Philadelphia Dental College and Hospital of Oral Surgery. 
CHAIR OF ANATOMY AND SURGERY. 
STXJZDICES I IN' 
Inform yourself as to the general construction of a human body. 
Queries.—What is meant by the word skeleton? Of how many bones does a human skeleton 
consist? What is bone? What about difference of various kinds in bone at various ages? 
Inform yourself concerning bone cartilage and inorganic materials; concerning the marrow, the 
cortical and spongy structures, the canals of Havers, the lacunae ; concerning processes, ridges, articular 
surfaces, foramina; concerning classification of bones into long, short, flat, and irregular; concerning 
articulations, fibro-cartilage, ligaments, synovial membranes; concerning the mechanism of osseous 
movement. 
Passing from generals to particulars, study the bones of the lower extremity; next those of arm 
and forearm ; pass to pelvis, thorax; end with the head. 
Queries.—How many bones in the skull ? How many pertain to the face ? How many to the 
cranium? Which are irregular and which flat bones? What are the general characteristics of the 
maxilla;? What is the difference between maxilla and m axil he ? What is an alveolus? What alveoli? 
Does alveolar process vary in different bones ? What are marked points about the various head bones ? 
What could I tell of a frontal bone if asked about it ? Can I describe to myself the features of a lower 
human jaw ? What is the antrum of Highmore ?j Why is it so named ? What is the maxillo-malar process ? 
What has a turbinated to do with a maxillary bone ? What forms the hard palate ? What is meant by 
the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone ? Where is the true pelvis ? Where the false pelvis ? 
Where are the tarsal bones? W here the carpal bones? Are the smallest toe-bones classed with short or 
long? What is the obstetric curve of the pelvis ? What is the zygomatic arch ? Where is the spheno-maxil- 
lary fossa ? What bones enter into the composition of the nostrils ? What is a Wormian bone ? What is a 
suture? What is meant by an enarthrodial articulation? What is a ginglymoid joint? Do I know 
how the different bones of the face articulate with each other ? Do I know how the orbital cavity is 
formed? Could I intelligently describe to a patient the manner of construction of the cranium? What 
is periosteum? What is pericranium? What is periodonteum? What is pericementum? What is 
peridentium ? 
From an appreciation of the features of a skeleton pass to the muscular system. 
Queries.—What is a muscle ? What are the uses of a muscle ? What is the difference between muscles 
of voluntary and involuntary life ? How are muscles related with the skeleton ? What have muscles to do 
with flexion and extension of bones ? How do muscles steady the skeleton? Why are muscles variously 
designated, as, for example, radiated, penniform, straight, quadrate, long, short, broad, etc.? What is the 
difference between the belly of a muscle and its tendon ? What is muscular fiber ? What of fasciculi ? 
How does the muscle called levator labii superioris et alseque nasi got its name ? -/-Analyze the names of 
muscles generally. Try if you can group muscles, as, for example, into elevators, drepressors, rotators 
etc. Acquaint yourself with the action, the origin and insertion, of the muscles of expression. 
Pass Ber the muscular system. Inform yourself about the heart, arteries, and veins. 
In what part of the body is the heart situated ? What is its use ? How many compartments has it ? 
What is the office of an auricle? What that of a ventricle? Where does the right auricle throw its 
blood ? Where does blood go after leaving the left ventricle ? What is the pulmonic circulation ? Does 
the pulmonary artery contain venous or arterial blood ? What becomes of the descending aorta ? 
How does the head receive its arterial supply ? Where is the dorsalis pedis artery? Analyze the names 
of arteries. What is the composition of an artery? How many beats of the heart to a minute ? What 
is meant by the term pulse? What is cardiac systole ? What cardiac dyastole ? What system of 
vessels return blood to the heart ? How does blood get from an artery into a vein ? Begin at the heart 
and trace the circulation to the feet; from the feet return the blood to the heart. Begin at the heart 
and carry the circulation to the teeth ; from the teeth return it to the heart. What is meant by systemic circulation ? Is there any period of life at which the auricles are related ? Study the general system 
and names of blood-vessels. Inform yourself as to what is meant by capillaries. 
Pass to the nervous system. 
Queries.—What is meant by the term nervous system ? What is the cerebro-spinal center ? What 
membranes envelope the brain and spinal cord ? t What are the hemispheres of the cerebrum ? 
Where is the cerebellum ? What is the common ventricular cavity of the brain ? How many vertricles 
are there? What forms the roof of the common ventricular cavity? Name some of the parts consti- 
tuting the floor of the brain. Work out the meaning of the convolutions and involutions. Acquaint 
yourself with the anatomy of the spinal cord. Learn the names of the cranial nerves. How do these 
nerves get out of the skull ? How many spinal nerves ? Why are they called spinal ? What is a nerve 
of special sense ? What is a compound nerve? What is a motor nerve? What is the difference between 
nerve-cells and nerve-fibers ? Explain the carrying of a sensation from the upper part of a great toe to 
the brain. Explain excito-motor action. What is a ganglion? Study the general distribution of the 
nei’ves. Acquaint yourself with the sympathetic system. 
Group now the subjects. 
Books of Reference.—Dunglison’s or Thomas’s Medical Dictionary. Gray’s, Leidy’s, or other 
Anatomy. Garretson’s “System of Oral Surgery.” 
STJIR.GhIBIR.'Y'. 
Begin this subject by close reading on inflammation. Inflammation means simply perversion of circu- 
lation. The study is the most important that can engage the attention of a student. The cause of 
a perversion in circulation is found always in the presence of an irritant. There is never an inflammation 
without the presence of an irritant. The removal of an irritant is the cure of inflammation. 
Study the meaning of irritation. How does an irritant provoke vascular perversion ? Why does 
vascular irritability subside when an irritant is removed ?>How does an inflammation relieve a part of 
the presence of an irritant. What are the phenomenal expressions by which inflammation is recognized? 
What is simple vascular excitement ? What is suppuration ? What is repair ? What is serum ? What is 
lymph ? What is pus ? What is the difference between a simple and a specific irritant? What is the 
meaning of a common cold? On what common principle is inflammation treated? What are the indica- 
tions for treatment of an inflammation wherever situated ? What is expressed by the termination “ itis” ? 
What is meant by resolution in inflammation? Study the principle of restoring equilibrium in perver- 
sion of the circulation. Study the action of blood-letting, of dry-cupping, of hot foot-baths, of counter- 
irritants, of cathartics, of diuretics, of diaphoretics, of arterial and nervous sedatives. 
Queries.—What is to be understood by the term tumor ? How are tumors to be classified for diagnosis ? 
Is a ranula a tumor? What is salivary fistula? Are ranuhe and fistuhe in any way connected? What 
is carcinoma? What is the difference between a histological and a clinical classification of surgical 
diseases? What is topographical, or surgical, anatomy? What means are employed for the control of 
hemorrhage ? Where is the facial artery easiest of compression ? How does one distinguish between arterial 
and venous bleeding? What is capillary hemorrhage? How is a bleeding alveolus controlled? What 
is to be done with a jetting hemorrhage from a wound in the check? is to be done if one should 
luxate the jaw in extracting a tooth? How is luxation distinguished from fracture? What is to be 
done with a broken jaw? What is the difference between simple, compound, and complicated fractures? 
Where does the facial artery come from? If the lingual artery should accidently be cut by the slipping 
of an elevator, how would the hemorrhage be controlled? Familiarize yourself with the surgical anatomy 
of the neck. How is an artery ligated ? If a tooth should get into the trachea what is to be done ? 
Acquaint yourself with the operation of tracheotomy. If a wisdom tooth had no room to erupt how 
would you relieve it? What is the difference between true and false anchylosis of the jaw? What 
is trismus traumaticus? What is tetanus? What is goitre? How would you diagnose goitre? What is 
meant by exsection of a nerve? How would you expose the inferior dental nerve? 
The ability to answer these questions, together with the associate variations on them, will familiarize 
you with the manner of surgical study. Read now generally. 
Books of Reference.—Agnew, Gross, or other authors on general surgery; Garretson’s “System of 
Oral Surgery,” Miller’s “Principles of Surgery.”