium. 
Origin.—Euphorbia resimfera, Berg. Natural order, Eu- 
phorbiacese, Euphorbiese. 
Habitat.—Morocco. 
Production.—Euphorbium exudes from incisions made into 
the stem. 
Description.—In conical or globular nodular pieces, often 
hollow or enclosing fragments of the spines or flowers, dull 426 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
brownish-yellow, slightly translucent, brittle ; nearly inodorous, 
the dust violently sternutatory ; taste very acrid ; partly soluble 
in alcohol and ether ; triturated with water, a turbid mixture is 
obtained, but not a complete emulsion. 
Constituents.—Gum 18 per cent, (precipitated by lead ace- 
tate), resin, C10H16O2, 38 per cent, (soluble in cold alcohol, very 
acrid), euphorbon, C13H220 (tasteless, crystalline, soluble in ether, 
chloroform, and boiling alcohol), little starch, malates 12 per 
cent., ash about 10 per cent. 
Properties.—Drastic purgative and emetic; sternutatory, 
rubefacient, vesicant, suppurant; only used externally. 
SCAMMONIUM.—Scammony. 
Origin.—Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. Natural order, 
Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia. 
Production.—The top of the root is laid bare, thin slices 
are cut off, and the milk-juice is collected in shells. 
Description.—Irregular angular pieces or circular cakes, 
greenish-gray or blackish, internally porous and of a resinous 
lustre, breaking with an angular fracture; odor peculiar, 
somewhat cheese-like; taste slightly acrid; powder gray 
or greenish gray. When triturated with water, scammony 
yields a greenish emulsion. It does not effervesce with 
acids, and the decoction, when cold, is not colored blue by 
iodine. Ether dissolves at least 80 per cent, of it, and 
when the residue left on evaporating the ether is treated 
with a hot solution of potassa it yields a solution which is 
not precipitated by acids. 
Constituents.—Resin 75 to 90 or 95 per cent. gum. The 
resin is scammonin, C34H5f)016, soluble in alcohol, ether, and 
benzol, and is identical with orizabin of Ipomoea orizabensis; 
it is by alkalies converted into scammonic acid, which is 
soluble in water; mineral acids split off scammonol, valeri- 
anic acid and grape sugar. 
Adulterations.—Calcium carbonate, starch, occasionally 
other resins. 
Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.3 or RESINS—RESINJE. 
427 
0.5 gram (gr. j-v-viij), in pills, powder, or emulsion, usually 
combined with other medicines. 
5. RESINS.—RESINiE. 
Resins are solid, rarely crystalline, fusible, not volatile, 
combustible with a sooty flame, insoluble in water, but solu- 
ble in one or more of the following menstruums: alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, fixed oils, volatile oils, 
the fixed alkalies, carbonated alkalies, and ammonia. Those 
soluble in alkaline liquids (resin soaps) are called resin- 
acids. 
Resins are excretions or secretions of plants, and are 
found either diffused in the other constituents, or contained 
in cells (heartwood of guaiacum), in ducts or upon the 
surface of plants. When exuding from plants, resins are 
dissolved in volatile oils. 
The natural resins are usually mixtures of two or more 
resins; a few contain also benzoic or cinnamic acid ; all are 
free from nitrogenated compounds. Those containing color- 
ing matters may often be bleached by means of chlorine or 
by repeatedly precipitating them from their alcoholic solution 
with water. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Resins free from benzoic and cinnamic acids. 
Greenish or gray friable fragments; bitter, contain- 
ing crystals. 
Elaterium. 
Tears yellowish, transparent; on mastication 
plastic. 
Mastiche. 
on mastication pulverulent. 
Sandaraca. 
Masses yellowish to brown, transparent, brittle. 
Colophonium. 
Masses roundish, yellowish, transparent, harder 
than preceding. 
Dammara. 
Roundish or angular, often verrucose, yellowish to 
brownish, hard. 
Copal. 
Irregular, yellow to red-brown, hard and brittle; 
when heated aromatic. 
Succinum. 428 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Brown-red sticks, or thin glossy brownish or brown 
fragments. 
Lacca. 
Tears or masses, greenish-brown, by tincture of 
ferric chloride blue or green. 
Guaiaci resina. 
Sect. 2. Resins containing benzoic or cinnamic acid. 
Sticks or cakes, brittle, dark brown-red; powder 
bright red. 
Draconis resina. 
Milk' white tears, imbedded in dull light brown or 
glossy reddish-brown mass. 
Benzoinum. 
Brittle pieces, externally brownish-yellow, inter- 
Xanthorrhrese 
nally yellow. 
resina. 
ELATERIU M.—Elaterium. 
Origin.—Ecballium (Momordica, Linne) Elaterium, 
Richard. Natural order, Cucurbitaceae, Cucumerineae. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern 
Europe; cultivated. 
Production.—The nearly ripe fruit is cut lengthwise, 
slightly pressed, the juice passed through a hair sieve and 
then set aside; the deposit is collected on calico and rapidly 
dried between bibulous paper or on porous tiles. 
Description.—In light, friable, flattish, opaque fragments, 
pale green when fresh, afterward gray or light bulf-colored, 
with minute crystals on the surface ; fracture granular; odor 
slight, tea-like; taste acrid and very bitter. It does not 
effervesce with acid, and the decoction with water, after cool- 
ing, is not colored blue on the addition of a drop of com- 
pound solution of iodine. When 1 gram (16 grains) is ex- 
hausted with chloroform, and ether is added to the solution,1 
a crystalline deposit of elaterin is obtained weighing not less 
than 25 centigrams (4 grains). About one-half of elaterium 
is soluble in hot alcohol. 
Constituents.—Elaterin 25 to 33 per cent., chlorophyll, 
ash 8 to 10 per cent., perhaps also prophetin (soluble in 
ether, brown-red with sulphuric acid, bitter), ecballin (soft, MASTICHE— MASTIC, MASTICH. 
429 
yellow, acrid, and bitter), hydroelaterin (soluble in water), 
and elaterid (bitter, insoluble in ether and water). Elaterin 
C20H28O5, is crystalline, fusible at 209° C. (408.2° F.), readily 
soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in 
ether, insoluble in water, alkalies and petroleum benzin, 
very bitter in alcoholic solution, and is not colored by 
chlorinated alkalies, but colored red by warm sulphuric 
acid; its solution in melted carbolic acid, on the addition of 
sulphuric acid, acquires a crimson color, rapidly changing to 
scarlet. 
Adulterations. — Starch and calcium carbonate or other 
mineral substances are used for this purpose. 
Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.008 to 0.016 
gram (gr. |-^); elaterin, 0.004 to 0.005 gram (gr. to y 
in pill or alcohol solution. 
MASTICHE.—Mastic, Mastich. 
Origin.—Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne. Natural order, Ana- 
cardiacese, Anacardieae. 
Habitat.—Mediterranean basin. 
Production.—Mastic exudes from vertical incisions into 
the bark of the staminate trees; is collected in the island of 
Scio. 
Description.—Globular or elongated tears, of the size of a 
pea or larger, sometimes covered with a whitish dust, pale 
yellow, transparent, of a glass-like lustre, and opalescent 
refraction, brittle, becoming plastic when masticated; spec, 
grav. 1.07; melting-point about 106° C. (223° F.); odor 
weak, balsamic, stronger on heating; taste slightly tere- 
binthinous and faintly bitter; soluble in ether and volatile 
oils; benzol dissolves from 65 (old mastic) to 90 (recent 
mastic) per cent. 
Bombay mastic, from Pistacia cabulica and P. Khlnjuk, 
Stocks, closely resembles Scio mastic, but is usually less clean 
and more opaque. 430 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10HI6, 1 to 2 per cent., alpha 
resin or mastichic acid, 90 per cent, (soluble in alco- 
hol), masticin (insoluble in alcohol). 
Adulterations.—Sandarac, see below. 
Properties.—Mild stimulant, mostly used as a masticatory, 
for filling decayed teeth, for cements and varnishes. 
SANDARACA.—Sandarac. 
Origin. — Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat. Natural order, 
Conifer®, Cupressinese. 
Habitat.—Northwestern Africa. 
Production.—Sandarac exudes spontaneously or from incisions 
made through the bark. 
Description.—Elongated, pale yellow tears, 5 to 15 millimeters 
(■£—■f inch) long, covered with a whitish dust, of a glass-like 
lustre, transparent, hard but brittle, becoming pulverulent when 
masticated; spec. grav. about 1.07 ; melting-point near 135° C. 
(275° F.); odor and taste somewhat terebinthinous, balsamic, 
and faintly bitter; soluble in hot alcohol and ether, partly solu- 
ble in volatile oils and chloroform. 
Constituents. — Three resins, differing in solubility; bitter 
principle, soluble in water. 
Properties.—Mild stimulant; used chiefly for varnishes. 
RESINA, COLOPHONIUM.—Resin, Rosin, 
Colophony. 
Origin.—Pmus palustris, Miller (P. australis, Michaux), 
and other species of Pinus. Natural order, Conifer®, 
Abietinese. 
Habitat.—United States. 
Production.—The volatile oil is distilled from turpentine; 
the residue constitutes colopony. 
Description.—Transparent amber-colored brittle masses, 
having a glossy and shallow conchoidal fracture, melting 
at about 100° C. (212° F.); odor and taste faintly terebin- 
thinate; soluble in alcohol, ether, volatile oils, fixed oils, 
chloroform, benzol, glacial acetic acid, and alkalies. COPAL. 
431 
Varieties.—Distinguished according to color. 
Constituents.—Abietic anhydrid, 044H62O4, in the presence 
of dilute alcohol converted into abietic acid, which is crystal- 
line and dissolves in carbon disulphide, benzol, alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and alkalies. 
Properties.—Mild stimulant; used in plasters and oint- 
ments. 
DAMMARA.—Dammar. 
Origin.—1. A'gathis Dammara, Richard (Dammara orien- 
tals, Lambert) ; 2. A'gathis australis, Salisbury (Dammara 
australis, Lambert). Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. 
Habitat.—1. East India islands; 2. New Zealand. 
Production.—Dammar exudes spontaneously; the New Zea- 
land dammar or kauri resin is also found fossil. 
Description. — Transparent straw-colored roundish masses, 
about 1.08 spec, grav., having a glossy conchoidal fracture, 
melting near 120° C. (248° F.) to a thick liquid ; harder than 
rosin, but softer than copal; nearly inodorous and tasteless; 
partly soluble in alcohol and benzin ; more soluble in ether, 
chloroform, benzol, and carbon disulphide. 
Kauri resin has the spec. grav. 1.11, softens somewhat be- 
tween the teeth, is often in large masses, melts at or above 180° 
C. (356° F.), and is also sold as copal. 
Several species of Vateria and Hopea (order, Dipterocarpese) 
and of Engelhardtia (Juglandese) of India yield resins likewise 
known as dammar. 
Constituents.—Kesin acid 1 per cent, (soluble in solution of 
K2C03), resin insoluble in alcohol, about 40 per cent., and resin 
soluble in alcohol about 60 per cent. (Graf, 1889). By distilla- 
tion in a current of steam, a terpene, Ci0H16, of the boiling-point 
158° C. (316° F.) is obtained. Batavia copal contains dammar- 
olic acid, C56H80O8 (crystalline), alpha dammar-resin, CnH170, 
soluble in alcohol, beta dammar-resin, C31H520, insoluble in alco- 
hol, but soluble in chloroform. 
Uses.—Mostly for varnishes, and rarely in plasters. 
Origin.—Fossil in Zanzibar and probably in Western tropical 
Africa ; also the exudations of different species of Trachylobiuin, 
Hymensea, and Guibourtia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesal- 
piniese. Ainherstiese. 
COPAL.—Copal. 432 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Habitat.—Africa, South America, West Indies. 
Description.—Irregular spherical or flattish and angular, the 
surface often finely verrucose (goose skin), varying between pale 
yellowish, reddish, and brownish, and after melting darker col- 
ored, spec. grav. 1.04, nearly as hard as amber, transparent or 
translucent; fracture conchoidal, glossy; inodorous and taste- 
less ; melting-points of the different varieties vary between about 
180° to 300° C. (356° and 572° F.) ; partly soluble in sol- 
vents ; after fusion more readily soluble in alcohol and oil of 
turpentine. 
Constituents.—Several resins, differing in solubility. Zanzibar 
copal contains trachylolic acid, crystallizes with difficulty, fuses 
at 180° C., a second resin acid, alpha and beta copal resin, a 
bitter principle, and volatile oil. 
Uses.—For the preparation of varnishes. 
SUCCINUM.—Amber. 
Origin.—Fossil, from Pice a succinlfera, Conwentz (Pinltis 
succlnifer, Gceppert), and other extinct coniferous trees of the 
southern coast of the Baltic and other localities. 
Description.—Roundish or flattish pieces, the surface usually 
rough and dull; hard and brittle; fracture conchoidal, glossy, 
transparent or translucent, pale yellowish to brown-red ; inodor- 
ous but aromatic when heated; tasteless; spec. grav. 1.09; 
slightly soluble in chloroform, nearly insoluble in alcohol, ether, 
and oils, melts at 287.5° C. (550° F.) giving off succinic acid ; 
at a higher heat also water, volatile acids, and empyreumatic oil. 
Constituents.—Succinic acid, C4H604, and several resins. 
Uses.—For fumigations, and for the preparation of succinic 
acid and (empyreumatic) oil of amber; also used in the arts. 
Origin.—1. Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow; 2. Ficus fndica, 
Roxburgh, and other trees. Natural order, 1. Euphorbiacese, 
Crotoneae; 2. Urticacese, Artocarpese. 
Habitat.—East Indies. 
Origin.—Exudation resulting from punctures by the im- 
pregnated female Coccus Lacca, Kerr; order, Hemiptera. 
Description.—Stick lac. Thin branches, covered with a 
brown-red resin, containing a blackish-red powder; softens 
between the teeth and colors the saliva red ; taste bitterish, 
slightly astringent; on being heated, of an aromatic odor. 
Seed lac. Irregular, somewhat glossy fragments, detached 
from the twigs. 
LACCA.—Lac. GUAIACI RESINA—GUAIAC RESIN. 
433 
Lump lac. Made by boiling with water and melting. Brown 
translucent cakes, deprived of the purplish-red coloring matter. 
Shellac. Thin, glossy, more or less transparent fragments, 
varying from amber-colored to dark brown ; brittle, tasteless; 
soluble in the fixed alkalies and in borax solution; almost 
wholly soluble in cold alcohol, ether, and volatile oils. 
Constituents.—Coloring matter (lac dye), five resins, waxy 
matter. 
Uses.—For the preparation of varnish and sealing-wax. 
GUAIACI IiESINA.—Guaiac Resin. 
Origin.—Guaiaeum officinale, Linne, or G. sanctum, 
Linne. Natural order, Zygophyllese. 
Habitat. — West India Islands and Northern South 
America. 
Production.—Guaiac resin exudes from incisions through 
the bark, but it is mostly obtained by melting the resin of 
the heartwood with tire. 
Description.—Irregular brittle masses, or subglobular 
tears, about 10 to 25 millimeters (I-1 inch) in diameter, 
greenish-brown or reddish-brown, internally of a glassy 
lustre, transparent in thin splinters; spec. grav. 1.20; melt- 
ing-point 85° C. (185° F.); feebly aromatic, somewhat 
acrid ; powder grayish, turning green on exposure; soluble 
in alkalies, alcohol, acetone, ether, chloroform ; partly soluble 
in oil of cloves; sparingly so in carbon disulphide, benzin, 
and benzol; the alcoholic solution is colored blue on the 
addition of ferric chloride, chlorine, chromic acid, or other 
oxidizing agents. 
Guaiac resin fused with KHO yields protocateclmic 
acid. 
Impurities.—Fragments of wood and bark, sometimes 
amounting to 30 per cent. 
Constituents.—Guaiacic acid and guaiac yellow (both crys- 
talline, dissolved by milk of lime), guaiaretic acid, C20H26O4, 
about 10 per cent, (crystalline, not colored blue by nitric 
acid), guaiaconic acid, C19H20O5, about 70 per cent, (amor- 434 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
plious, colored blue by oxidizing agents), beta-resin about 10 
per cent, (insoluble in ether), little gum and ash, 0.3 per cent. 
By dry distillation are obtained guaiacene, C5II80 (odor of 
bitter almond), guaiacol, C7H802 (colorless aromatic oil, 
green by Fe2Cl6), creosol, C8H10O2 (resembling guaiacol), 
and pyroguaiacin, C18H1803 (inodorous scales colored green 
by Fe2Cl6 and blue by warm sulphuric acid). 
Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 
0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in pills, mixture, or tinc- 
ture. 
DRACONIS RESINA.—Dragon's Blood. 
Sanguis draconis. 
Origin.—Calamus (Daemonorops, Martins) Draco, Willdenow. 
Natural order, Palmese, Lepidocaryae. 
Habitat.—Borneo, Sumatra, and adjacent islands. 
Production.—Dragon’s blood exudes spontaneously from the 
fruit while ripening, is separated by beating and sifting, softened 
by heat, and moulded. Inferior qualities are obtained by heat- 
ing the fruit, or boiling it in water. 
Description.—In tear-like grains; in globular pieces about 
35 millimeters (If inches) in diameter; in cylindrical sticks 
about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long and 15 millimeters (f 
inch) thick, or in irregular cakes; externally dark brown- 
red ; internally brighter-red, transparent in thin splinters; 
brittle ; fracture irregular and rather dull; inodorous—when 
heated aromatic, resembling benzoin; nearly tasteless; soluble 
(except the impurities) in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, and 
alkalies. 
Constituents.—Red resin (by nitric acid converted into ben- 
zoic, nitrobenzoic, oxalic, and a little picric acid), waxy matter, 
benzoic acid 3 per cent., the latter obtainable by dry distillation. 
In place of the latter, cinnamic acid appears to be sometimes 
present. These acids, as also benzoyl acetic and possibly beta 
phenyl-hydracrylic acids, are either free or in combination with 
draco-resinotannol. Fused with KHO, phloroglucin, benzoic, 
and oxybenzoic acids are produced. 
Properties.—Mild stimulant and astringent; used for plasters, 
tooth-powders, and varnishes. BENZOINUM—BENZOIN. 
435 
BENZOINUM.—Benzoin. 
Origin.—Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. Natural order, 
Styracese. 
Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, and Siam. 
Production.—Benzoin exudes from incisions made into 
the bark of the tree. 
Description.—In lumps consisting of agglutinated yellow- 
ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white, rarely ex- 
ceeding 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length and 12 millimeters 
inch) in thickness, or of a brown mass more or less mot- 
tled from whitish tears imbedded in it. It has a somewhat 
aromatic and acrid taste and an agreeable balsamic odor, 
gives off when heated fumes of benzoic acid, and is soluble 
in alcohol and in solution of potassa; the alcoholic solution 
is colored dark greenish-brown with ferric chloride; soluble 
in carbon disulphide and in benzol. 
Varieties.—Sumatra benzoin. Mass brown-gray, some- 
what porous, melting at 95° C. (203° F.); becoming sandy 
and finally plastic on mastication, and containing white 
tears melting at 85° C. (185° F.); partly soluble in carbon 
disulphide; odor rather weak, and in Penang benzoin some- 
what like storax. Inferior kinds contain few or no tears, 
and sometimes a large percentage of chips. 
Siam benzoin. Mass red-brown, translucent, with a vari- 
able proportion of large or small tears, almost wholly solu- 
ble in CS2, softened and plastic on mastication, and melting 
at 75° C. (167° F.); odor agreeable, vanilla-like ; taste slight. 
Constituents.—Benzoic acid, C7H602, 12 to 20 or 24 per 
cent, (usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil; needles 
or scales; when pure, melts at 121° C. (250° F.), boils at 
249° C. (480° F.); sublimable; soluble in alcohol and 
ether, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin (in Siam 
benzoin), cinnamic acid, C9H802 (variable quantity in Siam 
and Penang benzoin), several resins, compounds of siaresino- 
tannol and benzoic acid (Siam benzoin) and sumaresinotannol 436 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
and benzoic and cinnamic acid (Sumatra benzoin), yield with 
melted potassa paroxybenzoic acid, C7H603, protocatecliuic 
acid, C7H604, and pyrocatechin, C6H602. Cinnamic acid is 
detected by boiling benzoin with milk of lime, filtering while 
warm, and adding potassium permanganate, when the odor 
of oil of bitter almond will become apparent. Benzoic acid 
may be prepared from toluol, from phthalic acid, and from 
hippuric acid (present in the urine of horses and cows). 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or tincture. Externally 
as a protective; also in tooth-powders, lotions, and fumi- 
gations. 
Botany Bay resin. Grasstree resin. 
Origin.—Xanthorrhoe'a hastilis, R. Brown. Natural order, 
Liliacese, Lomandreae. 
Habitat.—Australia. 
Production.—The spontaneous exudation on the leaves and in 
the stem is separated by crushing and sifting. 
Description.—Brownish-yellow, brittle masses, opaque, inter- 
nally light yellow, resembling gamboge, fusible; odor agreeable 
balsamic; taste balsamic, somewhat acrid; nearly insoluble in 
water ; soluble in ether and alcohol, the solution turned brown- 
black by ferric chloride. 
Red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoe'a australis, R. Brown, 
resembles dragon’s blood, is deep brown-red, internally bright 
red, in thin splinters ruby-red and transparent; fracture glass- 
like ; odor balsamic. 
Constituents.—Benzoic acid, some cinnamic acid, resins. With 
melting potassa pyrocatechin, paroxybenzoic, and protocatecliuic 
acids are obtained. Oxidation with nitric acid gives picric acid. 
Resins are compounds of tantheresinotannol and erythroresino- 
tannol with cinnamic and paracumaric acids. 
Properties.—Mild stimulant, tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams 
(gr. viij-xv-xxx), in powder, mixture, or tincture. Mostly used 
in the preparation of colored varnishes. 
XANTHORRHCEiE RESINA.—Acaroid Resin. BALSAMS AND OLEOBESINS. 
437 
6. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS.—BALSAMA 
ET OLEORESINS. 
The term balsam is often used to designate unctuous or 
liquid preparations, chiefly intended for external use, and 
to which valuable curative powers are attributed. It is 
also employed for those liquid or soft exudations of plants 
which are wholly or chiefly composed of resins and volatile 
oils, and are properly designated as oleoresins. The British 
and United States Pharmacopoeias restrict the use of the 
word balsam to those liquid or soft products which contain 
resin, an odorous principle, and benzoic and cinnamic acids. 
Some authors recognize as solid balsams those resins which 
contain benzoic or cinnamic acid. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Containing benzoic or cinnamic acid: Balsams. 
Liquid, black-brown, aromatic, slightly soluble in 
Balsamum 
oil of turpentine. 
peruvianum 
Semi-liquid or soft, in the cold brittle mass; aro- 
Balsamum 
matic, in thin layers, transparent. 
tolutanum. 
Thick liquid, brown-yellow, transparent, aromatic, 
drying to a yellowish-brown resin. 
Liquidambar. 
Thick liquid, brown-gray, opaque; after the evap- 
oration of the water, dark-brown, transparent. 
Styrax liquidus. 
Sect. 2. Free from benzoic or cinnamic acid: Oleo- 
resins. 
Thin or viscid liquid, light yellow or brownish, 
transparent; odor peculiar. 
Copaiba. 
Viscid liquid, opaque and grayish in reflected light, 
transparent and brown in transmitted light; odor 
like copaiba. 
Gurjun. 
Thick liquid, transparent, pale yellow; odor pleas- 
Terebinthina 
antly terebinthinate. 
canadensis. 
Thick liquid, slightly turbid, pale yellow, some- 
Terebinthina 
what fluorescent; odor terebinthinate. 
Veneta. 
Viscid, yellowish opaque liquid, becoming gran- 
lar; or 
Yellowish-white opaque mass; fracture crummy; 
1 
}- Terebinthina. 
odor terebinthinate. 
J 438 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Yellowish-brown, opaque, brittle in the cold ; frac- 
ture conchoidal, translucent. 
Pix burgundica. 
Dark red-brown, opaque, translucent on the edge, 
brittle in the cold. 
Fix canadensis. 
Yellowish mass, internally white, granular opaque. 
Elemi. 
Thick liquid, black-brown, becoming granular; odor 
empyreumatic, terebinthinate; soluble in oil of 
turpentine. 
Pix liquida. 
Thick liquid, brownish or dark brown ; odor tarry. 
Oleum cadinum. 
BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.—Balsam of Peru. 
Origin.—Toluifera (Myroxylon, Klotzsch, Myrospermum, 
Royle,) Perefrae, Baillon. Natural order, Leguminosas, 
Papilionacese, Sophorese. 
Habitat.—Central America. 
Production.—The bark is loosened by beating, and charred; 
the exudation is collected on rags, and these are placed in 
hot water and expressed. 
Description.—A rather thick, but not viscous, brownish- 
black liquid, in thin layers red-brown and transparent, of a 
syrupy consistence; spec. grav. about 1.135 to 1.150; odor 
agreeably vanilla-like and somewhat smoky ; taste warm 
bitterish, afterward acrid. It has an acid reaction to test- 
paper, is completely soluble in five parts of alcohol, and in 
all proportions of absolute alcohol, chloroform, and glacial 
acetic acid ; partly soluble in ether and volatile or fixed oils, 
and does not diminish in volume when agitated with an 
equal volume of cold petroleum beuzin or water. 
Constituents.—Cinnamein (benzyl-benzoate, C6H5(C7H7)02, 
and a small quantity of benzyl-cinnamate, C9H7(C7II7)02), 
about 60 per cent, (colorless aromatic oil), resin about 32 
per cent, (consists of peru-resinotannol combined with cin- 
namic and benzoic acid; insoluble in carbon disulphide; on 
dry distillation yields benzoic acid, styrol, C8HS, and toluol, 
C7H8), cinnamic acid, and small quantities of benz-alcohol, 
C7IIsO, stilbene, C14H12, styrol, styracin, vanillin, and ben- 
zoic acid. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM—BALSAM OF TOLU. 
439 
Adulterations.—Fixed oils (soluble in petroleum benzin ; 
on trituration with sulphuric acid and washing with water, 
leave a sticky mass; mixed with lime and gradually heated 
to charring, a fatty odor given off), resins, oleoresins, alcohol. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 
to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, syrup, or alcoholic 
solution ; externally in ointment. 
BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.—Balsam of Tolu. 
Origin.—Toluifera Balsamum, Linne, s. Myroxylon 
(Myrospermum, Richard) Toluifera, Kunth. Natural order, 
Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Sophorete. 
Habitat.—Venezuela and New Granada. 
Production.—The balsam exudes from V-shaped incisions 
and is received in calabash cups. 
Descriptions.—Semifluid or nearly solid, and then crys- 
talline under the microscope; brittle in the cold, yellowish 
or brownish-yellow and transparent in thin layers; odor 
agreeably balsamic, recalling that of vanilla ; taste aromatic, 
acidulous, faintly acrid. It is completely soluble in solution 
of the fixed alkalies, chloroform, ether, and alcohol, the solu- 
tion in the last three being of an acid reaction to test-paper, 
and is almost insoluble in water, petroleum benzin, and car- 
bon disulphide, on warming, this removing principally the 
cinnamic and benzoic acid compounds. 
Constituents.—Resin (consists of tolu-resinotannol in 
combination with cinnamic and benzoic acids), benzylic 
benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)02 (colorless aromatic oil, spec. grav. 
1.114; crystallizes, when pure, below 20° C. (68° P.) in 
laminae), benzylic cinnamate, tolene, C10O16, 1 per cent, 
(colorless, thin, aromatic oil), cinnamic and benzoic acids. 
Adulterations.—Turpentine (soluble in carbon disulphide), 
sweet gum (yields to warm petroleum benzin styracin, which 
crystallizes on cooling), storax or resins (the extract with 440 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
carbon disulphide turns brown with H2S40, but rose-red 
from pure tolu). 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 
to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture, mostly 
used as an agreeable flavor. 
LIQUIDAMBAR.—Sweet Gum. 
Origin.—Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Natural order, 
Hamamelideae. 
Habitat.—United States from New York southward and 
southwestward, Mexico, and Central America. 
Production.—The balsam exudes spontaneously under a sub- 
tropical climate. 
Description.—Thick brownish-yellow clear liquid, or a trans- 
parent yellowish-brown resin, breaking in the cold with a resin- 
ous fracture, showing whitish streaks; softened by the warmth 
of the hand; odor pleasantly balsamic, storax-like; taste aro- 
matic and pungent; soluble (except the impurities) in alcohol, 
ether, and chloroform. 
Constituents.—Aromatic hydrocarbon 3i per cent, (not iden- 
tical with styrol), cinnamic acid 5£ per cent., styracin, and 
brown tasteless resin, containing storesin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 
2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, also externally in oint- 
ment or cerate ; mostly used as an agreeable flavor. 
STYRAX.—Storax. 
Origin.—Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. Natural order, 
Hamamelideae. 
Habitat.—Asia Minor. 
Production.—The inner bark is steeped in hot water, and 
the melted balsam is skimmed off and expressed from the bark. 
Description.—Semi-liquid, viscid, gray, opaque, separating 
on standing a heavier dark-brown, in thin layers trans- 
parent stratum; odor agreeably balsamic; taste balsamic 
and acrid; soluble (the impurities excepted) in alcohol, 
ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide; warm petroleum 
benzin agitated with storax remains colorless, and, on cool- COPAIBA—COPAIVA. 
441 
ing, deposits white crystals; boiled with K2Cr207 and H2S04 
gives a bitter almond odor. 
Constituents.—Styrol or cinnamene, C8H8 (colorless fra- 
grant liquid, spec. grav. 0.906; boiling-point 145° C. 
(293° F.); at 200° C. converted into solid metacinnameue), 
cinnamic acid, C9H802, little benzoic acid, stryacin or cin- 
namyl cinnamate, C9H7(C9H9)02 (crystallizing from hot 
benzin), phenylpropyl cinnamate, C9H7(C9H17)02 (inodorous 
thick liquid), ethyl cinnamate, C9H7(C2H5)02, a small quan- 
tity, probably ethyl-vanillin in minute quantity, storesin, 
C36H5803, in considerable quantity, and the cinnamic ether 
of this alcohol; also a resinous compound, containing steresi- 
nol-cinnamate. Water and other impurities amount to from 
25 to 30 per cent. Storesin is amorphous, melting near 145° 
C. (293° F.) or near 165° C. (329° F.); the latter variety 
forms with KHO a compound crystallizing in needles. 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 
to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture; mostly 
externally in liniment or ointment. 
Origin.—1. Copaiba (Copaffera, Desfontaines) Langs- 
dorffii, 0. Kuntze. 2. Cop. officinalis, Jacquin, and other 
species of Copaiba. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesal- 
piniese, Cynometrese. 
Habitat.—1. Brazil. 2. Venezuela and New Granada. 
Production.—The oleoresin flows from bore-holes or boxes 
cut through the bark into the heartwood of the tree. 
Description.—A more or less viscid liquid, pale yellow or 
brown-yellow, transparent or slightly turbid, lighter than 
water (spec. grav. 0.94-0.99) ; laevorotatory (28 to 34°) ; boils 
at 250° C. (482° F.); odor peculiar; taste bitter and acrid; 
soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, car- 
bon disulphide, and petroleum benzin; also in fixed and 
volatile oils. 
COPAIBA.—Copaiba, Copaiva. 442 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Varieties. — Para copaiva; pale colored and limpid; 
usually contains 60 to 90 per cent, of volatile oil. 
Maranham and Rio Janeiro copaiva; of the consistence 
of olive oil ; contains 40 to 60, but sometimes 80 per cent, 
of volatile oil ; yields, like Para copaiva, a clear mixture 
with one-third or one-half ammonia water. 
Maracaibo copaiba; viscid, dark yellow or brownish, 
slightly turbid ; contains 20 to 40 per cent, of volatile oil; 
solidifies with magnesia. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, C15H24 (spec. grav. 0.89; boil- 
ing-point about 255° C. = 491° F.), bitter principle (soluble 
in water), and resins, bitterish, and mostly amorphous; 
copaivic acid, C20H30O2, oxycopaivic acid, (from 
Para copaiva), and metacopaivic acid, C22H3404 (from Mara- 
caibo copaiva), are crystalline. 
Adulterations.—Turpentine (recognized by odor on warm- 
ing) ; fixed oils (mostly insoluble in alcohol; on evaporation 
a soft and sticky residue is left; after completely neutral- 
izing with KHO, more of the same alkali would be required 
for saponifying the fat; Gurjun balsam (is fluorescent, on 
heating becomes gelatinous; gives in a solution in carbon 
bisulphide with sulphuric and nitric acids a transient violet 
color, and in a glacial acetic acid solution gives with nitric 
acid a reddish or purple color). 
Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, 
nauseant. Hose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. in 
emulsion, pills, suppositories, etc.; the resin 0.3 to 0.6 gram 
(gr. v-x). Copaiba is also used as an addition to certain 
varnishes. 
GURJUN.—Gurjun Balsam, Wood Oil. 
Origin.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertner, D. alatus, Rox- 
burgh, and other species of Dipterocarpus. Natural order, 
Dipterocarpese. 
Habitat.—India and East Indian Islands. 
Production.—The oleoresin exudes from excavations cut into 
the wood and charred by fire. TEREBINTIIINA CANADENSIS CANADA TURPENTINE. 
443 
Description.—Thick viscid liquid, opaque and grayish, green- 
ish or brownish in reflected light, transparent and red-brown or 
brown in transmitted light; spec. grav. 0.947-0.964; odor 
resembling that of copaiba; taste bitter; soluble in chloroform, 
acetone, volatile oils, and carbon disulphide, partially soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and petroleum benzin. Above 130° C. (266° F.) 
it becomes permanently gelatinous or solid. On agitation with 
a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids it is colored red and 
purplish ; zinc chloride gives a blue or reddish color. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, Ci5H24, 40 to 70 per cent, (dis- 
solved in carbon disulphide, and agitated with a drop of mixed 
sulphuric and nitric acids, red or violet color is produced), 
gurjunic acid, C44H6808 (a small quantity; crystalline), resin 
(insoluble in potassa solution), and bitter principle. 
Properties and Uses.—Similar to Copaiva. 
TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS.—Canada 
Turpentine. 
Balsam of fir. Canada balsam. 
Origin.—A'bies balsamea (Linne), Miller. Natural order, 
Coniferse, Abietinese. 
Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States, west to 
Minnesota, and south along the mountains to Virginia. 
Production.—The oleoresin is secreted in vesicles in the 
bark, and collected by puncturing them. 
Description.—A yellowish or faintly greenish transparent, 
viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a bit- 
terish, slightly acrid taste, on exposure drying slowly into a 
transparent mass; completely soluble in ether, chloroform, 
and benzol; partly soluble in alcohol; solidifying with £ 
its weight of magnesia moistened with water. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16O, 20 to 30 per cent, 
(bornyl or terpenyl acetate, pinene), nncrystallizable resin, 
bitter principle soluble in water. 
Allied Turpentines.—Oregon Balsam of Fir, from A'bies 
Menziesii, Lindley, resembles the preceding in physical 
properties when fresh, but becomes gradually granular and 
opaque. 444 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Strassburg Turpentine, Terebinthina argentoratensis, from 
A'bies pectin ata, De Candolle; like Canada turpentine, but 
completely soluble in absolute alcohol; odor slightly lemon- 
like; taste bitter, not acrid. 
Venice Turpentine, Terebinthina veneta, from Larix 
enropae'a, De Candolle, procured from the heartwood by 
bore-holes; yellowish, greenish-yellow, or brownish, nearly 
transparent, slightly fluorescent; odor terebinthinate bal- 
samic ; taste bitter and acrid; completely soluble in 90 per 
cent, alcohol; dries to a clear varnish without becoming 
crystalline. 
Adulterations.—Solutions of rosin in oil of turpentine, the 
turpentine odor disguised through the addition of another 
volatile oil, are sometimes sold. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic; mostly used 
externally. 
TEEEBINTHINA.—Turpentine. 
Terebinthina communis, s. vulgaris. 
Origin.—Pinus palustris, Miller (P. australis, Michaux), 
and other species of Pinus. Natural order, Coniferse, Abieti- 
neae. 
Habitat.—United States, in the Atlantic and Gulf States 
from Virginia to Eastern Texas. 
Production.—Turpentine exudes spontaneously, but is 
mostly collected in boxes cut into the alburnum. 
Description.—Rarely seen in American commerce as a 
yellowish, viscid, more or less opaque liquid. Usually 
as yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the cold, 
softened by the heat of the hand, crummy crystalline in 
the interior, of a peculiar odor, and bitter and acrid taste; 
known as white turpentine; also as Thus americanum or 
common frankincense, and corresponds to the galipot of 
French commerce. 
European Turpentine is obtained from Pinus Pinaster, PIX BURG UNPICA—BURGUNDY PITCH. 
445 
Solander, P. Laricio, Poiret, P. sylvestris, Linne, and other 
allied species. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil 20 to 30 per cent., abietic an- 
hydrid, crystallizing as abietic acid, C44HG4()5; bitter prin- 
ciple soluble in water; small quantities of formic and suc- 
cinic acids; perhaps also other resin acids (piuic and sylvic 
acids). Oil of turpentine, C10H16, is colorless, dextrogyre, or 
(the French oil) lsevogyre; spec. grav. 0.87 ; boiling-point 
155°-170° C. (311°-338° F.); readily soluble in strong alco- 
hol ; forms with HC1 a crystalline compound, C10HlcHOl 
(artificial camphor). Abietic acid is soluble in carbon 
disulphide, alcohol, ether, benzol, and glacial acetic acid, 
and on oxidation yields formic and acetic acids; the salts 
are amorphous and insoluble in ether, if pure. 
Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, astringent, 
haemostatic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in pills (hard- 
ened with magnesia); externally in ointments and plasters. 
Oil of turpentine, 0.3 to 1 to 2 grams (gr. v-xv-xxx), in 
emulsion ; externally in liniments. 
Terebinthina Chia, Chian turpentine, from Pistacia Tere- 
blnthus, Linne (Anacardiacese), is greenish-yellow or brown- 
ish, hardens to a transparent mass, and has a fennel-like 
terebiuthinatc odor, and a mild bitterish taste. 
PIX BURGUNDICA.—Burgundy Pitch. 
Origin.—A'bies excel sa, Poiret, s. Plnus A'bies, Linne. 
Natural order, Coni ferae, Abietinese. 
Habitat.—Europe, in the southern part in mountainous 
districts. 
Production.—The oleoresin exudes spontaneously and 
from incisions, is melted in hot water, and strained. 
Description.—Yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, opaque 
or translucent, not crystalline; hard, yet gradually taking 
the form of the vessel in which it is kept; brittle when cold ; 446 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
fracture shining, conchoidal; aromatic, not bitter ; soluble in 
glacial acetic acid and strong alcohol. 
Allied Products.—Resina pini : white turpentine fused in 
hot water and strained. Resembles the preceding, but gradu- 
ally becomes crystalline. 
Terebinthina cocta: the residue from the distillation of 
turpentine with water, strained. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, in variable proportion, 
water, and resin. 
Substitution.—A mixture of rosin, palm oil or other fat, 
and water; incompletely soluble in warm glacial acetic acid. 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. 
PIX CANADENSIS.—Canada Pitch. 
Hemlock Pitch. 
Origin.—Tsuga (Pfnus, Linne; A'bies, Michaux) canadensis, 
Carriere. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. 
Habitat.—North America, from Nova Scotia west to Lake 
Superior, and southward, in the mountains, as far as Georgia 
and Alabama. 
Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions; the wood 
and bark, rich in oleoresin, are heated in water, the melted 
oleoresin is skimmed olf, remelted and strained. 
Description.—Dark reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, not 
crystalline ; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in 
which it is kept; brittle when cold; fracture shining, con- 
choidal; odor weak, terebinth in ate, balsamic. 
Adulteration.—Rosin. 
Constituents.—Little volatile oil, water, and resins. 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. 
ELEMI.—Elemi. 
Origin.—Probably from Canarium commune, Linne. Natural 
order, Burseracese, Burserese. 
Habitat.—Philippine Islands. 
Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions. 
Description.—Soft, yellowish, granular, more or less crystal- 
line ; when cold friable; odor strong, resembling fennel and PIX LIQUIDA—TAR. 
447 
lemon, somewhat terebinthinate; taste bitter, disagreeable, and 
pungent. 
Constituents.—Volatile oil (terpene and polyterpenes) 10 per 
cent., brem 60 per cent, (amorphous resin, readily soluble in 
cold alcohol), amyrin 25 per cent, (resin crystallizing from 
hot, strong alcohol), bryoidin (easily soluble in alcohol, bitter 
and acrid, crystallizes from hot water), bre'idin (crystalline, 
less soluble in water and ether), elemic acid, C35H5604 (crystal- 
line). 
Varieties.—Manila elemi, described above. 
Brazilian elemi, from I'cica (Bursera, Baillon) Icicariba, De 
Candolle, and allied species; yellowish-white or greenish-white, 
fragrant. 
Mauritius elemi, from Colophonia (Canarium) mauritiana, 
De Candolle, resembles Manila elemi. 
Mexican elemi, probably from A'myris elennfera, Boyle; yel- 
low or greenish, more or less translucent, of waxy lustre. 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters and oint- 
ment. 
PIX LIQUIDA.—Tar. 
Origin.—The wood of Pinus palustris, Miller, and other 
species of Pinus. Natural order, Coniferae, Abietineae. 
Production.—The wood is subjected to destructive dis- 
tillation, either in retorts or packed in stacks covered with 
earth. 
Description.—Thick, viscid, semifluid, heavier than water, 
blackish-brown, transparent in thin layers, becoming granu- 
lar and opaque by age; spec. grav. 1.02 to 1.15; odor em- 
pyreumatic, terebinthinate ; taste sharp, empyreumatic, and 
bitterish; of an acid reaction; soluble in alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, volatile oils, 95 per cent, acetic acid, and 
potassa solution; partly soluble in water, yielding a pale- 
brown liquid colored red with ferric chloride; petroleum 
ether extract is colored greenish when shaken with a dilute 
solution of cupric acetate (1 to 1000). 
Constituents.—Acetic acid, and smaller quantities of formic, 
propionic, and capronic acids; acetone, methylic alcohol, 
mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol; these pass over with the 448 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, chrysene, retene, 
paraffin, phenols, creosote, pyrocatechin, empyreumatic resin. 
The composition of commercial tar is variable. 
Pyrocatechin or catechol, C6Hc02, is crystalline, sublim- 
able, readily soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and benzol, has 
a sharp persistent taste, and in aqueous solution becomes 
dark green with ferric chloride, changing to violet with alkali 
(sodium bicarbonate). 
Naphthalin, C10H8, more largely present in coal-tar, forms 
pearly scales, has a strong aromatic odor and warm taste, is 
readily volatilized, melts at 79° C. (174° F.), boils at 218° 
C. (425° F.), dissolves freely in ether and hot alcohol. 
Dose, 0.1-0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij); externally as insecticide 
and anti parasitic. 
Creosote and phenol are poisonous; when taken in exces- 
sive doses, treatment consists in evacuation (stomach-pump, 
emetics, alkali sulphates); milk or white of egg; saccharated 
lime; stimulants. 
Allied Products.—Birch tar, Dagget, Oleum Rusci, from 
the wood of Betula alba, Linnt, has the peculiar odor of 
Russian leather, and contains much pyrocatechin. Aqueous 
extract colored greenish with ferric chloride. 
Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. Dose, 0.3 to 
1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, mixtures, and aqueous or 
vinous infusions; externally in ointment, plaster, and as 
fumigation. 
OLEUM CADINUM.—Oil of Cade. 
Oleum juniperi empyreumaticum. 
Origin.—Junlperus oxycedrus, Linne. Natural order, 
Coniferse. 
Description.—Oil of cade is brownish or dark brown, 
clear, and thick ; spec. grav. 0.99 ; almost insoluble in water, 
giving an acid reaction to it; partly soluble in alcohol, but VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS. 
449 
completely in ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide ; odor 
tarry ; taste empyreumatic, burning, and somewhat bitter. 
Dropeiiies.—Used externally in skin diseases; anthel- 
mintic. Dose, 0.15 to 0.30 gram (gtt. iij—vj). 
7. VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS.—OLEA 
VOLATILIA ET CAMPHORS. 
Volatile oils are odorous volatile liquids which produce 
upon paper a greasy stain, disappearing on the application 
of heat. They are readily soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, 
chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, carbon disulphide, and 
fixed oils, and many of them dissolve also freely in 80 per 
cent, alcohol. All are but slightly soluble in water. They 
exist ready-formed in plants, but in some cases (volatile oils 
of mustard, almond, etc.) are the results of chemical action 
in the presence of water. They are mostly obtained by 
distillation Avith water, occasionally by expression of the 
parts containing them, like the volatile oils of lemon, orange- 
peel, etc. 
Volatile oils are usually mixtures of two or more com- 
pounds, differing in volatility and odor, the portion volat- 
ilizing first being sometimes designated as elceopten, and 
the portion volatilizing last as stearopten or camphor. The 
latter usually contains oxygen, the former mostly consists 
of carbon and hydrogen; a few volatile oils (of mustard, 
garlic, asafetida) contain sulphur, and in the volatile oils of 
amygdalese (almond, etc.) nitrogen is found combined with 
hydrocyanic acid. The compounds existing in volatile oils 
are mostly imperfectly known ; but besides the hydrocar- 
bons, some of these have been proved to belong to the 
classes of alcohols, aldehyds, ethers, and compound ethers. 
The yellow, blue, and brown colors of volatile oils are due 
to distinct compounds, which may be removed, in most cases, 
by careful rectification. 450 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
On exposure to the air, more particularly in the presence 
of light and moisture, volatile oils become darker and 
thicker or even solid from resinification ; the addition of a 
little alcohol will usually retard or prevent these changes. 
As a class, the volatile oils consisting of hydrocarbons are 
lightest in color and in specific gravity (the latter generally 
ranging between 0.85 and 0.91), are less prone to resinifica- 
tion, and are not freely soluble in 85 per cent, alcohol. The 
oxygenated volatile oils have usually a density from 0.90 to 
0.99, and several of them are heavier than water, some being 
1.10. They are mostly more freely soluble in 80 per ceut. 
alcohol, are usually more or less colored, and the color is 
deepened on exposure. 
Adulterations.—Chloroform (adapted only to the heavy 
volatile oils) is readily detected on fractional distillation at a 
temperature of about 70° C. (158° F.). 
Alcohol will dissolve or soften fragments of fused calcium 
chloride or dry potassium acetate. Agitation with water will 
cause a diminution of volume. 
Fixed oils will leave a permanent greasy stain on paper; 
on agitation with 80 per cent, alcohol the volatile oil will 
be dissolved and the fixed oil left behind. 
Cheap volatile oils are recognized by their odor on the 
slow evaporation from bibulous paper or from the hands. 
The behavior to alcohol and to various chemical reagents is 
sometimes of value, and it has been suggested to determine 
for essential oils the “ iodine number ” in a similar manner 
as is done for fixed oils. The variations in the proximate 
composition of the volatile oils, and the presence or absence 
of coloring principles, often render the detection of adultera- 
tion, by means of reagents, very difficult. 
Properties.—Externally employed, volatile oils are stimu- 
lant and rubefacient; used internally they are carminative, 
diaphoretic, antispasmodic, and sedative. 
Antidotes.—The effects of overdoses are counteracted by CAMPHORA—CAMPHOR. 
451 
evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, and purgatives), demul- 
cent drinks, and opium. 
CAMPHORA.—Camphor. 
Origin.—Cinnamomum (Laurus, Linne) Camphora, F. 
Nees et Ebermaier, s. Camphora officinarum, C. Bauhin. 
Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. 
Habitat.—China and Japan. 
Production.—The branches and chipped wood are exposed 
to the vapors of boiling water, the volatilized camphor is 
condensed, drained and pressed from the adhering volatile 
oil (oil of camphor), and subsequently refined by sublimation 
in vessels of glass or iron. 
Description.—Crude camphor is in whitish granular 
masses, that from Japan having often a reddish tint, while 
Formosa camphor is grayish or blackish and more impure. 
Refined camphor is in translucent masses of a tough con- 
sistence and crystalline texture, also in rectangular tablets 
or masses of powder, readily pulverizable in the presence 
of a little alcohol or ether; has the spec. grav. 0.99, melts 
at 175° C. (347° F.), boils at 205° C. (401° F.), sublimes 
even at ordinary temperatures, and burns without leaving 
any residue; odor penetrating, peculiar; taste pungent and 
bitter, afterward cooling; readily soluble in alcohol and 
most other solvents, but sparingly soluble in water; the 
solutions are dextro-rotatory. It is liquefied in contact 
with chloral hydrate, phenol, thymol, menthol, resorcin, 
and other substances. 
Composition.—C10H10O. Partakes of the nature of a ketone. 
Heated with zinc chloride it yields cymol, C10HU, and with 
nitric acid, camphoric acid, C10H16O4, and camphoronic acid, 
C9H,205. Camphoric acid forms colorless, inodorous prisms, 
melts at 180° C. (356° F.), is freely soluble in alcohol, 
sparingly so in water, insoluble in carbon disulphide. Cam- 452 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
phoronic acid melts at 136° C. (277° F.) with decomposition, 
and is freely soluble in water and alcohol. 
Allied Camphor.—Borneo, Sumatra, or Barus camphor, 
from Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebrook. Natural order, 
Dipterocarpese. It has a somewhat different odor, is slightly 
heavier than water, less readily volatile, and with nitric acid 
yields ordinary camphor. Composition, C10Hi8O. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, sedative, rubefa- 
cient, resolvent. Dose, 0.06 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. j-viij-xv), 
in pills or emulsion ; externally in liniments and ointments. 
Camphoric acid in catarrhal affections externally and inter- 
nally, 1 gram (gr. xv) or more. 
THYMOL.—Thymol. 
Origin.—Thymus vulgaris, Linn&, Monarda punctata, 
Linne, Carum A'jowan, Bentham et Hooker. Natural order, 
Labi at se (Thymus, Monarda); Umbel lifers (Ajowan). 
Production.—From the volatile oil by fractional distilla- 
tion, by freezing, or by means of alkali solution. Oil of 
monarda yields about 24 per cent, of thymol. 
Properties.—Colorless rhombic scales or flat prisms, spec, 
grav. 1.06, of a thyme-like odor and pungent taste; melts 
at 50° C. (122° F.), boils at 230° C. (446° F.); freely solu- 
ble in simple solvents (sparingly in water) and in alkalies; 
liquefied by camphor, menthol, or chloral. The aqueous so- 
lution is rendered turbid by bromine water, but is not col- 
ored by ferric chloride. Thymol dissolves in H2S04 with 
yellow color, becoming rose-red on warming; on diluting 
with water, agitating with excess of lead carbonate and filter- 
ing, the liquid (containing thymolsulphonate) becomes violet 
with ferric chloride. The solution of thymol in glacial 
acetic acid becomes reddish-violet on the addition of H2S04, 
and blue-green when followed by a drop of nitric acid. 
Composition.—C10H14O, a phenol. OLEUM CAMPHORiE—Oil. OF CAMPHOR. 
453 
Properties.—Stimulant, antiseptic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram 
(gr. jss-v) ; chiefly used externally. 
MENTHOL.—Menthol. 
Origin.—1. Mentha piperita, Smith; 2. Mentha arvensis, 
Linne, var. piperascens, Malinvaud; Mentha canadensis, 
Linne, var. glabrata, Bentham. Natural order, Labiatse, 
Satn reinese. 
Habitat.—1. Europe, North America; 2. China, Japan. 
Production.—By fractional distillation of the volatile oil, 
and freezing the higher boiling product. 
Properties.—Fine white needles, or prismatic crystals, 
transparent when examined singly, of an agreeable pepper- 
mint odor and taste; spec. grav. 0.89; melts at 43° C. 
(109° F.); boils at 212° C. (414° F.); freely soluble in 
most simple solvents, sparingly soluble in water; liquefied 
by chloral hydrate, camphor, or thymol ; produces a red 
color with bromine. The solution in H2S04 is turbid red- 
brown, slowly separates a colorless oil and loses the mint 
odor. Boiled with sulphuric acid diluted with half its vol- 
ume of water it acquires an indigo-blue color, the acid turn- 
ing brown. 
Japanese or Chinese menthol is usually moist from the 
presence of oil, and has a mint-like odor, differing some- 
what from that of peppermint. 
Composition.—C10H20O; has the character of a secondary 
alcohol. 
Properties.—Stimulant, rubefacient, anodyne. Dose, 0.1 
to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v); used externally. 
OLEUM CAMPHORiE.—Oil of Camphor. 
Origin and Production.—See Camphora. 
Description.—Deep yellow or yellowish-brown ; spec. gray, 
about 0.94 ; boiling-point about 180° C. (356° F.); completely 
soluble in alcohol. Formosa camphor oil has a strong cam- 454 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
phoraceous odor and in the cold separates camphor. Japanese 
camphor oil is more limpid, has a sassafras-like odor, and 
separates little or no camphor. 
Composition. — Terpenes, cineol, and terpineol, CI0H18O, 
eugenol, safrol, camphor, and other compounds. 
Properties.—Like camphor, mostly used in liniments. 
OLEUM CAJUPUTI.—On, of Cajeput. 
Origin.—Melaleuca Leucadendron, Linne, s. M. minor, 
Smith, s. M. Cujuputi, Roxburgh. Natural order, Myrtacese, 
Leptospermese. 
Habitat.—East Indian Islands. 
Production.—The leaves are distilled with water. 
Description.—Green or, after rectification, colorless or 
yellowish, neutral, very mobile, easily soluble in alcohol; 
Irevogyre; spec. grav. about 0.925 ; odor aromatic; taste 
warm, camphoraceous, cooling, bitterish; not congealing at 
—25° C. (—13° F.). It dissolves iodine without violent 
reaction ; the solution containing 20 percent, iodine congeals 
in the cold crystalline. Stirred in the cold with half its 
volume of phosphoric acid the mixture should become semi- 
solid. 
Constituents.—Chiefly cajuputol (cineol), Cl0H18O; also 
hydrocarbons, C10H16 and C15H24, and acetic, butyric, and 
valerianic ethers of terpilenol (CjuH180). The crude (green) 
oil often contains a trace of copper, which yields a red-brown 
color or precipitate on agitating the oil with warm dilute 
hydrochloric acid and adding potassium ferrocyauide to the 
watery liquid. 
Properties„ — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, rube- 
facient, counter-irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. 
jss-viij-xv), in mixtures; externally in liniments. OLEUM SUCCINI—Oil. OF AMBER. 
455 
OLEUM ROSiE.—Oil of Rose. Attar of Rose. 
Origin.—Rosa damascena, Mueller. Natural order, Rosa- 
cese, Rosese. 
Habited.—Cultivated in Bulgaria. 
Production.—The flowers are distilled with water, eoho- 
bation being resorted to; yield about 0.03 per cent. 
Description.—Pale yellow liquid, spec. grav. 0.85 to 0.88, 
of an agreeable rose odor when diluted, and a sweetish 
taste; reaction neutral; slightly dextrogyre; separates at 
or below 15° C. (59° F.), transparent scaly crystals, which 
remain suspended in the liquid ; treated with sulphuric acid 
the odor should not be destroyed, and then mixed with alco- 
hol the liquid should be nearly colorless. 
Constituents.—Geraniol, citronellol, stearopten, 12-14 per 
cent., C1gH34, white crystalline plates, melts at 36.5°-38° C.; 
inodorous, requires about 100 parts of alcohol for solution. 
Adulterations.—Spermaceti and paraffin crystallize in a 
rather opaque crust. An addition of oil of ginger-grass or 
roshe oil from Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne, lowers 
the congealing-point of attar of rose, and imparts to it an 
acid reaction; the chief constituent is the alcohol geraniol, 
CiO^isO* 
Uses.—For perfuming ointments and mixtures. 
OLEUM SUCCINI.—Oil of Amber. 
Production.—Amber is subjected to destructive distillation, 
and the thick brown liquid distillate is rectified. 
Description.—Pale yellow, spec. gray. 0.91-0.95; odor empy- 
reumatic, balsamic ; taste warm and acrid ; soluble in 4 parts 
of strong alcohol; with nitric acid it acquires a red color, and 
after some time is almost wholly converted into a brown resinous 
mass, having a musk-like odor. 
Adulterations. — Petroleum and the empyreumatic oils of 
resins. 
Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, irritant. Dose, 0.2 to 
0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in capsules or emulsion; exter- 
nally in liniments. 456 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Syllabus of the Official Volatile Oils. 
Magnoliacece. 
Oleum Anisi stellati, from the fruit of Illicium verum, Hooker filius. 
Pale yellow, sweet; congeals at about 10° C. (50° F.), while at rest, 
at about 1° C. (34° F.); spec. grav. 0.98, laevogyre; consists of 
CI0H,6and anethol, C|0H)2O, with little safrol, anisic acid, hydro- 
quinone ethylester, etc.; with alcoholic HC1 becomes brownish. 
Crucifer ce. 
Oleum Sinapis volatile, from the seeds of Brassica nigra, Koch, after 
maceration with water; yield 0.5 per cent. Yellow, neutral, spec, 
grav. 1.018, pungent and acrid, soluble in 3 parts of sulphuric acid 
without change of color; boiling-point 148° C. (298° F.) ; without ro- 
tating power; chiefly allyl sulphocyanide, C3H5.CNS, with some CS2. 
Rutacecc. 
Oleum Limonis, from the rind of Citrus Limormm, Risso. Yellow- 
ish, neutral, spec. grav. 0.858 to 0.859, bitterish ; dextrogyre; boil- 
ing-point about 175° C. (347° F.); limonene, CI0HIf), probably some 
pinene and a small quantity of a nonvolatile stearopten with citral, 
CI0H,6O, and citronellal. 
Oleum Bergamottae, from the rind of Citrus Bergamin, Risso et 
Poiteau. Greenish, faintly acid, spec. grav. 0.88 to 0.885, bitterish ; 
boiling-point about 185° C. (365° F.); dextrogyre; consists of 
citrene, CI0H16, and linalool and its acetic ester. 
Oleum Aurantii amari, from the rind of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Yel- 
lowish, neutral, bitterish, spec. grav. about 0.86 ; chiefly hesperidene 
(citrene), C|0H16. 
Oleum Aurantii dulcis, from the rind of Citrus Aurantium, Risso. 
Yellowish, neutral, spec. grav. about 0.86; chiefly hesperidene, 
CI0Hi6, with some geranial, C10H,6O; readily altered on exposure. 
Oleum Aurantii florurn, from the flowers of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. 
Colorless or brownish, neutral, bitterish, spec. grav. about 0.875 to 
0.890; boiling-point about 190° C. (374° F.); dextrogyre; gives 
violent fluorescence with alcohol; chiefly C|0H16; the stearopten 
melts at 55° C. (131° F.). 
Leguminoscc. 
Oleum Copaiba1, from the oleoresin of Copaiba spec. Colorless, or 
yellowish, neutral, spec. grav. 0.89 to 0.910; boiling-point about 
255° C.-(491° F.); laevogvre; consists of C,5H24. Soluble in an 
equal volume of absolute alcohol. The oil of Maracaibo copaiva 
becomes dark blue with gaseous HC1. OFFICIAL VOLATILE OILS. 
457 
Rosacece. 
Oleum Amygdalae amarae, from the seeds of Prunus Amygdalus, 
Baillon (Amygdalus communis, Linne), var. amara, De Candolle. 
Yellowish, slightly bitter, spec. grav. 1.06 to 1.07 (1.049, if deprived 
of HCN by lime and ferric chloride); boiling-point about 180° C. 
(356° F.); chiefly benzaldehyd, C71I60 with HCN, in old oil ben- 
zoic acid. Evaporated with potassa and alcohol, the residue, dis- 
solved in distilled water, yields a nearly transparent solution, free 
from brown-yellow sediment (nitrobenzol). The bitter almond 
odor disappears on treatment with potassium permanganate, which 
has no action on nitrobenzol. Treatment with a cold saturated 
solution of sodium bisulphite should yield a clear solution and 
separate no oil drops. 
Oleum Rosse (see page 458). 
Myrtacece. 
Oleum Cajuputi (see page 458). 
Oleum Eucalypti, from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus globulus, 
LabiUardifrre, Euc. oleosa, F. v. Mueller, and other species. Yel- 
lowish, neutral, spicy, and cooling; spec. grav. 0.91 to 0.93: con- 
tains C10H14, C10H16, and CI0H16O. Eucalyptol, C10H,8O, is chemi- 
cally identical with cajuputol and cineol. 
Oleum Caryophylli, from the flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica 
{Linne), O. Kunlze. Yellowish-brown, slightly acid, taste hot, 
aromatic; faintly laevogyre: spec. grav. 1.06 to 1.067; boiling- 
point about 250° C. (482° F.) ; an alcoholic solution turns blue 
with ferric chloride; when shaken with an equal volume of strong 
ammonia water it forms a yellowish semi-solid mass; contains 
C15H24, eugenol, C10H12O2, its acetic and acetylsalicylic acid ester 
furfurol and amylmethyl ketone. 
Oleum Pimentse, from the fruit of Pimenta officinalis, Lindley. Color- 
less or pale yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 1.045-1.055; contains 
C15H24, and eugenol, CI0Hl2O2. 
. Oleum Myrciae, from the leaves of Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Yel- 
lowish or brownish-yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.975-0.990; 
contains eugenol, methyl eugenol, chavicol, methyl chavicol, myr- 
cene, phellandrene, and citral. The last three oils congeal with 
potassa, and their alcoholic solution is colored purplish-blue or 
green by Fe2Cl6. 
Umbelliferce. 
Oleum Cari, from the fruit of Carum Carvi, Linne. Colorless or yel- 
lowish, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.91 to 0.92; boiling-point 458 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
about 175° C. (347° F.); contains carvene (chemically identical with 
limonene, citrene, hesperidene), C10HI6, and carvol, C10HuO; the 
latter is colored light violet by Fe2Cl6, and congeals with ammonia 
and sulphydric acid. 
Oleum Fcenfculi, from the fruit of Foemculum vulgare, Gaertner. 
Colorless, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.97; congeals 
below 0° C. (32° F.); contains phellandrene, CI01I16, anethol, 
Cj0H12O, and fenchone. 
Oleum Anfsi, from the fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Colorless 
or yellowish, neutral, sweet, slightly lsevogyre or dextrogyre; spec, 
grav. 0.98 to 0.99 ; if at rest congeals near 10° C. (50° F.), the tem- 
perature rising to 15° C. (59° F.) ; becomes pink with alcoholic 
HC1; contains phellandrene, C10HI6, and anethol, C10H12O. 
Oleum Anethi, from the fruit of Andthum (PeucGlanum, ILiern) 
graveolens, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, sweetish, dextrogyre; 
spec. grav. 0.905 to 0.920; citrene, C10H16, and carvol. 
Oleum Coriandri, from the fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linne. 
Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.87 
to 0.885; chiefly coriandrol, C10H,gO (boiling at 195° C.), with little 
dextropinene. Should be soluble in three times its volume of 70 
per cent, alcohol. 
Valerianece. 
Oleum Valerianse, from the rhizome and rootlets of Valeriana offici- 
nalis, Linne. Yellowish or brownish, somewhat viscid, slightly 
acid, lsevogyre; spec. grav. 0.95; contains a dextro-rotatory terpene, 
camphene, citrene, a sesquiterpene, CI5H24, an alcohol, C15H240, 
lsevo-rotatory borneol, C10Hl8O, terpineol, and the formic, acetic, 
butyric, and valerianic esters of the alcohols. 
Composites. 
Oleum Anthemidis from the flowers of AnYhemis nobilis, Linne. 
Pale blue, green, or yellow, slightly acid ; spec. grav. 0.90; contains 
anthemol, C10H|6O, and the butyl and amyl esters of angelic, 
valerianic and tiglinic acids. 
Oleum Erigerontis, from the herb of Engeron canadense, Linne. 
Pale yellow, neutral, strongly lsevogyre; spec. grav. 0.86; soluble in 
an equal volume of alcohol; limonene, C10Hj6, and oxygenated 
compound. Its solution in acetic acid yields with bromine crystals 
of C,0II16Br4 (Fluckiger). 
Ericacece. 
Oleum Gaultlieriae, from the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. 
Yellowish or reddish, slightly acid, sweetish, slightly lsevogyre; OFFICIAL VOLATILE OILS. 
459 
spec. grav. 1.175-1.185; boiling-point 218° to 221° C. (424° to 430° 
F.); chiefly methyl salicylate, CH3.C7H503, and small amount of a 
paraffin (C30H62) ?, an aldehyde or ketone, an apparently secondary 
alcohol, C8H160, and an ester, CuH2402; yields with nitric acid 
colorless crystals. 
Labiatce. 
Oleum Lavandulae Florum, from the flowers of Lavandula vera, Ue 
Candolle. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, bitterish, lsevogyre; spec, 
grav. 0.885 to 0.897 ; boiling-point about 185° C. (365° F.); con- 
tains C]0H16, the alcohol C10H18O (linalool) and its acetic ester, 
geranylacetate and cineol. 
Oleum M4nthae viridis, from the herb of Mentha viridis, Linne. 
Pale yellow, neutral, lsevogyre; spec. grav. 0.93 to 0.94, contains 
C10H16, and a compound, c10iiiA 
Oleum Menthse piperitae, from the herb of Mentha piperita, Linne. 
Pale yellow or greenish, neutral, taste warm and cooling, strongly 
lsevogyre; spec. grav. 0.90 to 0.92; contains menthol, C10H20O (see 
page 457), and other compounds. American oil containing methyl 
disulphide and another organic sulphur compound. 
Oleum Thymi, from the herb of Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Red- 
brown or yellowish, neutral, slightly lsevogyre ; spec. grav. 0.90 to 
0.93; contains cymene, C10HU, thymene, C10H16, and thymol, C10HuO 
(see page 456). 
Oleum Hedeomse, from the herb of Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. 
Colorless or pale yellow, neutral or slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.93 to 
0.94 ; dextrogyre ; contains hedeomol, C10H18O, and formic, acetic, 
and isoheptoic esters. 
Oleum Rosmarini, from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. 
Colorless, neutral or very slightly acid, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.895 
to 0.915; soluble in twice its volume of alcohol; contains about 80 
per cent. C10HI6, besides C10H16O, borneol and cineol, C,0H,8O. 
Oleum Monardse, from the herb of Monarda punctata, Linne. Red- 
dish or brownish; spec. grav. 0.920-0.925. Contains cymene, 
C10l I14, thymol, C10HuO, and another oxygenated compound. 
Chenopodiacece. 
Oleum Chenopodii, from the fruit of Chenopodium ambrosioides, 
Linne, var. anthelmmticum, Gray. Pale yellow, neutral, bitterish ; 
spec. grav. 0.92; boiling-point about 180° C. (365° F.); C10II16 and 
C10H16O. 
Piperacece. 
Oleum Cubebae, from the fruit of Cubeba officinalis, Miquel. Color- 
less or faintly greenish or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. gray. 460 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
0.93 ; boiling-point about 250° C. (482° F.); contains little C10H]6, 
and two hydrocarbons, Ci5H24. 
Myristicacece. 
Oleum Myrfsticae, from the kernel of Myrfstica fragrans, Houttuyn. 
Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0.87 to 0.90 ; boiling-point 
160° C. (320 F.) ; chiefly myristicene, Ci0III6, also myristicol, 
C10HuO. 
Laurinece. 
Oleum Cinnamomi Zeylanici, from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylani- 
cum, Breyne. Yellow or reddish, slightly acid, sweet and spicy, 
somewhat laevogyre; spec. grav. 1.025 to 1.035; chiefly cinnamic 
aldehyd, C9H80, also cinnamyl acetate and hydrocarbons; in old 
oil cinnamic acid. 
Oleum Cinnambmi, from Cassia bark. Like the preceding; flavor 
less agreeable; slightly laevogyre or dextrogyre; spec. grav. 1.055 
to 1.065. 
Oleum Sassafras, from the root of Sassafras officinale, Nees. Yellow- 
ish or brownish, neutral, slightly dextrogyre; spec. grav. 1.07 to 
1.09; contains safrol, C10H10O2, pinene, CI0H16, phellandrene, C,0H16, 
camphor, dextrogyrate, C10H16O, eugenol, C10H12O2, and cadinene; 
with nitric acid dark red and resinous. 
Santalacece. 
Oleum Santali, from the wood of Santalum album, Linne. Light 
yellow, rather thick, slightly acid; laevogyre; spec. grav. 0.97 to 
0.978; boiling-point about 275° C. (527° F.); dissolves in six times 
its volume of 70 per cent, alcohol; contains C]5H240 and C15H260. 
Australian (spec. grav. 0.953) and West Indian sandal-wood oil 
(spec. grav. 0.965) are dextrogyre. 
Cupulifera. 
Oleum Betulae volatile, from the bark of Betula lenta, Linne. Same 
as Oleum Gaultherise. 
Coniferce. 
Oleum Terebinthinae, from the oleoresin of different species of Pinus. 
Colorless, neutral, bitterish ; spec. grav. 0.855 to 0.87; boiling-point 
155° to 170° C. (311° to 338° F.); consists of C10HI6. American 
oil of turpentine is dextrogyre. 
Oleum Juniperi, from the fruit of Jumperus communis, Linne. 
Colorless or faintly greenish, neutral, bitterish, slightly laevogyre; 
spec. grav. 0.86 to 0.89; boiling-point 155° C. (311° F.) ; consists 
of C|0Hlfi (pinene and other hydrocarbons). FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 
461 
Oleum Sabinse, from the branches (tops) of Jumperus Sabina, Linne. 
Colorless, neutral, bitterish, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.91 to 0.94; 
boiling-point near 160° C. (320° F.), rising to over 200 C.; consists 
of C)0Hj6. 
Oleum Picis lfquidae, from pine-wood tar. Yellowish or red-brown, 
acid, odor, and taste tar-like; spec. grav. 0.97 ; consists mainly of 
CioH 16- 
Oleum Pini, from fresh leaves of Pinus Pumilio, Ilaenke. Colorless, 
aromatic, pungent; spec. grav. 0.865; consists mainly of bornyl 
acetate. 
8. FIXED OILS AND WAXES.—OLEA 
PINGUIA ET CER^E. 
Fats are found in plants and animals, and are mostly 
colorless, or white, inodorous and tasteless; but some com- 
mercial fats always contain coloring matter and volatile oil 
or other odorous principle, and the fats of the volatile fatty 
acids have a distinct odor. All fats are lighter than water 
(spec. grav. mostly between 0.913 and 0.956), are insoluble 
in water and mostly also in cold alcohol; they are soluble 
in ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, and carbon 
disulphide. The liquid fats are transparent; the solid fats 
melt, by heat, to a transparent liquid, and in that condition 
produce upon paper a greasy stain which does not disappear 
by heat. Fats are not volatile; when heated to about 
300° C. (572° F.) they are decomposed with ebullition, at 
the same time darkening in color. They ignite with diffi- 
culty, but aided by a wick will burn readily with a lumi- 
nous flame. 
Fats may be obtained by treating the tissues with a sol- 
vent like carbon disulphide or benzin, or more generally 
by expression and by heat. Crude fats usually contain 
mucilaginous and protein compounds, from which they are 
freed by decantation or filtration ; or they must be treated 
with certain chemicals for the removal of impurities, like 
alum, lead acetate, zinc chloride, a small quantity of alkali, 462 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
or about J to 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid. The color of cer- 
tain fats is destroyed by heat, or by exposure to sunlight, or 
by treatment with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid. 
Most fats are mixtures of two or more glycerides or 
glyceryl-esters, the most important of which are tristearin? 
CgHj.dCjgH^Og; tripalmitin, C3H5.3C16H3102; trimyristin, 
C3H5.3C14H2702; trilaurin, ; and triolein, 
C3H5.3C18H;i302; these are usually designated as stearin, 
palmitin, olein, etc. The drying oils which gradually 
harden on exposure to the air contain linolein, the acid 
having the formula C16II2804. The same compound is stated 
to be present also in small proportion in most vegetable non- 
drying oils. Fats become rancid through the generation 
of volatile fatty acids, and perhaps of other compounds. On 
saponification most of the liquid and solid fats yield glycerin, 
C3H803. Soaps made with potassa are softer than soda 
soaps, and the soaps of drying oils are softer than those 
prepared from non-drying oils. Woolfat or lanolin consists 
of cholesterin esters, is miscible with its weight of water, 
and saponified with difficulty. 
Fats having a high fusing-point are often called waxes; 
but this name is more properly applied to the compounds of 
the fatty acids with the radicals of monatomic alcohols, such 
as cetyl, C16H33 (in spermaceti), ceryl, (in Chinese 
wax), and myricyl, C30H61 (in beeswax). 
Adulterations.—The detection is difficult. The specific 
gravity of the fat, and the melting and congealing points 
of the fat and of the isolated mixed fat acids, should be 
observed. Drying and non-drying oils are distinguished by 
the effect of nitrous acid, which causes the latter to congeal 
in the course of two or three hours to one or two days, 
through the conversion of liquid olein into solid elaidin; 
linolein and allied oils are not solidified by this agent. 
Trielaidin melts at about 38° C. (100° F.), and elaidic acid 
at 45° C. (113° F.). The test is applied by mixing 2 parts FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 
463 
of nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.42, 3 parts of water, and 5 parts 
of the oil, and adding 1 part of copper. Maumene’s sul- 
phuric acid test is applied by stirring together 50 grams of 
the oil and 10 cubic centimeters of strong sulphuric acid, 
and noting the rise of temperature. Heydenreich’s test con- 
sists in adding to 10 or 12 drops of the oil 2 or 3 drops of 
sulphuric acid, and noting the color, then stirring, and again 
noting the color. For Calvert’s test, 1 volume of sulphuric 
acid, spec. grav. 1.53, is agitated for about five minutes with 
5 volumes of the oil, after which the color is observed. 
Hirschsohn’s test for cottonseed oil consists in heating for 
twenty minutes in a water-bath 3 cubic centimeters of the 
oil with 6 drops of chloroformic solution of crystallized 
auric chloride (0.5 per cent.), when a red color is produced. 
Arachis, benne, hemp, maize, poppy, and walnut oils are 
likewise colored red or dark, or precipitate metallic gold 
(Moerck). The other oils in the next table are not affected 
(Hirschsohn). 
Oil of 
Tests. 
Nitrous acid. 
Maumene’s. 
Heydenreich’s. 
Calvert’s. 
Almond 
Arachis 
Cod-liver 
Cottonseed 
Hemp 
Lard 
Linseed 
Mustard 
Olive 
Poppy 
Rapeseed 
Ricinus 
Sesame 
Sunflower 
Whitish, solid 
Whitish, solid 
Yellow, liquid 
Yellow, soft 
Yellow, liquid 
Yellow, solid 
Brownish, liquid 
Yellowish, solid 
Yellowish, solid 
Yellow, liquid 
Brownish, soft 
Whitish, soft 
Red-brown, soft 
Yellow, soft 
52° C. 
67 
102 
70 
98 
27 
103 
42 
58 
47 
68 
Yellow 
Yellow, green-brown 
Purple, red 
Reddish and brown 
Brown, black, solid 
Yellow, brown 
Brown-red, blackish 
Green, brown 
Yellow, brownish 
Yellow, brown-green 
Green or brownish 
Brownish 
Brown-red, gelatinous 
Red-brown, brown 
White. 
Yellow. 
Purple. 
Yellow. 
Dark green. 
Yellowish. 
Dark green. 
Greenish-brown. 
Greenish. 
Grayish. 
Brown. 
Grayish-white. 
Dirty green. 
Yellow. 
Ill many cases the action of iodine or bromide upon the 
fat acids affords indication of the purity of fats. The fat 
acids of the acetic acid group are not altered at ordinary 
temperatures by these haloids; those of the oleic acid group 
fake up two atoms, and those of the linoleic acid group four 
atoms of the haloid, and any excess of the latter may be de- 464 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
termined in the usual mauuer. The amount of haloid thus 
taken up differs greatly for various oils, and varies com- 
paratively little for each fat in its natural condition. Iodine 
is usually employed for this purpose, and the percentage 
of iodine combining with the oil is called the “iodine 
number.” 
Hiibl prepares the “iodine solution” by dissolving 25 
grams iodine in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, and 
30 grams mercuric chloride in 500 cubic centimeters strong 
alcohol, mixing the two solutions and setting aside for ten 
hours. For testing, about 0.2 gram of a drying oil (or 0.3 
gram non-drying oil, or 0.8 gram of solid fat) is dissolved in 
10 cubic centimeters of chloroform, mixed with 20 cubic 
centimeters of the iodine solution, and set aside for about 2 
hours, when the excess of free iodine is determined by 
sodium thiosulphate. The “ iodine number ” of the fat 
acids is determined in the same manner, using the mixed 
fat acids separated from the saponified fat by a mineral acid. 
Oils and fats. 
Spec. grav. 
at 15° C. 
Iodine number. 
Melting-point 
of fat acids. 
Saponification 
value. 
Almond 
0.9186 
97.5-98 
14° C. 
194.5-196 
Apricot 
0.9191 
99-102 
4.5 
192.9 
Arachis 
0.919 
101-105 
27-32 
191.3 
Butter 
0.930 
26-35 
38.0 
227.0 
Butterin 
55.3 
42.0 
Cocoanut 
0.870 
8.9-9.3 
24.6 
257.3-268.4 
Cod-liver 
0.923 
123-140 
213.2 
Cottonseed 
0.9228 
105-115 
30.0 
195.0 
Hemp 
0.9276 
143 
19.0 
193.1 
Japan wax 
0.980 
4.2 
222.0 
Lanolin (suint) 
0.973 
36 
41.8 
170.0 
Lard 
0.940 
58-64 
44 
195.3-196.6 
Lard oil 
0.918 
191-196 
Laurel 
49 
27.6 
Linseed 
0.935 
154-160 
17.0 
189-196 
Neatsfoot 
0.916 
66-70 
30.0 
190.9 
Nut 
0.926 
142-144 
20.0 
196.0 
Nutmeg 
0.990 
31.0 
42.5 
Olive 
0.9149 
81.6-90.2 
25-29 
191.7 
Olive seed 
0.9202 
81.8 
188.5 
Palm 
0.95 
50.4-53.4 
47.8 
202-202.5 
Poppy 
0.925 
135-137 
19-24 
194.6 
Pumpkin 
0.9241 
121 
28.0 
189.5 
Rape 
0.9172 
97-105 
18-22 
177.0 
Rieinus 
0.9613 
84-93.9 
13.0 
181-181.5 
Sesame 
0.9213 
105-108 
25-30 
190 
Tallow 
0.916 
40-42 
45.0 
196.5 
Theobroma 
0.950 
34.0 
52.0 FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 
465 
Free fat acids are estimated, in the presence of alcohol 
and phenolphthalein, by titration with KHO (acid number). 
Valenta’s saponification value is an extension of Koettstor- 
fer’s method for butter-testing: 1 gram of fat is saponified 
by warming with 25 cubic centimeters of alcoholic solution 
of KHO (about \ normal), and the excess of alkali deter- 
mined by titration; the weight of KHO in milligrams re- 
quired for combining with the fat acids gives the “ saponi- 
fication value;” on deducting from this the “acid number,” 
the “ ester number” is found—i. e., the amount of KHO in 
milligrams required for neutralizing the fat acids present in 
combination. 
Classification. 
Sect. 1. Liquid fats. 
I. Non-drying oils. 
Yellowish, slightly nutty, not congealing at 
01. Amygdalae 
—10° C. 
expressum. 
Pale yellow, deposits granules near 0° C. 
01. Olivae. 
Yellow or brownish-yellow, solid at —18° C. 
01. Sinapis 
expressum. 
Pale yellow, opaque at 0° C. 
01. Bubulum. 
Yellowish, solidifying near 0° C. 
01. Adipis. 
II. Drying oils. 
Yellow or brownish ; not solid at —15° C. 
01. Lini. 
Pale yellow, bland, congeals at —18° C. 
01. Papaveris. 
Nearly colorless, nutty; congeals at —20° C. 
01. Juglandis. 
Green, unpleasant.; congeals at —15° C. 
01. Cannabis. 
III. Intermediate oils. 
Yellow, odor and taste fishy. 
01. Morrhuae. 
Brownish-yellow, acrid. 
01. Tiglii. 
Yellowish, mawkish, slightly acrid. 
01. Bicini. 
Yellow, bland, congeals below 0° C. 
01. Gossypii. 
Yellow, bland, congeals at —5° C. 
01. Sesami. 
Yellow, bland, congeals at —10° C. 
01. Maydis. 
Sect. 2. Solid fats. 
I. Containing volatile oil. 
01. Lauri. 
Butyraceous, granular, green, spicy. 466 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Mottled orange-brown, melting at 45° C. 
01. Myristicse 
II. Odorous, but free from volatile oil. 
Yellowish-white, chocolate odor, melting at 
expressum. 
30° C. 
01. Theobromse. 
Orange-red, violet odor, melting at 27° C. 
01. Palmae. 
Brownish-white, acrid, melting at 40° C. 
White, disagreeable odor, melting at about 
01. Gynocardise. 
25° C. 
01. Cocois. 
Yellow, sweet, melting at 28° C. 
Butyrum. 
Whitish (the crude greenish-brown), animal 
Adeps Lame 
odor, melting at 40° C. 
Hydrosus. 
ITI. With no characteristic odor. 
White, melting at 35° C. 
Adeps. 
White, melting at 45° C. 
Sevum. 
Sect. 3. Waxes. 
White, crystalline, melting at 50° C. 
Cetaceum. 
Yellow, or white, melting at 62° C. 
Cera. 
OLEUM AMYGDALAE EXPRESSUM.— 
Almond Oil. 
Origin.—Prunus Amygdalus, Baillon (Amygdalus com- 
munis, Ldnne). Natural order, Rosaceae, Prunese. 
Habitat.—Western Asia, naturalized in the Mediterranean 
basin; cultivated. 
Production.—Crushed bitter almonds are subjected to 
powerful pressure preceding their being used for preparing 
oil of bitter almond. Sweet almonds are likewise occasionally 
expressed. Yield 40 to 50 or 55 per cent. 
Description.—Yellowish, thin, spec. grav. 0.915 to 0.920, 
congealing near —20° C. (—4° F.), of a slight nutty odor 
and bland taste. A mixture of the oil with an equal bulk 
of nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, on being warmed to 60° C. 
(140° F.) does not acquire a yellow or orange color. A 
mixture of two volumes of oil with one of fuming nitric 
acid and one of water should be whitish, and after standing OLEUM OLIV.E—OLIVE OIL. 
467 
for six hours should give a white solid and a colorless liquid. 
The mixed fat acids melt near 14° C. (57° F.) and solidify 
near 5° C. (41° F.). 
Constituents.—Chiefly olein, very little palmitin. 
Substitution.—The fixed oils expressed from the seeds of 
the *peach (Prunus Persica, Linne), and apricot (Prunus 
Armemaca, Linne), closely resemble almond oil; but 
warmed with nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, speedily turn 
yellow and orange-red. The fat acid of apricot oil melts 
near 5° C. (41° F.). 
Properties.—Lenitive. Dose, 2 to 16 grams in 
emulsion; externally in liniments and ointments. 
OLEUM OLIYM.—Olive Oil. 
Origin.—O'lea europae'a, Linne. Natural order, Oleaceae, 
Oleinese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Production.—The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pres- 
sure, yields virgin oil; a second quality of oil is obtained by 
mixing the press-cake with hot water, and again expressing; 
and an inferior more or less rancid oil is yielded from the 
residue after it has undergone decomposition. 
Desci-iption.—Pale yellow or light greenish-yellow, spec, 
grav. 0.915 at 15° C., 0.911 at 24° C.; near 5° C. (41° F.) 
separating white crystalline granules ; solid below 0° C. 
(32° F.); of a slight, agreeable odor, and a blaud, faintly 
acrid taste. The mixture, made upon a porcelain slab, of 10 
drops of the oil and 5 or 6 drops of sulphuric acid, does not 
acquire a brown-red or greenish-brown color. Agitated with 
a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids it remains pale 
yellow or greenish. Shaken with one-tifth its volume of 
the following: silver nitrate 1 gramme, absolute alcohol 
100 c.c., ether 20 c.c., nitric acid 1 drop, and heating no black 468 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
color should appear. The mixed fat acids separated after 
saponification melt at about 26.5° C. (80° F.) and begin to 
solidify at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.). 
Constituents.—Mainly olein; the solid fats are chiefly 
palmitin with arachin and possibly stearin ; also cholesterin, 
soluble in alcohol. 
Properties and Uses.—Like Almond Oil. Olive oil, con- 
taining about 6 per cent, of free oleic acid, has been recom- 
mended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, under the name of 
lipanin. 
OLEUM SINAPIS EXPRESSUM.—Expressed 
Mustard Oil. 
Origin.—The seeds of Brassica alba, Hooker filius, and Br. 
nigra, Koch. Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassicese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
Production.—The crushed seeds are subjected to cold pres- 
sure ; yield about 22 per cent. 
Properties.—Bright yellow (from white mustard) to brownish- 
yellow (from black mustard), spec. grav. 0.916, solid near 
—18° C., nearly inodorous, of a bland taste; iodine number 
96.0. Nitroso-nitric acid colors reddish; zinc chloride colors 
dingy green. 
Constituents.—Glycerides of oleic, stearic, erucic (C22H4202) 
and behenic (C22H4402) acids. 
Uses.—Like olive oil. 
OLEUM BUBULUM.—Neat’s-foot Oil. 
Production.—The fatty tissue of neat’s feet is boiled with 
water and the fat skimmed off, strained and pressed. 
Description.—Pale yellow, spec. gray, about 0.916, opaque 
at or below 0° C. (82° F.) ; odor slight; nearly tasteless. The 
fat acid melts near 30° C. (86° F.). 
Constituents.—Olein and solid fats. 
Uses.—Chiefly externally. OLEUM PAPAVERIS—POPPYSEED OIL. 
469 
OLEUM ADI PIS.—Lard Oil. 
Production.—Lard is exposed to a low temperature and 
expressed. Yield about 50 to 60 per cent. 
Description.—Pale yellowish or colorless, spec. grav. about 
0.910 to 0.920, solidifying near 0° C. (32° F.) ; dark reddish 
brown with concentrated sulphuric acid; odor and taste 
slight. 
Constituents.—Olein, with palmitin and stearin. 
Uses.—Externally. 
OLEUM LINT.—Linseed Oil. Flaxseed Oil. 
Origin.—Llnum usitatlssimum, Linne. Natural order, 
Linese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed; yield by 
cold pressure 16 to 20 per cent.; by hot pressure 25 to 28 
per cent. 
Description.—Yellow, limpid, spec. grav. about 0.935, 
congealing at —27° C. (—16.5° F.); odor slight; taste 
bland. Soluble in 10 parts of absolute alcohol, but when 
fresh the pure oil dissolves in absolute alcohol in all propor- 
tions, and 1 or 2 parts of 95 per cent, alcohol, becoming 
turbid with more. Expressed with heat, linseed oil is of a 
darker color, stronger odor, and acrid taste. The mixed fat 
acids melt near 17° C. (62.5° F.). The iodine number of 
linseed oil is 154-160 (Hiibl), or 170-180 (Benedict). 
Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and myris- 
tin. By exposure it dries to linoxyn, C32H54On. 
Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 65 grams 
? externally as a protective. 
OLEUM PAPAVERIS.—Poppyseed Oil. 
Origin.—Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papa- 
veracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. 470 
DRUGS IVITIIOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed. Yield 40 to 
50 per cent. 
Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, spec. grav. 0.925; con- 
gealing at about—18° C. (0° F.) ; odor slight; taste bland. 
The mixed fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). 
Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and perhaps 
other fats. 
Properties.—Demulcent and protective. 
Origin.—1. Juglans regia, Linne. 2. Juglans cinerea, 
Linne. 3. Carya amara, Nuttall. Natural order, Juglandese. 
Habitat.—1. Central Asia; cultivated. 2,3. North America, 
westward to Nebraska. 
Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed; yield about 
25 per cent. 
Description.—Pale greenish or nearly colorless, somewhat 
thicker than the preceding, spec. grav. 0.92; congealing at 
about —18° C. (0° F.) ; odor and taste nutty. The mixed fat 
acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). 
Constituents.—Probably linolein with some solid fats. 
Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. 
OLEUM JUGLANDIS.—Nut Oil. 
Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, 
Cannabinese. 
Habitat.—Southern and Central Asia ; cultivated. 
Production.—The crushed fruit (hempseed) is expressed; 
yield about 30 per cent. 
Description.—Green, becoming lighter and brownish on ex- 
posure ; spec. gray. 0.93; odor hemp-like; taste rather mild ; 
thickens at —15° C. (5° F.). The mixed fat acids melt near 
19° C. (66° F.). 
Constituents.—Linolein, probably with palmitin. 
Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. 
OLEUM CANNABIS.—Hempseed Oil. 
OLEUM MORRHUiE.—Cod-liver Oil. 
Oleum jecoris aselli. 
Origin.—Gadus Morrhua, Linne, and other species of 
Gadus. Class, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. 
Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean. OLEUM TIGLII—CROTON OIL. 
471 
Production.—The fresh livers are slowly heated and the 
oil is decanted from the water, and sometimes deprived of a 
portion of the solid fat by partial freezing. 
Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, faintly acid, spec. grav. 
0.920 to 0.925 ; near 0° C. (32° F.) separating a white 
granular deposit; odor and taste mild, fishy. Sulphuric 
acid colors it deep violet, changing to brown-red. If obtained 
by means of a greater heat, by boiling with water, or from 
stale livers, cod-liver oil is denser, has an amber-brown or 
dark-brown color, a stronger acid reaction, a more disagree- 
able odor and more or less bitter taste, and deposits granules 
at a higher temperature. 
Constituents.—Chiefly olein, with palmitin and stearin, 
iodine 0.001 to 0.002 per cent., traces of chlorine, bromine, 
phosphorus, and sulphur, 0.3 cholesterin and other biliary 
compounds, probably also butyric and acetic acids. With 
90 per cent, alcohol the oil yields about 3.5 per cent, of ex- 
tract called morrhuol. A lecithin-like compound of the oil, 
when heated with acids or alkalies, is decomposed into gly- 
cerin, phosphoric acid, and morrhinic acid ; the latter is oily 
or crystalline, soluble in hot water, and combines with acids 
and alkalies. Of the two alkaloids, aselline and morrhuine, 
the latter acts as a diuretic and diaphoretic (Gautier, 1888). 
Adulteration with rosin oil or paraffin oil is recognized 
by saponifying with KHO in alcoholic solution; the soap 
of the pure oil is completely soluble in water. 
Lipanin, recommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, is 
olive oil containing about 6 per cent, of oleic acid, liberated 
after partial saponification. 
Properties.—Demulcent, alterative. Dose, 8 to 16 grams 
(3j-3ss). 
OLEUM TIGLII.—Croton Oil. 
Origin.—Croton Tlglium, Linne. Natural order, Eu- 
phorbiaceae, Crotonese. 472 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
Habitat.—India and Philippine Islands; cultivated. 
Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed or are ex- 
hausted by carbon disulphide; yield 30 to 40 per cent., or 
about 50 per cent, of the kernels. 
Description. — Yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat 
viscid, slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.94 to 0.96; odor slight, 
unpleasant; taste oily, afterward acrid and burning. Croton 
oil is soluble in 1 part, but only partly soluble in 7 parts of 
absolute alcohol; it dissolves more readily in alcohol when 
old than when fresh. Croton oil dissolves in sulphuric acid, 
and the slightly darkened solution remains clear for some 
time. Should not solidify with fuming nitric acid. 
Constituents.—Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobutyric, 
tiglinic (C5Hg02), valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and 
stearic acids ; also crotonol, C18H2804 (?). The purgative 
principle appears to be insoluble in alcohol, and the vesi- 
cating properties are due to croton resin (Dunstan, 1896), 
prepared by fractional precipitation of the lead salt of cro- 
tonolic acid when it is found in the last portions, hard, yel- 
low, brittle, nearly insoluble in water, light petroleum, and 
benzene; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; neutral, 
but prolonged boiling with aqueous alkali solutions decom- 
pose it into several acids. 
Properties.—Powerful purgative, irritant poison, rube- 
facient. Dose, 0.016 to 0.12 gram (gr. 5-ij), in fixed oil or 
emulsion ; externally as an addition to liniments. 
Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics) ; demul- 
cents (white of egg, gruel, etc.); stimulants; morphine. 
OLEUM RICINL—Castor Oil. 
Origin.—Klein us communis, Linne. Natural order, Eu- 
phorbiaceae, Crotoneae. 
Habitat.—India ; cultivated. 
Production.—The seeds are crushed, freed from integu- 
ments by winnowing, kiln-dried, and expressed; the oil is OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS—COTTON-SEED OIL. 
473 
clarified by mixing with warm water and decanting. Afield 
by cold pressure about 30 per cent., by warm pressure about 
45 per cent. 
Description.—Viscid, transparent after filtration, nearly 
colorless; congeals near—18° C. (0°F.); spec. grav. 0.95 
to 0.97 at 15° C.; odor mild, rather mawkish, taste mild, 
afterward slightly acrid; soluble in an equal weight of 
strong alcohol, partly soluble in petroleum benzin, but sol- 
uble in presence of other fatty oils. The mixed fat acids 
melt near 13° C. (55.4° F.). Oxidation with dilute nitric 
acid yields oenanthic acid. 
Constituents.—Ricinolein and palmitin; acrid principle. 
Ricinolic acid, C18H3403, is a viscid oil and by nitrous acid 
is converted into ricinelaidic acid, which crystallizes and 
melts at 50° C. (122° F.). 
Properties.—Demulcent, purgative. Dose, 4 to 16 or 32 
grams (sj-iv-3j). 
OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS.—Cotton-seed Oil. 
Origin.—Gossypium herbaceum, Linne, and otlier species 
of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibiscese. 
Habitat.—Asia and Africa; cultivated. 
Production.—The seeds are expressed and the crude red- 
brown oil is bleached with boiling water, followed by a little 
alkali. Yield 15-20 per cent. 
Description.—Yellowish or yellow; spec. grav. 0.922- 
0.925 at 15° 0., 0.917 at 24° C., of the crude oil about 
0.930; neutral; congeals below 0° C. (32° F.); sulphuric 
acid colors it red-brown; odor and taste mild, nutty. The 
mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° F.), and solidify 
near 30° C. (8G° F.). 
Constituents.—Olein, palmitin, non-saponifiable yellow 
coloring matter, and a sulphuretted compound. 
Property.—Demulcent. 474 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
OLEUM SESAMI.—Oil of Sesamum. 
Sesame oil, Teel oil, Benne oil. 
Origin.—Sesamum Indicum, Linne, including the variety 
S. orientale. Natural order, Pedal inem, Sesameae. 
Habitat.—India; cultivated. 
Production.—The seeds are expressed; yield 45-50 per 
cent. 
Description.—Yellow, limpid, transparent; spec. grav. 
0.919 to 0.923 at 15° C., 0.917 at 24° C.; congeals at about 
—5° C. (23° F.) ; nearly inodorous, bland ; colored green, 
red, and brown-red on being agitated with a cold mixture 
of sulphuric and nitric acids. On agitating the oil with a 
solution of pyrogallol in HC1, and afterward heating the 
acid liquid to boiling, it will acquire a deep purple color. 
(Olive, almond and other oils are not thus affected.—Tocher.) 
Mixed with an equal volume of concentrated HC1 the oil is 
colored emerald-green, the subsequent addition of sugar pro- 
duces a blue color changing to violet and finally to deep 
crimson. The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° 
F.), and solidify near 32° C. (89.6° F.) ; when dry, they are 
colored red by HC1 and sugar (Baudouin). 
Constituents.—Olein, myristin, palmitin, stearin; resinoid 
compound. 
Properties.—De m ulcen t. 
OLEUM MAYDIS.—Maize Oil. 
Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Graminese, May- 
dese. 
Habitat.—Tropical America, cultivated in the warm temper- 
ate zone. 
Production.—The fruit is broken, and the embryo, separated 
from the farinaceous endosperm, by sifting and winnowing, is 
expressed ; yield 6-7.5 per cent, of the fruit, or about 12-15 
per cent, of the embryo. 
Description.—Yellow, rather viscid, transparent; spec. grav. 
0.916 at 15° C.; congeals at about —10° C. (14° F.) ; readily 
saponifiable; odor peculiar, resembling that of corn meal; taste OLEUM MYRISTICiE EXPRESSUM. 
475 
bland ; colored green by sulphuric acid, yellowish-red by nitric 
acid or by a mixture of nitric or sulphuric acids, and brown by 
nitroso-nitric acid. 
Constituents.—Free fat acids 0.9 per cent., olein, palmitin, 
and stearin. 
Properties.—Demulcent. 
OLEUM LAURI.—Laurel Oil. Oil of Bays. 
Origin.—Laurus nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Laurinese, 
Litseacese. 
Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe. 
Production.—The fruit is steeped in hot water and expressed ; 
yield about 30 per cent. 
Description.—Of the consistence of butter, green, granular ; 
melts near 40° C. (105° F.) ; odor strongly aromatic; taste aro- 
matic, spicy, bitter; completely soluble in ether; coloring mat- 
ter and aromatic principle soluble in alcohol; this solution is 
not colored red by ammonia (turmeric). 
Constituents.—Laurin, olein, chlorophyll, volatile oil, and 
resin. 
Properties.—Stimulant, nervine; used in liniments and oint- 
ments. 
OLEUM MYRISTKLE EXPRESSUM.—Expressed 
Oil of Nutmeg. 
Oleum nucistee. Butyrum nucistse. Nutmeg butter. 
Origin. — Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, 
Myristicacese. 
Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated. 
Production.—Crushed nutmegs are expressed between hot 
plates ; yield 28 per cent. 
Description.—In blocks, of the consistence of tallow, unctu- 
ous, marbled whitish and orange-brown ; spec. grav. 0.990- 
0.995 ; fusing-point near 45° C. (113° F.) ; odor aromatic; taste 
spicy; soluble in 4 parts of hot strong alcohol. The mixed fat 
acids melt at 42.5° C. (108.5° F.). 
Constituents.—Mainly myristin, with little myristic acid, olein, 
palmitin, resin, coloring matter, and 6 to 8 per cent, of volatile 
oil. 
Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, digestive. Dose, 0.3 to 
1 gram (gr. v-xv), in emulsion ; mostly used externally. 476 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
OLEUM THEOBROMATIS.—Oil of Theobroma. 
Butyrum (Oleum) cacao. Butter of cacao. 
Origin.—Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Natural order, Ster- 
culiacese, Buettnerieae. 
Habitat.—South America. 
Production.—The seeds are deprived of the testa and ex- 
pressed between heated plates; yield 35-45 per cent. 
Description.—Yellowish-white, becoming white on keep- 
ing, harder than tallow, yet melting in the mouth; spec, 
grav. 0.97 to 0.98; fusing-point between 30° and 33° C. 
(86° and 91.4° F.); aromatic, of a bland chocolate-like 
taste. On dissolving 2 grams (gr. xxx) of the oil in 4 
grams (§)) of petroleum benzin or of ether, by immersing 
the test-tube in water of 17° C. (62.6° F.), and afterward 
plunging the test-tube into water of 0° C. (32° F.), the mix- 
ture does not become turbid, and does not produce a granu- 
lar deposit, in less than three minutes. 
Constituents.—Stearin, laurin, arachin, and olein, with gly- 
cerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids, and probably a 
little resin. 
Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in 
emulsion ; mostly used for suppositories and in ointments. 
OLEUM PALMiE.—Palm Oil. 
Origin.—Elce'is guineensis, Jacquin. Natural order, Palmese, 
Coeainese. 
Habitat.—Western Africa ; cultivated in tropical America. 
Production.—The fruit is heated with water and expressed. 
Description.—Harder than butter, orange-red, bleached by 
exposure to light, and by rapidly heating to 240° C. (464° F.); 
spec. grav. 0.95; fusing-point 27° C. (80.6° F.) ; odor agree- 
able, violet-like; taste bland. It rapidly becomes rancid, and 
acquires an acid reaction, a higher melting-point, and an acrid 
taste. 
Constituents.—Palmitin, olein, coloring matter. 
Properties.—Demulcent; used in ointments, mostly for soap 
and candles. BUTYRUM—BUTTER. 
477 
OLEUM GYNOCARDIiE.—Chaulmugra Oil. 
Origin.—Gynocardia (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. 
Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. 
Habitat.—Malayan Peninsula. 
Production.—The seeds are boiled in water and expressed; 
yield about 35 per cent., with ether 50 per cent, of oil. 
Description.—Of the consistence of tallow, brownish-white, 
of an acid reaction; fusing-point about 40° C, (104° F.); 
odor peculiar; taste acrid; partly soluble in cold alcohol; 
by sulphuric acid colored red-brown, afterward olive-green ; 
after agitation with warm water, the oil separates as a milky 
emulsion. 
Constituents.—Albuminoids ; glycerides of cocinic, hypogseic, 
palmitic, and gynocardic (C,4H2402) acids, the last two also in 
the free state. The acrid taste and the reaction with sulphuric 
acid are due to gynocardic acid. 
Properties.—Alterative, emetic. Dose, about 0.3 gram (gr. v), 
in emulsion or dissolved in other oils. 
OLEUM COCOIS.—Cocoanut Oil. 
Origin.—Cocos nucifera, Linne. Natural order, Palmese, 
Cocainese. 
Habitat.—Tropical countries. 
Production.—The seeds are boiled with water and expressed ; 
yield 50 to 60 per cent. 
Description.—Of butyraceous consistence, white ; melting- 
point about 25° C. (77° F.); odor disagreeable; becomes 
rapidly rancid. The soap is soluble in salt water. The 
mixed fat acids melt at 24.6 C. (76° F.). 
Constituents.—Glycerides of lauric (predominating) with pal- 
mitic, myristic, caprinic, caprylic, and capronic acids, and very 
little olein. 
Properties.—Demulcent; mostly used for soap. 
BUTYRUM.—Butter. 
Origin.—Bos Taurus (femina), Linne. Class, Mammalia ; 
Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Production.—The cream rising upon cows’ milk is churned. 
Description.—Soft, yellow, neutral, spec. gray, about 0.93, 
fusing-point near 32° C. (89.6° F.), congealing-point near 23° 
C. (73° F.) ; odor delicate and sweet; taste bland. For medici- 478 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
nal use, butter should be freed from salt and casein by melting 
it in warm water and decanting the clear liquid. 100 parts of 
pure butter on being saponified by an alkali, and the soap de- 
composed by hydrochloric acid, yield fat acids, which, after 
washing (to remove about 8 per cent, of volatile fat acids) and 
drying, weigh between 85 and 88 parts. Most other fats yield 
over 95 per cent, of fat acids insoluble in water. 
Constituents.—Odorous principle a trace, olein about 30 per 
cent., palmitin and stearin about 68 per cent., and about 2 per 
cent, of the glycerides of butyric, capronic, caprylic, and cap- 
rinic acids. Butter having an acid reaction contains free 
butyric acid. 
Properties.—Demulcent; lenitive; used as a dietetic and in 
ointments. 
ADEPS LAN Ail HYDROSUS.—Hydrous Woolfat. 
Lanolinum. CEsypum. 
Origin.—O'vis A/ries, IJnne. Class, Mammalia; Order, 
Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Production.—Sheep’s wool is treated with a weak soda 
solution and the solution acidulated. The remaining: wool 
is treated with benzin, the liquid distilled and the residue 
deprived of color by oxidizing agents or sunlight. Or 
crude woolfat is emulsionized with alkali solution ; and the 
non-saponified portion separated and decolorized. 
Description.—Rather firm, the crude woolfat of various 
shades of greenish-brown and strong animal odor; after 
decolorizing yellowish or whitish, of weak animal odor, 
and of neutral reaction; readily absorbed by the skin; 
spec. grav. 0.973; melting-point about 40° C. (104° F.); 
miscible with twice its weight of water, also with glycerin; 
saponified with difficulty. On being heated in the water- 
bath, hydrous woolfat should lose not over 30 per cent, of 
water. When heated with soda, ammoniacal vapors should 
not be given off. Anhydrous woolfat is soluble in ether 
and chloroform, and but slightly soluble in hot alcohol, the ADEPS—LAPP. 
479 
greater part separating on cooling ; its chloroformic solution 
gives rise to a purple red color on carefully pouring it on 
the surface of some sulphuric acid. 
Constituents.—Esters of lanopalmitic, myristic, carnaubic, 
oleic, and other acids with cholesterin, isocholesterin, cerylic, 
carnaubic, lanolinic and other alcohols. 
Properties.—Lenitive ; used in ointments. 
ADEPS.—Lapp. 
Axungia porci. 
Origin.—Sus scrofa, Linne. Class, Mammalia; Order, 
Pachydermata; Family, Suidse. 
Habitat.—Domesticated. 
Production.—The fat attached to the mesentery, omentum, 
and kidneys is melted with water and strained, or it is cut 
into small pieces, beaten into a uniform mass, melted on a 
water bath at a low temperature, and then strained. 
Description.—Soft, white, neutral, spec. gray, about 0.932 ; 
melting-point near 38° C. (100.4° F.); odor faint; taste 
bland; completely soluble in ether. Distilled water boiled 
with lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction, is not pre- 
cipitated by silver nitrate, and is not colored blue by iodine. 
Lard boiled for five minutes with a 2 per cent, solution of 
silver nitrate remains clear and free from color (absence of 
NaCl, cottonseed oil, etc.; Ritsert, 1889). Hot alcohol 
agitated with lard does not acquire an acid reaction (resins, 
stearic, and other acids). The mixed fat acids melt at 44° C. 
(111° F.). 
Constituents.—Olein 50 to 60 per cent., palmitin and 
stearin. 
Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive; used in ointments and 
cerates. 480 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLUEAR STRUCTURE. 
SEVUM.—Suet. 
Sevum ovillum. 
Origin.—O'vis A Vies, Lirme. Class, Mammalia; Order, 
Ruminantia; Family, Bovidae. 
Habitat.—Do m esti cated. 
Production.—The internal fat is melted in a water-bath 
and strained. 
Description.—Solid, smooth, white, neutral; melting- 
point between 45° and 50° C. (113° and 122° F.); con- 
gealing point between 37° and 40° C. (98.6° and 104° F.), 
rising to about 44° C. (111° F.); odor slight ; taste bland ; 
freely soluble in petroleum ether, slowly in benzene, slightly 
in ether or boiling alcohol, insoluble in cold. 
Constituents. — Stearin and palmitin (predominating), olein, 
and hi rein. 
Allied Fat.—Sevum bovinum, beef tallow, the internal 
fat of Bos Taurus, LinnL Like the preceding, but melt- 
ing-point near 40° C. (104° F.); contains more palmitin, no 
hi rein. 
Properties.—Lenitive; used in cerates. 
CETACEUM.—Spermaceti. 
Origin.—Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Class, Mam- 
malia; Order, Cetacea; Family, Physeteridse. 
Habitat.—Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
Production.—The fat contained in cavities in the head and 
in other parts of the body is allowed to congeal, expressed 
and remelted in water. 
Description.—White, translucent, slightly unctuous masses; 
fracture scaly crystalline, of a pearly lustre; pulverizable in 
the presence of a little alcohol; spec. grav. about 0.945; 
melting-point near 50° C. (122° F.); congealing-point near 
45° C. (113° F.); soluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, in 
boiling alcohol, and in fixed and volatile oils. CERA—WAX. BEESWAX. 
481 
Adulteration.—Stearic acid is extracted from melted 
spermaceti by treatment with aqueous solution of sodium 
carbonate or of ammonia, and precipitated from the cold 
liquid by excess of acetic acid; or is extracted by boiling 
with alcohol, cooling, filtering, and precipitating with water. 
Constituents.—Mainly cetyl palmitic ester or cetin, C16ll33. 
C16H3102, with small amounts of other esters. 
Properties.—Lenitive ; used in ointments and cerates. 
CERA.—Wax. Beeswax. 
Origin.—A'pis mellifica, Linne. Class, Insecta; Order, 
Hymenoptera. 
Production.—The honeycomb, after draining the honey, 
is melted in water and the melted wax decanted. It is 
bleached by exposing the wax in thin sheets to moisture 
and sunlight. 
Description.—Cera flava, Yellow wax. Yellow or some- 
what brownish-yellow, breaking with a granular fracture at 
and below 10° C. (50° F.), becoming plastic by the heat of 
the hand ; spec. gray. 0.955 to 0.965; melting-point be- 
tween 62° and 63° C. (about 145° F.); congealing with a 
smooth and level surface; odor aromatic, honey-like; taste 
mild ; insoluble in water and hot solution of sodium hydrox- 
ide ; slightly soluble in cold, almost completely in boil- 
ing alcohol; soluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, and in 
fixed and volatile oils, partly soluble in cold benzol and car- 
bon disulphide, but completely at 25° to 30° C. (77° to 86° F.). 
Cera alba, White wax. Yellowish-white circular cakes, 
somewhat translucent in thin layers, brittle in the cold, but 
becoming plastic by the heat of the hand; spec. grav. 0.965 
to 0.975; melting-point 64° to 65° C. (147° to 149° F.); 
odor slightly rancid. 
Constituents.—Aromatic and coloring matters in yellow 
wax; hydrocarbons (probably and C34H64) about 12 482 
DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
to 14 per cent.; cerin or cerotic acid, (crystallizes 
from boiling alcohol); myricin or myricyl palmitate, 
C3oH6,C16H3102 (the principal constituent; acicular crystals, 
slightly soluble in hot alcohol, soluble in hot ether), with 
small quantities of an alcohol, C250520, and of ceryl-alcohol, 
C27H560. The acid number varies between about 18.5 and 
21, and the true saponification number between about 67.5 
and 72.5. 
Adulterations.—Tallow renders wax softer and lessens its 
specific gravity. Paraffin is not destroyed by hot sulphuric 
acid; 5 grams of the wax are heated in a flask for fifteen 
minutes with 25 grams of strong sulphuric acid to 160° C. 
(320° F.), and the mixture is diluted with distilled water; 
a layer of paraffin should not be separated. Resin is dis- 
solved by hot 70 per cent, alcohol, and, after cooling, is 
precipitated by water. Mineral and starchy substances are 
insoluble in chloroform. 
Properties.—Protective; used in ointments, cerates, and 
plasters. DRUGS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
I. OP ANIMAL ORIGIN. 
Mammalia. page 
Rodentia. Castor Fiber, Linne. Castoreum 29 
Carnivora. Yiverra Zibetha, Schreber, etc. Civet 33 
Ru min anti a. Bos Taurus, Linne. Blood 33 
Pepsin 31 
Oxgall 34 
Milk 34 
Butter 477 
Milk sugar 413 
Fixed oil 469 
Beef tallow 480 
Bone 37 
Gelatin 26 
Ovis Aries, Linne. Pepsin 31 
Dry thyroid 30 
Suet 480 
Adeps Lanse Hydrosus ... 478 
Moschus moschiferus, Linne. Musk 27 
Hyracoidea. Hyrax eapensis, Cuvier. Hyraceum 33 
Pachydermata. Sus scrofa, Linne. Pepsin 30 
Pancreatin 31 
Lard 479 
Fixed oil 469 
Cetacea. Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Spermaceti 480 
Ambergris 32 
Aves. 
Gallinse. Gallus Bankiva, Temminck. Egg (shell, albumen, yelk) 24 
Pisces. 
Teleostia. Gadus Morrhua, Linne. Cod-liver oil . 470 
Gadus rflerluccius, Linne. 1 .... , 
.’ > American isinglass . ... 26 
Otolithus regalis, Cuvier. > 
Sturiones. Acipenser Huso, Linne, etc. Russian isinglass ... 25 
Insecta. 
Hymenoptera. Apis mellifica, Linne. Beeswax 481 
Honey 414 
Cynips gallse tinctorial, Olivier. Nutgalls .... 372 484 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
Coleoptera. Cantharis vesicatoria, De Geer. Cantharides ... 19 
Cantharis vittata, Latreille. Potato fly 20 
Epicauta Gorrhami 21 
Mylabris cichorii, Fabricius, etc. Chinese blistering 
flies 21 
Larinus mellificus, Jeckel, etc. Manna 413 
Orthoptera. Blatta orientalis, Linne. Cockroach . 23 
Hemiptera. Coccus cacti, Linne. Cochineal 21 
Coccus Lacca, Kerr. Lac 432 
Crustacea. 
Decapoda. Astacus fluviatilis, Fabricius. Crabs’ stones .... 36 
Cephalopoda. 
Decapoda. Sepia officinalis, Linn&. Cuttlefish bone 36 
Acephala. 
Monomya. Ostrea edulis, Linne. Oyster shell 36 
Vermes. 
Annulata, Apoda. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny, etc. Leech . 23 
Polypiphera. 
Octocoralla. Corallium rubrum, Lamarck. Red coral 35 
Hexacoralla. Oculina virginea, Lamarck. White coral .... 35 
Poriphera. 
Ceratospongia. Spongia officinalis, Linne. Sponge 25 
II. OP VEGETABLE ORIGIN. 
1. SPERMATOPHYTA. 
Ranunculace*, Anemone*. Anemone pratensis, Linne, etc. Herb . 248 
Anemone Hepatica, Linne. Leaves . . 236 
Ranuncule*. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linne, etc. Herb 249 
Hellebore*. Hydrastis canadensis, Linne. 
Rhizome and roots . 125 
Helleborus niger, Linne, etc. 
Rhizome and roots . 127 
Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. Herb .... 250 
Nigella damascena, Linne, etc. Seed . 356 
Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Seed 356 
a. Dicotyledones, Polypetalce. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
485 
PAGE 
Ranunculaceae, Helleborese. Delphinium Consolida, Linne. Seed . 356 
Aconitum Napellus, Linne, etc. 
Tuberous root . . . 138 
Leaves 236 
Aconitum ferox, Wallich, etc. 
Tuberous root . . . 140 
Actaea alba, Linne. Rhizome and roots 128 
Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. 
Rhizome and roots . 129 
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L’Heritier. 
Rhizome and roots . 134 
Magnoliaceae, Wintereae. Drimys Winteri, Forster. Bark .... 194 
Illicium verum, Hooker filius. Fruit . . 322 
Volatile oil . . 323, 456 
Illicium religiosum, Siebold. Fruit . . . 323 
Magnoliese. Magnolia glauca, Linne, etc. Bark . , 167 
Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. Bark . 167 
Menispermaceae, Tinosporeae. Jateorrhiza palmata, Miers. Root . . 72 
Anamirta paniculata, Colebrook. 
Fruit 311 
Cocculeae. Abuta amara, Aublet. Root and stem . 87 
Abuta rufescens, Aublet. Root .... 86 
Menispermum canadense, Linne. 
Rhizome 133 
Pachygoneae. Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz et 
Pavon. Root ... 86 
Berberidaceae, Berbereae. Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Root .... 88 
Root bark .... 169 
Berberis aquifolium, Pursh, etc. 
Rhizome and roots . 135 
Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michaux. 
Rhizome and roots . 126 
Podophyllum peltatum, Linne. Rhizome 116 
Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaeae. Nuphar advena, Alton. Rhizome . . . 116 
Nymphaea odorata, Aiton. Rhizome . . 116 
Papaveraceae, Papavereae. Papaver Rhceas, Linne. Petals .... 291 
Papaver somniferum, Linne. Fruit . . 320 
Milk-juice (opium) . 395 
Seed 366 
Fixed oil 469 
Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. 
Rhizome ..... 112 
Chelidonium majus, Linne. Herb . . . 250 486 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
PAGE 
Fumarieae. Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle. Tuber 140 
Cruciferae, Alyssineae. Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne. Root .... 67 
Brassiceae. Brassica nigra, Koch. Seed 352 
Fixed oil 468 
Volatile oil . . 352, 456 
Brassica alba, Hooker filius. Seed 351 
Fixed oil 468 
Brassica Rapa, Linne, etc. Seed 353 
Lepidineae. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Herb . . 251 
Cistineae. Helianthemum canadense, Michaux. Herb . .- . ... 251 
Violarieae, Violeae. Viola tricolor, Linne. Herb 256 
Ionidiura Ipecacuanha, Venlenat. Root .... 83 
Canellaceae. Canella alba, Linne. Bark 194 
Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Bark 194 
Bixineae, Pangieae. Gynocardia odorata, II. Brown. Seed .... 361 
Fixed oil 477 
Polygaleae. Polygala Senega, Linne, etc. Root 47 
Polygala rubella, Willdenow. Herb 252 
Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, etc. Root 89 
Caryophylleae, Sileneae. Gypsophila paniculata, Linne. Root ... 51 
Saponaria officinalis, Linne. Root .... 50 
Hypericineae, Hypericeae. Hypericum perforatum, Linne. Herb . 252 
Guttiferae, Garcineae. Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker filius. Gum resin . 424 
Garcinia Mangostana, Linne. Fruit .... 316 
Ternstrcemiaceae, Gordonieae. Camellia Tliea, Link. Leaves .... 226 
Dipterocarpeae. Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebrook. Stearopten . 452 
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gmrtner. Oleoresin . . 442 
Vateria and Hopea spec. Resin 431 
Malvaceae, Maiveae. Althaea officinalis, Linne. Root 70 
Althaea rosea, Cavanilles. Flowers 291 
Malva sylvestris, Linne. Flowers 291 
Hibisceae. Gossypium herbaceum. Linne. Root bark . 186 
Seed hairs.... 381 
Fixed oil 473 
Sterculiaceae, Sterculieae. Cola acuminata, R. Brown. Seed .... 348 
Buettnerieae. Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Seed .... 347 
Fixed oil 476 
Tiliaceae, Tilieae. Tilia americana, Linne, etc. Flowers 288 
Lineae, Eulineae. Linum usitatissimum, Linne. Seed 357 
Fixed oil 469 
Erytbroxyleae. Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck. Leaves . .214 
Zygophylleae. Guaiacum officinale, Linne. Wood 149 
Resin 433 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
487 
PAGE 
Geraniaceae, Geraniese. Geranium maculatum, Linne. 
Rhizome .... 114 
Rutaceae, Cuspariese. Cusparia febrifuga, De Candolle. Bark - . . 195 
Monnieria trifolia. Linne. Leaves .... 204 
Rutese. Ruta graveolens, Linne. Herb 239 
Volatile oil ... . 239 
Diosmese. Barosma betulina, Bartling, etc. Leaves . . . 233 
Empleurum serrulatum, Aiton. Leaves .... 233 
Zanthoxylese. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, Linne, etc. 
Bark 183 
Fruit 322 
Xanthoxylum elegans, Engler. Leaves . 204 
Pilocarpus Selloanus, Engler Leaves . 202 
Esenbeckia febrifuga, Martius. Bark . .195 
Aurantiese. Citrus Limonum, Bisso. Fruit 317 
Rind 337 
Volatile oil . .337,456 
Citrus Bergamia, Bisso. Volatile oil ... . 456 
Citrus vulgaris, Bisso. Leaves 206 
Flowers 287 
Fruit 315 
Rind 336 
Volatile oils . . 336, 456 
Citrus Aurantium, Bisso. Leaves 206 
Rind 336 
Volatile oil . .336,456 
Feronia elephantum, Correa. Gum 416 
ACgle Marmelos, De Candolle. Fruit .... 316 
Simarubese. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle, etc. Bark 176 
Pi cram a excelsa, Lindley. Wood 148 
Bark 177 
Quassia amara, Linne. Wood 149 
Bark 177 
Burseracea, Burserese. Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood. Gum resin . 423 
Commiphora Myrrha, Engler. 
Gum resin .... 423 
Commiphora Mukul, Hooker, etc. 
Gum resin .... 424 
Bursera Icicariba, Baillon. Oleoresin . . . 447 
Canarium commune, Linne. Oleoresin . . 446 
Colophonia mauritiana, De Candolle. 
Oleoresin 447 
Amyridese. Amyris elemifera, Boyle. Oleoresin . . . 447 488 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
PAGE 
Meliaceae, Melieae. Melia Azedarach, Linne. Root bark 182 
Melia Azadirachta, Linne. Gum 416 
Swietenieae. Swietenia Mahogani, Linne. Gum .... 416 
Ilicineae. Ilex opaca, Aiton. Leaves 230 
Ilex paraguayensis, Lambert. Leaves 227 
Ilex verticil lata, Gray. Bark 168 
Celastrineae, Celastreae. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin. Bark . 187 
Rhamnaceae, Rhamneae. Rbamnus cathartica, Linne, etc. Fruit . 306 
Rhamnus Frangula, Linne. Bark .... 178 
Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle. Bark . 179 
Ceanothus americanus, Linne. Root ... 89 
Gouanieae. Gouania domingensis, Linne. Stem . . 148 
Ampelideae. Vitis vinifera, Linne. Fruit 314 
Sapindaceae, Sapindese. Paullinia sorbilis, Martius. Dry paste . . 394 
Anacardiaceae, Anacardieae. Rhus Toxicodendron, Linne. Leaves . 237 
Rhus glabra, Linne Fruit 307 
Rhus semialata, Murray. Galls . . . 373 
Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne. 
Oleoresin 445 
Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne, etc. 
Resin 429 
Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach. 
Bark 182 
Anacardium occidentale, Linne. 
Fruit 312 
Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne. Fruit 312 
Coriariese. Coriaria myrtifolia, Linne. Leaves 211 
Leguminosae, Papilionacese, Podalvrieae. Baptisia tinctoria, R. 
Brown. Root .... 88 
Genisteae. Cytisus scoparius, Link. 
Twigs 253 
Trifolieae. Trigonella Foenumgraecum, 
Linne. Seed ..... 350 
Melilotus officinalis, Will- 
denow, etc. Herb . . . 252 
Galegeae. Tephrosia Appolinea, De 
Candolle. Leaves ... 211 
Astragalus gummifer, La- 
billardibre, etc. 
Tragacanth 417 
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. 
Root 79 
Extract ....... 403 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
489 
PAGE 
Leguminosae, Papilionaceae. Hedysareae. Alhagi camelorum, 
Fischer. Manna . . . 413 
Arachis hypogaea, Linne. 
Fixed oil .... 463, 464 
Yicieae. Abrus precatorius, Linne. 
Root 81 
Seed 350 
Phaseoleae. Butea frondosa, Roxburgh. 
Exudation 406 
Mucuna pruriens, Be 
Candolle, etc. Hairs . 383 
Physostigma venenosuin, 
Balfour, etc. Seed . . 348 
Fleiningia rhodocarpa, 
Baker. Glands . . . 384 
Dalbergieae. Pterocarpus Marsupium, 
Roxburgh. Kino . . . 405 
Pterocarpus santalinus, 
Linnk filius. Wood . . 150 
Piscidia Erythrina, 
Jacquin. Bark . . . 180 
Andira Araroba, 
Aguiar. Powder . . . 384 
Dipteryx odorata, 
Willdenow. Seed . . 346 
Sophoreae. Toluifera Pereirae, 
Baillon. Balsam . . . 438 
Toluifera Balsamum, 
Linne. Balsam .... 439 
Caesalpinieae, Eucaesalpinieae. Haematoxylon campechi- 
anum, Linne. 
Wood 150 
Extract 407 
Cassieae. Cassia Fistula, Linne, etc. Fruit 319 
Cassia acutifolia, Delile. Leaves 210 
Cassia angustifolia, Vahl. Leaves 211 
Cassia marilandica, Linne. 
Leaves 213 
Ceratonia Siliqua, Linnk. Fruit 320 
Amherstieae. Tamarindus indica, Linne. 
Fruit-pulp 338 
Hvmenaea, Trachylobium, 
spec. Resin (copal) . . 431 490 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
PAGE 
Leguminosae, Caesalpinieae, Cynometreae. Copaiba Langsdorffii, Des- 
fontaines, etc. 
Oleoresin 441 
Volatile oil ... . 456 
Dimorphandreae. Erythrophloeum 
guineense, Don. Bark . . . 184 
Mimoseae, Adenanthereae. Prosopis juliflora, De 
Candolle, etc. Gum . 417 
Acacieae. Acacia Catechu, Wildenow. 
Extract 404 
Gum 416 
Acacia Senegal, Willdenow, etc. 
Gum 415 
Ingeae. Pithecolobiuin dulce, Bentham. 
Gum 416 
Rosaceae, Prunese. Amygdalus communis, Linne. Seed 343 
Fixed oil .... 466 
Volatile oil . 344, 457 
Prunus Persica, Linne. Leaves , . 229 
Fixed oil 467 
Prunus domestica, Linne. Fruit 313 
Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. Bark 168 
Prunus Laurocerasus, Linne. Leaves 232 
Prunus Armeniaca, Linne. Fixed oil 467 
Spiraeeae. Spiraea tomentosa, Linne. Herb 254 
Gillenia stipulacea, Nuttcdl, etc. 
Rhizome and roots 130 
Quillajeae. Quillaja Saponaria, Molina. Bark 188 
Rubeae. Rubus Idaeus, Linne, etc. Fruit 314 
Rubus villosus, Alton, etc. Root bark 174 
Fruit 314 
Potentilleae. Geum rivale, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . 124 
Geum urbanum, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 124 
Fragaria vesca, Linne. Rhizome 121 
Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Herb .... 255 
Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp. Rhizome . 114 
Poterieae. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce), Gmelin. Inflor- 
escence 288 
Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linne. Herb 254 
Roseae. Rosa canina, Linne. Fruit 305 
Rosa gallica, Linne. Petals 290 
Rosa centifolia, Linne. Petals 290 
Rosa damascena, Miller. Volatile oil 455 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
491 
PAGE 
Rosacese, Pomese. Pyrus Cydonia, Linne. Seed 342 
Saxifragaceae, Saxifragese. Heuchera aruerieana, Linne. Root ... 72 
Hydrangeae. Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Root . 79 
Cunoniense. Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Smith. 
Exudation 406 
Droseracese. Drosera rotundifolia, Linne, etc. Herb 256 
Hainamelidese. Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Bark 170 
Leaves 225 
Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. Balsam 440 
Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Balsam 440 
Combretaceae, Combretese. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, etc. Fruit. 312 
Anogeissus latifolia, Wallich. Gum . . . 417 
Myrtaceae, Leptospermeae. Melaleuca Cajuputi, Roxburgh. 
Volatile oil ... . 454 
Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardilre. 
Leaves 204 
Volatile oil . . 205, 457 
Eucalyptus mannifera, Mudie, etc. 
Manna 413 
Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendahl. Ex- 
dation (kino) . . . 406 
Myrtese. Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Leaves 206 
Volatile oil . . 206, 457 
Eugenia aromatica, O. Kuntze. 
Flower bud .... 285 
Fruit 310 
Volatile oil . . 285, 457 
Pimenta officinalis, Lindley. Fruit 310 
Volatile oil . . . . 457 
Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Leaves 205 
Lytlirarieae, Lythreae. Punica Granatum, Linne. Bark 175 
Rind 338 
Onagrarieae. Epilobium angustifolium, Linne. Herb 255 
Oenothera biennis, Linne. Herb 255 
Turneraceae. Turnera diffusa, Willdenow 227 
Cucurbitacese, Cucumerinese. Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. Seed . . 346 
Cucumis Melo, Linne. Seed .... 345 
Cucumis sativus, Linne. Seed .... 346 
Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader. Fruit 318 
Ecballium Elaterium, A. Richard. 
Resinous deposit . . 428 
Cucurbita Pepo, Linne. Seed .... 345 
Bryonia alba, Linne, etc. Root ... 68 492 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
PAGE 
Cacteae, Echinocacteae. Cactus grandiflorus, Linne. Flowering 
branches 256 
Opuntieae. Opuntia cochinillifera, Miller. Cochineal ... 21 
Umbelliferae, Amminese. Conium maculatum, Linne. Leaves . . . 240 
Fruit 329 
Apium graveolens, Linne. Fruit .... 331 
Carum Carvi, Linne. Fruit 334 
Volatile oil . . 334, 457 
Carum Ajowan, Bentham et Hooker. Fruit 332 
Stearopten .... 452 
Carum Petroselinum, Baillon. Root . . 64 
Fruit 331 
Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Fruit . . . 330 
Volatile oil . . 330, 458 
Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne. Root . . 64 
Seselineae. Fceniculum vulgare, Gcertner. Fruit . . 332 
Volatile oil . . 332, 458 
(Enanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. Fruit 333 
Levisticum officinale, Koch. Root ... 63 
Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. Root 62 
Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffmann. 
Root 62 
Peucedaneae. Ferula Narthex, Boissier, etc. Gum 
resin 419 
Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier et Buhse, etc. 
Gum resin .... 420 
Ferula Sumbul, Hooker filius. Root . . 65 
Ferula tingitana, Linne. Gum resin. . 422 
Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Gum 
resin 421 
Peucedanum graveolens, Hiem. Fruit 335 
Volatile oil ... . 458 
Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. Root. 65 
Opopanax Chironium, Koch. Gum 
resin 422 
Caucalineae. Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Fruit . . 328 
Volatile oil . . 328, 458 
Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Fruit . . 334 
Daucus Carota, Linne. Fruit .... 336 
Laserpitieae. Laserpitium latifolium, Linne. Root . 63 
Araliaceae, Aralieae. Aralia spinosa, Linne. Bark 184 
Aralia racemosa, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 131 
Aralia nudicaulis, Linne. Rhizome 118 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
493 
PAGE 
Araliacese, Araliese. Aralia quinquefolia, Gray. Root 66 
Cornaceae. Cornus florida, Linne, etc. Bark 166 
b. Dicotyledones, Gamopetake. 
Caprifoliacese, Sambucese. Sambucus canadensis, Linne, etc. 
Flowers 297 
Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. Bark . 172 
Viburnum opulus, Linne. Bark .... 171 
Lonicerese. Triosteum perfoliatum, Linne. Rhizome 
and roots 131 
Rubiacese, Nauclese. Uncaria Gambir, Roxburgh. Extract .... 405 
Cinchonese. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell, etc. Bark . . 161 
Remijia pedunculata, Triana. Bark .... 165 
Remijia Purdieana, Weddell. Bark .... 166 
Ladenbergia, Exostemma, etc. Bark . . . 164 
Ixorese. Coffea arabica, Linne, etc. Seed 364 
Psychotriese. Psychotria emetica, Mutis. Root .... 83 
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Richard. Root 81 
Anthospermese. Mitchell a repens, Linne. Herb .... 277 
Spermacocese. Richardsonia scabra, St. Hilaire. Root . 86 
Galiese. Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Root 71 
Galium Aparine, Linni, etc. Herb 278 
Valerianese. Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . . 119 
Volatile oil ... . 458 
Composite, Eupatoriacese. Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne. Herb . 257 
Asteroidese. Grindelia robusta, Nuttall. Herb .... 259 
Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Herb .... 259 
Haplopappus discoideus, De Candolle. 
Leaves 227 
Solidago odora, Aiton. Herb 259 
Erigeron philadelphicus, Linne, etc. Herb 258 
Erigeron canadensis, Linne. Plerb .... 258 
Volatile oil . . 258, 458 
Inuloidese. Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michaux, etc. 
Herb 263 
Inula Helenium, Linne. Root 56 
Ileleriioideae. Tagetes erecta, Linne, etc. Flower heads 296 
Helenium autumnale, Linne. Herb . . 260 
Anthemidese. Anacyclus Pyrethrum, De Candolle. Root 55 
Anacyclus officinarum, Hoffmann. Root . 56 
Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Herb . . 261 
Anthem is nobilis, Linne. Flowers . . . 293 
Volatile oil ... . 458 494 
PAGE 
Composite, Anthemideae. Anthemis arvensis, Linne. Flowers . . 292 
Anthemis Cotula, Linne. Herb .... 260 
Flowers 292 
Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Persoon. 
Herb 261 
Chrysanthemum cinerarisefolium, Visiani, 
etc. Flowers . . . 294 
Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. Flowers 292 
Tanacetum vulgare, Linne. Herb . . . 261 
Artemisia Absinthium, Linne. Herb . . 262 
Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Herb . . . 263 
Artemisia pauciflora, Weber. Flower buds 286 
Senecionidese. Tussilago Farfara, Linne. Leaves . . . 230 
Arnica montana, Linne. Rhizome and 
roots 120 
Flowers 294 
Calendulaceae. Calendula officinalis,. Linne. Herb . . 263 
Florets 295 
Cynaroideae. Arctium Lappa, Linne. Root ..... 57 
Fruit 327 
Cnicus benedictus, Linne. Herb .... 264 
Silybum marianum, Gcertner. Fruit . . . 327 
Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Florets . . 296 
Cichoriaceae. Cichorium Intybus, Linne. Root .... 54 
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfontaines. Root 53 
Lactuca virosa, Linne, etc. Exudation . . 399 
Campanulaceae, Lobeliese. Lobelia inflata, Linne. Herb 264 
Ericaceae, Arbuteae. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel. Leaves . . 207 
Arctostaphylos glauca, Linne. Leaves .... 209 
Andromedeae. Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. 
Leaves 231 
Volatile oil . . 232, 458 
Epigaea repens, Linne. Leaves .... 209 
Rhodoreae. Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Leaves 210 
Ledum latifolium, Aiton, etc. Leaves . . . 207 
Pyroleae. Chimaphila umbellata, Nwttxdl, etc. Leaves . 230 
Plumbaginere, Staticeae. Statice Limonium, Linne, etc. Root ... 88 
Sapotaceae, Sapoteae. Lucuma glycypliloea, Martins et Eichler. 
Extract 407 
Mimusops globosa, Gcertner. Milk-juice (chicle) 408 
Eusapoteae. Palaquium oblongifolium, Burck. Milk-juice 
(gutta percha) . . . 407 
Ebenaceae. Diospyros virginiana, Linne. Fruit 315 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
495 
PAGE 
Styracese. Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. Resin 435 
Oleacese, Fraxineae. Fraxinus americana, Linne. Bark 176 
Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. Exudation (Manna) . 412 
Oleinese. Olea europsea, Linne. Fixed oil 467 
Apocynacese, Plumeriese. Aspidosperma Quebracho-bianco, 
Schlechtendal. Bark 181 
Echitese. Nerium Oleander, Linne. Leaves 206 
Strophanthus Kombe, Olivier, etc. Seed . . 358 
Urceola elastica, Roxburgh, etc. Caoutchouc 408 
Apocynum cannabinum, Linne. Root . . . 59 
Apocynum androssemifolium, Linne. Root 84 
Kicksia africana, Bentham. Seed 359 
Asclepiadacese, Periplocese. Hemidesmus indicus, R. Brown. Root 80 
Asclepiadese. Solenostemma Argel, Hayne. Leaves 211 
Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. 
Rhizome 118 
Asclepias incarnata, Linne. 
Rhizome and roots . 125 
Asclepias tuberosa, Linne. Root . . 58 
Cynanchum Yincetoxicum, R. Brown 
Root 50 
Gonolobese. Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana. Bark 177 
Loganiacese, Gelsemiese. Gelsemium sempervirens, Alton. Root . . 84 
Euloganiese. Spigelia marilandica, Linne. 
Rhizome and roots . 123 
Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. Seed . . 353 
Bark 195 
Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley. Seed .... 355 
Strychnos Castelnaeana, Weddell, etc. 
Extract 403 
Gentianese, Chironiese. Erythrsea Centaurium, Persoon. Herb. . .278 
Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, etc. Herb . . . 278 
Swertiese. Gentiana lutea, Linne, etc. Root 51 
Gentiana puberula, Michaux, etc. Root ... 52 
Swertia Chirata, Wallich, etc. Herb .... 279 
Frasera Walteri, Michaux. Root ..... 52 
Menyanthese. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. Leaves . . 237 
Polemoniacese. Phlox Carolina, Linne. Rhizome and roots .... 123 
Polemonium reptans, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 123 
Hydrophyllacese, Namese. Eriodictyon glutinosum, Bentham. 
Leaves 234 
Boraginese. Symphytum officinale, Linne. Root 53 
Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. Root 72 496 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
PAGE 
Convolvulaceae, Convolvuleae. Ipomoea jalapa, Nuttall. 
Tuberous root . . . 136 
Ipomoea orizabensis, Ledanois. 
Tuberous root ... 138 
Ipomoea simulans, Hanbury. 
Tuberous root . . . 137 
Ipomoea pandurata, Meyer. Root . . 67 
Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Vandelli. 
Tuberous root . . . 138 
Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. 
Gum resin .... 426 
Solanaceae, Solanese. Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Twigs 146 
Solanum tuberosum, Linne. Starch 390 
Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume, etc. Fruit . . . 317 
Atropeae. Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Root 69 
Leaves 216 
Hyoscyameae. Datura Stramonium, Linne, etc. Leaves 219 
Seed 365 
Hyoscyamus niger, Linne. Leaves . . . 220 
Seed 366 
Cestrineae. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne. Leaves .... 218 
Salpiglossideae. Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown. 
Leaves 218 
Scrophularineae, Verbasceae. Yerbascum phlomoides, I Anne, etc. 
Flowers 297 
Cheloneae. Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Herb . . 267 
Chelone glabra, Linne. Herb .... 267 
Mauleae. Lyperia crocea, Ecklon. Corolla .... 380 
Digitaleae. Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Leaves . . 221 
Veronica virginica, Linne. Rhizome . 132 
Orobanchaceae. Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Herb 266 
Pedalineae, Sesameae. Sesamum indicum, Linne. Leaves 214 
Seed 344 
Fixed oil 474 
Labiatae, Ocimoideae. Lavandula vera, Be Candolle. Flowers . . . 298 
Volatile oil ... . 459 
Satureineae. Collinsonia canadensis, Linne. Rhizome . . 127 
Mentha piperita, Linne. Herb 268 
Volatile oil . . 268, 459 
Stearopten .... 453 
Mentha viridis, Linne. Herb 269 
Volatile oil . . 270, 459 
Lycopus virginicus, Linne. Herb 270 497 
PAGE 
Labiatae, Satureineae. Cunila Mariana, Linne. Herb 270 
Origanum vulgare, Linne. Herb 271 
Volatile oil ... . 271 
Origanum Majorana, Linne. Herb 272 
Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Herb 272 
Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Leaves 201 
Volatile oil . . 201, 459 
Stearopten . . 201, 452 
Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Herb 271 
Hedeoma pulegioides, Per soon. Herb ... 273 
Volatile oil . . 273, 459 
Melissa officinalis, Linne. Herb 272 
Monardese. Salvia officinalis, Linne. Leaves 224 
Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Leaves ... 201 
Volatile oil . . 201,459 
Monarda punctata, Linne. Herb 274 
Volatile oil ... . 459 
Stearopten .... 452 
Nepeteae. Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Herb • 274 
Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. Herb .... 275 
Stachydeae. Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne, etc. Herb . .276 
Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Herb 275 
Leonurus Cardiaca, Linne. Herb 277 
Plantaginaceae. Plantago major, Linne, etc. Herb 277 
c. Dicotyledones, Monochlamydece. 
Chenopodiaceae, Euchenopodieae. C-henopodium anthelminticum, 
Linne. Fruit . . . 321 
Volatile oil . . 321, 459 
Beta vulgaris, Linne. Sugar . . 410 
Phytolaccaceae, Eupliytolacceae. Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Root . 68 
Fruit 305 
Polygonaceae, Eupolygoneae. Polygonum Bistorta, Linne. 
Rhizome 115 
Rumiciae. Rheum officinale, Baillon, etc. Root . . 75 
Rheum rhaponticum, Linne, etc. Root . 74 
Rumex crispus, LinnL Root 74 
Coccolobeae. Coccoloba uvifera, Linne. Extract(kino) 406 
Aristolochiaceae. Asarum canadense, Linne, etc. Rhizome .... 131 
Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linne, etc. 
Rhizome and roots . 121 
Piperaceae, Pipereae. Piper angustifolium, Ruiz et Pavon. Leaves . . 223 
Piper mollicomum, Baillon, etc. Leaves . . 204 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE 
Piperaceae, Pipereae. Piper Cubeba, Linne filius. Fruit 307 
Volatile oil . . 307, 459 
Piper nigrum, Linne. Fruit 309 
Piper methysticum, Forster. Root 78 
Piper Jaborandi, Velloz. Leaves 204 
Piper officinarum, Be Candolle. Fruit . . . 303 
Myristicaceae. Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn, etc. Arillus 378 
Seed 360 
Fixed oil - 361, 475 
Volatile oil . . 361, 460 
Monimiaceae. Peumus Boldus, Molina. Leaves 202 
Laurineae, Perseaceae. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, lireyne. Bark . . 190 
Volatile oil . . 192, 460 
Cinnamomum spec. Bark 190, 191 
Volatile oil . . 192, 460 
Cinnamomum Camphora, F. Nees. Stearopten 451 
Volatile oil ... . 453 
Nectandra Rodiaei, Schomburgk. Bark . . . 166 
Litseaceae. Sassafras variifoliuin, O. Kuntze. Root ... 147 
Root bark • • • • 193 
Pith 378 
Volatile oil . . 193,460 
Laurus nobilis, Linne. Leaves 204 
Fixed oil 475 
Coto bark 187 
Thymelaceae, Euthvmelaeeae. Daphne Mezereum, Linne, etc. Bark . 185 
Santalaceae, Osyrideae. Santalum album, Linne, etc. Wood .... 151 
Volatile oil ... . 460 
Euphorbiaceae, Buxeae. Buxus sempervirens, Linne. Bark .... 176 
Euphorbieae. Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Root . . 60 
Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Root 60 
Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Exudation 425 
Crotoneae. Jatropha Curcas, Linne. Seed 363 
Jatropha, Hevea, etc., species. Milk- 
juice (caoutchouc) . 408 
Croton Tiglium, Linne. Seed 363 
Fixed oil 471 
Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Bark .... 196 
Croton Malambo, Karsten, etc. Bark . . 197 
Aleurites laccifera, WUldenow. Resin . 432 
Manihot utilissima, Pohl, etc. Starch . 390 
Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. 
Glands 383 
498 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
499 
PAGE 
Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Ricinus communis, Linne. Seed .... 362 
Fixed oil 472 
Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Root ... 61 
Urticacese, Ulmeae. Ulmus fulva, Miehaux, etc. Bark 189 
Cannabinese. Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Strobiles . . . 304 
Glands 385 
Cannabis sativa, Linne. Herb 279 
Fruit 328 
Fixed oil 470 
Morese. Morus rubra, Linne, etc. Fruit 303 
Artocarpese. Ficus Carica, Linne. Fruit 304 
Ficus indica, Linne, etc. Milk-juice 
(caoutchouc) . . 408 
Resin 432 
Juglandeae. Juglans cinerea, Linne. Bark 181 
Juglans regia, Linne, etc. Fixed oil 470 
Engelhardtia species. Resin 431 
Myricaceae. Myrica asplenifolia, Blum. Leaves 235 
Myrica cerifera, Linne. Bark 184 
Cupuliferae, Betulese. Betula lenta, Linne. Volatile oil 460 
Betula alba, Linne. Tar 448 
Quercinese. Quereus alba, Linne, Bark 173 
Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, etc. Bark . . 173 
Quereus infectoria, Olivier, etc. Galls . . . 371 
Quercus vallonea, Kotschy. Manna.... 413 
Castanea dentata {Marshall), Sudworth. 
Leaves 228 
Salicacese. Salix alba, Linne, etc. Bark 169 
d. Gymnospermece. 
Coniferse, Abietineae. Agathis Dammara, Rich. Resin 431 
Pinus australis, Miehaux, etc. Oleoresin . . . 444 
Resin 430 
Volatile oil . . 445, 460 
Tar 447 
Empyreumatic vola- 
tile oil 461 
Larix europsea, De Candolle. Oleoresin . . . 444 
Manna 413 
Picea succinifera, Conwentz. Resin 432 
Empyreumatic vola- 
tile oil 455 
Abies balsamea, Marshall, etc. Oleoresin . . 443 500 
PAGE 
Conifer*, Abietineae. Abies pectinata, De Candolle. Oleoresin . . . 444 
Abies canadensis, Michaux. Oleoresin .... 446 
Abies excelsa, De Candolle. Oleoresin .... 445 
Cupressineae. Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat. Resin . . 430 
Thuja occidentalis, Linne. Branchlets . . . 282 
Chamaecy paris sphaeroidea, Spach. 
Branchlets .... 283 
Juniperus communis, Linne. Fruit .... 302 
Volatile oil . . 302, 460 
Juniperus Oxycedrus, Linne. Tar .... 448 
Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Branchlets . 281 
Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Branchlets . . . 281 
Volatile oil . . 282, 461 
Taxea?. Torreya californica, Torrey. Seed 361 
e. Monocotyledones. 
Orchideae, Neottieae. Vanilla planifolia, Andrews, etc. Fruit . . . 326 
Ophrydeae. Orchis mascula, Linne, etc. Tuber 142 
Cypripedieae. Cypripedium pubescens, Willdenow, etc. 
Rhizome and roots . 110 
Scitamineae, Maranteae. Maranta arundinacea, Linne. Starch . . 390 
Cannese. Canna edulis, Ker, etc. Starch 390 
Zingibereae. Curcuma longa, Linne. Rhizome .... 100 
Curcuma leucorrhiza, Roxburgh, etc. 
Starch 390 
Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe. Rhizome . . 99 
Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, etc. Fruit 325 
Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, etc. Seed . . 369 
Elettaria repens (Sonnerat), Baillon. Fruit 324 
Elettaria major, Smith. Fruit 325 
Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Rhizome ... 97 
Alpinia officinarum, Hance. Rhizome . . 100 
Haemodoraceae, Conostyleae. Aletris farinosa, Linne. Rhizome . . 108 
Irideap, Moreae. Iris florentina, Linne. Rhizome 103 
Iris versicolor, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots . . 109 
Sisyrinchieae. Crocus sativus, Linne. Stigma 379 
Dioscoreaceae. Dioscorea villosa, Linne. Rhizome 112 
Liliaceae, Smilaceae. Smilax medica, Schlechtendal, etc. Root ... 43 
Smilax ornata, Hooker. Root 45 
Smilax China, Linne, etc. Rhizome 105 
Polygonateae. Polygonatum biflorum, Elliott, etc. Rhizome 112 
Convallarieae. Convallaria majalis, Linne. Rhizome and 
roots Ill 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
501 
PAGE 
Liliaceae, Aloeineae. Aloe socotrina, Lamarck, etc. Inspissated juice 400 
Loin and rese. Xanthorrhoea hastilis, B. Brown, etc. Resin 436 
Alliese. Allium sativum, Linne, etc. Bulb 144 
Scillese. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. Bulb 143 
Colchiceae. Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Tuber .... 141 
Seed 368 
Nartheciese. Chamselirium luteum, Gray. Rhizome . . . 108 
Medeolese. Trillium erectum, Linne, etc. Rhizome . . . 108 
Yeratrese. Veratrum album, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 105 
Veratrum viride, Ailon. Rhizome and roots . . 106 
Asagrsea officinalis, Bindley. Seed 367 
Palmre, Areceae. Areca Catechu, Linne. Seed 370 
Coryphese. Serenoa serrulata (Michaux), Hooker f. Fruit . 313 
Lepidocaryse. Calamus Draco, Willdenow. Resin 434 
Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, etc. Starch. . . 390 
Cocainese. Elieis guineensis, Jacquin Fixed oil 476 
Cocos nucifera, Linne. Fixed oil 477 
Aroidese, Arinsee. Arissema triphyllum, Torrey. Tuber 142 
Arum maculatum, Linne, etc. Rhizome .... 142 
Orontiese. Symplocarpus foetidum, Salisbury. Rhizome . 107 
Acorus Calamus, Linne. Rhizome 102 
Cyperacese, Cariciese. Carex arenaria, Linne. Rhizome 105 
Starch 390 
Graminese, Maydeie. Zea Mays, Linne. Stigma 381 
Starch 389 
Fixed oil 474 
Oryzese. Oryza sativa, Linne. Starch 390 
Andropogonese. Saccharum officinarum, Linne. Sugar . 410 
Andropogon muricatus, Betzius. Root . 47 
Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne. 
Volatile oil ... . 455 
Avenese. Avena sativa, Linne. Meal 391 
Hordese. Triticum vulgare, Villars. Starch 390 
Agropyrum repens, LinnL Rhizome .... 104 
Hordeum distichum, Linne. Fruit, malt . . . 327 
Fruit decorticated . 391 
2. SPOROPHYTA.—a. Vasctjlares. 
Lycopodiaceae. Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, etc. Sporules . . . 386 
Filices, Polypodiacese. Dryopteris Filix-mas, Swartz, etc. Rhizome 95 
Adiantum pedatum, Linne 247 
Cyatheaceae. Cibotiuin Baromez, Kunze, etc. Hairs . . . 382 502 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
b. Cellulares. 
PAGE 
Alga1, Florideae. Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye. Plant 244 
Glgartina raamillosa, Agardh. Plant 244 
Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, etc. Isinglass ... 26 
Fucoidese. Fucus vesiculosus, Linne, etc. Plant 245 
Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston. Stipe 378 
Lichenes, Ascomycetes. Cetraria islandica, Acharius. Plant . . . 246 
Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Polyporus officinalis, Fries. Plant . . . 374 
Polyporus fomentarius, Fries. Plant . . 375 
yEeidiomycetes. Ustilago Maydis, Leveille. Plant 375 
Ascomycetes. Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Plant .... 375 
Saccharomycetes. Torula cerevisise, Turpin. Plant (yeast) . 387 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
ABIES balsainea, 443 
canadensis, 446 
excelsa, 445 
Menziesii, 443 
pectinata, 443 
Abri radix, 81 
semen, 350 
Abrus precatorius, 81, 350 
Absinthium, 262 
Absorbent cotton, 381 
Abuta amara, 87 
rufescens, 86 
Acacia Catechu, 404, 416 
fistula, 416 
Senegal, 415 
stenocarpa, 416 
Verek, 415 
Acaroid resin, 436 
Achillea Millefolium, 261 
Acipenser Giildenstadtii, 25 
Huso, 25 
ruthenus, 25 
stellatus, 26 
Aconite leaves, 236 
root, 138 
Aconiti folia, 236 
radix, 138 . 
Aconitum Anthora, 140 
Cammarum, 139, 237 
columbianum, 140 
ferox, 140 
Fischeri, 140 
heterophyllum, 140 
japonicum, 140 
luridum, 140 
Lycoctonum, 140 
Napellus, 138, 236 
Stoerkeanum, 140, 237 
uncinatum, 140 
Acorus Calamus, 102 
Actsea alba, 128 
Aden senna, 212 
Adeps, 479 
Adeps lanse hydrosus, 478 
Adiantum Capillus Veneris, 248 
pedatum, 247 
iEgle Marmelos, 316 
African ammoniac, 422 
ginger, 98 
marigold, 296 
saffron, 380 
Agar Agar, 26 
Agaricus albus, 374 
Agathis australis, 431 
Dammara, 431 
Agathotes Chirayta, 279 
Agrimonia Eupatoria, 254 
Agrimony, 254 
Agropyrum repens, 104 
Ajovvan, 332 
Albumen ovi, 24 
Alcea rosea, 291 
Aleppy cardamoms, 325 
Aletris farinosa, 108 
Aleurites laccifera, 432 
Alexandria senna, 210, 212 
Algarobia glandulosa, 417 
Alhagi camelorum, 413 
Alkanet, 72 
Alkanna tinctoria, 72 
Allium Porrum, 144 
sativum, 144 
Allspice, 310 
Almond, 343 ' 
oil, 466 
Aloe barbadense, 401 
capensis, 401 
ferox, 400 
Perryi, 400 
socotrina, 401 
spicata, 400 
vera, 400 504 
INDEX. 
Alpinia Galanga, 100 
officinarum, 100 
Alsophila lurida, 382 
Althaea officinalis, 70 
rosea, 291 
Alum root, 72 
Amber, 432 
Ambergris, 32 
Ambra grisea, 32 
American angelica, 62 
cannabis, 280 
castor, 29 
columbo, 52 
gentian root, 52 
ipecac, 60, 130 
isinglass, 26 
opium, 396 
senna, 213 
spikenard, 131 
valerian, 110 
veratrum, 106 
worm seed, 321 
Ammoniacum, 421 
Amomum aromaticum, 325 
Cardamomum, 325 
globosum, 325 
Granum paradisi, 369 
maximum, 325 
Melegueta, 369 
Amygdala, 343 
Amygdaloid asafoetida, 420 
Amygdalus amara, 343, 457 
communis, 343, 457, 466 
dulcis, 343 
Amylum, 388 
Amyris elemifera, 447 
Anacardium occidentale, 312 
orientale, 312 
Anacyclus officinarum, 56 
Pyrethrum, 55 
Anamirta paniculata, 311 
Anchusa tinctoria, 72 
Andira Araroba, 384 
Andropogon muricatus, 47 
Schoenanthus, 455 
Anemone acutiloba, 236 
Hepatica, 236 
patens, 249 
pratensis, 248 
Pulsatilla, 248 
Anethum graveolens, 335, 458 
Angelica, 62 
atropurpurea, 62 
officinalis, 62 
Angelica triquinata, 62 
Angustura, 195 
Anise, 330 
Anisum, 330 
Anogeissus latifolia, 417 
Anthemis arvensis, 292 
Cotula, 260, 292 
nobilis, 293, 458 
Anthophylli, 310 
Aphis chinensis, 373 
Apis mellifica, 414, 481 
Apinm graveolens, 331 
Petrosel inum, 64, 331 
Aplopappus discoideus, 227 
Apocynum androsemifolium, 84 
cannabinum, 59, 84 
Aralia nudicaulis, 118 
quinquefolia, 66 
racemosa, 131 
spinosa, 184 
Araroba, 384 
Arbor vita1, 282 
Archangelica atropurpurea, 62 
officinalis, 62 
Arctium Lappa, 57, 327 
Arctostaphylos glauca, 209 
Uva ursi, 207 
Areca Catechu, 369 
nut, 369 
Argel leaves, 211 
Arissema triphyllum, 142 
Aristolochia reticulata, 121 
Serpentaria, 121 
Armoracia rusticana, 67 
Arnica flowers, 294 
montana, 120, 294 
root, 120 
spec., 295 
Arnicae radix, 120 
Artanthe adunca, 224 
Mollicoma, 204 
Artemisia Absinthium, 262 
pauciflora, 286 
vulgaris, 263 
Arum Dracunculus, 142 
italicum, 142 
maculatum, 142 
triphyllum, 142 
Asafoetida, 419 
Asagrsea officinalis, 367 
Asarabacca, 132 
Asarum canadense, 131 
europaeum, 132 
Asclepias Cornuti, 118 INDEX. 
505 
Asclepias incarnata, 125 
syriaca, 118 
tuberosa, 58 
Aspidium, 95 
Aspidosperma Quebracho-bianco, 
181 
Assam musk, 28 
Astacus fiuviatilis, 36 
Astragalus gummifer, 417 
Atropa Belladonna, 69, 216 
Attar of rose, 455 
Aubletia trifolia, 204 
Aurantia immatura, 315 
Aurantii cortex, 336 
flores, 285 
folia, 206 
fructus, 316 
Australian kino, 406 
Avena sativa, 391 
Avense farina, 391 
Avens, 124 
Axungia porci, 479 
Azedarach, 182 
BAEL, 316 
Balata, 408 
Balm, 272 
Balmony, 267 
Balsam of fir, 443 
of Mecca, 424 
of Peru, 438 
of Tolu, 439 
Balsamodendron africanum, 424 
Ehrenbergianum, 424 
Mukul, 424 
Myrrha, 423 
Opobalsamum, 424 
Balsamum peruvianum, 438 
tolutanum, 439 
Baptisia tinctoria, 88 
Barberry, 88 
bark, 169 
Barley, 327 
starch, 391 
sugar, 411 
Barosma betulina, 233 
crenulata, 233 
serratifolia, 233 
Barus camphor, 452 
Bastard ipecac, 131 
Bavberry bark, 184 
Baycuru, 89 
Bay leaves, 204, 206 
Bdellium, 424 
Bean of St. Ignatius, 355 
Bebeeru, 166 
Beech drop, 266 
Beef tallow, 480 
Beeswax, 481 
Bela, 316 
Belladonna leaves, 216 
root, 69 
Belladonnse folia, 216 
radix, 69 
Belugo, 25 
Bengal Cardamom, 325 
kino, 406 
quince, 316 
turmeric, 101 
Benne leaves, 214 
seed, 344 
seed oil, 474 
Benzoinum, 435 
Berberis aquifolium, 135 
nervosa, 135 
repens, 135 
vulgaris, 88, 169, 176 
Beta vulgaris, 410 
Beth root, 108 
Betula alba, 448 
lenta, 460 
Bikh or bish root, 140 
Birch tar, 448 
Bird pepper, 317 
Birthwort, 108 
Bistort, 115 
Bistorta, 115 
Bitter fennel, 333 
orange, 315, 336 
polygala, 252 
Bittersweet, 146 
Black alder, 168 
haw, 172 
hellebore, 127 
ipecac, 83 
jack, 174 
mustard, 352 
oak bark, 173 
pepper, 309 
snakeroot, 129 
Blackberries, 314 
Blackberry bark, 174 
Bladder-wrack, 245 
Blatta americana, 23 
germanica, 23 
gigantea, 23 
orientalis, 23 
Blessed thistle, 264 506 
INDEX. 
Blood, 33 
Bloodroot, 112 
Blue cohosh, 126 
flag, 109. 
Bog bean, 237 
Boldo, 202 
Boldoa fragrans, 202 
Boldus, 202 
Boletus fomentarius, 375 
laricis, 374 
Bombay mastic, 429 
senna, 212 
Bone, 37 
Boneset, 257 
Borneo camphor, 452 
Bos Taurus, 31, 33, 34, 413, 477, 480 
Boston iris, 109 
Boswellia Carterii, 423 
Botany Bay kino, 406 
resin, 436 
Bourbon vanilla, 326 
Brassica alba, 351, 468 
Napus, 353 
nigra, 352, 456, 468 
Rapa, 353 
Brayera, 288 
anthelmintica, 288 
Brazilian angustura, 195 
elemi, 447 
rhatany, 90 
vanilla, 326 
Broom, 253 
Bryonia alba, dioica, 68 
Bryony, 68 
Bucharian musk, 28 
Buck u, 233 
Buckbean, 237 
Buckthorn, 306 
Bugle, 270 
Burdock, 57 
fruit, 327 
Burgundy pitch, 445 
Burnt sponge, 25 
Bursa pastoris, 251 
Bursera Icicariba, 447 
Butea frondosa, 406 
Butter, 34, 477 
of cacao, 476 
Buttercups, 249 
Buttermilk, 34 
Butternut, 181 
Butyrum, 477 
cacao, 476 
nucistae, 475 
Buxus sempervirens, 176 
CABALLINE aloes, 402 
Gabardine musk, 28 
Cacao, 347 
Cactus grandifiorus, 256 
CafFea, 364 
Calabar bean, 348 
Calamus, 102 
Draco, 434 
Calculi cancrorum, 36 
Calendula arvensis, 264 
officinalis, 263, 295 
California oak balls, 373 
Calisaya bark, 161 
Callitris quadrivalvis, 430 
Calumba, 72 
Cambogia, 424 
Camellia Tliea, 226 
Camphora officinarum, 451 
Canada balsam, 443 
erigeron, 258 
pitch, 446 
turpentine, 443 
Canadian castor, 29 
hemp, 59 
Canarium commune, 446 
mauritianum, 447 
Cancer Astacus, 36 
Cane sugar, 410 
Canella alba, 194 
Canna starch, 389, 390 
Cannabis americana, 280 
indica, 279 
sativa, 279, 328, 470 
Cantharides, 19 
Cantharis vesicatoria, 19 
vittata, 20 
Caoutchouc, 414 
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 251 
Capsicum annuum, 317 
cerasiforme, 317 
fastigiatum, 317 
Caracas sarsaparilla, 45 
Caramel, 411 
Caraway, 334 
Cardamom, 324 
Cardamomum, 324 
Carduus benedictus, 264 
Carex arenaria, 105 
Carmine, 22 
Carolina pink, 123 
Carota, 336 
Carrageen, 244 INDEX. 
507 
Carrot fruit, 336 
Carthagena bark, 163 
Carthamus tinctorius, 296 
Carum Ajowan, 332, 452 
Carvi, 334, 457 
Petroselinum, 64, 331 
Carya amara, 470 
Caryophylli fructus, 310 
Caryophyllus aromaticus, 285, 310 
Cascara sagrada, 179 
Cascarilla, 196 
Cashew nut, 312 
Cassava starch, 391 
Cassia acutifolia, 210 
angustifolia, 211 
bacillaris, 320 
bark, 460 
brasiliana, 320 
elongata, 211 
Fistula, 319 
grandis, 320 
holosericea, 212 
lignea, 192 
marilandica, 213 
moschata, 320 
obovata, 211 
pubescens, 212 
Castanea dentata, 228 
Castilloa, 408 
Castor Fiber, 29 
oil, 472 
seed, 362 
Castoreum, 29 
Cataria, 274 
Catechu, 404 
pallidum, 405 
Cathartocarpus Fistula, 319 
Catnep, 274 
Caulophyllum thalictroides, 126 
Cayenne pepper, 317 
Ceanothus americanus, 89 
Celandine, 250 
Celery fruit, 331 
Centaurea benedicta, 264 
Centaury, 278 
Cephaelis acuminata, 83 
Ipecacuanha, 81 
Cera, 481 
alba, 481 
flava, 481 
Cerasus Laurocerasus, 232 
serotina, 168 
Ceratonia Siliqua, 320 
Ceratopetalum apetalum, 406 
Ceratopetalum gummiferum, 406 
Cereus grandiflorus, 256 
Cervispina cathartica, 306 
Cetaceum, 480 
Cetraria islandica, 246 
Cevadilla, 367 
Ceylon cardamom, 325 
cinnamon, 190 
Chamsecvparis sphseroidea, 283 
Chamselirium luteum, 108 
Chamomile, 293 
Chaulmoogra odorata, 361, 477 
Chaulmugra oil, 477 
seed, 361 
Chavica officinanim, 303 
Roxburgh ii, 303 
Chekan, Clieken, 204 
Chelidonium majus, 250 
Chelone glabra, 267 
Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. an- 
tbelminticum, 321, 459 
Cherry laurel, 232 
Chestnut leaves, 228 
Chewstick, 148 
Chian turpentine, 445 
Chicle, 408 
Chicory, 54 
Chimaphila maculata, 230 
umbellata, 230 
China root, 105 
Chinese aconite, 140 
blistering flies, 21 
cinnamon, 191 
ginger, 98 
isinglass, 26 
menthol, 453 
musk, 27 
nutgalls, 373 
rhubarb, 76 
turmeric, 101 
Chirata, 279 
Chiretta, 279 
Chittem bark, 179 
Chondodendron tomentosum, 86 
Chondrin, 27 
Chondrus crispus, 244 
mamillosus, 244 
Chrysanthemum carneum, 294 
cinerarisefolium, 294 
Parthenium, 261 
roseum, 294 
Chrysophyllum glyciphloeum, 407 
Cibotium Baromez, 382 
Djambianum, 382 508 
INDEX. 
Cibotium glaucum, 382 
Schiedei, 383 
Cichorium Intybus, 54 
Cimicifuga racemosa, 129 
Cinchona, 156 
Calisaya, 161 
lancifolia, 162, 163 
officinalis, 163 
Pitayensis, 163 
pubescens, 163 
scrobiculata, 162 
spec., 160, 163 
succirubra, 162 
Cinnamodendron corticosum, 194 
Cinnamomum Camphora, 451, 453 
Cassia, 191, 460 
saigonicum, 190 
zeylanicum, 190, 460 
Cinnamon, 190 
cassia, 191 
Cinquefoil, 255 
Citrullus Colocvnthis, 318 
vulgaris, 346 
Citrus Aurantium, 206, 285, 336, 
456 
Bergamia, 456 
Limonum, 317, 336, 456 
vulgaris, 206, 285, 315, 337, 456 
Civet, 33 
Civetta, 33 
Claviceps purpurea, 375 
Cleavers, 278 
Cloves, 285 
Cnicus benedictus, 264 
Coca, 214 
Coccionella, 21 
Coccoloba uvifera, 406 
Cocculus indicus, 311 
Coccus cacti, 21 
Lacca, 432 
Cochinchina turmeric, 101 
Cochineal, 22 
Cochlearia Armoracia, 67 
Cockroach, 23 
Cocoanut oil, 477 
Cocos nucifera, 477 
Cod-liver oil, 470 
Coffea arabica, 364 
liberica, 364 
Coffee, 364 
Cola acuminata, 348 
Colchici radix, 141 
semen, 368 
Colchicnm autumnale, 141, 368 
Colchicnm root, 141 
seed, 368 
Cole seed, 353 
Colicroot, 108, 112 
Colla piscium, 25 
Collinsonia canadensis, 127 
Colocynth, 318 
Colocvnthis, 318 
Colombo, 72 
Colopbonia mauritiana, 447 
Colophonium, 430 
Coltsfoot, 230 
Colza seed, 353 
Comfrey, 53 
Commiphora africana, 424 
Mukul, 424 
Myrrha, 423 
Opobalsamum, 424 
Common frankincense, 444 
Comptonia asplenifolia, 235 
Conchse, 36 
Condurango, 177 
Conii folia, 240 
fructus, 329 
Conium fruit, 329 
leaves, 240 
maculatum, 240, 329 
Convallaria majalis, 111 
Convolvulus Meclioacanna, 138 
Scammonia, 426 
Copaiba Langsdorffii, 441, 456 
officinalis, 441 
Copaifera Langsdorffii, 441 
officinalis, 441 
Copaiva, 441 
Copal, 431 
Copalchi bark, 197 
Coptis trifolia, 250 
Coral, 35 
Corallium rubrum, 35 
Coriander, 328 
Coriandrum sativum, 328, 458 
Coriaria myrtifolia, 211 
Corinthian raisins, 314 
Corn starch, 388 
Cornsilk, 381 
Cornsmut, 375 
Cornus circinata, 166 
florid a, 166 
sericea, 167 
Cortex radicis berberidis, 169 
Corydalis canadensis, 140 
formosa, 141 
Coto bark, 187 INDEX. 
509 
Cotton, 381 
Cottonroot bark, 186 
Cottonseed oil, 473 
Cotida, 260 
Couchgrass, 104 
Coumarouna odorata, 346 
Cowage, 383 
Crabs’ eyes, 36 
stones, 36 
Cramp bark, 171 
Cranesbill, 114 
Cratseva Marmelos, 316 
Cream, 34 
Cremor lactis, 34 
Crimean Rhubarb, 74 
Crocus sativus, 79 
Croton Eluteria, 196 
Malambo, 197 
oil, 471 
Pseudochina, 197 
seed, 363 
Tiglium, 363, 471 
Crowfoot, 249 
Crown bark, 163 
Cubeb, 307 
Cubeba canina, 308 
crassipes, 308 
Lowong, 308 
officinalis, 307, 459 
Wallichii, 308 
Cucumber seed, 346 
Cucumis Citrullus, 346 
Colocynthis, 318 
Melo, 345 
sativus, 346 
Cucurbita Citrullus, 346 
Pepo, 345 
Culver’s root, 132 
Cumin fruit, 334 
Cuminum Cyminum, 334 
Cunila Mariana, 270 
Cuprea bark, 165 
Cupressus thyoides, 283 
Curapao aloes, 401 
Curara, 403 
Curare, 403 
Curcas purgans, 363 
Curcuma longa, 100 
species, 390 
starch, 389 
Zedoaria, 99 
Currants, 314 
Cusco bark, 163 
Cusparia febrifuga, 195 
Cusso, 288 
Cutch, 404 
Cuttlefish bone, 36 
Cydonia vulgaris, 342 
Cydonium, 342 
Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, 50 
Cynips gal lie tinctoria?, 372 
Cynosbata, 305 
Cypripedium parviflorum, 110 
pubescens, 110 
Cytisus scoparius, 253 
DJLMONOROPS Draco, 434 
Dagget, 448 
Damiana, 227 
Dammara australis, 431 
orientalis, 431 
Dandelion, 53 
Daphne Gnidium, 185 
Laureola, 185 
Mezereum, 185 
Datura Stramonium, 219, 365 
Tatula, 219 
Daucus Carota, 336 
Deadly nightshade, 216 
Delphinium Consolida, 356 
Staphisagria, 356 
Dextrose, 411 
Dicentra canadensis, 140 
eximia, 141 
Dichopsis Gutta, 407 
Digitalis purpurea, 221 
Dill, 335 
Dioscorea villosa, 112 
Diospyros virginiana, 315 
Dipterocarpus alatus, 442 
turbinatus, 442 
Dipteryx odorata, 346 
oppositi folia, 346 
Dittany, 270 
Dog’s bane, 84 
Dogwood, 166 
Dolichos pruriens, 383 
Dorema Ammoniacum, 421 
Draconis resina, 434 
Dracontium fcetidum, 107 
Dragon root, 142 
Dragon’s blood, 434 
Drimys Winteri, 187, 194 
Drosera intermedia, 256 
rotundifolia, 256 
Drvobalanops Camphora, 452 
Dryopteris athamanticum, 95 
Filix-mas, 95 510 
INDEX. 
Dryopteris marginale, 95 
rigidum, 96 
Duboisia myoporoides, 218 
Dulcamara, 146 
EAST INDIA ginger, 98 
opium, 395 
East Indian Tamarind, 339 
Ecballium Elaterium, 428 
Echinochloa crusgalli, 331 
Egg, 24 
Egg-shell, 24, 36 
Egyptian Tamarind, 339 
opium, 395 
Elseis guineensis, 476 
Elastica, 408 
Elaterium, 428 
Elder, 297 
Elecampane, 56 
Elemi, 446 
Elettaria major, 325 
repens, 324 
Empleurum serrulatum, 233 
Engel hard tia, 430 
Epicauta Gorrhami, 21 
vittata, 20 
Epigsea repens, 209 
Epilobium angustifolium, 255 
Epiphegus virginiana, 266 
Ergot, ergota, 375 
Erigeron annuus, 258 
canadensis, 258, 458 
philadelphicus, 258 
strigosus, 258 
Eriodictyon glutinosum, 234 
Erythrsea Centaurium, 278 
Erythrophloeum guineense, 184 
Erythroxylon Coca, 214 
Esenbeckia febrifuga, 195 
Eucalypti gummi, 406 
Eucalyptus amygdalina, 406, 461 
dumosa, 413 
globulus, 204, 457 
gum, 406 
mannifera, 413 
oleosa, 457 
rostrata, 406 
viminalis, 413 
Eucheuma spinosum, 26 
Eugenia aromatica, 285, 310, 457 
Chekan, 204 
Pimenta, 310 
Euonymus atropurpureus, 187 
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 257 
Euphorbia corollata, 60 
Ipecacuanha, 60 
resinifera, 425 
Euphorbium, 425 
European centaury, 278 
dragon root, 142 
elder, 297 
elm bark, 190 
opium, 396 
rhubarb, 76 
turpentine, 444 
Euryangium Sumbul, 65 
Euspongia equina, 25 
mollissima, 25 
Zimocca, 25 
Evening primrose, 255 
Extractum glycyrrhizse, 403 
hsematoxyli, 407 
sanguinis, 33 
FALSE angustura, 195 
cubebs, 308 
damiana, 227 
jalaps, 137 
nutmegs, 361 
pareira brava, 86 
sarsaparilla, 118 
Solomon’s seal, 112 
Winter’s bark, 194 
Fel bovinum, 34 
bovis, 34 
tauri, 34 
Fennel, 332 
Fenugreek, 350 
Fermentum, 387 
Ferronia elephant urn, 416 
Ferula Asafoetida, 419 
foetida, 419 
galbaniflua, 420 
Narthex, 419 
rubricaulis, 420 
Sumbul, 65 
tingitana, 422 
Feverfew, 261 
Fever root, 131 
Ficus, 408 
Carica, 304 
indica, 432 
Fig, 304 
Figwort, 267 
Filix-mas, 95 
Fishberries, 311 
Five-leaved water-hemlock, 333 
Flake tragacanth, 418 INDEX. 
511 
Flaxseed, 357 
oil, 469 
Fleabane, 258 
Flemingia rhodocarpa, 384 
Flesh-colored asclepias, 125 
Florentine orris, 103 
Fceniculum capillaceum, 332 
vulgare, 332, 458 
Foenum graecum, 350 
Foxglove, 220 
Fragaria vesca, 121 
Frangula, 178 
Frankincense, 421 
Frasera Walteri, 52 
Fraxinus alba, 176 
americana, 176 
Ornus, 412 
French berries, 307 
French lactucarium, 400 
marigold, 296 
saffron, 380 
Frost wort, 251 
Fucus nodosus, 245 
vesiculosus, 245 
Fungus chirurgorum, 375 
laricis, 374 
Fusiform jalap, 138 
G ADUS Merluccius, 26 
Morrhua, 470 
Galanga, 100 
Galangal, 100 
Galbanum, 420 
Galipea Cusparia, 195 
officinalis, 195 
Galium Aparine, 278 
triflorum, 278 
Galla, 371 
Gallus Bankiva, 24 
Gambia kino, 406 
Gambir, 405 
Gamboge, 424 
Garcinia Hanburii, 424 
Mangostana, 316 
Morelia, 424 
Garden thyme, 201 
Garlic, 144 
Gaultheria procumbens, 231, 458 
Gelatin, 26 
Gelatina, 26 
Gelsemium sempervirens, 84 
Gentian, 51 
Gentiana Andrewsii, 52 
lutea, 51 
Gentiana pannonica, 51 
puberula, 52 
punctata, 51 
purpurea, 51 
Saponaria, 50 
Geranium maculatum, 114 
German chamomile, 292 
fennel, 332 
leech, 23 
pellitory, 56 
Geum rivale, 124 
urban um, 124 
Gigartina mamillosa, 244 
Gillenia stipulacea, 130 
trifoliata, 130 
Ginger, 97 
Ginseng, 66 
Glechoma hederacea, 275 
Glucose, 411 
Glue, 26 
Glycyrrhiza glabra, 79, 403 
var. glandulifera, 79 
Gnaphalium margaritaceum, 263 
polycephalum, 263 
Goa powder, 384 
Gold thread, 250 
Golden rod, 259 
seal, 125 
Gonolobus Condurango, 177 
Gossypii radicis cortex, 186 
Gossypium herbaceum, 186, 381, 473 
purificatum, 381 
Gouania domingensis, 148 
Gracilaria lichenoides, 26 
Grain of paradise, 369 
Granati fructus cortex, 338 
radicis cortex, 175 
Granilla, 22 
Granum paradisi, 369 
Grape sugar, 411 
Grasstree resin, 436 
Gravel plant, 209 
Gray ipecac, 83 
Green ginger, 98 
hellebore, 128 
Greenheart bark, 166 
Grindelia robusta, 259 
squarrosa, 259 
Ground-ivy, 275 
Guaiaci lignum, 149 
resina, 433 
Guaiacum officinale, 149, 433 
sanctum, 149, 433 
wood, 149 512 
INDEX. 
Guarana, 394 
Guayaquil rhatany, 90 
Guibourtia, 431 
Gum arabic, 415 
Gunja, 279 
Gurjun balsam, 442 
Gutta percha, 407 
Gutti, 424 
Gynocardia odorata, 361, 477 
Gypsophila Arrostii, 51 
paniculata, 51 
HA5MATOXYLON campechi- 
anum, 150 
Hagenia abyssinica, 288 
Hake, 26 
Hamamelis virginiana, 170, 225 
Haplopappus discoideus, 227 
Hardback, 254 
Heart’s ease, 256 
Hedeoma pulegioides, 273, 459 
Helenium autumnale, 260 
Helianthemum canadense, 251 
corymbosum, 251 
Helleborus niger, 127 
viridis, 128 
Helonias dioica, 108 
Hemidesmus indicus, 80 
Hemlock fruit, 329 
leaves, 240 
pitch, 446 
Hempseed, 328 
oil, 470 
Henbane, 220 
Hepatica, 236 
Heuchera americana, 72 
Hevea, 408 
Hips, 305 
Hirudo, 23 
Holly, 230 
Hollyhock, 291 
Honduras sarsaparilla, 44 
Honey, 414 
Hopea, 431 
Hops, 304 
Hordei fructus, 327 
Hordeum disticlium, 327, 391 
Horehound, 275 
Horse aloes, 402 
Horsemint, 274 
Horseradish, 67 
Huamalies bark, 163 
Huanuco bark, 163 
Humulus Lupulus, 304, 385 
Hungarian leech, 23 
Hydrangea arborescens, 79 
Hydrastis canadensis, 125 
Hydrous Woolfat, 478 
Hymensea, 431 
Hyoscyarai folia, 220 
semen, 366 
Hyoscyamus leaves, 220 
niger, 220, 366 
seed, 366 
Hypericum perforatum, 252 
Hyraceum, 33 
Hyrax capensis, 33 
Hyssop, 271 
Hyssopus officinalis, 271 
ICELAND moss, 246 
1 Iclithyocolla, 25 
Icica Ieicariba, 447 
Ignatia, 356 
Ignatiana philippinica, 356 
Ilex opaca, 230 
paraguayensis, 227 
verticillata, 168 
Illicium religiosum, 323 
verum, 322, 456 
Imperatoria Ostruthium, 65 
Indian aconite, 140 
fennel, 333 
hemp, 279 
licorice, 81 
sarsaparilla, 80 
tobacco, 264 
turnip, 142 
India rubber, 408 
senna, 211 
Insect flowers, 294 
Inula Helenium, 56 
Ionidium Ipecacuanha, 83 
Ipecacuanha, 81 
spurge, 60 
Ipomoea jalapa, 136 
orizabensis, 138, 426 
pandurata, 67 
simulans, 137 
Iris florentina, 103 
germanica, 103 
pallida, 103 
verna, 109 
versicolor, 109 
virginica, 109 
Irish moss, 244 
Isinglass, 25 
IsOnandra Gutta, 408 INDEX. 
513 
Italian anise, 330 
TABOR AN DI, 202 
eJ Jaen bark, 165 
Jalap, 136 
stalks, 138 
Jalapa, 136 
Jamaica dogwood, 180 
ginger, 98 
sarsaparilla, 44 
Japanese aconite, 140 
fennel, 333 
isinglass, 26 
menthol, 453 
nutgalls, 373 
Jateorrhiza palmata, 72 
Jatroplia, 408 
Curcas, 363 
dulcis, 390 
Manihot, 390 
Java turmeric, 101 
Jequiriti, 350 
Juglans cineria, 181, 470 
Juglans regia, 470 
Juniper, 302 
Juniperus communis, 302, 460 
Oxycedrus, 448 
Sabina, 281, 461 
virginiana, 281 
KALMIA latifolia, 210 
Kamala, 383 
Kauri resin, 431 
Kava-kava, 7S 
Kicksia africana, 359 
Kino, 405 
Klipdas, 33 
Kombe seed, 358 
Kordofan gum, 416 
Kousso, 288 
Krameria argentea, 90 
Ixina, 89 
lanceolata, 90 
secundiflora, 90 
triandra, 89 
Labrador tea, 207 
Lac, 34, 432 
ebutyratum, 34 
vaccinum, 34 
Lacca, 432 
Lactin, Lactose, 413 
Lactuca canadensis, 400 
sativa, 399 
Lactuca Scariola, 399 
virosa, 399 
Lactucarium, 399 
Laminaria Claustoni, 378 
digitata, 378 
Landolphia, 408 
Lanolinum, 478 
Lapides cancrorum, 36 
Lapilli cancrorum, 36 
Lappa officinalis, 57, 327 
Lapp* fructus, 327 
Lard, 479 
oil, 469 
Large flowering spurge, 60 
Larinus inellificus, 413 
Larix europtea, 413, 444 
Larkspur seed, 356 
Laserpitium latifolium, 63 
Laurel, 204 
oil, 475 
Laurocerasus, 232 
Laurus Camphora, 451 
nobilis, 204, 475 
Lavandula vera, 298, 459 
Lavender, 298 
Ledum latifolium, 207 
palustre, 207 
Leech, 23 
Lemon, 317 
peel, 337 
Leonurus Cardiaca, 277 
Leontice thalictroides, 126 
Leontodon Taraxacum, 53 
Leptandra virginica, 132 
Lerp, 413 
Levant soapwort, 51 
wormseed, 286 
Levisticum officinale, 63 
Licorice, 403 
root, 79 
Life-everlasting, 263 
Ligusticum Levisticum, 63 
Lily of the valley, 111 
Lima bark, 163 
Limon, 317 
Limonis cortex, 337 
Linden flowers, 288 
Linseed, 357 
oil, 469 . 
Linum usitatissimum, 357, 469 
Lipanin, 468, 471 
Liquid asafcetida, 420 
Liquidambar orientalis, 440 
Styraciflua, 440 514 
INDEX. 
Liquorice, 403 
root, 79 
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 167 
Lisbon sarsaparilla, 46 
Liverwort, 236 
Lobelia inflata, 264 
Logwood, 150 
Long pepper, 303 
Lovage, 63 
Loxa bark, 163 
Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 182 
Lucuma glyeipbkea, 407 
Lupulin, 385 
Lupulinum, 385 
Lycopodium clavatum, 386 
Lycopus europseus, 270 
sinuatus, 270 
virginicus, 270 
Lyperia crocea, 380 
Lytta vesicatoria, 19 
Macassar sandalwood, 152 
Mace, 378 
Macis, 378 
Macropiper methysticum, 78 
Madder, 71 
Madras cardamom, 325 
turmeric, 101 
Magnolia acuminata, 167 
glauca, 167 
tripetala, 167 
Maiden hair, 247 
Maize oil, 474 
Majorana, 272 
Malabar cardamom, 325 
kino, 406 
sandalwood, 151 
Malambo bark, 197 
Male fern, 95 
jalap, 138 
nutmeg, 361 
Mallotus philippinensis, 383 
Mallow, 291 
Maltum, 327 
Malva sylvestris, 291 
Mangosteen, 316 
Manihot Aipi, 390 
utilissima, 390 
Manna, 412 
Manroot, 67 
Manzanita, 209 
Maracaibo copaiba, 442 
Maranham copaiba, 442 
Maranta arundinacea, 390 
Maranta starch, 389 
Marigold, 263, 295 
Marrubium vulgare, 275 
Marshmallow, 70 
Marsh rosemary, 88 
tea, 207 
Maruta Cotula, 260, 292 
Marythistle, 327 
Masterwort, 6§ 
Mastic, 429 
Mastiche, 429 
Mat4, 227 
Matico, 223 
Matricaria Chamomilla, 292 
Parthenium, 261 
Mauritius elemi, 447 
Maw seed, 366 
May apple, 116 
weed, 260 
Maydis stigmata, 381 
Mecca senna, 212 
Mechoacanna root, 138 
Meconium, 395 
Mel, 414 
Melaleuca Cajuputi, 454 
Leucadendron, 454 
minor, 454 
Melegueta, 369 
Melia Azadiraclita, 416 
Azedarach, 182 
Melilotus albus, 252 
altissimus, 252 
officinalis, 252 
Melissa officinalis, 272 
Melo, 345 
Melon seed, 345 
Menispermum canadense, 133 
Mentha arvensis, 453 
canadensis, 453 
piperita, 268, 453, 459 
viridis, 269, 459 
Menthol, 453 
Menyanthes trifoliata, 237 
Methysticum, 78 
Metroxvlon Rumphii, 390 
Sagus, 390 
Mexican elemi, 447 
sarsaparilla, 44 
vanilla, 326 
Mezereon, 185 
Mezereum, 185 
Mezquite gum, 417 
Milfoil, 261 
Milk, 34 INDEX. 
515 
Milk sugar, 34, 412 
weed, 118 
Milletia megasperma, 406 
Mimusops globosa, 408 
Mitchella repens, 277 
Moka aloes, 402 
Molasses, 414 
Momordica Elaterium, 428 
Monarda punctata, 274, 452, 460 
Monesia, 407 
Monnieria trifolia, 204 
Morus alba, nigra, rubra, 303 
Moschus mosehiferus, 27 
Mother-clove, 310 
Motherwort, 277 
Mountain laurel, 210 
Mucuna cylindrosperma, 349 
pruriens, 383 
urens, 383 
Mugwort, 263 
Mulberry, 303 
Mullein, 297 
Musk, 27 
Mustard oil, 468 
Mylabris bifasciata, 21 
cichorii, 21 
phalerata, 21 
Myrcia acris, 206; 457 
Myrica asplenifolia, 235 
cerifera, 184 
Myristica aromatica, 360 
fatua, 361 
fragrans, 360, 378, 460, 475 
moschata, 360 
officinalis, 360 
Myrobalan, 312 
Mvrobalanus, 312 
Myrospermum Pereira', 438 
Toluifera, 438 
Myroxylon Pereira, 438 
Toluifera, 438 
Myrrh a, 423 
NARTHEX Asafoetida, 419 
Natal aloes, 401 
Nauclea Gambir, 405 
Neat’s-foot oil, 468 
Nectandra Rodisei, 166 
Nepeta Cataria, 274 
Glechoma, 275 
Nerium Oleander, 206 
New Jersey tea, 89 
Nicotiana Tabacum, 218 
Nigplla damascena, 356 
Nigella sativa, 356 
Night-blooming cereus, 256 
Northern prickly ash, 183 
Nuphar ad vena, 116 
Nutgall, 371 
Nutmeg, 360 
butter, 475 
Nut oil, 470 
Nux vomica, 353 
Nymphaea odorata, 116 
OATMEAL, 391 
Oculi cancrorum, 36 
Oculina virginea, 35 
(Enanthe Phellandrium, 333 
Oenothera biennis, 255 
CEsypum, 478 
Oil of amber, 455 
of bays, 475 
of Cade, 448 
of cajeput, 454 
of camphor, 453 
of ginger grass, 455 
of nutmeg, expressed, 475 
of rose, 455 
of sesamum, 474 
of theobroma, 476 
Olea europsea, 467 
Oleander, 206 
Oleum Adipis, 469 
Amygdalae amara, 457 
expressum, 466 
Anethi, 458 
Anisi, 458 
stellati, 456 
Anthemidis, 458 
Aurantii amari, 456 
dulcis, 456 
florum, 456 
Bergamottae, 456 
Betulae volatile, 460 
Bubulum, 468 
Cacao, 476 
Cadinum, 448 
Cajuputi, 454 
Cainphorae, 453 
Cannabis, 470 
Cari, 457 
Caryophylli, 457 
Chenopodii, 459 
Cinnamomi, 192, 460 
Zeylanici, 192, 460 
Cocois, 477 
Copaibae, 456 516 
INDEX. 
Oleum Coriandri, 458 
Cubebae, 459 
Erigerontis, 458 
Eucalypti, 457 
Foeniculi, 458 
Gaultherise, 232, 458 
Gossypii, 473 
Gynocardiae, 477 
Hedeomae, 459 
Jecoris aselli, 470 
Juglandis, 470 
Juniperi, 460 
empyreumaticum, 448 
Lauri, 475 
Lavandulae, 459 
Limonis, 456 
Lini, 469 
Maydis, 474 
Menthae piperitae, 459 
viridis, 459 
Monardae, 459 
Morrliuae, 470 
Myrcise, 457 
Myristicae, 460 
expressum, 475 
Nucistae, 475 
Olivae, 467 
Palmae, 476 
Papaveris, 469 
Picis liquidae, 461 
Pimentae, 457 
Pini Pumilio, 462 
Ricini, 471 
Rosae, 455 
Rosmarini, 459 
Rusci, 448 
Rutae, 239 
Sabinae, 462 
Santali, 460 
Sassafras, 193, 460 
Sesami, 474 
Sinapis, 356, 456 
expressum, 468 
Succini, 455 
Terebinthinae, 460 
Theobromatis, 476 
Thymi, 459 
Tiglii, 471 
Valerianae, 458 
Olibanum, 421 
Olive oil, 467 
Ophelia angustifolia, 279 
Chi rata, 279 
Opium, 495 
Opopanax Cliironium, 422 
Opuntia cochinillifera, 21 
Orange berries, 315 
flowers, 287 
leaves, 206 
peel, 336 
Orchis latifolia, 142 
maculata, mascula, 142 
Morio, 142 
Oregon grape, 135 
Origanum Majorana, 272 
vulgare, 271 
Ornus europsea, 412 
Orris, 103 
Oryza sativa, 390 
Os, 37 
Os Sepise, 36 
Osseter, 25 
Ostrea edulis, 36 
Virginian a, 36 
Otolithus regalis, 26 
Ovis Aries, 30, 31, 478, 480 
Ovum, 24 
Ox Gall, 34 
Oyster shell, 36 
PAKU-KIDANG, 382 
Palaquim oblongifolium, 407 
Pale catechu, 405 
rose, 290 
Palm oil, 476 
Panax quinquefolia, 66 
Pancreatinum, 31 
Panna-panna, 96 
Pansy, 256 
Papaver Rhoeas, 291 
somniferum, 320, 366, 395, 469 
Papoose root, 126 
Para copaiba, 442 
rhatany, 190 
rubber, 409 
sarsaparilla, 47 
Paracoto bark, 187 
Paraguay tea, 227 
Pareira brava, 86 
Parsley, 64 
fruit, 331 
Parthenium, 261 
Passu la* majores, 314 
minores, 314 
Paullinia cupana, 394 
sorbilis, 394 
Payta rhatany, 90 
Peach leaves, 229 INDEX. 
517 
Pearl barley, 391 
sago, 390 
Pellitory, 55 
Penghawar-Djambi, 382 
Pennyroyal, 273 
Pepo, 345 
Peppermint, 268 
Pepsinum, 30 
Periplaneta orientalis, 23 
Persian berries, 307 
Persica vulgaris, 229, 467 
Persimmon, 315 
Peruvian bark, 156 
rhatany, 90 
Petroselinum sativum, 64, 331 
Peucedanum Ammoniacum, 421 
galbanifluum, 420 
graveolens, 335, 458 
Ostruthium, 65 
Peumus Boldus, 202 
Phasianus Gallus, 24 
Phellandrium aquaticum, 333 
Phlox Carolina, 123 
Pliyseter macrocephalus, 32, 480 
Physostigma cylindrospermum, 349 
venenosum, 348 
Phytolacca decandra, 68, 305 
Phytolaccse fructus, 305 
radix, 68 
Picea succinifera, 432 
Picrsena excelsa, 148, 177 
Pilocarpus Jaborandi, 202 
Selloanus, 202 
Pimenta officinalis, 309, 457 
Pimpernel, 64 
Pimpinella Anisum, 330, 458 
magna, 64 
Saxifraga, 64 
Pinitis succinifer, 432 
Pinkroot, 123 
Pinus Abies, 445 
australis, 430, 444 
canadensis, 446 
Laricio, 445 
palustris, 430, 4441, 447 
Pinaster, 444 
sylvestris, 445 
Pipe isinglass, 26 
Piper album, 309 
angustifolium, 224 
caninum, 308 
citrifolium, 204 
crassipes, 308 
Cubeba, 307 
Piper longum, 303 
methysticum, 78 
mollicomum, 204 
nigrum, 309 
nodulosum, 204 
officinarum, 303 
reticulatum, 204 
Pipsissewa, 230 
Piscidia Erythrina, 180 
Pistacia cabulica, 429 
Khinjuk, 429 
Lentiscus, 429 
Terebinth us, 445 
Pitaya bark, 163 
Pithecolobium dulce, 416 
Pix burgundica, 445 
canadensis, 446 
liquida, 447 
Plantago lanceolata, 277 
major, 277 
Plantain, 277 
Pleurisy root, 58 
Podophyllum Emodi, 117 
peltatum, 116 
Poison oak, 237 
Pokefruit, 305 
Pokeroot, 68 
Polemonium reptans, 123 
Polygala alba, 49 
Boykinii, 50 
polygama, 252 
rubella, 252 
Senega, 47 
Polygonatum biflorum, 112 
giganteum, 112 
Polygonum Bistorta, 115 
Polyporus fomentarius, 375 
officinalis, 374 
Pomegranate bark, 175 
rind, 338 
Pond lily, 116 
Poppy, 320 
seed, 366 
oil, 469 
Potato fly, 20 
starch, 389 
Potentilla canadensis, 255 
Tormentilla, 114 
Prayer beads, 350 
Preserved ginger, 99 
Prickly ash, 183 
fruit, 322 
Prince’s pine, 230 
Prinos verticillatus, 168 518 
INDEX. 
Prosopis glandulosa, juliflora, spi- 
cigera, 416 
Prune, 313 
Prunum, 313 
Primus Ainygdalus, 343, 457, 466 
Armeniaca, 467 
domestica, 313 
Laurocerasus, 232 
Persica, 229, 467 
serotina, 168 
virginiana, 168 
Psychotria emetica, 83 
Pterocarpus erinaceus, 406 
Marsupium, 405 
santalinus, 150 
Ptychotis Ajowan, 332, 452 
Pulpa tamarindorum, 338 
Pulsatilla pratensis, 248 
Pulu, 382 
Pumpkin seed, 345 
Punica Granatum, 175, 338 
Purging cassia, 319 
nut, 363 
Purified cotton, 381 
Purse isinglass, 26 
Pyrethri flores, 294 
Pyrethrum, 55 
carneum, 294 
cinerarisefolium, 294 
germanicum, 55 
Parthenium, 261 
roseum, 294 
Pyrus Cydonia, 342 
QUASSIA amara, 149, 177 
bark, 177 
excelsa, 148, 177 
Quassise cortex, 177 
Quebracho bianco, 181 
Colorado, 182 
Queen’s delight, 61 
Quercus alba, 173 
coccinea, 173 
falcata, 174 
infectoria, 371 
lobata, 373 
lusitanica, 371 
nigrn, 174 
tinctoria, 173 
vallonea, 413 
virens, 373 
Quickens, 104 
Quillaja Saponaria, 188 
Quince seed, 342 
Quinine flower, 278 
Quitchgrass, 104 
RADIX abri, 81 
bardanse, 57 
berberidis, 88 
caryophyllatae, 126 
enulae, 56 
gentianse alb®, 63 
rubrse, 51 
graminis, 104 
rubrae, 105 
inulse, 56 
Ivarancusae, 47 
lapathi, 74 
• lappse, 57 
liquiritise, 79 
pyrethri germanici, 55 
romani, 55 
sarsaparill* germanicse, 105 
Raisins, 314 
Ranunculus acris, 249 
bulbosus, 249 
repens, 249 
Rape seed, 353 
Raspberry, 314 
Red acaroid resin, 436 
cedar, 281 
cinchona, 162 
gum, 406 
ipecac, 83 
Red poppy, 291 
Red River snakeroot, 122 
root, 89 
rose, 290 
saunders, 150 
sedge, 105 
Remijia pedunculata, 165 
Purdieana, 166 
Resina, 430 
elastica, 408 
pini, 446 
Rhamnus californica, 180 
cathartica, 306 
Frangular 178 
infectoria, 307 
Purshiana, 179 
saxatilis, 307 
Rhapontic root, 74 
Rhaponticum, 74 
Rhatany, 89 
Rheum officinale, 75 
Rhaponticum, 74 
spec., 76 INDEX. 
519 
Rhoeas, 291 
Rhubarb, 75 
Rhus glabra, 307 
semialata, 373 
Toxicodendron, 237 
Rice starch, 388 
Richardsonia scabra, 83 
Ricinis communis, 362, 471 
Rio Janeiro copaiba, 442 
Negro sarsaparilla, 44 
Rock candy, 411 
Roman fennel, 332 
pellitory, 55 
Rosa canina, 306 
centifolia, 290 
damascena, 290, 455 
gallica, 290 
Rosemary, 201 
Roshe oil, 455 
Rosin, 430 
Rosmarinus officinalis, 201, 459 
Rottlera tinctoria, 383 
Round Cardamoms, 325 
Rubia tinctorum, 71 
Rubus canadensis, 174 
Idseus, 314 
occidentalis, 314 
strigosus, 314 
trivialis, 174 
villosus, 174, 314 
Rue, 239 
Rumex crispus, 74 
Russian castor, 29 
isinglass, 25 
licorice root, 80 
musk, 28 
rhubarb, 75 
Ruta graveolens, 239 
QABADILLA, 367 
Iw Sabal serrulatum, 313 
Sabbatia angularis, 278 
Elliottii, 278 
paniculata, 278 
Sabina, 281 
Sacchari fsex, 414 
Saccharomyces cerevisise, 388 
Saccharose, 410 
Saccharum amylaceum, 411 
crystal lisatum, 411 
hordeatum, 411 
lactis, 413 
officinarum, 410 
uveum, 411 
Safflower, 296, 380 
Saffron, 379 
Sagapenum, 421 
Sage, 224 
Sago, 390 
Sagus Rumphii, 390 
Saigon cinnamon, 190 
Saint John’s bread, 320 
wort, 252 
Salep, 142 
Salix alba, 169 
Salvia officinalis, 224 
Sambucus canadensis, 297 
nigra, 297 
Sandal wood, 151 
Sandaraca, 430 
Sangninaria canadensis, 112 
Sanguis, 33 
draconis, 434 
Sanguisuga medicinalis, 23 
officinalis, 23 
Santalum album, 151, 460 
rubrum, 150 
Yasi, 151 
Santonica, 285 
Saponaria levantica, 51 
officinalis, 50 
Sapota Mulleri, 408 
Sarsaparilla, 43 
Sassafras bark, 193 
lignum (radix), 147 
medulla, 378 
officinale, 460 
pith, 378 
variifolium, 147, 193, 378, 460 
wood (root), 147 
Sassy bark, 184 
Sava kin gum, 416 
Savanilla rhatany, 90 
Savine, 281 
Saw palmetto, 313 
Saxon fennel, 332 
Scabious, 258 
Scammonium, 426 
Scammony, 426 
Scilla maritima, 143 
Scio mastic, 429 
Scoparius, 253 
Scopola carniolica, 70 
Scorodosma foetidum, 419 
Scrophularia nodosa, 267 
Scutellaria lateriflora, 276 
spec., 276 
Secale cereale, 375 520 
INDEX. 
Secale cornutum, 375 
Seed lac, 432 
Semecarpus Anacardium, 312 
Semen amomi, 310 
Senaar gum, 416 
Senega, 47 
Senegal gum, 416 
Seneka, 47 
Senna alexandrina, 210 
baladi, 212 
indica, 211 
ovalifolia, 213 
Sepia officinalis, 36 
Serenoa serrulata, 313 
Serpentaria, 121 
Serpyllum, 272 
Serronia Jaborandi, 204 
Serum lactis, 34 
Sesame oil, 474 
Sesamum indicum, 214, 344, 474 
Setaria glauca, 331 
Sevum bovinum, 480 
ovillum, 480 
Sewruga, 26 
Sheeps’ wool sponge, 25 
Shellac, 433 
Shepherd’s purse, 251 
Shikimi fruit, 323 
Siam benzoin, 435 
Siberian castor, 29 
Siliqua dulcis, 320 
Silkweed, 118 
Silybum marianum, 327 
Simaruba excelsa, 148 
medicinalis, 176 
officinalis, 176 
Sin apis alba, 351 
nigra, 352 
Siphonia, 408 
Skim milk, 34 
Skullcap, 276 
Skunk cabbage, 107 
Slippery elm, 189 
Smilacina racemosa, 112 
Smilax China, 105 
glauca, 105 
medica, 43 
officinalis, 43 
ornata, 45 
papyracea, 43 
pseudochina, 105 
Smyrna opium, 395 
Sneezewort, 260 
Soapbark, 194 
Soapwort, 50 
Solanum Dulcamara, 146 
tuberosum, 390 
Solenostemma Argel, 210 
Solidago odora, 259 
Solomon’s seal, 112 
Sorghum, 410 
Southern prickly ash, 184 
Spanish flies, 19 
licorice root, 79 
oak, 174 
saffron, 380 
Spearmint, 269 
Spermaceti, 480 
Spigelia marilandica, 123 
Spiraea tomentosa, 254 
Sponge, 25 
Spongia officinalis, 25 
usta, 25 
Spotted pipsissewa, 230 
Spurge, 60 
Squaw root, 126 
vine, 277 
Squill, 143 
Squirrel corn, 140 
Staphisagria, 356 
Staranise, 322 
Starch, 388 
sugar, 411 
Starwort, 108 
Statice brasiliensis, 89 
caroliniana, 88 
Limonium, 88 
Stavesacre, 356 
Sterculia acuminata, 348 
Sterlet, 26 
Stick lac, 432 
Stillingia sylvatica, 61 
Stizolobium pruriens, 383 
Stoneroot, 127 
Storax, 440 
Stramonii folia, 219 
semen, 365 
Stramonium leaves, 219 
seed, 365 
Strassburg turpentine, 444 
Striated ipecacuanha, 83 
Strophanthus dichotomus, 359 
hispidus, 358 
Koinbd, 358 
Strychnos Castelnseana, 403 
Ignatii, 355 
Nux vomica, 195, 353 
toxifera, 402 INDEX. 
521 
Styrax, 440 
Benzoin, 435 
Suakin gum, 421 
Succinum, 432 
Succory, 54 
Succus liquiritiae, 402 
thebaicus, 395 
Sucrose, 410 
Suet, 480 
Sugar, 410 
Sultana raisins, 314 
Sumach, 307 
Sumatra benzoin, 435 
camphor, 452 
Sumbul, 65 
Sundew, 256 
Surgeon’s agaric, 375 
Surinam quassia, 149, 177 
Sus scrofa, 30, 480 
Swamp dogwood, 167 
milkweed, 125 
Swedish leech, 23 
Sweet clover, 252 
fern, 235 
flag, 102 
gum, 440 
marjoram, 272 
orange, 336 
Swertia angustifolia, 279 
Chi rata, 279 
Swietenia Mahogani, 416 
Symphytum officinale, 53 
Symplocarpus foetidus, 107 
Syrupus fuscus, 414 
TABACUM, 218 
Tagetes erecta, 296 
patula, 296 
Tamarind, 338 
Tamarindus indica, 338 
officinalis, 338 
Tampico jalap, 137 
sarsaparilla, 45 
Tanacetum vulgare, 261 
Tansy, 261 
Tapioca, 390 
Tar, 447 
Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 53 
officinale, 53 
Tea, 226 
Teel oil, 474 
Tephrosia Appolinea, 211 
Terebinthina, 444 
argentoratensis, 444 
Terebinthina canadensis, 443 
Chia, 445 
cocta, 446 
communis, 444 
veneta, 444 
vulgaris, 444 
Term in alia bell erica, 312 
Chebula, 312 
citrina, 312 
Terra japonica, 405 
Testa ostrese, 36 
ovi, 24, 36 
Texas snakeroot, 122 
Thea chinensis, 226 
Thebaicum, 395 
Theobroma Cacao, 347, 476 
Theriaca, 414 
Thibet musk, 28 
Thornapple seed, 365 
Thoroughwort, 257 
Th rid ace, 400 
Thuja occidentalis, 282 
Thus americanum, 444 
Thymol, 452 
Thymus Serpyllum, 272 
vulgaris, 201, 452, 459 
Thvroideum siccum, 30 
Thyroids, dry, 30 
Tiglium officinale, 363, 471 
Tilia americana, 288 
heterophylla, 288 
platyphylla, 288 
ulmifolia, 288 
Tinnevelly senna, 212 
Tobacco, 218 
Toluifera Balsamum, 439 
Pereirse, 438 
Tonco, 346 
Tonka bean, 346 
Tonquin musk, 28 
Tormentil, 114 
Tormentilla erecta, 114 
Torreva californica, 361 
Torula cerevisise, 388 
Toxicodendron, 237 
Trachylobium, 431 
Tragacantha, 417 
Trailing arbutus, 209 
Treacle, 414 
Trehala, 413 
i Trigonella Foenum grsecum, 350 
| Trillium erectum, 108 
Triosteum perfoliatum, 131 
Tripoli senna, 212 522 
INDEX. 
Triticum repens, 104 
vulgare, 390 
Tsuga canadensis, 446 
Tulip-tree bark, 167 
Tuno gum, 408 
Turkey corn, 140 
opium, 395 
sponge, 25 
Turkish licorice root, 79 
Turmeric, 100 
Turnera diffusa, 227 
Turnip seed, 353 
Turpentine, 444 
Tussilago Farfara, 230 
ULMUS campestris, 190 
effusa, 190 
fulva, 189 
Uncaria Gambir, 405 
Undulated ipecacuanha, 83 
Urceola, 408 
Urginea Scilla, 143 
Urostigma, 408 
Ustilago Maydis, 375 
Uva passa, 314 
ursi, 207 
TTAHEA, 408 
V Valerian, 119 
Valeriana officinalis, 119, 458 
Vanilla guianensis, 326 
planifolia, 326 
Pompona, 326 
Vanil Ion, 326 
Vateria, 431 
Venezuelan vanilla, 326 
Venice turpentine, 444 
Vera Cruz sarsaparilla, 45 
Veratrum album, 105 
viride, 106 
Verbascum phlomoides, 297 
thapsiforme, 297 
Thapsus, 297 
Veronica virginica, 132 
Vetiveria, 47 
Vetivert, 47 
Viburnum opulus, 171 
prunifolium, 172 
Viola tricolor, 256 
Virginia snakeroot, 122 
Vitellus ovi, 24 
Vitis vinifera, 314 
V iverra Civetta, 33 
Zibetha, 33 
WAHOO, 187 
VV Wars, 384 
Water avens, 124 
Water-dropwort, 333 
Water-lily, 116 
Watermelon-seed, 346 
Wax, 481 
Weakfish, 26 
West Indian kino, 401 
sandalwood, 152, 
Tamarinds, 339 
Wheat starch, 388 
Whey, 34 
White agaric, 374 
ash, 176 
cedar, 284 
gentian, 63 
ipecacuanha, 83 
mustard, 351 
oak bark, 173 
of egg, 24 
pepper, 309 
senega, 49 
turpentine, 446 
veratrum, 105 
wax, 481 
Wild chamomile, 260 
cherry bark, 168 
clove leaves, 206 
ginger, 131 
indigo, 88 
jalap, 67 
marjoram, 271 
nutmeg, 361 
senna, 212 
thyme, 272 
yam, 112 
Willow, 169 
herb, 255 
Winged Java cardamom, 325 
Wintera, 194 
Winterberrv, 168 
Winter’s bark, 194 
Wintergreen, 231 
Witch hazel, 170, 225 
Wood oil, 442 
Woolfat, 478 
Wormseed, 321 
Wormwood, 262 
Wurrus, 384 
XANTHORRHIZA apiifolia, 134 
Xanthorrhcea australis, 436 
hastilis, 436 INDEX. 
523 
Xanthorrhcese resina, 436 
Xantboxyli fructus, 322 
Xanthoxylum americanum, 180, 322 
carolinianum, 183, 322 
Clava-Herculis, 183, 322 
elegans, 204 
fraxineum, 183, 322 
YARROW, 261 
jL Yeast, 387 
Yelk, yolk, 24 
Yellow cinchona, 161 
dock, 74 
jasmine, 84 
Yellow parilla, 133 
root, 134 
wax, 481 
zedoary, 99 
ZANTHOXYLUM. SeeXanthox- 
ylum. 
Zea Mays, 375, 381, 389, 474 
Zedoaria, 99 
Zedoary, 99 
Zibethum, 33 
Zimocca sponge, 25 
Zingiber Cassnmunar, 99 
officinale, 97