A MANUAL OP ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. BEING A GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA OF TIIE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS, FOR THK USE OF STUDENTS, DRUGGISTS, PHARMACISTS, AND PHYSICIANS. ( BY JOHN M. MAISCH, Ph. M., Phar. D., 'OEESSOR or MATERIA MEDICA Hill AN li IN I HE I'll I LA DEI.PII IA COLI.EUK OF PHARMACY. FIFTH EDITION. WITH TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY ILLUSTRATIONS. WITH TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY ILLUSTRATIONS. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by LEA BROTHERS & CO. In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. All rights reserved. DO II NAN, PRINTER PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. In its present form the “ Manual” differs from that of the preceding edition mainly in this, that the recent observations and investigations on the various articles of materia medica, as far as they come within the scope of this work, have been incorporated, and that the pronunciation of the systematic names of plants and animals has been indicated by marks of accent. In addition to this, the text has been carefully revised, with the view of rendering the characterization of the drugs and of their constituents even more precise and available for critical research; a number of new illustrations, partly replacing others, have been prepared in elucidation of structural descriptions; and the pharmacopoeial drugs have been more conspicuously distinguished by the selection of smaller type for those articles which are not recognized by the Pharmacopoeia, or which at present are scarcely ever met with in commerce. Of the same importance as pharraaco- poeial crude drugs appear to be such as—like Juniperus virginiana, Rhamnus Purshiana, etc.—bear a close resem- blance to officinal ones, or which—like Sabadilla, Coccu- lus indicus, etc.—are the sources of proximate principles admitted into the Pharmacopoeia as important remedies; hence, such drugs have been designated by the same kind of type. VI PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. In indicating the pronunciation the U. S. Pharmaco- poeia has been closely followed ; but in several cases, where different pronunciations appear to be sanctioned by good authorities, the two forms are given side by side. On page 79 it was overlooked to alter the word Althaea to Althae'a, as correctly given on page 313. The best thanks of the author are due to several corre- spondents for their valuable suggestions. August, 1892. PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. Eight years ago, when the first edition of this “ Manual” was published, the author explained the scope of the work as embracing the drugs of animal and vegetable origin recognized by the Pharmacopoeias of the United States and Great Britain, supplemented by important non-officinal drugs, and by others recently introduced or revived, which seemed to deserve attention. The system of classification which was adopted in the first has been retained in the later editions with very slight modifications; it has been found to be readily compre- hended and easily applied by those for whose use the work is intended, although the author is conscious of its imperfections and the inherent causes for the same. It is in the nature of descriptive works that a certain monotony—inseparable from the material treated of—ren- ders the text uninviting to the casual reader not interested in the subjects, or ignorant of the intrinsic importance of the various details. For practical application, however, a description of the essential physical, histological, and chemi- cal characters of the organic drugs is needful, and to the student is of the utmost importance, as a guide in studying the different drugs and determining the variations in char- acteristics caused by diverse agencies. While the physical characters may, as a rule, be readily ascertained and com- VIII PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. pared with those of similar drugs without the use of special appliances, a moderately magnifying pocket lens will be found useful as an aid in demonstrating the outlines of struc- ture, and its use is likely to lead to more minute research by means of the microscope. A knowledge of the proximate principles of drugs is of value on account of the medical properties which these principles may possess, and for the equally, if not more, important reason that their behavior to solvents and to other compounds will determine, both for galenical and extemporaneous preparations, the selection of a suitable menstruum and the avoidance of chemical in- compatibles. But in scanning the pages of the “ Manual ” the careful observer and the attentive student cannot help observing how much there still remains to be done for many drugs, notably those indigenous to North America, as well as most of those which have been introduced during recent years. In preparing each successive edition the author has kept the above objects steadily in view, and is gratified to observe that the general plan which he has adopted has met the approval of most teachers of pharmaceutic materia medica, and that the book has steadily gained in favor with stu- dents and others using it. The author hopes that it may also, in a measure, have accomplished the ulterior purpose of stimulating original research in some of the directions indicated above. The principal change made in the present edition is in the list of drugs arranged according to origin, in which Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum ” (published in London from 1862 to 1883) has been followed. The arrangement according to that high authority seemed to be PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. IX particularly appropriate at the present time in view of the approaching revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. While only a few drugs have been added to those previously described, every page of the present issue will bear evidence of the endeavor to make it conform to the present knowledge of the drugs in use, embracing the results of all important new investigations, and it is hoped that the work will prove to be as acceptable and useful as the preceding issues. January, 1890. CONTENTS. TAGE List of Illustrations xiii Introduction 25 PART I.—ANIMAL DRUGS. 1. Animals 27 2. Eggs 32 3. Anastomosing fibrous tissue 33 4. Membranous tissues and gelatins .... 34 5. Secretions and excretions 35 6. Calcareous skeletons and concretions ... 42 PART II.—CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 1. Roots.—Radices 45 2. Rhizomes.—Rhizomata 101 3. Tubers and Bulbs.—Tubera et Bulbi . . .149 4. Twigs and Woods.—Stipites et Ligna . . . 159 5. Barks.—Cortices 167 6. Leaves and Leaflets.—Folia et Foliola . .211 7. Herbs.—Herbse ....... 257 8. Leafy tops.—Cacumina, Summitates . . . 302 9. Flowers and Petals.—Flores et Petala . . . 305 XII CONTENTS. PAGE 10. Fruits.—Fructus ....... 322 11. Seeds.—Semina ....... 365 12. Cellular drugs not readily recognized as distinct organs of plants ...... 398 PART III.—DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 1. Extracts and Inspissated Juices.—Extracta et Succi Inspissati ........ 423 2. Sugars.—Sacchara 439 3. Gums.—Gummata ....... 445 4. Gum resins.—Gummi-resin* 448 5. Resins.—Resinse 457 6. Balsams and Oleoresins.—Balsama et Oleoresime . 467 7. Volatile oils and Camphors.—Olea Volatilia et Camphor* . . . . . . .479 8. Fixed Oils and Waxes.—Olea Pinguia et Cer* . 491 Drugs arranged according to origin . . . .513 Alphabetical Index ....... 537 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 1. Cantharis vesicatoria 28 2. Cantharis vittata 28 3. Mylabris cichorii 29 4. Coccus cacti 30 5. Chinese musk sac 36 6. Mexican sarsaparilla; transverse section, microscopic appearance 50 7. Section through nucleus sheath ; Honduras sarsaparilla . 51 8. Mexican sarsaparilla 51 9. Rio Negro sarsaparilla 51 10. Jamaica sarsaparilla 51 11. Mexican sarsaparilla; transverse section .... 51 12. bundle 52 13. Jamaica sarsaparilla ; bundle 52 14. transverse section 52 15. Honduras sarsaparilla ; bundle 53 16. transverse section 53 17. Rio Negro sarsaparilla; transverse section . . .53 18. bundle 53 19. Senega; transverse sections 55 20. microscopic appearance 55 21. False senega; transverse section 56 22. Saponaria; transverse section 57 23. Gentian root; longitudinally sliced 58 24. transverse section 59 25. Taraxacum; transverse section 61 26. Cichorium ; transverse section 62 27. Pyrethrum; transverse section 63 28. Pyrethrum germanicum ; transverse section . . . 63 29. Inula ; transverse section 64 30. Lappa; transverse section 65 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 31. Apocynum cannabinum ; transverse section ... 67 32. Stillingia; transverse section 69 33. Angelica ; transverse sections 70 34. Levisticuui; transverse section 71 35. Pimpinella; transverse section 72 36. Petroselinum ; transverse section 73 37. Sumbul; section 73 38. Imperatoria; root and transverse section ... 74 39. Phytolacca; transverse section 76 40. Belladonna; transverse section 78 41. Althaea; transverse section 79 42. 43. Calumba; transverse sections 82 44. Bhaponticum ; transverse section 83 45. Rhubarb; section near the cambium .... 85 46. Oxalate of calcium crystals in rhubarb .... 85 47. Russian rhubarb ; transverse section .... 85 48. Chinese rhubarb; transverse section .... 86 49. European rhubarb; transverse section .... 86 50. Kava root; transverse section 88 51. Glycyrrhiza glabra; transverse section .... 89 52. Glycyrrhiza glandulifera; transverse section ... 89 53. Ipecacuanha; transverse section 91 54. root 92 55. Striated ipecacuanha . 92 56. Undulated ipecacuanha 92 57. Apocynum androssemi folium ; transverse section . . 94 58. Gelsemium; transverse section 95 59. Pareira brava ; root and transverse sections ... 97 60. llhatany; transverse sections 100 61. Filix mas; transverse section 106 62. surface of peeled rhizome 106 63. Zingiber; transverse section 108 64. starch granules 108 65. Jamaica ginger 109 66. East India ginger 109 67. Zedoaria ; transverse section 110 68. Galanga; rhizome Ill 69. transverse section Ill 70. Rouud turmeric 112 71. Long turmeric 112 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV F,<3‘ PAGE 72. Curcuma; transverse section 112 73. Calamus; transverse section 114 74. Iris florentina; transverse section 115 75. Triticum repens ; rhizome and transverse section . .116 76. transverse section ; magnified 116 77. Veratrum; longitudinal section 118 78. transverse section 118 79. Dracontium ; transverse section 120 80. Iris versicolor; rhizome and section . . . .122 81. Cypripedium pubescens and C. parviflorum ; rhizomes . 123 82. Sanguinaria; rhizome and section 125 83. Geranium ; rhizome and sections 126 84. Tormentilla ; rhizome and section 127 85. Bistorta; rhizome 128 86 Podophyllum; rhizome 129 87. Asclepias Cornuti; rhizome 131 88. Valeriana ; longitudinal and transverse sections . . 132 89. Arnica; transverse section of rhizome .... 134 90. section of rootlet 134 91. Serpentaria; rhizome and transverse section . . . 135 92. Hydrastis; rhizome and transverse section . . .139 93. Helleborus niger; transverse section of rhizome and root 141 94. Helleborus viridis; transverse section of rhizome and root 141 95. Cimicifuga ; transverse sections of rhizome and root . 143 96. Gillenia stipulacea; rootlets 144 97. Gillenia trifoliata ; rootlets 144 98. Leptandra; transverse sections of rhizome and root . 146 99. Menispermum ; transverse section of rhizome . .147 100. Jalap tuber 151 101. Jalap; transverse section 151 102. Aconitum ; tubers and transverse section . . . 153 103. Colchicum ; tuber and transverse section . . .155 104. Salep ; tubers and transverse section . . . .157 105. Seilla; bulb 157 106. Dulcamara; transverse section 161 107. Gouania ; transverse section 162 108. Cinchona Calisaya ; radial longitudinal section . .172 109. Cinchona lancifolia ; transverse section . . . .172 110. Cinchona micrantha ; transverse section . . . 173 111. Cinchona Calisaya ; bark 177 XVI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 112. Cinchona scrobiculata; bark . . . . . .177 113. Calisaya bark, quilled ; transverse section . . .177 114. flat, inner layer ; transverse section . . • 178 115. outer layer; transverse section . • • 178 116. Cinchona succirubra ; transverse section . • .179 117. Salix; transverse section 186 118. Rubus villosus, bark ; transverse section . . .190 119. Granati cortex ; transverse section, magnified 5 diam . 191 120. magnified 40 diam 191 121. Simaruba ; transverse section 193 122. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 10 diam. . • 195 123. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 80 diam. . . 195 124. Mezereum ; transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . 201 125. Cinnamon from China and Ceylon 206 126. Angustura bark, one-half natural size .... 209 127. Angustura ; transverse section, magnified 10 diam. . 209 128. Cascarilla; quill 210 129. Cascarilla; transverse section, magnified 5 diam. . . 210 130. Rosmarinus; branch and flower . . • • .215 131. Boldus; leaf 216 132. Pilocarpus; leaflet 217 133. Eucalyptus globulus; leaf 219 134. Cheken leaves 220 135. Uvaursi; plant 222 136. leaves 223 137. Manzanita leaves 224 138. Cassia acutifolia : legume and leaflet .... 225 139. Argel leaf 225 140. Coriaria leaf 225 141. Tephrosia leaflet 225 142. Cassia elongata ; legume and leaflet .... 226 143. Cassia obovata ; legume and leaflet .... 227 144. Tripoli senna; leaflets and legumes .... 227 145. Sesamum ; flowering branch 229 146. Peruvian Coca leaf, lower side 230 147. Bolivian Coca leaves ; natural size 230 148. Belladonna ; branch, fruit, and seed .... 232 149. Stramonium ; flowering branch 235 150. Hyoscyamus ; flowering branch 236 151. calyx, containing capsule 236 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII PIG. PAGE 152. Digitalis; leaf of first and second year’s growth . . 238 153- Matico; leaf 239 154. Salvia; leaf, upper and lower surface .... 240 155. Hamamelis; leaf 241 156. Tea leaves 242 157. 158. Turnera leaves 244 159. Aplopappus; leaf 244 160. Castanea; leaf 245 161. Chimaphila umbellata ; flowering stem .... 247 162. Gfaultheria; leaf 248 163. Buchu leaves and Empleurum serrulatum . . . 249 164. Eriodictyon ; leaf, upper and lower surface . . . 251 165. Comptonia; leaf, upper and lower surface . . . 252 166. Aconitum ; leaf 253 167. Rhus Toxicodendron; leaf 255 168. Ruta ; leaf with axillary branch 256 169. Conium ; portion of pinna 257 170. Chondrus crispus; plant 261 171. narrow form 262 172. Gigartina mamillosa 262 173. Eucus vesiculosus 263 174. Cetraria islandica 264 175. Anemone pratensis ; leaf with flowering scape . . 266 176. Sarothamnus scoparius; flowering branch . . . 271 177. Drosera rotundifolia . 275 178. Eupatorium perfoliatum ; flowering top . . . . 276 179. Lobelia; branch with flowers and fruit .... 285 180. flower and section ; magnified .... 286 181. seed; magnified 286 182. Scrophularia; flower and corolla 287 183. Mentha piperita ; flowering tops 288 184. Mentha viridis; flowering tops 289 185. leaf 289 186. Origanum vulgare ; flower and corolla, magnified . . 291 187. Melissa; flower and corolla, magnified .... 293 188. Hedeoma; flower and corolla, magnified . . . 294 189. Monarda; flower, magnified 295 190. Sabina 303 191. Caryophyllus; bud and longitudinal section . . . 307 192. transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . . . 307 XVIII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. no. page 193. Santonica; flower-head and section, magnified 10 diam. 308 194. Orange flowers; unexpanded, petals removed, and sec- tion ..... 309 195. Brayera ; branch of panicle, and flowers . . .311 196. Matricaria ; flower-head and parts 314 197. Anthemis nobilis ; ray and disk-floret, and section . . 316 198. Arnica montana ; ray and disk-floret .... 317 199. Lavender flower and corolla 321 200. Junipcrus ; catkin, galbulus, and seed .... 325 201. Ficus; branch, fruit, and flowers 328 202. Rhamnus; fruit, transverse and longitudinal sections . 330 203. Cubeb; fruit, natural size and magnified . • .331 204. Caryophylli fructus 334 205. Cocculus ; fruit and longitudinal section . . . 335 206. Diospyros; fruit and transverse section .... 339 207. Colocynth ; longitudinal and transverse section . . 343 208. Cassia Fistula ; part of fruit 344 209. Poppy capsules and seeds 346 210. Illicium verum ; fruit 348 211. Illicium religiosum ; fruit 348 212. Malabar cardamom 349 213. Cardamom seed; transverse and longitudinal section . 349 214. Ceylon cardamom and seeds 349 215. Coriandrum ; fruit and sections 353 216. Conium ; fruit and sections 354 217. Anisum ; fruit and sections 356 218. Foeniculum ; fruit and transverse section . . . 358 219. Cumin ; fruit and sections 359 220. Carum ; fruit and sections 360 221. Anethum ; fruit and transverse section .... 361 222. Orange peel; transverse section 362 223. Granatum ; fruit and longitudinal section . . . 364 224. Cydonium ; seed and section 368 225 Almond; seed and section 369 226. Pepo; seed and cotyledon 371 227. Physostigma ; seeds 375 228. Physostigma; cotyledons 375 229. Physostigma cylindrospermutu 375 230. Sinapis ; seed, embryo, and transverse section . . 378 231. Nux vomica; seed and section 379 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XIX F1®. PAGE 232. Nux vomica; section, magnified 380 233. Ignatia ; vertical section . 382 234. Staphisagria ; seed and section 383 235. Linum ; seed and section 384 236. Strophanthus; seed with cotnose awn .... 386 237. Nutmeg with mace and transverse section . . . 387 238. Wild nutmeg with mace 387 239. Ricinus; fruit, seed, and sections 389 240. Tiglium ; seeds and longitudinal section .... 390 241. Stramonium; fruit and seed with sections . . . 392 242. Hyoscyamus; fruit, seed, and section .... 393 243. Sabadilla ; fruit and seed with section .... 394 244. Colchicum ; seed and section 396 245. Galla; entire and section 400 246. Gall* chinenses 401 247. Gall* japonic* 402 248. Ergotized rye 405 249. Ergota 405 250. with fruit-heads 405 251. section of head 405 252. Crocus ; style with stigmas, and magnified stigma . . 409 253. Cotton fibres 410 254. Kamala; gland and hairs 413 255. Lupulin 414 256. Lycopodium 415 257. Pollen of pine 416 258. Yeast cells 416 259. Wheat starch 417 260. Corn starch 417 261. Rice starch 417 262. Maranta starch 418 263. Potato starch 418 264. Canna starch 418 265. Curcuma starch 418 266. Sago starch 419 267. Cassava starch 420 268. Altered starch granules from tapioca .... 420 269. Barley starch 420 270. Oat starch 421 A MANUAL OF MATERIA MEDICA. INTRODUCTION. In arranging the vast mass of material within onr roach for the study of Materia Medica several methods may be followed: 1. An alphabetical arrangement, while it affords us all the advantages due to facility of references, lacks the essen- tial requisites of a systematic investigation of the subject. 2. The classification usually adopted in works intended for the use of Medical Students and Physicians is based upon a similarity in the action of drugs on the animal economy ; and it presents obvious conveniences for the purpose. 3. Another method of classification is founded upon the chemical relation of substances which have a definite com- position, and upon the botanical and zoological origin of organic drugs. This method has been followed by Pereira, Guibourt, Royle, Bentley, and by Fliickiger (Grundriss), and is employed in the “ Pharmacographia” and in other valuable and instructive works. Its chief advantage, as far as Vegetable Materia Medica is concerned, is due to the close chemical and physiological relations of the dif- ferent parts of the same species, and in many instances of the different plants belonging to the same natural order. A synopsis of such classification will be found in the pres- ent volume, arranged according to Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum.” 26 INTRODUCTION. 4. But the primary object of Pharmacognosy or Materia Medica, as more especially adapted to the needs of the Pharmacist and the Druggist, is to enable us to recognize drugs, to determine their quality, to detect their adultera- tion, and to distinguish the characteristic elements of those which are closely allied. Organic drugs which resemble one another in physical and structural properties are thus naturally brought together; and the special properties of each are made the more prominent by comparison. Classi- fications basal on these considerations have been elabor- ated by Berg, Schleiden, Plauchon, Fliickiger (Lehrbuch), Wigand, Marine, and others, and have been found useful and instructive. With such modifications as we have thought desirable, such a system has been adopted in this work. The medical properties and doses of the various drugs, and the treatment of poisoning from excessive doses of what are usually designated as “ poisonous drugs,” are briefly presented as matters of important information ; but it is not the design of this treatise to give instruction in the therapeutical application of medicines. The development of the different organs of plants and of the histological changes incident to their growth, and the botanical relations of the different natural orders and species of medicinal plants, are subjects which are foreign to the scope of our work. Their consideration is appro- priate to a separate course as an introduction to the study of Materia Medica proper. Bast in’s “ College Botany,” Gray’s “ Structural Botany,” Bentley’s “ Manual of Botany,” and the works of Sachs, OeBary, and Thome, will prove excellent books of reference and study for those who desire information, which it is not the object of this treatise to furnish, on Vegetable Anatomy, Organography, and Sys- tematic Botany. PART I. ANIMAL DRUGS. They consist either wholly or in part of cellular tissue, except a few which arc free from it. On being heated, they give off vapors having a peculiar animal empyreumatic odor, resembling the odor of burning horn or urine. 1. ANIMALS. CANTHARIS.—Cantiia rides. Spanish flies. Cantharis (Lyt'ta, Fabricius) vesicatbria, T)e Geer. Class, Insecta; order, Coleoptera. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe, mainly upon oleacese and eaprifoliaceae. Collection.—By shaking the trees or shrubs, or beating the branches in the morning, and killing the insects with hot water, or, after placing them in a well-closed vessel, with oil of turpentine, carbon disulphide, or ammonia. Yield of dry insects about 40 per cent. Description.—From 15 to 30 millimeters (f-l £ inches) long, and 6 to 8 millimeters inch) broad ; head ob- tusely triangular and somewhat heart-shaped, with filiform, 28 ANIMAL DRUGS. in the upper part, black antenme; thorax obtusely quad- rangular; the flattish cylindrical body covered with the ample membranous, brownish, transparent wings, and these with the long wing-cases, which, like the other parts, are of a shining copper-green color; odor strong and disagreeable; taste acrid. They yield a grayish-brown powder, containing green, shining particles. Cantharides should be thoroughly dried at a temperature of 40° C. (104° F.) and preserved in well-closed vessels. On keeping cantharides without previous drying in this manner, the addition of a little oil of turpentine, chloro- form, benzol, or carbon disulphide is useful for prevent- ing the attack of mites. Fig. 1 Fig. 2. Cautharis vesicatoria. Cantharis vittata Constituents.—Cantharidin, C10H12O4 (colorless scales or prisms, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fats, volatile oils, glacial acetic acid, also sparingly in water; sublimable; with alkalies yields cantharidates), also fat, odorous com- pound, various extractives, and salts; ash about 6 per cent.; moisture about 10 per cent. Valuation.—The powder is exhausted with chloroform (containing some IlCl) or acetic ether, the solution evap- orated, fat and coloring matter removed by carbon disul- phide; yield 0.4-0.7 per cent, cantharidin. It is with difficulty obtained in crystals from old cantharides; these may bo treated with potassa and then with hydrochloric COCCUS — COCHIN EAL. 29 acul, or mixed with magnesia and water, dried, acidulated, deprived of oil by petroleum benzin, and exhausted with chloroform, etc. Other species.—Cantharis (Epicauta, Fabrieius) vittata, Latreille, potato fly, indigenous to the United States ; wing- cases black, each with a yellow margin, and a yellow stripe along the middle; contains, when fresh, 1.3 per cent, cantharidin. Mylabris cichorii, Fabrieius and M.phalerata, Pallas. Chinese blistering flies. Indigenous to Southern and Eastern Asia; black, wing-cases with two bands and at the base with two spots; bands and spots orange-yellow; contain 1.0-1.2 per cent, cantharidin. Mylabris bifasciata, from Southern Africa. About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long; black, upon the wing-cases two undulating narrow dark yellow bands; contain 1.0 to 1.09 per cent, cantharidin. Properties. — Diuretic, aphrodisiac, acrid poison; ex- ternally, rubefacient, vesicant. Dose, 0.01 to 0.07 gram (gr. j), mostly in form of tincture. Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach-pump, or emetics); demulcents (barley water, flaxseed tea—not oils, or oil emulsions); morphine. Fig. 3. Mylabris cichorii COCCUS. —Coc HINEAL. Coccionella. Coccus cacti, Linne. Class, Insecta; order, Hemiptera. Habitat—Mexico and Central America, upon Opuntia cochinillifera, Miller, and other species. 30 ANIMAL DRUGS. Collection. — Cultivated; the wingless females, after fecundation, increase in size; they are brushed off from the plants and killed by hot water, or the heat of an oven. Description. — About 5 millimeters (£ inch) long, oblong, angular, flat or concave beneath, and with 6 short legs, convex above, annulate and wrinkled, purplish-black or gray, yielding a dark red powder; odor faint, taste slightly bitter. Granilla is an inferior kind, and consists of the smaller and of uncultivated insects. Adulteration.—The silvery-gray cochineal with carbonate or sulphate of barium and lead; the black cochineal with graphites, ivory black, or manganese dioxide; on macera- tion in water the powders are separated. Valuation.—Exhausting with boiling distilled water, and decolorizing the cold decoction with potassium permanga- nate, preferably in the presence of a little indigo-carmine. Constituents.—About 10 per cent, of carminic acid, C17H18O10 (brownish-purple, yielding a red powder; very soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies, precipitated purple by earths; insoluble in fats and volatile oils; splits into sugar and carmine red, CuH1207, a vermilion-red powder, also soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies); about 18 per cent, of wax and fat; the wax, coceerin, forms the wool-like covering of gray cochineal; the fat consists of myristiu, liquid fat, and fat acids ; various organic compounds; ash about 3 per cent, (not much more than 1 per cent., Brit. Phar.); moisture about 0 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, chiefly used for its coloring-matter. Dose, 0.06 to 1 gram (gr. j-xv). Fig. 4 Coccus cacti.—Female insect, natural size; a, before, and b, c, after impregnation, dry, and soaked in water. HIRUDO—LEECH. 31 Carmine is the precipitate obtained from the decoction of cochineal with alum or cream of tartar, and contains 50-60 per cent, of coloring-matter, the balance being moisture, nitrogen compounds, traces of wax, and some ash. Blatta (Periplaneta, Burmeister) orientdlis, Linne. Class, Insecta ; order, Orthoptera. Habitat.—Asia, now found in most parts of the world, in kitchens and damp, warm rooms. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, oblong, flat; reddish-brown or black-brown; antennae long, filiform; head hidden beneath the prothorax; wings in the male long, in the female very short; odor very disagreeable. Constituents.—Fetid oil, extractive, antihydropin (crystal- lizable, not diuretic), trimethylaraine, ammonia. Properties.—Diuretic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in powder or tincture. Other species of Blatta resemble the above in odor and per- haps in properties. B. gigdntea of the West Indies is about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. B. americdna of North Amer- ica is 25 to 30 millimeters (1 to li inch) long. B. germanica of Central Europe is 10 to 12 millimeters (about inch) long. BLATTA.—Cockroach. HIRUDO.—Leech. 1. Sanguisiiga medicinalis, Savigny; and 2. San. officinalis, Sav. Class, Vermes; order, Annelida; sub-order, Apoda; family, Hirudinea. Habitat.—1. Central and Northern Europe (Swedish or German leech) ; 2. Southern Europe (Hungarian leech) ; in fresh-water ponds. Description.—Body 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, smooth, soft, round, somewhat flattened, narrowed toward both ends, composed of 90 to 100 rings; posterior end terminated by a broad disk, anterior end by a narrower disk, in the centre with the mouth, containing 3 jaws, each with a double row of teeth ; back olive-green or blackish-green, with 6 longitudinal stripes dotted with black ; belly yellowish-green or olive-green —No. 1 with numerous black spots, No. 2 with a black line on each side, unspotted. No. 1 draws readily about its own 32 ANIMAL DRUGS. weight of blood; No. 2 draws more, and a larger amount of blood will flow after the animal has fallen. Preservation.—In clear river water in a shady place, free from noxious vapors; temperature 10° to 20° C. (50° to 68° F.) ; the bottom covered or the greater part of the vessel filled with pebbles, turf, moss, some charcoal. Leeches gorged with blood should be kept by themselves, and not used for six months or more ; they may be made to disgorge the blood by placing them for a short time in a solu- tion of table salt. Uses.—For local depletion. 2. EGGS. OVUM.—Egg. Origin.—G&llus Bnnkiva, var. domesticus, Temminck, s. Phasi&nus Gall us, LinnL Class, Aves; order, Gallime. Habitat.—Java and Cochinchina, domesticated. The egg consists of the shell and lining membrane about 10 per cent., albumen 60, and yolk 30 per cent. 1. Testa ovi, Egg-shell.—Composed of 90-97 per cent, calcium carbonate, 1-5.7 calcium and magnesium phos- phates, and 2-4 7 organic matter. 2. Albumen ovi, White of egg.—Weight 20 to 26 grams (5v-vjss). Contains 82-88 per cent, water and 12-18 per cent, solid constituents, mostly albumin, traces of fat, sugar, and extractive, and about 0.65 ash, of which 42 per cent, is KC1 and 9 NaCl, the remainder being carbonates, phosphates, and sulphates of alkalies, calcium, magnesium, and iron. 3. Vitellus ovi, Yolk, Yelk.—Contains 48-55 per cent, water, 16 vitellin (a proteid related to casein, mixed with albumin), 30 fat, 1.5 inorganic salts (chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium), SPONGIA—SPONGE. 33 0.42 cholesterin ; also lecithin, coloring-matter, lactic acid, sugar. Properties and Uses.—Egg-shell is antacid. White of egg is nutritious, and used for the clarification of liquids and as an antidote to metallic poisons. Yelk is nutritious, and used for emulsionizing oils and as a dressing for burns, etc. 3. ANASTOMOSING FIBROUS TISSUE. SPONGIA.—Sposge. Origin.—Spongia officinalis, Linne. Class, Poriphera ; order, Ceratospongim. Habitat.—In the sea attached to rocks ; sometimes planted. Collection.—By diving and cutting, or the inferior kinds by tearing from the rocks with a forked instrument. The gelatinous animal matter is removed by exposure and washing. Description.—A framework consisting of long, elastic, rami- fying, and anastomosing fibres, and traversed by numerous smaller or larger cavities and pores; yellowish, brownish, or brown ; soluble in potassa solution with evolution of ammonia ; charred by heating, giving off empyreumatic ammoniacal vapors. The best kind is the soft, cup-shaped Turkey sponge, col- lected on the coast of Asia Minor and Syria from Euspongia mollfssima, 0. Schmidt. Zimocca sponge, from Euspongia Zimocca, Schmidt, coast of Greece, is flatter, harder, and less elastic. Bathing sponge, from Euspongia equina, Schmidt, North African coast, is nearly spheroid and coarse. The sheeps’-wool, Bahama, Florida, and Nassau sponges are ob- tained from the West Indies from different varieties of the preceding species. Constituents.—Spongin (slowly soluble in cuprammonium solutions; soluble in KHO with evolution of NH;i; yields with H2S04 leucin and glycocoll [glycin]) ; various salts; when free from sand, etc., ash 3-4 per cent. Uses.—For cleaning, absorbing liquids, dilating cavities (sponge tents) ; for preparing burnt sponge, spongia usta, by 34 ANIMAL DRUGS. heat in covered vessels (yield 30-35 per cent.) ; contains silica, potassium and sodium chloride and bromide, calcium carbon- ate and sulphate, and about 1.8 per cent, of iodine, with sodium and potassium. 4. MEMBRANOUS TISSUE AND GELATINS. ICHTHYOCOLLA.—Isinglass. Col la piscium. Russian isinglass. Origin.—Acipenser Huso, Linne (belugo) ; Ac. Giilden- stad'tii, Brand et Ratzeburg (osseter); Ac. ruthenus, Linne (sterlet); Ac. stelldtus, Pallas (sewruga). Class, Pisces; order, Sturiones (Ganoidei, Acipenseridse). Habitat.—Caspian and Black Seas and tributary rivers. Preparation.—The swimming bladder is cut, washed, deprived of the outer layer, and dried. Description.—In separate sheets (leaf isinglass), several sheets folded together (book isinglass), or rolled and folded into various forms (staple isinglass), of horny or pearly ap- pearance, whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, iridescent, tough, tearing parallel with the fibres, inodorous, insipid; almost completely soluble in boiling water and in boiling diluted alcohol. The solution in 24 parts of hot water forms, on cooling, a transparent jelly. Other kinds.—American isinglass. The sounds of Gadus merluccius, LinnS (hake), and Otolithus regalis, Cuvier (weak fish), dried in thin sheets or ribbons. Purse or pipe isinglass. Fish sounds dried without being cut open. Japanese or Chinese isinglass (agar-agar) is prepared from Eucheuma spinosum, Agardli, Gracilaria lichenoides, Agardh, and other alga;. MOSCHUS— MUSK. 35 Constituents.—Gelatin (glutin) with about 2 (the inferior kinds sometimes 30) per cent, of insoluble membrane; ash about 0.5 per cent. Properties.—Emollient, nutritive, externally as a pro- tective. GELATINA.—Gelatin. Preparation.—Bone cartilage, skins, tendons, and ligaments are boiled in water until dissolved, and the resulting jelly is dried in the air. Description. — Thin, transparent sheets, or porous and opaque layers, or shreds; the solution in hot water is color- less and inodorous. Inferior kinds of gelatin are called glue. It dissolves freely in acetic acid (liquid glue); its aqueous solution is not precipitated by dilute acids, alum, lead aoetate, and ferric salts; it is precipitated by tannin ; its solution, con- taining K2Cr207, yields an insoluble compound on exposure to light. Composition.—Glutin contains about 50 per cent. C, 18 N, 7 H, 24 O, and 0.5 S. Chondrin resembles gelatin; it is obtained from the carti- lages of the ribs and other non-ossifying cartilages; its aqueous solution is precipitated by alum, lead acetate, ferric salts, acetic acid, and a small quantity of mineral acids; it is not precipitated by tannin or mercuric chloride. Properties.—Emollient, slightly nutritive, externally as a protective. 5. SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS. a. Friable, not Fusible. MOSCHUS.—Musk. Origin.—From the preputial follicles of the male ani- mal, Moschus mosehiferus, LinnS. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Cervithe. Habitat.—Central Asia. 36 ANIMAL DRUGS. Description.—Irregular crummy, somewhat unctuous grains, dark reddish-brown, and in the anhydrous state almost inodorous; the commercial article contains about 10 per cent, of moisture, and has a peculiar penetrating and persistent but not ammoniacal odor and bitterish taste. Musk is contained in oval or roundish sacs about 5 centi- meters (2 inches) in diameter, and about 2 centimeters (| inch) thick; on one side invested with a smoothish membrane, on the other side covered with stiff, appressed, grayish hairs concentrically arranged around two orifices Lower surface. Chinese musk-sac. Upper surface. near the centre; in the muscular coat with a portion of the thin penis. Strong alcohol dissolves about one-tenth the weight of musk ; the tincture is light brownish-yellow, and on the addition of water becomes slightly turbid. Water dissolves fully one-half the weight of musk, the solution being deep brown, faintly acid, and strongly odor- ous. Macerated with oil of turpentine musk disintegrates, forming, when viewed under the microscope, brownish amorphous translucent particles. The secretion, freed from skin and hairs, on ignition gives oft* a somewhat urine-like odor, and leaves 6 to 8 per cent, of a gray ash. The odor is materially altered by camphor and oil of bitter almonds. CASTOREUM—CASTOR. 37 Varieties.—Chinese, Thibet, or Tonquin musk is the best variety. Siberian or Russian musk is sometimes scarcely inferior, but often in flat oval sacs with thin and light hairs, the secretion compact and less aromatic (Gabardine musk). Bucharian and Assam musk is in small sacs, often with portions of the hide adhering. Constituents.—Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, wax, gelatinous and albuminous principles; ash about 8 per cent. The odorous principle has not been isolated. Cam- phor, hydrocyanic acid, ergot, oily seeds, etc., remove the odor of musk. Properties.—Diffusible stimulant, aphrodisiac, antispas- modie. Dose, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. i-x), in powder, pills, or enema. Substitutions and Adulterations.—Artificial musk bags, having none of the characters described, or the secretion partly replaced by dried blood, resin, lead, and other sub- stances. Trinitro-isobutyl-methyl-benzol has a strong musk-like odor (artificial musk). The homologues of isobutylxylol are analogous in odor. CASTOREUM.-Castor. Origin.—From the preputial follicles of both the male and female animals Castor Fiber, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Rodentia; family, Castoridse. Habitat.—Northern hemisphere, between 33° and 68° north latitude. Description.—Follicles in pairs, each about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, club-shaped or narrow pyriform, wrinkled, brown or blackish; the inner coat iridescent, glandular, and much folded; the contents brown, hard, friable, of a peculiar odor, and of a bitter, rather acrid and nauseous taste. Alco- hol dissolves about one-half of the weight of castor, the tinc- ture being of a brown color. The decoction with water has a light brownish-yellow color, becomes turbid on cooling, and acquires a dark color with ferric chloride. 38 ANIMAL DRUGS. Varieties.—American or Canadian Castor. Weight of folli- cles between 30 and 125 grams (1 and 4 oz.); the membranes adhering firmly, the contents often rather glossy. Russian or Siberian Castor. Subglobular or roundish pyriform; weight, 75 to 250 grams (21 to 8 oz.); the outer membranes rather readily separable; the contents dull brown, of a more agree- able odor. The Russian variety is very rare, and yields a red-brown tincture, which on the addition of water becomes turbid and translucent, and clear again by ammonia water. The tincture of American castor, treated in the same manner, leaves some resin undissolved. Constituents.—Volatile oil, containing carbolic acid, 1 to 2 per cent., bitter resinous substance 14 to 58 per cent., castorin (colorless fusible needles), salicin, cholesterin, etc.; ash about 3.5 per cent. Adulterations.—The secretion of castor sacs from diseased animals is sometimes of a brownish-gray color, and may con- tain over 50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Adulterations with earthy matters, resin, blood, etc., are rare. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). PEPSINUM.—Pepsin. Origin.—The mucous membrane of the stomach of the hog, Sus scrofa, Linnf. (order, Pachydermata), the sheep, O'vis A'ries, Linne (order, Ruminantia), or the calf, Bos Taurus, LinnS (order, Ruminantia). Class, Mammalia. Habitat.—Domesticated. Preparation.—By maceration or digestion in water and precipitation with sodium chloride. Properties.—The dried membrane forms a light-brown powder. Precipitated pepsin is translucent brownish or brownish-yellow. Saccharated pepsin is a mixture of pep- sin with milk sugar, and is an opaque, whitish or pale- yellowish powder. It is insoluble in alcohol, almost com- pletely soluble in water (syntouin insoluble), Curdles milk, and is altered by alkalies. Test.—Digested at 38° C. (100° F.) tor six hours a IIY R A 0 E U M . 39 slightly opalescent solution is obtained from 1 saccharated pepsin, 500 water, and 7.5 hydrochloric acid, and 50 parts of hard-boiled egg-albumen. Use.—In dyspeptic disorders. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv). b. Fusible or Soft. AMBRA GRISEA.—Ambergris. Origin.—Found floating on the sea; a morbid excretion in the intestines of Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Class, Mam- malia ; order, Cetacea ; family, Physeteridae. Habitat.—Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans. Description.—Fusible in hot water; in the cold friable, gray or brown-gray, streaked and dotted ; sp. gray. 0.80 to 0.92, of a peculiar fragrance, nearly tasteless; soluble in ether, fats, volatile oils, and hot alcohol; insoluble in potassa solution. Constituents. — Ambrein, 85 per cent, (white, tasteless needles, fusible at 36° C.) ; balsamic extractive; ash a minute quantity. Tests.—Heated upon platinum foil, no acrid vapors are evolved, and only a minute residue is left. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Mostly used in perfumery. HYRACEUM.—Hyraceum. Origin.—From the Klipdas, Hy'rax capensis, Ouvier. Class, Mammalia; order, Hyracoidea. Habitat.—Southern Africa. Description.—Black-brown, tough and plastic, partly solu- ble in water, less soluble in alcohol and ether; when warmed, of a castor-like odor,; taste bitter, nauseous. It has been re- garded by some as the dried urine, by others as the feces of the animal. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, fat, various acids and salts. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Rarely employed. 40 ANIMAL DRUGS. CIVETTA.—Civet. Zibethum. Origin.—From glands in a pouch between the anus and genitals of the male and female animals. 1. Viverra Zibetha, Schreber, and 2. Viv. Civ6tta, Schreber. Class, Mammalia; order, Carnivora; family, Viverridse. Habitat.—1. Southern Asia, and 2. Africa. Description.—Unctuous, fresh yellowish, afterward brown, fusible; almost insoluble in water, soluble in hot absolute alcohol, partly soluble in ether; odor strong, resembling musk ; taste bitterish acrid, nauseous. Constituents.—Volatile oil, fat, resinous and coloring matters, salts. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Used in perfumery. c. Liquid. SANGUIS.—Blood. Origin.—The arterial fluid of the ox, Bos Taurus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Properties.—Red, opaque ; sp. grav. 1.050 ; odor peculiar ; contains blood corpuscles in suspension; coagulates on expo- sure, separating the clot, cruor, from the liquid or serum. Evaporated, it forms extractum sanguinis or pulvis sanguinis. Constituents.—Water about 78, albumin 7, fibrin 0.4, salts 0.9, corpuscles and other constituents about 13 per cent. The red color is due to haemoglobin. The serum contains between 9 and 10 per cent, of solids, about 8 of these being albu- minoids. The salts are chlorides, phosphates, and sulphates of alkalies, calcium, and magnesium. Properties.—Restorative. Dose of dried blood, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv). LAC.—Milk. Lac vaccinum. Origin.—From the mammary glands of the cow, Bos Tau- rus, Linne. Class, Mammalia ; order, Ruminantia ; family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. FEL BOVIS— OX GALL. 41 Description.—White, opaque; sp. grav. 1.030; odor slight; taste bland and sweet. Constituents.—Water 87, solids 13, consisting of albuminoids 4.1, fat 4.0, milk-sugar 4.2, and salts, chiefly phosphates with some chlorides, 0.7. The fat is emulsionized by the albu- minoids (casein and lactoprotein). Derivatives.—Cremor lactis, cream. The fat rising to the surface on standing, containing some albuminoids and serum. Skim milk. The white liquid from which the cream has been removed, containing the albuminoids, sugar, and salts; taste bland. Buttermilk, lac ebutyratum. The opaque liquid separated in churning the cream ; contains the albuminoids, sugar, and salts; of a slightly acidulous taste. Butter, Butyrum ; see Fats. Milk sugar, Saccharum lactis ; see Sugars. Whey, Serum lactis. The opalescent liquid separated from milk after removing the albuminoids and fat, either by rennet (serum lactis dulce) or by acids or acid salts (ser. lact. acidura, aluminatum, tamarindatum, etc.). It contains the sugar and salts, also the acid or salt added. Properties.—N u tritious. FEL BOVIS.—Ox Gall. Fel bovinum; Fel tauri. Origin.—From the gall-bladder of the ox, Bos Taurus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminautia; family, Bovidae. Habitat—Domesticated. Description.—A viscid liquid, greenish or brownish- green; sp. grav. 1.020; neutral or faintly alkaline; odor peculiar; taste sweetish, very bitter, and nauseous; pro- duces with sugar and strong sulphuric acid a deep red and purple color (Pettenkofer’s test). Constituents.—W ater about 85-90 per cent., solids about 10 per cent., consisting of mucilage (precipitated by 2 vol- umes of alcohol), bilirubin (eholepyrrhin) C16H13N203, and other coloring matters, cholesterin 026II44O, lecithin, and 42 ANIMAL DRUGS. salts, among them the sodium salts of two hitter acids, glycocholic (cholic) and taurocholic (choleic) acid; both acids give Pettenkofer’s reaction, and, on being boiled with alkalies, yield cholic (eholalic) acid and, the former, glyco- coll; the latter, taurin. Derivatives.—Evaporated to the consistence of an extract (fel bovis inspissatum). Purified by precipitation with alcohol, then evaporated (fel bovis purificatum s. depur- atum). Properties.—Tonic, laxative. Dose (of inspissated bile), 0.3 to 1 or even 4 grams (gr. v-xv—5j). 6. CALCAREOUS SKELETONS AND CONCRETIONS. Almost wholly soluble, with effervescence, in hydro- chloric acid. COR ALLIUM.- Coral. Origin.—1. Oculma virgmea, Lamarck, and 2. Cord-Ilium riibrum, Lamarck. Class, Polypiphera; orders, 1. Hexacoralla, and 2. Octocoralla. Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Description.—Hard, cylindrical, branching pieces, with a more or less uneven, porous, and striate surface, and a radi- ating interior, frequently hollow; inodorous, tasteless, white (from No. 1) or red (from No. 2). Constituents.—Animal matter 7.75,calcium carbonate 83.25, magnesium carbonate 3.50, ferric oxide 4.25 (in red coral). Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). Used in tooth powders. OS SEPIAS.—Cuttlefish Bone. Origin.—'The calcareous bone of S6pia officinalis, Linne. Class, Cephalopoda; order, Decapoda ; family, Sepiadse. Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Description.—White, oval-oblong, 10 centimeters (4 inches) CALCULI CANCRORUM—CRABS’ STONES. 43 or more in length, flattened ; both sides convex ; outer surface smoothish, hard, the remainder porous and friable; inodor- ous; taste earthy, somewhat saline. Constituents.—Animal matter, 10-15 per cent.; the remain- der calcium carbonate, with little sodium chloride and traces of calcium phosphate and magnesia. Properties.—Antacid, mostly used in tooth powders; also for polishing. TESTA.—Oystershell. Conchse, s. testa ostreae. Origin.—The bivalved shell of Os'trea virginiana, Lister, and O. edulis, Linne. Class, Acephala (Conchifera, Lamelli- branchia) ; order, Monomya; family, Ostracea. Habitat.—Several species are found on the coast of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Description.—Irregular roundish, oblong or obovate; hinge toothless; valves composed of imbricate foliaceous layers, ex- ternally rough, inner surface smooth, glossy, and white. For medicinal purposes, it is purified by boiling with water and elutriation. Constituents.—Animal matter 0.5-4.5 per cent., the remain- der calcium carbonate, with a small proportion of calcium phosphate and sulphate, magnesia, alumina, ferric oxide, and silica. Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). TESTA OVT.—Eggshell. (See page 32.) Lapides, s. lapilli, s. oculi cancrorurn. Crabs’ eyes. Origin.—Concretions in the stomach of As'tacus fluviatilis, Fabricius, s. Cancer As'tacus, Linne. Class, Crustacea ; order, Decapoda; family, Astacida. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone, in rivers. Description.—Circular, 3 to 10 millimeters to | inch) in diameter; plano-convex; the upper side with a concentric groove; white, hard; in boiling water rose-red; effervescing with hydrochloric acid, leaving a cartilaginous piano convex mass; inodorous, tasteless. CALCULI CANCRORUM.—Crabs’ Stones. 44 ANIMAL DRUGS. Constituents.—Animal matter, 12-15 per cent.; calcium carbonate, 63; calcium phosphate, 17; the remainder, mag- nesium phosphate and sodium salts. Properties. Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). Substitutions.—Factitious crabs’ stones, treated with hydro- chloric acid, leave little or no residue. OS.—Bone. Origin.—The skeleton of vertebrate animals. Description.—White, smooth, internally more or less porous, insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid with some ef- fervescence, leaving a gelatinous mass. Constituents.—40 to 67 per cent, of calcium phosphate, in- cluding 5 to 10 per cent, of calcium carbonate, 1 to 2 per cent, of magnesium phosphate, and other salts. The organic ossein yields gelatin on being boiled with water. On dry dis- tillation Dippel’s animal oil is obtained, containing pyrodine, picoline, and other bases. Uses.—For preparing boneblack (animal charcoal) and phosphates. PART II. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. These consist of plants and parts of plants—all being composed of one or more kinds of cells. 1. ROOTS.—RADICES. A root is the descending axis of a plant, and resembles the ascending axis or stern, but is destitute of leaves, and consequently does not branch by the growth of axillary buds. The pith found in the stem of dicotyledons usually descends only a short distance into the main or tap root, and the epidermis of even young roots becomes uneven and obliterated by the formation of cork ; with these ex- ceptions, the tissues of the root and their arrangement resemble those of the stem. Roots are destitute, or nearly so, of chlorophyll. Annual roots, separated from the other portions of the plant, are not employed in medicine; the officinal roots derived from biennial or perennial herbs emanate from a short crown (base of stem) bearing leaf scars and pro- ducing buds, the crown being several- or many-headed in perennial roots; the roots of shrubs and trees are destitute of such a crown. In the monocotyledons the tap root is 46 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. commonly not developed, hut in its place appear a number of adventitious roots (rootlets) of about equal thickness and length, and usually not branched, though frequently beset with fibres. Adventitious roots are also met with in dicotyledons, and emanate, as in the monocotyledons, from the base or other parts of the stem, or from the rhizome. But the dicotyledonous roots which are medicinally em- ployed consist generally of the main or tap root and its branches—in some cases of the latter alone. The branches at their base are often but little thinner than the main root from which they emanate, and, like the latter, are tapering toward the tip. Histology.—The rootlets of monocotyledons (see Sar- saparilla) consist, under the epidermis, of a circle of paren- chyme, which is followed by the nucleus sheath or endo- derm, formed of one or sometimes two rows of thick-walled cells, and inclosing an irregular circular layer, containing a few or numerous small fibro-vascular bundles, which are never arranged in wedge-shaped rays; the centre of the rootlets is often occupied by parenchyme tissue, similar in character to that of the outer layer. The roots of dicotyledons consist of bark, the outer layer of which is cork, followed by parenchyme, and an inner layer, rarely containing bast fibres and usually traversed by more or less distinct medullary rays. A cambium layer containing the newly formed cells and indicated in the dried root as a dark line, separates the bark from the wood, the bundles of which arc wedge-shaped, and separated from one another by medullary rays. The central pith is mostly minute or nearly wanting, except in the upper part, and occasionally for some distance in the main root; in the latter case it becomes considerably thinner toward the tip. ROOTS—RADICES. 47 Classification. Sect. 1. Monocotyledonous Roots (Rootlets). Orange-brown; outer layer mealy or horn-like; taste acrid. Sarsaparilla. Pale brownish; outer layer spongy; taste pun- gently aromatic. Vetiveria. Sect. 2. Dicotyledonous Roots (Tap roots and branches). I. Fleshy roots : wood either soft or wood bundles thin, with broad medullary rays. 1 Free from starch and inulin. Taste acrid ; externally keeled ; wood not cylin- drical. Senega, red-brown ; wood yellowish, not radiate. Saponaria. light brownish-gray; wood whitish, radiate. Saponaria levant ica. Taste bitter; wood bundles thin; inner bark radiate; yellowish-brown. Gentiana. pale orange-brown. Frasera. Taste mucilaginous; externally brown-black. Symphytum. 2. Free from starch, but containing inulin. Taste bitter; laticiferous vessels in bark form- ing concentric circles. Taraxacum. laticiferous vessels in bark in radiating lines. Cichorium. Taste acrid; burning; resin cells forming con- centric circles in bark and medullary rays. Pyrethrum. resin cells in bark only (root thin). Pyrethrum German. Taste aromatic; resin cells numerous, scat- tered ; wood bundles small. Inula. Taste mucilaginous and bitter; neither resin cells nor milk vessels; wood and bark radiate. Lappa. 3. Containing starch. a. With laticiferous vessels in bark. Cork orange-brown ; bark thin ; laticiferous Asclepias vessels few. tuberosa. Light brown; subeylindrieal ; bark thick, Apocynum wood porous, yellowish. cannabinnm. Pale yellowish-brown; subeylindrieal; in- Euphorbia ternally white. ipecacuanha. Cork blackish ; internally whitish. Euphorbia corollata. Gray-brown; internally pinkish; scattered resin cells. Stillingia. 48 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. b. With radiating rows of resin cells in bark. Root-stock short, divided into numerous long rootlets; resin cells large. Angelica. Root nearly simple, with several stout Angelica branches; resin cells small. triquinata. with several long branches; resin cells small. Levisticum. (brown cork removed) whitish; wood white. Laserpitium. brown-yellow; wood yellow, porous in branching rays. Pimpinella. brownish-yellow ; resin cells in numerous approximate rows. Petroselinum. brown-gray; resin cells irregular in thin bark and thick pith; wood bundles small. Imperatoria. In sections; tough; resin cells in irregular rows; wood bundles irregularly matted. Sumbul. c. Resin cells not radiating. Tuberous, napiform ; resin cells in broad and Jalapa narrow concentric circles. (see Tubers). Roots forked below; yellowish; resin cells in bark in concentric circles. Panax. Root large, nearly simple ; brown-gray; in- Ipomcea ternally whitish ; resin cells scattered. pandurata. d. Neither resin cells nor laticiferous vessels. Very pungent; cylindrical; used fresh. Armoracia. Taste acrid; grayish; wood wedges short, numerous, in several circles. Phytolacca. Taste bitter; grayish-white; wood bundles small, in numerous circles, and forming many rays; usually in disks. Bryonia. Taste mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; grayish; wood bundles irregular; mostly in disks and sections. Nympluoa. Taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter; cork gray- brown ; internally whitish, no bast fibres ; wood yellow, porous. Belladonna. Taste mucilaginous, insipid; (brown cork re- moved) white, with long bast fibres. Althaea. Taste sweetish, slightly acrid; deep red; thin or in powder; red color soluble in water. Rubia. ROOTS — RADICES. Taste slight; bark scaly, friable, dark purple; red color insoluble in water. Alkanna. Taste astringent; purplish-brown ; internally reddish. Heuchera. Taste mucilaginous and bitter: In sections; grayish and pale yellow; wood bundles in distant circles. Calumba. Fusiform, yellowish-brown; medullary rays reddish. Rumei. Fusiform, brown-red; medullary rays red. Rhaponticum. Sections; marbled by interrupted and in- terwoven red medullary rays, radiate near cambium. Rheum. II. Woody roots: wood firm and medullary rays narrow. Taste sweet; color tawny-yellow internally. Glycyrrhiza. inner bark whitish and with laticiferous vessels. Hemidesmus. Taste bitterish and sweetish; color yellowish in- temally. Abrus. Taste sweetish and pungent; externally pale brown. Hydrangea. Taste pungent; externally grayish-brown ; wood- wedges narrow. Methysticum. Taste bitter, nauseating; bark annulate. Ipecacuanha, bark more or less annulate, resin-dotted. Gillenia (see Rhizomes). bark wrinkled, contains milk vessels. Apocynum an- rp . , ... . , , , . drossemifolium. iaste bitter, aromatic; bark thin, light brown; wood yellowish-wliite, hard. Gelsemium. Taste spicy; wood pale, reddish-brown. Sassafras m * , ... , . . , , (see Woods), iaste bitter; wood m irregularly concentric cir- cles, pale brown. Pareira. wood yellow; bark foliaceous, loose, yellow. Berberis. bark firm, yellow. Berberis aquifo- lium (see Rhizomes). Taste bitterish, somewhat acrid; brown ; wood white, indistinctly rayed. Baptisia. Taste astringent; reddish-brown ; wood-wedges narrow, yellowish. Statice. rust-brown; wood reddish. Ceanothus. rust-brown or purplish-brown ; wood brownish. Krameria. 49 50 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. S A IIS AP A RILL A.—Sars a pa rilla . Origin.—Smilax officinalis, Kunth, S. papyracea, Poiret, S. medica, Schlechtendal. Natural order, Liliaeese, Sm i lace se. Habitat.—Tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. Description.—Very long, cylindrical, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown or orange-brown externally, white and mealy or somewhat horny internally, with a circular zone of wood-bundles around a central layer of parenchyme (pith); nearly in- odorous ; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, acrid. The thick woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should be removed. Fig. 6. Mexican sarsaparilla.—Transverse section, microscopic appearance. Structure.—Epidermis, subcuticular layer (2 or more rows of cells with thickened walls), parenehyme (cortical layer), nucleus sheath (1 row of thick-walled colls), wood SARSAPARILLA. 51 zone, and central parenchyma (pith). The parenchyme contains compound starch granules or pasty starch, numer- Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fio. 10. Honduras sarsaparilla. Mexican sarsaparilla. Rio Negro sarsaparilla. Jamaica sarsaparilla. Sections through and near nucleus sheath, magnified 80 diam ous cells with raphides of calcium oxalate, and few resin cells. Varieties.—a. Non-mealy sarsaparillas. Starch mostly pasty ; rarely in granules. 1. Mexican sarsaparilla, in part from Smllax medica. The long roots folded back over the rhizome, to which portions of the stem are often attached. Roots deeply wrinkled, with some fibres, brown-gray from adhering earth ; woody and medul- lary zones nearly equal in width, and about half as broad as the cortical layer; nucleus sheath with the cells radially elongated, the inner cell-walls thickest. In the market as Vera Cruz and Tampico sarsaparilla. 2. Jamaica sarsaparilla, from Smilax ormita, Hooker. In loose bundles with or without the rhizome; resembles Fig. II. Mexican sarsaparilla, magnified 3 diam. 52 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. the preceding, but has more fibres attached (bearded sarsa- parilla), and surface usually more of a red tint, and less deeply wrinkled; medullary aud cortical layers broader Fig. 12. Mexican sarsaparilla. than the woody zone. Caracas sarsaparilla is probably derived from Smilcix officinalis. b. Mealy sarsaparillas. Starch in granules, occasionally pasty. 3. Honduras sarsaparilla, probably from Sm'dax offici- nalis. In subcylindrical bundles, tied with a root and Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Jamaica sarsaparilla. Jamaica sarsaparilla, magnified 4 diam. rounded at the ends by the roots being folded back. Roots rather finely wrinkled, with few fibres, brown or gray- brown from adhering earth. Cortical and medullary layers and woody zone about alike in thickness, or the latter some- SARSAPARILLA. 53 what thinner; cells of the nucleus sheath nearly square, with large apertures, and the cell-walls evenly thickened. Fig. 15. Honduras sarsaparilla 4. Rio Negro sarsaparilla (also called Para and Lisbon sarsapa- rilla)', probably mainly from Sm'dax papyrdcea. In large cylindrical rolls, neatly tied with the stem of a climbing plant, and evenly cut off at both ends. Roots finely wrinkled, dark brown or blackish- brown from adhering earth; cortical layer thick ; woody zone narrow ; medullary layer as broad as the cortical layer, or broader; cells of the nucleus sheath somewhat radially elongated, the inner cell-walls thickest, the aperture small. Fig. 16. Honduras sarsaparilla, magnified 3 diam. Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Rio Negro sarsaparilla. Section, magnified 3 diam. Rio Negro or Para sarsaparilla ; portion of bundle. Constituents.—Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid) about 0.2 per cent., trace of volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter, 54 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. calcium oxalate, and other salts. PariIIin is soluble in hot water, and in alcohol, insoluble in ether, has an acrid taste, is a glucoside, and closely resembles saponin. When quite pure it crystallizes in scales; boiled with dilute acids it is split into sugar and parigenin, crystallizing in scales from alcohol. Medical properties.—Regarded as an alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-5ij)* Radix Ivarancusa?. Origin.—Andropdgon muricatus, Retzius. Natural order, Gramiuese, Andropogonese. Habitat.—East India. Description.—Rootlets emanating from a short, thin rhi- zome, light yellowish brown, somewhat waxy, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches long), about 1 millimeter (inch) thick, tough, aromatic, balsamic. The bark has large air- passages, and a number of resin cells. Constituents.—Volatile oil and resin. Medical properties.—Tonic, stimulant; almost exclusively used in perfumery for sachet powders, etc. VETIVERIA.—Veti vert. SENEGA.—Seneka. Origin.—Polyg'ala Senega, Linne. Natural order, Poly- galea?. Habitat.—United States, westward to Minnesota. Description.—About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, with a very knotty crown, bearing numerous short stem rem- nants with scaly leaves, and divided into a few branches from 5 to 10 millimeters (^—f inch) thick ; branches spread- ing, tortuous, wrinkled, somewhat fissured transversely and keeled when dry, fleshy and round after having been soaked in water; externally, yellowish-gray or brownish- yellow ; fracture short; bark whitish within, sweetish, afterward acrid, inclosing an irregular porous, yellowish, SENEK A. 55 less acrid or nearly tasteless wood; odor slight, but un- pleasant. A northern variety of Polygala Seuega yields a larger, thicker, and less tortuous root, which is usually of a darker color than described above, and has a less prominent keel, or is sometimes nearly keel-less. Fig 19. Senega.—Transverse sections, magnified Structure.—Bark thick ; the small celled inner bark present on only one side, taking the place of more or less of the outer bark, and on drying forming the keel ; no bast fibres present; wood circular near the crown, below Fig. 20. Senega root, magnified 18 diam consisting of various shaped segments and rays; medullary rays delicate. 56 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Constituents.—Polygalic acid, senegin, fixed oil (contain- ing virginic acid), little volatile oil (methyl salicylate), pectin, sugar, coloring matter. Polygalic acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether or chloroform, and is precipitated by lead acetates. Senegin has a neutral reac- tion, is nearly insoluble in cold absolute alcohol, is not precipitated by normal lead acetate, and yields sapogeuin. (Robert, 1887.) Exhausting the root with 60 per cent, alcohol, concentrating and precipitating with alcohol and ether, yields 5 per cent, of crude senegin. Substitution.—White or false senega. Collected west of the Mississippi River from Polyg'ala alba, Nuttall. The Fig. 21. False senega root, magnified 10 diam root is usually 5 or 6 millimeters (-jL or \ inch) thick, and closely resembles senega root, but has descending, scarcely spreading branches, a lighter, internally white, color, is destitute of the keel, and has a cylindrical wood. It contains about 3 per cent, of polygalic acid, and yields a light-colored infusion and tincture. The root of Polygala Boykinii, Nuttall, of the Southern States, is thin, but otherwise resembles the preceding, and has similar proper- ties. 57 LEVANT SOAPROOT. Admixtures.—Ginseng root and the rhizomes and roots of Gillenia and of Cypripedium are sometimes present from careless collection; the rootlets of American species of Gentiana, and in Europe the subterraneous portion of Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, R. Brown, have been used for adulteration ; all are easily distinguished from senega root. Properties.—Expectorant, emetic, somewhat diuretic. Dose, 0.2 to 1.5 grams (3 to 22 grains). S A PON A RIA .—So ap wort Origin.—The root of Saponaria offici- nalis, Linne. Natural order, Caryophyl- lese, Silenese. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, naturalized in North America. Description.—About 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, 2 to 5 millimeters (y to 4 inch) or more in thickness, nearly cylin- drical, longitudinally wrinkled, light rust- brown, internally whitish, with a rather thick bark containing numerous small white crystal cells, and a pale yellow meditullium, with indistinct medullary rays; inodorous; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, persistently acrid. The subterranean runners are, to some extent, present in the commercial drug; they resemble the root branches, but have somewhat thickened internodes, and have the same properties. Old woody roots are rarely collected. Constituents.—Saponin 4 to 5 per cent., mucilage, a little resin. Saponin C32Hw018, is a white powder, sternutatory, soluble in hot water and alcohol, the aqueous solution foaming like soap water; by acids it is split into sugar and crystallizable sapogenin, which is sparingly soluble in water. Properties.—Alterative, resembling sarsaparilla. Fig. 22. Saponaria. Transv. sec. 3 diam. SAPONARIA LEVANTICA—Levant Soaproot. Origin.—The root of Gypsophila Arrostii, Gussone, and G. paniculata, Linne. Natural order, Caryophyllese, Silenefe. 58 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Habitat.—Italy to Asia Minor. Description— Simple, 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) long, 2 to 5 centimeters (f to 2 inches) thick, somewhat fusi- form, with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse ridges; light brownish-gray, internally whitish, with a thickish bark and a whitish meditullium containing numerous medullary rays, and rather narrow wood-wedges; inodorous; taste sweetish, per- sistently acrid. Constituents and Properties.—Sapotoxin 8.5 per cent., a glu- coside yielding sapogenin (Kruskal, 1891), otherwise similar to the preceding; mostly used in washing silks and other fabrics. GENTIANA.—Gentian. Radix gentian® rubric. Origin.—Gentiana lutea, LinnS; also G. purpurea, G. pannonica, and G. punctata, LinnS. Natural order, Geu- tianeae, Swertie®. Habitat.—Mountains of Central and Southern Europe. Description.—In nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal slices, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long and Fig. 23. Gentian root, longitudinally sliced; about one-half natural size. about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, the head closely annu- late, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled; externally deep yellowish-brown, internally lighter; somewhat flexible and tough when damp; rather brittle when dry; fracture short, indistinctly radiate; odor peculiar, faint, more promi- nent when moistened ; taste sweetish, persistently bitter. The root of G. purpurea is shorter, thinner, and darker; GENTIANA— GENTIAN. 59 that of G. pannonica is scarcely annulate, shorter, and darker; that of G. punctata little annulate, lighter, other- wise like the officinal root; they have the same properties. Structure.—Bark rather thick, by a blackish cambium line separated from the somewhat spongy meditullium; medullary rays indistinct, narrow, of about the width of the vascular rays; bast fibres and wood fibres are wanting. Fig. 24. Gentian.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam Constituents.—Gentiopicrin 0.1 per cent., gentisic acid (gentisin), uncrystallizable sugar about 14 per cent., pec- tin, fixed oil 6 per cent., ash about 8 per cent. Gentio- picrin is an amorphous or crystalline glucoside, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and yields amorphous bitter gentiogenin. Gentisic acid, CuH10O5, crystallizes in yellow, tasteless needles, is somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether, and colors ferric salts dark brown ; and a dark green color is produced by a principle which is precipitated by water from the alcoholic tincture. The pectin compound is pre- cipitated by lead acetate. Gentianose, the sugar present in the fresh root, crystallizes in scales and is fermentable, but does not reduce Fehling’s solution. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). The American gentian root, collected from Gentidna pu- b6rula, Michaux, G. Saponaria, Linne, and G. Andrewsii, Orisebach, consists of a scarcely annulated head about 12 milli- 60 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. meters (£ inch) long and 3 millimeters (i inch) thick, and numerous nearly simple, light brown-yellow, wrinkled root- lets about 6 centimeters (2£ inches) or more long, and having a thick whitish bark and thin meditullium; odor and taste like those of gentian. FRASER A.—American Columbo. The root of Frasera Walteri, Michaux, F. carolinensis, Walter. Natural order, Gentianese, Swertieae. Habitat.—United States in the Alleghanies and westward. Description.—Mostly in longitudinal slices, about 25 milli- meters (1 inch) thick, the upper portion annulate, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled, externally pale orange-brown, internally light yellowish-brown; the bark thick, overlapping on the edges, by a brown cambium line separated from the rather spongy meditullium; odor gentian-like, more promi- nent when moistened; taste sweetish and bitter. Constituents.—The same as gentian, but apparently less gen- tiopicrin. The yellow crystalline principle differs from gentisic acid in solubility, and in the higher melting-point. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). The recent root is said to be emetic and purgative. SYMPHYTUM.—Comfrey. The root of Sym'phytum officinale, Linne. Natural order, Boraginese, Boragese. Habitat.—Europe, cultivated and spontaneous in the United States. Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 1 to 2 centimeters (■§ to -f inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brown-black, internally somewhat horny, whitish or, when old, gray; the dry root hard ; fracture short, showing a thickish bark, short narrow wood-bundles, broad medullary rays, and in the upper part a thin pith; inodorous, taste sweetish, mucilaginous, and faintly astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, a little tannin, few starch granules, and a small quantity of asparagin. Properties.—Demulcent, somewhat astringent. Dose, 8 to 15 grams per day. TARAXACUM—DANDELION. 61 TARAXACUM.—Dan d elion . Origin.—Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfontaines, s. T. officinale, Weber, s. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Cichoriacese. Habitat.—Grassy places and roadsides in Europe, natu- ralized in North America. Collected in the autumn. Nearly cylindrical, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long, above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, crowned with several short thickish heads, little brauched, longi- tudinally wrinkled, externally gray-brown, internally white with a yellowish centre, when dry breaking with a short fracture; inodorous, bitter. It should be free from chicory root. Structure.—Bark thick, white, consisting of parenehyme, and containing numerous concentric brown circles, formed by latieiferous ducts. Meditullium yel- lowish, porous. Medullary rays want- ing- , Constituents.—Early in spring dan- delion contains uncrystallizable sugar, which diminishes during the summer; in autumn it contains about 24 per cent, of inulin; pectin is also present. The milk-juice contains the crystalline bitter principle taraxacin, resin, a glutinous body, and taraxa- cerin, C8H160, a wax-like body, which in alcoholic solution has an acrid taste. Taraxacin is soluble in water and alcohol. Propei'ties.—Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic disorders, on continued use deranging digestion. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij). Fig. 25 Transverse section of taraxacum root. 62 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. CICHORIUM.- Chicory, Succory. Origin.—Ciehorium In'tybus, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Cichoriacese. Habitat.—Roadsides in Europe, naturalized in North Amer- ica, cultivated in Europe. Description.—Chicory bears a close resemblance to dan- delion ; but the root of wild plants is usually lighter in color and more woody, and has a relatively thinner bark. It, like the more fleshy and darker cultivated root, is readily dis- tinguished by the radiating arrange- ment of the laticiferous vessels in the bark. Constituents.—Bitter principle, inu- lin, pectin, sugar. Properties.—Deobstruent, tonic, in overdoses deranging digestion. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. The roasted root is used for adulterating coffee. Fig. 26. Cichorium.—Transverse section. PYRETHRUM.—Pellitory. Radix pyrethri roraani. Roman pellitory. Origin.—Anacy'clus Py rethrum, De Candolle. Natural order, Composite, Antliemidoa3. Habitat.—Highlands of Northern Africa. Description.—Somewhat fusiform, nearly simple, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about 12 millimeters (J inch) thick, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled below, externally dark gray-brown, internally brownish- white, fracture short. Inodorous, pungent, and very acrid. Structure.—Bark rather thick, containing two circles of shining axially elongated resin ducts; wood-wedges slender, yellowish ; medullary rays slender, with about four circles of shining resin ducts. Constituents.—Acrid brown resin and acrid fixed oils, GERMAN PELLITORY. 63 one brown and soluble in potassa, the other yellow and in- soluble in potassa; inulin about 50 per cent., trace of tan- nin, mucilage; pyrethrine (?). Fig. 27. Pyrethrum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam Properties.—Irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue. Dose, as a masticatory 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). PYRETHRUM GERMANICUM.—German Pellitory Radix pyrethri gerraanici. Origin.—Anacy'clus officinarum, Hayne. Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Central Europe, cultivated in Thuringia, Ger- many. Description.—Nearly simple, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, about 3 millimeters (i inch) thick, almost filiform toward Fig. 28. Pyrethrum germanicum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. the tip, finely wrinkled, brown-gray, brittle, internally brown- ish ; odor slight; taste acrid, burning. In commerce it is usually found with the thin, almost tasteless stem, which should be separated. 64 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Structure.—Bark rather thick, in the outer layer one circle of distinct resin ducts ; wood-wedges very slender, soft. Constituents.—Acrid resin, fixed oil, inulin, bitter principle. Properties.—Like Roman pellitory. INU L A.—Elecampane. Badix inul«3 s. enule. Origin.—I'nula Helenium, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Inuloideae. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, and eastward to Central Asia; spontaneous in the United States; cul- tivated. Fig. 29. Inula.—Transverse section, natural size. Description.—Branches of the root 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (f to 1 inch) in diameter; in commerce nearly always in transverse con- cave slices or longitudinal sections with overlapping bark, externally wrinkled and brown, flexible in damp weather, when dry breaking with a short, somewhat horny fracture, internally grayish, slightly radiate and dotted ; odor pecu- liar, aromatic; taste bitterish, camphoraeeous, aromatic. Structure.—Bark thickish, with several irregular circles of resin ducts; wood-bundles small, forming many narrow wedges; medullary rays broader, containing numerous resin ducts. Constituents.—Acrid resin, helenin, iuulin, bitter ex- LAPPA—BURDOCK. 65 tractive, wax, etc.; odor and camphoraceous taste are due to the volatile oil, containing alantol (inulol), C20H32O, having a peppermint-like odor and taste, and alantic (inulic) anhydrid, C15H20O2, which is in needles and slightly camphor-like; helenin, C6H80, is insipid. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expector- ant, externally rubefacient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij) in infusion. LAPPA.—Burdock. Radix bardanse s. lappse. Origin.—A'ret i urn Lappa, Linne, s. Lappa officinalis, Allioni. Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidese. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in North America in waste places. Fig. 30. Lappa.—Transverse section, magnified 2 diam. Description.—Nearly simple, fusiform, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long; above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, fleshy, longitudinally wrinkled, crowned with a tuft of whitish, soft-hairy leaf-stalks; gray-brown, internally paler; fracture short; odor feeble, unpleasant; taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter. 66 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Structure.—Bark rather thick, without bast fibres, the inner part and the meditullium radially striate, the paren- chyme often with cavities lined with snow-white remains of tissue; medullary rays rather broad ; vascular rays narrow, porous, destitute of wood-fibres. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, inulin, bitter extractive, little tannin and resin; fat 9 per cent. ; possibly a glu- coside (olive-green by Fe2Cl6); ash 3 to 4 per cent. In autumn and early spring the root of one year’s growth contains about 45 per cent, of inulin. Properties.—Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij) in decoction. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.—Pleurisy Root. Asclepias, U. S. P. Origin.—Ascl6pias tuberosa, Linne. Natural order, Aselepiadeae, Cynanchese. Habitat.—United States near the Atlantic coast. Description.—Root large and fusiform, dried in longi- tudinal or transverse sections from 2 to 15 centimeters (f- to 6 inches) long, and about 20 millimeters (f- inch) or more in thickness, the head knotty, and slightly but distinctly annulate, the remainder longitudinally wrinkled; externally orange-brown, internally whitish ; fracture un- even, tough ; inodorous ; taste bitterish and somewhat acrid. When long kept, pleurisy root acquires a gray color. Structure.—Bark thin, in two distinct layers, the inner one whitish ; wood yellowish and porous, with broad white medullary rays. Constituents.—Crystalline glucosidc possessing the taste of the root, soluble in alcohol, ether, and somewhat in water, precipitated by tannin; apparently identical with that of Ascle- pias cornuti. Also two resins, tannin(?), mucilage, starch, etc. CANADIAN HEMP. 67 Properties.—Sudorific, expectorant, carminative, ano- dyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j)- APOCYNUM CANNABINUM.—Canadian Hemp. Apocynum, U. S. P. Origin. — Apocynum cannabinum, Linne. Natural order, Apocynacese, Eehitidese. Habitat.—United States, on the border of thickets and in grassy places. Fig. 31. Apocynum cannabinum.—Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. Description.—Long, cylindrical, branched, about 6 milli- meters inch) thick, pale brown-gray, longitudinally wrinkled; somewhat fissured ; fracture short, white, and pale yellow; inodorous, bitter. The bitter taste resides chiefly in the bark, which constitutes about 65 per cent, of the root. This drug is sometimes sold in place of Apocynum androssemi folium. Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork layer, and containing many scattered laticiferous vessels, and in the inner layer numerous narrow medullary rays; wood yellow, soft, porous, consisting of several circles and radiate by fine medullary rays. 68 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. Constituents.—Tannin, resin, apocynin (sparingly soluble in water), apocynein (freely soluble in water), bitter extrac- tive, starch, etc.; ash, 10 to 12 per cent. Properties.—Emetic, cathartic, expectorant, diuretic, anti- periodic. Dose, as an antiperiodic and diuretic, 0.3 gram (gr. iv-v); as an emetic, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-5ss). EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA.—Ipecacuanha Spurge. American Ipecac. Origin.—Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. Habitat.—United States, in sandy soil, not far from the Atlantic coast. Description.—Several, or many-headed, branches of the head short or sometimes 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat knotty and marked with stem scars; roots more than 30 centi- meters (12 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (-| inch) thick, nearly cylindrical, somewhat branched, light brown, wrinkled, fracture short; bark rather thick, white internally ; wood yel- lowish, spongy; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, slightly acrid. Constituents. — Probably a glucoside, resins, euphorbon, starch, etc. Properties.—Diaphoretic, cathartic, emetic. Dose, 0.3, 0.6, 1.3 gram (gr. v, gr. x, 9j). EUPHORBIA COROLLATA.—Large-flowering Spurge. Origin. — Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. Habitat.—United States in meadows; most abundant in the Southern States and west of the Alleghanies. Description.—Many-headed : branches of the head usually short and stumpy; root 20 centimeters (8 inches) or more long, branched, subcylindrical or elongated-conical, from 5 to 25 millimeters (4 to 1 inch) thick, externally blackish-brown or brown-black, wrinkled and somewhat fissured, fracture short, or, in old roots, somewhat fibrous; bark rather thick, STILLINGIA — QUEEN’S DELIGHT. 69 white internally; wood yellowish, soft; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, and slightly acrid. Constituents.—Resin, mucilage, sugar, starch, etc.; probably similar to preceding. Properties and Dose. — Diaphoretic (0.3 gm. = gr. v), cathartic (0.6 gm. = gr. x), emetic (1.3 gm. = gr. xx). STILLINGIA.—Stillingia, Queen’s Delight. Ch'igin.—Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotouese. Habitat.—Southern United States, in sandy soil. Description.—Subcylindrical, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long, nearly 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, tapering, little branched, compact, wrinkled, brown-gray, tough, frac- ture fibrous; internally pinkish, with yellowish-brown dots; odor peculiar, unpleasant; taste bitter, acrid, pungent. Fig. 32. Stillingia, magnified 10 diam. Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork, and containing many resin cells and few bast fibres; the medi- tullium porous, and with numerous narrow wedges of wood and medullary rays, the latter containing resin cells. The parenchyme contains starch. Constituents.—Sylvaerol (acrid resin, soluble in alcohol 70 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. and chloroform, insoluble in benzin), probably a glucoside, but no alkaloid (E. G. Eberhardt, 1891); resin, lixed oil, volatile oil, tannin, gum, starch ; ash, 5 per cent. Properties. — Alterative, antivcnereal, in large doses emetic. Bose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-5ss). ANGELICA.—Angelica. Origin.—Archang61ica (Angelica, Moench) officinalis, Hoff- mann. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. Habitat.—Central and Northern Europe and Northern Asia; cultivated ; collected in the spring of the second year. Description.—Root-stock 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, 2 5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) thick, crowned with Fig. 33. Angelica.—Transverse section of root-stock and rootlet, magnified 3 diain remnants of leaf-bases, annulate; below divided into numer- ous nearly simple cylindrical and tuberculate wrinkled branches, which are 2 to 6 millimeters (y to \ inch) thick, and 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long; grayish- brown; fracture short; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Root-stock with a rather thick bark, irregularly curved yellowish porous wood-wedges, and a whitish pith ; root branches with the spongy whitish bark rather thicker than the yellowish soft wood; bark with radiating lines of large resin ducts in the bast rays, which are destitute of bast fibres. Constituents.—i-1 per cent, volatile oil, 6-10 per cent, resin, valerianic acid, per cent, angelic acid, C5Hg02 (volatile, crys- talline, fusible at 45° C. = 113° F., aromatic), angelicin or hydrocarotin (crystalline, pungent, insoluble in water), sugar, bitter principle, starch, tannin, and 7 or 8 per cent, of ash. LEVISTICUM — LOVAGE. 71 Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, in large doses emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. in pow- der or infusion. ANGELICA ATROPUEPUREA.—American Angelica. Origin.—Archangelica (Angelica, Linne) atropurpiirea, Hoffmann, s. Angelica triquinata, Michaux. Natural order, Umbellifene, Seselinese. Habitat.—Northern and Western United States, south to Pennsylvania. Description.—About 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long and 18 millimeters (f inch) thick, branched, deeply wrinkled, light brown-gray, internally whitish, fracture short, with a thick, finely resinous-dotted bark, and soft, radiating wood ; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, volatile acid, resin, starch. Properties and Dose.—Similar to preceding. LEVISTICUM.—Lovage. Origin.—Levisticum officinale, Koch, s. Ligusticum Levis- ticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferae, Seselinese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated in Germany. Description.—Head 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (f-lf inches) thick, branched, annu- late; below divided into a few nearly simple, subcylindrical, and deeply wrinkled branches, which are about 20 centimeters (8 inches) long and 2 to 6 or 10 millimeters (jV to or ■§ inch) thick; brown or reddish-brown; frac- ture short, spongy; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Head branches with a rather thick bark, and yellowish porous wood, which is radiate near the bark, and in irregular meshes toward the centre; roots with the bark rather thicker than the porous, yellowish wood; the bark with numerous bast rays, and small resin ducts, in somewhat radi- ating lines. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter extractive, resins, sugar, starch, mucilage, angelic acid. Fig. 34. Levisticum. — Trans- verse section, magni- fied 3 diam. 72 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. in infusion. LASERPITIUM.—White Gentian. Radix gentianse albse. Origin.—Laserpltium latifolium, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Laserpitieaj. Habitat.—Central Europe. Description.—Several-headed, somewhat conical, annulate above, branched below, and deeply wrinkled; the brown, corky layer removed ; grayish-white; aromatic, bitter ; frac- ture short, white; bark thick, with numerous orange-colored resin ducts; wood finely porous. Constituents.— Volatile oil, bitter principle, mucilage, starch. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). Origin.—Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne, and P. magna, Linne. Natural order, Umbellifene, Ammineae. Habitat.—Central Europe and Western Asia, in dry and mountainous localities. Description.—Several-headed, branches of the head short, terminated by the hollow stem-base; fusiform, about 20 centimeters (8 inches) long, annulate above, longi- tudinally wrinkled and tuberculate below ; externally yellowish-brown or brown-yellow; aromatic, sweetish, pungent; fracture short, whitish; bark thick, radiate, with numerous yellow resin ducts in radiating lines; wood yellowish, porous, radiate, with broad medullary rays. The pith of the head contains resin cells. Constituents. — Volatile oil, acrid resin, sugar, starch, crystallizable and almost tasteless pimpinellin. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, sialagogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-^ss). PIMPINELLA.—Pimpernel. Fig. 35. Pimpinella.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. SUMBUL. 73 Origin.—Petroselfnum sativum, Hoffmann, s. Apium (Carum, Baillon) Petroselfnum, Linne. Natural order, Uin- beliifene, Ammineie. Habitat.—Southern Europe; exten- sively cultivated. Description. — Somewhat conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and about 12 millimeters (|- inch) thick ; light brown-yellow ; annulate above, wrinkled below, with transverse ridges; faintly aromatic, sweetish; fracture short; bark thick, resinous- dotted, and, like the medullary rays, white ; wood light yellow, porous. Constituents.—Volatile oil, muci- lage, sugar, starch, apiin (tasteless). Properties. — Carminative, diuretic, nephritic, discutient. Dose, 2 to 4 grams in infusion. PETROSELINUM.—Parsley. Fig. 3fi. Petroselinum. — Trans- verse section, magnified 3 diam. SUMBUL.—Sumbul. Origin.—Ferula (Euryangium, Kauffmann) Sumbul, Hooker-films. Natural order, Um belli ferae, Peucedanese. Habitat.—Central and North- eastern Asia. Description. — In transverse segments about 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, and 2.5 centime- ters (1 inch) long, but varying considerably in diameter and thickness, light, spongy, annu- late or longitudinally wrinkled ; fracture irregularly fibrous; gray-brown, internally whitish and brown-yellow; odor strong, musk-like; taste bitter and balsamic. Structure.—Bark thin, with fibre circles; wood fibres Fig. 37 Surnbul.—Section. 74 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. irregularly twisted; resin ducts numerous in the spongy white parenchyme. False Sumbul of India.—Ammoniacum root, somewhat flavored with sumbul; firmer, denser, and of a yellow or reddish tint. Constituents.—Volatile oil, per cent., bluish; soft resin, 9 per cent., of musk odor; angelic acid, methylcro- tonic acid, valerianic acid, bitter extractive, sugar, starch ; on dry distillation yields uinbelliferon. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-5ss) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. Origin.—Peuc6danuin (Imperatoria, Linne) Ostruthium, Baillon. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. IMPERATORIA.—Masterwort. Fig. 38. Imperatoria root, natural size; and transverse section, magnified IPOMCEA PANDURATA—WILD JALAP. 75 Description.—Somewhat conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and nearly 2 centimeters (f inch) thick, flattish, finely annulate above, wrinkled and tuberculate; brown-gray, internally whitish, with numerous resin dots; odor balsamic ; taste pungent and bitter; bark thin, wood-bundles small, in- closing a large pith. Constituents.—Volatile oil f per cent., imperatorin (peu- cedanin; crystalline, pungently acrid, insoluble in water), ostruthin (tasteless). Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). PAN AX.—Ginseng. Origin.—Panax (Aralia, Gray) quinquefolium, Linne. Natural order, Araliacese, Panacese. Habitat.—North America, south to the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee; in rich woods. Description.—Fusiform, 50 to 75 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, annulate above, divided below into 2 or 3 equal branches, wrinkled longitudinally; sweetish and slightly aromatic ; ex- ternally pale brownish-yellow; fracture short, mealy, white, with a thin bark containing numerous reddish resin cells; wood-wedges narrow, yellowish ; medullary rays broad. Constituents.—Panaquilon, sweet, amorphous, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in sodium sulphate solution, precipitated by tannin ; resin, mucilage, starch. Properties.—Demulcent, slightly stimulant. Dose, 1 to 8 grams (gr. xv-jij). IPOMCEA PANDURATA.—Wild Jalap, Manroot. Origin.—Ipomoe'a (Ipomse'a) pandurata, Meyer. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. Habitat.—United States, in sandy fields. Description.—Large, conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, above with several rhizome branches about 1 centimeter (f inch) thick ; in longitudinal or transverse slices, with over- lapping bark, wrinkled and brownish-gray externally, whitish internally; bark thin with a zone of resin cells; wood-wedges numerous and narrow, in the medullary rays scattered resin cells; odor slight; taste sweetish, bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Resin 1-2 per cent., sugar, gum, coloring matter, starch. The resin is a glucoside, soluble in alcohol, 76 cellular vegetable DRUGS—ROOTS. ether, chloroform, and alkalies, the latter solution being pre- cipitated by acids. Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). ARMORACIA.—Horseradish. Origin.—Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne, s. Armoracia rus- ticana, Gaertner. Natural order, Cruciferae, Alyssineae. Habitat.—Eastern Europe, cultivated. Description.—Used only in the fresh state. Heads several, annulate ; root cylindrical, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long, 12 to 25 millimeters (2 —1 inch) thick, pale yellowish- brown, somewhat scaly and warty; internally white, fracture short; when crushed, of a pungent odor and sharp, acrid taste. Structure —Bark thickish, covered with a thin cork and containing numerous yellow stone cells in the outer layer; wood-bundles small in narrow wedges; medullary rays broad ; the rhizome with a central pith. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.05 per cent., of same composi- tion as oil of mustard, resin, sugar, starch, etc., and about 80 per cent, of water. Properties.—Stimulant, irritating, rubefacient. Substitution.—In Europe fresh aconite root, which has a radish-like odor, has been mistaken for horseradish. PHYTOLACCA RADIX.—Pokeroot. Origin.—Phytolacca dec&ndra, Linne. Natural order, Phytolaccacese, Euphytolaccese. Habitat.—North America, in waste places; naturalized in Southern Europe and the West Indies. Description.—Large, conical, some- what branched, mostly in transverse or longitudinal slices, wrinkled, brown- gray; internally whitish, hard; frac- ture fibrous; inodorous; sweetish, acrid. Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin suberous coat; wood-bundles numer- Fig. 39. Phytolacca. — Trans- verse section, natural size. BELLADONNAS RADIX—BELLADONNA ROOT. 77 ous, small, and narrow, arranged in rays and concentric circles, and surrounded by thin-walled parenchyme. Constituents.—Resin, probably a glucoside, starch, tannin, mucilage, volatile acid, waxy matter, sugar, ash 8-10 per cent. Properties. — Alterative, anodyne, resolvent, emetic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-5ss) in powder, decoction, or extract. BRYONIA.—Bryony. Origin.—Bryonia alba and B. dioica, Linne. Natural order, Cncurbitacese, Cucumerineae. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe. Description —Root conical, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick; in commerce usually in thin, rugged disks; externally wrinkled, brownish, from the first species with warts and transverse ridges; fracture short; internally white or gray- ish; inodorous; disagreeably bitter. Structure.—Bark thin with a thin friable cork; wood- bundles numerous, small, arranged in rays and concentric circles, and surrounded by th in-walled parenchyme. Constituents.—Bryonin (bitter glucoside, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, precipitated by tannin; yields bryoretin and hydrobryoretin, besides sugar), starch, sugar, gum, etc. Properties.—Emmenagogue, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.6 to 4 grams (gr. x-5j). BELLADONNA RADIX.—Belladonna Root. Origin.—Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Atropeae. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, in woods. 78 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Description.—In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- tudinally wrinkled pieces, 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long and 12 to 25 millimeters (?, to 1 inch) or more thick; externally brownish-gray, internally whitish ; frac- ture nearly smooth, mealy, not radiating in the bark or in the meditullium, except in the thicker roots inside and near the cambium line; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, after- ward bitterish and strongly acrid. Roots which are tough, woody, and break with a splintery fracture, also the hollow stem bases sometimes present, should be rejected. Structure.—Bark thickish, indistinctly radiate, free from bast fibres ; wood-bundles yellowish, near the centre small and distant, surrounded in the thicker roots by broader wood- wedges and equally wide medul- lary rays. The wood predomi- nates in old roots. Constituents. — Atropine 0.2- 0.6 per cent., belladonine (prob- ably oxyatropine, C17H23N04), hyoscyamine, atropamine, starch, atrosin (a fluorescent compound). Atropine, C17H23N03, is white, crystalline, bitter and acrid, soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, also in water ; with alkalies yields tropic acid and tropine; its gold precipitate is crystallizable and of a dull yellow color. On digesting tropine tropate in acidulated water, atropine is reproduced. Other alkaloids (tropeines) are formed in a similar manner; tropine mandelate thus yields homatropine, C16H2lN03, which resembles atropine in its effects. Atropamine, C17H2lN02, which is sometimes present, is easily decomposed by mineral acids. Young roots contain only hyoscyamine; older roots (8- 10 years) also atropine; the alkaloids are found chiefly in Fig. 40. Belladonna. — Transverse sec- tion, magnified 3 diam. ALTHJIA— MARSHMALLOW. 79 the bark; hence woody roots should be rejected; it is present in largest quantity about the time of flowering. Properties.—Diuretic,dilating the pupil, sedative, narcotic. Bose, 0.06 gram (gr. j); of atropine, 0.5 to 1 milligram (rT5~6T grain). Antidotes.—Emetic (vegetable or mineral), or stomach- pump; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); morphine; phy- sostigmine; pilocarpine. Allied Drug.—The rhizome of Scopola (Scopolia) car- niolica, Jacquin, indigenous to southern Central Europe, is of horizontal growth, 2-4 centimeters (1-1| inch) thick, almost jointed with few annulations; tissues similar as in belladonna root; contains the same alkaloids. ALTHiEA.—Marshmallow. Origin. — Althaea officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malveae. Habitat.—Europe, Western and Northern Asia; natu- ralized in the eastern United States and in Australia, in salt marshes ; cultivated in Europe. Description. — The fleshy branches are collected and deprived of the brown corky layer; cylindrical or conical, longitudinally wrinkled pieces, from 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, and about 1 centi- meter (|- inch) or more in diam- eter ; externally white, mealy, somewhat hairy from detached slender bast fibres, and marked with circular scars of the rootlets; fracture short and granular in the meditullium, whitish and fleshy or mealy. Odor faint, peculiar, stronger in infusion ; taste sweetish, mucilaginous. Fig. 41. Althaea.—Transverse section, magnified 2 diam. 80 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Marshmallow should not be coated witli lime. Young uncoated belladonna root resembles marshmal- low; but is externally not fibrous, and has yellowish wood-bundles or wood-wedges. Structure.—Bark thickish; inner bark radiating from small groups of long bast fibres; meditullium in outer layer faintly radiating; wood-bundles distant and small; medullary rays narrow; the parenchyme filled with starch and containing scattered crystal cells and larger mucilage cells. Constituents.—Asparagin, about 1 per cent.; mucilage, 35 per cent.; sugar, 8 per cent.; pectin, 10 per cent.; starch, 35 per cent.; ash, 4-5 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij) in infusion or syrup. RUBIA.—Madder. Origin.—Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Natural order, Rubi- acese. Galiese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe. Description.—Rhizome cylindrical, long, about 5 millimeters (£ inch) thick with distant nodes; roots about 3 millimeters inch) thick, dark red, deeply wrinkled, with a foliaceous cork, thin brown-red inner bark, spongy red wood, and irreg- ular medullary rays, the rhizome with a dark-red small pith ; fracture short, odor feeble; taste sweetish and slightly bitter, acrid, and astringent. Mostly kept in form of powder. Constituents.—Rubian (yellow, bitter), rubihydran (gum- like), ruberythrin (yellow needles, blood-red with alkalies), alizarin (orange-red needles, purple or blue with alkalies), purpurin (red needles, violet colored with alkalies), pectin, sugar, tannin, etc. Properties.—Tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj). ALKANNA.—Alkanet. Origin — Alkanna (Anchiisa, Linne) tinctoria, Tausch Natural order, Boraginese, Boragese. Habitat.—Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. CALUMBA—COLOMBO. 81 Description.—Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, and 1 to 2 centimeters (-§—f inch thick), with a crown of felt-like leaf bases; deeply wrinkled; bark dark purple, foliaceous, friable, easily separated from the twisted yellowish wood, which is cleft by purple friable medullary rays; nearly inodorous and tasteless; does not tinge the water red. Constituents.—Alkannin, little starch. Alkannin is of resinous appearance, dark purplish-red, soluble in ether, alco- hol, fats, and certain volatile oils, with a red color ; in alkalies blue. Uses —For coloring tinctures and pomades. HEUCHERA.—Alum Root. Origin.—Heuchera americana, Linne. Natural order, Sax- ifragacese, Saxifragese. Habitat.—United States, woodlands. Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 12 millimeters (z inch) thick, several-headed, somewhat con- torted, branched, wrinkled, tuberculate, purplish-brown, frac- ture short and granular; internally reddish or brownish; bark thin or thickish; meditullium rather spongy; inodor- ous ; very astringent, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—About 14 per cent, of tannin (by ferric chloride dark green from acid solution, and dark blue from neutral solution), trace of gallic acid, sugars, etc. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). CA LUMBA.—Colombo. Origin.—Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. Natural order, Menispermacete, Tinosporese. Habitat.—Eastern Africa, cultivated in some East In- dian islands. Description.—Nearly circular or broadly elliptic disks, 3 to 6 centimeters (ljf to 2f inches) in diameter, 6 to 12 millimeters (| to J inch) thick, externally greenish brown- gray and wrinkled; internally yellowish, and near the cambium gray; depressed in the centre, with a few inter- 82 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. rupted circles of projecting wood-bundles, distinctly radiate in the outer portion near the blackish cambium line; frac- ture short, mealy; odor slight; taste mucilaginous, slightly aromatic, very bitter. Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin brown cork and narrow bast rays without fibres; wood-bundles bright Fig. 43. Fig. 42. Calutnba.—Transverse section, natural size. yellow, small, distant near the centre, in narrow rays near the bark : medul- lary rays broader; the parenchyme filled with starch. Constituents.—Columbin about 0.8 per cent, (white, crystalline, slightly soluble in water), ber- berine (yellow, crystalline), columbic acid (yellowish, amor- phous, nearly insoluble in cold water), starch, mucilage, ash about 6 per cent. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij —oss—j), in infusion, tincture, extract. Magnified 25 diam. 83 RHAPONTICUM—RHAPONTIC ROOT. RUMEX.—Yellow Dock. Radix lapathi. Origin.—Rum ex crispus, Linne, and other species of Rumex. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rumicese. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; in grassy places and along roadsides. Description.—Fusiform, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in- dies) long, 1 to 2 centimeters (f to -§• inch) thick, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled below; externally brown or reddish-brown, internally dingy brownish-yellow; fracture short; nearly inodorous, taste bitte and astrin- gent ; on mastication the saliva is tinged yellowish. Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin cork and distinct yellowish bast wedges; cambium circle prominent; wood wedges porous, somewhat horny; medullary rays narrow. The parenchyme contains starch grains, reddish-brown coloring matter, and crystals of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Tannin, mucilage, starch, chrysophanic acid (rumicin, lapathin), calcium oxalate. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, alterative, in larger doses laxative. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). RHAPONTICUM.—Rhapontic Root. Crimean Rhubarb. Origin.—Rheum rhaponticum, Linne. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rumicese. Habitat. — Western Asia, culti- vated in some parts of Europe, and in North America (pie plant). Description.—Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, and 2 centimeters (f inch) thick, some- what annulate above, deeply wrin- kled ; partly deprived of the orange- red cork; fracture short, internally whitish, with narrow straight inter- rupted red medullary rays, and a rather thick bark; odor and Fig. 44. Rhaponticu m.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 84 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. taste resembling rhubarb, more mucilaginous, and less gritty; the saliva, on mastication, tinged yellow. Constituents.—Like rhubarb, but astringency predominat- ing. Properties.—Astringent, laxative. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv). RHEUM.—Rhubarb. Origin.— Rh6um officinale, Baillon, and probably other species of Rheum. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rumicese. Habitat.—Western and Central China. Description.—Cylindrical, conical, or fiattish segments of the rhizome or its lateral branches, deprived of most of the dark-brown corky layer, smoothish or somewhat wrinkled, externally marked with white, elongated meshes, containing a white, rather spongy tissue, and a number of short red-brown or brown-yellow strife; compact, hard; fracture uneven; internally white, marbled with yellow and red; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter, somewhat astringent; gritty when masticated; the saliva is tinged orange-yellow. Structure.—The predominating tissue is thin-walled par- enchyme containing starch or crystal groups of calcium oxalate. The narrow medullary rays contain orange-red coloring matter, are parallel only near the cambium, and in the interior are irregularly curved and interrupted. The vascular bundles are soft and porous. Near the cambium line are a few stellate spots, or sometimes a larger number arranged in a loose circle; they indicate the internal origin of the leaves, and contain short, red, somewhat wavy medullary rays radiating from a common centre. Varieties.—1. Russian Rhubarb came from Chinese Tartary by way of Siberia (Kiachta) to St. Petersburg, and consisted of carefully selected pieces, which after dry- ing were trimmed to beneath the cambium line, and marked RHEUM — RHUBARB. 85 with a conical hole, penetrating beyond the middle. It is no longer an article of commerce. Fig. 45. Fig. 46. Rhubarb.—Section near the cam- bium, magnified 40 diam. Oxalate of calcium crystals in rhubarb. 2. Chinese Rhubarb, sometimes called East India Rhu- barb, is exported from Canton and other Chinese ports, Fig. 47. Russian rhubarb.—Transverse section. occasionally by way of India. The inner bark is always present, small patches of the rough corky layer are occa- sionally adhering, and fragments of twine on which the root was dried are not unfrequently observed. Its color is 86 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. less bright, and its odor somewhat less aromatic than that of Russian rhubarb. This variety is the officinal rhubarb. Fig. 48. Chinese rhubarb.—Transverse section. 3. European Rhubarb. From Rheum palmatum, rha- pdnticum, compaction, undulatum, Emodi, and other spe- cies, cultivated in Moravia (Austria), England, and France. Frequently trimmed so as to resemble Chinese rhubarb, Fig. 49. European rhubarb.—Transverse section. but the surface entirely or nearly destitute of white meshes, and the medullary rays interrupted, narrow, and nearly straight; the color is paler, the odor weaker, the taste more mucilaginous, and on mastication it is less gritty METHYSTICUM—KAVA-KAVA. 87 than Chinese rhubarb. It is sometimes used in veterinary practice. Constituents.—Chrysophau, chrysophanic acid, erythro- retin, emodin, phseoretin, aporetin, starch, tannin, crystals of calcium oxalate; the first-named principles yield with alkalies a deep-red or brown-red color. Chrysophan? C27H30O14, is orange-yellow, bitter, soluble in alcohol and water, yields with dilute acids sugar and chrysophanic acid, C15H10O4; this is nearly tasteless, bright yellow, crystal- line, freely soluble in benzol, chloroform, volatile and fixed oils, less soluble in alcohol and ether, nearly insoluble in cold water. Erythroretin is yellow, tasteless, readily solu- ble in alcohol, less so in ether. Emodin is orange-colored, nearly insoluble in benzol. Phceoretin is yellowish-brown, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, and water. Aporetin is blackish, resinous, sparingly soluble in simple solvents. Rheotannic add, C26H26014, is yellowish, soluble in water and alcohol, and yields with dilute acids sugar and rheumic acid, C20H16O9, which is red, amorphous and sparingly soluble in cold water. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, aperient, purgative. Dose, 0.3 to 1.6 grams (gr v—xxv). METHYSTICUM.—Kava-kava. Origin.—Piper (Macropiper, Miquel) methy'sticum, Forster. Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. Habitat.—South Sea Islands. Description.—Root large, in commerce usually cut longi- tudinally and transversely into irregular pieces ; light, and often more or less hollow in the interior; externally blackish- gray, internally dingy white; fracture farinaceous and some- what splintery ; bark thin ; meditullium porous, with irregu- larly twisted thin wood-bundles, radiating near the surface and separated by broader white medullary rays, the wood- bundles forming distinct meshes underneath the bark. Rootlets, if present, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more in length, 88 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. often braided, more or less fibrous. Odor slight, agreeably aromatic; taste somewhat pungent and benumbing. Constituents.—Acrid resin 2 per cent., little volatile oil, kavahin (crystalline, tasteless, soluble in water, not colored by nitric acid, yields benzoic acid); methysticin, C16H1803 Fig. 50. Kava root.—Transverse section. (crystalline, tasteless, insoluble in water, colors nitric acid yellow and red) ; gum, starch 45 per cent., ash 4 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-lx). The alcoholic extract is a local anaesthetic. HYDRANGEA.—Hydrangea. Origin.—Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Natural order, Saxifrage®, Hydrange®. Habitat.—United States; on rocky banks. Description. — Head irregular, knotty, about an inch or more in thickness ; roots thinner, much bent and branched, usually cut into pieces of variable length; the bark about yV inch thick, pale-gray with rust colored patches, slightly ridged longitudinally or somewhat scaly, brittle, and readily separated from the tough, white, tasteless wood, the latter with numerous narrow or linear wood-wedges and medullary rays; GLYCYRRHIZA—LICORICE ROOT. 89 fracture splintery; inodorous; taste of the bark sweetish, somewhat pungent. Constituents.—Resin, gum, sugar, starch, crystalline glu- coside (Bondurant, 1887). Properties.—Diuretic, lithontryptie. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Os-j). GLYCYRRHIZA.—Licorice Root. Radix liquiritioe. Origin.—Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Galegese. Habitat.—Southern Europe and Western Asia, cultivated. Description.—Long cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 milli- meters to 1 inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, exter- nally grayish-brown, warty; internally tawny-yellow; pliable, tough ; fracture coarsely fibrous ; nearly inodorous; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. The underground runners, which are often present, have the same appearance, but contain a thin pith. Structure.—Bark rather thick, with a thin cork and nar- row bast wedges, the latter containing tough bast-fibres and Fig. 51 Fig. 52 Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome Glycyrrhiza glandulifera (rootj. cells with crystals of calcium oxalate. Wood-wedges nar- row, appearing porous from small groups of large ducts, and accompanied by crystal cells. Medullary rays distinct, consisting of several rows of cells, and containing starch. Varieties.—1. Spanish, Italian, and Turkish licorice root. The kind described, exported from the countries named. 90 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 2. Russian licorice root. From Glycyrrhiza glandulifera, Wald stein et Kitaibel (a variety of Gl. glabra indigenous to Southeastern Europe). It is mostly thicker than the pre- ceding, contains few runners, is deprived of the corky layer, externally bright tawny-yellow, smooth, the wood-wedges softer and paler, the cells larger, and the tissue often cleft. Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin about 6 per cent, (combined with ammonia), glycyramarin, sugar, asparagin about 3 per cent., starch, resiu. Glycyrrhizin, C24II3609 orC44H63N018 (?), is sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in hot water; its neutral ammonium salt freely soluble in water, insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is a glucoside, splitting into glucose (or parasaccharic acid?) and bitter glycyrretin. Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). HEMIDESMUS.—Indian Sarsaparilla. Origin.—Hemidesmus 1 adieus, R. Brown. Natural order, Asclepiadese, Periplocese. Habitat.—East Indies. Description.—Cylindrical pieces, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 6 to 12 millimeters (t-J inch) thick, tortu- ous, wrinkled, and fissured, dark-brown, hard; internally whitish and mealy; odor tonka-like; taste sweetish and slightly acrid. The stems are nearly inodorous and taste- less. Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork and small scattered laticiferous ducts. Medullary rays narrow, indistinct. Constituents.—Stearopten, starch, etc. Properties.—Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (^ss-j). Origin.—Abrus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Papilionacese, Viciese. Habitat.—India; naturalized in most tropical countries. Description.—Cylindrical, somewhat twisted pieces, 6 to 25 millimeters (i-1 inch) thick ; externally light reddish-brown ; ABRI RADIX.—Indian Licorice. IPECACUANHA. 91 fracture short, fibrous; internally yellowish ; bark quite thin ; meditullium composed of alternating layers of porous wood and parenchyme, traversed by medullary rays varying in width; odor slight; taste bitterish, afterward sweetish. Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin (?), sugar, etc. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. IPECACUANHA.—Ipecacuanha. Origin.—Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Richard. Natural order, Rubiaceae, Psychotriese. Habitat.—Brazil to Bolivia and New Granada, in damp forests ; cultivated in India. Description.—About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long and 4 millimeters inch) thick ; mostly simple, contorted, dull gray-brown or blackish, finely wrinkled, closely irregularly Fig. 53. Ipecacuanha —Transverse section, magnified 65 diam. annulated, and often transversely fissured; internally searcely radiate; bark brittle, brownish, somewhat waxy, easily separated from the thin, whitish, tough, and nearly tasteless ligneous portion which amounts to about 15 per cent, of the root; odor slight, nauseous; taste bitterish, acrid, nauseating. 92 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Structure.—Cork thin. Bark not uniform in thickness, not radiating, consists of parenchyme inclosing starch or raphides of calcium oxalate, the latter being more numerous in the inner bark. Meditullium slightly radiating, consists mainly of pitted wood cells containing starch. Varieties.—According to the tint of the corky layer, gray, red, and black ipecac, all being derived from the same species. Ipecacuanha from Carthagena is somewhat larger than the Brazilian root, less conspicuously annulate, has a more firmly adhering bark, and the medullary rays of the wood are more distinct; it comes from Cephaelis acuminata, Karsten. Fig. 54. Fig. 55. Fig. 56. Ipecacuanha. Striated ipecacuanha. Undulated ipecacuanha. Substitution.—The following are used in Brazil, besides other roots, like ipecacuanha, and are occasionally met with in Europe, but rarely seen in the United States : Striated ipecacuanha. From Psychotria emetica, Linne. dog’s bane. 93 Natural order, Rubiacese, Psychotriese. Longitudinally wrinkled, not annulate, but with distant transverse fissures ; dark purplish-brown ; bark thick, containing much sugar, no starch, and little emetine. Undulated ipecacuanha. From Richardsdnia scabra, Saint Hilaire. Natural order, Rubiacese, Spermacocese. Undulate, slightly wrinkled, somewhat annulate and trans- versely fissured; externally brownish-gray; bark white, mealy, not bitter; wood nearly the thickness of the bark. White ipecacuanha. From Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Ventenat. Natural order, Violariese, Violese. Somewhat branched, not annulate, longitudinally wrinkled, whitish or pale brownish-yellow; wood porous, rather thick, yel- lowish ; free from starch. Constituents.—Emetine from 1 to 2 per cent., choline (bilineurine), ipecacuanhic acid (amorphous bitter gluco- side), resin, pectin, starch, saccharose. Emetine, C30H40N2O5, is a white powder, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- form, slightly soluble in cold water, benzol, benzin, and fixed oils; fusible at 65° C., afterward at 74° C.; colored bright yellow or orange by solution of chlorinated lime ; its chromate and nitrate are nearly insoluble. Properties.—Expectorant, uauseant, emetic. Dose, 0.06, 0.3, to 1 or 2 grams (gr. j, gr. v, gr. xv-xxx). Origin. — Apocynum androssemifolium, Linne. Natural order, Apocynacese, Echitidese. Habitat.—North America, chiefly northward. Description.—Long, cylindrical, branched, about 8 milli- meters inch) or less thick; bark pale brownish, wrinkled, transversely fissured, thickish; internally white, containing a circle of stone-cell groups, and rather small laticiferous ducts; unpleasantly bitter, easily separable from the tough, white, porous, and tasteless wood, which has narrow medullary rays. The rhizome has a central pith. APOCYNUM ANDROSiEMIFOLIUM.—Dog’s Bane. 94 cellular vegetable DRUGS—ROOTS. It should not be confounded with the root of Apocynum cannabinum, Linne, which has a relatively thicker bark and soft fragile, porous wood. Fig. 57. Apocynum androssemifolium.—Transverse section, magnified 25 diam Constituents.—Bitter principle (probably apocynin and apo- cynein), resin, caoutchouc, starch, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, sudorific, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.6 grams (gr. v-xxv). GELSEMIUM.—Gelsemium. Yellow Jasmine. Origin. — Gelsemium semper virens, Aiton. Natural order, Logauiacese, Gelsemiese. Habitat.—Southern United States. Description.—The creeping rhizome and rootlets are col- lected. Cylindrical, long or cut in sections, occasionally 3 centimeters inch) thick, the roots often thinner; exter- nally light brown-yellow with purplish-brown longitudinal lines; tough, fracture splintery; internally yellowish; odor aromatic, heavy; taste bitter, of the wood slightly so. Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork and silky bast fibres, adheres closely to the wood. The latter is yellowish, composed of porous wood-wedges, and has rather broad medullary rays. The rhizome has a thin pith. The PAREIRA—PAREIRA BRAVA. 95 pareuchyme contains starch and a few crystals of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Volatile oil, gelsemine, gelseminiue, gel- seminic acid (regarded by some as being identical with sesculin), resin, starch. Gelsemine, C54H69N4012 (F. A. Thompson, 1887), is colorless, bitter, crystallizes with difficulty, dissolves in 650 parts cold water, is freely soluble in ether, chlo- roform, and alcohol, and yields with HC1 and HN03 crystalline anhydrous salts, soluble in 40 parts water; it is not colored by strong H2S04 or HNOs, but with sulphuric acid and manganic oxide becomes cherry-red, then olive-green. Gelseminiue is brown, amorphous, bitter, the salts amor- phous, the chloride freely soluble; H2S04 colors light yellow, HN03 deep green; sulphuric acid and manganic oxide color deep purple, changing to purplish-blue. Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetic); atropine; stimulants. Properties—Nervine, antispasmodic, sedative. Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij—x) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. Fig. 58. Gelsemium. —Trans- verse section. PARE IRA.—Pareira Brava. Origin.—Chondodendron tomeutosum, Ruiz et Pavon. Natural order, Menispermacese, Tinosporese. Habitat.—Brazil. Description.—Subcylindrical, somewhat tortuous pieces, about 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, varying in thickness between 2 and 10 centimeters (f and 4 inches); externally dark brown-gray, with transverse ridges and 96 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. fissures and longitudinal furrows; internally pale brown, porous; the fresh cut of a waxy lustre; inodorous, bitter. Pieces having a bright yellow color, or with a grayish, hard, nearly tasteless wood, should be rejected. Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin cork. Wood in two or more somewhat irregularly concentric circles, which are separated by layers, composed of parenchyme, stone cells, and compressed cells; the central circle occupied by about 12 wood-wedges, containing large ducts, separated by some- what narrower medullary rays, and terminating by a semi- circular line of compressed cells; the subsequent circles have the same structure, but a larger number of wood- wedges and medullary rays. Admixtures and Substitutions.—Pareira brava is not un- frequently mixed with sections of the stem, which has a rather thicker bark, when young, dotted with black warts, nearly regular zones of wood-wedges, and a small central pith; taste bitterish ; otherwise resembles the root. False Pareira brava.—a. Wood hard, very excentric, in separate circles and sections of circles, grayish, the fresh cut not waxy; bark thin, slightly bitter. Origin un- known. b. Wood hard, pale brown, nearly concentric, separate circles; bark thin, nearly tasteless; otherwise resembling the preceding. Origin unknown. c. Bark blackish ; wood whitish, amylaceous, tasteless; derived from Abuta rufescens, Aublet (Menispermacese, Cocculese). d. Wood hard, very excentric, in separate circles and sec- tions of circles, bright yellow like the thin bark; bitter. It contains berberine or a closely allied alkaloid, and is probably derived from Abuta amara, Aublet. Habitat, Brazil. e. Boot resembling true pareira, but readily crumbling PAREIRA— PAREIRA BRAVA. 97 into pieces on cutting; wood-rays terminating with a nearly circular layer of compressed cells. Origin not determined. Constituents.—Pelosine, about 0.5 per cent., identical with beberine and buxine; little tannin, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). Fig. 59 Pareira brava —Portion of a root, and transverse sections of the ifame. 98 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. BERBERIS.—Ba rberry. Radix berberidis. Origin.—Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Ber- beridese, Berberese. Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—Much branched, sometimes 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, hard and tough, brownish, internally yellow, with a rather thin, foliaceous bark, and thick, light yellow' wood; inodorous, bitter. Constituents. — Berberine (see Hydrastis), oxyacanthine (vinetine or berbine), berbamine, and a fourth alkaloid. See Barberry bark. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams in decoction, etc. BAPTISIA.—Wild Indigo. Origin.—Baptfsia tinctoria, Robert Brown. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Podalyriese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—Head short, with knotty branches, and with several roots; the latter are bent, little branched, about 50 centimeters (20 inches long), from 3 to 12 millimeters (£-£ inch) thick; externally brown, somewhat warty and scaly; fracture tough and fibrous; internally whitish; bark rather thick, with a thin brown cork, and tough bast fibres in radial lines; wood tough, finely porous; medullary rays narrow, in- distinct; inodorous; taste of bark bitterish, somewhat acrid and nauseous; wood tasteless. Constituents.—Baptitoxine or baptisine (acrid, soluble in wrater, alcohol, and ether, poisonous), baptisin (bitter, indif- ferent glucoside, insoluble in wTater), baptin (acicular, soluble in wTater, glucoside, purgative), resin, starch, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Origin.—Statice Limonium, Linne, var. caroliniana, Gray. Natural order, Plumbagineae, Staticeae. Habitat.—North America, near the coast. Description.—Several-headed, 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) long, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or more thick, annu- STATICE.—Marsh Rosemary. KRAMERIA — RHATANY. 99 late above, branched and wrinkled below, compact, tough, purplish-brown externally, lighter internally, with a rather thick bark and narrow, yellowish wood-wedges; inodorous, strongly astringent, and slightly bitter. Constituents.—Tannin 14-18 per cent., mucilage, sugar, etc. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- xxx). Bayeuru root, probably from Statice brasiliensis, resembles the above, and has similar properties; it is said to contain a crystalline alkaloid. CEANOTHUS.—Red Root. Origin.—Ceanothus americanus, Linne (New Jersey tea). Natural order, Rhamnacese, Rhamnese. Habitat.—North America in dry woodlands. Description.—Head simple or branched, knotty-tubercu- late; root about 80 centimeters (12 inches) long, and above 10 to 25 millimeters (|—1 inch) thick, contorted, somewhat branched, rust-brown, finely wrinkled, fracture granular through the thin rust-colored bark ; wood tough, pale brown- red, with fine medullary rays; inodorous; bitter and astrin- gent. Constituents.—Tannin (6.5 per cent, in bark), ceanothine (crystalline, best solvent is chloroform ; reduces gold chloride ; red-brown by H2S04; blue by Froehde’s reagent; does not readily form salts), starch, sugar, mucilage, red coloring matter, ash 2-3 per cent. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). KRAMERIA.—Rhatany. Ch'igin.—1. Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, and, 2. Krameria tomentosa, Saint Hilaire. Natural order, Poly galeae. Habitat.—1. Peru and Bolivia; 2. New Granada. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, knotty and several headed above, branched below, the branches thinner and long; bark smooth or scaly, deep rust-brown, about 2 millimeters (y inch) thick, very as- tringent, inodorous; wood pale brownish, tough, finely 100 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. radiate, nearly tasteless; bark of branches about or -jt the diameter. The root of Krameria tomentosa (Savanilla rhatany) is less knotty, more slender, and has a dark brown-purplish, somewhat scaly bark, about 3 millimeters inch) thick ; bark of branches about to \ the diameter. Fig. 60. Transverse section of—a. Peruvian, b. Savanilla rhatany root. Structure.—Cork rather thick ; parenchyme of bark dotted, contains starch; bast bundles small, forming inter- rupted lines; medullary rays in the finely porous wood very narrow. Varieties.—1. Peruvian or Payta rhatany, and, 2. Sava- nilla rhatany. Described above. 3. Para or Brazilian rhatany. Probably from Kr. argentea, Martins. Resembles Savanilla rhatany; but is more blackish, less of a purple tint, very flexible; bark transversely fissured and somewhat warty. 4. Guayaquil rhatany, described by Holmes (1886). Origin unknown ; root large, woody, contorted ; bark com- paratively thin, fibrous, rich in tannin, reddish-brown, the surface striated and warty. 5. Krameria secundiflora, Pe Candolle, of Texas, and Kr. laueeolata, Torrey, of Florida, have thin dark brown roots with thick bark, rich in tannin. Not found in com- merce. Constituents.—Kramero-tannic acid about 20 per cent., rhatanic red, starch. The tannins differ somewhat in chemical behavior. In alcoholic tincture Payta rhatany RHIZOMES—RHIZOMATA. 101 yields a red-brown, but Savanilla or Para rhatany a bluish- gray, precipitate with lead acetate. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 5ss) in powder (rarely), syrup, tincture, extract. 2. RHIZOMES.—RHIZOMATA. Rhizomes are stems remaining wholly or partly under ground, and are mainly distinguished from roots by the presence of scaly leaves or of sheathing leaf-bases or their scars, whereby they, or at least their younger portion, ac- quire a more or less annulated appearance. Rhizomes grow mostly in a horizontal or oblique direction, and produce overground stems from lateral buds, or more generally from buds terminating the branches, the rhizome elongating from a lateral bud ; thus the stem-scars are found mostly on the upper side of the rhizome, while the rootlets are mainly on the lower side. A few of the officinal rhizomes have a perpendicular growth, are on all sides uniformly sur- rounded by rootlets, and on the lower end are more or less truncate. Branches, if present, emanate from the axils of leaf-scars. Histology.—The rhizomes of cryptogamous plants (fern-) consist of parenchyme, in which a few, more or less later- al ly elongated, not wedge-shaped, vascular bundles are im- bedded, sometimes arranged in a loose circle, each bundle being surrounded by an endoderm. The rhizomes of monocotyledons consist of a circle of parenchyme, the cortical layer, followed toward the interior by a circular row of thick-walled cells, the nucleus sheath or endoderm, and inclosing a cylinder of parenchyme in which wood-bundles are irregularly scattered, and these 102 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. are often most abundant near the nucleus sheath ; in some cases wood-bundles are also observed in the outer layer. The rhizomes of dicotyledons have usually the epidermis replaced by a layer of cork; the bark consists of an outer and an inner layer, the latter being the liber, and is sepa- rated by a thin layer of cambium from the wood, which is circularly arranged in more or less distinctly wedge-shaped masses, and these alternate with medullary rays and inclose a circular pith. Some of the dicotyledonous rhizomes, like valerian, contain an endoderm, which is also observed in the rootlets of some of these drugs. Sect. 1. Cryptogamous Rhizomes. Rhizome densely covered with stipes, and between these with brown silky chaff. Aspidium. Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous Rhizomes. Collected without rootlets. Aromatic and pungent. Peeled or unpeeled, flattish, lobed, with numer- ous oil-cells. Zingiber. Usually in disks, light reddish or brown-gray, with oil-cells. Zedoaria. Cylindrical, annulate, branched, reddish-brown ; internally whitish, with oil-cells. Galanga. Globular pyriform, or more frequently cylin- drical, gray; internally orange-yellow, horny. Curcuma. Aromatic and bitter, flattish-cylindrical, on the lower side with scars of rootlets in wavy and branched lines. Calamus. Odor of violets, bitterish, white, consisting of flattened, club-shaped joints. Iris florentina. Taste sweet; thin, straw-yellow, internally whit- Triticum ish, spongy, hollow in centre. repens. Taste bitterish, acrid; thin, brown-gray, under the epidermis a circle of large air-tubes. Carex arenaria. Taste bitterish ; thick, tuberous, tuberculated, red- dish-brown ; internally whitish-brown, dotted. Smilax China. Classification. KHIZOMES—RHIZOMATA. 103 Taste acrid, tingling; obconical, brown, sur- rounded by scars of rootlets ; internally whitish, Veratrum with short curved wood-bundles. album. Collected with rootlets. Taste acrid, tingling; obconical, brown, surrounded by shrivelled, lighter-colored, simple rootlets; Veratrum album internally whitish, with short curved wood- and Ver. bundles. viride. Resembling the preceding, but of larger dimen- sions, dark gray, and, when rubbed, of a dis- agreeable odor. Dracontium. Taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, and acrid; sub- globular or obconical; wood-bundles curved. Trillium. Taste bitter; short, cylindrical; wood-bundles crowded near centre. Charmelirium. Taste amylaceous, bitter; short, cylindrical, jointed. Aletris. Taste acrid; brown, consisting of cylindrical joints, which are flattened above. Iris versicolor. Taste bitterish, slightly acrid; long, thin, sub- cylindrical ; little branched, brown ; on upper side with approximate cup-shaped stem-scars. Cypripedium. Long, thin, cylindrical, branched, whitish, with rather distant stem-scars above. Convallaria. Resembling the preceding, but thicker and jointed between the stem-scars. Polygonatum. Taste acrid; flattish cylindrical, bent and branched; whitish, hard. Dioscorea. Sect. 3. Dicotyledonous Rhizomes. Collected with few or no rootlets. Short, leaf-scars approximate. Acrid; cylindrical, deep brown-red ; internally white, with numerous red resin-cells. Sanguinaria. Astringent; cylindrical, brown; internally red- dish ; bark thin ; wood-wedges small; medul- lary rays broad. Geranium. Astringent; irregularly conical, pitted, brown ; internally reddish ; bark thick ; wood-wedges small; medullary rays broad. Tormentilla. Astringent; S-shaped, flattish, red-brown; in- ternally reddish ; bark thick; wood-wedges small, numerous; medullary rays narrow. Bistorta. 104 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Long horizontal, leaf-scars mostly distant. Mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; grayish, spongy, wood-bundles scattered ; disks or sec- tions. Nymphaea. Somewhat bitter and acrid ; composed of joints, terminated by a broad cup-shaped scar on upper side, and a tuft of rootlets underneath. Podophyllum. Cylindrical, somewhat tubereulate, with lati- Asclepias ciferous vessels. Cornuti. Somewhat aromatic, sweetish ; cylindrical, annu- Aralia late above. nudicaulis. Very pungent, cylindrical. Armoracia (see Roots). Collected with rootlets. Rhizomes short, upright or mostly oblique, often knotty. Aromatic, more or less pungent. Upright, subglobular, or obconical; internally brownish, waxy, with small wood-wedges. Valeriana. Cylindrical, oblique, or horizontal; wood cir- cle narrow ; in bark of rhizome and root- lets, near the wood, a circle of resin cells. Arnica. Thin cylindrical, oblique, with projecting stem-scars on upper side and numerous rootlets beneath ; wood somewhat excentric. Serpentaria. Thin cylindrical, with deeply cup-shaped stem-scars on upper side and numerous rootlets beneath, wood excentric. Spigelia. Slightly aromatic, bitter, and astringent. Subcylindrical, oblique, with fragile rootlets; wood soft, pith brown-gray. Geum rivale. Subcylindrical or obconical, with numerous fragile rootlets; wood rather hard; pith reddish ; odor clove-like. Geum urbanum. Not aromatic; bitter or somewhat acrid, wood (except in Hydrastis) prominent,hard. Subglobular; wood white; rootlets numerous, Asclepias brittle ; pale brown. incarnata. Obconical or oblique and short-jointed; yel- lowish-gray ; internally bright yellow. Hydrastis. Horizontal, short-branched, matted; stem- scars broad ; brown ; tough. Caulopliyllum. RHIZO MES RHIZOM AT A. 105 Very knotty and hard; brown-gray; stem- scars shallow. Collinsonia. Irregular tubereulate, blackish-brown, waxy; wood-bundles rather distant; wood of root- Helleborus lets somewhat hexagonal. niger. Like preceding, somewhat smaller; wood- bundles approximate in about four distant groups; wood of rootlets with four short Helleborus rays. viridis. Like the following, but smaller. Actsea alba. Stout branches ascending, black-brown, hard ; wood-wedges approximate; wood of root- lets with four long rays. Cimicifuga. Stout knotty-cylindrical, gray-brown, hard; scars concave; medullary rays fine. Triosteum. Knotty, red-brown; rootlets more or less annulate; resinous dotted in the bark. . Gillenia. Elongated, mostly not knotty. Aromatic; knotty from prominent stem-scars; Aralia roots long. racemosa. Aromatic; pungent; quadrangular or two- edged, thin, gray-brown ; bark thick ; wood- wedges small; pith large. Asarum. Bitter, slightly acrid; flattened, branched, black-brown; bark thin; wood thick, tough ; pith brownish. Leptandra. Bitter; cylindrical, pale yellowish-brown; internally bright yellow ; wood tough ; pith small. Xanthorrhiza. Bitter; often knotty; yellowish-brown; tough. Berberis aquifolium. Aromatic, bitter; cylindrical, light brown; Gelsemium bark thin ; wood hard; pith small. (see Roots). Sweet; cylindrical, brownish; internally tawny-yellow; bark rather thick; wood Glycyrrhiza large-porous. (see Roots). Sweetish, slightly acrid; cylindrical or in Rubia powder; deep red. (see Roots). Bitter; cylindrical, yellowish-brown; inter- nally yellowish; woody zone narrow, tough ; pith prominent, somewhat excentric. Menispermum. 106 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. ASPIDIUM.—Aspidium. Male fern. Origin.—1. Aspidum Filix-mas, Swartz, and, 2. Aspi- dinm marginale, Willdenow. Natural order, Filices, Poly- podiacese. Habitat.—1. North America (Canada, Northern Michi- gan, Dakota, to the llocky Mountains), Northern Asia, and Europe. 2. North America south to the mountains of North Carolina. Description.—From 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, 15 to 25 millimeters (|- to 1 inch) thick, and, together Fig. 61. Fig. 62 Filix-tnas.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. f. Vascular bundles. Surface of peeled rhizome. with the closely imbricated dark brown stipe remnants, 50 or 65 millimeters (2-2J inches) in diameter, and densely covered with brown, glossy, transparent, and soft chaffy scales ; fracture short and cork-like ; internally pale green, rather spongy; the vascular bundles about 10 (A. Filix- mas) or 6 in number (A. marginale), arranged in an inter- rupted circle outside of which a variable number of small scattered bundles are found; odor slight, disagreeable; ASPIDIUM. 107 taste sweetish, somewhat astringent and bitter, acrid and nauseous. When used, the chaff, together with the dead portions of the rhizome and stipes, must be removed, and only such portions as have retained their green color should be em- ployed. Structure.—The parenchyme is thin-walled, and contains minute starch grains and green oil, and in the intercellular spaces short-stalked oil glands. The vascular bundles consist largely of scalariform ducts. Constituents.—Fixed oil 6-7 per cent., filitanuic acid, filixred, chlorophyll, filicin, C35II40O12, and filicic acid, C35H42013. Filicin or filicic anhydride is not poisonous, is crystalline, soluble in chloroform, benzol, fixed and volatile oils, less soluble in ether and alcohol, insoluble in water; melts at 184.5° C.; yields with fusing potassa, butyric acid and phloroglucin. Filicic acid is white, amor- phous, tasteless, more freely soluble than its anhydride, straw-yellow at 100°, melts at 125°, is anthelmintic and poisonous. The constituents named are contained in Oleo- resiua filicis. Ash 2-3 per cent. Properties.—Tsenifuge. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), or the oleoresin, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Allied drugs.—Aspidium rigidum, Swartz, indigenous to Europe and California. The rhizome is longer and thinner than male fern, has the stipes loosely imbricate, and contains 6 vascular bundles. Aspidium athamanticum, Kunze, panna-panna, uncomo- como, from Southern Africa; thicker and firmer than male fern; internally brownish, with black resin-dots and broader vascular bundles. Substitutions.—The rhizomes of most indigenous ferns are thinner, the stipes rarely closely imbricate, and usually free from, or with very little, chaff. 108 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. ZINGIBER—Ginger. Origin.—Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Natural order, Scitaminese, Zingiberese. Habitat.—India; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—Flattish, about 15 millimeters (-| inch) broad, on one side lobed or clavately branched; deprived of the epidermal layer, pale buff-colored, striate; breaks with a mealy rather fibrous fracture; internally whitish, Fig. 63. Fig. 64. Zingiber.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. Ginger starch-granules, mag- nified 250 diam. with numerous small orange-colored dots and a distinct nucleus sheath ; aromatic and spicy, of a pungent and warm taste. Structure.—The tissue consists mainly of parenchyme containing flattened starch-granules, and is, in coated gin- ger, surrounded by a layer of tangentially elongated cells, resembling those of the nucleus sheath. The resin cells are scattered through the tissue, and the fibro-vascular bundles are most numerous within the circle of the nucleus sheath. The cortical layer is much thinner than the central cylinder. Varieties.—Coated and uncoatcd ginger; the latter de- prived of the epidermal layer; the former sometimes dis- tinguished as black ginger—a designation more properly restricted to the rhizome, which, before drying, has been steeped in boiling water, and, when dry, breaks with a ZINGIBER — GINGER. 109 horny, blackish, somewhat diaphanous fracture, due to the pasty condition of the starch. The commercial varieties are designated from the country of production. Fig. 65. Jamaica ginger. 1. Jamaica ginger. The kind described above; some- times the rhizome has been steeped in milk of lime, and is covered with a white powder of calcium carbonate. Fig. 66. East India ginger. 2. African ginger. Coated with a light brown or gray- brown suberous tissue, rhizome shorter, the lobes broadly linear or oblong. O 110 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 3. Chinese ginger. Coated, rhizome shorter, the lobes stumpy. 4. East India ginger. Coated on the edges, the flat sides deprived of the epidermal layer. 5. Green ginger. The lobed branches recently dug and sent to market without drying. 6. Preserved ginger. Fresh ginger steeped in hot syrup; it is soft, brown-yellow, translucent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, 1 to 2 per cent., gingerol (viscid inodorous liquid, to which the hot taste is due, solu- ble in fat, volatile oil, alcohol, ether, very sparingly soluble in benzin), resin (yields protocateclniic acid), starch 20 per cent., mucilage, etc.; ash about 4 per cent. Jamaica gin- ger yields about 5 per cent., East India ginger about 8 per cent, of oleoresin. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sternutatory, rube- facient, anodyne. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder or tincture. ZEDOAlilA.—Zedoary. Origin.—Curcuma Zedoaria, lioscoe. Natural order, Sci- taminese, Zingiberese. Habitat.—India. Description.—Circular disks of a tuber, 1 to 4 centimeters (f to If inches) in diameter, orange-brown; internally pale Fig. 67. Zodoaria.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. reddish gray-brown, with numerous brown-yellow resin cells, and lighter colored wood-bundles, the latter most numerous GALANGA—GALANGAL. 111 within the nucleus sheath, which separates the central portion from a much thinner cortical layer; fracture short, somewhat mealy, and slightly horny ; odor and taste ginger-like. Yellow zedoary, the pear-shaped tuber of Zingiber Cassumu- nar, Roxburgh, has a more camphoraceous odor and bitterish taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil Ho 1 per cent., resin (to which the pungent taste is due), starch, mucilage, etc. Properties and Dose.—Like ginger. GALANGA.—Galangal. Origin.—Alpmia officinarum, Hance. Natural order, Sci- taminese, Zingiberese. Habitat.—China. Description.—Cylindrical, branched, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long and 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, annulate Fig. 68. Galanga. by somewhat distant leaf-sheaths, rust-brown ; fracture short, somewhat fibrous ; internally brownish-white, with numerous Fig. 69. Galanga.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. brown-yellow resin cells and brownish wood-bundles which are scattered in the outer layer and approximate in the equally thick central portion: odor and taste ginger-like. 112 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. The larger galangal from Alpiuia Galanga, Swartz (India), which is of larger dimensions and of a more reddish tint externally, is now not an article of commerce. Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent., resin, fat, galangol (soft, very pungent, inodorous), three yellow tasteless crystal- line principles (kempferid, galangin, alpinin), starch, muci- lage, etc., ash about 4 per cent. Properties and Dose.—Like ginger. Origin.—Curcuma ldnga, Linne. Natural order, Scita- minete, Zingiberete. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated. Description.—Oval or oblong, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1-2 inches) long and about one-half as thick (round turmeric) ; CURCUMA.—Turmeric. Fig. 70. Fig. 71. Long turmeric. Fig. 72. Round turmeric. Curcuma.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam or cylindrical branches about 1 centimeter (f inch) thick (long turmeric) ; sometimes cut longitudinally or transversely ; externally yellowish-gray, somewhat annulate; internally orange-yellow or brown-yellow, with a circular nucleus sheath ; the cortical layer about one-half the thickness of the central cylinder; fracture flattish, resinous, glossy; odor slight ginger-like ; taste warm, aromatic, and bitterish ; powder deep yellow, turning brown-red by alkalies and borax. CALAMUS. 113 Varieties.—1. Chinese turmeric. Central rhizomes and branches. 2. Bengal turmeric. Slender branches, reddish. 3. Madras turmeric. Thick branches and transverse sec- tions of central rhizomes. 4. Java turmeric. Rather small central rhizomes and branches, usually cut transversely and longitudinally. 5. Cochinchina turmeric. Sections of large diameter, rough externally. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 per cent., viscid oil 11 per cent, (containing aromatic turmerol), a little pungent resin, curcu- min, pasty starch, mucilage, etc. Curcumin, CuHu04, is orange-yellow, resinous, insoluble in water and benzin, soluble in alcohol and ether, also with a red-brown color in alkalies; red-brown by boric acid ; spar- ingly soluble in benzol and carbon disulphide. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used for coloring ointments and tinctures, and for the detection of alkalies and borates. CALAMUS.—Calamus. Sweet flag. Origin. — A'corus Calamus, Linne. Natural order, Aroidese, Orontiese. Habitat.—Europe and North America, on the banks of streams and ponds. Description.—The unpeeled rhizome is directed. It grows horizontally, 1 meter (40 inches) or more in length ; in commerce it is cut in sections of various length, sub- cylindrical, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad; externally reddish-brown (whenpeeled pinkish-white), deeply wrinkled, somewhat annulate, or the upper surface marked with the oblique leaf-scars or their fibro-vascular bundles, forming triangles ; on the lower surface marked with the circular scars of the rootlets in wavy longitudinal lines; whitish internally, of a spongy texture, breaking with a short corky fracture, showing numerous yellowish and brownish dots on both sides of the elliptic nucleus sheath; odor aromatic; taste strongly bitter. 114 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Structure. — The predominating tissue is parenchyme containing numerous large air-passages; the cells are filled with starch or with oil, the latter being more numerous in the thick cortical zone. The yellowish fibro- vascular bun- dles are most numerous within and near the nucleus sheath, the latter consisting of rather thin-walled cells. Fig. 73. Calamus —Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1-2 per cent., acorin about 0.2 per cent., choline, calamine (minute quantity), resin, starch, mucilage. Acorin of Thoms (1886) is a thick honey-yel- low neutral liquid, faintly aromatic, very bitter, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether. The bitter principle appears to be crystallizable and precipitated by tannin (Fliickiger). Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, infusion, and tincture. IRIS FLORENTINA.—Florentine Orris. Origin.—I'ris florentina, Linne, I. pallida, Linne, and I. germanica, Linne, chiefly the last two species. Natural order, Iridese, Morueese. Habitat.—Northern Italy ; cultivated. Description.—Of horizontal growth ; flattened, consisting of joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, broadest near the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar; peeled, of a whitish color; on the upper side with small fibro- vascular bundles in transverse lines; on the lower side with TRITICUM RE PE NS — COUCHGRASS. 115 numerous circular brownish scars of the rootlets; fracture short, somewhat mealy; nucleus sheath prominent in lower half; wood-bundles scattered, crowded within the nucleus sheath; odor violet-like; taste mealy, bitterish, and slightly acrid. Long, rather slender joints are selected for the use of teething infants, trimmed smoothly and frequently whitened by chalk or magnesia. Fig. 74. Iris florentina.—Transverse section. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, fat, starch, mucilage, bitter extractive. Oil of orris, about 0.1 per cent., distilled by means of superheated steam, is solid at ordinary temperatures, has an agreeable violet odor, and consists chiefly of myristic acid mixed with a little thickish volatile oil. Properties.—Errhine, diuretic, in fresh state irritant; used chiefly in dentifrices and perfumery. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). TRITICUM RE PE N S.—Couchgrass. Triticum, U. 8.; Rhizoma (Radix) graminis.—Quitch- grass, Quickens. Origin.—Triticum ( Agropy'rum, Beauvais) repens,Linne. Natural order, Graminese, Hordeem. Habitat.—Europe and North America. Description.—Very long and creeping, the internodes about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, cut in sections about 1 centimeter (-5- inch) long, about 2 millimeters Q inch) thick, smooth but wrinkled, straw-yellow, hollow in the centre; inodorous, sweet. 116 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. It should be gathered in autumn or in early spring and deprived of the rootlets. Fig. 75. Triticum repens.—Rhizome and transverse section, magnified 3 diam. Structure.—The cortical zone consists of large paren- chyme cells, with about six small wood-bundles, and is free from starch. The woody zone is narrow and yellowish, and Fig. 76. Triticum repens.—Section through portion of rhizome, magnified 65 diam. incloses a narrow circle of parenchyme, the remnant of the medullary centre. Constituents.—Glucose, fruit-sugar, inosit, triticin (about 8 per cent., resembles inulin), mucilage, malates ; ash about 5 per cent. Lactic acid and maunit are found in the extract as products of fermentation. Properties.—Diuretic, aperient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction and as extract. VERATRUM ALBUM — WHITE VERATRUM. 117 CAREX ARENARIA.—Red Sedge. Radix sarsaparillse germanicse, Radix graminis rubrse. Origin.—Carex arenaria, Linne. Natural order, Cyper- acese, Caricese. Habitat.—Central and Northern Europe, near the coast. Description.—Horizontal, long, internodes 1 to 3 centimeters (-§ to inch) long, angularly furrowed, brown-gray, the nodes fringed with leaf-sheaths and marked with scars and remnants of rootlets; internally with a large centre contain- ing numerous approximate wood-bundles, and surrounded by a circle of large air-passages; nearly inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Acrid and bitter principle, sugar, resin, starch. Properties.—Alterative ; used similarly to sarsaparilla. Substitutions.—The rhizomes of many other species of Carex are destitute of the large air-passages, and in many the wood- bundles in the central portion are surrounded by broad layers of parenchyme. SMJLAX CHINA.—China Root. Origin.—Smflax China, Linne. Natural order, Liliacese, Smilaeeae. Habitat.—China, Japan. Description.—Irregularly tuberous, about 10 or 15 centi- meters (4 or 6 inches) long and 3 to 5 centimeters to 2 inches) thick, tuberculate by short branches, reddish-brown ; internally whitish, mealy, with numerous small brown resin cells, and near the centre with many scattered wood bundles, but without a nucleus sheath; inodorous, insipid, afterward bitterish, and slightly acrid. Substitutions. — Smflax pseudochma, Linne, Central and Southern North America. Smaller, less tuberculate, rather spongy, and with few resin cells. The tubers of Smflax glauca, Walter, are yellowish or pale brownish, spongy, and destitute of resin cells. Constituents.—Smilacin, resin, starch, a little tannin. Properties.—Alterative; used similarly to sarsaparilla. VERATRUM ALBUM.—White Veratrum. Origin.—Veratrum alburn, Linne. Natural order, Lilia- cese, Yeratrese. Habitat.—Europe, in mountainous regions. 118 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Description.—It closely resembles American veratrum in all essential characters. Formerly it consisted oidy of the rhizome, deprived of its rootlets; but the latter are now present, as directed by the German Pharmacopoeia. Fig. 77. Fig. 78. Veratrum.—Longitudinal section Veratrum.—Transverse section Constituents. — Jervine, pseudojervine, rubijervine, verat- ralbine (amorphous), veratroidine, protoveratridine, verat- rine (?), jervic acid (identical with chelidonic acid), resin, sugar, veratramarin (yellow, deliquescent, bitter, present in minute quantity). Properties.—Emetic, cathartic, errhine, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, mostly externally as ointment in itch, and mixed with an inert powder as snuff. VERATRUM VIRIDE.—American Veratrum. Origin.—Veratrum viride, Aiton, nearly allied to Verat. album, var. Lobelianum, Bernhardt, of Europe. Natural order, Liliacese, Veratrese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. Description.—Closely resembles white veratrum. Rhi- zome obcouical, mostly simple, 5 to 8 centimeters (2-3 inches) long, 2 to 3 centimeters (|— inch) thick, tufted above, truncate below, externally blackish-gray, and in- vested on all sides with numerous shrivelled light yellow- ish-brown rootlets, which are about 20 centimeters (8 inches SYMPLOCARPUS—SKUNK CABBAGE. 119 long) and about 3 millimeters (| inch) thick; internally whitish with numerous darker colored dots and short wavy lines within the nucleus sheath ; inodorous, bitter, very acrid, sternutatory. Structure.—Cortical zone about A of the diameter of the rhizome, consists of parenchyme, containing starch and occasionally calcium oxalate, and has few short-curved wood-bundles; nucleus sheath wavy, the inner cell-walls thickened; central portion like the cortical zone, but the wood-bundles numerous. The rootlets have a thick corti- cal zone consisting mainly of spongy parenchyme, the cells tilled with starch or calcium oxalate; the brown nucleus sheath encloses a fibrovascular cord. Constituents.—Resin, starch, and alkaloids. Jervine, C26H37N03, is crystalline, tasteless, not sternutatory, in- soluble in water, benzin, and acetic ether, soluble in 270 parts absolute ether, 60 parts chloroform, and 17 parts absolute alcohol; turns gradually red with concentrated HC1, and on boiling yellowish; colored yellow and green by H2S04, the salts insoluble in dilute mineral acids. Veratroidine is uncrystallizable, sternutatory, soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol, colored yellow and red by H2S04; pale red by concentrated HC1, and on boiling cherry-red. Pseudojervine resembles jervine, but its sul- phate is more soluble in water. Rubijervine resembles veratroidine, but is not sternutatory. Cevadine is also con- tained in sabadilla seed. Properties.—Emetic, diaphoretic, sedative, errhine. Pose, 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij) in powder, or preferable in tinc- ture and fluid extract. Origin. — Symplocarpus foe'tidus, Salisbury (Dracontium foe'tidum, Linne). Natural order, Aroidese, Orontiese. Habitat.—North America, in moist grounds. SYMPLOCARPUS.—Skunk Cabbage. 120 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Description.—Obconical, truncate above and below, 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, and about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, the upper half beset with numerous long shrivelled rootlets; gray-brown externally ; internally whitish, with numerous short bent wood-bundles, which are crowded within the somewhat wavy nucleus sheath. When triturated, it emits a disagreeable odor, taste acrid, biting. Fig. 79. Dracontium.—Section through upper part, natural size, Constituents. — Fat, resin, sugar, gum, starch; the acrid principle, which appears to be altered by heat, has not been isolated (see Arum). Properties. — Emetic, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulant. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in recent powder or infusion. TRILLIUM.—Bethroot, Birthwort. Origin.—Trillium erectum, Linne, and other species of Trillium. Natural order, Liliacese, Medeolese. Habitat.—United States, in damp woods. Description.—Varying between subglobular and obconical, somewhat tufted above, truncate below, about 3 centimeters inches) long, annulate, orange-brown, rootlets light brown ; internally whitish ; fibrovascular bundles mostly near the cir- cumference, curved or circular; inodorous; taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Acrid glucoside (not precipitated by lead acetate, nearly insoluble in water), fixed oil, resin, tannin, starch, ash 2 to 3 per cent. Properties.—Emmenagogue, emetic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Os-j). CHAMJELIRIUM.—Starwort. Origin.—Chamselirium luteum, Gray, s. C. carolinianum, Willdenow, s. Helonias dioica, Pursh. Natural order, Liliaceie, Nartheciese. IRIS VERSICOLOR—BLUE FLAG. 121 Habitat.—North America, in low grounds. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long and 6 millimeters (1 inch) thick, subcylindrical, closely annulate, gray-brown, on upper side few stem-scars, on lower side wiry rootlets; internally whitish; fracture smooth and horny; wood- bundles near the centre numerous; inodorous; taste bitter. Constituents. — Starch, chamselirin, C18H3209 (yellowish glucoside, watery solution frothing, by sulphuric acid colored orange-red, crimson, brown, etc.) Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-^j). ALETRIS.—Colicroot, Starwort. Origin.—A'letris farinosa, Linne. Natural order, Hoemo- doracese, Conostylese. Habitat.—United States, in sandy woods. Description.—About 30 millimeters inches) long, and 3 millimeters (| inch) thick, flattened and tufted on upper side, convex, and with numerous wiry or whitish rootlets on the lower side; indistinctly jointed, brown-gray; fracture mealy, white, somewhat fibrous ; inodorous ; taste amylaceous, bitter. Constituents.—Starch, bitter principle. Properties. — Tonic, emetic,’purgative. Dose, 0.6 gram (gr. x). IRIS VERSICOLOR.—Blue Flag. Iris, U. 8. P. Origin.—I'ris versicolor, Linne. Natural order, Iridese, Moneese. Habitat.—Nortli America, in swampy localities. Description.—Rhizome of horizontal growth, consisting of joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, cylin- drical in the lower half, flattish, and about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad near the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar, annulated from the leaf-sheaths, gray- brown ; rootlets long, simple, crowded near the broad end; odor slight; taste acrid, nauseous. 122 CELLUL A R VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, containing starch and some crystals. The nucleus sheath incloses most of the wood-bundles. Fig. 80. Iris versicoior.—Joint of rhizome and section of branches. Allied drugs.—I'ris virginiea, Linne, Boston iris, aud I. verna, Linne, dwarf iris of the United States. The joints of the rhizome are about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and about 1 centimeter (|- inch) broad, brownish -gray; other- wise resembling the above. Constituents.—Acrid resin, camphoraceous body, fat, sugar, gum, tannin, possibly an alkaloid. Properties.—Alterative,diuretic, purgative, emetic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, or the oleoresin, 0.0G to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij). CYPRIPEDIUM.—Cypripedium. American Valerian. Origin.—Cypripedinm pubescens, Willdenow, and Cypr. parviflorum, Salisbury. Natural order, Orchideae, Cypri- pediese. Habitat.—North America, in swampy places. Description.—Of horizontal growth, bent, 10 centimeters (4 inches) or less long, about 3 millimeters (| inch) thick; on the upper side with numerous circular cup-shaped scars ; CYPRIPEDIUM. 123 closely covered below with simple wavy rootlets, varying from 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 inches) in length ; brittle; dark brown or light orange-brown ; fracture short, white; odor faint, but heavy; taste sweetish, bitter, and somewhat pungent. Cypripedium parviflorum yields the shorter and thinner rhizome with orange-brown rootlets. Fig. 81. Cypripedium pubescens.—Rhizome and rootlets, natural size. Cypripedium parviflorum —Rhizome and rootlets, natural size. Structure. — Cortical parenchymatous zone thickish. Nucleus sheath indistinct. Wood-bundles approximate, near the centre more distant. The parenchyme contains starch. Constituents.—Volatile oil (trace), fixed oil, volatile acid, resins, tannin, sugar, starch; the bitter principle appears to be a glucoside. Ash about 6 per cent. Properties.—Diaphoretic,stimulant,antispasmodic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, infusion, or extract. 124 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. CONVALLARIA.—Convallaria. Lily of the valley. Origin.—Convallaria majalis, Linne. Natural order, Lili- acese, Convallariese. Habitat.—United States, in the Alleghany mountains; Europe and Northern Asia. Description.—Creeping and branched, about 3 millimeters inch) thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, the internodes from 2 to 6 centimeters (f- inches) long, marked with few circular scars, the joints annulate, and beset with a circle of 8 or 10 grayish, branching long rootlets, about 1 millimeter (2V inch) thick ; fracture rather tough, somewhat fibrous, white ; inodorous; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat acrid ; the rhizome contains a small number of fihrovascular bundles within a thick-walled nucleus sheath ; the cortical and central parenchyme is thin-walled. Constituents.—Convallamarin (white powder, sweet and bitter, soluble in water and alcohol; precipitated by tannin), and convallarin (acrid prisms; sparingly soluble in, but foam- ing with water) ; both are glucosides. Properties.—Heart-tonic, poisonous. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 gram (gr. jss-vj). POLYGONATUM.—Solomon’s Seal. Origin.—Polygondtum biflorum, Elliott, and P. giganteum, Dietrich. Natural order, Liliacese, Polygonatese. Habitat.—North America, in woodlands. Description.—Jointed and annulate, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 5 millimeters inch) thick, somewhat flattened, each joint on the upper side with a circular concave stem-scar; pale brownish-yellow ; fracture short; internally whitish, spongy; wood-bundles most numerous near the cen- tre, not inclosed by a nucleus sheath ; inodorous ; taste mucil- aginous, somewhat acrid. Smilacina racemdsa, Desfontaines, false Solomon’s seal, has the circular stem-cars flattish, and the rhizome not con- stricted at the termination of the annual shoots. Constituents.—Probably the same as in European Solomon’s seal from Polygonatum multiflorum, Moench; convallarin, asparagin, mucilage, sugar, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, emetic, cathartic. SANGUINARIA—BLOODROOT. 125 DIOSCOREA.—Wild Yam, Colic Root. Origin.—Dioscorea villosa, Linne. Natural order, Dios- coreacese. Habitat.—United States, in moist thickets. Description.—Flattish-cylindrical, branched and curved ; about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 1 centimeter (-§ inch) thick, pale brownish, hard; fracture short, somewhat fibrous; internally white with yellowish wood-bundles; in- odorous ; taste insipid, afterward acrid. Constituents.—Acrid principle allied to saponin, resin, starch, sugar, ash 2-3 per cent. Properties.—Expectorant, diaphoretic, emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx.) SANGUINARIA.—Bloodroot. Origin.—Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Papa veracese, Eu pa pa verese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. Description.—Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, 1 centimeter (•§• inch) thick, somewhat branched, faintly annulate, wrinkled, reddish- Fig. 82. Sanguinaria.—Rhizome with transverse section. brown; fracture short, somewhat waxy, whitish, with numerous small red dots, or of a nearly uniform brownish- red color; rootlets very brittle; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid. It should be collected in autumn. 126 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. Structure.—Bark thin; vascular bundles small, not woody, in one or two loose circles; pith large; rootlets with a thick bark, and rather thin central fibrovascular column; resin cells axially elongated, scattered in the parenchyme. Constituents.—Sanguinarine, C20H15NO4, chelerythrine, C21H17N04, protopine, C20H17NO5, homochelidonine, C22II2iNO, citric and malic acids, resins, starch, ash about 8 per cent. Sanguinarine is white, soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzol, and yields bright red salts having an acrid taste. Chelerythrine is very similar in its proper- ties, but yields lemon-colored salts. Protopine, also present in opium, is colored deep purple by H2SC)4. The resins yield protocatechuic acid. Properties.—Alterative, tonic, stimulant, emetic, sternu- tatory. Dose, 0.2, 0.5, 1 to 4 grams (gr. iij, viij, xv-5j), in powder or tincture. GERANIUM.—Geranium, Cranesbill. Origin—Geranium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, Gerauiacese, Geraniese. Habitat.—North America, in woods and thickets. Description.—Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, 10 millimeters (J- inch) or Fig. 83. Geranium maculatum.—Rhizome and transverse section of rhizome and rootlet, natural size. less thick, tuberculated, longitudinally wrinkled, dark brown ; fracture short, pale red-brown ; rootlets shrivelled, very brittle; inodorous; taste astringent. TORMENTILLA TORMENTIL. 127 Struchire.—Bark thin ; wood-wedges yellowish, small, forming a circle near the cambium line; medullary rays broad; central pith large; rootlets with a thick bark and a thin central column of fibrovascular tissue. Constituents.—Tannin 12-27 per cent, (maximum in April; blue-black with ferric salts), gallic acid (in dry rhizome), red coloring matter, starch, pectin, sugar. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv). TORMENTILLA.—Tormentil. Origin.— Potentllla Tormentilla, Sibthorp (Tormentilla erecta, Linne). Natural order, Rosacese, Potentillese. Habitat.—Europe, in open woodlands. Description.—Conical, oblong, or nearly cylindrical, occa- sionally branched, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 15 millimeters (-§ inch) thick, with irregular rounded eleva- Fig. 84. Tormentilla.—Rhizome and transverse section. tions and ridges, depressed stem-scars, and minute scars of the filiform brittle rootlets; brown or reddish brown; fracture smooth, slightly fibrous; internally light brownish-red; bark thin; wood-wedges small, distant, in one or in two distant circles, inclosing a large pith; inodorous, astringent. The parenchyme contains starch grains and raphides of calcium oxalate. 128 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Constituents.—Tannin (25 per cent.), red coloring matter (tormentil red), kinovic acid, ellagic acid, starch, mucilage. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx), in powder or decoction. BISTORTA. —Bistort. Origin.—Poly'gonum Bistorta, Linne. Natural order, Poly- gonacese, Eupolygoneie. Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, Canada, and North- western United States, in swampy meadows. Fig. 85. Bistorta.—Natural size. Description.—Depressed, S-shaped, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 15 millimeters (f inch) broad, flattened or channelled and transversely striate on the upper side, convex and with depressed thin root-scars on the lower side, dark red-brown; fracture smooth, scarcely fibrous; internally light brownish-red ; bark thick ; wood-wedges small, numer- ous, approximate, inclosing a pith broader or about equal to the bark; inodorous, astringent. The parenchyme contains starch grains and raphides of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Tannin (20 per cent.), red coloring matter, starch. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or decoction. Origin. — Nymphse'a odorata, Alton. Natural order, Nymphieacese, Nymphsese. Habitat.—United States, in ponds. NYMPHiEA.—Water-lily. PODOPHYLLUM—MAYAPPLE. 129 Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, with sub-circular leaf-scars on the upper side, and with remnants of rootlets on the lower side; usually in light segments ; exter- nally brown; internally whitish or gray ; wood-bundles irregu- lar in the spongy parenchyme; inodorous; taste mucilaginous, astringent. The rhizome of the yellow pond-lily, Niiphar ad vena, Nuttall, is very similar. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, probably alkaloids. Properties.—Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). PODOPHYLLUM.—Mayapple. Origin.—Podophy'llum peltatum, Linne. Natural order, Berber id ere, Berberese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods a:.d thickets. Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 5 millimeters (|- inch) thick, nearly cylindrical, consisting of joints about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat enlarged at the end, Fig. 86. Podophyllum.—Natural size. which lias a circular scar on the upper side, a tuft of about ten nearly simple fragile rootlets on the lower side, and is sometimes branched laterally; smooth or somewhat wrinkled, orange-brown; fracture short; internally white and mealy; inodorous; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter and acrid. 130 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Structure.—Bark thickish ; wood consisting of about 16 short vascular wedges, placed in a circle and inclosing a large pith ; the thin-walled parenchyme contains mainly starch, occasionally calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Resin 4-5 per cent., starch, sugar. The resin is a mixture of several compounds, partly neutral, partly acid ; both portions are partly soluble in ether; the acid yields yellow compounds with alkalies and earths. Podophyllotoxin, C23H2409 (white, crystallizable, bitter, faintly acid, soluble in chloroform and acetone, slightly soluble in ether and cold benzol, sparingly soluble in water ; colored cherry-red, then greenish-blue and violet by H2S04), pieropodophyllin (formed from podophyllotoxin by alkali; less soluble than the latter; crystalline, bitter), podophylliuic acid (inactive), podophyllo-quercetin (yellow needles, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in chloroform, more soluble in ether, freely in alcohol), green oil, and crystalline fatty acid. Podophy'llum Emodi, Wallich, a Himalayan species, has a cylindrical rhizome with crowded stem-scars on the upper side, and numerous simple rootlets belo\v. It yields from 10 to 12 per cent, of resin. Properties.—Alterative, cholagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder or extract; the resin 0.03 to 0.06 gram (gr. ss-j). ASCLEPIAS CORNUTI.—Milkweed. Silkweed. Origin.—Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne, s. A. syrfaca, Linne. Natural order, Asclepiadacese, Cynanchese. Habitat.—North America, fields and waste places. Description.—Of horizontal growth, 0.5 to 2 meters (H-6 feet) long, cut in sections, 6 to 12 millimeters (i-£ inch) thick, cylindrical, nearly simple, finely wrinkled, somewhat knotty gray-brown, tough; fracture short or splintery, white; bark- FALSE SARSAPARILLA. 131 rather thick, with laticiferous vessels ; wood-wedges yellowish, porous, narrow; nearly inodorous; taste bitterish, nauseous. Fig. 87. Asclepias Coruuti.—Portion of rhizome. Constituents.—Bitter crystalline principle, asclepion (taste- less), caoutchouc (6 per cent, of milk juice), resin, tannin, starch, sugar, fat. Properties.—Diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, emetic. Dose, 0.5 to 3 grams (gr. viij-xlv), in powder, infusion, or extract. ARALIA NUDICAULIS.—False Sarsaparilla. Origin.—Aralia nudicaiilis, Linne. Natural order, Ara- liacete, Araliese. Habitat.—North America, in rocky woodlands. Description.—Of horizontal growth, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long, about 5 millimeters (j inch) thick, wrinkled, annulate above, stem-scars cup-shaped ; rootlets few ; bark light gray-brown, exfoliating ; internally white with a yellowish wood and spongy pith ; fracture short; odor slightly aromatic; taste mawkish. Constituents.—Probably a little volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or decoction. 132 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. V ALERIAN A.—V alerian. Origin.—Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Valeriauese. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in New England, in moist and dry localities; cultivated. Description.—Rhizome growing upright, subglobular or obconical, from 2 to 4 centimeters (f to 1J inches) long, truncate at both ends, yellowish-brown or brown; internally whitish or pale brownish, waxy or horny. Horizontal branches, if present, about 5 millimeters (£ inch) thick. Fig. 88. Valeriana.—Longitudinal and transverse sections. Rootlets numerous, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about 2 millimeters (y inch) thick, slender, brittle, brown. Odor peculiar, becoming stronger and unpleasant on keeping ; taste camphoraceous and bitter. Collected from dry localities, the rhizome is small, and has few light brown rootlets; from moist localities, it is larger, usually cut longitudinally, has numerous, larger, and darker rootlets, shows at the lower end scars from de- cayed roots, and contains less volatile oil. Structure.—Bark rather thin, covered with a thin cork ; nucleus sheath mostly indistinct; fibrovascular bundles small, forming a circle and inclosing a thick pith; the branches have a similar structure but a thick bark. The ARNICAS RADIX—ARNICA ROOT. 133 rootlets have a thick bark, and a slender central vascular cord with a meagre pith and inclosed in a nucleus-sheath. The parenchyme contains starch, extractive matter, or oil drops. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent. ; valerianic, formic, acetic, and malic acids, chatinine (isolated in 1891), tannin, resin, starch, mucilage, sugar. The volatile oil has the density 0.94, and consists of the alcohol borneol, C10H18O, its ether, (Cl0II17)2O, and its formic, acetic, and valerianic ethers; the acids are liberated by the gradual decomposition of the compound ethers. Valerianic acid, C5H10O2, is oily, volatile, soluble in 30 parts of water, and has a peculiar odor; the salts have a sweet taste. Properties.—Stimulant, anodyne, antispasmodie, nervine. Dose, 1 to 6 grams (gr. xv—5jss), in infusion, tincture, or fluid extract. The volatile oil, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij). ARNICiE RADIX.—Arnica Root. Origin.—A'rnica montana, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Senecionideae. Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, Northwestern Amer- ica, in mountainous localities. Description.—Of oblique growth, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long and 2 to 3 millimeters (yVHr *llch) thick, brown, sharply wrinkled longitudinally, rough and irregu- larly annulate from remnants of leaves and stem bases; fracture short, internally whitish. Rootlets thin, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, light-brown, fragile. Odor slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent, bitter. Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin layer of cork, and near the cambium a circle of resin cells ; wood-wedges short, forming a close circle, and inclosing a large pith. The rootlets have a thick bark, a slender central fibrovas- 134 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES cular cord, and surrounding the latter a circle of few resin cells. The rhizome of strawberry, Fragaria vesca, Linne, has a similar appearance, but is harder, darker brown, not annulate, and contains starch, but no resin cells. Fig. 89. Fig 90. Arnica.—Transverse section of rhizome, natural size, and magnified 12 diam. Section of rootlet, magnified 25 diam. Constituents.—Volatile oil §-l per cent., acrid and taste- less resins, arnicin, capronic and caprylic acids, inulin 10 per cent., tannin, mucilage. Arnicin is yellow, amor- phous, acrid, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly soluble in water. Properties. — Irritant, stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder or infusion. SE R PENT A RI A.—See penta hi a . Origin.—1. Aristolochia Serpent aria, Linne, and, 2. Aristolochia reticulata, Nuttall. Natural order, Aristolo- chiaceoe. Habitat.—United States, in hilly woods. No. 1, east of the Mississippi; No. 2, in the Southwestern States. Description.—Rhizome about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long and 3 millimeters inch) thick, bent, on the upper SERPENTARIA. 135 side with approximate short stem-remnants, on the lower side with numerous thin branching rootlets about 10 cen- timeters (4 inches) long; dull yellowish-brown, internally whitish ; odor aromatic, camphoraceous; taste warm, bit- terish, and camphoraceous. The rootlets of Ar. reticulata (Red River or Texas snake- root) are coarser, longer, and less interlaced than those of Ar. Serpentaria (Virginia snakeroot). Fig. 91. Rhizome with rootlets. Serpentaria. Transverse section of rhizome. Structure.—Bark thin; wood-wedges longest on lower side of rhizome, separated by broad medullary rays; pith large-celled. Rootlets with a thick bark and a thin cen- tral fibrovascular cord. The parenchyme contains starch and, in scattered cells, oil. Constituents.—Volatile oil |-1 per cent, (contains ter- pene and mainly 015H25O2, an ether of borneol), aristolo- chine, little tannin, starch, sugar, mucilage, albumin, resin; ash 11 per cent. Aristolochine forms light yellow needles, is very bitter, soluble in most simple solvents. (Ferguson, 1887.) 136 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v—xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or fluid extract. Admixtures.—The subterraneous parts of Panax, Cypri- pedium, Hydrastis, and others are readily distinguished ; Spigelia has no projecting stem-remnants, and in the wood indistinct medullary rays. The rhizome and rootlets of Polemonium reptans, Linne, resemble serpentaria in size and shape, but are nearly white. SPIGELIA.—Spigelia. Pink root. Origin.—Spigelia marilandica, Linne. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—Southern United States, westward to Texas and Wisconsin, in rich woods. Description.—Rhizome horizontal in growth, 5 centime- ters (2 inches) or more long, about 3 millimeters Q- inch) thick, bent, purplish-brown, somewhat branched, on the upper side with cup-shaped scars, on the lower side with numerous thin, brittle, lighter-colored rootlets about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long; fracture smooth; somewhat aromatic, sweetish, and bitter. Structure.—Bark thin ; wood-circle whitish, thickest on lower side, scarcely radiate; pith usually dark colored or decayed. Rootlets with a thick bark and a slender central fibrovascular cord. It should not be confounded with the rhizome of Phlox Carolina, Linne (like Spigelia, known as Carolina pink), which is short, upright, and has a central pith, hard wood, and brownish-yellow, rather coarse, straight rootlets con- taining a straw-colored wood underneath a readily remov- able bark; benzin extracts from it a crystalline white GEUM URBANUM — A VE N S. 137 tasteless hydrocarbon (1 per cent.), with some fat, wax, and red color. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resins, bitter principle (insoluble in ether), tannin, wax, fat, gum, spigeline (vola- tile alkaloid). Properties.—Anthelmintic, toxic, dilates the pupil. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). GEUM RIVALE.—Water Avens. Origin.—Geum rivale, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Potentillese. Habitat.—North America (south to Pennsylvania), North- ern Asia, Northern and Central Europe. Description.—Horizontal or oblique in growth, about 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long and 6 millimeters (i inch) thick, tuberculate and scaly above, wrinkled; fracture short, waxy, reddish or brownish, with a thin bark, small and dis- tant whitish wood-wedges, and a large pith. Rootlets wrinkled, with a thick bark. Odor faintly aromatic; taste astringent, bitterish. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, sugar, resin, etc. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- xlv), in powder or decoction. GEUM URBANUM.—A vens. Radix caryophyllatse. Origin.—Geum urbanum, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Potentilleae. Habitat.—Europe, in shady places. Description.—Upright or oblique, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, obconical, thinner and abrupt below, tubercu- late and scaly, dark brown, hard; upon transverse section waxy, light purplish-brown ; bark thin ; wood-circle yellow- ish, narrow ; pith large. Rootlets light brown, with a thick- ish bark. Odor aromatic, clove-like ; taste astringent, some- what aromatic, and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin 30 per cent., bitter principle, resin, etc. 138 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- xlv), in powder or decoction. ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA.—Swamp Milkweed. Flesh-colored Asclepias. Origin.—Asclepias incarnata, Linne. Natural order, Ascle- piadese, Cynancheai. Habitat.—North America, wet grounds. Description.—Of upright or oblique growth, about 2 centi- meters (-| inch) long, irregularly globular or oblong, knotty, yellowish-brown, hard, with a thin bark, tough whitish wood, and rather thick central pith or hollow. Rootlets 10 centi- meters (4 inches) or more long, light brown, with the white bark and woody cord of about equal thickness. Inodorous ; taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, two acrid resins, ascle- piadin (yellow amorphous glucoside, emetic, easily decom- posed), alkaloid, pectin, starch, sugar, etc.; ash 8.25 per cent. Properties.—Alterative, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in decoction. HYDRASTIS.—Hydrastis. Golden Seal. Origin.—Hydrastis canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculace®, Helleborese. Habitat.—North America, west to Missouri and Arkan- sas, in woodlands. Description. — Obconical and upright, or of oblique growth and sub-cylindrical, about 4 centimeters (1J inches) long and 6 millimeters (| inch) thick, with short branches terminating in cup-shaped scars, somewhat annulate, and longitudinally wrinkled ; externally brownish-gray ; frac- ture short, waxy, bright reddish-yellow; rootlets thin, brittle, about 12 centimeters (5 inches) long; odor slight; taste bitter. Structure.—Bark thickish, yellow or orange-colored. Wood-wedges about 10, narrow, light yellow. The yellow broad medullary rays and large pith like the bark contain starch. Rootlets with a thick yellow bark and thin sub- CAULOPHYLLUM—BLUE COHOSH. 139 quadrangular woody cord, surrounded by a nucleus sheath, and enclosing a meagre pith. Constituents.—Berberine, C20H17YO4, 3-4 per cent., hy- drastine, C21H21N06, canadine, C21H21N04, resin, fluores- cent compound, starch, sugar, etc. Berberine dissolves in alcohol and in water, slightly in benzol, and is insoluble in ether, chloroform, and petroleum benzin ; its salts are Fig. 92. Hydrastis.—Rhizome with transverse section. bright yellow, and sparingly soluble in acidulated water ; the hot alcoholic solution yields with iodine not in excess dark green lustrous scales. Hydrastine is soluble in alco- hol, ether, benzol, and most soluble in chloroform; its salts are white and bitter; on oxidation with MnOa, yields opianic and finally hemipinic acid and hydrastinine; on dry distillation trimethylamine and meeonin. Canadine forms white needles, the sulphate only easily soluble in water and alcohol; in alcoholic solution yields with iodine yellow crystals. Properties.—Tonic, deobstrueut, alterative. Dose, 0.8 to 3 grams (gr. v-xlv), in decoction or fluid extract. CAULOPHYLLUM.—Blue Cohosh, Papoose Root, Squaw Root. Origin.—Caulophy'llum (Leontiee, Linne) thalictroides, Michaux. Natural order, Berberidese, Berberese. 140 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Habitat.—North America, southward to Kentucky, in rich woodlands. Description.—Of horizontal growth, matted, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 6 or 8 millimeters Q-J inch) thick, and with the branches 4 or 5 centimeters (l|-2 in- ches) broad, bent, knotty, with numerous broad concave stem-scars, dark gray-brown, hard, fracture rather short ; internally whitish. Rootlets very numerous, densely matted, about 13 centimeters (5 inches) long, and about 1 or 1.5 millimeters or ytg- inch) thick, wiry and tough. Nearly inodorous; taste sweetish, slightly bitter, and some- what acrid, unpleasant. Structure.—Bark thin ; wood-wedges narrow or linear, numerous, elongated or in two circles in the rhizome, in the branches shorter, more uniform, and in a single narrow circle; medullary rays rather broad ; pith large. Rootlets with a relatively thicker bark, and a rather thick central woody cord. The parenchyme contains starch. Admixture.—Hydrastis differs in shape and color. Constituents.—Leontin (white, feathery, soluble in boil- ing alcohol and ether, acrid, sternutatory; glucoside), resins, tannin, wax. Properties. — Antispasmodic, diuretic, enunenagogue. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). COLLINSONIA.—Stoneroot. Origin.—Collinsbnia canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Lahiatre, Satureinese. Habitat.—North America, in woodlands. Description.—Of horizontal growth, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, and with the very knotty, short, and irregu- lar branches nearly as broad ; stem-scars numerous, shallow ; externally brown-gray, very hard; internally whitish or grayish; bark very thin; wood-wedges irregular; rootlets numerous, rather brittle; nearly inodorous; taste bitterish, nauseous. HELLEBORUS—BLACK HELLEBORE. 141 Constituents.—Resinous matter, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, irritant. HELLEBORUS.—Black Hellebore. Origin.—Helleborus niger, Linne. Natural order, Ranun- culacete, Helleborese. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe. Description.—Of upright growth, irregular knotty, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long and 1 centimeter (-§ inch) thick, with short, somewhat annulate branches; externally brown- black ; internally grayish, with a thick bark, a circle of about Fig. 93. Helleborus niger.—Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 3 diam. Fig. 94. Helleborus virdis.—Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 3 diam. 8 wood-wedges, broad medullary rays, and a large pith Rootlets long, brown black, very brittle, with a thick bark and a hexagonal wood-centre. Odor slight, heavy (in the fresh state radish-like) ; taste sweetish, bitterish, and acrid. Helleborus vfridis, Linne, Green hellebore. The rhizome resembles the preceding, but is of smaller dimensions, and the narrow wood-wedges form three or four groups, separated 142 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. by broad medullary rays; the woody cord of the rootlets has about 4 obtuse rays. It contains more helleborin, and is considered to be more active than black hellebore. Constituents. — Helleborin, C36li4206, and helleborein, C26HwOI5, both poisonous; resin, fat, starch, no tannin. Hel- leborein predominates, is precipitated by tannin, soluble in water, also in alcohol, not in ether; yields with acids sugar and inert helleboretin. Helleborin is scarcely soluble in ether and cold water, easily soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol ; with acids yields sugar and helleboresin. Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.3 grams (gr. v-xx), in powder, tincture, or extract. Admixtures.—Actre'a alba, Linne, The rhizome with root- lets has the dimensions of black hellebore, but closely resem- bles black snakeroot in appearance and structure, and contains tannin. CIMICIFUGA.—Black Snakeroot. Origin.—Cimieifuga racemosa, Nuttall. Natural order, Ranunculaceae, Hellebore*. Habitat.—North America, in rich woodlands, westward to Eastern Kansas. Description.—Of horizontal growth, 5 to 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, about 2 centimeters (f inch) thick, hard, with numerous stout, upright or curved branches, termi- nated by a cup-shaped scar; brownish-black, hard; frac- ture smoothish ; internally whitish. Rootlets numerous, wiry, brittle, obtusely quadrangular, about 2 millimeters (y inch) thick ; fracture short. Nearly inodorous ; taste bitter and acrid. Structure.—Bark of rhizome thin and firm ; wood-wedges elongated, narrow or linear, most uniform in the branches; medullary rays of about the same width ; central pith rather large. Rootlets with a thick bark and a ligneous cord branching into about four broad rays, and enclosed in a nucleus sheath. Constituents.—Crystalline principle (alkaloid ?), not pre- GILLENIA—AMERICAN IPECAC. 143 cipitated by lead acetate, soluble in chloroform and alcohol, the solution intensely acrid; resins, fat, wax, tannin, Fig. 95 Cimicifuga.—Transverse section through a branch of the rhizome and through rootlets, natural size. starch, gum, sugar. The crystalline principle has not been obtained by recent investigators. A glucoside is probably present. Properties.—Alterative, emmenagogue, sedative. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, decoction, or fluid extract. GILLENIA.—Gillenia. American Ipecac. Origin.—1. Gillenia slipulacea, Nuttall, and, 2. Gillenia trifoliata, Moench. Natural order, Rosaceae, Spirseeae. Habitat.—United States: No. 1, Western and Southern S ates ; No. 2, east of the Alleghanies. Description.—Of horizontal growth, very knotty, much branched, 10 to 25 millimeters (•§-1 inch) thick, with a thin bark, and numerous tortuous or undulated, annulate and somewhat transversely fissured rootlets having a thick irregu- lar bark, which is brittle, composed of two reddish layers and marked with numerous minute resinous dots ; wood tough, whitish, with fine medullary rays, and in the rhizome with a thin pith ; nearly inodorous, taste bitter. The rhizome of Gillenia trifoliata is smaller and less knotty; the rootlets smoother and less distinctly annulate. Constituents.—Gillenin, resin, tannin, starch, etc. Gillenin is a whitish powder, bitter, neutral, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and colored blood-red by nitric acid. Properties.—Mild emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 144 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Fig. 96. Fig. 97. G. stipulacea. Rootlets, natural size. G. trifoliata. TRIOSTEUM.—Feverroot. Bastard Ipecac. Origin.—Triosteum perfoliatum, Linne. Natural order, Caprifoliacese, Lonicerese. Habitat.—United States, in woodlands. Description.—Of horizontal growth, 15 centimeters (6 in- ches) or more long, about 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, knotty-cylindrical, with broad cup-shaped stem-scars, yellow- ish-brown, bark thin, wood hard, whitish, with fine medullary rays. Rootlets long, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, with a thick wrinkled bark. Inodorous; taste bitter, somewhat nauseous. Constituents.—No analysis. Properties.—Purgative, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). ARALIA RACEMOSA.—American Spikenard. Origin.—Ara,lia racemosa, Linne. Natural order, Aralia- cese, Araliese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. ASARUM — WILD GINGER. 145 Description.—Grows obliquely, 10 or 15 centimeters (4 or 6 inches) long with prominent concave stem-scars about 3 centimeters inches) broad, pale brown, internally whitish. Roots numerous, long, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick at the base, little branched, wrinkled, pale brown, breaking with a short fracture, internally whitish; of a peculiar aromatic odor and taste. Constituents.—Probably volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative, expectorant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. ASARUM.—Wilt) Ginger. Origin.—A'sarum can ad 6 use, Linne. Natural order, Aristolochiacese. Habitat.—North America to North Carolina, in rich woodlands. Description.—Of horizontal growth, 10 centimeters (4 inches) or more long, and 3 millimeters inch) thick, irregular quadrangular or almost two-edged, finely wrinkled, grayish-brown or purplish-brown, internally whitish, frac- ture short; rootlets thin, nearly simple, on the nodes, which are about 12 millimeters inch) distant; aromatic, pungent, and bitterish. Structure.—Bark rather thick ; cambium layer promi- nent; wood-wedges short and distant; central pith large. The parenchyme contains starch and occasionally oleoresin or oil, the latter principally in the bark. Rootlets with a thick bark and a thickish ligneous cord. Constituents.—Volatile oil, 1.5-3.5 per cent., resin, col- oring matter (asarin), starch, mucilage, sugar, possibly an alkaloid; ash about 13 per cent. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 0.953, very aromatic, and consists of asarene C10II16, a neutral body C12H1602, asarol C10FTlgO, and the acetic and probably also the valerianic ether of asarol; probably also methyl-eugenol. 146 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 grams (5ss) in infusion. Allied drug.—A'sarum europse'um, Linne. Asarabacea. The rhizome is 1 or 2 millimeters in°h) thick, nearly quadrangular, and is emetic, cathartic, and em- ployed as an errhine. The volatile oil contains asarene, methyl-eugenol, and asaroue (crystalline, emetic), but no asarol. LEPTANDRA.—Leptandra. Culver’s Physic. Origin.—Veronica (Leptandra, Nuttall) virginica, Linne. Natural order, Scrophularinese, Digitalete. Habitat.—United States, south to Georgia, and west to Minnesota, in low grounds. Description.—Horizontal, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, about 10 millimeters (f inch) thick, somewhat flattened, bent, and branched, deep blackish-blown, on upper side with cup-shaped scars, hard, of a woody fracture, internally blackish with a broad yellowish circle of wood; rootlets thin, wrinkled, very fragile; inodorous; taste bitter and feebly acrid. Structure.—Bark thin, blackish-gray; wood tough, yel- lowish in one or two circles; pith large, purplish-brown, often partly destroyed, about six-rayed from the medullary rays. Rootlets with a thick bark and a slender ligneous cord. Constituents.—Leptaudrin, resin 6 per cent., saponin, tannin, mannit, gum, and possibly a volatile alkaloid. Leptandrin is crystalline, bitter, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, not precipitated by lead subacetate. Leptandrin of the eclectics is essentially the alcoholic extract. Fig. 98. Leptandra.—Transverse sections of rhizome and rootlets, natural size. MENISPERMUM—YELLOW PARILLA. 147 Properties.—Alterative, cbolagogue, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder and extract. MENISPERMUM.—Yellow Parilla. Origin. — Menispermum canadense, Linne. Natural order, Men isper macese, Cocculese. Habitat.—North America, in moist thickets. Description.—Cylindrical, 1 meter (40 inches) or more long, about 6 millimeters Qr inch) thick, somewhat knotty Fig. 99. Menispermum canadense.—Transverse section of rhizome, magnified. from scars of overground stems, with indistinct nodes, finely wrinkled longitudinally, and beset with numerous thin branching and rather brittle rootlets, externally yel- 148 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—RHIZOMES. 1 o wish-brown; fracture tough, woody; internally yellowish ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitter. Structure.—Bark thickish with semilunar bast bundles; wood-wedges about 14, broad, porous, separated by rather broad medullary rays, those on the lower side longest; cen- tral pith nearly equalling the shortest wood-wedges. The parenchyme contains starch. The overground stem, which is often present, has a large spongy central pith, and short, almost square, wood-wedges. Constituents.—Berberine, menispine, starch, resin, tannin. Menispine is white, insoluble in benzol and alkalies, and becomes brown by li2S04 and brownish-yellow by ZnCl2. Properties.—Tonic, alterative, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). XANTHORRIIIZA.—Yellow Root. Origin.—Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L’Heritier. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Southern and Central United States. Description.—Horizontal, 0.5 to 1 meter (20 to 40 inches) long, 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, bent, much branched, spar- ingly beset with brittle fibres, externally light yellowish- brown ; bark thin, internally deep yellow, covering a bright yellow tough wood, with a thin pith; inodorous, bitter. Constituents.—Berberine, a white alkaloid, starch, sugar, mucilage, resin, etc. Ash about 2 per cent. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams in powder or infusion. BERBERIS AQUIFOLIUM.—Oregon Grape. Origin.—Berberis aquifolium, Pursh; B. nervosa, Pursh; and B. repens, Lindley. Natural order, Berberidete, Berbe- rese. Habitat.—Rocky Mountains and westward. Description.—In more or less knotty and tough pieces, varying from 3 to 25 or 50 millimeters (i to 1 or 2 inches) in thickness, with a thin, yellowish-brown, internally bright yellow bark, and a yellow hard wood with fine medullary TUBERS AND BULBS—TUBERA ET BULBI. 149 rays, the rhizome with a thin pith ; inodorous and bitter. The rhizomes and roots of B. repens and B. nervosa rarely exceed millimeters (i inch) in diameter. Constituents.—Berberine, oxyacanthine, berbamine, phyto- sterin, sugar, gum, etc. See Barberry Bark. Properties.—Tonic, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-sss), in decoction or fluid extract. 3. TUBERS AND BULBS.—TUBERA ET BULBI. Tubers are enlarged, more or less fleshy subterraneous stems or branches, or dilated bases of stems, which are not invested with leaves. They consist of either one internede or of several, and hence may develop either a terminal or several lateral buds. The tuberous roots of jalap and aco- nite carry upon the apex small portions or sears of the stem. The dilated fleshy tuberous base of an annual stem is often designated as a corm. Bulbs are buds with a permanently short, fleshy axis, which is invested with fleshy leaves, called scales, the ex- ternal layers of the latter usually decaying and becoming dry and papyraceous. The scaly bulb has the leaves rather short, thick, and imbricate; in the tunicated bulb the leaves are broad, cover the axis and inner leaves completely, or nearly so, and thus form concentric layers. If several small bulbs surround a common axis, and the whole is again invested with fleshy or dry leaves, the compound bulb is produced. Bulbous plants are monocotyledons. Histology.—The arrangement of the tissue in the tubers corresponds with that of the rhizome, while the scales of the bulbs have, like the leaves proper, more or less delicate fibrovascular tissue (veins) imbedded in soft and fleshy parenchyme. 150 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. Classification. Tubers.—Sect. 1. Of Dicotyledons. With resin cells in circles. Jalapa. Without resin cells; turnip-shaped, very acrid. Aconitum. Subglobose, yellowish, bitterish. Corydalis. Sect. 2. Of Monocotyledons. Ovate with a lateral groove; usually in reniform sections, bitter. Colchicum. Depressed globose, above with a zone of rootlets or their scars ; acrid. Arum. Ovate or roundish; horny; mucilaginous. Salep. Bulbs, all tunicated. Single; globular ovate; mostly in sections of the scales ; mucilaginous, bitter, acrid. Scilla. Compound ; mucilaginous, pungent, acrid. Allium. J AL A P A.—Jalap. Origin. — Ipomce'a (Ipomae'a; Exogonium, Bentham) Purga, Hayne. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Convol- vulese. Habitat.—Eastern Mexico. Description.—Jalap tubers are produced from the nodes of the thin rhizomes by the enlargement of the bases of the rootlets, and are either napiform, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) thick, or pyriform or oblong, and thinner, but varying in size; the larger ones incised, more or less wrinkled, bark brown, with lighter-colored warts and short transverse ridges, hard, compact, internally pale grayish-brown, scarcely radiate, but showing numerous concentric circles; fracture resinous, not fibrous; odor slightly smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid. Structure.— The predominating tissue is parenchyme, containing starch (which in the outer layers is pasty) and calcium oxalate. Bark thin, in the inner layer with a dense JALA PA JALAP. 151 zone of resin cells. Vascular bundles small, distant, and indistinct; the concentric circles formed of resin cells, arranged in wavy, narrow, or somewhat broader zones. Fig. 100. Fig. 101. Jalap tuber, small. Jalap.—Transverse section, natural size. Quality.—10 grams of jalap should yield not less than 1.2 grams (or 12 grains for 100 grains of jalap) of resin, not more than 10 per cent, of which should be soluble in ether. Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, etc., resin 7 to 15 or 22 per cent.; about of the resin (soft, waxy matter ?) is soluble in ether, also in potassa, and reprecipitated by acids; the remainder is the glucoside jalapurgin (convol- vulin), C62H100O32, which is soluble in alkalies and converted into jalapurgic (convolvulic) acid, soluble in water. False Jalaps.—Tampico jalap, from Tpomoe'a simulans, Ilanbury. Irregularly globular, or elongated, deeply wrin- kled, without transverse ridges or scars, yields 10 to 15 per cent, resin (tampicin), almost wholly soluble in ether. Fusiform (male or light) jalap, jalap stalks; from Ipo- mce'a orizabensis, Ledanois. Spindle-shaped, but mostly divided longitudinally and transversely, in sections or rec- tangular irregular and rather woody pieces; the transverse section distinctly radiate from thick porous wood-bundles. 152 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. The resin, orizabin (jalapin), C34H56016, is completely solu- ble in ether. Mechoacanna root, from Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Van- delli, and perhaps from other plants; in sections, light, whitish, mealy, contains little resin. Properties.—Diuretic, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-5ss); of the resin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). ACONITI RADIX.—Aconite Root. Aconitum, U. S. P. Origin.—Aconitum Nap6llus, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculaceae, Hellebore*. Habitat.—Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, and Northwestern North America. Characters.—Produced at the end of short horizontal rhizomes; 15 to 20 millimeters (-§—f inch) thick at the crown, conically contracted below, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, with scars or fragments of rootlets, externally dark brown, wrinkled; fracture short, amylaceous, or horny ; internally whitish or brownish; odor none (the fresh tuber radish-like); taste sweetish, soou acrid, producing a sensa- tion of tingling. Structure.—Bark thick; the inner layer composed of small cells, and separated from the outer layer by a nucleus sheath. Cambium about seven-rayed. Vascular bundles small, located at the termination, and at the base of the rays. Pith large-celled. The parenchyme contains starch. Constituents.—Resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, H3C6H306, and about 0.07 per cent., of alkaloids, consisting of aconi- tine (benzoylacouine), C33H43N012, pseudaconitine (veratro- ylaconine), C36H49N011, acouine, C26II39NOn, pseudaconine, C27H41N08, picraconitine, C31H45NO10. These alkaloids and one or two amorphous bases are contained in commer- ACONITt RADIX—ACONITE ROOT. 153 cial aconitine. By heating in sealed tubes aconitine is decom- posed into benzoic acid and acouine, and pseudaconitiue into dimethyl-protocatechuic (veratric) acid and pseudaconine. Fig. 102. Aconitum Napellus.—Tabers and transverse section. Properties.—Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in tincture. Commercial aconitine, being of variable composition, is not adapted for internal use. Antidotes.—Emetic (mustard, ipecacuanha, zinc sulphate, apomorplune); friction of extremities; amyl nitrite inha- lation ; atropine; digitalis. Other Aconite Roots.—Aconitnm Cammarum, Jacquin, Europe ; globalar-ovate, about 15 millimeters (f inch) long? the rays of the pith about five in number, rather short and rounded. Aconitum Stoerkeanum, Reichenbach, Europe; slender conical, the pith roundish pentagonal. The tubers of this 154 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. and the preceding species are sometimes found among com- mercial aconite root, and possess similar properties. Aconitum ferox, Wallich. Bikli or bisli, Indian aconite. From 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, and 25 mil- limeters (1 inch) or more in diameter above, conical, brown, internally whitish, mealy or horny, intensely acrid. The roots of the Ac. uncinatum, Linne ; Ac. luridum, Hooker filius et Thomsen, and perhaps others, are said to be col- lected with it. The constituents are similar to those of Ac. Napellus, but pseudaconitine predominates among the alkaloids. Japanese and Chinese aconite, obtained from Ac. Fischeri, Reich, Ac. japonicum, Thunberg, and others. The tubers are napiform or elongated, the pith circular, elliptic, or more or less five- to seven-rayed. Allied to the first species is Ac. columbianum, NuttaU, of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada. Thedrugcontainsjapaconitine,C66H88N2021; very poisonous. Aconitum heterophy'llum, Wallich, India; conical or fusiform, bitter, not acrid or poisonous. Aconitum Anthora, Linne, Europe; long, fusiform; pith thin, with short and longer rays. Aconitum Lycoctouum, Linne, Europe and Northern Asia ; oblique, several-headed rhizome with elongated con- ical rootlets, bitter. CORYDALIS.—Turkey Corn, Squirrel Corn. Origin.—Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle, s. Cory'dalis canadensis, Goldie. Natural order, Papaveracese, Fumariese. Habitat.—Canada and mountains of United States, south to Kentucky. Description.—Depressed globose, about 6 millimeters (1 inch) thick, with a scar on each of the depressed sides, some- what wrinkled, otherwise smooth ; tawny-yellow, internally whitish or yellowish, fracture horny or rather mealy, inodor- ous, bitter. COLCHICI RADIX — COLCHICUM ROOT. 155 The rhizome of Dicentra eximia, De Candolle, s. Cory'dalis formosa, Pursh, is scaly. Constituents.—Acrid and tasteless resin, starch, mucilage, fumaric acid, and corydaline, which is very bitter in solution. Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx), in powder or extract. COLCHICI RADIX.—Colchicum Root. Origin.—Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Natural order, Liliacese, Colchicese. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. Description.—Developed from the base of the parent tuber, producing flowers in autumn, fruit in the followiug summer, and in the second year a new tuber, when it shrivels and disappears. About 25 to 40 millimeters (l to 1J inches) long, ovoid, flattish, and with a groove on one side; externally brownish and wrinkled; internally white and solid ; often in transverse slices, reniform in shape, breaking with a short mealy fracture, inodorous, taste sweetish, bitter, and somewhat acrid. Fig. 103. Colchicum. —Transverse section. Tuber of Colchicum. Colchicum root breaking with a horny or very dark col- ored fracture should be rejected. Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, containing starch and occasionally raphides; vascular bun- dles numerous, scattered ; nucleus sheath wanting. 156 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, resin, fat, colchicine (about 0.5 per cent.). (See Colchici Semen.) Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in pow- der, wine, fluid extract, or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics); tan- nin; demulcents; stimulants. Origin.—Arisae'ma (A'rum, Linne) triphy'llum, Torrey. Natural order, Aroidese, Arinese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. Description.— Developed from the end of short rhizomes. Depressed globular, 2 to 5 centimeters (£ to 2 inches) broad, above with a zone of numerous simple rootlets, the lower surface wrinkled; externally brown-gray, internally white, mealy, with scattered wood-bundles; inodorous, taste burning, acrid. Constituents.—Starch, mucilage, sugar, fat, a volatile acrid principle, soluble in ether. According to R. A. Weber (1891) the acridity is due to raphides of calcium oxalate. European dragon-root, from A'rum maculatum, Linne; A. Dracunculus, Linne; and A. italicum, Lamarck. Oval or oblong, with radicles on the lower side, in commerce often peeled, and in white mealy sections; very acrid. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, mixed with honey, externally in ointment. ARUM.—Indian Turnip, Dragon Root. SALEP.- Salep. Origin.—O'rchis mascula, Linne, 0. Morio, Linne, and other species of Orchis. Natural order, Orchideie, Ophridese. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, in rich woods. Description.—Oblong or ovate, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or less long, deprived of the epidermal layer, and scalded, brown- yellow, hard, translucent, internally horny ; inodorous, taste insipid. The tissue contains scattered vascular bundles, par- enchyme with pasty starch, or occasionally with raphides, and large cells containing mucilage. The powder is pale grayish- yellow. The tubers of O'rchis latifolia, Linne, O. maculata, Linne, SCILLA — SQUILL. 157 and others, closely resemble the preceding, but below are palmately divided (radix palmse Christi). Fig. 104. .Salep.—Tubers and transverse section Constituents.—Starch 27, mucilage 48, sugar, proteids, and ash about 2 per cent. One part of powdered salep with 50 of boiling water yields, after cooling, a jelly. Properties.—Demulcent, nutritive. SCILLA.—Squill. Origin.—Urginea Scilla, Steinheil, s. Scilla maritima, LinnS. Natural order, Liliacese, Scillese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterra- nean near the sea. Description.—Bulb broadly ovate or pear-shaped, 10 to 15 centimeters (4-6 inches) in diameter; in commerce usually the fleshy scales, rejecting the insipid inner ones; narrow segments about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 3 millimeters inch) thick, slightly translucent, yellowish-white or reddish, brittle and pulverizable when dry, flexible and tough, horny on exposure; inodor- ous, mucilaginous, bitter and acrid. Fig. 105. Scilia.—Bulb. 158 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BULBS. Structure.—The thin-walled parenchyme contains muci- lage and numerous raphides, and is traversed by parallel vascular bundles, and small laticiferous ducts; the epi- dermis on both sides with stomata. Constituents.—Mucilage, sinistrin, C6II10O5 (kevogyre; resembling dextrin; easily converted into sugar), sugar, crystals of calcium oxalate ; the active principles are scilli- picriu (yellowish, hygroscopic, bitter, very soluble in water, acts upon the heart), scillitoxin (brown, bitter burn- ing taste, soluble in alcohol, acts upon the heart), and scillin (crystalline, soluble in alcohol and boiling ether, produces numbness, vomiting, etc.) [Merck]. Jamersted’s scillain is a yellowish glucoside, soluble in alcohol, poison- ous. Ash about 3 per cent. Properties. — Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, emetic, irritant. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 or 0.6 gram (gr. ss-v-x), in powder, vinegar, syrup, or tincture. ALLIUM.—Garlic. Origin.—A'lliura sativum, Linne. Natural order, Lilia- ceee, Allieae. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe, cultivated. Description.—Bulb subglobular, compound, consisting of about eight compressed wedge-shaped bulblets, which are arranged in a circle around the base of the stem and covered by several dry membranaceous scales. It has a pungent, disagreeable odor, and a warm, acrid taste. It is used only in the fresh state. Hybrids of the above species with A'llinm Porrum, LinnS, and perhaps with other species of Allium, are frequently met with. Constituents.—Mucilage 35 per cent., albumin, volatile oil \ per cent., consisting of oxide and sulphides of ally 1 (C3Hs). TWIGS AND WOODS. 159 Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmin- tic, irritant. Dose.—2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), as expressed juice or syrup. 4. TWIGS AND WOODS-STIPITES ET LIGNA. The twigs are the overground stems and branches of perennial herbaceous or suffruticose plants, deprived of leaves, flowers, and fruit; they consist of a woody column, enclosing a pith and covered by a green bark. The twigs of one plant only are now officinal. The medicinal woods are derived from dicotyledonous trees, and as used in pharmacy have the bark removed. Histology.—The woods consist principally of prosen- chyme, the elongated wood-fibres with tapering ends and thickened cell-walls (libriform), associated with ducts (tracheae), which, upon transverse section, appear as pores. With the exception of the annular and spiral ducts near the medullary sheaths, the ducts are mostly dotted. The wood of Coni ferae is destitute of ducts, and the wood- fibres on their lateral walls are marked with disks; they are distinguished as tracheids. The wood encloses a pith composed of parenchyme, and is radially dissected by medullary rays, which, upon transverse section, appear as fine lines separating the narrow7 wood-wedges, upon radial section as broader bands, and upon tangential section as short vertical strise, which are narrowed at both ends. The medullary rays consist of parenchyme cells, somewhat elongated in the radial direction, forming either a single row, or broader rows of two or more cells, and vertically a layer of six or more cells. Parenchyme is also found scat- tered in some woods or accompanying the ducts and, ex- tending laterally, sometimes forming more or less complete 160 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TWIGS. circles ; its cells are vertically elongated and it is designated as wood parenchyme. The wood-cells formed in the spring are larger, those formed toward the close of the season are thinner and more compact; the annual layers or circles of wood are thus plainly indicated by the abrupt transition from the growth of one year to that of the next. In woods from tropical countries the annual layers are less distinctly marked, and often cannot be recognized. The inner layer of wood, from deposits upon its cell-walls, is harder, denser, and frequently of a darker color than the outer layer; the former is called the heartwood or duramen, the latter is the sapwood, or alburnum. The structural characters of the dicotyledonous woods depend upon the vertical course of the wood-fibres, the width and thickness of the medullary rays, the size and distribution of the ducts, the presence or absence of the wood- parenchyme, etc. Classifieation. Twigs; nodes alternate; cylindrical; taste bitter- sweet. Dulcamara. pentangular; taste bitter, nauseous. Scoparius (see Herbs). Woods containing ducts. Annual layers distinct. Pale reddish-brown; soft; aromatic. Sassafras. Annual layers indistinct, or with irregular circles of wood-parenchyme. Bark present; yellowish-gray ; bitter. Gouania. Bark mostly absent; wood whitish, very bitter. Quassia, greenish-brown, heavy, taste somewhat acrid. Guaiacum. dark-red, ducts large; nearly tasteless, not Santalum coloring water. rubrum. dark-red, ducts fine; astringent and sweetish, tingeing water red. Hsematoxylon. yellowish or whitish, ducts fine; on rubbing Santalum aromatic. album. DULCAMARA—BITTERSWEET. 161 DULCAMARA.—Bittersweet. Origin.—Solatium Dulcamara, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Solanese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized 'in North America. Description.—Cylindrical, somewhat angular ; longitudi- nally striate, more or less warty ; usually hollow in the centre; about 6 millimeters (£ inch) or less thick, cut into short sections; externally pale greenish or light greenish- brown, marked with alternate leaf- scars, and internally green, with a greenish or yellowish wood. Odor slight; taste bitter, afterward sweet. Structure.—Cork thin, gray-brown ; bark thickish, composed of pareuchyme, with few bast fibres, and with narrow medullary rays; wood in one or two cir- cles with large ducts and numerous oue- rowed medullary rays; pith prominent, but mostly hollow. The parenchyme contains minute starch grains and chlorophyll. Constituents.—Resin, gum, wax, starch, calcium lactate, an amorphous alkaloid (solanine?), and the glucoside dul- camarin, C22TI34O10 (0.4 per cent.), which is soluble in water and alcohol, yields frothing solutions, and has a bitter and sweet taste. Properties.—Deobstruent, alterative, resolvent, anodyne. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j-ij), in decoction, fluid extract, or extract. Fig. 106. Dulcamara.—Trans- verse section, magni- fied 3 diam. 162 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. SASSAFRAS LIGNUM (RADIX).—Sassafras Wood (Root). Origin.—Sassafras officinale, Nees. Natural order, Lau- rinese, Litseaceae. Habitat.—North America, woods. Description.—In branching billets or logs, partly cov- ered with bark, or in chips; pale brownish or reddish, coarse-grained, soft, with narrow medullary rays, large ducts, and oil cells scattered in the different tissues; odor and taste aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, starch. Properties and Uses.—Like sassafras bark. GOUANIA.—Chewstick. Origin. — Gouania doming6nsis, Linne. Natural order, Rhamnese, Gouaniese. Habitat.—West Indies. Description.—Pieces of stems about 12 millimeters (£ inch) thick; externally brownish-gray; wrinkled; internally yel- Fig. 107. Gouania —Transverse section. lowish gray; fracture fibrous; bark thin ; wood porous; medullary rays fine; the parenchyme contains many cells with crystals; inodorous, taste bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle. Properties.—Tonic. QUASSIA. 163 QUASSIA.—Quassia. Origin. — Picrse'na (Simariiba, De Candolle, Quassia, Swartz) excelsa, Lindley. Natural order, Simarubese, Picramniese. Habitat.—Jamaica. Description.—Various sized billets, sometimes 30 centi- meters (12 inches) thick, dense, tough, of medium hard- ness, freed from the thick tough bark, internally porous, yellowish-white, radially striate and marked with irregular circles; in the shops usually in raspings or chips; inodor- ous, intensely bitter. Structure.—Ducts large, mostly in small groups; med- ullary rays of about three rows of cells; circular zones of wood parenchyme distinct in layers of 4 to 6 cells; central pith thin. Externally and internally occasionally with blackish patches or lines from the mycelium of a fungus. Surinam quassia, from Quassia amara, Linne, is in much thinner billets, has a thin, brittle bark, smaller ducts, nar- rower zones of wood parenchyme in layers of 2 or 3 cells, and indistinct medullary rays of mostly one cell in width. Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, resin, alkaloid (? fluor- escent in acidulated alcoholic solution), picrasmin (a mix- ture of crystalline compounds, homologous with the quas- sin, C32H40O10, of Surinam quassia; these principles are very bitter, are soluble in chloroform, in alcohol, and in water, and are precipitated by tannin). The wood is free from tannin and yields 7 to 8 (Surinam quassia 3 to 4) per cent, of ash. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion, tincture, or extract. 164 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. GUAIACI LIGNUM.—Guaiacum Wood. Origin.—Guaiacum officinale, Linne. Natural order, Zygophylleae. Habitat.—West Indies and Northern South America. Description.—In billets and logs, with a yellowish albur- num ; heavy, hard, brown or greenish-brown, resinous, in- ternally marked with irregular concentric circles; splitting very irregular, wavy and splintery; when heated emitting a balsamic odor ; taste slightly acrid. Used in the form of raspings, which should be greenish- brown, contain few particles of a whitish color, and on the addition of nitric acid acquire a dark blue-green color. Structure.—The predominating tissue consists of wavy interwoven wood-fibres, with numerous one-rowed medul- lary rays, large single ducts and narrow lines of wood parenchyme in one or two rows, arranged in irregular and interrupted circles. All cells contain resin. Constituents.—Resin 20 to 25 per cent, (see Guaiaci resina); extractive, soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent., ash less than 1 per cent. Properties.—Diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. SANTALUM RUBRUM—Red Saunders. Origin.—Pteroc&rpus santalinus, Linne films. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—Madras; cal t i vated. Description.—In billets deprived of light-colored sap- wood, heavy, hard; splitting coarsely splintery; externally dark red-brown; the fresh transverse section deep red marked with lighter red indistinct radiating lines and dis- tinct irregular concentric circles; inodorous and nearly HJiMATOIYLON—LOGWOOD. 165 tasteless; on maceration in water does not color it. Used in the form of chips or of an irregular powder, of a deep brown-red or purplish-red color. Structure.—Ducts large; medullary rays one-rowcd; wood parenchyme in about four rows, forming interrupted irreg- ular circles. The cells contain red resinous coloring matter, the parenchyme also crystals of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Santalin, C15H1405 (red needles, soluble in ether with a yellow, and in alkalies with a violet color); santal, C8II603 (colorless scales, in alcoholic solution deep red by Fe2Cl3); pterocarpin, C20H16O6, and homoptero- carpin, C24H2406 (colorless crystals, the latter soluble in cold CS2; fused with HKO yields phloroglucin). Used for coloring tinctures. HAEMATOXYLOIsr.—Logwood. Origin.—Hsematbxylon campechianurn, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Eucsesalpiniese. Habitat.—Central America, naturalized in the West Indies. Description.—In logs ; heavy, hard, splitting irregularly, externally blackish-purple, often with a green metallic lustre; fracture coarse splintery; internally brown-red, finely porous, marked with irregular concentric circles and numerous delicate radiating lines; odor faint, agreeable; taste sweetish, astringent; colors the saliva dark pink. Used in the form of small chips or coarse powder of a dark brown-red color, often with a greenish lustre. Structure.—Ducts rather large, often in groups of two ; medullary rays about two-rowed; wood parenchyme in broader wavy circular lines. The coloring matter is depos- ited mainly in the wood-fibres and ducts. Constituents.—IIhematoxylin, C16II1406, colorless, sweet, 166 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. soluble in water and alcohol, turning red in sunlight, pur- plish by alkalies; fused with potassa yields pyrogallol. Hsematein, C16H12Og, is a product of oxidation of the former, has a green metallic lustre, and is soluble in alka- lies with a blue color. Also tannin, fat, resin, trace of volatile oil. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or extract. SANT ALUM ALBUM.—Sandalwood. Origin.— 1. Sautalum album, Linne ; 2. S. Yasi, See- mann, and other species. Natural order, Santalaceae, Osyridese. Habitat.—1. Southern India; 2. Fijee Islands; other species in Australia, the Sandwich Islands, etc. Description.—Malabar sandalwood is in billets, or logs, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick, splitting readily, heavy, hard, yellowish, brownish or whitish, marked with darker circles; odor when rubbed aromatic, somewhat musk-like; taste aromatic. Structure.—Ducts of moderate size, single ; wood paren- chyme narrow, contains volatile oil or calcium oxalate; medullary rays very narrow, in one or two rows. Macassar sandalwood resembles the preceding in all essential characters ; but on treating sections with tincture of iodine the oil is colored black. West Indian sandalwood resembles the former in color but not in structure ; the ducts are in radial rows of two to ten ; no essential oil is present in the wood, but numer- ous oil cells are scattered in the bast layer of the bark. Constituents.—Resin, tannin, volatile oil 1-4 per cent. ; the latter is yellow, thick; sp. grav. 0.96; readily soluble BARKS—CORTICES. 167 in alcohol while fresh, strongly aromatic, but varying some- what with its origin. Properties.—The volatile oil stimulant, sudorific, used in gonorrhoea in doses of 0.5 to 1 or 1.5 gram (gr. viij-xv- xxij), also in perfumery; the wood for fancy articles. 5. BARKS.—CORTICES. Barks constitute the outer layer of dicotyledonous stems and roots, separated from the wood by the cambium layer, and are collected mostly from the trunk or stem and its larger branches, in a few cases from the root. The outer surface of the stem bark is not unfrequently beset with larger or smaller patches of lichens; the inner surface, immediately after the removal of the bark from the wood, is mostly whitish or light colored and smooth, but darkens more or less on drying, and often becomes rough or ridged in consequence of the unequal shrinkage of different parts of the tissue. Histology.—The bark consists originally of two layers, the outer bark wholly composed of parenchyme, contain- ing chlorophyll; and the inner bark, bast or liber, which is composed of vertically elongated bast parenchyme, and of bast prosenchyme or liber fibres, and this tissue is radially dissected by medullary rays, formed of radially elongated parenchyme. The pharmacopoeial root barks are destitute of liber fibres. The epidermis is present only in very young barks ; its place is soon taken by the primary cork, which is frequently present in wart-like projections, or in longitudinal or transverse ridges, and is composed of tan- gentially flattened cells. The secondary cork, composed of similar cells, penetrates in layers or bands into the outer or inner bark, and the exterior tissue cracks off in layers 168 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. or falls away by decay. The tissues which may be present in barks are : 1, the epiphlceum or exophlceum, formed by the primary cork ; 2, the mesophloeum, primary or outer bark, also sometimes called middle bark ; or these two layers may have been thrown off, so that the external layer is formed by 3, the rhytidoma, or secondary cork ; 4, the endophloeum or liber. The term periderm is often used to designate the external corky layer, whether it be epi- phlceum or rhytidoma, but is by some authors confined to the latter. The parenehyme of some barks contains cells in which volatile oil, resin, mucilage, or crystals are found; and others in which the cell-walls become considerably thickened and indurated, producing the gritty cells or stone cells or sclerenchyme. Aside from the natural color of the tissue, the appearance of the outer surface of the medicinal barks depends upon the presence or absence of lichens, epiphlceum, meso- phloeum, and rhytidoma, and the appearance of the inner surface upon the degree of shrinkage in drying of the medullary rays and bast parenehyme. The breadth of the medullary rays on the other hand, and the radial or lateral arrangement of the bast cells on the other hand, cause the radial, lateral (tangential), or checkered markings upon the transverse section of the inner bark. Classification. Sect. 1. Taste bitter and astringent. Bast fibres with a minute cavity, single, in short radial lines or small groups. Cinchona. Bast fibres with larger cavity, in close radial lines; copper-colored. Remijia. Bast indistinctly tangentially striate; cork re- moved ; fracture granular. Nectandra. Bast radially striate, pale red ; periderm brown. Cornus florida. BARKS — CORTICES. 169 Bast radially striate, cinnamon-colored ; periderm brown-gray; bark thin. \ Cornus circinata. Bast radially striate, pale brown; periderm pur- plish-brown ; bark thin. Cornus sericea. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm purplish- brown. Liriodendron. Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm gray or brownish. Magnolia. Bast radially striate, yellowish ; periderm gray- ish, dotted. Prinos. Bast radially striate, rust-brown; periderm green Prunus virgini- brown. ana. Bast layers tangential, checkered, yellow, exfo- liating. Berberis. Bast layers tangential, checkered, pale cinna- mon-colored. Salix. Bast layers tangential, pale cinnamon-colored; periderm ash-gray, exfoliating. Hamamelis. Bast indistinctly striate, whitish ; periderm pur- plish or grayish-brown. Viburnum. Sect. 2. Taste astringent. Bast checkered, pale brown ; inner surface ridged ; saliva not tinged. Quercus alba. Bast checkered, pale brown ; inner surface ridged; saliva tinged yellow. Quercus nigra. Bast tangentially striate; periderm blackish; inner surface smooth, brownish ; tough. Rubus. Bast scarcely striate, yellowish ; inner surface smooth; fracture short. Granatum. Sect. 3. Taste bitter, not aromatic. Bast radially striate, whitish; inner surface smooth ; fracture splintery. Fraxinus. Bast radially striate, pale brownish ; bark tough. Simaruba. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm black- ish ; bark tough. Quassia excelsa. Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm gray; bark brittle. Quassia amara. Bast radially striate, grayish, dotted; slightly acrid. Condurango. 170 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Bast scarcely striate, brownish-yellow ; periderm dark gray. Frangula. Bast scarcely striate, yellowish; periderm gray Rhamnus and whitish. Purshiana. Bast somewhat checkered; internally with blue- green patches; odor opium-like. Piscidia. Bast checkered, brown and white ; cork removed; inner surface striate. Juglans. Bast yellowish-brown, dotted ; outer bark in un- dulated layers. Quebracho. Bast tangentially striate, yellowish ; cork rust- brown, tasteless. Azedarach. Sect. 4. Taste acrid or pungent. Slender prickles in transverse rows. Aralia spinosa. Brown-gray, inner surface whitish; fracture Xanthoxylum short; spines brown, two-edged. fraxineum. Brown-gray, inner surface whitish; fracture short; spines brown, stout, upon a thick, Xanthoxylum corky base. carolinianum. Reddish-brown, with thin grayish cork ; fracture short. Myrica. Red-brown ; internally with brown-yellow spots; brittle. Erythrophloeum. Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish; peri- derm greenish, glossy. Mezereum. Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish ; peri- derm reddish; taste slightly acrid. Gossypium. Bast tangentially striate, tough, with yellow dots; cinnamon-brown ; aromatic, pungent. Coto. Bast tangentially striate, whitish ; periderm gray and blackish, scaly; taste slightly acrid and bitter. Euonymus. Bast checkered, white or whitish ; cork removed ; sternutatory. Quillaia. Sect. 5. Mucilaginous. Bast checkered, whitish or brownish ; cork re- moved. Ulmus. Sect. 6. Aromatic (some also bitter) with oil or resin cells. CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 171 Astringent; compound quills; papery, outer sur- face lightest. Cinnamomum. Astringent; curved or quilled; both surfaces Cinnamomum cinnamon-brown. cassia. Astringent; fiattish fragments, rust-brown ; frac- ture corky. Sassafras. Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish and red- dish, with white scars ; bast white. Canella. Bitterish, pungent; periderm brown, with dark- brown scars; bast brown. Cinnamodendron. Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish or brown; inner surface ridged ; contains tannin. Wintera. Very bitter; reddish-brown; in outer bark white striae. Angustura. Yery bitter; periderm white, fissured ; inner sur- face brown. Cascarilla. Origin.—Between 80 and 36 species of cinchona are usually recognized, of which number about one-half fur- nish commercial cinchona bark. O. Kuntze regards most of these as hybrids or as varieties, and recognizes only four typical species. Those recognized by the pharmaco- poeias are mentioned below. Natural order, Rubiacese, Cinchonese. Habitat.—South America, commencing at 19° S. lat., on the eastern slope of the central chain of the Andes, northward to 2° S. lat., where a second belt commences on the eastern slope of the western chain; thence spreading northward into Colombia to 10° N. lat. The valuable species grow at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 meters (5300 to 8000 feet), Cinch, succirubra at 700 meters (2300 feet). Other species of little or no value are found up to 3500 meters (11,600 feet), and down to 100 meters (330 feet). The climate where the best species grow has a mean tem- perature of 12° to 13° C. (55° F.), and is damp and foggy throughout the greater part of the year. CINCHONA.—Cinchona, Peruvian Bark. 172 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. Cinchonas are now extensively cultivated in Java, India (Neilgherry and Himalaya Mountains), Jamaica (Blue Mountains), and other countries; to a limited extent also in South America. Nearly all the commercial bark is obtained from cultivated trees. Structural Characteristics.—The bast fibres are short, about 1 millimeter (^g-inch) long, rather fusiform, obtusely Fig. 108. Fig. 109. Calisaya bark.—Radial longitudinal section, showing bast fibres, bast parenchyme, and medullary rays. Cinchona lancifolia.— Transverse section, mag- nified 30 diam., showing numerous stone cells in outer bark and outer bast layer; bast cells in inter- rupted radial lines. pointed, uubranched, have very much thickened cell-walls and a minute cavity, and are quite brittle. They are im- CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 173 bedded in the bast parenchyme, either singly, or in short radial lines, composed of one or two rows, or in irregular Fig. 110. Cinchona micrantha.—Transverse section, magnified 40 diam.; few stone cells in outer bark; bast fibres single and in groups. groups of 2, 3, or sometimes 6 or 8 cells. The bast rays contain also incomplete fibres or staff’ cells, which are elon- gated and thick-walled. The primary bark of some species 174 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. contains somewhat elongated unbranched laticiferous ducts (vessels, lacunae) and thick-walled stone cells containing resin or crystals, which are also occasionally found in the medullary rays. The formation of secondary cork bands, penetrating deeply into the interior, causes the absence of these ducts and stone cells in the older trunk bark of some species. The cork cells are thin-walled. The structure of cultivated cinchona is to some extent modified by the process of mossing and in renewed bark. Officinal Cinchona Barks.—The bark of any species of cinchona is admitted for medicinal use if containing at least 3 per cent, of total alkaloids. Cinchona flava and cinchona rubra are required to contain at least 2 per cent, of quinine (U. S. Phar). The Brit. Phar. admits all cinchona barks for the prepa- ration of the alkaloids, but requires for all galenical prepa- rations cultivated red bark—containing between 5 and 6 per cent, of alkaloids—of which not less than half shall consist of quinine and cinchouidiue. The German Phar. directs trunk and branch bark of cultivated cinchonas, preferably C. suecirubra, containing at least 5 per cent, of alkaloids. The French Codex requires pale (Loxa or Huanuco) bark to contain at least 1.5 per cent, of alkaloids; yellow (Calisaya) bark to yield at least 2.5 per cent, of crystal- lized quinine sulphate, and red bark to give not less than 2 per cent, of quinine sulphate, and 3 per cent, of total sulphates. Description.—Cultivated cinchona bark is seen in com- merce in the form of quills or curved pieces, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) or more in length, the thickness of the bark being usually about 2 or 3 millimeters (rV or inch), occasionally 5 or 6 millimeters (|- or inch). The outer surfaces consist of whitish or brown-gray cork, and CINCHONA—PERUVIAN BARK. 175 is more or less rough from scattered, or in older bark more numerous, warts frequently forming longitudinal lines in C. succirubra, from shallow longitudinal furrows and ridges, aud from short transverse, sometimes also longitudinal fis- sures (met with chiefly in C. Calisaya and C. officinalis). The inner surface is of a more or less deep cinnamon-brown, or in thick succirubra bark of a dark reddish-brown color, and is finely, or in older bark more coarsely striate; the fracture is nearly smooth or somewhat granular and short in the thinner quills, or finely fibrous, but never splintery, in the thicker pieces; the powder is cinnamon brown, or from succirubra bark reddish-brown in color ; odor slight, somewhat aromatic; taste bitter and distinctly astringent. These barks contain in their inner layer the character- istic bast fibres described above, and these are seen in the thin quills, mostly single and arranged in interrupted radial lines ; the arrangement in bark from old wood is described below; the tissue is never in concentric layers. On heating about 0.1 gram (1| grains) of the powdered bark in a dry test-tube, a tarry distillate of a red color is obtained (Grahe’s test). Classification of the Important Cinchona Barks. 1. Bast fibres single, sometimes in groups of 2 or rarely more, medium sized. C. Calisaya. Latieiferous ducts in young bark; no or very few stone (resin) cells; old bark with prominent secondary cork; medul- lary rays narrow. C. glanduli'fera. Latieiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows; stone cells few ; bast rays narrow ; medullary rays large-celled. 2. Bast fibres single, or oftener in groups, not in distinct radial lines. C. micrantha. No latieiferous ducts; stone cells few or none-; bast fibres medium ; medullary rays narrow. C. purpurea. Latieiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows ; stone cells numer- ous ; bast fibres medium, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays broadly wedge-shaped at end. 176 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. C. pubescens. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row ; stone cells numerous; bast fibres large, variable, with incomplete fibres; medullary rays broad. 3. Bast fibres in interrupted, single or double radial lines. C. succirubra. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row, in old bark often filled with cells; stone cells none; bast and medullary rays narrow; bast fibres medium. C. officinalis. Laticiferous ducts thin, soon obliterated; stone cells none or very few; bast fibres medium; medullary rays narrow. C. pitayensis. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells few or none; bast fibres thin; medullary rays mostly narrow, wedge-shaped at end. C. cordifolia. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells few ; bast fibres small, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays large-celled. C. lancifolia. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells many; bast fibres medium, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays large- celled. C. nitida. Laticiferous ducts none ; stone cells few or none; bast fibres mostly thin, but many thick or medium; medullary rays narrow. C. peruviana. Laticiferous ducts (in 1 row) and stone cells small ; bast fibres small, many incompletely filled. 4. Bast fibres in nearly uninterrupted radial lines. C. scrobiculata. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows; stone cells and bast fibres numerous; medullary rays large-celled. The following cinchona barks were formerly shipped from South America in large quantities ; the two or three varieties first described below, are still recognized by several pharma- copoeias. Calisaya bark, or yellow cinchona, the bark of the trunk of Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell (U. S. P., 1880), from North- eastern Bolivia and Southeastern Peru, growing at altitude of 1500-1800 meters (5000-6000 feet). In quills or flat pieces, varying in size; bark 2 or 3 millimeters (y or inch) thick, externally gray with fissures forming nearly square meshes with raised edges, internally yellowish, cinnamon-colored ; inner surface nearly smooth; fracture granular and short- fibrous ; the flat pieces from 4 to 10 millimeters (£ to f- inch) in thickness; almost completely deprived of the brown corky layer; compact; of a tawny-yellow color ; outer surface marked with shallow conchoidal depressions (digital furrows) and in- tervening, rather sharp ridges; inner surface closely and finely CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 177 striate; transverse fracture showing numerous, very short, and rigid, glistening fibres. Powder light cinnamon-brown, Fig. 111. Fig. 112. Cinch. Calisaya, showing digital furrow and short fibrous fracture. Cinch, scrobiculata. slightly aromatic, and persistently bitter. The young bark contains a layer of primary cork, no stone cells, and near the Fig. 113. Calisaya bark, magnified 30 diam., quilled, with primary cork and near the bast rays, with laticiferous ducts. bast rays one or two circles of large laticiferous ducts. The flat bark consists of liber only, has the bast fibres singly or 178 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. sometimes in pairs, arranged in radial lines, and contains bands of secondary cork. Calisaya bark was sometimes confounded with other cin- chona barks of a similar color, but having the bast fibres in bundles or radial rows, and breaking with a splintery or coarsely fibrous fracture (Cinch, scrobiculata and C. lanci- folia). Fig. 114. Fig. 115. Flat, inner layer; with narrow medullary rays and single bast fibres in radial lines Flat, outer layer; with bands of secondary cork and distant bast fibres. Red Cinchona from Cinchona succirubra, Pavon, indigenous to Ecuador, west of Chimborazo, at an altitude of 700-1500 meters (2300-5000 feet). Incurved pieces or quills, varying in length and width, and from 2 to 12 millimeters (y to i inch) thick ; compact; of deep brown-red color ; outer sur- face covered with numerous suberous warts, and in the older bark, with ridges, or longitudinally and somewhat trans- versely fissured ; inner surface rather coarsely striate ; trans- verse fracture short-fibrous; powder deep brown red, slightly odorous, astringent, and bitter. It should not be confounded with other barks having an orange-red color and breaking with a coarse splintery fracture. The tissue contains no stone cells; the large laticiferous ducts are frequently present in old bark and often filled with cells; the bast fibres are placed in interrupted lines of two to about eight. t Loxa bark' or crown bark, chiefly from C. officinalis, CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK 179 Hooker. Thin single or double quills ; periderm brown or gray-brown, more or less fissured transversely, otherwise smooth; liber yellowish-brown or reddish-brown; fracture slightly fibrous in inner layer; powder pale brown. Pitaya bark, from C. Pitayensis, Weddell. Periderm smooth, ochre-colored, with circular scars; liber reddish cin- namon-brown ; fracture short splintery ; powder bright brown-yellow. Cusco bark, from C. pubescens, Vahl. Periderm pale brown-yellow, warty, sometimes whitish; liber cinnamon-col- ored, with a coarse splintery fracture. Carthagena bark, from C. lancifolia, Mutis, and C. cordifolia, Mutis. Quills and half-quills; periderm whitish, ochre- colored or yellowish-brown, soft; inner surface cinnamon-brown, with orange or reddish tint; inner fracture fibrous. Lima or Huanuco bark, from C. peru- viana, Howard, C. nftida, Ruiz et Pavon, C. micrantha, R. & P., and other species. Quills and half-quills, varying according to the origin. Huamalies bark, from C. micrantha, Ruiz et Pavon, C. glandulffera, R. & P., C. purpurea, R. & P., and other species. Quills and half-quills, varying according to origin. Jaen bark or false Loxa bark, from C. Humboldtiana, Lambert. Inferior. Cinchona Pahudiana, Howard, for- merly cultivated in Java. Bark of handsome appearance, but inferior. Spurious Cinchona Barks.—From differ- ent species of Ladenbergia, Exostemma, Nauclea, etc. The liber layer is more or less distinctly radially striate or checkered, and contains bast fibres with large cavity, variously arranged. Occasion- ally a bast fibre like those of the cinchonas is observed. These are rarely, if ever, seen in commerce at the present time. Constituents.—Kinic (quinic) acid, C7H12Oe (5 to 7 per cent., yields kinone, C6H402, with sulphuric acid and man- Fig. 116. Cinchona succirubra. —Transverse section, magnified 30 diam. 180 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. ganese binoxide); kinovic (quinovic) acid, C32II4806) taste- less); kinovin (quinoviu), C30II48O8 (bitter; yields kinovic acid and manuitan); ciuchotannic acid (usually 2 to 4 per cent.); cinchona red (derivative of the preceding); volatile oil (minute quantity), gum, sugar, wax, ash (2-3 per cent.). The most important constituents are the following five alkaloids: quinine and quinidine (conquinine), C20II24N2O2); cinchonine and cinchonidine, C19II22N20 (older formula, C20H24N2O) ; quinamine, C19H24N202. Their properties are as follows : Alkaloids. Rotation. Soluble in parts of Water. Alcohol. Ether. Cl and NH3 Cl, KCfo, and NH3. Quinine left 1670 6 26 green dark red Quinidine right 2000 26 30 green dark red Cinchonine right 3740 133 370 not gr. not red Cinchonidine left 1680 20 188 not gr. not red Quinamine right 1520 110 55 not gr. not red A large number of allied alkaloids have been obtained, some of which are known to be produced under the influ- ence of heat or of reagents : Isomeric with quinine are quinidiue and quinicine. Isomeric with quinamine are conquinamine, quinamidine, quinamicine. Isomeric with cinchonine are cinchonidine, cinchonicine, homocinchonine, homociuchonidine, homocinchonicine, and apoquinamine. In the preparation of the cinchona alkaloids a mother- liquor is obtained yielding a brown amorphous alkaloid known as chinoidine (quinoidine), which is usually a mix- ture of dicinchonicine C38II44N402 (= 2C19H22N20), and diconquinine (diquinidine), C40II46N4O3 (= 2C20H24N2O2 — II20); the latter gives the chlorine water and ammonia the green thalleioquin color. Other alkaloids obtained from varieties of cinchona barks arc—paricine, C16H18N20, in red bark; cusconine REMIJIA — CUPREA BARK. 181 and aricine, C23II26N204, in Cusco bark; paytine, C21H24N20, in Payta bark. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, fluid extract, extract, or the salts of the alkaloids. REMIJIA.—Cuprea Bark. Origin.—Remfjia pedunculata, Triana. Natural order, Rubiacese, Cinchonese. Habitat.—Colombia, central part, at an altitude of 1000 to 2000 meters (3300 to 6600 feet). Description.—Flat or curved pieces, about 3 to 6 milli- meters (4 to f inch) thick, rarely in quills, mostly deprived of the warty and furrowed brownish cork, otherwise of a charac- teristic dull copper-red color; the inner surface striate; hard, fracture coarsely granular and splintery; odor slight; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. The cork cells are thick-walled; the primary bark contains a few laticiferous ducts; the bast fibres, with rather large cavities and obtuse ends, are in close radial lines most numerous in the outer bast layer ; numerous stone cells are found in the primary bark and the bast layer. Cuprea bark, powdered and heated in a dry test-tube, yields a tarry distillate of a red color (Grahe’s test). Constituents.—Quinine, 2 to 3 per cent., quinidine and cin- chonine, also kinovin, but no cinchonidine. Quinine exists in part as homoquinine, which is a compound of quinine with cupreine, C19HMN.i0.l; the latter dissolves with difficulty in ether and chloroform, is colored red-brown by ferric chloride, and green by chlorine and ammonia, and may be converted into quinine by treatment with methyl chloride. Remfjia Purdieana, Weddell, which is also a native of Colombia, yields a bark of a yellowish-brown color, covered with a brown-gray cork, and containing radial rows of thin bast fibres with rather large cavities, and scattered stone cells in the primary bark, but none in the bast layers. It does not respond to Grahe’s test, and contains the alkaloids cin- chonamine, concusconine, chairamine, conchairamine, chair- amidine, and conchairamidine. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Cuprea bark has been used for the manufacture of quinine. 182 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. NECTANDRA.—Bebeeru. Greenheart Bark. Origin.—Nectandra Rodise'i, Schomburgk. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. Habitat.—Guiana. Description.—Flat pieces, 6 millimeters (1 inch) or less thick ; outer surface gray-brown, with numerous longitudinal depressions ; inner surface cinnamon-colored, coarsely striate ; fracture granular from the numerous stone cells, in the liber somewhat tangentially striate; inodorous; taste astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Bebirine, C]8H21N03, identical with buxine and pelosine, white, soluble in ether; sipirine, red-brown, amorphous, insoluble in ether. Properties.—'Tonic, febrifuge, antiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j) ; mostly the alkaloid, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. j-x). CORNUS.—Dogwood. Origin.—Cornus florida, Linne. Natural order, Cor- nacese. Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Texas, in woods. Description.—The bark of the root is collected and is deprived of the furrowed brown-gray corky layer; in curved pieces of various sizes, about 3 millimeters inch) thick; outer and inner surface pale reddish or light red- dish-brown, striate ; transverse and longitudinal fracture short, whitish, with brown-yellow striaj of stone cells; in- odorous ; astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Cornin (cornic acid, silky needles, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol), tannin (3 per cent.), resin, gum, etc. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in decoction and fluid extract. The bark of Cornus circinata, L’Hentier, or round-leaved 183 MAGNOLIA. dogwood, is thin, quilled, or curved ; outer surface greenish or brownish-gray, with suberous warts or longitudinal lines ; inner surface cinnamon-brown. The bark of Cornus sericea, Linne, or swamp dogwood, is quilled, thin; outer surface purplish-brown or purplish- gray, with few suberous warts ; inner surface cinnamon- brown. These barks agree with that of Cornus florida in taste, constituents, and properties. LIRIODENDRON.—Tulip-tree Bark. Origin.—Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. Habitat.—United States, westward to Eastern Kansas, in woodlands ; also in China. Description.—The bark of the branches is collected. Quills or curved pieces, about 2 millimeters (y inch) thick ; outer surface purplish-brown or blackish-gray, with thin, often cleft ridges forming elongated meshes; internally whitish, smooth ; transverse fracture short, somewhat fibrous in the inner layer ; nearly inodorous; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bitter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is whitish, fibrous, and less pungent. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, various resins (including liriodendrin), glucoside, tulipiferine (white tasteless alkaloid ; heart tonic), tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (gj-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. M AGN OLIA.—Magnolia. Origin.—Magnolia glauca, Linne, M. acuminata, Linne, and M. tripetala, Linne. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. Habitat.—Middle and Southern United States. Description.—Thin quills or curved pieces; periderm orange-brown, glossy, or light gray, with scattered warts, 184 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. somewhat fissured; inner surface whitish or brownish, smooth ; fracture in inner layer somewhat fibrous ; inodor- ous ; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bitter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is whitish, or pale brownish, fibrous, and less pungent. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resins, a tasteless crys- talline glucoside, tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Mag- nolin is a crystalline principle of the fruit of M. tripetala, having an irritating taste, or when pure tasteless, insoluble in water, soluble in most simple solvents and in alkalies. The identity of the crystalline principles in the bark and fruit of the different species has not been demonstrated. Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction. PlIINOS.—Black Alder, Winterberry. Origin.—Ilex vertieillata, Gray, s. Prinos verticilkitus, LinnS. Natural order, Uicinese. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, in swampy thickets. Description.—Thin slender fragments, about 1 millime- ter (yV inch) thick, fragile; outer surface brownish ash- colored, with whitish patches and blackish dots and lines, the corky layer easily separating from the green tissue ; inner surface pale greenish or yellowish; fracture short, tangentially striate; nearly inodorous, bitter, slightly as- tringent. Constituents. — Tannin, wax, fat, resin, chlorophyll, albumin, sugar, gum, starch, amorphous bitter principle, which is precipitated by subacetate of lead ; ash 4 to 5 per cent. Properties. — Astringent tonic, alterative, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. BERBERIS—BARBERRY BARK. 185 PRUNUS YIRGINIANA.—Wild Cherry Bark. Origin.—The bark of P run us (Cerasus, Loiseleur) sero- tina, Ehrhart. Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Louisiana; in woods. Description.—Curved pieces or irregular fragments, 2 millimeters (y inch) or more thick ; outer surface greenish- brown or yellowish-brown, smooth, and somewhat glossy; if collected from old wood deprived of most of the corky layer, the outer surface rust-brown and uneven ; inner sur- face somewhat striate, cinnamon-brown; brittle; fracture granular, radially striate; after maceration in water, of a distinct bitter almond odor ; taste astringent, aromatic, and bitter. It should be collected in autumn. The bark of the small branches is to be rejected. Constituents.—Tannin, gallic acid (?), bitter principle, resin, starch, amorphous principle (somewhat bitter, soluble in alcohol and not precipitated by ether), and a ferment which is not identical with emulsin (Power, 1887). The reaction in water of the two last-named principles gener- ates hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almond. Collected in October, the bark yields 0.144 per cent. HCy, contains about 3| per cent, of tannin, and yields a dark-colored in- fusion. The bitter taste is partly due to a glucoside, crys- tallizing in colorless needles, soluble in ether, and showing blue fluorescence in aqueous and alkaline solution. Properties.—Tonic, sedative, pectoral. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion, syrup, or fluid extract. BERBERIS.—Barberry Bark. Cortex radicis berberidis. Origin.—Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Berber- idacese, Berberese. 186 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.— Thin fragments ; periderm yellowish gray, soft; inner surface smooth, orange-yellow; fracture short, bright yellow ; separable in laminae ; inodorous; taste bitter, not astringent, tingeing the saliva yellow. Constituents.—Little tannin (green with ferric salts), wax, fat, resin, albumin, gum, starch, berberine If per cent, (see Hydrastis), oxyacanthine, C19HnN03 (vinetine, or berbine; bitter, white, soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; sepa- rates iodine from iodic acid ; isomeric with thebaine; the salts sparingly soluble in sodium phosphate), berbamine, C18H19N03 (white, the salts sparingly soluble iu sodium nitrate), and a fourth amorphous alkaloid. A dilute solution of potassium ferricyanide with ferric chloride is colored blue by salts of berbamine and oxyacanthine. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, in large doses laxative. Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gf. iij—x), in powder or decoction. SALIX.—Willow. Origin.—Salix alba, Linne, and other species of Salix. Natural order, Salicaeese. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; cul- tivated. Fig. 117, Salix.—Transverse section, magnified 15 diam Description.—Collected from branches several years old Fragments or quills, 1 or 2' millimeters or inch) HAMAMELIS—WITCH HAZEL. 187 thick, smooth; outer surface somewhat glossy, brownish, or yellowish, more or less finely warty or somewhat trans- versely ridged, under the corky layer green ; inner surface brownish-white, smooth ; fracture tough and fibrous. The less esteemed trunk bark is much thicker, deprived of the ash-gray cork, pale cinnamon-brown, the fracture more fibrous, somewhat splintery. The liber separates in thin layers, and the transversely elongated liber bundles are accompanied by axial rows of crystal cells; inodorous, bitter, and astringent. Constituents. — Tannin, about 12 per cent. ; salicin, C13H1807, 1 to 3 per cent., white bitter scales or needles, insoluble in ether, blood-red by sulphuric acid; by dilute acids split into sugar and saligenin, C7H802 (solution blue by ferric chloride), or saliretin, C14II1403. The white or crack willows appear to contain more tannin, the purple willows more salicin. Salicin has also been found in the leaves and flowers of several species of willow, and in the bark and leaves of several species of Populus associated with populin, which is benzoylsalicin. Properties.— Tonic, astringent, vermifuge, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j) or more. Salicin as a tonic or febrifuge in doses of 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij—xv). HAMAMELIS.—Hamamelis, Witch Hazel. Origin.—Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Hamamelidese. Habitat.—North America, in thickets. Description.—In irregular fragments or curved pieces, 1 or 2 millimeters (gV~iV inch) thick ; outer surface ash-gray, smooth, with scattered small blackish warts, or with short transverse ridges or scars, or somewhat scaly in older bark ; the thin gray corky layer easily removed from the pale cin- namon colored middle bark; inner surface smooth or finely striate ; the liber of older bark separating in thin layers ; frac- ture of young bark short, of older bark tough in the bast layer; inodorous ; taste astringent, somewhat bitter and pungent. 188 cellular vegetable drugs — BARKS. Constituents.—Tannin 8 per cent.; bitter and pungent prin- ciples (not isolated), resin, wax, sugar; ash 6 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or fluid extract. VIBURNUM.—Viburnum, Brack Haw. Origin.—Viburnum prunifolium, LinnS. Natural order, Capri foliaceae, Sambuceae. Habitat.—United States, westward to Kansas and Mis- sissippi ; in thickets. Description.—The bark of the stem is in thin pieces or quills, glossy purplish-brown, with scattered warts and minute black dots ; collected from old wood grayish-brown ; the thin corky layer easily removed from the green layer; inner surface whitish, smooth ; fracture short, inodorous, or of a slight valerian-like odor ; taste somewhat astrin- gent, bitter. The root bark is reddish-brown, internally cinnamon-colored, very bitter. Constituents.—Valerianic acid, brown bitter resin, green- ish-yellow bitter principle (viburniu), tannin, sugar, oxa- lates, citrates, malates, and ash 8-9 per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, tonic, nervine; used in threatened abortion. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion or fluid extract. QUERCUS ALBA.—White Oak Bark. Origin.—Quereus alba, Linne. Natural order, Cupu- li ferae, Quercineae. Habitat.— North America, westward to Minnesota, Kansas, and Mississippi; in woods. Description.—Nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky layer, about 6 millimeters inch) thick, pale brown, inner QUERCUS TINCTORIA—BLACK OAK BARK. 189 surface with short, sharp, longitudinal ridges; tough; fracture coarsely fibrous; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly astringent; in the shops usually in an irregular fibrous powder, which does not tinge the saliva yellow. Constituents.—Tannin, 6-11 per cent, (olive-brown with ferric salts; on sublimation yields needles soluble in alcohol and sparingly in water, colored green by ferric chloride), red-browu coloring matter, pectin, resin, etc. Young oak bark is richer in tannin than bark from old wood. Quereo-tanuic acid is C28II24012 and C28H28014, the latter being readily soluble in water. Oak red is C28H22Ou. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv— 5j); mostly7 used externally. QUERCUS TINCTORIA.—Black Oak Bark. Origin.—Qu&rcus coccfnea var. tinctoria, Gray. Natural order, Cupuliferse, Quercinese. Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Texas; in woods. Description.—Flattish pieces, deprived of the corky layer, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, reddish-brown, inner sur- face somewhat ridged; compact but rather brittle; fracture coarsely fibrous; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly astringent and somewhat bitter, imparting a brownish-yellow color to the saliva. Usually kept in an irregular fibrous powder. In the Southern States the barks of Quercus nigra, Linne (blackjack), and of Q,u. falcata, Michaux (Spanish oak), are frequently used as black oak bark; they are of a much coarser texture and of a deep reddish-brown color. Constituents.—Tannin 6 to 12 per cent, (blue with ferric salt), red-brown coloring matter, pectin, quercitrin, C36H.!8O20. The latter is yellow, crystalline, nearly tasteless; nearly in- soluble in cold water; colored dark yellow by ferric salts, and with dilute acids yields isodulcit, C6H1406, and yellow quercetin, C24H16Ou (with alcoholic ferric chloride dark green, on boiling deep red). 190 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. RUBUS.—Blackberry Bark. Origin. — Rubus villosus, Aiton; Rubus canadensis, Linne; and Rubus trivialis, Michaux. Natural order, Rosacese, Rubese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and thickets ; the last-named species is confined to the Southern States, west- ward to Texas. Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Thin, tough, flexible bands, outer surface blackish or blackish- gray, inner surface pale brownish, sometimes with strips of Fig. 118. Rubus villosus.—Transverse section of bark, magnified 15 diam. whitish tasteless wood adhering, fracture rather tough and fibrous, the bast fibres in transversely elongated groups, forming rather broad wedges ; inodorous, strongly astrin- gent, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Tannin 10-13 per cent., gallic acid 0.4 per cent., villosin 0.8 per cent., ash 3 per cent., etc. Vil- losin is a bitter crystalline glucoside, soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in water and benzin, insoluble in ether or chloroform ; it readily yields villosic acid, which is sol- uble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Both yield with II2S04 and little water deep blue or violet color ; with H2S04 and little HN03 blood-red color disappearing by water (G. A. Krauss, 1889, 1890). GRAN ATI RADICIS CORTEX. 191 Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss— ij), in decoction, syrup, or fluid extract. GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX.—Bark of Pomegranate Root. Origin.—Punica Granatum, Linne. Natural order, Lythrariese, Lythrese. Habitat. — India and South- western Asia; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical coun- tries. Description.—The bark of the root is directed by the U. S., Brit, and French Pharmacopoeias. In thin quills or fragments, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, little over 1 millimeter inch) thick; outer surface brown or brown-gray, somewhat warty or longitudinally and reticulately ridged, the larger pieces with conehoidal scales of cork; inner surface smooth, finely striate, grayish-yellow; fracture short, granular, brownish-yellow, indistinctly radiate in the liber, which contains scattered stone cells and numerous trails- Fig. 120. Fig. 119. Granati cortex.—Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. Magnified 40 diam. 192 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. versely and axially packed cells with crystals of calcium oxalate ; inodorous, scarcely bitter, astringent. The bark of the stem is admitted with the root-bark by the German Pharmacopoeia ; it is similar to the preceding, externally more gray, with longitudinal ridges and with scattered dots or patches of dark-colored lichens; the frac- ture greenish-yellow, and the bast layer more distinctly radiate; it is said to be equal to the root-bark. Constituents.—Punico-tannic acid, C20H16O13, about 20 per cent., mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, pelletierine, C8H)3NO (colorless oily aromatic alkaloid, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; resinifies on exposure; the salts crystalline), and three allied alkaloids; ash 14 to 16 per cent. The bark from stem and branches contains from 0.35 to 0 61 per cent, of alkaloids, and the root-bark from 1.01 to 1.32 per cent. (Stoeder, 1888.) Properties.—Anthelmintic, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 16 grams (5ij-iv), in decoction. Adulterations.—The barks of Berberis vulgaris, Lin. (see page 185) and Buxus sempervireus, LinnS, are bitter, not astringent, and yield infusions which are not colored blue-black by ferric salts. FRAXINUS.—White Ash. Origin.—Fraxinus americana, Linne (Fr. 41ba, Marsh). Natural order, Oleacese, Fraxinese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—The bark of the root is preferred. Quills or curved pieces about 5 millimeters (•£• inch) thick ; cork warty, ash-gray, often removed ; whitish or yellowish ; inner surface smooth; fracture coarsely fibrous, splintery; odor faintly aromatic, taste bitter, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, glucoside (fluorescent with alkalies), crystalline principle, bitter prin- ciple, ash 5 to 6 per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 gram (gr. xv). QUASSIA CORTEX — QUASSIA BARK. 193 SIMARUBA.—Simaruba. Origin.—1. Simariiba officinalis, De Candolle ; and, 2. S. medicinalis, Endlicher. Natural order, Simarubese. Habitat.—1. Guiana to Northern Brazil. 2. West Indies. Description.—The bark of the root is usually collected. Flattish, curved or quilled pieces, often 0.5 to 1 meter (20-40 inches) long, and about 3 millimeters (i inch) thick ; periderm yellowish or brownish, often partly or wholly removed ; then Fig. 121. Simaruba.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. gray-brown ; inner surface light brown, striate ; bast coarsely fibrous, tough, flexible, difficult to break ; bast rays wavy and oblique; inodorous; taste very bitter. No. 2 is light yellowish-brown, the inner surface finely striate. Constituents.—Probably quassin or picrasmin, some resin, trace of volatile oil, etc. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion or decoction. QUASSIA CORTEX.—Quassia Bark. Origin.—Picrse'na (Quassia, Swartz) excelsa, Lindley. Natural order, Simarubese. Habitat.—Jamaica. Description.—Flat or curved pieces, about 5 millimeters Cl- inch) or more thick; outer surface black-gray, longitudinally furrowed and verrucose; inner surface whitish, smooth; bast rays somewhat wavy; fracture in inner layer tough; inodor- ous, taste very bitter. The bark of Quassia amara, Linne, or Surinam quassia, is about 1 millimeter inch) thick ; externally gray, smooth- ish; inner surface whitish, smooth; very brittle; fracture smooth. 194 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Constituents.—Picrasmin, alkaloid (?), trace of volatile oil, etc. The bark of Surinam quassia contains quassin. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. CONDURANGO.—Condurango. Origin.—Gonolobus Condurango, Triana. Natural order, Asclepiadacese, Gonolobese. Habitat.—Ecuador. Description.—Quills or curved pieces about 5 to 10 centi- meters (2-4 inches) long; bark about 2 to 6 millimeters (_yt~ 1 inch) thick, externally brownish or brown-gray, wrinkled and warty ; inner surface pale brownish and striate; fracture granular, slightly fibrous, brownish, with scattered latex tubes and brownish yellow groups of stone cells in the wavy bast wedges; the parenchyme contains starch and raphides; nearly inodorous; taste slightly bitter and somewhat acrid. The infusion, prepared with cold water, becomes turbid on heating, but clear again on cooling. Constituents.—Tannin, a peculiar glucoside (less soluble in hot than in cold water), alkaloid (trace; resembling strych- nine in action), resin, starch, gum, etc., ash about 12 per cent. Properties.—Used in cancer and rheumatism ; tonic. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx). FRANGULA.—Frangula. Origin.—RMmnus Frangula, Linne. Natural order, Rhamnese. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia. Description.—Quilled, about 1 to 1.5 millimeters Qb- inch) thick; outer surface gray-brown or blackish- brown, with numerous small whitish transversely elongated suberous warts; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yel- low ; fracture in the outer layer short, of a purplish tint; in the inner layer fibrous and pale yellow; bast bundles in tangential groups, accompanied by axial rows of cells con- taining crystals; nearly inodorous; taste mucilaginous, FRANGULA. 195 sweetish, and bitter. On mastication it colors the saliva yellow. Immersed in diluted alkali solution, its inner surface is colored red. The reddish infusion is colored dark brown by ferric chloride. The bark should not be used sooner than a year after it has been collected. Fig. 122. Frangula.—Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. Constituents.—Frangulin or rhamnoxanthin, C22H2209, or C20H20O10, about 0.04 per cent, (yellow glucoside, taste- less, sublimable, purple by alkalies; yields yellow needles of frangulic acid or isoemodin), emodin, C15H10O5, about 0.1 Fig. 123. Frangula.—Magnified 80 diam. per cent, (reddish), isoemodin, C15H804 (bitter and laxative), resin, tannin, ash 5-6 per cent. Fresh frangula bark con- tains neither frangulin nor emodin. Properties.—When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, pur- gative, diuretic. Pose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. 196 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.—Cascara Sagrada, Chittem Bark. Origin —Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle. Natural order, Rhamnese. Habitat.—Northern Idaho, and westward to the Pacific coast. Description.—Curved or quilled, usually about 10 centi- meters (4 inches) long, 1 or 2 to 4 millimeters inch) thick ; periderm brownish-gray and whitish, with numerous rather broad pale-colored corky warts, and often with patches of lichens, otherwise smooth; underneath brown or reddish-brown ; inner surface yellowish or brown- ish, smooth or finely striate; fracture short, yellowish, in the inner layer of the thick pieces somewhat fibrous ; med- ullary rays narrow; bast bundles in tangential groups ; stone cells in the outer bark in clusters; inodorous, taste bitter. Rhamnus californica, Eschscholtz, from central California southward, is locally also known as cascara sagrada. The bark resembles the preceding, but is rather thinner, the color somewhat reddish dull-gray, the corky warts less numerous and disappearing rather early, the bast rays somewhat broader with the bast bundles sometimes in pairs, and the inner surface distinctly striate from the de- pressed medullary rays. Both these barks when masticated color the saliva yellow and resemble also frangula bark in their behavior to alkali and ferric chloride. Constituents.—Tannin, white sublimable principle, yellow crystalline principle (resembling frangulin, but probably not identical with it), and three resins (one is colored brown by potassa, another purple by the same reagent, and the JUGLANS—BUTTE RNUT. 197 third red-brown by sulphuric acid). The composition probably changes on keeping; 0.05 per cent, emodin was found in bark about a year old (Schwabe, 1888). Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, purgative. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction, tincture, or fluid extract. Origin. — Piscidia Erythrfna, Jacquin. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—West Indies. Description.—In quills or curved pieces, 5 to 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, about 4 or sometimes 6 millimeters Q- or \ inch) thick, externally orange-brown or dark gray brown, with thin longitudinal and transverse ridges, roughish wrin- kled, somewhat fissured ; inner surface brownish, smooth or fibrous ; fracture tough, fibrous, with blue-green or brownish- green patches; bast fibres in tangentially elongated bundles, arranged in radial rows, attached to cells containing crystals of calcium oxalate and imbedded in parenchyme ; odor nar- cotic, opium-like; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Resin, fat, piscidin (crystallizable, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, soluble in chloroform and benzol), and a bitter glucoside soluble in water. Properties.—Sudorific, soporific. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv). PISCIDIA.—Jamaica Dogwood. JUGLANS.—Butternut. Oi'igin.—Juglans cinerea, Linne. Natural order, Jug- landese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—The inner bark of the root is collected in autumn. Flat or curved pieces, 3 to 6 millimeters (§• to J inch) thick, outer surface nearly free from soft cork, deep brown; inner surface smooth and striate; transverse frac- ture short, delicately checkered from whitish parenchyme and transverse groups of brown bast fibres; odor feeble; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 198 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Constituents.—Nucin (juglaudic acid, juglone), C10H6O8 (orange-yellow needles, acrid, purple by alkalies, volatile with water vapors, decomposed by long boiling), fixed oil 14 per cent., trace of volatile oil and tannin. Properties.—Cathartic, tonic. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j-ij), in infusion or extract. QU EBRACHO.—Quebracho. Quebracho bianco. Origin.—Aspidosperma Quebracho, Schleehtendal. Nat- ural order, Apocynacese, Plumerieae. Habitat.—Argentine Republic. Description.—Nearly flat pieces, 1 to 3 centimeters (f— inches) thick; cork deeply fissured, gray or yellowish-gray and internally reddish-brown; inner surface yellowish or brown and striate; hard, fracture granular in the outer layer, showing wavy strata of cork and parenchyme, and short splintery in the yellowish or brown bast layer; the paren- chyme with numerous whitish groups of stone cells; the bast fibres dark colored, scattered, and accompanied by axial rows of stone cells; medullary rays in about three rows of cells; small starch grains in the parenchyme; nearly inodorous; taste very bitter, slightly aromatic. Constituents.—Six alkaloids, viz., aspidospermine, quebra- chine, quebrachamine, aspidospermatine, aspidosamine, and hydroquebrachine, the two last amorphous; a peculiar sugar, quebrachit; tannin 3-4 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, antispasmodic in asthma, etc. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj). Quebracho Colorado (Loxoptery'gium Lorentzii, Grisebach. Natural order, Anacardiacese. Bark neatly checkered from tangential bands of dark-colored cork and groups of bast fibres, and from radial light-colored medullary rays. Wood, red-brown, contains 20 per cent, of tannin ; also loxopterygine. Origin.— Melia Azedarach, Linne. Natural order, Meliacese, Melieae. Habitat.—China and India, cultivated in the Southern United States. AZEDARACH.—Azedarach. XANTHOXYLUM—PRICKLY ASH. 199 Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Curved pieces or quills of variable size and thickness, outer sur- face red-brown, with irregular blackish longitudinal ridges; inner surface whitish or brownish, longitudinally striate; fracture more or less fibrous ; upon transverse section tan- gentially striate, with yellowish bast fibres; inodorous, sweetish, afterward bitter and nauseous. If collected from old roots, the bark must be freed from the thick rust-brown, nearly tasteless corky layer. Constituents.—Bitter yellowish-white resin, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; no tannin. Properties.—Anthelmintic, emetic, poisonous. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction. XANTHOXYLUM.—Prickly Ash. Origin.—Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) fraxineum, Will- denow (X. americanum, Miller) (Northern prickly ash), and X. carolinianum, Lamarck (X. Clava-IIerculis, Linne) (Southern prickly ash). Natural order, Rutacese, Xan- thoxyleae. Habitat.—North America; the first species in rocky woods in the Northern and Central States ; the second spe- cies not far from the coast, Southern Virginia to Eastern Texas. Description.—Northern prickly ash is in curved or quilled fragments, about 1 millimeter inch) thick, outer surface brown-gray with whitish patches and minute black dots, faintly furrowed, with some brown, glossy, straight, two-edged spines, linear at the base, and about 6 millime- ters (J inch) long; inner surface whitish, smooth; fracture short, non-fibrous, green in the outer and yellowish in the inner layer; inodorous, bitterish, very pungent. Southern prickly ash resembles this, but is nearly 2 millimeters (T\ 200 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. inch) thick, and is marked by many conical corky projec- tions, sometimes 2 centimeters (-f inch) high, and by stout brown spines, rising from a corky base. Prickly ash should not be confounded witli the bark of Aralia spinosa, Linne, which is nearly smooth externally, but the stembark beset with slender prickles in transverse rows. Constituents.—Acrid green oil, resin (crystalline, white, tasteless, in alcoholic solution bitter; the principles from the two barks are similar in behavior, but not identical), soft resin (acrid), bitter principle (probably an alkaloid, brown and dark red with sulphuric acid), little tannin, sugar, ash 11 to 12 per cent. Properties.—Sialagogue, stimulant, alterative, ennnena- gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder or tincture; large doses in decoction. MYRICA.—Bayberry Bark. Origin.—Myrfca cerffera, Linne. Natural order, Myrica- cese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—Quills or curved pieces, about 1.5 millimeters y inch) thick; externally whitish or grayish, scaly; under- neath the thin suberous layer smooth, red-brown ; inner sur- face red-brown, faintly striate; fracture reddish, granular, slightly fibrous; odor somewhat aromatic; taste astringent, bitter, pungently acrid. Constituents.—Acrid resin, myricinic acid (resembling sap- onin, acrid, frothing with water), little volatile oil, tannin, etc. Properties.—Acrid stimulant, sialagogue, errhine. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x). ERYTHROPHLCEUM.—Sassy Park. Origin.—Fry thro phloe'um guineense, Don. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Dimorphandrese. Habitat.—Western and Central Africa. Description.—Flat or curved, about 5 millimeters (j inch) MEZEREUM — MEZEREON. 201 thick; externally warty, fissured, red-brown, hard; fracture coarsely granular and fibrous, inodorous, astringent, bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Erythrophleine (heart tonic, said to possess anaesthetic action), tannin, coloring matter. Properties.—Astringent, diaphoretic, narcotic. MEZ E REUM.—Mezereon. Origin.—Daphne Mezereum (Mezereum), Linne, aud other species of Daphne. Natural order, Thymelacese, Eu- thymekeese. Habitat.—Europe, in mountainous regions, eastward to Siberia; spontaneous in Canada aud New England. Description.—Long, thin bands, folded or rolled into disks; outer surface yellowish or brown-yellow, with trans- verse scars and minute blackish dots ; underneath the thin Fig. 124. Mezereura.—Transverse section, magnified 15 diam. cork is a thin parenchyme layer of light greenish color; inner surface whitish, silky ; bast in irregular transverse layers, very tough ; inodorous, very acrid. Daphne Laureola, Linne, and D. Gnidium, Linne, of Southern Europe, yield similar barks. Constituents.—Soft acrid resin aud oil; daphnin, C15H1609 (bitter glucoside, insoluble in ether, soluble in alkalies with a yellow color, blue by ferric salts), the acrid principle has been named mezerein. Properties.—Sialagogue, stimulant, diuretic, alterative ; externally vesicant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 gram (gr. jss-vj), mostly combined with other drugs. 202 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. GOSSYPII RADICIS CORTEX.—Bark of Cotton Root. Origin.—Gossy'pium herbaceum, Linne, and other spe- cies of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malvern. Habitat.—Subtropical Asia and Africa, cultivated in the United States. Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Thin, flexible bands or quilled pieces; outer surface brownish- yellow, with slight longitudinal ridges or meshes, small black circular dots or short transverse lines, and, from the abrasion of the thin cork, with dull browuish-orauge patches; inner surface whitish, of a silky lustre, finely striate; bast fibres long, tough, separable in papery layers; inodorous ; taste very slightly acrid and faintly astringent. Constituents.—In the fresh bark a yellow chromogene, becoming red and resinous; yellow resin, fixed oil, little tannin, sugar, starch, etc. Properties.—Emmenagogue, oxytocic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. COTO.—Coto Bark. Origin.—Unknown, possibly from natural order Laurinese or Anacardiacese. Habitat.—Bol i v ia. Description.—Flat or curved, mostly deprived of cork, about 5 to 15 millimeters (■£—§■ inch) thick; outer surface cinnamon-brown, smooth; inner surface darker brown ; frac- ture granular in the outer layer, tenacious and fibrous in the inner layer, with numerous yellow groups of stone cells and bast fibres; odor aromatic, cinnamon-like; taste pungent, slightly bitter. Another coto (paracoto) bark, likewise from Bolivia, is usually about 10 to 20 millimeters (|—| inch) thick ; some- times with whitish fissured cork; odor fainter, nutmeg-like. The bark of Drfmys Winteri, Forster, var. granatensis, QUILLAIA — SOAPBARK. 203 Eichler, is said to have been offered as coto bark from Vene- zuela. Constituents.—Cotoin, C.2.,H1806 (pale yellow, very acrid, soluble in alkalies, sparingly soluble in water), in coto bark. Paracotoin (pale yellow, tasteless); leucotin, hydrocotoin, etc., in paracoto bark. Both barks contain volatile oil, resin, and piperonylic acid, C8H604; no tannin. Properties.—Useful in diarrhoea. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in powder or tincture. Dose, of cotoin 0.05 to 0.10 gram (f-Q gr.), of paracotoin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). EUONYMUS.—Wahoo. Origin.—Euonymus atropurpureus, Jaequin. Natural order, Celastrinese. Habitat.—United States, southward to Florida, and westward to Wisconsin, in shady woods. Description.—Quilled or curved pieces, about 2 millime- ters (y inch) thick; outer surface ash-gray with blackish ridges or patches, detached in thin and small scales; inner surface whitish or slightly tawny, smooth ; fracture smooth, whitish, the inner layers tangentially striate ; nearly inodor- ous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Euonymin (very bitter, amorphous, solu- ble in alcohol and water), atropurpurin (crystalline gluco- side), bitter extractive, pungent principle, citric, tartaric, and malic acids, resins, fixed oil, free fat acid, wax, starch, pectin, ash 14 to 15 per cent. (Wenzell, 1862; Naylor and Chapliu, 1889). Commercial euonymin is usually the extract or powdered extract. Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, laxative, autiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. QUILL AIA.—Quillaia. Soapbahk. Origin.—Quillaia (Quillaia) Saponaria, Molina. Natural order, Rosaceae, Quillajeae. Habitat.—Chili and Peru. 204 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. Description.—The bark is deprived of the brown peri- derm. Flat large pieces, about 5 millimeters (£ inch) thick, pale brownish-white, and smooth on both sides, or the outer surface with small patches of red-brown cork ; tough; fracture splintery; transverse section checkered, with tangentially arranged pale brownish bast fibres, white bast parenchyme, and distinct white medullary rays about 5 cells in width; the tissue contains small starch grains and a large quantity of acicular crystals of calcium oxa- late; inodorous, very acrid, sternutatory. Constituents.—Saponin, about 9 per cent., a little starch, gum, salts, etc. This saponin is a mixture of the two glu- cosides quillaic acid, C19II30O10 (soluble in cold absolute alcohol, precipitated by lead acetates), and quillaia-sapo- toxin, C17H26O]0 (neutral, nearly insoluble in absolute alcohol, not precipitated by normal lead acetate) (Kobert, 1887). Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, irritant, detergent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. ULMUS.—Slippery Elm. Origin.—Ulnius fulva, Michcmx. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Ulmese. Habitat. — North America, west to Louisiana and Nebraska, in woods. Description.—The bark is deprived of the brown peri- derm. Flat pieces varying in length and width, about 3 millimeters inch) thick, tough, pale brownish-white, the inner surface finely ridged; fracture fibrous and mealy, the transverse section delicately checkered ; odor slight, fenugreek-like, taste mucilaginous, insipid. European Elm bark from Ulmus campestris, Linne, and CINNAMOMUM — CINNAMON. 205 U. effusa, Willdenow, is cinnamon-colored, nearly inodor- ous, and of a mucilaginous, bitterish, and astringent taste. Constituents.—Mucilage; in European Elm bark also a little tannin and bitter principle. Ground elm bark is sometimes adulterated with corn meal and other starchy materials. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. Dose, 8 grams (5ij) or more, mostly used externally. CINNAMOMUM.—Cinnamon. Ceylon Cinnamon. Origin.—Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Breyne. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. Habitat.—Ceylon ; cultivated. Description.—The outer bark has been removed by scrap- ing. In long closely rolled quills, composed of 8 or more layers of bark of the thickness of paper; pale yellowish- brown ; outer surface smooth, formed by a layer of stone cells, and marked with wavy lines of bast bundles; inner surface scarcely striate; fracture short-splintery ; the paren- cliyme contains starch and reddish-brown coloring mat- ter, scattered oil cells and larger cells with mucilage; odor fragrant; taste sweet and warmly aromatic. CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.—Cinnamon Cassia. Chinese Cinnamon. Origin.—Cinnamomum Cdssia, Blume, and other species of Cinnamomum. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. Habitat.—Ch i n a. Description.—Nearly deprived of the corky layer, 1 millimeter inch) or more in thickness; yellowish- brown ; more or less quilled; fracture nearly smooth ; odor and taste analogous to those of cinnamon, but less delicate. 206 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. The tissue resembles that of Ceylon cinnamon, but has the stone cells in irregular groups, and contains fewer bast- fibres and more mucilage cells. Fig. 125. Cinnamon.—a, b, c. From China, d, e. From Ceylon Cassia lignea is either Chinese cinnamon, or a thicker, less fragrant, and more mucilaginous bark. Saigon cinnamon from China is quilled, unscraped, sweet and fragrant. Constituents.—Volatile oil (-J to 1|- percent.), tannin, sugar, mannit, mucilage, ash about 2 to 5 per cent. Oil of cinnamon has the spec. grav. 1.035-1.055 or 1.065, is CANELLA. 207 readily soluble in alcohol, and consists of a hydrocarbon, cinnamyl acetate, and of cinnamic aldehyd, C9H80 (75 to 90 per cent.), which oxidizes to cinnamic acid, C9II802. The oil of Ceylon cinnamon is most fragrant. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, tincture, or in- fusion. SASSAFRAS.—Sassafras. Origin.—Sassafras officinale, Nees. Natural order, Lau- rinese, Litseacese. Habitat.—North America, from Eastern Texas and Kansas eastward to Florida and Ontario; in woods. Description.—The bark of the root is collected and de- prived of the gray corky layer ; irregular fragments, about 3 millimeters inch) thick, bright rust-brown, soft, brit- tle, with a short corky fracture showing numerous oil cells, several suberous bands, and in the inner layer lighter col- ored medullary rays and few bast fibres; strongly fra- grant, sweetish, aromatic, somewhat astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (about 5 per cent.), tannin, sassafrid, starch, gum, resin, wax. Oil of sassafras has the spec. grav. 1.090, dissolves readily in alcohol, and yields with nitric acid a dark red resin—it consists of saf- rene, C10H16, and safrol, C10H10O2; the latter melts at 8.5° C. (47.3° F.). Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion ; mostly used as a flavor. CANELLA.—Canella. Origin.—Canella alba, Murray. Natural order, Canella- cese. Habitat.—West Indies. Description.—In quills or broken pieces about 3 millimeters (g inch) thick; almost completely deprived of the gray suber- 208 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. ous layer; external surface pale orange-red, with transversely elongated cork scars and shallow whitish depressions; inner surface white, finely striate; fracture short, granular, white, with numerous orange-yellow resin cells, and in the inner layer brownish ; odor cinnamon-like; taste bitterish, biting. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 per cent, (contains eugenol), resin, bitter principle, mannit about 8 per cent., mucilage, starch, albumin ; free from tannin. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder and as an addition to tinctures. CINNAMODENDRON.—False Winter’s Bark. Origin. — Ciunamodendron corticosum, Miers. Natural order, Canellacese. Habitat.—Jamaica. Description.—Curved or quilled, about 3 millimeters (g inch) thick ; deprived of the dark brown corky layer ; outer surface smooth, light brown, with red-brown, roundish or transversely elongated scars; inner surface pale brown, finely striate; fracture short, granular, whitish and brownish, with numerous dark brown resin cells, and in the inner layer brown; odor cinnamon-like; taste bitterish, biting. Constituents.—Probably like Canella. Properties and Uses.—Like Canella. WINTERA.—Winter’s Bark. Origin.—Drimys Winteri, Forster. Natural order, Mag- noliacese, Winterese. Habitat.—Western part of South America. Description.—Quilled or curved, 2 to 8 millimeters (Txy to i inch) thick ; outer surface gray and smooth, or rust-brown, and wrinkled ; inner surface brown, coarsely striate or ridged; fracture granular, brown, with whitish groups of stone cells and yellow resin cells; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste very pungent, astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (containing winterene, C15H24), tannin, pungent resin, starch. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, antiscorbutic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or tincture. ANGUSTURA. 209 AN GU STUR A.—Angustura. Origin.—Galipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire (Gal. officinalis, Hancock; Cusparia trifoliata, Engler). Natural order, Ruta- cese, Cusparieae. Habitat.—Northern South America. Description.—Flat, curved, or quilled, 2 to 3 millimeters (y’y to i inch) thick; periderm ochrey-gray, friable, often partly or wholly absent, and the outer surface then reddish- brown ; inner surface light cinnamon-brown, smooth ; frac- ture smooth, resinous, reddish-brown, with scattered darker oil-cells and glistening white striae (crystals of calcium oxa- late) ; odor aromatic ; taste aromatic, very bitter. Fig. 126. Fig 127. Angustura bark, about one-half nat- ural size. Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. Constituents.—Volatile oil £ to 11 per cent., angusturin, four alkaloids, a glucoside, resins, gum, ash 8 per cent. Angusturin has a bitter taste, is insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol and water, precipitated by tannin. A fluorescent glucoside is insoluble in ether and alcohol. The four alka- loids are white and crystallize from petroleum benzin; the salts of galipine and galipidine are yellow or yellowish, those of cusparidine and cusparine white, and the latter sparingly soluble in water (Beckurts and Nehring, 1891). Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or tincture. Substitutions.—Esenbeckia febrffuga, Martius (Rutacese), so-called Brazilian angustura. Bark externally brown-gray or with light rust-brown patches, internally dark brown; 210 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. fracture short fibrous ; taste bitter, not aromatic. Contains evodine or esenbeckine (yellowish-green by H2S04). Stry'chnos Nux vomica, Linne, (Loganiacese), so called false angustura bark. Externally gray with whitish warts and bright rust colored patches; inner surface brown ; frac- ture granular, smooth, of a brown color, showing one or occasionally two yellowish tangential layers of stone cells, but no short white striae; taste strongly bitter, not aromatic. Contains strychnine and brucine. CASCARILLA.—Cascarilla. Origin.—Croton Elut6ria, Bennett. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotoueae. Habitat.—Bahama Islands. Description.—In broken quills or curved pieces, rarely 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, about 2 millimeters ( inch) thick, having a grayish, somewhat fissured, easily detached corky layer, with chalky white patches of a thin lichen and black dots; the remaining tissue dull brown, and the inner surface smooth; fracture short, resinous, radially striate; the parenchyme contains starch, and in Fig. 128. Fig. 129. Cascarilla; quill. Cascarilla.—Transverse section, magnified 5 diam. scattered cells either oil, brown coloring-matter, or crystals; bast fibres few; when burned emits a strong aromatic somewhat musk-like odor; taste warm and very bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1.5 per cent., cascarillin (bit- ter needles, soluble in alcohol, ether, and hot water), resin 15 per cent., little tannin, pectin, gum, starch. LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 211 Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, in large doses nauseating. Pose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or tincture. Allied Drugs.—Copalchi bark, from Croton Pseudo - china, Sehlechtendal, Mexico. Large quills; periderm whitish or gray, not fissured; inner surface cinnamon- brown, smooth ; fracture granular, in inner layer finely fibrous; odor and taste similar to Cascarilla. Malambo bark, from Croton Malambo, Karsten, Vene- zuela. Large quills, resembling the preceding, the thin cork warty, longitudinally fissured, and easily removed ; fracture in inner layer coarsely fibrous. Other barks from different species of Croton are not (infrequently sold for Copalchi and Malambo bark. 6. LEAVES AND LEAFLETS.—FOLIA ET FOLIOLA. Leaves grow laterally from the stem, and are attached thereto either by the blade, in which case they are sessile, or they are petiolate, raised upon a foot-stalk. A leaf is called simple if it has only one blade, and compound if it has two or more distinct blades on a common leaf-stalk. The separate blades of compound leaves are termed leaf- lets, and, if they are articulated with the common leaf- stalk, they are, after collection and drying, usually detached from the latter, and cannot then be distinguished from simple leaves. The veins of a leaf may run parallel from the base to the apex, or from the mid-rib to the margin ; or they may branch and divide in various ways and anas- tomose, forming a network. Parallel-veined leaves are met with in most monocotyledonous plants, while the dico- 212 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. tyledons have only netted-veined leaves, with the exception of the so-called phyllodia, which are foliaceous petioles. Most leaves are more or less hairy, at least while young; in fully matured leaves, which are otherwise smooth, hairs sometimes remain on the lower surface, and particularly along the veins. Hairs may consist of a single or of sev- eral cells; sometimes they terminate in oil-bearing glands, as in the leaves of the labiatse. The hairy covering modi- fies, to some extent, the green color of the surface. The color of the upper surface is, as a rule, darker green, owing to the compact nature of the tissue on that side. Occasionally the surface of leaves becomes coated with a wax-like exudation. Deciduous leaves, which last only for a single season, are rarely leathery; but sempervirent leaves, lasting for more than one season, are generally of a leathery texture. All the officinal leaves are derived from dicotyledons. Histology.—The petiole or foot-stalk consists mainly of fibrovascular tissue, which, on entering the blade, branches so as to form the ribs and veins or framework of the leaf, the spaces between which are filled with parenchyme (mesophyll). Under the epidermis of the upper side of expanded leaves is found a layer consisting of one or more rows of vertically elougated, compacted parenchyme cells (palisade cells). A few of the officinal leaves, like senna, have also a small palisade layer beneath the epidermis of the lower surface, and in the falcate eucalyptus leaves nearly the entire mesophyll consists of palisade cells. The parenchyme between this layer and the lower surface is loosely arranged, leaving irregular air-spaces between the horizontally elongated cells. The parenchyme contains the chlorophyll, likewise the oil-glands, if present, which usu- ally give the leaves a pellucid-punctate appearance; and in the same tissue originates the suberous growth which LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 213 appears upon certain leaves in the form of circular or roundish disks. On the lower surface, and in some leaves also on the upper surface, are found the stomata or breath- ing-pores. Classification. I. Margin entire. 1. Aromatic and glandular; all coriaceous except Thymus. Linear, revolute, woolly beneath, green above. Rosmarinus. Linear, revolute, pubescent beneath, grayish- green. Thymus. Broad oval, obtuse, rough on both sides. Boldus. Oval-oblong, retuse, uneven at base. Pilocarpus. Lance-oblong, acute at both ends. Laurus. Falcate-lanceolate, pointed, uneven at base. Eucalyptus. Oval-lanceolate or elliptic, smooth, delicately wrinkled. Chekan. Elliptic, smooth, reticulate above. Myrcia. Oval-oblong, smooth, petiole winged. Aurantium. 2. Not aromatic or glandular; coriaceous. Linear-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, smooth. Oleander. Elliptic-oblong, revolute, rusty-woolly beneath, aromatic when bruised. Ledum. Obovate, somewhat revolute, smooth. Uva ursi. Ovate-oblong, rather acute, pale green. Arctostaphylos glauca. Roundish cordate, bristly. Epigsea. Elliptic, acute at both ends, smooth. Kalmia. 3. Not aromatic or coriaceous. Obovate, mucronulate, uneven at base, nearly smooth. Senna (baladi). Lance-oval, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. Senna alexandrina. Lanceolate, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. Senna indica. Ovate-oblong, obtuse, uneven at base, nearly Cassia smooth. marilandica. Lance-oblong, pointed, sometimes with a few teeth or three-lobed. Sesamum. Obovate-oblong, acute at base, near the mid-rib with two folds. Erythroxylon. 214 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. Ovate-oblong, acute, papery and smooth, upper side mostly brownish. Belladonna. Oval-lanceolate, acute below, smooth. Duboisia. Ovate-lanceolate, acute, papery, hairy, brown on both sides. Tabacum. II. Margin toothed or crenate. 1. Not coriaceous. Ovate, uneven at base, angular-toothed, papery, smooth. Stramonium. Ovate-oblong, gray-green, hairy, the teeth large and triangular. Hyoscyamus. Ovate, obtuse, crenate, beneath with white retic- ulations. Digitalis. Lanceolate, finely crenulate, beneath with brown reticulations. Matico. Ovate-oblong, finely crenulate, gray-green, soft hairy beneath. Salvia. Oval-obovate, obliquely heart-shaped, wavy toothed. Hamamelis. Oval, acute at both ends, irregularly toothed, smooth. Thea. Lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; teeth distant. Ilex para- guayensis. Obovate or lance-obovate, rather obtuse; teeth few. Turnera. Oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate serrate, smooth, feather-veined. Castanea. Lanceolate, pointed, closely serrate, smooth. Persica. Lance-oblong, with few teeth, mostly entire (see above). Sesamum. Boundish heart-shaped, angular, white tomen- tose beneath. Tussilago. 2. Coriaceous. Oval, spiny-wavy toothed. Ilex opaca. Oblanceolate, sharply serrate above, green, and smooth. Chimaphila. Lanceolate, serrate, on upper surface a whitish Chimaphila spot. maculata. Boundish oval, mucronate, with appressed teeth, smooth. Gaultheria. Oblong, serrate, with depressed glands near base of mid-rib. Laurocerasus. ROSMARINUS—ROSEMARY. 215 Oval, obovate, or roundish, crenate or serrate, gland in each sinus. Buchu (short). Linear-lanceolate, rather thin, glandular like preceding. Buchu (long). Elliptic-lanceolate, dentate, varnished above, white and reticulate beneath. Eriodictyon. III. Margin lobed ; subcoriaceous. Linear-lanceolate, lobes alternate, roundish. Comptonia. Kidney-shaped, three-lobed, lobes entire. Hepatica. Suborbicular, the divisions linear-lanceolate and furrowed above. Aconitum. IV. Leaves ternate. Leaflets sessile, obovate oblong, slightly crenate. Menyanthes. Lateral leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate; all en- tire or notched. Toxicodendron. V. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate. Pi men subcoriaceous, spatulate, nearly entire, pellucid-punctate. Ruta. Pinnae thin, oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed. Conium. ROSMA RINUS.—Rosemary. Fig. 130. Origin. — Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labiatae, Monardese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterra- nean ; cultivated. Description.—Rigid, linear, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, entire, re volute, dark green above, woolly and glandular and with a promi- nent midrib beneath; pungently aro- matic, somewhat camphoraceous, and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent., resin, tannin, bitter princi- ple. The volatile oil is yellowish, spec. grav. 0.90, readily soluble in Rosmarinus offici- nalis, Linne.—Branch and flower. 216 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. alcohol, contains the hydrocarbon cineol, C10H16, and the compounds, C10H16O and C10H18O. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmena- gogue, diaphoretic. Dose, 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv), in infusion. THYMUS.—Garden Thyme. Origin.—Thy'mus vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Labi- atse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Linear or narrow oblong, 5 to 10 millimeters (£-f inch) long, revolute, grayish-green, glandular punctate on both sides, grayish pubescent beneath; aromatic; taste spicy. The expanded leaves are'ovate or lanceolate. Constituents.—Volatile oil about per cent., spec. grav. 0.89, readily soluble in alcohol, consists of cymene, C10HU, thymene, C]0H]6, and thymol, C10HuO ; the latter melts at 50° C. (122° F.), and liquefies in contact with camphor. Properties. — Carminative, tonic, emmenagogue, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Qjss-j), in infusion. Thymol externally as an antiseptic. Fig. 131. BOLDUS.—Boldo. Origin.—Peiimus Boldus, Molina (Boldoa fragrans, Ruiz et Pavon). Natural order, Monimiaceae. Habitat.—Chili; cultivated. Description.—Broadly oval or oval- oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obtuse, rough on both sides, glossy above, hairy beneath, often reddish-brown, fragrant; taste pun- gent, aromatic, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent., boldine 0.1 per cent., glucoside 0.3 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether), aromatic resiu, tannin, etc. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- ai), in infusion or tincture. Boldus—Natural size. PILOCARPUS—JABORANDI. 217 PILOCARPUS.—Jaborandi. Origin.—Pilocarpus pennatifolius, Lemaire. Natural order, Rutacese, Xanthoxylese. Habitat.—Brazil, near Pernambuco. Fig. 132. Pilocarpus.—Leaflet, natural size. Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 11 leaflets, the terminal one with a stalk about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and nearly equal at base; the others short-stalked 218 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. and unequal at the base; oval or ovate-oblong, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, entire, and slightly revolute at the margin, near which the anastomosing veins form one or two distinct wavy lines ; obtuse and emarginate; coria- ceous, pellucid-punctate, mostly smooth; when bruised, slightly aromatic, somewhat pungent and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil (chiefly pilocarpeue, Cl0H16); pilocarpine, CuH16N202, per cent., is the principal active constituent; it is crystalline, soluble in water, com- bines with alkalies, on heating, particularly with HC1, yields jaborine and pilocarpidine, its salts readily soluble in water and alcohol, the physiological action similar to that of nicotine. Jaborine, C22H32N404, is yellow, amor- phous, soluble less in water and more in ether than pilo- carpine ; resembles atropine in action. Pilocarpidine, C10II14N2O2, is deliquescent; the salts mostly amorphous; action weaker than pilocarpine; on oxidation in air yields syrupy jaboridine, which may be identical with jaboran- dine, C10H12N2O3, and resembles jaborine in its action. Properties.—Sialagogue, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in powder or tincture; pilocarpine 0.005 to 0.03 gram (gr. Other Jaborandis.—Monnieria trifolia, Linne (Aubl6tia trifolia, Richard), and Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) elegans, Engler, of the natural order Rutacese. Serronia Jaborandi, Guillemin (contains jaborandine), Piper reticu- latum, Linne, P. nodulosuin, Link, P. citrifolium, Lamarck, and Artanthe Mollicoma, Miguel, of the natural order Piperacese. LA.URUS.—Laurel, Bay Leaves. Origin.—Laurus nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Laurineae, Litseaceoe. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. Description.—Oblong or lance-oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters EUCALYPTUS. 219 (2 to 4 inches) long, acute at both ends, or the apex rather ohtuse, veined beneath, pellucid-punctate, brownish, smooth ; aromatic, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, astringent. EUCALYPTUS.—Eucalyptus. Origin.—Eucaly'ptus globulus, Labillurdiere. Natural order, Myrtaceae, Leptospermeae. Habitat.—Australia; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—The leaves are collected from rather old trees. Petiolate, laneeolately scythe-shaped, 15 to 30 cen- timeters (6 to 12 inches) long, oblique and rounded or somewhat attenuated below, tapering above, entire, leathery, Fig. 133. Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiere. gray-green, glandular, feather-veined between the midrib and marginal veins; odor strongly balsamic; taste pun- gently aromatic, somewhat bitter, and astringent. The leaves of young shoots are broadly ovate, obtuse, cordate at base, pale bluish-green, thinner, and less aro- matic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 6 per cent., tannin, eery lie alcohol, crystallizable fatty acid, crystallizable resin. The volatile oil contains eucalyptene and dextro-pinene, C10H16, and cineol or eucalyptol, C10Ii18O. Properties.—Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, antiseptic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, tinc- ture, or extract. 220 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. CHEKAN.-Cheken. Origin.—Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Natural order, Myrta- cese, Myrtese. Habitat.—Chili. Description.—Nearly sessile, oval-lanceolate or elliptic, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat revolute on the margin; light green, smooth, delicately wrinkled, pellucid- punctate, aromatic. Usually accompanied by the much- branched rough brown stems. Fig. 134. Cheken leaves.—Natural size. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent., alkaloid, tannin 4 per cent., ash 9 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, antiseptic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (^ss-j). MYRCIA.—Bay Leaves, Wild Clove Leaves. Origin.—My'rcia acris, De Candolle. Natural order, Myrta- cese, Myrtese. Habitat.—West Indies. Description.—Elliptic or broadly oval, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, obtuse, reticulate, smooth, pellucid-punc- tate, aromatic, and spicy. Constituents.—Volatile oil; it contains several hydrocar- bons, eugenol, and little methyl-eugenol. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used for preparing the vola- tile oil and for bay rum. LEDUM — LABRADOR TEA. 221 AURANTII FOLIA.—Orange Leaves. Origin.—Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. Habitat.—Asia; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Oval- or ovate-oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, pointed, smooth, pellucid-punctate; petiole articulate, with a broad obovate or obcordate wing; aromatic, somewhat bitter. The similar leaves of Citrus Aurantium, Risso, have the petioles narrow-winged or nearly naked. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. OLEANDER.—Oleander. Origin.—N6rium Oleander, Linne. Natural order, Apocy- nacese, Echitese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. Description.—Nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, 10 centime- ters (4 inches) long, finely pointed, somewhat revolute, smooth, glossy above, feather-veined; inodorous, bitter, nauseous. Constituents.—Oleandrine and pseudocurarine (two amor- phous alkaloids, the former poisonous), neriantin (glucoside). Properties.—Sedative, poisonous. LEDUM.—Labrador Tea. Origin.—Ledum latifolium, Alton. Natural order, Erica- ceae, Rhodorese. Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States, west to Min- nesota. Description.—Elliptic oblong, about 3 centimeters (1£ in- ches) long, revolute, rounded or cordate at base, rusty woolly beneath ; odor, when bruised, heavy ; taste astringent, bitter, somewhat pungent. Ledum palustre, Linne, Marsh tea, grows in the northern continents, and is free from andromedotoxin ; leaves linear or lance-linear, otherwise like Ledum latifolium. Constituents.—Tannin, volatile oil, ericolin, ericinol, resin, etc. (in L. palustre). Properties.—Astringent, tonic, alterative, in lapge doses poisonous (probably due to andromedotoxin). Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 222 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. UVA URSI.—Uva Ursi. Origin.—Arctostaphylos U'va ursi, Sprengel. Natural order, Ericaceae, Arbuteae. Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in dry and sandy or rocky places; in the United States south to Pennsylvania, New Mexico, and California. Fig. 135. Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel. Description.—Nearly sessile, obovate or oblong-spatu- late, about 2 centimeters (f inch) long, obtuse, the apex frequently curved back, slightly revolute on the margin, smooth, glossy on the upper surface, paler and reticulate on the lower surface; odor faint hay-like; taste strongly astringent, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Tannin 6-7 per cent., gallic acid, arbutin, ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA — MANZANITA. 223 ericolin, ursone, ash about 3 per cent. Free from andro- medotoxin. Arbutin, C12H1607, bitter needles, soluble in alcohol and hot water, nearly insoluble in ether; blue with dilute ferric chloride ; in alkaline solution azure-blue with phosphomolybdic acid; yields glucose and arctuvin, or Fig. 136. Uva ursi leaves, natural size, showing upper and lower surface. hydrokinone (excreted with the urine). Ericolin, C34H56021, yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, yields glucose and ericinol (volatile oil). Ursone, C10H16O, tasteless needles, sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or fluid extract. Origin.—Arctostaphylos glauca, Lindley. Natural order, Ericaceae, Arbuteae. Habitat.—Mountains of California. Description.—Petiolate, ovate-oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, usually acute above and obtuse at base, glaucously pale green; inodorous, astringent and somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Arbutin, ursone, tannin 9-10 per cent., ash 6 per cent. Properties and Uses.—Like uva ursi. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA.—Manzanita. 224 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. Fig. 137. Manzanita leaves, natural size EPIG2EA—1Trailing Arbutus, Gravel Plant. Origin.—Epigae'a ripens, Linne. Natural order, Ericaceae, Ericineae. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Minnesota ; in sandy woods. Description.—Ovate or suborbicular, cordate, about 5 cen- timeters (2 inches) long, reticulate, bristly; inodorous; taste astringent, and bitter. Constituents.—Tannin 3-4 per cent., acid resembling gallic acid, arbutin, ericolin, ursone. Properties and Uses.—Like uva ursi. KALMIA.—Mountain Laurel,. Origin.—Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Natural order, Erica- ceae, Rhodoreae. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Tennessee; in damp or rocky woods. Description.—Elliptic or lance-oval, 5 to 9 centimeters (2 SENNA ALEXANDRINA. 225 to 3£ inches) long, acute at both ends, smooth and green on both sides; inodorous; taste astringent, bitter. Constituents. — Tannin, arbutin, resin, andromedotoxin, C31H31O10. The latter is a neutral compound, soluble in water, alcohol and chloroform, not precipitated by lead acetates or alkaloid reagents; colored red by warm dilute mineral acids. Properties.—Astringent, in large doses poisonous. SENNA ALEXANDRINA.—Alexandria Senna. Origin.—Cassia acuti folia, Delile. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. Habitat.—Eastern and Central Africa. Fig. 138. Cassia acutifolia, Delile.—Legume and leaflet. Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Fig. 141. Argel leaf. Coriaria leaf. Tephrosia leaflet. Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 8 or 10 leaflets, which are lanceolate or lance-oval, about 25 millimeters (1 226 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. inch) long, subeoriaceous, brittle, rather pointed, unequally oblique at the base, entire, grayish-green, nearly smooth ; odor peculiar; taste nauseous, bitter. It should be free from stalks and legumes, but often contains argel leaves (from Solenostem'ma A'rgel, Hayne), which are thicker, one-veined, glaucous, even at the base, and short-hairy on both sides ; not laxative (Schroff). The poisonous three-nerved leaves of Coriaria myrti folia, Linne, have occasionally been mixed with senna; also the emarginate leaflets of Tephrosia Appolinea, De Candolle (Papilionaceae, Galegeae). SENNA INDICA.—India Senna. Origin.—Cassia elongata, Lemaire-Lisancourt. Natural order, Leguminosse, Caesalpiuese, Cassieae. Habitat.—Eastern Africa to India; cultivated. Fig. 142. Cassia elongata, Lem.—a. Legume, b. Leaflet. Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 8 to 16 leaflets, which are lanceolate, from 3 to 5 centimeters (1-2 inches) long, acute, unequally oblique at the base, entire, dull green, smooth, or slightly pubescent, of a peculiar odor, and a mucilaginous, bitter taste. 227 SENNA INDICA — INDIA SENNA. It should be free from stalks, discolored leaves, and other admixtures. Varieties.—Commercial Alexandria senna sometimes consists of small leaflets of Cassia elongata, more or less broken, and mixed with the leaflets of Cassia obovata, Fig. 143. Cassia obovata, Colladon.—a. Legume, b. Leaflet. Colladon, known as Senna baladi or wild senna; these are obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronulate, rather longer than C. acutifolia, and are regarded as less efficacious. Fig. 144. Tripoli senna.—Leaflets and legumes. Tripoli senna. Like Alexandria senna, leaflets more broken, free from argel leaves. 228 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. Tinnevelly senna, the cleanest variety of India senna, carefully dried and unbroken ; from cultivated plants. Bombay senna, an ordinary or inferior India senna, often mixed with discolored and small leaves. Mecca senna, like the preceding, leaflets often brown, broken, and mixed with legumes. Aden senna, from Cassia holosericea, Fresenias (C. pubescens, R. Brown, s. Senna ovalifolia, Batka), indige- nous to Abyssinia; leaflets 10 to 15 millimeters (f-f inch) long, elliptic or oval-oblong, slightly refuse or mucronu- late at apex and appressed-hairy upon both surfaces and on the margin. It is rarely seen in commerce. Constituents.—Chrysophan, phseoretin, sennacrol (soluble in ether), sennapicrin (insoluble in ether), cathartic acid, sennit (cathartomannit), mucilage, ash 10-12 per cent. Cathartic acid is amorphous, black, nearly insoluble in water and alcohol, its alkaline and earthy salts soluble in water, and insoluble in alcohol; mineral acids split it into glucose and cathartogenic acid. Properties.—Cathartic. Dose, 8 to 32 grams (5ij-5j), in infusion or fluid extract. CASSIA MARILANDICA.—American Senna. Origin.—Cassia marilandica, Linne. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. Habitat.—United States, west to Louisiana and Nebraska ; in low grounds. Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 12 to 18 leaflets, which are ovate-oblong or elliptic, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, obtuse, uneven at base; odor and taste senna-like (but weaker), if collected in September and October. Constituents.—Cathartic acid, probably chrysophan, sugars, mucilage, albuminoids, etc.; ash 7 per cent. Dose, 16 to 50 grams (§ss-jss), in infusion. 229 ERYTHROXYLON — COCA. SESAMUM.—Benne. Origin.—Sesamum mdicum, Linne. Natural order, Peda- linese, Sesamese. Habitat.—India; cultivated. Description.—Petiolate, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pointed, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, en- Fig. 145. Sesamum indicum, Linne.—a. Flowering branch, b. Section of seed tire, sometimes with a few teeth or two basal lobes, promi- nently veined, smoothish, mucilaginous. Used chiefly in the fresh state. Constituents.—Mu cilage. Properties.—Demulcent; used in infusion in dysentery, etc. ERYTHROXYLON.—Coca. Origin.—Erythrdxylon Coca, Lamarck. Natural order, Linern, Erythroxylese. Habitat.—Peru, Bolivia ; cultivated. 230 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. Description.—Ovate or obovate-oblong, 2 to 5, sometimes 10 centimeters (f to 2 or 4 inches) long, short-petiolate, entire, rather obtuse or sometimes emarginate at apex, reticu- late on both sides, with a prominent midrib, and on each side of it with a curved line (caused by a strand of collenehyme Fig. 146. Fig. 147. Small Bolivian coca natural size. Peruvian coca, lower surface, natural size cells; Schrenk, 1887), running from base to apex; odor slight, tea-like, not camphoraceous; taste somewhat bitter and aromatic. Bolivian coca leaves are often much smaller, but are more highly esteemed than the Peruvian leaves. Coca leaves cultivated in Java and India are considered inferior to those of South America ; they are stated to be ERYTH ROXYLON—COC A . 231 derived from E. Coca var. Spruceanimi, and the latter from E. bolivianum, Burclc. Constituents. — Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cinnamylco- caine, truxilcocaine (truxilline or cocamine), hygrine (mix- ture, volatile, oily, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, the dilute solutions of the salts in water fluorescent), cocatannic acid, wax. Cocaine, C17H21N04, forms color- less, bitter prisms, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, also in water; melts at 08°; with strong HC1 yields methyl- alcohol, benzoic acid, and ecgonine, C9H15N03, which is sweetish-bitter, freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Cocaine salts give a violet-purple crystalline precipitate with potassium per- manganate. Benzoylecgonine, C16H19N04, crystallizes with 4H20; when dry melts at 198° ; insoluble in ether, freely soluble iu alcohol and hot water; yields benzoic acid and ecgonine. Cinnamylcocaine on saponification, yields cinna- mic acid (sometimes also isocinnamic acid). Truxilline (cocamine) yields truxillic acid, C9H802, in several modifi- cations which seem to be polymeries of cinnamic acid. From Java coca leaves benzoyl-pseudotropeine, C15H19N02, has been obtained; it melts at 49°, and is easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol and benzin ; yields with HC1 benzoic acid and pseudotropine, C8H15NO (deliques- cent rhombic crystals, sparingly soluble in ether, freely in chloroform). Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in substance, infusion, fluid extract; usually combined with an alkali. Cocaine as a local anaesthetic in solution of 4 to 8 or 10 per cent. 232 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. BELLADONNiE FOLIA.—Belladonna Leaves. Deadly Nightshade. Origin.—A'tropa Belladonna, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Atropese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia Minor. Description.—Ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters Fig. 148. Atropa Belladonna, I/innf .—Branch, fruit, seed, and section of seed, the last two magnified. (2-4 inches) broad, narrowed into a petiole, tapering at the apex, entire, almost smooth, thin, occasionally with circular perforations caused by cork, upper surface brownish-green, lower surface grayish-green; both surfaces, viewed under the magnifying glass, of a whitish granular appearance, TABACUM — TOBACCO. 233 due to numerous cells containing a crystalline powder; odor slight, taste bitterish, disagreeable. Constituents.—About 0.5 per cent, mydriatic alkaloids, choline (bilineurine), mucilage, wax, asparagin, albumin, chrysatropic acid (scopoletin), succinic acid, nitrates, ash 14 per cent. Atropine, C17H23N03, yields a gold double salt at first oily, finally crystalline, without lustre. Hyos- cyamine (see hyoscyamus leaves) is sometimes the predomi- nating alkaloid. Belladonine, a yellow powder, is probably oxyatropine, 017H23NO4, or apoatropine, C17H21N02. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ss—iij). Antidotes.—Emetics ; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); morphine; physostigmine; pilocarpine. DUBOISIA.—Duboisia. Origin.—Dubofsia myoporofdes, R. Brown. Natural order, Solanacese, Salpiglossidese. Habitat.—Australia. Description.—Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 7 to 10 cen- timeters (3 to 4 inches) long, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) broad, narrowed at both ends, entire, midrib promi- nent; the margin somewhat revolute; thin, nearly smooth, inodorous and bitter. Constituents. — Duboisine, volatile alkaloid, resin, etc. Duboisine appears to vary, and to consist of hyoscyamine or sometimes of hyoscine, or scopolamine. Properties.—Similar to those of belladonna and hyoscya- mus. Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j—iij); of the alkaloid, 0.0005 to 0.001 gram (gr. Antidotes.—Similar as for belladonna. TAB ACUM.—Tobacco. Origin.—Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Cestrinese. Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. 234 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. Description.—The commercial dried leaves are used. Oval or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 50 centimeters (20 inches) long, short petiolate or sessile, acute, entire, brown, friable, glandular-hairy; odor heavy, peculiar; taste nause- ous, bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Nicotine, C10H14N2, 0.7 to 5, sometimes 11 per cent., nicotianin (scaly, volatile, probably a salt of nicotine, according to others a camphoraceous compound), resin, albumin, gum, extractive, malates, citrates, ash 14 to 18, occasionally 27 per cent. Nicotine is colorless, spec, grav. 1.011, becomes rapidly brown, is pungently acrid, freely soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and is colored violet with warm HC1, and browned by Cl gas. Tobacco smoke contains a number of pyridine bases. Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.13 gram (gr. ss-ij); as emetic, 0.3 gram (gr. v), in powder, infusion, or wine; externally as sternutatory, enema, etc. Antidotes.—Evaeuants; astringents; nux vomica; stim- ulants. STRAMONII FOLIA.—Stramonium Leaves. Origin.— Datura Stramonium, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. Habitat.—Asia; naturalized in most countries. Description.—Petiolate, ovate, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, smooth, pointed, unequal at the base, coarsely and sinuately angular-toothed, smootli or nearly so, dark green and rather fleshy when fresh, frequently with circu- lar perforations, caused by cork; after drying thin, brittle, the upper surface usually brownish-green and somewhat whitish granular under the magnifying glass, due to cells STRAMONII FOLIA — STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 235 containing a crystalline powder; nearly inodorous; taste unpleasant, bitter, and nauseous. Datura Tatula, Linne, is very similar, but has the foliage deeper green, and the stem and flowers purple colored. Fig. 149. Datura Stramonium, Linne.—Flowering branch. Constituents.—Daturine 0.2 per cent., mucilage, albu- min, ash 17 per cent. Daturine is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine, the latter usually predominating. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.00 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation by stomach-pump, or emetic; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); douches; morphine; phy- sostigmine; pilocarpine. 236 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. HYOSCYAMI FOLIA.—Hyoscyamus Leaves. Henbane. Origin.—Hyoscy'amus niger, Linne. Natural order, Solanace®, Hyoscyamese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of North America. Description.—Ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes 25 cen- timeters (10 inches) long, and 10 centimeters (4 inches) Fig. 150. Fia. 151. Calyx, containing cap- sule, natural size. Hyoscyamus niger, Linne.—Flowering branch. broad, petiolate or sessile, acute, sinuate-toothed, the teeth large, oblong, or triangular; grayish-green, hairy; midrib prominent; odor heavy narcotic; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. Some of the flowers having a five-lobed pale yellow and purplish veined corolla, are usually present; occasion- DIGITALIS—FOXGLOVE. 237 ally also the capsule (pyxis) enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx. Constituents.—Mydriatic alkaloids about 0.3 per cent., choline (bilineurine), hyoscipicriu, C27H52Ol4, mucilage, albumin. Hyoscyamiue, C17H23N03, yields a gold double salt in lustrous yellow scales, which melt at 160° C., but not under water; splits into tropine, C8H15lSrO, and tropic acid, C9H10O3. Hyoscine is semi-liquid, isomeric with liyos- cyamine, yields tropic acid and pseudotropine, C8H15NO; its gold double salt melts at 196° C. Scopolamine, C17H21N04, is amorphous or crystalline; the gold double salt melts at 212° C.; splits into atropic acid, C9H8G2, and scopoline, C8H13N02. By heating hyoseyamine for six hours to near 120° C. (248° F.) it is converted into atro- pine. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the pupil, nar- cotic. Dose, 0.13 to 0.6 gram (gr. ij-x), in powder, tinc- ture, fluid extract, or extract. Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. DIGITALIS.—Digitalis, Foxglove. Origin.—Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Natural order, Scrophularinese, Digitalese. Habitat.—Europe, in sandy soil and the edges of woods. Description.—The leaves are collected from plants of the second year’s growth. Ovate-oblong, rather acute, nar- rowed into a petiole; from 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long; irregularly crenate, downy; dull green and wrinkled above; paler and whitish reticulate beneath • midrib near the base broad; odor faint, tea-like; taste bitter, nauseous. Constituents.—Digitalin, resin, digitalosmin (stearopten), digitoleic acid, mucilage, extractive, inosit, pectin, ash 10 238 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. per cent. Commercial digitalin is a mixture of several compounds, of which the following have been investigated to some extent : Digitoxin is crystallizable, insoluble in water, benzol, and carbon disulphide, sparingly so in ether, soluble in alcohol and chloroform, and by acids is con- verted into toxiresin. Digitonin, C27H44013, is a glucoside, Fig. 152. Digitalis.—Leaf of the first and of the second year’s growth, crystallizes from 85 per cent, alcohol, is soluble in water (the solution foaming), but not in ether, benzol, or chloro- form, dissolves with a red color in H2S04 and warm HC1, and splits into dextrose, galactose and digitogenin, which is insoluble in water. Digitalein is soluble in alcohol, ether, and water. Digitalin is crystalline, sparingly soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol. These principles are cardiac poisons, while another, digitin, has no such action. The behavior to solvents is more or less altered by the presence of other principles. MATICO. 239 Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, infusion, tincture, or ex- tract. The dose of digitalin is uncertain, owing to its variable composition ; crystallized digitalin (digitoxin ; but sometimes consists of digitonin) is given in doses of 0.05 to 0.1 milligram (T-gVg 6"3TF grain)> Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics); tan- nin; stimulants (injections); aconitine. MATICO.—Matico. Origin.—Piper elongatum, Vahl (Artanthe elongdta, Miquel). Natural order, Piperaceae, Pipereae. Habitat.—Tropical America. Description —Short petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, pointed, unequally heart- shaped, very finely crenulate, tessellated above, reticulate and rough beneath, the meshes small, and the veins densely brownish-hairy ; aromatic, spicy, and bitterish. The leaves of Artanthe adunca, Miquel, are not tessel- lated, rough, and hairy like true matico. Fig. 153. Matico.—One-half natural size. Coyistituents.—Volatile oil 2| per cent., pungent resin, bitter principle, artanthic acid (crystalline), tannin, muci- lage, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, vulnerary, styptic. Pose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, infusion, or extract; also externally as a styptic. 240 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. SALVIA.—Sage. Origin.—Silvia officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, La- biatie, Monardese. Habitat.—Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Petiolate, ovate-oblong, about 5 centime- ters (2 inches) long, obtuse, or rather acute, finely creuu- late, the base narrowed, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped or auriculate (the latter forms rare in market), thickish, Fig. 154. Salvia.—Natural size, upper and lower surface, wrinkled, grayish-green, and beneath reticulate, soft hairy, and glandular; aromatic, bitterish, somewhat astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil J-f per cent., resin, tannin, albumin, extractive, etc. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 0.89, freely soluble in alcohol, and contains pinene, ciueol, and salviol, C10H18O. Properties.— Stimulant, tonic, astringent, vulnerary. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion; externally as a gargle, etc. HAMAMELIS — WITCH HAZEL. 241 HAMAMELIS.—Hamamelis. Witch Hazel. Origin.—Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Hamamelidese. Habitat.—North America, westward to Minnesota and Louisiana; in thickets. Description.—Short-petiolate, thickish, 10 to 15 centi- meters (4-6 inches) long, obovate or oval-obovate, obtuse, Fig. 155. Hamamelis virginiana.—Leaf one-half natural size. wavy-toothed, narrowed below, and oblique and slightly heart-shaped at base, feather-veined, nearly smooth, in- odorous, taste astringent and bitter. 242 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. Constituents.—Tannin, bitter principle, trace of volatile oil. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, somewhat sedative; ex- ternally in skin diseases. Dose, about 4 grains (5j), in decoction or fluid extract. THEA.—Tea. Origin.—Camellia Thea, Link, s. (Thea chinensis, Sims). Natural order, Ternstroemiacete, Gordoniese. Habitat.—Southeastern Asia; cultivated. Fig. 15fi. Tea leaves.—Natural size. Description.—Short petiolate, oval or oblanceolate, 25 to 50 or 75 millimeters (1 to 2 or 3 inches) long, acnte at both ends, or rather obtuse above, irregularly serrate, except near TURNERA — DAMIANA. 243 the base, the lateral veins anastomosing near the margin ; smooth or the veins somewhat pubescent; odor agreeable, peculiar; taste pleasantly astringent and bitterish. In com- merce the leaves are rolled ; bluish green or blackish. Adulterations with other leaves are recognized by the shape, the character of the venation, and the serratures on the margin. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.6-1 per cent., theine (chemi- cally identical with caffeine, but produces spasms and convul- sions, and its lethal dose is larger than that of caffeine), l£-4 per cent. (Indian and Ceylon teas contain between 3.2 and 4.6 per cent, of theine, Paul and Cownley, 1887), theophyl- line (isomeric with theobromine, readily soluble in hot water), tannin 11 to 21 per cent. (Hooper, 1889), boheic acid, albu- min, wax, resin, ash 4-6 per cent., containing about 14 per cent, of phosphoric acid. Tea leaves yield about 40 per cent, of aqueous extract. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. ILEX PARAGUAYENSIS.—Mate, Paraguay Tea. Origin.—I'lex paraguayensis, Lambert. Natural order, Ilicinese. Habitat.—Brazil and Argentine Republic. Description.—Short-petiolate, lance-oblong, about 5 centi- meters (2 inches) long, nearly obtuse, margin few-toothed ; smooth ; odor slight; taste astringent, bitterish and somewhat empyreumatic. The commerchial mate consists of the slightly torrefied leaves, reduced to coarse powder. Constituents.—Tannin 10-16 per cent., caffeine, 0.2-1.6 per cent., little volatile oil and stearopten, wax, glucoside, pro- teids about 8 per cent., ash 4 to 8 per cent. Properties and Dose.—Like thea. TURNERA.—Damiana. Origin.—Turnera diffusse, Willdenow, var. aphrodisiaca, Urban. Natural order, Turneracese. Habitat.—Mexico. Description.—Short-petiolate, thickish, obovate, lance-obo- vate, or oblong, 10 to 25 millimeters (|—1 inch) long, rather obtuse, with a wedge-shaped base and on each side of the mar- gin with from 3 to 6 teeth; the pinnate veins prominent be- 244 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. neath; light green, nearly smooth, somewhat aromatic. The much-branched stems and small pentamerous yellow flowers are sometimes present. Haplopappus (Aplopappus ) discoideus, De Candolle, False damiana. Natural order, Compositse. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, 1- to 3-toothed on each side, roughish and minutely dotted; involucre of flower-heads imbricate, florets yellow, pappus hairy. Fig. 157. Fig. 158. Fig 159. Figs. 157, 158. —Tarnera leaves.—Natural size. Fig. 159.—Aplopappus leaf.—Natural size. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, laxative. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx), in fluid extract. CASTANEA.—Chestnut Leaves. Ch'igin.—Castanea vesca, Gcertner (C. sativa, Miller, var. americana; C. dentata, Marshall). Natural order, Cupuliferse, Quercinese. Habitat.—North America, from Ontario south to Florida, aud west to Arkansas and Michigan. Description.—From 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) long, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide, petiolate, oblong- lanceolate, acuminate, mueronate, feather-veined, sinuate serrate, smooth, of a slight odor and a somewhat astringent taste. They should be collected in September or October, while still green. CASTANEA—CHESTNUT LEAVES. 245 Constituents.—Tannin, about 9 per cent., gum, albumin, resin, fat, ash 5-6 per cent. Fig. 160. Casfcanea.—Leaf one-half natural size. Properties.—Touic, mild sedative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in infusion or fluid extract, in whooping-cough. 246 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. PERSICA.—Peach Leaves. Origin.—Priinus Persica, Linne (Persica vulgaris, De Can- dolle). Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. Habitat.—Levant; cultivated. Description.—Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 10 centime- ters (4 inches) long, pointed, closely serrate, smooth ; odor slight, in infusion bitter-almond like; taste bitter. Constituents.—Amygdalin, or allied compound, tannin. Properties.—Mild sedative, tonic. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx) in infusion. TUSSILAGO.—Coltsfoot. Origin.—Tussilago Farfara, Linne. Natural order, Com- positse, Eupatoriacese. Habitat.—Northern Asia and Europe, naturalized in the United States. Description. —Long-petiolate, roundish heart-shaped, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter, 5- to 7-nerved, angular- toothed, smooth and green above, white tomentose beneath ; inodorous; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, and slightly astrin- gent. Constituents.—Mucilage, bitter amorphous glucoside, tannin. Properties.—Demulcent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j), in decoction. ILEX OPACA.—Holly. Origin.—Flex opaca, Alton. Natural order, Uicineae. Habitat.—United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and from Missouri to Texas. Description.—Petiolate, oval, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, spinous wavy-toothed, coriaceous, smooth, inodorous; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, astringent. Constituents.—Bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Demulcent, tonic, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). CHIMAPHILA.—Pipsissewa, Prince’s Pine. Origin.—Chimaphila (Chimaphila) umbellata, Nuttall. Natural order, Ericaceae, Pyrolese. Habitat.—Northern continents. PIPSISSEWA, PRINCE’S PINE. 247 Description.—Oblanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, sharply serrate above, wedge-shaped and nearly entire toward the base; coriaceous, smooth, dark green on Fig. 161. Chimaphila umbellata; upper part of flowering stem. upper surface; nearly inodorous, and of an astringent and bitterish taste. The leaves of the spotted pipsissewa, China, maculata, Pursh, indigenous to North America, are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, ser- rate, and upon the upper surface variegated with white. Constituents.—Arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin 4 per cent., chimaphilin (yellow, tasteless, volatile prisms, red by 248 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. sulphuric acid), several white crystalline principles (tasteless, volatile, melting at 153°, 166°, and above 250° C.; pos- sibly solid hydrocarbons—J. C. Peacock, 1892), resin, sugar, gum, ash 5 percent. Free from andromedotoxiu. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or fluid extract. GAULTHERIA.—Gaultheria, Wintergreen. Origin. — Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. Natural order, Ericaceae, Ari- el romedeae. Habitat.—North America, west to Minnesota and south to Georgia. Description. — Short-petiolate, obo- vatc or roundish-oval, about 4 centi- meters (If inches) long, and 2 centi- meters (4 inch) or more broad, mucronate, slightly serrate with ap- pressed teeth, coriaceous, smooth, glossy-green above, paler beneath ; fragrant; taste aromatic and astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, 0.5 per cent., arbutin, ericolin, urson, resins, tannin 6 per cent., sugar, gum, proteids, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Free from an- dromedotoxin. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 1.175, readily soluble in alcohol, colored dark purple by ferric chloride in alcoholic solution, and with nitric acid yields colorless prisms; it consists of gaultherilene, C10H16, and mainly of methyl salicylate, CH3C7Ha03. Properties. — Stimulant, astringent, diuretic, emmena- gogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. Fig. 162. Gaultheria.—Natural size. LAUROCERASUS.—Cherry Laurel. Origin.—Primus (Cerasus, Loiseleur) Laurocerasus, Linne. Natural order, Rosaeeae, Prunese. BUCHU. 249 Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in Southern Europe. Description.—Short-petiolate, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat revolute, distantly sharply serrate, dark green and glossy above, dull green beneath, and on the lower surface near the base one to three pairs of depressed glands; odor (when bruised) bitter-almond like; taste aromatic, bitter. Gener- ally used in the fresh state. Constituents.—Laurocerasin (amorphous, insoluble in ether, possibly a compound of amygdalin), a ferment, bitter prin- ciple, tannin, sugar, gum; after bruising and macerating in water, yield hydrocyanic acid and volatile oil, consisting of benzaldehyde, C7H60. Properties.—Sedative ; used for making cherry laurel water. BUCHU.—Buchu. Origin.—Barosma betulina, Bartling, Bar. crenulata, Hooker, and Bar. serratifolia, Willdenow. Natural order, Rutacese, Diosmete. Fig. 103. Buchu.—a, b. Barosma crenulata, Hooker, c, d. Bar. betulina, Bartling. q. h. Bar. serratifolia, Willdenow. e, f. Empleurum serrulatum, Alton, b, c,f, g, natural 8ize. Habitat.—Southern Africa. Description.—Roundish-obovate, with a rather wedge- shaped base (B. betui ina), or varying between oval and 250 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. obovate (B. crenulata), about 2 to 3 centimeters (|-li inch) long, obtuse, crenate or serrate, with a gland at the base of each tooth, dull yellowish-green, thiekish, smooth, pellucid- punctate; strongly aromatic, somewhat mint-like, pungent, and bitterish. Portions of the branchlets, flowers, and capsules are sometimes mixed with this drug. The leaves of Bar. serratifolia are about 3 to 4 centi- meters inches) long, thinner, linear-lanceolate, obtuse—otherwise like the preceding. Varieties.—Short buchu from B. betulina and B. crenu- lata ; long buchu from B. serratifolia. The latter are some- times mixed with the very similar leaves of Empleurum serrulatum, Alton (Natural order, Rutaceae), which are narrow linear, and, at the apex, acute and glandless. Constituents.—Volatile oil (1—1.6 per cent, from short, 0.66 from long buchu; the stearopten, diosphenol, C10H16O2, is colored black-green by ferric salts), resin, mucilage (in a layer beneath the upper epidermis), bitter principle, rutin (?), etc. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or fluid extract. ERIODICTYON.—Mountain Balm. Origin. — Eriodlctyon californicum, Bentham. Natural order, Hydrophyllacese, Namese. Habitat.—California. Description.—Elliptic-lanceolate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, § to f inch (9 to 15 millimeters) broad, rather acute, more or less sinuately dentate; upper surface smooth, green, and varnished; lower surface reticulate and white- hairy ; somewhat aromatic and balsamic, free from bitterness. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin. Properties.—Expectorant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. COMPTONIA—SWEET FERN. 251 Fig. 164. Eriodictyon.—Leaves, natural size, lower and upper surface. COMPTONrA.—Sweet Fekn. Origin.—Myrica (Comptonia, Aiton) asplenifolia, Encllicher. Natural order, Myricacese. Habitat.—North America, south to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, in sterile soil. Description.—Short-petiolate, linear-lanceolate, about 7 cen- timeters (3 inches) long, rather thin, pinnatifid with alternate roundish lobes, pubescent, resin-dotted; stipules two, small, obliquely ovate, acuminate; aromatic and astringent. 252 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. Constituents.—Volatile oil (about 0.1 per cent.; spec, grav. 0.926; odor cinnamon-like), tannin, gallic acid (?), a saponin-like compound, etc. Fig. 165. Comptonia leaves, upper and lower surface. Properties. — Stimulant, astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). HEPATICA.—Liverwort. Origin.—Anemone (Anemone) Hepatica, Linne (Hepa- tica triloba, Chaix), and A. (Hepatica, I)e Candolle) acu- tiloba, Lawson. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Anemonese. Habitat.—North America and Europe, in woods. Description.—Broad kidney-heart-shaped, about 5 centi- meters (2 inches) long and broad, long-petiolate, three-lobed, the lobes obtuse or acute; slightly leathery, smooth, and dark green above; inodorous, insipid, slightly astringent, slightly bitterish. The leaf of the European plant is inter- mediate in shape. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, little tannin. Properties.—Demulcent, deobstruent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. ACONITI FOLIA.—Aconite Leaves. Origin.—Acomtum Napellus, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, Western North America, in mountainous regions. ACONITI FOLIA—ACONITE LEAVES. 253 Description. — Leaves petiolate, suborbicular, somewhat cordate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, smooth, somewhat glossy above, palmately three- or five- parted, the segments narrow wedge-shaped and incised, the divisions linear-lanceolate and toothed; petiole and midrib Fig. 166. Aconite leaf, natural size. with a furrow above; odor slight; taste gradually bitter, acrid, tingling. The leaves of Aconitum Stoerckeanum, Reichenbach, have the parts broadly wedge-shaped and the divisions lanceo- late. The leaves of the Ac. Cammarum, Jacquin, have ovate or rhomboid segments. Constituents. — Aconitine (see Aconiti radix, page 152), napelline, gum, sugar, albumin, tannin, aconitic acid, ash 16 per cent. Properties.—Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 0.20 gram (gr. j-iij), in powder or extract. Antidotes.—Emetic (vegetable or mineral) ; friction of skin ; inhalation of amyl nitrite; atropine. 254 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. MENYANTHES.—Buckbean, Bogbean. Origin. — Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. Natural order, Gentianese, Menyanthese. Habitat.—Temperate Northern Hemisphere, i.i bogs. Description.—Long-petioled, trifoliate; leaflets sessile, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, entire or somewhat crenate, smooth, pale green; inodor- ous, bitter. Constituents. — Menyanthin (amorphous, precipitated by Mayer’s reagent and tannin, soluble in alcohol and hot water, sparingly soluble in ether, glueoside, yields menyanthol, having an aromatic odor), mucilage, albumin, saccharose, fat (cholesterin and ceryl-esters), probably carotin. Properties.—Tonic, antiscorbutic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in decoction or extract. RHUS TOXICODENDRON.—Poison Oak. Origin.—lllnis Toxicodendron, Linne. Natural order, Anacardiaceee, Anacardieee. Habitat.—North America, west to Wyoming and Texas, in thickets. Description.—Long-petioled, trifoliate; the lateral leaf- lets nearly sessile, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, obliquely-ovate, pointed; the terminal leaflet stalked, ovate or oval, pointed, often with a wedge-shaped base; all leaf- lets either entire or variously notched, coarsely toothed or lobed, downy beneath; after drying papery and brittle; inodorous, somewhat astringent, and acrid. ' Constituents.—Toxicodendric acid (volatile, reduces gold from the chloride), tannin, fixed oil, wax, mucilage, etc. Properties. — Irritant, rubefacient; in paralysis, etc. Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 gram (gr. ij-v), gradually increased, in powder or tincture. RUTA — RUE. 255 Fig. 167. Rhus toxicodendron.—Leal one-half natural size. RUTA.—Rue. Origin.—Ruta graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Rutacese, Rutese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Petiolate, triangular-ovate in outline, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, the upper ones pinnatifid, the others twice or thrice pinnate, the divisions thickish, spatulate or obovate-oblong, sparingly crenate, the terminal ones larger, yellowish-green, smooth, finely pellucid-punctate, aromatic, balsamic, bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent., rutin, C42H50O25, resin, etc. The volatile oil is greenish-yellow, freely soluble in alco- 256 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. hol, consists chiefly of methyl-nonyl-ketone, CH3.CO.C9H19, and with nitric acid yields oenanthylic, caprylic, pelargonic, and caprinic acids. Rutin forms light yellow needles, is sol- uble in alcohol, less freely in water, sparingly soluble in ether; Fig. 168. Ruta graveolens.—Leaf with axillary branch. green with ferric chloride; with acid splits into isodulcit and quercetin. Properties. — Irritant, stimulant, emmenagogue, nervine. Dose, 0.3 to 1.3 gram (gr. v-xx), in infusion. CONII FOLIA.—Conium, Hemlock. Origin.—Comum maculatum, Linne. Natural order, Um- belliferse, Amminese. Habitat.—Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America, in waste and moist places. HERBS—HERBIE. 257 Description.—Petioles hollow and sheathing, upper leaves sessile, broadly triangular-ovate in outline, 10 to 30 centi- meters (4 to 12 inches) long, pinnately twice or thrice decom- pound, pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed or incised ; Fig. Ifi9. Conium.—Terminal portion of pinna. thin, gray-green, smooth; odor and taste disagreeable, nar- cotic. Constituents.—Coniine (a minute quantity), volatile oil (not poisonous), albumin, mucilage, ash 12 per cent. Properties.—Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.3 gram (gr. v) ; much larger doses have produced little effect. Antidotes.—Emetic; astringents; stimulants; application of warmth to extremities. 7. HERBS.—HERB2E. Under this heading all those drugs are comprised which are usually met with in commerce having those organs which are necessary for their botanical identification. Be- sides the few medicinal cryptogams, all medicinal herbs are dicotyledons, and consist mostly of leaves and tender tops, the stems, if hard and tasteless, being rejected. Cryptogams which are employed in a partially developed state, or in a condition unsuited for botanical identification, will be found in Class 12. 258 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Classification. Sect. I. Thallogens. Plants destitute of fibro-vascular tissue and flowers. Thallus filiform, flattened above, repeatedly forked, margin crisped. Chondrus. - Thallus flattened, with air-vesicles in pairs. Fucus vesiculosus. Thallus compressed, the air-vesicles single. Fucus nodosus. Thallus flattened, lobed, and toothed; brownish above, whitish beneath. Cetraria. Sect. II. Ferns. Stipe polished ; frond pinnate; leaflets triangular- oblong. Adiantum. Sect. 111. Dicotyledons. 1. Petals distinct. a. Petals five or four (3 in Polygala): stamens more than five; leaves alternate. Leaves with linear acute lobes; akenes numerous, tipped with a long hairy style. Pulsatilla. Base of stem tuberous; leaves three-divided; akenes numerous, short-beaked. Ranunculus. Rhizome golden yellow ; leaves trifoliate; fol- licles 7, few seeded. Coptis. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; capsule linear. Chelidonium. Leaves mostly radical, toothed or pinnatitid; pod inversely heart-shaped; petals white. Bursa pastoris. Stem somewhat woody; leaves simple; capsule several- or many-seeded. Helianthemum. Leaves linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate ; flowers yellow with black dots. Hypericum. Flowers irregular, purple; stamens 8, united. Polygala. Stamens diadelphous; leaves trifoliate, leaflets toothed, fragrant. Melilotus. Stamens monadelphous; leaves small trifoliate; leaflets entire; twigs pentangular. Scoparius. Stem woody; leaves lance-ovate; flowers purple. Spiraea. Leaves interruptedly pinnate; flowers small, yel- low ; calyx uncinate. Agrimonia. Leaves digitate, five-foliate; flowers axillary, yellow. Potentilla, HERBS—HERBAL 259 Leaves lance-oblong; flowers showy, yellow, cap- sule long. (Enothera Leaves lanceolate; flowers showy, purplish ; cap- sule linear. Epilobium. b. Petals and stamens five. Leaves with foliaceous pinnatifid stipules; corolla one-spurred. Viola tricolor. Leaves rosulate, fleshy, glandular-bristly. Drosera. c. Petals and stamens numerous. Sepals and white petals imbricate; branches fleshy, pentangular, spiny. Cactus. 2. Petals united. a. Flowers in a close head on a receptacle surrounded by an involucre. Pappus slender, bristly; leaves lanceolate, con- nate-perfoliate. Eupatorium. leaves alternate; rays numerous, very narrow purplish or whitish. Erigeron. rays inconspicuous, not longer than pappus. Erigeron. canadense. florets yellow; heads in recurved racemes, small; odor anise-like. Solidago. Pappus three awns; florets yellow; rays con- spicuous ; leaves broadly spatulate or oblong. Grindelia. Pappus 2 or 3 awns; florets yellow; leaves spat- Grindelia ulate or linear. squarrosa. Pappus of 5 awned scales; florets yellow; rays conspicuous; stem winged. Helenium. Pappus none, or a short crown; leaves alternate; rays white; receptacle conical, chaffy. Cotula. rays white; receptacle flat, chaffy. Achillea, rays white ; receptacle convex, naked. Parthenium. rays yellow; receptacle convex, naked. Tanacetum. rays none; receptacle small, hairy. Absinthium, receptacle small, smooth ; leaves green above; Artemisia, plant white woolly. Gnaphalium. rays yellow; receptacle flat, naked. Calendula, rays none; receptacle bristly; involucre and leaves soft-spiny. Centaurea. b. Flowers not in heads; corolla more or less two- lipped. Leaves alternate ; stamens 5, forming a tube. Lobelia, stamens 4 ; plant yellowish-brown. Epiphegus. 260 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Leaves opposite, not glandular; stamens 4; corolla urn-shaped ; lips short. Scrophularia. corolla inflated; upper lip arched. Chelone. Leaves opposite, glandular; lips nearly equal; stamens 4; inflorescence terminal, spikes slender, acute. Mentha viridis. spikes conical, obtuse. Mentha. piperita. stamens 2; flowers in axillary whorls. Lycopus. upper lip erect; stamens 2, exserted; inflores- cence cymose. Cunila. stamens 4, exserted; inflorescence spicate. Hyssopus. inflorescence corymbose, bracts reddish. Origanum, inflorescence clustered, spicate, bracts gray- green. Majorana. corolla short, slightly 2-lipped, stamens 4; in- Thymus (see florescence spicate; leaves small, linear. Leaves), leaves small, ovate. Serpyllum. corolla curved, two-lipped; stamens 4, upper pair shorter; flowers in axillary whorls. Melissa, corolla small, two-lipped; filaments 4, only two with anthers. Hedeoma. corolla long, with narrow lips; stamens 2; bracts variegated. Monarda. upper lip arched; stamens 4, the lower pair shorter; floral leaves bi’act-like. Cataria. flowers in axillary cymules; leaves and floral leaves alike. Glechoma. upper lip erect; stamens 4, short; flowers in dense axillary whorls. Marrubium. stamens 4, the lower pair longer; calyx lips entire, upper one with helmet-like pro- jection. t Scutellaria, calyx spiny five-toothed; leaves palmately lobed. Leonoras. c. Flowers not in heads; corolla lobes spreading. Corolla salver-form; flowers in dense spikes; leaves rosulate. Plantago. flowers in pairs ; leaves opposite. Mitchella. Corolla rotate; leaves in whorls, rough on the margin. Galium, leaves opposite; sessile, oblong-ovate, acute (or linear-oblong). Sabbatia. CHONDRUS—IRISH MOSS, CARRAGEEN. 261 obovate-oblong, obtuse. Centaurium. ovate, acuminate; drug brown. Chiretta. 3. Petals absent. Leaves digitate; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrate. Cannabis. CHONDRUS.—Irish Moss, Carrageen. Origin.—Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye, and Gigartina mamillosa, Agardh (Chondrus mamillosus, Greville). Natural order, Algae, Floridese. Habitat.—Atlantic Ocean. Description.—From 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) or more long; yellowish or whitish, horny, translucent, when softened in water cartilaginous, many times forked, seg- Fig. 170. Chondrus crispus. ments varying in shape between wedge-shaped and linear, at the apex emarginate or two-lobed; spore vessels im- bedded in the frond, in Gig. mamillosa short-stipitate along the channeled branches; odor slight seaweed-like; taste mucilaginous, somewhat saline. 262 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. One part of it boiled for ten minutes with 30 parts of water yields a solution which gelatinizes on cooling. Constituents.—Aside from moisture, consists mainly of mucilaginous compounds, some albuminoids and 8-15 per cent, ash, chiefly chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates, with traces of bromides and iodides. Ftg 171. Fig. 172. Chondrus erispus.—Narrow form, with fruit. Gigartina mamillosa. Properties.—Demulcent, somewhat nutritive. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j-ij), in decoction or jelly. FUCUS YESICULOSUS.—Bladder-wrack. Origin.—Fiicus vesiculbsus, Linne. Natural order, Algae, Fucoidese. Habitat.—Atlantic Ocean. Description.—About 1 meter (40 inches) long, and 15 mil- limeters (f inch) broad, flattened, branched, with a midrib and the air-vessels in pairs, blackish ; odor like seaweeds; taste mucilaginous, saline. FUCUS VESICULOSUS—BLADDER-WRACK. 263 Fucus nodosus, Limit, is narrow, without midrib, air-vesi- cles single, otherwise like the preceding. Constituents.—Organic matter 62, ash 16, moisture 22 per Fig. 173. Fucus vesiculosus, Linnn.—Fruiting branch, natural size, cent. Organic principles: mucilage, mannit, fat, etc. Ash: chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, and sulphates. Properties.—Alterative. Dose, about 8 grams (gij), in de- coction ; recommended in obesity. 264 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. CETRARIA.—Iceland Moss. Origin.—Cetraria islandica, Acharius. Natural order, Lichenes, Ascomycetes. Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere. Description.—Five to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, foliaceous, irregularly divided into fringed and channeled lobes, brownish above, whitish beneath and marked with small depressed white spots, brittle and inodorous; when Fig. 174. Cetraria islandica. soaked in water, soft cartilaginous and of a slight odor; taste mucilaginous and bitter. When boiled with about 25 parts of water, Iceland moss yields a solution forming a ielly on cooling. Pine leaves, mosses, and other lichens, which are fre- quently found mixed with it should be removed. Constituents.—Lichenin and isolichenin (dextrolichenin), C12H20O10, 70 per cent., cetraric acid, C18H16Og, 2 per cent, (crystalline, bitter), lichen-stearic acid, C14H3403, 1 per cent., fumaric acid, oxalic acid, sugar, cellulose 16 per cent., ash 1-2 per cent. Isolichenin is soluble in cold water, PULSATILLA. 265 dextrogyre, colored blue by iodine and does not combine with alkalies. Lichenin separates from its hot-water solu- tion as a jelly, is not colored blue by iodine, and combines with bases. Properties.—Demulcent, tonic, nutritive. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j-ij), in decoction or jelly. ADIANTUM.—Maidenhair. Origin.—Adiantum pedatum, Linne. Natural order, Filices, Poly pod iacese. Habitat.—North America and Eastern Asia; in woods. Description.—About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high; stipe polished, brown black, forked at the summit and branched ; branches nearly horizontal, each bearing on one side about six linear-lanceolate pinnae; leaflets triangular-oblong, cre- nately-toothed on the upper margin ; fruit-dots at the apex of the teeth; odor faintly aromatic; taste mucilaginous, sweet- ish, slightly astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). Adiantum Capfllus Veneris, Linne, is indigenous to Europe and the Southern United States west to California; it is used like the preceding. PULSATILLA.—Pulsatilla. Origin.—Anemone (Anemone) (Pulsatilla, Miller) pra- tensis, Linne, An. Pulsatilla, Linne, and An. patens, Linne, var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Natural order Ranuncu- lace®, Anemonese. Habitat.—Europe, the variety Nuttalliana in Western North America. Description. — Leaves radical, petiolate, silky-villous, twice or thrice deeply three-parted or pinnately cleft, with linear acute lobes, appearing after the large purple (or in the last-named species sometimes whitish) flowers; akenes 266 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. numerous, prolonged into the hairy style; inodorous; very acrid. The herb should be collected shortly after flowering, carefully preserved, aud not kept longer than one year. Constituents. — Anemonin, C10H8O4, anemonic acid, C10H10O5, anemoninic acid, C10H12O6, and acrid anemone- Fig. 175. Anemone pratensis.—Leaf with flowering scape. camphor. This is oily, crystallizing, not fusible or vola- tile, but distils from the herb with water; soluble in chloro- form ; neutral; spontaneously decomposed into anemonin and insoluble isoanemonie acid, C10H10O5. Anemonin is colorless, inodorous, acrid when melted or distilled with COPTIS—GOLDTHREAD. 267 water, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol; may be con- verted into the two acids named above which are freely soluble in water. (Beckurts, 1892.) Properties.—Irritant, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, dilating the pupil; poisonous. Dose, 0.12 to 0.6 gram (gr. ij-x), in powder, tincture, or extract. RANUNCULUS.—Crowfoot, Buttercups. Origin.—Ranunculus bulbosus, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Ranunculese. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America, in grassy places. Description.—Base of stem tuberous; radical leaves with sheathing petioles, ternate, the lateral divisions sessile, rhom- boid wedge-shaped, three-cleft, hairy; stem leaves smaller ; flowers yellow, five petalous, with a reflexed calyx, numerous stamens and ovaries, the latter forming akenes with a short curved beak; inodorous ; taste very acrid. Ranunculus repens, Linne, not bulbous; leaflets stalked, three-lobed and toothed; akenes straight beaked. Ran. acris, Linne, not bulbous ; divisions of the leaves ses- sile; akenes with a sharp curved beak. Constituents.—The aqueous distillate yields to chloroform an acrid yellow oil from which anemonin and anemonic acid may be obtained. Properties.—Irritant, diuretic ; externally used as a counter- irritant. COPTIS.—Goldthread. Origin.—Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. Natural order, Ranun- culacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Northern continents. Description.—Rhizome filiform, golden-yellow, with very thin rootlets ; leaves radical from a scaly base, petiolate, trifo- liate, the leaflets 1 to 2 centimeters (f to f inch) long, wedge- obovate, obtusely three-lobed and mucronately crenate; flowers single, yellowish ; fruit about seven follicles, contain- ing a few black seeds; inodorous, strongly bitter. Constituents.—Berberine, coptine (white alkaloid, possibly identical with hydrastine), resin, sugar, etc., ash 4-5 per cent.; no tannin. 268 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in decoction. CHELIDONIUM.—Celandine. Origin.—Chelidonium majus, Linne. Natural order, Papaveraceae, Papavereae. Habitat.—Europe; naturalized in North America; in waste and cultivated grounds. Description.—Root several-headed, red-brown ; stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, hairy; leaves 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, the upper ones sessile, light green above, glaucous beneath, lyrate-pinnatifid, the pinnae ovate-oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate or incised, the terminal one often three-lobed; petals 4, yellow; capsule linear, two-valved, one-celled, many-seeded; odor, when fresh, unpleasant; taste acrid. The whole plant contains a saffron-colored milk-juice. Constituents.—Chelerythrine, C21H17N04, sanguinarine, C29H15N04, chelidonine, « and /? homocheli- donine, C21H21N05, protopine, chelidoxauthin (yellow bitter needles), chelidonic (jervic) acid, chelido- ninic (ethylene-succinic) acid. Chelerythrine melts at 203° C.; its salts are lemon-yellow. Sanguinarine melts at 211° C.; salts red. The other alkaloids yield white salts and have the following melting points: Chelidonine, 130° ; a homochelidonine, 182°; /5 homochelidonine, 159° , and protopiue, 207° C. Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), the extract 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv); the milk- juice externally as a caustic. BURSA PASTORIS.—Shepherd’s Purse. Origin.—Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Natural order, Cruciferae, Lepidineae. HYPERICUM — ST. JOHN’S WORT. 269 Habitat.—Asia and Europe, naturalized in most countries of the temperate zones, in grassy places and along roadsides. Description.—Very variable. Root annual, thin; radical leaves rosulate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long, lanceo- late, narrowed into a petiole, more or less coarsely toothed or deeply pinnatifid; stem about 15 centimeters (6 inches) high; stem leaves alternate, sessile, clasping with an arrow-shaped base, lanceolate, entire or toothed; flowers small, in corym- bose, finally elongated racemes; petals 4, white; stamens 6, tetradynamous; fruit inversely heart-shaped, on spreading peduncles, containing about 20 minute seeds; nearly inodor- ous ; taste acrid, pungent, and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil (identical with mustard oil), bursic acid (probably glucoside), bitter principle, resin, etc. Properties.—Haemostatic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in tincture. HELIANTHEMUM—Frostwort. Origin.—Helianthemum canadense Michaux, and Helian- themum corymbosum, Michaux. Natural order, Cistinese. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Eastern Texas and Minnesota; in sandy woods and fields. Description.—About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high; stem rigid, slender, hairy; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic, or linear lanceolate, about 2 centimeters (-| inch) long, woolly beneath; flowers of two kinds, the earlier ones single with five large yellow caducous petals; the later ones in hoary clusters, nearly sessile, apetalous; inodorous, bitterish, astrin- gent. The second species is very similar, but has the stem branched from the base, the leaves narrower, densely tomentose under- neath, the flowers all clustered at the summit, the apetalous ones being in glomerate terminal cymes. Constituents.—Tannin, 11 per cent, bitter principle (probably a glucoside, soluble in water, alcohol, and benzol), sugar, gum, wax, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in decoction. HYPERICUM.—St. John’s Wort. Origin.—Hypericum perforatum, Linne. Natural order, Hypericinese. Habitat.—Asia and Europe ; naturalized in North America. 270 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Description.—Erect, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, smooth; stem somewhat two edged ; leaves opposite, sessile, linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate; flowers iibout 2 centimeters (-£■ inch) broad, in terminal cymes, yellow, black-dotted ; odor slight, balsamic; taste acrid, bitter. Constituents.—Resin, tannin, red coloring matter (soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils). Properties.—Stimulant, discutient; mostly used externally. POLYGALA.—Bitter Polygala. Origin.—Poly'gala poly'gama, Walter (P. rubella, Willde- now). Natural order, Polygaleae. Habitat.—North America, in grassy places. Description.—Ascending, smooth, about 20 centimeters (8 inches) high, somewhat branched ; leaves alternate, oblanceo- late or lance-linear, mucronate; inflorescence racemose; flowers purple, the keel crested and shorter than the wings; capsule ovate-oblong, two-seeded, the seeds with a scale-like crest; bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle. Properties. —Tonic. MELILOTUS.—Sweet Clover. Origin.—Melilotus altfssimus, Thuilliers (M. officinalis, Willdenow), and Mel. albus, Desrousseaux. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papilionaceae, Genisteae. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America. Description. — Erect, about 1.2 meters (4 feet) high, smooth, much branched; stipules entire, awl-shaped ; leaves alternate, trifoliate ; leaflets oval or obovate-oblong, sharply serrate, near the base entire ; flowers small, yellow or white, racemose; legumes small, wrinkled, few-seeded; odor fra- grant, stronger on drying; taste aromatic, somewhat pungent and bitter. Constituents.—Coumarin (see Dipterix), melilotol (fragrant, volatile oil), cumaric acid, C9H803 (sublimable, soluble in alcohol, ether, and hot water), melilotic (hydrocumaric) acid, C9H10Os (strongly acid ; odor honey-like). Properties.—Stimulant, discutient; mostly used externally. 271 SCOPARIUS—BROOM. SCOPARIUS.—Broom. Origin.—Cy'tisus (Sarothamnus, Koch) scoparius, Link. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Genistese. Habitat.—Western Asia, Southern and Western Europe; naturalized in some localities in the United States. Description.—Thin flexible twigs, pentangular, winged, nearly smooth, tough, usually free from leaves, which are Fig. 176. Sarothamnus scoparius; flowering branch. small trifoliate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, entire; flowers racemose, showy, yellow, with ten monadelphous stamens; odor, when bruised, peculiar; taste disagreeably bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, scoparin, C21H22O10 (tasteless, amorphous), sparteine, C15H26N2, tannin, fat, wax, sugar, 272 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. ash 5-6 per cent. Sparteine is colorless, oily, very bitter, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, sparingly so in water, insoluble in benzol; narcotic; the sulphate in prisms, freely soluble in water; the hydriodide in plates, freely soluble in alcohol, less so in cold water. Properties.—Diuretic, somewhat narcotic, in large doses emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in decoction. SPIR2EA.—Hardhack. Origin.—Spirse'a tomentosa, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- cese, Spirseese. Habitat.—North America, south to Georgia and west to Minnesota. Description.—Stem slender, red-brown, woody; leaves alter- nate, lance-ovate, serrate, rusty tomentose beneath ; inflores- cence racemose paniculate; flowers small with 5 purplish-red petals, numerous stamens and 4 or 5 ovaries, producing one- seeded woolly follicles; odor slight aromatic; taste astringent, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Q>ss-j). AGRIMONIA.—Agrimony. Origin.—Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Poteriese. Habitat.—Europe and North America, west to Colorado ; in grassy places. Description.—Erect, hairy; stem about 60 centimeters (2 feet) high, roundish angular, nearly simple ; leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnate, with clasping serrate stipules, and about 6 pairs of elliptic oblong coarsely toothed leaflets with several pairs of minute ones; inflorescence slender, racemose; calyx persistent, with hooked bristles; petals 5, small, yellow ; stamens about 10; fruit one or two akenes; odor faintly aro- matic ; taste mildly hitter and astringent. Constituents.—Tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (^ss-j). EPILOBIUM — WILLOW HERB. 273 POTENTILLA.—Cinquefoil. Origin.— Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Potentillese. Habitat.—North America, in sandy soil. Description.—Ascending, with slender runners, more or less soft-hairy, leaves petiolate, digitate, the five leaflets obo- vate or oblanceolate, incised above; flowers axillary, stalked ; calyx five-cleft; petals 5, yellow ; stamens, ovaries, and akenes numerous; inodorous, astringent. Constituents.—Tannin. Properties.—Astringent, vulnerary. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. OENOTHERA.—Evening Primrose. Origin.—(Enothera biennis, Linne. Natural order, Ona- grariese. Habitat.—North America, in fields; naturalized in Europe. Description.—Erect, hairy, branched; leaves alternate, short-petiolate, ovate oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, slightly toothed; inflorescence spicate, leafy; calyx superior, the four lobes reflexed; petals four, showy, light yellow, obcordate; stamens 8; capsule sessile, roundish four-sided, about 3 centimeters inches) long; seeds numerous; taste mildly astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin. Properties.—Alterative, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). EPILOBIUM.—Willow Hebb. Origin.—Epilobium angustifolium, Linne. Natural order, Onagrariese. Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in low grounds and open woodlands. Description.—Erect, smooth, about 1 meter (40 inches) high; leaves subsessile, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, nearly entire, pale green beneath; inflorescence racemose; calyx superior, four-lobed; petals 4, purplish or pink, showy; stamens 8 ; capsule linear, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat curved; seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs ; taste mucilaginous, astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, etc. Properties.—Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). 274 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. VIOLA TRICOLOR.—Pansy, Heart’s Ease. Origin.—Viola tricolor, LinnS. Natural order, Vio- lariese. Habitat.—Europe, North America, and Northern Asia; cultivated ; but the wild-grown plant alone should be col- lected. Description.—Stem 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) high, angular, nearly smooth ; leaves alternate, petiolate, ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the lower ones roundish- ovate and somewhat heart-shaped; stipules leaf-like, piu- natifid, the lateral lobes linear and entire, the terminal one lance-ovate and crenate; flowers long-peduncled, petals shorter or longer than the calyx, variegated, the lateral oues bearded, forming one obtuse spur; inodorous; taste muci- laginous, somewhat bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, salicylic acid 0.1 per cent., bitter principle, resin, etc. Properties.—Alterative, expectorant, in large doses emetic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or extract. DROSERA.—Sundew. Origin.—Drosera rotundifolia, Linne. Natural order, Drose- raceae. Habitat.—North America (west to Minnesota) and Europe, in boggy places. Description.—Leaves radical, rosulate, petiolate, orbicular, about 8 millimeters (£ inch) broad; fleshy, with purple glan- dular bristles; scape slender; inflorescence racemose, one- sided ; flowers small, whitish; inodorous; taste acidulous, acrid, and bitter. Drosera intermedia, Hayne, has spatulate leaves. Constituents.—Citric acid, acrid resin, etc. Properties.—Pectoral, rubefacient. EUPATORIU M—THOROUGH WORT, BONESET. 275 Fig. 177. Drosera rotundifolia. CACTUS.—Night-blooming Cereus. Origin.—Cactus (Cereus, Miller) grandiflorus, Linne. Natural order, Cactacese, Echinocactese. Habitat.—Tropical America ; cultivated. Description. — The fresh flowering branches are used Branches weak, fleshy, five- or six-angled., on the edges with clusters of 5 or 6 spines ; flowers sessile, large, fragant; calyx imbricate, brownish and yellow ; corolla white ; petals and stamens numerous ; fruit berry-like ; taste acrid. Constituents.—No analysis. Properties.—Vermifuge, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 gram (gr. v), in fluid extract or tincture. EUPATORIUM.—Thorough wort, Boneset. Origin.—Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Eupatoriacese. 276 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. Habitat.—North America, west to Dakota; in low grounds. Description.—Leaves opposite, united at base, lanceolate, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, tapering, cre- nately serrate, rugosely veined, rough above, downy and resinous dotted beneath ; flower heads corymbed, numerous, Fig. 178. Eupatorium perfoliatum ; flowering top. with an oblong involucre of lance-linear scales, and with 10 to 15 tubular white florets, having a bristly pappus in a single row; odor aromatic, weak; taste astringent and strongly bitter. Constituents.—Eupatorin (bitter glucoside, crystallizable, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform), volatile oil, crystalline wax, resin, tannin, gum, sugar, ash 7.5 per cent. ERIGERON CANADENSE. 277 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, laxative, emetic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion or fluid extract. ERIGERON.—Erigeron, Fleabane, Scabious. Origin.—Erigeron philadelphicus, Linne, Erigeron annuus, Persoon, and Erigeron strigosus, Muhlenberg. Natural order, Compositse, Asteroidese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and pastures. Description.—The three plants are similar in aspect; erect and hairy. Radical leaves petiolate, ovate, or lanceolate, coarsely toothed, serrate, or (E. strigosus) nearly entire; stem leaves smaller, alternate, petiolate, the upper ones sessile, somewhat toothed or entire; all hairy; flower-heads corym- bose, with the involucral scales narrow and nearly equal, the receptacle flattish and naked, the ray florets numerous, nar- row, in one or two rows, purplish or white, and the disk florets numerous, tubular, and yellow; pappus bristly, simple (E. philadelphicus) or double (the other two species) ; odor slightly aromatic; taste bitterish, astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (jss-j), in infusion. ERIGERON CANADENSE.—Canada Erigeron. Origin.—Erfgeron canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Com- positse, Asteroidese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and waste places; nat- uralized in other countries. Description.—Bristly-hairy and erect; leaves alternate, ses- sile, lance-linear, nearly entire ; flower-heads in corymbose panicles, numerous, small, with a cylindrical involucre, incon- spicuous ray florets, and a straw-colored bristly pappus; odor aromatic; taste bitterish, somewhat acrid and astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent, of fresh plant, bitter principle, tannin. The volatile oil has spec. grav. 0.864, is soluble in alcohol, polarizes to the left and becomes thick and brown by age. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, styptic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 278 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. SOLIDAGO.—Golden Rod. Origin.—Solidago odora, Alton. Natural order, Composite, Asteroideae. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida, and west to Kentucky ; border of woods and fields. Description.—Erect; leaves smooth, sessile, linear-lanceo- late, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, entire, acute, pellucid-punctate; flower-heads small, numerous, in one-sided recurved racemes, with a yellowish scaly appressed involucre, several yellow florets and bristly pappus; odor and taste sweet, anise-like. Constituents.—Volatile oil, probably containing anisol. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams in infusion. GRINDELIA.—Grindelia. Origin.—Grindelia robusta, Nuttall. Natural order, Composite, Asteroideae. Habitat.—North America, west of the Rocky Moun- tains, in salt marshes. Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. Leaves thickish, varying from broadly spatulate or oblong to lanceolate, sessile or clasping, about 5 centimeters (2 in- ches) or less loug, rather acute, more or less serrate, light green, smooth, finely dotted, and brittle; heads many- flowered ; the involucre hemispherical, about 15 millimeters (•§■ inch) broad, composed of numerous imbricated, strongly squarrose and often resinous scales; ray-florets yellow, ligulate, pistillate; disk-florets yellow, tubular, perfect; pappus consisting of about three awns of the length of the disk-florets; odor balsamic; taste pungently aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin ; possibly a pecu- liar glucoside aud alkaloid; besides fat, wax, sugar, gum, little tannin, ash 7-8 per cent. COTULA—MAYWEED, WILD CHAMOMILE. 279 Properties.—Sedative, in asthma, etc.; externally in rhus poisoning. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), iu tinc- ture or fluid extract. GRINDELIA SQUARROSA.—Squarrose Grindelia. Origin.—Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Natural order, Com- posite, Asteroidese. Habitat.—Western plains to the Sierra Nevada and south to Texas. Description.—Stem about 0.4 meter (16 inches) high, branched, yellowish, smooth; leaves rigid, somewhat petiolate below, sessile and half clasping above, oblong-spatulate or linear-oblong, sharply and sometimes laciniately serrate, pale green, dotted; heads many-flowered, somewhat conical; in- volucre strongly squarrose; florets yellow, rays sometimes wanting; akenes truncate, with a two- or three-awned pappus; odor balsamic ; taste aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin, fat, wax, sugar, gum, possibly a bitter glucoside, ash about 5 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, sedative, in asthma, rheumatism, etc. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in tincture or fluid extract. HELENIUM.—Sneezewort. Origin.—Helenium autumnale, I Anne. Natural order, Com- posite, Helenioidese. Habitat.—North America, across the continent, in thickets. Description.—Erect, nearly smooth; stem about 1.2 meters (4 feet) high, quadrangular, winged ; leaves sessile, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, serrate; flower-heads numerous with a two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, long yellow pistillate ray-florets, yellow perfect disk-florets, and top-shaped akenes having a pappus of 5 awned scales ; taste bitter, acrid. Constituents.—Bitter glucoside, resin, malic acid, little tannin, etc. Properties.—Diaphoretic, errhine. COTULA.—Mayweed, Wild Chamomile. Origin—A'nthemis (Maruta, De Candolle) Cotula, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Anthem idese. 280 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; in fields and waste places. Description.—Nearly smooth, pale green; stem ascending, branched, furrowed; leaves sessile, thrice pinnatifid with linear subulate segments ; flower-heads terminal with a coni- cal chaffy receptacle, white ligulate neutral rays, yellow per- fect disk-florets, and obovoid akenes without pappus; odor unpleasant aromatic ; taste bitter, acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, valerianic acid, acrid fat, tannin, anthemidine (?), authentic acid (crystalline, bitter, soluble in ether). Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, sudorific. Dose, 2 to 8 grams in infusion. ACHILLEA.—Yarrow, Milfoil. Origin.—Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone, in fields. Description.—Erect, hairy ; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate in outline, glandular beneath, 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) long, thrice pinnatifid, with linear spatulate toothed segments; flower-heads corymbed, with an oblong imbricate involucre, flat chaffy receptacle, five short white pistillate rays, greenish-white perfect disk-florets, and oblong flat akenes without pappus; odor somewhat chamomile-like; taste bitter aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.1 per cent, (blue or dark green), achilleine, CMH38N2015 (amorphous, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether), resin, tannin, aconitic acid ; ash about 13 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. PARTHENIUM.—Feverfew. Origin.—Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum, Smith; Matricaria, Linne) Parthenium, Persoon. Natural order, Composite, Anthemideae. Habitat.—Europe, cultivated. Description.—Erect, pubescent; leaves alternate, petiolate, broadly ovate, bipinnatifid, the segments oblong, obtuse, and somewhat toothed; flower-heads in terminal cymes, with a two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, white ABSINTHIUM — WORMWOOD. 281 ligulate and obtusely three-toothed rays, and yellow tubular disk-florets; odor and taste chamomile-like, bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). TA NACETUM.—Tansy. Origin.—Tanacetum vulgare, LinnS. Natw'al order, Compositse, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Asia and Europe ; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. Stem erect, striate, smooth ; leaves alternate, nearly sessile, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, pinnatifid, the seg- ments oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate or incised, dark green, smooth and glandular; flower-heads corymbose, with an imbricated involucre, a convex naked finely pitted receptacle, numerous yellow tubular florets, those of the ray with a short tbree-lobed margin, and obovate akenes having a short crowu ; odor strongly aromatic; taste pun- gent and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil J percent, (spec. grav. 0.95, yellow or green, freely soluble in alcohol), tanacetin (bitter, granular, precipitated by tannin, insoluble in ether), fat, resin, tannin, mucilage, sugar, tartrates, citrates, and malates. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, anthelmintic, diuretic, em- menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. ABSINTHIUM.—Wormwood. Origin.—Artemisia Absinthium, LinnS. Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Northern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; naturalized in North America; cultivated. 282 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. Leaves petiolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, silky- hoary, roundish-triangular in outline, twice or thrice pin- natifid, the segments lanceolate, the terminal one spatulate; flower-heads numerous, racemose, small, subglobose, with an imbricated bell-shaped involucre, a small hairy convex receptacle, small tubular yellowish florets, and obovoid akenes without pappus; odor aromatic; taste very bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.92, dark green, becoming brown, freely soluble in alcohol, mainly absinthol, C10II16O), absinthin, C15H20O4 (bitter glucoside, amorphous, white, soluble in ether, alcohol, and cold water; with acids yields dextrose, a resinous com- pound, and a volatile odorous body), tannin, resin, succinic acid, malates, nitrates, ash 7 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-oj), in infusion, tincture, or extract. ARTEMISIA.—Mugwort. Origin.—Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Asia, Europe, naturalized in North America. Description.—Stem often reddish, branched ; leaves subses- sile, green above, white tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, seg- ments lanceolate, acute, incised or entire; flower-heads numerous, small, nearly sessile, ovate, with an imbricated involucre, a small smooth receptacle and tubular reddish florets; odor aromatic; taste bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- $j), in infusion. GNAPHALIUM.—Life Everlasting. Origin.—Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michaux. Natural order, Composite, Inuloidese. Habitat.—North America, from the Atlantic region south- westward to Texas and Mexico; in fields and woods. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS — BLESSED THISTLE. 283 Description.—Erect, about 25 centimeters (10 inches) high, densely woolly; leaves sessile, lanceolate; flower-heads in dense terminal clusters, small, obovate, with a whitish imbri- cate involucre and tubular yellowish florets ; odor agreeable ; taste bitterish, aromatic. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Linne, has larger, globular- ovate, pearl-white heads and a slight odor. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. Properties.—Diaphoretic, astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (oSS-j). Origin.—Calendula officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, Composite, Calendulacese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, somewhat angular, rough, leaves alternate, thickish, after drying thin, hairy, spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or slightly toothed, the upper ones sessile and amplexicaul; involucre hemispherical, receptacle flat, naked ; ray-florets in one or several rows, fertile, the akenes incurved and muricate on the back, those of the outer row winged; odor somewhat narcotic; taste bitter and saline. Calendula arvensis, Idnne, which is frequently culti- vated, is rather smaller and more spreading, has light yellow flowers and nearly straight akenes in the outer row, and resembles the former in odor and taste. Constituents.—A trace of volatile oil, amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yellow calendulin, sugar, gum, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in infusion, tincture, or extract. CALENDULA.—Marigold. CARDUUS BENEDICTUS.—Blessed Thistle. Origin.—Cmcus benedictus, Gcertner (Centaurea benedfcta, I Anne). Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidese. Habitat.—Levant and Europe, rare in the United States. 284 cellular vegetable drugs—herbs. Description.—Erect, somewhat woolly; leaves sessile above and somewhat decurrent, alternate, lance-oblong, sinuately lobed, soft spiny: flower-heads ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, with an imbricate squarrous spinously-pointed involucre, a flat hispid receptacle, tubular yellow florets and grayish akenes, crowned with ten teeth and with ten long and ten short bristles; odor slight, of the fresh herb disagreeable; taste very bitter. Constituents.—Cnicin (bitter needles, slightly soluble in cold water and ether), tannin, malates, calcium oxalate. Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-sj). LOBELIA.—Lobelia, Indian Tobacco. Origin.—Lobelia inflata, Linne. Natural order, Cam- panulacese, Lobcliese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and open woods. Description.—Erect; leaves alternate, petiolate, the upper sessile, ovate or oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, irregularly toothed, pubescent, pale green ; branches furrowed, hairy, terminating in long racemes of small pale blue flowers, having a superior narrowly five- toothed calyx, which is inflated in fruit, a pale blue two- lipped corolla, and 5 united stamens; odor slight, irritating ; taste mild, afterward burning and acrid. The leaves and flowering tops should be collected after a portion of the capsules are ripe, and contain a large num- ber of minute reticulate seeds. Constituents.—Lobeline (white powder, inodorous, solu- ble in most simple solvents, acrid, the salts not crystalline, freely soluble in water), a second alkaloid (?), inflatin (tasteless crystals, probably wax), lobelacrin (probably lobelate of lobeline), lobelic acid (precipitated by copper sulphate, olive-brown by ferric salts), resin, wax, volatile oil, gum. LOBELIA — INDIAN TOBACCO. 285 Properties.—Expectorant, nervine, purgative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 0.12, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. ij-viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or tincture. Fig. 179. Lobelia inflata; branch with flowers and fruit. Antidotes. — Astringents; stimulants; application of warmth. 286 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Fig. 180. Fig. 181. Lobelia seed.—Highly magnified. Flower of lobelia and section, magnified 5 diam. EPIPHEGUS.—Beechdrop. Origin.—Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Natural order, Orobanchacese. Habitat.—North America, west to Wisconsin and Arkan- sas ; parasitic upon roots of the beech. Description.—Erect, branched, about 40 centimeters (16 inches) high, yellowish brown, tuberous at base, angular above; leaves scaly, ovate; flowers in spicate racemes, the upper sterile ones with a somewhat curved and two-lipped corolla; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. Constituents.—Bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Astringent, depurative. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Os-j). SCROPHULARIA.—Figwort. Origin.—Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Natural order, Scro- phulariacese, Chelonese. Habitat.—North America (west to Mississippi, Utah, and Oregon) and Europe; in moist thickets. Description.—Erect; smooth; stem obtusely quadrangular ; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base ; inflorescence loosely panicu- late ; corolla greenish-brown, hemispherical urn-shaped, the five teeth roundish-obtuse, the two upper ones larger and MENTHA PIPERITA — PEPPERMINT. 287 brown, the lowest one spreading; stamens 4, short, the fifth sterile; capsule two-celled, many-seeded; taste bitter, nau- seous. Fig. 182. Scrophularia; flower and corolla cut open. Constituents.—Scrophularin (crystalline scales, bitter, pre- cipitated by tannin), alkaloid (from the root in minute quan- tity), scrophularosmin (stearopten), tannin, gum, pectin, resin, starch, salts. Properties.—Depurative, vulnerary. Origin.—Chelone glabra, Linne. Natural order, Scrophu- lariacese, Chelonese. Habitat.—North America, west to Minnesota and Texas; in wet places. Description.—Erect, smooth ; leaves short-petiolate, oppo- site, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate; inflorescence spicate, terminal; corolla about 3 centimeters inches) long, white or pinkish, bilabiate, the upper lip arched, the mouth some- what gaping; capsule two-celled ; seeds many, winged ; in- odorous, bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle. Properties.—Tonic, laxative, anthelmintic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams in decoction. CHELONE.—Balmony. MENTHA PIPERITA.—Peppermint. Origin.—Mentha piperita, LinnS. Natural order, Labi- ate, Satureinese. Habitat.—Wild in Asia, Europe, and North America; cultivated. Description.—The leaves and tops arc collected. Leaves 288 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in terminal conical spikes, with a tubular, five-toothed, often purplish calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 short stamens; aromatic ; taste pungent and cooling. Fio. 183. Mentha piperita, Linne, liuwering tops. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent., little tannin, resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of little terpene (boiling at 160° C.), of liquid Cl0H18O, and of crystalline menthol, C10H20O. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, stronger than spearmint. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infu- sion. MENTHA VIRIDIS.—Spearmint. Origin.—Mentha viridis, LinnS. Natural order, Labiate, Satureinese. MENTHA VIRIDIS—SPEARMINT. 289 Habitat.—Wild in Europe and North America; culti- vated. Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are collected. Leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; branches quadrangular, mostly light green ; flowers in terminal, in- terrupted, narrow, acute spikes, with a tubular sharply five-toothed calyx, a light purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 exserted or included stamens; aromatic and pungent. Fig. 184. Fig. 185. Mentha viridis, Linne, flowering tops. Spearmint leaf, natural size. Constituents.—Volatile oil about J per cent., resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil lias the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of C10H16 (boiling-point 160° C.), and of carvol, C10H14O. 290 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. LYCOPUS.—Bugle. Origin.—Ly'copus (Lycopus) virginicus, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—North America, south to Florida and Missouri, and west to Oregon ; in moist shady places. Description.—Stem obtusely quadrangular, with slender runners; leaves about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, short- petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, toothed above, smooth; flowers in axillary clusters, small, with a bluntly four-toothed calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and two fertile stamens; odor somewhat mint-like; taste bitter. Ly'copus sinuatus, Elliott, also indigenous to North America, and extending across the continent, has a sharply quadran- gular stem, the leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid at the base, and a sharply five-toothed calyx. It is closely related to L. europse'us, Linne. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, sedative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. CUNILA.—Dittany. Origin.— Cumla Mariana, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—United States, south to Georgia and Arkansas; in dry soil. Description.—Stem thin; leaves nearly sessile, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, ovate, serrate, subcordate; flowers in small cymes, with an ovate-tubular calyx, a two-lipped, pale purple corolla, and 2 exserted stamens; odor mint-like; taste pungent aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. HYSSOPUS.—Hyssop. Origin.—Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labi- atse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; naturalized in the United States; cultivated. ORIGANUM — WILD MARJORAM. 291 Description.—Stem branched, wand-like; leaves sessile, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse; flowers in small clusters, with a five-toothed calyx, a two lipped, purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous sta- mens ; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil about \ per cent., bitter princi- ple, tannin, etc. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in infusion. ORIGANUM.—Wild Marjoram. Origin.—Origanum vulgare, LinnS. Natural order, Labiate, Satureinese. Habitat.—Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; natural- ized in North America in some of the Atlantic States. Description. — Stem roundish, purplish, short-hairy, branched above; leaves petiolate, about 2 centimeters (f inch) long, roundish-ovate, obtuse, nearly entire, hairy Fig. 186. Origanum vulgare; flower and corolla, magnified. beneath ; flowers corymbose, with reddish bracts, a five- toothed calyx, a somewhat two-lipped, pale-purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, light yellow, neutral, bitterish, not freely soluble in 292 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 80 per cent, alcohol, contains oxygen), tannin, bitter prin- ciple, resin. Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. MAJORANA.—Sweet Majoram. Origin.— Origanum Majorana, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Stein branched, subterete; leaves sessile above, about 15 millimeters (■§ inch) long, spatulate or obovate, obtuse, entire, gray-green, soft hairy; flowers in clusters, spicate, with a two-lipped calyx, a whitish, somewhat two- lipped corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens ; fragrantly aromatic and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, readily soluble in alcohol.) Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, etnmenagogue, ceph- alic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in infusion. SERPYLLUxM.—Wild Thyme. Origin. — Thy'mus Serpy'llum, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Northern Asia, Europe ; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description. — Stem branched, pubescent; leaves short- petioled, about 6 millimeters (I inch) long, ovate, obtuse, entire; flowers in small capitate spikes, with a two-lipped calyx, a purplish-spotted, somewhat two-lipped corolla, and four usually short stamens; aromatic and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, (about 0.5 per cent., spec. grav. 0.91, readily soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. gr. in infusion. MELISSA.—Balm. Origin.—Melissa officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. H EDEOM A — PENNYROYAL. 293 Habitat.—Asia Minor, Southern Europe; naturalized in the United States; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, pubescent; leaves petio- late, ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obtuse or somewhat acute, crenate-serrate, the base rounded or rather heart-shaped, somewhat hairy, glandular; branches quad- Fig. 187. Melissa.—Flower and corolla magnified. rangular; flowers in about four-flowered cymules, with a tubular bell-shaped five-toothed calyx, a whitish or pur- plish two-lipped corolla, and four didynamous stamens; fragrant, aromatic, and bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil £ per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. Properties.— Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, em- menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. H EDEOM A.—Pennyroyal. Origin.—Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—North America, south to Georgia and west to Dakota; in sandy fields. Description.—Stern subterete, hairy ; leaves opposite, short-petioled, about 12 millimeters (J inch) long, oblong- ovate, obscurely serrate, glandular beneath; flowers in small roundish axillary cymules, with a tubular-ovoid, 294 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. two-lipped and five-toothed calyx, and a small pale-blue, pubescent, two-lipped corolla, containing two sterile and Fig. 188. Flower and corolla of hedeoma, magnified. two fertile exserted stamens ; odor strong, mint-like ; taste warm and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.94, readily sol- uble in alcohol, containing formic, acetic, and isoheptoic ethers, and hedeomol iu two modifications (Kremers, 1887). Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion. MONARDA.—Horse mi nt. Origin.—Monarda punctata, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Monardese. Habitat.—United States, west to Texas and Colorado; in sandy fields. Description.—Stem nearly simple; leaves petiolate, lauceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, some- what toothed, glandular, nearly smooth; flowers whorled, with sessile yellow and purple bracts, a tubular, downy, five-toothed calyx, a prominent, two-lipped, pale yellow C ATARI A — C ATNEP. 295 and purple-spotted corolla, and two stamens ; aromatic, pungent, and bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil, yellowish or reddish-brown, neutral, spec. grav. 0.92, readily soluble in alcohol. It Fig. 189. Flower of monarda, magnified contains about 50 per cent. C10H16, 24 per cent, thymol, the alcohol C10H18O, and its formic, acetic, and butyric ethers. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, emmena- gogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. CATARIA.—Catnep. Origin.—Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Natural order, Labiatee, Nepetese. Habitat.—Asia, Europe, naturalized in the United States. Description.—Stem branched, hairy, gray ; leaves petiolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, triangular-ovate, cordate, crenate serrate, grayish-green, and hairy ; flowers in terminal panicles with an obliquely five-toothed calyx, a two-lipped, whitish, purple-spotted corolla, and 4 didynamous stamens ; it has a peculiar, somewhat mint-like odor, and a bitterish, aromatic, and pungent taste. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin (?), bitter principle 296 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. (crystalline, soluble in ether, acid reaction, not a glucoside), sugar, gum, ash 12.5 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, era- menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. GLECHOMA.—Ground-ivy. Origin.—Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham (Glechoma heder- acea. Linne). Natural order, Labiatae, Nepetese. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in the United States. Description.—Creeping, short-hairy ; leaves petiolate, round- reniform, crenate, nearly smooth ; flowers in axillary cymules ; corolla blue or purplish, much longer than the calyx; some- what aromatic and bitter. Constituents—Volatile oil, bitter principle, etc. Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (Ass-j). MARRUBIUM.—Horehound. Origin.—Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Natural order, Labiatte, Stachydeae. Habitat.—Europe, Central Asia ; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, white tomeutose; leaves opposite, petiolate, roundish-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, obtuse, coarsely crenate, downy above, white hairy beneath ; flowers in dense axillary woolly whorls, with a stiffly ten-toothed calyx, a whitish bilabiate corolla and four included stamens; aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, marrubiin, resin, fat, wax, tannin, sugar, gum, albumin, salts. Marrubiin has a bitter taste, is possibly a glucoside, crystallizes in scales or prisms, is soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and hot water, insoluble in benzin, and not precipitated by tannin or salts of metals. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, resolvent, deobstruent, an- thelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 297 LEONURUS—MOTHERWORT. SCUTELLARIA.—Skullcap. Origin.—Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Stachydese. Habitat.—North America, west to Alabama, New Mexico and Oregon ; in damp thickets. Description.—Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, smooth, branched ; leaves opposite, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, petiolate, lance-ovate or ovate-obloug, serrate; flowers in axillary one-sided racemes; corolla pale blue; stamens 4, didynamous; calyx closed in fruit, upper lip helmet-shaped ; odor slight; taste bitterish. The following species having a more decidedly bitter taste are sometimes collected; they are indigenous to North America, and have a nearly simple stem and blue flowers : Sc. integrifolia, Linne. Minutely hairy; leaves short- petioled, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, entire; racemes terminal. Sc. pilosa, Michaux. Hairy; leaves petiolate, rhombic- ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, creuate, in distant pairs; racemes terminal. Sc. galericulata, Linne. Nearly smooth; leaves short- petioled, lance-ovate, slightly cordate, crenately serrate; flowers axillary, single. Constituents.—Bitter principle (crystalline glucoside, sol- uble in ether), tannin (?), volatile oil (trace), sugar, ash 14 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, nervine, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 to 4 or 8 grams (5ss-j-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. LEONURUS.—Motherwort. Origin.—Leonurus Cardfaca, Linne. Natural order, Labi- atse, Stachydese. 298 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Habitat.—Europe and Asia, naturalized in North America; in waste places. Description.—Erect, roughish ; leaves petiolate, the lower ones roundish or heart-shaped, the upper ones oblong wedge- shaped, all palmately acutely seven to three-lobed; flowers in dense axillary cymules; calyx spinously five-toothed ; corolla exserted, rose-colored, upper lip bearded, lower lip dotted ; stamens 4, didynamous; odor unpleasant; taste bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, stimulant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams Or-S-j), in infusion. PLANTAGO—Plantain. Origin.—PI a n t ago lanceolata and P. major, Linne. Natural order, Plantaginacese. Habitat.—North America, along roadsides and in grassy places; introduced from Europe; the second species also in- digenous in the Northwestern States. Description.—Leaves all radical, petiolate, nerved, some- what toothed, more or less hairy, lanceolate, or of the second species ovate or elliptic; scape with a dense ovate-oblong or, in the second species, cylindrical spike; corolla whitish, membranous, salver-form, four-lobed; stamens 4, exserted; capsule few seeded ; inodorous; somewhat bitter and astrin- gent. PI. Rugelii, Decaisne, indigenous westward to Texas and Minnesota, closely resembles the broad-leaved plantain, but has a long and narrow spike of flowers. Constituents.—Bitter principle, resin, wax, pectin, citrates, oxalates, ash 12 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringent, hemostatic; the seeds demul- cent. MITCHELLA.—Squaw Vine. Origin.—Mitchella repens, Linne. Natural order, Rubia- cese, Anthospermefe. Habitat.—North America, west to Mississippi; in dry woods. Description.—Evergreen, slender, creeping ; leaves oppo- site, petiolate, roundish-ovate, entire, smooth ; flowers in pairs; corolla salver-form, four-lobed, white or pink, bearded inside, fragrant; fruit a twin-berry, bright-red, four-seeded ; taste somewhat astringent and bitter. SABBATIA — CENTAURY. 299 Constituents.—Saponin-like compound, principle precipi- tated by tannin and picric acid, wax, resin, gum, sugar, albuminoids, ash 5.5 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). GALIUM.—Cleavers. Origin.—Galium Aparfne, Linne. Natural order, Rubia- cese, Galiese. Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in thickets. Description. — Stem weak, climbing, quadrangular, re- trorsely prickly; leaves in whorls of 6 or 8, linear-oblanceo- late, mucronate, margin and midrib rough; cymes loose and few flowered ; corolla small, white, rotate, four-lobed ; stamens 4 ; fruit two-seeded, covered with hooked bristles; inodorous ; taste saline, somewhat astringent and bitter. Galium triflorum, Michaux, has whorls of 6 elliptic-lanceo- late and cuspidate leaves, and becomes fragrant from coumarin on drying; it grows in most parts of North America, in wood- lands. Constituents.—Tannin, various salts. Properties.—Diuretic, refrigerant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. SABBATIA.—Sabbatia, Centaury. Origin.—Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, and S. paniculata, Parsh. Natural order, Gentianese, Chironiese. Habitat—United States, in dry fields. Descriptions.—Stem branched above, winged, quadrangular, about 60 centimeters (2 feet) high, smooth ; leaves opposite, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, clasping, oblong-ovate, acute, entire, five-nerved, or (Sab. paniculata) linear-oblong, obtuse, and one nerved ; corolla mostly rose-colored (S. pani- culata whitish), wheel-shaped and five-parted; stamens 5; inodorous, bitter. Sabbatia Elliottii, Steudel, quinine-flower, has leaves about 12 millimeters (£ inch) long, varying between obovate and linear. Erythrse'a Centaiirium, Persoon. European centaury. Stem 30 centimeters (12 inches) high, leaves oval or ovate- oblong, obtuse, three- to five-nerved; otherwise resembling the preceding. Constituents.—Bitter principle, erythrocentaurin, C27H2408 300 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. (tasteless crystals, colored red by light; readily soluble in benzol, carbon disulphide, chloroform, alcohol and boiling water, less freely in ether; not precipitated by tannin). The bitter principle of European centaury (Lendrich’s erythro- centaurin, 1892) is an amorphous glucoside, readily soluble in alcohol and hot water, less so in ether, precipitated by tannin and other alkaloid reagents, splits into a tasteless fer- mentable sugar and aromatic oil. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr xv- 3j), in decoction. CHIR AT A.—Chi retta . Origin.—Swertia Chirata, Wallich (Ophelia Chi rata, Grisebach, s. Agathotes Chirayta, Don). Natural order, Gentiauese, Swertiese. Habitat.—Mountains of Northern India. Description.—Root nearly simple, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long; stem branched, nearly 1 meter (-10 inches) long, slightly quadrangular above, with a narrow wood circle and thick pith ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, five-nerved; flowers numerous, small, with a four-lobed calyx and corolla; the whole plant smooth, pale brown, inodorous, and intensely bitter. Constituents. — Ophelic acid, C13H20O10 (bitter, amor- phous, viscid, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, not pre- cipitated by tannin), chiratin, C26H48015 (bitter, crystalline, yellow, soluble in ether, alcohol and warm water, precipi- tated by tannin, glucoside); ash of leaves 7-8 per cent., of stem about 4 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in infusion. Substitution.—Swertia angustifolia, Wallich, s. Ophelia angustifolia, Don, has the entire stem quadrangular and somewhat winged, and a less bitter taste; pith thin and often wanting. CANNABIS INDICA — INDIAN HEMP, GUNJA. 301 CANNABIS INDICA.—Indian Hemp, Gunja. Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Asia, collected in India. Description.—Only the flowering tops of the female plant are collected. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, compressed, brittle, branching, with few digitate leaves and lancedinear leaflets, and numerous sheathing and pointed bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, some- times with the nearly ripe fruit, the whole more or less agglutinated with a resinous exudation ; it has a brownish- green color, a peculiar narcotic odor, and a slightly acrid taste. Cannabis a.mericana.—The hemp plant grown in the Southern United States. Stem 2 or 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) high, rough ; leaves alternate above, petiolate, digitate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, serrate; staminate flowers in loose pedunculate clusters, forming compound racemes; pistillate flowers small, mostly in pairs, axillary, sessile, bracteate and with two slender unequal styles; odor some- what heavy ; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Little volatile oil (mainly C10H16), brown amorphous resin, about 15 to 20 per cent., cinnabinon (soft resin), choline. Choline (bilineurine), C5H15N02, is syrupy, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and yields with Mayer’s solution a yellow crystalline precipitate; it is con- tained in Hay’s tetanocannabiue, and with alkalies gives trimethylamine (Siebold’s cannabinine) (E. Jahns, 1887.) American hemp contains a small proportion of resin. Properties.—Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), mostly as extract, 0.03 to 0 20 gram (gr. ss-iij). 302 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TOPS. 8. LEAFY TOPS — CACUMINA, SUMMITATES. Among the herbs are included the tops of plants which are usually collected with flowers. The present division embraces a few drugs having imbricated leaves, and col- lected occasionally with the fruit, but never with the flowers. The plants yielding these drugs are trees of the natural order Coniferte, group Cupressinete. Twigs quadrangular, oil-gland near the base of the Juniperus leaves. virginiana. the leaves with an oil-gland on the back. Sabina. Twigs two-edged, the flat leaves with a gland on the back. Thuja. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.—Red Cedar. Origin.—Juniper us virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Cupressinese. Habitat.—North America, excepting Western Texas, California, and Oregon. Description.—The commercial branchlets are about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat quadrangular; leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millimeters ( inch) long, appressed, imbricated, lance-ovate or rhomboid, acute, the older ones much longer, sharply acute and spread- ing, on the back with a longitudinal furrow and near its base a circular or oblong gland ; odor terebinthinate; taste balsamic, bitterish, and acrid. Peduncle of the galbulus (berry) erect. Constituents. — Volatile oil (not readily soluble in alcohol), resin, tannin, etc. The volatile oil distilled from the wood consists mainly of cedrene, C15H24, with some camphor, C16H260. SABINA — SA VINE. 303 Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, less irri- tant than savine. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij- xv), in powder or infusion. SABINA.—Savine. Origin.—Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Natural order, Coni- ferse, Cupressineae. Habitat. — Siberia, Europe, Canada, and Northern United States. Description.—Short, thin, subquadrangular branch lets ; leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millime- ters inch) long, appressed, imbricated, rhombic-lanceo- late, the older ones longer, sharply acute and spreading, Fig. 190. Sabina. on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong or roundish gland; odor terebinthinate; taste nauseous, resinous, and bitter. Galbulus (berry) if present, upon a recurved peduncle. Constituents.—Volatile oil, chiefly C10H16, about 2 per cent., resin, tannin. The volatile oil, C10H16, is of spec. 304 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TOPS. grav. 0.91, not readily soluble in alcohol, and boils near 160° C. (320° F.), the boiling-point rising to over 200° C. Properties.— Irritant, diuretic, hmmagogue, emmena- gogue, vermifuge. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij— xv), in powder, infusion, or fluid extract. THUJA.—Arbor Vitus. Origin.—Thuja occidenta l is, Linne. Natural order, Con- ifer®, Cupressinese. Habitat.—Canada and United States south to North Carolina and west to Minnesota; also cultivated for orna- ment. Description.—Twigs flatfish, two-edged, pale green on the lower side, the scale-like leaves apprised in four rows, rhombic-ovate, obtusely pointed, the flat ones about 5 mil- limeters (£ inch) long, closely imbricate, and with a round- ish gland near the apex; the others folded lengthwise, boat-shaped, about 4 millimeters (| inch) long, and mostly glandless; odor balsamic, somewhat terebinthinate; taste pungently aromatic, camphoraceous, and bitter. Chamsecy'paris sphseroidea, Spach (Cupressus thyoides, Linne)-, like the preceding plant, often called white cedar, grows southward to Florida and Mississippi. The twigs resemble those of thuja, but are more slender, less flat- tened; the leaves are 1.5 to 2 millimeters (yV~tV iQCh) long, and the flat leaves have a longitudinal groove on the back. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent, (readily soluble in alcohol, contains O), resin, tannin, pinipicrin, (yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, in- soluble in ether; glucoside, yields ericinol), thujin, (yellow, crystalline, astringent, dark green with ferric FLOWERS AND PETALS. 305 salts; soluble in alcohol and water, glucoside, precipitated by lead acetate), thujigenin, Cl4H1207 (precipitated by basic lead acetate, the alcohol solution green with NH3). Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, irritant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-oj), in infusion and fluid extract. 9. FLOWERS AND PETALS.—FLORES ET PETALA. Flowers contain the male or female, or both kinds, organs of reproduction, surrouuded by two circles of modi- fied leaves, of which those of the inner circle, the petals forming the corolla, very generally have a color differing from green, while those of the outer circle, the sepals form- ing the calyx, mostly have a green color. The modified leaves of these two whorls are sometimes of the same shape and color, or one of the whorls is entirely wanting; in both these cases they, whether green or of a different color, are called perianth or perigone. The flowers of some plants are placed close together upon a common receptacle, and such a head is surrounded by one or more whorls of modified, frequently scale-like leaves called the involucre, a term which is also employed to designate the whorl of modified leaves found outside of the calyx of each flower in certain plants. The male organs of reproduction, or stamens, consist each of a filament which is usually thin and filiform, and bears at its apex the mostly two-celled anther; in the cells of the latter the pollen is contained. The female organ of reproduction consists of one or more ovules inclosed by one or more carpels (modified leaves) forming the ovary, and frequently prolonged above into a style bearing the stigma. In the absence of the style, the stigma is attached to the ovary, and is said to be sessile. 306 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. The shortened axis upon which the organs of reproduction are attached is the torus, also called the receptacle. The footstalk of a flower is called the peduncle, and its branches, the pedicels. I. Buds, unexpanded flowers. Calyx superior, four-cleft. Caryophyllus. Small heads with an imbricated involucre. Santonica. II. Expanded flowers and petals. 1. Petals distinct; corolla polypetalous. Calyx inferior, corolla white, ovary one. Aurantium. Inflorescence cymose ; the peduncle partly united with a leafy bract. Tilia. Inflorescence paniculate; sepals 5, reddish ; petals small. Brayera. Petals numerous, clawed, rose-colored. Rosa centifolia. deep red. Rosa gallica. Petals short-clawed, dull purple, with a black spot. Rhceas. Petal with the claws attached to the column of filaments; involucre six-cleft. Althaea rosea, involucre three-leaved. Malva. 2. Petals united; corolla gamopetalous. Flowers compound, rays white ; receptacle coni- cal, hollow; pappus none Matricaria. rays white, in many rows ; receptacle conical, not hollow; pappus a short crown. Anthemis. rays whitish or rose-colored, receptacle con- vex ; pappus a short crown. Pyrethri flores. rays yellow; pappus bristly. Arnica, akenes curved, pappus none. Calendula. Florets tubular, five-lobed, brownish red. Carthamus. Flowers not compound; corolla whitish, wheel- shaped, five-lobed. Sambucus- corolla wheel-shaped, five-lobed, yellow. Verbascum. corolla blue, two-lipped; calyx blue-gray, five- toothed. Lavandula. Classification. CARYOPHYLLUS — CLOVES. 307 CARYOPHYLLUS.—Cloves. Origin. —Eugenia earyophyllata, Thunberg (Caryophy'l- lus aromaticus, Linne). Natural order, Myrtacese, Myr- tese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—About 15 millimeters (|- inch) long, dark brown, consisting of a subcylindrical, solid, and glandular calyx-tube, 3 or 4 millimeters or inch) thick, and containing near its apex the two-celled, several-ovuled ovary, and terminated by four obtuse teeth; it is sur- mounted by a globular head, formed by four glandular Fig. 191. Fig. 192. Caryophyllus.—a Natural size, b Longitudinal section magnified. Clove.—Transverse section, magnified 15 diameters. petals, which cover numerous curved stamens and one style, the latter situated in the centre, and the former near the base of an elevated disk. Cloves contain numerous oil-glands under the epidermis, emit oil when scratched, and have a strong aromatic odor and a pungent, spicy taste. 308 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. Constituents.—Volatile oil 18 per cent., tannin 13 per cent., gum 13 per eent., resin 6 per cent, (tasteless), wax, caryophyllin, C10H]6O (white, tasteless needles, blood-red with sulphuric acid), eugenin, C10H12O2 (pearly scales from distillate, colored red by nitric acid). The volatile oil is readily soluble in alcohol, and consists of a sesquiterpene, C15H24, spec. grav. 0.91, and eugenol or eugenic acid, CioHiA, a colorless oil, spec. grav. 1.076, the solution blue with ferric chloride, by permanganate oxidized to vanillic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, antiemetic. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), in powder; mostly used as a con- diment. SANTONICA.—Santonica, Levant Worm,seed. Origin.—Artemisia maritima, IArmS, var. Stechman- niana, Besser. Natural order, Composite, Anthem idese. Habitat.—T urkestan. Description.—Unexpanded flower-heads, oblong-ovoid, about 2 or 3 millimeters (xi~8 bieh) long, obtuse, smooth, Fig 193. Santonica.—Head and longitudinal section, magnified 10 diam. somewhat glossy, grayish-green, after exposure to light brownish-green, with an involucre of about 18 imbricated ovate or oblong glandular scales, inclosing 4 or 5 rudimen- AURANTII FLORES—ORANGE FLOWERS. 309 tary florets; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphora- ceous; taste aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent, (consists mainly of cineol, C10H18O, agitated with iodine solution yields green- ish crystals of C10II18OI2), santonin 1J-2 per cent., resin, gum, etc. Santonin, C15H1803, is white crystalline, soluble in chloroform, alcohol, and ether, sparingly soluble in water, colored yellow in sunlight, and forms with alkalies bitter soluble compounds. Cold nitric acid dissolves it without color; the colorless solution in sulphuric acid gradually turns red, and with ferric chloride becomes violet-colored. Santonin has been adulterated with boric acid, salicin, and strychnine. Properties.—Stimulant, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, or electuary ; santonin, 0.016 to 0.06 gram (gr. J-j), in powder or troches. AURANTII FLORES.—Orange Flowers. Origin.—Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aurantium, Risso. Natural order, Iiutacese, Aurantiese. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Fig. 194. Orange flowers, natural size; unexpanded, petals removed, and section. Description.—The partly expanded flowers are collected and mostly used in the fresh state. About 15 millimeters (| inch) long; calyx small, cup-shaped, five-toothed ; petals 5, oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, white, and glandular punc- 310 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. tate; stamens numerous with the filaments united near the base, in about three sets; ovary globular, about ten- celled, situated upon a small disk, with a cylindrical style and globular stigma; odor very fragrant; taste aromatic, somewhat bitter. Dried flowers are brownish. When it is desirable to keep fresh orange flowers for some time, they may be preserved by being well mixed with half their weight of chloride of sodium. Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, fluorescent with alcohol), mucilage, bitter extractive. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic ; used for prepar- ing orange-flower water. Origin.—Tilia americana, Linne, and T. heterophy'lla, Ventenat. Natural order, Tiliaceie, Tiliese. Habitat.—North America, west to Manitoba and Texas. Description.—Cymes varying between about seven- and thirty-flowered, the long peduncle partly united to an oblong- lanceolate bract, which is about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, and 10 millimeters (finch) wide; calyx five-parted; petals 5, yellowish, notched at the base with a large scale; stamens numerous, hypogynous, in 5 groups united with the petaloid scales ; ovary five-celled ; stigma five-lobed; odor agreeable, taste sweet, mucilaginous. Tilia ulmifolia, Scopoli, indigenous to Europe, cultivated in the United States, has about seven-flowered cymes and the petals without scales. The cymes of T. platyphy'lla, Scopoli, are mostly three-flowered. Constituents.—Volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin. Properties.—Diaphoretic, stimulant, lenitive. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). TILIA.—Linden Flowers. BRAY ERA.—Koosso. Origin.—Brayera anthelmintica, Kuntli (Hag6nia abys- sinica, Willdenow). Natural order, Rosacese, Poterieae. Habitat.—Abyssinia. BRAYERA—KOOSSO. 311 Description.—The female inflorescence is collected. In rolls, or compressed bundles, consisting of hairy and glandular panicles about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, with a sheathing bract at the base of each branch; the two roundish bracts at the base of each flower and the five Fig. 195. Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth.—A. Branch of panicle. B. Staminate flower, and C. pistillate flower, magnified 4 diam. obovate outer sepals are of a reddish color, membranous, and veiny; flowers about 6 millimeters (£ inch) broad; calyx top-shaped, hairy, inclosing one or two ovate- 312 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. oblong and pointed carpels or nutlets; odor slight tea-like; taste bitter and nauseous. Constituents.—Tannin 24 per cent., bitter acrid resin per cent., tasteless resin, little volatile oil, ash about 5 per cent. Kosin or Koussin is yellow, crystalline, tasteless, fusible; soluble in chloroform, benzol, ether, and alcohol; the alcoholic solution reddened by ferric chloride; insolu- ble in water ; said to be nearly inert when pure. Properties.—Anthelmintic, t®nifuge. Dose, 16 to 24 or 32 grams (5iv-vj-5j), in powder or electuary. ROSA CENTIFOLIA.—Pale Rose. Origin.—Rosa centifdlia, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- ce®, Rose®. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—The petals are collected. Roundish-obo- vate and retuse, or obcordate, pink, fragrant, sweetish, slightly bitter, and faintly astringent. When it is desirable to keep fresh pale rose for some time, it should be preserved by being intimately mixed with one-half its weight of chloride of sodium, pressing the mixture into a suitable jar, and keeping it in a cool place. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin (quercitrin ?), malates, etc. Oil of rose is obtained from Rosa damascena, Miller. Properties.—Mild carminative; used for preparing rose- water. ROSA GALLICA.—Red Rose. Origin.—Rosa gallica, Linne. Natural order, Rosace®, Rose®. Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe; culti- vated. ALTHiEA ROSEA—HOLLYHOCK. 313 Description.—The petals are collected before the flowers are expanded. Small cones, consisting of numerous im- bricated, roundish, retuse, deep purple-colored, yellow- clawed petals, having a roseate odor and a bitterish, slightly acidnlous, and distinct astringent taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, quercitrin. Properties.—Tonic, mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, confection, or infusion. RHCEAS.—Red Poppy. Origin.—Papaver Rhoe'as, Linne. Natural order, Papa- veracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Asia and Europe, in fields. Description.—Petals roundish, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, somewhat shorter, below contracted into a short black- ish claw, thin, brownish-purple (fresh scarlet-red); odor slight; taste mucilaginous and bitterish. Constituents.—Rhoeadine a trace, probably a second alka- loid, rhoeadic and papaveric acids (red coloring matters), gum, etc. Properties.—Demulcent, mildly anodyne, used chiefly for coloring mixtures. ALTHiEA ROSEA.—Hollyhock. Origin.—Althae'a (Alcea, Linne) rosea, Cavanilles. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malveae. Habitat.—Western Asia, cultivated in gardens. Description.—Involucre six-cleft, shorter than the five cleft calyx, the lobes lance-ovate, stellately hairy; corolla 7 to 10 centimeters (3-4 inches) broad, in cultivation often double, the five petals broadly obovate, retuse or notched at the apex, the claws attached to the base of the column formed by the united numerous filaments ; the color varies from white to deep red and purple, and becomes deeper on drying; odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous, somewhat astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. 314 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. MALVA.—Mallow. Origin.—Malva sylviistris, Linne. Natural order, Malva- ceae, Malvese. Habitat.—Europe, introduced in North America. Description.—Involucre three-leaved, hairy ; calyx about 5 millimeters (-§- inch) long, five-cleft, hairy; petals five, 2 cen timeters (| inch) long, obcordate, the claws attached to the base of the column formed by the united numerous filaments ; the color is rose-red or purplish with darker veins, after dry- ing blue; odor slight, taste mucilaginous, sweetish. Constituents.—Mucilage, coloring matter, reddened by acids and turned green by ammonia. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. MATRICARIA.—German Chamomile. Origin.—Matricaria Chamormlla, LinnS. Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia. Fig. 196. Matricaria.—a. Flower-head. b. Involucre, c. Receptacle and involu- cre. d. Longitudinal section of receptacle, with disk florets, e. Ray floret, f. Disk floret, g. Stamens and style of disk floret. Description.—Flower-heads about 10 millimeters (f inch) broad; involucre flatfish, imbricated, the scales obloug, obtuse, and with a scarious margin; receptacle conical, pitted, hollow, naked; ray florets about 15, white, ligu- A NT HE MIS—CHAMOMILE. 315 late, three-toothed, pistillate, reflexed, about 8 millimeters (J inch) long; disk florets numerous, yellow, tubular, per- fect, about 3 millimeters (| inch) long; akenes oblong, without pappus; strongly aromatic and bitter. The similar flower-heads of A'uthemis arvensis, Linne, and Maruta Cotula, De Candolle, have a conical chaffy receptacle. Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent, (dark blue, solu- ble in alcohol), anthemic acid (bitter needles), anthemidin (tasteless), extractive, little tannin, malates, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, mild tonic, carminative, nervine, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion. ANTHEMIS.—Chamomile. Origin—A'uthemis nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Compositse, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Southern and Western Europe; cultivated ; naturalized in a few localities in the United States. Description.-^Collected from cultivated plants. The wild-grown flower-heads have about 15 ray florets in one row; the cultivated plants have the tubular disk florets mostly transformed into ligulate florets. Subglobular, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad; involucre hemispheri- cal, imbricated, the scales ovate-oblong and with a scarious margin ; receptacle solid, conical, densely chaffy ; rav florets numerous, white, pistillate, strap-shaped, three-toothed; disk florets few, yellow, tubular; akenes obovate with a short crown. Odor strong and pleasant; taste aromatic, bitter. Constituents.—Anthemene, C,8II36 (tasteless needles, melt at 63° C.), volatile oil (nearly 1 per cent., blue, green, or yellow, spec. grav. 0.90, soluble in alcohol, contains anthe- mol, C10H16O, and the isobutylic and isamylic esters of 316 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. isobutyric and angelic acids), bitter principle (anthemic acid?), resin, little tannin, etc. Fig. 197. Anthemis nobilis.—Ray and disk floret, magnified 4 diam. Section through single flower-head. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, carminative, nervine, em- meuagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion or fluid extract. PYRETHRI FLORES.—Insect Flowers. Origin.—1. Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum, Treviranus) cin- erarisefolium, Visiani; 2. Chrys. (Pyrethrum, Bieberstein) roseum and C. carneum, Weber. Natural order, Compositse, Anthemidese. Habitat.—1. Dalmatia. 2. Western Asia. Description.—Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) broad; involucre hemispherical, imbri- cate, the scales obtuse, brownish with a whitish scarious margin (No. 1), or greenish and with a red-brown scarious margin (No. 2) ; receptacle somewhat convex, naked ; ray florets about 20, whitish (No. 1) or rose colored (No. 2), ligu- late, three-toothed, pistillate; disk florets yellow, tubular, five-toothed, perfect; akenes obovate with a short scarious, ARNICA FLOWERS. 317 somewhat toothed crown ; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, a volatile acid, wax, non-volatile balsamic acid, resin acid, chrysanthemine (liquid), glucoside (crystalline), sugar, a hydrocarbon, and a higher homologue of cholesterin. Properties.—Insecticide; externally as powder or tincture. The Dalmatian insect flowers collected shortly after expan- sion are considered the most effectual. ARNICA.—Arnica Flowers. Origin.—A'rnica montana, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Senecionidese. Habitat.—Europe, and Northern Asia, in mountainous districts. Description.—Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) broad; involucral scales lanceolate, Fig. 198. Arnica montana.—Ray and disk florets. acute, hairy, in two rows; receptacle nearly flat, pitted, and hairy; ray florets 15 to 20, yellow, strap-shaped, 2 or 3 centimeters (f-l| inches) long, eight- or ten-nerved, three-toothed, pistillate; disk florets numerous, yellow, about 15 millimeters Of inch) long, five-toothed tubular, 318 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. perfect; akenes slender, spindle-shaped, rough, crowned with a hairy pappus, 6 or 8 millimeters inch) long; feebly aromatic; acrid and bitter; the dust sternutatory. Some pharmacopoeias direct the removal of the involucre with the receptacle, which frequently contains the larvae of an insect (Trypeta). A'rnica foliosa, Nuttall, A. alpina, Olin, and A. Cha- missonis, Lessing, have flowers resembling the preceding ; the plants are indigenous to the mountains of Colorado, westward and northward, the last species also eastward to Maine. Constituents.—Volatile oil (a trace, butyraceous), resin, arnicin (amorphous, yellow, acrid, easily soluble in alcohol and ether). Properties.— Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, irritant. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in infusion; mostly used externally as tincture. C ALENDUL A.—Marigold. Origin.—Calendula officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Calendulace®. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.— Flower-heads about 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, with the involucral scales in two rows, lan- ceolate, acute, hairy, and equal; a flat and naked recepta- cle, and incurved, muricate akenes without pappus; the yellow disk florets tubular, five-toothed, and staminate. The ray florets, which are usually employed instead of the flower-heads, are in one or occasionally in several rows, pistillate, ligulate, 10 to 20 millimeters (f to £ inch) long, about 3 millimeters inch) broad, the limb delicately veined in a longitudinal direction, three-toothed at the apex; the short hairy tube enclosing the remnants of the SAMBUCUS—ELDER. 319 filiform style which terminates in two elongated branches; odor slightly narcotic; taste somewhat bitter, slightly saline. Constituents.—Amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yel- low calendulin, sugar, gum, etc. Substitutions.—The flower-heads of Tagetes erecta and Tag. patula, Linne, cultivated as French or African mari- gold, have a tubular involucre, yellow or variegated broad ray florets, and straight slender flattish akenes with a chaffy pappus. Properties.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, tincture, or extract. CARTHAMUS.—Safflower. Origin.— Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Description.—The tubular florets are collected. Cylindri- cal, about 2 centimeters (£ inch) long, five-lobed ; lobes nearly linear; tube of the anthers protruding from the throat, and surmounted by the two-cleft style ; brownish-red ; odor slight; taste insipid, bitterish. Constituents. — Carthamin, CuHI6Ot, about 0.5 per cent, (red-brown, with metallic lustre, soluble in alcohol and alka- lies, sparingly so in water, insoluble in ether), yellow color- ing matter about 20 per cent, (soluble in water and alcohol), mucilage, etc. Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic, laxative. Dose, 0 5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion. SAMBUCUS.—Elder. Origin.—Sambucus canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Caprifol iacese, Sambucese. Habitat.—North America, west to the Rocky Moun- tains; in damp places. Description.—In large corymbose five-rayed cymes; calyx 320 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. half-superior, minutely five-toothed; ovary three-celled, three-ovuled, and with 3 sessile stigmas; corolla cream- colored, after drying yellowish, wheel-shaped, five-lobed, and on the short tube with five stamens; of a peculiar fragrance and mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste. Elder should be collected in dry weather, rapidly dried, and deprived of the stalks. The inflorescence and flowers of Sambucus nigra, Linne, the European elder, closely resemble the preceding. Constituents.—Volatile oil (butyraceous), little fat, wax, and resin; mucilage, sugar; probably a little tannin; pectin and albuminoids. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. VERBASCUM.—Mullein. Origin.—1. Verbascum phlomofdes, Linne. 2. V. thapsi- forme, Schrader. 3. V. Thapsus, Linne. Natural order, Scrophulariacese, Verbascese. Habitat.—Europe, in fields; No. 3 naturalized in North America. Description.—The five-lobed calyx is often rejected. Corolla wheel-shaped, 2 to 4 centimeters (£ to H inches) broad; lobes five, roundish-obovate, bright yellow, smooth above, stellately hairy beneath ; stamens in the short tube five, three filaments white-woolly and two naked ; the corolla of No. 3 about 10 millimeters (f inch) broad ; odor slight, honey-like ; taste mucilaginous and sweet. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, etc. Properties.—Demulcent, pectoral. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). LAVANDULA.—Lavender. Origin.—Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Natural order, Labiatse, Ocimoidese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Bracts rhombic-ovate, pointed, brownish, LAVANDULA — LAVENDER. 321 and glandular; calyx tubular, about 5 millimeters (|- inch) long, blue-gray, hairy and glandular, five-toothed, the upper tooth largest and roundish-rhomboid; corolla violet- blue, about 10 millimeters (£ inch) long, hairy and glandu- lar on the outside, tubular, and two-lipped, the upper lip Fig. 199. Lavender flower and corolla, magnified 4 diam two-lobed, the smaller lower lip three-lobed; stamens four, didynamous, short, on the corolla-tube; odor fragrant; taste bitterish aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1J to 3 per cent , resin, little tannin. The volatile oil contains C10IT16, and the alcohol Ci0Hi8O (linalool), and its acetic ester; spec. grav. 0.90; readily soluble in alcohol, and very fragrant; distilled from the leaves and stalks the odor is more rank. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, nervine, errhine. Pose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion, but rarely used internally. 322 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 10. FRUITS.—FRUCTUS. The fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower, and consists of the pericarp or fruit-integuments inclosing one or more seeds. The outer layer of the pericarp is called epicarp or exocarp, the inner layer endocarp. A middle layer, the mesocarp or sarcocarp, is present in many, particularly the fleshy, fruits. Fruits are crowned with the style or its remnants, or are marked with a scar where the style had been attached; a second scar is found at the base of the fruit, where it had been connected with the foot-stalk or attached to the floral axis. With few exceptions, the officinal fruits consist of fruc- tified single pistils ; the exceptions are two aggregate fruits (staranise and raspberry), composed of several separate carpels belonging to one flower; one anthocarpous fruit (rose hip), composed of a fleshy receptacle inclosing several akenes; and a few collective fruits, produced by the aggre- gation of several or many flowers. Sect. 1. Collective fruits. Berry-like, containing three seeds with oil- glands. Juniperus. Cylindrical spikes of numerous coalesced berry- like fruits; peppery. Piper longum. Oblong-conical spikes; fleshy, sweet, and acidu- lous. Morus. Glandular strobiles with akenes at the base of the leafy bracts. Humulus. Pear-shaped fleshy receptacle with numerous akenes upon the inner surface. Ficus. Sect. 2. Fruits of single flowers. I. Pitcher-shaped fleshy receptacle containing akenes. liosa canina. Classification. FRUITS—FRUCTUS. 323 II. Small drupes and berries, about the size of pep- per; superior. Ten-celled, ten-seeded, with a dark purple juice. Phytolacca. Four-celled, four-seeded, with a convex inferior Rhamnus disk. cathartica. One-celled, one-seeded, bright red, woolly. Rhus glabra, black, globular, pericarp prolonged into a stalk. Cubeba. unstalked, the undeveloped embryo in a central cavity. Piper nigrum, whitish, globular, veined, not hollow. Piper album. III. Inferior drupaceous fruits. Globular, brown, two-celled, two-seeded. Pimenta. Oval-oblong, dark brown, two-celled, each cell Caryophylli with one or two seeds. fructus. IV. Superior drupes. Roundish-reniform, blackish, seed semilunar, bitter. Cocculus. Flattish-reniform, brown, nut-like, sarcocarp Anacardium caustic. occidentale. Flattish-ovate, blackish, nut-like, sarcocarp Anacardium caustic. orientale. Somewhat five-angled, orange- or blackish-brown, very astringent. Myrobalanus. Oblong, dark blue, glaucous, sweet. Prunum. Hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of many small drupes. Rubus idseus. V. Superior berries. Globular, acidulous, sweet, few-seeded. Uva passa. six-celled, six-seeded, very astringent. Diospyros. ten-celled, many-seeded, very aromatic. Aurantium. twelve-celled, many-seeded, pulp hard, muci- laginous. Bela. Oval, with a nipple-shaped apex; pulp very acid. Limon. Oblong, two-celled, many-seeded, burningly acrid. Capsicum. VI. Inferior berries. Pulp white, spongy, separable into three many- seeded cells. Colocynth. VII. Capsular fruits, superior. Cylindrical, with numerous transverse partitions containing a sweet pulp; indehiscent. Cassia fistula. 324 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Broadly Linear ; internally fleshy, sweet. Ceratonia. Subglobose; stigmas sessile, radiating; seeds numerous, parietal. Papaver. Small utricle ; seed lenticular, black, glossy. Chenopodium. Capsules 3, two-valved; seeds 1 or 2, black. Xanthoxylum. Follicles 8, stellate, one-seeded, aromatic. Illicium. VIIL Capsular fruits, inferior. Triangular-ovate, three-celled; pericarp dry, tasteless ; seeds spicy. Cardamomum. Long-linear, subtriangular, fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded, aromatic. Vanilla. IX. Akenes. Grayish-yellow, grooved; pericarp and testa coalesced. Hordei fructus, Brown-gray and black, roughish, somewhat curved. Lappa1 fructus. glossy, straight; the oblique apex margined. Silybum. Greenish-gray, veined, glossy. Cannabis. X. Cremocarps; fruits of umbelliferse. Ccelospermous, globular, 2 vittse in each meri- carp. Coriandrum. Campylospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, vittse none. Conium. Orthospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, hairy, each mericarp about 15 vittse. Anisum. ovate, laterally compressed, smooth, each meri- carp 12 vittse. Apium. smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse. Petroselinum. rough, each mericarp 6 vittse. Ajowan. oblongterete, smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs obtuse, prominent. Foeniculum. ribs obtuse, thin. Phellandrium. oblong, laterally compressed, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs 9, rough. Cuminum. ribs 5, smooth. (’arum, oblong, dorsally compressed, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs 5, smooth. Anethum. ribs 9, bristly. Carota. XL Parts of fruits Pericarp leathery, glandular, orange-colored. Aurantii cortex, yellow. Limonis cortex. JUNIPERUS — JUNIPER. 325 very hard, with adhering mucilaginous pulp. Bela (see Fruitsh brittle, brown, crowned with calyx. Granati fructus cortex. Pulp acidulous, red-brown, with flat, subquad- rangular, glossy seeds. Tamarindus. JUNIPERUS—Juniper. Origin.—Juniperus communis, Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Cupressinese. Habitat. — Northern hemisphere; in North America throughout Canada, the Northern United States, and in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico. Fig. 200. Juniperus.—Fertile catkin and longitudinal section. Galbulus, and transverse section. Seed, and longitudinal section. Description.—Nearly globular, about 8 millimeters inch) in diameter; dark purplish, with a bluish-gray bloom, at the apex with a three-rayed furrow, and at the base usually with one or two whorls of three small brownish scales; internally pulpy, greenish-brown, with oil cells, and containing three ovate somewhat triangular bony setnls 326 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. with several large oil glands on the surface; odor aromatic; taste sweet, balsamic, bitterish, and slightly acrid. The pulpy portion is produced from the coalesced three scales forming the upper whorl of the pistillate catkin. The galbulus ripens in the second year. Constituents.—Volatile oil J to per cent., sugar 15 to 30 per cent., resins 10 per cent., yellowish juniperin (solu- ble with green color in ether and volatile oils), wax, fat, proteids, mucilage, ash 4 per cent. Oil of juniper berries is colorless, of about the specific gravity 0.88, levogyre, slightly soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, fulminates with iodine, and contains pinene, C10I116, and other hydrocar- bons. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, externally used as an anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion, the concentrated juice, distilled water, and spirit, etc. PIPER LONGUM.—Long Pepper. Origin.—1. Piper (Chavica, Miguel) officin£rum, De Can- dolle, and, 2. Piper longum, Linne (Chavica Roxburghii, Miguel). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. Habitat.—1. Java and other East Indian islands; 2. Bengal and Philippine Islands. Description.—Spikes of the coalesced, immature, but full- grown fruit, about 35 millimeters (If inches) long, and 5 millimeters (f inch) thick, cylindrical, uneven, dusty, black- ish-gray; the numerous fruits spirally arranged, each crowned with remnant of style; odor and taste like black pepper. Bengal long pepper is darker colored and shorter, 20 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) long. Constituents, Properties, and Uses.—Same as those of black pepper. MORUS.—Mulberry. Origin.—Morus rubra, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, Morese. Habitat.—North America, from southern Canada to Florida, and west to Dakota and New Mexico; in woods. Description.—Dense spikes of the coalesced perianths, in- FICUS—FIG. 327 closing the lenticular nutlets; oblong-conical, about 25 milli- meters (1 inch) long, dark purple, fleshy and juicy, each fruit crowned with two filiform styles; juice deep purplish-red, sweet and acidulous. Morus nigra, Linnt, has a shorter ovate or oblong fruit, resembling the preceding. The fruit of Morus alba, Linne, is white, reddish, or blackish, sweet, scarcely acidulous. Constituents.—Sugar about 10 per cent., pectin, citrates, malates, etc. Properties.—Refrigerant; used for flavoring mixtures. HUMULUS.—Hops. Origin.—Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone; cultivated. Description.—Ovate, about 3 centimeters (1|- inches) long, consisting of a thin, hairy, undulated axis, and many obliquely ovate membranous greenish scales, which are in the upper part reticulately veined, and toward the base parallel-veined, glandular, and surrounding a subglobular akene; odor aromatic ; taste bitter, aromatic, aud slightly astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.8 per cent., resin 9-18 per cent., asparagin, choline (see Cannabis), tannin, C25H24013, 3-4 per cent., ash 7-10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter virtues reside in the glands. (See Lupulinum.) Properties.—Tonic, sedative, anodyne. Dose, 2 to 20 grams (5ss-v), in infusion or tincture ; externally as fomen- tation and poultice. FICUS.—Fig. Origin.—Ficus Carica, Linne. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Artocarpese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in subtropical countries. 328 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS— FRUITS. Description.—Compressed, of irregular shape, fleshy, covered with an efflorescence of sugar, of a sweet fruity odor and very sweet mucilaginous taste. When softened in water, tigs are pear-shaped, with a scar or short stalk at base, and a small scaly orifice at apex, near which the Fig. 201. Ficus Oarica, Linnr.—a. Section of fig. b. Staminate, c. Pistillate flowers, staminate flowers are situated ; hollow internally, the inner surface covered with numerous yellowish, hard akenes. Figs consist of the fleshy receptacle, which in the unripe state contains an acrid milk-juice. Constituents.—Akenes and cellular tissue 15, water 16, sugar 62 per cent., gum, fat, and salts. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used internally as dietetic; externally as poultice. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA—BUCKTHORN. 329 ROSA CANINA.—Hips. Cynosbata. Origin.—Rosa can in a, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Rosese. Habitat.—Europe. Description.—Pitcher-shaped, about 2 centimeters (| inch) long, bright red, glossy, fleshy, inner surface bristly, nearly inodorous, and of a sweetish, acidulous somewhat astringent taste. Hips consist of the receptacle (or calyx-tube), are crowned with the five sepals or their remnants, and inclose a number of brown hairy akenes. For medicinal use the akenes and hairs are removed. Constituents.—Malic acid 7-8, citric acid 2-3, sugar 30, gum 25 per cent., tannin a trace, etc. Properties.—Refrigerant, mild astringent, diuretic; used as a dietetic and as an excipient in the form of confection. PHYTOLACCA DACCA.—Pokeberry. Origin.—Phytolacca decan (Ira, LinnS. Natural order, Phy to 1 accacese, Euphytolaecese. Habitat.—North America; naturalized in Europe. Description.—Depressed globular, dark purple, compound berry about 8 millimeters inch) in diameter, composed of 10 carpels, each containing one lenticular black seed; juice purplish-red ; inodorous, sweet, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Sugar, gum, coloring matter (turned yellow by alkalies and bleached by sunlight), phytolaccic acid (brownish, amorphous, acrid, precipitated by lead subace- tate, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and glycerin). Properties.—Alterative, laxative, emetic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, or the expressed juice in dose of half to one teaspoonful. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA.—Buckthorn. Origin.—Rhamnus (Cervispina, Moench) cathartica, Linne. Natural order, Rhamnese. 330 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—Globular, and, after drying, deeply wrinkled, about 5 millimeters G inch) in diameter, purplish-brown or black, at the base with a convex disk, and a fragile peduncle ; Fig. 202. Rhamnus; fruit, transverse and longitudinal sections.—Natural size. fleshy, with a brownish-green pulp and juice; endocarp parchment-like, four-celled, and four seeded ; the seeds dark brown, triangular convex, furrowed on the back ; odor slight, unpleasant; taste disagreeable, bitter, and acrid. Constituents. — Rhamnocathartin (amorphous, yellowish), rhamnin (yellowish granules, tasteless, olive-green by ferric salts, yields isodulcit and bright yellow rhamnetin), sugar, gum, tannin; ash about 3 per cent. Properties. — Cathartic; the expressed juice made into syrup in doses of 10 to 20 grams Th® juice of the green fruit treated with lime or alumina yields sap-green. Allied Drugs.—French berries from Rhamnus infectoria, Linne, and Persian berries from Rhamnus saxatilis, Linne, and other species of Rhamnus are collected unripe, resemble buckthorn berries, but are less wrinkled, internally yellowish, from two- to four-seeded, are employed for dyeing yellow, and contain xanthorhamnin, C48Hfi6029 (crystallizes .from alcohol in golden-yellow needles; glucoside, yields lemon-yellow rhamnetin), and rhamnegin (yellow powder, freely soluble in alcohol). RHUS GLABRA.—Sumach. Origin.—Rhus glabra, Linne. Natural order, Ana- cardiacese, Anacardi cse. Habitat.—North America, west to Colorado and Idaho, in barren soil. Description.—Subglobular, about 3 millimeters (|- inch) CUBEBA—CUBEB. 331 in diameter, drupaceous, crimson, densely hairy, containing a roundish-oblong, smooth putamen; inodorous; taste acidulous. Constituents.—Acid calcium and potassium malates, tan- nin, coloring matter, etc. Properties.—Refrigerant, diuretic, astringent; used mostly as gargle in decoction or fluid extract. CUBEBA.—Cubeb. Origin.—Piper Cubeba, Linne films (Cubeba officinalis, Miquet). Natural order, Piperacese, Pipeme. Habitat.—Java ; cultivated. Description.—Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 to 5 millimeters inch) in diameter, contracted at the base Fig. 203. Cubeb; fruit.—Natural size and magnified. into a stipe about 6 to 8 millimeters (fi-l inch) long, reticu- lately wrinkled, blackish-gray, the mesocarp with numer- ous oil cells; internally whitish and hollow, containing a partly developed depressed globular seed with oil cells and starch granules; odor strong spicy; taste pungently aro- matic. Cubeb should not be mixed with the nearly inodorous rachis or stalks. Recently the drug often contained a con- siderable proportion of immature shrivelled cubebs. 332 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Allied Fruits.—Cubeba Lowong, Mi quel, and C. Wal- lichii, Miquel. Closely resembling cubeb. Piper (Cubeba, Miquel) caninum, Dietrich. Fruit smaller than cubeb; stipe half the length of the globular portion. Piper (Cubeba, Miquel) crassipes, Korthals. Fruit larger than cubeb; pedicel stout and flattish; odor agreeable; taste bitter. False cubebs of unknown origin. Fruit strongly wrin- kled, gray-brown, odor macelike; stalk flattened, 4 to 6 millimeters (-J—J inch) long, about equal to diameter of fruit. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 15 per cent., resin 3 per cent., cubebic acid 1 to 3 per cent., cubebin, fat, wax, starch, asli 5-6 per cent. Oil of cubeb is colorless, of spec-, gray. 0.92, not freely soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, levogyre, not fulminating with iodine, of composition C151I24, colored red by warm H2S04. Cubeb resin is amorphous, not pre- cipitated by alcoholic solution of lead acetate Cubebic acid is readily soluble in alkali, alcohol, ether, and chloro- form, is precipitated by lead acetate, amorphous, some of its salts crystalline. Cubebin is white, pearly, crystalline, inodorous, its alcoholic solution bitter. The three last- mentioned compounds are colored red by sulphuric acid. Properties.—Stimulant, local irritant, carminative (vola- tile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic acid). Dose, 1 to 8 grams (gr. xv—5ij), in powder, fluid extract, or oleoresin. PIPER.—Black Pepper. Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne. Natural order, Pipera- cese, Pipereae. Habitat—India ; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 milli- meters ( jt inch) in diameter, reticulately wrinkled, brownish- PIPER ALBUM — WHITE PEPPER. 333 black or grayish-black,the mesocarp with scattered oil cells; internally lighter, hollow, with a partly developed embryo; aromatic and of a spicy hot taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 2 per cent., piperine 6 to 8 per cent., volatile alkaloid (probably piperidine) 0.56 per cent., soft, pungent resin or chavicin (soluble in alkalies, alcohol, and ether), fat 7 per cent., proteids 12 per cent., starch in very small granules, ash 5 per cent. Volatile oil of pepper is colorless, not pungent, of spec. grav. 0.864 and composition C10H16. Commercial oil of black pepper (so called) contains the pungent resin and tat, and is obtained as a by-product in the preparation of piperine. The latter is C17H19N03, forms colorless or yellowish prisms, is inodorous, of a slowly developed peppery taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzol, colored blood-red by H2S04, and by alcoholic solution of alkalies decomposed into piperic acid, C12H10O4, and piperidine, C5HUN, which has an ammoniaeal and peppery odor. Piperic acid, oxidized with permanganate, yields crystals of piperonal, C8H6Og (arti- ficial heliotropin). Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 gram (gr. v-xxij), in powder, confection, or oleo- resin. PIPER ALBUM.—White Pepper. Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne (see above); the ripe fruit deprived of epicarp and mesocarp. Description.—Globular, smooth, with ten or tw’elve veins from base to apex, whitish, and, after the removal of the endocarp, reddish-brown; under the testa an albuminous seed containing small starch grains; odor and taste pepper- like, less pungent. Constituents and Properties.—Same as black pepper, but more starch and less ash (1 to 1.5 per cent.). 334 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. PIMENTA.—Pimento. Semen amomi. Allspice. Origin.—Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle, s. Pimenta officinalis, Lindley. Natural Order, Myrtacese, Myrteae. Habitat.—Tropical America ; cultivated. Description.—Collected unripe. Nearly globular, about 6 millimeters inch) in diameter, crowned with the short four-parted calyx limb or its remnants and a short style, brownish or brown-gray, granular and glandular, two-celled, each cell with one brown, plano-convex, roundish-reniform seed; pungently aromatic, clove-like; the pericarp and embryo contain oil cells, the latter also starch grains. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., resin, fat, tannin, sugar, gum, ash 4 per cent. Oil of pimento has the spec. grav. 1.0374, and contains C15H24 and eugenol. Properties.—Stomachic, stimulant, carminative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder. CARYOPHYLLI FRUCTUS—Mother Clove. Anthophylli. Origin. — Eugenia caryophyllata, Thun- berg, s. Caryophy'llus aromaticus, Linne Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrtese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands ; cultivated in the tropics. Description. — Collected while unripe oval-oblong, about 20 millimeters (£ inch) long, crowned with four calyx teeth, dark brown, two-celled, each cell with one or two seeds ; odor and taste dove-like, mild. Constituents and Properties.—Similar to cloves. Fig. 204. Caryophylli fructus. COCCULUS INDICUS—FISHBERRY. 335 COCCULUS.—Cocculus Indicus. Fishberry. Origin—Anamirta Cocculus, Wight et Arnott, s. An. paniculata, Colebrook. Natural order, Menispermacese, Tinosporese. Habitat.—East India. Description —Globular kidney-shaped, about 10 milli- meters (| inch) long and 6 millimeters (|- inch) thick, blackish-brown, wrinkled, the basal and apical scars close Fig. 205. Cocculus.—Fruit and longitudinal section together and united by a distinct ridge through the ventral notch, and by an obscure ridge around the convex back ; endocarp whitish, thin, on the concave side projecting deeply into the interior; seed semilunar, oily, very bitter; the pericarp nearly tasteless. Constituents.—The pericarp contains menispermine (solu- ble in ether) and paramenispermine (insoluble in ether), two tasteless alkaloids, hypopicrotoxic acid, resin, fat, gum, ash 5 per cent. The seed contains picrotoxin, anamirtin (or cocculin; not bitter or poisonous; sparingly soluble in chloroform and benzol), fat, etc. Picrotoxin C30H34O13 is bitter, poisonous, colored brick-red by KN03-}-H2S04, and bv fractional crystallization from benzol and water sepa- rated into picrotoxinin, C15H16Oe (32 per cent., poisonous), and picrotin, C15H1807 (66 per cent., bitter,not poisonous); these three principles are gradually colored yellow and orange-red by H2S04. Properties.—Nervine, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram 336 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. (gr. jss-iij), in powder, of picrotoxin 0.001 gram grain); externally in decoction for killing vermin. Antidotes.—Emetics ; chloral hydrate; potassium bro- mide. ANACARDIUM.-Cashew Nut. Origin.—Anacardium occidental, Linne. Natural order, Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. Habitat.—Tropical America; naturalized in Africa and India. Description.—Kidney shaped, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, 18 millimeters (f inch) broad, and 10 millimeters (-|inch) thick, gray-brown, finely punctate ; between the brittle epicarp and endocarp a soft sarcocarp containing a black acrid juice; seed large, of a mild oily taste, and consisting of a brown testa, two piano convex white cotyledons of the shape of the fruit, and a short radicle curved under the lower inner edge of the fruit. Constituents.—In the pericarp cardol, C.2]H30O2 (oily, color- less, soluble in alcohol and ether, very acrid and poisonous), anacardic acid, C22H3203 (hot taste, not vesicating), resin, tannin, gum, etc.; in the seed a bland fixed oil; ash about 1.5 to 2 per cent. Properties and Uses.—The pericarp as a rubefacient, epi- spastic, and caustic; the seed is edible, likewise the fleshy and acidulous pedicel. SEMECARPUS.—Anacardium Orientalb. Oriental Cashew Nut. Origin.—Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne Jilius. Natural order, Anacardiacese, Auacardiese. Habitat.—East India. Description.—Ovate heart shaped, fiattish, about 20 milli- meters (| inch) long, blackish-brown, in the pericarp with a brown acrid juice ; seed white, mild, oily. Constituents.—In the pericarp an acrid vesicating oil, 32 per cent., perhaps containing cardol. In the seed a bland fixed oil. Properties.—Local irritant. PRUNUM—PRUNE. 337 MYROBALANUS.—Myrobalan. Origin.—Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, and T. bellerica, Roxhirgh. Natural order, Combretacese, Combreteee. Habitat.—East India. Description.—Chebulic myrobalans are oblong, roundish- oval, or pyriform, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, more or less distinctly five-angled and five-ribbed, otherwise smooth, orange-colored (smaller and brown or black when collected unripe); sarcocarp of a somewhat resinous fracture; eudocarp hard, resinous-dotted, containing a white oily seed; inodorous, strongly astringent. T. citrfna, Roxburgh, yields a very similar fruit. Belleric myrobalans are globular or ovoid, 15 to 25 milli- meters (-f to 1 inch) long, the surface yellowish felt-like. Constituents.—Gallotannic acid 30 to 45 per cent., gallic acid, resin, mucilage. Belleric myrobalans contain from 6 to 17 per cent, of tannin. Properties.—Astringent; used for tanning purposes and for preparing tannin. PRUNUM.—Prune. Origin. — Prunus domestica, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, Pruneae. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in many varieties. Description.—Oblong- or subglobular, shrivelled, black- ish-blue, glaucous, the sarcocarp brownish-yellow, sweet and acidulous; putamen hard, smooth or irregularly ridged; the seed almond-like, but smaller, and of a bitter taste. For medicinal use the putamen and seed are re- jected. Constituents.—In the sarcocarp sugar 12 to 25 per cent., pectin, malic acid, salts ; in the seed fixed oil, amygdalin, emulsin. Properties.—The sarcocarp is nutritious and laxative; used as a corrective for senna in decoction and confection. 338 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. RUBUS IDiEUS.—Raspberry. Origin.—Rubus Idse'us, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- cese, Rubese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; cultivated. Description.—Hemispherical, about 12 millimeters (J inch) broad, with a conical cavity from the separation of the receptacle; red, finely hairy, composed of about 25 small drupes, which are coalesced at the base and each crowned with the remnant of the style; juicy, of an agree- able odor, and a pleasant acidulous taste. The fruit is used in the fresh state only. Rubus strigosus, Michaux, indigenous to North America, south to North Carolina, and west to New Mexico and Manitoba, closely resembles the preceding; the color of the fruit is a lighter red. Rubus occidentalis, Linne, has a purplish-black fruit. It is indigenous to North America, west to Oregon and south to Georgia and Texas. The blackberries, Rubus villosus, Alton, etc., have the fruit united with the receptacle. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, citric and malic acids, sugar about 5 per cent., pectin, coloring matter. Properties.—Refrigerant, mild laxative, dietetic. Origin.—Vitis vimfera, Linne. Natural order, Ampeli- dese. Habitat.—Western Asia; extensively cultivated in South- ern Europe, and in California. Description.—Shrivelled and flattened, in the fresh state globular, one-celled berries, brownish, somewhat translucent, sweet, and acidulous. Raisins should be freed from the stalks and seeds. Varieties.—Large raisins, Passulse majores, produced in UVA PASS A.—Raisin. AURANTII FRUCTUS—BITTER ORANGE. 339 Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, and California ; 4he Sultana raisins are seedless. Small raisins, Passulse minores or Corinthian raisins (often called currants), are chiefly exported from Greece. Constituents.—In the epicarp tannin and coloring matter ; in the pulp grape sugar, acid potassium tartrate, calcium tar- trate, little malic acid, mucilage, etc. Properties.— Nutritive, demulcent, refrigerant, aperient; used as a corrective and flavor of mucilaginous and bitter drinks, etc. DIOSPYROS. -Persimmon. Origin.—Diospy'ros virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Ebenacese. Habitat.—United States, south to Florida and Louisiana, west to Kansas ; in low grounds and woods. Description.—Globular or globular-oblong, about 25 milli- meters (1 inch) long, green, smooth, at the base with the four- lobed calyx, at the apex with a short remnant- of the style, Fig. 206. Diospyros.—Fruit and transverse section, natural size. six-celled and six-seeded; odor slight, fruit-like; taste very astringent. After exposure to frost the taste is acidulous and sweet. Constituents.—Tannin, malic acid, pectin. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. in infusion or tiucture. AURANTII FRUCTUS.—Bitter Orange. Origin.—Citrus vulgaris, Pisso. Natural order, Rutaceoe, Aurantiese. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical countries. 340 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Description.—1.* Orange berries, Aurantia immatura; the unripe fruit; globular or subglobular, 3 to 20 millimeters (I to f inch) in diameter, black-green or brownish, granular rugose; at the base with about ten round depressions forming a circular scar; at the apex with a short remnant of the style; hard, containing 8 to 12 cells, each with several unde- veloped seeds ; agreeably aromatic, very bitter. 2. Bitter orange, Aurantii fructus; the ripe fruit; of the size and shape of a sweet orange, but externally rougher, orange-red, the juice acidulous and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin (somewhat bitter, crystalline glucoside; soluble in cold alkalies; insoluble or sparingly soluble in most simple solvents; yields glucose, isodulcit, and hesperitiu, which is sweet and colored red-brown with Fe.2Cl6), resin, fat, gum, etc.; in the seeds limonin (crys- talline, very bitter, precipitated by tannin) ; in the juice citric acid. The volatile oil of orange berries was formerly sold as essence de petit grain (now often made of the leaves), and contains hesperidene, O10H16 (like the oil of bitter orange, obtained by grating the epicarp), linalool, C10H18O, and its acetic ester. Orange berries yield 5 to 6 per cent, of ash. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in tincture or wine. The juice of the ripe fruit is also refrigerant. BELA.—Bael. Bengal Quince. Origin.— A£gle (Gratae'va, Linne) Marmelos, Correa. Natural order, Kutacese, Aurantieae. Habitat.—Himalaya Mountains; cultivated in India. Description.—Collected while unripe. Globular or subglo- bose, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, about twelve celled; in commerce often in fragments, consisting of a brownish-gray, smooth, hard rind, 2 to 3 millimeters to i inch) thick, to which a hard mucilaginous, somewhat acid- ulous, red-brown and internally whitish pulp is adhering, inclosing oblong flat, woolly seeds; somewhat aromatic; muci- laginous, slightly acidulous, and faintly astringent; the infu- sion is scarcely affected by iron salts. Adulterations.— Garcfnia Mangostana, Linne. Natural order, Guttiferse. Mangosteen rind is thicker than bael rind, deep brown, without adhering pulp, and of an astringent taste; a radiating sessile stigma is attached to some of the pieces. CAPSICUM —CAYENNE PEPPER. 341 Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, sugar, and traces of tannin, bitter principle, and volatile oil; ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- xlv), in infusion or fluid extract. LIMON.—Lemon. Origin.—Citrus Limonum, Ilisso. Natural order, Ru- tacese, A u ran tie®. Habitat.—India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Used in the fresh state. Oval or obovate with a nipple-shaped apex, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, yellow, nearly smooth, but ruggedly glandular; in- ternally divided into from 8 to 12 cells, each with 2 or 3 seeds and containing an acid juice; the rind fragrant and somewhat bitter (see Limonis cortex). Constituents.—Yield of juice 20 to 30 grams (5v-vijss); spec. grav. about 1.04; yellowish; contains 7 to 9 per cent, of citric acid, a little malic acid, and mucilage, and yields not over J per cent, of ash. On keeping lemons for several months, the citric acid is decomposed into sugar and carbonic acid. Properties.—Refrigerant. Dose of the juice, 8 to 20 grams (5jj-v), diluted with water and as syrup. CAPSICUM.—Cayenne Pepper, Bird Pepper. Origin.— Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume. Natural order, Solanace®, Solanese. Habitat.—Probably tropical America; cultivated in tropical countries. Description —Conical or oblong ovate, from 10 to 20 millimeters (f- to f inch) long, obtusely pointed, supported by a flattish, cup-shaped five-toothed calyx; pericarp red, shining, membranous, and translucent, inclosing two cells, 342 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. and about eighteen flat, reniform, yellowish seeds attached to a thick central placenta. It has a peculiar odor and an intensely hot taste. The fruit of Capsicum annuum, Linne, is larger, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3| inches) long, oblong-conical, some- times curved or subglobular ; the fruit of C. cerasiforme, Willdenow, is of the size and shape of a cherry. Constituents.—Capsaicin, C9H1402, about 0.02 per cent, (mainly in the placenta), fixed oil, fat acids, trace of vola- tile oil, waxy matter, resin, coloring matter, trace of vola- tile alkaloid having the odor of conine, ash 4-5 per cent. Capsaicin is crystalline, colorless, fusible, volatile, ex- tremely acrid, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, and fixed oils. T. Pabst (1892) obtained it as an amorphous resin- like acid, to which the red coloring matter persistently adheres. The alkaloid does not exist in the fresh fruit. The free fat acids are oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, powerful rubefacient. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in powder, infusion, tincture, or oleoresin ; externally in liniments and plasters. COLOCYNTHIS.—Colocynth. Origin. — Citrullus (Cucumis, Linne) Colocy'uthis, Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbitaceae, Cucumerineae. Habitat.—Southern and Western Asia, Northern and Southern Africa, Greece, and Spain. Description.—Deprived of the smooth, light brownish - yellow rind. Globular, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, white or yellowish-white, light, spongy, readily breaking into three wedge-shaped pieces, each con- taining near the rounded surface many flat, ovate, white or brown seeds; inodorous; taste intensely bitter. The pulp alone (about 30 per cent, of the peeled fruit), CASSIA FISTULA — PURGING CASSIA. 343 deprived of the seeds, should be employed. Hard and dark-colored colocynth should be rejected. Constituents.—Colocynthin, about 0.6 per cent., resin, colocynthitiu (tasteless crystalline resin), pectin, gum, 11 per cent, ash ; no starch. Colocynthin is yellow, amor- phous, or crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, very Fig. 207. Peeled Colocynth.—Longitudinal and transverse section bitter, and splits into sugar and resinous colocynthein. The seeds contain little bitter principle, 17 per cent, of fixed oil, no starch, 6 per cent, of albuminoids, and 2.5 to 3 per cent, of ash. Properties.—Drastic purgative, in overdoses emetic and irritant poison. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss—viij), in powder, tincture, or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuants; demulcents; opium ; stimulants. CASSIA FISTULA.—Purging Cassia. Origin. — Cassia (Cathartocarpus, Persoon) Fistula, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Caesalpinese, Cassieae. Habitat.—East India; naturalized in tropical Africa and America. Description.—Cylindrical, 45 to 60 centimeters (18 to 24 inches) long, nearly 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diame- ter ; pericarp blackish-brown, woody, somewhat veined, the 344 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. sutures smooth, forming two longitudinal bands, the ven- tral band with a shallow groove, and the dorsal one with a fine ridge; indehiscent; internally divided transversely into numerous cells, each containing an ovate, flattish, red- dish-brown and glossy seed imbedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp; odor resembling prunes. Fig. 208. Cassia Fistula.—Part of pod, natural size. Other Varieties. — Cassia moschata, Kunth, of New Granada, perhaps also C. baccilaris, LinnS filius, of Suri- nam. 30 to 50 centimeters (12 to 20 inches) long, about 15 millimeters (f inch) thick; often curved; the pericarp and pulp of a lighter color than in Cassia Fistula. Cassia brasiliana, Lamarck, s. C. grandis, LinnS filius, of Brazil. 60 centimeters (24 inches) or more long, later- ally compressed, about 40 millimeters (1J inches) broad, black-brown, coarsely veined, the sutures prominent. Constituents.—The pulp (yield about 30 per cent.) con- 345 PAPAVER—POPPY. tains sugar 60 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, salts (calcium oxalate). Properties.—Laxative. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (5j-ijss); used for confection of senna. CERATONIA.—St. John’s Bread. Siliqua dulcis. Origin.—Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Csesalpiniese, Cassiese. Habitat.—Southern Europe. Description.—Broadly linear, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 2 centimeters (-f inch) broad, and 4 millimeters inch) thick, flat, thickened and grooved on the edges; epicarp leathery, brown, glossy; sarcocarp red-brown, pulpy; inter- nally divided transversely into from 6 to 12 cells, each con- taining an ovate, flattish, glossy brown hard seed; odor sweetish, taste mucilaginous and sweet. Constituents.—Sugar 40 to 50 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, isobutyric acid 0.6 per cent., little tannic, capronic, and other acids. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used as an addition to expectorant mixtures. PAPAVER.—Poppy. Origin. — Pa paver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—The capsules are collected when nearly ripe and freed from the seeds. Globular-ovate or ovate-oblong, grayish green or light yellowish-brown, smooth, crowned with the sessile, peltate, many-rayed stigma, one-celled, but on the inner surface furnished with numerous vertical projecting placentas ; of a slight odor and bitter taste. Constituents.—Alkaloids in variable proportion, from traces to 0.10, occasionally as much as 2 per cent., consisting of morphine, narcotine, rhoeadine, narceine, codeine, and papa- verosine ; little meconic acid ; citric and tartaric acids, muci- lage, wax, ash about 14 per cent. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in decoction, syrup, and extract; exter- nally as poultice. 346 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Fig. 209. Black. Poppy capsules and seeds (a, natural size; 6, magnified). White. Depressed. CHENOPODIUM.—Wormseed. Origin.—Chenopodium ambrosoides, Linne, var. anthel- mmticum, Gray. Natural order, Chenopodiacese, Euchen- opodiete. Habitat.—West Indies and Central America; naturalized in the United States. Description.—Nearly 2 millimeters (Ty inch) in diameter, depressed globular, glandular, dull greenish or brownish, the integuments friable, containing a lenticular, obtusely- edged, glossy, black seed, with a strongly curved embryo; odor peculiar, somewhat terebinthinate; taste bitterish, pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.91, consists of C10II16 and C10H16O. Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in powder or electuary; the volatile oil 5 to 10 or 15 drops. 347 ILLICIUM — STARANISE. XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS.—Prickly Ash Fruit. Origin.—Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) carolinianum, Lam- bert (X. Clava-Herculis, L.), and X. fraxmeum, Willdenow (X. americanum, Miller). Natural order, Rutacese, Zan- thoxylese. Habitat.—United States; the first species near the coast from Virginia to Eastern Texas ; the second species in rocky woods in the Northern and Central States. Description.—Two or three carpels sessile on the thin re- ceptacle (X. carolinianum), or three to five carpels upon short stalks from the thin peduncle (X. fraxineum) ; each capsule somewhat obliquely globular, 4 or 5 millimeters or inch) in diameter; pericarp brown-greenish or yellowish-brown, pitted and somewhat wrinkled, firm, two-valved, dehiscent by the inner suture and the upper half of the outer suture, valves spreading ; each carpel contains one subglobular, or two some- what flattened, black, glossy, and more or less wrinkled seeds, with a crustaceous testa inclosing a white fleshy albumen and embryo; odor somewhat aromatic; taste pleasantly pungent, the seeds slightly bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin, fat. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv- xxx). ILLICIUM.—Staeanise. Origin.—Illicium verum, Hooker films. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Winterese. Habitat.—Northern Anam. Description.—Eight follicles, stellately arranged around a central column about 5 millimeters inch) long; carpels 12 to 15 millimeters (J to § inch) long, boat-shaped, some- what woody, wrinkled, with a straight beak, rusty-brown, split along the upper suture; internally red-brown and glossy, containing a flatfish, oval, glossy brown seed ; odor anise-like 5 taste sweet, aromatic; the seeds oily. 100 parts of fruit yield 78 parts of capsules and 22 parts of seed. Adulteration.—Illicium religiosum, Siebold, indigenous to China and Corea, cultivated in Japan. Shikimi fruit. 348 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Poisonous. The fruit resembles the preceding, but the car- pels are more woody, shrivelled and wrinkled, and have a Fig. 210. Fig. 211. Illicium anisatum. Illicium religiosutn. thin beak, mostly turned upward, a faintly aromatic, some- what clove-like odor, and a disagreeable taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil (from the capsules 5.3 per cent., from the seeds 1.8 per cent.), fat (from the capsules 2.8 per cent., from the seeds 20 per cent.), saponin, proto- catechuic acid, shikimic acid, C7H10O5 (crystalline, not poisonous), resin, mucilage, ash about 2 per cent. The volatile oil differs slightly from that of anise fruit in odor and taste, and also in that it usually congeals, if at rest, at about 1° C. (34° F.), the temperature rising to about 10° C. (50° F.); it acquires a pale brown color with an alcoholic solution of HC1; it consists chiefly of auethol, C10H12O, with small quantities of terpenes, safrol, ethylester of hydroquinone, anisic acid, etc. Shikimi (Sikimi) fruit contains 0.44 per cent, of non- solidifying volatile oil, spec. grav. 1.006, shikimic acid, sikimipicrin (crystalline, bitter), and sikimin, the poisonous crystalline principle, soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid, ether, and chloroform; sparingly soluble in water and alkali; insoluble iu benzin. The volatile oil contains safrol and eugenol. Properties.—Carminative, anodyne, stimulant, diuretic. CARDAMOMUM — CAR DA MOM. 349 Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams (gr. viij-xxiij); mostly used for flavoring. CARD AMOMUM.—Cardamom. Origin.—Elett&ria ( Alpinia, Roxburgh, Amomum, White) Cardamomum, 31aton. Natural order, Scitaminese, Zingi- bereie. Habitat.—Malabar ; cultivated in India. Fig. 212. Fig. 214. Malabar Cardamom.—a, short; b, medium; c, long. Fig. 213. Cardamom seed.—Transverse and longitudinal section, magnified 5 diam. Ceylon Cardamom.—a, capsules; b, transverse section of capsule; c, seeds: d, section of seed with em- bryo, magnified. Description.—Ovoid or oblong, from 1 to 2 centimeters (f to f inch) long, obtusely triangular, rounded at the base, short-beaked, longitudinally striate, of a pale buff color, three-celled, with a thin, leathery, nearly tasteless pericarp and a central placenta; seeds about 20, about 4 millimeters (| inch) long, reddish-brown, irregularly angular, trans- 350 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. versely rugose, depressed at the hilum, surrounded by a thin membranous arillus, of an agreeable odor, and a pun- gent aromatic taste ; the integuments nearly tasteless. 100 parts of fruit yield 22 parts of capsules and 78 parts of seeds. Varieties.—Malabar Cardamom, the most esteemed, of a light buff color, plump. Aleppy Cardamom, mostly short, of a greenish tint. Madras Cardamom, of a pale color, oblong, somewhat attenuated above. The following varieties are of a somewhat different and inferior flavor: Ceylon Cardamom, from Elettaria major, Smith, s. E. Cardamomum, var. P. Nearly 40 millimeters (If- inches) long, triangular, prolonged into a beak about 15 millimeters (i inch) long, dark gray-brown. Round Cardamom, globular or globular-ovate, from Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, of Siam and Java, and Am. globdsum, Loureiro, of China Bengal Cardamom, from Amomum aromatieum, Rox- burgh, near the apex with 9 wings. Winged Java Cardamom, from Am. maximum, Rox- burgh, with from 9 to 12 wings from base to apex. Constituents.—Volatile oil 4 to 5 per cent., fixed oil 10 to 11 per cent., starch in minute granules, albuminoids, mucilage, ash about 6 per cent., and in Ceylon cardamom 15 per cent, containing 0.8 per cent, of manganese. Properties.—Carminative, stomachic, stimulant. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, or tincture. VANILLA.—Vanilla. Origin.—Vanilla plan!folia,, Andrews. Natural order, Orchidese, Neottiese. VANILLA. 351 Habitat.—Eastern Mexico, in hot damp woods; culti- vated in the tropics. Description.—Collected before ripe; the color and aroma developed by sweating. Linear, obscurely triangular, from 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) long, narrowed and bent or hooked at the base, rather oblique at the apex, wrinkled, somewhat warty, dark brown, glossy, leathery, one-celled, containing a blackish-brown fragrant pulp with numerous minute black seeds and more or less acicular crystals. Varieties.—Mexican Vanilla, the finest quality. Bourbon Vanilla, rather shorter and lighter than the preceding, the odor suggestive of tonka. Venezuelan Vanilla, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, thick; resembling tonka in odor; probably from Vanilla guianensis, Splitberger. Brazilian Vanilla, vanillon, from Vanilla Pompona, Schiede, longer and thicker than the preceding; of an in- ferior vanilla odor; contains about 0.5 per cent, vanillin. Constituents.—Vanillin, C8H803 (1.7 percent, in Mexican, 2 per cent, in Bourbon, and 2.75 in Java vanilla, in the last two associated with odorous oil), fixed oil 11 per cent., resin, sugar, mucilage, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Vanillin is the aldehyd of methyl-protocatechuic acid, and is prepared artificially from coniferin (in the sap-wood of pines), car- bolic acid, eugenol, and guaiacol. It forms colorless needles, melts at 81° C.; is easily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, also in carbon disulphide and water; combines with bases, and the solution is colored blue or green with Fe2Cl6. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti- hysteric. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, tincture, or syrup. 352 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. HOEDEI FIUJCTUS.—Barley. Origin.—Hordeum distichum, Linne. Natural order, Gramme®, Hordee®. Habitat.—Probably Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—Elliptic, about 9 millimeters (f inch) long, tapering toward both ends, and somewhat truncate, flattish upon the back, somewhat angled on the sides, with a groove along the front, smooth and grayish-yellow from the adhe- rent pale®, after their removal pale brownish; pericarp coalesced with the testa, and inclosing a layer of gluten, covering the central parenehyme filled with starch; taste farinaceous. Maltum.—Malt is barley germinated until the thin germ reaches nearly the length of the fruit, then dried; taste sweetish. Loss in weight from 10 to 20 per cent. Constituents.—Barley : starch 60-68, proteids 12-16, fat 3, ash 3 per cent., little sugar. Malt: diastase, dextrin, sugar, starch, etc.; about 60 to 65 per cent, soluble in water. Properties.—Nutritious. FRUCTUS.—Bukdock Fruit. Origin.—A'rctiu m Lappa, Limit. (Lappa officinalis, Alloini). Natural order, Composite, Cynaroide®. Habitat.—Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America, in waste places. Description.—Obovate-oblong, about 6 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat curved and angled, roughish-wrinkled, brown- gray, easily deprived of the short stiff-hairy pappus; inodo- rous, bitter. The fruit of Silybum marianum, Gaertner, or Marythistle of Southern Europe, is of similar appearance, obovate, about 5 millimeters (£ inch) long, flattish, smooth, mucilaginous, and somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle (white glucoside, granular, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform), fixed oil, resin. CORIANDRUM—CORI ANDE R. 353 Properties.—Tonic, in psoriasis. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in tincture. CANNABIS.—Hempseed. Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urtica- cese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Asia ; cultivated in many countries. Description.—Oval or subglobular, about 4 millimeters (h inch) long, slightly compressed, with a whitish keel on the margin ; testa greenish-gray or brownish, veined, glossy, brit- tle, inclosing a single oily seed ; odor slight; taste oily and sweet. Constituents.—Greenish drying oil 30 per cent., albuminoids 24 per cent., sugar, mucilage, resin, ash 5 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent and anodyne in the form of emul- sion ; mostly used for obtaining the oil. CORIANDRUM.—Coriander. Origin.—Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferae, Caucalineae. Habitat.—Central Asia and Southern Europe; culti- vated. Fig. 215. Coriandrum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. Description.—Globular, 4 or 5 millimeters (]■ or 1- inch) in diameter, crowned with the calyx teeth, brownish- yellow, smooth; the two mericarps cohering, inclosing a 354 cellular vegetable drugs—fruits. lenticular cavity, and each furnished on the face with two oil-tubes, and on the back with five wavy slightly raised ribs and with four rather more prominent ridges; odor and taste agreeably aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil to 1 per cent., fat 13 per cent., mucilage, ash 5 per cent. The volatile oil contains dextropineue and coriaudrol, C10II18O, the latter boiling at 195°C. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0 5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx). CONII FRUCTUS—Conium Fruit, Hemlock Fruit. Origin.—Conium maculatum, LinnS. Natural order, Umbellifene, Amminese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—The fruit is gathered when full grown, while yet green. About 8 millimeters inch) long, Fig. 216. Conium.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. broadly ovate, laterally compressed, gray-green, smooth, often divided into the two mericarps, and these with five crenate ribs, without oil-tubes, and containing a seed which is grooved on the face; odor and taste slight; triturated with solution of potassa, a strong disagreeable odor is given off. ANISUM — ANISE. 355 Constituents.—Conine, C8H17N, l-J per cent., methyl- coni ne, C8H16CH3N, conydrine and pseudoconydrine, C8II17NO, little volatile oil, fixed oil, ash b per cent. Conine is colorless, oily, of spec. grav. 0.88, boiling-point 166° C. (331° F.), of a disagreeable odor and an acrid taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, and water, less in hot water. Methylconine resembles conine. Conydrine is in iridescent scales, melts at 120.6° C. (249° F.), boils at 224.5° C. (436° F.), is less poisonous than conine. and with P205, yields poisonous coniceine, C8Hl5N. Pseudo- conydrine melts at 100° C., and boils at 230° C. (146° F.). Properties.—Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v); of conine, 0.005 gram (gr. y1^). Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics); astrin- gents; stimulants; friction of extremities. ANISUM.—Anise. Origin.—Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Natural oi'der, Umbelliferae, Ammineae. Habitat.—Western Asia, Egypt, Southeastern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Four or 5 millimeters (|—5- inch) long, ovate, compressed at the sides, grayish, finely hairy, and consisting of two mericarps, each with a fiat face, five light brownish filiform ridges, and about fifteen or more thin oil-tubes; odor agreeable, aromatic; taste sweet, spicy. Italian anise often contains a small quantity of the fruit of conium, which is usually in separate mericarps, smooth, grooved upon the face, and has no oil-tubes. Constituents.—’Volatile oil l|-3 per cent., fixed oil 3-4 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of anise is colorless or yellowish, of spec. grav. 0.98, and 356 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. congeals, if at rest, at about 10° C. (50° F.), the tempera- ture rising to about 15° C. (59° F.). With alcoholic solu- tion of HC1 it affords a pink color. It consists chiefly of Fig. 217. Anisum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. anethol, C10H12O, having the melting-point 21° C. (70° F.), and spec. grav. 0.986 at 25° C. (77° F.). Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. APIUM—Celery Fruit. Origin.—A'pium graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Um- belliferse, Amminese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—About 1 millimeter inch) long, roundish- ovate, laterally compressed, brown, smooth, mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 filiform ribs, flat on the face, and containing about 12 oil-tubes; aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.88, fixed oil, muci- lage. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, used for flavoring. PETROSELINUM.—Parsley Fruit. Origin.—Carum (A'pium, Linne) Petroselfnum, Baillon (Petroselfnum sativum, Hoffmann). Natural order, Umbelli- ferte, Antminese. Habitat.—Levant, Southern Europe, extensively cultivated. Description.—About 2 millimeters ( inch) long, ovate, FOENICULUM — FENNEL. 357 laterally compressed, greenish- or brownish-gray, smooth, mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 fili- form pale-colored ribs, flat on the face, and containing 6 oil- tubes ; aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1? to 3 per cent., fixed oil 12 per cent., resin 5 per cent., apiin, apiol, mucilage, ash 7 per cent. The crude volatile oil contains much stearopten, vola- tilizing with difficulty. Pure apiol, C12H1404, forms long needles, has a faint parsley odor, spec. grav. 1.015, melting point 30° C. (86° F.), boiling point 294° C., soluble readily in alcohol and ether, in H2S04 with blood-red color, with HNOs yields oxalic acid. Apiin is tasteless, crystallizes in silky needles, with hot water forms a jelly, and with acids yields glucose and apigenin. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or spirit. Im- pure apiol, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), was recommended as a febrifuge. A JO WAN.—A jo wan. Origin.—Carum (Ptychotis, De Candolle) A'jowan, Ben- tham et Hooker. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. Habitat.—India, Persia, Egypt. Description.—About 2 millimeters (y inch) long, ovate, laterally compressed, gray-brown, rough and finely warty, usually divided into the two mericarps, and these with five thin ribs, flat on the face, and with 6 oil-tubes; odor aro- matic, thyme-like; taste pungent, aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 6 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.896 ; contains cymene, C10HU, and thymol, CJ0HuO), ash about 10 per cent. Properties.—'Carminative, stimulant; used for preparing thymol. FCENICULU M.—Fennel. Origin.—Foeniculum vulgare, Gaertner, s. F. capilla- ceum, Gilibert. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly curved, 5 or 6 millimeters (|- or J inch) long, brownish or green- ish-brown ; readily separable into the two mericarps, and these with five light brown conspicuous obtuse ribs, 4 oil- 358 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. tubes on the back and 2 or 4 oil-tubes upon the flat face; odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. Varieties.—Saxon or German Fennel, described above. Roman Fennel. Larger than the preceding, 8 to 12 millimeters to \ inch) long. Fig. 218. Foeniculum.—Fruit, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diara. Bitter Fennel, collected in Southern France from wild growing plants; smaller, 3 to 5 millimeters to inch) long; taste bitterish and spicy. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 6 per cent., fixed oil 12 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of fennel is colorless or yellowish, sweet, of spec. grav. 0.97, congeals below 10° C. (50° F.), and contains phellandrene, C10H16, and both solid and liquid auethol. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, galacta- gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. PHELLANDKIUM.—Water-dropwort. Five-leaved water hemlock. Origin.—CEnanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck, s. Phellan- drium aquaticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Se- selinese. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia. Description.—Oblong or oblong-ovate, 4 or 5 millimeters to | inch) long, nearly terete, brown or blackish-brown, smooth, each mericarp with five broad and obtuse ribs, four CARUM — CARAWAY. 359 narrow grooves, and 6 oil-tubes; odor caraway-like, but un- pleasant ; taste aromatic bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to H per cent., fixed oil, resin, mucilage, ash about 8 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. in powder or infu- sion. CUMINUM.—Cumin Fruit. Origin.—Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Natural order, Um- belliferse, Caucalineae. Habitat.—Northeastern Africa ; cultivated. Description.—Oblong, 5 or 6 millimeters or i inch) long, narrowed at both ends, laterally compressed, brown, rough- Fig. 219. Cumin.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diam. hairy ; each mericarp with 5 filiform yellowish ribs, 4 broader ones of a brown color, and 6 oil-tubes; odor and taste peculiar, somewhat like caraway. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 3 per cent., fixed oil, resin, mucilage, ash 8 per cent. Oil of cumin is of spec. grav. 0.92, and consists chiefly of cymol or cymene, C10HU, and cuminol or cuminaldehyd, Cj0H12O. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or volatile oil. CARUM.—Caraway. Origin.—Carum Carui, Linne. Natural order, Umbel- liferee, Amminese. Habitat.—Central and Western Asia; cultivated. 360 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Description.—Oblong, laterally compressed, 4 or 5 milli- meters Q or inch) long, brown, smooth, usually sepa- rated into the two mericarps, and these curved, narrower at both ends, with five pale-colored filiform ribs, and with Fig. 220. Carum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diam. six oil-tubes; seed upon transverse section pentagonal; odor aromatic, agreeable; taste sweetish, spicy. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 7 per cent., fixed oil, resin, sugar, mucilage, little tannin, ash 5 per cent. Oil of caraway has the spec. grav. 0.96, and consists of car- vene, C10H16, and chiefly of carvol, C10H14O (boiling-point 227° C.). A strong solution of the oil in alcohol mixed with ammonia and treated with H2S, yields white needles of(C10H14O)2H2S. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Pose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, spirit, and volatile oil. ANETHUM.—Dill. Origin.—Anethum (Peucedanum, Hierri) graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Umbel liferse, Peucedanese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Oblong or oval, about 4 millimeters inch) long, dorsally compressed, brown, smooth, usually separated into the two thin mericarps, and these with six oil-tubes and with five ribs, of which three are filiform and the two AURANTII CORTEX — ORANGE PEEL. 361 lateral ones broadly winged and light-colored; odor and taste spicy, caraway-like. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., fixed oil, muci- lage. Oil of dill has the spec. grav. 0.87, and contains 60 Fig. 221. Anethum.—Fruit, 3 diam ; transverse section, 5 diam. per cent, anethene, C10H16 (of a lemon-like odor, and boiling point 170° C.), 10 per cent, of terpene, C10H16 (boiling point 155° C.), and 30 per cent, of carvol. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or volatile oil. CAROTA.—Carrot Fruit. Origin.—Daucus Carota, Linne. Natural order, Umbel- liferse, Caucalinese. Habitat. — Northern Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description.-— About 4 millimeters (-g- inch) long, oval, dorsally compressed, gray-brown, each mericarp with six thin oil-tubes and with nine ribs, of which five are hairy and four beset with long spiny bristles; odor slightly aromatic; taste pungent. The fruit is collected from wild plants. Constituents.—Trace of volatile oil, fixed oil. The vola- tile oil consists of C10H16 and C10H18O, the latter probably identical with cineol. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. AURANTII CORTEX.—Orange Peel. Origin.—1. Citrus vulgaris, Risso, bitter orange. 2. Citrus Aurantium, Risso, sweet orange. Natural order, Rutaceae, Aurantiese. 362 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Narrow thin bands, the epidermis glandu- lar and dark brownish-green (Aurantii amari cortex), or Fig. 222. Orange peel.—Transverse section, magnified 65 diam orange-yellow (Anrantii dulcis cortex), and with very little of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; odor fra- grant; taste aromatic and bitter, or, in the sweet orange peel, faintly bitter. In commerce frequently met with in curved elliptical sections, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, with a rather thick layer of the white zest. The epicarp consists under the epidermal layer of parenchyme containing numerous large oil-cells and distant delicate vascular bundles. Constituents. — Volatile oil, hesperidin (see Aurantii fructus ; in the white zest a principle giving a black color with ferric salts; ash 4-5 per cent. Oil of bitter orange peel (essence de Bigarade) and oil of sweet orange peel 363 POMEGRANATE RIND. (essence de Portugal) consist mainly of liesperidene, C10H16, with a small portion of geranial, C10II16O, having a strong orange odor, and boiling at 225° C. (437° F.). Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. 1Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or tincture. The volatile oil used for flavoring and in perfumes. LIMOXIS CORTEX.—Lemon Peel. Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Risso. Natural Order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Narrow thin bands, the epidermis deep lemon-yellow and ruggedly glandular, and with very little of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; odor fra- grant ; taste aromatic bitterish. In commerce frequently met with in curved elliptical sections with a rather thick layer of white zest. Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin, principle reacting black with ferric salts, ash 4 per cent. Oil of lemon is pale yellow, of spec. grav. 0.87, and consists mainly of several hydrocarbons, C10H16, with a little cymene, C10II14, a compound ether, and citral, Ci0H16O, boiling at 228° C., and chemically identical with geranial. Properties.—Stimulant; used for its flavor. GRANATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.—Pomegranate Rind. Origin.—Punica Granatum Linne. Natural order, Lyth- rariese, Lythrese. Habitat.—India and Southwestern Asia; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical countries. Description.—In irregular curved brittle fragments, 1 or 2 millimeters to inch) thick, some of them with the tubular six- to nine-toothed calyx attached; externally 364 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. roughish - tubercular and reddish-brown; inner surface lighter colored, marked with depressions; fracture granu- lar ; inodorous ; taste astringent. Fig. 223. Fruit of Punica Granatum. Constituents.—Tannin 28 per cent., gum, little sugar, ash 6 per cent. Properties.—Astringent, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in powder or decoction. TAMARINDUS.—Tamarind. Pulpa tamarindoruin. Origin.—Tamarmdus indica, LinnS, s. T. officinalis, Hooker. Natural order, Leguminosse, Cresalpiniese, Am- herstiese. Habitat.—India and tropical Africa; naturalized in the West Indies. Description.—The indehisceut legume is flattish, from 5 to 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, and about 25 millime- ters (1 inch) broad; the gray-brown pericarp having a corky texture is removed, and the remainder constitutes commercial tamarind. A reddish-brown, sweet, acidulous, pulpy, rather tough mass, containing strong somewhat branching fibres, and polished brown flattish subquadran- gular seeds, each inclosed in a tough membrane. Varieties.—AVest Indian tamarinds ; described above ; the inner part of the fruit is mixed with syrup. SEEDS—SE MINA. 365 East Indian tamarinds; usually preserved without syrup; tough, dark-colored masses, of a strong acid taste. Egyptian tamarinds; preserved without sugar, formed into cakes, and dried; hard flattish acid cakes, frequently mouldy. Constituents.—Tartaric, citric, a little malic, and acetic acids, mostly as potassium compounds; sugar, pectin, tan- nin, the latter in the testa of the seeds. Properties.—Refrigerant, laxative. Dose, 2 to 20 grains (5ss-v) or more, in infusion, whey, confection. 11. SEEDS.—SEMINA. The seed is the fertilized and fully developed ovule, and contains the embryo. It is invested with one or two in- teguments, the outer one being called testa or spermodenn, and the inner one tegmen or endopleura. In many seeds the tegmen is blended with the testa or coheres with the kernel. The seed stalk, called funiculus or podosperm, is usually absent in the officinal seeds; the scar left by its detachment is the hilum. The continuation of the funicu- lus along the testa is the raphe, and where it is confluent with the nucleus the chalaza or inner hilum is located. The micropyle, a small depression of the testa, marking the loca- tion of the radicle, is in nearly all officinal seeds near the hilum; most of the seeds are anatropous, and have the hilum and chalaza at nearly opposite ends and united by a raphe, while the campylotropous seeds, which are more or less kidney-shaped, have hilum, chalaza, and micropyle close together. Within the seed-integuments is contained the embryo, consisting of caulicle, plumule, and one or two cotyledons, 366 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. and either completely filling the seed-coats, in which case the seed is exalbuminous, or it is invested with another tissue, usually horny, oily, or amylaceous, which is called the albumen (endosperm, also perisperm). The kernel of exalbuminous seeds consists chiefly of the cotyledons, the caulicle (radicle), and plumule being usually small ; but albuminous seeds have frequently a small embryo, the greater portion of the seed-kernel consisting often of the albumen. The testa of the different seeds varies greatly, not only in color, but likewise in texture, in external appendages (hairs, epithelia, etc.) and more particularly in the character of the cells and their thickening layers, all of which may afford microscopic characteristics for distinguishing seeds even in the powdered condition. The embryo is in most cases formed of delicate parenchyme cells, among which rudi- mentary or but partly developed vascular bundles are found ; these cell-elements, therefore, offer few characteris- tics, except through the nature of their contents. Although the albumen (endosperm) is often made up of cells similar to those of the embryo, their variations in shape, thickness, texture and contents are much greater. Classification. Sect. 1. Dicotyledonous seeds. I. Exalbuminous. a. Embryo straight. Angular ovate; testa mucilaginous. Cydonium. Flattish ovate ; testa membranous, brown, and Amygdala scurfy; taste bland. dulcis. taste bitter. Amyg. amara. testa coriaceous, black or whitish; seed small. Sesamum. testa coriaceous, white. Melo. Flat ovate; testa white, grooved near the mar- gin, edge obtuse. Pepo. testa white, ungrooved, edge thickish, acute. Cucumis. testa marbled or orange-brown, edge obtuse. Citrullus. SEEDS — SEMINA. 367 Oblong; testa blackish, fragile; fragrant. Dipterix. Ovate-oblong, testa brown, fragile; cotyledons crumbling when cut. Theobroma. testa reddish-brown; cotyledons dark colored, differing in size. Cola. b. Embryo curved. Reniform-oblong, with a long furrow on the convex side. Physostigma. Rhomboid, with a diagonal furrow. Fcenum grsecum. Subglobular; scarlet red with a black spot. Abrus. Globular; testa yellowish, finely pitted. Sinapis alba, testa blackish-brown, finely reticulate. Sinapis nigra, testa blue-black, finely pitted, larger. Rapa. II. Albuminous. a. Embryo straight. Orbicular, horny. Nux vomica. Oblong, angular. Ignatia. Tetrahedral; testa black, pitted. Delphinium, testa gray-brown, pitted. Staphisagria. Triangular-ovate, black, fragrant when rubbed. Nigella. Flattish-ovate; testa brown, mucilaginous. Linum. Oblong-lanceolate, silky, gray-green. Strophanthus. Globular-ovate ; testa removed; albumen mar- bled. Myristica. Ovate-oblong; testa dull brownish-gray; kernel brown, oily. Gynocardia. Oval-oblong; testa glossy, grayish, variegated with red-brown. Ricinus. surface dull gray-brown mottled with black. Tiglium. testa dull black, with fine fissures. Curcas. b. Embryo curved. Elliptic plano-convex, grooved on the flat side. Caffea. Reniform ; testa black, reticulate, and pitted. Stromonium. testa gray-brown, finely pitted. Hyoscyamus. testa blackish, bluish, or whitish, with shal- low pits. Papaver. Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous seeds; all albuminous. Linear-oblong; blackish-brown. Sabadilla. Subspherical; testa granular ; albumen horny. Colchicum. 368 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. Roundish-angular, spicy; hilum depressed. Granum paradisi. hilum tufted. Melegueta. Roundish-conical, veined externally and inter- nally. Areca. CYDONIUM.—Quince Seed. Origin.—Py'rus Cydonia, Linne (Cyddnia vulgaris, Per- soon). Natural order, Rosacese, Pomese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—About 6 millimeters inch) long, ovate or ovate-oblong, triangularly compressed ; hilum near the pointed end; chalaza at the blunt end; testa brown, covered Fig. 224. Quince seed.—Natural size and section. Section through epithelium, testa, and tegrnen, into a cotyledon; magnified 150 diam. with a whitish mucilaginous epithelium, causing the seeds of each cell to adhere together, and, on immersion in water, forming a gelatinous zone; taste of the unbroken seed in- sipid; embryo white, oily, and of a bitter-almond taste; cotyledons thick, plano-convex. AMYGDALA—ALMOND. 369 Constituents.—Mucilage 20 per cent., not precipitated by borax ; fixed oil, proteids, ash 3.5 per cent. Properties.—The unbroken seeds are demulcent and protective. A thick mucilage is yielded from 1 part of seeds to 50 parts of water. AMYGDALA.—Almond. Origin.—Prunus Amy'gdalus, Baillon (Amy'gdalus communis, Linne, var. a amara, /3 dulcis, I)e Candolle). Natural order, Rosace®, Prune®. Habitat.—Western Asia ; naturalized in the Mediterra- nean basin ; cultivated. Description.—Flattish ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20 to 25 millimeters (| to 1 inch) long; testa brown, scurfy, with about 16 longitudinal veins; hilum near the pointed end ; Fig. 225 Almond.—Seed. Section through seed coats and portion of the cotyledon. chalaza broad at the rounded end ; embryo white, oily, consisting of two ovate-lanceolate plano-convex cotyledons and a short projecting conical radicle; inodorous. 370 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. Amygdala dulcis. Mostly large, and sides rather con- vex ; taste bland. Amygdala amara. Mostly smaller and flattish ; taste bitter; the emulsion with water has an odor resembling that of hydrocyanic acid. Constituents.—Fixed oil, 45 (in bitter almonds) to 56 per cent, (in sweet almonds), mucilage 3 per cent., sugar 6 per cent., proteids precipitated by acetic acid (myosin, vitel- lin, and conglutin) 25 per cent., ash about 3 per cent., and in the testa tannin; the unformed ferment (enzyme) of almonds is emulsin or synaptase, which is coagulated by heat, and is precipitated by alcohol, but not precipitated by acetic acid. Bitter almonds contain, in addition to these compounds, 1 to 3 per cent, of amygdalin, C20H27NOU, which crystallizes in prisms, is soluble in water, less freely in alcohol, insoluble in ether, is slightly bitter, and splits into glucose, hydrocyanic acid (1 part from 17 parts amyg- dalin), and benzaldehyd, C7H60, or oil of bitter almond. The latter (yield about 1 per cent., or after the expression of the fat, about 2 per cent, of the seed) in the crude state has the spec. grav. 1.06-1.075; when freed from hydrocyanic acid it is 1.049. It is sometimes adulterated with nitrobenzol. Properties.—Demulcent, used in emulsion; the bitter almond sedative. Dose of the volatile oil J to 1 drop; poisonous in overdoses. Treatment of poisoning necessi- tates rapid evacuation ; then stimulants and douches. SESAMUM.—Benne Seed. Origin—Sesamum orientale and S. fndicum, Linne.. Nat- ural order, Pedalinese, Sesame®. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical and sub- tropical countries. Description.—Flattish ovate, 3 to 4 millimeters (i to inch) long, 2 millimeters (TXY inch) broad, and 1 millimeter (YV inch) thick; testa black or purplish-brown (S. orientale), PEPO—PUMPKIN SEED. 371 pale brown, yellowish or whitish (S. indicum), finely punc- tate, with four delicate longitudinal ridges; hilum near the pointed end, somewhat prominent; tegmen (endosperm?) thin, white, oily ; cotyledons plano-convex, white and oily ; inodorous; taste bland. Constituents.—Fixed oil 50-56 per cent., proteids 22 per cent., mucilage 4 per cent., ash 6-8 per cent. Properties.—Laxative; mostly used for preparing benne seed oil. Origin.—Cucumis Melo, Linne. Natural order, Cucurbita- cese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Central Asia ; cultivated. Description.—Flattish ovate or lance-ovate, 10 to 13 milli- meters (-f-i inch) long; testa white or whitish, smooth, the edge rather blunt; hilum near the pointed end; cotyledons plano-convex, white, and oily ; inodorous; taste bland. Constituents.—Fixed oil, proteids. Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (sj-ij), in emulsion. MELO.—Melon Seed. PEPO.—Pumpkin Seed. Origin.—Cucurbita Pepo, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- bitacese, Cuenmerinese. Habitat.—Tropical Asia anil America; cultivated. Description.—Flat, broadly ovate, about 2 centimeters (| inch) long; testa white or whitish with a shallow groove Fig. 226. Pepo.—Seed and cotyledon with radicle and plumule. and flat ridge parallel to the margin; hilum near the pointed end; cotyledons flat, white, and oily; radicle short, conical; inodorous ; taste bland. 372 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. Constituents.—Fixed oil 44 per ceut., proteids (myosin and vitellin), starch, acrid resin, sugar, ash 3 or 4 per cent. The infusion of the seeds on being saturated with NaCl, precipitates myosin, and on the further addition of C02, separates vitellin of same behavior as vitellin of yolk of egg- Properties.—Tmnifuge. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (Sj-i.j), in powder or emulsion. CUCUMIS.—Cucumber Seed. Origin.—Cucumis sativus, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- bitacese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Central Asia; cultivated. Description.—Flat and thin, 8 to 12 millimeters (£-£ inch) long, lance-oblong, ungrooved, acutely edged, dingy white; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. Constituents.—Fixed oils, proteids, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams (Sij-Sij)- CITRULLUS.—-Watermelon Seed. Origin.—Cucumis (Cucurbita, Linne) Citrullus, Seringe, s. Citriillus vulgaris, Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated. Description.—Flat, ovate, 10 to 15 millimeters (f~| inch) long; testa blackish and marbled, or orange-brown, ungrooved, blunt on the edge; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. Constituents.—Fixed oil 30 per cent., and proteids. Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams DIPTERYX.—Tonco. Tonka Bean. Origin.—1. Dipteryx (Coumaroiina, Aublet) odorata, Will- denow ; 2. D. oppositifolia, Willdenoiv. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—Guiana. Description.—Oblong, somewhat compressed, 4 to 5 centi- meters to 2 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (§ inch) broad ; hilum near the thin end; testa blackish, fragile, thin, THEOBROMA—CACAO. 373 somewhat glossy, veined and wrinkled ; embryo pale brown, oily; radicle short and thick; cotyledons piano convex, in- closing a rather large pinnate plumule and acicular crystals; fragrant; taste aromatic bitter. Varieties.—Dutch Tonka. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, frequently covered with a crystalline inflorescence. English Tonka. About 4 centimeters (1J inch) long; its surface with little or no efflorescence. Constituents.—Fixed oil about 25 per cent., coumarin, C9H602, sugar, mucilage, ash 3.5 per cent. Coumarin is in glossy aromatic prisms, is freely soluble in alcohol and fats, sparingly soluble in cold water, and melts at 67° C. (152.6° F.). Properties.—Stimulant; used only for its flavor. THEOBROMA.—Cacao. Origin.—Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Natural order, Sterculiacese, Buettneriese. Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. Description.—The seeds are either dried when removed from the fruit, or are previously fermented in the sweat- ing-box or buried in the ground (claying), until the astrin- gency disappears. Ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat flat- tened, obtuse, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) long ; testa reddish-brown to brown-gray, thin, fragile, with numerous longitudinal veins; hilum at the broad end; chalaza at the narrow end ; embryo red-brown, oily; radi- cle short; cotyledons ribbed upon the face, irregularly lobed from the back through the folds of the tegmen, and readily breaking into angular fragments; taste oily, aro- matic and bitterish. Unsweated cacao has a more bitter and astringent taste. 100 parts of cacao yield about 12 parts of shells and 88 parts of kernels. Constituents.—Fat about 50 per cent., starch 16 per cent., proteids 18 per cent., ash 8.5-4.5 per cent., sugar 0.6 per cent.; coloring matter, a little caffeine, and 1.5 to 4.5 374 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. per cent, (somewhat less in the testa) of theobromine (dimethylxanthine) C7H8N402, which is white, crystalline, bitter, not altered by potassa solution, slightly soluble in cold water, alcohol, and ether, and may be converted into caffeine by treating theobromine-silver with methyl-iodide. Properties.—Nutritive, stimulant; used for preparing chocolate. COLA—Cola. Origin.—Cola (Sterculia, Beauvais) acuminata, R. Brown. Natural order, Sterculiacese, Sterculiese. Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa. Description.—Oblong-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat flattened ; testa brown or reddish-brown, often with blackish spots, brittle; embryo usually dark-colored, when freshly cut yellow or whitish, the cotyledons differing in size, thick, variously bent; odor faintly nutmeg-like; taste somewhat aromatic. Constituents.—Caffeine 2 per cent., little theobromine, starch 42 per cent., sugar, gum, proteids, little volatile oil, fat and tannin ; ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine; used also roasted like coffee. PHYSOSTIGMA.—Calabar Bean. Origin.—Physostigma venenosum, Balfour. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacem, Phaseolese. Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa, near the mouth ot the Niger and old Calabar. Description.—Oblong and somewhat reniform, 25 to 30 millimeters (1-1| inches) long, 15 to 20 millimeters (f-f inch) broad, and 12 millimeters (J inch) thick; testa gran- ular, chocolate brown ; hilum in a broad black groove ex- tending over the entire length of the convex edge, bor- dered on each side by a reddish-brown ridge, marked along the centre by the linear raphe, and having at one end the micropyle, at the the chalaza; embryo with a PHYSOSTIGMA — CALABAR BEAN. 375 short curved radicle and two large white concavo-convex cotyledons, which adhere with the back to the integuments, Fig. 227. Physostigma.—View from the side and edge, showing length of hilum and between their faces enclose an elliptic cavity; inodor- ous, taste bean-like. The integuments weigh about 28, and the embryo 72 per cent. Fig. 228. Fig. 229. Physostigma split, showing cotyledons. Physostigma cylindrospermum On moistening the embryo with solution of potassa it acquires a pale yellow color. The seed of Physostigma (Mucuna, Oliver) cylindro- spermum, Holmes, is 4 centimeters (1-| inches) long, nearly cylindrical, has a shorter groove and hilum, otherwise closely resembles the preceding. 376 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. Constituents.—Physostigmine or eserine, Cl5H21N302 (in the embryo; amorphous, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, carbon disulphide, less freely in water, reddened by alkalies and by chlorinated lime), calabarine (derivative of physostigmine ; tetanic; insoluble in ether), eseridine (causes diarrhoea; by warm dilute acids converted into physostigmine), physosterin (indifferent, crystalline), starch 48 per cent., proteids 23 per cent., mucilage, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Sedative, poisonous; contracts the pupil. Dose, 0.06 to 0.26 gram (gr. j-iv), in powder, tincture, or extract; eserine, 0.001 to 0.005 gram (gr. fa to yy). Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump, emetics); atro- pine ; chloral; strychnine; stimulants. FCENUM GR2ECUM.—Fenugreek. Origin.—Trigonella Foe'num grse'cum, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionaceae, Trifoliese. Habitat.—India, naturalized in the Mediterranean basin ; cultivated. Description.—Rhomboid, about 3 millimeters (i inch) long, and 2.5 millimeters (y inch) broad, compressed, four-edged ; from the hilum on one edge, diagonally furrowed on both sides; testa brownish or yellowish, finely granular, hard ; tegmen (endosperm ?) colorless, horny ; embryo light yellow, oily, the radicle curved upon the edge of the cotyledons; odor peculiar; taste mucilaginous, bitter. Constituents.—Mucilage 28 per cent, (chiefly in the inner seed coat), fat 6 per cent., volatile oil a trace, trigonelline (crystalline, soluble in water, not poisonous; yields nicotic acid), choline (probably from decomposition of lecithin), pro- teids 22 per cent., bitter principle, ash about 4 per cent., free from starch. Adulteration.—Powdered fenugreek is sometimes adulter- ated with ground amylaceous seeds. Properties. — Demulcent, discutient; used in veterinary practice. SINAPIS ALBA—WHITE MUSTARD. 377 ABRI SEMEN.—Prayer Beads, Jequiriti. Origin.—A'brus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Papilionacese, Yiciese. Habitat.—India, naturalized in other tropical countries. Description.—Subspherical or globular-ovate, 5 to 8 milli- meters (-g—j inch) long, scarlet-red, with a black spot at the hilum ; testa hard; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, curved; inodorous; taste bean-like. Constituents.—Abric acid (crystalline, soluble in alcohol sparingly soluble in water), fixed oil, lecithin or protagon (yields phosphoric acid, glycerin, etc.), alkaloid (probably de- composition product), ash about 3 per cent. The irritating principles are two proteids rendered inactive by moist heat, a paraglobulin (soluble in 15 per cent. NaCl solution, coagulated near 80° C.) and an albumose (not coagulated by heat, but precipitated by HN03, this redissolved on heating, and repre- cipitated on cooling). Properties.—Irritating to the eyes; infusion used in granular ophthalmia. SINAPIS ALBA.—White Mustard. Origin.—Brassica (Si nap is, LinnS) alba, Hooker filius. Natural order, Crucifer®, Brassicese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Almost globular, nearly 2 millimeters (T\j inch) in diameter; hilum circular; testa yellowish, finely pitted, hard; embryo greenish yellow, oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; inodorous; taste pungent and acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil (20-25 per cent., bland), lecithin (small quantity), mucilage (mainly in the testa), myrosin and other proteids, sinalbin, sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4.5 percent.; free from starch. Sinalbin, C30H’44N2S2O16, forms colorless prisms, is soluble in water, sparingly solu- ble in cold alcohol; insoluble in ether and carbon disul- phide, colored yellow by alkali, blood-red by HNOa, and splits into sugar, sinapine sulphate, C16H23N05H2S04, and 378 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. acrinyl sulphocyauide, C7H7O.NCS; the latter is a yellow acrid non-volatile oil, readily soluble in alcohol and ether. Sinapine sulphocyauide forms colorless bitter prisms, solu- ble in water and alcohol. On boiling with alkalies sinapine yields choline (bilineurine) or sinkaline, C5H15N02, and sinapic acid, CuH1206. Properties.—Tonic, laxative, diuretic, stimulant, emetic; externally rubefacient and epispastie. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j)j entire, in powder, or infusion; externally as poultice. SINAPIS NIGRA.—Black Mustard. Origin.—Brassica (Sinapis, Linne) nigra, Koch. Nat- ural order, Cruci ferae, Brassicese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Fig. 230. Sinapis.—Entire, mag- nified. Embryo. Transverse section. Description.—Almost globular, about 1 millimeter inch) in diameter, with a circular hilum; testa blackish- brown, finely reticulate, hard ; embryo greenish-yellow, oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; inodorous when dry, but when moist of a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungently acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent, (bland), mucilage (mainly in the testa), lecithin (minute quantity), myrosin 379 NUX VOMICA—NUX VOMICA. and other proteids, sinigrin or potassium myronate about 0.5 per cent., sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4 per cent., no starch. Sinigrin, KC10H18NS2O10, forms silky white needles, is soluble in water, slightly soluble in absolute alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; splits into sugar, acid potassium sulphate, and allyl sulpho- cyanide or volatile oil of mustard, C3H5CNS; the latter is very pungent and acrid, has the density 1.018, dissolves in sulphuric acid without coloration, and contains also variable quantities of CS2. Myrosin coagulates at 60° C. (140° F.). Properties and Dose similar to Sinapis alba. Allied Seeds.—Turnip seeds, from Brdssica Rapa, Linne. Larger than the preceding, 1.5-2 millimeters (iV“T2 in°h) thick, brown or nearly black, finely pitted; slightly acrid. Rape seed, Cole or Colza seed, from Brassica Napus, LinnS. Larger than turnip seed, 2-2.5 millimeters (iV"iV inch) thick, finely pitted, mostly blue-black, slightly acrid. NUX VOMICA.—Nux Vomica. Origin.—Stry'clmos Nux vomica, Linne. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—India and East India Islands. Fig. 231. Nux vomica.—Whole seed ; cut longitudinally; cut transversely. Description.—Orbicular, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diameter, grayish or greenish-gray; soft-hairy, of a silky 380 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. lustre, with a slight ridge extending from hilum in the centre of one side to the edge, where the radicle is located ; testa thin, tough, and closely blended with the albumen, which is horny, yellowish or whitish, somewhat translucent, very tough, and has a large circular cavity, into which the heart-shaped nerved cotyledons project; inodorous, per- sistently bitter. Constituents.—Alkaloids (total amount 2.5-4.0 or 5.3 per cent.), strychnine, brucine, and igasurine (probably impure brucine), combined with igasuric acid (amorphous, Fig. 232. Nux vomica.—Section through hilum and albumen, magnified 60 diam. dark green by ferric salts) ; loganin, proteids 11 per cent., fat, gnra, sugar 6 per cent., ash 1-1.5 percent. Strychnine constitutes from 33 to 50 per cent, of the total alkaloids. Strychnine, C21H22N202, is in four sided prisms, very bitter, insoluble in absolute ether, soluble in 5 parts of chloroform, 110 parts of cold 90 per cent, alcohol, 1600 parts of benzol, 7000 parts of cold water; melting point 268° C. Sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate colors NUI VOMICA. 381 deep violet or blue; similar color by sulphuric acid aud lead peroxide or potassium ferricyanide, changing to red and yellow ; heated with strong nitric acid yields picric acid; but diluted nitric acid does not affect the alkaloid (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Commercial strychnine contains some homostrychnine, C22H24N202 (Koefoed, 1889). Strychnine oxidized with permanganate yields amorphous strychnic acid, CuHuN03. Boiled with soda in absolute alcohol strychnine is converted into stryeh- nol (also called strychnic acid), C21H24N203, which is readily soluble in alkalies, does not give the strychnine reaction with chromic acid, is colored red by mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and is reconverted by heating at 190° C. in a current of hydrogen. Brucine, C23H26N204, is in rectangular octahedra, contain- ing 4H20, is readily-soluble in alcohol and in 7 parts of chloroform, insoluble in pure ether, melting point (of anhydrous) 178° C.; nitric acid colors blood-red, changing to orange and yellow, aud the yellow liquid becomes violet on the addition of stannous chloride, or sulphide of am- monium or sodium; even nitric acid of 1.06 spec. grav. decomposes brucine on heating (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Loganin, C25H34014, forms colorless prisms, is easily solu- ble in alcohol and water, turns red and purple with sul- phuric acid, and splits into sugar and loganetin. Properties.—Tonic, spinal nervine, poisonous. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 gram (gr. ss-v), in tincture or extract. Strych- nine, 0.001 to 0.01 gram (gr. yj—i)- Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- tives) ; tannin, or animal charcoal; chloroform inhalation ; chloral hydrate. Also potassium bromide, curare, cannabis indica, amyl nitrite, etc., have been recommended. 382 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. IGNATIA.—Bean of St. Ignatius. Origin.—Stry'clinos Ignatia, Lindley, s. Ignatiana philip- pinica, Loureiro. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—Philippine Islands. Description.—Oblong or ovate, irregularly angnlar, about 3 centimeters inches) long, dull brownish or blackish, very hard, horny; hilum at one end; fracture granular Fig. 233. Ignatia.—Vertical section. irregular; the albumen brownish, somewhat translucent, inclosing an irregular cavity with an obloug embryo; in- odorous, very bitter. Constituents.—Strychnine 0.5 to 1.5 per cent., brucine 0.5 to 1.4 per cent., proteids 10 per cent., fat, gum, asli 2.5 per cent. Properties.—Like nux vomica. Pose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ss-iij). Antidotes.—Same as for nux vomica. DELPHINIUM.—Larkspur Seed. Origin.—Delphinium Consolida, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Central Europe; cultivated. Description.—Flattish tetrahedral, 1 to 1.5 millimeters to y inch) broad, acute on the edges; testa black, roughly NIGELLA. 383 pitted; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small straight em- bryo ; inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil, probably also delphinine. Properties.-—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous; exter- nally rubefacient; rarely employed. STAPHISAGRIA.—Stavesacke. Origin.—Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. Description.—Flatfish tetrahedral, about 5 millimeters (it inch) long and 3 or 4 millimeters (| to inch) broad, the broadest side convex, testa brown or brown-gray, with Fig. 234. Stavesacre seed and section; magnified 2 diam. reticulate ridges; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small straight embryo; nearly inodorous ; taste bitter and biting. Constituents.—Delphinine (white, crystalline, acrid), del- phinoidine (amorphous), delphisine (crystalline) ; the three alkaloids soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, the last two becoming brown by sulphuric acid; staphisain (yellow, insoluble in ether, acrid, red and violet by sulphuric acid), fixed oil 25 per cent., trace of volatile oil, proteids, muci- lage ; ash 9 per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous; ex- ternally rubefacient; mostly used for killing vermin. NIGELLA.—Nigella. Origin.—1. Nig611a damascena, Linne. 2. N. satfva, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 384 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. Description.—1. Triangular-ovate, 2.5 millimeters (y inch) long, finely pitted, dull black; testa brittle; albumen oily ; embryo straight, small, in the pointed end ; odor on rubbing strawberry-like; taste bitter, somewhat acrid ; imparts fluores- cence to petroleum benzin. No. 2. Similar, but netted-wrin- kled, rounded at the edges, odor on rubbing cajuput-like; benzin not rendered fluorescent. Constituents.—Fixed oil, volatile oil (odor different from that of the seeds); in No. 1 damascenine (melting point 27° C., fluorescent; solutions of the salts not fluorescent) ; in No. 2 melanthin (acrid glucoside, soluble in alcohol, red or violet by H2S04); ash 4 per cent. Properties.—Emmenagogue, diuretic, expectorant; rarely used. LINUM.—Flaxseed. Origin.—Lmum usitatissimum, Linne. Natural order, Linese, Eulinese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated and spontaneous in most temperate countries. Description.—Flatdsh ovate or oblong ovate, about 5 millimeters (-£- inch) long, obliquely pointed at one end; Fig. 235. Flaxseed.—Entire; magnified 3 diam. Transverse section near the edge, magnified 65 diam. testa brown, glossy, very finely pitted, covered with a trans- parent mucilaginous epithelium, which swells considerably in water; hilum near the pointed end; embryo whitish, oily; cotyledons large, plano-convex, covered with a thin albumen; inodorous, mucilaginous, oily, and bitter. STROPHANTHUS 385 Constituents.—Fixed oil 30-35 per cent, (in the nucleus), mucilage 15 per cent, (in the epithelium), proteids 25 per cent., amygdalin (minute quantity), resin, wax, sugar, ash 3-4 per cent. After expressing the oil, cake meal yields 5 to 6 or 8 per cent, of ash. Starch is absent. Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (5j-ijss) or more, in infusion; externally as poultice. STROPHANTHUS.—Strophanthus. Origin.—StropMnthus Kombe, Oliver, now regarded by Oliver as a variety of Str. hispidus, De Candolle. Natural order, Apocynacese, Echitese. Habitat.—Tropical Africa. Description.—Oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 20 millimeters (f-f inch) long, and 4 or 5 millimeters inch) broad, nar- rowed, but blunt at the base, flattened on the sides and ob- tusely two edged, grayish-green, covered with appressed silky hairs, one side with a longitudinal ridge prolonged through the attenuated, pointed apex into a brittle awn, which is 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, bare in the lower half, and above on all sides beset with delicate, straight, white silky hairs, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length; kernel white, oily, consisting of a straight embryo with two thin cotyledons and surrounded by a thin layer of endosperm ; inodorous, taste very bitter. The seeds are met in the market deprived of the awns; but are sometimes imported in the follicles, which are 20 to 30 centimeters (8-12 inches) long, linear-oblong and pointed; for medicinal purposes the awns and pericarps are to be removed, the seed alone being used. The decoction is brownish and not changed in color by solu tions of iodine, ferric chloride, or Mayer’s test. False Kombe Seeds.—The seeds of Str. hispidus, De C., and Str. dichotomus, De C., resemble the above, but are brown or chestnut-brown, and less densely covered with hairs. The seed of Kicksia africana, Bentham, is pointed at both ends, has the cotyledons irregularly folded, and is awnless, but provided with a long funiculus covered with long hairs. Constituents.—Kombic acid (precipitated by lead acetate) and strophantin, C31H48On. The latter is imperfectly crystal- line, neutral, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, nearly 386 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. insoluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform, precipitated by tannin, colored green and brown by H2S04, and blue by Fih. 236. Strophantlius seed with coniose awn. H2S04 and K2Cr207, and is by most acids easily split into glucose and crystals of strophanthidin. MYRISTICA— NUTMEG. 387 Properties. — Heart sedative. Dose of tincture (1 :16 alcohol) 4-8 minims. MYRISTICA.—Nutmeg. Origin.—Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn (M. moschata, Thunberg, M. aromatica, Lamarck, M. officinalis, I Anne dims). Natural order, Myristicaceae. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—Roundish-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long; deprived of the brittle woody testa, which shows shallow impressions from mace; kernel externally light brown, reticulately furrowed; internally of a fatty lustre, pale brownish with dark brown veins containing the folds of the inner seed-coat; hilum and micropyle on Fig. 237. Fig. 238. Nutmeg, with mace and transverse section. Wild nutmeg, with mace. the broad end, chalaza near the upper end, united by a groove corresponding to the raphe; embryo small, in a cavity at the base; strongly aromatic, somewhat bitter. 388 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. Varieties.—Limed or Dutch nutmegs; covered with a white powder, lime. Penang and Singapore nutmegs; unlimed. False Nutmegs.—Myristica fatua, Houttuyn, wild or male nutmegs; 4 to 5 centimeters (1J to 2 inches) long; kernel pale colored, slightly aromatic. Torreya californica, Torrey (Natural order, Coniferse), testa smooth, brittle; kernel oblong, marbled, terebinthi- nate. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 8 per cent., fixed oil 25 to 30 per cent., starch, proteids, mucilage, ash 2 per cent. Volatile oil of nutmeg has the spec. grav. 0.93, and con- sists of myristicene, C10H16, and a little myristicol, C10H14O. Expressed oil of nutmeg consists chiefly of myristin, with some myristic acid, palmitin, olein, resin, and about 6 per cent, volatile oil. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams (gr. viij-xxij). GYNOCARDIA.—Chaulmugra. Origin.—Gynocardia (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. Brown. Natural order, Bixineae. Habitat.—Malayan peninsula and Northeastern India. Description.—Irregular ovate oblong, 2 to 3 centimeters Gt~H inches) long, 10 to 12 millimeters (-§-£ inch) broad, somewhat angular and flattish ; testa dingy brown-gray, brit- tle ; tegrnen brown, thin; albumen brown, oily; embryo nearly of the length of the seed, with a thick club-shaped radicle, and two broad leafy-veined and somewhat heart- shaped cotyledons ; odor slight; taste oily. Constituents.—Fat 50 per cent., proteids, mucilage. Properties.—Alterative, tonic; in larger doses emetic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x); mostly used for preparing chaul- mugra oil. RICINUS — CASTOR OIL SEED. 389 RICINUS.—Castor Oil Seel. Origin.—Ricinus communis, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated in tropical and warm tem- perate countries. Description.—Variable in size and color; 10 to 20 milli- meters (|—f inch) long, about 8 millimeters Q- inch) broad, oval-oblong, flattened on the ventral surface; on one end with a whitish caruncle, covering the hilum and micropyle; ehalaza near the broader end; raphe on the flat side; testa glossy, grayish or pale grayish-brown variegated with red- brown, brittle; tegmen white, thin, adhering to the white Fig. 239. Ricinus fruit. Seed. Longitudinal sections. oily albumen ; embryo straight, with a short conical radicle and two thin broad and veined cotyledons; inodorous; taste oily, acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 50 per cent, (see Oleum ricini), ricinin (crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether and benzol), proteids 20 per cent., mucilage, sugar, ash (testa 10 per cent., kernel 4 per cent.). The poisonous principle is an albuminoid com- pound, ricin (Stillmark, 1888); it is soluble in 10 per cent. NaCl solution, precipitated by acids and re-dissolved 390 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. by excess, coagulated by heat, precipitated by Mayer’s reagent and by phosphotungstic acid. Properties.—Violently cathartic and emetic; used for preparing castor oil. TIGLIUM.—Croton Seed. Origin.—Croton Tiglium, Linne, s. Tiglium officinale, Klotzsch. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotoneae. Habitat.—China ; cultivated in India. Description.—About 12 to 15 millimeters (| or £ inch) long; oval-oblong, somewhat quadrangular, more or less flattened on the ventral side; surface dull gray-brown, or Fig. 240. Croton Tiglium.—Lateral and ventral view, and longitudinal section of seed. mottled with black from the removal of the outer coat; the caruncle usually absent from the commercial seed; otherwise like castor-oil seeds. Constituents.—Fixed oil 50 to 60 per cent, (see Oleum Tiglii), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose, asli 3 per cent. Properties,—Violently drastic; used for preparing croton oil. CURCAS.—Purging Nut. Origin.—Jutropha Curcas, Linne (Curcas purgans, Adan- son). Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Crotonese. Habitat.—Tropical America; naturalized in other tropical countries. CAFFEA—COFFEE. 391 Description.—About 20 millimeters (f inch) long; resem- bles croton seed, but the testa is dull black and marked with numerous small fissures; taste less acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 40 per cent, (yellowish or colorless, vesicating), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose. Properties.—Drastic and emetic ; similar to, but milder than croton seed. CAFFE A.—Coffee. Origin.—Coffea (Coffea) arabica, LinnS. Natural order, Rubiacese, Ixorese. Habitat.—Tropical Africa; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—Elliptic or oval, from 8 to 12 millimeters to \ inch) long, yellowish or bluish-gray, plano-convex, on the flat side with a longitudinal groove, penetrating with a curve deeply into the horny albumen ; somewhat oblique on one end; hilum near the groove beneath the rounded end; testa membranous, brittle, usually wanting on the back; embryo small, at the oblique end, slightly curved under the convex side; odor faint, peculiar; taste somewhat bitter, astringent. Varieties.—The cultivated varieties vary in size, color, and flavor. The large and well-flavored Liberian coffee is obtained from Coffea liberica, Hiern. Constituents.—Fat 18 per cent., glucose and dextrin 15 per cent., proteids 13 per cent., caffeine 1 to 1.3 per cent., caffeotannic acid, trace of volatile oil, ash 3 to 4 or 5 per cent. Caffeine, C8Hl0N4O2, is methyltheobromine (trime- thyl-xanthine) in white silky needles, faintly bitter, subli- mable, soluble in water, more so in alcohol and chloro- form ; on boiling with barium hydrate (or with potassa) converted into carbonic anhydrid, C02, and caffeidine, C7H12¥40, and the latter ultimately into sarkosine, formic acid, methylamine, and ammonia. It is said not to pro- 392 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS duce spasms like theine, and its lethal dose to be smaller than that of theine. Caffeotannin is amorphous, yields by oxidation viridinie acid, with boiling potassa yellow crystalline caffeic acid, and with fusing potassa protocatechuic acid. By the roasting of coffee the fat, sugar, and tannin are destroyed, a little caffeine is lost with the water, and empy- reumatic volatile oils (caffeone) are produced. The loss by roasting amounts to about 8 per cent, of water and 9 per cent, of organic matter. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine, antiemetic. Dose, 4 to 16 grams (5j-iv), in infusion ; caffeine 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). KTRAMONII SEMEN.—Stramonium Seed. Thornapple seed. Origin.—Datura Stramonium, LinnS. Natural order, Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. Habitat.—Asia; naturalized in most countries. Fig. 241. Stramonium.—Capsule and longi tudinal section. Straraonium seed and section, magnified 3 diam. Description.—Reniform, flattened, about 4 millimeters ( jt inch) long; liilum and micropyle on the concave edge; testa dull brownish-black, pitted and wrinkled ; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical embryo curved par- HYOSCYAMI SEMEN — HYOSCYAMUS SEED. 393 allel with the edge of the seed; inodorous; taste oily and bitter. Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, proteids, asli 3 per cent., alkaloids 0.3 per cent. Daturine is a mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine. Scopolamine is also present. The oil contains daturic acid, C17H3402. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij), in powder, tincture, or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetic) ; stimu- lants (brandy, colfee, etc.); hot and cold douches; mor- phine; pilocarpine. Origin.—Hyoscyamus (Hyoscy'amus) niger, Linne. Natu- ral order, Solanacem, Hyoscyamese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of North America. Description.—Roundish-reniform, flattened, 1 to 1.5 milli- meters to j inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the concave edge ; testa finely pitted, roughish, light gray-brown ; HYOSCYAMI SEMEN.—Hyoscyamus Seed. Fig. 242. Ilyoscyamus niger.—Fruit (pyxis) removed from calyx. Seed, natural size, magnified, and section. albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical embryo curved parallel with the edge of the seed, but with the tip of the cotyledons incurved; inodorous; taste oily, bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents. — Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, proteids, hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), hyoscypicrin (bitter glucoside), ash 3 to 4 per cent. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilating the pupil, nar- 394 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. cotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v), in powder or emul- sion. Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. Origin. — Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—Reniform, 1 to 1.5 millimeters (2V to inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the concave side; testa vary- ing in color, bluish, blackish, or whitish, with shallow pits; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical semilunar em- bryo ; inodorous ; taste oily. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 55 per cent., proteids about 16 per cent., mucilage, morphine (?), ash 6 to 7 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent, mild anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in emulsion. PAPAVER.—Poppy Seed, Maw Seed. SABA DILL A.—Ceva dilla . Sohoenocaulon (Asagrse'a, Lindley; Helonias, Don) offi- cinale, Asa Gray, s. Veratrum Sabadilla, Schlechtendal. Natural order, Liliaceae, A^eratreae. Habitat.—Mexico to A^enezuela. Description. — Narrow-oblong or lance-linear, about 6 millimeters (J inch) long, rounded below, rather beaked Fig. 243. Sabadilla—Fruit natural size ; seed and longitudinal section, magnified. above, somewhat angular; testa brownish-black, rugosely wrinkled, thin ; albumen whitish and oily, with a small SABA DILL A — CEVADILLA. 395 linear embryo near the base; inodorous, bitter, persistently acrid, sternutatory. The papery follicles sometimes present should be rejected. Constituents.—Veratrine,C37H53NOu,cevadine,C32H49N09, cevadilline, C34H53N08, sabadine, C29H51N08, sabadinine, C27H43N08, angelic acid, C5H802 (needles melt at 45° C.), methylcrotonic acid, C5H8G2 (scales melt at 64.5° C.), cevadic acid (sublimable, odor of butyric acid, probably identical with the preceding), veratric acid (sublimable in prisms, melt at 180° C.), fixed oil, ash 3.5 per cent. Vera- trine (of Wright and Luff) is amorphous, melts at 180° C., is sternutatory, and by potassa is split into veratric acid and amorphous verine, C28H45N08. Cevadine (Merck’s veratrine) crystallizes from alcohol in prisms, melts at 205° C., is sternutatory, with sugar and II2S04 is colored deep green and blue, and by potassa is split into methylcrotonic acid and amorphous cevine, C27H43N08. Cevadilline is amorphous and nearly insoluble in ether and benzol. Saba- dine crystallizes from ether in needles, and is then nearly insoluble in ether, melts at 238° C., is not sternutatory, and, like the preceding alkaloids, is colored yellow, after- ward red, by H2S04. Sabadinine resembles sabadine, but is at once colored blood-red by H2S04. Medicinal veratrine is a white powder, consisting of a mixture of the foregoing alkaloids, and probably of their derivatives, acrid, sternu- tatory, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, less freely soluble in glycerin and olive oil, and is colored yellow and deep red by sulphuric acid, yellow by nitric acid, and deep red by hot hydrochloric acid. Properties.—Powerful irritant; used for preparing vera- trine, and for killing vermin. Dose, of veratrine, 0.002 to 0.005 gram (gr. fa to y in pills; mostly externally in ointment. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetic); tan- 396 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. nin; stimulants (brandy, coffee, ammonia, etc.); application of warmth. COLCHICI SEMEN.—Colchicum Seed. Origin.—Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Natural order, Liliaceee, ColchiceEe. Habitat.—Europe, in meadows. Description.—Subglobular, 2 to 3 millimeters (y to inch) thick ; hilum circular, furnished with a soft caruncle ; testa dull reddish-brown, finely pitted, thin, but hard; albumen whitish, oily, horny, and tough, inclosing a small embryo nearly opposite the hilum ; inodorous ; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—fixed oil 6 to 8 per cent., gum, starch sugar, ash 2.6 per cent., colchicine about 0.3 per cent., and derivatives of the latter. Colchicine, C22H25N06 (Zeisel, 1888); is a weak alkaloid, colorless or yellow, amorphous, Fig. 244. Colchici semen.—a. Natural size. b. Section, magnified. fusible at 145° C., soluble in water, alcohol, and chloro- form, less soluble in ether and benzol, of a saffron-like odor and bitter taste, precipitated by tannin, turns moist litmus paper slowly blue, and in aqueous solution is colored yel- low by hydrochloric acid. It is the methylic ether of col- chicein, (!21H23N06 + | H20 (white crystals, melting and becoming anhydrous at 140° C., inodorous, soluble in alco- hol, chloroform, and hot water, colored green by ferric chloride, and, after several days’ standing, precipitated by GRANUM PARADISI—GRAIN OP PARADISE. 397 tannin). Colchicoresiu is brown, amorphous, soluble in chloroform and alcohol, insoluble in ether, and very spar- ingly soluble in cold water. Beta-colchicoresin is blackish- brown, soluble in strong alcohol and chloroform, and insoluble in water and ether. The last two principles are not, or but slightly, affected by tannin, are colored brown- green by ferric chloride, and dissolve in potassa with a brown color. Colchicine and colohieein yield with potassa yellow solutions. The four principles yield with sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate a deep blue or purplish-blue color, and, when this has disappeared, concentrated potassa solu- tion gives a more permanent brick-red color. They are extracted from the unbroken seeds by digestion with alco- holic liquids, while maceration in the same exhausts only about two-thirds of the principles. Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in powder, tincture, wine, or fluid extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics); tan- nin ; demulcents; stimulants. GRANUM PARADISI.—Grain of Paradise. Origin.—Amomum Granum-paradisi, Afzelius. 2. Am. Melegueta, Roscoe. Natural order, Scitaminese, Zingiberese. Habitat.—Western Africa. Description.—Roundish-angular, 2 to 3 millimeters (y to £ inch) long; hilum at the slightly conical end, rather broad and depressed (Granum-paradisi), or grayish tufted (Mele- gueta) ; testa reddish-brown, finely warty ; albumen whitish, mealy, and oily, inclosing a small embryo; odor slightly spicy; taste pungent, pepper-like. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.3 per cent., paradol, C9Hu02, (viscid, pungent), tannin, fat, resin, starch, gum, ash 2 to 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant; used mainly in cattle powder, and for imparting artificial strength to spirits. 398 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. ARECA.—Areca Nut. Origin.—Areca Catechu, Linne. Natural order, Palmese, Arecese. Habitat.—East Indies; cultivated. Description.—Roundish conical, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, flattish at the hilum, externally brown, veined, internally horny, white, with dark brown veins; embryo near the hilum, small, conical; odor faint; taste slightly astrin- gent. Constituents.—Fat 14 per cent., several alkaloids, tannin, resin, mucilage, ash 2.2 per cent. Arecoline (methylarecaidine), c8hI3no„ is oily, soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and water; poisonous; yields crystallizable salts, and probably represents the tsenifuge principle. Arecaine, CTHuN02, melts at 213° C. ; the isomeric arecaidine melts at 222° C., and guvacine, C6H9N02, fuses at 271° C.; these three alkaloids crystallize, are soluble in water and diluted alcohol; insolu- ble, or nearly so, in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, and benzol, and are not poisonous. Properties.—Astringent, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 12 grams 12. CELLULAR DRUGS NOT READILY RECOG- NIZED AS DISTINCT ORGANS OF PLANTS. This class embraces excrescences, hairs, glands, sporules, and such other vegetable drugs which do not belong to any of the preceding classes, and do not constitute a distinct organ of a plant, or are not readily recognizable as such. The starches, though not truly cellular, but being of a definite shape, are embraced in this class. Classification. Sect. 1. Not farinaceous. Globular, tuberculated above. Gal la. Irregular-ovate, tuberculated or lobed, hollow; Gall* chinenses shell thin. et japonic*. CLASSIFICATION. 399 Irregular pieces, white, friable, very bitter. Fungus laricis. Felt-like pieces, soft, brown, glossy, tasteless. Fungus chirurgorum. Irregular-globose, falling into a brown-black pow- der. Ustilago. Narrow oblong and subtriangular, three-grooved. Ergota. Cylindrical, brownish, horn-like. Laminaria. Cylindrical, white, spongy, mucilaginous. Sassafras medulla. Flat, divided into narrow bands, aromatic. Macis. Thread-like, notched above, orange-brown red. Crocus. Long, silky, thread-like, yellowish. Stigmata maydis. Curling, white filaments; under the microscope band-like. Gossypium. Curling, brown, glossy filaments, under the micro- scope jointed. Cibotium. Stiff, brown-red, under the microscope retrorsely serrate. Mucuna. Pulverulent, brick-red, consisting of hairs and glands. Kamala. brown or dark purple, mixed with wood fibres. Araroba. brown-yellow, aromatic, under the microscope subglobular or hood-shaped. Lupulinum. pale yellow, tasteless, under the microscope tetrahedral Lycopodium. Viscid liquid, containing roundish cells. Fermentum. Sect. 2. Farinaceous. I. Unaltered starch granules, consisting of more or less distinct layers. Amylum. II. Granules partly altered. Globular grains; granules oblong, truncate. Sago. Irregular lumps; granules muller-shaped. Tapioca. III. Granules wholly or partly inclosed in tissue. Globular grains with a brown groove; granules similar to wheat starch. Hordeum. Meal; granules polyhedral, small, united to globules. Avena. 400 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. GALLA.—N utgall. Origin.—Excrescences on Quercus lusitanica, Webb, var. infectoria, De Candolle, s. Q. infectoria, Olivier (Natural order, On puli term), caused by the punctures and deposited ova of Cy'nips gal he tinctorise, Olivier (Class, Iusecta. Order, Hymenoptera). Habitat.—Levant. Description.—Subglobular, 2 centimeters (f inch) or less in diameter, with a short stipe, more or less tuberculated above, otherwise smooth ; heavy, hard, often with a circular Fig. 245. Galla. Entire. Section. hole near the middle, blackish-olive-green or blackish-gray; fracture granular, grayish; in the centre a subglobular cavity containing either the partly developed insect or pul- verulent remains left by it, with remnants of the starchy parenchyme. The cavity is inclosed by a hard shell, com- posed of stone cells; outside of it the tissue consists of parenchyme, chiefly containing tannin, and of a few soft wood bundles. Nutgalls are nearly inodorous, and have a strongly astringent taste. Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgall should be rejected. Varieties.—Aleppo, or Syrian nutgalls, dark colored and heavy. GALL A — NUTGALL. 401 Smyrna nutgalls, of a grayish-olive color, intermixed with white galls. Sorian nutgalls, size of a pea; blackish. Indigenous nutgalls, globular, smooth, or tuberculate, white or blackish, spongy or firm, varying according to Fig. 246. Gall* chinenses. origin; the galls of Quercus virens, Alton, are of a firm texture, dark color, and rich in tannin (40 per cent.). California oak balls, from Quercus lobata, JEngelmann, are globular, 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, orange- brown, internally white and spongy; very astringent. Chinese'nutgalls, from Rhus semialata, Murray, by the sting of A/phis chinensis, Bell; about 4 or 5 centimeters (1|- to 2 inches) long, ovate, but very irregular, tubercu- late, grayish-downy, hollow; shell thin, fragile, inclosing the remnants of numerous insects. Japanese nutgalls, from Rhus semialata or an allied species; about 2 to 3 centimeters (|- to 1£ inches) long, usually lobed, and the lobes tuberculate, densely pubes- cent; contains starch granules; otherwise like the preceding. Constituents.—Tannin 50 to 60 per cent, (white galls about 30 per cent.), gallic acid 2 to 3 per cent., mucilage, 402 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. sugar, resin, and, in the nucleus, starch. Tannin, gallo- tannic acid or digallic acid, C14H10O9, is yellowish-white, amorphous, insoluble in absolute ether, chloroform, benzol, benzin, and carbon disulphide, soluble in glycerin, alcohol, and water, precipitated blue-black by ferric salts and white by gelatin. Commercial tannin contains a little odorous Fig. 247. Gall* japonic*. and coloring matter and variable quantities of glucose. Gallic acid, C7H605.H20, is in white silkv needles, soluble in alcohol and boiling water, less so in ether, and sparingly soluble in cold water; the aqueous solution is colored red by potassium cyanide, is precipitated blue-black by ferric salts, the color disappearing on boiling, and is not affected by gelatin, except in the presence of gum. The tannin of Chinese nutgalls differs somewhat from that of the offi- cinal nutgalls. AGARICUS ALBUS.—Fungus Laricis, White Agaric. Origin. — Poly'porus officinalis, Fries, s. Boletus laricis, Jctcquin. Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Habitat.—Asia and Europe, on the larch (Larix). Description.—Deprived of the outer rind; hoof-shaped or conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) broad, usually in irregular pieces, white, light, somewhat fibrous and spongy, USTILAGO— COENSMDT. 403 very friable, but not readily pulverizable; odor faint; taste sweetish, acrid, and very bitter. Constituents.—Agaricin, C18H30O5 (also known as agaric acid or laricin; white, crystalline, soluble in hot alcohol and glacial acetic acid, less soluble in ether and chloro- form, almost insoluble in benzol), about 25 per cent, of bitter resin (brown-red, soluble in cold alcohol, chloroform, benzol, etc., purgative), resins sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, an indifferent crystalline substance about 4 per cent., white amorphous substance separating jelly-like, 3 or 4 per cent., sugar (mannit?), and fumaric, citric, and malic acids. Properties.—Antisudoral, purgative, in large doses emetic. Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x), in powder, tincture, or ex- tract ; of agaricin 0.005-0.010 gram (gr. y as antisu‘ doral. FUNGUS CHIRURGORUM. —Surgeon’s Agaric. Origin.—Poly'porus (Boletus, Linne) fomentarius, Fries. Natural order, Fungi, Hymeuomycetes. Habitat.—Europe, on the oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus). Description.—Deprived of the harder rind, cut into slices, boiled in lye, washed and beaten. Felt-like, soft-velvety pieces, brown, glossy, nearly inodorous, tasteless: consists of interlaced filiform cells. Impregnated with potassium nitrate it constitutes spunk or touchwood. Uses.—Externally for arresting hemorrhage. USTILAGO.—Cornsmut. Origin.—Ustilago May Mis, LeveillL Natural order, Fungi, iEcidiomyeetes. Habitat.—Upon all parts of Zea Mays, LinnS, most frequently upon the inflorescence. Description.—Irregular globose masses, sometimes 15 centimeters (6 inches) in diameter, consisting of a blackish gelatinous membrane, inclosing innumerable brown-black, globular, and nodular spores; odor and taste disagreeable. Constituents.—Fixed oil 2.5 per cent., probably sclerotic acid, crystalline principle (soluble in carbon disulphide), 404 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. crystalline alkaloid (bitter, soluble in ether), volatile base, sugar, mucilage, ash 5 per cent. Properties.—Emmenagogue, parturient. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). ERGOTA.—Ergot. Seeale conmtum. Origin.—Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Natural order, Fungi, Ascomycetes. Habitat.—In the inflorescence of Secale cereale, Linne, and other grasses. Description.—Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, usually curved, about 20 to 40 millimeters (f-l J inches) long, 3 or 4 millimeters inch) thick, three-furrowed, attenuated and obtuse at both ends, purplish-black, often transversely fissured, internally whitish, breaking with a short fracture; odor peculiar, heavy, increased by tritura- tion with solution of potassa ; taste oily, unpleasant. Ergot grows from a loose white mycelium, which in its early stage is accompanied by an unpleasantly sweet mucus, and penetrates into the ovary. In the following spring stiped fruit-heads are produced, containing numerous bottle-shaped conceptacles (perithecia) with fusiform spore- sacs (asei) inclosing 8 filiform spores. Ergot should be kept in a dry place, and renewed every year. Constituents.—Mostly difficult to isolate and purify, owing to their amorphous condition and changeable nature. The following have been obtained : Fixed oil 30 per cent., mannit, mycose, proteids, cholesterin, ash about 3 per cent, (mainly phosphates), scleromucin 2-3 per cent, (brown, tasteless, after drying insoluble in water; ecbolic ; accord- ing to Robert, impure ergotic acid), sclererythrin per ERGOTA—ERGOT. 405 cent, (soluble in alcohol, ether, and in alkalies with a deep red color), scleroiodin (not soluble in simple solvents, Fig. 248. Fig. 249. Ergota. Fig. 250. Fir. 251. Ergotized rye. Ergot with fruit heads. Section of head, showing conceptacles. violet in alkalies), picrosclerotin (poisonous), sclerocrys- tallin and scleroxanthin (crystalline, soluble in ether, inert). 406 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. Two acids possessing ecbolic properties have been obtained in different stages of purity and named sphacelic and sclerotic (ergotic) acid; both are amorphous and nearly tasteless ; the former, also known as sphacelotoxin, is in- soluble in water, but soluble in alkalies; the latter is soluble in water. Of alkaloids prepared from ergot, ergoti- nine is colorless, crystalline, fluorescent in alcohol, ether, and chloroform solutions, by H2S04 colored red, violet, and blue, and is regarded as harmless. Cornutine is an active alkaloid, and is probably present to some extent in the impure alkaloids ecboline and ergotine; it is of a red- dish color and entirely insoluble in ether and water and is the chief active constituent of alcoholic extracts of ergot, which contain also sphacelic acid. Aqueous extracts con ■ tain principally ergotic acid and sphacelates. Bonjean’s ergotin is the aqueous extract of ergot, pre- cipitated by alcohol, filtered and evaporated. Properties.—Emmenagogue, ecbolic, parturient, hemo- static, poisonous. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder (freshly prepared), infusion, wine, or fluid extract; ergotin 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j—iij). Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- tives); stimulants; amyl nitrite inhalation ; frictions. LAMINARIA.—Laminaria. Origin.—Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston, s. L. digitata, Lamouroux. Natural order, Algae, F ucoidese. Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean. Descriptioii.—The stipitate portion of the plant is used. Cylindrical or somewhat flattened pieces about 1 centimeter (| inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brownish or brown, often with a saline efflorescence, horn-like, sometimes hollow in the centre (from old plants) ; after soaking in water brown-green, elastic, and four or five times the former thickness; in the outer layer with large mucilage cells; odor slight seaweed- like ; taste mucilaginous, saline. MAQIS—MACE. 407 Constituents.—Mucilage, mannit, salts. Properties.—Absorbent, dilatant; turned cylindrical or conical, used as tents. SASSAFRAS MEDULLA.—Sassafras Pith. Origin. — Sassafras officinalis, Nees. Natural order, Laurinese, Litseacese. Habitat.—North America, from Ontario to Florida and Eastern Texas. Description.—Slender cylindrical pieces, often curved or coiled, light, spongy, white, inodorous, insipid ; consisting entirely of parenehyme. Constituents.—Mucilage; from its aqueous solution it is not precipitated by alcohol or subacetate of lead. Properties.—Demulcent; used mostly in collyria. MACIS.—Mace. Origin.—Myristica frag runs, Houttuyn. Natural order, Myristicacese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—It is the arillus of nutmeg. In narrow bands, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 1 millimeter (2V hich) thick, somewhat branched and lobed above, united to broader pieces at the base; of a brownish-orange color, fatty when scratched or pressed; fracture short, showing numerous yellow oil cells; fragrant; taste warm, aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 8 per cent, (mostly macene, Ci0H16, with little oxygenated compound), resin, fat, sugar, dextrin, mucilage, proteids, no starch granules, ash 1.5-2 per cent. Propei'ties.—Stimulant, tonic; used chiefly for flavoring. 408 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. CROCUS.—Saffron. Origin.—Crocus sativus, Linne. Natural order, Iridese, Sisyrinchieai. Habitat. — Western Asia; cultivated for commerce mainly in Spain and France. Description.—It consists of the stigmas, which are sepa- rate, or three attached to the top of the style, about 3 cen- timeters (1|- inches) long, flattish-tubular, almost thread- like, broader and notched above; orange-brown red ; crisp and somewhat elastic; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bit- terish and aromatic. When chewed it tinges the saliva deep orange-yellow. It consists of thin-walled elongated parenchyme and of delicate vascular veins, repeatedly forked, a vein terminating in each tooth. Saffron should not be mixed with the yellow styles, and should not be sticky (glycerin). When pressed between filtering paper, it should not leave an oily stain. When soaked in water, it colors the liquid orange-yellow, and should not deposit any pulverulent mineral matter, nor show the presence of organic substances differing in shape from that described (stamens, corolla-tubes, safflower, calen- dula, etc.). For adulterating saffron mineral matters are made to adhere to the drug by means of syrup or glycerin, or it is impregnated with concentrated solutions of alkali salts, or with cheaper coloring matters. Sodium nitrocre- sylate dissolves in petroleum spirit with a lemon-yellow color; the coloring matter of saffron is insoluble. Varieties.—Commercial saffron is mostly of Spanish or French (Gatiuais) origin. African saffron is usually saf- flower (carthamus). Cape saffron consists of the corolla of Lyperia crocea, Ecklon, natural order, Scrophularinem. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, 1 per cent., fixed oil, CROCUS— SAFFRON. 409 wax, mucilage, sugar, proteids, ash 5 per cent., moisture about 12 per cent., picrocrocin and crocin (polychroit), C44H70O28. The latter is amorphous, brown-yellow, insol- uble in ether, soluble in ordinary alcohol and water, and is split into sugar (crocose), and red crocetin (formerly called crocin), C34H4609, which is soluble in ether and alcohol, Fto. 252. Crocus —a. Stigma, upper part, magnified 4 diam. b. Style with stigmas, c. Papillose margin of stigma, magnified 120 diam. nearly insoluble in water, and is colored blue by sulphuric acid, like crociu. Picrocrocin, C38H66017, forms colorless bitter needles, is readily soluble in alcohol and water, less so in chloroform, sparingly soluble in ether, and with acids or alkalies yields crocose and the volatile oil, Cl0II16. Properties.— Diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogue, anodyne, mildly sedative. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v— xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or syrup. 410 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. MAYDIS STIGMATA—Cornsilk. Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Graminese, Maydese. Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated in the warm tem- perate zone. Description.—The stigmas are collected. Fine thread-like, 15 centimeters (6 inches) or more long, about 0.5 millimeter (g inch) broad, yellowish or greenish, soft-silky, finely hairy, inodorous, taste sweetish. Constituents.—Sugar,mucilage; maizenicacid (composition? soluble in water, alcohol, and ether), fixed oil, resin, salts. Properties.—Diuretic, lithontriptic. Dose, about 2 grams (gss) in decoction or syrup; of the aqueous extract, 0.3 to 0.5 gram (gr. v-viij). GOSSYPIUM.—Cotton. Origin. — Gossy'pium herbaceum, Linne, and other species of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibis- ceae. Fig. 253. Cotton fibres. Habitat.—Tropical Asia and Africa ; cultivated in trop- ical and subtropical countries. Description.—The hairs attached to the seeds are used. One-celled filaments, about 2 (short staple) to 4 (long MUCUNA — CO WAGE. 411 staple) centimeters (i-lf inches) long, and about 0.02 mil- limeter (0.0008 inch) broad ; white, soft, curling, under the microscope appearing as flattened, hollow, and twisted bands, which are spirally striate and slightly thickened at the obtuse edges; inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and potassa solution; blackened by warm solution of stannic chloride, not dyed by picric acid, soluble in ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate. Constituents.—Cellulose, inorganic constituents 1.5 per cent., fixed oil 9-10 per cent., the latter removed by re- peated boiling with caustic alkali (absorbent cotton). Uses.—For preparing collodion and for surgical dress- ings. CIBOTIUM.—Penghawar. Penghawar-Djambi, Paku kidang, Pulu. Origin.—Cibotium Baromez, J. Smith, Cib. djambianum, Hasskarl, and other species of ferns. Natural order, Filices, Cyatheacese. Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, and islands of the Pacific. Description.—The chaffy hairs of the bases of the fronds and stem are collected. Curling filaments, about 0.05 milli- meter (0.002 inch) broad, glossy, brown or brown-yellow; under the microscope flat and jointed; inodorous, tasteless. Penghawar is about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and of a yellowish tint. Paku-kidang, from Alsophila liirida, Hooker, etc., is about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and of a brown color. Pulu, or Pulu-pulu, from Cibotium glaiicum, Hooker, etc., is slightly curling and very soft. Cibotium Schiedei, Schlechtendal, of Mexico, yields a simi- lar product. Constituents.—Humin compounds, little resin, wax, trace of tannin (green with iron). Properties.—Hemostatic through the mechanical absorption of the blood serum. MUCUNA.—Cowage. Origin.—Mucuna (Stizolobium, Persoon; Dolichos, Linne) priiriens, De Candolle. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilio- naceae, Phaseolese. 412 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. Habitat.—East and West Indies. Description.—The hairs attached to the legumes are used. One-celled, 2 or 3 millimeters (yV-i inch) long, stiff, brown- red, under the microscope appearing sharp-pointed, retrorsely serrate, rather thick-walled and partly filled with a brown granular matter. The hairs easily penetrate the skin, caus- ing violent itching. Constituents.—Little tannin and resin. Muciina lirens, De Candolle, yields shorter and darker hairs, which are equally irritating. Properties.—Anthelmintic, externally irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij), mixed with syrup. KAMA LA.—K a mala . Origin.—Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. (Rot- tie ra tinctoria, Roxburgh). Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—India, China, Philippine Islands, Australia ; possibly also in Abyssinia. Description.—The glands and hairs of the capsules are collected. Granular, mobile, brick-red, inodorous and nearly tasteless powder, imparting a deep red color to alka- line liquids, alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; boiling water yields a pale yellow solution, becoming brown with ferric chloride. Under the microscope Kamala is seen to consist of stellately arranged colorless hairs, mixed with depressed globular glands, containing from 40 to 60 red club-shaped vesicles. When heated in a crucible to redness, it leaves an ash, weighing not over 8 per cent, of the drug. Constituents.—Resins nearly 80 per cent., one soluble in cold, the other in hot alcohol; rottlerin, C22H20O6 (yellow- ish needles, soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, benzol, carbon disulphide and, with a red color in alcohol; altered on ex- posure to air), albuminous matter and cellulose, each 7 per cent., ash about 3 per cent. ARAROBA — GOA POWDER. 413 Adulteration.—Earthy matters, sometimes to the extent of 60 per cent.; best detected by incineration. Properties.—Taenifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 or 12 grams (5j- ij-iij), in powder or electuary. Substitute.—Wars or Wurrus from Flemingia rhodo- carpa, Baker; Papilionacese, Phaseolese; indigenous to Eastern Africa. The powder is coarser than Kamala, is deep purple, has a slight odor, becomes black in the water- Fig. 254. Kamala.—Magnified 190 diam. bath, and consists of cylindrical or subeonical glands, en- closing several tiers of oblong vesicles. Used as a vermi- fuge, in skin diseases, and as a dye. An inferior kind of wars consists of altered starch of flemingia seeds mixed with red sand (Fluckiger). It contains resins 73, albumi- nous matter 8, cellulose 7.5, and ash 6 per cent. ARAROBA.—Goa Powder. Origin.—An (lira Araroba, Aguiar. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionaceae, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—Braz i 1. Description.—Collected from radial clefts of the wood. When fresh, light yellow, after exposure ochre-colored, umber-brown, or brown-purple; somewhat crystalline, rough, mixed with wood-fibres ; inodorous, bitter. Water 414 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. dissolves about 7 per cent., the solution being brownish ; benzol dissolves about 80 per cent., and subsequently alcohol about 2 per cent.; the insoluble portion consists mostly of wood fibres. Constituents.—Gummy matter, resin, and chrysarobin, (O30H26O7 (orange-yellow, crystalline, soluble in alcohol and ether, more freely soluble in chloroform and benzol ; the solution in potassa is yellow, has a green fluorescence, and becomes red, when it contains chrysophanic acid); ash about 0.5 per cent. Properties.—Irritant; used externally in skin diseases. LUPULINUM.—Lupulin. Origin.—Hiimulus Lupulus, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone ; cultivated. Description.—The glands attached to the axis and bracts of the strobiles are collected. Bright, brownish-yellow, becoming yellowish-brown ; resinous, aromatic, and bitter, Fig. 255. Lupulin (fresh). consisting of minute granules, which, under the micro- scope, are subglobular or rather hood-shaped, and reticu- late, the lower half being obtusely conical. When agitated with water and allowed to stand, no appreciable sediment consisting of sand should be deposited. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 per cent., choline (formerly called lupuline, strongly alkaline liquid, not bitter, proba- LYCOPODIUM. 415 bly from the decomposition of lecithin; on boiling yields trimethylamine), resin, wax (myricin), lupamaric acid, C25H3504 (bitter prisms, insoluble in water, freely soluble in diluted and strong alcohol, ether, chloroform and other solvents, turns yellow and resinous on exposure, with HN03 turns red, changing to orange on dilution or with an alkali), ash about 5 per cent. The volatile oil, on ex- posure, yields valerianic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, anodyne. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in powder, tincture, fluid extract, or oleoresin. LYCOPODIUM.—Lycopodium. Origin.—Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, and other spe- cies of Lycopodium. Natural order, Lycopodiacese. Habitat.—Europe, Asia, and North America, in dry woods. Description.—A fine powder, pale yellowish, very mobile, inodorous, tasteless, not wetted by water, burning quickly when thrown into a flame. Viewed under the microscope the granules are seen to be tetrahedral, reticulated, rounded on one side and on the edge with short projections. Fig. 256. Lycopodium. Constituents.—Fixed oil 47-49 per cent., cane sugar 2 per cent., volatile base (methylamine) in minute quantity; ash 1.15 per cent, (and 3 or 4 per cent, of sand, etc.), contain- ing 45.7 per cent, of P205. The oil contains a peculiar oleic acid, C16H30O2 (Langer, 1889). 416 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. Uses.—For protecting excoriated surfaces, and for pre- venting the mutual adhesion of pills. Fig. 257. Pollen of pine. Adulterations.—Pine pollen consists of an elliptic cell, at both ends of which a globular cell is attached. Starch is colored blue by iodine. Powdered turmeric is colored red- brown by alkalies. Mineral admixtures subside in carbon disulphide and increase the yield of ash. FERMENTUM.—Yeast. Origin.—Torula (Saccharomy'ces, Meyen) cerevisise, Tur- pin. Natural order, Fungi, Saccharomycetes. Habitat.—In fermenting malt liquors. Description.—A. viscid liquid or semifluid frothy mass, con- taining numerous isolated roundish or oval cells (bottom Fig. 258. Yeast cells. yeast), or the cells are arranged in short branching rows (top yeast) ;~odor peculiar, taste bitter. AMYLUM — STARCH. 417 Properties.—Tonic, stimulating, laxative, antiseptic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (,?j-ij) ; externally for poultices. AMYLUM.—Starch. Origin.—In most vegetables. For medicinal and dietetic purposes, and for uses in the arts, starch is prepared from amylaceous seeds, tubers, rhizomes, and palm stems. Description.—Fine white powder, sometimes superfi- cially adhering so as to form irregular angular or columnar masses, white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in ether, alcohol, and cold water; under the microscope, appearing as minute granules, varying in size and shape according to origin, and consisting of more or less distinct concentric or excentric layers, which are arranged around a cavity called Fig. 259. Fig. 260. Fig. 261. Wheat starch. Corn starch. Rice starch. the hilum or nucleus. Its ultimate composition is, C6II10O5, but it consists of a mixture of various modifications of starch-cellulose and starch-granulose, the latter becoming blue with iodine. Boiled with water the granules are rup- tured and dissolve, yielding, on cooling, a jelly or muci- laginous liquid acquiring a blue color with iodine. Heated to 180° C. (356° F.) starch is converted into dextrin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, starch yields different 418 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. dextrins (colored violet or red, or not affected by iodine), and finally glucose (dextrose). Fig. 262. Fig. 263. Maranta starch. Potato starch. Starch soluble in water has been observed in the epider- mal layers of some plants. Some starches acquire a yellow and brown color with iodine, and probably consist mainly of starch cellulose. Fig. 264. Fig. 265. Canna starch. Curcuma starch. The most important starches found in commerce may be distinguished by the microscopic appearance of the gran- ules, as follows (the cuts represent the starch granules magnified 250 diameters) : SAGO — PEARL SAGO. 419 Lenticular, large and minute granules; layers indis- Triticum tinct; hilum slight, near the centre. vulgare. Polyhedric, uniform; size of wheat starch (nearly); hilum central, large. Zea Mays. Polyhedric, uniform; much smaller; hilum small. Ory'za sativa. Ovate; layers delicate, distinct; hilum at broad end, Maranta often cleft. arundinacea. Ovate or roundish ovate; larger than preceding; lay- ers very distinct; hilum rather small at the narrow Solanum end. tuberosum. Ovate or ovate-oblong; larger than preceding; layers numerous, delicate; hilum inconspicuous, mostly at the narrow end. Canna spec. Elliptic, flat, contracted at one end; layers numerous, delicate; hilum small at the narrow end. Curcuma spec. SAGO.—Pearl Sago. Origin.—Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, and M. Rumphii Martins (Sagus Rumphii, Willdenow), and other palms. Nat- ural order, Palmse, Lepidocaryse. Habitat.—East India Islands ; cultivated. Fig. 266. Sago starch. Description.— Globular, pearl-like grains, prepared by granulation with heat; white or brownish, somewhat diapha- nous ; the unaltered starch granules oblong, elliptic, or ovate, truncate at onewend; layers more or less distinct; hilum at the rounded end often cleft. 420 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. TAPIOCA. —Tapioca . Origin. — Manihot utilissima, Pohl (Jatropha Manihot, Linne), and Manihot Afpi, Pohl (Jatr. dulcis, Gmelin). Nat- ural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—Brazil; cultivated in the tropics. Fig. 267. Fig. 268. Cassava starch. Altered starch granules from tapioca. Description.—The starch of the rhizome (cassava starch), while still moist, is dried on heated plates. Irregular lumps, white and opaque or somewhat diaphanous; the unaltered starch granules muller-shaped ; layers indistinct; hilum near the rounded end, small, often cleft. HORDEUM.—Pearl Barley. Origin.—Hordeum dfstichum, Linne, and other cultivated species of Hordeum. Natural order, Gramineae, Hordeese. Habitat.—Asia: cultivated. Fig. 269. Barley starch. Description.—The fruit is almost completely deprived of the integuments. Globular, white, mealy, on one. side with AVENJ FARINA—OAT MEAL. 421 a groove, containing remnants of the brown integuments; the starch granules resemble those of wheat, but are rather smaller; a portion of the gluten is present. AVENiE FARINA.—Oat Meal. Origin.—Avena sativa, Linne. Natural order, Grami- nese, Avenese. Habitat.—Probably Asia; cultivated. Description.—Meal not uniform, grayish-white, contain- ing the gluten and fragments of the integuments; taste Fig. 270. Oat starch. bitterish; the starch granules polyhedric, or muller-shaped, often united to subspherieal or ovoid masses; layers scarcely observable; hilum rather indistinct. Properties.—Starches are demulcent; farinaceous sub- stances containing both starch and gluten, are demulcent and nutritive. PAET III. DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. These comprise secretions, exudations, and other organic products which are destitute of cellular structure, though fragments of tissue are in some of them always present, and which, if of animal origin, like some of the fats, are not readily recognized as such. 1. EXTRACTS AND INSPISSATED JUICES. EXTRACTA ET SUCCI INSPISSATI. These are of black or brown color, either wholly or partly soluble in water or alcohol, yielding brown-colored solution; two of the inspissated milk-juices are completely insoluble in both menstruums. Classification. Sect. 1. Wholly or partly soluble in water and alcohol. I. Taste bitter. Containing fragments of tissue ; also starch and tannin ; red-brown, black-green by ferric salts. Guarana. Fragments of tissue; neither starch nor tannin ; red-brown, blood-red by ferric salts. Opium. Neither tissue, starch, nor tannin; gray-brown, not altered by ferric salts. Lactucarium. dark orange-brown, black by ferric salts. Aloe, blackish-brown, poisonous. Curare. 424 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. II. Taste sweet. Brown black, glossy. Extractum glycyrrliizse. III. Taste astringent and sweetish. Dark brown, more or less glossy; black-green by ferric salts. Catechu. Brown, earthy, crystalline; black-green by ferric salts. Gambir. Brown-red, angular pieces; black-green by ferric salts. Kino. Black-brown, somewhat acrid; blue-black by ferric salts. Monesia. Brown-red; violet-black by ferric salts. Extr. • hsematoxyli. Sect. 2. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Plastic in hot water. Gutta percha. Elastic at ordinary temperature. Elastica. GUARANA.—Guarana. Origin.—Paullinia sorbilis, Martins. Natural order, Sapindacese, Sapindese. Habitat.—Northern and Western Brazil. Preparation.—The seeds are subglobular, 8 to 10 milli- meters (£—f inch) in diameter, glossy blackish-brown and with a broad light brown hilum and a whitish embryo. They are roasted, then broken, kneaded with water into a pasty mass, formed into cakes, and dried by artificial and solar heat. Description.—Subglobular, elliptic, or cylindrical cakes, hard, dark reddish-brown; fracture uneven, lighter col- ored, showing fragments of the seeds; odor slight, peculiar; taste astringent and bitter; partly soluble in water and alcohol. The powder is light reddish-brown, and contains thick-walled cells and thin-walled parenchyme with pasty starch, starch granules, crystals, oil drops, etc. Constituents.—Caffeine, C8H10N4O2, 4 to 5 per cent., tannin 26 per cent, (coloring ferric salts black-green), OPIUM. 425 starch, mucilage, fat, saponin, resin, volatile oil, ash 2.5 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringeut, tonic, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 4 grams (gr. viij-5j), in powder, syrup, or fluid extract. The extract (made with diluted alcohol), 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv). OPIUM.—Opium. Meconium, Thebaicum, Succus thebaicus. Origin.—Papaver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveraceie, Papavereie. Habitat. —Western Asia; cultivated. Preparation.—The green capsule is scarified transversely by a oue-bladed knife (Asia Minor and Egypt), or longi- tudinally by a several-bladed knife (India, Japan); the white milk-juice assumes a brown color, thickens, and is then scraped off and formed into cakes. In Asia Minor the cakes are wrapped in a poppy leaf and packed with rumex-capsules; this constitutes the officinal opium. Description.—Subglobular or irregularly angular and flattened cakes, with the remains of poppy leaves and some fruits of a species of rumex adhering to the surface, plastic, and chestnut-brown, or harder, darker, somewhat shining, and with a coarsely granular fracture; internally with some tears and fragments of the epicarp of the poppy capsules; odor heavy narcotic ; taste bitter and nauseous. 10 grams of opium—previously dried at a temperature of 105° C. (220° F.), exhausted with cold water, and the solution evaporated to dryness—yield an extract weighing between 5.5 and 6 grams (or between 55 and 60 grains from 100 grains of well-dried opium). Opium should contain about 10 per cent., and powdered opium 12 to 16 per cent., of morphine. 426 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Varieties.—Smyrna, Turkey, or Constantinople opium, described above. Egyptian opium. Flattish cakes, enveloped in poppy leaf, free from rumex fruit; now rarely exported. Persian opium. Cylindrical sticks, short cones, or small balls of a rather light brown color; wrapped in paper or oftener packed in poppy trash ; oily and of rather firm consistence. East Indian opium. In globular balls weighing about 1900 grams (nearly 4| lbs. avoirdupois), and enclosed in a hard shell formed of poppy petals (provision opium); or in flat square or circular cakes wrapped in oiled paper (Abkari opium). European and American opium, prepared experiment- ally, but never on a large scale. Factitious opium has been occasionally met with ; it was probably the aqueous extract of the poppy plant, of a blackish-brown color, soft consistence, and deficient in odor and taste. Adulterations.—Lead balls, shot, pebbles, starch, and gum have been used for the purpose. Constituents.—Free from starch, tannin, and oxalates. Contains odorous principle, glucose, mucilage, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring principle, ash 6 per cent., meconic acid, C7H407 (present in free state; ferric salts produce a deep red color, which is not dis- charged by hydrochloric acid or mercuric chloride), lactic acid 1J per ceut., meconin, C10H10O4 (bitter, soluble in alcohol and ether), meconoiosin, C8H10O2 (red, changing to purple when evaporated with slightly diluted sulphuric acid, while meconin turns green), and numerous alkaloids, mostly present as sulphates. Narcotine, C22II23N07, 1.3 to 10 per cent. Soluble in ether, benzol, chloroform and boiling alkali solutions; OPIUM. 427 melts at 176° C. (349° F.); dissolves blood-red in sul- phuric acid containing some nitric acid, and with orange carmine and dingy violet colors in hot sulphuric acid; Frohde’s reagent colors green, brown, yellow, and reddish ; heated with nitric acid yields opianic acid, meconin, and cotarnine, 012H13NO3, a stronger base. Morphine, C17H19N03.H20, 2.5 to 15 or 22.8 per cent. Nearly insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol, soluble in alkalies; blood-red, orange, then yellow with nitric acid ; orange-colored by chlorinated alkalies; deep blue by ferric chloride, the color disappearing on heating or on the addition of acids; liberates iodine from iodic acid; Frohde’s reagent colors violet, brown, and greenish ; heated with hydrochloric acid under pressure yields apomorphine, C17H17N02, which is emetic, and in moist air turns green. Codeine, C18II21N03, 0.2 to 0.7 per cent. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, and water; melts in hot water; crystallized from anhydrous ether melts at 153° C. (307.4° F.); colored yellow by nitric acid ; blue by sul- phuric containing a trace of nitric acid or ferric salt. It is the methyl ether of morphine, C17II18N02.0CH3. Pseudomorphine, phormineoroxydimorphine, C34II36N2Og, 0.2 per cent. Insoluble in ether and chloroform ; red by nitric acid, and blue by ferric chloride; tasteless, not poi- sonous. Thebaine (paramorphine), C19TI21N()3, 0.15 to 1 per cent. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol ; somewhat soluble in alkalies; colored red and yellow by sulphuric acid ; yellow by nitric acid ; easily decomposed by mineral acids. Narceine, C23H29N09, 0.02 to 0.1 or 0.7 per cent. In- soluble in ether and benzol; freely soluble in boiling water and alcohol; sparingly so in chloroform ; colored violet and cherry-red by warm dilute sulphuric acid; tran- 428 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. siently yellow by nitric acid; blue by a little iodine; brown and yellow by Frohde’s reagent. Papaverine, C21H21N04, 1 per cent. Soluble in chloro- form and benzol; slightly soluble in ether; melting point 147° C. (297° F.); violet-blue by warm sulphuric acid, changing to green with a nitrate ; Frohde’s reagent colors violet, blue, and yellowish. Rhoeadine, C2lH21N06. Nearly insoluble in simple sol- vents ; solutions in dilute acids tasteless and colorless, turning purple by sulphuric acid. Cryptopine, C21H23N05. Freely soluble in chloroform, sparingly soluble in other simple solvents; melting point 217° C. (422.6 F.); salts gelatinize from hot water; bine by sulphuric acid, changing to orange-yellow by a nitrate. Gnoscopine, C34H36N2On. Soluble in chloroform, car- bon disulphide, and benzol; carmine-red by sulphuric con- taining nitric acid. Oxynarcotine, C22H23N08. Soluble in alkalies; spar- ingly so in alcohol; insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; on oxidation yields cotarnine and hemipic acid. Lanthopine, C23H25N04. Readily soluble in chloroform; melts near 200° C. (392° F.); orange-red by nitric acid; pale violet color by sulphuric acid, dark brown on heating. Meconidine, Amorphous; readily soluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform; melts at 58.6° C. (136.4° F.); olive-green by sulphuric acid ; orange-red by nitric acid. Laudanine, C2|)H25N04. Sparingly soluble in cold alcohol or ether, soluble in chloroform and benzol; melts at 166° C. (331° F.); rose-red by sulphuric acid contain- ing ferric salt, violet on heating; orange-red by nitric acid; emerald green with ferric chloride; the salts bitter. Codamine, C20H25NO4. Readily soluble in simple sol- vents; melting point 121° C. (250° F.); blue with sul- LACTUCARIUM. 429 phuric acid containing ferric salt, on heating green and dark violet; dark green by nitric acid or ferric chloride; salts amorphous. Deuteropine, C20H21NO5. Not known in pure state. Laudanosine, C21H27N04. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; melts at 89° C. (192.2° F.) ; colored yellow by light; brown-red by sulphuric acid containing ferric salt, changed to green and dark violet on heating. Protopine, C20H19NO5. Slightly soluble in ether, ben- zol, and alcohol; more soluble in chloroform; melting point 202° C.; crude H2S04 colors deep violet. Hydrocotarnine, C12H15N03. Soluble in ether, chloro- form, and be:izol; melts at 50° C. (122° F.); hot H2S04 colors red ; on oxidation yields eotarniue. The last twelve alkaloids are present only in minute quantities. Properties.—Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphine present. Narcotine is antiperiodic and tetanizing, in doses of 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—xxx) hypnotic ; of similar action is hydro-cotarnine. Codeine is hypnotic, in large doses tetanic, used in diabetes. Thebaine is soporific, excitant, and tetanizing. Narceine is feebly hypnotic. Papaverine and cryptopine are hypnotic and sedative. Laudanine and laudanosine have a tetaniz- ing action. Dose, opium 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr j-ij) or more. Morphine 0.01 to 0.03 gram (gr. ss) or more. Antidotes.—Evacuation preferably by mechanical means, (stomach-pump, etc.); ambulatory treatment; stimulants (strong coflee, brandy, etc.); cold douches ; atropine. LACTUCARIUM.—Lactucarium. Origin.—Lactuca virosa, LinnS, L. sativa, LinnS, and L. Scariola, LinnS. Natural order, Composite, Cichoria- cese. 430 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe; the second species extensively cultivated (garden lettuce); the third species naturalized in some parts of North America. Preparation.—The top of the flowering stalk is cut off, and the milk-juice scraped into earthen vessels to harden. Description.—In sectious of plano-convex circular cakes, or in irregular angular pieces; externally gray-brown or dull reddish-brown; internally whitish or yellowish, of a waxy lustre; odor narcotic; taste bitter. It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether, is softened by hot water, and, when triturated with water, yields a turbid mixture. Diluted alcohol dissolves between 36 and 44 per cent, of the lactucarium. Spirit of chloroform dissolves between 55 and 60 per cent., chiefly lactucon. Lactuca canadensis, LinnS, at the time of flowering, yields a good lactucarium ; earlier in the season its milk- juice is not bitter, or but slightly so. Constituents.—Lactucin, CUH12( >3.II2() (bitter scales sol- uble in 60 parts of cold water, insoluble in ether; turns red and brown by alkalies, and loses its bitter taste), lac- tucic acid (crystalline, bitter, red by alkalies), lactucopicrin (amorphous, bitter), lactucerin or lactucon about 50 per cent, (tasteless needles; composition variable), caoutchouc, resin, sugar, mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil, ash 7 to 10 per cent., etc. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in syrup or fluid extract. Thridaee or French lactucarium is not the milk-juice, but the extract of the herb. ALOE.—Aloes. Origin.—1. A'loe socotrina, Lamarck. 2. A. vulgaris, Lamarck. 3. A. ferox, Miller, and other species of Aloe. Natural order, Liliaceoo, Aloeinese. ALOE—ALOES. 431 Habitat.—1. Eastern Africa (A'loe Perryi, Baker, in the island of Socotra). 2. India and Northeastern Africa; naturalized in the West Indies. 3. Southern Africa, where A. spicata, Thunberg, and 6 or 8 additional species and hybrids are used in the preparation of aloes. Preparation.—The leaves are cut off and the juice exud- ing from them is collected without using any pressure, after which it is evaporated. Description.—Of different shades of brown, opaque, and in thin layers translucent or transparent; fracture some- what conchoidal, dull waxy or glossy resinous; odor pecu- liar, when breathed upon saffron-like; taste bitter, nau- seous. Aloes is almost completely soluble in alcohol, in boiling water, and in alkalies; nearly insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, benzin, and carbon disulphide. Varieties.—Aloe socotrina; Socotrine aloes. Hard, or the interior occasionally soft, opaque, yellowish-brown or orange-brown, not greenish, translucent; odor rather pleas- ant. Mixed with alcohol, and examined under the micro- scope, it exhibits numerous crystals. It is exported from Zanzibar and other places of Eastern Africa, frequently via Bombay. A'loe barbadense; Barbadoes aloes. Deep orange-brown, opaque, translucent; odor differing somewhat from that of the preceding; under the microscope crystalline. It is ex- ported from the island of Barbadoes. Bonare and Curasao aloes, also derived from Aloe vulgaris, are more glossy. A'loe capensis; Cape aloes. Blackish-brown or olive- black, transparent and red-brown on the edges, glossy; odor unpleasant; not crystalline under the microscope. Natal aloes. Light yellowish-gray-brown, dull, and opaque; odor and taste weaker than in the other varieties; crystalline under the microscope; medicinally of little value. The plant yielding it is unknown; it is exported from Port Natal. 432 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Moka aloes. Brown-black, opaque, impure, and of dis- agreeable odor; from the interior of Arabia. Caballine aloes; Horse aloes. Dark colored, opaque, and fetid. Constituents.—Volatile oil a minute quantity, ash about 1 per cent., aloin and so-called resin. The latter amounts to about 60 per cent., is soluble in hot water, and almost wholly reprecipitated on boiling; soluble in alcohol and colored brown-black by ferric salts. The crystalline aloin is yellow or pale yellow, and not freely soluble in simple solvents. Cape aloes does not yield aloin. Socaloin or zanaloin, C15H1607, is little affected by cold nitric acid. Nataloin, C16H1807, is colored crimson by cold nitric acid. If added to cold sulphuric acid, and the vapor of nitric acid passed over it, the orange color will rapidly change to green, red, and blue; the other aloins are little affected by this test. Oxidation with HHOs yields picric and oxalic acids. Barbaloin, C17H20O7, is colored crimson by cold nitric acid. Yields like socaloin, on oxidation with HNOa, chrys- ammic, aloetic, picric, and oxalic acids. Properties.—Laxative, drastic, emmenagogue, vermifuge. Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 or 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. ij-v or viij-xv), in pills, tincture, wine, enema, or suppository. CURARA.—Curare. Origin.—Stry'chnos Castelnaeana, Weddell, Str. toxffera, Schomburgk, and other species of Strychnos. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—Brazil and Guiana. Preparation.—An infusion or decoction is made from the bark with the addition of various other substances ; afterward evaporated. Description. — Blackish-brown, extract-like, and hygro- EXT. GLYCYERHIZjE — LICOKICE. 433 scopic, or firmer, brittle, and friable; about 75 per cent, solu- ble in cold water. Constituents.—Curarine, XC18H35, resin, fat, gum, inorganic matters. Curarine is crystalline, very bitter, hygroscopic, sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform, and is colored dark red by nitric acid; sulphuric acids colors carmine-red, becoming violet with potassium chromate. Properties.—Diaphoretic, nervous sedative, irritant. Dose, 0.006 to 0.02 gram (gr. TV_£)- EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE.—Liquorice. Licorice. Succus liquiritise. Origin.—Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Galegese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. Preparation.—The bruised root is boiled with water, expressed, the liquid evaporated, and the stiff extract while warm rolled out into sticks. Description.—Cylindrical brown-black sticks of varying dimensions, somewhat flexible when warm, breaking with a glossy and flat conchoidal fracture, and yielding a brown powder ; odor slight; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. Licorice loses on drying from 10 to 15 per cent, of moisture, and if now treated with cold water, yields to it from 60 to 70 per cent, of its weight, and subsequently an additional quantity to dilute ammonia. Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin, free and combined with bases, the former soluble in ammonia ; glucose, pasty starch, fragments of tissue, ash 6 to 8 per cent. Adulteration.—Dextrin and gum are precipitated from the aqueous infusion by alcohol; glucose is not precipitated. Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx); used for correcting the taste of bitter medicines. 434 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. CATECHU.—Catechu. Cutch. Origin.—Ac&cia Catechu, Willdenow, and Ac. Suma, Kurz. Natural order, Legutninosse, Mimosese, Acaciese. Habitat.—India; the second species also in Eastern Africa. Preparation.—The brown heartvvood is boiled with water, and the concentrated decoction poured upon mats of leaves or into moulds. Description.—In irregular masses, containing fragments of leaves, dark brown, glossy, brittle, breaking with a cou- choidal fracture, often somewhat porous in the interior; the powder of a red-brown color; nearly inodorous; taste strongly astringent and sweetish; partly soluble in cold water, the solution having an acid reaction, and the undis- solved portion containing numerous acicular crystals; yields with hot water a dark brown turbid liquid ; hot alcohol leaves not over 15 per cent, undissolved ; the tinc- ture diluted is turned green by ferric salts. Constituents.—Catechutannic acid, about 35 per cent, (brown, insoluble in ether, black-green with ferric salts), catechin, C18H1808 (white needles, sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in ether, sweetish, green with ferric salts, precipitated by albumen, but not by gelatin ; melting-point 217° C., on dry distillation yields pyrocatechin, phenol, and acetic acid), catechu red, little quercetin, gum, ash 0.6 to 6 per cent. Catechin, fused with potas a, yields phloro- glucin and protocatechuic acid, C7H604 (Fe2Cl6 colors the solution dark green, changing by alkali carbonate to blue and red). Pyrocatechin or catechol has the formula C6II602; Fe2Cl6 colors it dark green, changing by ammonia, etc., to violet. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. KINO. 435 CATECHU PALLIDUM.—Gambir. Pale Catechu. Terra japonica. Origin.—Unearia (Nauclea, Hunter) Gambir, Roxburgh. Natural order, Rubiacese, Nauclese. Habitat.—East India Islands. Preparation.—The leaves and young shoots are boiled in water and the decoction is evaporated. Description.—Irregular masses or cubes about 25 milli- meters (1 inch) square; externally reddish brown, inter- nally pale brown-gray or light cinnamon-brown; fracture dull earthy, under the microscope crystalline, friable, in- odorous, bitterish, astringent, and sweetish ; slightly soluble in cold water. Constituents.—Catechin (predominating in the pale col- ored varieties), catechutannin, quercetin, ash 2 to 5 per cent. Three catechius have been isolated, differing in melt- ing-points and in composition, also from that of catechu. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. KINO.—Kino. Oi'igin.—Pteroearpus Marsupium, Roxburgh. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionaeese, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—East Indies. Preparation.—Incisions are made into the trunk of the tree and the exuding red juice is inspissated without the use of artificial heat. Description.—Small, angular, dark brown-red, shining pieces, brittle, in thin layers ruby-red and transparent; not crystalline; the powder of a red color; inodorous, very astringent, and sweetish; when masticated, becomes adhe- sive to the teeth and tinges the saliva deep red; soluble in 436 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. alcohol and in alkalies, mostly soluble in cold water, nearly insoluble in ether; separates gelatinous from hot water. Constituents.—Kinotannic acid (black-green by ferric salts; in neutral solution violet by ferrous salts); kino-red (tasteless, nearly insoluble in water), pyrocatechin or cate- chol (trace, soluble in ether and water), kinoin (colorless prisms, soluble in ether; slightly soluble in cold water; by ferric chloride red ; at 125° C. converted into kino-red), ash 1.3 per cent. Varieties.—Malabar kino, described above. Bengal or Pal as kino, from Butea frondosa, Roxburgh, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. Blackish-red, in transparent light ruby-red tears or fragments, often with impressions of leaf- veins, brittle, not adhesive on mastication. Gambia kino, from Pterocarpus erinaceus, Poiret, is now not an article of commerce. Australian or Botany Bay kino, from Eucaly'ptus amyg- daliua, Labillardi&re, and other species of Eucalyptus, Myrtacese; varying in solubility and composition ; some varieties contain much gum. Ceratopetalum gummiferum and C. apetalum, Smith (Saxifragacese), also yield kino-like exudations, that of the last species containing coumarin. West Indian kino, from Coccoloba uvifera, Linne, Poly- gonacese. Dark brown-red, almost wholly soluble in water and alcohol; taste astringent and bitterish. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. MONESIA.—Monesia. Origin.—Luciima glycyphlse'a, Martins et Eichler (Chrys- ophy'llum glyciphoe'um, Casaretti). Natural order, Sapota- cese. Habitat.—Brazil. Preparation.—By boiling the bark in water and evaporat- ing. GUTTA PERCHA. 437 Description.—Black-brown cakes or angular fragments, soluble in water, inodorous; taste sweet, astringent, and acrid. Constituents.—Tannin 62 per cent, (blue-black by ferric salts) ; sweet principle (resembling glycyrrhizin, but not pre- cipitated by acids), monesin (resembling saponin, acrid, foam- ing in aqueous solution), pectin, coloring matter, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder, tincture, and syrup. Substitutions.—The astringent extracts described above have been sold in place of it; also Extractum Hsematoxyli, extract of logwood, which is red- brown, not acrid, and yields with water a red solution. GUTTA PERCHA.—Gutta Percha. Origin.—Palaquium oblongifolium, Burch, and several allied species. Natural order, Sapotacese, Eusapotese. Habitat.—Malay peninsula and islands. Isonandra (Dichopsis, Palaquium) Gutta, Hooker, is said to be nearly extinct. Collection.—The trees are felled, and the bark is incised or strips of it are removed; the milky juice is collected, allowed to harden, then softened in hot water, and freed from pieces of wood and bark. Properties.—Grayish or yellowish masses, often with red-brown streaks, hard, heavier than water if free from cavities; rather horny, somewhat flexible, but scarcely elastic; spec. grav. about 0.98; plastic above 50° C. (122° F.), very soft at the temperature of boiling water; decomposed on melting; nearly inodorous and tasteless; insoluble in water, cold alcohol, alkalies, and dilute acids; soluble in ether, benzol, chloroform, oil of turpentine, and carbon disulphide. Balata, chicle or tuno gum from Mimusops globosa, Gaertner (Sapota Mulleri, Belhrode), the Central America 438 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. bully tree, closely resembles gutta percha in appearance and properties. Constituents.—Gutta, C20H32, about 80 per cent, (white fine powder), a yellow resin, fluavil, C20H32O, and a white crystalline resin, albane, C20Il32O2; the last two separate on cooling from hot alcohol. Ash 3 or 4 per cent. Uses.—As an adhesive and protective agent for wounds aud abrasions, and for the preparation of bougies, pessa- ries, and caustic pencils. ELASTICA. RESINA ELASTIC A.—Caoutchouc. India Rubber. Origin.—In the milk juices of many plants; prepared chiefly from trees of the natural order of Euphorbiacese (Siphonia, Hevea, Jatropha, etc.), Apocynacese (Urceola, Vahea, Landolphia, etc.), and Artocarpaeese (Ficus, Uro- stigma, Castilloa, etc.); these grow in tropical countries. Preparation.—Incisions are made, and the milk-juice is allowed to congeal in mass, or it is dried over clay or wooden moulds with or without the aid of artificial heat. Description.—In cakes, balls, or hollow bottle-shaped pieces, externally blackish-brown, internally brownish; spec. grav. about 0.96; very elastic; odor slight, peculiar, nearly tasteless; soluble in carbon disulphide, chloroform, benzol, and oil of turpentine. It melts at about 125° C. (257° F.), and after cooling, remains soft and adhesive; on dry distillation it yields caoutchoucin, containing caoutchin, C10II16, isoprene, C5H8 and other hydrocarbons. Constituents.—Crude caoutchouc contains some fat, vola- tile oil, albumin, and coloring matters; but the principal constituent is a colorless solid hydrocarbon, C20H32. On combining it with about 10 per cent, of sulphur, vulcan- ized rubber is obtained; and on incorporating half its SACCHARUM— SUGAR. 439 weight of sulphur and hardening by pressure, vulcanite or ebonite is produced. Uses.—For plasters, bougies, pessaries, syringes, etc. 2. SUGARS.—SACCHARA. Sugars have a sweet taste, are soluble in water and diluted alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Classification. Sect. 1. Solid sugars. Crystalline; not fermentable; does not reduce cupric oxide. Saccharum. Fermentable; reduces cupric to cuprous oxide; Saccharum often contains dextrin. uveum. contains mucilage and mannit. Manna. White, gritty, not forming a syrup. Saccharum lactis. Sect. 2. Liquid sugars. Brown, somewhat empyreumatic. Syrupus fuscus. Brownish, aromatic; gradually becomes granular. Mel. SACCHARUM.—Sugar. Cane Sugar. Saccharose, Sucrose. Origin.—Saccharum officiuarum, Linne. Natural order, Graminete, A ndropogonese. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical and sub- tropical countries. Preparation.—Sugar cane yields by expression about 80 per cent, of juice, containing about 80 percent, of water and 18 per cent, of sugar. The juice is evaporated, the residue granulated, the treacle or molasses drained off, and the raw sugar refined by dissolving in water, heating with blood or albumen, filtering through animal charcoal, and 440 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. concentrating in a vacuum pan, until, after cooling, it con- geals to a crystalline mass, from which the mother liquor is washed out by percolation with water or sugar solution. Sugar is also prepared from the sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris, Linne), (Chenopodiacese), which contains about 14 per cent, of it. Description.—White crystalline pieces of transparent granules, of spec. grav. 1.59, not hygroscopic, inodorous, very sweet; fusible at 160° C. (320° F.); soluble in half its weight of cold water, forming a colorless slightly dex- trogyre syrup; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol; insolu- ble in ether. In contact with ferments contained in the air, or on boiling with dilute acids, its aqueous solution is converted into invert sugar (mixture of glucose and bevulose), is then directly fermentable, and reduces red cuprous oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide. If kept for some time at 180° C. sugar is converted, with- out loss of weight, into a mixture of levulosane, C6H10O5, and dextrose (glucose), C6H1206. Composition.—CI2H22Ou. Adulterations.—Inferior sugars are whitened with ultra- marine or Prussian blue. Derivatives.—Saccharum crystallisatum, rock candy, is cane sugar in large crystals. Saccharum hordeatum, barely sugar, is cane sugar care- fully melted and cooled ; it is amorphous, transparent, and gradually becomes crystalline and opaque upon the surface. Caramel. Cane sugar is heated to about 200° C. (392° F.), the conversion is hastened by alkalies. Dark brown of a bitter taste; consists of colorless bitter caramel an C12H1809, red-brown caramelene, and other compounds; used for coloring liquors. Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive; externally in certain ulcerations. MANNA. 441 Saccharum amylaceum. Starch sugar. Glucose. Dex- trose. Origin and Preparation.—Starch is boiled for a considera- ble time with dilute sulphuric acid, the free acid removed by calcium carbonate, and the filtered solution evaporated. Description.—Whitish or yellowish masses or irregular granules, crystallizes with and without water, inodorous, sweet (less so than cane sugar), soluble in about one part of cold water, but in all proportions in hot water; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol, insoluble in ether; melts near 85° C. (185° F.), the anhydrous crystals at 144° C. (291° F.). Ordinarily, commercial grape sugar contains about 60 per cent, of glucose, 20 per cent, of dextrin and allied substances, and 20 per cent, of water with 0.8 ash. The cold aqueous solution rotates to the right; mixed with twice its bulk of alcohol, it yields a whitish precipitate if dextrin is present, and a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate from the presence of calcium sulphate. Commercial liquid grape sugar is called glucose, and contains much dextrin. The dilute solution in water is readily fermentable, is colored brown when heated with potassa, speedily reduces red cuprous oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide, and separates a metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of silver. Composition.—C6H1206.H20; on heating it caramel is ob- tained. Properties.—Similar to cane sugar. SACCHARUM UVEUM.—Grape Sugar. MAjSTNA.—Manna. Origin.—Fraxinus O'rnus, Linne, s. O'rnus europse'a, Persoon. Natural order, Oleacese, Oleinese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. Collection.—In Sicily transverse incisions are made through the bark, and the exnding juice is allowed to harden on the trunk of the tree or on tiles. Description.—Flattish three-edged pieces occasionally 20 centimeters (8 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, usually smaller pieces and irregular fragments; friable, externally yellowish-white, internally white, porous, 442 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. and crystalline. Or in brownish-white fragments of differ- ent size, somewhat glutinous on the surface, internally white and crystalline. Odor honey-like; taste sweet, slightly bitter, and faintly acrid ; soluble in water and alcohol, except fragments of bark and similar impurities. Manna consisting of brownish viscid masses which con- tain few or no fragments having a crystalline structure, should be rejected. Varieties.—Large flake manna; the larger yellowish- white pieces. Small flake manna; smaller pieces, occasionally of a brownish line. Manna in sorts; minute tears or small glutinous frag- ments, internally crystalline. Fat manna; brownish viscid masses, without crystalline fragments. Constituents.—Mann it 90 per cent, in the best varieties, glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin, C32H36O20. Mannit, C6H8(OH)6, crystallizes in white prisms, dissolves in 6.5 parts of cold water, and sparingly in strong alcohol; on careful oxidation yields fermentable mannitose and various acids The amount of glucose and mucilage is largest in the inferior kinds of manna, which also contain a larger portion of fraxin, to which the fluorescence of the aqueous solution is due. The following mannas are not met with in commerce : Brian <;on from Larix europae'a, De Candolle, (Coniferae); Armenian from Quercus vallonea, Kotschy (Cupuli ferae); Persian from Alhagi camelorum, Fischer (Papilionaceae, Hedysareae); Australian from Eucaly'ptus mannifera, Mudie, and E. viminalis, Labillardiere (Myrtaceae); lerp produced in Tasmania upon Eucaly'ptus dumosa, Cunning- ham ; trehala, the cocoon of Larinus mellificus, Jeckel (Coleoptera), and others. SYRUPUS FUSCUS—MOLASSES. 443 Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 32 grams (5j-5j), in solution, syrup, or as addition to other medi- cines. SACCHARUM LACTIS.—Milk Sugar. Lactose, Lactin. Origin.—The milk of mammals, especially of Bos Taurus, LinnS; order Ruminantia, family Bovidse. Preparation.—After the removal of the butter and casein from cow’s milk, the whey is concentrated and allowed to crystallize upon sticks or cords. Description. — Hard whitish translucent four-sided prisms, usually aggregated into cylindrical masses; spec, grav. 1.525; becomes anhydrous at 130° C. (266° F.), and melts at 203.5° C. (398° F.) ; soluble in 6 parts of cold water without forming a syrupy solution, insoluble in strong alcohol and in ether; inodorous; of a sandy and sweetish taste. The solution in water boiled with potassa turns yellow- ish-brown, slowly reduces cuprous oxide from alkaline solutions of cupric oxide, and deposits a metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of silver. On boiling milk sugar with lead acetate, and adding ammonia, a red precip- itate is formed. Composition.—C12H220n.H20; on boiling with dilute acids splits into dextrose (see page 441) and galactose 06H12O6 (melting-point 145° C. = 293° F.); on heating caramel is obtained. Properties. — Demulcent, laxative; chiefly used as a vehicle. SYRUPUS FUSCUS.—Molasses. Sacchari fsex, Theriaca, Treacle. Origin.—Obtained in the manufacture and refining of sugar. 444 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Description.—Syrupy liquid of various shades of brown, clear or nearly clear, spec. grav. about 1.40; reaction slightly acid ; odor slightly empyreumatic; taste very sweet; is not precipitated by an equal bulk of alcohol. Varieties.—West India and sugar-house molasses; the former has a lighter color and somewhat different odor. Properties.—Like sugar. MEL.—Honey. Origin and Preparation.—Honey is deposited in the honeycomb by the bee, A'pis mellifica, Linne. Class, In- secta. Order, Hymenoptera. It is obtained either by draining or by melting the honeycomb. Description.—Syrupy, of spec. grav. 1.38 to 1.40; light yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, translucent, gradually becoming crystalline and opaque, the specific gravity in- creasing to about 1.43; polarization slightly to the left, or occasionally slightly to the right; reaction slightly acid ; odor agreeably aromatic; taste sweet, mildly aromatic and faintly acrid. Boiled with water and allowed to cool, it does not be- come blue on the addition of compound solution of iodine; and when diluted with one part of water, and the solution mixed with an equal bulk of alcohol, no precipitate, or but a very slight one, is produced. The solution of pure honey is but faintly rendered turbid by silver nitrate and barium nitrate. Adulteration with glucose may be determined by polarization ; and with cane sugar by the difference in the effect of Fehling’s solution before and after the inversion with a mineral acid. Constituents.—Grape sugar or dextrose (becomes crystal- line), fruit sugar or levulose (remains liquid), little wax, proteids, volatile oil, coloring matter, mucilage, and a minute quantity of formic acid; ash 0.1 to 0.3 per cent. 445 ACACIA — GUM ARABIC. Crude honey usually contains pollen grains in suspen- sion. Propei'ties.—Demulcent, laxative; externally as a mild stimulant. 3. GUMS.—GUMMATA. Gums have an insipid taste, are insoluble in alcohol and ether, but dissolve in water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, or form with water a jelly-like adhesive mass. Soluble in water; distinct tears, transparent, but fis- sured internally. Acacia. Swelling in water; curved bands, translucent, com- posed of several layers. Tragacantha. Classification. ACACIA.—Gum Arabic. Origin.—Acacia Senegal, Willdenow, s. A. Verek, Guil- lemin el Perottet, and other species of Acacia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Mimosete, Acaciese. Habitat.—Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan; West- ern Africa near the river Senegal. Production.—The gum exudes spontaneously and from incisions made into the bark. Description.—Roundish brittle tears of various sizes, or broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces ; spec. grav. 1.49; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous; in- soluble in alcohol; soluble in water, forming a thick muci- laginous liquid. This solution has an acid reaction to test- paper, yields gelatinous precipitates with subacetate of lead, 446 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of borax, is ren- dered turbid by oxalates, and is not colored blue by iodine. Varieties. — Kordofan gum, the best kind, described above. Senaar gum, nearly equal to the preceding, is produced by Acacia fistula, Schweinfurth, and A. stenocarpa, Hoch- stetter. Savakin (Suakin) gum, of handsome appearance, very brittle; does not completely dissolve in water except after the addition of a little alkali. Senegal gum. The tears are often larger, color more yellow or reddish; fissures fewer in number, therefore more transparent and less brittle; taste sometimes bitterish; usually collected with African bdellium. East India gum was formerly produced from Eastern Africa, and shipped by way of Bombay. In recent years much gum of Indian origin from various sources has been sent to market, varying from colorless to yellow and red- brown. The following gums are completely soluble in water: Acacia Catechu, Willdenow; Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham; Prosopis spicigera, Willdenow; Melia Azadi- rachta, LinnS; Swietenia Mahogani, LinnS ; and Ferronia elephantum, Correa ; the last four gums are not gelatin- ized by borax. The gum of Anogeissus latifolia, Wal- lioh, is not gelatinized by ferric chloride. Mezquit gum from Prosopis (Algarobia) juliflora, Be Candolle, s. P. glandulosa, Gray, in Western Texas and Mexico; resembles gum Arabic, but is mostly yellow or red-brown; its solution in water is not precipitated by subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, or borax. Considerable gum is also produced from different species of Acacia in Morocco, the Cape Colony, and Australia. Composition.—Arabic acid, combined with calcium, magnesium, and potassium; moisture about 14 TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH. 447 per cent.; trace of sugar ; ash 3 to 4 per cent. Arabic or gummic acid, after drying, swells with water, but does not dissolve in it, except after the addition of an alkali (Sava- kin gum); on boiling with acids yields arabinose (crystal- lizes in prisms; sweet; not directly fermentable), possibly also galactose (granular, less sweet). Properties.—Demulcent. TRAGACANTHA.—Tragacanth. Origin.—Astragalus gummifer, Lab i liar diere, and other species of Astragalus. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papi- lionacese, Galegese. Habitat.—Western Asia. Production.—The tissue of the pith and medullary rays is gradually altered to a compound swelling with water, and in this condition exuding spontaneously and from inci- sions into the stem of the shrubs. Description.—Narrow or broad bands, more or less curved or contorted, marked by parallel wavy lines or ridges; white or faintly yellowish, translucent, horn-like, tough, rendered more pulverizable by a heat 50° C. (122° F.); inodorous; taste insipid, sometimes faintly bitterish. It swells with water into a gelatinous mass which is tinged blue by iodine, and the fluid portion of which is precipitated by alcohol and lead acetate, but not disturbed by ferric chloride and borax. Varieties.—Flake tragacanth, the bands described above. Vermiform tragacanth; very narrow bands or strings, variously coiled. Tragacanth in sorts. Stratified or nodular, conical, and subglobular pieces, more or less brown, often adulterated with the gum of the almond and plum trees. Constituents.—Traganthin or bassorin, C6H10O5, and the 448 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. calcium compound of a gumrnic acid, not identical with arabic acid; starch, fragments of cells, moisture 14 per cent., ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent. 4. GUM-RESINS— GUMMI-RESIN^J. Gum resius are milky exudations of plants and consist of gum which is wholly or partly soluble in water, and resin which is soluble in alcohol. Mauv gum-resins con- tain also volatile oil. Fragments of vegetable tissue, small fruits, or seeds are occasionally met with in the commercial gum-resins, all of which yield emulsions on being tritu- rated with water. Sect. 1. Gum-resins containing volatile oil. Tears internally white, turning red on exposure, imbedded in a brown sticky mass. Asafoetida. Tears small, internally whitish, superficially adhe- sive ; occasionally brownish, semifluid. Galbanum. Tears few, imbedded in a brown sticky mass; emul- sion brown ; odor garlic-like Sagapenum. Tears brownish-yellow, internally milk-white, dis- tinct, or superficially adhering. Ammoniacum. Tears or masses, dull reddish-brown. Opopanax. Tears yellowish, translucent. Olibanuin. Tears or masses, reddish-brown, translucent; frac- ture waxy. Myrrha. Eesembling myrrh ; but tincture not colored purple by nitric acid. Bdellium. Sect. 2. Gum-resins free from volatile oil. Pipes or cakes ; bright orange-yellow. Cambogia. Tears frequently hollow; light brown-yellow. Euphorbium. Cakes greenish-black or grayish ; internally porous; odor cheese-like. Scammonium. Classification. ASAFCETIDA—ASAFETIDA. 449 ASAFCETIDA.—Asafetida. Origin.—1. Ferula Narthex, Boissier (Narthex Asafoe'- tida, Falconer). 2. Ferula Asafoe'tida, Regel. 3. Ferula fce'tida, Regel (Scorodosma fce'tidum, Bunge). Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. Habitat.—1. Western Thibet and probably Kashmir. 2, 3. Persia, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. Collection.—The top of the large root is laid bare, thin slices are cut off, and the exuding milk-juice is scraped off. Description.—In irregular masses composed of whitish tears, imbedded in a yellowish-gray or brown-gray sticky mass. The tears when hard break with a conchoidal frac- ture, having a milk-white color which turns gradually to pink and finally to brown. The sticky mass always con- tains vegetable fragments and earthy impurities (calcium sulphate, etc.). The odor is alliaceous; the taste bitter, acrid, and alliaceous. It is partly soluble in ether and in alcohol, and yields with water a milk-white emulsion, which becomes yellow on the addition of ammonia. Good asafetida yields to alcohol about 60 per cent, of soluble matter. Moistened with alcohol, asafetida acquires a greenish color on the addition of hydrochloric acid. Varieties.—Liquid asafetida ; white, opaque, syrupy, or semifluid mass, gradually turning brown. Asafetida in tears; tears of various sizes, distinct or adhe- sive and agglutinated. Amygdaloid asafetida ; the kind described above. Stony asafetida; various sized angular or rounded pieces of gypsum and other earthy matters, agglutinated or merely coated with the milk-juice; unsuited for medicinal purposes. Constituents.—Aside from the impurities asafetida con- tains 3 to 6 or 9 per cent, of volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent., 450 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. sometimes more of gum (partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), and 50 to 70 per cent, of resin, of which a small portion (3 to 4 per cent.) is insoluble in ether, and which contains a little ferulaic acid, C10II10O4. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.98, and a strongly alliaceous odor, and contains two terpenes, a sesquiterpene, and two sulphur-compounds, C7H14S2 and CnH20S2. The tears yield 3 to 4 per cent, of ash. The earthy additions consist of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and sand, occasionally to the amount of 40 per cent. On dry distil- lation the resin yields umbelliferon, and fused with potassa gives resorcin and protocateclmic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, laxative, autispas- modic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, emul- sion, or tincture. GALBANUM.—Galbanum. Origin. — Ferula (Peucedanum, Baillon) galbaniflua, Boissier et Buhse, and other species of Ferula. Natural order, Um bel lifer*, Peucedanese. Habitat.—Persia. Production—Galbanum exudes spontaneously, chiefly from the lower part of the stem. Description.—In tears, from the size of a pin’s head to that of a pea, or larger, mostly agglutinated, forming a more or less hard mass ; externally pale brownish, with a yellow or green tint, internally milk-white or yellowish, with a waxy lustre; odor peculiar, balsamic; taste bitter and acrid ; partly soluble in ether and alcohol ; yields with water a milk-white emulsion. When moistened with alco- hol, it acquires a purple color on the addition of a little hydrochloric acid. Varieties.—Galbanum in tears, the kind described above. AMMONIACUM — AMMONIAC. 451 Lump galbaniun; soft or hard masses, of a more or less brown color, inclosing tears or free from the same; it differs more or less in odor from the preceding and is often not colored by alcohol and hydrochloric acid. It may, in part, be derived from Ferula rubricaulis, Boissier. Constituents.—Volatile oil 6 to 9 per cent., C10H16, resin 60 to 66 per cent, (soluble in ether, alcohol, carbon disul- phide, and alkalies ; yields on dry distillation a blue volatile oil and umbelliferon; fused with HKO, resorcin is ob- tained), gum 15 to 20 per cent., umbelliferon, C9II603 (soluble in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in cold water, the latter solution blue fluorescent with ammonia). The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91 and a mild aro- matic taste, and consists of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills or emulsion, externally in plasters. Allied G-urn Resin.—Sagapenum; probably obtained from a species of Ferula; yellowish-brown or brown, amygdaloid or free from tears; blue by hydrochloric acid; contains umbelliferon, the volatile oil free from sulphur. AMMONIACUM.—Ammoniac. Origin.—Dorema (Peucedanum, Baillon) Ammoniacum, Don. Natural order, Umbelliferje, Peucedaneae. Habitat.—Eastern Persia and Turkestan. Production.—Ammoniac exudes from the stem and root spontaneously, and in consequence of stiugs by insects. Description.—Globular or irregular roundish, often some- what flattened tears, either distinct or agglutinated, pale brownish-yellow externally, and breaking with a conchoidal waxy milk-white fracture. It softens by the heat of the hand, yields a white emulsion when triturated with water, 452 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. and has a peculiar somewhat balsamic odor, and a bitter, acrid, and nauseous taste. When moistened with alcohol, it is not colored on the addition of hydrochloric acid. Cake ammoniac, which exudes from the root, contains vegetable fragments, sand, and tears imbedded in a brown resinous mass ; it should not be employed internally. Constituents.—Volatile oil h to 4 per cent, (free from sulphur), resin 70 per cent, (an acid and an indifferent resin ; does not yield umbelliferon), gum 18 to 22 or 28 per cent, (partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), moisture 5 per cent., ash 3 per cent. The resin fused with HKO, yields protocateclmic acid and resorcin, C6H602, which is soluble in simple solvents, volatile and inflammable, red- dened on exposure and becomes purplish-black with ferric chloride. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills and emulsion. Allied Gum Resins.—African ammoniac from Ferula tingitana, LinnS, in Northern Africa; darker colored than the preceding, of a rather more agreeable odor and acrid not bitter taste; yields umbelliferon. Opopanax from Opopanax Chironium, Koch, of Southern Europe; dull reddish-brown masses or tears, friable, of waxy lustre; odor unpleasant; taste balsamic, bitter. OLIBANUM.—Frankincense. Origin.—Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood, and other species of Boswellia. Natural order, Burseracese, Bursereae. Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Production.—Frankincense exudes from incisions made into the bark. Description.—Roundish, oblong, or irregular tears, variable in size, externally dusty; fracture fiattish, waxy, yellowish or pale reddish, translucent; odor balsamic terebinthinate, on burning strongly aromatic; softened by mastication; taste MYRRHA — MYRRH. 453 balsamic, bitterish; partly soluble in alcohol; yields with Avater a milk-white emulsion. Lump olibanum consists of irregular impure masses which have been gathered from the ground. Constituents.—Volatile oil 4 to 7 per cent, (olibene, C10H16, and little oxygenated portion), resin 56 to 72 per cent., gum about 30 per cent, (resembles arabin), bitter principle (solu- ble in alcohol and water), ash about 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in emulsion, mostly used in plasters and for fumigations. MYRRHA.—Myrrh. Origin—Commiphora (Balsamodendron, Nees), My'rrha, Engler. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserem. Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia. Production.—Myrrh exudes spontaneously from the bark. Pencryption. — Roundish or irregular tears or masses, dusty, brown-yellow or reddish-brown; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery, translucent on the edges, sometimes marked with whitish veins ; odor balsamic ; on mastication adhesive; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. When tritu- rated with water, myrrh yields a brown-yellow emulsion. Alcohol yields a brown-yellow tincture which acquires a purple hue on the addition of nitric acid. Dark-colored pieces the alcoholic solution of which is not rendered purple by nitric acid, and pieces of gum which dissolve completely or merely swell in water, and are but slightly soluble in alcohol, should be rejected. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 4 per cent, (contains C10H1A is easily resinified), resin 25 to 40 per cent, (about 14 per cent, soluble in CS2, 12 soluble in ether, 5 insoluble in ether), gum 40 to 60 per cent, (precipitated by lead acetate), bitter principle (soluble in alcohol and water), ash 3 to 4 per cent. With fusing potassa the resin yields protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechin. 454 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic;, expectorant, emmenagogue, vulnerary. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-5ss), in pills and emulsion; externally in powder and tincture. Impurities.—Besides vegetable fragments and sand, occa- sionally bdellium (see below) and dark-colored gums, the latter becoming adhesive when moistened. Balsam of Mecca, a greenish, slightly turbid oleoresin, having a rosemary-like odor, is believed to be the exuda- tion of Commiphora (Balsamodendron, Kunth) Opobalsa- mum, Engler, which as B. Ehrenbergianum, Berg, had been described as a source of myrrh. BDELLIUM.—Bdellium. Origin. — 1. Commiphora (Balsamodendron) Miikul, Hooker; 2. C. africana, Engler. Natural order, Burseraceae, Burserese. Habitat.—1. East India; 2. Western Africa. Description.—1. Globular or irregular pieces, externally dusty; fracture flat conchoidal, dark brown or blackish, translucent in thin fragments. 2. Irregular, globular, or oval tears, externally dusty; fracture angular, waxy, yel- lowish to brown-red, translucent. Odor and taste myrrh-like; the tincture is not colored red by nitric acid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter principle. Properties and Uses.—Similar to myrrh, mostly used in plasters. CAMBOGIA.—Gamboge. Gutti. Gambogia. Origin.—Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker filius, s. G. Morelia, Desrousseaux, var. pedicellata, Hanbury. Natural order, Gutti ferae (Clusiacese), Garciniese. Habitat—Anam, Camboja, and Siam. Production.—The milk-juice exudes from incisions, and is collected in bamboo joints. Description.—In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in the centre, 25 to 50 millimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter, EUPHORBIUM. 455 longitudinally striate on the surface; fracture fiattish con- choidal, smooth, of a waxy lustre ; orange-red or in powder bright yellow; inodorous; taste at first mild, afterward very acrid ; the powder sternutatory. It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether; when triturated with water yields a yellow emulsion, and forms with solution of potassa an orange-red solution, from which, on the addition of hydro- chloric acid, yellow resin is precipitated. Boiled with water, gamboge yields a liquid which after cooling does not become green with compound solution of iodine. Varieties.—Pipe gamboge; the kind described above. Cake gamboge; in irregular lumps or cakes, dried in flat vessels; more liable to be adulterated. Constituents.—Gum lb to 26 per cent, (not precipitated by lead acetate or ferric chloride), resin or cambogic acid 66 to 80 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether; colored black- brown by ferric chloride; soluble in alkalies with a red color), wax about 4 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and alka- lies), ash 1 per cent. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 gram (gr ss-v), in pills, in combination with other medicines. Origin.—Euphorbia resinffera, Berg. Natural order, Eu- phorbiacese, Euphorbiese. Habitat.—Morocco. Production.—Euphorbium exudes from incisions made into the stem. Description.—In conical or globular nodular pieces, often hollow or inclosing fragments of the spines or flowers, dull brownish-yellow, slightly translucent, brittle; nearly inodor- ous, the dust violently sternutatory; taste very acrid; partly soluble in alcohol and ether; triturated with water, a turbid mixture is obtained, but not a complete emulsion. Constituents.—Gum 18 per cent, (precipitated by lead ace- tate), resin, C10H16O2, 38 per cent, (soluble in cold alcohol, very acrid), euphorbon, C13H220 (tasteless, crystalline, soluble EUPHORBIUM.—Euphorbium. 456 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol), little starch, malates 12 per cent., ash about 10 per cent. Properties.—Drastic purgative and emetic; sternutatory, rubefacient, vesicant, suppurant; only used externally. SCAMMONIUM.—Scammony. Origin.—Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Convolvuleae. Habitat.—Western Asia. Production.—The top of the root is laid bare, thin sliees are cut off, and the milk-juice is collected in shells. Description.—Irregular angular pieces or circular cakes, greenish-gray or blackish, internally porous and of a resinous lustre, breaking with an angular fracture; odor peculiar, somewhat cheese-like; taste slightly acrid; powder gray or greenish-gray. When triturated with water, scammony yields a greenish emulsion. It does not effervesce with acids, and the decoction, when cold, is not colored blue by iodine. Ether dissolves at least 80 per cent, of it, and when the residue left on evaporating the ether is treated with a hot solution of potassa it yields a solution which is not precipitated by acids. Constituents.—Resin 75 to 90 or 95 per cent., gum. The resin is seammouin, C34II56016, soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzol, and is identical with orizabin of Ipomoea orizabensis; it is by alkalies converted into scammonie acid, which is soluble in water. Adulterations.—Calcium carbonate, starch, occasionally other resins. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.06 to 0 3 or 0.5 gram (gr. j-v-viij), in pills, powder, or emulsion, usually combined with other medicines. 457 RESINS—RE SIN M . 5. RESINS.—RESINA. Resins are solid, rarely crystalline, fusible, not volatile, combustible with a sooty flame, insoluble in water, but soluble in one or more of the following menstruums : alco- hol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, fixed oils, vola- tile oils, the fixed alkalies, carbonated alkalies, and ammo- nia. Those soluble in alkaline liquids (resin soaps) are called resin acids. Resins are excretions or secretions of plants, and are found either diffused in the other constituents, or contained in cells (heartwood of guaiacum), in ducts or upon the surface of plants. When exuding from plants, resins are dissolved in volatile oils. The natural resins are usually mixtures of two or more resins; a few contain also benzoic or cinnamic acid ; all are free from nitrogenated compounds. Those containing col- oring matters may often be bleached by means of chlorine or by repeatedly precipitating them from their alcoholic solution with water. Classification. Sect. 1. Resins free from benzoic and cinnamic acids. Greenish or gray friable fragments; bitter, contain- ing crystals. Elaterium. Tears yellowish, transparent; on mastication plastic. Mastiche. on mastication pulverulent. Sandaraca. Masses yellowish to brown, transparent, brittle. Colophonium. Masses roundish, yellowish, transparent, harder than preceding. Dammara. Roundish or angular, often verrucose, yellowish to brownish, hard. Copal. Irregular, yellow to red-brown, hard and brittle; when heated, aromatic. Succinum. 458 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Brown-red sticks, or thin glossy brownish or brown fragments. Lacca. Tears or masses, greenish-brown, by tincture of ferric chloride blue or green. Guaiaci resina. Sect. 2. Resins containing benzoic or cinnamic acid. Sticks or cakes, brittle, dark brown-red; powder bright red. Draconis resina. Milk-white tears, imbedded in dull light brown or glossy reddish-brown mass. Benzoinum. Brittle pieces, externally brownish-yellow, inter- Xanthorrhoeae nally yellow. resina. ELATERIUM.—Elaterium. Origin. — Ecballium (Momordica, Linne) Elateriutn, Richard. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerineae. Habitat.—Western Asia, Northern Africa, and South- ern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The nearly ripe fruit is cut lengthwise, slightly pressed, the juice passed through a hair sieve and then set aside; the deposit is collected on calico and rapidly dried between bibulous paper or on porous tiles. Description.—In light, friable, flattish, opaque frag- ments, pale green when fresh, afterward gray or light buff colored with minute crystals on the surface; fracture granular; odor slight, tea-like; taste acrid and very bitter. It does not effervesce with acid, and the decoction with water, after cooling, is not colored blue on the addition of a drop of compound solution of iodine. When 1 gram (16 grains) is exhausted with chloroform, and ether is added to the solution, a crystalline deposit of elaterin is obtained weighing not less than 25 centigrams (4 grains). About one-half of elaterium is soluble in hot alcohol. Constituents.—Elaterin 25 to 33 per cent., chlorophyll, ash 8 to 10 per cent., perhaps also prophetin (soluble in ether, brown-red with sulphuric acid, bitter), ecballin (soft, MASTICHE—MASTIC, MASTICH. 459 yellow, acrid, and bitter), hydroelaterin (soluble in water), and elaterid (bitter, insoluble in ether and water). Elaterin, C20H28O5, is crystalline, fusible at 200° C. (392° F.), readily soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether, insoluble in water, alkalies and petroleum benzin, very bitter in alcoholic solution, and is not colored by chlorinated alkalies, but colored red by warm sulphuric acid; its solution in melted carbolic acid, on the addition of sulphuric acid, acquires a crimson color, rapidly changing to scarlet. Adulterations.—Starch and calcium carbonate or other mineral substances are used for this purpose. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.008 to 0.016 gram (gr. ; elaterin, 0.004 to 0.005 gram (gr. iV tV)> *n piU or alcoholic solution. MASTICHE.—Mastic, Mastich. Origin.—Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne. Natural order, A nacardiacese, Anacardiese. Habitat.—Mediterranean basin. Production.—Mastic exudes from vertical incisions into the bark of the staminate trees, and is collected in the island of Scio. Description —Globular or elongated tears, of the size of a pea, or larger, sometimes covered with a whitish dust, pale yellow, transparent, of a glass-like lustre, brittle, becoming plastic when masticated; spec. grav. 1.07; melt- ing-point about 106° C. (223° F.); odor weak, balsamic, stronger on heating; taste slight terebinthinous and faintly bitter; soluble in ether and volatile oils; benzol dissolves from 65 (old mastic) to 90 (recent mastic) per cent. Bombay mastic from Pistacia cabulica and P. Khinjuk, 460 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Stocks, closely resembles Scio mastic, but is usually less clean and more opaque. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, 1 to 2 per cent., alpha resin or mastichic acid, C20H32O2, 90 per cent, (solu- ble in alcohol), masticin (insoluble in alcohol). Adulterations.—Sandarac, see below. Properties.—Mild stimulant, mostly used as a mastica- tory, for filling decayed teeth, for cements and varnishes. SAND ARACA.—Sandarac. Origin.—CalKtris quadrivalvis, Ventenat. Natural order, Coniferae, Cupressiueae. Habitat.—Northwestern Africa. Production.—Sandarac exudes spontaneously or from inci- sions made through the bark. Description.—Elongated, pale yellow tears, 5 to 15 milli- meters (p-f inch) long, covered with a whitish dust, of a glass-like lustre, transparent, hard but brittle, becoming pul- verulent when masticated ; spec. grav. about 1.07 ; melting- point near 135° C. (275° F.); odor and taste somewhat tere- binthinous, balsamic, and faintly bitter; soluble in hot alcohol and ether, partly soluble in volatile oils and chloroform. Constituents.—Three resins, differing in solubility ; bitter principle, soluble in water. Properties.—Mild stimulant; used chiefly for varnishes. COLOPHONIUM.—Resin, Rosin. Resina. Origin.—Pinus palustris, Miller (P. australis, Michaux), and other species of Pinus. Natural order, Conifene, Abietineae. Habitat.—United States. Production.—The volatile oil is distilled from turpen- tine ; the residue constitues colophony. Description.—Transparent amber-colored brittle masses, having a glossy and shallow conchoidal fracture, melting COPAL. 461 at about 100° C. (212° F.); odor and taste faintly terebin- thinate; soluble in alcohol, ether, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloroform, benzol, glacial acetic acid, and alkalies. Varieties.—Distinguished according to color. Constituents.—Abietic anhydrid, C44H6204, in the pres- ence of dilute alcohol converted into abietic acid, which is crystalline and dissolves in carbon disulphide, benzol, alco- hol, ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and alkalies. Properties.—Mild stimulant; used in plasters and oint- ments. Origin.—1. A'gathis Dammara, Richard (Dammara orien- talis, Lambert) ; A'gathis australis, Salisbury (Dammara australis, Lambert). Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. Habitat.—1. East India islands; 2. New Zealand. Production. — Dammar exudes spontaneously ; the New Zealand dammar or kauri resin is also found fossil. Description.—Transparent straw-colored roundish masses, about 1.08 spec, grav., having a glossy conchoidal fracture, melting near 120° C. (248° F.) to a thick liquid; harder than rosin, but softer than copal; nearly inodorous and taste- less ; partly soluble in alcohol and benzin ; more soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, and carbon disulphide. Kauri resin has the spec. grav. 1.11, softens somewhat between the teeth, is often in large masses, melts at or above 180° C. (356° F.) and is also sold as copal. Several species of Vateria and Hopea (order Diptero- carpese) and of Engelhardtia (Juglandese) of India yield resins likewise known as dammar. Constituents.—Resin acid 1 per cent, (soluble in solution of K2C03), resin insoluble in alcohol, about 40 per cent., and resin soluble in alcohol about 60 per cent. (Graf, 1889). By distillation in a current of steam, a terpene, C10H]6, of the boiling point 158° C. (316° F.), is obtained. Uses.—Mostly for varnishes, and rarely in plasters. DAMMARA.—Dammar. COPAL.—Copal. Origin.—Fossil in Zanzibar and probably in Western tropical Africa; also the exudations of different species of 462 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Trachylobium, Hymenaea, and Guibourtia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Caesalpinieae, Amherstieae. Habitat.—Africa, South America, West Indies. Description.—Irregular spherical or flattish and angular, the surface often finely verrucose (goose skin), varying be- tween pale yellowish, reddish, and brownish, and after melt- ing darker colored, spec. grav. 1.04, nearly as hard as amber, transparent, or translucent; fracture conchoidal, glossy; in- odorous and tasteless; melting points of the different varieties vary between about 180° to 300° C. (356° and 572° F.); partly soluble in solvents; after fusion more readily soluble in alcohol and oil of turpentine. Constituents.—Several resins, differing in solubility. Uses.—For the preparation of varnishes. SUCCINUM.—Amber. Origin.—Fossil, from Picea succinifera, Conwentz (Pinitis succinifer, Goeppert), and other extinct coniferous trees of the southern coast of the Baltic and other localities. Description.—Roundish or flattish pieces, the surface usually rough and dull; hard and brittle; fracture con- choidal, glossy, transparent or translucent, pale yellowish to brown-red ; inodorous but aromatic when heated ; taste- less ; spec. grav. 1.09 ; slightly soluble in chloroform, nearly insoluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, melts at 287.5° C. (550° F.), giving otf succinic acid ; and at a higher heat also water, volatile acids, and empvreumatic oil. Constituents.—Succinic acid, C4H604, and several resins. Uses.—For fumigations, and for the preparation of suc- cinic acid and (empyreumatic) oil of amber; also used in the arts. LACCA.-Lac. Origin.—1. Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow ; 2. Ficus mdica, Roxburgh, and other trees. Natural order, 1. Euphorbiaceae, Crotonese; 2. Urticaceae, Artocarpeae. Habitat.—East Indies. GUAIACI RESINA — GUAIAC RESIN. 463 Origin.—Exudation resulting from punctures by the im- pregnated female Coccus Lacca, Kerr, order Hemiptera. Description.—Stick lac. Thin branches, covered with a brown-red resin, containing a blackish-red powder; softens between the teeth and colors the saliva red; taste bitterish, slightly astringent; on being heated, of an aromatic odor. Seed lac. Irregular, somewhat glossy fragments, detached from the twigs. Lump lac. Made by boiling with water and melting. Brown translucent cakes, deprived of the purplish-red color- ing matter. Shellac. Thin, glossy, more or less transparent fragments, varying from amber-colored to dark brown; brittle, taste- less ; soluble in the fixed alkalies and in borax solution; almost wholly soluble in cold alcohol, ether, and volatile oils. Constituents.—Coloring matter (lac dye), five resins, waxy matter. Uses.—For the preparation of varnish and sealing-wax. GUAIACI RESINA.—Guaiac Resin. Origin.—Guaiacum officinale, LinnS. Natural order, Zygophyllese. Habitat.—West India Islands and Northern South America. Production.—Guaiac resin exudes from incisions through the bark, but it is mostly obtained by melting the resin of the heartwood with fire. Descn'iption.—Irregular brittle masses, or subglobular tears about 10 to 25 millimeters (f— 1 inch) in diameter, greenish-brown or reddish-brown, internally of a glassy lustre, transparent in thin splinters; spec. grav. 1.20; melting point 85° C. (185° F.); feebly aromatic, some- what acrid; powder grayish, turning green on exposure; soluble in alkalies, alcohol, acetone, ether, chloroform; partly soluble in oil of cloves; sparingly so in carbon disulphide, benzin, and benzol; the alcoholic solution is 464 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. colored blue on the addition of ferric chloride, chlorine, chromic acid, or other oxidizing agents. Guaiac resin fused with KHO yields protocatechuic acid. Impurities—Fragments of wood and bark, sometimes amounting to 30 per cent. Constituents.—Guaiacic acid and guaiac yellow (both crystalline, dissolved by milk of lime), guaiaretic acid, C20H26O4, about 10 per cent, (crystalline, not colored blue by nitric acid), guaiaconic acid, C19H20O5, about 70 per cent, (amorphous, colored blue by oxidizing agents), beta- resin about 10 per cent, (insoluble in ether), little gum and ash, 0.3 per cent. By dry distillation are obtained guaiacene, C5HsO (odor of bitter almond), guaiacol, C7II802 (colorless aromatic oil, green by Fe2Cl6), creosol, C8H10O2 (resembling guaiacol), and pyroguaiacin, C18H1803 (inodorous scales, colored green by Fe2Cl6 and blue by warm sulphuric acid). Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in pills, mixture, or tincture. DRACONIS RESINA.—Dragon’s Blood. Sanguis draconis. Origin.—Calamus (Dsemonorops, Martins) Draco, Willdenow. Natural order, Palmese, Lepidocaryse. Habitat.—Borneo, Sumatra, and adjacent islands. Production.—Dragon’s blood exudes spontaneously from the fruit while ripening, is separated hy beating and sifting, soft- ened by heat, and moulded. Inferior qualities are obtained by beating the fruit, or boiling it in water. Description.—In tear-like grains; in globular pieces about 35 millimeters (!■§ inches) in diameter; in cylindrical sticks about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long and 15 millimeters (| inch) thick, or in irregular cakes; externally dark brown- red; internally brighter red, transparent in thin splinters; brittle; fracture irregular and rather dull; inodorous—when heated aromatic, resembling benzoin ; nearly tasteless; soluble (except the impurities) in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, and alkalies. BE NZOINUM — BENZOIN. 465 Constituents.—Red resin (by nitric acid converted into benzoic, nitrobenzoic, oxalic, and a little picric acid), waxy matter, benzoic acid 3 per cent., the latter obtainable by dry distillation. In place of the latter, cinnamic acid appears to be sometimes present, or both acids may be wanting. Fused with KHO, phloroglucin, benzoic and oxybenzoic acids are produced. Properties.—Mild stimulant and astringent; used for plas- ters, tooth-powders, and varnishes. BENZOINUM.—Benzoin. Origin.—Sty'rax Benzoin, Dryander. Natural order, Styracese. Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, probably also Siam. Production.—Benzoin exudes from incisions made into the bark of the tree. Description.—In lumps consisting of agglutinated yellow- ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white, or of a brown mass more or less mottled from whitish tears im- bedded in it. It has a somewhat aromatic and acrid taste and an agreeable balsamic odor, gives off when heated fumes of benzoic acid, and is soluble in alcohol and in solution of potassa; the alcoholic solution is colored dark greenish- brown with ferric chloride; soluble in carbon disulphide and in benzol. Varieties.—Sumatra benzoin. Mass brown-gray, some- what porous, melting at 95° C. (203° F.), becoming sandy and finally plastic on mastication, and containing white tears melting at 85° C. (185° F.); partly soluble in carbon disulphide; odor rather weak, and in Penang benzoin somewhat like storax. Inferior kinds contain few or no tears, and sometimes a large percentage of chips. Siam benzoin. Mass red-brown, translucent, with a vari- able proportion of large or small tears, almost wholly solu- ble in CS2, softened and plastic on mastication, and melting 466 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. at 75° C. (167° F.); odor agreeable, vanilla-like; taste slight. Constituents.—Benzoic acid, C7H602, 12 to 20 or 24 per cent, (usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil; needles or scales; when pure, melts at 121° C. (250° F.), boils at 249° C. (480° F.); sublimable; soluble in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin (in Siam benzoin), cinnamic acid, C9H802 (variable quantity in Siam and Penang benzoin), several resins, yielding with melted potassa paroxybenzoic acid, C7H603, protocatechuic acid, C7H604, and pyrocatechin, C6H602. Cinnamic acid is de- tected by boiling benzoin with milk of lime, filtering while warm, and adding potassium permanganate, when the odor of oil of bitter almond will become apparent. Benzoic acid may be prepared from toluol, from phthalic acid, and from hippuric acid (present in the urine of horses and cows). Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or tincture. Externally as a protective; also in tooth-powders, lotions, and fumi- gations. XANTHORRHCEiE RESINA.— Acaroid Resin. Botany Bay resin ; Grasstree resin. Origin.—Xanthorrhoe'a hastilis, R. Brown. Natural order, Liliacese, Lomandrese. Habitat. —Australia. Production.—The spontaneous exudation on the leaves and in the stem is separated by crushing and sifting. Description.—Brownish-yellow, brittle masses, opaque, in- ternally light yellow, resembling gamboge, fusible; odor agreeable balsamic; taste balsamic, somewhat acrid ; nearly insoluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol, the solution turned brown-black by ferric chloride. Red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoe'a australis, R. Brown, resembles dragon’s blood, is deep brown-red, internally bright red, in thin splinters ruby-red and transparent; fracture glass-like; odor balsamic. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS. 467 Constituents.—Benzoic acid, some cinnamic acid, resins. With melting potassa pyrocatechin, paroxybenzoic and proto- catechuic acids are obtained. Oxidation with nitric acid gives picric acid. Properties.—Mild stimulant, tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in powder, mixture, or tincture. Mostly used in the preparation of colored varnishes. 6. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS.— BALSAMA ET OLEORESINS. The term balsam is often used to designate unctuous or liquid preparations, chiefly intended for external use, and to which valuable curative powers are attributed. It is also employed for those liquid or soft exudations of plants which are wholly or chiefly composed of resins and volatile oils, and are properly designated as oleoresins. The British and United States Pharmacopoeias restrict the use of the word balsam to those liquid or soft products which contain resin, an odorous principle, and benzoic and cinnamic acids. Some authors recognize as solid balsams those resins which contain benzoic or cinnamic acid. Classification. Sect. 1. Containing benzoic or cinnamic acid: Balsams. Liquid, black-brown, aromatic, slightly soluble in Balsamum oil of turpentine. peruvianum. Semi-liquid or soft, in the cold brittle mass; aro- Balsamum matic, in thin layers; transparent. tolutanum. Thick liquid, brown-yellow, transparent, aromatic, drying to a yellowish-brown resin. Liquidambar. Thick liquid, brown-gray, opaque; after the evap- oration of the water, dark-brown, transparent. Styrax liquidus. Sect. 2. Free from benzoic or cinnamic acid: Oleo- resins. 468 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Thin or viscid liquid, light yellow or brownish, transparent; odor peculiar. Copaiba. Viscid liquid, opaque and grayish in reflected light, transparent and brown in transmitted light; odor like copaiba. Gurjun. Thick liquid, transparent, pale yellow ; odor pleas- Terebinthina antly tei’ebinthinate. canadensis. Thick liquid, slightly turbid, pale yellow, some- Terebinthina what fluorescent; odor terebinthinate. Veneta. Viscid, yellowish opaque liquid, becoming granu- lar; or Yellowish-white opaque mass; fracture crummy; odor terebinthinate. Terebinthina. Yellowish-brown, opaque, brittle in the cold; frac- ture conchoidal, translucent. Pix burgundica. Dark red-brown, opaque, translucent on the edge, brittle in the cold. Pix canadensis. Yellowish mass, internally white, granular, opaque. Elemi. Thick liquid, black-brown, becoming granular; odor empyreumatic, terebinthinate; soluble in oil of turpentine. Pix liquida. BALSAMUM PERUVJANUM.—Balsam of Peru. Origin.—Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Hoyle; Toluifera, Baillon) Pereirse, Klotzsch. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacete, Sophorese. Habitat.—Central America. Production.—The bark is loosened by beating, and charred; the exudation is collected on rags, and these are placed in hot water and expressed. Description.—A rather thick, but not viscous, brownish- black liquid, in thin layers red-brown and transparent, of a syrupy consistence ; spec. grav. about 1.135 to 1.150 ; odor agreeably balsamic and somewhat smoky ; taste warm bit- terish, afterward acrid. It has an acid reaction to test- paper, is completely soluble in five parts of alcohol, and in all proportions of absolute alcohol and chloroform; partly BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 469 soluble in ether and volatile or fixed oils, and does not diminish in volume when agitated with an equal volume of cold petroleum benzin or water. Constituents. — Cinnamein or benzylic cinnamate, C9H7(C7H7)02, about 60 per cent, (colorless aromatic oil), resin about 32 per cent, (insoluble in carbon disulphide; on dry distillation yields benzoic acid, styrol, C8H8, and toluol, C7Id8), cinnamic acid, and small quantities of benz- alcohol, C7H80, benzylic benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)02, stilbene, C14H12, styrol, styracin, and benzoic acid. Adulterations.—Fixed oils (soluble in petroleum benzin ; on trituration with sulphuric acid and washing with water, leave a sticky mass ; mixed with lime and gradually heated to charring, a fatty odor is given off), resins, oleoresins, alcohol. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, syrup, or alco- holic solution ; externally in ointment. BALSAMUM TO LUTANUM.—Balsam of Tolu. Origin.—Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Richard) Tolui- fera, Kunth, s Toluifera Balsamum, Miller. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionaceae, Sophorese. Habitat.—Venezuela and New Granada. Production.—The balsam exudes from V-shaped inci- sions and is received in calabash cups. Description.—Semifluid or nearly solid, and then crys- talline under the microscope ; brittle in the cold, yellowish or brownish-yellow and transparent in thin layers; odor agreeably balsamic; taste aromatic, acidulous, faintly acrid. It is completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and the solution being of an acrid reaction to test-paper, and is 470 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. almost insoluble in water, petroleum benzin, and carbon disulphide. Constituents.—Resins (not investigated; the principal constituents), benzylic benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)02 (colorless aromatic oil, spec. grav. 1.114 ; crystallizes, when pure, below 20° C. (6S° F.) in laminse), benzylic cinnamate, tolene, C10O16, 1 per cent, (colorless, thin, aromatic oil), cinnamic and benzoic acids. Adulterations.— Turpentine (soluble in carbon disul- phide), sweet gum (yields to warm petroleum benzin styra- eiu, which crystallizes on cooling), storax or resins (the extract with carbon disulphide turns brown with H2S04, but rose-red from pure tolu). Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture, mostly used as an agreeable flavor. LIQUIDAMBAR.—Sweet Gum. Origin.—Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Natural order, Hamamelidese. Habitat.—United States from New York southward and southwestward ; Mexico, and Central America. Production.—The balsam exudes spontaneously under a subtropical climate. Description.—Thick brownish-yellow clear liquid, or a transparent yellowish-brown resin, breaking in the cold with a resinous fracture, showing whitish streaks; softened by the warmth of the hand ; odor pleasantly balsamic, storax-like ; taste aromatic and pungent; soluble (except the impurities) in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Constituents.—Aromatic hydrocarbon per cent, (not identical with styrol), cinnamic acid 5i per cent., styracin, and brown tasteless resin, containing storesin. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, also externally in oint- ment or cerate; mostly used as an agreeable flavor. STYRAX — STORAX. 471 STYRAX.—Storax. Origin.—Liquidambar oriental is. Miller. Natural order, Hamamelidese. Habitat.—Asia Minor. Production.—The inner bark is steeped in hot water, and the melted balsam is skimmed off and expressed from the bark. Description.—Semi-liquid, viscid, gray, opaque, separat- ing on standing a heavier dark-brown, in thin layers trans- parent stratum; odor agreeably balsamic; taste balsamic and acrid; soluble (the impurities excepted) in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide; warm petroleum benzin, agitated with storax, remains colorless, and, on cooling, deposits white crystals. Constituents.—Styrol or cinnamene, CgH8 (colorless fra- grant liquid, spec. grav. 0.906; boiling-point 145° C. (293° F.); at 200° C. converted into solid metaciunamene), cinnamic acid, C9H802, little benzoic acid, styracin or cin- namyl ciunamate, C9H7(C9H9)02 (crystallizing from hot benzin), phenylpropyl cinnamate, C9II7(C9H17)02 (inodor- ous thick liquid), ethyl cinnamate, C9H7(C2H5)02, a small quantity, probably ethyl-vanillin in minute quantity, storesin, C36H5803, in considerable quantity, and the cin- namic ether of this alcohol ; also a resinous compound. Water and other impurities amount to from 25 to 30 per cent. Storesin is amorphous, melting near 145°C. (293° F.) or near 165° C. (329° F.); the latter variety forms with KHO a compound crystallizing in needles. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture; mostly externally in liniment or ointment. 472 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. COPAIBA.—Copaiva. Origin.—1. Copaifera Langsdorffii, Desfontaines. 2. Cop. officinalis, LinnS, and other species of Copaifera. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Cynometrese. Habitat.—1. Brazil. 2. Venezuela and New Granada. Production.—The oleoresin flows from bore-holes or boxes cut through the bark into the heart-wood of the tree. Description.—A more or less viscid liquid, pale yellow or brown-yellow, transparent or slightly turbid, lighter than water (spec. grav. 0.94-0.99); odor peculiar; taste bitter and acrid; soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloro- form, benzol, carbon disulphide, and petroleum benzin ; also in fixed and volatile oils. Varieties.—Para copaiva ; pale colored and limpid; usually contains 60 to 90 per cent, of volatile oil. Maranham and Rio Janeiro copaiva; of the consistence of olive oil; contains 40 to 60, but sometimes 80 per cent, of volatile oil; yields, like Para copaiva, a clear mixture with one-third or one-half ammonia water. Maracaibo copaiba ; viscid, dark yellow or brownish, slightly turbid ; contains 20 to 40 per cent, of volatile oil; solidifies with magnesia. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C15H24 (spec. grav. 0.89; boiling-point about 255° C.—491° F.), bitter principle (soluble in water), and resins, bitterish, and mostly amor- phous; copaivic acid, C20H30O2, oxycopaivic acid, C20H28O3 (from Para copaiva), and metacopaivic acid, 022H34O4 (from Maracaibo copaiva), are crystalline. Adulterations.—Turpentine (recognized by odor on warm- ing); fixed oils (mostly insoluble in alcohol; on evapora- tion a soft and sticky residue is left; after completely neu- tralizing with KHO, more of the same alkali would be TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. 473 required for saponifying the fat) ; Gurjun balsam (is fluorescent, and on heating becomes gelatinous). Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, nauseant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij-5ss-j), in emulsion, pills, suppositories, etc.; the resin 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x). Copaiba is also used as an addition to certain varnishes. GURJUN.—Gurjun Balsam, Wood Oil. Origin.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertner, D. alatus, Roxburgh, and other species of Dipterocarpus. Natural order, Dipterocarpese. Habitat.—India and East Indian Islands. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from excavations cut into the wood and charred by fire. Description.—Thick viscid liquid, opaque and grayish, greenish or brownish in reflected light, transparent and red- brown or brown in transmitted light; spec. grav. 0.947- 0.964; odor resembling that of copaiba; taste bitter; soluble in chloroform, acetone, volatile oils, and carbon disulphide, partially soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum benzin. Above 130° C. (266° F.) it becomes permanently gelatinous or solid. On agitation with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids it is colored red and purplish. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C15H24, 40 to 70 per cent, (dis- solved in carbon disulphide, and agitated with a drop of mixed sulphuric and nitric acids, red or violet color is pro- duced), gurjunic acid, C44H6808 (a small quantity; crystal- line), resin (insoluble in potassa solution), and bitter principle. Properties and Uses.—Similar to Copaiva. TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS.—Canada Turpentine. Balsam of fir. Origin.— A'bies balsamea, Marshall. Natural order, Coniferm, Abietinem. Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States, west to Minnesota, and south along the mountains to Virginia. 474 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Production.—The oleoresin is secreted in vesicles in the bark, and collected by puncturing them. Description.—A yellowish or faintly greenish transpar- ent viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste, on exposure drying slowly into a transparent mass; completely soluble in ether, chloro- form, and benzol; partly soluble in alcohol. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, 20 to 30 per cent., uncrystallizable resin, bitter principle soluble in water. Allied Turpentines.—Oregon Balsam of Fir, from A'bies Menzi6sii, Lindley, resembles the preceding in physical properties when fresh; but becomes gradually granular and opaque. Strassburg Turpentine, Terebinthina argentoratensis, from A'bies pectinata, De Candolle; like Canada turpen- tine, but completely soluble in absolute alcohol; odor slightly lemon-like; taste bitter, not acrid. Venice Turpentine, Terebinthina veneta, from Larix europse'a, De Candolle, procured from the heart-wood by bore-holes ; yellowish, greenish-yellow, or brownish, nearly transparent, slightly fluorescent; odor terebinthinate bal- samic ; taste bitter and acrid ; completely soluble in 90 per cent, alcohol; dries to a clear varnish without becoming crystalline. Adulterations.—Solutions of rosin in oil of turpentine, the turpentine odor disguised through the addition of another volatile oil, are sometimes sold. Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic; mostly used externally. TEREBINTHINA.—Turpentine. Terebinthina communis, s. vulgaris. Origin.—Finns australis, Michaux (P. palustris, Miller), TE RE BIN THIN A — TURPENTINE. 475 and P. Tse'da, LinnS. Natural order, Coniferse Abieti- nese. Habitat.—United States, in the Atlantic and Gulf States from Virginia to Eastern Texas. Production.—Turpentine exudes spontaneously, but is mostly collected in boxes cut into the alburnum. Description.—Rarely seen in the American commerce as a yellowish, viscid, more or less opaque liquid. Usually as yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the cold, softened by the heat of the hand, crummy crystalline in the interior, of a peculiar odor, and bitter and acrid taste; known as white turpentine; also as Thus americanum or common frankincense, and corresponds to the galipot of French commerce. European Turpentine is obtained from Pinus Pinaster, Solander, P. Laricio, Poiret, P. sylvestris, LinnS, and other allied species. Constituents.—Volatile oil 20 to 30 per cent., abietic an- hydrid, crystallizing as abietic acid, C44H64Os; bitter prin- ciple soluble in water; small quantities of formic and suc- cinic acids; perhaps also other resin acids (pinic and sylvic acids). Oil of turpentine, C10H16, is colorless, dextrogyre* or (the French oil) levogyre; spec. grav. 0.87 ; boiling- point 150°-160° C. (300°-320° F.); readily soluble in strong alcohol; forms with IIC1 a crystalline compound, C10H16HC1 (artificial camphor). Abietic acid is soluble in carbon disulphide, alcohol, ether, benzol, and glacial acetic acid, and on oxidation yields formic and acetic acids; the salts are amorphous and insoluble in ether, if pure. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, astringent, haemostatic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in pills (hard- ened with magnesia); externally in ointments and plasters. Oil of turpentine, 0.3 to 1 to 2 grams (gr. v-xv-xxx), in emulsion ; externally in liniments. 476 DRUGS without cellular structure. Terebinthina Chia, Chian turpentine, from Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne (Anacardiaceie), is greenish-yellow or brownish, hardens to a transparent mass, and has a fennel- like terebinthiuate odor, and a mild bitterish taste. PIX BURGUNDICA.—Burgundy Pitch. Origin.—A'bies excel sa, I)e Candolle, s. Pinus A'bies, Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinefe. Habitat.—Europe, in the southern part in mountainous districts. Production.—The oleoresin exudes spontaneously and from incisions, is melted in hot water, and strained. Description.—Yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, not crystalline; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is kept; brittle when cold; fracture shining, conchoidal; aromatic, not bitter; soluble in glacial acetic acid and strong alcohol. Allied Products.—Resina pini; white turpentine fused in hot water and strained ; resembles the preceding, but gradually becomes crystalline. Terebiuthina cocta; the residue from the distillation of turpentine with water, strained. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, in variable propor- tion, water, and resin. Substitution.—A mixture of rosin, palm oil or other fat, and water; incompletely soluble in warm glacial acetic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. PIX CANADENSIS.—Canada Pitch. Hemlock Pitch. Origin.—Tsuga (Firms, Linne ; A'bies, Michaux) cana- densis, Carriere. Natural order, Conifer re, Abietinere. ELEMI. 477 Habitat.—North America, from Nova Scotia west to Lake Superior, and southward, in the mountains, as far as Georgia and Alabama. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions; the wood and bark, rich in oleoresin, are heated in water, the melted oleoresin is skimmed off, remelted and strained. Description.—Dark reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, not crystalline; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is kept; brittle when cold ; fracture shining, eonchoidal; odor weak, terebinthinate, balsamic. Adulteration.—Rosi n. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, water, and resins. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. ELEMI.—Elemi. Origin.—Probably from Canarium commune, Linne. Natu- ral order, Burseracese, Burserese. Habitat.—Philippine Islands. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions. Description.—Soft, yellowish, granular, more or less crystal- line ; when old friable; odor strong, resembling fennel and lemon, somewhat terebinthinate; taste bitter, disagreeable, and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (terpene and polyterpenes) 10 per cent., brein 60 per cent, (amorphous resin, readily soluble in cold alcohol), amyrin 25 per cent, (resin crystallizing from hot, strong alcohol), bryoidin (easily soluble in alcohol, bitter and acrid, crystallizes from hot water), breidin (crystalline, less soluble in water and ether), elemic acid, C35H5604 (crystal- line). Varieties.—Manila elemi, described above. Brazilian elemi, from I'cica (Bursera, Baillon) Icicarfba, De Candolle, and allied species; yellowish-white or greenish- white, fragrant. Mauritius elemi, from Colophonia (Canarium) mauritiana, De Candolle, resembles Manila elemi. Mexican elemi, probably from A'myris elemlfera, Royle; yellow or greenish, more or less translucent, of waxy lustre. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters and oint- ment. 478 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. PIN LIQUIDA.—Tar. Origin.—The wood of different species of Pinus. Natural order, Con if era), Abietinese. Production.—The wood is subjected to destructive distil- lation, either in retorts or packed in stacks covered with earth. Description.—Thick viscid semifluid, heavier than water, blackish-brown, transparent in thin layers, becoming granu- lar and opaque by age; odor empvreumatic, terebinthinate; taste sharp, empyreumatic, and bitterish ; of an acid re- action ; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, volatile oils, and potassa solution ; partly soluble in water. Constituents. — Acetic acid, and smaller quantities of formic, propionic, and capronic acids; acetone, methylic alcohol, mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, metliol; these pass over with the light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, chrysene, retene, paraffin, phenols, creasote, pyrocatechin, empy- reumatic resin. The composition of commercial tar is variable. Pyrocatechin or catechol, C6H602, is crystalline, sub- limable, readily soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and benzol, has a sharp persistent taste, and in aqueous solution becomes dark green with ferric chloride, changing to violet with alkali (sodium bicarbonate). Naphthalin, C10Hg, more largely present in coal-tar, forms pearly scales, has a strong aromatic odor and warm taste, is readily volatilized, melts at 79° C. (174° F.), boils at 218° C. (425° F.), dissolves freely in ether and hot alcohol. Dose, 0.1-0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij); externally as insecticide and anti-parasitic. Creasote and phenol are poisonous; when taken in exces- sive doses, treatment consists in evacuation (stomach-pump, VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS. 479 emetics, alkali sulphates); milk or white of egg; saccharated lime; stimulants. Allied Products.—Juniper tar, Oil of Cade, Oleum cadi- num, from the wood of Juniperus Oxyceclrus, IAnne ; it is more liquid, and of a somewhat different odor. Birch tar, Dagget, Oleum Rusci, from the wood of Betula alba, LinnS, has the peculiar odor of Russian leather, and contains much pyrocatechin. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, mixtures, and aqueous or vinous infusions; externally in ointment, plaster, and as fumigation. 7. VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS.-OLEA VOLATILIA ET CAMPHORJE. Volatile oils are odorous volatile liquids which produce upon paper a greasy stain, disappearing on the application of heat. They are readily soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, carbon disul- phide, and fixed oils, and many of them dissolve also freely in 80 per cent alcohol. All are but slightly soluble in water. They exist ready-formed in plants, but in some cases (volatile oils of mustard, almond, etc.) are the results of chemical action in the presence of water. They are mostly obtained by distillation with water, occasionally by expression of the parts containing them, like the volatile oils of lemon, orange-peel, etc. Volatile oils are usually mixtures of two or more com- pounds, differing in volatility and odor, the portion vola- tilizing first being sometimes designated as elceopten, and the portion volatilizing last as stearopten or camphor. The 480 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. latter usually contaius oxygen, the former mostly consists of carbon and hydrogen; a few volatile oils (of mustard, garlic, asafetida) contain sulphur, and in the volatile oils of amygdalese (almond, etc.) nitrogen is found combined with hydrocyanic acid. The compounds existing in volatile oils are mostly imperfectly known; but besides the hydrocar- bons, some of these have been proved to belong to the classes of alcohols, aldehyds, ethers, and compound ethers. The yellow, blue, and brown color of volatile oils is due to distinct compounds, which may be removed, in most cases, by careful rectification. On exposure to the air, more particularly in the presence of light and moisture, volatile oils become darker and thicker or even solid from resinification; the addition of a little alcohol will usually retard or prevent these changes. As a class, the volatile oils consisting of hydrocarbons are lightest in color and in specific gravity (the latter gener- ally ranging between 0.85 and 0.91), are less prone to resinification, and are not freely soluble in 85 per cent, alcohol. The oxygenated volatile oils have usually a den- sity from 0.90 to 0.99, and several of them are heavier than water, some being 1.10. They are mostly more freely solu- ble in 80 per cent, alcohol, are usually more or less colored, and the color is deepened on exposure. Adulterations.—Chloroform (adapted only to the heavy volatile oils) is readily detected on fractional distillation at a temperature of about 70° C. (158° F.). Alcohol will dissolve or soften fragments of fused calcium chloride or dry potassium acetate. Agitation with water will cause a diminution of volume. Fixed oils will leave a permanent greasy stain on paper; on agitation with 80 per cent, alcohol, the volatile oil will be dissolved and the fixed oil left behind. Cheap volatile oils are recognized by their odor on the C A MPHORA — CAMPHOR. 481 slow evaporation from bibulous paper or from the hands. The behavior to alcohol and to various chemical reagents is sometimes of value, and it has been suggested to determine for essential oils the “iodine number” in a similar manner as is done for fixed oils. The variations in the proximate composition of the volatile oils, and the presence or abseuce of coloring principles, often render the detection of adultera- tion, by means of reagents, very difficult. Properties.—Externally employed volatile oils are stimu- lant and rubefacient; used internally they are carminative, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, and sedative. Antidotes.—The effects of overdoses are counteracted by evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, and purgatives), demul- cent drinks, and opium. CAMPHORA.—Camphor. Origin.—Ciunamomum (Lauras, Linne) Camphora, F. Nees el Ebermaier, s. Camphora offieinarum, C. Bauhin. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. Habitat.—China and Japan. Production.—The branches and chipped wood are exposed to the vapors of boiling water, the volatilized camphor is condensed, drained and pressed from the adhering volatile oil (oil of camphor), and subsequently refined by sublimation in vessels of glass or iron. Description.—Crude camphor is in whitish granular masses, that from Japan having often a reddish tint, while Formosa camphor is grayish or blackish and more impure. Refined camphor is in translucent masses of a tough con- sistence and crystalline texture, readily pulverizable in the presence of a little alcohol or ether, has the spec. grav. 0.99, melts at 175° C. (347° F.), boils at 205° C. (401° F.), sub- limes aud burns without leaving any residue; odor pene- 482 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. trating, peculiar; taste pungent and bitter, afterward cool- ing ; readily soluble in alcohol aud most other solvents, but sparingly soluble in water; the solutions are dextro- rotatory. It is liquefied in contact with chloral hydrate, phenol, thymol, resorcin, and other substances. Composition.—C10H16O. Heated with zinc chloride it yields cymol, C10H14, and with nitric acid, camphoric acid, CioIliA, and camphoronic acid, C9H1205. Camphoric acid forms colorless, inodorous prisms, melts at 180° C. (356° F.), is freely soluble in alcohol, sparingly so in water, in- soluble in carbon disulphide. Camphoronic acid melts at 136° C. (277° F.) with decomposition, and is freely soluble in water and alcohol. Allied Camphor.—Borneo, Sumatra, or Barus camphor, from Drvobalanops Camphora, Colebrook. Natural order, Hipterocarpese. It has a somewhat different odor, is slightly heavier than water, less readily volatile, and with nitric acid yields ordinary camphor. Composition C10H18O. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, sedative, rubefa- cient, resolvent. Dose, 0.06 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. j-viij- xv), in pills or emulsion ; externally in liniments and oint- ments. Camphoric acid in catarrhal affections externally and internally, 1 gram (gr. xv) or more. THYMOL.—Thymol. Origin.—Thy'mus vulgaris, LinnS, Monarda punctata, Linne, Carum A'jowan, Bentham et Hooker. Natural order, Labiatse (Thymus, Monarda); Umbelliferse (Ajowan). Production.—From the volatile oil by fractional distilla- tion, by freezing, or by means of alkali solution. Oil of monarda yields about 24 per cent, of thymol. Properties.—Colorless rhombic scales or flat prisms, spec. grav. 1.06, of a thyme-like odor and pungent taste; OLEUM CAMPHORS—OIL OF CAMPHOR. 483 melts at 50° C. (122° F.), boils at 230° C. (446° F.); freely soluble in simple solvents (sparingly in water) and in alkalies; liquefied by camphor. The aqueous solution is rendered turbid by bromine water, but is not colored by ferric chloride. Thymol dissolves in H2S04 with yellow color, becoming rose-red on warming; on diluting with water, agitating with excess of lead carbonate and filtering, the liquid (containing thymolsulphonate) becomes violet with ferric chloride. The solution of thymol in glacial acetic acid becomes blue green on the addition of H2S04, followed by a drop of nitric acid. Composition.—C10H14O. Properties.—Stimulant, antiseptic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v) ; used most externally. MENTHOL.—Pipmenthol. Origin.—Mentha piperita, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Production.—By fractional distillation of the volatile oil, and freezing the higher boiling product. Properties.—Fine white needles, transparent when exam- ined singly, of an agreeable peppermint odor and taste; spec, grav. 0.89; melts at 43° C. (109° F.) ; boils at 212° C. (414° F.); freely soluble in most simple solvents, sparingly soluble in water; liquefied by chloral hydrate; produces a red color with bromine. The solution in H!iSD4 is turbid red- brown, slowly separates a colorless oil and loses the mint odor. Japanese or Chinese menthol, from Mentha canadensis, Linne, var. piperascens, resembles pipmenthol, but is usually moist from presence of oil, and has a mint-like odor, differing somewhat from that of peppermint. Composition.—C10H20O. Properties.—Stimulant, rubefacient, anodyne. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v) ; used externally. OLEUM CAMPHOR^.—Oil of Camphor. Origin and Production.—See Camphora. Descriptions.—Deep yellow or yellowish-brown ; spec. grav. about 0.94; boiling-point about 180° C. (356° F.); eom- 484 DRUGS without cellular structure. pletely soluble in alcohol. Formosa camphor oil has a strong camphoraceous odor and in the cold separates camphor. Japanese camphor oil is more limpid, has a sassafras-like odor, and separates little or no camphor. Composition.—Terpenes, cineol and terpineol, C10H18O, eugenol, safrol, camphor, and other compounds. Properties.—Like camphor, mostly used in liniments. OLEUM CAJUPUTL— Oil of Cajeput. Origin.—Melaleuca Cujuputi, Roxburgh, s. M. minor, Smith, s. M. Leucadendrou, var., Bentham. Natural order, Myrtaceae, Leptospermese. Habitat.—East Indian Islands. Production.—The leaves are distilled with water. Description.—Green or, after rectification, colorless or yellowish, neutral, very mobile, easily soluble in alcohol; levogyre; spec. grav. about 0.925; odor aromatic; taste warm, camphoraceous, cooling; not congealing at —25° C. (—13° F). It dissolves iodine without violent reaction ; the solution containing 20 per cent, iodine congeals in the cold crystalline. Constituents.—Chiefly cajuputol (eineol), C10II18O; also hydrocarbons, C10H16 and C15H24, and acetic, butyric, and valerianic ethers of terpilenol (C10H18O). The crude (green) oil often contains a trace of copper, which yields a red- brown color or precipitate on agitating the oil with warm dilute hydrochloric acid and adding potassium ferrocyauide to the watery liquid. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, rube- facient, counter-irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. jss-viij-xv), in mixtures; externally in liniments. OLEUM ROSiE.—Oil of Rose. Attar of Rose. Origin.—Rosa damaseena, Miller. Natural order, Rosa- cese, Rosese. OLEUM SUCCINI — OIL OF AMBER. 485 Habitat.—Cultivated in Bulgaria. Production.—The flowers are distilled with water, coho- bation being resorted to; yield about 0.03 per cent. Description.—Pale yellow liquid, spec. grav. 0.87, of an agreeable rose odor when diluted, and a sweetish taste; reaction neutral; slightly dextrogyre; separates at or below 15° C. (59° F.) transparent scaly crystals, which remain suspended in the liquid. Constituents.—Rhodinol, C10H18O (possibly also C10H20O) very fragrant, readily soluble in alcohol; stearopten, 12- 14 per cent., probably several hydrocarbons of formula CnH2n; inodorous, iridescent crystals, melt at 32.5° C. (90.5° F.); require about 100 parts of alcohol for solu- tion. Adulterations.—Spermaceti and paraffin crystallize in a rather opaque crust. An addition of oil of ginger-grass or roshe oil from Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne, lowers the congealing point of attar of rose, and imparts to it an acid reaction ; the chief constituent is the alcohol geraniol, c10h18o. Uses.—For perfuming ointments and mixtures. OLEUM SIJCCINI.—Oil op Amber. Production—Amber is subjected to destructive distilla- tion, and the thick brown liquid distillate is rectified. Description.—Pale yellow, spec. grav. 0.91-0.95; odor empyreumatic, balsamic; taste warm and acrid ; soluble in 4 parts of strong alcohol; with nitric acid it acquires a red color, and after some time is almost wholly converted into a brown resinous mass, having a musk-like odor. Adulterations.—Petroleum and the empyreumatic oils of resins. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, irritant. Dose, 486 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in capsules or emul- sion ; externally in liniments. Syllabus of the Officinal Volatile Oils. Magnoliacece. Oleum Anisi stellati, from the fruit of Illicium vdrum, Hooker filius. Pale yellow, sweet; congeals at about 10° C. (50° F.), while at rest, at about 1° C. (34° F.); spec. grav. 0.98, levo- gyre; consists of CI0H16 and anethol, C10H12O, with little safrol, anisic acid, hydroquinone ethylester, etc. ; with alcoholic HC1 becomes brownish. Cruciferce. Oleum Sinapis, from the seeds of Brassica nigra, Koch; yield 0.5 per cent. Yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 1.018, pungent and acrid, soluble in 3 parts of sulphuric acid without change of color; boiling-point 148° C. (298° F.) ; without rotating power; chiefly allyl sulphocyanide, C3H5.CNS with some CS2. Rutacece. Oleum Rutse, from the herb of Ruta graveolens, Linne. Green- ish yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.88, bitterish ; congeals below 0° 0. (32° F.) ; solution in sulphuric acid brown-red; chiefly methyl-nonyl-ketone, CH3CO.C9H19. Oleum Limonis, from the rind of Citrus Limonum, Risso. Yel- lowish, neutral, spec. grav. 0 852, bitterish ; dextrogyre ; boil- ing-point about 175° C. (347° F.); chiefly citrene, C10H16, with citral, Ci0H,6O. Oleum Bergamii, from the rind of Citrus Bergamia, var. vul- garis, Risso. Greenish, faintly acid, spec. grav. 0.87, bitterish ; boiling-point about 185° C. (365° F.); dextrogyre; consists of citrene, C10H16, and the acetic ester of linalool. Oleum Aurantii amari, from the rind of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Yellowish, neutral, bitterish, spec. grav. about 0.86; chiefly hesperidene (citrene), Ci0H16. Oleum Aurantii dulcis, from the rind of Citrus Aurantium, Risso. Yellowish, neutral, spec. grav. about 0.86; chiefly hesperidene, C10H16, with somegeranial C10H16O ; readily altered on exposure. Oleum Aurantii florum, from the flowers of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Colorless or brownish, neutral, bitterish, spec, grav OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS. 487 about 0.88; boiling-point about 190° C. (374° F.); dextrogyre ; gives violet fluorescence with alcohol; chiefly C10H16; the stearopten melts at 55° C. (131° F.). Leguminosae. Oleum Copaibae, from the oleoresin of Copaifera spec. Colorless, neutral, spec. grav. 0.89; boiling-point about 255° C. (491° F.); levogyre; consists of C15H24. The oil of Maracaibo copaiva becomes dark blue with gaseous HC1. Rosacece. Oleum Amygdalae amarae, from the seeds of Prunus Amy'g- dalus, Bullion (Amy'gdalus communis, Lmne, var. amara, De Candolle). Yellowish, slightly bitter, spec. grav. 1.07 (1.049, if deprived of HCN by lime and ferric chloiide); chiefly benz- aldehyd, C7H60 with HCN, in old oil benzoic acid. Evapo- rated with potassa and alcohol, the residue, dissolved in dis- tilled water, yields a nearly transparent solution, free from brown-yellow sediment (nitrobenzol). The bitter almond odor disappears on treatment with potassium permanganate, which has no action on nitrobenzol. Oleum Rosae (see page 484). Myrtaeeae. Oleum Cajuputi (see page 484). Oleum Eucalypti, from the leaves of Eucaly'ptus globulus and Euc. amygdalina, Labillardiere. Yellowish, neutral, spicy, and cooling; contains C10HU, C10H16, and C10H16O. Eucalyp- tol, C10H18O, is chemically identical with cajuputol and cineol. Oleum Caryophy/lli, from the flower-buds of Eugenia caryo- phyllata, Thunberg. Yellowish-brown, slightly acid, taste hot, aromatic; faintly levogyre; spec. grav. 1.05; boiling-point about 250° 0. (482° F.) ; contains C15H24, and eugenol, C10H12O2. Oleum Pimentse, from the fruit of Eugenia Pimenta, De Can- dolle. Colorless or pale yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 1.040- 1.050; contains C15H24, and C10H12O2. Oleum My/rciae, from the leaves of My/rcia acris, De Candolle. Yellowish or brownish-yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.965- 0.985, contains terpenes, eugenol, and little methyl eugenol. The last three oils congeal with potassa, and their alcoholic solution is colored purplish-blue or green by Fe2C 6. 488 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Umbelliferce. Oleum Carui, from the fruit of Carum Carui, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.96; boiling- point about 175° C. (347° F.); contains carvene (chemically identical with limonene, citrene, hesperidene), C10H16, and carvol, C10HuO ; the latter is colored light violet by Fe2Cl6, and congeals with ammonia and sulphydric acid. Oleum Fcenfculi, from the fruit of Fcenfculum vulgare, Qaertner. Colorless, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.97; con- geals below 0° C. (32° F.) ; contains phellandrene, C10H16, and anethol, C10H12O. Oleum Anisi, from the fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, slightly levogyre or dex- trogyre ; spec. grav. 0.98; if at rest congeals near 10° C. (50° F.), the temperature rising to 15° C. (59° F.) ; becomes pink with alcoholic HC1; contains phellandrene, C10H16, and anethol, C10H12O. Oleum Anethi, from the fruit of Anethum (Peucedanum, Hiern) graveolens, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, sweetish, dextro- gyre ; spec. grav. 0.88; citrene, C10H16, and carvol. Oleum Coriandri, from the fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.87; chiefly coriandrul, C10H18O (boiling at 195° C.), with little dextropinene. Valerianece. Oleum Valerianae, from the rhizome and rootlets of Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Yellowish or brownish, somewhat viscid, slightly acid, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.95: contains borneene C10H16, borneol, C10H18O, its ether (C10H17)2O, and its valerianic formic and acetic esters. ComposUce. Oleum Anthemidis, from the flowers of A'nthemis nobilis, Linne. Pale blue, green, or yellow, slightly acid; spec. grav. 0.90; contains anthemol, C10H16O, and the butyl and amyl esters of angelic, valerianic and tiglinic acids. Oleum Erigerontis, from the herb of Erfgeron canadense, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, strongly levogyre; spec, grav, 0.86; limonene, C10H16, and oxygenated compound. Its solution in acetic acid yields with bromine crystals of C10H16Br4 (Fluekiger). OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS. 489 Ericaceae. Oleum Gaulthdriae, from the leaves of Gaulthgria procumbens, Linne. Yellowish or reddish, slightly acid, sweetish, slightly dextrogyre; spec. grav. 1.175—1.185; boiling-point 216° C. (421° F.); chiefly methyl salicylate, CH3.C7H503, about 0.4 per cent, of C15H24 and some benzoic ester; yields with nitric acid colorless crystals. Much of the commercial oil of winter- green is distilled from the bark of the sweet birch, Betula lenta, Linne (Natural order, Cupuliferse Betuleae), which consists of methyl salicylate. Labiates. Oleum Lavandulae, from the flowers (and leaves) of Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, bitterish, levogyre; spec. grav. about 0.90; boiling-point about 185° C. (365° F.); contains C10H16, and as chief constituents the alco- hol C10H18O (linalool) and its acetic ester. The oil from the flowers is most fragrant. Oleum Menthae vfridis, from the herb of Mentha viridis, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90, contains C10H16 and a compound, C10H14O. Oleum Menthae piperitae, from the herb of Mentha piperita, Linne. Pale yellow or greenish, neutral, taste warm and cooling, strongly levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90 ; contains menthol, C10H20O (see page 483), and other compounds. Oleum Thy/mi, from the herb of Thy/mus vulgaris, Linne. Red- brown or yellowish, neutral, slightly levogyre; spec. grav. 0.88; contains cymene, C10H14, thymene, C10H16, and thymol, C10H14O (see page 482). Oleum Hedeomae, from the herb of Hedeoma pulegiofdes, Persoon. Colorless or pale yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.94 ; dextrogyre ; contains hedeomol, C10H18O, and formic, acetic, and isoheptoic esters. Oleum Rosmarini, from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0.90 ; con- tains about 80 per cent. C10H16, besides C10H16O, borneol and cineol, C10H18O. Oleum Monardae, from the herb of Monarda punctata, Linne, Reddish or browbish ; spec. grav. 0.920-0.925. Contains Cj0Hj6 (levogyre), thymol (about 24 per cent.), and formic, acetic, and butyric esters. 490 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Chenopodiacece. Oleum Chenopodii, from the fruit of Chenopodium ambrosiofdes, Linne, var. anthelmfnticum, Gray. Pale yellow, neulral, bitterish ; spec. grav. 0.92; boiling-point about 180° C. (365° F.); C10H16 and C10H16O. Piperaceae. Oleum Cubebae, from the fruit of Cubeba officinalis, Miquel. Colorless or faintly greenish or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0.92; boiling-point about 250° C. (482° F.); con- tains little C10H16, and two hydrocarbons, c15h24. Myristicece. Oleum Myrfsticse, from the kernel of Myrfstica fragrans, Hout- tuyn. Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.93 ; boiling- point 160° C. (320° F.); chiefly myristicene, C10H16, also myris- ticol, C10HuO, Laurinece. Oleum Cinnamomi, from the bark of Cinnamomum zeyhtnicum, Breyne. Yellow or reddish, slightly acid, sweet and spicy, somewhat levogyre; spec, grav. 1.05 ; chiefly cinnamic aldehyd, C9H80, also cinnamyl acetate and hydrocarbons; in old oil cinnamic acid. Oleum Cinnamomi C&ssiae, from the bark of Cinnamomum Cdssia, Blume. Like the preceding; flavor less agreeable; slightly levogyre or dextrogyre; spec. grav. about 1.07. Oleum Sassafras, from the root of Sassafras officinale, Nees. Yellowish or brownish, neutral, slightly dextrogyre; spec, grav. 1.09; contains safrene, C10H16, and chiefly safrol, C10H10O2 (melts at 12° C. = 53.6° F. ; no rotating power); with nitric acid dark red and resinous. Sanialacece. Oleum Santali, from the wood of alburn, Linne. Light yellow, rather thick, slightly acid; dextrogyre or levogyre; spec. grav. 0.97-0.99; boiling-point about 275° C. (527° F.) ; contains C15H240 and C15H260. ConifercB. Oleum Terebfnthinas, from the oleoresin of different species of Pinus. Colorless, neutral, bitterish ; spec. grav. 0.87 ; consists of C10H16. American oil of turpentine is dextrogyre. FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 491 Oleum Junfperi, from the fruit of Jumperus communis, Linne. Colorless or faintly greenish, neutral, sweetish, slightly levo- gyre; spec. grav. 0.87; boiling-point 155° C. (311° F.); con- sists of C10H16 (pinene and other hydrocarbons). Oleum Sabinse, from the branches (tops) of Jumperus Sabina, Linne. Colorless, neutral, bitterish, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.91; boiling-point near 160° C. (320° F.), rising to over 200° C. ; consists of C]0II16. Oleum Picis liquid®, from pine-wood tar. Yellowish or red- brown, acid, odor and taste tar-like; consists mainly of C10H16. 8. FIXED OILS AND WAXES—OLEA PINGUIA ET CERJE. Fats are found in plants and animals, and are mostly colorless, or white, inodorous and tasteless; but some com- mercial fats always contain coloring matter and volatile oil or other odorous principle, and the fats of the volatile fatty acids have a distinct odor. All fats are lighter than water (spec. grav. mostly between 0.913 and 0.956), are insoluble in water and mostly also in cold alcohol; they are soluble in ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, and carbon disulphide. The liquid fats are transparent; the solid fats melt, by heat, to a transparent liquid, and in that condition produce upon paper a greasy stain which does not disappear by heat. Fats are not volatile; when heated to about 300° C. (572° F.) they are decomposed with ebullition, at the same time darkening in color. They ignite with diffi- culty, but aided by a wick will burn readily with a lumi- nous flame. Fats may be obtained by treating the tissues with a solvent like carbon disulphide or benzin, or more generally by expression and by heat. Crude fats usually contain mucilaginous and protein compounds, from which they are freed by decantation or filtration; or they must be treated 492 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. with certain chemicals for the removal of impurities, like alum, lead acetate, zinc chloride, a small quantity of alkali, or about to 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid. The color of certain fats is destroyed by heat, or by exposure to sun- light, or by treatment with potassium dichromate and sul- phuric acid. Most fats are mixtures of two or more glycerides or glyceryl-esters, the most important of which are tristearin, C3II5.3C18H3502 ; tripalmitin, C3H5.3C16H3102; trimyris- tin, C3H5.3C14II2702; trilaurin, C3H5.3C12H23G2; and tri- olein, C3H5.3C18H3302 ; these are usually designated as stearin, palmitin, olein, etc. The drying oils which gradu- ally harden on exposure to the air contain linolein, the acid having the formula C16H2804. The same compound is stated to be present also in small proportion in most vegetable non-drying oils. Fats become rancid through the genera- tion of volatile fatty acids, and perhaps of other compounds. On saponification most of the liquid and solid fats yield glycerin, C3H803. Soaps made with potassa are softer than soda soaps, and the soaps of drying oils are softer than those prepared from non-drying oils. Woolfat or lauolin consists of cholesterin esters, is miscible with its weight of water, and saponified with difficulty. Fats having a high fusing-point are ofteu called waxes; but this name is more properly applied to the compounds of the fatty acids with the radicals of monatomic alcohols, such as cetyl, C16II33 (in spermaceti, ceryl, C27H55 (in Chinese wax), and myricyl, C30H61 (in beeswax). Adulterations.—The detection is difficult. The specific gravity of the fat, and the melting and congealing points of the fat and of the isolated mixed fat acids, should be observed. Drying and non-drying oils are distinguished by the effect of nitrous acid, which causes the latter to con- geal in the course of two or three hours to one or two days, FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 493 through the conversion of liquid olein into solid elaidin ; liuolein and allied oils are not solidified by this agent. Trielaidiu melts at about 38° C. 100° F.), and elaidic acid at 45° C. (113° F.). The test is applied by mixing 2 parts of nitric acid, spec. gray. 1.42, 3 parts of water, and 5 parts of the oil, and adding 1 part of copper. Maumene’s sulphuric acid test is applied by stirring together 50 grams of the oil and 10 cubic centimeters of strong sulphuric acid, and noting the rise of temperature. Heydenreich’s test con- sists in adding to 10 or 12 drops of the oil 2 or 3 drops of sulphuric acid, and noting the color, then stirring and again noting the color. For Calvert’s test, 1 volume of sulphuric acid, spec. grav. 1.53, is agitated for about five minutes with 5 volumes of the oil, after which the color is observed. Hirschsohn’s test for cottonseed oil consists in heating for twenty minutes in a water bath 8 cubic centimeters of the oil with 6 drops of cldoroformic solution of crystallized auric chloride (0.5 per cent.), when a red color is produced. Arachis, ben, hemp, maize, poppy, and walnut oils are likewise colored red or dark, or precipitate metallic gold (Moerck). The other oils in the next table are not affected (Hirschsohn). Tests. Oil of Nitrous acid. Maumene’s. Heydenreich’s. Calvert’s. Almond Whitish, solid 52° C. Yellow White. Arachis Whitish, solid 67 Yellow, green-brown Yellow. Cod-liver Yellow, liquid 102 Purple, red Purple. Cottonseed Yellow, soft 70 Reddish and brown Yellow. Hemp Yellow, liquid 98 Brown, black, solid Dark green. Lard Yellow, solid 27 Yellow, brown Yellowish. Linseed Brownish, liquid 103 Brown-red, blackish Dark green. Mustard Yellowish, solid Green, brown Greenish-brown. Olive Yellowish, solid 42 Yellow, brownish Greenish. Poppy Yellow, liquid, Yellow, brown-green Grayish. Rapeseed Brownish, soft 58 Green or brownish Brown. Ricinus Whitish, soft 47 Brownish Grayish-white. Sesame Red-brown, soft 68 Brown-red, gelatinous Dirty-green Sunflower Yellow, soft Red brown, brown Yellow. 494 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. In many cases the action of iodine or bromine upon the fat acids affords indication of the purity of fats. The fat acids of the acetic acid group are not altered at ordinary temperatures by these haloids; those of the oleic acid group take up two atoms, and those of the liuoleic acid group four atoms of the haloid, and any excess of the latter may be de- termined in the usual manner. The amount of haloid thus taken up differs greatly for various oils, and varies com- paratively little for each fat in its natural condition. Iodine is usually employed for this purpose, and the percentage of iodine combining with the oil is called the “ iodine number.” Oils and fats. Spec. gray, at 15° C. Iodine number. Melting-point of fat acids. Saponification value. Almond .... 0.9186 97.5-98 14° C. 194.5-196 Apricot .... 0 9191 99-102 4.5 192.9 Arachis .... 0.919 101-105 27-32 191.3 Butter 0.930 26-35 38.0 227.0 Butterin .... 55.3 42.0 Cocoanut .... 0.870 8.9-9.3 24.6 257.3-268.4 Cod-liver .... 0.923 123-140 213.2 Cottonseed . . . 0.9228 105-115 30.0 195.0 Hemp 0.9276 143 19.0 193.1 Japan wax . . . 0.980 4.2 222.0 Lanolin (suint) . . 0.973 36 41.8 170.0 Lard 0.940 58-64 44 195.3-196.6 Lard oil .... 0.918 191-196 Laurel 49 27.0 Linseed .... 0.935 154-160 17.0 189-196 Neatsfoot .... 0.916 66-70 30 0 190.9 Nut 0.926 142-144 20 0 196.0 Nutmeg .... 0.990 31.0 42.5 Olive 0.9149 81.6-90.2 25-29 191.7 Olive seed . . . 0.9202 81.8 188.5 Palm 0.95 50 4-53.4 47.8 202-202.5 Poppy 0.925 135-137 19-24 194.6 Pumpkin .... 0.9241 121 28.0 189.5 Rape 0.9172 97-105 18-22 177.0 Ricinus .... 0.9613 84-93.9 13.0 181-181.5 Sesame .... 0.9213 105-108 25-30 190 Tallow 0.916 40-42 45.0 196.5 Theobroma . . . 0.950 34.0 52.0 Hiibl prepares the “ iodine solution ” by dissolving 25 grams iodine in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, and FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 495 30 grams mercuric chloride in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, mixing the two solutions and setting aside for ten hours. For testing, about 0.2 gram of a drying oil (or 0.3 gram non-drying oil, or 0.8 gram of solid fat) is dissolved in 10 cubic centimeters of chloroform, mixed with 20 cubic centimeters of the iodine solution, and set aside for about 2 hours, when the excess of free iodine is determined by sodium thiosulphate. The “iodine number” of the fat acids is determined in the same manner, using the mixed fat acids separated from the saponified fat by a mineral acid. Free fat acids are estimated, in the presence of alcohol and pheuolphthalein, by titration with KHO (acid number). Valenta’s saponification value is an extension of Koettstor- fer’s method for butter-testing: 1 gram of fat is saponified by warming with 25 cubic centimeters of alcoholic solution of KHO (about J normal), and the excess of alkali deter- mined by titration; the weight of KHO in milligrams re- quired for combining with the fat acids gives the u saponi- fication value;” ou deducting from this the “acid number,” the “ester number” is found—i. e., the amount of KHO in milligrams required for neutralizing the fat acids present in combination. Classification. Sect. 1. Liquid fats. I. Non-drying oils. Yellowish, slightly nutty, not congealing at 01. Amygdalae —10° C. expressum. Pale yellow, deposits granules near 0° C. 01. Olivse. Yellow or brownish-yellow, solid at —18° C. 01. Sinapis expressum. Pale yellow, opaque at 0° C. 01. Bubulum. Yellowish, solidifying near 0° C. 01. Adipis. II. Drying oils. Yellow or brownish ; not solid at —15° C. 01. Lini. Pale yellow, bland, congeals at —18° C. 01. Papaveris. 496 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Nearly colorless, nutty; congeals at —20° C. 01. Juglandis. Green, unpleasant; congeals at—15° C. 01. Cannabis. III. Intermediate oils. Yellow, odor and taste fishy. 01. Morrhuae. Brownish-yellow, acrid. 01. Tiglii. Yellowish, mawkish, slightly acrid. 01. Ricini. Yellow, bland, congeals below 0° C. 01. Gossypii. Yellow, bland, congeals at —5° C. 01. Sesami. Yellow, bland, congeals at —10° C. 01. Maydis. Sect. 2. Solid fats. I. Containing volatile oil. Butyraceous, granular, green, spicy. 01. Lauri. Mottled orange-brown, melting at 45° C. 01. Myristicae expressum. II. Odorous, but free from volatile oil. Yellowish-white, chocolate odor, melting at 30° C. 01. Theobromae. Orange-red, violet odor, melting at 27° C. 01. Palmae. Brownish-white, acrid, melting at 40° C. 01. Gynocardiae. White, disagreeable odor, melting at about 25° C. 01. Cocois. Yellow, sweet, melting at 28° C. Butyrum. Whitish (the crude greenish-brown), animal odor, melting at 40° C. Lanolinum. III. With no characteristic odor. White, melting at 35° C. Adeps. White, melting at 45° C. Sevum. Sect. 3. Waxes. White, crystalline, melting at 50° C. Cetaceum. Yellow, or white, melting at 62° C. Cera. OLEUM AMYGDALAE EXPRESSUM.— Almond Oil. Origin. — Prunus Amy'gdalus, Baillon (Amy'gdalus communis, Linne). Natural order, Rosaceae, Pruneae. Habitat.—Western Asia, naturalized in the Mediterra- nean basin ; cultivated. OLEUM OLIV.E— OLIVE OIL. 497 Production.—Crushed bitter almonds are subjected to powerful pressure preceding their being used for preparing oil of bitter almond. Sweet almonds are likewise occasion- ally expressed. Yield 40 to 50 or 55 per cent. Description.—Yellowish, thin, spec. grav. 0.918, congeal- ing near —20° C. (—4° F.), of a slight nutty odor and bland taste. A mixture of the oil with an equal bulk of nitric acid, spec. grav. 1 16, on being warmed to 60° C. (140° F.) does not acquire a yellow or orange color. The mixed tat acids melt near 14° C. (57° F.) and solidify near 5° C. (41° F.). Constituents.—Chiefly olein, very little palmitin. Substitution.—The fixed oils expressed from the seeds of the peach (Prunus Persica, Linne) and apricot (Prunus Armeniaca, Linne) closely resemble almond oil; but warmed with nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, speedily turn yellow and orange-red. The fat acid of apricot oil melts near 5° C. (41° F.). Properties.—Lenitive. Dose, 2 to 16 grams (5ss-iv), in emulsion ; externally in liniments and ointments. OLEUM OLIVfE.—Olive On,. Origin.—O'lea europse'a, Linne. Natural order, Olea- cese, Oleinese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Production.—The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pres- sure, yields virgin oil ; a second quality of oil is obtained by mixing the press cake with hot water, and again ex- pressing ; and an inferior more or less rancid oil is yielded from the residue after it has undergone decomposition. Description.—Pale yellow or light greenish-yellow, spec, grav. 0.915 at 15° C., 0.911 at 24° C.; near 5° C. (41° F.) separating white crystalline granules; solid below 0° C. 498 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. (32° F.); of a slight agreeable odor, and a bland, faintly acrid taste. The mixture, made upon a porcelain slab, of 10 drops of the oil and 5 or 6 drops of sulphuric acid, does not acquire a brown-red or greenisli-brown color. Agitated with a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids it remains pale yellow or greenish. The mixed fat acids separated after saponification, melt at about 26.5° C. (80° F.) and begin to solidify at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.). Constituents.—Mainly olein; the solid fats are chiefly palmitin with arachin and possibly stearin ; also choles- terin, C26H440, soluble in alcohol. Properties and Uses.—Like Almond Oil. Olive oil, containing about 6 per cent, of free oleic acid, has been recommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, under the name of lipanin. OLEUM SINAPIS EXPllESSUM.—Expressed Mustard Oil. Origin.—The seeds of alba, Hooker filius, and Br. nigra, Koch. Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassicese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are subjected to cold pres- sure ; yield about 22 per cent. Properties.—Bright yellow (from white mustard) to brown- ish-yellow (from black mustard), spec. gray. 0.916, solid near —18° C., nearly inodorous, of a bland taste ; iodine number 96.0. Nitroso nitric acid colors reddish ; zinc chloride colors dingy green. Constituents.—Glycerides of oleic, stearic, erucic (C22H4202) and behenic (C22H4402) acids. Uses.—Like olive oil. OLEUM BUBULUM.—Neat’s-foot Oil. Production.—The fatty tissue of neat’s feet is boiled with water and the fat skimmed off, strained and pressed. Description.—Pale yellow, spec. gray, about 0.916, opaque OLEUM LI NI—FLAXSEED OIL. 499 at or below 0° C. (82° F.) ; odor slight; nearly tasteless. The fat acid melts near 30° C. (86° F.). Constituents.—Olein and solid fats. Uses.—Chiefly externally. OLEUM ADIPIS.—Lard OrL. Production.—Lard is exposed to a low temperature and expressed. Yield about 50 to 60 per cent. Description.—Pale yellowish or colorless, spec. grav. about 0.918, solidifying near 0° C. (32° E.); odor and taste slight. Constituents.—Olein with palmitin and stearin. Uses.—Externally. OLEUM LINE—Flaxseed Oil. Linseed Oil. Origin.—Linum usitatissimum, LinnS. Natural order, Linese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed ; yield by cold pressure 16 to 20 per cent.; by hot pressure 25 to 28 per cent. Description.—Yellow, limpid, spec. grav. about 0.935, congealing at —27° C. (—16.5° F.); odor slight; taste bland. The fresh pure oil dissolves in absolute alcohol in all proportions, and in 1 or 2 parts of 95 per cent, alcohol, becoming turbid with more. Expressed with heat, linseed oil is of a darker color, stronger odor, and acrid taste. The mixed fat acids melt near 17° C. (62.5° F.) The iodine number of linseed oil is 154-160 (Hiibl), or 170-180 (Benedict). Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and myris- tin. By exposure it dries to linoxyn, C32H54Ou. 500 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 65 grams (5j-5'j) 5 externally as a protective. OLEUM PAPAVERIS.—Poppyseed Oil. Origin. — Papaver sommferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed. Yield 40 to 50 per cent. Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, spec. grav. 0.925; con- gealing at about—18° C. (0°F.); odor slight; taste bland. The mixed fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and perhaps other fats. Properties.—Demulcent and protective. OLEUM JUGLANDIS.—Nut Oil. Origin.—1. Juglans regia, Linne. 2. Juglans cinerea, Linne. 3. Carya amara, Nuttall. Natural order, -Juglandese. Habitat.—1. Central Asia; cultivated. 2,3. North America, westward to Nebraska. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed ; yield about 25 per cent. Description.—Pale greenish or nearly colorless, somewhat thicker than the preceding, spec. grav. 0.92; congealing at about—18° C. (0° F.); odor and taste nutty. The mixed fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). Constituents.—Probably linolein with some solid fats. Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. OLEUM CANNABIS.—Hempseed. Origin.—Cannabis satfva, Linne. Natural order, Urtica- cese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Southern and Central Asia ; cultivated. Production.—The crushed fruit (hempseed) is expressed ; yield about 30 per cent. Description.—Green, becoming lighter and brownish on ex- posure; spec. grav. 0.93; odor hemp-like; taste rather mild; thickens at —15° C. (5° F.). The mixed fat acids melt near 19° C. (66° F.). OLEUM MORRHU J1 — COD-LIVER OIL. 501 Constituents.—Linolein, probably with palmitin. Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. OLEUM MORRHUAL—Cod liver Oil. Oleum jecoris aselli. Origin.—Gadus Morrhua, LinnS, and other species of Gadus. Class, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean. Production.—The fresh livers are slowly heated and the oil is decanted from the water, and sometimes deprived of a portion of the solid fat by partial freezing. Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, faintly acid, spec, grav. 0.923; near 0° C. (32° F.), separating a white granu- lar deposit; odor and taste mild, fishy. Sulphuric acid colors it deep violet, changing to brown red. If obtained by means of a greater heat, by boiling with water, or from stale livers, cod-liver oil is denser, has an amber-brown or dark-brown color, a stronger acid reaction, a more dis- agreeable odor and more or less bitter taste, and deposits granules at a higher temperature. Constituents.—Chiefly olein, with pamitin and stearin, iodine 0.001 to 0.002 per cent., traces of chlorine, bro- mine, phosphorus, and sulphur, 0.3 cholesterin and other biliary compounds, probably also butyric and acetic acids. With 90 per cent, alcohol the oil yields about 3.5 per cent, of extract called morrhuol. A lecithin-like compound of the oil, when heated with acids or alkalies, is decomposed into glycerin, phosphoric acid, and morrhiuic acid; the latter is oily or crystalline, soluble in hot water, and combines with acids and alkalies. Of the two alkaloids, aselline and morrhuine, the latter acts as a diuretic and diaphoretic (Gautier, 1888). Adulteration with rosin oil or paraffin oil is recognized 502 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. by saponifying with KHO in alcoholic solution ; the soap of the pure oil is completely soluble in water. Dipanin, recommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, is olive oil containing about 6 per cent, of oleic acid, liber- ated after partial saponification. Properties.—Demulcent, alterative. Dose, 8 to 16 grams (5j-Sss). OLEUM TIGLII.—Croton Oil. Origin.—Croton Tiglium, Linne. Natural order, Eu- phorbiacese, Crotoneae. Habitat.—India and Philippine Islands ; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed or are ex- hausted by carbon disulphide ; yield 30 to 40 per cent., or about 50 per cent, of the kernels. Description. — Yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid, slightly acid, spec. grav. about 0.95; odor slight, unpleasant; taste oily, afterward acrid and burning. Croton oil is soluble in 1 part, but only partly soluble in 7 parts of absolute alcohol; it dissolves more readily in alcohol when old than when fresh. Croton oil dissolves in sul- phuric acid, and the slightly darkened solution remains clear for some time. Constituents.—Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobutyric, tiglinic (C5H802), valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids ; also crotonol, C18H2804 (?). The purgative principle appears to be insoluble in alcohol, and the vesi- cating properties are due to a fat, the acid of which is closely related to oleic and ricinoleic acids (Senier); but Kobert (1887) considers crotonolic acid and its glyceride to possess purgative and vesicating properties. Properties.—Powerful purgative, irritant poison, rube- facient. Dose, 0.016 to 0.12 gram (gr. ij), in fixed oil or emulsion ; externally as an addition to liniments. COTTON-SEED OIL. 503 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics); demulcents (white of egg, gruel, etc.); stimulants ; mor- phine. OLEUM RICINI.—Castor Oil. Origin.—Ricinus communis, Ijinne. Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Crotoneae. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Production.—The seeds are crushed, freed from integu- ments by winnowing, kiln-dried, and expressed; the oil is clarified by mixing with warm water and decanting. Yield by cold pressure about 30 per cent., by warm pressure about 45 per cent. Description.—Viscid, transparent after filtration, nearly colorless ; congeals near —18° C. (0° F.); spec. grav. about 0.965 at 15° C., 0.960 at 24° F.; odor mild, rather mawkish, taste mild, afterward slightly acrid; soluble in an equal weight of strong alcohol, partly soluble in petro- leum benzin. The mixed fat acids melt near 13° C. (55.4° F.). Oxidation with dilute nitric acid yields oenan- thic acid. Constituents.—Ricinolein and palmitin ; acrid principle. Ricinolic acid, C18II3403, is a viscid oil and by nitrous acid is converted into ricinelaidic acid, which crystallizes and melts at 50° C. (122° F.). Properties.—Demulcent, purgative. Dose, 4 to 16 or 32 grams (5j-iv-5j). OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS.—Cotton-seed Oil. Origin—Gossy'pium herbaceum, Linne, etc. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibiscese. Habitat.—Asia and Africa ; cultivated. Production —The seeds are expressed and the crude red- 504 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. * brown oil is bleached with boiling water, followed by a little alkali. Yield 15-20 per cent. Description.—Yellowish or yellow; spec. grav. 0.922— 0.925 at 15° C., 0.917 at 24° C. of the crude oil about 0.930; neutral; congeals below 0° C. (32° F.); odor and taste mild, nutty. The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° F.), and solidify near 30° C. (86° F.). Constituents.—Olein, palmitin, and non-sapouifiable yel- low coloring matter. Properties.—Dem u Icent. OLEUM SESAMI.—Benne-seed Oil. Origin.—Sesamum indicum, LinnS, including the variety S. orientale. Natural order, Pedalinese, Sesamese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Production.—The seeds are expressed; yield 45-50 per cent. Description.—Yellow, limpid, transparent; spec. grav. 0.922 at 15° C., 0.917 at 24° C.; congeals at about —5° C. (23° F.); nearly inodorous, bland; colored green, red, and brown-red on being agitated with a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids. On agitating the oil with a solution of pyrogallol in HC1, and afterward heating the acid liquid to boiling, it will acquire a deep purple color. (Olive, almond and other oils are not thus affected.— Tocher.) The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° F.), and solidify near 32° C. (89.6° F.); when dry, they are colored red by HC1 and sugar (Baudouin). Constituents.—Olein, myristin, palmitin, stearin; resin- oid compound. Properties.—Dem ulcent. EXPRESSED OIL OF NUTMEG. 505 OLEUM MAYDIS.—Maize Oil. Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Graminese, Maydese. Habitat.—Tropical America, cultivated in the warm tem- perate zone. Production.—The fruit is broken, and the embryo, sepa- rated from the farinaceous endosperm, by sifting and win- nowing, is expressed; yield 6-7.5 per cent, of the fruit, or about 12-15 per cent, of the embryo. Description.—Yellow, rather viscid, transparent ; spec, grav. 0,916 at 15° C.; congeals at about —10° C. (14° F.) ; readily saponifiable ; odor peculiar, resembling that of corn- meal ; taste bland; colored green by sulphuric acid, yellow- ish-red by nitric acid or by a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and brown by nitroso-nitric acid. Constituents.—Free fat acids 0.9 per cent., olein, palmitin, and stearin. Properties.—Demulcent. OLEUM LAURI.—Laurel Oil. Oil of Bays. Origin.—Lauras nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Laurinese, Litseacese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe. Production.—The fruit is steeped in hot water and ex- pressed ; yield about 30 per cent. Description.—Of the consistence of butter, green, granu- lar ; melts near 40° C. (105° F.) ; odor strongly aromatic ; taste aromatic, spicy, bitter; completely soluble in ether ; coloring matter and aromatic principle soluble in alcohol; this solution is not colored red by ammonia (turmeric). Constituents.—Laurin, olein, chlorophyll, volatile oil, resin. Properties.—Stimulant, nervine; used in liniments and ointments. OLEUM MYRISTICbE EXPRESSUM.—Expressed Oil of Nutmeg. Oleum nucistie. Butyrum nucistse. Nutmeg butter. Origin.—Myrfstica frag r a ns, Houttuyn. Natural order, Myristicacese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands ; cultivated. 506 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Production.—Crushed nutmegs are expressed between hot plates; yield 28 per cent. Description.—In blocks, of the consistence of tallow, unctu- ous, marbled whitish and orange-brown ; spec. grav. 0.990- 0.995; fusing point near 45° C. (113° F.) ; odor aromatic; taste spicy ; soluble in 4 parts of hot strong alcohol. The mixed fat acids melt at 42.5° C. (108.5° F.). Constituents.—Mainly myristin, with little myristic acid, olein, palmitin, resin, coloring matter, and 6 to 8 per cent, of volatile oil. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, digestive. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. y-xv), in emulsion ; mostly used externally. OLEUM THEOBROMtE.—Oil of Theobroma. Butyrum (Oleum) cacao. Butter of cacao. Origin.—Theobroma Cacao, LinnS. Natural order, Sterculiacese, Buettneriese. Habitat.—South America. Production.—The seeds are deprived of the testa and expressed between heated plates; yield 35-45 per cent. Description.—Yellowish-white, becoming white on keep- ing, harder than tallow, yet melting in the mouth ; spec, grav. about 0.95; fusiug-point between 30° and 33° C. (86° and 91.4° F.); aromatic, of a blaud chocolate-like taste. On dissolving 2 grams (gr. xxx) of the oil in 4 grams (5j) of petroleum benzin or of ether, by immersing the test-tube in water of 17° C. (62.6° F.), aud afterward plunging the test-tube into water of 0° C. (32° F.), the mixture does not become turbid, and does not produce a granular deposit, in less than three minutes. Constituents.—Stearin, laurin, arachin, and olein, with glycerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids, and probably a little resin. Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in emulsion, mostly used for suppositories and in ointments. OLEUM COCOIS—COCOANUT OIL. 507 OLEUM PALMA:.—Palm Oil. Origin.—Else'is guineensis, Jacquin. Natural order, Pal- mese, Cocainese. Habitat.—Western Africa ; cultivated in tropical America. Production.—The fruit is heated with water and expressed. Description.—Harder than butter, orange-red, bleached by exposure to light, and by rapidly heating to 240° C. (464° F.) ; spec. grav. 0.95 ; fusing-point 27° C. (80.6° F.) ; odor agreeable, violet-like; taste bland. It rapidly becomes rancid, and acquires an acid reaction, a higher melting-point, and an acrid taste. Constituents.—Palmitin, olein, coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent; used in ointments, mostly for soap and candles. OLEUM GYNOCARDIiE.—Chaulmugra Oil. Origin.— (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. Habitat.—Malayan Peninsula. Production.—The seeds are boiled in water and expressed ; yield about 35 per cent., with ether 50 per cent, of oil. Description.—Of the consistence of tallow, brownish-white, of an acid reaction; fusing-point about 40° C. (104° F.) ; odor peculiar; taste acrid; partly soluble in cold alcohol ; by sulphuric acid colored red-brown, afterward olive-green ; after agitation with warm water, the oil separates as a milky emulsion. Constituents.—Albuminoids; glycerides of cocinic, hypo- gseic, palmitic, and gynocardic (CuH2402) acids, the last two also in the free state. The acrid taste and reaction with sul- phuric acid are due to gynocardic acid. Properties.—Alterative, emetic. Dose, about 0.3 gram (gr. v), in emulsion or dissolved in other oils. OLEUM COCO IS.—Cocoanut Oil. Origin.—Cocos nucifera, Linne. Natural order, Palmese, Cocainese. Habitat.—Tropical countries. Production.—The seeds are boiled with water and ex- pressed ; yield 50 to 60 per cent. Description.—Of butyraceous consistence, white; melting- 508 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. point about 25° C. (77° F.); odor disagreeable; becomes rapidly rancid. The soap is soluble in salt water. The mixed fat acids melt at 24.6° C. (76° F.). Constituents.—Glycerides of lauric (predominating) with palmitic, myristic, caprinic, caprylic, and capronic acids, and very little olein. Properties.—Demulcent; mostly used for soap. Origin.—Bos Taurus (femina), Linne. Class, Mammalia ; Order, Ruminantia ; Family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The cream rising upon cows’ milk is churned. Description.—Soft, yellow, neutral, spec. grav. about 0.93, fusing-point near 32° C. (89.6° F.), congealing-point near 23° C. (73° F.).; odor delicate and sweet; taste bland. For medicinal use, butter should be freed from salt and casein by melting it in warm water and decanting the clear liquid. 100 parts of pure butter on being saponified by an alkali, and the soap decomposed by hydrocldoric acid, yield fat acids, which, after washing (to remove about 8 per cent, of volatile fat acids) and drying, weigh between 85 and 88 parts. Most other fats yield over 95 per cent, of fat acids insoluble in water. Constituents.—Odorous principle a trace, olein about 30 per cent., palmitin and stearin about 68 per cent., and about 2 per cent, of the glycerides of butyric, capronic, caprylic, and caprinic acids. Butter having an acid reaction contains free butyric acid. Properties.—Demulcent; lenitive; used as a dietetic and in ointments. BUTYRUM.—Butter. LANOLINUM.—Lanolin. Woolfat. Adeps Lanse; CEsypum. Origin.—O'vis A'ries, Linne. Class, Mammalia; Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—Sheeps’ wool is treated with a weak soda solution and the solution acidulated. The remaining wool is treated with benzin, the liquid distilled and the residue de- prived of color by oxidizing agents or sunlight. Or crude woolfat is emulsionized with alkali solution; and the non- saponified portion separated and decolorized. ADEPS — LARD. 509 Description.—Rather firm, the crude woolfat of various shades of greenish-brown and strong animal odor; after de- colorizing yellowish or whitish, of weak animal odor, and of neutral reaction; readily absorbed by the skin ; spec. grav. 0.973 ; melting-point about 40° C. (104° F.) ; miscible with its weight of water, also with glycerin ; saponified with diffi- culty. On being heated in the water-bath, it should lose not over 30 per cent, of water. When heated with soda, ammo- niacal vapors should not be given off. Anhydrous lanolin is soluble in ether and chloroform, and but slightly soluble in hot alcohol. Constituents.—Cholesterin esters of stearic, palmitic, oleic, valerianic, and other acids; ash about 0.2 per cent. Properties.—Lenitive ; used in ointments. ADEPS.—Lard. Axungia porci. Origin.—Sus scrofa, Linne. Class, Mammalia; Order, Pachydermata ; Family, Suidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The fat attached to the mesentery, omen- tum and kidneys is melted with water and strained. Description.—Soft, white, neutral, spec. gray. 0.940; melting-point near 38° C. (100.4° F.); odor faint; taste bland ; completely soluble in ether. Distilled water boiled with lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction, is not pre- cipitated by silver nitrate, and is not colored blue by iodine. Lard boiled for five minutes with a 2 per cent, solution of silver nitrate, remains clear and free from color (absence of NaCl, cottonseed oil, etc.; Ritsert, 1889). Hot alcohol agitated with lard does not acquire an acid reaction (resins, stearic, and other acids). The mixed fat acids melt at 44° C. (111° F.). Constituents.—Olein 50 to 60 per cent., palmitin and stearin. Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive ; used in ointments and cerates. 510 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. SEVUM.—Suet. Sevum ovillum. Origin.—O'vis A'ries, Linne. Class, Mammalia; Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The internal fat is melted in a water-bath and strained. Description.—Solid, smooth, white, neutral; melting-point above 45° C. (113° F.); congealing-point about 39° C. (102° F), rising to about 44° C. (Ill0 F.); odor slight; taste bland. Constituents.—Stearin and palmitin (predominating), olein, and hi rein. Allied Fat.—Sevum bovinum, beef tallow, the internal fat of Bos Taurus, LinnS. Like the preceding, but melting- point near 40° C. (104° F.); contains more palmitin, no hi rein. Properties.—Lenitive; used in cerates. CETACEUM.—Spermaceti. Origin.—Physeter maeroeephalus, LinnS. Class, Mam- malia; Order, Cetacea; Family, Physeteridse. Habitat.—Pacific and Indian Oceans. Production.—The fat contained in cavities in the head and in other parts of the body is allowed to congeal, ex- pressed and remelted in water. Description.—White, translucent, slightly unctuous masses; fracture scaly crystalline, of a pearly lustre; pul- verizable in the presence of a little alcohol; spec. grav. 0.94 to 0.95; melting-point near 50° C. (122° F.); con- gealing-point near 45° C. (113° F.); soluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, and in boiling alcohol. CERA — WAX, BEESWAX. 511 Adulteration. — Stearic acid is extracted from melted spermaceti by treatment with aqueous solution of sodium carbonate or of ammonia, and precipitated from the cold liquid by excess of acetic acid. Constituents.—Mainly cetyl palmitic ester or cetin, C16H33. C16H3102, with small amounts of other esters. Properties.—Lenitive ; used in ointments and cerates. CERA.—Wax, Beeswax. Origin.—A'pis mellifica, Linne. Class, Insecta ; Order, Hymenoptera. Production.—The honeycomb, after draining the honey, is melted in water and the melted wax decanted. It is bleached by exposing the wax in thin sheets to moisture and sunlight. Description.—Cera flava, Yellow wax. Yellow or some- what brownish-yellow, breaking with a granular fracture at and below 10° C. (50° F.), becoming plastic by the heat of the hand; spec. grav. 0.96 to 0.97; melting-point be- tween 62° and 63° C. (about 145° F.); congealing with a smooth and level surface; odor aromatic, honey-like; taste mild; soluble in boiling ether and in chloroform ; partly soluble in cold ether, benzol, and benzin, and in hot alcohol. Cera alba, White wax. Yellowish-white circular cakes, somewhat translucent in thin layers, brittle in the cold, but becoming plastic by the heat of the hand ; spec. grav. 0.97; melting-point 64° to 65° C. (147° to 149° F.); odor slightly rancid. Constituents.—Aromatic and coloring matters in yellow wax ; hydrocarbons (probably C27H56 and C34H64) about 12 to 14 per cent.; cerin or cerotic acid, C27II5402 (crystallizes from boiling alcohol); myricin or myricyl palmitate, C30H61.C16H31O2 (the principal constituent; acicular crystals, 512 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. slightly soluble in hot alcohol, soluble in hot ether), with small quantities of an alcohol, C25H520, and of eery 1-alcohol, C27H560. The acid number varies between about 18.5 and 21, and the true saponification number between about 67.5 and 72.5. Adulterations.—Tallow renders wax softer and lessens its specific gravity. Paraffin is not destroyed by hot sulphuric acid ; 5 grams of the wax are heated in a flask for fifteen minutes with 25 grams of strong sulphuric acid to 160° C. (320° F.), and the mixture is diluted with distilled water; a layer of paraffin should not be separated. Resin is dis- solved by hot 70 per cent, alcohol, and, after cooling, is precipitated by water. Mineral and starchy substances are insoluble in chloroform. Properties.—Protective; used in ointments, cerates, and plasters. DRUGS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. I. OP ANIMAL ORIGIN. PAGE Mammalia. Rodentia. Castor Fiber, Linne. Castoreum .... 37 Carnivora. Viverra Zibetha, Schreber, etc. Civet . . 40 Ruminantia. Bos Taurus, Linne. Blood .... 40 Pepsin .... 38 Oxgall .... 41 Milk .... 40 Butter .... 508 Milk sugar . . . 443 Fixed oil. . . . 498 Beef tallow . . .510 Bone .... 44 Gelatin .... 35 Ovis Aries, Linne. Pepsin .... 38 Suet .... 510 Lanolin .... 508 Moschus moschiferus, Linne. Musk . . 35- Hyracoidea. Hyrax capensis, Cuvier. Hyraceum . . 39 Pachydermata. Sus scrofa, Linne. Pepsin .... 38 Lard . . . .509 Fixed oil ... 499 Cetacea. Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Spermaceti . . 510 Ambergris . . 39 Aves. Gallinse. Gallus Bankiva, Temminck. Egg (shell, albumen, yelk) . 32 Pisces. Teleostia. Gadus Morrhua, IAnne. Cod-liver oil . . . 501 Gadus merluccius, Linne. Otolithus regalis, Cuvier. American isinglass . 34 Sturiones. Acipenser Huso, Linne. Russian isinglass . . 34 514 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Insecta. Hymenoptera. Apis mellifica, Linne. Beeswax . . . 511 Honey . . . 444 Cynips gallas tinctorise, Olivier. Nutgalls . 400 Ooleoptera. Cantharis vesicatoria, De Geer. Cantharides . 27 Cantharis vittata, Latreille. Potato fly .28 Mylabris cichorii, Fabricius, etc. Chinese blis- tering flies 29 Larinus mellificus, Jeckel, etc. Manna . . 442 Orthoptera. Blatta orientalis, Linne. Cockroach ... 31 Hemiptera. Coccus cacti, Linne. Cochineal.... 29 Coccus Lacta, Kerr. Lac ..... 463 Crustacea. Decapoda. Astacus fluviatilis, Fabricius. ' Crabs’ stones . 43 Cephalopoda. Decapoda. Sepia ofBcinalis, Linne. Cuttlefish bone . . 42 Acephala. Monomya. Ostrea edulis, Linne. Oyster shell ... 43 Vermes. Annulata, Apoda. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny, etc. Leech . 31 Polypiphera. Octocoralla. Corallium rubrum, Lamarck. Red coral . . 42 Hexacoralla. Oculina virginea, Lamarck. White coral . 42 Poriphera. Ceratospongia. Spongia officinalis, Linne. Sponge . . 33 II. OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN. a. Dicotyledones, Polypetalce. Ranunculaceae, Anemonese. Anemone pratensis, Linne, etc. Herb . . . 265 Anemone Hepatica, Linne. Leaves . . 252 Banunculese. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linne, etc. Herb . . . 267 1. SPERMATOPHYTA. 515 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Ranuneulaceae, Hellebore*. Hydrastis canadensis, Linne. Rhizome and roots. 138 Helleborus niger, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots . 141 Coptis tri folia, Salisbury. Herb . 267 Nigella damascena, Linne, etc. Seed . . .383 Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Seed . . .383 Delphinium Oonsolida, Linne. Seed . . . 382 Aconitum Napellus, Linne, etc. Tuberous root. . 152 Leaves . . .252 Aconitum ferox, Wallich, etc. Tuberous root . 154 Actaea alba, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 142 Oimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. Rhizome and roots . 142 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L’Heri- tier. Rhizome and roots. 148 Magnoliaceae, Wintereae. Drimys Winteri, Forster. Bark . 208 Illicium verum, Hooker films. Fruit . . .347 Volatile oil . 348, 486 Illicium religiosum, Siebold. Fruit . . . 347 Magnoliese. Magnolia glauca, Linne, etc. Bark . . .183 Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. Bark . . .183 Menispermaceae, Tinosporeae. Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. Root ... 81 Anamirta Cocculus, Wight et Ar- nott. Fruit . . 335 Cocculeae. Abuta amara, Aublet. Root and stem ... 96 Abuta rufescens, Aublet. Root . 96 Menispermum canadense, Linne. Rhizome . . 147 516 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Menispermaceas, Pachygoneae. Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz et Pavon. Root . 95 Berberidaceae, Berbereae. Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Root . 98 Root bark . . 185 Berberis aquifolium, Pur ah, etc. Rhizome and roots. 148 Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michaux, Rhizome and roots . 139 Podophyllum peltatum, Linne. Rhizome. . . 129 Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaeae. Nuphur advena, Aiton. Rhizome. 129 Nymphaea odorata, Aiton. Rhi- zome . . . 128 Papaveraceae, Papavereae. Papaver Rhoeas, Linne. Petals . 313 Papaver somniferum, Linne. Fruit . . .345 Milk-juice (opium) 425 Seed . . . 394 Fixed oil . . 500 Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. Rhizome . . 125 Chelidonium majus, Linne. Herb. 268 Fumarieae. Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle. Tuber . .154 Cruciferae, Alyssineae. Gochlearia Armoracia, Linne. Root . 76 Brassiceae. Brassica nigra, Koch. Seed . ' . . 378 Fixed oil . . 498 Volatile oil 379, 486 Brassica alba, Hooker filius. Seed . 377 Fixed oil 498 Brassica Rapa, Linne, etc. Seed . . 379 Lepidineas. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Herb . . .268 Oistineae. Helianthemum canadense, Michaux. Herb . . 269 Violarieae, Violeae. Viola tricolor, Linne. Herb . . . 274 Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Ventenat. Root . 93 Canellaceae. Canella alba, Linne. Bark 207 Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Bark . . 208 Bixineae, Pangieae. Gynocardia odorata, R. Brown. Seed . 388 Fixed oil 507 Polygaleae. Polygala Senega, Linnb, etc. Root . 54 Polygala rubella, Willdenow. Herb . . . 270 Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, etc. Root . 99 517 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Caryophylleae, Sileneae. Gypsophila paniculata, Linne. Boot . 57 Saponaria officinalis, Linne,. Boot . 57 Hypericineae, Hypericeae. Hypericum perforatum, Linne. Herb . . . 269 Guttiferae, Garcineae. Garcinia Hanburii, Hookerfilius. Gum resin . . 454 Garcinia Mangostana, Linne. Fruit . 340 Ternstrcemiaceae, Gordonieae. Camellia Thea, Link. Leaves . 242 Dipterocarpeae. Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebrook. Stearopten . . 482 Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Oaertner. Oleoresin 473 Yateria and Hopea spec. Besin . . . 461 Malvaceae, Malveae. Althaea officinalis, Linne. Boot . . 79 Althaea rosea, Cavanilles. Flowers . . 313 Malva sylvestris, Linne. Flowers . . 314 Hibisceae. Gossypium herbaceum. Linne. Boot bark . . 202 Seed hairs . . 410 Fixed oil . . 503 Sterculiaceae, Sterculieae. Cola acuminata, R. Brown. Seed . 374 Buettnerieae. Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Seed . 373 Fixed oil . . 506 Tiliaceae, Tilieae. Tilia americana, Linne, etc. Flowers . . 310 Lineae, Eulineae. Linum usitatissimum, Linne. Seed . . 384 Fixed oil . 499 Erythroxyleae. Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck. Leaves 229 Zygophylleae. Guaiacum officinale, Linne. Wood . . . 164 Besin . . . 463 Geraniaceae, Geranieae. Geranium maculatum, Linne. Bhizome . . 126 Butaceae, Cusparieae. Galipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire. Bark . 209 Monnieria trifolia. Linne. Leaves . 218 Buteae. Buta graveolens, Linne. Herb . . . 255 Volatile oil . 255, 486 Diosmeae. Barosma betulina, Bartling, etc. Leaves . 249 Empleurum 3errulatum, Aiton. Leaves . 250 Zanthoxyleae. Xanthoxylum carolinianum, Lambert, etc. Bark . 199 Fruit . 347 Xanthoxylum elegans, Engler. Leaves 218 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, Lemaire. Leaves 217 518 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Rutaceae, Zanthoxylese. Esenbeckia febrifuga, Martius. Bark 209 Aurantieae. Citrus Limonum, Risso. Fruit . . 341 Rind . . 363 Volatile oil 363,480 Citrus Bergamia, Risso. Volatile oil . 486 Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Leaves . . 221 Flowers . . 309 Fruit . . 339 Rind . . 331 Volatile oils 362,486 Citrus Aurantium, Risso. Leaves . . 221 Rind . . 362 Volatile oil 362,486 Feronia elephantum, Correa. Gum . 446 Aegle Marmelos, De Candolle. Fruit . 340 Sitnarubeae. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle, etc. Bark . 139 I’icraena excelsa, Lindley. Wood . . . .163 Bark . . . .193 Quassia amara, Linne. Wood .... 163 Bark .... 193 Burseraceaa, Bursereae. Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood. Gum resin . . 452 Commiphora Myrrha, Engler. Gum resin . . 453 Commiphora Mukul, Hooker, etc. Gum resin . . 454 Bursera Icicariba, Baillon. Oleoresin . 477 Canarium commune, Linne. Oleoresin 477 Colophonia mauritiana, De Candolle. Oleoresin . . 477 Amyrideae. Amyris elemifera, Royle. Oleoresin . 477 Meliaceae, Melieae. Melia Azedarach, Linne. Root bark . 198 Melia Azadirachta, Linne. Gum . . 446 Swietenieae. Swietenia Mahogani, Linne. Gum . 446 Ilicineae. Ilex opaca, Alton. Leaves ..... 246 Ilex paraguayensis, Lambert. Leaves . . . 243 Ilex verticillata, Gray. Bark 184 Celastrineae, Celastreaa. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jaequin. Bark . . .203 Rhamnaceas, Rhamneas. Rhamnus cathartica, Linne, etc. Fruit 329 Rhamnus Frangula, Linne. Bark . 194 519 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Rhamnaceae, Rhamneae. Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle. Bark 196 Ceanothus americanus, Linne. Root . 99 Gouanieae. Gouania domingensis, Linne. Stem . 162 Ampelideae. Yitis vinifera, Linne. Fruit .... 838 Sapindaceae, Sapindeae. Paullinia sorbilis, Martins. Dry paste 424 Anacardiaceae, Anacardieae. Rhus Toxicodendron, Linne. Leaves . . . 254 Rhus glabra, Linne. Fruit . . 330 Rhus semialata, Murray. Galls . 401 Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne. Oleoresin . . 476 Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne, etc. Resin . . . 459 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach. Bark . 198 Anacardium occidentale, Linne. Fruit . . . 336 Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne. Fruit . . . 336 Coriarieae. Coriaria myrtifolia, Linne. Leaves . . . 226 Leguminosae, Papilionaceae, Podalyrieae. Baptisia tinctoria, R. Brown. Root . 98 Genisteae. Cytisus scoparius, Link. Twigs . . .271 Trifolieae. Trigonella Fcenum- graecum, Linne. Seed . . 376 Melilotus officinalis, Willdenow, etc. Herb 270 Galegeae. Tephrosia Appolinea, De Candolle. Leaves . . 226 Astragalus gummifer, Labillardiere, etc. Tragacanth . . 447 Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. Root . . 89 Extract . 433 Hedysareae. Alhagi camelorum, Fischer. Manna . 442 Arachis hypogaea, Linne. Fixed oil . 493, 494 Yicieae. Abrus precatorius, Linne. Root ... 90 Seed . . .377 520 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Leguminosffi, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. Butea frondosa, Rox- burgh. Exudation 436 Mucuna pruriens, De Candolle, etc. Hairs 411 Physostigma veneno- sum, Balfour, etc. Seed . . .374 Flemingia rhodo- carpa, Baker. Glands 413 Dalbergiese. Pterocarpus Marsu- pium, Roxburgh. Kino . . . 435 Pterocarpus santalinus, Linne filius. Wood 164 Piscidia Erythrina, Jacquin. Bark . 197 Andira Araroba, Aguiar. Powder . 413 Dipteryx odorata, Willdenow. Seed . 372 Sophoreas. Myroxylon Pereirse, Klotzsch. Balsam . 468 Myroxylon Toluifera, Kunth. Balsam . 469 (Jffisalpinieae, Eucassalpinieae. Hsematoxylon cam- pechianum, Linne. Wood . . 165 Extract . . 437 Cassieae. Cassia Fistula, Linne, etc. Fruit . . .343 Cassia acutifolia, Delile. Leaves . . . 225 Cassia elongata, Lemaire. Leaves . . . 226 Cassia marilandica, Linne. Leaves . . . 228 Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. Fruit . . .345 Amherstiese. Tamarindus indica, Linne. Fruit-pulp 364 Hymensea, Trachylo- bium, spec. Resin (copal) . . . 462 521 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Leguminos®, C®salpinie®, Cynometrese. Oopaifera Langs - dorffii, Desfontaines, etc. Oleoresin . 472 Volatile oil . 487 Dimorphandre®. Erythrophloeum guineense, Don. Bark . 200 Mimose®, Adenan there®. Prosopis juliflora, De Candolle, etc. Gum 446 Acacie®. Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. Extract . 434 Gum . 446 Acacia Senegal, Will- denow, etc. Gum . 445 Ingese. Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham. Gum . 446 Rosace®, Prune®. Prunus Amygdalus, Baillon. Seed . . 369 Fixed oil . . 496 Volatile oil . 370,487 Prunus Persica, Linne. Leaves . . . 246 Fixed oil . . 497 Prunus domestica, Linne. Fruit . . 337 Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. Bark . . 185 Prunus Laurocerasus, Linnb. Leaves . 248 Prunus Armeniaca, Linne. Fixed oil . 497 Spir®e®. Spiraea tomentosa, Linne. Herb . . 272 Gillenia stipulacea, Nuttall, etc. Rhizome and roots . 143 Quillaje®. Quillaia Saponaria, Molina. Bark . . 203 Rube®. Rubus Id®us, Linne, etc. Fruit . . . 338 Rubus villosus, Alton, etc. Root bark . 190 Fruit . . 338 Potentille®. Geum rivale, Linne. Rhizome and roots 137 Geum urbanum, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . 137 Fragaria vesca, Linne. Rhizome . .134 Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Herb . 273 Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp. Rhizome . . 127 Poterie®. Brayera anthelmintica, Kanth. Inflorescence . 310 Argrimonia Eupatoria, [Anne. Herb . 272 Rose®. Rosa canina, Linne. Fruit .... 329 Rosa gallica, Linne. Petals .... 312 522 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Rosaceae, Roseae. Rosa centifolia, Linne. Petals . . . 312 Rosa damascena, Miller. Volatile oil . . 484 Pomeae. Pyrus Oydonia, Linne. Seed . . . 368 Saxifragaceae, Saxifrageae. Heuchera americana, Linne. Root 81 Hydrangeae. Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Root ... 88 Cunonienae. Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Smith. Exudation . . 436 Droseraceae. Drosera rotundifolia, Linne, etc. Herb . . 274 Hamamelideae. Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Bark . . 187 Leaves . . . 241 Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. Balsam . 471 Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Balsam . 470 Combretaceae, Oombreteae. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, etc. Fruit . . . 337 Anogeissus latifolia, Wallich. Gum 446 Myrtaceae, Leptospermeae. Melaleuca Cajuputi, Roxburgh. Volatile oil. . . 484 Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiere. Leaves . . . 219 Volatile oil . 219, 487 Eucalyptus mannifera, Mudie, etc. Manna . . . 442 Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labillar- diere. Exudation (kino) . . . 436 Myrteae. Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Leaves . . 220 Volatile oil . 220, 487 Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg. Flower bud . . 307 Fruit . . . 334 Volatile oil . 308, 487 Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle. Fruit . 334 Volatile oil . . 487 Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Leaves . . 220 Lythrarieae, Lythreas. Ptinica Granatum, Linne. Bark . . 191 Rind . . 363 Onagrarieae. Epilobium angustifolium, Linne. Herb . . 273 CEnothera biennis, Linne. Herb . . . 273 Turneraceae. Turnera diffusa, Willdenow 213 Oucurbitaceae, Cucumerineae. Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. Seed . . . 372 523 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Cucurbitaceae, Cucumerineae. Cucumis Melo, Linne. Seed . 371 Cucumis sativus, Linne. Seed . 372 Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader. Fruit . . .342 Ecballium Elaterium,A. Richard. Resinous deposit . 458 Cucurbita Pepo, Limit. Seed . 371 Bryonia alba, Linne, etc. Root 77 Cacteae, Ecbinocacteae. Cactus grandiflorus, Linne. Flowering branches 275 Opuntieae. Opuntia cochinillifera, Miller. Cochineal 29 Umbelliferae, Amraineae. Conium maculatum, Linne. Leaves 256 Fruit . 354 Apium graveolens, Linne. Fruit . 356 Carum Carui, Linne. Fruit . . 359 Volatile oil 360,488 Carum Ajowan, Bentham et Hooker. Fruit . . • 357 Stearopten . . 482 Carum Petroselinum, Baillon. Root 73 Fruit 356 Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Fruit . 355 Volatile oil . 355, 488 Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne. Root 72 Seselineae. Fceniculum vulgare, Qcertner. Fruit 357 Volatile oil . 358, 488 (Enanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. Fruit . . . 358 Levisticum officinale, Koch. Root . 71 Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. Root ... 70 Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffmann. Root ... 71 Peucedaneae. Ferula Narthex, Boissier, etc. Gum resin . . 449 Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier et Buhse, etc. Gum resin . . . 450 Ferula Sumbul, Hooker filius. Root ... 73 Ferula tingitana, Linne. Gum resin 452 524 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Umbelliferse, Peucedaneae. Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Gum resin . . 451 Peucedarium graveolens, Hiern. Fruit . . .360 Volatile oil . . 488 Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. Root ... 74 Opopanax Chironium, Koch. Gum resin . . 452 Caucalineae. Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Fruit . . . 353 Volatile oil . 354, 488 Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Fruit 359 Daucus Carota, Linne. Fruit . 361 Laserpitieae. Laserpitiumlatifolium, Linne. Root 72 Araliaceae, Aralieae. Aralia spinosa, Linne. Bark . . . 200 Aralia racemosa, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . .144 Aralia nudicaulis, Linne. Rhizome . . 131 Aralia quinquefolia, Gray. Root . . 75 Cornaceae. Cornus florida, Linne, etc. Bark .... 182 b. Dicotyledones, Gamopetalce. Caprifoliaceas, Sambuceae. Sambucus canadensis, Linne, etc. Flowers . . . 319 Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. Bark . . . 188 Lonicereae. Triosteum perfoliatum, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 144 Rubiaceae, Naucleae. Uncaria Gambir, Roxburgh. Extract . 435 Cinchoneas. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell,etc. Bark 171 Remijia pedunculata, Triana. Bark . 181 Remijia Purdieana, Weddell. Bark . 181 Ladenbergia, Exostemma, etc. Bark . 179 Ixoreae. Coffea arabica, Linne, etc. Seed . . 391 Psychotrieae. Psychotria emetica, Mutis. Root. . 92 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A.Richard. Root ... 91 Anthospermeae. Mitchella repens, Linne. Herb . 298 Spermacoceae. Richardsonia scabra, St. Hilaire. Root ... 93 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 525 PAGE Rubiaceae, Galieae. Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Root ... 80 Galium Aparine, Linne, etc. Herb . 299 Valerianeae. Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots 182 Volatile oil . . 488 Composite, Eupatoriaceae. Enpatorium perfoliatum, Linne. Herb . . .275 Asteroideae. Grindelia robusta, Nuttall. Herb . 278 Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Herb . 279 Haplopappus discoideus, De Candolle. Leaves . . . 244 Solidago odora, Alton. Herb . . 277 Erigeron philadelphicus, Linne, etc. Herb . . .277 Erigeron canadensis, Linne. Herb . 277 Volatile oil . 277, 488 Inuloideae. Gnaphalium polvcephalum, Michaux, etc. Herb . . 282 Inula Helenium, Linne. Root . . 64 Helenioideae. Tagetes erecta, Linne, etc. Flower heads . . . 319 Helenium autumnale, Linne. Herb 279 Anthemideae. Anacyclus Pyrethrum, De Candolle. Root ... 62 Anacyclus officinarum, Hoffmann. Root ... 63 Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Herb 280 Anthemis nobilis, Linne. Flowers 315 Volatile oil . . 488 Anthemis arvensis, Linne. Flowers 315 Anthemis Cotula, Linne. Herb . 279 Flowers . . . 315 Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Per- soon. Herb . . 280 Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Visiani, etc. Flowers 316 Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. Flowers . . . 314 Tanacetum vulgare, Linne. Herb . 281 Artemisia Absinthium, Linne. Herb 281 Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Herb . 282 Artemisia maritima, Linne. Flower buds . . . 308 526 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Composite, Senecionideae. Tussilago Farfara, LinnL Leaves 246 Arnica montana, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . 133 Flowers . . . 317 Calendulaceae. Calendula officinalis, Linne. Herb 283 ‘ Florets . . . 318 Cynaroidese. Arctium Lappa, Linne. Root. . 65 Fruit . 352 Cnicus benedictus, Linne. Herb . 283 Silybum marianum, Gcertner. Fruit 352 Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Florets 319 Cichoriaceae. Cichorium Intybus, Linne. Root . 62 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfon- iaines. Root . . 61 Lactuca virosa, Linne, etc. Exudation . . 429 Campanulaceae, Lobelieae. Lobelia inflata, Linne. Herb. . 284 Ericaceae, Arbuteae. Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel. Leaves . . . 222 Arctostaphylos glauca, Linne. Leaves . 223 Andromedeae. Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. Leaves . . . 248 Volatile oil . 248, 489 Epigsee repens, Linne. Leaves. . 224 Rhodorese. Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Leaves . . 225 Ledum latifolium, Aiton, etc. Leaves . 221 Pyroleae. Chimaphila umbellata, Nuttall, etc. Leaves 246 Plumbagineae, Staticeae. Statice Limonium, Linne, etc. Root 98 Sapotaceae, Sapoteae. Lucuma glycyphlaea, Martius et Eichler. Extract . . . 436 Mimusops globosa, Gcertner. Milk-juice (chicle) . . . 437 Eusapoteae. Palaquium oblongifolium, Burch. Milk- juice (gutta percha) 437 Ebenaceae. Diospyros virginiana, Linne. Fruit . . . 339 Styraceae. Sty rax Benzoin, Dryander. Resin .... 465 Oleaceae, Fraxineae. Fraxinus americana, Linne. Bark . . 192 Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. Exudation (Manna). . . 441 Oleineae. Olea europaea, Linne. Fixed oil. . . 497 Apocynaceae, Plumerieae. Aspidosperma Quebracho, Schlec/i- tendal. Bark. . 198 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 527 PAGE Apocynacese, Echiteae. Nerium Oleander, Linne. Leaves . 221 Strophanthus Kombe, Olivier, etc. Seed . . .385 Urceola elastica, Roxburgh, etc. Caoutchouc . . 438 Apocynum cannabinum, Linn&. Root 67 Apocynum androsaemifolium, Linne, Root ... 93 Kicksia africana, Bentham. Seed . 385 Asclepiadaeeae, Periploceae. Hemidesmus indicus, R. Brown. Root ... 90 Asclepiadeae. Solenostemma Argel, Hayne. Leaves . . . 226 Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Rhizome . .130 Asclepias incarnata, Linne. Rhizome and roots. 138 Asclepias tuberosa, Linne. Root 66 Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, R. Brown. Root . 57 Gonolobeae. Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana. Bark . . . 194 Loganiaceae, Gelsemieae. Gelsemium sempervirens, Aiton. Root ... 94 Euloganieae. Spigelia marilandica, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 136 Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. Seed . . .379 Bark . . . 210 Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley. Seed . 382 Strychnos Castelnaeana, Weddell, etc. Extract . . . 432 Gentianeae, Chironieae. Erythraea Centaurium, Persoon. Herb . . . 299 Sabbatia angular is, Pursh, etc. Herb . . .299 Swertieae, Gentiana lutea, Linne, etc. Root . . 58 Gentiana puberula, Michaux, etc. Root ... 59 Swertia Chirata, Wallich, etc, Herb . 300 Frasera Walteri, Michaux. Root . . 60 528 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Gentianeae, Menyantheae. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. Leaves . . . 254 Polemoniaceae. Phlox Carolina, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 136 Polemonium reptans,Li?m|. Rhizome and roots 136 Hydrophyllaceae, Nameae. Eriodictyon californicum, Bentham. Leaves . . . 250 Boragineae. Symphytum officinale, Linni. Root ... 60 Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. Root .... 80 Convolvulaceae, Convolvuleae. Ipomcea Purga, Hayne. Tuberous root. . 150 Ipomcea orizabensis, Ledanois. Tuberous root. . 151 Ipomoea simulans, Hanbury. Tuberous root. . 151 Ipomoea pandurata, Meyer. Root ... 75 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Vandelli. Tuberous root . 152 Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. Gum resin . 456 Solanaceae, Solaneae. Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Twigs . 161 Solanum tuberosum, Linne. Starch . 419 Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume, etc. Fruit 341 Atropeae. Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Root . . 77 Leaves . . . 232 Hyoscyameae. Datura Stramonium, Linne, etc. Leaves . . . 234 Seed . . . 392 Hyoscyamus niger, LinnS. Leaves 236 Seed . . .393 Cestrineas. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne. Leaves . 233 Salpiglossidese. Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown. Leaves . . . 233 Scrophularineae, Verbasceae. Verbascum phlomoides, Linne, etc. Flowers . . . 320 Cheloneae. Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Herb 286 Chelone glabra, Linne. Herb . 287 Manuleae. Lyperia crocea, Ecklon. Corolla . 408 Digitaleae. Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Leaves 237 Veronica virginica, Linne. Rhizome . . 146 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 529 PAGE Orobanchace®. Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Herb . . 286 Pedaline®, Sesamese. Sesamum indicum, Linne. Leaves . 229 Seed . . .370 Fixed oil . . 504 Labiatfe, Ocimoide®. Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Flowers 320 Volatile oil . . 489 Satureine®. Collinsonia canadensis, Linne. Rhizome 140 Mentha piperita, Linne. Herb . . 287 Volatile oil . 289, 489 Stearopten . . 483 Mentha viridis, Linne. Herb . . 288 Volatile oil . 289, 489 Lycopus virginicus, Linne. Herb . 290 Cunila Mariana, Linne. Herb . . 290 Origanum vulgare, Linne. Herb . 291 Volatile oil . . 291 Origanum Majorana, Linne. Herb . 292 Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Herb . 292 Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Leaves . 216 Volatile oil . 216, 489 Stearopten . 216, 482 Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Herb . 290 Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Herb . 293 Volatile oil . 294, 489 Melissa officinalis, Linne. Herb . . 292 Monarde®. Salvia officinalis, Linne. Leaves . . 240 Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Leaves 215 Volatile oil . 215, 489 Monarda punctata, Linne. Herb . 294 Volatile oil . . 489 Stearopten . . 482 Nepete®. Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Herb . . 295 Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. Herb . 296 Stachyde®. Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne, etc. Herb 297 Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Herb . 296 Leonurus Cardiaca, Linne. Herb . 297 Plantaginace®. Plantago major, Linne, etc. Herb . . . 298 c. Dicotyledones Monochlamydece. Chenopodiace®, Euchenopodie®. Chenopodium anthelminti- cum, Linne. Fruit . . 346 Volatile oil . 346, 490 530 CLASSIFICATION ACCOEDING TO OKIGIN, PAGE Chenopodiaceae, Euchenopodieae. Beta vulgaris, Linne. Sugar 440 Phytolaccaceae, Euphytolacceae. Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Boot ... 76 Fruit . . . 329 Polygonacese, Eupolygoneae. Polygonum Bistorta, Linne. Rhizone . . . 128 Rumicieae. Bheum officinale, Baillon, etc. Root 84 Rheum rhaponticum, Linne. Root 83 Rumex crispus, Linne, etc. Root 83 Coccolobeae. Coccoloba uvifera, Linne. Extract (kino) . 436 Aristolochiaceae. Asarum canadense, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 145 Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots . 134 Piperaceae, Pipereae. Piper elongatum, Vahl. Leaves . . 239 Piper mollicomum, Baillon, etc. Leaves 218 Piper Cubeba, Linne fUius. Fruit . . 331 Volatile oil . 332, 490 Piper nigrum, Linne. Fruit . . 332, 333 Piper methysticum, Forster. Root . . 87 Piper Jaborandi, Velloz. Leaves . . 218 Piper officinarum, De Candolle. Fruit . 326 Myristicaceae. Myristica fragrans, Routtuyn, etc. Arillus . 407 Seed . . .387 Fixed oil . 388, 505 Volatile oil . 388, 490 Monimiaceae. Peumus Boldus, Molina. Leaves . . . 216 Laurineae, Perseaceae. Cinnamomum zevlanicum, Breyne. Bark . . .205 Volatile oil . 206, 490 Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Bark . 205 Volatile oil . 206, 490 Cinnamomum Camphora, F. Nees. Stearopten . . 481 Volatile oil . . 483 Nectandra Rodiaei, Schomburgk. Bark 182 Litseaceae. Sassafras officinale, Nees. Root . . 162 Root bark . . 207 Pith . . .407 Volatile oil . 207, 490 Laurus nobilis, Linne. Leaves . . 218 Fixed oil . . 505 531 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO OBIGIN. PAGE Laurinese, Litseaceae. Coto bark ...... 202 Thymelaceaj, Euthymelaeeae. Daphne Mezereum, Linne, etc. Bark . . . 201 Santalaceae, Osyrideae. Santalum album, Linne, etc. Wood . 166 Volatile oil . . 490 Euphorbiaceae, Buxeae. Buxus sempervirens, Linne. Bark . 192 Euphorbieae. Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Boot 68 Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Boot ... 68 Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Exudation . . 455 Crotoneae. Jatropha Curcas, Linne. Seed . 890 Jatropha, Hevea, etc., species. Milk juice (caoutchouc) 438 Croton Tiglium, Linne. Seed . 390 Fixed oil . . 502 Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Bark . 210 Croton Malambo, Karsten, etc. Bark . . . 211 Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow. Eesin . , . 462 Manihotutilissima, Pohl, etc. Starch 420 Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. Glands . . . 412 Bicinus communis, Linne. Seed . 389 Fixed oil . . 503 Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Boot . 69 Urticaceae, Ulmeae. Ulmus fulva, Michaux, etc. Bark . . 204 Cannabineae. Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Strobiles. 327 Glands . . .414 Cannabis sativa, Linne. Herb . . 301 Fruit . . . 353 Fixed oil . . 500 Moreae. Morus rubra, Linne, etc. Fruit . . 326 Artocarpeae. Ficus Carica, Linne. Fruit . . 327 Ficus indica, Linne, etc. Milk-juice (caoutchouc) . . 438 Besin . . . 462 Juglandeae. -Tuglans cinerea, Linne. Bark .... 197 Juglans regia, Linne, etc. Fixed oil . . 500 Engelhardtia species. Besin 461 532 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Myricaceae. Myrica asplenifolia, Blum. Leaves . . . 251 Myrica cerifera, Linne. Bark .... 200 Cupuliferae, Betuleae. Betula lenta, Lmnb. Volatile oil . . 480 Betula alba, Linne. Tar . . . 479 Quercineae. Quercus alba, Linne, Bark . . . 188 Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, etc. Bark 189 Quercus infectoria, Olivier, etc. Grails 400 Quercus vallonea, Kotschy. Manna . 442 Castanea vesca, Gcertner. Leaves . 244 Salicaceae. Salix alba, Linne, etc. Bark . . . . .180 d. Oymnospermece. Coniferae, Abietineaa. Agathis Dammara, Rich. Besin . . 461 Pinus australis, Michaux, etc. Oleoresin 474 Resin . . . 460 Volatile oil . 475, 490 Tar . . . . 478 Empyreumatic vola- tile oil . . . 491 Larix europasa, De Candolle. Oleoresin . 474 Manna . . . 442 Picea succinifera, Conwentz. Resin . 462 Empyreumatic vola- tile oil . . . 485 Abies balsamea, Marshall, etc. Oleoresin 473 Abies pectinata, De Candolle. Oleoresin 474 Abies canadensis, Michaux. Oleoresin . 476 Abies excelsa, De Candolle. Oleoresin . 476 Cupressineae. Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat. Resin 460 Thuja occidentalis, Linne. Branchlets 304 Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. Branchlets . . 304 Juniperus communis, Linne. Fruit . 325 Volatile oil . 325, 491 Juniperus Oxycedrus, Linne. Tar . 479 Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Branch- lets .... 302 Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Branchlets . 303 Volatile oil . 303, 491 Taxeas. Torreya californica, Torrey. Seed . . 388 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 533 e. Monocotyledones. PA OF. Orchideae, Neottieae. Vanilla planifolia, Andrews, etc. Fruit . 350 Ophrydeae. Orchis mascula, Linne, etc. Tuber . 156 Cypripedieae. Cypripedium pubescens, Willdenow, etc. Rhizome and roots . . . 122 Seitamineac, Maranteae. Maranta arundinacea, Linne. Starch 419 Canneae. Canna edulis, Ker, etc. Starch . . 419 Zingibereae. Curcuma longa, Linne. Rhizome . 112 Curcuma leucorrhiza, Roxburgh, etc. Starch . . .419 Curcuma Zedoaria,Roscoe. Rhizome 110 Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, etc. Fruit . . . 350 Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, etc. Seed . . . 397 Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton. Fruit . . .349 Elettaria major, Smith. Fruit . . 350 Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Rhizome 108 Alpinia officinarum, Hance. Rhizome 111 Haemodoraceae, Conostyleae. Aletris farinosa, Linne. Rhizome 121 Irideae, Moreae. Iris florentina, Linne. Rhizome . . . 114 Iris versicolor, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots- 121 Sisyrinchieae. Crocus sativus, Linne. Stigma . . 408 Dioscoreaceae. JDioscorea villosa, Linne. Rhizome . . . 125 Liliaceae, Smilaceae. Smilax medica, Schlechtendal, etc. Root 50 Smilax ornata, Hooker. Root ... 51 Smilax China, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 117 Polygonateae. Polygonatum biflorum, Elliott, etc. Rhizome. . . 124 Convallarieae. Convallaria majalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . 124 Aloeinese. Aloe socotrina, Lam.arck, etc. Inspissated juice . . . 430 Lomandreae. Xanthorrhcea hastilis, R. Brown, etc. Resin . . . 466 Allieae. Allium sativum, Linne, etc. Bulb . . 158 Scilleae. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. Bulb . . . 157 Colchiceae. Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Tuber . 155 Seed . . . 396 534 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. • PAGE Liliace*, Narthecie*. Cham*lirium luteum, Gray. Rhizome 120 Medeole*. Trillium erectum, Linne, etc. Rhizome 120 Yeratreae. Yeratrum album, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . . 117 Yeratrum viride, Aiton. Rhizome and roots . . . 118 Schoenoeaulon officinale, A. Gr. Seed . 394 Palmae, Areceae. Areca Catechu, Linne. Seed .... 398 Lepidocaryae. Calamus Draco, Willdenow. Resin . 464 Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, etc. Starch 419 Cocainese. Elaeis guineensis, Jacquin. Fixed oil . 507 Cocos nucifera, Linne. Fixed oil . . 507 Aroideae, Arineae. Arisaema triphyllum, Torrey. Tuber . 156 Arum maculatum, Limit, etc. Rhizome . 156 Orontie*. Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisbury. Rhizome. . . 119 Acorus Calamus, Linne. Rhizome . . 113 Cyperaceae, Caricieae. Carex arenaria, Linne. Rhizome . . 117 Gramine*, Maydeae. Zea Mays, Linne. Stigma . . . 410 Starch . . . 419 Fixed oil. . . 405 Oryzeae. Oryza sativa, Linne. Starch . . . 419 Andropogoneae. Saccharum officinarum, Linne. Sugar . . . 439 Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. Root ... 54 Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne. Yolatileoil . . 485 Avene*. Avena sativa, Linne. Meal . . . 421 Horde*. Triticum vulgare, Villars. Starch . 419 Triticum repens, Linne. Rhizome . 115 Hordeum distichum, Linne. Fruit, malt 252 Fruit decorticated . 420 2. SPOROPHYTA.—A. Vasculares. Lycopodiace*. Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, etc. Sporules . 415 Filices, Polypodiace*. Aspidium Filix mas, Swartz, etc. Rhizome. . . 106 Adiantum pedatum, Linne . . . 265 Cyatheace*. Cibotium Baromez, Kunze, etc. Hairs . 411 CLASSIFICATION' ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 535 b. Celltjxares. PAGE Algae, Florideae. Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye. Plant . .. 261 Gigartina mamillosa, Agardh. Plant . . 262 Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, etc. Isinglass 34 Eucoideae. Eucus vesiculosus, Linne, etc. Plant . . 262 Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston. Stipe . 406 Lichenes, Ascomycetes. Cetraria islandica, Acharius. Plant . 264 Eungi, Hymenomycetes. Polyporus officinalis, Fries. Plant . 402 Polyporus fomentarius, Fries. Plant 403 iEeidiomycetes. Ustilago Maydis, Leveille. Plant . 403 Ascomycetes. Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Plant . 404 Saccharomycetes. Torula cerevisiae, Turpin. Plant (yeast) . . . 416 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 4 BIP1S balsamea, 473 A canadensis, 476 excelsa, 476 Menziesii, 474 pectinata, 474 Abri radix, 90 semen, 377 Abrus precatorius, 90, 377 Absinthium, 281 Abuta amara, 96 rufescens, 96 Acacia Catechu, 434, 446 fistula, 446 Senegal, 445 stenocarpa, 446 Suma, 434 Yerek, 445 Acaroid resin, 466 Achillea Millefolium, 280 Acipenser Gfildenstadtii, 34 Huso, 34 ruthenus, 34 stellatus, 34 Aconite leaves, 252 root, 152 Aconiti folia, 252 radix, 152 Aconitum Anthora, 154 Cammarum, 153, 253 ferox, 154 Fischeri, 154 heterophyllum, 154 luridum, 154 japonicum, 154 Lycoctonum, 154 Napellus, 152, 252 Stoerkeanum, 153, 253 uncinatum, 154 Acorus Calamus, 113 Ac sea alba, 142 Adeps, 509 Adeps, lanse, 508 Adiantum Capillus Yeneris, 265 pedatum, 265 H3gle Marmelos, 340 African ammoniac, 452 ginger, 109 marigold, 319 saffron, 408 Agaricus albus, 402 Agathis australis, 461 Dammara, 461 Agathotes Chirayta, 300 Agrimonia Eupatoria, 272 Agrimony, 272 Ajowan, 357 Albumen ovi, 32 Alcea rosea, 313 Aletris farinosa, 121 Aleurites laccifera, 462 Alexandria senna, 225, 227 Algarobia glandulosa, 446 Alhagi camelorum, 442 Alkanet, 80 Alkanna tinctoria, 80 Allium Porrum, 158 sativum, 158 Allspice, 334 Almond, 369 oil, 496 Aloe barbadense, 431 capensis, 431 ferox, 430 Perryi, 431 socotrina, 430 spicata, 431 # vulgaris, 430 Alpinia Cardamomum, 349 Galanga, 112 oflicinarum, 111 Alsophila lurida, 411 Althaea officinalis, 79 538 INDEX. Althte rosea, 313 Alum root, 81 Amber, 462 Ambergris, 39 Ambra grisea, 39 American angelica, 71 cannabis, 301 castor, 38 columbo, 60 gentian root, 59 ipecac, 68, 143 isinglass, 34 senna, 228 spikenard, 144 valerian, 122 veratrum, 118 Ammoniacum, 451 Amomum aromaticum, 350 Cardamomum, 349, 350 globosum, 350 Granum paradisi, 397 maximum, 350 Melegueta, 397 Amygdala, 369 Amygdalus amara, 369, 487 communis, 369, 487, 496 dulcis, 369 Amylum, 417 Amvris elemifera, 477 Anacardium occidentale, 336 orientale, 336 Anacyclus officinarum, 63 Pyrethrum, 62 Anamirta Cocculus, 335 paniculata, 335 Anchusa tinctoria, 80 Andira Araroba, 413 Andropogon muricatus, 54 Schoenantbus, 472 Anemone acutiloba, 252 Hepatica, 252 patens, 265 pratensis, 265 Pulsatilla, 265 Anethum graveolens, 360, 488 Angelica, 70 atropurpurea, 71 officinalis, 76 triquinata, 71 Angustura, 209 Anise, 355 Anisurn, 355 Anogeiosus latifolia, 446 Antbemis arvensis, 315 Cotula, 279, 315 nobilis, 315, 488 Anthophylli, 334 Aphis chinensis, 401 Apis mellifica, 444, 511 Apium graveolens, 356 Petroselinum, 73, 356 Aplopappus discoideus, 244 Apoeynum androsaemifolium, 93 cannabinum, 67, 94 Aralia nudicaulis, 131 quinquefolia, 75 raceraosa, 144 spinosa, 200 Araroba, 413 Arbor vitas, 304 Archangelica atropurpurea, 71 officinalis, 70 Arctostaphylos glauca, 223 Uva ursi, 222 Arctium Lappa, 65, 352 Areca Catechu, 398 nut, 398 Argel leaves, 226 Arissema triphyllum, 156 Aristolochia reticulata, 134 Serpen tari a, 134 Armoracia rusticana, 76 Arnica flowers, 317 spec., 318 montana, 133, 317 root, 133 Arnicae radix, 133 Artanthe adunca, 239 elongata, 239 Mollicoma, 218 Artemisia Absinthium, 281 maritima, 308 vulgaris, 281 Arum Dracunculus, 156 italicum, 156 maculatum, 156 triphyllum, 156 Asafcetida, 449 Asagrsea officinalis, 394 Asarabacca, 146 Asarum canadense, 145 europseum, 146 Asclepias Cornuti, 130 incarnata, 138 syriaca, 130 tuberosa, 66 539 INDEX. Aspidium athamanticum, 107 Filix mas, 106 marginale, 106 rigidum, 107 Aspidosperma Quebracho, 198 Assam musk, 37 Astacus fluviatilis, 43 Astragalus gurnmifer, 447 Atropa Belladonna, 77, 232 Attar of rose, 484 Aubletia trifolia, 218 Aurantia immatura, 340 Aurantii cortex, 361 flores, 309 folia, 221 fructus, 339 Avena sativa, 421 Avenge farina, 421 Avens, 137 Axungia porci, 509 Azedarach, 198 BAEL, 340 Balata, 437 Balm, 292 Balmony, 287 Balsam of fir, 473 of Mecca, 454 of Peru, 468 of Tolu, 469 Balsamodendron africanum, 454 Ehrenbergianum, 454 Mukul, 454 Myrrha, 453 Balsamum peruvianum, 468 tolutanum, 469 Baptisia tinctoria, 98 Barberry, 98 bark, 185 Barley, 352 starch, 420 sugar, 440 Barosma betulina, 249 crenulata, 249 serratifolia, 249 Barus camphor, 482 Bastard ipecac, 144 Bay berry bark, 200 Baycuru, 99 Bay leaves, 218, 220 Bdellium, 454 Bean of St. Ignatius, 382 Bebeeru, 182 Beech drop, 286 Beef tallow, 510 Beeswax, 511 Bela, 340 Belladonna leaves, 232 root, 77 Belladonnse folia, 232 radix, 77 Belugo, 34 Bengal Cardamom, 350 kino, 436 quince, 340 turmeric, 113 Benne leaves, 229 seed, 370 seed oil, 504 Benzoinum, 465 Berberis aquifolium, 148 nervosa, 148 , repens, 148 vulgaris, 98, 185, 192 Beta vulgaris, 440 Beth root, 120 Betula alba, 479 lenta, 489 j Bikh or bish root, 154 Birch tar, 479 Bird pepper, 341 1 Birthworth, 120 Bistort, 128 Bistorta, 128 Bitter fennel, 358 orange, 339, 361 polygala, 270 Bittersweet, 161 Black alder, 184 haw, 188 hellebore, 141 ipecac, 92 jack, 189 mustard, 378 oak bark, 189 pepper, 332 snakeroot, 142 Blackberries, 338 Blackberry bark, 190 . Bladder-wrack, 262 | Blatta americana, 31 germanica, 31 gigantea, 31 orientalis, 31 I Blessed thistle, 283 540 INDEX. Blood, 40 Bloodroot, 125 Blue cohosh, 139 flag, 121 Bog bean, 254 Boldo, 216 Boldoa fragrans, 216 Boldus, 216 Boletus fomentarius, 403 laricis, 402 Bombay mastic, 459 senna, 228 Bone, 44 Boneset, 275 Borneo camphor, 482 Bos Taurus, 38, 40, 41,443, 508,510 Boston iris, 122 Boswellia Carterii, 452 Botany Bay kino, 436 resin, 466 Bourbon vanilla, 351 Brassica alba, 377, 498 Napus, 379 nigra, 378, 486, 498 Rapa, 379 Brayera anthelmintica, 310 Brazilian angustura, 209 rhatany, 100 vanilla, 351 Broom, 271 Bryonia alba, dioica, 77 Bryony, 77 Bucharian musk, 37 Buchu, 249 Buckbean, 254 Buckthorn, 329 Bugle, 290 Burdock, 65 fruit, 352 Burgundy pitch, 476 Burnt sponge, 33 Bursa pastoris, 268 Bursera Icicariba, 477 Butea frondosa, 436 Butter, 41, 508 of cacao, 506 Buttercups, 267 Buttermilk, 41 Butternut, 197 Butyrum, 508 cacao, 506 nucistse, 505 Buxus sempervirens, 192 pAB ALLIN E aloes, 432 Ij Cabardine musk, 37 Cacao, 373 Cactus grandiflorus, 275 Caffea, 391 Calabar bean, 374 Calamus, 113 Draco, 464 Calculi cancrorum, 43 Calendula arvensis, 283 officinalis, 283, 318 California oak balls, 401 I Calisaya bark, 176 Callitris quadrivalvis, 460 i Calumba, 81 j Cambogia, 454 Camphora officinarum, 481 Camellia Thea, 242 Canada erigeron, 277 pitch, 476 turpentine, 473 j Canadian castor, 38 hemp, 67 Canarium commune, 477 mauritianum, 477 Cancer Astacus, 43 Cane sugar, 439 Canella alba, 207 Canna starch, 418, 419 Cannabis americana, 301 indica, 301 sativa, 301, 353, 500 Cantharides, 27 Cantbaris vesicatoria, 27 vittata, 29 Caoutchouc, 438 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 268 Capsicum annuum, 342 cerasiforme, 342 fastigiatum, 341 Caramel, 440 Caraway, 359 Cardamom, 349 Cardamomum, 349 Carduus benedictus, 283 Carex arenaria, 117 Carolina pink, 136 Carota, 361 Carrageen, 261 Carrot fruit, 361 Carthagena bark, 179 Carthamus tinctorius, 319 Carum Ajowan, 357, 482 INDEX. 541 Carum Carui, 359, 488 Petroselinum, 73, 356 Carya amara, 500 Caryophylli fructus, 334 Caryophyllus aromaticus, 307, 334 Cascara sagrada, 196 Cascarilla, 210 Cashew nut, 336 Cassava starch, 420 Cassia acutifolia, 225 bacillaris, 344 brasiliana, 345 elongata, 226 Fistula, 343 grandis, 345 holosericea, 228 lignea, 206 marilandica, 228 moschata, 344 obovata, 227 pubescens, 228 Castanea dentata, 244 sativa, vesca, 244 Castilloa, 438 Castor Fiber, 37 oil, 503 seed, 389 Castoreum, 37 Cataria, 295 Catechu, 434 pallidum, 435 Cathartocarpus Fistula, 343 Catnep, 295 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 139 Cayenne pepper, 341 Ceanothus americanus, 99 Celandine, 268 Celery fruit, 356 Centaury, 299 Cephaelis acuminata, 92 Ipecacuanha, 91 Cera, 511 alba, 511 flava, 511 Cerasus Laurocerasus, 248 serotina, 185 Ceratonia Siliqua, 345 Ceratopetalum apetalum, 436 gummiferum, 436 Cereus grandiflorus, 275 Cervispina cathartica, 329 Cetaceum, 510 Cetraria islandica, 264 Cevadilla, 394 Ceylon cardamom, 350 cinnamon, 205 | Chamsecyparis sphseroidea, 304 Chamselirium luteum, 120 j Chamomile, 315 Chaulmoogra odorata, 388, 507 Chaulmugra oil, 507 seed, 388 Chavica officinarum, 326 Boxburghii, 326 Chekan, Cheken, 220 Chelidonium majus, 268 Chelone glabra, 287 Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. anthelmintioum, 346, 490 Cherry laurel, 248 Chestnut leaves, 244 Chewstick, 162 Chian turpentine, 476 Chicle, 437 Chicory, 62 Ohimaphila maculata, 247 umbellata, 246 China root, 117 Chinese aconite, 154 blistering flies, 29 cinnamon, 205 ginger, 110 isinglass, 34 musk, 37 nutgalls, 401 rhubarb, 85 turmeric, 113 Chi rata, 300 Chiretta, 300 Chittem bark, 196 Chondodendron tomentosum, 95 Chondrin, 35 Chondrus crispus, 261 mamillosus, 261 Chrysanthemum carneum, 316 cinerariaefolium, 316 Parthenium, 280 roseum, 316 Chrysophyllurn glyciphlceum, 436 Cibotium Baromez, 411 Djambianum, 411 glaucum, Schiedei, 411 Cichorium Intybus, 62 Cimicifuga racemosa, 142 Cinchona,171 Calisaya, 176 542 INDEX. Cinchona, lancifolia, 178, 179 officinalis, 178 Pitayensis, 179 pubescens, 179 scrobiculata, 178 spec., 175, 179 succirubra, 178 Cinnamodendron corticosum, 208 Cinnamomum Camphora,481 Cassia, 205, 490 zeylanicum, 205, 490 Cinnamon, 205 cassia, 205 Cinquefoil, 273 Citrullus Colocynthis, 342 vulgaris, 372 Citrus Aurantium, 221, 309, 361, 486 Bergamia, 486 Limonum, 341, 363, 486 vulgaris, 221, 309, 339, 861, 486 Civet, 40 Civetta, 40 Claviceps purpurea, 404 Cleavers, 299 Cloves, 307 Cnicus benedictus, 283 Coca, 229 Coccionella, 29 Coccoloba uvifera, 436 Cocculus indicus, 335 Coccus cacti, 29 Lacca, 463 Cochinchina turmeric, 113 Cochineal, 29 Cochlearia Armoracia, 76 Cockroach, 31 Cocoanut oil, 507 Cocos nucifera, 507 Cod-liver oil, 501 Coffea arabica, 391 liberica, 391 Coffee, 391 Cola acuminata, 374 Colchici radix, 155 semen, 396 Colchicum autumnale, 155, 396 root, 155 seed, 396 Cole seed, 379 Colicroot, 121, 125 Colla piscium, 34 Collinsonia canadensis, 140 Colocynth, 342 Colocynthis, 342 Colombo, 81 Colophonia mauritiana, 465 Colophonium, 460 Coltsfoot, 246 Colza seed, 379 Comfrey, 60 Commiphora africana, 454 Mukul, 454 Myrrha, 453 Opobalsamum, 454 Common frankincense, 475 Comptonia asplenifolia, 251 Conchse, 43 Condurango, 194 Conii folia, 256 fruetus, 354 Conium fruit, 354 leaves, 256 maculatum, 256, 354 Convallaria majalis, 124 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, 152 Scammonia, 456 Copaiba, 472 Copaifera Langsdorffii, 472, 487 officinalis, 472 Copaiva, 472 Copal, 461 Copalcbi bark, 211 Coptis trifolia, 267 Coral, 42 Corallium rubrum, 42 Coriander, 353 Coriandrum sativum, 353, 488 Coriaria myrtifolia, 226 Corinthian raisins, 339 Corn starch, 419 Cornsilk, 410 Cornsmut, 403 Cornus circinata, 182 florida, 182 sericea, 183 Cortex radicis berberidis, 185 Corydalis canadensis, 154 formosa, 155 Coto bark, 202 Cotton, 410 Cottonroot bark, 202 Cottonseed oil, 503 Cotula, 279 Couchgrass, 115 543 INDEX. Coumarouna odorata, 372 Cowage, 411 Crabs’ eye, 43 stones, 43 Cranesbill, 126 Cratseva Marmelos, 340 Cream, 41 Cremor lactis, 41 Crocus sativus, 408 Croton Eluteria, 210 Malambo, 211 oil, 502 Pseudochina, 211 seed, 390 Tiglium, 390, 502 Crowfoot, 267 Crown bark, 178 Cubeb, 331 Cubeba canina, 332 crassipes, 332 Lowong, 332 officinalis, 331, 490 Wallichii, 332 Cucumber seed, 372 Cucumis Citrullus, 372 Colocynthis, 342 Melo, 371 sativus, 372 Cucurbita Citrullus, 372 Pepo, 371 Culver’s physic, 146 Cumin fruit, 359 Cuminum Cyminum, 359 Cunila Mariana, 290 Cuprea bark, 181 Cupressus thyoides, 304 Curacao aloes, 431 Curara, 432 Curare, 432 Curcas purgans, 390 Curcuma longa,112 species, 419 starch, 418 Zedoaria, 110 Currants, 339 Cusco bark, 179 Cutch, 434 Cuttlefish bone, 42 Cydonia vulgaris, 368 Cydonium, 368 Cynanchum Yincetoxicum, 57 Cynips gallse tinctorise, 400 Cynosbata, 329 Cypripedium parviflorum, 122 pubescens, 122 Cytisus scoparius, 271 Draco, 4G4 Dagget, 479 Damiana, 243 Daramara australis, 461 orientals, 461 Dandelion, 61 Daphne Gnidium, 201 Laureola, 201 Mezereum, 201 Datura Stramonium, 234, 392 Tatula, 235 Daucus Carota, 361 Deadly nightshade, 232 Delphinium Consolida, 382 Staphisagria, 383 | Dextrose, 441 Dieentra canadensis, 154 eximia, 155 Dichopsis Gutta, 437 Digitalis purpurea, 237 Dill, 360 Dioscorea villosa, 125 Diospyros virginiana, 339 Dipterocarpus alatus, 473 turbinatus, 473 Dipteryx odorata, 372 oppositifolia, 372 Dittany, 290 Dog’s bane, 93 Dogwood, 182 | Dolichos pruriens, 411 | Dorema Ammoniacum, 451 ! Draconis resina, 464 Dracontium foetidum, 119 | Dragon’s blood, 464 Dragon root, 156 Drimys "Winteri, 202, 208 Drosera intermedia, 274 rotundifolia, 274 Dryobalanops Oamphora, 482 Duboisia myoporoides, 233 l Dulcamara, 161 I7CBALLIUM Elaterium, 458 J Egg, 32 Egg-shell, 32, 43 Elaeis guineensis, 507 Elastica, 438 Elaterium, 458 544 INDEX. Elder, 319 Elecampane, 64 Elemi, 477 Elettaria Cardamomum, 349 major, 350 Empleurum serrulatum, 250 Engelhardtia, 461 Epicauta vittata, 29 Epigsea repens, 224 Epilobium angustifolium, 273 Epiphegus virginiana, 286 Ergot, ergota, 404 Erigeron annuus, 277 canadensis, 277, 488 philadelphicus, 277 strigosus, 277 Eriodictyon californicum, 250 Erythrsea Centaurium, 299 Erythrophloeum guineense, 200 Erythroxylon Coca, 229 Esenbeckia febrifuga, 209 Eucalyptus amygdalina, 436, 487 dumosa, 442 globulus, 219, 487 mannifera, 442 viminalis, 442 Eucheuma spinosum, 34 Eugenia caryophyllata, 307, 334, 487 Chekan, 220 Pimenta, 334, 487 Euonymus atropurpureus, 203 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 275 Euphorbia corollata, 68 Ipecacuanha, 68 resinifera, 455 Euphorhium, 455 European centaury, 299 dragon root, 156 elder, 320 elm bark, 204 rhubarb, 86 turpentine, 475 Euryangium Sumbul, 73 Euspongia equina, 33 mollissima, 33 Zimocca, 33 Evening primrose, 273 Exogonium Purga, 150 Extractum glycyrrhizse, 433 hasmatoxyli, 437 sanguinis, 40 17ALSE angustura, 210 cubebs, 332 damiana, 244 jalaps, 151 nutmegs, 388 pareira brava, 96 sarsaparilla, 131 Solomon’s seal, 124 Winter’s bark, 208 Fel bovinum, 41 tauri, 41 Fennel, 357 Fenugreek, 376 Fermentum, 416 Ferronia elephantum, 446 Ferula Asafoetida, 449 fcetida, 449 galbaniflua, 450 Narthex, 449 rubricaulis, 451 Sumbul, 73 tingitana, 452 Feverfew, 280 Fever root, 144 Ficus, 438 Oarica, 327 indica, 462 Fig, 327 Figwort, 286 Filix mas, 106 Fishberries, 335 Five-leaved water-hemlock, 358 Flaxseed, 384 oil, 499 Fleabane, 277 Flemingia rbodocarpa, 413 Flesh-colored asclepias, 138 Florentine orris, 114 Fceniculum capillaceum, 357 vulgare, 357, 488 Foenum grsecum, 376 Foxglove, 237 Fragaria vesca, 134 Frangula, 194 Frankincense, 452 Frasera Walteri, 60 Fraxinus alba, 192 americana, 192 Ornus, 441 French berries, 330 lactucarium, 430 marigold, 319 saffron, 408 JNDEX. 545 Frostwort, 269 Fucus nodosus, 263 vesiculosus, 262 Fungus chirurgorum, 403 laricis, 402 Fusiform jalap, 151 GADIJS Merluccius, 34 Morrhua, 501 Galanga, 111 Galangal, 111 Galbanum, 450 Galipea Cusparia, 209 officinalis, 209 Galium Aparine, 299 triflorum, 299 Galla, 400 Gallus Bankiva, 32 Gambir, 435 Gamboge, 454 Garcinia Hanburii, 454 Mangostana, 340 Morelia, 454 Garden thyme, 216 Garlic, 158 Gaultheria procumbens, 248, 489 Gelatin, 35 Gelatina, 35 Gelsemium sempervirens, 94 Gentian, 58 Gentiana Andrewsii, 59 lutea, 58 pannonica, 58 puberula, 59 punctata, 58 purpurea, 58 Saponaria, 59 Geranium maculatum, 126 German chamomile, 314 fennel, 358 leech, 31 pellitory, 63 Geum rivale, 137 urbanum, 137 Gillenia stipulacea, 143 trifoliata, 143 Ginger, 108 Ginseng, 75 Glechoma hederacea, 296 Glucose, 431 Glue, 35 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 89, 433 glandulifera, 90 Gnaphalium margaritaceum, 282 polycephalum, 282 Goa powder, 418 Golden rod, 278 seal, 138 Gold thread, 267 Gonolobus Condurango, 194 Gossypii radicis cortex, 202 Gossypium herbaceum, 202, 410, 503 Gouania domingensis, 162 Gracilaria lichenoides, 34 Grain of paradise, 397 Granati frnctus cortex, 363 radicis cortex, 191 Granilla, 30 Granum paradisi, 397 Grape sugar, 441 Grasstree resin, 466 Gravel plant, 224 Gray ipecac, 92 Green ginger, 110 hellebore, 141 Greenheart bark, 182 Grindelia robusta, 278 squarrosa, 279 Ground-ivy, 296 Guaiaci lignum, 164 resina, 463 Guaiacum officinale, 164, 463 wood, 164 Guarana, 424 Guayaquil rhatany, 100 Guibourtia, 462 Gum arabic, 445 Gunja, 301 Gurjun balsam, 473 Gutta percha, 437 Gutti, 454 Gynocardia oaorata, 388, 507 Gypsophila Arrostii, 57 paniculata, 57 H2EMATOXYLON campechi- anum, 165 Hagenia abyssinica, 310 Hake, 34 Hamamelis virginiana, 187, 241 Haplopappus discoideus, 244 Hardhack, 272 Heart’s ease, 274 Hedeoma pulegioides, 293, 489 Helenium autumnale, 279 546 INDEX. Helianthemum canadense, 269 corymbosum, 269 Helleborus niger, 141 viridis, 141 Helonias dioica, 120 officinalis, 394 Hemidesmus indicus, 90 Hemlock fruit, 354 leaves, 256 pitch, 476 Ilempseed, 353 oil, 500 Henbane, 236 Hepatica, 252 Heuchera americana, 81 Hevea, 438 Hips, 329 Hirudo, 31 Holly, 246 Hollyhock, 313 Honduras sarsaparilla, 52 Honey, 444 Hopea, 461 Hops, 327 Hordei fructus, 352 Hordeum distichum, 352, 420 Horehound, 296 Horse aloes, 421 Horsemint, 294 Horseradish, 76 Huamalies bark, 179 Huanuco bark, 179 Humulus Lupulus, 327, 414 Hungarian leech, 31 Hydrangea arborescens, 88 Hydrastis canadensis, 138 Hymensea, 462 Hyoscyami folia, 236 semen, 393 Hyoscvamus leaves, 236 niger, 236, 393 seed, 393 Hypericum perforatum, 269 Hyraceum, 39 Hyrax capensis, 39 Hyssop, 290 Hyssopus officinalis, 290 ICELAND moss, 264 1 Ichthyocolla, 34 Icica Icicariba, 477 Ignatia, 382 Ignatiana philippinica, 382 Ilex opaca, 246 paraguayensis, 243 verticillata, 184 Illicium religiosum, 347 verum, 347, 486 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 74 Indian aconite, 154 hemp, 301 licorice, 90 sarsaparilla, 90 tobacco, 284 turnip, 156 India rubber, 438 senna,226 | Insect flowers, 316 j Inula Helenium, 64 Ionidium Ipecacuanha, 93 Ipecacuanha, 91 spurge, 68 Ipomoea orizabensis, 151, 456 pandurata, 75 Purga, 150 simulans, 151 Iris florentina, 114 germanica, 114 pallida, 114 verna, 122 versicolor, 121 virginica, 122 j Irish moss, 261 | Isinglass, 34 i Isonandra Gutta, 437 TABORANDI, 217 11/ Jaen bark, 179 Jalap, 150 stalks, 151 Jalapa, 150 Jamaica dogwood, 197 ginger, 109 sarsaparilla, 51 Japanese aconite, 154 isinglass, 34 nutgalls, 401 Jateorrhiza Calumba, 81 Jatropha, 438 Curcas, 390 dulcis, 420 Manihot, 420 f Jequiriti, 377 Juglans cinerea, 197, 500 regia, 500 I Juniper, 325 INDEX. 547 Juniper tar, 466 Juniperus communis, 325, 491 Oxycedrus, 479 Sabina, 303, 491 virginiana, 302 KALMIA latifolia, 224 Kamala, 412 Kauri resin, 461 Kava-kava, 87 Kicksia africana, 385 Kino, 435 Klipdas, 39 Kombe seed, 385 Koosso, 310 Kordofan gum, 446 Krameria argentea, 100 lanceolata, 100 secundiflora, 100 tomentosa, 99 triandra, 99 T ABRADOR tea, 221 Ij Lac, 40, 463 ebutyratum, 41 vaccinum, 40 Lacca, 462 Lactin, Lactose, 443 Laetuca canadensis, 430 sativa, 429 Scariola,429 virosa, 429 Lactucarium, 429 Laminaria Claustoni, 406 digitata, 406 Landolphia, 438 Lanolinum, 508 Lapides cancrorum, 43 Lapilli cancrorum, 43 Lappa officinalis, 65, 352 Lappse fructus, 353 Lard, 509 oil, 499 Large flowering spurge, 68 Larinus mellificus, 442 Larix europsea, 442, 474 Larkspur seed, 382 Laserpitium latifolium, 72 Laurel, 218 Laurel oil, 505 Laurocerasus, 248 Laurus Camphora, 481 nobilis, 218, 505 Lavandula vera, 320, 489 Lavender, 320 Ledum latifolium, 221 palustre, 221 Leech,31 Lemon, 341 peel, 363 Leonurus Cardiaca, 297 Leontice thalictroides, 139 Leon tod on Taraxacum, 61 Leptandra virginica, 146 Lerp, 442 Levant soapwort, 57 wormseed, 308 Levisticum officinale, 71 Licorice, 433 root, 89 Life-everlasting, 282 Ligusticum Levisticum, 71 Lily of the valley, 124 Lima bark, 179 Limon, 341 Limonis cortex, 363 Linden flowers, 310 Linseed oil, 499 Linum usitatissimum, 384, 499 Lipanin, 498, 502 Liquidambar orientalis, 471 Styraciflua, 470 Liquorice, 433 root, 88 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 183 Lisbon sarsaparilla, 53 Liverwort, 252 Lobelia inflata, 284 Logwood, 165 Long pepper, 366 Lovage, 71 Loxa bark, 178 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 198 Lucuma glyciphlsea, 436 Lupulin, 414 Lupulinum, 414 Lycopodium clavatum, 415 Lycopus europseus, 290 virginicus, 290 Lyperia crocea, 408 Lytta vesicatoria, 27 Macassar sandalwood, 166 Mace, 407 Macis, 407 I Macropiper methysticum, 87 548 INDEX. Madder, 80 Madras cardamom, 350 turmeric, 113 Magnolia acuminata, 183 glauca, 183 tripetala, 183 Maiden hair, 265 Maize oil, 505 Majorana, 292 Malabar kino, 436 cardamom, 350 sandalwood,166 Malambo bark, 211 Male fern, 106 jalap, 151 nutmeg, 388 Mallotus philippinensis, 412 Mallow, 314 Maltum, 352 Malva sylvestris, 314 Mangosteen, 340 Manihot Aipi, 420 utilissima, 420 Manna, 441 Manroot, 75 Manzanita, 223 Maracaibo copaiba, 472 Maranham copaiba, 472 Maranta arundinacea, 419 starch, 418 Marigold, 283, 318 Marrubium vulgare, 296 Marshmallow, 79 Marsh rosemary, 98 tea, 221 Maruta Cotula, 279, 315 Marythistle, 352 Masterwort, 74 Mastic, 459 Mastiche, 459 Mate, 243 Matico, 239 Matricaria Chamomilla, 314 Parthenium, 280 Maw seed, 394 May apple, 129 weed, 279 Maydis stigmata, 410 Mecca senna, 228 Mechoacanna root, 152 Meconium, 425 Mel, 444 Melaleuca Cajuputi, 484 Melaleuca Leucadendron, 484 minor, 484 Melegueta, 397 Melia Azadirachta, 446 Azedarach, 198 Melilotus albus, 270 altissimus, 270 officinalis, 270 Melissa officinalis, 292 Melo, 370 Melon seed, 370 Menispermum canadense, 147 Mentha canadensis, 483 piperita, 287, 483, 489 viridis, 288, 489 Menthol, 483 Menyanthes trifoliata, 254 Methysticum, 87 Metroxylon Rumphii, 419 Sagus, 419 Mezereon, 201 Mezereum, 201 Mezquite gum, 446 Milfoil, 280 Milk, 40 sugar, 41, 443 weed, 130 Mimusops globosa, 437 Mitchella repens, 298 Molasses, 443 Momordica Elaterium, 458 Monarda punctata, 294, 482, 489 Monesia, 436 Monnieria trifolia, 218 Morus alba, nigra, rubra, 326 Moschus moschiferus, 35 Mother-clove, 334 Motherwort, 297 Mountain balm, 250 laurel, 224 Mucuna cyfindrosperma, 375 pruriens, 411 urens, 412 Mugwort, 282 Mulberry, 326 Mullein, 320 Musk, 35 Mustard oil, 498 Mylabris bifasciata, 29 cichorii, 29 phalerata, 29 Myrcia acris, 220, 487 Myrica asplenifolia, 251 INDEX. 549 Myrica cerifera, 200 Myristica aromatica, 387 fatua, 388 fragrans, 387, 407, 490, 505 moschata, 387 officinalis, 387 Myrobalan, 337 Myrobalanus, 337 Myrospermum Pereirae, 468 Toluifera, 469 Myroxylon Pereirae, 468 Toluifera, 469 Myrrh a, 453 NABTHEX Asafcetida, 449 Nauclea Gambir, 435 Neat’s-foot oil, 498 Nectandra Rodiaei, 182 Nepeta Cataria, 295 Glechoma, 296 Nerium Oleander, 221 New Jersey tea, 99 Nicotiana Tabacum, 233 Nigella damascena, 383 sativa, 383 Night-blooming cereus, 275 Northern prickly ash, 199 Nuphar advena, 129 Nutgall, 400 Nutmeg, 387 butter, 505 Nut oil, 500 Nux vomica, 379 Nymphaea odorata, 128 AATMEAL, 421 U Oculi cancrorum, 43 Oculina virginea, 42 (Enanthe Phellandrium, 358 (Enothera biennis, 273 (Esypum, 508 Oil of amber, 485 of bays, 505 of Cade, 479 of cajeput, 484 - of camphor 483 of ginger grass, 485 of nutmeg, expressed, 505 of rose, 484 of theobroma, 507 Olea europaea, 497 Oleander, 221 Oleum Adipis, 499 1 Oleum Amygdalae amarae, 487 expressum, 496 Anethi, 488 Anisi, 488 stellati, 486 Anthemidis, 488 Aurantii amari, 486 dulcis, 486 florum, 486 Bergamii, 486 Bubulum, 498 Cacao, 507 Cadinum, 479 Cajuputi, 484 Camphorae, 483 Cannabis, 500 Carui, 488 Caryophylli, 487 Chenopodii, 490 Cinnamomi, 206, 490 cassiae, 206, 490 Cocois, 507 Copaibae, 487 Coriandri, 488 Cubebae, 490 Erigerontis, 488 Eucalypti, 487 Foeniculi, 488 G-aultheriae, 248, 489 G-ossypii, 503 Gynocardiae, 507 Hedeomae, 489 Jecoris aselli, 501 Juglandis, 500 Juniperi, 491 Lauri, 505 Lavandulae, 489 Limonis, 486 Lini, 499 Maydis, 505 Menthae piperitae, 489 viridis, 489 Monardae, 489 Morrhuae, 501 Myrciae, 487 Myristicae, 490 expressum, 505 Nucistae, 505 Olivae, 497 Palmae, 507 Papaveris, 500 Picis liquidae, 491 Pimentae, 487 550 INDEX. Oleum Eicini, 503 Bosae, 484 Kosmarini, 489 Kusci, 479 Butae, 255, 486 Sabinae, 491 Santali, 490 Sassafras, 207, 490 Sesami, 504 Sinapis, 379, 486 expressum, 498 Succini, 485 Terebinthinae, 490 Theobromae, 507 Thymi, 489 Tiglii, 502 Valerianae, 488 Olibanum, 452 Olive oil, 497 Ophelia angustifolia, 299 Chirata, 299 Opium, 425 Opopanax Chironium, 452 Opuntia cochinillifera, 29 Orange berries, 340 flowers, 309 leaves, 221 peel, 361 Orchis latifolia, 156 maculata, mascula, 156 Morio, 156 Oregon grape, 148 Origanum Majorana, 292 vulgare, 291 Ornus europaea, 441 Orris, 114 Oryza sativa, 419 Os, 44 Os Sepiae, 42 Osseter, 34 Ostrea edulis, 43 virginiana, 43 Otolithus regalis, 34 Ovis Aries, 38, 5<>8, 510 Ovum, 32 Ox Gall, 41 Oyster shell, 43 PAIOJ-KIDANG, 411 Palaquium oblongifolium, 437 Pale catechu, 435 rose, 312 Palm oil, 507 Panax quinquefolia, 75 Panna-panna, 107 Pansy, 274 Papaver Bhceas, 313 somniferum, 345, 394, 425, 500 Papoose root, 139 Para copaiba, 472 rhatany, 100 sarsaparilla, 53 Paracoto bark, 202 Paraguay tea, 243 Pareira brava, 95 Parsley, 73 fruit, 356 Parthenium, 280 Passulae majores, 339 minores, 339 Paullinia sorbilis, 424 Payta rhatany, 100 Peach leaves, 246 Pearl barley, 420 sago, 419 Pellitory, 62 Penghawar-Djambi, 411 Pennyroyal, 293 Pepo, 371 Peppermint, 287 Pepsinum, 38 Periplaneta orientalis, 31 Persian berries, 330 Persica vulgaris, 246, 497 Persimmon, 339 Peruvian bark, 171 rhatany, 100 Petroselinum sativum, 73, 356 Peucedanum Ammoniacum, 451 galbanifluum, 450 graveolens, 360, 488 Ostruthium, 74 Peumus Boldus, 216 Phasianus Gallus, 32 Phellandrium aquaticum, 358 Phlox Carolina, 136 Physeter macrocephalus, 39, 510 Physostigma cylindrospermum, 375 venenosum, 374 Phytolacca decandra, 76, 329 Phytolaccae bacca, 329 radix, 76 Picea succinifera, 462 Picraena excelsa, 163, 193 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 217 INDEX. 551 Pimenta, 334 Pimento, 334 Pimpernel, 72 Pimpinella Anisum, 355, 488 magna, 72 Saxifraga, 72 Pinitis succinifer, 462 Pinkroot, 136 Pinus Abies, 476 australis, 460, 474 canadensis, 476 Laricio, 475 palustris, 460, 474 Pinaster, 475 sylvestris, 475 Taeda, 475 Pipe isinglass, 34 Piper album, 333 caninum, 832 citrifolium, 218 crassipes, 332 Cubeba, 331 elongatum, 239 longum, 326 methysticum, 87 mollieomum, 218 nigrum, 332, 333 nodulosum, 218 officinarum, 326 reticulatum, 218 Pipmenthol, 483 Pipsissewa, 246 Piscidia Erythrina, 197 Pistacia cabulica, 459 Khinjuk, 459 Lentiscus, 459 Terebinthus, 476 Pitaya bark, 179 Pithecolobium dulce, 446 Pix burgundica, 476 canadensis, 476 liquida, 478 Plantago lanceolata, 298 major 298 Plantain, 298 Pleurisy root, 66 Podophyllum Emodi, 130 peltatum, 129 Poison oak, 254 Pokeberry, 329 Pokeroot, 76 Polemonium reptans, 136 Polygala alba, 56 | Polygala Boykinii, 56 rubella, 270 Senega, 54 Polygonatum biflorum, 124 giganteum, 124 Polygonum Bistorta, 128 Polyporus fomentarius, 403 officinalis, 402 Pomegranate bark, 191 rind, 363 Pond lily, 129 Poppy, 345 seed, 394 oil, 500 Potato fly, 29 starch, 418 Potentilla canadensis, 273 Tormentilla, 127 Prayer beads, 377 Prickly ash, 199 fruit, 347 Prince’s pine, 246 Prinos verticillatos, 184 Prosopis glandulosa, juliflora, spi- cigera, 446 Prune, 337 Prunum, 337 Prunus Amygdalus, 369, 487, 496 armeniaca, 497 domestica, 337 Laurocerasus, 248 Persica, 246, 497 serotma, 185 virginiana, 185 Psychotria emetica, 92 Pterocarpus erinaceus, 436 Marsupium, 435 santalinus, 164 Ptychotis Ajowan, 357, 482 Pulpa tamarindorum, 364 Pulsatilla pratensis, 265 Pulu, 411 Pumpkin seed, 371 Punica Granatum, 191, 363 Purging cassia, 343 nut, 390 Purse isinglass, 34 Pyrethri flores, 316 Pyrethrum, 62 carneum, 316 cinerarisefolium, 316 germanicum, 63 Parthenium, 280 552 INDEX. Pyrethrum roseum, 316 Pyrus Oydonia, 368 QUASSIA amara, 163, 193 bark, 193 excelsa, 163, 193 Quassise cortex, 193 Queen’s delight, 69 Quebracho bianco, 198 Colorado, 198 Quercus alba, 188 coccinea, 189 falcata, 189 infectoria, 400 lobata, 401 lusitanica, 400 Quercus nigra, 189 tinctoria, 189 vallonea, 442 virens, 401 Quickens, 115 Quillaia Saponaria, 203 Quince seed, 368 Quinine flower, 299 Quitchgrass, 115 Radix abri, 90 bardanse 65. berberidis, 98 caryophyllatse, 137 enulse, 64 gentianse albse, 72 rubrse, 58 graminis, 115 rubrse, 117 inulse, 64 Ivarancusse, 54 lapathi, 83 lappse, 65 liquiritise, 89 pyrethri germanici, 63 romani, 62 sarsaparillse germanicse, 117 Raisins, 338 Ranunculus acris, 267 bulbosus, 267 repens, 267 Rape seed, 379 Raspberry, 338 Red acaroid resin, 466 cedar, 302 cinchona, 178 ipecac, 92 Red poppy, 313 River snakeroot, 135 root, 99 rose, 312 saunders, 164 sedge, 117 Remijia pedunculata, 181 Purdieana, 181 Resina, 460 elastica, 438 pini, 475 Rhamnus caiifornica, 196 cathartica, 329 Frangula, 194 infectoria, 330 Purshiana, 196 saxatilis, 330 Rhapontie root, 83 Rhaponticum, 83 Rhatany, 99 Rheum officinale, 84 Rhaponticum, 83 spec., 86 Rhceas, 313 Rhubarb, 84 Rhus glabra, 330 semialata, 401 Toxicodendron, 254 Rice starch, 417 Richardsonia scabra, 93 j Ricinis communis, 389, 503 ! Rio Janeiro copaiba, 472 Negro sarsaparilla, 53 Rock candy, 429 Roman fennel, 358 pellitory, 62 Rosa canina, 329 centifolia, 312 damascena, 312, 484 gallica, 312 i Rosemary, 215 Roshe oil, 485 Rosin, 460 Rosmarinus officinalis, 215, 489 Rottlera tinctoria, 412 Rubia tinctorum, 80 Rubus canadensis, 190 Idseus, 338 occidentalis, 338 strigosus, 338 trivialis, 190 villosus, 190, 338 I Rue, 255 INDEX. 553 Kumex crispus, 83 Russian castor, 38 isinglass, 34 licorice root, 90 musk, 37 rhubarb, 84 Ruta graveolens, 255, 486 OABADILLA, 394 Sabbatia angularis, 299 Elliottii, 299 paniculata, 299 Sabina, 303 Sacchari fsex, 443 Saccbaromyces cerevisise, 416 Saccharose, 439 Saccharum amylaceum, 441 crystallisatum, 440 hordeatum, 440 lactis, 443 officinarum, 439 uveum, 441 Safflower, 319, 409 Safl'ron, 408 Sagapenum, 451 Sage, 240 Sago, 419 Sagus Rumphii, 419 Saigon cinnamon, 206 Saint John’s bread, 345 wort, 269 Salep, 156 . ialix alba, 186 Salvia officinalis, 240 Sambucus canadensis, 319 nigra, 320 Sandal wood, 166 Sandaraca, 460 Sanguinaria canadensis, 125 Sanguis, 40 draconis, 464 Sanguisuga medicinalis, 31 officinalis, 31 Santalum album, 166, 490 rubrum, 164 Yasi, 166 Santonica, 308 Saponaria levantica, 57 officinalis, 57 Sapota Mulleri, 437 Sarothamnus scoparius, 271 Sarsaparilla, 50 Sassafras bark, 207 Sassafras lignum (radix), 162 medulla, 407 officinale 162, 207, 407, 490 pith, 407 wood (root), 162 Sassy bark, 200 Savakin gum, 446 Savanilla rhatany, 100 Savine, 303 Scabious, 277 Scammonium, 456 Scammony, 456 Schcenocaulon officinale, 394 Scilla maritima, 157 Scoparius, 271 Scopola carniolica, 79 Scorodosma foetidum, 449 Scrophularia nodosa, 286 Scutellaria lateriflora, 297 spec., 297 Secale cereale, 404 cornu turn, 404 Seed lac, 463 Semecarpus Anacardium, 336 Semen amomi, 334 Senaar gum, 446 Senega, 54 Senegal gum, 446 Seneka, 54 Senna alexandrina, 225 baladi, 227 indica, 226 ovalifolia, 228 Sepia officinalis, 42 Serpentaria, 134 Serpyllum, 292 Serronia Jaborandi, 218 Serum lactis, 41 Sesamum indicum, 229, 370, 504 Sevum bovinum, 510 ovillum, 510 Sewruga, 34 Sheeps’ wool sponge, 33 Shellac, 463 Shepherd’s purse, 268 Shikimi fruit, 348 Siberian castor, 38 musk, 37 Siliqua dulcis, 345 Silkweed, 130 ; Silybum marianum, 352 Simaruba excelsa, 163 medicinalis, 193 554 INDEX. Simaruba officinalis, 193 Sinapis alba, 377 nigra, 378 Siphonia, 438 Skim milk, 41 Skullcap, 297 Skunk cabbage, 119 Slippery elm, 204 Smilacina racemosa, 124 Smilax China, 117 glauca, 117 medica, 50 officinalis, 50 papyracea, 50 pseudochina, 117 Sneezewort, 279 Soapbark, 203 Soapwort, 57 Solanum Dulcamara, 161 tuberosum, 419 Solenostemma Argel, 226 Solidago odora, 278 Solomon’s seal, 124 Southern prickly ash, 199 Spanish flies, 27 licorice root, 89 oak, 189 saffron, 408 Spearmint, 288 Spermaceti, 510 Spigelia marilandica, 136 Spiraea tomentosa, 272 Sponge, 33 Spongia officinalis, 33 usta, 33 Spotted pipsissewa, 247 Spurge, 68 Squaw root, 139 vine, 298 Squill, 157 Squirrel corn, 154 Staphisagria, 383 Staranise, 347 Starch, 417 sugar, 441 Starwort, 120, 121 Statice brasiliensis, 99 caroliniana, 98 Limonium, 98 Stavesacre, 383 Sterculia acuminata, 374 Sterlet, 34 Stick lac, 463 Stillingia sylvatica, 69 Stizolobium pruriens, 412 Stoneroot, 140 Storax, 471 Stramonii folia, 234 semen, 392 Stramonium leaves, 234 seed, 392 Strassburg turpentine, 474 Striated ipecacuanha, 92 Strophanthus dichotomus, 385 hispidus, 385 Kombd, 385 Strychnos Castelnseana, 432 Ignatii, 382 Nux vomica, 210, 379 toxifera, 432 Styrax, 471 Benzoin, 465 Suakin gum, 446 Succinum, 462 i Succory, 62 Succus liquiritse, 433 thebaicus, 425 Sucrose, 439 Suet, 510 Sugar, 439 : Sumach, 330 Sumatra benzoin, 465 camphor, 482 Sumbul, 73 Sundew, 274 I Surgeon’s agaric, 403 | Surinam quassia, 163, 193 Sus scrofa, 38, 509 Swamp dogwood, 183 milkweed, 138 Sweedish leech, 31 Sweet clover, 270 fern, 251 flag,113 gum, 470 marjoram, 292 orange, 361 Swertia angustifolia, 300 Chirata, 300 Swietenia Mahogani, 446 | Symphytum officinale, 60 j Symplocarpus fcetidus, 119 Syrupus fuscus, 443 'FABACUM, 233 i 1 Tagetes erecta, 319 INDEX. 555 Tagetes patula, 319 Tamarind, 364 Tamarindus indica, 364 officinalis, 364 Tampico jalap, 151 Tanacetum vulgare, 281 Tansy,281 Tapioca, 420 Tar, 478 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 61 officinale, 61 Tea, 242 Tephrosia Appolinea, 226 Terebinthina, 474 argentoratensis, 474 canadensis, 473 Chia, 476 cocta, 476 communis, 474 veneta, 474 vulgaris, 474 Terminalia bellerica, 337 Chebula, 337 citrina, 337 Terrajaponica, 435 Testa ostrese, 43 ovi, 32, 43 Texas snakeroot, 135 Thea chinensis, 242 Thebaicum, 425 Theobroma Cacao, 373, 506 Theriaca, 443 Thibet musk, 37 Thornapple seed, 392 Thoroughwort, 275 Thridace, 430 Thuja occidentalis, 304 Thus americanum, 475 Thymol, 482 Thymus Serpyllum, 292 vulgaris, 216, 482, 489 Tiglium officinale, 390, 502 Tilia americana, 310 heterophylla, 310 platyphylla, 310 ulmifolia, 310 Tinnevelly senna, 228 Tobacco, 233 Toluifera Balsamum, 469 Pereirse, 468 Tonco, 372 Tonka bean, 372 Tonquin musk, 37 Tormentil, 127 Tormentilla erecta, 127 j Torreya californica, 388 ! Torula eerevisiae, 416 Toxicodendron, 254 Trachylobium, 462 Tragacantha, 447 | Trailing arbutus, 224 | Treacle, 443 Trehala, 442 Trigonella Fcenum graecum, 376 Trillium erectum, 120 Triosteum perfoliatum, 144 Tripoli senna, 227 | Triticum repens, 115 vulgare, 419 j Tulip-tree bark, 183 Tuno gum, 437 Turkey corn, 154 opium, 476 sponge, 33 Turkish licorice root, 89 Turmeric, 112 Turnera diffusa, 243 Turnip seed, 379 Turpentine, 474 Tussilago Farfara, 246 ULMUS campestris, 204 effusa, 205 fulva, 204 Uncaria Gambir, 435 Undulated ipecacuanha, 93 Urceola, 438 Urginea Scilla, 157 Ustilago Maydis, 403 Uva passa, 338 ursi, 222 VTAHEA, 438 V Valerian, 132 Valeriana officinalis, 132, 488 Vanilla guianensis, 351 planifolia, 350 Pompona, 351 Vanillon, 351 Vateria, 461 Venezuelan vanilla, 351 [ Venice turpentine, 474 j Veratrum album, 117 Lobelianum, 118 Sabadilla, 394 viride, 118 556 INDEX. Yerbascum phlomoides, 320 thapsiforme, 320 Thapsus, 320 Veronica virginica, 146 Vetiveria, 54 Yeti vert, 54 Viburnum prunifolium, 188 Viola tricolor, 274 Virginia snakeroot, 135 Vitellus ovi, 32 Vitis vinifera, 338 Viverra Civetta, 40 Zibetha, 40 WAHOO, 203 Wars, 413 Water avens, 137 Water-dropwort, 358 Water-lily, 128 Watermelon-seed, 372 Wax, 511 Weak fish, 34 Wheat starch, 417 Whey, 41 White agaric, 402 ash, 192 cedar, 304 gentian, 72 ipecacuanha, 93 mustard, 377 oak bark, 188 of egg, 32 pepper, 333 senega, 56 turpentine, 475 veratrum, 117 wax, 511 Wild chamomile, 279 cherry bark, 185 clove leaves, 220 ginger, 145 indigo, 98 jalap, 75 marjoram, 291 nutmeg, 388 senna, 227 thyme, 292 yam, 125 Willow, 186 herb, 273 Winged Java cardamom, 350 Wintera, 208 Winterberry, 184 Winter’s bark 208 Wintergreen, 248 Witch hazel, 187, 241 Wood oil, 473 Woolfat, 508 Wormseed, 346 Wormwood, 281 Wurrus, 413 XANTHORRHIZA apiifolin, 148 Xanthorrhcea australis, 466 hastilis, 466 Xanthorrhoese resin a, 466 Xanthoxyli fructus, 347 Xanthoxylum americanum, 199, 347 carolinianum, 199, 347 Olava Herculis, 199, 347 elegans, 218 fraxineum, 199, 347 XT ARROW, 280 L Yeast, 416 Yelk, yolk, 32 Yellow cinchona, 176 dock, 83 jasmine, 94 parilla, 147 root, 148 wax, 511 zedoary, 111 yANTHOXYLUM. 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