A MANUAL OF ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. BEING A GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA OF THE VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS, FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, DRUGGISTS, PHARMACISTS, AND PHYSICIANS. BY JOHN M. MAISCH, Ph. M., Phar. D., PROFESSOR OF MATERIA MF.DICA AND ROTANY IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. FOURTH EDITION. WITH TWO HUNDRED AND FIFTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS PHILADELPHIA: LEA BROTHERS & CO. 1890. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1890, by LEA BROTHERS & CO., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, I). C. All rights reserved. DORNAN, PRINTER. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. Eight years ago, when the first edition of this manual was published, the author explained the scope of the work as embracing the drugs of animal and vegetable origin recognized by the pharmacopoeias of the United States and Great Britain, supplemented by important non-officinal drugs, and by others recently introduced or revived, which seemed to deserve attention. The system of classification which was adopted in the first has been retained in the later editions with very slight modifications; it has been found to be readily compre- hended and easily applied by those for whose use the work is intended, although the author is conscious of its imperfections and the inherent causes for the same. It is in the nature of descriptive works that a certain monotony—inseparable from the material treated of—ren- ders the text uninviting to the casual reader not interested in the subjects, or ignorant of the intrinsic importance of the various details. For practical application, however, a description of the essential physical, histological, and chemi- cal characters of the organic drugs is needful, and to the student is of the utmost importance, as a guide in studying the different drugs and determining the variations in char- IV PREFACE. acteristics caused by diverse agencies. While the physical characters may, as a rule, be readily ascertained and com- pared with those of similar drugs without the use of special appliances, a moderately magnifying pocket lens will be found useful as an aid in demonstrating the outlines of struc- ture, and its use is likely to lead to more minute research by means of the microscope. A knowledge of the proximate principles of drugs is of value on account of the medical properties which these principles may possess, and for the equally, if not more, important reason that their behavior to solvents and to other compounds will determine, both for galenical and extemporaneous preparations, the selection of a suitable menstruum and the avoidance of chemical in- compatibles. But in scanning the pages of the “ Manual” the careful observer and the attentive student cannot help observing how much there still remains to be done for many drugs, notably those indigenous to North America, as well as most of those which have been introduced during recent years. In preparing each successive edition the author has kept the above objects steadily in view, and is gratified to observe that the general plan which he has adopted has met the ap- proval of most teachers of pharmaceutic materia medica, and that the book has steadily gained in favor with stu- dents and others using it. The author hopes that it may also, in a measure, have accomplished the ulterior purpose of stimulating original research in some of the directions indicated above. The principal change made in the present edition is in PREFACE. the list of drugs arranged according to origin, in which Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum” (published in London from 1862 to 1883) has been followed. The arrangement according to that high authority seemed to be particularly approprimte at the present time in view of the approaching revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia. While only a few drugs have been added to those previously described, every page of the present issue will bear evidence of the endeavor to make it conform to the present knowledge of the drugs in use, embracing the results of all important new investigations, and it is hoped that the work will prove to be as acceptable and useful as the preceding issues. January, 1890. CONTENTS. PAGE List of Illustrations ix Introduction 25 PART I.—ANIMAL DRUGS. 1. Animals ....... 27 2. Eggs ........ 31 3. Anastomosing fibrous tissue .... 32 4. Membranous tissue and gelatins . . .33 5. Secretions and excretions . . . .35 6. Calcareous skeletons and concretions . . 42 PART II.—CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 1. Roots.—Radices ...... 45 2. Rhizomes.—Rhizomata ..... 100 3. Tubers and Bulbs.—Tubera et Bulbi . . 148 4. Twigs and Woods.—Stipites et Ligna . . 158 5. Barks.—Cortices . . . . . .166 6. Leaves and Leaflets.—Folia et Foliola . . 209 7. Herbs.—Herbae . . . . . 253 8. Leafy tops.—Cacumina, Summitates . . . 296 9. Flowers and Petals.—Flores et Petala . . 299 CONTENTS. PAGE 10. Fruits.—Fructus ...... 315 11. Seeds.—Semina ...... 357 12. Cellular drugs not readily reeognizcd as distinct organs of plants ...... 390 PART III.—DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 1. Extracts and Inspissated Juices.—Extracta et Succi Inspissati . . . . . .413 2. Sugars.—Sacchara ...... 428 3. Gums.—Gummata ...... 433 4. Gum resins.—Gummi-resinae .... 436 5. Resins.—Resinae ...... 445 6. Oleoresins and Balsams.—Oleoresinae et Balsama 455 7. Volatile oils.—Olea Volatilia .... 466 8. Fixed oils and Waxes.—Olea Pinguia et Ccrae . 477 Drugs arranged according to origin .... 499 Alphabetical Index ...... 521 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FlG- PAGE 1. Cantharis vesicatoria 28 2. Cantharis vittata 28 3. Mylabris cichorii 28 4. Coccus cacti 29 5. Chinese musk sac 35 6. Mexican sarsaparilla; transverse section, microscopic appearance 50 7. Section through nucleus sheath ; Honduras sarsaparilla . 50 8. Mexican sarsaparilla .... . . 50 9. Rio Negro sarsaparilla 50 10. Jamaica sarsaparilla 50 11. Mexican sarsaparilla; transverse section ... 51 12. bundle . . 51 13. Jamaica sarsaparilla, bundle 52 14. transverse section .52 15. Honduras sarsaparilla; bundle 52 16. transverse section 52 17. Rio Negro sarsaparilla; transverse section ... 53 18. bundle 53 19. Senega; transverse sections 54 20. microscopic appearance 55 21. False senega; transverse section 56 22. Saponaria; transverse section 56 23. Gentian; transverse section 58 24. Taraxacum; transverse section 60 25. Cichorium; transverse section 61 26. Pyrethrum; transverse section 62 27. Pyrethrum germanicum ; transverse section ... 63 28. Inula; transverse section . ... 63 29. Lappa;'transverse section ...... 65 30. Apocynum cannabinum ; transverse section ... 66 X LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. no. PAGE 31. Stillingia; transverse section 69 32. Angelica; transverse sections 69 33. Levisticum; transverse section 71 34. Pimpinella; transverse section .72 35. Petroselinum; transverse section 72 36. Sumbul; section 73 37. Imperatoria; root and transverse section ... 74 38. Phytolacca; transverse section 76 39. Belladonna; transverse section . . .78 40. Althaea; transverse section 79 41,42. Calumba; transverse sections 81 43. Rhaponticum; transverse section 83 44. Rhubarb; section near the cambium .... 84 45. Oxalate of calcium crystals in rhubarb .... 84 46. Russian rhubarb; transverse section .... 85 47. Chinese rhubarb; transverse section .... 85 48. European rhubarb; transverse section .... 86 49. Kava root; transverse section 87 50. Glycyrrhiza glabra; transverse section .... 89 51. Glycyrrhiza glandulifera; transverse section ... 89 52. Ipecacuanha; transverse section 91 53. root 92 54. Striated ipecacuanha 92 55. Undulated ipecacuanha 92 56. Apocynum androssemifolium ; transverse section . . 93 57. Gelsemium; transverse section 94 58. Pareira brava; root and transverse sections . . . 96 59. Rhatany ; transverse sections 99 60. Filix mas; transverse section 105 61. surface of peeled rhizome 105 62. Zingiber; transverse section ...... 107 63. starch granules 107 64. Jamaica ginger 107 65. East India ginger 108 66. Zedoaria; transverse section 109 67. Galanga; rhizome . 110 68. transverse section 110 69. Round turmeric Ill 70. Long turmeric Ill 71. Curcuma; transverse section Ill LTST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XI FIG. PAGE 72. Calamus; transverse section 112 73. Iris florentina; transverse section 113 74. Triticum repens; rhizome and transverse section . . 114 75. transverse section; magnified . . . .115 76. Veratrum ; longitudinal section ..... 117 77. transverse section 117 78. Dracontium; transverse section ..... 118 79. Iris versicolor; rhizome and section .... 120 80. Cypripedium pubescens and C. parvifiorum ; rhizomes 122 81. Sanguinaria; rhizome and section . .... 124 82. Geranium; rhizome and sections . . . . .125 83. Tormentilla; rhizome and section . .... 126 84. Bistorta; rhizome . . . . . . . 127 85. Podophyllum; rhizome . . . . * . . . 129 86. Asclepias Cornuti; rhizome ...... 130 87. Valeriana; longitudinal and transverse section . . 131 88. Arnica; transverse section of rhizome .... 133 89. section of rootlet . . . . . . .133 90. Serpentaria; rhizome and transverse section . . 134 91. Hydrastis; rhizome and transverse section . . . 138 92. Helleborus niger; transverse section of rhizome and root .......... 140 93. Helleborus viridis; transverse section of rhizome and root .......... 141 94. Cimicifuga; transverse sections of rhizome and root . 142 95. Gillenia stipulacea; rootlets 143 96. Gillenia trifoliata ; rootlets 143 97. Leptandra; transverse sections of rhizome and root . 146 98. Menispermum; transverse section of rhizome . . 147 99. Jalap; transverse section 150 100. Aconitum; tubers and transverse section . . . 152 101. Colchicum ; tuber and transverse section . . . 155 102. Salep; tubers and transverse section .... 156 103. Scilla; bulb . 157 104. Dulcamara; transverse section 160 105. Gouania; transverse section 162 106. Cinchona Calisaya; radial longitudinal section . . 171 107. Cinchona lancifolia; transverse section . . .171 108. Cinchona micrantha; transverse section . . . 172 109. Cinchona calisaya; bark 175 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE 110. Cinchona scrobiculata; bark 175 111. Calisaya bark, quilled; transverse section . . . 176 112. flat, inner layer; transverse section . . . 176 113. outer layer; transverse section . . . 176 114. Cinchona succirubra; transverse section . . . 177 115. Salix; transverse section 185 116. Rubus villosus, bark; transverse section . . .189 117. Granati cortex; transverse section, magnified 5 diam . 190 118. magnified 40 diam. 190 119. Simaruba; transverse section 192 120. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . 193 121. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 80 diam. . 194 122. Mezereum ; transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . 199 123. Cinnamon from China and Ceylon .... 204 124. Angustura; transverse section, magnified 10 diam. . 207 125. Cascarilla ; transverse section, magnified 5 diam. . . 208 126. Rosmarinus; branch and flower 213 127- Boldus; leaf 214 128. Pilocarpus; leaflet 215 129. Eucalyptus globulus; leaf 217 130. Cheken leaves 218 131. Uvaursi; plant 220 132. leaves 220 133. Manzanita leaves 221 134. Cassia acutifolia; legume and leaflet .... 223 135. Argel leaf 223 136. Coriaria leaf 223 137. Tephrosia leaflet 223 138. Cassia elongata; legume and leaflet .... 224 139. Cassia obovata ; legume and leaflet .... 224 140. Tripoli senna; leaflets and legumes .... 225 141. Sesamum ; flowering branch 226 142. Peruvian Coca leaf, lower side 227 143. Bolivian Coca leaves; natural size .... 227 144. Belladonna; branch, fruit, and seed .... 229 145. Stramonium ; flowering branch 231 146. Hyoscyamus; flowering branch 233 147. Digitalis ; leaf of first and second year’s growth . . 234 148. Matico; leaf 235 149. Salvia; leaf, upper and lower surface , 236 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. . PAGE 150. Hamamelis; leaf 237 151. Tea leaves 238 152. 153. Turnera leaves 240 154. Aplopappus; leaf 240 155. Castanea; leaf 241 156. Gaultheria; leaf 243 157. Buchu leaves and Empleurum serrulatum . . . 245 158. Eriodictyon ; leaf, upper and lower surface . . . 246 159. Comptonia; leaf, upper and lower surface . . . 247 160. Aconitum; leaf 248 161. Rhus Toxicodendron ; leaf 250 162. Ruta; leaf with axillary branch 251 163. Conium ; portion of pinna ...... 252 164. Chondrus crispus; plant 256 165. narrow form 257 166. Chondrus mamillosus 257 167. Fucus vesiculosus 258 168. Cetraria islandica 259 169. Anemone pratensis; leaf with flowering scape . . 261 170. Sarothamnus scoparius; flowering branch . . . 266 171. Drosera rotundifolia 270 172. Eupatorium perfoliatum ; flowering top . . . 271 173. Lobelia; branch with flowers and fruit . . . 280 174. flower and section; magnified .... 281 175. seed; magnified 281 176. Mentha piperita; flowering tops 283 177. Mentha viridis; flowering tops 285 178. leaf 285 179. Hedeoma; flower and corolla; magnified . . . 289 180. Monarda; flower, magnified ...... 290 181. Sabina 298 182. Caryophyllus ; bud and longitudinal section . . 301 183. transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . . . 301 184. Santonica; flower-head and section, magnified 10 diam. 302 185. Orange flowers; unexpanded, petals removed, and sec- tion .... 303 186. Brayera ; branch of panicle, and flowers . . . 305 187. Matricaria; flower-head and parts .... 309 188. Anthemis nobilis; ray and disk-floret, and section . 310 189. Arnica montana; ray and disk-floret .... 311 XIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. . PAGE 190. Lavender flower and corolla 315 191. Juniperus; catkin, galbulus, and seed .... 319 192. Ficus; branch, fruit, and flowers 321 193. Caryophylli fructus ....... 327 194. Cocculus ; fruit and longitudinal section . . . 328 195. Diospyros; fruit and transverse section . . . 332 196. Colocynth; longitudinal and transverse section . . 335 197. Cassia Fistula; part of fruit 336 198. Poppy capsules and seeds 338 199. Illicium verum; fruit 340 200. Illicium religiosum; fruit ...... 340 201. Malabar cardamom ....... 341 202. Cardamom seed; transverse and longitudinal section . 341 203. Ceylon cardamom and seeds . . . . . . 341 204. Coriandrum ; fruit and sections 345 205. Conium; fruit and sections 346 206. Anisum ; fruit and sections ...... 347 207. Fceniculum; fruit and transverse section . . . 350 208. Cumin; fruit and sections 351 209. Carum; fruit and sections 352 210. Anethum; fruit and transverse section .... 353 211. Orange peel; transverse section ..... 354 212. Granatum; fruit and longitudinal section . . . 356 213. Cydonium; seed and section ...... 360 214. Almond; seed and section . . . . . . 361 215. Pepo; seed and cotyledon 363 216. Physostigma; seeds 367 217. Physostigma; cotyledons ...... 367 218. Physostigma cylindrospennum 367 219. Sinapis; seed, embryo, and transverse section . . 370 220. Nux vomica ; seed and section 372 221. section, magnified ....... 372 222. Ignatia; vertical section 374 223. Staphisagria; seed and section 375 224. Linum ; seed and section 376 225. Strophanthus; seed with comose awn .... 378 226. Nutmeg with mace and transverse section . . . 379 227. Wild nutmeg with mace 379 228. Ricinus; fruit, seed, and sections ..... 381 229. Tiglium; seeds and longitudinal section .. . . 382 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV FIG PAGE 230. Stramonium; fruit and seed with sections . . . 384 231. Hyoscyamus; seed and section 385 232. Sabadilla; fruit and seed with section .... 386 233. Colchicum ; seed and section ...... 388 234. Galla; entire and section 391 235. Gallse chinenses 392 236. Gallse japonicse 393 237. Ergotized rye 396 238. Ergota . 396 239. with fruit-heads 396 240. section of head ....... 396 241. Crocus; style with stigmas, and magnified stigma . 400 242. Cotton fibres ......... 402 243. Kamala; gland and hairs ...... 403 244. Lupulin 405 245. Lycopodium 406 246. Pollen of pine 407 247. Yeast cells 407 248. Wheat starch 408 249. Corn starch 408 250. Rice starch 408 251. Maranta starch . . 409 252. Potato starch ......... 409 253. Canna starch 409 254. Curcuma starch 409 255. Sago starch . . .410 256. Cassava starch 411 257. Altered starch granules from tapioca . . . .411 258. Barley starch .411 259. Oat starch 412 A MANUAL OF MATERIA MEDICA. INTRODUCTION. In arranging the vast mass of material within our reach for the study of Materia Medica several methods may be followed : 1. An alphabetical arrangement, while it affords us all the advantages due to facility of references, lacks the essen- tial requisites of a systematic investigation of the subject. 2. The classification usually adopted in works intended for the use of Medical Students and Physicians is based upon a similarity in the action of drugs on the animal economy; and it presents obvious conveniences for the purpose. 3. Another method of classification is founded upon the chemical relation of substances which have a definite com- position, and upon the botanical and zoological origin of organic drugs. This method has been followed by Pereira, Guibourt, Royle, Bentley, and by Fluckiger (Grundriss), and is employed in the u Pharmacographia” and in other valuable and instructive works. Its chief advantage, as far as Vegetable Materia Medica is concerned, is due to the close chemical and physiological relations of the dif- ferent parts of the same species, and in many instances of the different plants belonging to the same natural order. A synopsis of such classification will be found in the pres- 26 INTRODUCTION. ent volume, arranged according to Bentham and Hooker’s “ Genera Plantarum.” 4. But the primary object of Pharmacognosy or Materia Medica, as more especially adapted to the needs of the Pharmacist and the Druggist, is to enable us to recognize drugs, to determine their quality, to detect their adultera- tion, and to distinguish the characteristic elements of those which are closely allied. Organic drugs which resemble one another in physical and structural properties are thus naturally brought together; and the special properties of each are made the more prominent by comparison. Classi- fications based on these considerations have been elaborated by Berg, Schleiden, Planchon, Fliickiger (Lehrbuch), Wigand, Marme, and others, and have been found useful and instructive. With such modifications as we have thought desirable, such a system has been adopted in this work. The medical properties and doses of the various drugs, and the treatment of poisoning from excessive doses of what are usually designated as “poisonous drugs,” are briefly presented as matters of important information; but it is not the design of this treatise to give instruction in the therapeutical application of medicines. The development of the different organs of plants and of the histological changes incident to their growth, and the botanical relations of the different natural orders and species of medicinal plants, are subjects which are foreign to the scope of our work. Their consideration is appro- priate to a separate course as an introduction to the study of Materia Medica proper. Bastin’s “ College Botany,” Gray’s “Structural Botany,” Bentley’s “Manual of Botany,” and the works of Sachs, DeBary, and Thome, will prove ex- cellent books of reference and study for those who desire information, which it is not the object of this treatise to furnish, on Vegetable Anatomy, Organography, and Sys- tematic Botany. PART I. ANIMAL DRUGS. They consist either wholly or in part of cellular tissue, except a few which are free from it. On being heated, they give off vapors having a peculiar animal empyreumatic odor, resembling the odor of burning horn or urine. 1. ANIMALS. CANTHARIS.—Cantharides. Spanish flies. Cantharis (Lytta, Fabricius) vesicatoria, De Geer. Class, Insecta; order, Coleoptera. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe, mainly upon oleacese and caprifoliacese. Collection.—By shaking the trees or shrubs, or beating the branches in the morning, and killing the insects with hot water, or, after placing them in a well-closed vessel, with oil of turpentine, carbon disulphide, or ammonia. Yield of dry insects about 40 per cent. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 6 millimeters (J inch) broad, with filiform, in the upper part, black antennae, and ample membranous, brownish, transparent wings, otherwise of a copper-green color, shin- ing, of a strong and disagreeable odor. They yield a gray- ish-brown powder, containing green, shining particles. Cantharides should be preserved in well-closed vessels with the addition of a little camphor or oil of turpentine. 28 ANIMAL DRUGS. Constituents.—Cantharidin, C10H]2O4 (colorless scales or prisms, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fats, volatile oils, glacial acetic acid, also in water; sublimable; with alkalies yields cantharidates), also fat, odorous compound, various extractives, and salts; ash about 6 per cent.; mois- ture about 10 per eeut. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Cantharis vesicatoria. Cantharis vittata. Valuation.—The powder is exhausted with chloroform or acetic ether, the solution evaporated, fat and coloring matter removed by carbon disulphide; yield 0.4-0.57 per cent, cantharidin. It is with difficulty obtained in crystals from old cautharides; these may be treated with potassa and then with hydrochloric acid, or mixed with magnesia and water, dried, acidulated, deprived of oil by petroleum benzin, and exhausted with chloroform, etc. Other species.—Cantharis (Epi- cauta, Fabricius) vittata, Latreille, potato fly, indigenous to the United States; wing-cases black,each with a yellow margin, and a yellow stripe along the middle; contains, when fresh, 1.3 per cent, can- tharidin. Mylabris cichorii, Fabricms, and M. plialerata, Pallas. Chinese blistering flies. Indigenous to Southern and Eastern Asia; black, wing-cases with two bands and at the Fig. 3. Mylabris cichorii. COCCUS—COCHINEAL. 29 base with two spots; bands and spots orange-yellow; con- tain 1.0-1.2 per cent, cantharidin. Mylabris bifasciata, from Southern Africa. About 1 inch (25 millimeters) long; black, upon the wing-cases two un- dulating narrow dark yellow bands; contain 1.0 to 1.09 per cent, cantharidin. Properties. — Diuretic, aphrodisiac, acrid poison ; ex- ternally, rubefacient, vesicant. Dose, 0.01 to 0.07 gram (gr. -g—gr. j), mostly in form of tincture. Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach-pump, or emetics); demulcents (barley water, flaxseed tea—not oils, or oil emulsions); morphine. COCCUS.—Cochineal. Coccionella. Coccus cacti, Linn6. Class, Insecta; order, Hemiptera. Habitat.—Mexico and Central America, upon Opuntia cochinillifera, Miller, and other species. Collection. — Cultivated; the wingless females, after fecundation, increase in size; they are brushed off from the plants and killed by hot water, or the heat of an oven. Description. — About 5 millimeters (£ inch) long, oblong, angular, flat or concave beneath, and with 6 short legs, convex above, annulate and wrinkled, purplish-black or gray, yielding a dark red powder, odor faint, taste slightly bitter. Granilla is an inferior kind, and consists of the smaller and of uncultivated insects. Adulteration.—The silvery-gray cochineal with carbonate or sulphate of barium and lead; the black cochineal with Fig. 4. Coccus cacti.—Female insect, natural size; a, before, and b, c, after impregnation, dry, and soaked in water 30 ANIMAL DRUGS. graphites, ivory black, or manganese dioxide; on macera- tion in water the powders are separated. Valuation.—Exhausting with boiling distilled water, and decolorizing the cold decoction with potassium permanga- nate, preferably in the presence of a little indigo-carmine. Constituents.—About 10 per cent, of red coloring matter (amorphous, very soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies, precipitated purple by earths; insoluble in fats and volatile oils; composition still uncertain), about 12 per cent, of wax and fat; the wax, coccerin, forms the wool-like cover- ing of gray cochineal; the fat consists of myristin, liquid fat, and fat acids; various organic compounds; ash 4-5 per cent. (1 per cent., Brit. Phar.) ; moisture about 6 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, chiefly used for its coloring-matter. Dose, 0.06 to 1 gram (gr. j-xv). Carmine is the precipitate obtained from the decoction of cochineal with alum or cream of tartar, and contains 50-60 per cent, of coloring-matter, the balance being moisture, nitrogen compounds, traces of wax, and some ash. BLATTA.—Cockroach. Blatta (Periplaueta, Burmeister) oriental is, Linne. Class, Insecta; order, Orthoptera. Habitat.— Asia, now found in most parts of the world, in kitchens and damp, warm rooms. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, oblong, flat; reddish-brown or black-brown ; antennae long, fili- form ; head hidden beneath the prothorax; wings in the male long, in the female very short; odor very disagreeable. Constituents.—Fetid oil, extractive, antihydropin (crys- tallizable, not diuretic). Properties.—Diuretic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in powder or tincture. Other species of Blatta resemble the above in odor and perhaps in properties. B. gigantea of the West Indies is 31 OVUM —E G G. about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. B. arnerieana of North America is 25 to 30 millimeters (1 to 1 inch) long. B. germanica of Central Europe is 10 to 12 millimeters (about inch) long. HIRUDO.—Leech. 1. Sanguisuga medicinal is, Savigny; and 2. San. offici- nalis, Sav. Class, Vermes; order, Annelida; suborder, Apoda; family, Hirudinea. Habitat.—1. Central and Northern Europe (Swedish or German leech); 2. Southern Europe (Hungarian leech); in fresh-water ponds. Description.—Body 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, smooth, soft, round, somewhat flattened, narrowed toward both ends, composed of 90 to 100 rings; posterior end terminated by a broad disk, anterior end by a narrower disk, in the centre with the mouth, containing 3 jaws each with a double row of teeth; back olive-green or blackish- green, with 6 longitudinal stripes dotted with black; belly yellowish-green or olive-green—No. 1 with numerous black spots, No. 2 with a black line on each side, unspotted. No. 1 draws readily about its own weight of blood; No. 2 draws more, and a larger amount of blood will flow after the animal has fallen. Preservation.—In clear river water in a shady place, free from noxious vapors; temperature 10° to 20° C. (50° to 68° F.); the bottom covered or the greater part of the vessel filled with pebbles, turf, moss, some charcoal. Leeches gorged with blood should be kept by themselves, and not used for six months or more; they may be made to disgorge the blood by placing them for a short time in a solution of table salt. Uses.—For local depletion. 2. EGGS. OVUM.—Egg. Origin.—Gallus Bankiva, var. domesticus, Temminck, s. Phasianus Gallus, Linne. Class, Aves ; order, Galliuse. 32 ANIMAL DRUGS. Habitat.—Java and Cochinchina, domesticated. The egg consists of the shell and lining membrane about 10 per cent., albumen 60, and yolk 30 per cent. 1. Testa ovi, Egg-shell.—Composed of 90—97 calcium carbonate, 1-5.7 calcium and magnesium phosphates, and 2-4.7 organic matter. 2. Albumen ovi, White of egg.—Weight 20 to 26 grams (5v-vjss). Contains 82-88 per cent, water and 12-18 per cent, solid constituents, mostly albumen, traces of fat, sugar, and extractive, and about 0.65 ash, of which 42 per cent, is IvCl and 9 NaCl, the remainder being carbonates, phosphates, and sulphates of alkalies, calcium, magnesium, and iron. 3. Vitellus ovi, Yolk, Yelk.—Contains 48-55 water, 16 vitellin (a proteid related to casein, mixed with albumin), 30 fat, 1.5 inorganic salts (chlorides, sulphates, and phos- phates of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium), 0.42 cholesterin ; also lecithin, coloring-matter, lactic acid, sugar. Properties and Uses.—Egg-shell is antacid. White of egg is nutritious, and used for the clarification of liquids and as an antidote to metallic poisons. Yelk is nutritious, and used for emulsionizing oils and as a dressing for burns, etc. 3. ANASTOMOSING FIBROUS TISSUE. SPONGIA.—Sponge. Origin.—Spongia officinalis, Linne. Class, Poriphera ; order, Ceratospongise. Habitat.—In the sea attached to rocks; sometimes planted. Collection.—By diving and cutting, or the inferior kinds by tearing from the rocks with a forked instrument. The ICHTHYOCOLLA—ISINGLASS. 33 gelatinous animal matter is removed by exposure and washing. Description.—A framework consisting of long, elastic, ramifying, and anastomosing fibres, and traversed by numerous smaller or larger cavities and pores ; yellowish, brownish, or brown ; soluble in potassa solution with evolu- tion of ammonia; charred by heating, giving off empyreu- matic ammoniacal vapors. The best kind is the soft, cup-shaped Turkey sponge, collected on the coast of Asia Minor and Syria from Euspongia molissima, 0. Schmidt. Zimocca sponge, from Euspongia Zimocca, Schmidt, coast of Greece, is flatter, harder, and less elastic. Bathing sponge, from Euspongia equina, Schmidt, North African coast, is nearly spheroid and coarse. The sheeps’-wool, Bahama, Florida, and Nassau sponges are obtained from the West Indies from different varieties of the preceding species. Constituents.—Spongin (slowly soluble in cuprammo- nium solutions; yields with II2S04 leucin and glycocoll), various salts; when free from sand, etc., ash 3-4 per cent. Uses.—For cleaning, absorbing liquids, dilating cavities (sponge tents); for prepariug burnt sponge, spongia usta, by heat in covered vessels (yield 30-35 per cent.); contains silica, potassium and sodium chloride and bromide, calcium carbonate and sulphate, and about 1.8 per cent, of iodine, combined with sodium and potassium. 4. MEMBRANOUS TISSUE AND GELATINS. ICHTHYOCOLLA.—Isinglass. Colla piscium. Russian isinglass. Origin.—Acipenser Huso, LinnS (belugo); Ac. Giilden- stiidtii, Brand et Ratzeburg (osseter) ; Ac. ruthenus, LinnS (sterlet); Ac. stellatus, Pallas (sewruga). Class, Pisces; order, Sturiones (Ganoidei, Acipe userid se). Habitat.—Caspian and Black Seas and tributary rivers. 34 ANIMAL DRUGS. Preparation.—The swimming bladder is cut, washed, and dried. Description.—In separate sheets (leaf isinglass), several sheets folded together (book isinglass), or rolled and folded into various forms (staple isinglass), of horny or pearly ap- pearance, whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, iridescent, tough, tearing parallel with the fibres, inodorous, insipid; almost completely soluble in boiling water and in boiling diluted alcohol. The solution in 24 parts of hot water forms, on cooling, a transparent jelly. Other kinds.—American isinglass. The sounds of Gadus merluccius, LinnS (hake), and Otolithus regalis, Cuvier (weak fish), dried in thin sheets or ribbons. Purse or pipe isinglass. Fish sounds dried without being cut open. Japanese or Chinese isinglass is prepared from Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, and other algae. Constituents.—Gelatin (glutin) with about 2 (the inferior kinds sometimes 30) per cent, of insoluble membrane; ash about 0.5. per cent. Properties.—Emollient, nutritive, externally as a pro- tective. GELATINA.—Gelatin. Preparation.—Bone, cartilage, skins, tendons, and liga- ments are boiled in water until dissolved, and the resulting jelly is dried in the air. Description.-—1Thin, transparent sheets, or porous and opaque layers, or shreds; the solution in hot water is color- less and inodorous. Inferior kinds of gelatin are called glue. It dissolves freely in acetic acid (liquid glue); its aqueous solution is not precipitated by dilute acids, alum, lead acetate, and ferric chloride; it is precipitated by tannin. Composition.—Glutin contains about 50 per cent. C, 18 H, 7 H, 24 O, and 0.5 S. Chondrin resembles gelatin; it is obtained from the MOSCHUS — MUSK. 35 cartilages of the ribs and other non-ossifying cartilages; its aqueous solution is precipitated by tannin and by the reagents mentioned above. Properties.—Emollient, slightly nutritive, externally as a protective. 5. SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS. a. Friable, not Fusible. MOSCHUS.—Musk. Origin.—From the preputial follicles of the male animal, Moschus moschiferus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Cervidse. Habitat.—Central Asia. Description.—Irregular crummy, somewhat unctuous grains, dark reddish-brown, and in the anhydrous state Fig. 5. Chinese musk-sac. Lower surface. Upper surface. almost inodorous; the commercial article contains about 10 per cent, of moisture and has a peculiar penetrating and persistent odor and bitterish taste. Musk is contained in oval or roundish sacs about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, and about 2 centimeters (-§■ inch) thick ; on one side invested with a smoothish membrane, on the other side covered with stiff, appressed, grayish hairs concentrically 36 ANIMAL DRUGS. arranged around two orifices near the centre; in the mus- cular coat with a portion of the thin penis. Strong alcohol dissolves about one-tenth the weight of musk; the tincture is light brownish-yellow, and on the addition of water becomes slightly turbid. Water dissolves fully one-half the weight of musk, the solution being deep brown, faintly acid, and strongly odorous. Macerated with oil of turpen- tine musk disintegrates, forming, when viewed under the microscope, brownish amorphous translucent particles. The secretion, freed from skin and hairs, on ignition gives off a somewhat urine-like odor, and leaves 6 to 8 per cent, of a gray ash. Varieties.—Chinese, Thibet or Tonquin musk is the best variety. Siberian or Russian musk is sometimes scarcely inferior, but often in flat oval sacs with thin and light hairs, the secretion compact and less aromatic (Cabardine musk). Bucharian and Assam musk is in small sacs, often with portions of the hide adhering. Constituents.—Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, wax, gelatinous and albuminous principles; ash about 8 per cent. The odorous principle has not been isolated. Cam- phor, hydrocyanic acid, ergot, oily seeds, etc., remove the odor of musk. Properties.—Diffusible stimulant, aphrodisiac, antispas- modic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in powder, pills, or enema. Substitutions and Adulterations.—Artificial musk bags, having none of the characters described, or the secretion partly replaced by dried blood, resin, lead, and other sub- stances. CASTOREUM.—Castor. Origin.—From the preputial follicles of both the male and female animals Castor Fiber, LinnS. Class, Mamma- lia ; order, Rodentia; family, Castoridse. CASTOREUM—CAS TO R. Habitat.—Northern hemisphere, between 33° and 68° north latitude. Description.—Follicles in pairs, each about 75 milli- meters (3 inches) long, club-shaped, or narrow pyriform, wrinkled, brown or blackish ; the inner coat iridescent, glandular, and much folded; the contents brown, hard, friable, of a peculiar odor, and of a bitter, rather acrid and nauseous taste. Alcohol dissolves about one-half of the weight of castor, the tincture being of a brown color. The decoction with water has a light brownish-yellow color, becomes turbid on cooling, and acquires a dark color with ferric chloride. Varieties.—American or Canadian Castor. Weight of follicles between 30 and 125 grams (1 and 4 oz.); the membranes adhering firmly, the contents often rather glossy. Russian or Siberian Castor. Subglobular or roundish pyriform; weight, 75 to 250 grams (2| to 8 oz.); the outer membranes rather readily separable; the contents dull brown, of a more agreeable odor. The Russian variety is very rare, and yields a red-brown tincture, which on the addition of water becomes turbid and translucent, and clear again by ammonia water. The tincture of American castor, treated in the same manner, leaves some resin undissolved. Constituents.—rVolatile oil, containing carbolic acid, 1 to 2 per cent., bitter resinous substance 14 to 58 per cent., castorin (colorless fusible needles), salicin, cholesterin, etc.; ash about 3.5 per cent. Adulterations.—The secretion of castor sacs from diseased animals is sometimes of a brownish-gray color, and may contain over 50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Adultera- tions with earthy matters, resin, blood, etc., are rare. Properties.—Stimulant, anti spasmodic, emmenagogue. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). 38 ANIMAL DRUGS. PEPSINUM.—Pepsin. Origin.—The mucous membrane of the stomach of the hog, Sus scrofa, LinnS {order, Pachydermata), the sheep, Ovis Aries, Linne {order, Ruminantia), or the calf, Bos Taurus, Linne {order, Ruminantia). Class, Mammalia. Habitat.—Domesticated. Preparation.—By maceration or digestion in water and precipitation with sodium chloride. Properties.—The dried membrane forms a light-brown powder. Precipitated pepsin is translucent brownish or brownish-yellow. Saccharated pepsin is mixed with milk sugar, and is an opaque, whitish or pale-yellowish powder. It is insoluble in alcohol, almost completely soluble in water (syntonin insoluble), curdles milk, and is altered by alkalies. Test.—Digested at 38° C. (100° F.) for six hours, a slightly opalescent solution is obtained from 1 saccharated pepsin, 500 water, and 7.5 hydrochloric acid, and 50 parts of hard-boiled egg-albumen. Use.—In dyspeptic disorders. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv). b. Fusible or Soft. AMBRA GRISEA.—Ambergris. Origin.—Found floating on the sea ; a morbid excretion in the intestines of Physeter macrocephalus, Linn/. Class, Mammalia ; order, Cetacea; family, Physeteridse. Habitat.—Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans. Description.—Fusible in hot water; in the cold friable, gray or brown-gray, streaked and dotted; sp. grav. 0.80 to 0.92, of a peculiar fragrance, nearly tasteless; soluble in ether, volatile oils, and hot alcohol; insoluble in potassa solution. CIVETTA—CIVET. 39 Constituents.—Ambre'in, 85 per cent, (white, tasteless needles, fusible at 36° C.); balsamic extractive; ash a minute quantity. Tests.—Heated upon platinum foil, no acrid vapors are evolved, and only a small residue is left. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Mostly used in perfumery. HYRACEUM.—Hyraceum. Origin.—From the Ivlipdas, Hyrax capensis, Cuvier. Class, Mammalia; order, Hyracoidea. Plabitat.—Southern Africa. Description.—Black-brown, tough and plastic, partly soluble in water, less soluble in alcohol and ether; when warmed, of a castor-like odor; taste, bitter nauseous. It has been regarded by some as the dried urine, by others as the feces of the animal. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, fat, various acids and salts. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Rarely employed. Zibethum. Origin.—From glands in a pouch between the anus and genitals of the male and female animals. 1. Viverra Zibetha, Schreber, and 2 Viv. Civetta, Schreber. Class, Mammalia; order, Carnivora ; family, Viverridse. Habitat.—1. Southern Asia, and 2. Africa. Description. — Unctuous, fresh yellowish, afterward brown, fusible; almost insoluble in water, soluble in hot absolute alcohol, partly soluble in ether; odor strong, re- sembling musk; taste, bitterish acrid, nauseous. Constituents.—Volatile oil, fat, resinous and coloring matters, salts. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). Used in perfumery. CIVETTA.—Civet. 40 ANIMAL DRUGS. c. Liquid. SANGUIS.—Blood. Origin.—The arterial fluid of the ox, Bos Taurus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Properties.—Red, opaque; sp. grav. 1.050; odor peculiar; contains blood corpuscles in suspension; coagulates on ex- posure, separating the clot, cruor, from the liquid or serum. Evaporated, it forms extractum sanguinis or pulvis san- guinis. Constituents.—Water about 78, albumen 7, fibrin 0.4, salts 0.9, corpuscles and other constituents about 13 per cent. The red color is due to haemoglobin. The serum contains between 9 and 10 per cent, of solids, about 8 of these being albuminoids. The salts are chlorides, phosphates, and sul- phates, of alkalies, calcium, and magnesium. Properties.—Restorative. Dose of dried blood 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij—xv). LAC.—Milk. Lac vaccinum. Origin.—From the mammary glands of the cow, Bos Taurus, LinnS. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminantia; family, Bovidse. Ilab ita t. —Domest ica ted. Description.—White, opaque, sp. grav. 1.030; odor slight; taste, bland and sweet. Constituents.—Water 87, solids 13, consisting of albu- minoids 4.1, fat 4.0, milk-sugar, 4.2, and salts, chiefly phos- phates with some chlorides, 0.7. The fat is emulsionized by the albuminoids (casein and lactoprotein). Derivatives.—Cremor lactis, cream. The fat rising to the surface on standing, containing some albuminoids and serum. Skim milk. The white liquid from which the cream has been removed, containing the albuminoids, sugar, and salts; taste bland. FEL BOVIS—OX GALL. 41 Buttermilk, lac ebutyratum. The opaque liquid sepa- rated in churning the cream; contains the albuminoids, sugar, and salts ; of a slight acidulous taste. Butter, Butyrum ; see Fats. Milk sugar, Saccharum lactis; see Sugars. Whey, Serum lactis. The opalescent liquid separated from milk after removing the albuminoids and fat, either by rennet (serum lactis dulce) or by acids or acid salts (ser. lact. acidum, aluminatum, tamarindatum, etc.). It contains the sugar and salts, also the acid or salt added. Properties.—FT utritious. FEL BOYIS.—Ox Gall. Fel bovinum; Fel tauri. Origin.—From the gall-bladder of the ox, Bos Taurus, Linne. Class, Mammalia; order, Ruminautia ; family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Description.—A viscid liquid, greenish or brownish- green ; sp. grav. 1.020; neutral or faintly alkaline; odor peculiar; taste sweetish, very bitter, and nauseous; pro- duces with sugar and strong sulphuric acid a deep red and purple color (Pettenkofer’s test). Constituents.—Water about 90 per cent., solids 10 per cent., consisting of mucilage (precipitated by 2 volumes of alcohol), bilirubin (cholepyrrhiu) C16H13R203, and other coloring matters, cholesterin C26H440, and salts, among them the sodium salts of two bitter acids, glycocholic (cholic) and taurocholic (choleic) acid; both acids give Pettenkofer’s reaction, and, on being boiled with alkalies, yield cholic (cholalic) acid and, the former, glycocoll; the latter, taurin. Derivatives.—Evaporated to the consistence of an extract (fel bovis inspissatum). Purified by precipitation with 42 ANIMAL DRUGS alcohol, then evaporated (fel bovis purificatum s. depur- atum). Properties.—Tonic, laxative. Dose (of inspissated bile), 0.3 to 1 or even 4 grams (gr. v-xv-5j). 6. CALCAREOUS SKELETONS AND CONCRETIONS. Almost wholly soluble, with effervescence, in hydro- chloric acid. CORALLIUM —Coral. Origin.—1. Oculina virginea, Lamarck, and 2. Coral- lium rubrum, Lamarck. Class, Polypiphera; orders, 1. Hexacoralla, and 2. Octocoralla. Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Description.—Hard, cylindrical, branching pieces, with a more or less uneven, porous, and striate surface and a radiating interior, frequently hollow, inodorous, tasteless, white (from No. 1) or red (from No. 2). Constituents.—Animal matter 7.75, calcium carbonate 83.25, magnesium carbonate 3.50, ferric oxide 4.25 (in red coral). Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). Used in tooth powders. OS SEPIAE.—Cuttlefish Bone. Origin.—The calcareous bone of Sepia officinalis, Linne. Glass, Cephalopoda ; order, Decapoda; family, Sepiadre. Habitat.—Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. Description. — White, oval-oblong, 10 centimeters (4 inches) or more in length, flattened; both sides convex; outer surface smoothish, hard ; the remainder porous and friable, inodorous ; taste, earthy, somewhat saline. Constituents.—Animal matter, 10-15 per cent.; the re- mainder calcium carbonate, with little sodium chloride and traces of calcium phosphate and magnesia. Properties.—Antacid, mostly used in tooth powders. CALCULI CANCRORUM—CRABS’ STONES. 43 TESTA.—O YSTERSHELL. Conchse, s. testa ostreee. Origin.—The bivalved shell of Ostrea virginiana, Lister, and O. edulis, I June. Class, Acephala (Conchifera, Lamellibranchia); order, Monomya; family, Ostracea. Habitat.—Several species are found on the coast of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Description.—Irregular roundish, oblong or obovate ; hinge toothless; valves composed of imbricate foliaceous layers, externally rough, inner surface smooth, glossy, and white. For medicinal purposes, it is purified by boiliug with water and elutriatiou. Constituents.—Animal matter 0.5-4.5 per cent., the re- mainder calcium carbonate, with a small proportion of calcium phosphate and sulphate, magnesia, alumina, ferric oxide, and silica. Properties.—Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). TESTA OVI.—Eggshell. (See page 31.) CALCULI CANCRORUM.—Crabs’ Stones. Lapides, s. lapilli, s. oculi cancrorum. Crabs’ eyes. Origin.—Concretions in the stomach of Astacus fluvi- atilis, Fabricius, s. Cancer Astacus, Linne. Class, Crus- tacea ; order, Decapoda; family, Astacida. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone, in rivers. Description.—Circular, 3 to 10 millimeters (-| to | inch) in diameter; plano-convex ; the upper side with a con- centric groove; white, hard; in boiling water rose-red; effervescing with hydrochloric acid, leaving a cartilaginous plano-convex mass ; inodorous, tasteless. Constituents.—Animal matter, 12-15 per cent.; calcium carbonate, 63; calcium phosphate, 17; the remainder, magnesium phosphate and sodium salts. 44 ANIMAL DRUGS. Properties.—Antacid. Pose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v—xxx). Substitutions.—Factitious crabs’ stones, treated with hydrochloric acid, leave little or no residue. OS.—Bone. Origin.—The skeleton of vertebrate animals. Description.—White, smooth, internally more or less porous, insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid with some effervescence, leaving a gelatinous mass. Constituents.—40 to 67 per cent, of calcium phosphate, including 5 to 10 per cent, of calcium carbonate, 1 to 2 per cent, of magnesium phosphate, and other salts. The organic ossein yields gelatin on being boiled with water. On dry distillation, Dippel’s animal oil is obtained, con- taining pyridine, picoline, and other bases. Uses.—For preparing boneblack (animal charcoal) and phosphates. PART II. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. These consist of plants and parts of plants—all being composed of one or more kinds of cells. 1. ROOTS.—RADICES. A root is the descending axis of a plant, and resembles the ascending axis or stem, but is destitute of leaves, and consequently does not branch by the growth of axillary buds. The pith found in the stem of dicotyledons usually descends only a short distance into the main or tap root, and the epidermis of even young roots becomes uneven and obliterated by the formation of cork; with these ex- ceptions, the tissues of the root and their arrangement resemble those of the stem. Roots are destitute, or nearly so, of chlorophyll. Annual roots, separated from the other portions of the plant, are not employed in medicine; the officinal roots derived from biennial or perennial herbs emanate from a short crown (base of stem) bearing leaf scars and pro- ducing buds, the crown being several- or many-headed in perennial roots ; the roots of shrubs and trees are destitute of such a crown. In the monocotyledons the tap root is commonly not developed, but in its place appear a number of adventitious roots (rootlets) of about equal thickness and length, and usually not branched, though frequently beset with fibres. Adventitious roots are also met with in 46 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. dicotyledons, and emanate, as in the monocotyledons, from the base or other parts of the stem, or from the rhizome. But the dicotyledonous roots which are medicinally em- ployed consist generally of the main or tap root and its branches—in some cases of the latter alone. The branches at their base are often but little thinner than the main root from which they emanate, and, like the latter, are tapering toward the tip. Histology.—The rootlets of monocotyledons (see Sar- saparilla) consist of a circle of parenchyme, which is fol- lowed by the nucleus sheath or endoderm, formed of one or sometimes two rows of thick-walled cells, and inclosing an irregular circular layer, containing a few or numerous small fibro-vascular bundles, which are never arranged in wedge-shaped rays; the centre of the rootlets is often occu- pied by parenchyme tissue, similar in character to that of the outer layer. The roots of dicotyledons consist of bark, the outer layer of which is cork, followed by parenchyme, and an inner layer, rarely containing bast fibres and usually traversed by more or less distinct medullary rays. A cambium layer containing the newly formed cells and indicated in the dried root as a dark line, separates the bark from the wood, the bundles of which are wedge-shaped, and separated from one another by medullary rays. The central pith is mostly minute or nearly wanting, except in the upper part, and occasionally for some distance in the main root; in the latter case, it becomes considerably thinner toward the tip. Classification. Sect. 1. Monocotyledonous Roots (Rootlets). Orange-brown; outer layer mealy or horn-like; taste acrid. Sarsaparilla. Pale brownish ; outer layer spongy; taste pungently aromatic. Vetiveria. ROOTS—RADICES. 47 Sect. 2. Dicotyledonous Roots (Tap roots and branches). I. Fleshy roots : wood either soft or wood bundles thin, with broad medullary rays. 1. Free from starch and inulin. Taste acrid; externally keeled; wood not cylin- drical. Senega, red-brown ; wood yellowish, not radiate. Saponaria. light brownish-gray; wood whitish, radiate. Saponaria levantica. Taste bitter; wood bundles thin; inner bark radiate; yellowish-brown. Gentiana. pale orange-brown. Frasera. Taste mucilaginous; externally brown-black. Symphytum. 2. Free from starch, but containing inulin. Taste bitter; laticiferous vessels in bark forming concentric circles. Taraxacum, laticiferous vessels in bark in radiating lines. Cichorium. Taste acrid ; burning; resin cells forming concentric circles in bark and medullary rays. Pyrethrum. resin cells in bark only (root thin;. Pyrethrum German. Taste aromatic; resin cells numerous, scattered ; wood bundles small. Inula. Taste mucilaginous and bitter; neither resin cells nor milk vessels; wood and bark radiate. Lappa. 3. Containing starch. a. With laticiferous vessels in bark. Cork orange-brown; bark thin; laticiferous Asclepias vessels few. tuberosa. Light brown; subcylindrical; bark thick, wood Apocynum porous, yellowish. cannabinum. Pale yellowish-brown; subcylindrical; inter- Euphorbia nally white.' Ipecacuanha. Cork blackish; internally whitish. Euphorbia corollata. Gray-brown; internally pinkish; scattered resin cells. Stillingia. b. With radiating rows of resin cells in bark. Root stock short, divided into numerous long rootlets; resin cells large. Angelica. Root nearly simple, with several stout branches ; Angelica resin cells small. triquinata. with several long branches; resin cells small. Levisticum. (brown cork removed; whitish; wood white. Laserpitium. brown-yellow ; wood yellow, porous in branch- ing rays. Pimpinella. 48 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. brownish-yellow; resin cells in numerous approximate rows. Petroselinum. brown-gray; resin cells irregular in thin bark and thick pith ; wood bundles small. Imperatoria. In sections ; tough ; resin cells in irregular rows ; wood bundles irregularly matted. Sumbul. c. Resin cells not radiating. Tuberous, napiform; resin cells in broad and Jalapa narrow concentric circles. (see Tubers) Roots forked below; yellowish; resin cells in bark in concentric circles. Panax. Root large, nearly simple; brown-gray ; inter- Ipomsea nally whitish ; resin cells scattered. pandurata. d. Neither resin cells nor laticiferous vessels. Very pungent; cylindrical; used fresh. Armoracia. Taste acrid; grayish; wood wedges short, numerous, in several circles. Phytolacca. Taste bitter; grayish-white ; wood bundles small, in numerous circles, and forming many rays; usually in disks. Bryonia. Taste mucilaginous, bitter and astringent; gray- ish ; wood bundles irregular; mostly in disks and sections. Nymphsea. Taste sweetish, acrid and bitter; cork gray- brown; internally whitish, no bast fibres; wood yellow, porous. Belladonna. Taste mucilaginous, insipid; (brown cork re moved) white, with long bast fibres. Althaea. Taste sweetish, slightly acrid; deep red ; thin or in powder; red color soluble in water. Rubia. Taste slight; bark scaly, friable, dark purple; red color insoluble in water. Alkanna. Taste astringent; purplish-brown; internally reddish. Heuchera. Taste mucilaginous and bitter : In sections; grayish, and pale yellow; wood bundles in distant circles. Calumba. Fusiform, yellowish-brown; medullary rays reddish. Rumex. Fusiform, brown-red ; medullary rays red. Rhapontieum, Sections; marbled by interrupted and inter woven red medullary rays, radiate near cambium. Rheum. II. Woody roots: wood firm and medullary rays narrow. Taste sweet; color tawny-yellow internally. Glycyrrhiza. SARSAPA RILL A—SARSAPARILLA . 49 inner bark whitish and with laticiferous vessels. Hemidesmus. Taste bitterish and sweetish; color yellowish inter- nally. Abrus. Taste sweetish and pungent; externally pale brown Hydrangea. Taste pungent; externally grayish-brown; wood- wedges narrow. Methysticuin. Taste bitter, nauseating ; bark annulate. Ipecacuanha, bark more or less annulate, resin-dotted. Gillenia (see Bhizomesb bark wrinkled, contains milk vessels. Apocynum an- drosEemifolium. Taste bitter, aromatic; bark thin, light brown; wood yellowish-white, hard. Gelsemium. Taste spicy; wood pale reddish-brown. Sassafras (see Woods). Taste bitter; wood in irregularly concentric circles, pale brown. * Pareira. wood yellow ; bark foliaceous, loose, yellow. Berberis. bark firm, yellow. Berberis aqui- folium (see Bhizomes). Taste bitterish, somewhat acrid; brown ; wood white, indistinctly rayed. Baptisia. Taste astringent; reddish-brown; wood wedges narrow, yellowish. Statice. rust-brown; wood reddish. . Ceanothus. rust-brown or purplish-brown ; wood brownish. Krameria. SARSAPARILLA.—Sarsaparilla. Origin.—Smilax officinalis, Kunth, S. syphilitica, Kunth, S. medica, SchlechtendcU. Natural order, Liliacete, Smilacese. Habitat.—Tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. Description.—Very long, cylindrical, about 5 millimeters (i inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown or orange-brown externally, white and mealy or somewhat horny internally, with a circular zone of wood-bundles around a central layer of parenchyme (pith); nearly in- odorous ; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, acrid. The thick woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should be removed. 50 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Fig. 6. Mexican sarsaparilla.—Transverse section, microscopic appearance. Structure. — Epidermis, subcuticular layer (2 or more rows of cells with thickened walls), parenchyme (cortical Fig. 7. Fig 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. Honduras sarsaparilla. Mexican sarsaparilla. Eio Negro sarsaparilla. Jamaica sarsaparilla. Sections through and near nucleus sheath, magnified 80 diam. layer), nucleus sheath (1 row of thick-walled cells), wood zoue, and central parenchyme (pith). The parenchyme SARSAPARILLA — SARSAPARILLA. 51 contains compound starch granules or pasty starch, numer- ous cells with raphides of calcium oxalate, and few resin cells. Varieties.—a. Non-mealy sarsapa- rillas. Starch mostly pasty; rarely in granules. 1. Mexican sarsaparilla. The long roots folded back over the rhizome, to which portions of the stem are often attached. Roots deeply wrin- kled, with some fibres brown-gray from adhering earth; woody and medullary zones nearly equal in width, and about half as broad as the cortical layer; nucleus sheath with the cells radially elongated, the inner cell-walls thickest. In the market as Vera Cruz and Tampico sarsaparilla. Fig. 11. Mexican sarsaparilla, magnified 3 diam. Fig. 12. Mexican sarsaparilla. 2. Jamaica sarsaparilla. In loose bundles with or without the rhizome; resembles the preceding, but has more fibres attached (bearded sarsaparillaand surface usually more of a red tint, and less deeply wrinkled ; medullary and cortical layers broader than the woody zone. Caracas sarsaparilla is probably derived from the same plant. 6. Mealy sarsaparillas. Starch in granules, occasionally pasty. 52 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 3. Honduras sarsaparilla. In subcylindrical |bundles, tied with a root and rounded at the ends by the roots being folded back. Roots rather finely wrinkled, with few fibres, brown or gray-brown from adhering earth. Cortical and Fig. 13. Fig. 14. Jamaica sarsaparilla. Jamaica sarsaparilla, magnified 4 diam. medullary layers and woody zone about alike in thickness, or the latter somewhat thinner; cells of the nucleus sheath nearly square, with large apertures, and the cell-walls evenly thickened. Fig. 15. Honduras sarsaparilla 4. Rio Negro sarsaparilla (also called Para and Lisbon sarsapa- rilla). In large cylindrical rolls, neatly tied with the stem of a climbing plant, and evenly cut off at both ends. Roots finely wrinkled, dark browu or blackish-brown from adhering earth; cortical layer thick; woody zone narrow; medullary iio. 16. Honduras sarsaparilla, magnified 3 diam. YETI VERIA—YETI VERT. 53 layer as broad as the cortical layer, or broader; cells of the nucleus sheath somewhat radially elongated, the inner cell- walls thickest, the aperture small. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Rio Negro sarsaparilla. Section, magnified 3 diam. Rio Negro or Para sarsaparilla; portion of bundle. Constituents.—Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid), trace of volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter, calcium oxalate, and other salts. Parillin is soluble in hot water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, has an acrid taste, is a glucoside, and closely resembles saponin. When quite pure it crystallizes in scales ; boiled with dilute acids it is split into sugar and parigenin, crystallizing in scales from alcohol. Medical properties.—Regarded as an alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-5ij). YETIYERI A.—V etivert. Radix fvarancusse. Origin.—Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. Natural order, Graminese, Andropogonese. Habitat.—East India. Description.—Rootlets emanating from a short, thin rhizome, light yellowish-brown, somewhat wavy, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches long), about 1 millimeter (yV inch) thick, tough, aromatic, balsamic. The bark has large air-passages, and a number of resin cells. 54 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Constituents.—Volatile oil and resin. Medical properties.—Tonic, stimulant; almost exclusively used in perfumery for sachet powders, etc. SENEGA.—Seneka. Origin.—Polygala Senega, Linne. Natural order, Poly- galese. Habitat.—United States. Description.—About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, with a very knotty crown, bearing numerous short stem rem- nants with scaly leaves, and divided into a few branches from 5 to 10 millimeters (|—| inch) thick; branches spread- ing, tortuous, wrinkled, somewhat fissured transversely and keeled when dry, fleshy and round after having been soaked in water; externally, yellowish-gray or brownish-yellow; fracture short; bark whitish within, sweetish, afterward Fig. 19. Senega.—Transverse sections, magnified acrid, inclosing an irregular porous, yellowish, less acrid or nearly tasteless wood ; odor slight, but unpleasant. A northern variety of Polygala Senega yields a larger, thicker, and less tortuous root, which is usually of a darker color than described above, and has a less prominent keel, or is sometimes keel-less. SENEGA — S E N B K A . 55 Structure.—Bark thick; the small-celled inner bark present on only one side, taking the place of more or less of the outer bark, and on drying forming the keel ; no bast fibres present; wood circular near the crown, below Fig 20. Senega root, magnified 18 diam. consisting of various shaped segments and rays; medullary rays delicate. Constituents.—Polygalic acid, senegin, fixed oil (contain- ing virginic acid), pectin, sugar, coloring matter. Polygalic acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol and is precipitated by lead acetates. Senegin has a neutral reaction, is nearly in- soluble in absolute alcohol, and is not precipitated by normal lead acetate. (Robert, 1887.) Exhausting the root with 60 per cent, alcohol, concentrating and precipitating with alcohol and ether, yields 5 per cent, of crude senegin. Substitution.—White or false, senega. Collected west of the Mississippi River from Polygala alba, Nuttall. The root is of the size described above, but has a lighter, inter- nally white, color, and has descending, scarcely spreading, branches ; it is destitute of the keel, and has a cylindrical wood. It contains about 3 per cent, of polygalic acid, and yields a light-colored infusion and tincture. The root of Polygala Boykinii, Nuttall, of the Southern States, is thin, 56 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. but otherwise resembles the preceding, and has similar properties. Admixtures.—Ginseng root and the rhizomes and roots of Gillenia and of Cypripedium are sometimes present from Fig. 21. False senega root, magnified 10 diam. careless collection; in Europe also the subterraneous por- tion of Cynauchum Vincetoxicum, R. Brown; all are easily distinguished from senega root. Properties. — Expectorant, emetic, somewhat diuretic. Dose, 0.2 to 1.5 grams (3 to 22 grains). SAPONARIA.—Soapwort. Origin.—The root of Saponaria offici- nalis, Linne. Natural order, Caryophyl- lese, Silenese. Habitat. — Central and Southern Eu- rope, naturalized in North America. Description. — About 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, 2 to 5 millimeters to inch) or more in thickness, nearly cylindrical, longitudinally wrinkled, light rust-brown, internally whitish with a rather thick bark containing numerous small white crystal cells, and a pale Fig. 22. Saponaria. Transv. sec. 3 diam. GENTIANA—GENTIAN. 57 yellow meditullium, with indistinct medullary rays; inodor- ous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, persistently acrid. The subterranean runners are, to some extent, present in the commercial drug; they resemble the root branches, but have somewhat thickened internodes, and have the same properties. Old woody roots are rarely collected. Constituents.—Saponin, 4 to 5 per cent., mucilage, a little resin. Saponin, C32H54018, is a white powder, sternutatory, soluble in hot water and alcohol, the aqueous solution foaming like soap, water ; by acids it is split into sugar and crystallizable sapogenin, which is sparingly soluble in water. Properties.—Alterati ve, resembling sarsaparilla. SAPONARIA LEVANTICA.—Levant Soaproot. Origin.—The root of Gypsophila Struthium, Linne. Natural order, Caryophyllese, Silenese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. Description.—Simple, 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) long, 2 to 5 centimeters (f to 2 inches) thick, some- what fusiform, with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse ridges; light brownish-gray, internally whitish, with a thickish bark and a whitish meditullium containing numer- ous medullary rays, and rather narrow wood-wedges; inodorous; taste sweetish, persistently acrid. Constituents and Properties.—Saponin about 14 per cent. (?), otherwise similar to the preceding; mostly used in washing silks and other fabrics. GENTIANA.—Gentian. Radix gentianm rubrrn. Origin.—Gentiana lutea, Linne ; also G. purpurea, G. pannonica, and G. punctata, Linne. Natural order, Gentianese, Swertiese. Habitat.—Mountains of Central and Southern Europe. 58 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Description.—In nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal slices, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long and about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, the head closely annu- late, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled ; externally deep yellowish-brown, internally lighter ; somewhat flexible and tough when damp; rather brittle when dry ; fracture Fig. 23. Gentian.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. short, indistinctly radiate ; odor peculiar, faint, more promi- nent when moistened ; taste sweetish, persistently bitter. The root of G. purpurea is shorter, thinner, and darker; that of G. pannonica is scarcely annulate, shorter, and darker ; that of G. punctata little annulate, lighter, other- wise like the officinal root; they have the same properties. Structure.—Bark rather thick, by a blackish cambium line separated from the somewhat spongy meditullium ; medullary rays narrow, of about the width of the vascular rays ; bast fibres and wood fibres are wanting. Constituents.—Gentiopicrin 0.1 per cent., gentisic acid (gentisin), gentianose (sugar) 14 per cent., pectin, fixed oil 6 per cent., ash about 8 per cent. Gentiopicrin is an amorphous or crystalline glucoside, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and yields amorphous bitter gentiogeuin. Gentisic acid, C14H10O6, crystallizes in yellow, tasteless needles, is somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether, and colors ferric salts dark brown ; and a dark green color is produced by a principle which is precipitated by water SYMPHYTUM—COM FREY. 59 from the alcoholic tincture. Gentianose crystallizes in scales and is fermentable, but does not reduce Fehling’s solution. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v—xxx). The American gentian root, collected from Gentiana puberula, Michaux, G. Saponaria, Linne, and G. Andrewsii, Grisebach, consists of a scarcely annulated head about 12 millimeters (|- inch) long and 3 millimeters inch) thick, and numerous nearly simple, light brown-yellow, wrinkled rootlets about 6 centimeters (2|- inches) or more long, and having a thick whitish bark and thin meditullium ; odor and taste like those of gentian. FRASERA.—American Columbo. The root of Frasera Walteri, Michaux. Natural order, Gentianese, Swertiese. Habitat.—United States in the Alleghanies and west- ward. Description.—Mostly in longitudinal slices, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, the upper portion annulate, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled, externally pale orange-brown, internally light yellowish-brown ; the bark thick, overlapping on the edges, by a brown cambium line separated from the rather spongy meditullium; odor gen- tian-like, more prominent when moistened; taste sweetish and bitter. Constituents.—The same as gentian, but apparently less gentiopicrin. The yellow crystalline principle differs from gentisic acid in solubility, and in the higher melting-point. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). The recent root is said to be emetic and purgative. SYMPHYTUM.—Comfrey. The root of Symphytum officinale, Linne. Natural order, Boraginese, Boragese. Habitat.—Europe, cultivated and spontaneous in the United States. 60 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 1 to 2 centimeters (J to inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brown- black, internally somewhat horny, whitish or when old gray; the dry root hard; fracture short, showing a thickish bark, short narrow wood-bundles, broad medullary rays, and, in the upper part, a thin pith; inodorous, taste sweet- ish, mucilaginous, and faintly astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, a little tannin, few starch granules, and a small quantity of asparagin. Properties.—Demulcent, somewhat astringent. Dose, 8 to 15 grams (5ij-iv) per day. TARAXACUM.—Dandelion. Origin.—Taraxacum Dens-leouis, Desfontaines, s. T. officinale, Wiggers, s. Leontodon Taraxacum, Linne. Natu- ral order, Composite, Cichoriacese. Habitat.—Grassy places and roadsides in Europe, natu- ralized in North America. Collected in the autumn. Nearly cylindrical, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long, above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, crowned with several short thickish heads, little branched, longi- tudinally wrinkled, externally gray-brown, internally white with a yellowish centre, when dry breaking with a short fracture; inodorous, bitter. It should be free from chicory root. Structure.—Bark thick, white, consisting of parenchyme, and containing numerous concentric brown circles, formed by laticiferous ducts. Meditullium yel- lowish, porous. Medullary rays want- in £. © Constituents.—Early in spring dande- lion contains uncrystal lizable sugar, which diminishes during the summer; in autumn it contains about 24 per cent, of inulin; pectin is also present. The Fig 24. Transverse section of taraxacum root. PYRETHRUM—PELLITORY. 61 milk-juice contains the crystalline bitter principle taraxacin, resin, a glutinous body, and taraxacerin C8H160, the latter when in alcoholic solution having an acrid taste. Tarax- acin is soluble in water and alcohol. Properties.—Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic disorders, on continued use deranging digestion. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij). CICHORIUM.—Chicory, Succory. Origin.—Cichorium Iutybus, I Anne. Natural order, Composite, Cichoriacese. Habitat.—Roadsides in Europe, naturalized in North America, cultivated in Europe. Description.—Chicory bears a close resemblance to dan- delion ; but the root of wild plants is usually lighter in color and more woody, and has a relatively thinner bark. It, like the more fleshy and darker cultivated root, is readily dis- tinguished by the radiating arrange- ment of the laticiferous vessels in the bark. Constituents.—Bitter principle, inu- lin, pectin, sugar. Properties.—Deobstruent, tonic, in overdoses deranging digestion. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). The roasted root is used for adulterating coffee. Fig. 25. Cichorium.—Transverse section. PYRETHRUM.—Pellitory. Radix pyrethri romani. Roman pellitory. Origin.—Anacyclus Pyrethrum, De Candolle. Natural order, Compositse, Anthemidese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. Description.—Somewhat fusiform, nearly simple, 5 to 62 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about 12 millimeters (J inch) thick, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled below, externally dark gray-brown, internally brownish- white, fracture short. Inodorous, pungent, and very acrid. Fig. 26. Pyretkrum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. Structure.—Bark rather thick, containing two circles of shining axially elongated resin ducts; wood-wedges slender, yellowish ; medullary rays slender, with about four circles of shining resin ducts. Constituents.—Acrid brown resin and acrid fixed oils, one brown and soluble in potassa, the other yellow, and in- soluble in potassa; inulin about 50 per cent., trace of tan- nin, mucilage; pyrethrine (?). Properties.—Irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue. Dose, as a masticatory 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j)) PYRETHRUM GERMANICUM.—German Pellitory. Radix pyrethri germanici. Origin.—Anacyclus officinarum, Hayne. Natural order, Composite, Authemidese. Habitat.—Central Europe, cultivated in Thuringia, Germany. INULA — ELECAMPANE 63 Description.—Nearly simple, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, about 3 millimeters inch) thick, almost Fig. 27. Pyrethrum germanicum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. filiform toward the tip, finely wrinkled, brown-gray, brittle, internally brownish; odor slight; taste acrid, burning. In commerce it is usually found with the thin, almost tasteless stem, which should be separated. Structure.—Bark rather thick, in the outer layer one circle of distinct resin ducts; wood-wedges very slender, soft. Constituents.—Acrid resin, fixed oil, inulin, bitter prin- ciple. Properties.—Like Roman pellitory. INULA.—Elecam pane. Radix inulse s. enulse. Origin.—Inula Helenium, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Innloidese. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, spontaneous in the United States; cultivated. Fig. 28. Inula.—Transverse section, natural size. Description.—Branches of the root 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (f to 1 inch) 64 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. in diameter; in commerce nearly always in transverse con- cave slices or longitudinal sections with overlapping bark, externally wrinkled and brown, flexible in damp weather, when dry, breaking with a short, somewhat horny fracture, internally grayish, slightly radiate and dotted ; odor pecu- liar, aromatic; taste bitterish, camphoraceous, aromatic. Structure.—Bark thickish, with several irregular circles of resin ducts; wood-bundles small, forming many narrow wedges; medullary rays broader, containing numerous resin ducts. Constituents.—Acrid resin, helenin, inulin, bitter ex- tractive, wax, etc.; odor and camphoraceous taste are due to the volatile oil, containing alantol (inulol), C20H32O, having a peppermint-1 ike odor and taste, and alantic (inulic) anhy- drid, C15H20O2, which is in needles and slightly camphor- like; helenin, C6HgO, is insipid. Properties.—Stimulant,, diaphoretic, diuretic, expector- ant, externally rubefacient. Pose, 2 to 8 grams (5>ss—ij) in infusion. LAPPA.—Burdock. Radi x bardanse s. lappa1. Origin.—Arctium Lappa, LinnS, s. Lappa officinalis, Allioni. Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidese. Habitat—Europe and northern Asia, naturalized in North America in waste places. Description.—Nearly simple, fusiform, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long; above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, fleshy, longitudinally wrinkled, crowned with a tuft of whitish, soft-hairy leaf-stalks; gray-brown, inter- nally paler; fracture short; odor feeble, unpleasant; taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter. Structure.—Bark rather thick, without bast fibres, the ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA—PLEURISY ROOT. 65 inner part and the meditullium radially striate, the paren- chyme often with cavities lined with snow-white remains of tissue; medullary rays rather broad; wood rays narrow, porous, destitute of wood-fibres. Fig. 29. Lappa.—Transverse section, magnified 2 diam. Constituents.—Mucilage, sugar, inulin, bitter extractive, little tannin. In autumn and early spring the root of one year’s growth contains about 45 per cent, of inulin. Properties.—Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij) in decoction. ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.—Pleurisy Root. Aselepias, U. 8. P. Origin.—Aselepias tuberosa, LinnS. Natural order, Asclepiadese, Cynanchese. Habitat.—United States near the Atlantic coast. Description.—Root large and fusiform, dried in longi- tudinal or transverse sections from 2 to 15 centimeters (f to 6 inches) long, and about 20 millimeters (f inch) or more in thickness, the head knotty, and slightly but distinctly annulate, the remainder longitudinally wrinkled; externally orange-brown, internally whitish; fracture 66 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. uneven, tough; inodorous; taste bitterish and somewhat acrid. When long kept, pleurisy root acquires a gray color. Structure.—Bark thin, in two distinct layers, the inner one whitish; wood yellowish and porous, with broad white medullary rays. Constituents.—Principle possessing the taste of the root, soluble in alcohol, ether, and somewhat in water, precipitated by tannin; probably a crystal!izable glucoside. Also two resins, tannin (?), mucilage, starch, etc. Properties.—Sudorific, expectorant, carminative, ano- dyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j)- APOCYNUM CANNABINUM.—Canadian Hemp. Apocymim, U. 8. P. . Origin. — Apocymim cannabinum, LinnL Natural order, Apocynaceae, Echitideae. Habitat.—United States, on this border of thickets and in grassy places. Fig. 30. Apocynum cannabinum.—Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. Description.—Long, cylindrical, branched, about 6 milli- meters Q- inch) thick, pale brown, longitudinally wrinkled; IPECACUANHA SPURGE. 67 somewhat fissured; fracture short, white, and pale yellow; inodorous, bitter. The bitter taste resides chiefly in the bark, which constitutes about 65 per cent, of the root- This drug is sometimes sold in place of Apocynum an- drosaemifolium. Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork layer, and containing many scattered laticiferous vessels, and in the inner layer numerous narrow medullary rays; wood yellow, soft, porous, consisting of several circles and radiate by fine medullary rays. Constituents.—Tannin, resin, apocynin (sparingly soluble in water), apocynein (freely soluble in water), bitter extrac- tive, starch, etc.; ash, 10 to 12 per cent. Properties — Emetic, cathartic, expectorant, diuretic, antiperiodic. Dose, as an antiperiodic and diuretic, 0.3 gram (gr. iv-v); as an emetic, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-5ss). EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA.—Ipecacuanha Spurge. American ipecac. Origin.—Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. Habitat.—United States, in sandy soil, not far from the Atlantic coast. Description.—Several, or many-headed, branches of the head short or sometimes 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat knotty and marked with stem scars ; roots more than 30 centimeters (12 inehes) long, about 1 centimeter (-§- inch) thick, nearly cylindrical, somewhat branched, light brown, wrinkled, fracture short; bark rather thick, white internally; wood yellowish, spongy; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Probably a glucoside, resins, euphorbon, starch, etc. Properties.—Diaphoretic, cathartic, emetic. Dose, 0 3, 0.6, 1.3 gram (gr. v, gr. x, ,Aj). 68 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. EUPHORBIA COROLL AT A.—Large-flowering Spurge. Origin.—Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbieae. Habitat.—United States in meadows; most abundant in the Southern States and west of the Alleghanies. Description. — Manv-headed : branches of the head usually short and stumpy ; root 20 centimeters (8 inches) or more long, branched, subcylindrical or elongated-conical, from 5 to 25 millimeters (1 to 1 inch) thick, externally blackish-brown or brown-black, wrinkled and somewhat fissured, fracture short, or, in old roots, somewhat fibrous; bark rather thick, white internally ; wood yellowish, soft; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, and slightly acrid. Constituents.—Resin, mucilage, sugar, starch, etc.; prob- ably similar to preceding. Properties and Dose.—Diaphoretic (0.3 gm. = gr. v), cathartic (0.0 gm. — gr. x), emetic (1.3 gm. = gr. xx). STILLINGIA.—Stillingia, Queen’s Delight. Origin.—Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—Southern United States, in sandy soil. Description.—Subeylindrical, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long, nearly 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, tapering, little branched, compact, wrinkled, brown-gray, tough, fracture fibrous; internally pinkish, with yellowish-brown dots; odor peculiar, unpleasant; taste bitter, acrid, pungent. Structure.—Bark thick, covered with a thin cork, and containing numerous resin cells ; the meditullinm porous, and with numerous narrow wedges of wood and medullary rays, the latter containing resin cells. Constituents. — Pungent resin, fixed oil, volatile oil, tannin, stillingine (?), gum, starch; ash 5 per cent. ANGELICA—ANGELICA. 69 Fig. 31. Stillingia, magnified 10 diam. Properties.—Alterative, antivenereal, in large doses emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—5ss). AN GELIC A.—Angelica . Origin.—Archangelica (Angelica, Moench) officinalis, Hoffmann. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. Habitat.—Central and Northern Europe and Northern Asia; cultivated ; collected in the spring of the second year. Description.—Root-stock 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) thick, Fig. 32. Angelica.—Transverse section of root-stock and rootlet, magnified 3 diam. crowned with remnants of leaf-bases, annulate; below divided into numerous nearly simple cylindrical and tuber - culate wrinkled branches, which are 2 to 6 millimeters 70 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. to inch) thick, and 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long; grayish-brown ; fracture short; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Root-stock with a rather thick bark, irregularly curved yellowish porous wood-wedges, and a whitish pith ; root branches with the spongy whitish bark rather thicker than the yellowish soft wood; bark with radiating lines of large resin ducts in the bast rays, which are destitute of bast fibres. Constituents.—J-l per cent, volatile oil, 6-10 per cent resin, valerianic acid, | per cent, angelic acid, C5H802 (volatile, crystalline, fusible at 45° C. = 113° F., aromatic), angelicin or hydrocarotin (crystalline, pungent, insoluble in water), sugar, bitter principle, starch, tannin, and 7 or 8 per cent, of ash. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, in large doses emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-5ss), in powder or infusion. ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA.—American Angelica. Origin.—Archangelica (Angelica LinnS) atropurpurea, Hofmann, s. Angelica triquinata, Michaux. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Scselinese. Habitat.—Northern and Western United States, south to Pennsylvania. Description.—About 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long and 18 millimeters (f inch) thick, branched, deeply wrinkled, light brown-grav, internally whitish, fracture short, with a thick, finely resinous-dotted bark, and soft, radiating wood; aromatic, sweetish, pungent and bitter. Constituents.— Volatile oil, volatile acid, resin, starch. Properties and Dose.—Similar to preceding. LEVISTICUM.—Lovage. Origin.—Levisticum officinale, Koch, s. Ligusticum Levis- ticnm, LinnS. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Scselinese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated in Germany. PIMPINELLA — PIMPERNEL. 71 Description.—Head 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (f-lf inches) thick, branched, annulate; below divided into a few nearly simple, subcylindrical, and deeply wrinkled branches, which are about 20 centimeters (8 inches) long and 2 to 6 or 10 millimeters (to f or f inch) thick; brown or reddish- brown ; ' fracture short, spongy; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. Head branches with a rather thick bark, and yellowish porous wood, which is radiate near the bark, and in irregular meshes toward the centre; roots with the bark rather thicker than the porous, yellowish wood; the bark with numerous narrow bast rays, and small resin ducts, in somewhat radiating lines. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter extractive, resins, sugar, starch, mucilage, angelic acid. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmena- gogue. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x—5ss), in infusion. Fig. 33. Levisticum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. LASERPITIUM.—White Gentian. Radix gentianse aline. Origin.—Laserpitium latifolium, [Anne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, 1 mserpitiete. Habitat.—Central Europe. Description.—Several-headed, somewhat conical, annu- late above, branched below, and deeply wrinkled; the brown, corky layer removed; grayish-white; aromatic, bitter; fracture short, white; bark thick, with numerous orange-colored resin ducts; wood finely porous. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, mucilage, starch. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). PIMPINELLA.—Pimpernel. Origin.—Pimpinella Saxifraga, LinnS, and P. magna, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. 72 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. Habitat.—Central Europe and Western Asia, in dry and mountainous localities. Description.—Several-headed, branches of the head short, terminated by the hollow stem-base; fusiform, about 20 cen- timeters (8 inches) long, annulate above, longitudinally wrinkled and tuberculate below; externally yel- lowish-brown or brown-yellow; aromatic, sweetish, pungent; frac- ture short, whitish; bark thick, radiate, with numerous yellow resin ducts in radiating lines; wood yellowish, porous, radiate, with broad medullary rays. The pith of the head contains resin cells. Constituents.—Volatile oil, acrid resin, sugar, starch, crystallizable and almost tasteless pimpinellin. Properties—Stimulant, tonic, sialagogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-5ss). Fig. 34. PimpinelJa.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. PETROSELINUM.—Parsley. Origin.—Petroselinum sativum, Hoffmann, s. Apium (Carum, Baillon) Petroselinum, I Anne. Natural order, Uinbelliferse, Amminese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; extensively cultivated. Description.—Somewhat conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and about 12 milli- meters (ij inch) thick; light brown- yellow ; annulate above, wrinkled below, with transverse ridges; faintly aromatic, sweetish ; fracture short; bark thick, resinous-dotted, and, like the medullary rays, white; wood light yellow, porous. Constituents.—Volatile oil, muci- lage, sugar, starch, apiin (tasteless). Properties. — Carminative, diu- retic, nephritic, discutient. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. Fig. 35. Petroselinum. — Trans- verse section, magnified 3 diam. SUMBUL—SU MBUL. 73 SUMBUL.—Sumbul. Origin.—Ferula (Eurvangium, Kauffmann) Sumbul, Hooker films. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese, Habitat.—Central and Northeastern Asia. Description.—In transverse segments about 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long, but varying considerably in diameter and thickness, light, spongy, annulate or longitudinally wrinkled; fracture Fig. 36. Sumbul section. irregularly fibrous; gray-brown, internally whitish and brown-yellow; odor strong, musk-like; taste bitter and balsamic. Structure.—Bark thin, with fibre circles; wood fibres irregularly twisted; resin ducts numerous in the spongy white parenchyme. False Sumbul of India.—Ammoniacum root, somewhat flavored with sumbul; firmer, denser, and of a yellow or reddish tint. Constituents.—Volatile oil, per cent., bluish; soft resin, 9 per cent., of musk odor; angelic acid, methylcro- tonic acid, valerianic acid, bitter extractive, sugar, starch; on dry distillation yields umbelliferon. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-5ss) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. 74 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. IMPERATORIA.—Masterwort. Origin.—Peucedanum (Imperatoria, Linne) Ostru- thium, Baillon. Natural order, Umbel liferte, Peueedanete Fig. 37. Imperatoria root, natural size; and transverse section, magnified. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. Description.—Somewhat conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and nearly 2 centimeters (| inch) thick, flattish, finely annulate above, wrinkled and tuberculate; brown- gray, internally whitish, with numerous resin dots; odor balsamic; taste pungent and bitter; bark thin, wood-bun- dles small, inclosing a large pith. Constituents.—Volatile oil f per cent., imperatorin (peucedanin; crystalline, pungently acrid, insoluble in water), ostruthin (tasteless). Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). IPOMJ5A PANDURATA — WILD JALAP. 75 PAN AX.—Ginseng. Origin.—Panax (Aralia, Gray) quinquefolium, Linne. Natural order, Araliacese, Panacea. Habitat.—North America, south to the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee; in rich woods. Description.—Fusiform, 50 to 75 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, annulate above, divided below into 2 or 3 equal branches, wrinkled longitudinally; sweetish and slightly aromatic; externally, pale brownish-yellow; fracture short, mealy, white, with a thin bark containing numerous reddish resin cells; wood-wedges narrow, yellowish; medullary rays broad. Constituents.—Panaquilon, sweet, amorphous, soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in sodium sulphate solution, precipitated by tannin; resin, mucilage, starch. Properties.—Demulcent, slightly stimulant. Dose, 1 to 8 grams (gr. xv—5ij)» IPOMiEA PANDURATA.—Wild Jalap, Manroot. Origin.—I potmen pandurata, Meyer. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Convolvuleae. Habitat.—United States, in sandy fields. Description.—Large, conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, above with several rhizome branches about 1 centi- meter ($■ inch) thick; in longitudinal or transverse slices, with overlapping bark, wrinkled and brownish-gray exter- nally, whitish internally; bark thin with a zone of resin cells; wood-wedges numerous and narrow, in the medullary rays scattered resin cells; odor slight; taste sweetish, bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Resin 1—2 per cent., sugar, gum, coloring matter, starch. The resin is a glucoside, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and alkalies, the latter solution being precipitated by acids. Properties.—-Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). 76 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. ARMORACIA.—Horseradish. Origin.—Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne, s. Armoracia rus- ticana, Gaertner. Natural order, Crucifer*, Alyssine*. Habitat.—Eastern Europe, cultivated. Description.—Used only in the fresh state. Heads sev- eral, annulate; root cylindrical, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more long, 12 to 25 millimeters Q—l inch) thick, pale yellowish-brown, somewhat scaly and warty; internally white, fracture short; when crushed, of a pungent odor and sharp, acrid taste. Structure.—Bark thickish, covered with a thin cork and containing numerous yellow stone cells in the outer layer; wood-bundles small in narrow wedges; medullary rays broad ; the rhizome with a central pith. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.05 per cent., of same com- position as oil of mustard, resin, sugar, starch, etc., and about 80 per cent, of water. Properties.—Stimulant, irritating, rubefacient. Substitution.—In Europe fresh aconite root, which has a radish-like odor, has been mistaken for horseradish. PHYTO LACCiE RADIX.—Pokeroot. Origin,—Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Natural order, Phy tol accacese, Euphytolaccea?. Habitat.— North America, in waste places; naturalized in Southern Europe and the West Indies. Description.—Large, conical, some- what branched, mostly in transverse or longitudinal slices, wrinkled, brown- gray; internally whitish, hard; frac- ture fibrous; inodorous; sweetish,acrid. Structure.—Bark thin, with a thin suberous coat; wood-bundles numerous, Fig. 38. Phytolacca. — Trans- verse section, natural size. BELLADONNA RADIX —- BELLADONNA ROOT. 77 small, and narrow, arranged in rays and concentric circles, and surrounded by thin-walled parenchyme. Constituents.—Resin, starch, tannin, mucilage, volatile acid, possibly an alkaloid, ash 8-10 per cent. Properties. — Alterative, anodyne, resolvent, emetic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v—5ss) in powder, decoction, or extract. BRYONIA .—Bryony. Origin.—Bryonia alba and B. dioica, Linne. Natural order, Cncnrbitacese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe. Description.—Root conical, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick; in commerce usually in thin disks; externally wrinkled, brownish, from the first species with warts and transverse ridges; fracture short; internally white or grayish, rugged; inodorous; disagreeably bitter. Structure.—Bark thin with a thin friable cork; wood- bundles numerous, small, arranged in rays and concentric circles, and surrounded by thin-walled parenchyme. (Constituents.—Bryonin (bitter glucoside, soluble in water and alcohol, precipitated by tannin), starch, sugar, gum, etc. Properties. — Emmenagogue, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.6 to 4 grams (gr. x—5j). BELLADONNA RADIX.—Belladonna Root. Origin.—Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, A trope®. Habitat.—Central and Southern Europe, in woods. Description.—In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- tudinally wrinkled pieces, 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long and 12 to 25 millimeters (4 to 1 inch) or more thick; externally brownish-gray, internally whitish, 78 Cellular vegetable drugs—roots. nearly inodorous, of a sweetish afterward bitterish and strongly acrid taste, and breaking with a nearly smooth and mealy fracture. Roots which are tough, woody, and break with a splintery fracture, should be rejected. Structure.—Bark thickish, in- distinctly radiate, free from bast fibres; wood-bundles yellowish, near the centre small and distant, surrounded by broader wood- wedges and equally wide medul- lary rays. The wood predomi- nates in old roots. Constituents. — Atropilie 0.2- 0.6 per cent., belladonine (prob- ably oxyatropine, C17H23N04), little hyoscyamine, starch. Atropine, C17H23N03, is white, crystalline, bitter and acrid, soluble in ether, chloroform, alcohol, also in water; with alkalies yields tropic acid and tropine; its gold precipitate is crystallizable and of a dull yellow color. On digesting tropine tropate in acidulated water, atropine is reproduced. Other alkaloids (tropeines) are formed in a similar manner; tropine mandelate thus yields homatropine, C16H21N03 which resembles atropine in its effects. Atropine is found chiefly in the bark; hence woody roots should be rejected; it is present in largest quantity about the time of flowering. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 gram (gr. j); of atropine, 0.5 to 1 milligram grain). Antidotes.—Emetic (vegetable or mineral), or stomach- pump ; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); morphine; phy- sostigmine; pilocarpine. Fig. 39. Belladonna. — Transverse sec- tion, magnified 3 diam. 79 ALTHEA—MARSHMALLOW. ALTIIfE A.—M a rshm allo\v. Origin. — Althaea officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malveae. Habitat.—Europe; naturalized in the eastern United States, in salt marshes; cultivated in Europe. Description.—The fleshy branches are collected and deprived of the brown corky layer; cylindrical or conical, longitudinally wrinkled pieces, from 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, and about 1 centi- meter (| inch) or more in diam- eter ; externally white, mealy, somewhat hairy from detached slender bast fibres, and marked with circular scars of the rootlets; fracture short and granular in the meditullium, whitish and fleshy or mealy. Odor faint, peculiar, stronger in infusion ; taste sweetish, mucilaginous. Marshmallow should not be coated with lime. Young uncoated belladonna root resembles marshmal- low ; but is externally not fibrous, and has yellowish wood- bundles or wood-wedges. Structure—Bark thickish ; inner bark radiating from small groups of long bast fibres; meditullium in outer layer faintly radiating,; wood-bundles distant and small; medullary rays narrow ; the parenchyme filled with starch and containing scattered crystal cells and larger mucilage cells. Constituents.—Asparagin, about 1 per cent., mucilage, 35 per cent., sugar, 8 per cent., pectin, 10 per cent., starch, 35 per cent., ash, 4-5 per cent. Properties—Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij) in infusion or syrup. Fig. 40. Althaea —Transverse section, magnified 2 diam. 80 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. RITBIA.—Madder. Origin.—Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Natural order, Rubi- aceae, Galiese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe. Description.—Rhizome cylindrical, long, about 5 milli- meters (f inch) thick with distant nodes; roots about 3 mil- limeters (| inch) thick, dark red, deeply wrinkled with a foliaceous cork, thin brown-red inner bark, spongy red wood, and irregular medullary rays, the rhizome with a dark-red small pith; fracture short, odor feeble; taste sweetish and slightly bitter, acrid, and astringent. Mostly kept in form of powder. Constituents.—Rubian (yellow, bitter), rubihydran (gum- like), ruberythrin (yellow needles, blood-red with alkalies), alizarin (orange-red needles, purple or blue with alkalies), purpurin (red needles, violet colored with alkalies), pectin, sugar, tannin, etc. Properties.—Tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). ALK AN NA.—Alkanet. Origin.—Alkanna (Anchusa, I Anne) t-inctoria, Tausch. Natural order, Boraginese, Borage*. Habitat.—Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. Description.—Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, and 1 to 2 centimeters (|—f inch thick), with a crown of feltdike leaf bases; deeply wrinkled; bark dark purple, foliaceous, friable, easily separated from the twisted yellow- ish wood, which is cleft by purple friable medullary rays ; nearly inodorous and tasteless; does not tinge the water red. Constituents.—Alkannin, little starch. Alkannin is of resinous appearance, dark purplish-red, soluble in ether, alcohol, fats, and certain volatile oils, with a red color; in alkalies blue. Uses.—For coloring tinctures and pomades. CALUMBA — COLOMBO. 81 HEUCHERA.—Alum Root. Origin.—Heuchera americana, LinnS. Natural order, Saxifrage*, Saxifrage*. Habitat.—United States, woodlands. Description.—About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 12 millimeters (| inch) thick, several-headed, somewhat contorted, branched, wrinkled, tuberculate, purplish-brown, fracture short and granular; internally reddish or brownish ; bark thin or thickish ; meditullium rather spongy ; inodor- ous ; very astringent, somewhat bitter. Constituents—18 to 20 per cent, of tannin. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grains (gr. xv- xxx). CALUMBA.—Colombo. Origin. — Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. Natural order, Menisper- mace*, Ti nospore*. Habitat. — Eastern Africa, culti- vated in some East Indian islands. Fig. 42. Fig. 41. Calumba.—Transverse section, natural size. Description. — Nearly circular or broadly elliptic disks, 3 to 6 centimeters (I3- to 2|- inches) in diameter, 6 to 12 millimeters (£ to \ inch) thick, extern- Magnified 25 diam. 82 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. ally brown-gray and furrowed; internally yellowish, and near the cambium gray ; depressed in the centre, with two or three interrupted circles of projecting wood-bundles, distinctly radiate in the outer portion; fracture short, mealy; odor slight; taste mucilaginous, slightly aromatic, per- sistently bitter. Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin brown cork and narrow bast rays without fibres; wood-bundles bright yel- low, small, distant near the centre, in narrow rays near the bark; medullary rays broader; the parenchyme filled with starch. Constituents.—Columbia about 0.8 per cent, (white, crys- talline, slightly soluble in water), berberine (yellow, crys- talline), columbic acid (yellowish, amorphous, nearly insoluble in cold water), starch, mucilage, ash about 6 per cent. Properties.—Tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij —5ss—j), in infusion, tincture, extract. RUMEX.—Yellow Dock. Radix lapathi. Origin.—Rumex crispus, Linne, and other species of Rumex. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rumiceae. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America; in grassy places arid along roadsides. Description.—Fusiform, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, 1 to 2 centimeters (§- to f inch) thick, annu- late above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled below; externally brown or reddish-brown, internally dingy brownish- yellow; fracture short; nearly inodorous, taste bitter and astringent; on mastication the saliva is tinged yellowish. /Structure.—Bark thickish, with a thin cork and distinct yellowish bast wedges; cambium circle prominent; wood- RHEU M—RHUBARB. 83 wedges porous, somewhat horny; medullary rays narrow. The parenchyme contains starch grains, reddish-brown coloring matter, and crystals of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Tannin, mucilage, starch, chrysophanic acid (rumicin, lapathin), calcium oxalate. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, alterative, in larger doses laxative. Pose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j)- RHAPONTICUM.—Rhapontic Root. Crimean Rhubarb. Origin.—Rheum rhaponticum, Linne. Natural order, Polygouacese, Rumicese. Habitat.—Western Asia, cultivated in some parts of Europe, and in North America (pie plant). Description.—Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, and 2 centimeters (|- inch) thick, somewhat annulate above, deeply wrinkled ; partly deprived of the orange-red cork ; fracture short, internally whitish, with narrow straight interrupted red medullary rays, and a rather thick bark ; odor and taste resembling rhubarb, more mucilaginous, and less gritty; the saliva, on mastication, tinged yellow. Constituents.—Like rhubarb, but astringency predomi- nating. Properties.—Astringent, laxative. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv). Fig. 43. Rhaponticum.—Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. RHEUM—Rhubarb. Origin.—Rheum officinale, Baillon, and probably other species of Rheum. Natural order, Polygonacese, Rumiceae. Habitat.—Western and Central China. Description.—Cylindrical, conical, or flattish segments of the rhizome or its lateral branches, deprived of most of the 84 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. dark-brown corky layer, smoothish or somewhat wrinkled, externally marked with white, elongated meshes, contain- ing a white, rather spongy tissue, and a number of short, red-brown or brown-yellow striae ; compact, hard ; fracture uneven ; internally white, marbled with yellow aud red ; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter, somewhat astringent; gritty when masticated ; the saliva is tinged orange-yellow. Structure.—The predominating tissue is thin-walled parenehyme containing starch or crystal groups of calcium oxalate. The narrow medullary rays contain orange-red coloring matter, are parallel only near the cambium, and in the interior are irregularly curved and interrupted. The Fig. 44. Fig. 4.5. Rhubarb.—Section near the cam- bium, magnified 40 diam. Oxalate of calcium crystals in rhubarb. vascular bundles are soft and porous. Near the cambium line are a few stellate spots, or sometimes a larger number arranged in a loose circle; they indicate the internal origin of the leaves, and contain short, red, somewhat wavy medullary rays radiating from a common centre. Varieties.—1. Russian Rhubarb came from Chinese Tar- RHEUM — RHUBARB. 85 tary by way of Siberia (Kiachta) to St. Petersburg, and consisted of carefully selected pieces, which after drying were trimmed to beneath the cambium line, and marked with a conical hole, penetrating beyond the middle. It is no longer an article of commerce. Fig. 46. Russian rhubarb.—Transverse section. 2. Chinese Rhubarb, sometimes called East India Rhu- barb, is exported from Canton and other Chinese ports, occasionally bv way of India. The inner bark is always Fig. 47. Chinese rhubarb.—Transverse section. present, small patches of the rough corky layer are occa- sionally adhering, and fragments of twine on which the root was dried are not unfrequently observed. Its color is less bright, and its odor somewhat less aromatic than .that of Russian rhubarb. This variety is the officinal rhubarb. 86 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS, 3. European Rhubarb. From Rheum palmatum, rha- ponticum, compactum, undulatum, JEmodi, and other spe- cies, cultivated in Moravia (Austria), England, and France. Frequently trimmed so as to resemble Chinese rhubarb, but the surface entirely or nearly destitute of white meshes, and the medullary rays interrupted and nearly parallel; the color is paler, the odor weaker, the taste more mucilaginous, and on mastication it is less gritty than Chinese rhubarb. It is sometimes used in veterinary practice. Fiu. 48. European rhubarb.—Transverse section. Constituents.—Chrysophan, chrysophanic acid, erythrore- tin, emodin, phaeoretin, aporetin, starch, tannin, crystals of calcium oxalate; the first-named principles yield with alka- lies a deep-red or brown-red color. Chrysophan, C27H30O14, is orange-yellow, bitter, soluble in alcohol and|water, yields with dilute acids sugar and chrysophanic acid, C15II10O4; this is nearly tasteless, bright yellow, crystalline, freely soluble in benzol, chloroform, volatile and fixed oils, less soluble in alcohol and ether, nearly insoluble in cold water. jErythroretin is yellow, tasteless, readily soluble in alcohol, less so in ether. Emodin is orange-colored, nearly insoluble METHYSTICUM — KAYA-KAVA 87 in benzol. Phceoretin is yellowish-brown, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, and water. Aporetin is blackish, resinous, sparingly soluble in simple solvents. Pheotannic acid, C26H26014, is yellowish, soluble in water and alcohol, aud yields with dilute acids sugar and rheumic acid, C20tI16O9, which is red, amorphous and sparingly soluble in cold water. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, aperient, purgative. Dose, 0.3 to 1.6 grams (gr. v-xxv). METHYSTICUM.—Kaya-kava. Origin.—Piper (Macropiper, Miguel) methysticum, For- ster. Natural order, Pipe raceme, Pipereae. Habitat.—South Sea Islands. Description.—Root large, in commerce usually cut longi- tudinally and transversely into irregular pieces; light, and Fig. 49. Kava root.—Transverse section. often more or less hollow in the interior; externally black- ish-gray, internally dingy white; fracture farinaceous and somewhat splintery; bark thin ; meditullium porous, with irregularly twisted thin wood-bundles, radiating near the 88 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—ROOTS. surface and separated by broader white medullary rays, the wood-bundles forming distinct meshes underneath the bark. Rootlets, if present, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more in length, often braided, more or less fibrous. Odor slight, agreeably aromatic; taste somewhat pungent and benumbing. Constituents.—Acrid resin 2 per cent., little volatile oil, kavahin (crystalline, soluble in water, not colored by nitric acid, tasteless); methysticine (crystalline, insoluble in water, colors nitric acid yellow and red; tasteless); gum, starch 45 per cent., ash 4 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-lx). The alcoholic extract is a local anesthetic. HYDRANGEA.—Hydrakgea. Origin.—Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Natural order, Saxifrage®, Hydrangese. Habitat.—United States ; on rocky banks. Description.—Head irregular, knotty ; roots of variable length and thickness, bent and branched; externally pale- gray, with light rust-colored patches; tough; fracture splintery; internally white; bark thin, readily separated from the wood, the latter with numerous narrow or linear wood-wedges and medullary rays; inodorous; taste sweetish, somewhat pungent, the wood nearly tasteless. Constituents.—Resin, gum, sugar, starch, crystalline glu- coside (Bondurant, 1887). Properties.—Diuretic, lithontryptic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). GLYCYRRHIZA.—Licorice Root. Radix liquiritise.—Liquorice Hoot. Origin.—Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Galegeae. Habitat.—Southern Europe and Western Asia, cultivated. Description.—Long cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 milli- meters (£ to 1 inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, exter- GLYCYRRHIZA—LICORICE ROOT. 89 nally grayish-brown, warty; internally tawny-yellow; pliable, tough ; fracture coarsely fibrous ; nearly inodorous; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. The underground runners, which are often present, have the same appearance, but contain a thin pith. Strudure,—Bark rather thick, with a thin cork and nar- row bast wedges, the latter containing tough bast-fibres and cells with crystals of calcium oxalate. Wood-wedges nar- row, appearing porous from small groups of large ducts, and accompanied by crystal cells. Medullary rays distinct, consisting of several rows of cells, and containing starch. Varieties.—1. Spanish, Italian, and Turkish licorice root. The kind described, exported from the countries named. Fig. 50 Fig. 51. Glycyrrhiza glabra Ovate with a lateral groove; usually in reniform sections, bitter. Colchicum. Depressed globose, above with a zone of rootlets or their sears; acrid. Arum. Ovate or roundish; horny; mucilaginous. Salep. Bulbs, all tunicated. Single; globular ovate; mostly in sections of the scales; mucilaginous, bitter, acrid. Scilla. Compound; mucilaginous, pungent, acrid. Allium. JALAP A.—Jalap. Origin.—Ipomoea (Exogonium,Bentham) Purga, TTayne. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Convolvulese, Habitat,—Eastern Mexico, 150 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. Description.—Jalap tubers are produced from the nodes of the thin rhizomes by the enlargement of the bases of the rootlets, and are either napiform, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) thick, or pyriform or oblong, and thinner, but varying in size; the larger ones incised, more or less wrin- kled, dark brown, with lighter-colored warts and short Fig. 99. Jalap.—Transverse section, natural size. transverse ridges, hard, compact, internally pale grayish- brown, scarcely radiate, but showing numerous concentric circles; fracture resinous, not fibrous ; odor slightly smoky and sweetish ; taste sweetish and acrid. Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, con- taining starch (which in the outer layers is pasty) and cal- cium oxalate. Bark thin, in the inner layer with a dense zone of resin cells. Vascular bundles small, distant, and indistinct; the concentric circles formed of resin cells, arranged in wavy, narrow, or somewhat broader zones. Quality.—10 grams of jalap should yield not less than 1.2 grams (or 12 grains for 100 grains of jalap) of resin, not more than 10 per cent,, of which should be soluble in ether. ACONITI RADIX—ACONITE ROOT. 151 Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, etc., resin 12 to 18 or 22 per cent.; about T10- of the resin (soft, waxy matter?) is soluble in ether, also in potassa, and reprecipitated by acids; the remainder is the glucoside jalapurgin (convolvulin) C62HI00O32> which is soluble in alkalies and converted into jalapurgic (couvolvulic) acid, soluble in water. False Jalaps.—Tampico jalap, from Ipomoea simulans, Hanbury. Irregular, globular, or elongated, deeply wrin- kled, without transverse ridges or scars, yields 10 to 15 per cent, resin (tampicin), almost wholly soluble in ether. Fusiform (male or light) jalap, jalap stalks ; from Ipomoea orizabensis, Ledanois. Spindle-shaped, but mostly divided longitudinally and transversely, in sections or rectangular irregular and rather woody pieces; the transverse section distinctly radiate from thick porous wood-bundles. The resin, orizabin (jalapin), is completely soluble in ether. Mechoacanna root, from Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Van- delli, and perhaps from other plants; in sections, light, whitish, mealy, contains little resin. Properties.—Diuretic, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-5ss); of the resin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. iss-iij). ACONITI RADIX.—Aconite Root. Aconitum, U. S. P. Origin.—Aconitum Napoli us, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. Habitat.—Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, and western North America. Characters.—Produced at the end of short horizontal rhizomes ; about 18 millimeters (f inch) thick at the crown, conically contracted below, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, with scars or fragments of radicles, externally dark brown, fracture short, amylaceous, or horny; internally 152 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. whitish or brownish; odor none (the fresh tuber radish- like) ; taste sweetish, soon acrid, producing a sensation of tingling. Structure.—Bark thick ; the inner layer composed of small cells, and separated from the outer layer by a nucleus sheath. Cambium about seven-rayed. Vascular bundles small, located at the termination, and at the base of the rays. Pith large-celled* The parenchyme contains starch. Fig. 100. Aconitum Napellus.—Tubers and transverse section. Constituents.—Resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, H3C6H306, and about 0.07 per cent., of alkaloids, consisting of aconi- tine, C33H43N012, pseudaconitine, C36H49NOu, aconine, C26II39NOu, pseudaconine, C27IT41N08, picraconitine, C31H45NO10. These alkaloids and one or two amorphous bases &re contained in commercial aconitine, By heating ACONITI RADIX—ACONITE ROOT. 153 in sealed tubes aconitine is decomposed into benzoic acid and aconine, and pseudaconitine into dimethyl-proto- catechuic acid and pseudaconine. Properties.—Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j—ij) in tincture. Aconitine used extern- ally. Antidotes.—Emetic (mustard, ipecacuanha, zinc sulphate, apomorphine); friction of extremities; amyl nitrite inhala- tion ; atropine; digitalis. Other Aconite Moots.—Aconitum Caminarum, Jacquin, Europe ; globular-ovate, about 15 millimeters (f inch) long, the rays of the pith about five in number, rather short and rounded. Aconitum Stcerkeanum, Reichenbach, Europe; slender conical, the pith roundish pentagonal. The tubers of this and the preceding species are sometimes found among com- mercial aconite root, and possess similar properties. Aconitum ferox, Wallich. Bikh or bish, Indian aconite. From 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, and 25 milli- meters (1 inch) or more in diameter above, conical, brown, internally whitish, mealy or horny, intensely acrid. The roots of the Ac. uncinatum, Linne ; Ac. luridum, Hooker films et Thomsen, and perhaps others are said to be col- lected with it. The constituents are similar to those of Ac. Napellus, but pseudaconitine predominates among the alka- loids. Japanese and Chinese aconite, obtained from Ac. Fischeri, Reich, Ac. japonicum, Thunberg, and others. The tubers are napiform or elongated, the pith circular, elliptic, or more or less five- to seven-rayed. The first species, which also grows in the Rocky Mountains, is very poisonous. The drug contains japaconitine, C6gH88N2021. Aconitum heterophyllum, Wallich, India; conical or fusiform, bitter, not acrid or poisonous. 154 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. Aconitum Anthora, Linne, Europe; long, fusiform ; pith thin, with short and longer rays. Aconitum Lycoctonum, Linne, Europe; oblique, several- headed rhizome with elongated conical rootlets, bitter. CORYDALIS.—Turkey Cork, Squirrel Cork. Origin.—Dicentra canadensis, De Candolle, s. Corydalis canadensis, Goldie. Natural order, Papaveracese, Fuina- riese. Habitat.—Canada and mountains of United States, south to Kentucky. Description.—Depressed globose, about 6 millimeters (j inch) thick, with a scar on each of the depressed sides, tawny-yellow, internally whitish or yellowish, horny or rather mealy, inodorous, bitter. The rhizome of Dicentra eximia, De Candolle, s. Cory- dalis formosa, Pursh, is scaly. Constituents.—Acrid and tasteless resin, starch, muci- lage, fumaric acid, and corydaline, which is very bitter in solution. Properties.—Tonic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx) in powder or extract. COLCHICI RADIX.—Colchicum Root. Origin.—Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Natural order, Liliaceoe, Colchicese. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe. Description.—Developed from the base of the parent tuber, producing flowers in autumn, fruit in the following summer, and in the second year a new tuber, when it shrivels and disappears. About 25 to 38 millimeters (1 to 1J inches) long, ovoid, flattish, and with a groove on one side; externally brownish and wrinkled; internally white and solid; often in transverse slices, reniform in shape, ARUM—INDIAN TURNIP, DRAGON ROOT. 155 breaking with a short mealy fracture, inodorous, taste sweetish, bitter, and acrid. Colchicuin root breaking with a horny or very dark- colored fracture should be rejected. Structure.—The predominating tissue is parenchyme, con- taining starch and occasionally raphides; vascular bundles numerous, scattered; nucleus sheath wanting. Constituents.—Starch, gum, sugar, resin, fat, colchicine. (See Colchici Semen.) Fig. 101. Colchicum.—Transverse Tuber of Colchicum section. Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and rheumatism. Do.se, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. iss-viij) in powder, wine, fluid extract, or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics); tan- nin; demulcents; stimulants. ARUM.—Indian Turnip, Dragon Root. Origin.—Arissema (Arum, Linne) triphyllum, Torrey. Natural order, Aroidese, Arinese. Habitat.—North America, in rich woods. Description.—Developed from the end of short rhizomes. Depressed globular, 2 to 5 centimeters (ft to 2 inches) broad, above with a zone of numerous simple rootlets, the lower surface wrinkled ; externally brown-gray, internally white, mealy, with scattered wood-bundles; inodorous, taste burning acrid. 156 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TUBERS. Constituents.—Starch, mucilage, sugar, fat, a volatile acrid principle, soluble in ether. European dragon-root, from Arum maeulatum, Linne; A. Dracunculus, Linn6; and A. italicum, Lamarck. Oval or oblong, with radicles on the lower side, in commerce often peeled, and in white mealy sections; very acrid. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, mixed with honey, externally in ointment. SALEP.—Salep. Origin.—Orchis mascula, LinnS, 0. Morio, LinnS, and other species of Orchis. Natural order, Orchidese, Ophri- dese. Habitat.— Central and Southern Europe, in rich woods. Description.—Oblong or ovate, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or less long, deprived of the epidermal layer, and scalded, brown-yellow, hard, translucent, internally horny; inodor- ous, taste insipid. The tissue contains scattered vascular bundles, pareuchyme with pasty starch, or occasionally with raphides, and large cells containing mucilage. The powder is pale grayish-yellow. Fig 102. Salep.—Tubers and transverse section. The tubers of Orchis latifolia, Linne, 0. maculata, Linne, and others, closely resemble the preceding, but below are palmately divided (radix palmse Christi). Constituents.—Starch 27, mucilage 48, sugar, proteids, and ash about 2 per cent. One part of powdered salep with 50 of boiling water yields, after cooling, a jelly. Properties.—Pern ulcent, n ut ri ti ve. SCILLA—SQUILL. 157 SCILLA.—Squill. Origin.—Urginea Scilla, Steinheil, s. Scilla maritima, Linne. Natural order, Liliacese, Sciliese. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean near the sea. Description.—Bulb broadly ovate or pear-shaped, 10 to 15 centimeters (4-6 inches) in diameter; in commerce usually the fleshy scales, rejecting the insipid inner ones; narrow segments about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 3 millimeters (| inch) thick, slightly translucent, yellowish-white or reddish, brittle and pulverizable when dry, flexible and tough, horny on exposure; inodorous, mucilaginous, bitter and acrid. Structure.—The thin-walled paren- chyme contains mucilage and numer- ous raphides, and is traversed by par- allel vascular bundles. Constituents. — Mucilage, sinistrin C6H10O5 (lsevogyre; resembling dex- trin ; easily converted into sugar), sugar, crystals of calcium oxalate; the active principles are scillipicrin (yellowish, hygroscopic, bitter, very soluble in water, acts upon the heart), scillitoxin (brown, bitter burning taste, soluble in alcohol, acts upon the heart), and scillin (crystalline, soluble in alcohol and boiling ether, produces numbness, vomiting, etc.) [Merck]. Jamersted’s scillain is a yellowish glucoside, soluble in alcohol, poisonous. Properties.—Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, emetic, irri- tant. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 or 0.6 gram (gr. ss—v-x), in pow- der, vinegar, syrup, or tincture. Fig. 103. Scilla.—Bulb. 158 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TWIGS. ALLIUM.—Gaelic. Origin.—Allium sativum, LinnS. Natural order, Lilia- cese, Alliese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe, cultivated. Description.—Bulb subglobular, compound, consisting of about eight compressed wedge-shaped bulblets, which are arranged in a circle around the base of the stem and covered by several dry membranaceous scales. It has a pungent, disagreeable odor, and a warm, acrid taste. It is used only in the fresh state. Hybrids of the above species with Allium Porrum, LinnS, and perhaps with other species of Allium are fre- quently met with. Constituents.—Mucilage 35 per cent., albumen, volatile oil J per cent., consisting of oxide and sulphides of allyl (C3H6). Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, anthel- mintic, irritant. Dose.—2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), as expressed juice or syrup. 4. TWIGS AND WOODS—STIPITES ET LIGNA. The twigs are the overground stems and branches of perennial herbaceous or suffruticose plants, deprived of leaves, flowers, and fruit; they consist of a woody column, inclosing a pith and covered by a green bark. The twigs of one plant only are now officinal. The medicinal woods are derived from dicotyledonous trees, and as used in pharmacy have the bark removed. Histology.—The woods consist principally of prosen- chyme, the elongated wood-fibres with tapering ends and thickened cell-walls (libriform), associated with ducts TWIGS AND WOODS. 159 (tracheae), which, upon transverse section, appear as pores. With the exception of the annular and spiral ducts near the medullary sheaths, the ducts are mostly dotted. The wood of Coniferse is destitute of ducts, and the wood-fibres on their lateral walls, are marked with disks ; they are dis- tinguished as trache'ids. The wood encloses a pith com- posed of parenchyme, and is radially dissected by medullary rays, which, upon transverse section, appear as fine lines separating the narrow wood-wedges, upon radial section as broader bands, and upon tangential section as short vertical striae, which are narrowed at both ends. The medullary rays consist of parenchyme cells, somewhat elongated in the radial direction, forming either a single row, or broader rows of two or more cells, and vertically a layer of six or more cells. Parenchyme is also found scattered in some woods or accompanying the ducts and, extending laterally, sometimes forming more or less complete circles; its cells are vertically elongated and it is designated as wood paren- chyme. The wood-cells formed in the spring are larger, those formed toward the close of the season are thinner and more compact; the annual layers or circles of wood are thus plainly indicated by the abrupt transition from the growth of one year to that of the next. In woods from tropical countries the annual layers are less distinctly marked, and often cannot be recognized. The inner layer of wood, from deposits upon its cell-walls, is harder, denser, and frequently of a darker color than the outer layer; the former is called the heartwood or duramen, the latter is the sapwood, or alburnum. The structural characters of the dicotyledonous woods depend upon the vertical course of the wood-fibres, the width and thickness of the medullary rays, the size and distribution of the ducts, the presence or absence of the wood-parenchyme, etc. 160 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TWIGS. Classification. Twigs; nodes alternate; cylindrical; taste bitter- sweet. Dulcamara. pentangular; taste bitter, nauseous. Scoparius (see Herbs). Woods containing ducts. Annual layers distinct. Pale reddish-brown; soft; aromatic. Sassafras. Annual layers indistinct, or with irregular circles of wood-parenchyme. Bark present; yellowish-gray; bitter. Gouania. Bark mostly absent; wood whitish, very bitter. Quassia, greenish-brown, heavy, taste somewhat acrid. Guaiacum. dark-red, ducts large; nearly tasteless, not color- Santalum ing water. rubrum. dark-red, ducts fine; astringent and sweetish, tinging water red. Hsematoxylon. yellowish or whitish, ducts fine; on rubbing Santalum aromatic. album. DULCAM ARA.—Bittersweet. Origin.—Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Solanese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—Cylindrical, somewhat angular; longitudi- nally striate, more or less warty; usually hollow in the centre; about 6 millimeters (£ inch) or less thick, cut into short sections ; externally pale green- ish or light greenish-brown, marked with alternate leaf-scars, and inter- nally green, with a greenish or yel- lowish wood. Odor slight; taste bitter, afterward sweet. Structure.—Cork thin, gray-brown; bark thickish, composed of 'paren- chyme, with few bast fibres, and with Fig. 104. Dulcamara. — Trans- verse section, magni- fied 3 diam. GOUANIA—CHEWSTICK. 161 narrow medullary rays; wood in one or two circles with large ducts and numerous one-rowed medullary rays; pith prominent, but mostly hollow. The parenchyme contains starch and chlorophyll. Constituents.—Resin, gum, wax, starch, calcium lactate, an amorphous alkaloid (solanine?), and the glucoside dul- camarin, C22H34O10 (0.4 per cent.), which is soluble in water and alcohol, yields frothing solutions, and has a bitter and sweet taste. Properties.—Deobstruent, alterative, resolvent, anodyne. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j-ij), in decoction, fluid extract, or extract. SASSAFRAS LIGNUM (RADIX).—Sassafras Wood (Root). Origin.—Sassafras officinale, Nees. Natural order, Lau- rinese, Litseacese. Habitat.—North America, woods. Description.—In branching billets or logs, partly covered with bark, or in chips; pale brownish or reddish, coarse- grained, soft, with narrow medullary rays, large ducts, and oil cells scattered in the different tissues; odor and taste aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil, tannin, starch. Properties and Uses.—Like sassafras bark. GOUANIA.—Chewstick. Origin.—Gouania domingensis, Linne. Natural order, Rhamnese, Gouaniese. Habitat.—West Indies. Description,—Pieces of stems about 12 millimeters 162 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. (| inch) thick; externally brownish-gray; wrinkled; in ternally yellowish gray; fracture fibrous; bark thin; wood Fig. 105. Gouania.—Transverse section. porous; medullary rays fine; the parenchyme contains many cells with crystals; inodorous, taste bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle. Properties.—Tonic. QUASSIA.—Quassia. Origin.—Picnena (Simaruba, De Candolle, Quassia, Swartz) excelsa, Lindley. Natural order, Simarubese, Picramniese. Habitat. —J amaica. Description.—Various sized billets, sometimes 30 centi- meters (12 inches) thick, dense, tough, of medium hardness, freed from the thick tough bark, internally porous, yellow- ish-white, radially striate and marked with irregular circles ; in the shops usually in raspings or chips; inodorous, in- tensely bitter. Structure.—Ducts large, mostly in small groups; medul- lary rays of about three rows of cells; circular zones of wood parenchyme distinct in layers of 4 to 6 cells; central GUAIACI LIGNUM — GUAIACUM WOOD. 163 pith thin. Externally and internally occasionally with blackish patches or lines from the mycelium of a fungus. Surinam quassia, from Quassia amara,Linne, is in much thinner billets, has a thin, brittle bark, smaller ducts, nar- rower zones of wood parenchyme in layers of 2 or 3 cells, and indistinct medullary rays of mostly one cell in width. The wood is free from tannin and yields 7 to 8 (Surinam quassia 3 to 4) per cent, of ash. Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, resin, quassin, C10II12O3; the latter is soluble in alcohol and water, is precipitated by tannin, and is very bitter. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion, tincture, or extract. GUAIACI LIGNUM.—Guaiacum Wood. Origin.—Guaiacum officinale, Linne. Natural order, Zygophyllese. Habitat.—West India and Northern South America. Description.—In billets and logs, with a yellowish albur- num ; heavy, hard, brown or greenish-brown, resinous, in- ternally marked with irregular concentric circles ; splitting very irregular, wavy and splintery; when heated emitting a balsamic odor; taste slightly acrid. Used in the form of raspings, which should be greenish- brown, contain few particles of a whitish color, and on the addition of nitric acid acquire a dark blue-green color. Structure.—The predominating tissue consists of wavy interwoven wood-fibres, with numerous one-rowed medul- lary rays, large single ducts and narrow lines of wood parenchyme in one or two rows, arranged in irregular and interrupted circles. All cells contain resin. Constituents.—Resin 20 to 25 per cent, (see Guaiaci resiua); extractive, soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent. 164 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—WOODS. Properties.—Diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. SANTALUM RUBRUM.—Red Saunders. Origin.—Pterocarpus santalinus, Linne jilius. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. Habitat.—Madras ; cultivated. Description.—In billets deprived of light-colored sap- wood, heavy, hard ; splitting coarsely splintery; externally dark red-brown; the fresh transverse section deep red marked with lighter red indistinct radiating lines and dis- tinct irregular concentric circles; inodorous and nearly tasteless ; on maceration in water, does not color it. Used in the form of chips or of an irregular powder, of a deep brown-red or purplish-red color. Structure.—Ducts large; mednllary rays one-rowed; wood parenchyme in about four rows, forming interrupted irregular circles. The cells contain red resinous coloring matter, the parenchyme also crystals of calcium oxalate. Constituents.—Santalic acid, red needles, soluble in ether with a yellow, and in alkalies with a violet color. Santal, CgHgOj, and pterocarpin, C\7H1605, are colorless, insoluble in water; the solution of the former in alkalies turns red and green. The coloring matter fused with HKO yields resorcin. Used for coloring tinctures. HAEMATOXYLOK—Logwood. Origin.—Hsematoxylon campechianum, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Cresalpiniese, Eucsesalpiniese. Habitat.—Central America, naturalised in the West Indies, SANTALUM ALBUM — SANDALWOOD. 165 Description.—In logs; heavy, hard, splitting irregularly, externally blackish-purple, often with a green metallic lustre; fracture coarse splintery; internally brown-red, finely porous, marked with irregular concentric circles and numerous delicate radiating lines; odor faint agreeable; taste sweetish, astringent; colors the saliva dark pink. Used in the form of small chips or coarse powder of a dark brown-red color, often with a greenish lustre. /Structure.—Ducts rather large, often in groups of two; medullary rays about two-rowed; wood parenchyme in broader wavy circular lines. The coloring matter is deposited mainly in the wood-fibres and ducts. Constituents—Haematoxylin, C16H1406, colorless, sweet, soluble in water and alcohol, turning red in sunlight, purp- lish by alkalies; fused with potassa yields pyrogallol. Hsematein, C16II1206, is a product of oxidation of the former, has a green metallic lustre, and is soluble in alka- lies with a blue color. Also tannin, fat, resin, trace of volatile oil. Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j) in decoction or extract. SANTALUM ALBUM—Sandalwood. Origin.—1. Santalum album, LinnS; 2. S. Yasi, Seemann, and other species. Natural order, Santalacese, Osyrideye. Habitat.—1. Southern India; 2 Fijee Islands; other species in Australia, the Sandwich Islands, etc. Description.—Malabar sandalwood is in billets, or logs, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick, splitting readily, heavy, hard, yellowish, brownish or whitish, marked with darker circles; odor when rubbed aromatic, somewhat musk-like; taste aromatic. 166 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Structure.—Ducts of moderate size, single; wood paren- chyme narrow, contains volatile oil or calcium oxalate; medullary rays very narrow, in one or two rows. Macassar sandalwood resembles the preceding in all essential characters; but on treating sections with tincture of iodine the oil is colored black. West Indian sandalwood resembles the former in color, but not in structure ; the ducts are in radial rows of two to ten ; no essential oil is present in the wood, but numer- ous oil cells are scattered in the bast layer of the bark. Constituents.—Resin, tannin, volatile oil 1-4 per cent.; the latter is yellow, thick ; sp. grav. 0.96; readily soluble in alcohol while fresh, strongly aromatic, but varying somewhat with its origin. Properties.—The volatile oil stimulant, sudorific, used in gonorrhoea in doses of 0.5 to 1 or 1.5 gram (gr. viij- xv-xxij): also in perfumery; the wood for fancy articles. 5. BARKS.—CORTICES. Barks constitute the outer layer of dicotyledonous stems and roots, separated from the wood by the cambium layer, and are collected mostly from the trunk or stem and its larger branches, in a few cases from the root. The outer surface of the stem bark is not unfrequently beset with larger or smaller patches of lichens; the inner surface, immediately after the removal of the bark from the wood, is mostly whitish or light colored and smooth, but darkens more or less on drying, and often becomes rough or ridged in con- sequence of the unequal shrinkage of different parts of the tissue. Histology.—The bark consists originally of two layers, the outer bark wholly composed of parenchyme, contain- BARKS—CORTICES. 167 mg chlorophyll; and the inner bark, bast or liber, which is composed of vertically elongated bast parenchyme, and of bast prosenchyme or liber fibres, and this tissue is radially dissected by medullary rays, formed of radially elongated parenchyme. The officinal root barks are desti- tute of liber fibres. The epidermis is present only in very young barks; its place is soon taken by the primary cork, which is frequently present in wart-like projections, or in longitudinal or transverse ridges, and is composed of tangentially flattened cells. The secondary cork, composed of similar cells, penetrates in layers or bands into the outer or inner bark, and the exterior tissue cracks off in layers or falls away by decay. The tissues which may be present in barks are : 1, the epiphloeum or exophloeum, formed by the primary cork; 2, the mesophloeum, primary or outer bark, also sometimes called middle bark; or these two layers may have been thrown off, so that the external layer is formed by 3, the rhytidoma, or secondary cork; 4, the endophloeum or liber. The term periderm is often used to designate the external corky layer, whether it be epiphloeum or rhytidoma, but is by some authors confined to the latter. The parenchyme of some barks contains cells in which volatile oil, resin, mucilage, or crystals are found; and others in which the cell-walls become considerably thick- ened and indurated, producing the gritty cells or stone cells or sclerenchyme. Aside from the natural color of the tissue, the appear- ance of the outer surface of the medicinal barks depends upon the presence or absence of lichens, epiphloeum, mesophloeum, and rhytidoma, and the appearance of the inner surface upon the degree of shrinkage in drying of the medullary rays and bast parenchyme. The breadth of the medullary rays on the one hand, and the radial or lateral arrangement of the bast cells on the other hand, 168 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. cause the radial, lateral (tangential), or checkered markings upon the transverse section of the inner bark. Classification. Sect. 1. Taste bitter and astringent. Bast fibres with a minute cavity, single, in short radial lines or small groups. Cinchona. Bast fibres with larger cavity, in close radial lines ; copper-colored. Remijia. Bast indistinctly tangentially striate; cork removed ; fracture granular. Neetandra. Bast radially striate, pale red; periderm brown. Corpus florida. Bast radially striate, cinnamon-colored; periderm brown-gray; bark thin. Cornus circinata. Bast radially striate, pale brown ; periderm purplish- brown ; bark thin. Cornus sericea. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm purplish- brown. Liriodendron. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm gray or brownish. Magnolia. Bast radially striate, yellowish; periderm grayish, dotted. Prinos. Bast radially striate, rust-brown; periderm green Prunus virgini- brown. ana. Bast layers tangential, checkered, yellow, exfoliating. Berberis. Bast layers tangential, checkered, pale cinnamon- colored. Salix. Bast layers tangential, pale cinnamon-colored; peri- derm ash-gray, exfoliating. Hamamelis. Bast indistinctly striate, whitish; periderm purp- lish or grayish-brown. Viburnum. Sect. 2. Taste astringent. Bast checkered, pale brown; inner surface ridged; saliva not tinged. Quercus alba Bast checkered, pale brown; inner surface ridged ; saliva tinged yellow. Quercus nigra. Bast tangentially striate; periderm blackish; inner surface smooth, brownish ; tough. Rubus. Bast scarcely striate, yellowish; inner surface smooth ; fracture short. Granatum. BARKS—CORTICES. 169 Sect. 3. Taste bitter, not aromatic. Bast radially striate, whitish ; inner surface smooth; fracture splintery. Fraxinus. Bast radially striate, pale brownish; bark tough. Simaruba. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm blackish; bark tough. Quassia excelsa. Bast radially striate, whitish; periderm gray; bark brittle. Quassia amara. Bast radially striate, grayish, dotted ; slightly acrid. Condurango. Bast scarcely striate, brownish-yellow; periderm dark gray. Frangula. Bast scarcely striate, yellowish;, periderm gray and Rhamnus whitish. Purshiana. Bast somewhat checkered; internally with blue-green patches; odor opium-like. Piscidia. Bast checkered, brown and white; cork removed; inner surface striate. Juglans. Bast yellowish-brown, dotted; outer bark in un- dulated layers. Quebracho. Bast tangentially striate, yellowish ; cork rust-brown, tasteless. Azedarach. Sect. 4. Taste acrid or pungent. Slender prickles in transverse rows. Aralia spinosa. Brown-gray, inner surface whitish; fracture short; Xanthoxylum spines brown, two-edged. fraxineum. Brown-gray, inner surface whitish; fracture short; Xanthoxylum spines brown, stout, upon a thick, corky base. carolinianum. Reddish-brown, with thin grayish cork; fracture short. Myrica. Red-brown; internally with brown-yellow spots; brittle. Erythrophloeum. Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish; periderm greenish, glossy. Mezereum. Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish; periderm reddish; taste slightly acrid. Gossypium. Bast tangentially striate, tough, with yellow dots; cinnamon brown; aromatic pungent. Coto. Bast tangentially striate, whitish; periderm gray and blackish, scaly; taste slightly acrid and bitter. Euonymus. Bast checkered, white or whitish; cork removed; sternutatory. Quillaia. Sect. 5. Mucilaginous. Bast checkered, whitish or brownish ; cork removed. Ulmus. 170 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Sect. 6. Aromatic (some also bitter) with oil or resin cells. Astringent; compound quills; papery, outer surface lightest. Cinnamomuin. Astringent; curved or quilled; both surfaces cinna- Cinnamomum mon-brown. cassia. Astringent; flattish fragments, rust-brown; fracture corky. Sassafras. Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish and reddish, with white scars; bast white. Canella. Bitterish, pungent; periderm brown, with dark- Cinnamoden- brown scars; bast brown. dron. Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish or brown; inner surface ridged; contains tannin. Wintera. Very bitter; reddish-brown; in outer bark white striee. Angustura. Very bitter; periderm white, fissured; inner surface brown. Cascarilla. CINCHONA.—Cinchona, Peruvian Bark. Origin.—Between 30 and 36 species of cinchona are usu- ally recognized, of which number about one-half furnish commercial cinchona bark. O. Kuntze regards most of these as hybrids or as varieties, and recognizes only four typical species. Those recognized by the pharmacopoeias are mentioned below. Natural order, Rubiacese, Cinchonese. Habitat.—South America, commencing at 1!)° S. lat.,on the eastern slope of the central chain of the Andes, north- ward to 2° S. lat., where a second belt commences on the eastern slope of the western chain ; thence spreading north- ward into New Granada to 10° N. lat. The valuable spe- cies grow at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 meters (5300 to 8000 feet), Cinch, succirubra at 700 meters (2300 feet). Other species of little or no value are found up to 3500 meters (11,600 feet), and down to 100 meters (330 feet). CINCHONA — CINCHONA, PERUVIAN BARK. 171 The climate where the best species grow has a mean tem- perature of 12° to 13° C. (55° F.), and is damp and foggy throughout the greater part of the year. Fro. 106. Fig. 107. Calisaya bark.—Radial longitudinal section, showing bast fibres, bast parenchyme, and medullary rays. Cinchona lancifolia.— Transverse section, magni- fied 30 diam., showing numerous stone cells in outer bark and outer bast layer; bast cells in inter- rupted radial lines. Cinchonas are now extensively cultivated in Java, India (Neilgherry and Himalaya Mountains), Jamaica (Blue Mountains),and other countries; to a limited extent also in South America. Most of the commercial bark is obtained from cultivated trees. 172 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS— BARKS. Structural Characteristics.—The bast fibres are rather short, obtusely pointed, nnbranched, have very much thick- ened cell-walls and a minute cavity, and are quite brittle. Fig. 108. Cinchona micrantha.—Transverse section, magnified 40 diam., few stone cells in outer bark ; bast fibres single and in groups. They are imbedded in the bast parenchyme, either singly, or in short radial lines, composed of one or two rows, or in CINCHONA — CINCHONA, PERUVIAN BARK. 173 irregular groups of 2, 3, or sometimes 6 or 8 cells. The bast rays contain also incomplete fibres or staff cells, which are elongated and thick-walled. The primary bark of some species contains somewhat elongated unbranched laticiferous ducts (vessels, lacuna}) and thick-walled stone cells contain- ing resin or crystals, which are also occasionally found in the medullary rays. The formation of secondary cork bands, penetrating deeply into the interior, causes the ab- sence of these ducts and stone cells in the older trunk bark of some species. The structure of cultivated cinchona is to some extent modified by the process of mossing and in renewed bark. Officinal Cinchona Barks.—The bark of any species of cinchona is admitted for medicinal use if containing at least 3 per cent, of total alkaloids. Cinchona flava and cinchona rubra are required to contain at least 2 per cent, of quinine (U. S. Phar.). The Brit. Phar. admits all cinchona barks for the prepa- ration of the alkaloids, but requires cultivated red bark— containing between 5 and 6 per cent, of alkaloids—for all other preparations. The German Phar. directs trunk and branch bark of cul- tivated cinchonas, preferably C. succirubra, containing at least 3.5 per cent, of alkaloids. The French Codex requires pale (Loxa or Huanuco) bark to contain at least 1.5 per cent, of alkaloids; yellow (Calisaya) bark to yield at least 2.5 per cent, of crystallized quinine sulphate, and red bark to give not less than 2 per cent, of quinine sulphate, and 3 per cent, of total sulphates. Classification of the Important Cinchona Barks. 1 Bast fibres single, sometimes in groups of 2 or rarely more, medium sized. C. Calisaya. Laticiferous duets in young bark; no or very few stone (resin) cells; old bark with prominent secondary cork; medullary rays narrow. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. C. glandulifera. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows; stone cells few; bast rays narrow; medullary rays large-celled. 2. Bast fibres single, or oftener in groups, not in distinct radial lines. C. micrantha. No laticiferous ducts; stone cells few or none ; bast fibres medium; medullary rays narrow. C purpurea. Laticiferous ducts in lor 2 rows; stone cells numerous; bast fibres medium, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays broadly wedge-shaped at end. C. pubescens. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row; stone cells numerous; bast fibres large, variable, with incomplete fibres; medullary rays broad. 3. Bast fibres in interrupted, single or double radial lines. C. succirubra. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row, in old bark often filled with cells; stone cells none; bast and medullary rays narrow ; bast fibres medium. C. officinalis. Laticiferous ducts thin, soon obliterated; stone cells none or very few; bast fibres medium; medullary rays narrow. C. pitayensis. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells few or none; bast fibres thin; medullary rays mostly narrow, wedge-shaped at end. C. cordifolia. Laticiferous ducts none ; stone cells few ; bast fibres small, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays large-celled. C. laneifolia. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells many; bast fibres medium, with some incomplete fibres; medullary rays large-celled. C. nitida, Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells few or none; bast fibres mostly thin, but many thick or medium; medullary rays narrow. C. peruviana. Laticiferous ducts (in 1 row) and stone cells small; bast fibres small, many incompletely filled. 4. Bast fibres in nearly uninterrupted radial lines. C. scrobiculata. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows; stone cells and bast fibres numerous; medullary rays large-celled. CINCHONA FLAY A.—Yellow Cinchona, Calisaya Bark. Officinal Cinchonas. The bark of the trunk of Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell. Habitat.—Northeastern Bolivia and Southeastern Pern. Altitude 1500-3800 meters (5000-6000 feet). Description.—In quills or flat pieces; quills varying in size; bark 2 or 3 millimeters (y or inch) thick, exter- nally gray with fissures forming nearly square meshes with raised edges, internally yellowish, cinnamon-colored; inner CINCHONA FLAVA—YELLOW CINCHONA. 175 surface nearly smooth ; fracture granular and short-fibrous. The flat pieces vary in length and width, and from 4 to 10 millimeters Q- to inch) in thickness; are almost com- pletely deprived of the brown corky layer; compact; of a tawny-yellow color; outer surface marked with shallow conchoidal depressions (digital furrows) and intervening, rather sharp ridges; inner surface closely and finely striate; transverse fracture showing numerous, very short, and rigid, glistening fibres. Powder light cinnamon-brown, slightly aromatic, and persistently bitter. Fig. 109. Fig. 1 ’0. Cinch. Calisaya, showing digital furrow and short-fibrous fracture. Cinch, scrohiculata. Structure.—The young bark contains a layer of primary cork, no stone cells, and near the bast rays one or two circles of large laticiferous ducts. The fat bark consists of liber only, has the bast fibres singly or sometimes in pairs, 176 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS arranged in radial lines, and contains bands of secondary cork. Fig. 111. Calisaya bark, magnified 30 diam., quilled, with primary cork and near the bast rays, with laticiferous ducts. Fig. 112. Fig. 113. Flat, inner layer; with narrow medullary rays and single bast fibres in radial lines. Flat, outer layer; with bands of secondary cork and distant bast fibres. Calisaya bark should not be confounded with other cin- chona barks of a similar color, but having the bast tibres in bundles or radial rows, and breaking with a splintery or coarsely fibrous fracture (Cinch, scrobiculata and C. lanci- folia). CINCHONA RUBRA — RED CINCHONA. 177 CINCHONA RUBRA.—Red Cinchona. The bark of Cinchona succirubra, Pavon. Habitat.—Ecuador, west of Chimborazo. Altitude 700-1500 meters (2300-5000 feet). Description.—Incurved pieces or quills, varying in length and width, and from 2 to 12 millimeters (y to inch) thick ; compact; of deep brown- red color ; outer surface covered with numerous suberous warts, and in the older bark, with ridges, or longitudinally and somewhat transversely fissured ; inner surface rather coarsely striate ; transverse fracture short- fibrous ; powder deep brown- red, slightly odorous, astringent, and bitter. Red cinchona should not be confounded with other Cinchona barks having an orange-red color and breaking with a coarse splintery fracture. Thin, quilled, red cinchona of a light red- brown color should be re- jected. Structure.—Stone cells absent; the large laticiferous ducts are frequently present in old bark and often filled with cells; the bast fibres are placed in interrupted lines of two to about eight. Fig 114. Cinchona succirubra.—Trans- verse section, magnified 30 diam. 178 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Unofficinal Cinchona Barks. Loxa bark or crown bark, chiefly from C. officinalis, Hooker. Thin single or double quills; periderm brown or gray-brown, more or less fissured transversely, otherwise smooth; liber yellowish-brown or reddish-brown; fracture slightly fibrous in inner layer; powder pale brown. Pitaya bark, from C. pitayensis, Weddell. Periderm smooth, ochre-colored, with circular scars; liber reddish cinnamon- brown ; fracture short splintery; powder bright brown-yellow. Cusco bark, from C. pubescens, Void. Periderm pale brown-yellow, warty, sometimes whitish; liber cinnamon- colored, with a coarse splintery fracture. Carthagena bark, from C. lancifolia, Mutis, and C. cord- ifolia, Mutis. Quills and half-quills; periderm whitish, ochre-colored or yellowish-brown, soft; inner surface cin- namon-brown, with orange or reddish tint; inner fracture fibrous. Lima or Huanuco bark, from C. peruviana, Howard, C. nitida, Ruiz et Pavon, C. micrantha, R. & P., and other species. Quills and half-quills, varying according to the origin. Huamalies bark, from C. micrantha, Ruiz et Pavon, C. glandulifera, R. & P., C. purpurea, R. & P., and other species. Quills and half-quills, varying according to origin. Jaen bark or false Loxa bark, from C. Humboldtiana, Lambert. Inferior. Cinchona Pahudiana, Howard, formerly cultivated in Java. Bark of handsome appearance, but inferior. Spurious Cinchona Barks.—From different species oi Ladenbergia, Exostema, Nauclea, etc. The liber layer is. CUPREA BARK. 179 more or less distinctly radially striate or checkered, and contains bast fibres with large cavity, variously arranged. Occasionally a bast fibre like those of the cinchonas is observed. Cuprea bark or copper-colored cinchona from Remijia pednnculata, Triana, and R. Purdieana, Weddell, in South- ern and Central Colombia. Quills or curved pieces, vary- ing in length, about 6 millimeters Q inch) thick, of a dull copper-red color, with small patches of brownish color; hard, fracture coarsely granular and splintery. Cork con- sisting of thick-walled cells; primary bark with few scat- tered laticiferous ducts or free from the same, and like the liber, containing numerous stone cells (R. Purdieana con- tains few stone cells, sometimes none); bast fibres with a rather large cavity and obtuse ends in close radial lines, which are most numerous in the outer bast layer. The bark contains about 2 or 3 per cent, of quinine, besides quinidine and cinchonine, but is free from cinchonidine; the alkaloid called homoquinine, on being treated with potassa, yields quinine and cupreine, C19H22N202, which is soluble in ether, gives the thalleioquin color with chlorine and ammonia, and is colored red-brown by ferric chloride. Constituents.—Kinic (quinic) acid, C7II1206 (5 to 7 per cent., yields kinone, Cf>H402, with sulphuric acid and manganese binoxide); kinovic (quinovic) acid, C24H3804, (tasteless); kinovin (quinovin), C30H48()8 (bitter; yields kivonic acid and mannitan); cinchotannic acid (usually 2 to 4 per cent.); cinchona red (derivative of the preceding) ; volatile oil (minute quantity), gum, sugar, wax, ash (2-3 per cent,). The most important constituents are the fol- lowing five alkaloids : quinine and quinidine (conquinine), C20IT24N2O2; cinchonine and cinchonidine, C19H22N20 (older formula, C20H24N2O); quinamine, 019H24N2O2. Their properties are as follows : 180 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Alkaloids. Rotation. Soluble in parts of Water. Alcohol. Ether. Cl and NH3. Cl.KCfo, and NH3. Quinine left 1670 6 23 green dark red Quinidine right 2000 26 30 green dark red Cinchonine right 3740 1.33 370 not gr. not red Cinchonidine left 1680 20 76 not gr. not red Quinamine right trace 100 32 not gr. not red A large number of allied alkaloids have been obtained, some of which are known to be produced under the influ- ence of heat or of reagents : Isomeric with quinine are quinidine and quinicine. Isomeric with quinamine are conquinamine, quinamidiue, quinamicine. Isomeric with cinchonine are cinchonidine, cinchonicine, homocinchonine, homocinchonidine, homocinchonicine, and apoqu inamine. In the preparation of the cinchona alkaloids a mother- liquor is obtained yielding a brown amorphous alkaloid known as chinoidine (quinoidine), which is usually a mix- ture of dicinchonicine, C38H44N402 (=2C19H22N20), and diconquinine (diquinidiue), C40H46N4O3 (= 2C20H24N2O2 —H20); the latter gives with chlorine water and ammonia the green thalleioquin color. Other alkaloids obtained from varieties of cinchona barks are—paricine, C16H18N20 ; pay tine, C2]II24N20 ; cusconi lie and aricine, C23H26N204. Grahe’s test. Barks containing cinchona alkaloids yield on dry distillation in a test-tube a purple-colored tar. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, antiperiodic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, fluid extract, extract, or the salts of the alkaloids. CORNUS—DOGWOOD. 181 NECTANDRA.—Bebeeru. Greenheart Bark. Origin.—Nectandra Rodiaei, Schomburgk. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseaceae. Habitat.—Guiana. Description.—Flat pieces, 6 millimeters (J inch) or less thick ; outer surface gray-brown, with numerous longitudi- nal depressions; inner surface cinnamon-colored, coarsely striate ; fracture granular from the numerous stone cells, in the liber somewhat tangentially striate; inodorous; taste astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Bebirine, C18H21N03, identical with buxine and pelosine, white, soluble in ether ; sipiriue, red-brown, amorphous, insoluble in ether. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, antiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), mostly the alkaloid, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. j-x). CORNUS.—Dogwood. Origin.—Cornus florida, Linne. Natural order, Cor- nacese. Habitat.—North America, in woods. Description.—The bark of the root is collected and is deprived of the furrowed brown-gray corky layer; in curved pieces of various sizes, about 3 millimeters (| inch) thick; outer and inner surface pale reddish or light reddish- brown, striate; transverse and longitudinal fracture short, whitish, with brown-yellow striae of stone cells ; inodorous ; astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Cornin (cornic acid, silky needles, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol), tannin (3 per cent.), resin, gum, etc. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction and fluid extract. The bark Cornus circinata, L’lleritier, or round-leaved 182 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. dogwood, is thin, quilled, or curved ; outer surface greenish or brownish-gray, with suberous warts or longitudinal lines; inner surface cinnamon-brown. The bark of Cornus serieea, Linne, or swamp dogwood, is quilled, thin; outer sufrace purplish-brown or purplish- gray, with few suberous warts; inner surface cinnamon- brown. These barks agree with that of Cornus florida in taste, constituents, and properties. LIRIODENDRON.—Tulip-tree Bark. Origin.— Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. Habitat.—United States, in woodlands. Description.—The bark of the branches is collected. Quills or curved pieces, about 2 millimeters inch) thick ; outer surface purplish-brown or blackish-gray, with thin, often cleft ridges forming elongated meshes; internally whitish, smooth ; transverse fracture short, somewhat fibrous in the inner layer; nearly inodorous; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bitter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is whitish, fibrous, and less pungent. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, various resins (includ- ing liriodendrin), glucoside, tulipiferine (white tasteless alkakoid ; heart tonic), tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (5j—ij), in infusion or fluid extract. MAGNOLIA.—Magnolia. Origin.—Magnolia glauca, LinnS, M. acuminata, Linne, and M. tripetala, Linne, Natural order, Magnoliacese, Magnolie®. Habitat.—Middle and Southern United States. Description.—Thin quills or curved pieces; periderm PRINOS—BLACK ALDER. 183 orange-brown, glossy, or light gray, with scattered warts, somewhat fissured; inner surface whitish or brownish, smooth; fracture in inner layer somewhat fibrous; in- odorous ; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bitter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is whitish, or pale brownish, fibrous, and less pungent. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resins, a tasteless crys- talline glucoside, tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Magnolin is a crystalline principle of the fruit of M. tripetala, having an irritating taste, or when pure tasteless, insoluble in water, soluble in most simple solvents and in alkalies. The identity of the crystalline principles in the bark and fruit of the different species has not been demon- strated. Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction. PRINOS.—Black Alder. Origin.—Ilex verticil lata, Gray, s. Prinos verticillatus, Linne. Natural order, Ilicinese. Habitat.—North America, in swampy thickets. Description.—Thin slender fragments, about 1 millimeter inch) thick, fragile; outer surface brownish ash-colored, with whitish patches and blackish dots and lines, the corky layer easily separating from the green tissue; inner surface pale greenish or yellowish; fracture short, tangentially striate ; nearly inodorous, bitter, slightly astringent. Constituents. — Tannin, wax, fat, resin, chlorophyll, albumen, sugar, gum, starch, amorphous bitter principle, which is precipitated by subacetate of lead. Properties.—Astringent tonic, alterative, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. 184 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. PRUNUS YIRGINIANA.—Wild Cherry Bark. Origin.—The bark of Primus (Cerasus, Loiseleur) serotina, Ehrhart. Natural order, Rosace*, Prune*. Habitat.—North America, in woods. Description.—Curved pieces or irregular fragments, 2 millimeters (y1 inch) or more thick ; outer surface greenish- brown or yellowish-brown, smooth, and somewhat glossy ; if collected from old wood deprived of most of the corky layer, the outer surface rust-brown and uneven; inner surface somewhat striate, cinnamon-brown; brittle; fracture granular, radially striate; after maceration in water, of a dis- tinct bitter almond odor; taste astringent, aromatic and bitter. It should be collected in autumn. The bark of the small branches is to be rejected. Constituents.—Tannin, gallic acid (?), bitter principle, resin, starch, amorphous principle (somewhat bitter, soluble in alcohol and not precipitated by ether), and a ferment which is not identical with emulsin (Power, 1887). The reaction in water of the two last-named principles generates hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almond. Collected in October, the bark yields 0.144 per cent. HCy, contains a large percentage of tannin, and yields a dark-colored in- fusion. The bitter taste is partly due to a glucoside, crystallizing in colorless needles, soluble in ether, and showing blue fluorescence in aqueous and alkaline solution. Properties.—Tonic, sedative, pectoral. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion, syrup, or fluid extract. BERBERIS.—Barberry Bark. Cortex radicis berberidis. Origin.—Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Ber- beridace*, Berbere*. SALIX—WILLOW. 185 Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—Thin fragments ; periderm yellowish-gray, soft; inner surface smooth, orange-yellow; fracture short, bright yellow; separable in laminae; inodorous; taste bitter, not astringent, tinging the saliva yellow. Constituents.—Little tannin (green with ferric salts), wax, fat, resin, albumin, gum, starch, berberiue 1 \ per cent, (see Hydrastis), oxyacanthine (vinetine, or berbine; bitter, white, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; separates iodine from iodic acid ; the salts sparingly soluble in sodium phos- phate), berbamine (white, the salts sparingly soluble in sodium nitrate), and a fourth amorphous alkaloid. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, in large doses laxative. Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij—x), in powder or decoction. SALIX.—Willow. Origin.—Salix alba, LinnS, and other species of Salix. Natural order, Salieaceie. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in North America ; culti- vated. Fig. 115. Salix.—Transverse section, magnified 15 diam Description.—Collected from branches several years old. Fragments or quills, 1 or 2 millimeters or inch) thick, smooth ; outer surface somewhat glossy, brownish, or CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. yellowish, more or less finely warty or somewhat transversely ridged, under the corky layer green ; inner surface brownish- white, smooth; fracture tough and fibrous. The less esteemed trunk bark is much thicker, deprived of the ash- gray cork, pale cinnamon-brown, the fracture more fibrous, somewhat splintery. The liber separates in thin layers, and the transversely elongated liber bundles are accompa- nied by axial rows of crystal cells; inodorous, bitter, and astringent. Constituents.—Tannin,about 12percent.; salicin,C13H1S()7, 1 to 3 per cent., white bitter scales or needles, insoluble in ether, blood-red by sulphuric acid ; by dilute acids split into sugar and saligenin, C7H802 (solution blue by ferric chlor- ide), or saliretin, C14H1403. The white or crack willows appear to contain more tannin, the purple willows more salicin. Salicin has also been found in the leaves and flowers of several species of willow. Properties.— Tonic, astringent, vermifuge, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j) or more. Salicin as a tonic or febrifuge in doses of 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv). HAMAMELIS.—Hamamelis, Witch Hazel. Origin.—Hamanielis virginica, Linne. Natural order, Hamaruelidese. Habitat.—North America, in thickets. Description.—In irregular fragments or curved pieces, 1 or 2 inch) thick ; outer surface ash-gray, smooth, with scattered blackish warts, or with short trans- verse ridges or scars, or somewhat scaly in older bark; the thin corky layer easily removed from the pale cinnamon- colored middle bark; inner surface smooth or finely striate; the liber of older bark separating in thin layers; fracture of young bark short, of older bark tough in the bast layer; inodorous; taste astringent, somewhat bitter and pungent. QUERCUS ALBA—WHITE OAK BARK. 187 Constituents.—Tannin 8 per cent.; bitter and pungent principles (not isolated). Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j) in infusion or fluid extract. VIBURNUM.—Viburnum, Black Haw. Origin.—Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. Natural order, Caprifoliacese, Sambucese. Habitat.—United States, in thickets. Description.—The bark of the stem is in thin pieces or quills, glossy purplish-brown, with scattered warts and minute black dots; collected from old wrood grayish-brown ; the thin corky layer easily removed from the green layer; inner surface whitish, smooth ; fracture short, inodorous, or of a slight valerian-like odor; taste somewhat astringent, bitter. The root bark is reddish-brown, internally cinna- mon-colored, very bitter. Constituents.—Valerianic acid, brown bitter resin, green- ish-yellow bitter principle (viburnin), tannin, sugar, oxa- lates, citrates, malates, and ash 8-1) per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, tonic, nervine; used in threatened abortion. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss—j), in infusion or fluid extract. QUERCUS ALBA.—White Oak Bark. Origin.—Quercus alba, Linne. Natural order, Cupu- li ferae, Quercinese. Habitat.—North America, in woods. Description.—Nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky layer, about 6 millimeters Q inch) thick, pale brown, inner surface with short, sharp, longitudinal ridges; tough ; frac- ture coarsely fibrous; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly 188 CELLULAR vegetable DRUGS—BARKS. astringent; in the shops usually in an irregular fibrous powder, which does not tinge the saliva yellow. Constituents.—Tannin, 6-11 per cent, (blue with ferric salts), red-brown coloring matter, pectin, resin, etc. Young oak bark is richer in tannin than bark from old wood. Querco-taunic acid is C28H24012 and C28II2?014, the latter being readily soluble in water. Oak red is C28H22Ou. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j); mostly used externally. QUERCUS TINCTORIA.—Black Oak Bark. Origin.—Quercus coccinea var. tinctoria, Gray. Natural order, Cupuliferse, Quercineae. Habitat.—North America, in woods. Description.—Flattish pieces, deprived of the corky layer, about 5 millimeters inch) thick, reddish-brown, inner surface somewhat ridged ; compact but rather brittle; frac- ture coarsely fibrous; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly astringent and somewhat bitter, imparting a brownish-yel- low color to the saliva. Usually kept in an irregular fibrous powder. In the Southern States the barks of Quercus nigra, Linne (black jack), and of Qu. falcata, Michaux (Spanish oak), are frequently used as black oak bark; they are of a much coarser texture and of a deep reddish-brown color. Constituents.—Tannin (blue with ferric salt), red-brown coloring matter, pectin, quereitriu, C33H30O17. The latter Is yellow, crystalline, nearly tasteless; nearly insoluble in cold water; colored dark green by ferric salts, and with dilute acids yields isodulcit, C6II1406, and yellow quercetin, n TT o '^27X118Vj'l2> RUBUS.—Blackberry Bark. Origin.—Rubus villosus, Aiton; Rubus canadensis, Linne ; and Rubus trivialis, Michaux. Natural order, Rosacese, Rubese. GRANATI radicis cortex. 189 Habitat.—North America, in fields and thickets, the last- named species is confined to the Southern States. Description.—The bark of the root is collected. Thin, tough, flexible bands, outer surface blackish or blackish- Fig. 116. Rubus villosus.—Transverse section of bark, magnified 15 diam. gray, inner surface pale brownish, sometimes with strips ot whitish tasteless wood adhering, the bast fibres in trans- versely elongated groups, forming rather broad wedges; inodorous, strongly astringent, somewhat bitter. Constituents.—Tannin 10-12 per cent., gallic acid 0.4 per cent., villosin (bitter glucoside, soluble in alcohol, spar- ingly soluble in water and benzin; crystalline) 0.8 per cent., ash 3 per cent., etc. (Krauss, 1889). Properties.—Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction, syrup, or fluid extract. GRAN ATI RADICES CORTEX.—Bark of Pomegranate Root. Origin.—Punica Granatum, Linne. Natural order, Lythrariese, Lythreie. Habitat.—India and Southwestern Asia; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical countries. Description.—The bark of the roqt is directed by the IT. S., Brit, and French Pharmacopoeias. In thin quills or fragments, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, little 190 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—BARKS. Fig. 118. Fig 117. Granati cortex.—Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. over 1 millimeterinch) thick; outer surface brown or brown- gray, somewhat warty or longi- tudinally and reticulately ridged, the larger pieces with conchoidal scales of cork; inner surface smooth, finely striate, grayish- yellow ; fracture short, granular, brownish-yellow, indistinctly ra- diate in the liber, which contains scattered stone cells and numerous transversely and axially packed cells with crystals of calcium oxa- late ; inodorous, scarcely bitter, astringent. The bark of the stem is ad- mitted with the root-bark by the German Pharmacopoeia; it is similar to the preceding, externally more gray, with longi- tudinal ridges and with scattered dots or patches of dark colored lichens; the fracture greenish-yellow, and the bast layer more distinctly radiate; it is said to be equal to the root-bark. Constituents.—Punieo-tannic acid, C20H16O13, about 20 per cent., mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, pelletieriue (colorless oily aromatic alkaloid, soluble in water), and three allied alkaloids; ash about 16 per cent. The bark from stem and Magnified, 40 diam. 191 SI M ARUBA—SI M A RU B A. branches contains from 0.35 to 0.61 per cent, of alkaloids, and the root-bark from 1.01 to 1.32 per cent. (Stoeder, 1888.) Properties.—Anthelmintic, taenifuge. Dose, 8 to 16 grams (5ij—iv), in decoction. Adulterations.—The barks of Berberis vulgaris, Lin. (see page 184) and BuxUs sempervirens, IArtne, are bitter, not astringent and yield an infusion which is not colored blue-black by ferric salts. FRAXINUS—White Asii Origin.—Fraxinus americana, I Anne (Fr. alba, Marsh). Natural order, Oleacese, Fraxinese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—The bark of the root is preferred. Quills or curved pieces about 5 millimeters inch) thick ; cork warty, ash gray, often removed; whitish or yellowish ; inner surface smooth; fracture coarsely fibrous, splintery; odor faintly aromatic, taste bitter, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, glucoside (fluorescent with alkalies), crystalline principle, bitter prin- ciple, ash 5 to 6 per cent. Properties.— Diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 gram (gr. xv). SIMA RUB A.—Sim a ru ha . Origin.—1. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle; and, 2. S. medicinalis, Endlicher. Natural order, Simarubese. Habitat.—1. Guiana to Northern Brazil. 2. West Indies. Description.—The bark of the root is usually collected. Flattish, curved or quilled pieces, often 0.5 to 1 meter (20-40 inches) long, and 3 millimeters (| inch) thick ; periderm yellowish or brownish, often partly or wholly removed; then gray-brown; inner surface light brown, striate; bast coarsely tibrous, tough, flexible, difficult to break ; bast rays wavy and oblique; inodorous; taste very 192 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. bitter. Xo. 2 is light yellowish-brown, the inner surface finely striate. Fig. 119. Simaruba.—Transverse-section, magnified 3 diam. Constituents—Probably quassin, some resin, trace ot volatile oil, etc. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx) in infusion or decoction. QUASSLZE CORTEX.—Quassia Bark. Origin.—Picraena (Quassia, Swartz) excel sa, Lindley. Natural order, Simarubese. Hah itat. —J amaica. Description.—Flat or curved pieces, about 5 millimeters Q inch) or more thick ; outer surface black-gray, longitudi- nally furrowed and verrucose; inner surface whitish, smooth; bast rays somewhat wavy; fracture in inner layer tough ; inodorous, taste very bitter. The bark of Quassia amara, LinnS, or Surinam quassia, is about 1 millimeter (Jg- inch) thick; externally gray, smoothish; inner surface whitish, smooth; very brittle; fracture smooth. Constituents.—Quassin, trace of volatile oil, etc. Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. COXDURAXGO.—Condurango. Origin. — Gonolobus Condurango, Triana. Natural order, Asclepiadaceae, Gonolobeae. Habitat. —Ecuador. FRANGULA—FRANGULA. 193 Description.—Quills or curved pieces; bark about 4 millimeters Q inch) thick, externally brownish or brown- gray, wrinkled and warty ; inner surface pale brownish and striate; fracture granular, slightly fibrous, brown with wavy bast wedges and brownish-yellow groups of stone cells; the parenchyme contains starch and raphides; nearly inodorous; taste somewhat bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Tannin, a peculiar glucoside, alkaloid (trace; resembling strychnine in action), resin, starch,gum, etc., ash about 12 per cent. Properties.—Used in cancer and rheumatism; tonic. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx). F R AN GULA.—Frangula. Origin.—Rhamnus Frangula, Linne. Natural order, Rhamnese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia. Description.—Quilled, about 1 millimeter inch) thick; outer surface gray-brown or blackish-brown, with numerous Fig. 120. Frangula.—-Transverse section, magnified 15 diam. small whitish transversely elongated suberous warts; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yellow ; fracture in the outer layer short, of a purplish tint; in the inner layer fibrous and pale yellow; bast bundles in tangential groups, accom- panied by axial rows of cells containing crystals ; nearly inodorous ; taste sweetish and bitter. It should not be used sooner than a year after it has been collected. Constituents.—Frangulin or rhamnoxanthin, C21H20O9, about 0.04 per cent, (yellow glucoside, tasteless, sublimable, 194 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. purple by alkalies; yields yellow needles of frangulic acid or emodin, which is purgative), emodin, C15H10O5, about 0.1 per cent., bitter laxative principle, resin, tannin, ash 5-6 per cent. Fresh frangula bark contains neither fran- gulin nor emodin. Fig. 121. Frangula.—Magnified 80 diam. Properties.—When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, pur- gative, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.—Cascara Sagrada, Chittem Bark. Origin.—Rhamnus Purshiana, J)e Candolle. Natural order, Rhamnese. Habitat.—Rocky Mountains and westward to the Pacific coast. Description.—Curved or quilled, 1 or 2 millimeters inch) thick; periderm gray and whitish, with dots and patches of lichens, underneath brown or reddish-brown; inner surface yellowish, smooth ; fracture short, yellowish, in the inner layer of the thick pieces somewhat fibrous; bast bundles in tangential groups; stone cells in the outer bark in clusters; inodorous, taste bitterish JUGLANS—BUTTERNUT. 195 Constituents.—Tannin, white sublimable principle, yellow crystalline principle (resembling frangulin, but probably not identical with it) and three resins (one is colored brown by potassa, another purple by the same reagent, and the third red-brown by sulphuric acid). The composition probably changes on keeping; 0.05 per cent, emodin was found in bark about a year old (Schwabe, 1888). Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge, purgative. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction, tincture, or fluid extract. PISCIDIA.—Jamai in infusion or fluid extract. CASSIA MARILANDICA.—American Senna. Origin.—Cassia marilandica, I Anne. Natural order, Leguminos*, C*salpine*, Cassie*. Habitat.—United States, in low grounds. Description.—Leaves pinnate, with 12 to 18 leaflets, which are ovate-oblong or elliptic, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, obtuse, uneven at base; odor and taste senna- like (but weaker), if collected in September and October. Constituents.—Cathartic acid, probably ehrysophan, sugars, mucilage, albuminoids, etc.; ash 7 per cent. Dose, 16 to 50 grams (Sss-jss), in infusion. SESAMUM.—Bexne. Origin—Sesamum indicum, Linne. Natural order, Pedalinese, Sesame*. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Description.—Petiolate, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, pointed, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the Fig. 141. Sesamum indicum, Linne.—a. Flowering branch, b. Section of seed. ERYTH ROXY LON — COCA. 227 base, entire, sometimes with a few teeth or two basal lobes, prominently veined, smoothish, mucilaginous. Used chiefly in the fresh state. Constituents.—Muci lage. Properties.—Demulcent; used in iufusion in dysentery, etc. E RYTHROXY LON.—Coca. Origin.—Ery throxylon Coca, Lamarck. Natural order, Line®, Erythroxylese. Habitat.—Peru, Bolivia ; cultivated. Description,—Ovate or obovate oblong, 18 to 50 or 75 millimeters (f to 2 or 8 inches) long, short-petiolate, entire, rather obtuse or sometimes emarginate at apex, reticulate on both sides, with a prominent midrib, and on each side Fig. 142. Fig. 143. Bolivian coca leaves. Natural size. of it with a curved line (caused by a strand of collenchyme cells > Schrenk, 1887), running from base to apex; odor slight, tea- like ; taste somewhat bitter and aromatic. Bolivian coca leaves are generally much smaller, but are more highly esteemed than the Peruvian leaves. Constituents. — Cocaine, hy- grine (volatile, oily, readily solu- Peruvian coca.—Lower surface, natural zize. 228 cellular vegetable drugs—leaves ble in water, alcohol, and ether, the dilute solutions of the salts in water fluorescent), cocatannic acid, wax. Cocaine, C17H21N04, is a pyridine derivative, forms colorless, bitter prisms, soluble in alcohol and ether, also in water; with strong HCl yields methylalcohol, benzoic acid, and ecgonine, which is sweetish-bitter, sparingly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether. Cocaine salts give a violet-purple crys- talline precipitate with potassium permanganate. Cocaine is associated with several non-volatile amorphous bases, having the same composition as cocaine ; of these cocamine is readily soluble in ether, alcohol, and chloroform, but with difficulty in petroleum spirit; coca'idine is soluble in the liquids named, also in acetone and benzol. Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in substance, infusion, fluid extract; usually combined with an alkali. Cocaine as a local anaesthetic in solution of 4 to 8 or 10 per cent. BELLADONNAS FOLIA.—Belladonna Leaves. Deadly Nightshade. Origin.—Atropa Belladonna, LinnS. Natural order, Solanaceae. Habitat.—Europe. Description.—Ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, narrowed into a petiole, tapering at the apex, entire, almost smooth, thin, occasion- ally with circular perforations caused by cork, upper sur- face brownish-green, lower surface grayish-green; both surfaces, viewed under the magnifying glass, of a whitish granular appearance, due to numerous cells containing a crystalline powder; odor slight, taste bitterish, disagreeable. Constituents.—Atropine 0.4 percent, (the gold double salt at first oily, finally crystalline, without lustre), little hyos- DUBOISIA — DUBOISIA. 229 cyamine, belladonine (oxyatropine ?) (see Belladonna root), choline (neurine), mucilage, wax, albumen, asparagiu (?), ash 14 per cent. Fig. 144. Atropa Belladonna, Linne.—Branch, fruit, seed, and section of seed, the last two magnified. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ss-iij). Antidotes.—Emetics; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; morphine ; physostigmine; pilocarpine. DUBOISIA.—Duboisia. Origin.—Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown. Natural order, Solanacese, Salpiglossidem. Habitat.—Au stral ia. Description.—Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, 15 to 25 millimeters (f- to 1 230 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. inch) broad, narrowed at both ends, entire, midrib promi- nent; the margin somewhat revolute; thin, smooth, inodor- ous and bitter. Constituents.—Duboisine (identical with hyoscyamine), volatile alkaloid, resin, etc. Properties.—Similar to those of belladonna and hyos- cyamus. Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij); of the alka- loid, 0.0005 to 0.001 gram (gr. tst'fV)- Antidotes.—Similar as for belladonna. TABACUM.—Tobacco. Origin.—Nicotiana Tabacum, LinnS. Natural order, Solanacese, Cestrineae. Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. Description.—The commercial dried leaves are used. Oval or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 50 centimeters (20 inches) long, short petiolate or sessile, acute, entire, brown, friable, glandular hairy ; odor heavy, peculiar; taste nause ous, bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Nicotine, C10HUN2, 2 to 8, sometimes 11 per cent., nicotianin (scaly, volatile, probably a salt of nico- tine, according to others a eamphoraceous compound), resin, albumen, gum, extractive, malates, citrates, ash 14 to 18, occasionally 27 per cent Nicotine is colorless, of the density 1.027, becomes rapidly brown, is pungently acrid, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and is colored violet with warm HC1, and browned by Cl gas. Tobacco smoke contains a number of pyridine bases. Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.13 gram (g'r. ss-ij); as emetic, 0.3 gram (gr. v), in powder, infusion, or wine; externally as sternutatory, enema, etc. STRAMON1I FOLIA — STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 231 Antidotes.—Evacuants ; astringents; nux vomica; stim- ulants. STRAMONII FOLIA.—Stramonium Leaves Origin.—Datura Stramonium, Linne. Natural order, Solanaceae, Hyoscyamete. Fig. 145. Datura Stramonium, Linn<>.—Flowering branch. Habitat.—Asia; naturalized in most countries. Description.—Petiolate, ovate, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, smooth, pointed, unequal at the base, coarsely and sinuately angular-toothed, smooth or nearly so, dark green and rather fleshy when fresh, frequently with circular perforations, caused by cork ; after drying thin, brittle, the 232 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—LEAVES. upper surface usually brownish-green and somewhat whitish granular under the magnifying glass, due to cells contain- ing a crystalline powder; nearly inodorous; taste un- pleasant, bitter, and nauseous. Datura Tatula, Linne, is very similar, but has the foliage deeper green, and the stem and flowers purple colored. Constituents.—Daturine 0.2 per cent., mucilage, albumen, ash 17 per cent. Daturine is a mixture of atropine and hyoscyamine, the latter usually predominating. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation by stomach-pump, or emetic; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; douches; morphine; phy- sostigmine; pilocarpine. HYOSCYAMI FOLIA.—Hyoscyamus Leaves. Henbane. Origin. — Hyoscyamus niger, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of North America. Description.—Ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes 25 cen- timeters (10 inches) long, and 10 centimeters (4 inches) broad, petiolate or sessile, acute, sinuate-toothed, the teeth large, oblong, or triangular; grayish-green, hairy; midrib prominent; odor heavy narcotic; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. Some of the flowers having a five-lobed pale yellow and purplish veined corolla, are usually present; occasion- ally also the capsule (pyxis) enclosed in the urn-shaped calyx. Constituents.—Alkaloids about 0.3 per cent.; hyoscya- mine, C17H23N03 (the gold double salt is in lustrous yellow scales and does not melt under water; yields tropine and DIGITALIS—DIGITALIS, foxglove. tropic acid), hyoscine (semi-liquid, isomeric with hyoscya- mine, yields tropic acid and pseudo-tropine), choline (neu- rine), hvoscypicrin, C27II52014, mucilage, albumen. By heating hyoscyamine for six hours to near 120° C. (248° F.) it is converted into atropine. Fig. 146. Hyoscyamus niger, Linne.—Flowering branch. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the pupil, nar- cotic. Dose, 0.13 to 0.6 gram (gr. ij-x), in powder, tinc- ture, fluid extract, or extract. Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. DIGITALIS.—Digitalis, Foxglove. Origin. — Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Natural order, Scrophularinese, Digitalese, 234 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. Habitat.—Europe, in sandy soil and the edges of woods. Description.—The leaves are collected from plants of the second year’s growth. Ovate-oblong, rather acute, narrowed into a petiole; from 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long; irregularly erenate, downy; dull green and wrinkled above; paler and whitish reticulate beneath ; midrib near the base broad ; odor faint, tea-like ; taste bitter, nauseous. Fig. 147. Digitalis.—Leaf of the first and of the second year’s growth. Constituents.—Digitalin, resin, digitalosmin (stearopten), digitoleic acid, mucilage, extractive, inosit, pectin, ash 10 per cent. Commercial digitalin is a mixture of several compounds, of which digitoxin is crystallizable, insoluble in water, and by acids is converted into toxiresin ; digitonin is a white powder, resembling saponin, and dissolving with a violet-red color in boiling HC1, readily soluble in water, but not in ether; digitalein is readily soluble in alcohol, MATICO — MATICO. 235 ether, and water; digitalin is crystalline, sparingly soluble in water and ether, soluble in alcohol. Properties.—Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, infusion, tincture, or extract. The dose of digitalin is uncertain, owing to its variable composition; crystallized digitalin (digitoxin) is given in doses of 0.05 to 0.1 milligram (x3inr" in infusion, tincture, or extract. ARTEMISIA.—Mugwort. Origin.—Artemisia vulgaris, LinnS. Natural order, Composite, Anthemideie Habitat.—Asia, Europe, naturalized in North America. Description.—Stem often reddish, branched; leaves sub- sessile, green above, white tomcntose beneath, pinnatifid, segments lanceolate, acute, incised or entire; flower-heads numerous, small, nearly sessile, ovate, with an imbricated involucre, a small smooth receptacle and tubular reddish florets; odor aromatic; taste bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv~5j), in infusion. GNAPH ALIUM.—Life Evf.rlasti ng. Origin.—Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michaux. Natural order, Composite, Inuloidese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and woods. Description.—Erect, about 25 centimeters (10 inches) high, densely woolly; leaves sessile, lanceolate; flower- heads in dense terminal clusters, small, obovate, with a whitish imbricate involucre and tubular yellowish florets; odor agreeable; taste bitterish, aromatic. Gnaphalium margaritaceuin, Linne, has larger, globular- ovate, pearl-white heads and a slight odor. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. Properties.—Diaphoretic, astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). 279 CARDUUS BENEDICTUS—BLESSED THISTLE. CALENDULA.—Marigold. Origin.—Calendula officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Calendulacese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, somewhat angular, rough, leaves alternate, thickish, after drying thin, hairy, spatulate or oblauceolate, entire or slightly toothed, the upper ones sessile and amplexicaul ; involucre hemispherical, receptacle flat, naked; ray-florets in one or several rows, fertile, the akenes incurved and muricate on the back, those of the outer row winged ; odor somewhat narcotic ; taste bitter and saline. Calendula arvensis, Linne, which is frequently culti- vated, is rather smaller and more spreading, has light yellow flowers and nearly straight akenes in the outer row, and resembles the former in odor and taste. Constituents.—A trace of volatile oil, amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yellow calendulin, sugar, gum, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in infusion, tincture, or extract. CARDIJUS BENEDICTUS.—Blessed Tfiistlf, Origin.—Cnicus benedictus, Gcertner. Natural order, Composite, Cynaroideae. Habitat.—Levant and Europe, rare in the United States. Description.—Erect, somewhat woolly; leaves sessile above and somewhat decurrent, alternate, lance-oblong, sinuately lobed, soft spiny; flower-heads ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, with an imbricate squarrous spinously-pointed involucre, a flat hispid receptacle, tubular yellow florets and grayish akenes, crowned with ten teeth and with ten long and ten short bristles; odor slight, of the fresh herb disagreeable; taste very bitter. 280 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Constituents.—Cnicin (bitter needles, slightly soluble in cold water and ether), tannin, malates, calcium oxalate. Properties.—Diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j). LOBELIA.—Lobelia. Fig. 173. Origin.—Lobelia inflata, Linne. Natural order, Oam- panulaceae, Lobeliese. Habitat.—North America, in fields and open woods. Lobelia inflata; branch with flowers and fruit. LOBELIA—LOBELIA. 281 Description.—Erect; leaves alternate, petiolate, the upper sessile, ovate or oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, irregularly toothed, pubescent, pale green ; branches fur- rowed, hairy, terminating in long racemes of small pale blue flowers, having a superior narrowly five-toothed calyx, which is inflated in fruit, a pale blue two-lipped corolla, and 5 united stamens; odor slight, irritating; taste mild, afterward burning and acrid. The leaves and flowering tops should be collected after a portion of the capsules are ripe, and contain a large number of minute reticulate seeds. Fig. 174. Fig. 175. Flower of lobelia and section, magnified 5 diam. Lobelia seed.—Highly magnified. Constituents.—Lobeline (white powder, inodorous, soluble in most simple solvents, acrid, the salts not crystalline, freely soluble in water), a second alkaloid (?), inflatin (taste- less crystals, probably wax), lobelacrin (probably lobelate of lobeline), lobelic acid (precipitated by copper sulphate, olive-brown by ferric salts), resin, wax, volatile oil, gum. 282 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Properties.—Expectorant, nervine, purgative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 0.12, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. ij-viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or tincture. Antidotes. — Astringents; stimulants; application of warmth. EPIPHEGUS.—Beechdrop. Origin.—Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Natural order, Orobanchacese. Habitat.—North America, parasitic upon roots of the beech. Description.—Erect, branched, about 40 centimeters (16 inches) high, yellowish-brown, tuberous at base, angular above; leaves scaly, ovate; flowers in spicate racemes, the upper sterile ones with a somewhat curved and two-lipped corolla ; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. Constituents.—Bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Astringent, depurative. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). SCROP HIT LARI A.—Fig wort. Origin.—Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Natural order, Scroph ulariaceae, Chelonese. Habitat.—North America and Europe, in moist thickets. Description—Erect; smooth ; stem obtusely quad- rangular ; leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong or lance- olate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base ; inflorescence loosely paniculate; corolla greenish-brown, hemispherical urnshaped, the five teeth roundish-obtuse, the two upper ones larger and brown,the lowest one spreading; stamens 4, short; capsule two-celled, many-seeded; taste bitter, nauseous. Constituents.—Scrophularin (crystalline scales, bitter, precipitated by tannin), alkaloid (from the root in minute quantity), scrophularosmin(stearopten), tannin, gum, pectin, resin, starch, salts. Properties.—Depu rati ye, vul nerary. MENTHA PIPERITA — PEPPERMINT. 283 CTIELOKE.—Balmony. Origin.—Chelone glabra, I Anne. Natural order, Scrophu- lariacese, Chelonese. Habitat.—North America, in wet places. Description.—Erect, smooth ; leaves short petiolate, oppo- site, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate; inflorescence spicate, terminal; corolla about 3 centimeters (li inches) long, white or pinkish, bilabiate, the upper lip arched, the mouth somewhat gaping; capsule two-celled; seeds many, winged ; inodorous, bitter. Constituents.—Bitter principle. Properties.—Tonic, laxative, anthelmintic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij in decoction. MENTHA PIPERITA.—Peppermint. Origin.—Mentha piperita, IAnne. Natural order, Labi- atse, Satureineae. Fig.176. Mentha piperita, Linn6, flowering tops. Habitat.—Wild in Asia, Europe, and North America; cultivated. 284 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Description.—The leaves and tops are collected. Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth; branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in terminal conical spikes, with a tubular, five-toothed, often purplish calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 short stamens; aromatic; taste pungent and cooling. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent., little tannin, resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of little terpene (boiling at 160° C.), of liquid C10HJ8O, and of crystalline menthol C10H20O. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, stronger than spearmint. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. MENTHA VIRIDIS.—Spearmint. Origin.—Mentha viridis, Linne. Natural order, Labi at ae, Satureinese. Habitat.—Wild in Europe and North America; culti- vated. Description.—The leaves and flowering tops are col- lected. Leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, serrate, glandular, nearly smooth ; branches quadrangular, mostly light green; flowers in terminal, interrupted, narrow, acute spikes, with a tubular sharply five-toothed calyx, a light purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 exserted or included stamens; aromatic and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil about l per cent., resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of C10H16 (boiling point 160° C.), and of carvol C10H14O. LYCOPUS—BUGLE. 285 Fig. 177. Fig. 178. Mentha viridis, Linne, flowering tops. Spearmint leaf, natural size. Properties.—Carminative stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. LYCOBUS.—Bugle. Origin.—Lycopus virginicus, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—North America, in moist shady places. Description.—Stem obtusely quadrangular, with slender runners; leaves about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, short- petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, toothed above, smooth ; flowers in axillary clusters, small, with a bluntly four-toothed calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and two fertile stam- ens; odor somewhat mint-like; taste bitter. Lycopus europseus, Linne, also indigenous to North America, has a sharply quadrangular stem, the leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid at the base, and a sharply five-toothed calyx. 286 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. Properties.—Astringent, tonic, sedative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. CUNILA.—Dittany. Origin.—Cunila Mariana, LinnS. Natural order, La- biatse, Satureinere. Habitat.—United States, in dry soil. Description —Stem thin ; leaves nearly sessile, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, ovate, serrate, subcordate; flowers in small cymes, with an ovate-tubular calyx, a two-lipped, pale purple corolla, and 2 exserted stamens; odor mint- like; taste pungent aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. HYSSOP US.—Hyssop. Origin.—Ilyssopus officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinere. Habitat.—Southern Europe; naturalized in the United States; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, wand-like; leaves sessile, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse; flowers in small clusters, with a flve-toothedcalyx, a two-lipped, purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil about per cent., bitter prin- ciple, tannin, etc. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion. ORI(lANUM.—Wild Marjoram. Origin.—Origanum vulgare, Linne. Natural order, Labiatai, Satureiuese. Habitat.—Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; natural- ized in North America. SERPYLLUM — WILD THYME. 287 Description. — Stem roundish, purplish, short-hairy, branched above; leaves petiolate, about 2 centimeters (| inch) long, roundish-ovate, obtuse, nearly entire, hairy beneath; flowers corymbose, with reddish bracts, a five- toothed calyx, a somewhat two-lipped, pale purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, light yellow, neutral, bitterish, not freely soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, contains oxygen), tannin, bitter prin- ciple, resin. Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion. MAJORANA.—Sweet Marjoram. Origin.—Origanum Majorana, I Anne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureineae. Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, subterete; leaves sessile above, about 15 millimeters (| inch) long, spatulate or obovate, obtuse, entire, gray-green, soft hairy; flowers in clusters, spicate, with a two-lipped calyx, a whitish, some- what two-lipped corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous sta- mens; fragrantly aromatic and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, readily solu- ble in alcohol). Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue, cephalic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-oj), in infusion. SERPYLLUM.—Wild Thyme. Origin.—Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Northern Asia, Europe ; naturalized in North America : cultivated. 288 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. Description.—Stem branched, pubescent; leaves short- petioled, about 6 millimeters inch) long, ovate, obtuse, entire ; flowers in small capitate spikes, with a two-lipped calyx, a purplish-spotted, somewhat two-lipped corolla, and four usually short stamens ; aromatic and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (about 0.5 per cent., spec. grav. 0.91, readily soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv—5j), in infusion. MELISSA.—Balm. Origin.—Melissa officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—Asia Minor, Southern Europe; naturalized in the United States ; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, pubescent ; leaves petiolate, ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obtuse or some- what acute, crenate-serrate, the base rounded or rather heart-shaped, somewhat hairy, glandular ; branches quad- rangular ; flowers in about four-flowered cymules, with a tubular bell-shaped five-toothed calyx, a whitish or purplish two-lipped corolla, and four didynamous stamens; fragrant, aromatic, and bitterish. Constituents.—Volatile oil \ per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, em- meuagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. H EDEOM A.—Penn yroyai,. Origin.—Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Natural order, Labiatse, Satureinese. Habitat.—North America, in sandy fields. Description.—Stem subterete, hairy; leaves opposite, short-petioled, about 12 millimeters (J inch) long, obloug- MONARDA — HORSEMINT. 289 ovate, obscurely serrate, glandular beneath ; flowers in small roundish axillary cymules, with a tubular-ovoid, two-lipped and five-toothed calyx, and a small pale-blue, pubescent, two-lipped corolla, containing two sterile and two fertile Fig. 179. Flower and corolla of hedeoma, magnified. exserted stamens; odor strong, mint-like; taste warm and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.94, readily solu- ble in alcohol, containing formic, acetic, and isoheptoic ethers, and hedeomol in two modifications (Kremers, 1887). / /operties. Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. MONARDA.—Horsemint. Origin.—Monarda punctata, Lirine. Natural order, Labiatse, Monardese. Habitat.—United States, iu sandy fields. Description.—Stem nearly simple; leaves petiolate, lanceo- late, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, somewhat toothed, glandular, nearly smooth ; flowers whorled, with sessile yellow and purple bracts, a tubular, downy, five- 290 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. toothed calyx, a prominent, two-lipped, pale yellow and purple-spotted corolla,and two stamens; aromatic,pungent, and bitterish. Fig. 180. Flower of monarda, magnified. Constituents.—Volatile oil, yellowish or reddish-brown, neutral, spec. gray. 0.92, readily soluble in alcohol. It contains about 50 per cent. C1UH16, 24 per cent, thymol, the alcohol C10II18O, and its formic, acetic, and butyric ethers. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, nervine, emmena- gogue. Pose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. OAT A RTA.—Catnep. Origin.—Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Natural order, La- biatse, Nepetese. Habitat.—Asia, Europe, naturalized in the United States. Description.—Stem branched, hairy, gray ; leaves petio- late, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, triangular-ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, grayish-green, and hairy; flowers in terminal panicles with an obliquely five-toothed calyx, a two-lipped, whitish, purple-spotted corolla, and 4 didy- namous stamens; it has a peculiar, somewhat mint-like odor, and a bitterish, aromatic, and pungent taste. MARRUBIUM — HOREHOUND. 291 Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin (?), bitter prin- ciple (crystalline, soluble in ether, acid reaction, not a glu- coside), sugar, gum, ash 12.5 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr xv-5j), in infusion. GLECHOMA.—Ground-ivy. Origin.—Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham (Glechoma heder- acea, LinnS). Natural order, Labiate, Nepetese. Habitat.—Europe, naturalized in the United States. Description. — Creeping, short-hairy ; leaves petiolate, round-reniform, erenate, nearly smooth ; flowers in axillary cymules; corolla blue or purplish, much longer than the calyx ; somewhat aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle, etc. Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). MARRUBIUM.—Horehound. Origin.—Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Natural order, Labiate, Stachydese. Habitat—Europe, Central Asia; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description.—Stem branched, white tomentose; leaves opposite, petiolate, roundish - ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, obtuse, coarsely crenate, downy above, white hairy beneath; flowers in dense axillary woolly whorls, with a stiffly ten-toothed calyx, a whitish bilabiate corolla and four included stamens; aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, tannin, resin, marrubiin (crystalline, soluble in ether, alcohol, and hot water, not precipitated by tannin, bitter). Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, resolvent, deobstruent, an- thelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—xxx), in infusion. 292 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—HERBS. SCUTELLARIA.—SKULECAr. Origin.—Scutellaria lateriflora, LinnS. Natural order, Labiahe, Stachydese. Habitat.—North America, in damp thickets. Description. — Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, smooth, branched ; leaves opposite, about 5 centi- meters (2 inches) long, petiolate, lance-ovate or ovate- oblong, serrate; flowers in axillary one-sided racemes; corolla pale blue; stamens 4, didynamous; calyx closed in fruit, upper lip helmet-shaped ; odor slight ; taste bitterish. The following species having a more decidedly bitter taste are sometimes collected ; they are indigenous to North America, and have a nearly simple stem and blue flowers; 8c. integrifolia, LinnS. Minutely hairy; leaves short- petioled, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, entire; racemes ter- minal. Sc. pilosa, LinnS. Hairy; leaves petiolate, rhombic- ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, creuate, in distant pairs ; racemes terminal. Sc. galericulata, LinnS. Nearly smooth; leaves short- petioled, lance-ovate, slightly cordate, crenately serrate; flowers axillary, single. Constituents. — Bitter principle (crystalline glucoside, soluble in ether), tannin (?), volatile oil (trace), sugar, ash 14 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, nervine, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 to 4 or 8 grams (5ss-j-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. LEONURUS.—Motherwort. Origin. — Leonurus Cardiaca, I/nine. Natural order, Labiate, Stachydese. Habitat.—North America, Europe, and Asia, in waste places. 293 MITCHELLA — SQUAW VINE. Description.—Erect, roughish; leaves petiolate, the lower ones roundish or heart-shaped, the upper ones oblong wedge-shaped, all palmately acutely seven to three-lobed; flowers in dense axillary cymules; calyx spinously five- toothed ; corolla exserted, rose-colored, upper lip bearded, lower lip dotted; stamens 4, didynamous; odor unpleasant; taste bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, bitter principle. Properties.—Pectoral, tonic, stimulant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss—j), in infusion. PLANTAGO.—Plantain. Origin. — Plantago lanceolata and P. major, LinnS. Natural order, Plantaginaceae. Habitat.—North America, along roadsides and in grassy places; introduced from Europe. Description.—Leaves all radical, petiolate, nerved, some- what toothed, more or less hairy, lanceolate, or of the second species ovate or elliptic; scape with a dense ovate-oblong or, in the second species, cylindrical spike; corolla whitish, membranous, salver-form, four-lobed ; stamens 4, exserted ; capsule few seeded; inodorous; somewhat bitter and astringent. Constituents.—Bitter principle, resin, wax, pectin, citrates, oxalates, ash 12 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringent, hemostatic; the seeds de- mulcent. MITCHELLA.—Squaw Vine. Origin.—Mitchella repens, Lin n e. Natural order, Ru- biacese, Anthospermese. Habitat.—North America, in woods. Description.—Evergreen, slender, creeping; leaves op- posite, petiolate, roundish-ovate, entire, smooth; flowers in pairs ; corolla salver-form, four-lobed, white or pink, bearded inside, fragrant; fruit a twin-berry, bright-red, four-seeded ; taste somewhat astringent and bitter. Constituents.—Saponin-like compound, principle precipi- 294 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. tated by tannin and picric acid, wax, resin, gum, sugar, albuminoids, ash 5.5 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, astringent, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j). GALIUM.—Cleavers. Origin.—Galium Aparine, Linne. Natural order, Ru- biacese, Galiese. Habitat.—Northern Hemisphere, in thickets. Description.—Stem weak, climbing, quadrangular, re- trorsely prickly; leaves.in whorls of 6 or 8, linear-oblan- ceolate, mucronate, margin and midrib rough; cymes loose and few flowered; corolla small, white, rotate, four-lobed; stamens 4 ; fruit two-seeded, covered with hooked bristles; inodorous; taste saline, somewhat astringent and bitter. Galium triflorum, Michaux, has whorls of 6 elliptic- lanceolate leaves, and becomes fragrant from coumarin on drying. Constituents.—Tannin, various salts. Properties.—Diuretic, refrigerant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. S A BB ATI A.—Sabbatia, Centaury. Origin.—Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, and S. paniculata, Pursh. Natural order, Gentianese, Chiron iese. Habitat.—United States, in dry fields. Description.—Stem branched above, winged, quadran- gular, about 60 centimeters (2 feet) high, smooth ; leaves opposite, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, clasping, ob- long-ovate, acute, entire, five-nerved, or (Sab. paniculata) linear-oblong, obtuse, and one-nerved ; corolla mostly rose- colored (S. paniculata whitish), wheel-shaped and five- parted ; stamens 5 ; inodorous, bitter. Sabbatia Elliottii, Strudel, quinine-flower, has leaves about 12 millimeters (| inch) long, varying between obovate and linear. Erythrsea Centaurium, Persoon. European centaury. Stem 30 centimeters (12 inches) high, leaves oval or ovate- CANNABIS INDICA—INDIAN HEMP, GUNJA. 295 oblong, obtuse, three- to five-nerved; otherwise resembling the preceding. Constituents.—Bitter principle, erythrocentaurin,C27H24Oa (tasteless, colored red by light). Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction. CIIIRETTA.—Coiretta. Origin.—Swertia Chirata, Wallich (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach, s. Agathotes Chirayta, Don). Natural order, Gentianese, Swertiese. Habitat.—Mountains of Northern India. Description.—Root nearly simple, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long; stem branched, nearly 1 meter (40 inches) long, slightly quadrangular above, with a narrow wood circle and thick pith; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, five-nerved ; flowers numerous, small, with a four-lobed calyx and corolla; the whole plant smooth, pale brown, inodorous, and intensely bitter. Constituents.—Ophelic acid, C13H20O10 (bitter, amorphous, viscid), chiratiu, C26H48015 (bitter, crystalline, precipitated by tannin, glucoside). Properties.—Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in infusion. Substitution.—Swertia angustifolia, Wallich, s. Ophelia angustifolia, Don, has the entire stem quadrangular and somewhat winged, and a less bitter taste; pith thin and often wanting. CANNABIS INDICA.—Indian Hemp, Gunja. Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Asia, collected in India. Description.—Oidy the flowering tops of the female 296 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—TOPS. plant are collected. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, compressed, brittle, branching, with few digitate leaves and lance-linear leaflets, and numerous sheathing and pointed bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, some- times with the nearly ripe fruit, the whole more or less agglutinated with a resinous exudation ; it has a brownish- green color, a peculiar narcotic odor, and a slightly acrid taste. Cannabis americana.—The hemp plant grown in the Southern United States. Stem 2 or 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) high, rough; leaves alternate above, petiolate, digitate, the leaflets linear-lanceolate, serrate ; staminate flowers in loose pedunculate clusters, forming compound racemes ; pistillate flowers small, mostly in pairs, axillary, sessile, bracteate and with two slender unequal styles; odor somewhat heavy ; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. Constituents.—Little volatile oil (mainly C10II16), brown amorphous resin, about 15 to 20 per cent., cannabinon (soft resin), choline. Choline (neurine) C5H15N02 is liquid, freely soluble in water and alcohol, yields with Mayer’s solution a yellow crystalline precipitate, and has a paralyz- ing action; it is Hay’s tetanocaunabine, and with alkalies gives trimethylamine (Siebold’s cannabinine) (E. Jahns, 1887). American hemp contains a small proportion of resin. Properties.—Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. Pose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), mostly as extract, 0.03 to 0.20 gram (gr. ss—i ij). 8. LEAFY TOPS.—CACUMINA, SUMMITATES. Among the herbs are included the tops of plants which are usually collected with flowers. The present division embraces a few drugs having imbricated leaves, and col- lected occasionally with the fruit, but never with the flowers. SABINA—SAVINE. 297 The plants yielding these drugs are trees of the natural order Coni ferae, group Cupressineae. Twigs quadrangular, oil-gland near the base of the Juniperus leaves. virginiana. the leaves with an oil-gland on the back. Sabina. Twigs two-edged, the flat leaves with a gland on the back. Thuja. JUNIPERUS VIRGINIAN A.—Red Cedar. Origin.—Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Natural order, Coni ferae, Cupressinese. Description.—About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, some- what quadrangular; leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millimeters (q inch) long, appressed, imbricated, lance-ovate or rhomboid, acute, the older ones much longer, sharply acute and spreading, on the back with a longitudinal furrow and near its base a circular or oblong gland; odor terebinthinate; taste balsamic, bitterish, and acrid. Ped- uncle of the galbulus (berry) erect. Constituents.—Volatile oil (chiefly C15H24, not readily soluble in alcohol), resin, tannin, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, less irritant than savine. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in powder or infusion. SABINA.—S a vine. Origin.—Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Natural order, Coniferie, Cupressinese. Habitat.—Siberia, Europe, Canada, and Northern United States. Description.—Short, thin, subquadrangular branchlets; leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millimeters (y inch) long, appressed, imbricated, rhombic-lanceolate, 298 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TOPS. the older ones longer, sharply acute and spreading, on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong or round- ish gland; odor terebinthinate; taste nauseous, resinous, and bitter. Galbulus (berry) if present, upon a recurved peduncle. Fig. 181. Sabina. Constituents.—volatile oil, chiefly C10H16, about 2 per cent., resin, tannin. The volatile oil C10H16 is of spec, grav. 0.91, and not readily soluble in alcohol. Properties.—Irritant, diuretic, hsemagogue, emmena- gogue, vermifuge. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv) in powder, infusion, or fluid extract. THUJA.—Arbor Vitm. Origin.—Thuja occidentalis, Linne. Natural order, Coni ferae, Cupressinese. Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States; culti- vated. Description.—Twigs flatfish, two-edged, pale green on the lower side, the scale-like leaves appressed in four rows, rhombic-ovate, obtusely pointed, the flat ones about 5 milli- FLOWERS AND PETALS. 299 meters inch) long, closely imbricate, and with a roundish gland near the apex; the others folded lengthwise, boat- shaped, about 4 millimeters Q- inch long) and mostly glandless; odor balsamic, somewhat terebinthinate; taste pungently aromatic, caraphoraceous, and bitter. Cupressus thyoides, Linne; like the preceding plant, often called white cedar, has similar twigs, but they are more slender, less flattened ; the leaves are 1.5 to 2 milli- meters (TV-rV inch) long, and the flat leaves have a longitudinal groove on the back. Constituents.—Volatile oil about 1 per cent, (readily soluble in alcohol, contains 0), resin, tannin, pinipicrin, C22Hi8Ou (yellow, bitter), thujin, C20H22O12 (crystalline, astringent, dark green with ferric salts). Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, irritant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion and fluid extract. 9. FLOWERS AND PETALS—FLORES ET PETALA. Flowers contain the male or female, or both kinds, organs of reproduction, surrounded by two circles of modified leaves, of which those of the inner circle, the petals forming the corolla, very generally have a color differing from green, while those of the outer circle, the sepals forming the calyx, mostly have a green color. The modified leaves of these two whorls are sometimes of the same shape and color, or one of the whorls is entirely wanting; in both these cases they, whether green or of a different color, are called perianth or perigone. The flowers of some plants are placed close together upon a common receptacle, and such a head is surrounded by one or more whorls of modified, frequently scale-like leaves called the involucre, a term 300 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS which is also employed to designate the whorl of modified leaves found outside of* the calyx of each flower in certain plants. The male organs of reproduction, or stamens, consist each of a filament which is usually thin and filiform, and bears at its apex the mostly two-celled anther; in the cells of the latter the pollen is contained. The female organ of reproduction consists of one or more ovules inclosed by one or more carpels (modified leaves) forming the ovary, and frequently prolonged above into a style bearing the stigma. In the absence of the style, the stigma is attached to the ovary, and is said to be sessile. The shortened axis upon which the organs of reproduction are attached is the torus, also called the receptacle. The footstalk of a flower is called the peduncle, and its branches, the pedicels. Classification. I. Buds, unexpanded flowers. Calyx superior, four-cleft. Caryophyllus. Small heads with an imbricated involucre. Santonica. II. Expanded flowers and petals. 1. Petals distinct; corolla polypetalous. Calyx inferior, corolla white, ovary one. Aurantium. Inflorescence cymose; the peduncle partly united with a leafy bract. Tilia. Inflorescence paniculate; sepals 5, reddish; petals small. Brayera. Petals numerous, clawed, rose-colored, Eosa centifolia. deep red. Eosa gallica. Petals short-clawed, dull purple, with a black spot. Ehoeas. Petals with the claws attached to the column of filaments; involucre six-cleft. Althaea rosea, involucre tliree-leaved. Malva. 2 Petals united; corolla gamopetalous. Flowers compound, rays white; receptacle conical, hollow; pappus none. Matricaria, rays white, in many rows; receptacle conical, not hollow; pappus a short crown. Anthemis. rays whitish or rose-colored, receptacle convex : pappus a short crown. Pyrethri flores. CARYOPHYLLUS—CLOVES. 301 rays yellow; pappus bristly. Arnica, akenes curved, pappus none. Calendula. Florets tubular, five-lobed, brownish-red. Carthamus. Flowers not compound; corolla whitish, wheel- shaped, five-lobed. Sambueus. corolla wheel-shaped, five-lobed, yellow. Verbascum. corolla blue, two-lipped; calyx blue-gray, five- toothed. Lavandula. CARYOPHYLLUS.—Cloves. Origin.—Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg (Caryophyl- lus aromaticus, Linne). Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrteae. Habitat.—-Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—About 12 millimeters (f inch) long, dark brown, consisting of a subcylindrical, solid, and glandular Fig. 182. Fig. 183. Caryophyllus.—a. Natural size. b. Longitudinal section magnified. Clove.—-Transverse section, magnified 15 diameters. calyx-tube, containing near its apex the two-celled, several ovuled ovary, and terminated by four obtuse teeth; it is surmounted by a globular head, formed by four glandular 302 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. petals, which cover numerous curved stamens and one style, the latter situated in the centre, and the former near the base of an elevated disk. Cloves contain numerous oil- glands under the epidermis, emit oil when scratched, and have a strong aromatic odor and a pungent, spicy taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil 18 per cent., tannin 13 per cent., gum 13 per cent., resin 6 per cent, (tasteless), wax, caryophyllin, C10H16O (white, tasteless needles, blood-red with sulphuric acid), eugenin, C10H12O2 (pearly scales from distillate, colored red by nitric acid). The volatile oil is readily soluble in alcohol, and consists of a hydrocarbon, CjoHjg, spec. grav. 0.91, and eugenol or eugenic acid, C10H12O2, a colorless oil, spec. grav. 1.076. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, antiemetic. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), in powder; mostly used as a condiment. SANTONICA.—Santonica, Levant Wormseed. Origin.—Artemisia maritima, Linne, var. Stechmanniana, Besser. Natural order, Composite, Anthemidese Habitat.—Turkestan. Fig. 184. Santonica —Head and longitudinal section, magnified 10 diam. Description.—Unexpanded flower-heads, oblong-ovoid, about 2 millimeters (y inch) long, obtuse, smooth, some- AURANTII FLORES—ORANGE FLOWERS. 303 what glossy, grayish-green, after exposure to light brownish- green, with an involucre of about 18 imbricated ovate or oblong glandular scales, inclosing 4 or 5 rudimentary florets; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphoraceous; taste aromatic and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 per cent, (contains cineol C10H18O), santonin 1J-2 per cent., resin, gum, etc. San- tonin, C15H1803, is white crystalline, nearly insoluble in cold water, colored yellow in sunlight, forms with alkalies bitter soluble compounds. Cold nitric acid dissolves it without color; the colorless solution in sulphuric acid gradually turns red Santonin has been adulterated with boric acid, salicin, and strychnine. Properties.—Stimulant, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, or electuary ; santonin, 0.016 to 0.06 gram (gr. £-j), in powder or troches. AURANTII FLORES.—Orange Flowers. Origin.—Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aurantium, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantieae. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Fig. 185. Orange flowers, natural size; unexpanded,petals removed, and section. Description.—The partly expanded flowers are collected and mostly used in the fresh state. About 15 millimeters 304 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. (| inch) long ; calyx small, cup-shaped, five-toothed ; petals 5, oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, white, and glandular punctate; stamens numerous with the filaments united near the base, in about three sets; ovary globular, about ten-celled, situated upon a small disk, with a cylindrical style and globular stigma; odor very fragrant; taste aromatic, somewhat bitter. Dried flowers are brownish. When it is desirable to keep fresh orange flowers for some time, they may be preserved by being well mixed with half their weight of chloride of sodium. Constituents.—Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, fluorescent with alcohol), mucilage, bitter extractive. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodic; used for pre- paring orange-flower water. TILIA.—Linden Flowers. Origin.—Tilia americana, Unite, and T. heterophylla, Ventenat. Natural order, Tiliacese, Tilieae. Hatitat.—North America. Description.—Cymes varying between about seven- and thirty-flowered, the long peduncle partly united to an oblong-lanceolate bract, which is about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, and 12 millimeters (| inch) wide; calyx five-parted; petals 5, yellowish, notched at the base with a large scale; stamens numerous, hypogynous, in 5 groups united with the petaloid scales; ovary five-celled; stigma five-lobed ; odor agreeable, taste sweet, mucilaginous. Tilia ulmifolia, Scopoli, indigenous to Europe, cultivated in the United States, lias about seven-flowered cymes and the petals without scales. The cymes of T. platyphylla, Scopoli, are mostly three-flowered. Constituents.—Volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin. Properties.—Diaphoretic, stimulant, lenitive. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). BRAYERA—KOOSSO. 305 BRAY E R A.—Koosso. Origin.—Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth (Hageuia abys- siniea, Willdenow). Natural order, Rosacese, Poteriese. Habitat.—Abyssinia. Description.—The female inflorescence is collected. In rolls, or compressed bundles, consisting of panicles about Fig. 186. Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth.—A. Branch of panicle. B. Staminate flower, and C. pistillate flower, magnified 4 diam. 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, with a sheathing bract at the base of each branch; the two roundish bracts at the 306 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. base of each flower and the five obovate outer sepals are of a reddish color, membranous, and veiny; calyx top-shaped, hairy, inclosing two ovate-oblong and pointed carpels or nutlets; odor slight tea-like; taste bitter and nauseous. Constituents.—Tannin 24 per cent., bitter acrid resin per cent., tasteless resin, little volatile oil, ash about 5 per cent. Kosin or Koussin is yellow, crystalline, tasteless, fusible, insoluble in water; said to be nearly inert when pure. Properties.—Anthelmintic, tsenifuge. Dose, 16 to 24 or 32 grams (oiv-yj-.yj), in powder or electuary. ROSA CENTIFOLIA.—Pale Rose. Origin,—Rosa centifolia, Linn e. Natural order, Rosa- ce?e, Rosese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description,—The petals are collected. Roundish-obo- vate and refuse, or obcordate, pink, fragrant, sweetish, slightly bitter, and faintly astringent. When it is desirable to keep fresh pale rose for some time, it should be preserved by being intimately mixed with one-half its weight of chloride of sodium, pressing the mixture into a suitable jar, and keeping it in a cool place. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin (quercitrin ?), malates, etc. Oil of rose is obtained from Rosa damascena, Miller. Properties.—Mild carminative; used for preparing rose- water. ROSA GALLICA.—Red Rose. Origin. — Rosa gallica, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- cese, Rosese. Habitat.—Asia Minor and Southern Europe; cultivated. ALTHAEA ROSEA—HOLLYHOCK. 307 Description.—The petals are collected before the flowers are expanded. Small cones, consisting of numerous im- bricated, roundish, retuse, deep purple-colored, yellow- clawed petals, having a roseate odor and a bitterish, slightly acidulous, and distinct astringent taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, quer- citrin. Properties.—Tonic, mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in powder, confection, or infusion. RHCEAS.—Red Poppy. Origin.—Papaver Rhceas, Linne. Natural order, Papa- veraceae, Papavereae. Habitat.—Asia and Europe, in fields. Description.—Petals roundish, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, somewhat shorter, below contracted into a short blackish claw, thin, brownish-purple (fresh scarlet- red) ; odor slight; taste mucilaginous and bitterish. Constituents.—Rhceadine a trace, rhceadic and papaveric acids (red coloring matters), gum, etc. Properties. — Demulcent, mildly anodyne, used chiefly for coloring mixtures. ALTHHEA ROSEA.—Hollyhock. Origin.—Althaea (Alcea, Linne) rosea, Cavanilles. Natu- ral order, Malvaceae, Malveae. Habitat.—Western Asia, cultivated in gardens. Description.—Involucre six-cleft, shorter than the five- cleft calyx, the lobes lance-ovate, stellately hairy; corolla 7 to 10 centimeters (3-4 inches) broad, in cultivation often double, the five petals broadly obovate, retuse or notched at the apex, the claws attached to the base of the column formed by the united numerous filaments; the color varies from white to deep red and purple, and becomes deeper on 308 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. drying; odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous, some- what astringent. Constituents.—Mucilage, tannin, coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. M ALYA.—Mallow. Origin.—Malva sylvestris, Linne. Natural order, Mal- vaceae, Malveae. Habitat.—Europe, introduced in North America. Descriptio7i.—Involucre three-leaved, hairy ; calyx five- cleft, hairy; petals five, 2 centimeters (|- inch) long, ob- cordate, the claws attached to the base of the column formed by the united numerous filaments; the color is rose-red or purplish with darker veins, after drying blue; odor slight, taste mucilaginous, sweetish. Constituents.—Mucilage, coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent, emollient. MATRICARIA.—German Chamomile. Origin.—Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Anthemideae. Habitat.—Europe and Western Asia. Description.—About 12 millimeters (| inch) broad; in- volucre tiattish, imbricated, the scales oblong, obtuse, and with a scarious margin; receptacle conical, pitted, hollow, naked; ray florets about 15, white, ligulate, three-toothed, pistillate, reflexed, about 8 millimeters (J inch) long; disk florets numerous, yellow, tubular, perfect, about three milli- meters (| inch) long; akenes oblong, without pappus; strongly aromatic and bitter. The similar flower-heads of Anthemis arvensis, Linn and Maruta Cotula, De Candolle, have a conical chaffy re- ceptacle. ANTHEMIS — CHAMOMILE. 309 Constituents.—A7olatile oil J per cent, (dark blue, soluble in alcohol), authentic acid (bitter needles), anthemidin (taste- less), extractive, little tannin, malates, etc. Fig. 187. Matricaria.—a. Flower-head. b. Involucre, c. Receptacle and involucre. d. Longitudinal section of receptacle, with disk florets, e. Ray floret. f. Disk floret, g. Stamens and style of disk floret. Properties.—Stimulant, mild tonic, carminative, nervine, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. ANTHEMIS—Chamomile. Origin.—Anthemis nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Com- posite, Anthem idee. Habitat.—Southern and Western Europe; cultivated. Description. — Collected from cultivated plants. The wild-grown flower-heads have about 15 ray florets in one row; the cultivated plants have the tubular disk florets mostly transformed into ligulate florets. Subglobular, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad ; involucre hemispher- ical, imbricated, the scales ovate-oblong and with a scarious margin; receptacle solid, conical, densely chaffy; ray florets numerous, white, pistillate, strap-shaped, three-toothed; disk florets few, yellow, tubular; akenes abovate with a 310 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. short crown. Odor strong and pleasant ; taste aromatic, bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil (nearly 1 per cent., blue, green, or yellow, spec. grav. 0.90, soluble in alcohol, con- Fig. 188. Anthemis nobilis.—Ray and disk floret, magnified 4 diam. Section through single flower-head. tains isobutylic and isamylic ethers), bitter principle (an- themic acid ?), resin, little tannin, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, touic, carminative, nervine, em- menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion or fluid extract. PYRETHRI FLORES.—Insect Flowers. Origin.—1. Chrysanthemum (Pyrethrum, Treviranus) cinerarisefolium, Visiani; 2. Chrys. (Pyrethrum, Bieber- stein) roseum and C. carneurn, Weber. Natural order, Compositie, Anthemidese. Habitat.—1. Dalmatia. 2. Western Asia. Description.—Depressed roundish, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) broad; involucre hemispherical, imbricate, the scales obtuse, brownish with a whitish scarious margin ARNICA — ARNICA FLOWERS. 311 (No. 1), or greenish and with a red-brown scarious margin (No 2); receptacle somewhat convex, naked ; ray florets about 20, whitish (No. 1) or rose colored (No. 2), ligulate, three-toothed, pistillate ; disk florets yellow, tubular, five- toothed, perfect; akenes obovate with a short scarious, somewhat toothed crown; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resinous principles, glucoside. Properties.—Insecticide; externally as powder or tinc- ture. The Dalmatian insect flowers collected shortly after expansion are considered the most effectual. A RNIOA.—Arnica Flowers. Origin.—Arnica montana, Linne. Natural order, Com- positte, Seneeionidese.' Habitat.—Europe, Northern Asia, and Northwestern America, in mountainous districts. Description.—Depressed roundish, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) broad; involucre fiattish, hairy, the scales lanceo- Fin. 189. Arnica montana.—Ray and disk floret. late, acute, in two rows; receptacle nearly flat, pitted, and hairy; ray florets about 16, yellow, strap-shaped, about 3 312 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. centimeters (1J inches) long,veined, three-toothed, pistillate ; disk florets numerous, yellow, about 18 millimeters (f inch) long, five-toothed, tubular, perfect; akenes slender, spindle- shaped, crowned with a hairy pappus; feebly aromatic; acrid and bitter; the dust sternutatory. Some pharmacopoeias direct the removal of the involucre with the receptacle, which frequently contains the larvae of an insect (Trypeta). Constituents.—Volatile oil (a trace, butyraceous), resin, arnicin (amorphous, yellow, acrid, easily soluble in alcohol and ether). Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, irritant. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in infusion; mostly used externally as tincture. CALENDULA.-—Marigold. Origin.—Calendula officinalis, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Calendulaceae. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Flower-heads about 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, with the involucral scales in two rows, lanceolate, acute, hairy, and equal; a flat and naked receptacle, yellow florets, and incurved, muricate akenes without pappus; the disk florets tubular, five-toothed, and staminate; the ray florets in one or occasionally in several rows, pistillate, ligulate, about 18 millimeters (f inch) long, veined, and three-toothed ; odor slightly narcotic ; taste bitter, somewhat saline. Frequently the strap-shaped ray florets alone are collected. Constituents.—Amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yellow ealendulin, sugar, gum, etc. Substitutions.—The flower-heads of Tagetes erecta and Tag. patula, Linne, cultivated as French or African mari- SAMBUCUS—ELDER. 313 gold, have a tubular involucre, yellow or variegated broad ray florets, and straight slender flatfish akenes with a chaffy pappus. Propei'tics.—Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, tincture, or extract. CARTHAMUS.—Safflower. Origin.—Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Cynaroidese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Description.—The tubular florets are collected. Cylin- drical, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) long, five-lobed ; lobes nearly linear; tube of the anthers protruding from the throat, and surmounted by the two cleft style ; brownish- red ; odor slight; taste insipid, bitterish. Constituents.—Carthamin (red-brown, with metallic lustre, insoluble in ether), mucilage, etc. Properties—Diaphoretic, tonic, laxative. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion. SAMBUCUS.—Elder. Origin.—Sambucus canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Caprifoliacese, Sambucese. Habitat.—North America, in damp places. Description.—In large corymbose five-rayed cymes; calyx half-superior, minutely five-toothed ; ovary three-celled, three-ovuled, and with 3 sessile stigmas; corolla cream- colored, after drying yellowish, wheel-shaped, five-lobed, and on the short tube with five stamens; of a peculiar fragrance and mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste. Elder should be collected in dry weather, rapidly dried, and deprived of the stalks. The inflorescence and flowers of Sambucus nigra, Linne, the European elder, closely resemble the preceding. 314 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FLOWERS. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, little resin, mucilage, sugar, etc. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion. VERBASCUM.—Mullein. Origin.—1. Verbascum phlomo'ides, Linne. 2. V. thap- siforme, Schrader. 3. V. Thapsus, Linne. Natural order, Scrophulariacese, Vcrbascese. Habitat.—Europe, in fields; No. 3 naturalized in North America. Description.—The five-lobcd calyx is often rejected. Corolla wheel-shaped, 25 to 38 millimeters (1 to 1J inches) broad; lobes five, roundish-obovate, bright yellow,smooth above, stellately hairy beneath ; stamens in the short tube five, three filaments white-woolly and two naked; the corolla of No. 3 about 12 millimeters (J inch) broad ; odor slight, honey-like; taste mucilaginous and sweet. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, etc. Properties.—Demulcent, pectoral. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). LAVANDULA.—Lavender. Origin.—Lavandula vera, I)e Candolle. Natural order, Labiatse, Ocimoidese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Bracts rhombic-ovate, pointed, brownish, and glandular; calyx tubular,about 4 millimeters (J- inch) long, blue-gray, hairy and glandular, five-toothed, the upper tooth largest and roundish-rhomboid ; corolla violet- blue, about 10 millimeters (| inch) long, hairy and glandular on the outside, tubular, and two-lipped, the upper lip two- lobed, the lower lip three-lobed; stamens four, didynamous, short, on the corolla-tube; odor fragrant; taste bitterish aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous. FRUITS—FRUCTUS. 315 Constituents.—Volatile oil 1J to 3 per cent., resin, little tannin. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 0.90, dissolves readily in alcohol, and is very fragrant; distilled from the leaves and stalks the odor is more rank. Fig. 190. Lavender flower and corolla, magnified 4 diam. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, nervine, errhine. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion, but rarely used internally. 10. FRUITS.—FRUCTUS. The fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower, and consists of the pericarp or fruit-integuments inclosing one or more seeds. The outer layer of the pericarp is called epicarp or exocarp, the inner layer endocarp. A middle layer, the mesocarp or sarcocarp, is present in many, particularly the fleshy, fruits. Fruits are crowned with the style or its remnants, or are marked with a scar where the style had been attached; a second scar is found at the base of the fruit, where it had been connected with the foot-stalk or attached to the floral axis. 316 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. With few exceptions, the officinal fruits consist of fructified single pistils; the exceptions are two aggregate fruits (staranise and raspberry), composed of several separate carpels belonging to one flower; one anthocarpous fruit (rose hip), composed of a fleshy receptacle inclosing several akenes; and a few collective fruits, produced by the aggre- gation of several or many flowers. Sect. 1. Collective fruits. Berry-like, containing three seeds with oil-glands. Juniperus. Cylindrical spikes of numerous coalesced berry- like fruits; peppery. Piper longum. Oblong-conical spikes; fleshy, sweet, and acidu- lous. Morus. Glandular strobiles with akenes at the base of the leafy bracts. Hum ulus. Pear-shaped fleshy receptacle with numerous akenes upon the inner surface. Ficus. Sect. 2. Fruits of single flowers. I. Pitcher-shaped fleshy receptacle containing akenes. Rosa eanina. II. Small drupes and berries, about the size of pep- per; superior. Ten-celled, ten-seeded, with a dark purple juice. Phytolacca. Four celled, four-seeded, with a convex inferior Rhamnus disk. cathartica. One-celled, one-seeded, bright red, woolly. Rhus glabra, black, globular, pericarp prolonged into a stalk. Cubeba. unstalked, the undeveloped embryo in a central cavity. Piper nigrum, whitish, globular, veined, not hollow. Piper album. III. Inferior drupaceous fruits. Globular, brown, two-celled, two-seeded. Pimenta. Oval-oblong, dark brown, two-celled, each cell with Caryophylli one or two seeds. . fructus. IV. Superior drupes. Roundish-reniform, blackish, seed semilunar, bitter. Cocculus. Classification. FRUITS—FRUCTUS. Flattish-reniform, brown, nut-like, sarcocarp Anacardium caustic. occidentale. Flattish-ovate, blackish, nut-like, sarcocarp caustic. Anacardium orientale. Somewhat five-angled, orange- or blackish-brown, very astringent. Myrobalanus. Oblong, dark blue, glaucous, sweet. Prunum. Hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of many small drupes. Rubus idams. V. Superior berries. Globular, acidulous, sweet, few-seeded. Uva passa. six-celled, six-seeded, very astringent. Diospyros. ten-celled, many seeded, very aromatic. Aurantium. twelve-celled, many-seeded, pulp hard, muci- laginous. Bela. Oval, with a nipple-shaped apex; pulp very acid. Limon. Oblong, two-celled, many-seeded, burningly acrid. Capsicum. VI. Inferior berries. Pulp white, spongy, separable into three many- seeded cells. Cotocynth. VII. Capsular fruits, superior. Cylindrical, with numerous transverse partitions containing a sweet pulp. Cassia fistula. Broadly linear; internally fleshy, sweet. Ceratonia. Subglobose; stigmas sessile, radiating; seeds numer- ous, parietal. Papaver. Small utricle: seed lenticular, black, glossy. Chenopodium. Capsules 3, two-valved; seeds 1 or 2, black. Xanthoxylum. Follicles 8, stellate, one-seeded, aromatic. Illicium. VIII. Capsular fruits, inferior. Triangular-ovate, three-celled; pericarp dry, taste- less; seeds spicy. Cardamomum. Long-linear, subtriangular, fleshy, one-celled, many-seeded, aromatic. Vanilla. IX. Akenes. Grayish-yellow, grooved; pericarp and testa coalesced. Hordei fructus. Brown-gray and black, roughish, somewhat curved. Lappa; fructus. glossy, straight; the oblique apex margined. Silybum. Greenish-gray, veined, glossy. Cannabis. X. Cremocarps; fruits of umbelliferce. Coelospermous, globular, 2 vittse in each mericarp. Coriandrum. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Campy lospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, vittse none. Conium. Orthospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, hairy, each mericarp about 15 vittse. Anisum. ovate, laterally compressed, smooth, each meri- carp 12 vittse. Apium. smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse. Petroselinum rough, each mericarp 6 vittse. Ajowan. oblongterete, smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs obtuse, prominent. Foeniculum. ribs obtuse, thin. Phellandrium. oblong, laterally compressed, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs 9, rough. Cuminum. ribs 5, smooth. Carum. oblong, dorsally compressed, each mericarp 6 vittse, ribs 5, smooth. Anethum. ribs 9, bristly. Carota. XI. Parts of fruits. Pericarp leathery, glandular, orange-colored. Aurantii cortex, yellow. Limonis cortex, very hard, with adhering mucilaginous pulp. Bela (see Fruits). brittle, brown, crowned with calyx. Granati fructus cortex. Pulp acidulous, red-brown, with flat, subquad- rangular, glossy seeds. Tamarindus. JUNIPERUS.—Juniper. Origin.—Juniperus communis, Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Cupressinese. Habitat.—Northern hemisphere. Description. — Nearly globular, about 8 millimeters (J inch) in diameter; dark purplish, with a bluish-gray bloom, at the apex with a three-rayed furrow, and at the base usually with one or two whorls of three small brown- ish scales ; internally pulpy, greenish-brown, with oil cells, and containing three ovate somewhat triangular bony seeds with several large oil glands on the surface; odor aromatic; taste sweet, balsamic, bitterish, and slightly acrid. PIPER LONGUM—LONG PEPPER. 319 The pulpy portion is produced from the coalesced three scales forming the upper whorl of the pistillate catkin. The galbulus ripens in the second year. Fig. 191. Juniperus.—Fertile catkin and longitudinal section. Galbulus, and trans- verse section. Seed, and longitudinal section. Constituents.—Volatile oil \ to 2| per cent., sugar 15 to 30 per cent., resins 10 per cent., yellowish juniperin, wax, fat, mucilage, ash 4 per cent. Oil of juniper berries is color- less, of about the specific gravity 0.88, levogyre, slightly soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, fulminates with iodine, and has the composition C10H16. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, externally used as an anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion, the concentrated juice, distilled water, and spirit, etc. PIPER LONGUM.—Long Pepper. Origin. — 1. Piper (Chavica, Miquel) offieinarum, I)e Candolle, and, 2. Piper longum, Linne (Chavica Rox- burghii, Miquel). Natural order, Pipe raceme, Piperese. 320 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Habitat.—1. Java and other East Indian islands; 2. Bengal and Philippine Islands. Description. — Spikes of the coalesced, immature, but full-grown fruit, about 35 millimeters (1| inches) long, and 5 millimeters Q- inch) thick, cylindrical, uneven, dusty, blackish-gray; the numerous fruits spirally arranged, each crowned with remnant of style; odor and taste like black pepper. Bengal long pepper is darker colored and shorter, 20 to 25 millimeters (|- to 1 inch) long. Constituents, Properties, and Uses.—Same as those of black pepper. M ORU S.—Mulberry. Origin.—Morns rubra, LinnS. Natural order, Urti- cacere, Morese. Habitat.—Uuited States, in woods. Description.—Dense spikes of the coalesced perianths, inclosing the lenticular nutlets; oblong-conical, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, dark purple, fleshy and juicy, each fruit crowned with two filiform styles; juice deep purplish-red, sweet and acidulous. Morns nigra, Linne, has a shorter ovate or oblong fruit, resembling the preceding. The fruit of Moms alba, LinnS, is white, reddish, or blackish, sweet, scarcely acidulous. Constituents.—Sugar about 10 per cent., pectin, citrates, malates, etc. Properties.—Refrigerant; used for flavoring mixtures. HUMULUS.—Hops. Origin.—Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone; cultivated. Description.—Ovate, about 3 centimeters (1£ inches) long, consisting of a thin, hairy, undulated axis, and many obliquely ovate membranous greenish scales, which are in the upper part reticulately veined, and toward the base FICUS —FIG. parallel-veined, glandular, aud surrounding a subglobular akene; odor aromatic; taste bitter, aromatic, and slightly astringent. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.8 per cent., resin 9—18, asparagin, choline (see Cannabis), tannin 8-4, ash 7-10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter virtues reside in the glands. (See Lupulinum.) Properties.—Tonic, sedative, anodyne. Dose, 2 to 20 grams (5ss-v), in infusion or tincture; externally as fomen- tation and poultice. FICUS.—Fig. Origin.—Ficus Carica, Linne. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Artocarpeae. Habitat. — Western Asia; cultivated in subtropical countries. Fig. 192. Ficus Carica, Limit.—a. Section of fig. b. Staminate, c. Pistillate flowers. 322 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. Description.—Compressed, of irregular shape, fleshy, covered with an efflorescence of sugar, of a sweet fruity odor and very sweet mucilaginous taste. When softened in water, figs are pear-shaped, with a scar or short stalk at base, and a small scaly orifice at apex, near which the staminate flowers are situated ; hollow internally, the inner surface covered with numerous yellowish, hard akenes. Figs consist of the fleshy receptacle, which in the unripe state contains an acrid milk-juice. Constituents.—Akenes and cellular tissue 15, water 16, sugar 62 per cent., gum, fat, and salts. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used internally as dietetic; externally as poultice. ROSA CANINA.—Hips. Cynosbata. Origin.—Rosa canina, LinnS. Natural order, Rosacea?, Rosese. Habitat. —E urope. Description. — Pitcher-shaped, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) long, bright red, glossy, fleshy, inner surface bristly, nearly inodorous, and of a sweetish, acidulous somewhat astringent taste. Hips consist of the receptacle (or calyx-tube), are crowned with the five sepals or their remnants, and inclose a number of brown hairy akenes. For medicinal use the akenes and hairs are removed. Constituents.—Malic acid 7-8, citric acid 2-3, sugar 30, gum 25 per cent., tannin a trace, etc. Properties.—Refrigerant, mild astringent,diuretic; used as a dietetic and as an excipient in the form of confection. PHYTOLACCA BACCA.—Pokebeery. Origin.—Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Natural order, Phytolaccacere, Euphytolaccese. Habitat.—North America; naturalized in Europe. RHAMNUS CATHARTICA—BUCKTHORN. Description.—Depressed globular,dark purple, compound berry about 8 millimeters inch) in diameter, composed of 10 carpels, each containing one lenticular black seed; juice purplish-red ; inodorous, sweet, slightly acrid. Constituents —Sugar, gum, coloring matter (turned yellow by alkalies and bleached by sunlight), phytolaccic acid (brownish, amorphous, acrid, precipitated by lead subace- tate, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform and glycerin). Properties.—Alterative, laxative, emetic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, or the expressed juice in dose of half to one teaspoonful. RH A MNUS CATHARTIC A.—Buckthorn. Origin. — Rhamnus (Cervispina, Moench) cathartica, LinnL Natural order, Rhamnese. Habitat—Europe ancl Northern Asia; naturalized in North America. Description.—Globular, and, after drying, deeply wrin- kled, about 5 millimeters (4- inch) in diameter; purplish- brown or black, at the base with a convex disk, and a fragile peduncle; fleshy, with a brownish-green pulp and juice; endoearp parchment-like, four-celled, and four- seeded ; the seeds dark brown, triangular convex, furrowed on the back; odor slight, unpleasant; taste disagreeable, bitter, and acrid. Constituents.—Rhamnocathartiu (amorphous, yellowish), rhamnin (yellowish granules, tasteless, olive-green by ferric salts, yields isodulcit and bright yellow rhamnetin), sugar, gum, tannin; ash about 3 per cent. Properties.—Cathartic; the expressed juice made into syrup in doses of 10 to 20 grams (f5ij-v). The juice of the green fruit treated with lime or alumina yields sap- green. Allied Drugs.—French berries from Rhamnus infectoria, Linne, and Persian berries from Rhamnus saxatilis, Linne, and other species of Rhamnus are collected unripe, resemble 324 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. buckthorn berries, but are less wrinkled, internally yellow- ish, from two- to four-seeded, contain chrysorhamnin and rhamnoxanthin, and are employed for dyeing yellow. RHUS GLABRA.—Sumach. Origin. — Rhus glabra, LinnS. Natural order, Ana- cardiacese, Anacardiese. Habitat.—North America, in barren soil. Description.—Subglobular, about 3 millimeters Q- inch) in diameter, drupaceous, crimson, densely hairy, containing a roundish-oblong, smooth putamen; inodorous; taste acidulous. Constituents.—Acid calcium and potassium malates, tan- nin, coloring matter, etc. Properties. — Refrigerant, diuretic, astringent; used mostly as gargle in decoction or fluid extract. CUBEBA.—CUBEB. Origin.—Piper Cubeba, LinnS films (Cubeba officinalis, Miquel). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. Habitat.—Java ; cultivated. Description.—Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 to 5 millimeters Q-—5- inch) in diameter, contracted at the base into a stipe about 6 to 8 millimeters Q-'i inch) long, reticu- lately wrinkled, blackish-gray, the mesoearp with numer- ous oil cells; internally whitish and hollow, containing a partly developed depressed globular seed with oil cells and starch granules; odor strong spicy; taste pungently aro- matic. Cubeb should not be mixed with the nearly inodorous rachis or stalks. Recently the drug often contained a con- siderable proportion of immature shrivelled cubebs. PIPER— BLACK PEPPER. 325 Allied Fruits.—Cubeba Lowong, Miquel, and C. Wal- lichii, Miquel. Closely resembling cubeb. Piper (Cubeba, Miquel) caninum, Dietrich. The stipe is half the length of the globular portion. Piper (Cubeba, Miquel) crassipes, Korthals. Fruit larger than cubeb; pedicel stout and flattish ; odor agreeable; taste bitter. False cubebs of unknown origin. Fruit strongly wrin- kled, gray-brown, odor macelike; stalk flattened 4 to 6 millimeters (|—J inch) long, about equal to diameter of fruit. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 15 per cent., resin 3 per cent., cubebic acid 1 to 3 per cent., cubebin, fat, wax, starch, ash 5-6 per cent. Oil of cubeb is colorless, of spec. grav. 0.92, not freely soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, levogyre, not fulminating with iodine, of composition C15II24, colored red by warm H2S04. Cubeb resin is amorphous, not pre- cipitated by alcoholic solution of lead acetate. Cubebic acid is more readily soluble in simple solvents, is precipi- tated by lead acetate, amorphous, some of its salts crystal- line. Cubebin is white, pearly, crystalline, inodorous, its alcoholic solution bitter. The three last-mentioned com- pounds are colored red by sulphuric acid. Properties.—Stimulant, local irritant, carminative (vola- tile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic acid). Dose, 1 to 8 grams (gr. xv-5ij), in powder, fluid extract, or oleoresin. PI PEE.—Black Pepper. Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne. Natural order, Pipera- cese, Piperese. Habitat.—India; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 milli- meters (|- inch) in diameter, retieu lately wrinkled, brown - 326 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. ish-black or grayish-black, the mesocarp with scattered oil cells; internally lighter, hollow, with a partly developed em- bryo ; aromatic and of a spicy hot taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 2 per cent., piperine 6 to 8 per cent., volatile alkaloid (probably piperidine) 0.56 per cent., soft, pungent resin or chavicin (soluble in alkalies, alcohol, and ether), fat 7 per cent., proteids 12 per cent., starch in very small granules, ash 5 percent. Volatile oil of pepper is colorless, not pungent, of composition C10II16. Commercial oil of black pepper (so called) contains the pungent resin and fat, and is obtained as a by-product in the preparation of piperine. The latter is C17H19N03, forms colorless or yellowish prisms, is inodorous, of a slowly developed peppery taste, colored blood-red by H2S04, and by alcoholic solution of alkalies decomposed into piperic acid, C12H10O4, and piperidine, C5HUN, of an ammoniacal and peppery odor. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 gram (gr. v-xxij), in powder, confection, or oleo- resin. PIPER ALBUM.—White Pepper. Origin.—Piper nigrum, Linne (see above); the ripe fruit deprived of epicarp and mesocarp. Description.—Globular, smooth, with ten or twelve veins from base of apex, whitish, and, after the removal of the endocarp, reddish-brown; under the testa an albuminous seed containing small starch grains; odor and taste pepper- like, less pungent. Constituents and Properties.—Same as black pepper, but more starch and less ash (1 to 1.5 per cent.). PIMENTA.—Pimento. Semen amomi. Allspice. Origin.—Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle, s. Pimenta officinalis, Lindley. Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrtese. CARYOPHYLLI FRUCTUS—MOTHER-CLOVE. 327 Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated. Description.—Collected unripe. Yearly globular, about 6 millimeters inch) in diameter, crowned with the short four-parted calyx limb or its remnants and a short style, brownish or brown-gray, granular and glandular, two-celled, each cell with one brown, plano-convex, roundish-reniform seed ; pungently aromatic, clove-like; the pericarp and em- bryo contain oil cells, the latter also starch grains. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., resin, fat, tannin, sugar, gum, ash 4 per cent. Oil of pimento has the spec. grav. 1.0374, and contains a hydrocarbon and eugenol. Properties.—Stomachic, stimulant, carminative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder. CARYOPHYLLI FRUCTUS.—Mother-Clove. Anthophylli. Origin. — Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg, s. Caryo- phyllus aromaticus, Linne. Natural order, Myrtaceae, Myrteae. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—Collected while unripe ; oval- oblong, about 20 millimeters (f inch) long, crowned with four calyx teeth, dark brown, two-celled, each cell with one or two seeds ; odor and taste clove-like, mild. Constituents] and Properties. — Similar to cloves. Fig. 193. Caryophylli fructus. COCCULUS.—Cocculus Indicus. Fishberry. Origin.—Anamirta Cocculus, Wight et Arnott, s. An. paniculata, Colebrook. Natural order, Menispermacese, Tinosporese. 328 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. Habitat.—East India. Description.—Globular kidney-shaped, about 10 milli- meters (| inch) long and 6 millimeters (J inch) thick, blackish-brown, wrinkled, the basal and apical scars close together and united by a distinct ridge through the ventral notch, and by an obscure ridge around the con- vex back; endocarp whitish, thin, on the concave side projecting deeply into the interior; seed semilunar, oily, very bitter; the pericarp nearly tasteless. Constituents.—The pericarp contains meuispermine (solu- ble in ether) and paramenispermine, two tasteless alkaloids, hypopicrotoxic acid, resin, fat, gum, ash 5 per cent. The seed contains picrotoxin, auamirtin, fat, etc. Picrotoxin C3l)H34013 is bitter, poisonous, and by fractional crystalliza- tion from benzol and water separated into picrotoxinin, C15II1A (32 per cent., poisonous), and picrotin, C15H1807 (66 per cent., not poisonous). Auamirtin or cocculin is not bitter or poisonous. Properties.—Nervine, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij), in powder, of picrotoxin 0.001 gram grain); externally iu decoction for killing vermin. Antidotes.—Emetics; chloral hydrate; potassium bromide. Fig. 194. Cocculus.—Fruit and lon- gitudinal section. ANA CART )I UM.—C as hew Nut. Origin.—Auacardium Linne. Natural order, Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. Habitat.—Tropical America; naturalized in Africa and India. Description. — Kidney-shaped, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, 18 millimeters (f inch) broad, and 10 milli- meters (-| inch) thick, gray-brown, finely punctate ; between the brittle epicarp and endocarp a soft sarcocarp containing a black acrid juice; seed large, of a mild oily taste, and MYROB AL AN US—MY ROB A LAN. 329 consisting of a brown testa, two plano-convex white cotyle- dons of the shape of the fruit, and a short radicle curved under the lower inner edge of the fruit. Constituents.—In the pericarp cardol, C21II3l)02 (oily, very acrid and poisonous), anacardic acid C22H3303 (hot taste, not vesicating), resin, tannin, gum, etc.; in the seed a bland fixed oil; ash about 1.5 to 2 per cent. Properties and Uses.—The pericarp as a rubefacient, epispastic, and caustic ; the seed is edible, likewise the fleshy and acidulous pedicel. SEMECARPUS.—Anacardium Orientale. Oriental Cashew Nut. Origin.—Semecarpus Anacard i u m, I An ne films. Natural order, Anacardiaceae, Anacardieae. Habitat.—East India. Description. — Ovate heart-shaped, flattish, about 20 millimeters (|- inch) long, blackish brown, in the pericarp with a brown acrid juice; seed white, mild, oily. Constituents and Properties.—Like the preceding. M Y RO B AL AN 11S.—Myrob at, a n. Origin.—Terminalia Chebula, Retzius; T. bellerica, Roxburgh; T. citrina, Roxburgh, etc. Natural order, Combretaceae, Combreteae. Habitat.—Southern Asia. Description.—Oblong, roundish-oval, or pyriform, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, more or less distinctly five-angled and five-ribbed, brown or orange-colored ; sarco- carp of a somewhat resinous fracture; endocarp hard, resinous-dotted, containing a white oily seed ; inodorous, strongly astringent. Constituents.—Gallotannic acid about 45 per cent., gallic acid, resin, mucilage. Properties.—Astringent; used for tanning purposes and for preparing tannin. 330 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. PRUNUM.—Prune. Origin.—Prunus domestica, Linne. Natural order, Rosacere, Prunere. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated in many varieties. Description.—Oblong or subglobular, shrivelled, blackish- blue, glaucous, the sarcocarp brownish-yellow, sweet and acidulous; putamen hard, smooth or irregularly ridged ; the seed almond-like, but smaller, and of a bitter taste. For medicinal use the putamen and seed are rejected. Constituents.—In the sarcocarp sugar 12 to 25 cent., pectin, malic acid, salts; in the seed fixed oil, amygdalin, emulsin. Properties.—The sarcocarp is nutritious and laxative; used as a corrective for senna in decoction and confection. RUBUS IDiEUS.—Raspberry. Origin.—Rubus Id reus, Linne. Natural order, Rosacere, Rubere. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; cultivated. Description. — Hemispherical, about 12 millimeters (|- inch) broad, with a conical cavity from the separation of the receptacle; red, finely hairy, composed of about 25 small drupes, which are coalesced at the base and each crowned with the remnant of the style; .juicy, of an agreeable odor, and a pleasant acidulous taste. The fruit is used in the fresh state only. Rubus strigosus, 3Iichaux, indigenous to North America, closely resembles the preceding; the color of the fruit is a lighter red. Rubus occidentalis, Linne, indigenous to North America, has a purplish-black fruit. DIOSPYROS—PERSIMMON'. 331 The blackberries, Rubus villosus, Aiton, etc., have the fruit united with the receptacle. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, citric and malic acids, sugar about 5 per cent., pectin, coloring matter. Properties.—Refrigerant, mild laxative, dietetic. UYA PASSA—Raisin. Origin.—Vitis vinifera, Linne. Natural order, Ampeli- dese. Habitat. — Western Asia; extensively cultivated in Southern Europe and in California. Description.—Shrivelled and flattened, in the fresh state globular, one-celled berries, brownish, somewhat translucent, sweet, and acidulous. Raisins should be freed from the stalks and seeds. Varieties.—Large raisins, Passuke majores, produced in Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, and California; the Sultana raisins are seedless. Small raisins, Passulje, minores or Corinthian raisins (often called currants), are chiefly exported from Greece. Constituents.—In the epicarp tannin and coloring matter; in the pulp grape sugar, acid potassium tartrate, calcium tartrate, little malic acid, mucilage, etc. Properties.—Nutritive, demulcent, refrigerant, aperient; used as a corrective and flavor of mucilaginous and bitter drinks, etc. DIOSPYROS.—Persimmon. Origin.—Diospyros virginiana, JAnne. Natural order, Ebenaceee. Habitat.—United States, in low grounds and woods. Description.—Globular or globular-oblong, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, green, smooth, at the base with the four-lobed calyx, at the apex with a short remnant of the style, six-celled and six-seeded; odor slight, fruit-like ; taste very astringent. After exposure to frost the taste is acidulous and sweet. 332 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Constituents.—Tannin, malic acid, pectin. Properties.—Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j)> in infusion or tincture. Fig. 195. Diospyros.—Fruit and transverse section, natural size. AURANTII FRUCTUS.—Bitter Orange. Origin.—Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, liuta- ceae, Aurantiese. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical countries. Description—1. Orange berries, Aurantia immatura; the unripe fruit; globular or subglobular, 3 to 20 millimeters (i to f inch) in diameter, black-green or brownish, granular rugose; at the base with about teu round depressions forming a circular scar; at the apex with a short remnant of the style; hard, containing 8 to 12 cells, each with several undeveloped seeds ; agreeably aromatic, very bitter. 2. Bitter orange, Aurantii fructus; the ripe fruit; of the size and shape of a sweet orange, but externally rougher, orange-red, the juice acidulous and bitter. Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin (somewhat bitter, crystalline glueoside, yields isodulcit, yellow by alkalies), resin, fat, gum, etc.; in the seeds limonin (crystalline, very bitter, precipitated by tannin); in the juice citric acid. The volatile oil of orange berries was formerly sold as essence de petit grain (now often made of the leaves), and is mainly hesperidene, O10H16, like the oil of bitter orange, which is obtained by grating the epicarp. Orange berries yield 5 to 6 percent, of ash. LIMON — LEMON. 333 Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in tincture or wine. The juice of the ripe fruit is also refrigerant. BELA.—Bael. Bengal Quince. Origin.—Aegle (Cratseva, Linne) Marmelos, Correa. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. Habitat.—Himalaya Mountains ; cultivated in India. Description.—Collected while unripe. Globular or sub- globose, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, twelve-celled ; in commerce often in fragments, consisting of a brownish-gray, smooth, hard rind, 2 to 3 millimeters (tV *° I inch) thick, to which a hard mucilaginous, some- what acidulous, red-brown and internally whitish pulp is adhering, inclosing oblong flat, woolly seeds; somewhat aromatic; mucilaginous, slightly acidulous, and faintly astringent; the infusion is scarcely affected by iron salts. Adulterations.—Garcinia Mangostana, Linne. Natural order, Guttiferse. Mangosteen rind is thicker than bael rind, deep brown, without adhering pulp, and of an as- tringent taste; a radiating sessile stigma is attached to some of the pieces. Constituents.—Mucilage, pectin, sugar, and traces of tannin, bitter principle, and volatile oil; ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in infusion or fluid extract. LIMON.—Lemon. Origin.—Citrus Limouum, Risso. Natural order, Ru- taeese, Aurantiese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Used in the fresh state. Oval or obovate, with a nipple shaped apex, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, yellow, nearly smooth, but ruggedly glandular ; inter- nally divided into from 8 to 12 cells, each with 2 or 3 334 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. seeds and containing an acid juice; the rind fragrant and somewhat bitter (see Limonis cortex). Constituents.—Yield of juice 20 to 30 grams (5v-vijss); spec.grav. about 1.04; yellowish; contains 7 to 9 percent, of citric acid, a little malic acid, and mucilage, and yields not over | per cent, of ash. On keeping lemons for several months, the citric acid is decomposed into sugar and car- bonic acid. Properties.—Refrigerant. Dose of the juice, 8 to 20 grains (5jj-v), diluted with water and as syrup. CAPSICUM.—Cayenne Pepper, Bird Pepper. Origin.—Capsicum fastigiatum, Blame. Natural order, Solanacese, Solanese. Habitat. — Probably tropical America; cultivated iu tropical countries. Description.—Conical or oblong-ovate, from 12 to 18 millimeters (| to f inch long, obtusely pointed, supported by a flattisb, cup-shaped five-toothed calyx; pericar pred, shining, membranous, and translucent, inclosing two cells, and about eighteen flat, reniform, yellowish seeds attached to a thick central placenta. It has a peculiar odor and an intensely hot taste. The fruit of Capsicum annuum, Linne, is larger, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to inches) long, oblong-conical, sometimes curved or subglobular; the fruit of C. cerasiforme, Will- denow, is of the size and shape of a cherry. Constituents.—Capsaicin, C9H1402, about 0.02 per cent, (mainly in the placenta), fixed oil, trace of volatile oil, waxy matter, resin, coloring matter, trace of volatile alka- loid having the odor of coniine, ash 4-5 per cent. Cap- saicin is crystalline, colorless, fusible, volatile, extremely acrid, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, and fixed oils. COLOCYNTHIS—COLOCYNTH . 335 Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic, powerful rubefacient. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in powder, infusion, tincture, or oleoresin; externally in liniments aud plasters. COLOCYNTHIS.—Colocynth. Origin.—Citrullus (Cucumis, Linne) Colocynthis, Schra- der. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerineae. Habitat.—Southern and Western Asia, Northern and Southern Africa, Greece, and Spain. Description.—Deprived of the smooth, light brownish- yellow rind. Globular, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, white or yellowish-white, light, spongy, readily breaking into three wedge-shaped pieces, each containing near the rounded surface many flat, ovate, white or brown seeds; inodorous; taste intensely bitter. Fig. 196. Peeled Colocynth —Longitudinal and transverse section. The pulp alone (about 30 per cent, of the peeled fruit), deprived of the seeds, should be employed. Hard and dark colored colycynth should be rejected. Constituents.—Colocynthin, about 0.6 per cent., resin, colocynthitin (tasteless crystalline resin), pectin, gum, 11 per cent, ash; no starch. Colocynthin is yellow, amorphous, or crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, very bitter, and splits into sugar and resinous colocynthein. The seeds 336 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS— FRUITS. contain little bitter principle, 17 per cent of fixed oil, no starch, 6 percent of albuminoids, and 2.5 to 3 per cent, of ash. Properties.—Drastic purgative, in overdoses emetic and irritant poison. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in powder, tincture, or extract. Antidotes, -Evacuants ; demulcents ; opium ; stimulants. CASSIA FISTULA.-Purging Cassia. Origin. — Cassia (Cathartocarpus, Persoon) Fistula. Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpinese, Cassieie. Habitat.—East India; naturalized in tropical Africa and America. Description.—Cylindrical, 45 to 60 centimeters (18 to 24 inches) long, nearly 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diameter; pericarp blackish-brown, woody, somewhat veined, the sutures smooth, forming two longi- tudinal bands, the ventral band with a shallow groove, and the dorsal one with a fine ridge; indehiscent; internally divided transversely into numerous cells, each containing an ovate, flattish, brown and glossy seed imbedded in a blackish-brown sweet pulp ; odor resembling prunes. Other Varieties. — Cassia mos- chata, Kunth, of New Granada, perhaps also C. bacci laris, Linne jilius, of Surinam. 30 to 50 cen- timeters (12 to 20 inches) long, about 12 millimeters (-| inch) thick; often curved ; the pericarp and pulp of a lighter color than in Cassia Fistula. Cassia brasiliana, Lamarck, s. C. grandis, Linne jilius, of Brazil. 60 centimeters (24 inches) or more long, laterally Fig. 197. Cassia Fistula.—Part of pod, natural size. PAPAVER—POPPY. 337 compressed, about 38 millimeters (1J inches) broad, black- brown, coarsely veined, the sutures prominent. Constituents.—The pulp (yield about 30 per cent.) con- tains sugar 60 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, salts (calcium oxalate). Properties.—Laxative. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (5j-ijss); used for confection of senna. CERATONIA.—St. John’s Bread. Siliqua dulcis. Origin.—Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniete, Cassieae. Habitat.—Southern Europe. Description.—Broadly linear, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 2 centimeters (i inch) broad, and 4 millime- ters (|- inch) thick, flat, thickened and grooved on the edges; epicarp leathery, brown, glossy; sarcocarp red- brown, pulpy; internally divided transversely into from 6 to 12 cells, each containing an ovate, flattish, glossy brown hard seed ; odor sweetish, taste mucilaginous and sweet. Constituents.—Sugar 40 to 50 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, isobutyric acid 0.6 per cent., little tannic, caprouic, and other acids. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; used as an addition to expectorant mixtures. P A P A V E R.—Poppy. Origin.—Papaver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—The capsules are collected when nearly ripe and freed from the seeds. Globular-ovate or ovate-oblong, grayish-green or light yellowish-brown, smooth, crowned with the sessile, peltate, many-rayed stigma, one-eelled, but on the inner surface furnished with numerous vertical pro- jecting placentas ; of a slight odor and bitter taste. 338 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Constituents.—Alkaloids in variable proportion, from traces to 0.10, occasionally as much as 2 per cent., consist- ing of morphine, narcotine, rhceadine, narceine, codeine, and papaverosine; little meconic acid ; citric and tartaric acids, mucilage, wax, ash about 14 per cent. Fig. 198. Black. White. Depressed. Poppy capsules and seeds (a, natural size; b, magnified). Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in decoction, syrup, and extract; ex- ternally as poultice. CH KNOPODIUM.—Wormseed. Origin.—Chenopodium ambrosioides, Liime, var. authel- miuticum, Gray. Natural order, Chenopodiacete, JEuchen- opodiete. Habitat.—West Indies and Central America; naturalized in the United States. Description.—Nearly 2 millimeters ( j inch) in diameter, depressed globular, glandular, dull greenish or brownish, the integuments friable, containing a lenticular, obtusely- ILLICIUM — STAR ANISE. 339 edged, glossy, black seed, with a strongly curved embryo ; odor peculiar, somewhat terebinthinate; taste bitterish, pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.91, consists of a°d Ci0H16O. Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in powder or electuary; the volatile oil 5 to 10 or 15 drops. XANTHOXY LI FRUCT US.—Prickly Ash Fruit. Origin.—Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) carolinianum, Lambert, and X. fraxineum, Willdenow. Natural order, Rutacese, Zanthoxylese. Habitat.—Southern United States. Description.—Two or three carpels sessile on the thin receptacle (X. carolinianum), or three to live carpels upon short stalks from the thin peduncle (X. fraxineum); each capsule somewhat obliquely globular, 4 or 5 millimeters (1 or 1> in°h) in diameter; pericarp brown-greenish or yel- lowish-brown, pitted and somewhat wrinkled, firm, two- valved, dehiscent by the inner suture and the upper half of the outer suture, valves spreading; each carpel contains one subglobular, or two somewhat flattened, black, glossy, and more or less wrinkled seeds, with a crustaceous testa inclosing a white fleshy albumen and embryo; odor some- what aromatic; taste pleasantly pungent, the seeds slightly bitter. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, resin, fat. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). ILL ICIUM.—Stakanise. Origin.—Illicium verum, Hooker Jilius. Natural order, Magnoliacese, Winterese. Habitat.—Southeastern China. Description.—Eight follicles, stellately arranged around a central column about 5 millimeters (£ inch) long; carpels 340 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. 12 to 15 millimeters (§- to f inch) long, boat-shaped, some- what woody, wrinkled, with a straight beak, rusty-brown, split along the upper suture; internally red-brown and glossy, containing a flattish, oval, glossy brown seed ; odor anise-like; taste sweet, aromatic; the seeds oily. 100 parts of fruit yield 78 parts of capsules and 22 parts of seed. Adulteration.—Illicium religiosum, Siebold, indigenous to China and Corea, cultivated in Japan. Shikimi fruit. Poisonous. The fruit resembles the preceding, but the car- pels are more woody, shrivelled and wrinkled, and have a Fig. 199. Fig. 200. Illicium anisatum. Illicium religiosum. thin beak, mostly turned upward, a faintly aromatic, some- what clove-like odor, and a disagreeable taste. Constituents.—Volatile oil (from the capsules 5.3 per cent., from the seeds 1.8 per cent.), fat (from the capsules 2.8 per cent., from the seeds 20 per cent.), resin, sugar, mucilage, ash about 2 per cent, The volatile oil is chemi- cally identical with the oil of Pimpinella Anisum, but has a slightly different odor and taste, and usually congeals, if at rest, at about 1° C. (34° F.), the temperature rising to about 10 °C. (50° F.); it acquires a pale brown color with au alcoholic solution of HC1. Shikimi (Sikimi) fruit contains 0.44 per cent, of non- solidifying volatile oil, spec. grav. 1.006, and sikimin, the poisonous crystalline principle, soluble in alcohol, glacial CARDAMOMUM — CARDAMOM. 341 acetic acid, ether, chloroform, and water. The volatile oil contains safrol and eugenol. Properties.—Carminative, anodyne, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams (gr. viij-xxiij); mostly used for flavoring. CA RI )AMOMUM.—Cardamom. Origin.—Elettaria (Alpinia, Roxburgh, A mom urn, White) Cardamomum, Maton. Natural order, Scitaminese, Zingi- ber ese. Habitat.—Malabar; cultivated in India. Fig. 201. Fig. 203. Malabar Cardamom.—a, short; h, medium; c, long. Fig. 202. Ceylon Cardamom.— a, capsules; b, transverse section of capsule; c, seeds; d, section of seed with embryo, magnified. Cardamom seed.—Transverse and longitudinal section, magnified 5 diam. Description.—Ovoid or oblong, from 1 to 2 centimeters (-f to | inch) long, obtusely triangular, rounded at the base, 342 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. short-beaked, longitudinally striate, of a pale buff color, three-celled, with a thin, leathery, nearly tasteless pericarp and a central placenta; seeds about 20, reddish-brown, irregularly angular, transversely rugose, depressed at the hilum, surrounded by a thin membranous arillus, of an agreeable odor, and a pungent aromatic taste; the integu- ments nearly tasteless. 100 parts of fruit yield 22 parts of capsules and 78 parts of seeds. Varieties.—Malabar Cardamom, the most esteemed, of a light buff color, plump. Aleppy Cardamom, mostly short, of a greenish tint. Madras Cardamom, of a pale color, oblong, somewhat attenuated above. The following varieties are of a somewhat different and inferior flavor: Ceylon Cardamom, from Elettaria major, Smith, s. E. Cardomomum, var. /?. About 38 millimeters (If inches) long, triangular, prolonged into a beak about 15 millimeters (f- inch) long, dark gray-brown. Round Cardamom, globular or globular-ovate, from Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, of Siam and Java, and Am. globosum, Loureiro, of China. Bengal Cardamom, from Amomum aromaticum, Rox- burgh, near the apex with 9 wings. Winged Java Cardamom, from Am. maximum, Rox- burgh, with from 9 to 12 wings from base to apex. Constituents.—Volatile oil 4 to 5 per cent., fixed oil 10 to 11 per cent., starch in minute granules, albuminoids, mucilage, ash about 6 per cent., and in Ceylon cardamom 15 per cent., containing 0.8 per cent, of manganese. Properties.—Carminative, stomachic, stimulant. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, or tincture. VANILLA— VANILLA. 343 V ANILL A. V ANILLA. Origin.—Vanilla planifolia, Andrews. Natural order, Orchidese, Neottiepe. Habitat.—Eastern Mexico, in hot clamp woods; culti- vated in the tropics. Description.—Collected before ripe; the color and aroma developed by sweating. Linear, obscurely triangular, from 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) long, narrowed and bent or hooked at the base, rather oblique at the apex, wrinkled, somewhat warty, dark brown, glossy, leathery, one-celled, containing a blackish-brown fragrant pulp with numerous minute black seeds and more or less acicular crystals. Varieties.—Mexican Vanilla, the finest quality. Bourbon Vanilla, rather shorter and lighter than the preceding, the odor suggestive of tonka. Venezuelan Vanilla, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, thick; resembling tonka in odor; probably from Vanilla guianensis, Splitberger. Brazilian Vanilla, vanillon, from Vanilla Pompona, Schiede, longer and thicker than the preceding; of an inferior vanilla odor. Constituents.—Vanillin, C8H803(1.7 percent, in Mexican, 2 per cent, in Bourbon, and 2.75 in Java vanilla, in the last two associated with odorous oil), fixed oil 11 per cent., resin, sugar, mucilage, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Vanillin is the aldehyd of methyl-protocatechuic acid, and is prepared artificially from coniferin (in the sap-wood of pines), carbolic acid, eugenol, and guaiacol. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti- hysteric. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, tincture, or syrup. 344 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. HOR DEI FRUCTUS.—Ba rley. Origin.—Hordeum distichum, Linne. Natural order, Graminese, Hordeeae. Habitat.—Probably Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—Elliptic, about 9 millimeters (| inch) long, tapering toward both ends, and somewhat truncate, flatfish upon the back, somewhat angled on the sides, with a groove along the front, smooth and grayish-yellow from the adhe- rent paleae, after their removal pale brownish; pericarp coalesced with the testa, and inclosing a layer of gluten, covering the central parenchyme filled with starch; taste farinaceous. Maltum.—Malt is barley germinated until the thin germ reaches nearly the length of the fruit, then dried; taste sweetish. Loss in weight from 10 to 20 per cent. Constituents.—Barley: starch 60-68, proteids 12-16, fat 3, ash 3 per cent., little sugar. Malt: diastase, dextrin, sugar, starch, etc.; about 60 to 65 per cent, soluble in water. Properties.—N utritious. LAPPiE FRUCTUS.—Burdock Fruit. Origin.—Arctium Lappa, LinnS (Lappa officinalis, Allioni). Natural order, Composite, Cynaroideae. Habitat.—Asia and Europe; naturalized in JSTorth America. Description.—Obovate-oblong, about 6 millimeters inch) long, somewhat curved and angled, roughish-wrinkled, brown-gray, the short stiff-hairy pappus wanting; inodo- rous, bitter. The fruit of Silybum marianum Gaertner, or Marythistle of Southern Europe, is of similar appearance, obovate, about 5 millimeters inch) long, flatfish, smooth, mucilaginous, and somewhat bitter. CORIANDRUM — CORIANDER. 345 Constituents.—Bitter principle (white glucoside, granular, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform), fixed oil, resin. Properties.—Tonic, in psoriasis. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in tincture. CANNABIS.—Hempseed. Origin.—Cannabis sativa, LinnS. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Asia; cultivated in many countries. Description.—Oval or subglobnlar, about 4 millimeters (-| inch) long, slightly compressed, with a whitish keel on the margin ; testa greenish-gray or brownish, veined, glossy, brittle, inclosing a single oily seed; odor slight ; taste oily and sweet. Constituents.—Greenish drying oil 30 per cent., albumi- noids 24 per cent., sugar, mucilage, resin, ash 5 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent and anodyne in the form of emulsion ; mostly used for obtaining the oil. CORI AN DRUM.—Coriander. Origin.—Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Caucalinese. Habitat.—Central Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. Fig. 204. Coriandrum —Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. 346 cellular vegetable drugs—fruits Description.—Globular, 4 or 5 millimeters or 4 inch) in diameter, crowned with the calyx teeth, brownish-yellow, smooth ; the two mericarps cohering, inclosing a lenticular cavity, and each furnished on the face with two oil-tubes, and on the back with five wavy slightly raised ribs and with four rather more prominent ridges; odor and taste agreeably aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil J to 1 per cent., fat 13 per cent., mucilage, ash 5 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx). CONII FRUCTUS.—Conium Fruit, Hemlock Fruit. Origin.—Conium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, Umbellifene, Amminese. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized iu North America. Description.—The fruit is gathered when full grown, while yet green. About three millimeters inch) long, broadly ovate, laterally compressed, gray-green, smooth, often divided into the two mericarps, and these with five Fig. 205. Conium.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. crenate ribs, without oil-tubes, and containing a seed which is grooved on the face; odor and taste slight; triturated ANISUM — ANISE. 347 with solution of potassa, a strong disagreeable odor is given off. Constituents.—Conine, C8H17N, J per cent., methylco- nine, C8H16CH3N, conydrine, C8HJ7NO, little volatile oil, fixed oil, ash 6 per cent. Conine is colorless, oily, of spec, grav. 0.88, volatile, of a disagreeable odor and an acrid taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, and water, less in hot water. Methylconine resembles conine. Conydrine is in iridescent scales, melts at 120° C. (248° F.), and is less poisonous than conine. Properties.—Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v); of conine, 0.005 gram (gr. y1^). Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics); astrin- gents; stimulants; friction of extremities. \NISUM.—Anise. Origin.—Pimpinella Anisum, LinnS. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. Habitat.—Western Asia, Egypt, Southeastern Europe; cultivated. Fig. 206. Anisum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; transverse section, magnified 8 diam. Description.—Four or five millimeters inch) long, ovate, compressed at the sides, grayish, finely hairy, and consisting of two mericarps, each with a flat face, five light 348 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. brownish filiform ridges, and about fifteen or more thin oil- tubes ; odor agreeable, aromatic; taste sweet, spicy. Italian anise often contains a small quantity of the fruit of conium which is usually in separate mericarps, smooth, grooved upon the face, and has no oil-tubes. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1-J—3 per cent., fixed oil 3-4 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of anise is colorless or yellowish, of spec. grav. 0.98, and con- geals, if at rest, at about 10° C. (50° F.), the temperature rising to about 15° C. (59° F.). It consists chiefly of ane- thol, C10H12O; with alcoholic solution of HC1 it affords a pink color. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. APIUM.—Celery Fruit. Origin. — Apium graveolens, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Ammineae. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—About 1 millimeter inch) long, round- ish-ovate, laterally compressed, brown, smooth, mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 filiform ribs, flat on the face, and containing about 12 oil-tubes; aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.88, fixed oil, mucilage. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, used for flavoring. PETROSELINUM.—Parsley Fruit. Origin.—Carum (Apium, LinnS) Petroselinum, Baillon (Petroselinimi sativum, Hoffmann). Natural order, Um- belliferae, Amminese. Habitat.—Levant, Southern Europe, extensively culti- vated. Description.—About 2 millimeters inch) long, ovate, FCENICULUM — FENNEL. 349 laterally compressed, greenish- or brownish-gray, smooth, mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 filiform pale-colored ribs, flat on the face, and containing 6 oil-tubes; aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1J to 3 per cent., fixed oil 12 percent,, resin 5 per cent., apiin, apiol, mucilage, ash 7 per cent. The crude volatile oil contains much stearopten, volatilizing with difficulty. Pure apiol, C12H1404, forms long needles, has a faint parsley odor, spec. grav. 1.015, melting point 30° C. (86° F.), soluble in H2S04 with blood-red color, with HNOa yields oxalic acid. Apiin is tasteless, crystallizes in silky needles, with hot water forms a jelly, and with acids yields glucose and apigenin. Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij—xxx), in powder, infusion, or spirit. Impure apiol, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij); was recom- mended as a febrifuge. A JO WAN.—Ajowan. Origin.—Carum (Ptychotis, De Candolle) Ajowan, Ben- tham et Hooker. Natural ordei', Umbel lifer*, Ammine*. Habitat.—India, Persia, Egypt. Description.—About 2 millimeters inch) long, ovate, laterally compressed, gray-brown, rough and finely warty, usually divided into the two mericarps, and these with five thin ribs, flat on the face, and with 6 oil-tubes; odor aro- matic, thyme-like ; taste pungent, aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 6 per cent. (spec. grav. 0.896; contains cymene C10H14 and thymol C10H14O), ash about 10 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant; used for preparing thymol. FCENICULUM.—Fennel. Origin.—Foeniculum vulgare, Gaertrier, s. F.capillaceum, Gilibert. Natural order, Umbel lifer*, Seseline*. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—Oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly curved, 5 or 6 millimeters or inch) long, brownish or greenish- 350 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. brown ; readily separable into the two mericarps, and these with five light brown conspicuous obtuse ribs, 4 oil-tubes Fig. 207. Foeniculum.—Fruit, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diam. on the back and 2 or 4 oil-tubes upon the flat face; odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. Varieties.-—Saxon or German Fennel, described above. Roman Fennel. Larger than the preceding, 8 to 12 millimeters to J inch) long. Bitter Fennel, collected in Southern France from wild growing plants; smaller, 3 to 5 millimeters (| to inch) long; taste bitterish and spicy. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 6 per cent., tixed oil 12 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of fennel is colorless or yellowish, sweet, of spec. grav. 0.97, congeals below 10° C. (50° F.), aud contains both solid and liquid anethol. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, galac- tagogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. PHELL ANDRIUM.—W ater-dropwort. Five-leaved water-hemlock. Origin.—CEnanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck, s. Phellan- drium aquaticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbel lifene, Seselinese. Habitat.—Europe and Northern Asia. CUMINUM — CUMIN FRUIT. 351 Description.—Oblong or oblong-ovate, 4 or 5 millimeters f° 1 hich) long, nearly terete, brown or blackish-brown, smooth, each mericarp with five broad and obtuse ribs, four narrow grooves, and 6 oil-tubes; odor caraway-like, but unpleasant; taste aromatic bitter, somewhat acrid. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 1J per cent., fixed oil, resin, mucilage, ash about 8 per cent. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. xv-xxx-5j), in powder or in- fusion. CUMINUM.—Cumin Fruit. Origin.—Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferee, Caucalinese. Habitat.—Northeastern Africa; cultivated. Description.—Oblong, 5 or 6 millimeters (x or inch) long, narrowed at both ends, laterally compressed, brown, rough-hairy; each mericarp with 5 filiform yellowish ribs, 4 broader ones of a brown color, and 6 oil-tubes; odor and taste peculiar, somewhat like caraway. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 to 3 per cent., fixed oil, resin, mucilage, ash 8 per cent. Oil of cumin is of spec, gray. 0.92, and consists chiefly of cymol or cymene, C10H14, and cuminol or cuminaldehyd, C10lI12O. Fig. 208. Cumin.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diam. Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or volatile oil. 352 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. CARUM.—Caraway. Origin.—Carum Carui, Linne. Natural order, Umbelli- ferpe, Amminese. Habitat.—Central and Western Asia; cultivated. Fig. 209. Carum.—Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam.; transverse section, 8 diam. Description.—Oblong, laterally compressed, 4 or 5 milli- meters (-jt or tL inch) long, brown, smooth, usually separated into the two mericarps, and these curved, narrower at both ends, with five pale-colored filiform ribs, and with six oil- tubes ; seed upon transverse section pentagonal; odor aro- matic, agreeable; taste sweetish, spicy. Constituents.—Volatile oil 5 to 7 per cent., fixed oil, resin, sugar, mucilage, little tannin, ash 5 per cent. Oil of cara- way has the spec. grav. 0.96, and consists of carvene, C10II16, and carvol, C10H14O. A strong solution of the oil in alcohol mixed with ammonia and treated with H2S, yields white needles of (C10II14O)2H2S. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, spirit, and volatile oil. ANETHUM.—Dill. Origin.—Anethum (Peucedanum, Hiern) graveolens, Lirine. Natural order, Umbel li ferae, Peucedaneae. CAROT A — CARROT FRUIT. 353 Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Oblong or oval, about 4 millimeters inch) long, dorsally compressed, brown, smooth, usually Fig. 210. Anethum.—Fruit, 3 diam.; transverse section, 5 diam. separated into the two thin mericarps, and these with six oil-tubes and witli five ribs, of which three are filiform and the two lateral ones broadly winged and light-colored; odor and taste spicy, caraway-like. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., fixed oil, mucilage. Oil of dill has the spec. grav. 0.87, and con- sists chiefly of anethene, C10H16, of a lemon-like odor, and carvol. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or vola- tile oil. CAROTA.—Ca rrot Fr u it. Origin.—Daucus Carota, Linne. Natural order, Um- belliferae, Cauealinese. Habitat.—Northern Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America; cultivated. Description.—About 4 millimeters (}.- inch) long, oval, dorsally compressed, gray-brown, each mericarp with six thin oil-tubes and with nine ribs, of which five are hairy and four beset with long spiny bristles; odor slightly aromatic; taste pungent. The fruit is collected from wild plants. Constituents.—Trace of volatile oil, fixed oil. The vola- tile oil consists of C10H16 and C]0II18O, the latter probably identical with cineol. 354 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. AURANTII CORTEX.—Orange Peel. Origin.—1. Citrus vulgaris, Risso, bitter orange. 2. Citrus Aurantium, Risso, sweet orange. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurautiese. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Narrow thin bands, the epidermis glandular and dark brownish-green (Aurantii amari cortex), or orange- Fig. 211. Orange peel.—-Transverse section, magnified 65 diam. yellow (Aurantii dulcis cortex), and with very little of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; odor fragrant; taste aromatic and bitter, or, in the sweet orange peel, faintly bitter. In commerce frequently met with in curved elliptical sections, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) long, with a rather thick layer of the white zest. The epicarp LIMONIS CORTEX LEMON PEEL. 355 consists under the epidermal layer, of parenchyme contain- ing numerous large oil-cells and distant delicate vascular bundles. Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin (see Aurantii fructus); in the white zest a principle giving a black color with ferric salts; ash 4-5 per cent. Oil of bitter orange peel (essence de Bigarade) and oil of sweet orange peel (essence de Portugal) consist mainly of hesperidene, C10H16, with a small portion of an easily altered compound, c10h16o. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or tincture. The volatile oil used for flavoring and in perfumes. LIMONIS CORTEX.—Lemon Peel. Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantieae. Habitat.—Northern India; cultivated in subtropical countries. Description.—Narrow thin bands, the epidermis deep lemon-yellow and ruggedly glandular, and with very little of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it; odor fragrant; taste aromatic bitterish. In commerce frequently met with in curved elliptical sections with a rather thick layer of white zest. Constituents.—Volatile oil, hesperidin, principle reacting black with ferric salts, ash 4 per cent. Oil of lemon is pale yellow, of spec. grav. 0.87, and consists mainly of several hydrocarbons, CluII16, with a little cymene, C10HU, and a compound ether. Properties.—Stimulant; used for its flavor. CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—FRUITS. GRAN ATI FRUCTUS CORTEX.—Pomegranate Rind. Origin.—Punica Granatum, Linne. Natural order, Lythrariese, Lythrese. Habitat.—India and Southwestern Asia; cultivated and naturalized in subtropical countries. Description.—In irregular curved brittle fragments, 1 or 2 millimeters to inch) thick, some of them with the Fig. 212. Fruit of Punica Granatum. tubular six- to nine-toothed calyx attached; externally rougliish-tubercular and reddish-brown; inner surface lighter colored, marked with depressions; fracture granular; inodorous; taste astringent. Constituents.—Tannin 28 per cent., gum, little sugar, ash 6 per cent. Properties.—Astringent, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv—xxx), in powder or decoction. TAM A HINDUS.—Tamarind. Pulpa tamarindoriim. Origin.—Tamarindus indica, LinnS, s. T. officinalis, Hooker. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Am- herstiese. Habitat.—India and tropical Africa; naturalized in the West Indies. SEEDS—SEMINA Description.—The indehisceut legume is flatfish, from 5 to 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, and about 25 millime- ters (1 inch) broad ; the gray-brown pericarp having a corky texture is removed, and the remainder constitutes commercial tamarind. A reddish-brown, sweet, acidulous, pulpy, rather tough mass, containing strong somewhat branching fibres, and polished brown flatfish subquadran- gular seeds, each inclosed in a tough membrane. Varieties.—West Indian tamarinds; described above; the inner part of the fruit is mixed with syrup. East Indian tamarinds ; usually preserved without syrup; tough, dark-colored masses, of a strong acid taste. Egyptian tamarinds; preserved without sugar, formed into cakes, and dried ; hard flatfish acid cakes, frequently mouldy. Constituents.—Tartaric, citric, a little malic, and acetic acids, mostly as potassium compounds; sugar, pectin, tan- nin, the latter in the testa of the seeds. Properties.—Refrigerant, laxative. Dose, 2 to 20 grams (5ss-v) or more, in infusion, whey, confection. 11. SEEDS.—SEMIN A. The seed is the fertilized and fully developed ovule, and contains the embryo. It is invested with one or two in- teguments, the outer one being called testa or spermoderm, and the inner one tegmen or endopleura. In many seeds the tegmen is blended with the testa or coheres with the kernel. The seed stalk, called funiculus or podosperm, is usually absent in the officinal seeds; the scar left by its detachment is the hilum. The continuation of the funicu- lus along the testa is the raphe, and where it is confluent with the nucleus the chalaza or inner hilum is located. The mieropyle, a small depression of the testa, marking the loca- 358 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. tion of the radicle, is in nearly all officiual seeds near the hilum ; most of the seeds are anatropous, and have the hilum and chalaza at nearly opposite ends and united by a raphe, while the campylotropous seeds, which are more or less kidney-shaped, have hilum, chalaza, and micropyle close together. Within the seed-integuments is contained the embryo, consisting of caulicle, plumule, and one or two cotyledons, and either completely filling the seed-coats, in which case the seed is exalbuminous, or it is invested with another tis- sue, usually horny, oily, or amylaceous, which is called the albumen (endosperm, also perisperm). The kernel of exal- buminous seeds consists chiefly of the cotyledons, the cauli- cle (radicle), and plumule being usually small; but albu- minous seeds have frequently a small embryo, the greater portion of the seed-kernel consisting often of the albumen. The testa of the different seeds varies greatly not only in color, but likewise in texture, in external appendages (hairs, epithelia, etc.), and more particularly in the character of the cells and their thickening layers, all of which may afford microscopic characteristics for distinguishing seeds even in the powdered condition. The embryo is in most cases formed of delicate parenchyme cells, among which rudi- mentary or but partly developed vascular bundles are found; these cell-elements, therefore, offer few characteris- tics, except through the nature of their contents. Although the albumen (endosperm) is often made up of cells similar to those of the embryo, their variations in shape, thickness, texture, and contents are much greater. Classification. Sect. 1. Dicotyledonous seeds. I. Exalbuminous. a. Embryo straight. Angular ovate; testa mucilaginous. Cydonium. SEEDS — SEMINA. 359 Flattish ovate; testa membranous, brown, and Amygdala scurfy; taste bland. dulcis. taste bitter. Amyg. amara. testa coriaceous, black or whitish ; seed small. Sesamum. testa coriaceous, white. Melo. Flat, ovate; testa white, grooved near the margin, edge obtuse. Pepo. testa white, ungrooved, edge thickish, acute. Cucumis testa marbled or orange-brown, edge obtuse. Citrullus. Oblong; testa blackish, fragile; fragrant. Dipterix. Ovate-oblong; testa brown, fragile; cotyledons crumbling when cut. Theobroma. testa reddish-brown; cotyledons dark colored, differing in size. Cola. b. Embryo curved. Reniform-oblong, with a long furrow on the con- vex side. Physostigma. Rhomboid, with a diagonal furrow. Foenum grsecum. Subglobu'ar; scarlet-red with a black spot Abrus. Globular; testa yellowish, finely pitted. Sinapis alba, testa blackish-brown, finely reticulate. Sinapis nigra, testa blue-black, finely pitted, larger. Rapa. II. Albuminous. a. Embryo straight. Orbicular, horny. Nux vomica. Oblong, angular. Ignatia. Tetrahedral; testa black, pitted. Delphinium, testa gray-brown, pitted. Staphisagria. Triangular-ovate, black, fragrant when rubbed. Nigella. Flattish-ovate; testa brown, mucilaginous. Linum. Oblong-lanceolate, silky, gray-green. Strophanthus. Globular-ovate; testa removed; albumen mar- bled. Myristica. Ovate-oblong; testa dull brownish-gray; kernel brown, oily. Gynocardia. Oval-oblong; testa glossy, grayish, variegated with red-brown. Ricinus. surface dull gray-brown mottled with black. Tiglium, testa dull black, with fine fissures. Curcas. b. Embryo curved. Elliptic plano-convex, grooved on the flat side. Caffea. Reniform; testa black, reticulate, and pitted. Stramonium, testa gray-brown, finely pitted. Hyoscyamus. testa blackish, bluish, or whitish, with shallow pits. Papaver. 360 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. Sect. 2. Monoeotyledonous seeds; all albuminous. Linear-oblong; blackish-brown. Saladilla. Subspherical; testa granular; albumen horny. Colchicum. Roundish-angular, spicy; liilum depressed. Granum paradisi. hilum tufted. Meleguefa. Roundish-conical, veined externally and inter- nally. Areca. CYDONIUM.—Quince Seed. Origin.—Pyrus Cydonia, Linne (Cydonia vulgaris, Per- soon). Natural order, Posacese, Pornete. Habitat—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—About 6 millimeters Q inch) long, ovate or ovate-oblong, triangularly compressed; hilum near the pointed end ; chalazaat the blunt end ; testa brown, covered Fig. 213. Quince seed.—Natural size and section. Section through epithelium, testa, and tegmen, into a cotyledon; magnified 150 diam. with n whitish mucilaginous epithelium, causing the seeds of each cell to adhere together, and, on immersion in water, forming a gelatinous zone; taste of the unbroken seed in- A MYGDAhA — ALMOND. 361 sipid; embryo white, oily, and of a bitter-almond taste; cotyledons thick, plano-convex. Constituents.—Mucilage 20 per cent., not precipitated by borax; fixed oil, proteids, ash 3.5 per cent. Properties.—The unbroken seeds are demulcent and pro- tective. A thick mucilage is yielded from 1 part of seeds to 50 parts of water. AMYGDALA.—Almond. Origin.—Primus Amygdalus, Bail/on (Amygdalus com- munis, LinnS, var. a amara, p dulcis, De Candolle). Nat- ural order, Rosacete (Prunese). Habitat.—Western Asia ; naturalized in the Mediterra- nean basin; cultivated. Fig. 214. Almond.—Seed. Section through seed coats and portion of the cotyledon. Description.—Flattish ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20 to 25 millimeters (-| to 1 inch) long; testa brown, scurfy, with about 16 longitudinal veins ; hilum near the pointed end; chalaza broad at the rounded end ; embryo white, oily, con- 362 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. sistiugof two ovate-lanceolate plano-convex cotyledons and a short projecting conical radicle ; inodorous. Amygdala dulcis. Mostly large, and sides rather con- vex ; taste bland. Amygdala amara. Mostly smaller and flattish; taste bitter; the emulsion with water has an odor resembling that of hydrocyanic acid. Constituents.—Fixed oil, 45 (in bitter almonds) to 56 per cent, (in sweet almonds), mucilage 3 per cent., sugar 6 per cent., proteids 25 per cent., ash about 3 per cent., and in the testa tannin ; the proteids consist of amandin and emul- sin or synaptase, of which only the former is precipitated by acetic acid. Bitter almonds contain, in addition to these compounds, 1 to 3 per cent, of amygdalin, C20H27NOU, which crystallizes in prisms, is slightly bitter, and splits into glucose, hydrocyanic acid (1 part from 17 parts amyg- dalin), and beuzaldehyd, C7HgO, or oil of bitter almond. The latter (yield about 1 per cent.) in the crude state has the spec. grav. 1.06-1.075; wdien freed from hydrocyanic acid it is 1.013-1.049. It is sometimes adulterated with nitrobenzol. Properties.—Demulcent, used in emulsion; the bitter almond sedative. Dose of the volatile oil J to 1 drop; poisonous in overdoses. Treatment of poisoning necessi- tates rapid evacuation ; then stimulants and douches. SESAMUM.—Benne Seep. Origin.—Sesamum orientale and S. indicum, LinnS. Natural order, Pedalinese, Sesamese. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical and sub- tropical countries. Description.—Flattish ovate, 3 to 4 millimeters (| to inch long, 2 millimeters inch) broad, and 1 millimeter thick ; testa black or purplish-brown (S. orientale), 363 PEPO — PUMPKIN SEED. pale brown, yellowish or whitish (S. indicum), finely punc- tate, with four delicate longitudinal ridges; hilum near the pointed end, somewhat prominent; tegmen (endosperm ?) thin, white, oily; cotyledons plano-convex, white and oily; inodorous; taste bland. Constituents.—Fixed oil 50-56 per cent., proteids 22 per cent., mucilage 4 per cent., ash 6-8 per cent. Properties.—Laxative ; mostly used for preparing benne seed oil. MELO.—Melon Seed. Origin.—Cucurnis Melo, LinnS. Natural order, Cucur- bitacese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Central Asia; cultivated. Description.—Flattish ovate or lance-ovate, 10 to 13 mil- limeters (|— I inch) long; testa white or whitish, smooth, the edge rather blunt; hilum near the pointed end ; cotyledons plano-convex, white, and oily; inodorous; taste bland. Constituents.—Fixed oil, proteids. Properties.—Anthelmintic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (5j—ij), in emulsion. PEPO.—Pumpkin Seed. Origin.—Cueurbita Pepo, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- bitacese, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Tropical Asia and America; cultivated. Fig. 215. Pepo.—Seed and cotyledon with radicle and plumule. Description.—Flat, broadly ovate, about 2 centimeters (i inch) long; testa white or whitish with a shallow groove 364 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. and flat ridge parallel to the margin; hilum near the pointed end ; cotyledons flat, white, and oily; radicle short, conical; inodorous; taste bland. Constituents.—Fixed oil 44 per cent., proteids, starch, acrid resin, sugar, ash 3 or 4 per cent. Properties.—Tsenifuge. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (5j— ij), in powder or emulsion. CUCUMIS.—Cucumber Seed. Origin.—Cucumis sativus, IAnne. Natural order, Cucur- bitacem, Cucumerinese. Habitat.—Central Asia; cultivated. Description.—Flat and thin, 8 to 12 millimeters (J—| inch) long, lance-oblong, ungrooved, acutely edged, dingy white; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. Constituents.—Fixed oils, proteids, etc. Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams (5ij-§ij). CITRULLUS.—Watermelon Seed. Origin.—Cucumis (Cucurbita, Linne) Ci trull us, Seringe, s Citrullus vulgaris, Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbita- cese, Cueumeriuese. Habitat.—Southern Asia; cultivated. Description.—Flat, ovate, 12 to 15 millimeters (4—§ inch) long; testa blackish and marbled, or orange-brown, un- grooved, blunt on the edge ; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. Constituents.—Fixed oil 30 per cent., and proteids. Properties.—Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams (oij-Sij). DIPTERYX.—Tonco. Tonka Bean. Origin.—1. Dipteryx (Coumarouna, Aublet) odorata, lVilldenow ; 2. D. oppositifolia, Willdenow. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. THEOBROMA — CACAO. 365 Habitat.—Guiana. Description.—Oblong, somewhat compressed, 4 to 5 cen- timeters (1to 2 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (§• inch) broad; hilum near the thin end; testa blackish, fragile, thin, somewhat glossy, veined and wrinkled; embryo pale brown, oily ; radicle short and thick ; cotyledons plano- convex, inclosing a rather large pinnate plumule and acicu- lar crystals; fragrant; taste aromatic bitter. Varieties.—Dutch Tonka. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, free [lieu tly covered with a crystalline inflores- cence. English Tonka, About 4 centimeters (1J inches) long; its surface with little or no efflorescence. Constituents.—Fixed oil about 25 per cent., coumarin, C9II602, sugar, mucilage, ash 3.5 per cent. Coumarin is in glossy aromatic prisms, is sparingly soluble in water, and melts at 67° C. (152.6° F.). Properties.—Stimulant; used only for its flavor. THEOBROMA.—C AC AO. Origin. — Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Natural order, Sterculiacese, Buettneriese. Habitat.—Tropical America ; cultivated. Description.—The seeds are either dried when removed from the fruit, or are previously fermented in the sweating- box or buried in the ground (claying), until the astringency disappears. Ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat flattened, obtuse, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) long; testa red- dish-brown to brown-gray, thin, fragile, with numerous longitudinal veins; hilum at the broad end ; chalaza at the narrow end ; embryo red-brown, oily ; radicle short; coty- ledons ribbed upon the face, irregularly lobed from the back through the folds of the tegmen, and readily breaking into angular fragments; taste oily, aromatic, and bitterish. Unswcated cacao has a more bitter and astringent taste. 366 cellular vegetable drugs—seeds. 100 parts of cacao yield about 12 parts of shells and 88 parts of kernels. Constituents.—Fat about 50 per cent., starch 16 per cent., proteids 18 per cent., ash 3.5-4.5 per cent., sugar 0.6 per cent.; coloring matter, a little caffeine, and 1.5 to 4.5 per cent, (somewhat less in the testa) of theobromine (dimethyl- xanthine) C7H8N402, which is white, crystalline, bitter, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and may be converted into caffeine. Properties.—Nutritive, stimulant; used for preparing chocolate. COLA.—Cola. Origin. — Cola (Stercnlia, Beauvais) acuminata, R. Brown. Natural order, Steroidiaceae, Sterculiese. Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa. Description.—Oblong-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat flattened; testa brown or reddish-brown, often with blackish spots, brittle; embryo usually dark- colored, when freshly cut yellow or whitish, the cotyledous differing in size, thick, variously bent; odor faintly nutmeg- like ; taste somewhat aromatic. Constituents.—Caffeine 2 per cent., little theobromine, starch 42 per cent., sugar, gum, proteids, little volatile oil, fat and tannin; ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine; used also roasted like coffee. PHYSOSTIGMA.—Calabar Bean. Origin.—Physostigma venenosum, Balfour. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionaeese, Phaseoleae. Habitat.—Tropical Western Africa, near the month of the Niger and old Calabar. Description.—Oblong and somewhat reuiform, 25 to 30 millimeters (1-1 inches) long, 15 to 20 millimeters (f-f 367 PHYSOSTIGMA — CALABAR BEAN. inch) broad, and 12 millimeters (| inch) thick ; testa granu- lar, chocolate brown ; hilum in a broad black groove ex- tending over the entire length of the convex edge, bordered on each side by a reddish-brown ridge, marked along the centre by the linear raphe, and having at one end the Fig. 216. Physostigma.—View from the side and edge, showing length of hilum. micropyle, at the other end the chalaza; embryo with a short curved radicle and two large white concavo-convex cotyledons, which adhere with the back to the integuments, and between their faces enclose an elliptic cavity; inodor- Fig. 217. Fig. 218. Physostigma split, showing cotyledons. Physostigma cylindrospermnm. ous, taste bean-like. The [integuments weigh about 28, and the embryo 72 per cent. 368 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. On moistening the embryo with solution of potassa, it acquires a pale yellow color. The seed of Physostigma (Mucuna, Oliver) cylindro- spermum, Holmes, is 4 centimeters (If inches) long, nearly cylindrical, has a shorter groove and hilum, otherwise closely resembles the preceding. Constituents. — Physostigmine or eserine, C15H2lN302 (in the embryo; amorphous, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol, carbon disulphide, less freely in water, reddened by alkalies and by chlorinated lime), calabarine (derivative of physostigmine; tetanic; insoluble in ether), eseridine (causes diarrhoea ; bv warm dilute acids converted into physostigmine), physosterin (indifferent, crystalline), starch 48 per cent., proteids 23 per cent., mucilage, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Sedative, poisonous; contracts the pupil. Dose, 0.06 to 0.26 gram (gr. j-iv), in powder, tincture, or extract; eserine, 0.001 to 0.005 gram (gr. to TV)- Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach-pump, emetics) ; atro- pine; chloral; strychnine; stimulants. FCENUM GRiECUM —Fenugreek. Origin.—Trigonella Foenurn grsecum, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papilionacese, Trifolieae. Habitat.—India, naturalized in the Mediterranean basin ; cultivated. Description.—Rhomboid, about 3 millimeters (J inch) long, and 2.5 millimeters inch) broad, compressed, four-edged; from the hilum on one edge, diagonally fur- rowed on both sides; testa brownish or yellowish, finely granular, hard; tegmen (endosperm?) colorless, horny; embryo light yellow, oily, the radicle curved upon the edge of the cotyledons; odor peculiar; taste mucilaginous, bitter. Constituents.—Mucilage 28 per cent, (chiefly in the inner seed coat), fat 6 per cent., volatile oil a trace, trigonelline SINAPIS ALBA — WHITE MUSTARD. 369 (crystalline, soluble in water, not poisonous; yields nicotic acid), choline (probably from decomposition of lecithin), proteids 22 per cent., bitter principle, ash about 4 per cent., free from starch. Adulteration.—Powdered fenugreek is sometimes adul- terated with ground amylaceous seeds. Properties.—Demulcent, discutient; used in veterinary practice. ABRI SEMEN.—Prayer Beads, Jequiriti. Origin. — Abrus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Aricieaj. Habitat.—India, naturalized iu other tropical countries. Description.—Subspherical or globular-ovate, 5 to 8 millimeters (3—3 inch) long, scarlet-red, with a black spot at the hilum ; testa hard ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, curved ; inodorous; taste bean-like. Constituents.—Alkaloid, abric acid (crystalline, soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in water), fixed oil, lecithin or protagon (yields phosphoric acid, glycerin, etc.), ash about 3 per cent. The irritating principles are probably ferments associated with a globulin (soluble in 15 per cent. NaCl solution, coagulated near 80° C.) and an albumose (not coagulated by heat, but precipitated by HN03, this re- dissolved on heating, and reprecipitated on cooling). (Sid- ney Martin, 1889.) Properties.—Irritating to the eyes; infusion used in granular ophthalmia. SINAPIS ALBA.—White Mustard. Origin.—Brassica (Sinapis, Linne) alba, Hooker jilius. Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassicese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Description.—Almost globular, nearly 2 millimeters inch) in diameter; hilum circular; testa yellowish, finely pitted, hard ; embryo greenish-yellow, oily, with a curved 370 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; in- odorous ; taste pungent and acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil (20-25 per cent., bland), lecithin (small quantity), mucilage (mainly in the testa), myrosin (proteid), sinalbin, sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4.5 per cent.; free from starch. Sinalbin, C30H44N2S2O16, forms colorless prisms, is soluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold alco- hol,and splits into sugar,sinapine sulphate,C16H23N05.H2S04, and acrinyl sulphocyanide, C7II7O.NCS; the latter is an acrid non-volatile oil. Sinapine sulphocyanide forms color- less bitter prisms, soluble in water and alcohol. On boiling with alkalies sinapine yields choline or sinkaline, C5H15N02, and sinapic acid, CuH1205. Properties.—Tonic, laxative, diuretic, stimulant, emetic; externally rubefacient and epispastic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), entire, in powder, or infusion; externally as poultice. SINAPIS NIGRA.—Black Mustard. Origin.—Brassica (Sinapis, LinnS) nigra, Koch. Nat- ural order, Cruci ferae, Brassiceae. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. Fig. 219. Sinapiss.—Entire, mag- nified. Embryo. Transverse section. Description.—Almost globular, about 1 millimeter inch) in diameter, with a circular hilum; testa blackish- NUX VOMICA — NUX VOMICA. 371 brown, finely reticulate, hard ; embryo greenish-yellow, oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons one folded over the other; inodorous when dry, but when moist of a pun- gent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungently acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent, (bland), mucilage (mainly in the testa), lecithin (minute quantity), myrosin (proteid), sinigrin or potassium myronate about 0.5 per cent., sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4 per cent., no starch. Sinigrin, KC10H18NS2O10, forms silky white needles, is solu- ble in water, slightly soluble in absolute alcohol, and splits into sugar, acid potassium sulphate, and allyl sulphocyanide or volatile oil of mustard, C3H5CNS; the latter is very pun- gent and acrid, has the density 1.018, dissolves in sulphuric acid without coloration, and contains also variable quanti- ties of CS2. Myrosin coagulates at 60° C. (140° F.). Properties and Dose similar to Siuapis alba. Allied Seeds.—Turnip seeds, from Brassica Rapa, Linne. Larger than the preceding, 1.5-2 millimeters (yV~iV iuch) thick, brown or nearly black, finely pitted ; slightly acrid. Rape seed, Cole or Colza seed, from Brassica Hapus, Linne. Larger than turnip seed, 2-2.5 millimeters (xVrV inch) thick, finely pitted, mostly blue-black, slightly acrid. NUX VOMICA.—Nux Vomica. Origin.—Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—India and East India Islands. Description.—Orbicular, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diameter, grayish or greenish-gray ; soft-hairy, of a silky lustre, with a slight ridge extending from hilum in the cen- tre of one side to the edge, where the radicle is located; testa thin, tough, and closely blended with the albumen, which is horny, yellowish or whitish, somewhat translucent, 372 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. very tough, and has a large circular cavity, into which the heart-shaped nerved cotyledons project; inodorous, persist- ently bitter. Fig. 220. Nux vomica.—Whole seed; cut longitudinally; cut transversely. Constituents.—Alkaloids (total amount 2.7-3.9 percent.), strychnine per cent., brucine J-l per cent., and igasu- riue (probably impure brucine), combined with igasuric Fig. 221. Nux vomica.—Section through hilum and albumen, magnified 00 diam. acid (amorphous, dark green by ferric salts); loganin, pro- teids 11 per cent., fat, gum, sugar 6 per cent., ash 1-1.5 per cent. IGNATIA—BEAN OF ST. IGNATIUS. Strychnine, C21H22TST202, is in four-sided prisms, insolu- ble in absolute ether, soluble in 5 parts of chloroform and in 110 parts of cold 90 per cent, alcohol. Sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate colors deep violet or blue; simi- lar color by sulphuric acid and lead, peroxide or potassium ferricyanide, changing to red and yellow; warm strong nitric acid yields picric acid (Shenstone, 1885); but diluted nitric acid does not affect the alkaloid (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Commercial strychnine contains some homostrychnine, C22H24N202 (Koefoed, 1889). Brucine, C23H26N204, is in rectangular octahedra, contain- ing 4H20, is readily soluble in alcohol and in 7 parts of chloroform, insoluble in pure ether ; nitric acid colors blood- red, changing to orange and yellow; even nitric acid of 1.06 spec. grav. decomposes brucine on heating (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Loganin, C25H34014, forms colorless prisms, is easily solu- ble in alcohol and water, turns red and purple with sul- phuric acid, and splits into sugar and loganetin. Properties.—Tonic, spinal nervine, poisonous. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 gram (gr. ss-yj, in tincture or extract. Strych- nine, 0.001 to 0.01 gram (gr. -fa—^). Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- tives) ; tannin, or animal charcoal; chloroform inhalation ; chloral hydrate. Also potassium bromide, curare, cannabis indica, amyl nitrite, etc., have been recommended. IGjSTATIA.—Bean of St. Ignatius. Origin.—Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley, s. Ignatiana philip- pinica, Loureiro. Natural order, Loganiaceaj, Euloganieie. Habitat.—Philippine Islands. Description.—Oblong or ovate, irregnlarly angular, about 3 centimeters (11 inches) long, dull brownish or blackish, 374 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. very hard, horny; hilum at one end; fracture granular, irregular; the albumen brownish, somewhat translucent, inclosing an irregular cavity with an oblong embryo; in- odorous, very bitter. Fid. 222. Ignatia,—Vertical section. Constituents.—Strychnine 0.5 to 1.5 per cent., brucine 0.5 to 1.4 per cent., proteids 10 per cent., fat, gum, ash 2.5 per cent. Properties.—Like mix vomica. Pose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ss-iij). Antidotes.—Same as for nux vomica. DELPHINIUM.—Larkspur Seed. Origin.—Delphinium Consol ida, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacete, Helleborese. Habitat.—Central Europe; cultivated. Description.—Flattish tetrahedral, 1 to 1.5 millimeters (jj to yg- inch) broad, acute on the edges; testa black, roughly pitted; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small straight embryo; inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil, probably also delphinine. Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous; ex- ternally rubefacient; rarely employed. NIGELLA—NIGELLA. 375 STAPHISAGRIA.—Stavesacre. Origin.—Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Hellebore*. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. Description.—Flattish tetrahedral, about 5 millimeters Q- inch) long and 3 or 4 millimeters to inch) broad, the broadest side convex, testa brown or brown-gray, with Fig. 223. Stavesacre seed and section ; magnified 2 diam. reticulate ridges; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small straight embryo; nearly inodorous; taste bitter and biting. Constituents.—Delphinine (white, crystalline, acrid), del- phinoidine (amorphous), delphisine (crystalline); the three alkaloids soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, the last two becoming brown by sulphuric acid ; staphisain (yellow, insoluble in ether, acrid, red and violet by sulphuric acid), fixed oil 25 per cent., proteids, mucilage; ash 9 per cent. Properties.—Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous ; ex- ternally rubefacient; mostly used for killing vermin. NIGEL LA.—Nigella . Origin.—1. Nigella damascena, LinnS. 2. N. sativa, LinnS. Natural order, Ranunculacete, Helleborese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Description.—1. Triangular-ovate, 2.5 millimeters iueli) long, finely pitted, dull-black ; testa brittle; albumen oily ; embryo straight, small, in the pointed end ; odor on rubbing strawberry-like; taste bitter, somewhat acrid; imparts fluorescence to petroleum benzin. No. 2. Similar, 376 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—SEEDS. but netted-wrinkled, rounded at the edges, odor on rubbing cajuput-like; benzin not rendered fluorescent. Constituents.—Fixed oil, volatile oil (odor different from that of the seeds), in No. 2 also melanthin (acrid glucoside, soluble in alcohol, red or violet by 1I2S04), ash 4 per cent. Properties.—Emmenagogue, diuretic, expectorant; rarely used. LINUM.—Flaxseed. Origin.—Linum usitatissimum, Linne. Natural order, Linese, Eulinese. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated and spontaneous in most temperate countries. Description.—Flattish ovate or oblong ovate, about 5 millimeters (| inch) long, obliquely pointed at one end; Fig. 224. Flaxseed.—Entire, magnified 3 diam. Transverse section near the edge, magnified 65 diam. testa brown, glossy, very finely pitted, covered with a trans- parent mucilaginous epithelium, which swells considerably in water; hilum near the pointed end; embryo whitish, oily; cotyledons large, plano-convex, covered with a thin albumen; inodorous, mucilaginous, oily, and bitter. Constituents.—Fixed oil 30-35 per cent, (in the nucleus), mucilage 15 per cent, (in the epithelium), proteids 25 per cent., amygdalin (minute quantity), resin, wax, sugar, ash S T ROPHANTHUS —S T ROPHANTHUS. 377 3-4 per cent. After expressing the oil, cake meal yields 5 to 6 or 8 per cent, of ash. Starch, is absent. Properties.—Demulcent. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (5j—ijss) or more, in infusion; externally as poultice. STROPHANTHUS.—Strophanthus. Origin.—Strophanthus Kombe, Oliver, now regarded by Oliver as a variety of Str. hispidus, De Candolle. Natural order, Apocynaeese, Echitese. Habited.—Tropical Africa. Description.—Oblong-lanceolate, about 20 millimeters (4 inch) long, and 4 or 5 millimeters f^—1- inch) broad, nar- rowed, but blunt at the base, flattened on the sides and ob- tusely two-edged, grayish-greeu, covered with appressed silky hairs, one side with a longitudinal ridge prolonged through the attenuated, pointed apex into a brittle awn, which is 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, bare in the lower half, and above on all sides beset with delicate white silky hairs, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length ; kernel white, oily, consisting of a straight embryo with two thin cotyle- dons and surrounded by a thin albumen ; inodorous, taste very bitter. The seeds are met in the market deprived of the awns; but are sometimes imported in the follicles, which arc 20 to 30 centimeters (8-12 inches) long, linear-oblong and pointed; for medicinal purposes the awns and pericarps are to be removed, the seed alone being used. The decoction is brownish and not changed in color by solutions of iodine, ferric chloride, or Mayer’s test. False Kombe Seeds.—The seeds of Str. hispidus, De C., and Str. diehotomus, De C., resemble the above, but are brown or chestnut-brown, and less densely covered with hairs. The seed of Kicksia africana, Bentham, is pointed at both ends, has the cotyledons irregularly folded, and is awnless, but provided with a long funiculus covered with long hairs. Constituents.—Kombic acid (precipitated by lead acetate) and strophantin, C3(H48012. The latter is imperfectly crys- 378 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. talline, neutral, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, nearly insoluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform, precipi- Fig. 225. Strophanthus seed with eomose awn. tated by tannin, colored green and brown by II2S04, and blue by Id2S04 and K2Cr207, and is by most acids easily split into glucose and crystals of strophanthidin. M YK IS TIC A — NUTMEG. 379 Properties.—Heart sedative. Dose of tincture (1 :1b alcohol) 4-8 minims. MYRISTICA.—Nutmeg. Origin.—Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn (M. moschata, Thunberg, M. aromatica, Lamarck, M. officinalis, I Anne ftlius). Natural order, Myristicacese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—Roundish-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long ; deprived of the brittle woody testa, which shows Fig. 226. Fig. 227. Nutmeg, with mace and transverse section. Wild nutmeg, with mace shallow impressions from mace; kernel externally light brown, reticulately furrowed ; internally of a fatty lustre, pale brownish with dark brown veins containing the folds of the inner seed-coat; hilum and micropyle on the broad end, chalaza near the upper end, united by a groove corre- 380 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. sponding to the raphe; embryo small, in a cavity at the base; strongly aromatic, somewhat bitter. Varieties.—Limed or Dutch nutmegs; covered with a white powder, lime. Penang and Singapore nutmegs; unlimed. False Nutmegs.—Myristica fatua, Houttuyn, wild or male nutmegs; 4 to 5 centimeters (1| to 2 inches) long; kernel pale colored, scarcely aromatic. Torreya californica, Torrey {Natural order, Coniferse), testa smooth, brittle; kernel oblong, marbled, terebinthi- nate. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 8 per cent., fixed oil 25 to 30 per cent., starch, proteids, mucilage, ash 2 per cent, Volatile oil of nutmeg has the spec. grav. 0.93, aud consists of myristicene, C10H16, and a little myristicol, CluIIuO. Expressed oil of nutmeg cousists chiefly of liiyristin, with some myristic acid, palmitin, olein, resin, and about 6 per cent, volatile oil. Properties.—Stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 grams (gr. viij—xxij). GYNOCARDIA.—Chaulmugra. Origin.—Gynocardia (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. Habitat.—Malayan peninsula and Northeastern India. Description.—Irregular ovate oblong, 2 to 3 centimeters (|-li inches) long, 10 to 12 millimeters (J— | inch) broad, somewhat angular and flattish ; testa dingy brown-gray, brittle; tegmen brown, thin; albumen brown, oily; em- bryo nearly of the length of the seed, with a thick club- shaped radicle, and two broad leafy-veined and somewhat heart-shaped cotyledons; odor slight; taste oily. Constituents.—Fat 50 per cent., proteids, mucilage. Properties.—Alterative, tonic; in larger doses emetic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x) ; mostly used for preparing chaulmugra oil. RICINUS — CASTOR OIL SEED. 381 RICINUS—Castor Oil Seed. Origin.—Ricinus communis, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—India; cultivated in tropical and warm tem- perate countries. Description.—Variable in size and color; about 15 milli- meters (| inch) long, and 8 millimeters (J inch) broad, oval oblong, flattened on the ventral surface; on one end with a whitish caruncle, covering the hilum and micropyle; cha- laza near the broader end; raphe on the flat side; testa glossy, grayish or pale grayish-brown variegated with red- brown, brittle ; tegmen white, thin, adhering to the white oily albumen ; embryo straight, with a short conical radicle and two thin broad and veined cotyledons; inodorous; taste oily, acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 50 per cent, (see Oleum ricini), ricinin (crystalline), proteids 20 per cent., mucilage, Fig. 228. Ricinus fruit, Seed. Longitudinal sections. sugar, ash (testa 10 per cent., kernel 4 per cent.). The poisonous principle is an albuminoid compound, ricin (Stillmark, 1888). Properties.—Violently cathartic and emetic; used for preparing castor oil 382 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. TIGLIUM.—Croton Seed. Origin.—Croton Tiglium, LinnS, s. Tiglium officinale, Klotzsch. Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Crotoueae. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Description.—About 12 to 15 millimeters (|- or | inch) long; oval oblong, somewhat quadrangular, more or less flattened on the ventral side; surface dull gray-brown, or mottled with black from the removal of the outer coat; the caruncle usually absent from the commercial seed ; other- wise like castor-oil seeds. Fio. 229. Croton Tiglium.—Lateral and ventral view, and longitudinal section of seed. Constituents.—Fixed oil 50 to 60 per cent, (see Oleum tiglii), proteids, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Violently drastic; used for preparing erotou oil. CURCAS.—Purging Nut. Origin.—Jatropha Curcas, Linne (Curcas purgans, A damon). Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Crotoneae. Habitat.—Tropical America; naturalized in other tropi- cal countries. Description.—About 20 millimeters (f inch) long; re- sembles croton seed, but the testa is dull black and marked with numerous small fissures ; taste less acrid. Constituents.—Fixed oil 40 per cent, (yellowish or color- less, vesicating), proteids, etc. CAFFEA—COFFEE. 383 Properties.—Drastic and emetic; similar to, but milder than croton seed. CAFFEA.—Coffee. Origin.—Coffea arabica, Linne. Natural order, Rubia- cete, Ixoreae. Habitat.—Tropical Africa; cultivated in tropical coun- tries. Description.—Elliptic or oval from 8 to 12 millimeters to | inch) long, yellowish or bluish-gray, plano-convex, on the flat side with a longitudinal groove, penetrating with a curve deeply into the horny albumen; somewhat oblique on one end; hilurn near the groove beneath the rounded end ; testa membranous, brittle, usually wanting on the back ; embryo small, at the oblique end, slightly curved under the convex side; odor faint, peculiar; taste somewhat bitter, astringent. Varieties.—The cultivated varieties vary in size, color, and flavor. The large and well-flavored Liberian coffee is obtained from Coffea liberica, Hiern. Constituents.—Fat 13 per cent., glucose and dextrin 15 per cent., proteids 13 per cent., caffeine 1 to 1.3 percent., caffeotan- nic acid, trace of volatile oil, ash 3 to 4 or 5 percent. Caffeine, c8h10x4o2, is methyltheobromine (trimethyl-xanthine) in white silky needles, faintly bitter, soluble in water, more so in alcohol and chloroform ; on boiling with barium hydrate converted into carbonic anhydrid, C02, and caffeidine, C7H12X40, and the latter ultimately into sarkosine, formic acid, methylamine, and ammonia. It is said not to produce spasms like theine, and its lethal dose to be smaller than that of theine. Caffeotannin is amorphous, yields by oxidation viridiuie 384 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. acid, with boiling potassa yellow crystalline caffeic acid, and with fusing potassa protocatechuic acid. By the roasting of colfee the fat, sugar, and tannin are destroyed, a little caffeine is lost with the water, and empy- reumatic volatile oils (caffeone) are produced. The loss by roasting amounts to about 8 per cent, of water and 9 per cent, of organic matter. Properties.—Tonic, stimulant, nervine, antiemetic. Dose, 4 to 16 grams (5j-iv), in infusion; caffeine 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). STRAMONII SEMEN.—Stramonium Seed. Thornapple seed. Origin.—Datura Stramonium, Linne. Natural order, Solanacese, Hyoscyamete. Habitat.—Asia; naturalized in most countries. Description.—Reniform, flattened, about 4 millimeters ()r inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the concave edge; testa dull brownish black, pitted and wrinkled ; albumen Fig. 230. Stramonium.—Capsule and longi- tudinal section. Stramonium seed and section, magnified 3 diam. whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical embryo curved parallel with the edge of the seed ; inodorous; taste oily and bitter. Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, proteids, ash 3 per cent., daturine 0.3 per cent, (mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine). 385 HYOSCYAMI SEMEN—HYOSCYAMUS SEED. Properties.—Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij), in powder, tincture, or extract. Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetic); stimu- lants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; hot and cold douches; morphine ; pilocarpine. HYOSCYAMI SEMEN.—Hyoscyamus Seed. Origin.—Hyoscyamus niger, LinnS. Natural order, Sol a mice®, Hyoscyameae. Habitat.—Europe and Asia; naturalized in some parts of JNorth America. Description.—Roundish-reniform, flattened, 1 to 1.5 mil- limeters (ij1- to inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the concave edge; testa finely pitted, roughish, light gray- brown ; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical em- bryo curved parallel with the edge of the seed, but with the tip of the cotyledons incurved ; inodorous ; taste oily, bitter, somewhat acrid. Fig. 231. Hyoscyamus seed.—a. Slightly magnified, b. Section. Constituents.—Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, proteids, hyoseyamine, hyoscine, hyoscypicrin (bitter gluco- side), ash 3 to 4 per cent. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, dilating the pupil, nar- cotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v), in powder or emulsion. Antidotes.—Same as for stramonium. 386 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. PAPAVER.—Poppy Seed, Maw Seed. Origin.—Papaver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Description.—Reniform, 1 to 1.5 millimeters to j iuch) long; hilurn and micropyle on theconcavTe side; testa varying in color, bluish, blackish, or whitish, with shallow pits; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical semi- lunar embryo ; inodorous; taste oily. Constituents.—Fixed oil 45 to 55 per cent, proteids about 16 per cent., mucilage, morphine (?), ash 6 to 7 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent, mild anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in emulsion. SABADILLA.—Cevadilla. Schoenocaulon (Asagrsea, Lindley; Helonias, Don) offi- cinale, Asa Gray, s. Veratrum Sabadilla, Schlechtendal. Natural order, Liliacese, Veratrese. Habitat.—Mexico to Venezuela. Description.—Narrow-oblong or lance-linear, about 6 millimeters (| inch) long, rounded below, rather beaked Fig. 232. Sabadilla.—Fruit natural size; seed and longitudinal section, magnified. above, somewhat angular; testa brownish-black, rngosely wrinkled, thin; albumen whitish and oily, with a small COLCHICI SEMEN — COLCHICUM SEED. 387 linear embryo near the base; inodorous,bitter, persistently acrid, sternutatory. The papery follicles sometimes present should be rejected. Constituents.— Verat ri ne,037H53N0 j4,cevad i ne,C321149N09, cevadilliue, C34H53N08, cevadic acid (sublimable, odor of butyric acid), veratric acid (sublimable in prisms), fixed oil, ash 3.5 per cent. Veratrine (of Wright and Luff) is amorphous, and by potassa is split into veratric acid and verine, C28H45N08. Cevadine (Merck’s veratrine) crystal- lizes in prisms, and by potassa is split into cevadic acid and cevine, C27H43N08. Medicinal veratrine is a white powder, acrid, sternutatory, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, less freely soluble in glycerin and olive oil, and is colored yellow and deep red by sulphuric acid, yellow by nitric acid, and deep red by hot hydrochloric acid. Properties.—Powerful irritant; used for preparing vera- trine, and for killing vermin. Dose, of veratrine, 0.002 to 0.005 gram (gr. t° yV)> *n mostly externally in ointment. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetic); tan- nin ; stimulants (brandy, coffee, ammonia, etc.); application of warmth. COLCHICI SEMEN.—Colchicum Seed. Origin.—Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Natural order, Liliaceae, Colchiceae. Habitat.—Europe, in meadows. Description.—Subglobular, 2 to 3 millimeters to inch) thick ; hilum circular, furnished with a soft caruncle; testa dull reddish-brown, finely pitted, thin, but hard ; albu- men whitish, oily, horny, and tough, inclosing a small em- bryo nearly opposite the hilum; inodorous; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 388 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. Constituents.—Fixed oil 6 to 8 per cent., gum, starch, sugar, ash 2.6 per cent., colchicine about 0.8 per cent., aud derivatives of the latter. Colchicine, C22H25N06 (Zeisel, 1888), is colorless or yellow, amorphous, soluble in water, Fig. 233. Culchici semen.—a. Natural size. b. Section, magnified. alcohol, and chloroform, less soluble iu ether, of a saffron- like odor and bitter taste, precipitated by tannin, turns moist litmus paper slowly blue, and in aqueous solution is colored yellow by hydrochloric acid. It is the methylic ether of colchiceiu, C21H23N06 -f- J H20 (white crystals, in- odorous, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and hot water, col- ored green by ferric chloride, and, after several days’ stand- ing, precipitated by tanuin). Colchicoresin is brown, amor- phous, soluble iu chloroform and alcohol, insoluble in ether, and very sparingly soluble in cold water. Beta-colchico- resin is blackish-brown, soluble in strong alcohol and chlo- roform, and insoluble in water and ether. The last two principles are not, or but slightly, affected by tannin, are col- ored brown-green by ferric chloride, aud dissolve in potassa with a brown color. Colchicine and colchicein yield with potassa yellow solutions. The four principles yield with sulphuric acid and potassium nitrate a deep blue or pur- plish-blue color, and when this has disappeared, concen- trated potassa solution gives a more permanent brick-red color. They are extracted from the unbroken seeds by digestion with alcoholic liquids, while maceration iu the same exhausts only about two-thirds of the principles. ARECA — ARECA NUT. 389 Properties.—Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in powder, tincture, wine, or fluid extract. Antidotes.—Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics); tan- nin; demulcents; stimulants. GRANUM PARADIS!.—Grain of Paradise. Origin.—1. Amomum Granum-paradisi, Afzelius. 2. Am. Melegueta, Roscoe. Natural order, Scitamineae, Zin- gibereae. Habitat.—Western Africa. Description.—Roundish-angular, 2 to 3 millimeters (j to | inch) long; hilum at the slightly conical end, rather broad and depressed (Granum-paradisi), or grayish tufted (Melegueta); testa reddish-brown, finely warty; albumen whitish, mealy, and oily, inclosing a small embryo; odor slightly spicy ; taste pungent, pepper-like. Constituents.—Volatile oil 0.3 per cent., paradol C9II1402, (viscid, pungent), tannin, fat, resin, starch, gum, ash 2 to 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant; used mainly in cattle powder, and for imparting artificial strength to spirits. ARECA.—Areca Nut. Origin.—Areca Catechu, Linne. Natural order, Pal- in ese, Arecese. Habitat.—East Indies; cultivated. Description.—Roundish conical, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, flattish at the hilum, externally brown, veined, internally horny, white, with dark brown veins; embryo near the hilum, small, conical; odor faint; taste slightly astringent. Constituents.—Fat 14 per cent., several alkaloids, tannin, resin, mucilage, ash 2.2 percent. Arecoline, CsH13N02, is oily, soluble in ether, yields crystallizable salts, and prob- ably represents the tsenifuge principle. Arecaine, C7HuN02, 390 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. is crystalline, soluble in water, insoluble in ether, and is not poisonous. Properties.—Astringent, tseuifuge. Dose, 8 to 12 grams (5ij-iij). 12. CELLULAR DRUGS NOT READILY RECOG- NIZED AS DISTINCT ORGANS OF PLANTS. This class embraces excrescences, hairs, glands, sporules, and such other vegetable drugs which do not belong to any of the preceding classes, and do not constitute a distinct organ of a plant, or are not readily recognizable as such. The starches, though not truly cellular, but being of a defi- nite shape, are embraced in this class. Sect. 1. Not farinaceous. Globular, tube»culated above. Galla. Irregular-ovate, tuberculated or lobed, hollow; shell Gallse chinenses thin. et japonicse. Irregular pieces, white, friable, very bitter. Fungus laricis. Felt-like pieces, soft, brown, glossy, tasteless. Fungus chirurgorum. Irregular-globose, falling into a brown-black pow- der. Ustilago. Narrow oblong and subtriangular, three-grooved. Ergota. Cylindrical, brownish, horn like. Laminaria. Cylindrical, white, spongy, mucilaginous. Sassafras medulla. Flat, divided into narrow bands, aromatic. Macis. Thread-like, notched above, orange-brown red. Crocus. Long, silky, thread-like, yellowish. Stigmata maydis. Curling, white filaments; under the microscope band-like. Gossypium. Curling, brown, glossy filaments, under the micro- scope jointed. Cibotium. Stiff, brown-red, under the microscope retrorsely serrate. Mucuna. Pulverulent, brick-red, consisting of hairs and glands. Kamala. brown or dark purple, mixed with wood fibres. Araroba. Classification. GALLA— NUTGALL. 391 brown-yellow, aromatic, under the microscope subglobular or hood-shaped. Lupulinum. pale yellow, tasteless, under the microscope tetra- hedral. Lycopodium. Viscid liquid, containing roundish cells. Fermentum. Sect. 2. Farinaceous. I. Unaltered starch granules, consisting of more or less distinct layers. ' Amylum. II. Granules partly altered. Globular grains; granules oblong, truncate. Sago. Irregular lumps; granules muller-shaped. Tapioca. III. Granules wholly or partly inclosed in tissue. Globular grains with a brown groove; granules simi- lar to wheat starch. Hordeum. Meal; granules polyhedral, small, united to glob- ules. Avena. GALLA.—Nutgall. Origin.—Excrescences on Quereus lusitanica, Webb, yar. infectoria, De Candolle, s. Q. infectoria, Olivier (Natural order, Cupuliferse), caused by the punctures and deposited ova of Cynips gallee tinctorise, Olivier (Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera). Habitat.—Levant. Fig. 234. Entire. Galla. Section. Description.—Subglobular, 2 centimeters (f inch) or less in diameter, with a short stipe, more or less tnberculated above, otherwise smooth ; heavy, hard, often with a circular 392 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. hole near the middle, blackish-olive-green or blackish-gray; fracture granular, grayish; in the centre a subglobular cavity containing either the partly developed insect or pul- verulent remains left by it, with remnants of the starchy parenchyme. The cavity is inclosed by a hard shell, com- posed of stone cells; outside of it the tissue consists of parenchyme, chiefly containing tannin, and of a few soft wood bundles. Nutgalls are nearly inodorous, and have a strongly astringent taste. Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgall should be rejected. Varieties.—Aleppo or Syrian nutgalls, dark colored and heavy. Smyrna nutgalls, of a grayish-olive color, intermixed with white galls. Sorian nutgalls, size of a pea; blackish. Indigenous nutgalls, globular, smooth, or tuberculate, white or blackish, spongy or firm, varying according to Fig. 235. Gallse chinenses. origin; the galls of Quercus vireus, Alton, are of a firm texture, dark color, and rich in tannin (40 per cent.). California oak balls, from Quercus lobata, Engelmann, GALL A — NUTG ALL. 393 are globular, 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, orange- brown, internally white and spongy; very astringent. Chinese nutgalls, from Rhus semialata, Murray, by the sting of Aphis chinensis, Bell; about 4 or 5 centimeters (1§- to 2 inches) long, ovate, but very irregular, tuberculate, grayish-downy, hollow; shell thin, fragile, inclosing the remnants of numerous insects. Japanese nutgalls, from Rhus semialata or an allied species; about 2 to 3 centimeters (|- to 1|- inches) long, usually lobed, and the lobes tuberculate, densely pubescent; contains starch granules; otherwise like the preceding. Constituents.—Tannin 50 to 60 per cent, (white galls about 80 per cent)., gallic acid 2 to 3 per cent., mucilage, sugar, resin, and, in the nucleus, starch. Tannin, gallo- tannic acid or digallic acid, C14H10O9, is yellowish-white, amorphous, insoluble in absolute ether, soluble in glycerin, alcohol, and water, precipitated blue-black by ferric salts Fig. 236. Gall* japonic*. and white by gelatin. Commercial tannin contains a little odorous and coloring matter and variable quantities of glucose. Gallic acid, C7H605.H20, is in white silky needles, soluble in alcohol, less so in ether, and sparingly soluble in cold water; is precipitated blue-black by ferric salts, the color disappearing on boiling, and is not affected 394 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. by gelatin, except in the presence of gum. The tannin of Chinese Nutgalls differs somewhat from that of the officinal nutgalls. AGARICUS ALBUS.—Fungus Laricis, White Agaric. Origin.—Polyporus officinalis, Fries, s. Boletus laricis, Jacquin. Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Habitat.—Asia and Europe, on the larch (Larix). Description.—Deprived of the outer rind; hoof-shaped or conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) broad, usually in irregular pieces, white, light, somewhat fibrous and spongy, very friable, but not readily pulverizable; odor faint; taste sweetish, acrid, and very bitter. Constituents.—Agaricin, C16H3a05 (also known as agaric acid or laricin ; white, crystalline, soluble in hot alcohol and glacial acetic acid, less soluble in ether), about 25 per cent, of bitter resin (brown-red, soluble in cold alcohol, chloro- form, benzol, etc., purgative), resins sparingly soluble in cold alcohol, an indifferent crystalline substance about 4 per cent., white amorphous substance separating jelly-like, 8 or 4 per cent., sugar (mannit?), and fumaric, citric, and malic acids. Properties. — Autisudoral, purgative, in large doses emetic. Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x) in powder, tinc- ture, or extractof agaricin 0.005-0.010 gram (gr. g-) as antisudoral. FUNGUS CHIRURGORUM.—Surgeon’s Agaric. Origin.—Polyporus (Boletus, Linne) fomentarius, Fries. Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Habitat. — Europe, on the oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus). Description. — Deprived of the harder rind, cut into slices, boiled in lve, washed and beaten. Felt-like, soft- velvety pieces, brown, glossy, nearly inodorous, tasteless ; ERGOTA—ERGOT. 395 consists of interlaced filiform cells. Impregnated with potassium nitrate it constitutes spunk or touchwood. Uses.—Externally for arresting hemorrhage. USTILAGO.—Cornsmut. Origin. — Ustilago Maydis, LSveille. Natural order, Fungi, iEcidiomycetes. Habitat.—Upon all parts of Zea Mays, LinnS, most frequently upon the inflorescence. Description.— Irregular globose masses, sometimes 15 centimeters (6 inches) in diameter, consisting of a blackish gelatinous membrane, inclosing innumerable browm-black, globular, and nodular spores; odor and taste disagreeable. Constituent.—Fixed oil 2.5 per cent., probably sclerotic acid, crystalline principle (soluble in carbon disulphide), crystalline alkaloid (bitter, soluble in ether), volatile base, sugar, mucilage, ash 5 per cent. Properties.—Emmenagogue, parturient. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). ERGOTA.—Ergot. Secale cornutum. Origin.—Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Natural order, Fungi, Ascomycetes. Habitat.—In the inflorescence of Secale cereale, Linne, and other grasses. Description. — Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, usually curved, about 20 to 40 millimeters (|—1J inches) 3 or 4 inch) thick, three-furrowed, attenu- ated and obtuse at both ends, purplish-black, often trans- versely fissured, internally whitish, breaking with a short fracture; odor peculiar, heavy, increased by trituration with solution of potassa; taste oily, unpleasant. 396 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. Ergot grows from a loose white mycelium, which in its early stage is accompanied by an unpleasantly sweet mucus, Fig. 237. Fig. 238. Ergota. Fig. 239. Fig. 240. Ergotized rye. Ergot with fruit- heads. Section of head,"showing conceptacles. and; penetrates into the ovary. In the following spring stiped fruit-heads are produced, containing numerous bottle- ERG OTA — ERGOT. 397 shaped conceptacles (peritheeia) with fusiform spore-sacs (asci) inclosing 8 filiform spores. Ergot should be kept in a dry place, and renewed every year. Constituents.—Mostly difficult to isolate and purify, ow- ing to their amorphous condition and changeable nature. The following have been obtained : Fixed oil 30 per cent., mycose, proteids, cholesterin, ash about 3 per cent., sclero- mucin 2-3 per cent, (brown, tasteless, after drying insolu- ble in water; ecbolic ; according to Kobert, impure ergotic acid), sclererythrin per cent, (soluble in alcohol, ether, and in alkalies with a deep red color), scleroiodin (not solu- ble in simple solvents, violet in alkalies), picrosclerotin (poisonous), sclerocrystallin and scleroxanthin (crystalline, soluble in ether, inert). Two acids possessing ecbolic prop- erties have been obtained in different stages of purity and named sphacelic and sclerotic (ergotic) acid; both are amorphous and nearly tasteless; the former, also known as sphacelotoxin, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alka- lies; the latter is soluble in water. Of alkaloids prepared from ergot, ergotinine is yellowish (crystalline ?), fluores- cent, changing by H2S04 to red, violet, and blue, and is regarded as harmless. Cornutine is an active alkaloid, and is probably present to some extent in the impure alkaloids ecboline and ergotine ; it is of a reddish color and entirely insoluble in ether, and is the chief active constituent of alcoholic extracts of ergot. Aqueous extracts contain principally ergotic acid and sphacelates. Bonjean’s ergotin is the aqueous extract of ergot, precipi- tated by alcohol, filtered and evaporated. Properties.—Emmenagogue, ecbolic, parturient, hemo- static, poisonous. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder (freshly prepared), infusion, wine, or fluid extract; ergotin 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij). 398 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. Antidotes.—Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- tives); stimulants; amyl nitrite inhalation; frictions. LAMINARIA.—Laminaria. Origin.—Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston, s. L. digitata, Lamouroux. Natural order, Algse, Fucoideae. Habitat.—North Atlautic Ocean. Description.—The stipitate portion of the plant is used. Cylindrical or somewhat flattened pieces about 1 centimeter (| inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brownish or brown, often with a saline efflorescence, horn-like, sometimes hollow in the centre (from old plants); after soaking in water brown- green, elastic, and four or five times the former thickness ; in the outer layer with large mucilage cells; odor slight seaweed-like ; taste mucilaginous, saline. Constituents.—Mucilage, mannit, salts. Properties.—Absorbent, dilatant; turned cylindrical or conical, used as tents. SASSAFRAS MEDULLA.—Sassafras Pith. Origin.—Sassafras officinalis, Nees. Natural order, Laurinese, Litseacese. Habitat.—North America. Description.—Slender cylindrical pieces, often curved or coiled, light, spongy, white, inodorous, insipid; consisting entirely of parenchyme. Constituents.—Mucilage; from its aqueous solution it is not precipitated by alcohol or subacetate of lead. Properties.—Demulcent; used mostly in collyria. MACIS.—Mace. Origin.—Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, Myristicacese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands ; cultivated in the tropics. CROCUS—SAFFRON. 399 Description.—It is the arillus of nutmeg. In narrow bands, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 1 millimeter inch) thick, somewhat branched and lobed above, united to broader pieces at the base ; of a brownish-orange color, fatty when scratched or pressed; fracture short, showing numerous yellow oil cells; fragrant; taste warm, aromatic. Constituents.—Volatile oil 8 per cent, (mostly macene, C10Hi6, with little oxygenated compound), resin, fat, sugar, dextrin, mucilage, proteids, no starch granules, ash 1.5-2 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic; used chiefly for flavoring. CROCUS.—Saffron . Origin.—Crocus sativus, Linne. Natural order, I ride®, Sisyrinchieae. Habitat.—Western Asia ; cultivated in'Spain and France. Description.—It consists of the stigmas, which are sepa- rate, or three attached to the top of the style, about 3 cen- timeters inches) long, flatfish-tubular, almost thread-like, broader and notched above; orange-brown red; crisp and somewhat elastic; odor peculiar, aromatic; taste bitterish and aromatic. When chewed it tinges the saliva deep orange-yellow. It consists of thin-walled elongated paren- chyme and of delicate vascular veins, repeatedly forked, a vein terminating in each tooth. Saffron should not be mixed with the yellow styles, and should not be sticky (glycerin). When pressed between fil- tering paper, it should not leave an oily stain. When soaked in water, it colors the liquid orange-yellow, and should not deposit any pulverulent mineral matter, nor show the presence of organic substances differing in shape from that described (stamens, corolla-tubes, safflower, calen- dula, etc.). For adulterating saffron mineral matters are 400 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. made to adhere to the drug by means of syrup or glycerin, or it is impregnated with concentrated solutions of alkali salts, or with cheaper coloring matters. Fig. 241. Crocus.—a. Stigma, upper part, magnified 4 diam. b. Style with stigmas, c. Papillose margin of stigma, magnified 120 diam. Varieties.—Commercial saffron is mostly of Spanish or French (Gatinais) origin. African saffron is usually saf- flower (carthamus). Cape saffron consists of the corolla of Lyperia crocea, Eeklon, natural order, Scrophularinese. Constituents.—Volatile oil 1 per cent., fixed oil, wax, mucilage, sugar, proteids, ash 5 per cent., moisture about 12 per cent., and polychroit (or crocin), C48H60O18. The latter is insoluble in ether, soluble in ordinary alcohol and water, and is split into sugar, heavy essential oil, C10H14O, and crocin (crocetin), C16H1806, which is insoluble in ether, nearly insoluble in water, and is colored blue by sulphuric acid, like*polychroit. GOSSYPIUM — COTTON. 401 Properties.—Diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogue, anodyne, mildly sedative. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or syrup. MAYDIS STIGMATA.—Cornsilk. Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Gram in etc, Maydese. Habitat.—Tropical America; cultivated in the warm temperate zone. Description.— The stigmas are collected. Fine thread- like, 15 centimeters (6 inches) or more long, about 0.5 mil- limeter inch) broad, yellowish or greenish, soft-silky, finely hairy, inodorous, taste sweetish. Constituents.—Sugar, mucilage, maizenic acid (?). Properties.—Diuretic, lithontriptic. Dose, about 2 grams (5ss) in decoction or syrup; of the aqueous extract, 0.3 to 0.5 gram (gr. v-viij). GOSSYPIUM.—Cotton. Origin.—Gossypium herbaceum, Linne, and other species of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibisceae. Habitat.—Tropical Asia and Africa; cultivated in tropi- cal and subtropical countries. Description.—The hairs attached to the seeds are used. One-cellecl filaments, about 2 (short staple) to 4 (long staple) centimeters (f— If- inches) long, and about 0.02 millimeter (0.0008 inch) broad; white, soft, curling, under the micro- scope appearing as flattened, hollow, and twisted bands, which are spirally striate and slightly thickened at the ob- tuse edges; inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and potassa solution ; blackened by warm solution of stannic chloride, not dyed by picric acid, soluble in am- moniacal solution of copper sulphate. 402 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. Constituents.—Cellulose, inorganic constituents 1.5 per cent., fixed oil 9-10 per cent., the latter removed by re- peated boiling with caustic alkali (absorbeut cotton). Fig. 242. Cotton fibres. Uses.—For preparing collodion and for surgical dress- ings. CIBOTIUM.—Penghawar. Penghawar-Djambi, Paku-kidang, Pulu. Origin.—Cibotium Baromez, Kunze, Cib. djambianum, Hasskarl, and other species of ferns. Natural order, Fili- ces, Cvatheaceae. Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, and islands of the Pacific. Description.—The chaffy hairs of the bases of the fronds and stem are collected. Curling filaments, about 0.05 milli- meter (0.002 inch) broad, glossy, brown or brown-yellow; under the microscope flat and jointed ; inodorous, tasteless Penghawar is about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and of a yellowish tint. Paku-kidang, from Alsophila lurida, Hooker, etc., is about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and of a brown color. Pulu, or Pulu-pulu, from Cibotium glau- cum, Hooker, etc., is slightly curling and very soft. Constituents.—Humin compounds, little resin, wax, etc. Properties.—Hemostatic through the mechanical absorp- tion of the blood serum. KAMALA— KAMALA. 403 MUCUNA.—Cowage Origin. — Mucuna (Stizolobium, Persoon; Dolichos, LinnS) pruriens, De Candolle. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. Habitat.—East and West Indies. Description.—The hairs attached to the legumes are used. Oue-celled, 2 or 3 millimeters inch) long, stiff, brown- red, under the microscope appearing sharp-pointed, re- trorsely serrate, rather thick-walled and partly filled with a brown granular matter. The hairs easily penetrate the skin, causing violent itching. Constituents.—Little tannin and resin. Mucuna urens, De Candolle, yields shorter and darker hairs, which are equally irritating. Properties.—Anthelmintic, externally irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij), mixed with syrup. KAMALA.—Kamala. Origin.—Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. (Rottlera tinctoria, Roxburgh). Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Cro- ton ese. Habitat.—India, China, Philippine Islands, Australia ; possibly also in Abyssinia. Fig. 243. Kamala.—Magnified 190 diam. Description.—The glands and hairs of the capsules are collected. Granular, mobile, brick-red, inodorous and nearly 404 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. tasteless powder, imparting a deep red color to alkaline liq- uids, alcohol, ether, and chloroform; boiling water yields a pale yellow solution, becoming brown with ferric chloride. Under the microscope Kamala is seen to consist of stellately arranged colorless hairs, mixed with depressed globular glands, containing from 40 to 60 red club-shaped vesicles. When heated in a crucible to redness, it leaves an ash, weighing not over 8 per cent, of the drug. Constituents.—Resins nearly 80 per cent., one soluble in cold, the other in hot alcohol; rottlerin, C22H20O6 (crystal- lizing from ether, yellow, easily altered on exposure to air), albuminous matter and cellulose, each 7 percent., ash about 4 per cent. Adulteration.—Earthy matters, sometimes to the extent of 60 per cent.; best detected by incineration. Properties.—Tsenifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 or 12 grams (5j—ij—iij), in powder or electuary. Substitute.—Wars or Wurrus from Flemingia rhodocarpa, Baker; Papilionacese, Phaseolese; indigenous to Eastern Africa. The powder is coarser than Kamala, is. deep pur- ple, has a slight odor, becomes black in the waterbath, and consists of cylindrical or subconical glands, enclosing sev- eral tiers of oblong vesicles. Used as a vermifuge, in skin diseases, and as a dye. An inferior kind of wars consists of altered starch of flemingia seeds mixed with red sand (Fliickiger). It contains resins 73, albuminous matter 8, cellulose 7.5, and ash 6 per cent. AR AROBA.—Goa Powder. Origin.—Andira A raroba, Aguiar. Natural order, Legu- minosse, Papilionacese, Palbergiese. Habitat.—Brazil. Description.—Collected from radial clefts of the wood. LUPULINUM — LUPULIN. 405 When fresh, light yellow, after exposure ochre-colored, umber-brown, or brown-purple; somewhat crystalline, rough, mixed with wood-fibres; inodorous, bitter. Water dissolves about 7 per cent., the solution being brownish ; benzol dissolves about 80 per cent., and subsequently alco- hol about 2 per cent.; the insoluble portion consists mostly of wood fibres. Constituents.—Gummy matter, resin, and chrysarobiu (orange-yellow, crystalline, soluble in ether, chlo- roform, benzol, and alkalies ; the latter solution is yellow, has a green fluorescence, and becomes red, when it contains chrysophanic acid); ash about 0.5 per cent. Properties.—Irritant; used externally in skin diseases. LUPULINUM.—Lupulin. Origin.—Hunmlus Lupulus, Liune.- Natural order, Urticacese, Cannabinese. Habitat.—Northern temperate zone ; cultivated. Description.—The glands attached to the axis and bracts of the strobiles are collected. Bright, brownish-yellow, Fig. 244. Lupulin (fresh). becoming yellowish-brown; resinous, aromatic, and bitter, consisting of minute granules, which, under the microscope, are subglobnlar or rather hood-shaped, and reticulate, the lower half being obtusely conical. When agitated with water and allowed to stand, no appreciable sediment con- sisting of sand should be deposited. 406 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. Constituents.—Volatile oil 3 per cent., trimethylamine, lupuline (strongly alkaline liquid, odor of coniine, not bitter), resin, wax (myricin), lupamaric acid, C25H3504 (bitter prisms, insoluble in water, turns yellow and resinous on exposure, with HNOa turns red, changing to orange on dilution or with an alkali), ash about 5 per cent. The volatile oil, on exposure, yields valerianic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, anodyne. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in powder, tincture, fluid extract, or oleoresin. LY COPODIUM.—Lycopodium. Origin.—Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, and other spe- cies of Lycopodium. Natural order, Lycopodiacese. Habitat.—Europe, Asia, and North America, in dry woods. Description.—A fine powder, pale yellowish, very mo- bile, inodorous, tasteless, not wetted by water, burning quickly when thrown into a flame. Viewed under the microscope the granules are seen to be tetrahedral, reticu- lated, rounded on one side and on the edge with short projections. Fig. 245. Lycopodium. Constituents.—Fixed oil 47-49 per cent., cane sugar 2 per cent., volatile base (methylamine) in minute quantity; ash 1.15 per cent, (and 3 or 4 per cent, of sand, etc.), con- taining 45.7 per cent, of P205. The oil contains a peculiar oleic acid, C16H30O2 (Longer, 1889). FERMENTUM—YEAST. 407 Uses.—For protecting excoriated surfaces, and for pre- venting the mutual adhesion of pills. Fig. 246. Pollen of pine. Adulterations.—Pine pollen consists of an elliptic cell, at both ends of which a globular cell is attached. Starch is colored blue by iodine. Powdered turmeric is colored red-brown by alkalies. Mineral admixtures subside in carbon disulphide and increase the yield of ash. FERMENT UM.—Ye ast. Origin.—Torula (Saccharomyces, Meyen) cerevisise, Tur- pin. Natural order, Fungi, Saccharomycetes. Habitat.—In fermenting malt liquors. Fig. 247. Yeast cells. Description.— A viscid liquid or semifluid frothy mass, containing numerous isolated roundish or oval cells (bottom 408 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS- VARIOUS. yeast), or the cells are arranged in short branching rows (top yeast) ; odor peculiar, taste bitter. Properties. — Tonic, stimulating, laxative, antiseptic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (Sj—ij); externally for poultices. AMYLUM.—Starch. Origin.—In most vegetables. For medicinal and dietetic purposes, and for uses in the arts, starch is prepared from amylaceous seeds, tubers, rhizomes, and palm stems. Description. -Fine white powder, sometimes superficially adhering so as to form irregular angular or columnar masses, white, inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in ether, alcohol, and cold water; under the microscope, appearing as minute granules, varying in size and shape according to origin, and consisting of more or less distinct concentric or excentric layers, which are arranged around a cavity called Fig. 248, Fig. 249. Fig. 250. Wheat starch. Corn starch. Rice starch. the hilum or nucleus. Its ultimate composition is C6II10O5, but it consists of a mixture of various modifications of starch-cellulose and starch-granulose, the latter becoming blue with iodine. Boiled with water the granules are ruptured and dissolve, yielding, on cooling, a jelly or mucilaginous liquid acquiring a blue color with iodine. Heated to 180° C. (356° F.) starch is converted into AMYLUM — ST A HCH. 409 dextrin. Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, starch yields different dextrins (colored violet or red, or not affected by iodine), and finally glucose (dextrose). Fig. 251. Fig. 252. Maranta starch. Potato starch. Starch soluble in water has been observed in the epider- mal layers of some plants. Some starches acquire a yellow and brown color with iodine, and probably consist mainly of starch cellulose. Fig. 253. Fig. 254. Canna starch. Curcuma starch. The most important starches found in commerce may be distinguished by the microscopic appearance of the granules, 410 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS—VARIOUS. as follows (the cuts represent the starch granules magnified 250 diameters): Lenticular, large and minute granules; layers indistinct; Triticum hilum slight, near the centre. vulgare. Folyhedric, uniform; size of wheat starch (nearly); hilum central, large. Zea Mays. Polyhedrie, uniform ; much smaller; hilum small. Oryza sativa. Ovate; layers delicate, distinct; hilum at broad end, Maranta often cleft. arundinacea. Ovate or roundish ovate ; larger than preceding; layers Solanum very distinct; hilum rather small at the narrow end. tuberosum. Ovate or ovate-oblong; larger than preceding; layers numerous, delicate; hilum inconspicuous, mostly at the narrow end. Canna spec. Elliptic, flat, contracted at one end; layers numerous, delicate; hilum small at the narrow end. Curcuma spec. SAGO.—Pearl Sago. Origin.—Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, and M. Rumphii, Martins (Sagus Rumphii, Willdenou’), and other palms. Natural order, Palnne, Lepidocaryse. Habitat.—East India Islands; cultivated. riG. 255. Sago starch. Description.—Globular, pearl-like grains, prepared by granulation with heat; white or brownish, somewhat dia- phanous; the unaltered starch granules oblong, elliptic, or ovate, truncate at one end ; layers more or less distinct; hilum at the rounded end often cleft. HORDEUM—PEARL BARLEY. 411 TAPIOCA.—Tapioca. Origin.—Mauihot utilissima Pohl (Jatropha Manihot, LinnS), and Manihot Aipi, Pohl (Jatr. dulcis, Gmelin). Natural order, Euphorbiaceae, Crotoneae. Habitat.—Brazil; cultivated in the tropics. Description.—The starch of the rhizome (cassava starch), while still moist, is dried on heated plates. Irregular Fig. 256. Fig. 257. Cassava starch. Altered starch granules from tapioca. lumps, white and opaque or somewhat diaphanous ; the un- altered starch granules muller-shaped; layers indistinct; hilum near the rounded end, small, often cleft. HORDEUM.—Pearl Barley Origin.—Hordeum distichum, Linne, and other culti- vated species of Hordeum. Natural order, Graminese, Hordeese. Habitat.—Asia ; cultivated. Fig. 258. Barley starch. 412 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. Description.—The fruit is almost completely deprived of the integuments. Globular, white, mealy, on one side with a groove, containing remnants of the brown integuments; the starch granules resemble those of wheat, but are rather smaller; a portion of the gluten is present. A VENAE FARINA.—Oat Meal. Origin.—Avena sativa, Linne. Natural order, Grami- nese, Avene*. Habitat.—Probably Asia; cultivated. Description.—Meal not uniform, grayish-white, containing the gluten and fragments of the integuments; taste bitterish; Fig. 259. Oat starch. the starch granules polyhedric, or muller-shaped, often united to subspherical or ovoid masses; layers scarcely ob- servable ; hilum rather indistinct. Properties.—Starches are demulcent; farinaceous sub- stances containing both starch and gluten, are demulcent and nutritive. PART III. DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. These comprise secretions, exudations, and other organic products which are destitute of cellular structure, though fragments of tissue are in some of them always present, and which, if of animal origin, like some of the fats, are not readily recognized as such. 1. EXTRACTS AND INSPISSATED JUICES. EXTRACTA ET SUCCI INSPISSATI. These are of black or brown color, either wholly or partly soluble in water or alcohol, yielding brown-colored solutions; two of the inspissated milk-juices are completely insoluble in both menstruums. Classification. Sect. 1. Wholly or partly soluble in water and alcohol. I. Taste hitter. Containing fragments of tissue: also starch and tannin; red-brown, black-green by ferric salts. Guarana. Fragments of tissue; neither starch nor tannin; red-brown, blood-red by ferric salts. Opium. Neither tissue, starch, nor tannin; gray-brown, not altered by ferric salts. Lactucarium. dark orange-brown, black by ferric salts. Aloe, blackish-brown, poisonous. Curare. 414 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. II. Taste sweet. Brown black, glossy. Extractum • glycyrrhizae. III. Taste astringent and sweetish. Dark brown, more or less glossy; black green by ferric salts. Catechu. Brown, earthy, crystalline; black-green by ferric salts. Gambir. Brown-red, angular pieces; black-green by ferric salts. Kino. Black-brown, somewhat acrid; blue-black by ferric salts. Monesia. Brown-red; violet-black by ferric salts. Extr. hsematoxyli. Sect. 2. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Plastic in hot water. Gutta percha. Elastic at ordinary temperature. Elastica. GU AR AN A.—Guar ana. Origin. — Paullinia sorbilis, Martins. Natural order, Sapindacese, Sapindese. Habitat.—Northern and Western Brazil. Preparation.—The seeds are subglobular, 8 to 10 milli- meters (|—| inch) in diameter, glossy blackish-brown and with a broad light brown hilum and a whitish embryo. They are roasted, then broken, kneaded with water into a pasty mass, formed into cakes, and dried by artificial and solar heat. Description.—Subglobular, elliptic, or cylindrical cakes, hard, dark reddish-brown ; fracture uneven, lighter colored, showing fragments of the seeds; odor slight, peculiar ; taste astringent and bitter; partly soluble in water and alcohol. The powder is light reddish-brown, and contains thick- walled cells and thin-walled parenchyme with pasty starch, starch granules, crystals, oil drops, etc. Constituents.—Caffeine, O8H10N4O2, 4 to 5 per cent., tannin 26 per cent, (coloring ferric salts black-green), OPIUM — OPIUM. 415 starch, mucilage, fat, saponin, resin, volatile oil, ash 2.5 per cent. Properties.—Mild astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 4 grams (gr. viij-5j), in powder, syrup, or fluid extract. The extract (made with diluted alcohol), 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv). OPIUM.—OpruM. Meconium, Thebaicum, Succus thebaicus. Origin.—Papaver somniferum, LinnS. Natural order, Papaveraceee, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia ; cultivated. Preparation.—The green capsule is scarified transversely bv a one-bladed knife (Asia Minor and Egypt), or longi- tudinally by a several-bladed knife (India, Japan); the white milk-juice assumes a brown color, thickens, and is then scraped off and formed into cakes. In Asia Minor the cakes are wrapped in a poppy leaf and packed with rumex-capsules ; this constitutes the officinal opium. Description.—Subglobular or irregularly angular and flattened cakes, with the remains of poppy leaves and some fruits of a species of rumex adhering to the surface, plastic, and chestnut-brown, or harder, darker, somewhat shining, and with a coarsely granular fracture; internally with some tears and fragments of the epicarp of the poppy capsules ; odor heavy narcotic ; taste bitter and nauseous. 10 grams of opium—previously dried at a temperature of 105° C. (220° F.), exhausted with cold water, and the solution evaporated to dryness—yield an extract weighing between 5.5 and 6 grams (or between 55 and 60 grains from 100 grains of well-dried opium). Opium should contain about 10 per cent., and powdered opium 12 to 16 per cent., of morphine. 416 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Varieties.—Smyrna, Turkey, or Constantinople opium, described above. Egyptian opium. Flattish cakes, enveloped in poppy leaf, free from rumex fruit; now rarely exported. Persian opium. Cylindrical sticks, short cones, or small balls of a rather light brown color, wrapped in paper or oftener packed in poppy trash ; oily and of rather firm con- sistence. East Indian opium. In globular balls weighing about 1900 grams (nearly 4\ lbs. avoirdupois), and enclosed in a hardshell formed of poppy petals (provision opium); or in flat square or circular cakes wrapped in oiled paper (Abkari opium). European and American opium, prepared experimentally, but never on a large scale. Factitious opium has been occasionally met with; it was probably the aqueous extract of the poppy plant, of a blackish-brown color, soft consistence, and deficient in odor and taste. Adulterations.—Lead balls, shot, pebbles, starch, and gum have been used for the purpose. Constituents.—Free from starch and tannin. Contains odorous principle, glucose, mucilage, pectin, caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring principle, ash 6 per cent., meconic acid, C7H407 (ferric salts produce a deep red color, which is not discharged by hydrochloric acid or mercuric chloride), lactic acid 1J per cent., meconin, C]0Hl0O4 (bitter, soluble in alcohol and ether), meconoiosiu, C8H10O2 (red, changing to purple when evaporated with slightly diluted sulphuric acid, while meconin turns green), and numerous alkaloids. Narcotine, C22TI23N07, 1.3 to 10 per cent. Soluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform; blood-red by a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids ; Frohde’s reagent colors green, OPIUM—OPIUM. 417 brown, yellow, and reddish ; heated with nitric acid yields opianic acid, mecouin, and cotarnine, C12H13N03, a stronger base. Morphine, C17H19N03.H30, 2.5 to 15 or 22.8 per cent. Nearly insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol, soluble in alkalies; blood-red, orange, then yellow with nitric acid; orange-colored by chlorinated alkalies; deep blue by ferric chloride ; liberates iodine from iodic acid ; Frohde’s reagent colors violet, brown, and greenish; heated with hydrochloric acid under pressure yields apomorphine, C17II17N02, which is emetic. Codeine, C18H2lN03, 0.2 to 0.7 per cent. Soluble in ether, chloroform, benzol, and water; melts in hot water; yellow by nitric acid ; blue by sulphuric containing a trace of nitric acid or ferric salt. It is the methyl ether of morphine, C17Hi8N02.OCH3. Pseudomorphine (phormine), 0.2 per cent. Insoluble in ether and chloroform ; red by nitric acid, and blue by ferric chloride; is probably oxydimorphine, C31H3RN206. Thebaine (paramorphine), C19H21N03, 0.15 to 1 per cent. Soluble in ether; less soluble in chloroform and benzol; red and yellow by sulphuric acid; yellow by nitric acid. Narceine, C23H29N09, 0.02 to 0.1 or 0.7 per cent. In- soluble in ether and benzol; transiently yellow by nitric acid ; blue by a little iodine ; brown and yellow by Frohde’s reagent. Papaverine, C2LH21N04, 1 per cent. Soluble in chloro- form and benzol; slightly soluble in ether; violet-blue by sulphuric acid, changing to green with a nitrate; Frohde’s reagent colors violet, blue, and yellowish. Rhoeadine, C21II2lN06, Nearly insoluble in simple sol- vents; solutions in dilute acids tasteless and colorless, turning purple by sulphuric acid. Cryptopine, C21H23N05. Freely soluble in chloroform, reagent. 418 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. sparingly soluble in other simple solvents ; salts gelatinizing from hot water; blue by sulphuric acid, changing to orange-yellow by a nitrate. Gnoscopine, C34FT36N2Ou. Soluble in chloroform and benzol; carmine-red by sulphuric containing nitric acid. Oxynarcotine, C22H23N06 Soluble in alkalies. Lanthopine, C23H25N04. Readily soluble in chloroform, orange-red by nitric acid ; pale violet color by sulphuric acid, dark brown on heating. Meconidine, C21H23N04. Readily soluble in ether, ben- zol, and chloroform; olive-green by sulphuric acid; orange-red by nitric acid. Laudanine, C20H25NO4. Sparingly soluble in ether, soluble in chloroform and benzol; rose-red by sulphuric acid, violet on heating ; orange-red by nitric acid; green with ferric chloride. Codamine, C20H25NO4. Readily soluble in simple sol- vents; blue with sulphuric acid, on heating, green and dark violet; green by nitric acid. Denteropine, C20H21NO5. Not known in pure state. Laudanosine, C21H27N04. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol; melts at 89° C. (192.2° F.); colored yellow by light. Protopine, C20H19NO5. Slightly soluble in ether, crude H2S04 colors deep violet. Hydrocotarnine, C12H15N03. Soluble in ether, chloro- form, and benzol; melts at 50° C. (122° F.); hot II2S04 colors red. The last twelve alkaloids are present only in minute quantities. Properties.—Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphine present. Narcotine is antiperiodic and tetanizing. Codeine is hypnotic, used in diabetes. Thebaine is soporific, excitant, and convulsify- LACTUCA RIUM — LACTUCARIUM 419 ing. Narceine is feebly hypnotic. Papaverine is hypnotic and sedative. Cryptopine is hypnotic. Dose, Opium 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij) or more. Morphine 0.01 to 0.03 gram (gr. -jt-ss) or more. Antidotes,—Evacuation preferably by mechanical means, (stomach-pump, etc.); ambulatory treatment; stimulants (strong coffee, brandy, etc.); cold douches ; atropine. L A CTUC A RIU M.—L actuc ar i um. Origin.—Lactuca virosa, Linni, L. sativa, Linnd, and L. Scariola, Linne. Natural order, Composite, Ciclio- riacese. Habitat.—Southern and Central Europe; cultivated. (L. sativa is the garden lettuce.) Preparation.—The top of the flowering stalk is cut off) and the milk-juice scraped into earthen vessels to harden. Description.—In sections of plano-convex circular cakes, or in irregular augular pieces; externally gray-brown or dull reddish-brown ; internally whitish or yellowish, of a waxy lustre; odor narcotic; taste bitter. It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether, is softened by hot water, and, when triturated with water, yields a turbid mixture. Diluted alcohol dissolves between 36 and 44 per cent, of the lactucarium. Spirit of chloroform dissolves between 55 and 60 per cent., chiefly lactucon. Lactuca canadensis, Linne, at the time of flowering, yields a good lactucarium; earlier in the season its milk-juice is not bitter, or but slightly so. Constituents.—Lactucin, CuH1203.H20 (bitter scales, soluble in 60 parts of cold water, insoluble in ether; turns red and brown by alkalies, and loses its bitter taste), lactucie acid (crystalline, bitter, red by alkalies), lactucopicrin (amorphous, bitter), lactucerin or lactucon about 50 per 420 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. cent, (tasteless needles; composition variable), caoutchouc, resin, sugar, mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil, ash 7 to 10 per cent., etc. Properties.—Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in syrup or fluid extract. Thridace or French lactucarium is not the milk-juice, but the extract of the herb. ALOE.—Aloes. Origin.—1. Aloe socotrina, Lamarck. 2. A. vulgaris, Lamarck. 3. A. spicata, Thunberg, aud other species of Aloe. Natural order, Liliaceae, Aloeineae. Habitat.—1. Eastern Africa (Aloe Perryi, Baker, in the island of Socotra). 2. India and Northeastern Africa; naturalized in the West Indies. *3. Southern Africa, where 6 or 8 additional species are used in the preparation of aloes. Preparation.—The leaves are cut off and the juice exud- ing from them is collected without using any pressure, after which it is evaporated. Description.—Of different shades of brown, opaque, and in thin layers translucent or transparent; fracture some- what conchoidal, dull waxy or glossy resinous; odor pecu- liar, when breathed upon saffron-like ; taste bitter, nauseous. Aloes is almost completely soluble in alcohol, in boiling water, and in alkalies. Varieties.—Aloe socotrina; Socotrine aloes. Hard, or the interior occasionally soft, opaque, yellowish-brown or orange-brown, not greenish, translucent; odor rather pleasant. Mixed with alcohol, and examined under the microscope, it exhibits numerous crystals. It is exported from Zanzibar and other places of Eastern Africa, frequently via Bombay. Aloe barbadense ; Barbadoes aloes. Deep orange-brown, ALOE — ALOES. 421 opaque, translucent; odor differing somewhat from that of the preceding; under the microscope crystalline. It is exported from the island of Barbadoes. Bonare and Curacao aloes, also derived from Aloe vulgaris, are more glossy. Aloe capensis; Cape aloes. Blackish-brown or olive- black, transparent and red-brown on the edges, glossy ; odor unpleasant; not crystalline under the microscope. Natal aloes. Light yellowish-gray-brown, dull, and opaque ; odor and taste weaker than in the other varieties ; crystalline under the microscope; medicinally of little value. The plant yielding it is unknown ; it is exported from Port Natal. Moka aloes. Brown-black, opaque, impure, and of dis- agreeable odor; from the interior of Arabia. Caballine aloes; Horse aloes. Dark colored, opaque, and fetid. Constituents.—Volatile oil a minute quantity, ash about 1 per cent., aloin and so-called resin. The latter amounts to about 60 per cent., is soluble in hot water, and almost wholly reprecipitated on boiling; soluble iu alcohol and colored brown-black by ferric salts. The crystalline aloin is yellow or pale yellow, and not freely soluble in simple solvents. Cape aloes does not yield aloin. Socaloin or zanaloin, C15H1607, is little affected by cold nitric acid. Nataloiu, C16H1807, is colored crimson by cold nitric acid. If added to cold sulphuric acid, and the vapor of nitric acid passed over it, the orange color will rapidly change to green, red, and blue ; the other aloins are little affected by this test. Oxidation with HN03 yields picric and oxalic acids. Barbaloin, C17H20O7, is colored crimson by cold nitric acid. Yields like socaloin, on oxidation with HN03, chrys- ammic, aloetic, picric, and oxalic acids. 422 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Properties.—Laxative, drastic, emmenagogue, vermifuge. Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 or 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. ij-.v or viij-xv), in pills, tincture, wine, enema, or suppository. CURARA.—Curare. Origin.—Strychnos Castelmeana, Weddell, Str. toxifera, Schomburglc, and other species of Strychnos. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. Habitat.—Brazil and Guiana. Preparation.—An infusion or decoction is made from the bark with the addition of various other substances; afterward evaporated. Description.—Blackish-brown, extract-like, and hygro- scopic, or firmer, brittle, and friable ; about 75 per cent, soluble in cold water. Constituents.—Curarine, NC18H35, resin, fat, gum, inor- ganic matters. Curarine is crystalline, very bitter, hygro- scopic, sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform, and is colored dark red by nitric acid ; sulphuric acid colors car- mine-red, becoming violet with potassium chromate. Properties.—Diaphoretic, nervous sedative, irritant. Dose, 0.006 to 0.02 gram (gr. yV~i)- EXTRACT UM GLYCYRRHIZAE.—Liquorice. Licorice. Succus liquiritiae. Origin.—Glycyrrhiza glabra, LinnS. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papilionacese, Galegese. Habitat.—Southern Europe; cultivated. Preparation.—The bruised root is boiled with water, expressed, the liquid evaporated, and the stiff extract while warm rolled out into sticks. Description.—Cylindrical brown-black sticks of varying dimensions, somewhat flexible when warm, breaking with a glossy and flat conchoidal fracture, and yielding a brown powder ; odor slight; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. CATECHU—CATECHU. CUTCH. 423 Licorice loses on drying from 10 to 15 per cent, of moist- ure, and, if now treated with cold water, yields to it from 60 to 70 per cent, of its weight, and subsequently an addi- tional quantity to dilute ammonia. Constituents.—Glycyrrhizin, free and combined with bases, the former soluble in ammonia ; glucose, pasty starch, fragments of tissue, ash 6 to 8 per cent. Adulteration.—Dextrin and gum are precipitated from the aqueous infusion by alcohol; glucose is not precipitated. Properties.—Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx); used for correcting the taste of bitter medicines. CATECHU.—Catechu. Cutch. Origin.—Acacia Catechu, Willdenow, and Ac. Suma, Kurz. Natural order, Leguminosae, Mimosese, Aeacieae. Habitat.—India; the second species also in Eastern Africa. Preparation.—The brown heartwood is boiled with water, and the concentrated decoction poured upon mats of leaves or into moulds. Description.—In irregular masses, containing fragments of leaves, dark brown, glossy, brittle, breaking with a con- choidal fracture, often somewhat porous in the interior; the powder of a red-brown color; nearly inodorous; taste strongly astringent and sweetish; soluble in alcohol and partly soluble in cold water, the undissolved portion, con- taining numerous acicular crystals. Constituents.—Catechutannic acid, about 35 per cent, (brown, insoluble in ether, black-green with ferric salts), catechin (white needles, sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in ether, sweetish, green with ferric salts, precipi- tated by albumen, but not by gelatin), catechu red, little 424 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. quercetin, gum, ash 0.6 to 5 per cent. Catechiu, fused with potassa, yields phloroglucin and protocatechuic acid, C7H604 (Fe2Cl6 colors the solution dark green, changing by alkali carbonate to blue and red), and on dry distillation gives pyrocatechin or catechol, C6H602 (Fe2Cl6 colors dark green, changiug by ammonia, etc., to violet). Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. CATECHU PALLIDUM.—Gambir. Pale Catechu. Terra japonica. Origin.—Uncaria (Nauclea, Hunter) Gambir, Roxburgh. Natural order, Rubiacese, Nauclece. Habitat.—East India Islands. Preparation.—The leaves and young shoots are boiled in water and the decoction is evaporated. Description.—Irregular masses or cubes about 25 milli- meters (1 inch) square; externally dull brown, internally pale brown-gray or reddish-brown, under the microscope crystalline, friable, inodorous, bitterish, astringent, and sweetish ; slightly soluble in cold water. Constituents.—Catechiu (predominating in the pale col- ored varieties), catechutannin, quercetin, ash 2 to 5 per cent. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. KINO.—Kino. Origin.—Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papiliouacese, Dalbergieoe. Habitat.—East Indies. KINO — KINO. 425 Preparation.—Incisions are made into the trunk of the tree and the exuding red juice is inspissated without the use of artificial heat. Description.—Small, angular, dark brown-red, shining pieces, brittle, in thin layers ruby-red and transparent; not crystalline; the powder of a red color; inodorous, very astringent, and sweetish; when masticated, becomes adhe- sive to the teeth and tinges the saliva deep red; soluble in alcohol and in alkalies, mostly soluble in cold water, nearly insoluble in ether; separates gelatinous from hot water. Constituents.—Kinotannic acid (black-green by ferric salts; in neutral solution violet by ferrous salts); kino-red (tasteless), pyrocatechin or catechol (trace, soluble in ether and water), kinoin (slightly soluble in ether and cold water; by ferric chloride red), ash 1.3 per cent. Varieties.—Malabar kino, described above. Bengal or Palas kino, from Butea frondosa, Roxburgh, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. Blackish-red, in transparent light ruby-red tears or fragments, often with impressions of leaf-veins, brittle, not adhesive on mastication. Gambia kino, from Pterocarpus erinaceus, Poiret, is now not an article of commerce. Australian or Botany Bay kino, from Eucalyptus amyg- dalina, Labitlardiere, and other species of Eucalyptus, Myr- taceje; varying in solubility and composition ; some varieties contain much gum. West Indian kino, from Coccoloba uvifera, Linne, Poly- gonaceje. Dark brown-red, almost wholly soluble in water and alcohol; taste astringent and bitterish. Properties.—Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij—xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 426 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. MONESIA.—Monesia. Origin.—Lucumaglycyphlaia, Martins et JEichler (Chrys- ophyllum glyciphlceum, Casaretti). Natural order, Sapo- taccse. Habitat.—Brazil. Preparation.—Probably by boiling the bark in water and evaporating. Description.—Black-brown cakes or angular fragments, soluble in water, inodorous; taste sweet, astringent, and acrid. Constituents.—Tannin 62 per cent, (blue-black by ferric salts); sweet principle (resembling glycyrrhizin, but not precipitated by acids), monesin (resembling saponin, acrid, foaming in aqueous solution), pectin, coloring matter, ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder, tincture, and syrup. Substitutions.—The astringent extracts described above have been sold in place of it; also Extraction Haematoxyli, extract of logwood, which is red- brown, not acrid, and yields with water a red solution. GUTTA PERCHA.—Gutta Percha. Origin.—Isonandra (Dichopsis) Gutta, Hooker, and sev- eral other trees. Natural order, Sapotaceae. Habitat—Malay peninsula and islands. Collection.—The trees are felled, or the bark is incised or strips of it are removed, and the milky juice collected and allowed to harden, or coagulated with hot water. Properties.—Grayish or yellowish masses, often with red- brown streaks, hard, heavier than water if free from cavities; rather horny, somewhat flexible, but scarcely elastic ; spec, grav. about 0.98 ; plastic above 50° C. (122° F.), very soft at the temperature of boiling water; decomposed on melting; nearly inodorous and tasteless; insoluble in water, cold alco- CAOUTCHOUC, INDIA RUBBER. 427 hoi, alkalies, and dilute acids ; soluble in benzol, chloroform, oil of turpentine, and carbon disulphide. Balata, chicle or tuno gum from Mimusops globosa, Gaertner (Sapota Muelleri, Belkrode), the Central America bully tree, closely resembles gutta percha in appearance and properties. Constituents.—Gutta, C20II32, about 80 per cent, (white fine powder), a yellow resin, fluavil, C20H32O, and a white crystalline resin, albane, C20H32O2; the last two separate on cooling from hot alcohol. Ash 3 or 4 per cent. Uses.—As an adhesive and protective agent for wounds and abrasions, and for the preparation of bougies, pessaries, and caustic pencils. ELASTICA. RESINA ELASTICA.—Caoutchouc. India Rubber. Origin.—In the milk juices of many plants; prepared chiefly from trees of the natural order of Euphorbiacese (Siphonia, Hevea, Jatropha, etc.), Apocynacese (Urceola, Vahea, Alstonia, etc.), and Artocarpaceae (Ficus, Castilloa, etc.); these grow in tropical countries. Preparaticm.—Incisions are made, and the milk-juice is allowed to congeal in mass, or it is dried over clay or wooden moulds with or without the aid of artificial heat. Description.—In cakes, balls, or hollow bottle-shaped pieces, externally blackish-brown, internally brownish; spec. grav. about 0.96; very elastic; odor slight peculiar, nearly tasteless; soluble in carbon disulphide, chloroform, and oil of turpentine. It melts at about 125° C. (257° F.), and, after cooling, remains soft and adhesive; on dry dis- tillation it yields caoutchoucin, containing caoutchin, C10H16, isoprene, C5H8 and other hydrocarbons. Constituents.—A hydrocarbon, C20H32. On combining 428 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. it with about 10 per cent, of sulphur, vulcanized rubber is obtained ; and on incorporating half its weight of sulphur and hardening by pressure, vulcanite or ebonite is produced. Uses.—For plasters, bougies, pessaries, syringes, etc. 2. SUGARS.—SACCHARA. Sugars have a sweet taste, are soluble in water and diluted alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Classification. Sect. 1. Solid sugars. Crystalline; not fermentable; does not reduce cupric oxide. Saccharum. Fermentable; reduces cupric to cuprous oxide; often Saqpharum contains dextrin. uveum. contains mucilage and mannit. Manna. White, gritty, not forming a syrup. Saccharum lactis. Sect. 2. Liquid sugars. Brown, somewhat empyreumatic. Syrupus fuscus. Brownish, aromatic; gradually becomes granular. Mel. SACCHARUM.—Sugar. Cane Sugar. Saccharose, Sucrose. Origin.—Saccharum officinarum, LinnS. Natural order, Gramineae, Andropogoneae. Habitat.—Southern Asia ; cultivated in tropical and sub- tropical countries. Preparation.—Sugar cane yields by expression about 80 per cent, of juice, containing about 80 per cent, of water and 18 per cent, of sugar. The juice is evaporated, the residue granulated, the treacle or molasses drained off, and the raw sugar refined by dissolving in water, heating with blood or albumen, filtering through animal charcoal, and concen- trating in a vacuum pan, until, after cooling, it congeals to 429 SACCHARUM UVEUM—GRAPE SUGAR. a crystalline mass, from which the mother liquor is washed out by percolation with water or sugar solution. Sugar is also prepared from the sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris, Linne), (Chenopodiaceae), which contains about 14 per cent, of it. Description.—White crystalline pieces of transparent granules, of spec. grav. 1.59, not hygroscopic, inodorous, very sweet; fusible at 160° C. (320° F.); soluble in half its weight of cold water, forming a colorless slightly dextro- gyre syrup; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol; insoluble in ether. In contact with ferments contained in the air, its aqueous solution is partly converted into glucose, is then directly fermentable, and reduces red cuprous oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide. If kept for some time at 180° C. sugar is converted, without loss of weight, into a mixture of levulosane, and dextrose, C6H1206. Composition.—C12II220, t. Adulterations.—Inferior sugars are whitened with ultra- marine or Prussian blue. Derivatives.—Saccharum crystallisatum, rock candy, is cane sugar in large crystals. Saccharum hordeatum, barely sugar, is cane sugar care- fully melted and cooled; it is amorphous, transparent, and gradually becomes crystalline and opaque upon the surface. Caramel, C12H1809. Caue sugar is heated to about 200° C. (392° F.), the conversion is hastened by alkalies. Dark brown of a bitter taste; consists of a mixture of several compounds; used for coloring liquors. Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive; externally in certain ulcerations. SACCHARUM UVEUM.—Grape Sugar Saccharum amylaceum. Starch sugar. Glucose. Dex- trose. Origin and Preparation.—Starch is boiled for a con- 430 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. siderable time with dilute sulphuric acid, the free acid removed by calcium carbonate, and the filtered solution evaporated. Description.—Whitish or yellowish masses or irregular granules, crystallizes with and without water, inodorous, sweet (less so than cane sugar), soluble in about one part of cold water, but in all proportions in hot water; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol, insoluble in ether; melts near 85° C. (185° F.), the anhydrous crystals at 144° C. (291° F.). Its cold aqueous solution rotates to the right; mixed with twice its bulk of alcohol, it yields a whitish precipitate if dextrin is present, and a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate from the presence of calcium sul- phate. Commercial liquid grape sugar is called glucose, and contains much dextrin. The dilute solution in water is readily fermentable, is colored brown when heated with potassa, speedily reduces red cuprous oxide from an alka- line solution of cupric oxide, and separates a metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of silver. Composition.—C6H1206.H20; on heating it caramel is obtained. Properties.—Similar to cane sugar. MANNA.—Manna. Origin.—Fraxinus Ornus, Linne, s. Ornus europsea, JPersoon. Natural order, Oleaceae, Oleine®. Habitat.—Basin of the Mediterranean. Collection.—In Sicily transverse incisions are made through the bark, and the exuding juice is allowed to harden on the trunk of the tree or on tiles. Description.—Flattish three-edged pieces occasionally £0 centimeters (8 inches) long and 5 centimeters (2 inches) broad, usually smaller pieces and irregular fragments; friable, externally yellowish-white, internally white, porous, and crystalline. Or in brownish-white fragments of differ- ent size, somewhat glutinous on the surface, internally MANNA—MANNA. 431 white and crystalline. Odor honey-like; taste sweet, slightly bitter, and faintly acrid; soluble in water and alcohol, except fragments of bark and similar impurities. Manna consisting of brownish viscid masses containing few or no fragments having a crystalline structure, should be rejected. Varieties.—Large flake manna; the larger yellowish- white pieces. Small flake manna; smaller pieces, occasionally of a brownish hue. Manna in sorts; minute tears or small glutinous frag- ments, internally crystalline. Fat manna; brownish viscid masses, without crystalline fragments. Constituents.—Mann it 90 per cent, in the best varieties, glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin, C32H36O20. Mannit, C6H8(OH)fl, crystallizes in white prisms, dissolves in 6.5 parts of cold water, and sparingly in strong alcohol. The amount of glucose and mucilage is largest in the inferior kinds of manna, which also contain a larger portion of fraxin, to which the fluorescence of the aqueous solution is due. The following mannas are not met with in commerce : Brianoon from Larix europsea, I)e Candolle, (Coniferse); Armenian from Quercus vallonea, Kotschy (Cupuliferse); Persian from Alhagi camelorum, Fischer (Papilionacese, Hedysarese); Australian from Eucalyptus mannifera, Mudie, and E. viminalis, Labillardiere (Myrtacese) ; trehala, the cocoon of Larinus mellificus, Jeckel (Coleoptera), and others. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 32 grams (5j—Sj). hi solution, syrup, or as addition to other medi- cines. 432 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. SACCHARUM LACTIS.—Milk Sugar. Origin.—The milk of mammals, especially of Bos Taurus, Linne ; order Ruminantia, family Bovidae. Preparation.—After the removal of the butter and casein from cow’s milk, the whey is concentrated and allowed to crystallize upon sticks or cords. Description.—Hard whitish t ranslucent four-sided prisms, usually aggregated into cylindrical masses; becomes anhy- drous at 130° C. (2fi6° F.), and melts at 203.5 C. (398° F.); soluble in 6 parts of cold water without forming a syrupy solution, insoluble in strong alcohol and in ether ; inodorous; of a sandy and sweetish taste. The solution in water boiled with potassa turns yellowish- brown, slowly reduces cuprous oxide from alkaline solutions of cupric oxide, and deposits a metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of silver. Composition.—C12H220u.H20; on boiling with dilute acids splits into dextrose (see page 429) and lactose C6H1206 (melting point 160° C. = 320° F.); on heating caramel is obtained. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; chiefly used as a vehicle. SYRUPUS FUSCUS.—Moi .ASSES. Sacchari faex, Thcriaca, Treacle. Origin.—Obtained in the manufacture and refining of sugar Description.—Syrupy liquid of various shades of brown, clear or nearly clear, spec. grav. about 1.40; reaction slightly acid; odor slightly empyreumatic; taste very sweet; is not precipitated by an equal bulk of alcohol. Varieties.— West India and sugar-house molasses; the former has a lighter color and somewhat different odor. Properties.—Like sugar. MEL—HONEY. 433 MEL.—Honey. Origin and Preparation.—Honey is deposited in the honeycomb by the bee, Apis mellifica, Linne. Class, In- secta. Order, Hymenoptera. It is obtained either by draining or by melting the honeycomb. Description.—Syrupy, light yellowish or pale brownish - yellow, translucent, gradually becoming crystalline and opaque, of a slight acid reaction, agreeable aromatic odor, and sweet, faintly acrid taste. Boiled with water and allowed to cool, it does not become blue on the addition of compound solution of iodine; and when diluted with one part of water, and the solution mixed with an equal bulk of alcohol, no precipitate, or but a very slight one, is produced. Constituents.—Grape sugar or dextrose (becomes crystal- line), fruit sugar or levulose (remains liquid), little wax, volatile oil, coloring matter, mucilage, and a minute quan- tity of formic acid ; ash 0.1 to 0.3 per cent. Crude honey usually contains pollen grains in suspension. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative; externally as a mild stimulant. 3. GUMS.-GUMMATA. Gums have an insipid taste, are insoluble in alcohol and ether, but dissolve in water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, or form with water a jelly-like adhesive mass. Classification. Soluble in water; distinct tears, transparent, but fissured internally. Acacia. Swelling in water; curved bands, translucent, composed of several layers. Tragacantha. DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. ACACIA.—Gum Arabic. Origin.—Acacia Verek, Guillemin et Perottet, s. A. Senegal, Willdenow, and other species of Acacia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Mimoseae, Acacieae. Habitat.—Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan ; West- ern Africa near the river Senegal. Production.—The gum exudes spontaneously and from incisions made into the bark. Description.—Roundish brittle tears of various sizes, or broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces; spec. grav. 1.49; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous; in- soluble in alcohol; soluble in water, forming a thick muci- laginous liquid. This solution has an acid reaction to test- paper, yields gelatinous precipitates with subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of borax, is ren- dered turbid by oxalates, and is not colored blue by iodine. Varieties.—Kordofan gum, the best kind, described above. Senaar gum, nearly equal to the preceding, is produced by Acacia fistula, Schweinfurth, and A. stenocarpa, Hoch- stetter. Savakin (Suakin) gum, of handsome appearance, very brittle; does not completely dissolve in water except after the addition of a little alkali. East India gum is mostly produced from Eastern Africa, and shipped by way of Bombay. Senegal gum. The tears are often larger, color more yel- low or reddish ; fissures fewer in number, therefore more transparent and less brittle ; taste sometimes bitterish ; usu- ally collected with African bdellium. Mezquite gum from Prosopis (Algarobia) glandulosa, TRAGACANTHA—TRAGACANTH. 435 Gray, in Western Texas and Mexico; resembles gum Ara- bic, but is mostly yellow or red-brown ; its solution in water is not precipitated by subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, or borax. Considerable gum is also produced from different species of Acacia in Morocco, the Cape Colony, and Australia. Composition.—Arabic acid, C6H10O5, combined with cal- cium, magnesium, and potassium ; moisture 12 per cent.; trace of sugar; ash 3 to 4 per cent. Arabic or gutnmic acid, after drying, swells with water, but does not dissolve in it, except after the addition of an alkali (Savakin gum); on boiling with acids yields lactose (arabinose) and a syrupy sugar. Properties.—Demulcent. TRAGACANTH A. —Tragacanth. Origin.—Astragalus gnmmifer, LabillardPre, arid other species of Astragalus. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papi- lionacese, Galegeae. Habitat.—Western Asia. Production.—The tissue of the pith and medullary rays is gradually altered to a compound swelling with water, and in this condition exuding spontaneously and from incisions into the stem of the shrubs. Description.—Narrow or broad bauds, more or less curved or contorted, marked by parallel wavy lines or ridges; white or faintly yellowish, translucent, horn-like, tough, rendered more pulverizable by a heat of 50° C. (122° F.); inodorous; taste insipid, sometimes faintly bitterish. It swells with water into a gelatinous mass which is tinged blue by iodine, and the fluid portion of which is precipitated by alcohol and lead acetate, but not disturbed by ferric chlo- ride and borax. 436 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Varieties.—Flake tragacanth, the bands described above. Vermiform tragacanth; very narrow bands or strings, variously coiled. Tragacanth in sorts. Stratified or nodular, conical, and subglobular pieces, more or less brown, often adulterated with the gum of the almond and plum trees. Constituents.—Tragauthin,C6H10O5,and the calcium com- pound of a gummic acid, not identical with arabic acid ; starch, fragments of cells, moisture 14 per cent., ash 3 per cent. Properties.—Demulcent. 4. GUM-RESINS.—GUMMI-RESINiE. Gum resins are milky exudations of plants, and consist of gum which is wholly or partly soluble in water, and resin which is soluble in alcohol. Many gum-resins contain also volatile oil. Fragments of vegetable tissue, small fruits, or seeds are occasionally met with in the commercial gum- resins, all of which yield emulsions on being triturated with wTater. Classification. Sect. 1. Gum-resins containing volatile oil. Tears internally white, turning red on exposure, im- bedded in a brown sticky mass. Asafoetida. Tears small, internally whitish, superficially adhesive ; occasionally brownish, semifluid. Galbanum. Tears few, imbedded in a brown sticky mass; emul- sion brown; odor garlic-like. Sagapenum. Tears brownish, internally milk-white, distinct, or superficially adhering Ammoniacum. Tears or masses, dull reddish-brown. Opopanax. Tears yellowish, translucent. Olibanum. Tears or masses, reddish-brown, translucent; fracture waxy. Myrrlia. Resembling myrrh; but tincture not colored purple by nitric acid. Bdellium. ASAFfETII) A—ASAFETIDA. 437 Sect. 2. Gum resins free from volatile oil. Pipes or cakes; bright orange-yellow. Cambogia. Tears, frequently hollow ; light brown-yellow. Euphorbium. Cakes greenish-black or grayish ; internally porous ; odor cheese-like. Seammonium. AS AFCETID A.—Asa fetid a . Origin.—1. Ferula Narthex, Boissier (Narthex Asafoe- tida, Falconer). 2. Ferula Asa feet id a, Hegel. 3. Ferula fcetida, Regel (Scorodosma foetidum, Bunge) Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. Habitat—1. Western Thibet and probably Kashmir. 2, 3. Persia, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. Collection.—The top of the large root is laid bare, thin slices are cut off, and the exuding milk-juice is scraped off. Description.—In irregular masses composed of whitish tears, imbedded in a yellowish-gray or brown-gray sticky mass. The tears when hard break with a milk-wdiite con- choidal fracture, turning gradually to a pink and finally to a brown color. The sticky mass always contains vegetable fragments and earthy impurities (calcium sulphate, etc.). The odor is alliaceous; the taste bitter, acrid, and allia- ceous. It is partly soluble in ether and in alcohol, and yields with water a milk-white emulsion. Good asafetida yields to alcohol about 60 per cent, of soluble matter. Moist- ened with alcohol, asafetida acquires a greenish color on the addition of hydrochloric acid. Varieties.—Liquid asafetida; white, .opaque, syrupy, or semifluid mass, gradually turning brown. Asafetida in tears; tears of various sizes, distinct or adhesive and agglutinated. Amygdaloid asafetida; the kind described above. Stony asafetida; various sized angular or rounded pieces of gypsum and other earthy matters, agglutinated or merely 438 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. coated with the milk-juice; unsuited for medicinal pur- poses. Constituents.—Aside from the impurities asafetida con- tains 3 to 6 or 9 per cent, of volatile oil (sulphurets of ferulyl, C6HU, odor strongly alliaceous), 20 to 30 per cent., sometimes more of gum (partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), and 50 to 70 per cent, of resin, of which a small portion (3 to 4 per cent.) is insoluble in ether, and which contains a little ferulaic acid, C10H10O4. The tears yield 3 to 4 per cent of ash. The earthy additions con- sist of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and sand, occa- sionally to the amount of 40 per cent. On dry distillation the resin yields umbelliferon, and fused with potassa gives resorcin. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, laxative, antispas- modic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v—xxij), in pills, emul- sion, or tincture. GALBANUM.—Galbanum. Origin.—Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier etBuhse, and other species of Ferula. Natural order, Um belli ferae, Peuce- danese. Habitat.—Persia. Production.—Galbanum exudes spontaneously, chiefly from the lower part of the stem. Description.—In tears, from the size of a pin’s head to that of a pea, or • larger, mostly agglutinated, forming a more or less hard mass; externally pale brownish, with a yellow or green tint, internally milk-white or yellowish, with a waxy lustre; odor peculiar, balsamic; taste bitter and acrid; partly soluble in ether and alcohol; yields with water a milk-white emulsion. When moistened with alco- AMMONIACUM — AMMONIAC. 439 hoi, it acquires a purple color on the addition of a little hydrochloric acid. Varieties.—Galbauum in tears, the kind described aboye. Lump galbanum ; soft or hard masses, of a more or less brown color, inclosing tears or free from the same; it differs more or less in odor from the preceding and is often not colored by alcohol and hydrochloric acid. It may, in part, be derived from Ferula rubricaulis, Boissier. Constituents.—Volatile oil 6 to 9 per cent., C1(IH16, resin 60 to 66 per cent, (soluble in ether, alcohol, carbon disul- phide, and alkalies; yields on dry distillation a blue volatile oil and umbelliferon; fused with HKO, resorcin is ob- tained), gum 15 to 20 per cent., umbelliferon, C9II603 (soluble in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in cold water, the latter solution blue fluorescent with ammonia. Properties.—Sti m ulant, expectorant, anti spasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills or emulsion, externally in plasters. Allied Gum Resin.—Sagapenum ; probably obtained from a species of Ferula; yellowish-brown or brown, amygdaloid or free from tears; blue by hydrochloric acid ; contains umbelliferon, the volatile oil free from sulphur. AMMONTACUM.—Ammoniac. Origin.—Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Natural order, Umbelliferae, Peueedaneae. Habitat.—Eastern Persia and Turkestan. Production.—Ammoniac exudes from the stem and root spontaneously, and in consequence of stings by insects. Description.—Globular or irregular roundish, often some- what flattened tears, either distinct or agglutinated, pale brownish-yellow externally, and breaking with a conchoidal waxy milk-white fracture. It softens by the heat of the 440 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. hand, yields a white emulsion when triturated with water, and has a peculiar somewhat balsamic odor, aud a bitter, acrid, and nauseous taste. When moistened with alcohol, it is not colored on the addition of hydrochloric acid. Cake ammoniac, which exudes from the root, contains vegetable fragments, sand, and tears imbedded in a brown resinous mass ; it should not be employed internally. Constituents—Volatile oil J to 4 per cent, (free from sulphur), resin 70 percent, (an acid and an indifferent resin; does not yield umbelliferon), gum 18 to 22 or 28 per cent, (partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), moisture 5 per cent., ash 3 per cent. The resin fused with HKO, yields resorcin, CGIIc02, which is soluble in simple solvents, volatile and inflammable, reddened on exposure and becomes purplish black with ferric chloride. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills and emulsion. Allied Gum Pesins.—African ammoniac from Ferula tingitana, IJnne, in Northern Africa; darker colored than the preceding, of a rather more agreeable odor and acrid not bitter taste; yields umbelliferon. Opopanaxfrom Opopanax Chironium, Koch, of Southern Europe; dull reddish-brown masses or tears, friable, of waxy lustre ; odor unpleasant; taste balsamic, bitter. OLIBAN UM.—Fran k incense. Origin.—Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood, and other species of Boswellia. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. Production.—Frankincense exudes from incisions made into the bark. Description.—Roundish, oblong, or irregular tears, vari- able in size, externally dusty; fracture flattish, waxy, yel- lowish or pale reddish, translucent; odor balsamic terebin- MYRRHA—MYRRH. 441 thinate, on burning strongly aromatic; softened by masti- cation ; taste balsamic, bitterish ; partly soluble in alcohol ; yields with water a milk-white emulsion. Lump olibanum consists of irregular impure masses which have been gathered from the ground. Constituents.—Volatile oil, 4 to 7 per cent, (olibene, C10H1G, and oxygenated portion), resin 56 to 72 per cent., gum about 30 per cent, (resembles gum arabic), bitter prin- ciple (soluble in alcohol and water), ash about 3 per cent. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in emulsion, mostly used in plasters and for fumigations. MYRRHA—Myrrh. Origin.—Balsamodeudron Myrrha, Nee*. Natural order, Burseraceae, Burserese. Habitat.—Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia. Production —Myrrh exudes spontaneously from the bark. Description.—Roundish or irregular tears or masses, dusty, brown-yellow or reddish-brown; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery, translucent on the edges, sometimes marked with whitish veins; odor balsamic; on mastication adhesive ; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. When tritu- rated with water, myrrh yields a brown-yellow emulsion. Alcohol yields a brown-yellow tincture which acquires a purple hue on the addition of nitric acid. Dark-colored pieces the alcoholic solution of which is not rendered purple by nitric acid, and pieces of gum which dissolve completely or merely swell in water, and are but slightly soluble in alcohol, should be rejected. Constituents.—Volatile oil 2 to 4 per cent, (oxygenated, easily resinifying), resin 25 to 40 per cent., gum 40 to 60 per cent, (precipitated by lead acetate), bitter principle (soluble in alcohol and water), ash 3 to 4 per cent. With 442 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. fusing potassa the resin yields protocatechuic acid and pyro- catechin. Properties.—Stimulant, tonic, expectorant, emmenagogue, vulnerary. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-5ss), in pills and emulsion ; externally in powder and tincture. Impurities.—Besides vegetable fragments and sand, occa- sionally bdellium (see below) and dark-colored gums, the latter becoming adhesive when moistened. BDELLIUM.—Bdellium. Origin.—1. Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker; 2. B. africanum, Arnott. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. Habitat.—1. East India; 2. Western Africa. Description.—1. Globular or irregular pieces, externally dusty; fracture flat conchoidal, dark brown or blackish, translucent iu thin fragments. 2. Irregular, globular, or oval tears, externally dusty; fracture angular, waxy, yellow- ish to brown-red, translucent. Odor and taste myrrh-like; the tincture is not colored red by nitric acid. Constituents.—Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter principle. Properties and Uses.—Similar to myrrh, mostly used in plasters. CAMBOGIA.—Gamboge. Gutti. Gambogia. Origin.—Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker jilius, s. G. Morelia, Desrousseaux, var. pedicellata, Hanbury. Natural order, Guttiferae (Clusiacese), Garciniese. Habitat.—An am, Camboja, and Sianl. Production.—The milk-juice exudes from incisions, and is collected in bamboo joints. Description.—In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in the centre, 25 to 50 millimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter, longitudinally striate on the surface; fracture flattish con- choidal, smooth, of a waxy lustre; orange-red or in powder EUPHORBIUM — EUPHORBIUM. 443 bright yellow; inodorous; taste very acrid; the powder sternutatory. It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether; when triturated with water yields a yellow emulsion, and forms with solution of potassa an orange-red solution, from which, on the addition of hydrochloric acid, yellow resin is precipitated. Boiled with water, gamboge yields a liquid which after cooling does not become green with compound solution of iodine. Varieties.—Pipe gamboge; the kind described above. Cake gamboge; in irregular lumps or cakes, dried in flat vessels; more liable to be adulterated. Constituents.—Gum 16 to 26 per cent, (not precipitated by lead acetate or ferric chloride), resin or cambogic acid 66 to 80 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether; colored black- brown by ferric chloride; soluble in alkalies with a red color), wax about 4 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and alka- lies), ash 1 per cent. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 gram (gr. ss-v), in pills, in combination with other medicines. EUPHORBIUM.—Euphorbium. Origin.—Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. Habitat.—Morocco. Production.—Euphorbium exudes from incisions made into the stem. Description.—In conical or globular nodular pieces, often hollow or inclosing fragments of the spines or flowers, dull brownish-yellow, slightly translucent, brittle; nearly in- odorous, the dust violently strenutatory ; taste very acrid; partly soluble in alcohol and ether; triturated with water, a turbid mixture is obtained, but not a complete emulsion. Constituents.—Gum 18 per cent, (precipitated by lead ace- tate), resin C10H16O2, 38 per cent, (soluble in cold alcohol, very acrid), euphorbon C]3H220 (tasteless, crystalline, solu- 444 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. ble in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol), little starch, malates 12 per cent., ash about 10 per cent. Properties.—Drastic purgative and emetic; sternutatory, rubefacient, vesicant, suppurant; only used externally. SCAMMONTUM.—Scammony. Origin.—Convolvulus Seammonia, Linne. Natural or- der, Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. Habitat.—Western Asia. Production.—The top of the root is laid bare, thin slices are cut off, and the milk-juice is collected in shells. Description.—Irregular angular pieces or circular cakes, greenish-gray or blackish, internally porous and of a resi- nous lustre, breaking with an angular fracture; odor pecu- liar, somewhat cheese-like; taste slightly acrid; powder gray or greenish-gray. When triturated with water, scam- mony yields a greenish emulsion. It does not effervesce with acids, and the decoction, when cold, is not colored blue by iodine. Ether dissolves at least 80 per cent, of it, and when the residue left on evaporating the ether is treated with a hot solution of potassa, it yields a solution which is not precipitated by acids. Constituents.—Resin 75 to 90 or 95 percent., gum. The resin is scammonin, C34H56016, and is identical with orizabin of Ipomoea orizabensis; it is by alkalies converted into scamrnonic acid, which is soluble in water. Adulterations.—Calcium carbonate, starch, occasionally other resins. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.8 or 0.5 gram (gr. j-v-viij), in pills, powder, or emulsion, usually combined with other medicines. RESINS—RESINJE. 445 5. RESINS.—RESINA. Resins are solid, rarely crystalline, fusible, not volatile, combustible with a sooty flame, insoluble in water, but solu- ble in one or more of the following menstruums : alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, fixed oils, volatile oils, the fixed alkalies, carbonated alkalies, and ammonia. Those soluble in alkaline liquids (resiu soaps) are called resin-acids. Resins are excretions or secretions of plants, and are found either diffused in the other constituents, or contained in cells (heartwood of guaiacum), in ducts or upon the sur- face of plants. When exuding from plants, resins are dis- solved in volatile oils. The natural resins are usually mixtures of two or more resins; a few contain also benzoic or cinnamic acid ; all are free from nitrogenated compounds. Those containing col- oring matters may often be bleached by means of chlorine or by repeatedly precipitating them from their alcoholic solution with water. Classification. Sect. 1. Resins free from benzoic and cinnamic acids. Greenish or gray friable fragments,- bitter, containing crystals. Elaterium. Tears yellowish, transparent,- on mastication plastic. Mastiehe. on mastication pulverulent. Sandaraca. Masses yellowish to brown, transparent, brittle. Colophonium Masses roundish, yellowish, transparent, harder than preceding. Dammara Roundish or angular, often verrucose, yellowish to brownish, hard. Copal. Irregular, yellow to red-brown, hard and brittle; when heated, aromatic. Suecinum. Brown-red sticks, or thin glossy brownish or brown fragments. Lacca. 446 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Tears or masses, greenish-brown, by tincture of ferric chloride blue or green. Guaiaci resina. Sect. 2. Resins containing benzoic or cinnamic acid. Sticks or cakes, brittle, dark brown-red; powder bright red. Draconis resina. Milk-white tears, imbedded in dull light brown or glossy reddish-brown mass. Benzoinum. Brittle pieces, externally brownish-yellow, internally Xanthorrhoeae. yellow. resina. E L ATE RIU M.—Elaterium . Origin.—Ecballium (Momordica, LinnS) Elaterium, Richard. Natural order, Cucurbitaceae, Cucu merinese. Habitat.—Western Asia, Northern Africa, and Southern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The nearly ripe fruit is cut lengthwise, slightly pressed, the juice passed through a hair sieve and then set aside; the deposit is collected on calico and rapidly dried between bibulous paper or on porous tiles. Description,—In light, friable, flattish, opaopie fragments, pale green when fresh, afterward gray or light buff colored with minute crystals on the surface; fracture granular; odor slight, tea-like; taste acrid and very bitter. It does not effervesce with acid, and the decoction with water, after cooling, is not colored blue on the addition of a drop of compound solution of iodine. When 1 gram (16 grains) is exhausted with chloroform, and ether is added to the solu- tion, a crystalline deposit of elaterin is obtained weighing not less than 25 centigrams (4 grains). About .one-half of elaterium is soluble in hot alcohol. Constituents.—Elaterin 25 to 33 per cent., chlorophyll, ash 8 to 10 per cent., perhaps also prophetin (soluble in ether, brown-red with sulphuric acid, bitter), ecballin (soft, yellow, acrid, and bitter), hydroelaterin (soluble in water), and.elaterid (bitter, insoluble in ether and water). Elaterin, MASTICHE—MASTIC, MASTICH. 447 C20H28O5, is crystalline, fusible, readily soluble in chloro- form and hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in ether, insoluble in water and petroleum benzin, very bitter in alcoholic solu- tion, and is not colored by chlorinated alkalies, but colored red by warm sulphuric acid; its solution in melted carbolic acid, on the addition of sulphuric acid, acquires a crimson color, rapidly changing to scarlet. Adulterations.—Starch and calcium carbonate or other mineral substances are used for this purpose. Properties.—Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.008 to 0.016 gram (gr. elaterin, 0.004 to 0.005 gram (gr. y to y in pill or alcoholic solution. MASTICHE.—Mastic, Masticii. Origin.—Pistacia Lentiscus, I Anne. Natural order, Ana- cardiacese, Anaeardiese. Habitat.—Mediterranean basin. Production.—Mastic exudes from vertical incisions into the bark of the staminate trees, and is collected in the island of Scio. Description.—Globular or elongated tears, of the size of a pea, or larger, sometimes covered with a whitish dust, pale yellow, transparent, of a glass-like lustre, brittle, becoming plastic when masticated; spec. grav. 1.07; melting point about 106° C. (223° F.); odor weak, balsamic, stronger on heating; taste slight terebinthinous and faintly bitter; soluble in ether and volatile oils; benzol dissolves from 65 (old mastic) to 90 (recent mastic) per cent. Bombay mastic from Pistacia cabulica and P. Khinjuk, Stocks, closely resembles Scio mastic, but is usually less clean and more opaque. Constituents.—Volatile oil a trace, alpha resin or mas- tiehic acid, C20H32O2, 90 per cent, (soluble in alcohol), mas- ticin (insoluble in alcohol). 448 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. * Adulterations.—Sandarac, see below. Properties.—Mild stimulant, mostly used as a mastica- tory, for filling decayed teeth, for cements and varnishes. SANDARACA.—Sandarac. Origin.—Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat. Natural or- der, Conifer*, Cupressine*. Habitat. —Northwestern Africa. Production.—Sandarac exudes spontaneously or from incisions made through the bark. Description.—Elongated, pale yellowr tears, 6 to 15 milli- meters (i~§ inch) long, covered with a whitish dust, of a glass-like lustre, transparent, hard but brittle, becoming pulverulent when masticated; spec. grav.about 1.07 ; melt- ing point near 135° C. (275° F.); odor and taste somewhat terebinthinous, balsamic, and faintly bitter; soluble in hot alcohol and ether, partly soluble in volatile oils and chloro- form. Constituents.—Three resins, differing in solubility; bitter principle, soluble in water. Properties.—Mild stimulant ; used chiefly for varnishes. COLOPHONIUM.—Resin, Rosin. Resina. Origin.—Pinus australis, Michaux, and other species of Pinus. Natural order, Conifer*, Abietine*. Habitat.—United States. Production.—The volatile oil is distilled from turpentine; the residue constitutes colophony. Description.—Transparent amber-colored brittle masses, having a glossy and shallow conchoidal fracture, melting at about 100° C. (212° F.); odor and taste faintly terebin- thinate; soluble in alcohol, ether, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloroform, benzol, glacial acetic acid, and alkalies. Varieties.—Distinguished according to color. COPAL—COPAL. 449 Constituents.—Abietic anhydrid, C44H6204, in the presence of dilute alcohol converted into abietic acid. Properties.—Mild stimulant; used in plasters and oint- ments. DAMMAR A.—Dammar. Origin.—1. Agathis Dammara, Richard (Dammara orientalis, Lambert); Agathis australis, Salisbury (Dam- mara australis, Lambert). Natural order, Coniferce, Arau- cariese. Habitat.— 1. East India islands; 2. Hew Zealand. Production.—Dammar exudes spontaneously; the New Zealand dammar or kauri resin is also found fossil. Description.—Transparent straw-colored roundish masses, about 1.08 spec, grav., having a glossy conchoidal fracture, melting near 120° C. (248° F.) to a thick liquid ; harder than rosin, but softer than copal ; nearly inodorous and tasteless ; partly soluble in alcohol and benzin ; more solu- ble in ether, chloroform, benzol, and carbon disulphide. Kauri resin has the spec. grav. 1.11, softens somewhat between the teeth, and is often in large masses. Several species of Vateria and Hopea [order Diptero- carpacete) of India yield resins, likewise known as dammar. Constituents.—Resin acid 1 per cent, (soluble in solution of K3C03), resin insoluble in alcohol, about 40 per cent., and resin soluble in alcohol about 60 per cent. (Graf, 1889). By distillation in a current of steam, a terpene, C1()IIlfi, of the boiling point 158° C. (316° F.), is obtained. Uses.—Mostly for varnishes, and rarely in plasters. COPAL.—Copal. Origin.—Fossil in Zanzibar and probably in Western tropical Africa; also the exudations of different species of Traehylobinm, Hymensea, and Guibourtia. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpinieae, Amherstiese. Habitat.—Africa, South America, West Indies. Description.—Irregular spherical or flattish and angular, the surface often finely verrucose (goose skin), varying 450 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. between pale yellowish, reddish, and brownish, and after melting darker colored, spec. grav. 1.04, nearly as hard as amber, transparent, or translucent, fracture conchoidal, glossy ; inodorous and tasteless ; melting points of the dif- ferent varieties vary between about 180° to 300° C. (356° and 572° F.); partly soluble in solvents; after fusion more readily soluble in alcohol and oil of turpentine. Constituents.—Several resins, differing in solubility. Uses.—For the preparation of varnishes. SUCCINUM.—Amber. Origin.—Fossil, from Picea succinifera Conwentz (Pinitis succinifer, Gosppert), and other extinct coniferous trees of the southern coast of the Baltic and other localities. Description.—Roundish or flatfish pieces, the surface usually rough and dull; hard and brittle; fracture con - choidal, glossy, transparent or translucent, pale yellowish to brown-red ; inodorous but aromatic when heated ; taste- less ; spec. gray. 1.09; slightly soluble in chloroform, nearly insoluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, melts at 287.5° C. (550° F.), giving off succinic acid ; and at a higher heat also water, volatile acids, and empyreumatic oil. Constituents.—Succinic acid, C4Hf)04, and several resins. Uses.—For fumigations, and for the preparation of succinic acid and (empyreumatic) oil of amber; also used in the arts. LACCA.—Lac. Origin.—1 Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow; 2. Ficus indica, Roxburgh, and other trees. Natural order, 1. Euphorbiacese, Crotonere; 2. Urticacere, Artocarpese. Habitat.—East Indies. Origin.—Exudation resulting from punctures by the impregnated female Coccus Lacca, Kerr, order Hemiptera. Description.—Stick lac. Thin branches, covered with a GUAIACI RESINA—GUAIAC RESIN. 451 brown-red resin, containing a blackish-red powder ; softens between the teeth and colors the saliva red; taste bitterish, slightly astringent; on being heated, of an aromatic odor. Seed lac. Irregular, somewhat glossy fragments, de- tached from the twigs. Lump lac. Made by boiliug with water and melting. Brown translucent cakes, deprived of the purplish-red coloring matter. Shellac. Thin, glossy, more or less transparent frag- ments, varying from amber-colored to dark brown ; brittle, tasteless; soluble in the fixed alkalies and in borax solu- tion; almost wholly soluble in cold alcohol, ether, and volatile oils. Constituents.—Coloring matter (lac dye), five resins, waxy matter. Uses.—For the preparation of varnish and sealing-wax. GUAIACr RESINA.—Guatac Resin. Origin.—Guaiacum officinale, LinnL Natural order, Zygophylle®. Habitat.—West India Islands and Northern South America. Production.—Guaiac resin exudes from incisions through the bark, but it is mostly obtained by melting the resin of the heartwood with fire. Description.—Irregular brittle masses, or subglobular tears about 10 to 25 millimeters (|—1 inch) in diameter, greenish-brown or reddish-brown, internally of a glassy lustre, transparent in thin splinters; spec. grav. 1.20; melting point 85° C. (185° F.); feebly aromatic, somewhat acrid; powder grayish, turning green on exposure; partly soluble in ether and oil of turpentine; soluble in solution of potassa and in alcohol; the alcoholic solution colored blue on the addition of ferric chloride or other oxidizing agrents. 452 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Impurities.—Fragments of wood and bark, sometimes amounting to 30 per cent. Constituents.—Gnaiacic acid and gnaiac yellow (both crystalline, dissolved by milk of lime), guaiaretic acid, C2i)H2604, about 10 per cent, (crystalline, not colored bine by nitric acid), guaiaconic acid, C19II20O5, about 70 per cent, (amorphous, colored blue by oxidizing agents), beta- resin about 10 per cent, (insoluble in ether), little gum and ash, 0.3 per cent. By dry distillation are obtained guaiacene, C5H80 (odor of bitter almond), guaiacol, C7H802 (colorless aromatic oil, green by Fe2Cl6), creosol, C8H10O2 resembling guaiacol), and pyroguaiaciu, C19H2203 (inodorous scales, colored green by Fe2CI0 and blue by warm sulphuric acid). Properties.—Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in pills, mixture, or tincture. DRACONIS RESINA.—Dragon’s Blood. Sanguis draconis. Origin. — Calamus (Dsemonorops, Martius) Draco, Willdenow. Natural order, Palmese, Lepidocaryse. Habitat.—Borneo, Sumatra, and adjacent islands. Production.—Dragon’s blood exudes spontaneously from the fruit while ripening, is separated by beating and sifting, softened by heat, and moulded. Inferior qualities are obtained by heating the fruit, or boiling it in water. Description.—In tear-like grains; in globular pieces about 35 millimeters (1|- inches) in diameter ; in cylindrical sticks about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long and 15 milli- meters (| inch) thick, or in irregular cakes; externally dark brown-red; internally brighter red, transparent in thin splinters; brittle; fracture irregular and rather dull; in- odorous—when heated aromatic, resembling benzoin; nearly tasteless; soluble (except the impurities) in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, and alkalies. Constituents.—Red resin (by nitric acid converted into benzoic, uitrobenzoie, oxalic, and a little picric acid), waxy BENZOINUM — BENZOIN. 453 matter, benzoic acid 3 percent., the latter obtainable by dry distillation. In place of the latter, cinnamic acid appears to be sometimes present, or both acids may be wanting. Properties.—Mild stimulant and astringent; used for plasters, tooth-powders, and varnishes. BENZOINUM.—Benzoin. Origin.—Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. Natural order, Styraceae. Habitat.—Sumatra, Java, probably also Siam. Production.—Benzoin exudes from incisions made into the bark of the tree. Description.—In lumps consisting of agglutinated yellow- ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white, or of a brown mass more or less mottled from whitish tears imbed- ded in it. It has a somewhat aromatic and acrid taste and an agreeable balsamic odor, gives off when heated fumes of benzoic acid, and is soluble in alcohol and in solution of potassa; the alcoholic solution is colored dark brown with ferric chloride; soluble in carbon disulphide and in benzol. Varieties.—Sumatra benzoin. Mass brown-gray, some- what porous, melting at 95° C. (203° F.), becoming sandy and finally plastic on mastication, and containing white tears melting at 85° C. (185° F.); odor rather weak, and in Penang benzoin somewhat likestorax. Inferior kinds con- tain few or no tears, and sometimes a large percentage of chips. Siam benzoin. Mass red-brown, translucent, with a vari- able proportion of large or small tears, which are softened and plastic on mastication, and melt at 75° C. (167° F.); odor agreeable, vanilla-like; taste slight. Constituents.—Benzoic acid, C7H0O2, 12 to 20 or 24 per cent, (usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil, sublim- able, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin (in Siam 454 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. benzoin), cinnamic acid, C9H802 (variable quantity in Siam and Penang benzoin), several resins, yielding with melted potassa paroxybenzoic acid, C7H603, protoeatechuic acid, C7H604, and pyrocatechin, C6II602. Cinnamic acid is de- tected by boiling benzoin with milk of lime, filtering while warm, and adding potassium permanganate, when the odor of oil of bitter almond will become apparent. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant. Dose,0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij—xxx), in powder or tincture. Externally as a pro- tective; also in tooth-powders, lotions, and fumigations. XANTHORRHOXE RES IN A.—Acaroid Resin. Botany Bay resin. Origin.—Xanthorrhsea hastilis, JR. Brown. Natural order, Juncacese, Xeroteae. Habitat.—Australia. Production.—The spontaneous exudation on the leaves and in the stem is separated by crushing and sifting. Description—Brownish-yellow, brittle masses, opaque, internally light yellow, resembling gamboge, fusible; odor agreeable balsamic; taste balsamic, somewhat acrid ; nearly insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, and this solution is turned brown-black by ferric chloride. Red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoea australis, R. Brown, resembles dragon’s blood, is deep brown-red, internally bright red, in thin splinters ruby-red and transparent; frac- ture glass-like; odor balsamic. Constituents.—Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, resins. With melting potassa pyrocatechin, paroxybenzoic and proto- catechuic acids are obtained. Properties.—Mild stimulant, tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in powder, mixture, or tincture. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS. 455 6. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS.— BALSAMA ET OLEORESINS. The term balsam is often used to designate unctuous or liquid preparations, chiefly intended for external use, and to which valuable curative powers are attributed. It is also employed for those liquid or soft exudations of plants which are wholly or chiefly composed of resins and volatile oils, and are properly designated as oleoresins. The British and United States Pharmacopoeias restrict the use of the word balsam to those liquid or soft products which contain resin, an odorous principle, and benzoic and cinnamic acids. Some authors recognize as solid balsams those resins which con- tain benzoic or cinnamic acid. Classification. Sect. 1. Containing benzoic or cinnamic acid : Balsams. Liquid, black-brown, aromatic, slightly soluble in oil Balsamum of turpentine. peruvianum. Semi-liquid or soft, in the cold brittle mass; aromatic, Balsamum in thin layers transparent. tolutanum. Thick liquid, brown-yellow, transparent, aromatic, drying to a yellowish-brown resin. Liquidambar. Thick liquid, brown-gray, opaque; after the evapora- tion of the water, dark-brown, transparent. Sty rax liquidus. Sect. 2. Free from benzoic or cinnamic acid : Oleoresins. Thin or viscid liquid, light yellow or brownish, trans- parent, odor peculiar. Copaiba. Viscid liquid, opaque and grayish in reflected light, transparent and brown in transmitted light; odor like copaiba. Gurjun. Thick liquid, transparent, pale yellow; odor pleasantly Terebinthina terebinthinate. canadensis. Thick liquid, slightly turbid, pale yellow, somewhat Terebinthina fluorescent; odor terebinthinate. Veneta. Viscid, yellowish opaque liquid, becoming granular; or ' Yellowish-white opaque mass; fracture crummy ; odor ' terebinthinate. J Terebinthina. 456 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Yellowish-brown, opaque, brittle in the cold; fracture conchoidal, translucent. Pix burgundica. Dark red-brown,opaque, translucent on the edge, brit- tle in the cold. Pix canadensis. Yellowish mass, internally white, granular, opaque. Elemi. Thick liquid, black-brown, becoming granular; odor empyreumatic, terebinthinate; soluble in oil of tur- pentine. Pix liquida. BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM.—Balsam of Peru. Origin.—Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Hoyle ; Toluifera, Bail Ion) Pereirse, Klotzsch. Natural order, Leguminosae, Papilionaceae, Sophoreae. Hah itat.—Central A merica. Production.—The bark is loosened by beating, and charred; the exudation is collected on rags, and these are placed in hot water and expressed. Description.—A rather thick, but not viscous, brownish- black liquid, in thin layers red-brown and transparent, of a syrupy consistence; spec. grav. about 1.135 to 1.150; odor agreeably balsamic and somewhat smoky ; taste warm bit- terish, afterward acrid. It has an acid reaction to test- paper, is completely soluble in five parts of alcohol, and does not diminish in volume when agitated with an equal volume of cold petroleum benzin or water. Constituents. — Cinnamein or benzylic cinnamate, C9H7(C7H70)2, about 60 per cent, (colorless aromatic oil), resin about 32 per cent, (insoluble in carbon disulphide; on dry distillation yields benzoic acid, styrol, CgHs, and toluol, C7H8), cinnamic acid, and small quantities of benz- alcohol, C7H80, benzylic benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)0, stilbene, Ci4H12, styrol, styracin, and benzoic acid. Adulterations.—Fixed oils (soluble in petroleum benzin; on trituration with sulphuric acid and washing with water, leave a sticky mass ; mixed with lime and gradually heated BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 457 to charring, a fatty odor is given off), resins, oleoresins, alcohol. Properties.—Stimulant expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, syrup, or alco- holic solution ; externally in ointment. BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.—Balsam of Tolu. Origin.—Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Richard) Tolui- fera, Kunth, s. Toluifera Balsamum, Miller. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Sophoreae. Habitat.—Venezuela and New Granada. Production.—The balsam exudes from V-shaped inci- sions and is received in calabash cups. Description.—Semifluid or nearly solid, and then crys- talline under the microscope; brittle in the cold, yellowish or brownish-yellow and transparent in thin layers; odor agreeably balsamic; taste aromatic, acidulous, faintly acrid. It is completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and alcohol, the solution being of an acrid reaction to test-paper, and is almost insoluble in water, petroleum benzin, and carbon disulphide. Constituents.—Resins (not investigated; the principal constituents), benzylic benzoate, C7H5(C7H7)02 (colorless aromatic oil), benzylic cinnamate, tolene, Cl0O16,1 per cent, (colorless, thin, aromatic oil), cinnamic and benzoic acids. Adulterations. — Turpentine (soluble in carbon disul- phide), sweet gum (yields to warm petroleum benzin styra- cin, which crystallizes on cooling), storax or resins (the ex- tract with carbon disulphide turns brown with I12S04, but rose-red from pure tolu). Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 0,5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture, mostly used as an agreeable flavor. 458 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. LIQUIDAMBAR.—Sweet Gum. Origin. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Natural order, Hamamelideae. Habitat.—United States, Mexico, and Central America. Production.—The balsam exudes spontaneously under a subtropical climate. Description.—Thick brownish-yellow clear liquid, or a transparent yellowish-brown resin, breaking in the cold with a resinous fracture, showing whitish streaks; softened bv the warmth of the hand ; odor pleasantly balsamic, storax-like; taste aromatic and pungent; soluble (except the impurities) in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Constituents.—Aromatic hydrocarbon per cent, (not identical with styrol), cinnamic acid 5| per cent., styracin, and brown tasteless resin. Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, also externally in ointment or cerate; mostly used as an agreeable flavor. ST YII AX.—Sto r a x. Origin.—Liquidambar oriental is, Miller. Natural order, H amamelidese. Habitat.—Asia Minor. Production.—The inner bark is steeped in hot water, and the melted balsam is skimmed off and expressed from the bark. Description.—Semi-liquid,viscid, gray, opaque, separating on standing a heavier dark-brown, in thin layers trans- parent stratum; odor agreeably balsamic; ta.ste balsamic and acrid ; soluble (the impurities excepted) in alcohol, ether, chloroform,and carbon disulphide; warm petroleum benzin, agitated with storax, remains colorless, and, on cooling, deposits white crystals. Constituents.—Styrol or cinnamene, C8H8 (colorless fra- grant liquid, at 200° C. converted into solid metacinna- COPAIBA — COPAIVA. 459 meue), cinnamic acid, C9II802, little benzoic acid, styracin or cinnamyl cinnamate, C9H7(C9H9)02 (crystallizing from hot benzin), phenylpropyl cinnamate, C9II7(C9H17)02 (in- odorous thick liquid), ethyl cinnamate, C9H7(C2H5)02, a small quantity, probably ethyl-vanillin in minute quantity, storesin, C36H5s03, in considerable quantity, and the cinna- mic ether of this alcohol; also a resinous compound. Water and other impurities amount to from 25 to 30 per cent. Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture; mostly externally in liniment or ointment. COP AI BA.—Copaiva. Origin. — 1. Copaifera Langsdorffii, Desfontames. 2. Cop. officinalis, Linne, and other species of Copaifera. Natural order, Legumiuosse, Caesalpiniese, Cynometrefe. Habitat.—1. Brazil. 2. Venezuela and New Granada. Production.—The oleoresin flows from bore-holes or boxes cut through the bark into the heart-wood of the tree. Description.—A more or less viscid liquid, pale yellow or brown-yellow, transparent or slightly turbid, lighter than water (spec. grav. 0.94-0.99); odor peculiar; taste bitter and acrid ; soluble in absolute alcohol, benzol, carbon disulphide, and petroleum benzin. Varieties. — Para copaiva; pale colored and limpid; usually contains 60 to 85 per cent, of volatile oil. Maranham and Rio Janeiro copaiva; of the consistence of olive oil; contains 40 to 60, but sometimes 80 per cent, of volatile oil; yields, like Para copaiva, a clear mixture with one-third or one-half ammonia. Maracaibo copaiba; viscid, dark yellow or brownish, 460 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. slightly turbid; contains 20 to 40 per cent, of volatile oil; solidifies with magnesia. Constituents.— Volatile oil, C15H24, bitter principle (solu- ble in water), and resins, bitterish, and mostly amorphous; copaivic acid, C2()II30O2, oxycopaivic acid, O20Il28O3 (from Para copaiva), and metacopaivic acid, C22H3404 (from Maracaibo copaiva), are crystalline. Adulterations.—Turpentine (recognized by odor on warm- ing) ; fixed oils (mostly insoluble in alcohol; on evapora- tion a soft and sticky residue is left); Gurjun balsam (is fluorescent, and on heating becomes gelatinous). Properties.—Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, nauseant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij-pss-j), in emulsion; the resin 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x). GURJUN.—Gurjun Balsam, Wood Oil. Origin.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertner, D. alatus, Roxburgh, and other species of Dipterocarpus. Natural order, Dipterocarpese. Habitat.—India and East Indian Islands. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from excavations cut into the wood and charred by fire. Description.—Thick viscid liquid, opaque and grayish, greenish or brownish in reflected light, transparent and brown in transmitted light; spec. grav. 0.947-0.964; odor resembling that of copaiba ; taste bitter; soluble in chloro- form, volatile oils, and carbon disulphide, partially soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum benzin. Above 130° C. (266° F.) it becomes permanently gelatinous or solid. On agitation with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids it is colored red and purplish. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C15H24, 40 to 70 per cent, (dissolved in carbon disulphide, and agitated with a drop of mixed sulphuric and nitric acids, red or violet color is produced), gurjunic acid, C44H6808 (a small quantity; crys- TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. 461 talline), resin (insoluble in potassa solution), and bitter principle. Properties and Uses.—Similar to Copaiva. TEREBINTIIINA CANADENSIS.—Canada Turpentine. Balsam of fir. Origin. Abies balsamea, Marshall. Natural order, Conifer®, Abietineae. Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States. Production.—The oleoresin is secreted in vesicles in the bark, and collected by puncturing them. Description.—A yellowish or faintly greenish transparent viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste, on exposure drying slowly into a transparent mass ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- form, and benzol; partly soluble in alcohol. Constituents.—Volatile oil, C10H16, 20 to 30 per cent., uncrystallizable resin, bitter principle soluble in water. Allied Turpentines.—Oregon Balsam of Fir, from Abies Menziesii, Lindley, resembles the preceding in physical properties when fresh; but becomes gradually granular and opaque. Strassburg 1 urpentine, Terebinthina argentoratensis, from Abies pectinata, De Candolle; like Canada turpen- tine, but completely soluble in absolute alcohol; odor slightly lemon-like; taste not acrid. Venice Turpentine, Terebinthina veneta, from Larix europsea, De Candolle, procured from the heart-wood by bore-holes; yellowish, greenish-yellow, or brownish, nearly transparent; odor terebinthinate balsamic; taste bitter and acrid; completely soluble in 90 percent, alcohol; does uot become crystalline on drying. 462 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE Adulterations.—Solutions of rosin in oil of turpentine, flavored with another volatile oil, are sometimes sold. Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic; mostly used externally. TEREBINTI TI N A.—Turpentine. Terebinthina communis, s. vulgaris. Origin.—Piuus australis, Michaux (P. palustris, Miller), and P. Tax!a, Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. Habitat.—Southern United States. Production.—Turpentine exudes spontaneously, but is mostly collected in boxes cut into the alburnum. Description.—Purely seen in commerce as a yellowish, viscid, more or less opaque liquid. Usually as yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the cold, softened by the heat of the hand, crummy crystalline in the interior, of a peculiar odor, and bitter and acrid taste; known as white turpentine; also as Thus americanum or common frankin- cense, and corresponds to the galipot of French commerce. European Turpentine is obtained from Pinus Pinaster, Solander, P. Laricio, Poiret, P. sylvestris, Linne, and other allied species. Constituents.—Volatile oil 20 to 30 per cent., abietic anhydrid, crystallizing as abietic acid, C44Hfi405; bitter principle soluble in water; small quantities of formic and succinic acids; perhaps also other resin acids (pinic and sylvic acids). Oil of turpentine, C10H16, is colorless, dextrogyre, or (the French oil) levogyre; spec. grav. 0.86; boiling point 150°-160° C. (300°-320° F.); readily soluble in strong alcohol ; forms with IIC1 a crystalline compound, C10H16HC1 (artificial camphor). Properties.—Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, astringent, haemostatic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in pills PIX BURGUNDIOA—BURGUNDY PITCH. 463 (hardened with magnesia); externally in ointment and plasters. Oil of turpentine, 0 3 to 1 to 2 grams (gr. v-xv-xxx), in emulsion; externally in liniments. Terebinthina Chia, Chian turpentine, from Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne (Anacardiace®), is greenish-yellow or brownish, hardens to a transparent mass, and has a fennel- like terbinthinate odor, and a mild bitterish taste. FIX BURGUNDICA.—Burgundy Fitch. Origin.—-Abies excelsa, De Candolle, s. Finns Abies, Linne. Natural order, Conifer®, A hie tine®. Habited.—Europe, in the southern part in mountainous districts. Production.—The oleoresin exudes spontaneously and from incisions, is melted in hot water, and strained. Description.—Yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, not crystalline; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is kept; brittle when cold; fracture shining, conchoidal; aromatic, not bitter; soluble in glacial acetic acid and strong alcohol. Allied Products.—Resina pini; white turpentine fused in hot water and strained; resembles the preceding, but gradually becomes crystalline. Terebinthina cocta; the residue from the distillation of turpentine with water, strained. Constituents.— \ olatile oil, C10H16, in variable propor- tion, water, and resin. Substitution.—A mixture of rosin, palm oil or other fat, and water; incompletely soluble in warm glacial acetic acid. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. 464 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. PIX CANADENSIS.—Canada Pitch. Hemlock Pitch. Origin.—Abies (Pinus, Linne) canadensis, Michaux. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietineae. Habitat.—Canada and Northern United States. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions; the wood and bark, rich in oleoresin, are heated in water, the incited oleoresin is skimmed off, remelted, and strained. Description.—Dark reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, not crystalline; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the vessel in which it is kept; brittle when cold ; fracture shining, conchoidal ; odor weak, teribinthinate, balsamic. A dulteration.—Rosi n. Constituents.—Little volatile oil, water, and resins. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters. El iEM I.—Et. em i. Origin.—Probably from Canarium commune, Linne. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. Habitat.—Philippine Islands. Production.—The oleoresin exudes from incisions. Description.—Soft, yellowish, granular, more or less crystalline; when old friable; odor strong, resembling fennel and lemon, somewhat terebiuthinate; taste bitter, disagreeable, and pungent. Constituents.—Volatile oil (terpene and polyterpenes) 10 per cent., bre'in 60 per cent, (amorphous resin, readily soluble in cold alcohol), amyrin 25 per cent, (resin crystal- lizing from hot, strong alcohol), bryoidin (easily soluble in alcohol, bitter and acrid, crystallizes from hot water), bre'idin (crystalline, less soluble in water and ether), elemic acid, C35H5604 (crystalline). Varieties.—Manila elemi, described above. Brazilian elemi, from Icica (Bursera, Baillon) Icicariba, PIX LIQUIDA — TAR. 465 De Candolle, and allied species; yellowish-white or greenish- white, fragrant. Mauritius elemi, from Colophonia (Canarium) mauri- tiana, De Candolle, resembles Manila elemi. Mexican elemi, probably from Amyris elemi fera, Royle ; yellow or greenish, more or less "translucent, of waxy lustre. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant; used in plasters and ointment. PIX LIQUIDA —Tar. Origin.—The wood of different species of Pinus. Natural order, Conifer®, Abietine®. Production.— 1 he wood is subjected to destructive distil- lation, either in retorts or packed in stacks covered with earth. Description.—Thick viscid semifluid, heavier than water, blackish-brown, transparent in thin layers, becoming granu- lar and opaque by age; odor empyreumatic, terebinthinate; taste sharp, empyreumatic, and bitterish ; of an acid re- action; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, volatile oils, and potassa solution; partly soluble in water. Constituents.—Acetic acid, acetone, methylic alcohol, rnesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol ; these pass over with the light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, chrysene, retene, paraffin, phenols, creasote, pyroeatechiu, empyreumatic resin. The composition of commercial tar is variable. Pyroeatechiu or catechol, C6H602, is crystalline, sublima- ble, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, has a sharp persistent taste, and in aqueous solution becomes dark green with ferric chloride, changing to violet with ammonia. Creasote and phenol are poisonous; when taken in exces- sive doses, treatment consists in evacuation (stomach- pump, emetics, alkali sulphates); milk or white of egg; saccharated lime; stimulants. 466 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE.' Allied Products.—Juniper tar, Oil of Cade, Oleum ca- dinum, from the wood of Juuiperus Oxycedrus, Linne ; it is more liquid, and of a somewhat different odor. Birch tar, Dagget, Oleum Rusci, from the wood of Betula alba, Linne, has the peculiar odor of Russian leather, and contains much pyrocatechin. Properties.—Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. Pose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, mixtures, and aqueous or vinous infusions; externally in ointment, plaster, and as fumigation. 7. VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS.—OLEA VOLATILIA ET CAMPHORzE. Volatile oils are odorous volatile liquids v/hieli produce upon paper a greasy stain, disappearing on the application of heat. They are readily soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, carbon disul- phide, and fixed oils, and many of them dissolve also freely in 80 per cent, alcohol. All are but slightly soluble in water. They exist ready-formed in plants, but in some cases (volatile oils of mustard, almond, etc.) are the results of chemical action in the presence of water. They are mostly obtained by distillation with water, occasionally by expression of the parts containing them, like the volatile oils of lemon, orange-peel, etc. Volatile oils are usually mixtures of two or more com- pounds, differing in volatility and odor, the portion vola- talizing first being sometimes designated as elceopten, and the portion volatilizing last as stearopten or camphor. The hitter usually contains oxygen, the former mostly consists of carbon and hydrogen ; a few volatile oils (of mustard, garlic, asafetida) contain sulphur, and in the volatile oils of VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS. 467 amygdalese (almond, etc.) nitrogen is found combined to hydrocyanic acid. The compounds existing in volatile oils are mostly imperfectly known ; but besides the hydrocar- bons, some of these have been proved to belong to the classes ot alcohols, aldehyds, ethers, and compound ethers, flic yellow, blue, and brown color of volatile oils is due to distinct compounds, which may be removed, in most cases, by careful rectification. On exposure to the air, more particularly in the presence of light and moisture, volatile oils become darker and thicker or even solid from Testification; the addition of a little alcohol will usually retard or prevent these changes. As a class, the volatile oils consisting of hydrocarbons are lightest in color and in specific gravity (the latter generally ranging between 0.85 and 0.91), are less prone to resinifica- tion, and are not freely soluble in 85 per cent, alcohol. The oxygenated volatile oils have usually a density from 0.90 to 0.99, and several of them are heavier than water, some being 1.10. They are mostly more freely soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, are usually more or less colored, and the color is deepened on exposure Adulterations.—Chloroform (adapted only to the heavy volatile oils) is readily detected on fractional distillation at a temperature of about 70° C. (158° F.). Alcohol will dissolve or soften fragments of fused calcium chloride or dry potassium acetate. Agitation with water will cause a diminution of volume. Fixed oils will leave a permanent greasy stain on paper; on agitation with 80 per cent, alcohol, the volatile oil will be dissolved and the fixed oil left behind. Cheap volatile oils are recognized by their odor on the slow evaporation from bibulous paper or from the hands. The behavior to alcohol and to various chemical reagents is 468 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. sometimes of value. The variations in the proximate com- position of the volatile oils, and the presence or absence of coloring principles often render the detection of adulteration, by means of reagents, very difficult. Properties.—Externally employed volatile oils are stimu- lant and rubefacient; used internally they are carminative, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, and sedative. Antidotes.—The effects of overdoses are counteracted by evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, and purgatives), demul- cent drinks, and opium. CAMPHORA.—Camphor. Origin.—Cinnamomum (Laurus, LinnS) Campliora, F. Nees et Ebermaier, s. Camphora officinarura, C. Bauhin. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacere. Habitat.—Chiua and Japan. Production.—The branches and wood are exposed to the vapors of boiling water, the volatilized camphor is con- densed, drained and pressed from the adhering volatile oil (oil of camphor), and subsequently refined by sublimation in vessels of glass or iron. Description.—Crude camphor is in whitish granular masses, that from Japan having often a reddish tint, while Formosa camphor is grayish or blackish and more impure. Refined camphor is in translucent masses of a tough con- sistence and crystalline texture, readily pulverizable in the presence of a little alcohol or ether, has the spec. grav. 0.99, melts at 175° C.(347° F.), boils at 205° C.(401° F.), sub- limes and burns without leaving any residue; odor pene- trating, peculiar; taste pungent and bitter, afterward cool- ing ; readily soluble in alcohol and most other solvents, but sparingly soluble in water. It is liquefied in contact with THYMOL — THYMOL. 469 chloral hydrate, phenol, thymol, resorcin, and other sub- stances. Composition.—C10H16O. Heated with zinc chloride it yields cymol, C10H14, and with nitric acid, camphoric acid, Ci0H16O4, and camphoronic acid, C9H1205. Allied Camphor.—Borneo, Sumatra, or Barns camphor, from Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebroolc. Natural order, Dipterocarpea?. It has a somewhat different odor, is slightly heavier than water, less readily volatile, and with nitric acid yields ordinary camphor. Composition Cl0IIi8O. Properties.—Stimulant, antispasmodie, sedative, rubefa- cient, resolvent. Dose, 0.06 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. j-viij- xv), in pills or emulsion; externally in liniments and oint- ments. THYMOL.—Thymol. Origin.—Thymus vulgaris, LinnS, Monarda punctata, LinnS, Carum Ajowau, Bentham et Hooker. Natural order, Labiate (Thymus, Monarda); Umbelliferse (Ajowan). Production.—From the volatile oil by fractional distilla- tion, by freezing, or by means of alkali solution. Oil of monarda yields about 24 per cent, of thymol. Properties.—Colorless rhombic scales or flat prisms, heavier than water, of a thyme-like odor and pungent taste; melts at 50° C. (122° F.), boils at 230° C. (446° F.); freely soluble in simple solvents (sparingly in water) and in alka- lies; liquefied by camphor. The aqueous solution is pre- cipitated by bromine water, but is not colored by ferric chloride. Comp osition.—C10II14O. Properties.—Stimulant, antiseptic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v); used most externally. 470 DRUGS without cellular structure. MENTHOL.—Pipmenthol. Origin.—Mentha piperita, LinnS. Natural order, Labi- atm, Satureinese. Production.—By fractional distillation of the volatile oil, and freezing the higher boiling product. Properties.—Fine white needles, transparent when ex- amined singly, of an agreeable peppermint odor and taste ; melts at 42° C. (108° F.); boils at 212° C. (414° F.); freely soluble in most simple solvents, sparingly soluble in water; produces a red color with bromine. Japanese or Chinese menthol, from Mentha canadensis, LinnS, var. piperascens, resembles pipmenthol, but is usu- ally moist from presence of oil, and has a mint-like odor, not identical with that of peppermint. Composition.—ClnIT20O. Properties.—Stimulant, rubefacient, anodyne. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v); used externally. OLEUM CAMPHOR^.—Oil of Camphor. Origin and Production.—See Camphora. Description.—Deep yellow or yellowish-brown ; spec, grav. about 0.94; boiling point about 180° C. (356° F.); completely soluble in alcohol. Formosa camphor oil has a strong camphoraceous odor and in the cold separates cam- phor. Japanese camphor oil is more limpid, has a sassafras- like odor, and separates little or no camphor. Composition.—Terpenes, cineol and terpineol, C10H18O, eugenol, safrol, camphor, and other compounds. Properties.—Like camphor, mostly used in liniments. OLEUM CAJUPUTI—Oil of Cajeput. Origin.—Melaleuca Cajuputi, Roxburgh, s. M. minor, Smith, s. M. Leucadendron, var., Bentham. Natural order, Myrtacese, Leptospermese. Habitat.—East Indian Islands. OLEUM ROSTi— OIL OF ROSE 471 Production.—The leaves are distilled with water. Description.—Green or, after rectification, colorless or yellowish, neutral, very mobile, easily soluble in alcohol; levogyre; spec. grav. about 0.925; odor aromatic; taste warm,camphoraceous, cooling; not congealing at—25° C. (—13° F.). It dissolves iodine without violent reaction; the solution containing 20 per cent, iodine congeals in the cold crystalline. Constituents.—Chiefly eajupntol (eineol), C10HI8O; also hydrocarbons, Cl0H16 and C15H24, and acetic, butyric, and valerianic ethers of terpilenol (,C10H18O). The crude (green) oil often contains a trace of copper, which yields a red- brown color or precipitate on agitating the oil with warm dilute hydrochloric acid and adding potassium ferrocyanide to the watery liquid. Properties.—Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, rube- facient, counter-irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. jss-viij—xv), in mixtures; externally in liniments. OLEUM ROS/E.—Oil of Rose. Attar of Rose. Origin. — Rosa damaseena, Miller. Natural order, Rosacea;, Rosea;. Habitat.—Cultivated in Bulgaria. Production.—The flowers are distilled with water, coho- bation being resorted to; yields about 0.08 per cent. Description.—Pale yellow liquid, spec. grav. 0.87, of an agreeable rose odor when diluted, and a sweetish taste; slightly dextrogyre; separating at or below 15° C. (59° F.) transparent scaly crystals, which remain suspended in the liquid. Constituents.—Eheopten containing oxygen, very fra- grant, readily soluble in alcohol; stearopten, probably 472 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. C16H32 or C16H34, 12-14 per cent., inodorous, iridescent crys- tals, requiring about 100 parts of alcohol for solution. Adulterations.—Spermaceti and paraffin crystallize in a rather opaque crust. An addition of oil of ginger-grass or roshe oil from Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne, lowers the congealing point of attar of rose. Uses.—For perfuming ointments and mixtures. OLEUM SUCCINI.—Oil of Amber. Production.—Amber is subjected to destructive distilla- tion, and the thick brown liquid distillate is rectified. Description.—Pale yellow, spec. grav. 0.91-0.95 ; odor empyreumatic, balsamic ; taste warm aud acrid ; soluble in 4 parts of strong alcohol; with nitric acid it acquires a red color, and after some time is almost wholly converted into a brown resinous mass, having a musk-like odor. Adulterations.—Petroleum and the empyreumatic oils of resins. Properties.—Stimulant, autispasmodic, irritant. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), in capsules or emul- sion ; externally in liniments. Magnoliacece. Oleum Anisi stellati, from the fruit of Illicium verum, Hooker jilius. Pale yellow, sweet; congeals at about 10° C. (50° F.), while at rest, at about 1° C. (34° F.) ; spec. grav. 0.98, levo- gyre ; consists of C10H16 and anethol, C10H]2O ; with alcoholic HC1 becomes brownish. Syllabus of the Officinal Volatile Oils. Cruciferce. Oleum Sinapis, from the seeds of Brassica nigra, Koch ; yield 0.5 per cent,. Yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 1.018 pungent and acrid, soluble in 3 parts of sulphuric acid without change of color; boiling point 148° C. (298° F.l; without rotating power ; chiefly allyl sulphocyanide, C;iH5.CNS with some CS2. OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS. 473 Rutaceee. Oleum Rutae, from the herb of Ruta graveolens, Linne. Greenish yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.88, bitterish; congeals below 0° C. (32° F.); solution in sulphuric acid brown-red; chiefly methyl-nony 1-ketone, CH3.CO.C9H19. Oleum Limonis, from the rind of Citrus Limonum, Risso. Yel- lowish, neutral, spec. grav. 0.852, bitterish ; dextrogyre ; boiling point about 175° C. (347° F.); chiefly citrene, C10H16. Oleum Bergamii, from the rind of Citrus Bergamia, var. vul. garis, Risso. Greenish, faintly acid, spec. grav. 0.87, bitterish ; boiling point about 185° C. (365° F.); dextrogyre; consists of C18Hle and hydrates. Oleum Aurantii amari, from the rind of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Yellowish, neutral, bitterish, spec, grav, about 0.86; chiefly Oleum Aurantii dulcis, from the rind of Citrus Aurantium Risso. Yellowish, neutral, spec. grav. about 0.86; chiefly C10H16 ; readily altered on exposure. Oleum Aurantii florum, from the flowers of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Colorless or brownish, neutral, bitterish, spec. grav. about 0.88; boiling point about 190° C. (374° F.); dextrogyre; chiefly C10H16, giving violet fluorescence with alcohol. The stearopten melts at 55° C. (131° F.). Leguminosae. Oleum Copaibse, from the oleoresin of Copaifera spec. Colorless, neutral, spec. grav. 0.89 ; boiling point about 255° C. (491° F.); levogyre; consists of C15H24. The oil of Maracaibo copaiva becomes dark blue with gaseous HC1. Rosacece. Oleum Amygdalae amarse, from the seeds of Amygdalus (Prunus Amygdalus, Baz'Wow) communis, Linne, var. amara, De Candolle. Yellowish, slightly bitter, spec. grav. 1.07 (1.049, if deprived of HCN); chiefly benzaldehyd, C7HbO with HCN, in old oil benzoic acid. Evaporated with potassa and alcohol, the resi- due, dissolved in distilled water, yields a nearly transparent solution, free from brown-yellow sediment (nitrobenzol). The bitter almond odor disappears on treatment with potassium permanganate, which has no action on nitrobenzol. Oleum Rosse (see page 471). 474 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Myrtacece. Oleum Cajuputi (see page 470). Oleum Eucalypti, from the leaves of Eircalyptus globulus and Euc. amygdalina, Labillardiere. Yellowish, neutral, spicy, and cooling; contains C10H14, C10H16, and C10H16O. Eucalyptol, Ci0H18O, is chemically identical with cajuputol and cineol. Oleum Caryophylli, from the flower-buds of Eugenia caryophyl- lata, Thunberg. Yellowish-brown, slightly acid, taste hot aromatic; faintly levogyre; spec. grav. 1.05; boiling point about 250° C. (482° F.); contains C10H16 and eugenol, C10H12O2. Oleum Pimentse, from the fruit of Eugenia Pimenta, De Candolle. Colorless or pale yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 1.040-1.050 contains C10H16 and C10H12O2. Oleum Myrciae, from the leaves of Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Yellowish or brownish-yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.965-0.985, contains terpenes, eugenol, and little methyl euge- nol. The last three oils congeal with potassa, and their alco- holic solution is colored purplish-blue or green by Fe2Cl6. Umbelliferce. Oleum Carui, from the fruit of Carum Carui, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.96; boiling point about 175° C. (347° F.); contains carvene, C10H16, and carvol, C10HuO ; the latter is colored light violet by Fe2CI6, and congeals with ammonia and sulphydric acid. Oleum Fcenieuli, from the fruit of Fceniculum vulgare, Gaertner. Colorless, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.97; con- geals below 0° C. (32° F.); contains C10H16 and anetbol, c10h12o. Oleum Anisi, from the fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, slightly levogyre or dex- trogyre ; spec. grav. 0.98; if at rest congeals near 10° C. (50° F.), the temperature rising to 15° C. (59° F.) ; becomes pink with alcoholic HC1; contains C10Hj,. and anethol, c10h12o. Oleum Anethi, from the fruit of Anethum (Peucedanum, Hiern) graveolens, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, sweetish, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0 88; anethene, C10H16, and carvol. Oleum Coriandri, from the fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linne. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0 87 ; chiefly C10H18O. OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS 475 Valerianece. Oleum Valerianae, from the rhizome and rootlets of Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Yellowish or brownish, somewhat viscid, slightly acid, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.95; contains borneene CioH16, borneol, C10H18O, its ether, (C10H17)2O, and its valerianic ether. Compositce. Oleum Anthemidis, from the flowers of Anthemis nobilis, Linne. Pale blue, green, or yellow, slightly acid ; spec. grav. 0.90; contains the butyl and amyl ethers of angelic, valerianic, and tiglinic acids. Oleum Erigerontis, from the herb of Erigeron canadense, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, strongly levogyre; spec. grav. 0.86; C10H16, and oxygenated compound. Its solution in acetic acid yields with bromine crystals of C10H16Br4 (Fluckiger). Ericacece. Oleum Gaultheriae, from the leaves of Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. Yellowish or reddish, slightly acid, sweetish, slightly dextrogyre; spec. grav. 1.175-1.185; boiling point 216° C. (421° F.); chiefly methyl salicylate, CII3.C7H503, about 0.4 per cent, of C13H24 and some benzoic ether; yields with nitric acid colorless crystals. Much of the commercial oil of winter- green is distilled from the bark of the sweet birch, Betula lenta, Linne (Natural order, Cupuliferse Betuleae), which consists of methyl salicylate. Labiates. Oleum Lavandulae, from the flowers (and leaves) of Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, bitterish, levogyre; spec. grav. about 0.90; boiling point about 185° C. (365° F.); contains C10H16, and formic, acetic, and other ethers of the alcohols C10H]8O and C10H16O. The oil from the flowers is most fragrant. Oleum Menthae viridis, from the herb of Mentha viridis, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90; contains C10H16 and a compound, C10HuO. Oleum Menthae piperitas, from the herb of Mentha piperita, Linne. Pale yellow or greenish, neutral, taste warm and cooling, strongly levogyre ; spec. grav. 0.90; contains menthol, CiqH20O (see page 470), and other compounds. Oleum Thymi, from the herb of Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Red- brown or yellowish, neutral, slightly levogyre ; spec. grav. 476 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 0.88; contains cymene, C10H14, thymene, C10H16, and thymol, C10U14O (see page 469). Oleum Hedeomae, from the herb of Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Colorless or pale yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.94; dextrogyre ; contains hedeomol, C10H18O, and ethers of formic, acetic, and isoheptoic acids. Oleum Eosmarini, from the leaves of Eosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Colorless, neutral, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90 ; contains cineol, C10H4gO. Oleum Monardae, from the herb of Monarda punctata, Linne. Eeddish or brownish; spec. grav. 0.920-0.925. Contains Ci0Hi6 (levogyre), thymol (about 24 per cent.) and formic, acetic, and butyric ethers. Myristicaceee. Oleum Myristicae, from.the kernel of Myristica fragrans, Hout- tuyn. Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0.93 ; boiling point 160° C. (320° F.); chiefly myristicene, C10II16, also myris- ticol, C10HuO. Chenopodiacece. Oleum Chenopodii, from the fruit of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linne, var. anthelminticum, Gray. Pale yellow, neutral, bitterish; spec. grav. 0.92; boiling point about 180° C. (365° F.); C10H16 and C10II16O. Laurinece. Oleum Cinnamomi, from the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Breyne. Yellow or reddish, slightly acid, sweet and spicy, somewhat levogyre ; spec. grav. 1.05; chiefly cinnamic aldehyd, C9H80, also cinnamyl acetate and hydrocarbons; in old oil cinnamic acid. Oleum Cinnamomi Cassiae, from the bark of Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Like the preceding; flavor less agreeable; slightly levogyre or dextrogyre; spec. grav. about 1.07. Oleum Sassafras, from the root of Sassafras officinale, Nees. Yellowish or brownish, neutral, slightly dextrogyre; spec, grav. 1.09; contains safrene, C10H16, and chiefly safrol, CJ0H10O2 (melts at 12° C. = 53.6° F.; no rotating power); with nitric acid dark red and resinous. Piperaeece. Oleum Cubebae, from the fruit of Cubeba officinalis, Miquel. Colorless or faintly greenish or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre; FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 477 spec. grav. 0.92; boiling point about 250° C. (482° F.); con- tains two hydrocarbons, C15H24. Sanialacece. Oleum Santali, from the wood of Santalum album, Linne. Light yellow, rather thick, slightly acid; dextrogyre or levogyre; spec, grav.- 0.97-0.99; boiling point about 275° C. (527° FT) ; contains C,5H240 and c15h260. Conifer ce. Oleum Terebinthinae, from the oleoresin of different species of Pinus. Colorless, neutral, bitterish; spec. grav. 0.87; consists of C10H16. American oil of turpentine is dextrogyre. Oleum Juniperi, from the fruit of Juniperus communis, Linne. Colorless or faintly greenish, neutral, sweetish, slightly levo- gyre; spec. grav. 0 87; boiling point 155° C. (311° F.) ; con- sists of c10h16. Oleum Sabinae, from the branches (tops) of Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Colorless, neutral, bitterish, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.91; boiling point 160° C. (320° F.); consists of C10H16. Oleum Picis liquidae from pine-wood tar. Yellowish or red- brown, acid, odor and taste tar-like ; consists mainly of C10Hj6. 8. FIXED OILS AND WAXES.—OLEA PINGUIA ET CERzE. Fats are found in plants and animals, and are mostly colorless or white, inodorous and tasteless; but some com- mercial fats always contain coloring matter and volatile oil or other odorous principle, and the fats of the volatile fatty acids have a distinct odor. All fats are lighter than water (spec. grav. mostly between 0.913 and 0.956), are insoluble in water and mostly also in cold alcohol; they are soluble in ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, and carbon disulphide. The liquid fats are transparent; the solid fats melt, by heat, to a trahsparent liquid. The mucilaginous and protein compounds, often present in crude fats, are re- moved by decantation, by filtration, or by treatment with 478 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. about 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid. The color of certain fats is destroyed by heat, or by exposure to sunlight, or by treatment with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid. Most fats are mixtures of two or more glycerides or glycerin-ethers, the most important of which are stearin, C3H5.3C18H3502; palmitin, C3ri5.3C]fiII3102; myristin, C3H5.3C14H2702; laurin, C3H5.3C12H2302; and olein, C3H5.3C18H3302. The drying oils which gradually harden on exposure to the air, contain linolein, the acid having the formula 016H28O4. The same compound is stated to be present also in small proportion in most vegetable non-dry- ing oils (Hazura and Gruessner, 1889). Fats become ran- cid through the generation of volatile fatty acids and per- haps of other compounds. On saponification most of the liquid and solid fats yield glycerin, C3H803. Soaps made with potassa are softer than soda soaps, and the soaps of drying oils are softer than those prepared from non-drying oils. Woolfat or lanolin consists of cholesterin-ethers, is miscible with its weight of water, and saponified with diffi- culty. Fats having a high fusing point are often called waxes; but this name is more properly applied to the compounds of the fatty acids with the radicals of monatomic alcohols, such as cetyl, C16H33 (in spermaceti), ceryl, C27H55 (in Chinese wax), and myricyl, C30II61 (in beeswax). Adulterations.—The detection is difficult. The specific gravity of the fat, and the melting and congealing points of the fat and of the isolated mixed fat acids should be ob- served. Drying and non-drying oils are distinguished by the effect of nitrous acid, which causes the latter to congeal in the course of two or three hours to one or two days, through the conversion of liquid olein into solid elaidin ; linolein and allied oils are not solidified by this agent. The test is applied by mixing 2 parts of nitric acid, spec. grav. FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 479 1.42, 3 parts of water, and 5 parts of the oil, and adding 1 part of copper. Maumene’s sulphuric acid test is applied by stirring together 50 grams of the oil and 10 cubic centi- meters of sulphuric acid, and noting the rise of temperature. Heydeureieh’s test consists in adding to 10 or 12 drops of the oil 2 or 3 drops of sulphuric acid, noting the color, then stirring and again noting the color. For Calvert’s test, 1 volume of sulphuric acid, spec grav. 1.53, is agitated for about five minutes with 5 volumes of the oil, after which the color is observed. Hirschsohn’e test for cottonseed oil consists in heating for twenty minutes in a water bath 3 cubic centimeters of the oil with 6 drops of chloroformic solution of crystallized auric chloride (0.5 per cent.) when a red color is produced Arachis, ben, hemp, maize, poppy, and walnut oils are likewise colored red or dark, or precipitate metallic gold (Moerk). The other oils in the next table are not affected (Hirschsohn). TESTS. Oil of Nitrous acid Mau- lleydeureicli’s. Calvert s Almond whitish, solid mene’s. 52° C yellow white. Arachis whitish, solid 67 yellow, green-brown yellow. Cod-liver yellow, liquid 102 purple, red purple. Cottonseed yellow, soft 70 reddish and brown yellow. Hemp 3’ellow, liquid 98 brown, black, solid dark green. Lard yellow, solid 43 yellow, brown yellowish. Linseed brownish, liquid 103 brown-red, blackish dark green. Mustard yellowish, solid — green, brown greenish-brown Olive yellowish, solid 42 yellow, brownish greenish. Poppy yellow, liquid — yellow, brown-green grayish. Rapesed brownish, soft 58 green or brownish brown. Ricinns whitish, soft 47 brownish grayish-white. Sesame red-brown, soft 68 brown red, gelatinous dirty-green. Sunflower yellow, soft — red-brown, brown yellow. Iii many cases the action of iodine or bromine upon the fat acids affords indication of the purity of fats. The fat acids of the acetic acid group are not altered at ordinary temperatures by these haloids; those of the oleic acid group take up two atoms, and those of the linoleic acid group four 480 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. atoms of the haloid, and any excess of the latter may be de- termined in the usual manner. The amount of haloid thus taken up differs greatly for various oils, and varies com- paratively little for each fat in its natural condition. Iodine is usually employed for this purpose, and the percentage of iodine combining with the oil is called the “iodine number.” Oils and fats. Spec. grav. at 15° C. Iodine num ber. Melting point of fat acids. Saponification value. Almond .... 0.91 SO 97.5-98 14° C. 194.5-196 Apricot .... 0.9191 99-102 4.5 192.9 Arachis .... 0.919 101-105 27 7 191.3 Butter .... 0.870 26-35 38 0 227.0 Butterin .... 55 3 42 0 Cocoanut 8.9 24.6 257.3-268.4 Cod-liver 0.923 213.2 Cottonseed 0.9228 105-111 30 0 195.0 Hemp .... 0.9276 143 19.0 193.1 Japan wax 0.980 42 222.0 Lanolin (suint; 0.973 36 41.8 170.0 Lard .... 0.940 58-62 195.3-196.6 Lard oil . 0.918 195.9 Laurel .... 49 27 0 Linseed .... 0.935 156-158 17.0 194.3 Neatsfoot 0.916 66-70 30.0 190.9 Nut . . 0.926 142-144 20.0 196.0 Nutmeg .... 0.990 31.0 42.5 Olive .... 0.9149 81.6-84.5 26.0 191.7 Olive seed 0.9202 81.8 188.5 Palm .... 50.4-52.4 47 8 202-202.5 Poppy .... 0.925 135-137 20.5 194.6 Pumpkin 0 9241 121 28 0 189.5 Rape .... 0.9172 97-105 20.1 177.0 Ricinus .... 0.9613 84-84.7 13.0 181-181.5 Sesame .... 0.9213 105-108 27.7 190 Tallow .... 0.916 40-42 45.0 196.5 Theobroma 0.905 34.0 52.0 Hiibl prepares the “ iodine solution ” by dissolving 25 grams iodine in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, and 30 grams mercuric chloride in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, mixing the two solutions and setting aside for ten hours. For testing, about 0.2 gram of a drying oil (or 0.3 gram non-drying oil, or 0.8 gram of solid fat) is dissolved in FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 481 10 cubic centimeters of chloroform, mixed with 20 centimeters of the iodine solution, and set aside for about 2 hours when the excess of free iodine is determined by sodium thiosul- phate. Free fat acids are estimated, in the presence of alcohol and phenolphthalein, by titration with KHO (acid number). Valenta’s saponification value is an extension of Koettstor- fer’s method for butter-testing: 1 gram of fat is saponified by warming with 25 cubic centimeters of alcoholic solution of KllO (about | normal), and the excess of alkali deter- mined by titration; the weight of KHO in milligrams re- quired for combining with the fat acids gives the “saponi- fication value.” Classification. Sect. 1. Liquid fats. I. Non-drying oils. Yellowish, slightly nutty, not congealing at—10° C. 01. Amygdalae expressum. Pale yellow, deposits granules near 0° C. 01. Olivse. Yellow or brownish-yellow, solid at —18° C. 01. Sinapis expressum. Pale yellow, opaque at 0° C. 01. bubulum. Yellowish, solidifying near 0° C. 01. Adipis. II. Drying oils. Yellow or brownish; not solid at —15° C. 01. Lini. Pale yellow, bland, congeals at —18° C. 01. Papaveris. Nearly colorless, nutty; congeals at —20° C. 01. Juglandis. Green, unpleasant; congeals at —15° C. 01. Cannabis. III. Intermediate oils. Yellow, odor and taste fishy. 01. Morrhuse. Brownish-yellow, acrid. 01. Tiglii. Yellowish, mawkish, slightly acrid. 01. Ricini. Yellow, bland, congeals below 0° C. 01. Gossypii. Yellow, bland, congeals at —5° C. 01. Sesami. Sect. 2. Solid fats. I. Containing volatile oil. Butyraceous, granular, green, spicy. 01. Lauri. Mottled orange-brown, melting at 45° C. 01. Myristicee expressum. 482 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. II Odorous, but free from volatile oil. Yellowish-white, chocolate odor, melting at 30° C. 01. Theobromse. Orange-red, violet odor, melting at 27° C. 01. Palmse. Brownish-white, acrid, melting at 40° C. 01. Gynocardise. White, disagreeable odor, melting at about 25° C. 01. Coeois. Yellow, sweet, melting at 28° C. Butyrum. Whitish (the crude greenish-brown), animal odor, melting at 40° C. Lanolinum. III. With no characteristic odor. White, melting at 35° C. Adeps. White, melting at 45° C. Sevum. Sect. 3. Waxes. White, crystalline, melting at 50° C. Cetaceum. Yellow, or white, melting at 62° G. Cera. OLEUM AMYGDALAE EXPRESSUM.— Almond Oil. Origin.—Primus Amygdalus, Bciillon (Amygdalus com munis, Linne). Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. Habitat.—Western Asia, naturalized in the Mediterra- nean basin ; cultivated. Production.—Crushed bitter almonds are subjected to powerful pressure preceding their being used for preparing oil of bitter almond. Sweet almonds are likewise occasion- ally expressed. Yield 40 to 50 or 55 per cent. Description.—Yellowish, thin, spec. grav. 0.917 congeal- ing near —20° C. (—4° F), of a slight nutty odor and bland taste. A mixture of the oil with an equal bulk of nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, on being warmed to 60° C. (140° F.) will not acquire a yellow or orange color. The mixed fat acids melt near 14° C. (57° F.) and solidify near 5° C. (41° F.). Constituents.—Chiefly olein, very little palmitin. Substitution.—The fixed oils expressed from the seeds of the peach (Prunus Persica, LinnS) and apricot (Prunus OLEUM OLIV.E—OLIVE OIL. 483 Armeniaca, Linne) closely resemble almond oil; but warmed with nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, speedily turn yellow and orange-red. The fat acid of apricot oil melts near 5° C. (41° F.). Properties.—Lenitive. Dose, 2 to 16 grams (5ss-iv), in emulsion; externally in liniments and ointments. OLEUM OLIVA].—Olive Oil. Origin.—Olea europsea, Linne. Natural order, Oleaceae, Oleinese. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pres- sure, yields virgin oil; a second quality of oil is obtained by mixing the press cake with hot water, and again express- ing ; and an inferior more or less rancid oil is yielded from the residue after it has undergone decomposition. Description.—Pale yellow or light greenish-yellow, spec, grav. 0.915 at 15° C., 0.911 at 24° C.; near 5° C. (41° F.) separating white crystalline granules ; solid below 0° C. (32° F.); of a slight agreeable odor, and a bland, faintly acrid taste. The mixture, made upon a porcelain slab, of 10 drops of the oil and 5 or 6 drops of sulphuric acid, does not acquire a brown-red or greenish-brown color. Agitated with a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids it remains pale yellow or greenish. The mixed fat acids separated after saponification, melt at about 26° C. (79° F.) and begin to solidify at 17.5° C. (63.5° F.). x Constituents.—Mainly olein; the solid fats are chiefly palmitinwith arachin and possibly stearin ; also cholesterin, C26H440, soluble in alcohol. Properties and Uses.—Like Almond Oil. Olive oil, containing about 6 per cent, of free oleic acid, has been rec- ommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, under the name of lipanin. 484 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. OLEUM SINAPIS EXPBESSUM.—Expressed Mustard Oil. Origin.—The seeds of Brassica alba, Hooker Jilius, and Br. nigra, Koch. Natural order, Crucifer®, Brass ice®. Habitat.—Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are subjected to cold pressure; yield about 22 per cent. Properties.—Bright yellow (from white mustard) to brownish-yellow (from black mustard), spec. grav. 0.916, solid near —18° C., nearly inodorous, of a bland taste. Nitroso-nitric acid colors reddish; zinc chloride colors dingy green. Constituents.—Glycerides of oleic, stearic, erucic (C22H4202) and behenic (C22H4402) acids. Uses.—Like olive oil. OLEUM BUBULUM.—Neat’s-foot Oil. Production.—The fatty tissue of neat’s feet is boiled with water and the fat skimmed off and strained. Description.—Pale yellow, spec. grav. about 0.916, opaque at or below 0° C. (82° F.); odor slight; nearly tasteless. The fat acid melts near 30° O. (86° F.). Constituents.—Olein aud solid fats. Uses.—Chiefly externally. OLEUM ADIPIS.—Lard Oil. Production.—Lard is exposed to a low temperature and expressed. Yield about 50 to 60 per cent. Description.—Pale yellowish or colorless, spec. grav. about 0.918, solidifying near 0° C. (32° F.); odor and taste slight. Constituents.—Olein with palmitin and stearin. Uses.—Externally. 485 OLEUM JUGLANDIS — NUT OIL. OLEUM LINE—Flaxseed Oil. Linseed Oil. Origin.—Linum usitatissimum, LinnS. Natural order, Lineae. Habitat.—Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed ; yield by cold pressure 16 to 20 per cent.; by hot pressure 25 to 28 per cent. Description.—Yellow, limpid, spec. grav. about 0.935, congealing at —27° C. (—16.5° F.); odor slight; taste bland. Expressed with heat, linseed oil is of a darker color, stronger odor, and acrid taste. The mixed fat acids melt near 17° C. (62.5° F.). Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and myris- tin. By exposure it dries to linoxyn, C32H54Ou. Properties.—Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 65 grams (5j—Sij); externally as a protective. OLEUM PAPA VERIS.—Poppyseed Oil Origin.—Papaver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, Papaveracese, Papaverese. Habitat.—Western Asia; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed. Yield 40 to 50 per cent. Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, spec. gray. 0.925 ; con- gealing at about —18° C. (0° F.); odor slight; taste bland. The mixed fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). Constituents.—Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and perhaps other fats. Properties.—Demulcent and protective. OLEUM JUGLANDIS.—Nut Oil. Origin.—1. Juglans regia, Linne. 2. Juglans cinerea, Linne. 3. Carya araara, Nuttall. Natural order, Juglan- dese. 486 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. Habitat.—1. Central Asia; cultivated. 2, 3. North America. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed; yield about 25 per cent. Description.—Pale greenish or nearly colorless, somewhat thicker than the preceding, spec. grav. 0.92 ; congealing at about —18° C. (0° F.) ; odor and taste nutty. The mixed fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). Constituents.—Probably linolein with some solid fats. Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. OLEUM CANNABIS.—Hempseed Oil. Origin.—Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urti- cacese, Cannabinese. Habitat—Southern and Central Asia; cultivated. Production.—The crushed fruit (hempseed) is expressed ; yield about 30 per cent. Deswiption.—Green, becoming lighter and brownish on exposure; spec. grav. 0.93; odor hemp-like; taste rather mild; thickens at —15° C. (5° F.). The mixed fat acids melt near 19° C. (66° F.). Constituents.—Linolein, probably with palmitin. Properties.—Like Poppyseed Oil. OLEUM MORRHUiE.—Cod-liver Oil. Oleum jecoris aselli. Origin.—Gadus Morrhua, Linne, aud other species of Gadus. Class, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. Habitat.—North Atlantic Ocean. Production.—The fresh livers are slowly heated and the oil is decanted from the water, and sometimes deprived of a portion of the solid fat by partial freezing. Description.—Pale yellow, limpid, faintly acid, spec. grav. 0.925 ; near 0° C, (32° F.), separating a white granular de- posit ; odor and taste mild, fishy. Sulphuric acid colors it OLEUM TIGLII—CROTON OIL. 487 deep violet, changing to brown-red. If obtained by means of a greater heat, by boiling with water, or from stale livers, cod-liver oil has an amber-brown or dark-brown color, a stronger acid reaction, a more disagreeable odor and more or less bitter taste, and deposits granules at a higher tem- perature. Constituents.—Chiefly olein, with palmitin and stearin, iodine 0.001 to 0.002 per cent., traces of chlorine, bromine, phosphorus, and sulphur, biliary compounds, probably also butyric and acetic acids. With 90 per cent, alcohol the oil yields about 3.5 per cent, of extract called morrhuol. A lecithin-like compound of the oil, when heated with acids or alkalies, is decomposed into glycerin, phosphoric acid, and morrhuinic acid ; the latter is oily or crystalline, soluble in hot water, and combines with acids and alkalies. Of the two alkaloids, aselline and morrhuine, the latter acts as a diuretic and diaphoretic (Gautier, 1888). Properties.—Demulcent, alterative. Dose, 8 to 16 grams (5ij-5ss). OLEUM TIGLII.—Croton Oil. Origin.—Croton Tiglium, LinnS. Natural order, Eu- phorbiacese, Crotoneee. Habitat.—India and Philippine Islands; cultivated. Production.—The crushed seeds are expressed or are exhausted by carbon disulphide; yield 30 to 40 per cent., or about 50 per cent, of the kernels. Description.—Yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid, slightly acid, spec. grav. about 0.95; odor slight, unpleasant; taste oily, afterward acrid and burning. Cro- ton oil is soluble in 1 part, but only partly soluble in 7 parts of absolute alcohol, it dissolves more readily in alcohol when old than when fresh. Croton oil dissolves in sul- 488 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. plmric acid, and the slightly darkened solution remains clear for some time. Constituents.—Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobutyric, tiglinic (C5H802), valerianic, lauric, mvristic, palmitic, and stearic acids; also crotonol, C18H2804 (?). The purgative principle appears to be insoluble in alcohol, and the vesi- cating properties are due to a fat, the acid of which is closely related to oleic and ricinoleic acids (Senier); but Kobert (1887) considers crotonolic acid and its glyceride to possess purgative and vesicating properties. Properties.—Powerful purgative, irritant poison, rube- facient. Dose, 0.016 to 0.12 gram (gr. |-ij), in fixed oil or emulsion; externally as an addition to liniments. Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics); demulcents (white of egg, gruel, etc.); stimulants; mor- phine. OLEUM RICIRI.—Castor Oil. Origin.—Ricinus communis, Linne. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. Habitat.—India ; cultivated. Production.—The seeds are crushed, freed from integu- ments by winnowing, kiln-dried, and expressed ; the oil is clarified by mixing with warm water and decauting. Yield by cold pressure about 30 per cent., by warm pressure about 45 per cent. Description.—Viscid, transparent after filtration, nearly colorless; congeals near —18° C. (0° F.); spec. gray. 0.967 at 15° C., 0.960 at 24° F.; odor mild, rather mawk- ish, taste slightly acrid; soluble in an equal weight of strong alcohol, partly soluble in petroleum benzin. The mixed fat acids melt near 13° C. (55.4° F.). OLEUM SESAMI — BENNE-SEED OIL. 489 Constituents.—Ricinolein and palmitin ; acrid principle. Properties.—Demulcent, purgative. Dose, 4 to 16 or 32 grams (5j-iv-5j). OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS.—Cotton-seed Oil. Origin.—Gossypinm herbaceum, Linne, etc. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibisceae, Habitat.—Asia and Africa ; cultivated. Production.—The seeds are expressed and the crude red- brown oil is bleached with boiling water, followed by a little alkali. Yield 15-20 per cent. Description.—Y’ellowish or yellow ; spec. grav. 0.922 at 15° C., 0.917 at 24° C.; neutral; congeals below 0° C. (32° F.); odor and taste mild, nutty. The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° F.), and solidify near 30° C. (86° F.). Constituents. — Olein, palmitin, and non-saponifiable yellow coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent. OLEUM SESAMI.—Benne-seed Oil. Origin.— Sesamum orientale and S. indicum, Linne. Natural order, Pedalinese, Sesamese. Habitat.—India; cul ti vated. Production.—The seeds are expressed; yield 45-50 per cent. Description.—Yellow, limpid, transparent; spec. grav. 0.922 at 15° C., 0.917 at 24° C.; congeals at about —5° C. (23° F.); nearly inodorous, bland; colored green, red, and brown-red on being agitated with a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids. The mixed fat acids melt near 490 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 38° C.(100.4° F.), aud solidify near 32° C. (89.6° F.); when dry, they are colored red by HC1 and sugar (Baudouin). Constituents.—Olein, myristin, palmitic, stearin ; resi- noid compound. Properties.—Demulcent. OLEUM MAYDIS.—Maize Oil. Origin.—Zea Mays, Linne. Natural order, Graminese, Maydese. Habitat.—Tropical America, cultivated in the warm temperate zone. Production.—The fruit is broken, and the embryo, sepa- rated from the farinaceous endosperm, by sifting and win- nowing, is expressed; yield 6-7.5 per cent, of the fruit, or about 12-15 per cent, of the embryo. Desadption.—Yellow, rather viscid, transparent; spec, grav. 0.916 at 15° C.; congeals at about—10° C. (14° F.); readily saponifiable; odor peculiar, resembling that of corn- meal ; taste bland; colored green by sulphuric acid, yel- lowish-red by nitric acid or by a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and brown by nitroso-nitric acid. Constituents.—Free fat acids 0.9 per cent., olein, palmitin, and stearin. Properties.—Demulcent. OLEUM LAURI.—Laurel Oil. Oil of Bays. Origin.—Lauras nobilis, Linne. Natural order, Lauri- neae, Litseaceae. Habitat.—Levant aud Southern Europe. Production.—The fruit is steeped iu hot water aud ex- pressed ; yield about 30 per cent. Description.—Of the consistence of butter, green, granu- lar ; melts near 40° C. (105° F.); odor strongly aromatic; taste aromatic, spicy; coloring matter and aromatic prin- ciple soluble in alcohol; this solution is not colored red by ammonia (turmeric). Constituents.—Laurin, olein, chlorophyll, volatile oil, resin. 491 OLEUM THEOBROMA — OIL OF THEOBROMA. Properties.—Stimulant, nervine; used in liniments and ointments. OLEUM MYRISTICAE EXPRESSUM.—Expressed Oil of Nutmeg. Oleum nucistse. Butyrum nucistse. Nutmeg butter. Origin.—Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, Myristicacese. Habitat.—Molucca Islands; cultivated. Production.—Crushed nutmegs are expressed between hot plates ; yield 28 per cent. Description. — In blocks, of the consistence of tallow, unctuous, marbled whitish and orange-brown ; spec. grav. 0.975; fusing point near 45° C. (113° F.); odor aro- matic ; taste spicy ; soluble in 4 parts of hot strong alcohol. Constituents.—Mainly myristin, with little myristic acid, olein, palmitin, resin, coloring matter, and 6 to 8 per cent, of volatile oil. Properties.—Stimulant, carminative, digestive. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in emulsion; mostly used ex- ternally. OLEUM THEOBROMA.—Oil of Theobroma. Butyrum (Oleum) cacao. Butter of cacao. Origin. — Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Natural order, Stereuliacese, Buettneriese. Habitat.—South America. Production.—The seeds are deprived of the testa and expressed between heated plates ; yield 35-45 per cent. Description.—Yellowish-white, becoming white on keep- ing, harder than tallow, yet melting in the mouth ; spec, grav. about 0.95 ; fusing point between 30° and 33° C. (86° and 91.4° F.); aromatic, of a bland chocolate-like taste. On dissolving 2 grams (gr. xxx) of the oil in 4 492 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. grams (5j) of petroleum benzin or of ether, by immersing the test-tube in water of 17° C. (62.6° F.), and afterward plunging the test-tube into water of 0° C. (32° F.), the mixture does not become turbid, and does not produce a granular deposit in less than three minutes. Constituents.—Stearin, laurin, arachin, and olein, with glycerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids, and probably a little resin. Properties.—Demulcent, Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in emulsion ; mostly used for suppositories and in ointments. OLEUM PALMiE.—Palm Oil. Origin.—Elseis guineensis, Jacquin. Natural order, Pal- meae, Cocaineae. Habitat. — Western Africa; cultivated in tropical America. Production.—The fruit is heated with water and ex- pressed. Description.—Harder than butter, orange-red, bleached by exposure to light, and by rapidly heating to 240° C. (464° F.); fusing point 27° C. (80.6° F.); odor agreeable, violet-like; taste bland. It rapidly becomes rancid, and acquires an acid reaction, a higher melting point, and an acrid taste. Constituents.—Palmitin, olein, coloring matter. Properties.—Demulcent ; used in ointments, mostly for soap and candles. OLEUM GYNOCARDIiE.—Chaulmugra Oil. Orgin.—Gynocardia (Chaulmoogra, Roxburgh) odorata, R. Brown. Natural order, Bixinere. Habitat.—Malayan peninsula. Production.—The seeds are boiled in water and expressed ; yield about 35 per cent., with ether 50 per cent, of oil. Description.—Of the consistence of tallow, brownish- BUTYRU M — BUTTER. 493 white, of an acid reaction; fusing point about 40° C. (104° F.); odor peculiar; taste acrid ; partly soluble in cold alco- hol; by sulphuric acid colored red-brown, afterward olive- green ; after agitation with warm water, the oil separates as a milky emulsion. Constituents.—Albuminoids; glycerides of cocinic, hypo- gseic, palmitic, and gynocardic (C14H2402) acids, the last two also in the free state. The acrid taste and reaction with sulphuric acid are due to gynocardic acid. Properties.—xYlterative, emetic. Dose, about 0.3 gram (gr. v), in emulsion or dissolved in other oils. OLEUM COCOIS.—Cocoanut Oil. Origin.—Cocos nucifera, Linne. Natural order, Pal- mefe, Cocainese. Habitat.—Tropical countries. Production.—The seeds are boiled with water and ex- pressed ; yield 50 to 60 per cent. Description.—Of butyraceous consistence, white; melting point about 25° C. (77° F.); odor disagreeable; becomes rapidly rancid. The soap is soluble in salt water. Constituents.—Glycerides of lauric (predominating), with palmitic, myristic, caprinic, eaprylic, and capronic acids. Properties.—Demulcent; mostly used for soap. BUTY RUM.—Butter. Origin.—Bos Taurus (femiua), IJnne. Class, Mam- malia ; Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The cream risiug upon cows’ milk is churned. Description.—Soft, yellow, neutral, fusing point near 28° C. (82.4° F.), congealing point 26.5° C. (79.7° F.), rising to 82° C. (89.6° F.); odor delicate and swreet; taste bland. For medicinal use, butter should be freed from salt and casein by melting it in warm water and decanting the clear liquid. 100 parts of pure butter on being saponified by an 494 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. alkali, and the soap decomposed by hydrochloric acid, yield fat acids, which, after washing and drying, weigh between 85 and 88 parts. Most other fats yield over 95 per cent, of fat acids insoluble in water. Constituents.—Odorous principle a trace, olein about 30 per cent., palmitin and stearin about 68 per cent., and about 2 per cent, of the glycerides of butyric, capronic, caprylic, and caprinic acids. Butter having an acid reaction contains free butyric acid. Properties.—Demulcent; lenitive ; used as a dietetic and in ointments. LAN OLINUM.—Lanolin. W oolfat. Adeps Lanse; CEsypum. Origin.—Ovis Aries, Linne. Class, Mammalia ; Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. Habitat.—Dom esticated. Production.—Sheeps’ wool is treated with a weak soda solution and the solution acidulated. The remaining wool is treated with benzin, the liquid distilled and the residue deprived of color. Description.—Rather firm, the crude woolfat of various shades of greenish-brown and strong animal odor ; after de- colorizing yellowish or whitish, of weak animal odor, and of neutral reaction; readily absorbed by the skin; spec, grav. 0.973; melting point about 40° C. (104° F.); mis- cible with its weight of water, also with glycerin; saponi- fied with difficulty. On being heated in the water-bath, it should lose not over 30 per cent, of water. When heated with soda, ammoniaeal vapors should not be given off. Constituents.—Cholesterin ethers of stearic, palmitic, oleic, valerianic, and other acids; ash about 0.2 per cent. Properties.—Lenitive ; used in ointments. ADEPS.—Lard. Axungia porci. Origin.—Sus scrofa, Linne. Class, Mammalia; Order, Pachydermata; Family, Suidse. SEVUM — SUET. 495 Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The fat attached to the mesentery, omen- tum, and kidneys is melted with water and strained. Description.—Soft, white, neutral, spec. grav. 0.938; melting point near 35° C. (95° F.); odor faint; taste bland ; completely soluble in ether. Distilled water boiled with lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction, is not pre- cipitated by silver nitrate, and is not colored blue by iodine. Lard boiled for five minutes with a 2 per cent, solution of silver nitrate, remains clear and free from color (absence of ISaCl, cottonseed oil, etc. ; Ritsert, 1889). Hot alcohol agi- tated with lard does not acquire an acid reaction (resins, stearic, and other acids). Constituents.—Olein 50 to 60 per cent, palmitin and stearin. Properties.—Demulcent, lenitive; used in ointments and cerates. SEVUM.—Suet. Sevum ovillum. Origin.—Ovis Aries, I Anne. Class, Mammalia ; Order, Ruminantia; Family, Bovidae. Habitat.—Domesticated. Production.—The internal fat is melted in a water-bath and strained. Description.—Solid, smooth, white, neutral; melting point above 45° C. (113° F.); congealing point about 37° C. (98.6° F.), rising to about 40° C. (104° F.); odor slight; taste bland. Constituents.—Stearin and palmitin (predominating), olein, and liircin. Allied Fat.—Sevum bovinum, beef tallow, the internal fat of Bos Taurus, Linne. Like the preceding, but melting 496 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. point near 40° C. (104° F.); contains more palmitin, no hirein. Properties.—Lenitive ; used in cerates. CETACEUM.—Spermaceti. Origin.—Physeter macrocephalus, LinnL Class, Mam- malia ; Order, Cetacea; Family, Physeteridse. Habitat.—Pacific and Indian Oceans. Production.—The fat contained in cavities in the head and in other parts of the body is allowed to congeal, ex- pressed and remelted in water. Description. — White, translucent, slightly unctuous masses; fracture scaly-crystalline, of a pearly lustre; pul- verizable in the presence of a little alcohol; spec. grav. 0.94 to 0.95; melting point near 50° C. (122° F.); con- gealing point near 45° C. (113° F.); soluble in ether, chloroform, benzin, and in boiling alcohol. Adulteration.—Stearic acid is extracted from melted spermaceti by treatment with aqueous solution of sodium carbonate of ammonia, and precipitated from the cold liquid by excess of mineral acid. Constituents.—Mainly cetylic palmitate or cetin, C16H33. c16ii31o2. Properties.—Lenitive; used in ointments and cerates. CERA.—Wax, Beeswax. Origin.—Apis mellifica, LinnS. Class, Insecta. Order, Hymenoptera. Production.—The honeycomb, after draining the honey, is melted in water and the melted wax decanted. It is bleached by exposing the wax in thin sheets to moisture and sunlight. CERA—WAX, BEESWAX. 497 Description.—Cera flava, Yellow wax. Yellow or some- what brownish-yellow, breaking with a granular fracture at and below 10° C. (50° F.), becoming plastic by the heat of the hand; spec. grav. 0.96 to 0.97 ; melting point be- tween 62° and 63° C. (about 145° F.); congealing with a smooth and level surface; odor aromatic, honey-like; taste mild ; soluble in boiling ether and in chloroform ; partly soluble in cold ether, benzol, and benzin, and in hot alcohol. Cera alba, White wax. Yellowish-white circular cakes somewhat translucent in thin layers, brittle in the cold, but becoming plastic by the heat of the hand; spec. grav. 0.97 ; melting point 64° to 65° C. (147° to 149° F.); odor slightly rancid. Constituents.—Aromatic and coloring matters in yellow wax; cerin or cerotic acid, C27H5402, 10 to 20 per cent, (crystallizes from boiling alcohol); myricin or myricyl palmitate, C3l)II61.C16H3102, about 80 per cent, (acicular crystals, slightly soluble in hot alcohol, soluble in hot ether), with small quantities of other allied ethers. Adulterations.—Tallow renders wax softer and lessens its specific gravity. Paraffin is not destroyed by hot sulphuric acid ; 5 grams of the wax are heated in a flask for fifteen minutes with 25 grams of sulphuric acid to 160° C. (320° F.), and the mixture is diluted with distilled water; a layer of paraffin should not be separated. Resin is dis- solved by hot 70 per cent, alcohol, and, after cooling, is precipitated by water. Mineral and starchy substances are insoluble in chloroform. Properties.—Protective; used in ointments, cerates, and plasters. DRUGS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. Mammalia. PAGE Rodentia. Castor Fiber, Linne. Castoreum . . .36 Carnivora. Viverra Zibetha, Schreber, etc. Civet . . 39 Ruminantia. Bos Taurus, Linne. Blood . . . .40 Pepsin .... 38 Oxgall . . . .41 Milk .... 40 Butter .... 493 Milk sugar . . . 432 Fixed oil ... 484 Beef tallow . . . 495 Bone , ... 44 Gelatin .... 34 Ovis Aries, Linne. Pepsin . . . .38 Suet .... 495 Lanolin .... 494 Moschus moschiferus, Linne. Musk . . 35 Hyracoidea. Hyrax capensis, Cuvier. Hyraceum . . 39 Pachydermata. Sus scrofa, Linne. Pepsin .... 38 Lard .... 494 Fixed oil 484 Cetacea. Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Spermaceti . 496 Ambergris . 38 Aves. Gallinse. Gallus Bankiva, Temminck. Egg (shell, albumen, yelk) . 31 Pisces. Teleostia. Gadus Morrhua, Linne. Cod-liver oil . . 486 I. OF ANIMAL ORIGIN. Gadus merluecius, Linne. Otolithus regalis, Cuvier. American isinglass . 34 Sturiones. Acipenser Huso, Linne. Russian isinglass . 33 500 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. Insecta. page Hymenoptera. Apis mellifica, Linne. Beeswax . . . 496 Honey . . . 433 Cynips gall® tinctori®, Olivier. Nutgalls . 391 Coleoptera. Cantharis vesicatoria, De Qeer. Cantharides . 27 Oantharis vittata, Latreille. Potato fly . .28 Mylabris cichorii, Fabricius, etc. Chinese blis- tering flies 28 Larinus mellificus, Jeckel, etc. Manna . . 431 Orthoptera. Blatta orientals, Linne. Cockroach ... 30 Hemiptera. Coccus cacti, Linne. Cochineal ... 29 Coccus Lacca, Kerr. Lac ..... 450 Crustacea. Decapoda. Astacus fluviatilis, Fabricius. Crab’s stones . 43 Cephalopoda. Decapoda. Sepia offlcinalis, Linne. Cuttlefish bone . . 42 Acephala. Monomya. Ostrea edulis, Linne. Oyster shell . . .43 Vermes. Annulata, Apoda. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny, etc. Leech . 31 Polypiphera. Octocoralla. Corallium rubrum, Lamarck. Red coral . . 42 Hexacoralla. Oculina virginea, Lamarck. White coral . 42 Poriphera. Ceratospongia. Spongia officinalis, Linne. Sponge . . 32 II. OP VEGETABLE ORIGIN. 1. SPERMATOPHYTA. a. Dicotyledones, Polypetalce. Ranunculace®, Anemone®. Anemone pratensis, Linne, etc. Herb . . .260 Anemone Hepatica, Linne. Leaves . . . 247 Ranuncule®. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linne, etc. Herb . . . 262 501 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. Ranunculaceae, Helleboreae. Hydrastis canadensis, Linne. page Rhizome and roots . 137 Helleborus niger, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots . 140 Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. Herb . 262 Nigella damascena, Linne., etc. Seed . . .375 Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. Seed . . .375 Delphinium Oonsolida, Linne. Seed . . .374 Aconitum Napellus, Linne, etc. Tuberous root . 151 Leaves . . . 248 Aconitum ferox, Wallich, etc. Tuberous root . 153 Actaea alba, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 141 Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. Rhizome and roots . 141 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heri- tier. Rhizome and roots . 147 Magnoliacese, Wintereae. Drimys Wiriteri, Forster. Bark . 206 Illicium verum, Hooker filius. Fruit . . . 339 Volatile oil . 340, 472 Illicium religiosum, Siebold. Fruit . . . 340 Magnolieae. Magnolia glauca, Linne, etc. Bark . . .182 Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. Bark . . .182 Menispermaceae, Tinosporeae. Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. Root . . .81 Anamirta Cocculus, Wight et Ar- nott. Fruit . . 327 Cocculeae. Abuta amara, Aublet, etc. Root and stem ... 97 Menispermum canadense, Linne. Rhizome . . 146 Pachygoneae. Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz et Pavon. Root . 95 502 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN PAGE Berberidaceae, Berberese. Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Boot . 97 Root bark . . 184 Berberis aquifolium, Pursh, etc. Rhizome and roots , 148 Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michaux. Rhizome and roots . 139 Podophyllum peltatum, Linne. Rhizome . . 128 Nymphaeaceae, Nymphaeae. Nuphar advena, Alton. Rhizome. 128 Nymphaea odorata, Alton. Rhi- zome . . .128 Papaveraceae, Papavereae. Papaver Rhoeas, Linne. Petals . 307 Papaver somniferum, Linne. Fruit . . .337 Milk-juice (opium) 415 Seed . . . 386 Fixed oil . . 485 Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. Rhizome . . 124 Chelidonium majus, Linne. Herb . 263 canadensis, De Candolle. Tuber . . 154 Cruciferae, Alyssineae. Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne. Root . 76 Brassiceae. Brassica nigra, Koch. Seed . . . 370 Fixed oil . . 484 Volatile oil 371, 472 Brassica alba, Hooker filius. Seed . 369 Fixed oil. 484 Brassica Rapa, Linne, etc. Seed . .371 Lepidineae. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Herb . . . 263 Cistineae. Helianthemum canadense, Michaux. Herb. . . 264 Violarieae, Violeae. Viola tricolor, Linne. Herb . . . 269 Ionidium Ipecacuanha, Ventenat. Root . 92 Canellaceae. Canella alba, Linne. Bark ..... 205 Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Bark . 205 Bixineae, Pangieaa. Gynocardia odorata, R. Brown. Seed . 380 Fixed oil 492 Polygaleae. Polygala Senega, Linne, etc. Root ... 54 Polygala rubella, Willdenow. Herb . . . 265 Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, etc. Root . 99 503 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Caryophylleae, Sileneae. Gypsophila Struthium, Linne. Root. 57 Saponaria officinalis, Linne. Root . 56 Hypericineae, Hypericeae. Hypericum perforatum, Linne. Herb . . . 264 Guttiferae, Gardner. Garcinia Hanburii, Hookerfilius. Gum resin . . 442 Garcinia Mangostana, Linne. Fruit . 333 Ternstroemiaceae, Gordonieae. Camellia Thea, Link. Leaves . 238 Dipterocarpese. Dryobalanops Camphora, Colebrook. Stearopten . . 469 Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Qaertner. Oleoresin 460 Yateria and Hopea spec. Resin . . . 449 Malvaceae, Malveae. Althaea officinalis, Linne. Root . . 79 Althaea rosea, Cavanilles. Flowers . . 307 Malva sylvestris, Linne. Flowers . . 308 Hibisceae. Gossypium herbaceum, Linne. Root bark . . 200 Seed hairs . . 401 Fixed oil . . 489 Sterculiaceae, Sterculieae. Cola acuminata, R. Brown. Seed . 366 Buettnerieae. Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Seed . 365 Fixed oil . . 491 Tiliaceae, Tilieae. Tilia americana, Linne, etc. Flowers . . 304 Lineae, Eulineae. Linum usitatissimum, Linne. Seed . . 376 Fixed oil . 485 Erythroxylese. Erythroxvlon Coca, Lamarck. Leaves. 227 Zygophylleae. Guaiacum officinale, Linni. Wood . . . 163 Resin . . .451 Geraniaceae, Geranieae. Geranium maculatum, Linne. Rhizome . . 125 Rutaceae, Cusparieae. Galipea Cusparia, St. Hilaire. Bark . 207 Monnieria trifolia. Linne. Leaves . 216 Ruteae. Ruta graveolens, Linne. Herb . . . 251 Volatile oil . 252, 473 Diosmeae. Barosma betulina, Bartling, etc. Leaves. 244 Empleurum serrulatum, Aiton. Leaves . 245 Zanthoxyleae. Xanthoxylum carolinianum, Lambert, etc. Bark . 197 Fruit . 339 Xanthoxylum elegans, Engler. Leaves 216 504 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Rutaceae, Zanthoxyleae. Pilocarpus pennatifolius,Lcmaire. Leaves 215 Esenbeckia febrifuga, Mariius. Bark 207 Aurantieae. Citrus Limonum, Risso. Fruit . . 333 Rind . . 355 Volatile oil 355, 473 Citrus Bergamia, Risso. Volatile oil . 473 Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Leaves . . 218 Flowers . . 303 Fruit . . 332 Rind . . 354 Volatile oils 354, 473 Citrus Aurantium Risso. Rind . . 473 Volatile oil 354, 473 Aegle Marmelos, De Candolle. Fruit . 333 Simarubeas. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle, etc. Bark . 191 Picraena excelsa, Lindley. Wood . . . 162 Bark . . . .192 Quassia amara, Linne. Wood .... 162 Bark . . . .192 Burseraceae, Bursereae. Boswellia Carlerii, Birdwood. Gum resin . . 440 Balsamodendron Myrrha, Rees. Gum resin . . 441 Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker, etc. Gum resin . . 442 Bursera Icicariba, Baillon. Oleoresin . 464 Canarium commune, Linne. Oleoresin. 464 Colophonia mauritiana, De Candolle. Oleoresin . . 465 Amyrideae. Amyris elemifera, Royle. Oleoresin . 465 Meliaceae, Melieaa. Melia Azedarach, Linne. Root bark . 197 Ilicineae. Ilex opaca, Aiton. Leaves ..... 242 Ilex paraguayensis, Lambert. Leaves . . . 239 Ilex verticillata, Gray. Bark ..... 183 Celastrineae, Celastreas Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin. Bark . . . 201 Rhamneae, Rhamneae. Rhamnus cathartica, Linne, etc. Fruit. 323 Rbamnus Frangula, Linne. Bark . 193 Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle. Bark 194 Ceanothus amerieanus, Linne. Root . 98 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 505 PAGE Rhamnese, Gouanieae. Gouania domingensis, Linne. Stem . 161 Ampelideae. Yitis vinifera, Linne. Fruit . . . .331 Sapindaceae, Sapindese. Paullinia sorbilis, Martius. Dry paste. 414 Anacardiacese, Anacardieas. Rhus Toxicodendron, Linne. Leaves . . . 241) Rhus glabra, Linne. Fruit . . 324 Rhus semialata, Murray. Galls . 393 Pistacia Terebinthus, Linne. Oleoresin . . 463 Pistacia Lentiscus, Linne, etc. Resin . . . 447 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Grisebach. Bark . 196 Anacardium occidentale, Linne. Fruit . . . 328 Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne. Fruit . . . 329 Coriariese. Coriaria myrtifolia, Linne. Leaves . . . 223 Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Podalyriea). Baptisia tinctoria, R. Brown. Root . 97 Genistese. Cytisus scoparius, Link. Twigs . . . 266 Trifoliese. Trigonella Foenum- grsecum, Linne. Seed. . 368 Melilotus officinalis, Willdenow, etc. Herb. 265 Galcgeae. Tephrosia Appolinea, Be Candolle. Leaves . . 223 Astragalus gummifer, Labillardiere, etc. Tragacanth . . 435 Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linne. Root . . 88 Extract. . 422 Hedysarese. Alhagi camelorum, Fischer. Manna . 430 Arachis hypogsea, Linne. Fixed oil . . 479, 480 Viciese. Abrus precatorius, Linne. Root ... 90 Seed . . • 369 506 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Phaseoleae. Butea frondosa, Rox- burgh. Exudation. 425 Mucuna pruriens, De Candolle, etc. Hairs 403 Physostigma veneno- sum, Balfour, etc. Seed . . . 366 Flemingia rhodo- Baker. Glands 404 Halbergieae. Pterocarpus Marsu- pium, Roxburgh. Kino . . .424 Pterocarpus santalinus Linne filius. Wood 164 Piscidia Erythrina, Jacquin. Bark . 195 Andira Araroba, Aguiar. Powder . 404 Dipteryx odorata, Willdenow. Seed . 364 Sophorese. Myroxylon Pereirae, Klotzsch. Balsam . 456 Myroxylon Toluifera, Kunth. Balsam . 45/ Cassalpinieae, Eucsesalpimese. Haematoxylon cam- pechianum, Linne. Wood . . 164 Extract. . 426 Cassieae. Cassia Fistula, Linne, etc. Fiuit . . 336 Cassia acutifolia, Delile. Leaves . . 222 Cassia elongata, Lemaire. Leaves . . 224 Cassia marilandica, Linne. Leaves . . 226 Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. Fruit . . .337 Amherstieae. Tamarindus indica, Linne. Fruit-pulp . 356 Hymenasa, Trachylo- bium, spec. Resin (copal) . . . 449 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 507 PAGE Leguminosae, Csesalpiniese, Cynometrese. Copaifera Langs- dorffii, Desfontaines, etc. Oleoresin . 459 Volatile oil . 473 Dimorpbandreae. Erythrophloeum guineense, Don. Bark . 199 Mimoseae, Adenanthereae. Prosopis glandulosa, Gray. Gum . . 434 Acacieae. Acacia Catechu, Will- denow. Extract . 423 Acacia Verek, Guille- min et Perottet, etc. Gum . . . 434 Kosacese, Prunese. Prunus Amygdalus, Baillon. Seed . . 361 Fixed oil . . 482 Volatile oil . . 473 Prunus Persica, Linne. Leaves . . . 242 Fixed oil . . 482 Prunus domestica, Linne. Fruit . . 330 Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. Bark . . 184 Prunus Laurocerasus, Linne. Leaves . 244 Prunus Armeniaca, Linne. Fixed oil . 482 Spirseese. Spiraea tomentosa, Linne. Herb . . 267 Gillenia stipulacea, Nuttall, etc. Bhizome and roots . 142 Quillajeae. Quillaia Saponaria, Molina. Bark . . 202 Rubeae. Rubus Idseus, Linne, etc. Fruit . . . 330 Rubus villosus, Alton, etc. Root bark . 188 Fruit . . 331 Potentilleae. Geum rivale, Linne. Rhizome and roots. 136 Geum urbanum, Linne. Rhizome and roots . .136 Fragaria vesca, Linne. Rhizome . . 133 Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Herb . 268 Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp. Rhizome . . 126 Poteriese. Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth. Inflorescence . 305 Argrimonia Eupatoria, Linne. Herb . 267 Rosese. Rosa canina, Linne. Fruit .... 322 Rosa gallica, Linne. Petals .... 306 508 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Rosace®, Rose®. Rosa centifolia, Linne. Petals . . . 306 Rosa damascena, Miller. Volatile oil . . 471 Pome®. Pyrus Cydonia, Linne. Seed . . . 860 Saxifragace®, Saxifrage®. Heuchera americana, Linne. Root 81 Hydrange®. Hydrangea arborescens, Linne. Root ... 88 Droserace®. Drosera rotundifolia, Linne, etc. Herb . . 269 Hamamelide®. Hamamelis virginica, Linne. Bark . . 186 Leaves . . . 237 Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. Balsam . . 458 Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Balsam . 458 Combretaoe®, Combrete®. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, etc. Fruit . . . 329 Myrtace®, Leptosperme®. Melaleuca Caiuputi, Roxburgh. Volatile oil . . 470 Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiere. Leaves . . . 216 Volatile oil . 217, 474 Eucalyptus mannifera, Mudie. Manna . . . 431 Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labillar- diere. Exudation (kino) . . . 425 Myrte®. Myrcia acris, De Candolle. Leaves . . 218 Volatile oil . 218, 474 Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg. Flower bud . . 301 Fruit . . . 327 Volatile oil . 302, 474 Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Leaves . . 217 Lythrarie®, Lythre®. Punica Granatum, Linne. Bark . . 189 Rind . . .356 Onagrarie®. Epilobium angustifolium, Linne. Herb . . 268 (Enothera biennis, Linne. Herb .... 268 Turnerace®. Turnera microphylla, De Candolle . . . 239 Cucurbitace®, Cucumerine®. Cucumis Citrullus, Scringe. Seed . . . 364 Cucumis Melo, Linne. Seed . 363 Cucumis sativus, Linne. Seed . 364 Citrullus Colocynthis, Schrader. Fruit . . . 335 Ecballium Elaterium, A. Richard. Resinous deposit . 446 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 509 PAGE Cucurbitacese, Cucumerineae. Cucurbita Pepo, Linne. Seed . 363 Bryonia alba, Linne, etc. Boot 77 Cacteae, Echinocacteae. Cactus grandiflorus, Linne. Flowering branches 270 Opuntiese. Opuntia cocbinillifera, Miller. Cochineal 29 Umbelliferae, Ammineae. Conium maculatum, Linne. Leaves 252 Fruit . 346 Apium graveolens, Linne, Fruit . 348 Carum Carui, Linne. Fruit . . 352 Volatile oil . 474 Carum Ajowan, Bentham et Hooker. Fruit . . . 349 Stearopten . . 469 Carum Petroselinum, Baillon. Boot 72 Fruit 348 Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. Fruit . 347 Volatile oil . 348, 474 Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne. Boot 71 Seselineae. Fceniculum vulgare, Qcertner. Fruit 349 Volatile oil . 350, 474 (Enanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. Fruit . . .350 Levisticum officinale, Koch. Boot . 70 Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. Boot ... 69 Archangelica atropurpurea, Hoffmann. Boot ... 70 Peucedaneae. Ferula Narthex, Boissier, etc. Gum resin . . 437 Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier et Buhse, etc. Gum resin . . . 438 Ferula Sumbul, Hookerfilius. Boot . . .73 Ferula tingitana, Linne. Gum resin 440 • Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. Gum resin . . 439 Peucedanum graveolens, Hiern. Fruit . . . 352 Volatile oil . . 474 Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. Boot ... 74 510 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. Umbelli ferae, Peucedaneae. Opopanax Chironium, Koch. page Gum resin . . 440 Caucalinese. Coriandrum sativum, Linne. * Fruit . . . 345 Volatile oil . . 474 Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Fruit 351 Daucus Carota, Linne. Fruit . 353 Laserpitieae. Laserpitium latifolium, Linne. Root 71 Araliaceae, Aralieae. Aralia spinosa, Linne. Bark . . . 198 Aralia racemosa, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . . 144 Aralia nudicaulis, Linne. Rhizome . 130 Aralia quinquefolia, Gray. Root . . 75 Cornaceae. Cornus florida, Linne, etc. Bark .... 181 b. Dicotyledones, Gamopetalce. Caprifoliaceae, Sambuceae. Samhucus canadensis, Linne, etc. Flowers . . .313 Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. Bark . . .187 Lonicereae. Triosteum perfoliatum, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 143 Ruhiaceae, Naucleae. Uncaria Gambir, Roxburgh. Extract . 424 Oinchoneae. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell, etc. Bark 170 Remijia pedunculata, Triana, etc. Bark 179 Ladenhergia, Exostemma, etc. Bark . 178 Ixoreae. Coffea arahica, Linne, etc. Seed . . 383 Psychotrieae. Psychotria emetica, Mulis. Root . 92 Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, A. Richard. Root ... 90 Anthospermeae. Mitchella repens, Linne. Herb . 293 Spermacocceas. Richardsonia scabra, St. Hilaire. Root ... 92 Galieae. Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Root ... 80 Galium Aparine, Linne, etc. Herb . . 294 Valerianeae. Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots 131 Volatile oil . . 475 Compositae, Eupatoriaceae. Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne. Herb . . .271 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 511 PAGE Composite, Asteroideae. Grindeliarobusta, Nuttall. Herb . 273 Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Herb . 274 Haplopappus discoideus, De Candolle. Leaves . . . 240 Solidago odora, Alton. Herb . . 273 Erigeron philadelphicum, Linne, etc. Herb . . .272 Erigeron canadense, Linne. Herb . 273 Volatile oil . 273, 475 Inuloideae. Gnaphalitnn polycephalum, Michaux, etc. Herb . . 278 Inula Helenium, Linne. Eoot . . 63 Helenioidese. Tagetes erecta, Linne, etc. Flower heads . . . 312 Helenium autumnale, Linne. Herb 275 Anthemideae. Anacyclus Pyrethrum, De Candolle. Iloot . . .61 Anacyclus officinarum, Hoffmann. Root ... 62 Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Herb 276 Anthemis nobilis, Linne. Flowers 309 Volatile oil . . 475 Anthemis arvensis, Linne. Flowers 308 Anthemis Cotula, Linne. Herb . 275 Flowers . . . 308 Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Per- soon. Herb . . 276 Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, Visiani, etc. Flowers 310 Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. Flowers . . . 308 Tanacetum vulgare, Linne. Herb . 276 Artemisia Absinthium, Linne. Herb 277 Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Herb . 278 Artemisia maritima, Linne. Flower buds . . . 302 Senecionideae. Tussilago Farfara, Linne. Leaves 242 Arnica montana, Linne. Rhizome and roots . .132 Flowers . . .311 Calendulaceae. Calendula officinalis, Linne. Herb 279 Floiets . . . 312 512 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Compositae, Cynaroideae. Arctium Lappa, Linne. Root . . 64 Fruit . 344 Cnicus benedictus, Linne. Herb . 279 Silybum marianum, Goertner. Fruit 344 Carthamus tinctorius, Linne. Florets 313 Cichoriaceae. Cichorium Intybus, Linne. Root . 61 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfon- taines. Root . . 60 Lactuca virosa, Linne, etc. Exudation . 419 Campanulaceae, Lobelieae. Lobelia inflata, Linne. Herb . 280 Ericaceae, Arbuteae. Arctostaphylos TJva-ursi, Sprengel. Leaves . .219 Arctostaphylos glauca, Linne. Leaves . 221 Andromedeae. Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. Leaves . . . 243 • Volatile oil . 244,475 Epigaea repens, Linne. Leaves . . 222 Ilhodoreae. Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Leaves . . 222 Ledum latifolium, Alton, etc. Leaves . 219 Pyroleaa. Chimaphila umbellata, Nuttall, etc. Leaves 243 Plumbagineae, Staticeae. Statice Limonium, Linne, etc. Root . 98 Sapotaceae. Lucuma glycyphlaea, Martius et Eichler. Extract 426 Mimusops globosa, Goertner. Milk juice (chicle) . 427 Isonandra Gutta, Hooker. Milk juice (gutta pcrcba) . 426 Ebenaceae. Diospyros virginiana, Linne. Fruit . . . 331 Styraceae. Styrax Benzoin, Dryander. Resin .... 453 Oleaceae, Fraxineae. Fraxinus americana, Linne. Bark . . 191 Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. Exudation (Manna) . . 430 Oleineae. Olea europaea, Linne. Fixed oil . . 483 Apocynaceae, Plumerieae. Aspidosperma Quebracho, Schlech- tendal. Bark .... 196 Echiteae. Nerium Oleander, Linne. Leaves . 219 Strophanthus Komb6, Oliver, etc. Seed . . .377 Urceola elastica, Roxburgh, etc. Caoutchouc . . 427 Apocynum cannabinum, Linne. Root 66 Apocynum androsasmifolium, Linne Root . 93 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN 513 PAGE Apocynaceae, Echiteas. Kickxa africana, Bentham. Seed . 377 Asclepiadaceae, Periploceae. Hemidesmus indicus, R Brown. Boot ... 90 Asclepiadeae. Solenostemma Argel, Hayne. Leaves . . . 223 Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. Rhizome . . 129 Asclepias incarnata, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 137 Asclepias tuberosa, Linne. Root 65 Cynanchum Yincetoxicum, R. Brown. Root ... . 56 Gonolobeae. Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana. Bark . . .192 Loganiaceae, Gelsemieao. Gelsemium sempervirens, Alton. Root ... 94 Euloganieae. Spigelia marilandica, Linne. Rhizome and roots . 135 Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. Seed . . .371 Bark . . .208 Strychnos Ignatia, Lindley. Seed . 373 Strychnos Castelnaeana, Weddell, etc. Extract . . . 422 Gentianeae, Chironieae. Erythraea Centaurium, Persoon. Herb . . . 294 Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, etc. Herb . . . 294 Swertieae. Gentiana lutea, Linne, etc. Root . . 57 Gentiana puberula, Michaux, etc. Root . . .59 Swertia Chirata, Wallich, etc. Herb . 295 Frasera Walteri, Michaux. Root . . 59 Menyantheae. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. Leaves . . .249 Polemoniaceae. Phlox Carolina, Linne. Rhizome and roots. . 136 Polemonium reptans, Linne. Rhizome and roots 135 Hydrophyllaceae, Nameae. Eriodictyon californicum, Bentham. Leaves . . . 246 Boragineae. Symphytum officinale, Linne. Root ... 59 Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. Root ... 80 514 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. Ipomsea Purga, Hayne. Tuberous root. . 149 Ipomsea orizabensis, Ledanois. Tuberous root . 151 Ipomsea simulans, Hanbury. Tuberous root . 151 Ipomsea pandurata, Meyer. Root ... 75 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, Vandelli. Tuberous root . 151 Convolvulus Scammonia, Linne. Gum resin . 444 Solanacese, Solanese. Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Twigs . 160 Solanum tuberosum, Linne. Starch . 410 Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume, etc. Fruit. 334 Atropese. Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Root . . 77 Leaves . . . 228 Hyoscyamese. Datura Stramonium, Linne, etc. Leaves . . . 231 Seed . . . 384 Hyoscyamus niger, Linne. Leaves. 232 Seed . . . 385 Cestrinese. Nicotiana Tabacum, Linne. Leaves. . 230 Salpiglossidese. Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown. Leaves . . . 229 Scrophularinese, Yerbascese. Yerbascum phlomoides, Linne, etc. Flowers . . . 314 Chelonese. Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Herb. 282 Chelone glabra, Linne. Herb . 283 Manulese. Lyperia crocea, Ecklon. Corolla . 400 Digitalese. Digitalis purpurea, Linne. Leaves 233 Yeronica virginica, Linne. Rhizome . . 145 Orobanchaceas. Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Herb . . 282 Pedalinese, Sesamese. Sesamum orientale, Linne. Leaves . 226 Seed . . .362 Fixed oil . . 489 Labiatse, Ocimoidese. Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Flowers 314 Volatile oil . . 475 Satureinese. Collinsonia canadensis, Linne. Rhizome . . 139 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 515 PA OF, Labiatae, Satureineae. Mentha piperita, Linne. Herb . . 283 Volatile oil . 284, 475 t Stearopten . . 470 Mentha viridis, Linne. Herb . . 284 Volatile oil . 284, 475 Lycopus virginicus, Linne. Herb . 285 Cunila Mariana, Linne. Herb . . 286 Origanum vulgare, Linne. Herb . 286 Volatile oil . . 287 Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Herb . 287 Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Leaves . 213 Volatile oil . 214, 475 Stearopten . 214, 469 Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Herb . 286 Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Herb . 288 Volatile oil . 289, 476 Melissa officinalis, Linne. Herb . 288 Monardeae. Salvia officinalis, Linne. Leaves . 236 Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Leaves 213 Volatile oil . 213, 476 Monarda punctata, Linne. Herb . 289 Volatile oil . . 476 Stearopten . . 469 Nepeteae. Hepeta Cataria, Linne. Herb . . 290 Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. Herb . 291 Stachydeae. Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne, etc. Herb 292 Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Herb . 291 Leonurus Cardiaca, Linng. Herb . 292 Plantaginaceae. Plantago major, Linne, etc. Herb . . . 293 c. Dicotyledones Monochlamydeoe. Chenopodiaceae, Euchenopodieae. Chenopodium anthelminti- cum, Linne. Fruit . . 338 Volatile oil . 339, 476 Beta vulgaris, Linne. Sugar . . . 429 Phytolaccaceae, Euphytolacceae. Phytolacca decandra, Linne. Root . • .76 Fruit . . - 322 Polygonaceae, Eupolygoneae. Polygonum Bistorta, Linne. Rhizome . . 127 Rumicieae. Rheum officinale, Bnillon, etc. Root 83 Rheum Rhaponticum, Linne. Root 83 516 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Polygonaceas, Rumicieae. Rumex crispus, Linne, etc. Root . 82 Coccolobeae. Coccoloba uvifera, Linne. Extract (kino) . 425 Aristolochiaceae. Asarum canadense, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 144 Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots . 134 Piperaceae, Pipereae. Piper elongatum, Vahl. Leaves . . 235 Piper mollicomum, Baillon, etc. Leaves 216 Piper Cubeba, Linne filius. Fruit. . 324 Volatile oil . . 476 Piper nigrum, Linne. Fruit . . 325, 326 Piper methysticum, Forste?'. Root . 87 Piper Jaborandi, Velloz. Leaves . . 216 Piper officinarum, De Candolle. Fruit . 319 Myristicaceae. Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn, etc. Arillus . 398 Seed . . . 379 Fixed oil . 380, 491 Volatile oil . 380, 476 Monimiaceae. Peumus Boldus, Molina. Leaves . . . 214 Laurineae, Perseacese. Cinnamomum zeylanieum, Breyne. Bark . . . 203 Volatile oil . 204, 476 Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Bark . 203 Volatile oil . 204, 476 Cinnamomum Camphora, F. Nees. Stearopten . . 468 Volatile oil . . 470 Nectandra Rodiaei, Schomburgh. Bark 181 Litseaceae. Sassafras officinalis, Nees. Root . . 161 Root bark . . 205 Pith . . .398 Volatile oil . 205, 476 Laurus nobilis, Linne. Leaves . .216 Fixed oil • . 490 Coto bark ...... 200 Thymelaceae, Eutbymelaeeaj. Daphne Mezereum, Linne, etc. Bark . . . 199 Santalaceae, Osyrideae. Santalum album, Linne, etc. "W ood . 165 Volatile oil . . 477 Euphorbiaceae, Buxeae. Buxus sempervirens, Linne. Bark . 191 EuphorbieaD. Euphorbia eorollata, Linne. Root 68 Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Root ... 67 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. PAGE Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbiae. Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Exudation . . 443 Crotoneae. Jatropha Curcas, Linne. Seed . 382 Jatropha, Hevea, etc., spec. Milk juice (caoutchouc) 427 Croton Tiglium, Linne. Seed . 382 Fixed oil . . 487 Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Bark . 208 Croton Malambo, Karsten, etc. Bark . . .209 Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow. Resin . . . 450 Manihot ut'lissima, Pohl, etc. Starch . . . 411 Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. Glands . 403 Ricinus communis, Linne. Seed . 381 Fixed oil . . 488 Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Root . 68 Urticaceae, Ulmeae. Ulmus fulva, Michaux, etc. Bark . . 202 Cannabineae. Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Strobiles 320 Glands . . . 405 Cannabis sativa, Lmwe. Herb . 295 Fruit . . .345 Fixed oil . ■. 486 Moreae. Morus rubra, Linne, etc. Fruit . . 320 Artocarpeae. Ficus Carica,' Linne. Fruit . . 321 Ficus indica, Linne, etc. Milk juice (caoutchouc) . . 427 Resin . . . 450 Juglandeae. Juglans cinerea, Linne. Bark . . . .195 Juglans regia, Linne, etc. Fixed oil . . . 485 Myricaceae. Myrica asplenifolia, Blum. Leaves . . . 247 Myrica cerifera, Linne. Bark .... 198 Cupuliferae, Betuleae. Betula lenta, Linne. Volatile oil . . 475 Betula alba, Linne. Tar . . . 466 Quercineae. Quercus alba, Linne. Bark . . 187 Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, etc. Bark 188 Quercus infectoria, Olivier, etc. Galls 391 Quercus vallonea, Kotschy. Manna . 431 Castanea vesca, Ocertner. Leaves . 240 Salicineae. Salix alba, Linne, etc. Bark 185 518 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. d. Gymnospermece. PAGE Coniferae, Cupressineae. Callitris quadrival vis, Ventenat. Eesin 448 Thuja occidentals, Linne. Branch- lets .... 298 Cupressus thyoides, Linne. Branchlets 299 Juniperus communis, Linne. Fruit . 318 Volatile oil . 319, 477 Juniperus Oxycedrus, Linne. Tar . 466 Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Branch- lets . . . 297 Juniperus Sabina, Linne. Branchlets 297 Volatile oil . 298, 477 Taxeae. Torreya californica, Torrey. Seed . . 380 Araucarieae. Agathis Dammara, Rich. Eesin . . 449 Abietineae. Pinus australis, Michaux, etc. Oleoresin 462 Eesin . . . 448 Volatile oil . . 477 Tar ... 465 Empyreumatic vola- tile oil . . 477 Picea succinifera, Conwentz. Eesin . 450 Empyreumatic vola- tile oil . . 472 Abies balsamea, Marshall, etc. Oleoresin 461 Abies pectinata, De Candolle. Oleoresin 461 Abies canadensis, Michaux. Oleoresin . 464 Abies excelsa, De Candolle. Oleoresin . 463 Larix europaea, De Candolle. Oleoresin 461 Manna . . . 431 e. Monocotyledones. Orchideae, Neottieae. Vanilla planifolia, Andrews, etc. Fruit 343 Ophrydeae. Orchis mascula, Linne, etc. Tuber . 156 Cypripedieae. Cypripedium pubescens, Willdenow, etc. Ehizome and roots . . . 121 Scitamineae, Maranteae. Maranta arundinacea, Linne. Starch 410 Canneae. Canna edulis, Ker, etc. Starch . . 410 Zingibereae. Curcuma longa, Linne. Ehizome . 110 Curcuma leucorrhiza, Roxburgh, etc. Starch . . . 410 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 519 PAGE Scitamineae, Zingibereae. Curcuma Zedoaria, Roscoe. Rhizome 109 Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, etc. Fruit . . . 342 Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, etc. Seed . . .389 Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton. Fruit . . . 341 Elettaria major, Smith. Fruit . 342 Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Rhizome 106 Alpinia officinarum, Hance. Rhizome 110 Haemodoraceae, Conostyleae. Aletris farinosa, Linne. Rhizome 120 Irideae, Moraeeae. Iris florentina, Linnt. Rhizome . . .113 Iris versicolor, Linne, etc. Rhizome and roots 120 Sisyrinchieae. Crocus sativus, Linne. Stigma . . 399 Dioscoreaceae. Dioseorea villosa, Linne. Rhizome . . . 124 Liliacese, Smilaceae. Smilax medica, Schlechtendal, etc. Root 49 Smilax China, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 116 Polygonateae. Polygonatum biflorum, Elliott, etc. Rhizome . . 123 Convallarieae. Convallaria majalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . 122 Aloeineae. Aloe socotrina, Lamarck, etc. Inspissated juice . . . 420 Allieae. Allium sativum, Linne, etc. Bulb . . 158 Scilleae. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. Bulb . . 157 Colchiceae. Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Tuber . 154 Seed . 387 Narthecieae. Chamaelirium luteum, Gray. Rhizome 119 Medeoleae. Trillium erectum, Linne, etc. Rhizome 119 Yeratreae. Yeratrum album, Linne. Rhizome and roots . . . 116 Yeratrum viride, Aiton. Rhizome and roots . . . 117 Schoenocaulan officinale, A. Gr. Seed . 386 Juncaceae, Xeroteae. Xanthorrhcea hastilis, R. Brown, etc. Resin . . . 454 Palmae, Areceae. Areca Catechu, Linne. Seed . . . 389 Lepidocaryae. Calamus Draco, Willdenow. Resin . 452 Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, etc. Starch 410 Cocoineae. Elaeis guineensis, Jacquin. Fixed oil . 492 Cocos nucifera, Linne. Fixed oil . . 493 520 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. P..GE Aroideae, Arineae. Arisaema triphyllum, Torrey. Tuber . 155 Arum maculatum, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 156 Orontieae. Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisbury. Rhizome . . 118 Acorus Calamus, Linne. Rhizome . .112 Cyperaceae, Caricieae. Carex arenaria, Linne. Rhizome . . 115 Gramineae, Maydeae. Zea Mays, Linne. Stigma. . . . 400 Starch . . . 410 Fixed oil . . . 490 Oryzeae. Oryza sativa, Linne. Starch . . . 410 Andropogoneae. Saccharum offieinarum, Linne. Sugar . . . 428 Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. Root ... 53 Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linne. Volatile oil . . 472 Aveneae. A vena sativa, Linne. Meal . . .412 Hordeeae. Triticum vulgare, Villars. Starch . 410 Triticum repens, Linne. Rhizome . 114 Ilordeum distichum, Linne. Fruit, malt 344 Fruit decorticated . 411 2. SPOROPHYTA.—a. Vasculares. Lycopodiaceae. Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, etc. Sporules . 406 Filices, Polypodiaceae. Aspidium Filix mas, Swartz, etc. Rhizome . . 105 Adiantum pedatum, Linnb . . .' 260 Cyatheaceae. Cibotium Baromez, Kunze. etc. Hairs . 402 b. Ckllularks. Algae, Florideae. Chondrus crispus, Lyngbye, etc. Plant . 256 Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, etc. Isinglass 34 Fucoideae. Fucus vesiculosus, Linne, etc. Plant . . 257 Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston. Stipe . 398 Lichenes, Ascomycetes. Cetraria islandica, Acharius. Plant . 259 Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Polyporus officinalis, Fries. Plant . 394 Polyporus fomentarius, Fries. Plant 394 iEcidiomycetes. Ustilago Maydis, Leveille. Plant . 395 Ascomycetes. Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Plant . 395 Saccbaromycetes. Torula cerevisias, Turpin. Plant (yeast) . . . 407 ALPHABETICAL INDEX. A BIES balsamea, 461 canadensis, 464 excelsa, 463 Menziesii, 461 pectinata, 461 Abkari opium, 416 Abri radix, 90 semen, 369 Abrus precatorius, 90, 369 Absinthium, 277 Abuta amara, 97 rufescens, 97 Acacia Catechu, 423 fistula, 434 Senegal, 434 stenocarpa, 434 Suma, 42S Yerek, 434 Acaroid resin, 454 Achillea Millefolium, 276 Acipenser Giildenstadtii, 33 Huso, 33 Ruthenus, 33 stellatus, 33 Aconite leaves, 248 root, 151 Aconiti folia, 248 radix, 151 Aconitum Anthora, 154 Oammarum, 153, 249 ferox, 153 Fischeri, 153 heterophyllum, 153 luridum, 153 japonicum, 153 Lycoctonum, 154 Napellus, 151, 248 Stoerkeanum, 153, 249 uneinatum, 153 Acorus Calamus, 112 Acta>a alba, 141 Adeps, 494 lanee, 494 | Adiantum pedatum, 260 j iEgle Marmelos, 332 African ammoniac, 440 ginger, 108 marigold, 312 saffron, 400 j Agaricus albus, 394 Agathis australis, 449 Dammara, 449 ] Agathotes Chirayta, 295 i Agrimonia Eupatoria, 267 Agrimony, 267 | Ajowan, 349 Albumen ovi, 32 Alcea rosea, 307 Aleppo nutgalls, 392 | Aleppy cardamom, 342 | Aletris farinosa, 120 j Aleurites laccifera, 450 ! Alexandria senna, 222, 225 Algarobia glandulosa. 434 j Alhagi camelorum, 431 | Alkanet, 80 Alkanna tinctoria, 80 Allium Porrum, 158 sativum, 158 Allspice, 326 Almond, 361 oil, 482 Aloe barbadense, 420 capensis, 421 Perry i, 420 socotrina, 420 spicata, 420 vulgaris, 420 Alpinia Cardamomum, 341 Galanga, 110 officinarum, 109 Alsophila lurida, 402 Alstonia, 427 Althaea officinalis, 79 rosea, 307 Alum root, 81 522 INDEX. Amber, 450 Ambergris, 38 Ambra grisea, 38 American angelica, 70 cannabis, 296 castor, 37 columbo, 59 gentian root, 59 ipecac, 67,142 isinglass, 34 opium, 416 senna, 226 spikenard, 144 valerian, 121 veratrum, 117 Ammoniaeum, 439 Amomum aromaticum, 342 Cardamomum, 342 globosum, 342 Granum paradisi, 389 maximum, 342 Melegueta, 389 Amygdala, 361 Amygdalus amara, 361, 473 communis, 361, 473, 482 dulcis, 361 Amylum, 408 Amyris elemifera, 465 Anacardium occidentale, 328 orientate, 329 Anaeyelus officinarum, 62 Pyrethrum, 61 Anamirta Cocculus, 327 paniculata, 327 Anchusa tinctoria, 80 Andira Araroba, 404 Andropogon muricatus, 53 Schcenanthus, 472 Anemone acutiloba, 247 Hepatica, 247 patens, 260 pratensis, 260 Pulsatilla, 260 Anethum graveolens, 352, 474 Angelica, 69 atropurpurea, 70 officinalis, 69 triquinata, 70 Angustura, 207 Anise, 347 Anisum, 347 Anthemis arvensis, 308 Cotula, 275, 308 nobilis, 309, 475 Anthophylli, 327 Aphis chinensis, 393 Apis mellifica, 433, 496 Apium graveolens, 348 Apium Petroselinum, 72, 348 Aplopappus discoideus, 240 Apocynum androssemi folium, 93 cannabinum, 66, 94 Aralia nudieaulis, 130 quinquefolia, 76 racemosa, 144 spinosa, 198 Araroba, 404 Arbor vitae, 298 Archangelica atropurpurea, 70 officinalis, 69 Arctostaphylos glauca, 221 Uva ursi, 219 Arctium Lappa, 64, 344 Areca Catechu, 389 nut, 389 Argel leaves, 223 Arissema triphyllum, 155 Aristolochia reticulata, 134 Serpentaria, 134 Armenian manna, 431 Armoracia rustieana, 76 Arnica flowers, 311 montana, 132, 311 root, 132 Arnicse radix, 132 Artanthe adunca, 235 elongata, 235 mollicoma, 216 Artemisia Absinthium, 277 . maritima, 302 vulgaris, 278 Arum Dracunculus, 156 italicum, 156 maculatum, 156 triphyllum, 155 Asafoetida, 437 Asagrsea officinalis, 386 Asarum canadense, 144 Asclepias Cornuti, 129 incarnata, 137 syriaca, 129 tuberosa, 65 Aspidium athamanticum, 106 Filix mas, 105 marginale, 105 rigidum, 106 Aspidosperma Quebracho, 196 Assam musk, 36 Astacus fluviatilis, 43 Astragalus gummifer, 435 Atropa Belladonna, 77, 228 Attar of rose, 471 Aubletia trifolia, 216 Aurantia immatura, 332 Aurantii cortex, 354 flores, 303 INDEX. 523 Aurantii folia, 218 fructus, 332 Australian kino, 425 manna, 431 Avena sativa, 412 Avenas farina, 412 Avens, 136 Axungia porci, 494 Azedarach, 197 BAEL, 333 Balata, 427 Balm, 288 Balmony, 283 Balsam of fir, 461 of Peru, 456 of Tolu, 457 Balsamodendron africanum, 442 Mukul, 442 Myrrha, 441 Balsamum peruvianum, 456 tolutanum, 457 Baptisia tinctoria, 97 Barbadoes aloes, 420 Barberry, 97 bark, 184 Barley, 344 starch, 411 sugar, 429 Barosma betulina, 244 crenulata, 244 serratifolia, 244 Barus camphor, 469 Bastard ipecac, 143 Bayberry bark, 198 Baycuru, 98 Bay leaves, 216, 218 Bdellium, 442 Bean of St. Ignatius, 373 Bebeeru, 181 Beech drop, 282 Beef tallow, 495 Beeswax, 496 Bela, 332 Belladonna leaves, 228 root, 77 Belladonnse folia, 228 radix, 77 Belugo, 33 Bengal Cardamom, 342 kino, 425 quince, 332 turmeric, 111 Benne leaves, 226 seed, 362 seed oil, 489 Benzoinum, 453 Berberis aquifolium, 148 nervosa, 148 repens, 148 vulgaris, 97, 184, 191 Beta vulgaris, 429 Bethroot, 119 Betula alba, 466 lenta, 475 Bikh or bish root, 153 Birch tar, 466 Bird pepper, 334 Birthwort, 119 Bistort, 127 Bistorta, 127 Bitter fennel, 350 orange, 332, 354 polygala, 265 Bittersweet, 260 Black alder, 183 haw, 187 hellebore, 140 ipecac, 91 * jack, 188 mustard, 370 oak bark, 18b pepper, 325 snakeroot, 141 Blackberries, J31 Blackberry bark, 188 Bladder-wrack, 257 Blatta americana, 31 germanica, 31 gigantea, 30 orientalis, 30 Blessed thistle, 279 Blood, 40 Bloodroot, 124 Blue cohosh, 139 flag, 120 Bog bean, 249 Boldo, 214 Boldoa fragrans, 214 Boldus, 214 Boletus fomentarius, 394 laricis, 394 Bombay mastic, 447 senna, 225 Bonare aloes, 421 Bone, 44 Boneset, 271 Borneo camphor, 469 Bos Taurus, 38, 40, 41, 432, 493, 495 Boston iris, 121 Boswellia Carterii, 440 Botany Bay kino, 425 resin, 454 Bourbon vanilla, 343 Brassica alba, 369, 484 524 INDEX. Brassica Napus, 371 nigra, 370, 472, 484 Brassica Rapa, 371 Brayera anthelmintica, 305 Brazilian angustura, 207 elemi, 464 rhatany, 100 vanilla, 343 Briancon manna, 431 Broom, 266 Bryonia alba, dioica, 77 Bryony,77 Bucharian musk, 36 Buchu, 244 Buckbean, 249 Buckthorn, 323 Bugle, 385 Burdock, 64 fruit, 344 Burgundy pitch, 463 Burnt sponge, 33 Bursa pastovis, 263 Bursera Icicariba, 464 Butea frondosa, 425 Butter, 41, 493 of cacao, 491 Buttercups, 262 Buttermilk, 41 Butternut, 195 Butyrum, 493 cacao, 491 nucistse, 491 Buxus sempervirens, 191 pABALLINE aloes, 417 \J Cabardine musk, 36 Cacao, 365 Cactus granditiorus, 270 Caffea, 383 Calabar bean, 366 Calamus, 112 Draco, 452 Calculi cancrorum, 43 Calendula arvensis, 279 officinalis, 279, 312 California oak balls, 392 Calisaya bark, 174 Callitris quadrivalvis, 448 Calumba, 81 Cambogia, 442 Camphora officinarum, 468 Camellia Thea, 238 Canada erigeron, 273 pitch, 464 turpentine, 361 Canadian castor, 37 hemp, 66 Canarium commune, 464 mauritianum, 465 Cancer Astacus, 43 Cane sugar, 428 Canella alba, 205 Canna starch, 409, 410 Cannabis americana 296 indica, 295 sativa, 295, 345, 486 Cantharides, 27 Cantharis vesicatoria, 27 vittata, 28 Caoutchouc, 427 Cape aloes, 421 saffron, 400 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 263 Capsicum annuum, 334 cerasiforme, 334 fastigiatum, 334 Caramel, 429 Caraway, 352 Cardamom, 341 Cardamomum, 341 Carduus benedictus, 279 Carex arenaria, 115 Carolina pink, 136 Carota, 353 Carrageen, 256 Carrot fruit, 353 Carthagena bark, 178 Carthamus tinctorius, 313 Carurn Ajowan, 349, 469 Carui, 352, 474 Petroselinum, 72, 348 Carya amara, 485 Caryophylli fructus, 327 Caryophyllus aromaticus, 301, 326 Cascara sagrada, 194 Cascarilla, 208 Cashew nut, 328 Cassava starch, 411 Cassia acutifolia, 222 baccilaris, 336 brasiliana, 336 elongata, 224 Fistula, 336 grandis, 336 lignea, 204 marilandica, 226 moschata, 336 obovata, 225 Castanea vesca, 240 Castilloa, 427 Castor Fiber, 36 oil, 488 seed, 381 Castoreum, 36 Cataria, 290 INDEX, 525 Catechu, 423 pallidum, 424 Cathartocarpus Fistula, 336 Catnep, 290 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 139 Cayenne pepper, 334 Ceanothus americanus, 98 Celandine, 263 Celery fruit, 348 Centaury, 294 Cephaelis acuminata, 91 Ipecacuanha, 90 Cera, 496 alba, 497 flava, 497 Cerasus Laurocerasus, 244 serotina, 184 Ceratonia Siliqua, 337 Cereus grand i floras, 270 Cervispina cathartica, 323 Cetaeeuin, 496 Cetraria islandica, 259 Cevadilla, 386 Ceylon cardamom, 342 cinnamon, 203 Chamselirium luteum, 119 Chamomile, 309 Chaulmoogra odorata, 380, 492 Chaulmugra oil, 492 seed, 380 Chavica officinarum, 319 Roxburghii, 319 Chekan, Cheken, 217 Chelidonium majus, 263 Chelone glabra, 283 Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. an thelminticum, 338, 476 Cherry laurel, 244 Chestnut leaves, 240 Chewstick, 161 Chian turpentine, 463 Chicle, 427 Chicory, 61 Chimaphila maculata, 243 umbellata, 243 China root, 116 Chinese aconite, 153 blistering flies, 28 cinnamon, 203 ginger, 108 isinglass, 34 menthol, 470 musk, 36 nutgalls, 393 rhubarb, 85 turmeric, 111 Chiretta, 295 Chittem bark, 194 | Chondodendron tomentosuin, 95 Chondrin, 34 I Chondrus crispus, 256 mamillosus, 256 Chrysanthemum carneum, 310 cinerariaefolium, 310 Parthenium, 276 roseum, 310 Chrysophyllum glyeiphlceum, 426 Cibotium Baromez, 402 Djambianum, 402 glaucum, 402 Ciehorium Intybus, 61 Oimicifuga racemosa, 141 Cinchona, 170 Calisaya, 174 flava, 174 lancifolia, 176, 178 officinalis, 178 pitayensis, 178 pubescens, 178 rubra, 177 scrobiculata, 176 spec., 173, 178 succirubra, 177 Cinnamodendron cortieosum, 206 Cinnamomum Camphora, 468 Cassia 203, 476 zeylanicum, 203, 476 Cinnamon, 203 cassia, 203 Cinquefoil, 268 Citrullus Coloeynthis, 335 vulgaris, 364 Citrus Aurantium, 218, 303, 354, 473 Bergamia, 473 Limonum, 333, 355, 473 vulgaris, 218, 303, 332, 354, 473 Civet, 39 Civetta, 39 Clavieeps purpurea, 395 Cleavers, 294 Cloves, 301 Cnicus benedictus, 279 Coca, 227 Coccionella, 29 Coecoloba uvifera, 425 Cocculus indicus, 327 Coccus cacti, 29 Lacca, 450 Cochinchina turmeric, 111 Cochineal, 29 Cochlearia Armoracia, 76 Cockroach, 30 Cocoanut oil, 493 Cocos nucifera, 493 Cod-liver oil, 486 CofFea arabica, 383 526 INDEX. Coffea liberica, 383 Coffee, 383 Cola acuminata, 366 Colchici radix, 154 semen, 387 Colchicum autumnale, 154, 387 root, 154 seed, 387 Cole seed, 371 Colicroot, 120, 124 Colla piscium, 33 Collinsonia canadensis, 139 Colocynth, 335 Colocynthis, 335 Colombo, 81 Colophonia mauritiana, 465 Colophonium, 448 Coltsfoot, 242 Colza seed, 371 Comfrey, 59 Common frankincense, 462 Comptonia asplenifolia, 247 Conchse, 43 Condurango, 192 Conii folia, 252 fructus, 346 Conium fruit, 346 leaves, 252 maculatum, 252, 346 Constantinople opium, 4L6 Convallaria majalis, 122 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, 151 Seammonia, 444 Copaiba, 459 Copaifera Langsdorffii, 459, 473 officinalis, 459 Copaiva, 459 Copal, 449 Copalchi bark, 209 Coptis trifolia, 262 Coral, 42 Corallium rubrum, 42 Coriander, 345 Coriandrum sativum, 345, 475 Coriaria myrtifolia, 223 Corinthian raisins, 331 Corn starch, 408 Cornsilk, 401 Cornsmut, 395 Cornus circinata, 181 florida, 181 sericea, 182 Corydalis canadensis, 154 formosa, 154 Coto bark, 200 Cotton, 401 Cottonroot bark, 200 Cottonseed oil, 489 Cotula, 275 Couchgrass, 114 Coumarouna odorata, 364 Cowage, 403 Crabs’ eye, 43 stones, 43 Cranesbill, 125 Crataeva Marmelos, 333 Cream, 40 Cremor lactis, 40 Crimean rhubarb, 83 Crocus sativus, 399 Croton Eluteria, 208 Malambo, 209 oil, 487 Pseudochina, 209 seed, 382 Tiglium, 382, 487 Crowfoot, 262 Crown bark, 178 Cubeb, 324 Cubeba canina, 325 crassipes, 325 Lowong, 325 officinalis, 324, 476 Wallichii, 325 Cucumber seed, 364 Cucumis Citrullus, 364 Colocynthis, 335 Melo, 363 sativus, 364 Cucurbita Citrullus, 364 Pepo, 363 Culver’s physic, 145 Cumin fruit, 351 Cuminum Cyminum, 351 Cunila Mariana, 286 Cuprea bark, 179 Cupressus thyoides, 299 Curacao aloes, 421 Curara, 422 Curare, 422 Curcas purgans, 382 Curcuma longa, 110 spec., 410 starch, 409 Zedoaria, 109 Currants, 331 Cusco bark, 178 Cutch, 423 Cuttlefish bone, 42 Cydonia vulgaris, 360 Cydonium, 360 Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, 56 Cynips gallse tinctorias, 391 Cynosbata, 322 Cypripedium parviflorum, 121 pubescens, 121 Cytisus scoparius, 266 INDEX. 527 Draco, 452 Dagget, 466 Damiana, 239 Dammara australis, 449 orientalis, 449 Dandelion, 60 Daphne Mezereum, 199 Datura Stramonium, 237, 384 Tatula, 232 Daucus Carota, 353 Deadly nightshade, 228 Delphinium Consolida, 374 Staphisagria, 375 Dextrose, 429 Dicentra canadensis, 154 eximia, 154 Dichopsis Gutta, 426 Digitalis purpurea, 233 Dill, 352 Dioscorea villosa, 124 Diospyros virginiana, 331 Dipterocarpus alatus, 460 turbinatus, 460 Dipteryx odorata, 364 oppositifolia, 364 Dittany, 286 Dog’s bane, 93 Dogwood, 181 Dolichos pruriens, 403 Dorema Ammoniacum, 439 Draconis resina, 452 Dracontium foetidum, 118 Dragon’s blood, 452 Dragon root, 155 Drimys Winteri, 207 Drosera longifolia, 270 rotundifolia, 269 Dryobalanops Camphora, 469 Duboisia myoporoides, 229 Dulcamara, 160 Dutch nutmegs, 380 tonka, 364 EAST India ginger, 108 gum, 434 rhubarb, 85 East Indian opium, 416 tamarinds, 357 Ecballium Elaterium, 446 Egg. 31 Egg-shell, 32, 43 Egyptian opium, 416 tamarinds, 357 Elseis guineensis, 492 Elastica, 427 Elaterium, 446 Elder, 313 Elecampane, 63 Elemi, 464 Electaria Cardamomum, 341 major, 342 Empleurum serrulatum, 245 English tonka, 364 Epicauta vittata, 28 Epigsea repens, 222 Epilobium angustifolium, 268 Epiphegus virginiana, 282 Ergot, 395 Ergota, 395 Erigeron annuum, 272 canadense, 273,475 philadelphicum, 272 strigosum, 272 Eriodictyon californicum, 246 Erythrsea Centaurium, 294 Erythropliloeum guineense, 199 Erythroxylon Coca, 227 Esenbeckia febrifuga, 207 Eucalyptus amygdalina, 425, 474 globulus, 216, 474 mannifera, 431 viminalis, 431 Eucheuma spinosum, 34 Eugenia caryophyllata, 301, 327, 474 Chekan,217 Pimenta, 326, 474 Euonymus atropurpureus, 201 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 271 Euphorbia corollata, 68 Ipecacuanha, 67 resinifera, 443 Euphorbium, 443 European centaury, 294 dragon root, 156 elder, 313 elm bark, 202 rhubarb, 86 turpentine, 462 Euryangium Sumbul, 73 Euspongia equina, 33 molissima, 33 Zimmocca, 33 Evening primrose, 268 Exogonium Purga, 149 Extractum glycyrrhizae, 422 haematoxyli, 426 sanguinis, 40 tj'ALSE angustura, 208 damiana, 240 jalaps, 151 nutmegs, 380 pareira brava, 96 sarsaparilla, 130 528 INDEX. False Solomon’s seal, 123 Winter’s bark, 206 Fel bovinum, 41 tauri, 41 Fennel, 349 Fenugreek, 368 Fermentum, 407 Ferula Asafcetida, 437 foetida, 437 galbanillua, 438 Narthex, 437 rubricaulis, 439 Sumbul, 73 tingitana, 440 Feverfew, 276 Fever root, 143 Ficus, 427 Carica, 321 indica, 450 Fig, 321 Figwort, 282 Filix mas, 105 Fishberries, 327 Five-leaved water-hemlock, 350 Flaxseed, 376 oil, 485 Fleabane, 272 Flemingia rhodocarpa, 404 Flesh-colored asclepias, 137 Florentine orris, 113 Foeniculum capillaceum, 349 vulgare, 349, 474 Foenum graecum, 368 Foxglove, 233 Fragaria vesca, 133 Frangula, 193 Frankincense, 440 Frasera Walteri, 59 Fraxinus alba, 191 americana, 191 Ornus, 430 French berries, 323 lactucarium 420 marigold, 312 sal iron, 400 Frostwort, 264 Fucus nodosus, 258 vesiculosus, 257 Fungus chirurgorum, 394 laricis, 394 Fusiform jalap, 151 GADUS Merluccius, 34 Morrhua, 486 Galanga, 109 Galangal, 109 Galbanum, 433 Galipea Cusparia, 207 officinalis, 207 Galium Aparine, 294 triflorum, 294 Galla, 391 Gallus Bankiva, 31 Gambia kino, 425 Gambir, 424 Gamboge, 442 Garcinia Hanburii, 442 Mangostana, 333 Morelia, 442 Garden thyme, 213 Garlic, 158 Gaultheria procumbens, 243, 475 Gelatin, 34 Gelatina, 34 Gelsemium sempervirens, 94 Gentian, 57 Gentiana Andrewsii, 59 lutea, 57 pannonica, 57 puberula, 59 punctata, 57 purpurea, 57 Saponaria, 59 Geranium maculatum, 125 German chamomile, 308 fennel, 350 leech, 31 pellitory, 62 Geum rivale, 136 urbanum, 136 Gillenia stipulacea, 142 trifoliata, 142 Ginger, 106 Ginseng, 75 Glechoma hederacea, 291 Glucose, 429 Glue, 34 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 88, 422 glandulifera, 89 Gnaphalium margaritaceum, 278 polycephalum, 278 Goa powder, 404 Golden rod, 273 seal, 137 Gold thread, 262 Gonolobus Condurango, 192 Gossypii radicis cortex, 200 Gossypium herbaceum, 200, 401, 489 Gouania domingensis, 161 Grain of paradise, 389 Granati fructus cortex, 356 radicis cortex, 189 Granilla, 29 Granum paradisi, 389 Grape sugar, 429 INDEX. 529 Gravel plant, 222 Gray ipecac, 91 Green ginger, 108 hellebore, 140 Greenheart bark, 181 Grindelia robusta, 273 squarrosa, 274 Ground-ivy, 291 Guaiaci lignum, 163 resina, 451 Guaiacum officinale, 163, 451 wood, 163 Guarana, 414 Guayaquil rhatany, 100 Guibourtia, 449 Gum arabic, 434 Gunja, 295 Gurjun balsam, 460 Gutta percha, 426 Gutti, 442 Gynocardia odorata, 380, 492 Gypsophila Struthium, 57 HiEMATOXYLON campechianum, 164 Hagenia abyssinica, 305 Hake, 34 ITamamelis virginica, 186, 237 Haplopappus discoideus, 240 Hardback, 267 Heart’s ease, 269 Hedeoma pulegioides, 288, 476 Helenium autumnale, 275 Helianthemum canadense, 264 corymbosum, 264 Ilelleborus niger, 140 viridis, 140 Ilelonias dioica, 119 officinalis, 386 Hemidesmus indicus, 89 Hemlock fruit, 346 leaves, 252 pitch, 464 Hempseed, 345 oil, 486 Henbane, 232 Hepatica, 247 Heuchera americana, 81 Hevea, 427 Hips, 322 Hirudo, 31 Holly, 242 Hollyhock, 307 Honduras sarsaparilla, 52 Honey, 433 Hopea, 449 Hops, 320 Ilordei fructus, 344 Hordeum distichum, 344, 411 Ilorehound, 291 Horse aloes, 421 Horsemint, 289 Horseradish, 76 Huamalies bark, 178 Huanuco bark, 178 Humulus Lupulus, 320, 405 Hungarian leech, 31 Hydrangea arborescens, 88 Hydrastis canadensis, 137 Hymensea, 449 Hyoscyami folia, 232 semen, 385 Hyoscyamus leaves, 232 niger, 232, 385 seed, 385 Hypericum perforatum, 264 Hyraceum, 39 Hyrax capensis, 39 Hyssop, 286 Hyssopus officinalis, 286 T CELAND moss, 259 1 Ichthyocolla, 33 Icica Icicariba, 464 Ignatia, 373 Ignatiana philippinica, 373 Ilex opaca, 242 paraguayensis, 239 verticillata, 183 Illicium religiosum, 340 verum, 339, 472 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 74 Indian aconite, 153 hemp, 295 licorice, 90 sarasparilla, 90 turnip, 155 India rubber, 427 senna, 224 Insect flowers, 310 Inula Helenium, 63 Ionidium Ipecacuanha, 92 Ipecacuanha, 90 spurge, 67 Ipomsea orizabensis, 151, 444 pandurata, 75 Purga, 149 simulans, 151 Iris florentina, 113 german ica, 113 pallida, 113 verna, 121 versicolor, 120 virginica, 121 Irish moss, 256 Isinglass, 33 530 INDEX. Isonandra Gutta, 426 Italian anise, 347 licorice root, 89 JABORANDI, 215 Jaen bark, 178 Jalap, 149 stalks, 151 Jalapa, 149 Jamaica dogwood, 195 ginger, 108 sarsaparilla, 51 Japanese aconite, 153 isinglass, 34 menthol, 470 nutgalls, 393 Jateorrhiza Calumba, 81 Jatropha, 427 Curcas, 382 dulcis, 411 Manihot, 411 Java turmeric, 111 Jequiriti, 369 Juglans cinerea, 195, 485 regia, 485 Juniper, 318 tar, 466 Juniperus communis, 318, 477 Oxycedrus, 466 Sabina, 297, 477 virginiana, 297 KALMIA latifolia, 222 Kamala, 403 Kauri resin, 449 Kava-kava, 87 Kicksia africana, 377 Kino, 424 Klipdas, 39 Komb6 seed, 377 Koosso, 305 Kordofan gum, 434 Krameria argentea, 100 lanceolata, 100 secundiflora, 100 tomentosa, 99 triandra, 99 Labrador tea, 219 Lac, 40 ebutyratum, 41 vaccinum, 40 Lacca, 450 Lactuca canadensis, 419 sativa, 419 Scariola, 419 Lactuca virosa, 419 Lactucarium, 419 Laminaria Claustoni, 398 digitata, 398 Lanolinum, 494 Lapides canerorum, 43 Lapilli canerorum, 43 Lappa officinalis, 64, 344 Lapp® fructus, 344 Lard, 494 oil, 484 Large flowering spurge, 68 Larinus mellificus, 431 Larix europsea, 431, 461 Larkspur seed, 374 Laserpitium latifolium, 71 Laurel, 216 Laurel oil, 49$ Laurocerasus, 244 Laurus Camphora, 468 nobilis, 216, 490 Lavandula vera, 314, 475 Lavender, 314 Ledum latifolium, 219 palustre, 219 Leech, 31 Lemon, 333 peel, 355 Leonurus Cardiaca, 292 Leontice thalictroides, 139 Leontodon Taraxacum, 60 Leptandra virginica, 145 Levant soapwort, 57 wormseed, 302 Levisticum officinale, 70 Liberian coffee, 383 Licorice, 422 root, 88 Life-everlasting, 278 Ligusticum Levisticum, 70 Lily of the valley, 122 Lima bark, 178 Limon, 333 Limonis cortex, 355 Linden flowers, 304 Linseed oil, 485 Linum usitatissimum, 376, 485 Lipanin, 483 Liquidambar orientals, 458 Styraciflua, 458 Liquorice, 422 root, 88 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 182 Lisbon sarsaparilla, 52 Liverwort, 247 Lobelia inflata, 280 Logwood, 164 Long pepper, 319 INDEX, 531 Lovage, 70 Loxa bark, 178 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 196 Lucuma glyeiphhea, 426 Lupulin, 405 Lupulinum, 405 Lycopodium clavatum, 406 Lycopus europreus, 285 virginicus, 285 Lyperia crocea, 400 Lytta vesicatoria, 27 Macassar sandalwood, 166 Mace, 398 Macis, 398 Macropiper methysticum, 87 Madder, 80 Madras cardamom, 342 turmeric, 111 Magnolia acuminata, 182 glauca, 182 tripetala, 182 Maiden hair. 260 Maize oil, 490 Majorana, 287 Malabar kino, 424 cardamom, 342 Mai am bo bark, 209 Male fern, 105 jalap, 151 nutmeg, 380 Mallotus philippinensis, 403 Mallow, 308 Maltum, 344 Malva sylvestris, 308 Mangosteen, 332 Manihot Aipi, 411 utilissima, 411 Manilla elemi, 461 Manna, 430 Man root, 75 Manzanita, 221 Maracaibo copaiba, 459 Maranham copaiba, 459 Maranta arundinacea, 410 starch, 409 Marigold, 279, 312 Marrubium vulgare, 291 Marshmallow, 79 Marsh rosemary, 98 tea, 219 Maruta Cotula, 275, 308 Marythistle, 344 Masterwort, 74 Mastic, 447 Mastiche, 447 Mate, 239 Matico, 235 Matricaria Chamomilla, 308 Parthenium, 276 Mauritius elemi, 465 Maw seed, 386 May apple, 128 weed, 275 Maydis stigmata, 401 Mecca senna, 225 Mechoacanna root, 151 Meconium, 415 Mel, 433 Melaleuca Cajuputi, 470 Leucadendron, 470 minor, 470 Melegueta, 389 Melia Azedarach, 197 Melilotus albus, 265 altissiinus, 265 officinalis, 265 Melissa officinalis, 288 Melo, 362 Melon seed, 362 Menispermum canadense, 146 Mentha canadensis, 470 piperita, 283, 470, 475 viridis, 284, 475 Menthol, 470 Menyanthes trifoliata, 249 Methysticum, 87 Metroxylon Rum phi i, 410 Sagus, 410 Mexican elemi, 465 sarsaparilla, 51 vanilla, 343 Mezereon, 199 Mezereum, 199 Mezquite gum, 434 Milfoil, 276 Milk, 40 sugar, 40, 432 weed, 129 Mimusops globosa, 427 Mitchella repens, 293 Moka aloes, 421 Molasses, 432 Momordica Elaterium, 446 Monarda punctata, 289, 469 Monesia, 426 Monnieria trifolia, 216 Morus alba, nigra, rubra, 320 Moschus nioschiferus, 35 Mother-clove, 327 Motherwort, 292 Mountain balm, 246 laurel, 222 Mucuna cylindrosperma, 367 pruriens, 403 532 INDEX. Mucuna urens, 403 Mugwort, 278 Mulberry, 320 Mullein, 314 Musk, 35 Mustard oil, 484 Mylabris bifasciata, 29 cichorii, 28 phalerata, 28 Myrcia acris, 218, 474 Myrica asplenifolia, 247 cerifera, 198 Myristica aromatica, 379 fatua, 380 fragrans, 379, 398, 476, 491 moschata, 379 officinalis, 379 Myrobalan, 329 Myrobalanus, 329 Myrospermum Pereir®, 456 Toluifera, 457 Myroxylon Pereir®, 456 Toluifera, 457 Myrrha, 441 VfARTHEX Asafretida, 437 ll Natal aloes, 421 Nauclea Gambir, 424 Neat’s-foot oil, 484 Nectandra Rodi®i, 181 Nepeta Cataria, 290 Glechoma, 291 Nerium Oleander, 219 New Jersey tea, 98 Nicotiana Tabacum, 230 Nigella damascena, 375 sativa, 375 Night-blooming cereus, 270 Northern prickly ash, 197 Nuphar advena, 128 Nutgall, 391 Nutmeg, 379 butter, 491 Nut oil, 485 Nux vomica, 371 Nymph®a odorata, 128 OATMEAL, 412 Oculi cancrorum, 43 Oculina virginea, 42 CEnanthe Phellandrium, 350 (Enothera biennis, 268 GEsypum, 494 Oil of amber, 472 of bays, 490 of Cade, 466 Oil of cajeput, 470 of camphor, 470 of ginger grass, 472 of nutmeg, expressed, 401 of rose, 471 of theobroma, 491 Olea europsea, 483 Oleander, 219 Oleum Adipis, 484 Amygclal® amarae, 473 expressum, 482 Anethi, 474 Auisi, 474 stellati, 472 Anthemidis, 475 Aurantii amari, 473 dulcis, 473 florum, 473 Bergamii, 473 Bubulum, 484 Cacao, 491 Cadinum, 460 Cajuputi, 470 Camphor®, 470 Cannabis, 486 Carui, 474 Caryophylli, 474 Chenojiodii, 476 Cinnamomi, 204, 476 cassi®, 204, 476 Cocois, 493 Copaib®, 473 Coriandri, 474 Cubeb®,476 Erigerontis, 475 Eucalypti, 474 Foeniculi, 474 Gaultberi®, 244, 475 Gossypii, 489 Gynocardi®, 492 Hedeom®, 476 Jecoris aselli, 486 Juglandis, 485 Juniperi, 477 Lauri, 490 Lavandulae, 475 Limonis, 473 Lini, 485 Maydis, 490 Menth® piperit®, 475 viridis, 475 Monard®, 476 Morrhu®, 486 Myrci®, 474 Myristic®, 476 expressum, 491 Nucist®, 491 Oliv®, 483 INDEX. 533 Oleum Palmae, 492 Papaver is, 485 Picis liquid*. 477 Piment*, 474 Ricini, 488 Roste, 471 Rosmarini, 476 Rusci, 466 Rut*, 252, 473 Sabin*, 477 - Santali, 477 Sassafras, 205, 476 Sesami, 489- Sinapis, 371, 472 expressum, 484 Succini, 472 Terebinthin*, 477 Theobrom*, 491 Thymi, 475 Tiglii, 487 Valerian*, 475 Olibanum, 440 Olive oil, 483 Ophelia angustifolia, 295 Chirata, 295 Opium, 415 Opopanax Chironium, 440 Opuntia, cochinillifera, 29 Orange berries, 332 flowers, 303 leaves, 218 peel, 354 Orchis latifolia, 156 maculata, mascula, 156 Morio, 156 Oregon balsam of fir, 461 grape, 148 Origanum Majorana, 287 vulgare, 286 Ornus europ*a, 430 Orris, 113 Oryza sativa, 410 Os, 44 Os Sepi*, 42 Osseter, 33 Ostrea edulis, 43 virginiana, 43 Otolithus regalis, 34 Ovis Aries, 38, 494, 495 Ovum, 31 Ox Gall, 41 Oyster shell, 43 DAKU-KIDANG, 402 1 Palas kino, 425 Pale catechu, 424 rose, 306 j Palm oil, 492 Panax quinquefolium, 75 Panna-panna, 106 Pansy, 269 Papaver Rhoeas, 307 somniferum, 337, 386, 415, 485 | Para copaiba, 459 rhatany, 100 sarsaparilla, 52 Paracoto bark, 200 Paraguay tea, 239 Pareira brava, 95 Parsley, 72 fruit, 348 Parthenium, 276 Passu be majores, 331 minores, 331 Paullinia sorbilis, 414 Payta rhatany, 100 Peach leaves, 242 Pearl barley, 411 sago, 410 Pellitory, 61 Penang benzoin, 453 nutmegs, 380 Penghawar-Djambi, 402 Pennyroyal, 288 Pepo, 363 Peppermint 283 Pepsinum, 38 Periplaneta orientalis, 31 Persian berries, 323 manna, 431 opium. 416 Persica vulgaris, 242, 482 Persimmon, 331 Peruvian bark, 170 rhatany, 100 Petroselinum sativum, 72, 348 Peucedanum graveolens, 352, 474 Ostruthium, 74 Peumus Boldus, 214 Phasianus Gallus, 31 Phellandrium aquaticum, 350 Phlox Carolina, 136 Physeter macrocephalus, 38, 496 Physostigma cylindrospermum, 367 venenosum, 366 Phytolacca decandra, 76, 322 Phytolacc* baccas, 322 radix, 76 Picea succinifera, 450 Picrsena excelsa, 162, 192 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 215 Pimenta, 326 Pimento, 326 Pimpernel, 71 Pimpinella Anisum, 347, 474 534 INDEX. Pimpinella magna, 71 Saxifraga, 71 Pinitis succinifer, 450 Pinkroot, 135 Pinus Abies, 463 australis, 448, 462 canadensis, 464 Laricio, 462 palustris, 462 Pinaster, 462 sylvestris, 462 Tseda, 462 Pipe isinglass, 34 Piper album, 325 caninum, 325 citrifolium, 216 crassipes, 325 Cubeba, 324 elongatum, 235 longum, 319 methysticum, 87 mollicomum, 216 nigrum, 325, 326 nodulosum, 216 officinarum, 319 reticulatum, 216 Pipmenthol, 470 Pipsissewa, 243 Piscidia Erythrina, 195 Pistacia cabulica, 447 Kliinjuk, 447 Lentiscus, 447 Terebinthus, 463 Pitaya bark, 178 Pix burgundica, 463 canadensis, 464 liquida, 465 Plantago lanceolata, 293 major, 293 Plantain, 293 Pleurisy root, 65 Podophyllum peltatum, 128 Poison oak, 249 Pokeberry, 322 Pokeroot, 76 Polemonium reptans, 135 Polygala alba, 55 Boykinii, 55 rubella, 265 Senega, 54 Polygonatum biflorum, 123 giganteum, 123 Polygonum Bistorta, 127 Polyporus fomentarius, 394 officinalis, 394 Pomegranate bark, 189 rind, 356 Pond lily, 128 Poppy,337 seed, 386 oil, 485 Potato fly, 28 starch, 409 Potentilla canadensis, 268 Tormentilla, 126 Prayer beads, 369 Preserved ginger, 108 Prickly asli, 197 fruit, 339 Prince’s pine, 243 Prinos verticillatus, 183 Prune, 330 Prunum, 330 Prunus Amygdalus, 361, 473, 482 armeniaca, 482 domestica, 330 Laurocerasus, 244 Persica, 242, 482 serotina, 184 virginiana, 184 Psychotria emetica, 92 Pterocarpus erinaceus, 425 Marsupium, 424 santalinus, 164 Ptycliotis Ajowan, 349, 469 Pulpa tamarindorum, 356 Pulsatilla pratensis, 260 Pulu, 402 Pumpkin seed, 363 Punica Granatum, 189, 356 Purging cassia, 336 nut, 382 Purse isinglass, 34 Pyrethri llores, 310 Pyrethrum, 61 carneum, 310 cinerarisefolium, 310 germanicum, 62 Parthenium, 276 roseum, 310 Pyrus Cydonia, 360 QUASSIA amara, 162, 192 bark,192 excelsa,*! 62, 192 Quassias cortex, 192 Queen’s delight, 68 Quebracho bianco, 196 Colorado, 196 Quercus alba, 187 coccinea, 188 falcata, 188 infectoria, 391 lobata,_392 lusitanica, 391 INDEX. 535 Quereus nigra, 188 tinctoria, 188 vallonea, 431 virens, 392 Quickens, 114 Quillaia Saponaria, 202 Quince seed, 360 Quinine flower, 294 Quitchgrass, 114 Radix abri, 90 bardanae, 64 berberidis, 97 caryophyllatae, 136 enulae, 63 gentian* alb*, 71 rubra), 57 graminis, 114 rubrae, 115 inula), 63 Ivarancusae, 53 lapathi, 82 lappae, 64 liquiritiae, 88 pyrethri germanici, 62 romani, 61 sarsaparilla: german icas, 115 Raisins, 331 Ranunculus acris, 262 bulbosus, 262 repens, 262 Rape seed, 371 Raspberry, 330 Red acaroid resin, 454 cedar, 297 cinchona. 177 ipecac, 91 poppy,307 River snakeroot, 134 root, 98 rose, 306 saunders, 164 sedge, 115 Remijia pedunculata, 179 Purdieana, 179 Resina, 448 elastica, 427 pini, 463 Rhainnus cathartica, 323 Frangula, 193 infectoria, 323 Purshiana, 194 saxatilis, 323 Rhapontic root, 83 Rhaponticum, 83 Rhatany, 99 Rheum olficinale, 83 Rheum Rhaponticum, 83 spec , 86 ! Rhoeas, 307 i Rhubarb, 83 Rhus glabra, 324 semialata, 393 Toxicodendron, 249 Rice starch, 408 Richardsonia scabra, 92 Ricinus communis, 381,488 j Rio Janeiro copaiba, 459 Negro sarsaparilla, 52 Rock candy, 429 Roman fennel, 350 pellitory, 61 Rosa canina, 322 centifolia, 306 damascena, 306, 471 gallica, 306 Rosemary, 213 Roshc oil, 472 Rosin, 448 Rosmarinus officinalis, 213, 476 Rottlera tinctoria, 403 Round cardamom, 342 Rubia tinctorum, 80 Rubus canadensis, 188 Idseus, 330 occidentalis, 330 strigosus, 330 trivialis, 188 villosus, 188, 331 Rue, 251 Rumex crispus, 82 Russian castor, 37 isinglass, 33 licorice root, 89 musk, 36 rhubarb, 84 Ruta graveolens, 251, 473 U ABADILLA, 386 O Sabbatia angularis, 294 Elliottii, 294 paniculata, 294 Sabina, 297 Sacchari hex, 432 Saceharomyces cerevisiae, 407 Saccharose, 428 Saccharum amylaceum, 429 crystallisatum, 429 hordeatum, 429 lactis, 432 offlcinarum, 428 uveum, 429 Safflower, 313, 400 Saffron, 399 536 INDEX. Sage, 236 Sago, 410 Sagus Rumphii, 410 Saigon cinnamon, 204 Saint John’s bread, 337 wort, 264 Salep, 156 Salix alba, 185 Salvia officinalis, 236 Sambucus canadensis, 313 nigra, 313 Sandal wood, 165 Sandaraca, 448 Sanguinaria canadensis, 124 Sanguis, 40 draconis, 452 Sanguisuga medicinalis, 31 officinalis, 31 Santalum album, 165, 477 rubrum, 164 Yasi, 165 Santonica, 302 Saponaria levantica, 57 officinalis, 56 Sapota Muelleri, 427 Sarothamnus scoparius, 266 Sarsaparilla, 49 Sassafras bark, 205 lignum (radix), 161 medulla, 398 officinalis, 161, 205, 398, 476 pith, 398 wood (root), 161 Sassy bark, 199 Savakin gum, 434 Savanilla rhatany, 99 Savine, 297 Saxon fennel, 350 Scabious, 272 Scammonium, 444 Scammony, 444 Schcenocaulon officinale, 386 Scilla maritima, 157 Scoparius, 266 Scorodosma fcetidum, 437 Scrophularia nodosa, 282 Scutellaria lateriflora, 292 spec., 292 Secale cereale, 395 cornutum, 395 Seed lac, 451 Semecarpus Anacardium, 329 Semen atnomi, 326 Senaar gum, 434 Senega, 54 Senegal gum, 434 Seneka, 54 Senna alexandrina, 222 Senna baladi, 225 indica, 224 Sepia officinalis, 42 Serpentaria, 134 Serpyllum, 286 Serronia Jaborandi, 216 Serum lactis, 41 Sesamum indicum, 226, 362, 489 Sevum bovinum, 495 ovillum, 495 Sewruga, 33 Sheeps’ wool sponge, 33 Shellac, 451 Shepherd’s purse, 263 Shikimi fruit, 340 Siam benzoin, 453 Siberian castor, 37 musk, 36 Siliqua dulcis, 337 Silkweed, 120 Silybum marianum, 344 Simaruba excelsa, 162, 192 medicinalis, 191 officinalis, 191 Sinapis alba, 369 nigra, 370 i Siphonia, 427 Skim milk, 40 Skullcap, 292 Skunk cabbage, 118 Slippery elm, 202 , Smilaeina racemosa, 123 Smilax China, 116 glauca, 116 medica, 49 officinalis, 49 pseudochina, 116 syphilitica, 49 Smyrna nutgalls, 392 opium, 416 Sneezewort, 275 Soapbark, 202 ! Soapwort, 56 Socotrine aloes, 420 Solanum Dulcamara, 160 tuberosum, 410 Solenostemma Argel, 223 Solidago odora, 273 Solomon’s seal, 123 : Sorian nutgalls, 392 | Southern prickly ash, 197 Spanish flies, 27 licorice root, 89 oak, 188 saffron, 400 Spearmint, 284 Spermaceti, 496 Spigelia marilandica, 135 INDEX, 537 Spiraea tomentosa, 267 Sponge, 32 Spongia officinalis, 32 usta, 33 Spotted pipsissewa, 243 Spurge, 67, 68 Squaw-vine, 293 Squill, 157 Squirrel corn, 154 Staphisagria, 375 Staranise, 339 Starch, 408 sugar, 429 Starwort, 119, 120 Statice brasiliensis, 98 caroliniana, 98 Limonium, 98 Stavesacre, 375 Sterculia acuminata, 366 Sterlet, 33 Stick lac, 450 Stillingia sylvatica, 68 Stizolobium pruriens, 403 Stoneroot. 139 Storax, 458 Stramonii folia, 231 semen, 384 Stramonium leaves, 231 seed, 384 Strassburg turpentine, 401 Striated ipecacuanha, 92 Strophanthus dichotomus, 377 hispidus, 377 Komb6, 377 Strychnos Castelnaeana, 422 Ignatii, 373 Nux vomica, 208, 371 toxifera, 422 Styrax, 458 Benzoin, 453 Suakin gum, 434 Succinum, 450 Succory, 61 Succus liquiritiae, 422 thebaicus, 415 Sucrose, 428 Suet, 495 Sugar, 428 Sultana raisins, 331 Sumach, 324 Sumatra benzoin, 453 camphor, 469 Sumbul, 73 Sundew, 269 Surgeon’s agaric, 394 Surinam quassia, 162, 192 Sus scrofa, 38, 494 Swamp dogwood, 182 Swamp milkweed, 137 Sweedish leech, 31 Sweet clover, 265 fern, 246 flag, 112 gum, 458 marjoram, 287 orange, 354 Swertia angustifolia, 295 Chirata, 295 Symphytum officinale, 59 Symplocarpus foetidus, 118 Syrian nutgalls, 392 Syrupus fuscus, 432 TABACUM, 230 Tagetes erecta, 312 patula, 312 Tamarind, 356 Tamarindus indica, 356 officinalis, 356 Tampico jalap, 151 Tanacetum vulgare, 276 Tansy, 276 Tapioca, 411 Tar, 465 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 60 officinale, 60 Tea, 238 Tephrosia Appolinea, 223 Terebinthina, 462 argentoratensis, 461 canadensis, 461 Chia, 463 eocta, 463 communis, 462 veneta, 461 vulgaris, 462 Terminalia bellerica, 329 Chebula, 329 eitrina, 329 Terra japonica, 424 Testa ostrese, 43 ovi, 32, 43 Texas snakeroot, 134 Thea chinensis, 238 Thebaicum, 415 Theobroma Cacao, 365,491 Theriaca, 432 Thibet musk, 36 Thornapple seed, 384 Thoroughwort, 271 Thridace, 420 Thuja occidentalis, 298 Thus americanum, 462 Thymol, 469 Thymus Serpyllum, 287 538 INDEX. Thymus vulgaris, 213, 469, 475 Tiglium officinale, 382 Tilia americana, 304 heterophylla, 304 platyphylla, 304 ulmifolia, 304 Tinnevelly senna, 225 Tobacco, 230 Toluifera Balsamum, 457 Pereirse, 456 Tonca bean, 364 Tonco, 364 Tonquin musk, 36 Tormentil, 126 Tormentilla erecta, 126 Torreya californica. 380 Torula cerevisise, 407 Toxicodendron, 249 Trachylobium, 449 Tragacantha, 435 Trailing arbutus, 222 Treacle, 432 Trehala, 431 Trigonella Fcenum grascum, 368 Trillium erectum, 119 Triosteum perfoliatum, 143 Tripoli senna, 225 Triticum repens, 114 vulgare, 410 Tulip-tree bark, 182 Turkey corn, 154 opium, 416 sponge, 33 Turkish licorice root, 89 Turmeric, 110 Turnera microphylla, 239 Turnip seed, 371 Turpentine, 462 Tussilago Farfara, 242 ULMUS campestris, 202 effusa, 202 fulva, 202 Uncaria Gambir, 424 Undulated ipecacuanha, 92 Urceola, 427 Urginea Scilla, 157 Ustilago Maydis, 395 Uva passa, 331 ursi, 219 VAHEA, 427 T Valerian, 131 Valeriana officinalis, 131, 475 Vanilla guianensis, 343 planifolia, 343 Vanilla Pompona, 343 Vanillon, 343 Vateria, 449 Venezuelan vanilla, 343 Venice turpentine, 461 Veratrum album, 116 Lobelianum, 117 Sabadilla, 386 viride, 117 Verbascum phlomo'ides, 314 thapsiforme, 314 Thapsus, 314 Veronica virginica, 145 Vetiveria, 53 Vetivert, 53 Viburnum prunifolium, 187 Viola tricolor, 269 Virginia snakeroot, 134 Vitellus ovi, 32 Vitis vinifera, 331 Viverra Civetta, 39 Zibetha, 39 WAHOO, 201 Waras, 404 Water avens, 136 Water-dropwort, 350 Water-lily, 128 Watermelon-seed, 364 Wax, 496 Weakfish, 34 West Indian kino, 425 sandal wood, 166 tamarinds, 357 Wheat starch, 408 Whey, 41 White agaric, 394 ash, 191 cedar, 299 gentian, 71 ipecacuanha, 92 mustard, 369 oak bark, 187 of egg, 32 pepper, 326 senega, 55 turpentine, 462 veratrum, 116 wax, 497 Wild chamomile, 275 cherry bark, 184 clove leaves, 218 ginger, 144 indigo, 97 jalap, 75 marjoram, 286 nutmeg, 380 INDEX. 539 Wild senna, 225 thyme, 287 yam, 124 Willow, 185 herb, 268 Winged Java cardamom, 342 Wintera, 206 Winter’s bark, 206 Wintergreen, 243 Witch hazel, 186, 237 Wood oil, 460 Woolfat, 494 Wormseed, 338 Wormwood, 277 Wurrus, 404 XANTHORRHIZA apiifolia, 147 Xanthorrhoea australis, 454 hastilis, 454 Xanthorrhoese resina, 454 Xanthoxyli fructus, 339 Xanthoxylum carolinianum, 197,339 Xanthoxylum elegans, 216 fraxineum, 197, 339 Yarrow, 276 Yeast, 407 Yelk, yolk, 32 Yellow cinchona, 174 dock, 82 jasmine, 94 parilla, 146 root, 147 wax, 497 ZANTHOXYLUM. See Xanthoxy- lum. Zea Mays, 395, 401, 410, 490 Zedoaria, 109 Zedoary, 109 Zibethum, 39 Zimocca sponge, 33 Zingiber officinale, 106