American Academy OF Dental Science. CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS, AND CODE OF ETHICS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DENTAL SCIENCE, INSTITUTED 1867. BOSTON: iBB2. Printers, 289 Devonshire Street, GATES & CO. Boston. PREAMBLE. To promote the cultivation of the science and art of Dentistry, sustain and elevate the professional character of dentists, and encourage mutual improve- ment, social intercourse and good feeling, the un- dersigned hereby agree to unite themselves in an organization, subject to the following Constitution, and to such By-Law* as shall from time to time be adopted. CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE I. This Institution shall be called the American Academy of Dental Science. NAME. ARTICLE 11. OFFICERS. Sec. i. The Officers of the Academy shall con- sist of a President, Vice President, Recording Secre- tary, Corresponding Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, and an Executive Committee of three, who shall be elected annually, and hold office until their successors are chosen. Sec. 2. The Officers of the Academy shall consti tute a Council. ARTICLE 111. MEMBERSHIP. Sec. i. The Academy shall consist of Active Associate and Honorary members, who shall be styled Fellows. 6 Sec. 2. The Active Fellows shall be residents of New England, who shall have received a recognized medical or dental degree from a college in good standing. Sec. 3. Associate Fellows shall be non-residents of New England, but shall have in other respects the same qualifications for membership as Active Fellows. Sec. 4. The Honorary Fellows shall be such persons as are distinguished for their scientific and professional attainments as Dentists, Physicians or Scientists. ARTICLE IV. SEAL AND CERTIFICATE. Each Fellow shall receive a properly authenticated Certificate of Fellowship, with such Seal, device and inscription as may be adopted by the Academy. ARTICLE V. ELECTIONS. SEC. I. All elections shall be by ballot. Sec. 2. A two-thirds vote of those present at any regular meeting shall be necessary to elect either Active, Associate or Honorary Fellows. 7 Sec. 3. In elections of officers, the two names receiving the greatest number of votes shall be nomi- nees in case of failure to elect at the first ballot, and a majority of all votes cast shall be necessary to a choice. ARTICLE VI. AMENDMENTS Sec. 1. All proposed changes in or amendments to this Constitution shall be in writing presented at a regular meeting, signed by three Active or Associate Fellows, and such proposed alterations or amendments shall not be acted upon until the next regular meeting, and shall be adopted only by a three-fourths vote of the members present. BY-LAWS. ARTICLE I. DUTIES OF OFFICERS. Sec. i. President.—-The President shall preside at all meetings of the Academy and Council. He shall give a deciding vote in all cases of a tie, except in elections of officers; call special meetings at his discretion, or upon the written request of three Active members; sign all certificates and diplomas issued, and perform such other duties as shall from time to time be assigned him. Sec. 2. Vice President. The Vice President shall sign all certificates and diplomas issued by the Academy. In the absence of the President he shall preside at the meetings of the Academy, and in the absence of both the|e officers a President p7-o. tem. shall be appointed. Sec. 3. Recording Secretary.—The Recording Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of all meetings of the Academy; issue to the Active and Associate Fellows a notice of all meetings of the Academy, and to Honorary Fellows a notice of the annual meetings; have custody of the seal, and cause to be engrossed, sign, seal and forward all certificates and diplomas issued by the Academy; and perform such other duties as shall from time to time be assigned him. Sec. 4, Corresponding Secretary. The Cor- responding Secretary shall have charge of all letters and communications addressed to the Academy, and shall conduct the correspondence as may be directed by the Academy. He shall notify all members and officers of their election, committees of their appoint- ment, and the subjects referred to them; keep the manuscript Constitution, By-Laws and Code of Ethics of the Academy; keep a record of the membership, including resignations and other changes; superin- tend the printing for the Academy, and report in reference to the same at the annual meeting; and perform such other duties as shall from time to time be assigned him. Sec. 5. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall collect all dues, keep an exact account of all receipts and expenditures, and the vouchers therefor; notify all members of arrearages, and read a written report of the condition of his official affairs, together with the number of members in arrears, at the annual meet- ing, or on order of the Academy; and shall pay out 11 money only on order of the President, countersigned by the Recording Secretary. Sec. 6. Librarian.—The Librarian shall have charge of all books and specimens belonging to the Academy, keep a correct register of the same, and report in reference to the same at the annual meeting. Sec. 7. Executive Committee.—The Executive Committee shall provide proper places for all meetings of the Academy, and arrange for papers and other scientific and professional matter for annual and all regular meetings; examine into the moral and pro- fessional standing of candidates for membership, and if no objection to the candidate is found, report the same at the next regular meeting to that at which the candidate was proposed. They shall audit the ac- counts of the Treasurer. Sec. 8. Council.—The Council shall constitute a court, for the trial of members for the violation of the Laws or Ethics of the Academy. Charges against a member shall be made in writing, addressed to the President. He, on receiving them, shall call a meet- ing of the Council to investigate the same, and the evidence thereof. If a majority of the Council, after such investigation, shall be of opinion that the charges are prima facie well founded, they shall serve a copy of them on the accused, and appoint a day for hearing his defence, of which day he and the 12 party making the charges shall have at least ten days notice; and if the accused, in person or by counsel, who shall be an Active Fellow of the Academy, hav- ing had a fair opportunity to hear the evidence against him, and to make his defence, shall be found guilty by a two-thirds vote of the Council, they shall so report to the Academy at its next regular meeting, when the Academy shall determine the penalty, be it reprimand, suspension or expulsion, which shall be decided by a two-thirds vote of the members present. If, after due notification, the accused party, or counsel, shall fail to appear at the lime and place of trial, without satis- factory excuse rendered at the time, he shall be con- sidered as admitting the truth of the charges against him, and shall be liable to sentence accordingly. ARTICLE 11. DUTIES AND PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS. Sec. i. Active Fellows shall on election sign the Constitution, By-Laws and Code of Ethics, pay an admission fee of five dollars, and at each annual meet- ing thereafter a due of five dollars, and they only shall have the right to vote and hold office. Sec. 2. Associate Fellows shall on election sign the Constitution, By-Laws and Code of Ethics, pay an admission fee of five dollars, and shall be entitled to all the privileges of the floor at regular meetings. Sec. 3. Honorary Members shall be entitled to the privileges of the floor at regular meetings. ARTICLE 111. ADMISSION OF MEMBERS. Application for membership shall be endorsed by two Active or Associate Fellows in good standing. The Committee having reported (Art. 1, Sec. 7), the name of the candidate shall be printed on the notice of the next regular meeting, and he shall be balloted for at that meeting. The moneys of the Academy shall not be appro- priated without a two-thirds vote of the members present. ARTICLE IV. Sec. x. Meetings. The regular monthly meet- ings of the Academy shall be held on the first Wednesday evening of each month, excepting July, August and September, at 7.30 o’clock. ARTICLE V. Sec. 2. Annual Meetings. The annual meet- ings of the Academy shall be holden in Boston, on the first Wednesday in November, at 3 o’clock p m., for the election of officers, and for the transaction of such business as may promote the welfare of the Academy. ARTICLE VI. QUORUM. Six Active Fellows shall constitute a Quorum at any meeting of the Academy. ARTICLE VII. I. Reading of the records of the previous meeting. ORDER OF BUSINESS. 2. Report of the Executive Committee and other officers. 3. Election of Fellows. 4. Reports of Committees. 5. Papers or addresses. 6. Subject for the evening. 7. Discussion of the same. 8. Incidents of practice, and the presentation of specimens. 9. New business. 10. Adjournment. ARTICLE VIII. RULES OF ORDER. Sec. i. Any member who may speak on any sub- ject or question before the Academy, shall rise and address his remarks to the Chair. Sec. 2. Any member called to order while speak- ing shall take his seat, and the debate be suspended until the point of order is settled. Sec. 3. All questions of order shall be decided by the Chair, subject to an appeal, which shall be deter- mined by vote, without debate. Sec. 4. All Resolutions and Amendments shall be offered in writing. Sec. 5. Any member may call for a division of a question when the sense will admit of it. Sec. 6. All questions not provided for by these rules shall be determined by Parliamentary usage, as set forth in Cushing’s Manual. All proposed changes in or amendments to these By-Laws shall be in writing, presented at a regular meeting, signed by three Active or Associate Fellows, and such alterations or amendments shall not be acted upon until the next regular meeting, and shall be adopted only by a three-fourths vote of the mem- bers present. ARTICLE IX. CODE OF ETHICS. ARTICLE I. THE DUTIES OF THE PROFESSION TO TPIEIR PATIENTS. Sec. i. The dentist should fully recognize the obligations involved in the discharge of his duties towards his patients. As they are in most cases un- able to correctly estimate the character of his opera- tions, his own sense of right must guarantee faithful- ness in their performance. Sec. 2. The dentist should lend his influence to encourage a sound dental and medical education, and to uphold in the community correct views of the powers and the limitations of dental science and art. It is not to be expected that the patient will possess a very extended or accurate knowledge of professional matters. The dentist should make due allowance for this, patiently explaining many things which may seem quite clear to himself. He should encourage no false hopes, by promising success, when, in the nature of the case, there is uncertainty. MAINTAINING PROFESSIONAL CHARACTER. ARTICLE 11. Sec. I. In with another dental practi- tioner and his patients, the dentist should be governed by strict rules of honor and courtesy. His conduct should be such as, if universally imitated, would in- sure the mutual confidence of all dental practitioners. Sec. 2. The professional success of a practitioner depends upon qualities connected with his moral character, his scientific attainments, and also his in- dustry and business talents. But the relation of prac- titioners of dentistry to patients is not like that of tradesmen to their customers. The kind of competi- tion which might be considered honorable in business cannot exist between dentists without diminishing their usefulness, and lowering the standing of the dental profession. Sec. 3. If a dentist treats a patient during the temporary absence or illness of the usual dentist, or in case of accident or other emergency, he should direct that the patient go to the former as soon as he is able to take charge of the case, and should then relinquish it to him. Sec. 4. It is unprofessional to resort to public advertisements, cards, handbills, posters or signs call- ing attention to peculiar styles of work, lowness of prices, or special modes of operating, or to claim superiority over neighboring practitioners, to publish reports of cases or certificates in public prints, to go from house to house to solicit or perform operations, to circulate or recommend nostrums, or to perform any similar acts. Sec. 5. Consultation should be encouraged in cases of unusual responsibility or doubt. A consultation is called for the benefit of the patient, and to give him the advantage of collective skill. Should there be a difference of opinion, dis- cussion should be temperate, and always confidential. A consulting dentist should be careful to say or do nothing to impair the confidence of the patient or his family in the attending dentist.