warfarin pharmacokinetics, 12:38
SMOKING
(See also SMOKE, TOBACCO;
SMOKE INHALATION; SMOK-
ING, CIGAR; SMOKING, PIPE;
SNUFF DIPPING; TOBACCO
CHEWING)
air pollution and chronic obstructive
lung disease and, 6:37
and air pollution in lung neoplasm
etiology, 5:25-27
allergy and, summary of findings,
1:23-24
antitrypsin deficiency and risk for
chronic obstructive lung disease,
6:33-34
bladder neoplasms and, summary of
findings, 1:17
bladder neoplasms in coal gas work-
ers and, 7:16
bronchitis and, summary of findings,
1:18
bronchopulmonary diseases and, sum-
mary of findings, 1:18-19
cardiovascular diseases and, summary
of findings, 1:13-15
chronic obstructive lung disease and,
6:7
chronic obstructive lung disease and
mortality, 6:9
coronary heart disease and, 4:21
effect of childhood respiratory symp-
toms on adult respiratory tract
disease, 6:38-39
effect of combined tobacco product
use on mortality ratio, 2:35-36,
2:39
effect on absenteeism, 3:8, 3:10
effect on absenteeism, summary of
findings, 1:12-13
effect on acrolein content in enclosed
spaces, 11:25
effect on activity limitation, 3:13-14
effect on angina pectoris, 4:47
effect on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxyl-
ase activity, 5:57
effect on asthmatic patients, 10:21-
22, 21:22
effect on benzo(a)pyrene content in
enclosed spaces, 11:24
effect on carbohydrate metabolism,
12:65

effect on carboxyhemoglobin levels,
15:29-30

effect on cardiovascular system,
12:15-16, 15:19

effect on catecholamine levels in
plasma, 14:88

effect on cause-specific mortality ra-
tio, 2:37-41

effect on central nervous system,
15:18-19

effect on cerebrovascular disease
risk, 4:50

effect on corticosteroid secretion,
12:40

effect on dimethylnitrosamine con-
tent in enclosed spaces, 11:25

effect on drug assays, 12:34

effect on enzyme activity, 1:25-26

effect on esophagus, 5:44, 13:25

effect on furosemide diuretic action,
12:54

effect on gastric secretion in man
and animals, 9:12

effect on gastric secretion in peptic
ulcer patients, 9:13-14

effect on hormones, 15:20

effect on imipramine pharmacokinet-
ies, 12:33 .

effect on immune system, 10:14-20

effect on immune system, summary
of findings, 1:18-19, 1:23-24, 1:26

effect on incidence of acute condi-
tions, 3:6, 3:9

effect on incidence of chronic condi-
tions, 3:6-7

effect on learning, 15:18-19

effect on levels of carbon monoxide
in expired air, 15:30

effect on lipid metabolism, 12:65

effect on lung function, 6:22

effect on lung function, summary of
findings, 1:18

effect on lung neoplasm histologic
type, 5:23-24

effect on lungs, summary of find-
ings, 1:18-19

effect on morbidity, 3:5

effect on morbidity, summary of
findings, 1:12-13

effect on mortality in the United
States, 2:9

effect on mortality in women, 2:25
effect on mortality ratios, summary
of findings, 1:10-12

effect on pancreatic secretion, 9:14—
15

effect on pesticide residue levels,
12:75

effect on peptic ulcer healing and
recurrence, 9:8-9

effect on pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics, 12:27-44

effect on pharmacodynamics and
pharmacokinetics, summary of
findings, 1:25-26

effect on phenol red excretion, 12:39

effect on protein binding of drugs,
12:40

effect on protein metabolism, 12:65-
66

effect on pyloric pressure, 9:16

effect on respiratory symptoms in
children, 6:11-12

effect on responses to diagnostic
tests, summary of findings, 1:26

effect on salivary secretory IgA lev-
els, 10:17

effect on secretin release, 9:15-16

effect on sleep, 15:11

effect on small airways function,
6:14-18

effect on small airways pathology,
6:24, 6:27

effect on vitamin Bg levels, 12:67

effect on vitamin Biz levels, 12:66

effect on vitamin C levels, 12:66

emphysema and, 6:24-26

emphysema and, summary of find-
ings, 1:18-19

esophageal neoplasms and, summary
of findings, 1:17

heredity and mortality and, 2:41

interactive effect with occupational
exposure, summary of findings,
1:19-20

kidney neoplasms and, summary of
findings, 1:17

laryngeal neoplasms and, summary
of findings, 1:16-17

lung neoplasms and, summary of
findings, 1:16

lung pathology at autopsy in smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers, 6:18

methods for measuring usage, 15:29-
31

myocardial infarct and, 4:21

in myocardial infarct etiology, 4:38-
40

neoplasms and, summary of findings,
1:15-17

and occupational exposure in lung
neoplasm etiology, 27:29

and occupational hazards recommen-
dations for research, 7:19

oral neoplasms and, summary of
findings, 1:17

pancreatic neoplasms and, summary
of findings, 1:17

peptic ulcer and, summary of find-
ings, 1:28

in peptic ulcer etiology, 9:11-12

percent distribution of cigar, ciga-
rette and pipe smokers in the
United States, 13:9

in polycythemia etiology, 12:88

respiratory symptoms and, summary
of findings, 1:18-19

respiratory tract diseases in children
and, 6:11

as risk factor for chronic obstructive
lung disease, research recommen-
dations, 6:41-42

as risk factor for bladder neoplasms
after exposure to aromatic
amines, 7:16

standard conditions in the United
States, 14:35

in sudden cardiac death etiology,
4:44.45

susceptibility to infections and, 10:19

synergistic effect with uranium on
respiratory tract, 12:90

SMOKING AND HEALTH

Advisory Committee to the Surgeon
General on Smoking and Health,
historical perspective, 1-5-10

effect of lifestyle, 3:11

history of research, 1:5~10

occupational hazards, 7:5

SMOKING, BIDIS

leukoplakia and, 5:41

SMOKING CHARACTERISTICS

adults in the United States 1964-
1975, A:21-22

effect of nicotine, 15:12

effect on arsenic levels in the respi-
ratory tract, 14:57

effect on dependence, 14:97, 15:25
effect on nicotine absorption, 14:87

males vs. females, 5:21, 5:28

survey, respondent-reported styles,
A:21-22

research issues, A:22

SMOKING, CIGAR

(See also CIGARS; SMOKE, CI-
GAR; SMOKERS, CIGAR, TO-
BACCO, CIGAR)
bronchopulmonary diseases and, sum-
mary of findings, 1:28
in cardiovascular disease etiology,
13:32-34
cardiovascular diseases and, summary
of findings, 1:28
in cerebrovascular disease etiology,
13:32-38
in chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
ease etiology, 13:34-38
in coronary heart disease etiology,
13:32-33
effect of smoking duration on mor-
tality ratio, 2:37
effect of smoking levels on lung
neoplasm mortality, 13:27-28
effect of smoking levels on mortali-
ty, 13:14-17
effect of smoking levels on mortality
ratio, 2:36-37
effect of use with other tobacco
products on mortality ratio, 2:35—
36, 2:39
effect. on blood pressure, 13:34
effect on cholesterol levels in serum,
13:34
effect on laryngeal neoplasm mortali-
ty ratio, 13:24
effect on lung function, 13:34-35,
13:38
effect on lungs, 13:35
effect on mortality, 2:30, 2:35-37,
13:7-8, 13:13-14
effect on mortality rates, summary
of findings, 1:27
effect on mortality ratios, 1:11-12
effect on neoplasm mortality ratios,
13:20
effect on oral neoplasm mortality ra-
tios, 13:22
effect on pharyngeal neoplasm mor-
tality ratios, 13:23
effect on respiratory symptoms,
13:36-37

emphysema and, 6:24-26

in lung neoplasm etiology, 13:28

NCSH survey in the United States,
13:8-9

neoplasms and, summary of findings,
1:27-28

nicotine absorption and, 13:17

oral neoplasms and, 5:39

peptic ulcer and, summary of find-
ings, 1:28

in peptic ulcer etiology, 13:38

percent distribution in the United
States, 13:9

SMOKING DURATION

age began smoking in males vs. fe-
males, 5:21, 5:23

bladder neoplasms and, 5:45

effect of age began smoking on lung
neoplasm mortality ratio, 5:13-14

effect of age began smoking on
mortality ratio, 2:19-21

effect on laryngeal neoplasm risk,
5:34

effect on lung neoplasm mortality
ratio in women, 5:21-22

effect on mortality ratio, 2:17-19

effect on mortality ratio in cigar
smokers, 2:37

effect on mortality ratio in ex-smok-
ers, 2:28-29

effect on mortality ratio in pipe
smokers, 2:38

effect on mortality ratio in women,
2:26-27

effect on myocardial infarct morbidi-
ty and mortality, 4:35

SMOKING HABIT

in blue- and white-collar workers,
TAT

carbon monoxide in maintenance,
15:15

carbon monoxide metabolism in
maintenance, 15:17

central nervous system effects in es-
tablishment, 15:11

central nervous system effects in
maintenance, 15:18

clinical importance in drug monitor-
ing, 12:41-42

dependence in maintenance, 15:17-18

diurnal variations, 15:25~-26

effect of 8-blocker on cardiovascular
system, 15:19
effect of 8-blocker on central ner-
vous system, 15:18-19

effect of 8-blocker on hormones,
15:20

effect of blood circulation on mainte-
nance, 15:19-20

effect of heredity, 15:9-10

effect of hormones, 15:10

effect of nicotine, 15:7-8

effect of nicotine, summary of find-
ings, 1:30-32

effect of nicotine metabolism, 15:16

effect of nicotine self-administration
in animals, 15:11-12

effect of tar, 15:7

Index of General Psychological Well-
Being and, 3:17-18

lifestyle and, 3:11

lung neoplasms, occupational risk and
race differences, 7:17

maintenance factors, 15:13

maternal, personality and, 8:26-27

nicotine in maintenance, 15:14

pharmacological aspects, 15:5

research issues, A:22

role of carbon monoxide, 15:7

summary of behavioral and psychoso-
cial research, 1:32-33

tar metabolism in maintenance, 15:17

tobacco metabolism and, 15:9

tobacco tars in maintenance, 15:15

trends in males vs. females in the
United States, 5:19-21

women, 2:25-26, 5:19-21, 5:23

SMOKING LEVELS

(See also CIGARETTE CONSUMP-
TION)
absenteeism and, 3:10
asbestos exposure and fibrosis, 7:18
carboxyhemoglobin levels as indicator
of self-reporting accuracy, 3:12
chronic obstructive lung disease and,
6:7, 6:10
effect on angina pectoris morbidity
ratios, 4:48
effect on aortic aneurysm mortality
ratios, 4:55
effect on atherosclerosis, 4:8-16
effect on bladder neoplasm risk, 5:45
effect on blood cholesterol levels,
4:62
effect on body weight during preg-
nancy, 8:24

effect on coronary heart disease
morbidity ratios, 4:27-33, 4:36-37

effect on coronary heart disease
mortality ratios, 4:22-26, 4:36-37

effect on intermittent claudication
incidence, 4:53

effect on kidney neoplasm mortality
ratio, 5:49

effect on laryngeal neoplasm risk,
5:33-36

effect on leukocyte count, 12:79-82

effect on life expectancy in the
United States, 2:12

effect on lung function, 6:22

effect on lung neoplasm mortality in
cigar and pipe smokers, 13:27-28

effect on lung neoplasm mortality
ratio in women, 5:21-22

effect on lung neoplasm risk, 5:12-
18, 5:16, 5:18-19

effect on mortality ratio, 2:15-18,
5:13

effect on mortality ratio in cigar
and pipe smokers, 13:14-17

effect on mortality ratio in cigar
smokers, 2:36-37

effect on mortality ratio in ex-smok-
ers, 2:28-29

effect on mortality ratio in pipe
smokers, 2:36-38

effect on mortality ratio in women,
2:26-27

effect on myocardial infarct morbidi-
ty and mortality, 4:35-36

effect on myocardial infarct risk in
oral contraceptive users, 12:51-52

effect on pancreatic neoplasm mor-
tality and risk ratios, 5:50, 5:52

effect on pancreatic secretion, 9:15

effect on lung pathology, 6:27

effect on peptic ulcer mortality
rates, 9:11

effect on placental ratio, 8:15-16,
8:18

effect on serum vitamin By levels in
pregnant smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers, 8:73

effect on small airways function,
6:13-16

effect on sudden cardiac death mor-
tality ratios, 4:43

emphysema and, 6:24-26
emphysema and radiation exposure
and, 7:14

incidence of peptic ulcer and, 9:5

and lung pathology, 6:24

males vs. females, 5:21, 5:23

maternal, abruptio placentae, bleed-
ing and placenta previa, 8:39

maternal, effect on birth weight,
8:12, 8:21, 8:25

maternal, effect on birth weight for
gestational age, 8:20

maternal, effect on DDT content of
breast milk, 8:51

maternal, effect on gestational age
at birth, 8:43

maternal, effect on lactation, 8:50

maternal, effect on nicotine content
of breast milk, 8:50

maternal, effect on perinatal mortali-
ty, 8:33

maternal, effect on perinatal mortali-
ty risk, 8:35

maternal, effect on weight gain and
birth weight, 8:25

maternal, hyperkinesis in children
and, 8:23

maternal, perinatal mortality and,
8:40

maternal, preeclampsia and toxemia
and, 8:42

maternal, premature membrane rup-
ture and, 8:39

maternal, sudden infant death syn-
drome and, 8:44-45

maternal, spontaneous abortion and,
8:30

maternal, synergism with other risk
factors for perinatal mortality,
8:35

occupational exposure and health
risk, 7:17

and pathological lesions of small air-
ways, 6:18-19

prevalence of acute conditions and,
13:9

prevalence of chronic conditions and,
3:7

prevalence of peptic ulcer and, 9:6

respiratory symptoms and, 6:20

respiratory tract diseases in children
and, 6:11

risk for respiratory tract infections
and, 6:30

sex ratio in chronic obstructive pul-
monary disease and, 6:20

SMOKING MACHINES

continuous vs. intermittent, 14:73
dosimetry, 14:74

SMOKING, MATERNAL

abortion and, 8:9, 8:30-32

abortion and, research needs, 8:77

abruptio placentae and stillbirth and,
8:39

anoxia and perinatal mortality and,
8:47

antepartum hemorrhage and, 8:39 '

bleeding during pregnancy and, 8:39

breast feeding and, 8:51

breast feeding and, research needs,
8:78-79

during pregnancy, and respiratory in-
fection incidence in offspring,
11:32

effect of biologie factors on birth
weight, 8:14-15

effect of smoking levels on birth
weight, 8:12, 8:16

effect of smoking levels on placental
ratio, 8:15, 8:18

effect of tobacco smoke on fetus and
infant, mathematical model, 8:74

effect of socioeconomic factors on
birth weight, 8:14-15

effect on behavioral development in
children, 8:22

effect on behavioral, intellectual and
physical development in chiidren,
1:21

effect on bilirubin levels in neonate,
12:34

effect on birth weight, 8:9, 8:11-13,
8:17, 8:20-21, 8-26-27

effect on birth weight, research
needs, 8:78

effect on birth weight, summary of
findings, 1:21

effect on birth weight for gestation-
al age, 8:19-20

effect on body height in children,
8:21-23

effect on body weight. during preg-
nancy, 8:24

effect on body weight in children,
8:21-23

effect on breastfed infants, 8:51

effect on duration of gestation, 8:18
effect on fetal and neonatal mortali-
ty, 8:41

effect on fetal breathing, 8:67

effect on fetal growth, 8:12, 8:18-19

effect on fetal growth, summary of
findings, 1:21

effect on fetal growth in animals,
research needs, 8:78

effect on fetal heart rate, 8:10, 8:67

effect on fetal thermogram, 8:68

effect on infant head and shoulder
circumference, 8:19

effect on infant mortality, 8:10, 8:28

effect on intellectual development in
children, 8:21-23

effect on lactation, 8:48, 8:50

effect on lactation, research needs,
8:78-79

effect on lactation, summary of find-
ings, 1:22

effect on lymphocytotoxic antibodies,
10:18

effect on maternal and fetal carbox-
yhemoglobin levels, 8:70

effect on maternal weight gain and
fetal growth, 8:24-25

effect on nicotine content of breast
milk, 8:50-51

effect on neurological development in
children, 8:21-22

effect on oxygen availability in
mother and fetus, 8:17

effect on perinatal mortality, 8:32,
8:34-35

effect on perinatal mortality, summa-
ry of findings, 1:22

effect on physical development in
children, 8:21-23

effect on placenta, 8:69

effect on placenta, research needs,
8:78

effect on placental metabolism, 8:68-
69

effect on placental ratio, 8:14

effect on pregnancy, 8:9-11

effect on respiratory tract infection
incidence in children, 10:12, 11:32

effect on umbilical artery, 8:69

effect on vitamin C levels in breast
milk, 8:52

in etiology of fetal mortality, 8:38

in etiology of neonatal mortality,
8:38

in etiology of perinatal moratality in
low birth weight infants, 12:67

hospital admission rates of children
and, 11:33

hyperkinesis in children and, 8:23

hypotensive effeet of thiocyanate lev-
els, 8:42

incidence of low birth weight and,
8:12

long-term study of effects on chil-
dren, research needs, 8:77

neonatal mortality and, research
needs, 8:76

perinatal mortality risk and, 8:28

personality characteristics and, 8:26

placenta previa and, 8:39

preeclampsia and, research needs,
8:77

pregnancy complications and, re-
search needs, 8:76-77

premature membrane rupture and,
8:39

prematurity and, 1:22

preterm delivery and infant mortali-
ty risk, 8:42

smoking levels and spontaneous abor-
tion, 8:30

spontaneous abortion and, 8:9, 8:30-
32

spontaneous abortion in wanted vs.
unwanted pregnancy and, 8:30-32

stillbirth and, 8:36-37

sudden infant death syndrome and,
8:44-45

sudden infant death syndrome and,
research needs, 8:77

SMOKING, PARENTAL

(See also SMOKING, MATERNAL)
effect on asthmatic children, 10:21
effect on children, 11:31
effect on respiratory tract infection

incidence in children, 10:12
effect on youth, 17:5, 17:13, 21:13-14
maintenance of smoking and, 18:15
prevalence of respiratory disease in

children and, 11:32-34
sudden infant death syndrome and,

8:45

SMOKING, PIPE

(See also SMOKE, PIPE; SMOK-
ERS, PIPE; TOBACCO, PIPE)
in bronchial neoplasm etiology,
13:28-29
bronchopulmonary diseases and, sum-
mary of findings, 1:28

cardiovascular diseases and, summary
of findings, 1:28

in cardiovascular disease etiology,
13:32-34

in cerebrovascular disease etiology,
13:32-33

in chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
ease etiology, 13:34-38

in coronary heart disease etiology,
13:32-33

effect of smoking duration on mor-
tality ratio, 2:38

effect of smoking levels on lung
neoplasm mortality, 13:27-28

effect of smoking levels on mortality
ratio, 2:36-38, 13:14-17

effect of use with other tobacco
products on mortality ratio, 2:35—
36, 2:39

effect on blood pressure, 13:34

effect on cholesterol levels in serum,
13:34

effect on lungs, 13:35

effect on mortality, 1:11-12, 2:30,
2:35-37, 13:7-8, 13-13-14

effect on mortality rates, summary
of findings, 1:27

effect on laryngeal neoplasm mortali-
ty ratios, 13:24

effect on lung function, 13:34-35,
13:38

effect on neoplasm mortality ratios,
13:20

effect on oral neoplasm mortality ra-
tios, 13:22

effect on pharyngeal neoplasm mor-
tality ratios, 13:23

effect on respiratory symptoms,
13:36-37

emphysema and, 6:24-26

in ex-cigarette smokers, 19:29

in lip neoplasm etiology, 13:21

NCSH survey in the United States,
13:8-9

neoplasms and, summary of findings,
1:27-28

oral neoplasms and, 5:39

peptic ulcer and, summary of find-
ings, 1:28

in peptic ulcer etiology, 13:38

percent distribution in the United
States, 13:9
SMOKING PREVALENCE
adults in the United States, A:11,
A:12-14
Health Interview Survey data, A:138
socioeconomic status and, A:15-16
teenagers in the United States,
A:13-14
in white and black adults 1965-1976,
A:15
SMOKING SURVEYS
adults in the United States 1949-
1978, A:8-10
adults in the United Statds 1968-
1974, A:18
Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey, 3:11-12
Health Interview Survey, 3:8-18
medical faculty of Dublin University
College, 22:14
National Clearinghouse for Smoking
and Health, 3:11
research design, 17:7
smoking and work-loss and bed-disa-
bility days, 3:8-18
teenagers in the United States 1968-
1974, A:18
SMOKING WITHDRAWAL STUDY
CENTRE (TORONTO)
group cessation program, 19:11
SNUFF
carbon monoxide as reinforcing
agent, 15:7
consumption in the United States,
14:13
effect of manufacturing process,
14:30
effect on mouth mucosa in women.
13:39-40
in leukoplakia etiology, 13:40
in oral neoplasm etiology, 13:39-40
prevalence of use in the United
States, 13:10, 13:39
tobacco selection, processing and
manufacture, 13:38-39
SNUFF DIPPING
(See also SMOKING)
health effects, summary of findings,
1:29
SOCIAL FACTORS
effect on mortality, 2:42
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
cessation of smoking and, 18:20-22
recidivism and, 19:31
smoking and chronic obstructive lung
disease, 6:38
smoking in adolescents and, 17:8
smoking prevalence in adults and,
A:15-16, 18:16
SOIL
effect on metal levels in tobacco,
14:58
effect on tobacco quality, 14:16
STANFORD HEART DISEASE PRE-
VENTION PROGRAM
effect on cessation of smoking,
19:15-16, 21:24-25
STILLBIRTH
maternal smoking and, 8:36-37
etiology of, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers, 8:36-37
maternal smoking and abruptio pla-
“eentae and, 8:39
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 8:36
STIMULUS CONTROL TREATMENT
modification of smoking behavior,
16:16, 19:20-21, 19:29
STRESS
(See also ANXIETY)
nicotine excretion and, 16:8
STROKE
oral contraceptives and smoking and,
12:51
smoking and, 4:50, 4:52
STRUCTURAL FORMULA
carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hy-
drocarbons, 14:53
catechol, 14:56
heterocyclic compound carcinogens,
14:55
isoprenoids, 14:50
maleic hydrazide, 14:62
nicotine, 14:46
nicotine metabolic pathway, 14:93
nitrosamines, 14:46
pesticides in cigarette smoke, 14:62
pesticides in tobacco, 14:62
phenol, 14:56
tobacco alkaloids, 14:46, 14:95
weakly acidic heterocyclic compounds
in cigarette smoke, 14:56
STUDENTS, COLLEGE
alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use,
18:14

health education opportunities, 21:9-
11
smoking habits, 22:18
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
effect of smoking and oral contra-
ceptives on risk, 4:50, 4:60-61
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH
coronary heart disease and, 4:41-43
effect of smoking levels on mortality
ratios, 4:43
induced by cholesterol and ischemia
in primates, 4:43
research needs, 4:45
risk factors, 4:43-44
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 4:43-44
smoking in etiology of, 4:44-45
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYN-
DROME
effect of maternal smoking, 8:44-45
maternal smoking levels and, 8:44-45
research needs, 8:77
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
levels in cigarette smoke, 14:40
SWEDISH TWIN REGISTRY
mortality ratios in smokers, 2:42
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION
modification of smoking behavior,
19:22

TAR CONTENT
of cigarettes and health characteris-
ties, 3:11
decrease in modern cigarettes, A:19-
20
sales weighted average per cigarette
1954-1977, A:19
TARS, CIGAR .
carcinogenicity, 13:30-32
in cigars, 14:44
TARS, CIGARETTE
and beta radiation induced skin car-
cinoma in mice, 7:10
determination in mainstream smoke,
14:43
effect on mortality, 2:22
effect on smoking habit, 15:7
metabolism in maintenance of smok-
ing habit, 15:17
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
and, 14:52
reduction, effect on lung neoplasm
mortality ratio, 5:15-16
reduction in particulate phase ciga-
rette smoke, 14:108
reduction methods, 14:110
sales weighted average delivery in
the United States, 14:109
summary of constituents, 1:29-30
TARS, PIPE
carcinogenicity, 13:30-32
TARS, TOBACCO
(See also PARTICULATE PHASE,
CIGARETTE SMOKE; TARS, CI-
GAR; TARS, CIGARETTE; TARS,
PIPE; TOTAL PARTICULATE
MATTER)
carcinogens, cocarcinogens and tumor
promoters, 5:54—57
in maintenance of smoking habit,
15:15
TEACHERS
attitudes and smoking habits of
coaches, 21:13
attitudes toward school smoking ‘in
principals, 23:14
attitudes toward smoking education,
21:12-18 :
health education certification require-
ments, 23:28-31 .
as role models, 17:15, 21:12-13,
23:11-12, 23:35-36
school smoking policies, 23:8-12
smoking habits, 23:35-36.
training in adult education, 21:9
training in antismoking education,
17:19, 20:14, 20:17, 23:21, 23-31-
35, 23:39 .
training in health education, 20:19-
20, 21:11, 21:19-21
TEENAGERS
(See also ADOLESCENTS)
cigarette consumption patterns in the
United States, A:23
female, increase in smoking preva-
lence, A:14 :
smoking prevalence data, A:13-14
stioking surveys in the United
States 1968-1974, A:18 .
TERMPERATURE PROFILES
effect of cigarette composition and
size, 14:35 .
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL
(See also CANNABIS)
effect on enzyme activity, 12:42-43

THEOPHYLLINE
effect of methylcholanthrene on me-
tabolism in rats, 12:32
pharmacokinetics in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 12:31-32
THERMAL ENERGY ANALYZER
in tobacco analysis, 14:9
THIOCYANATE LEVELS
(See also CYANIDES)
in clinical determination of smoking

levels, 12:42

in plasma of smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers, 7:7

maternal smoking and hypotensive
effect, 8:42

monitoring in cessation studies, 19:7,
19:20, 19:28

in saliva of smokers vs. nonsmokers,
15:30

in urine of smokers vs. nonsmokers,
1:4

THROMBOANGITIS OBLITERANS
(See also THROMBOSIS)
allergy and, 4:60
atherosclerosis and, 4:60
clinical and pathological features,
4:60
role of tobacco proteins in etiology
of, 4:60.
smoking and, 4:60
THROMBOEMBOLISM
oral contraceptives and smoking and,
12:51
THROMBOSIS” - :
(See also CARDIOVASCULAR DIS-
EASES; CORONARY HEART DIS-
EASE; THROMBOANGIITIS OB-
LITERANS) .
mortality rates in cigar and pipe
smokers, 4:59
mortality rates in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 4:59
research needs, 4:59
smoking and, 4:59
smoking and oral contraceptives and,
4:59
TOBACCO -
(See also TOBACCO CHEWING;
' TOBACCO, CIGAR; TOBACCO,
CIGARETTE; TOBACCO, PIPE)
allergic effects on cardiovascular sys-
tem, 10:22-23
allergy and, summary of findings,
1:23-24

in allergy etiology, 10:23-24

amine and nitrosamine content, 12:74

antigen, role in immunoglobulin dis-
ease entities, 10:7

antigenicity of, 10:9-10

blends in cigarette manufacturing,
effect on smoke constituents,
14:29

carcinogenesis induction in animals,
5:53-54

carcinogenesis induction in animals,
summary of methods, 5:29-30

constituents, in main- vs. sidestream
smoke, 11:5-6

constituents, effect with occupational
exposure on health, 7:7-9

consumption, historical trends in the
United States, 1:5

immune hyperresponsiveness, 10:20

isoprenoid levelg, 14:48-49

male vs. female consumption in the
United States, 14:18

metabolism in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers, 15:9

pesticide residue reduction, 14:61

production by type in the United
States 1964-1975, 14:12

radicelement levels, 14:60

stems, used in cigarette manufactur-
ing in the United States, 14:18

types, components after aging, 14:21

types, production in the United
States 1964-1975, 14:12

types and classes, 14:13-15

types used in smoking products,
14:14

usability index, 14:23

usage measuring techniques, 15:29-31

worldwide production levels, 14:11

TOBACCO ADDITIVES

effect on percent weight of products,
14:63

use in chewing tobacco and snuff,
13:39

TOBACCO AGING

effect on components of tobacco
types, 14:21

effect on taste and aroma, 14:19

methods, 14:19

TOBACCO CHEWING
(See also BETEL CHEWING)
carbon monoxide as reinforcing
agent, 15:7
consumption in the United States,
14:18
effect of manufacturing process,
14:30
health effects, summary of findings,
1:29
leukoplakia and, 5:41
in leukoplakia etiology, 13:40-41
nitrosamines and, 14:45
in oral neoplasm etiology, 13:40-41
oral neoplasms and, 5:39-40
prevalence in the United States,
13:10, 13:39
tobacco selection, processing and
manufacture, 13:38-39
TOBACCO, CIGAR
(See also CIGARS; SMOKE, CI-
GAR; SMOKERS, CIGAR; SMOK-
ING, CIGAR)
components after fermentation, 14:22
storage and fermentation, 14:19-20
U.S. government definition, 13:10
TOBACCO, CIGARETTE
(See also CIGARETTES; SMOKE,
CIGARETTE; SMOKERS; SMOK-
ING)
United States Government definition,
13:10
TOBACCO, PIPE
(See also SMOKE, PIPE; SMOK-
ERS, PIPE; SMOKING, PIPE)
consumption in the United States,
14:13
effect of manufacturing process,
14:30
United States Government definition,
13:11
TOBACCO COMBUSTIBILITY
(See alzo TOBACCO PYROLYSIS)
growth conditions and, 14:16-17
precursors of smoke constituents
with tumor activity and, 14:23
TOBACCO CONTAMINANTS
aflatoxin B,, 14:22
pesticides, effect on smoking quality,
14:18
radioelements, 14:20-21
TOBACCO CULTURE
chemical conversions, 14:19-20
effect on tobacco leaf components,
14:16-17
effect on tobacco quality, 14:16
harvesting and tobacco quality,
14:17-18
methods for quality improvement,
14:17-18
TOBACCO CURING
effect on nitrosamine levels, 14:45
effect on polonium-210 content,
14:113
homogenized leaf curing, 14:19, 14:26
maleic hydrazide and, 14:47
methods, 14:19
nicotine reduction and, 14:108
tar reduction and, 14:108
Tobacco extracts
See TOBACCO LEAF EXTRACTS
TOBACCO INDUSTRY
economic impacts, 21:18
TOBACCO LEAF
alkane content, 14:48
allergies in tobacco workers, 10:20
antigens, 10:11
characteristics, as “markers” for
smoke delivery and composition,
14:22-23
characteristics, correlations with
smoke constituents, 14:24
characteristics and biological re-
sponse, 14:25
classes produced in the United
States, 14:14
combustibility and growth conditions,
14:16-17
components, 14:16
components, effect of tobacco cul-
ture, 14:16-17
components, fraction-l-protein as
food source, 14:28
components, modification, 14:30
effect of aging, 14:19
effect of cultivation conditions on
smoking quality, 14:15-16
effect of curing, 14:19
effect of growth conditions on com-
ponents, 14:16-17
effect of stalk position on compo-
nents, 14:18, 14:20
effect of stalk position on quality,
14:17-18, 14:20
effect on mainstream smoke composi-
tion, 14:38

effect on smoke components, 14:11

“markers”, and modification of bio-
logical effect, 14:23

nicotine levels, 14:45

nonvolatile nitrosamine levels, 14:45

physical and chemical characteristics
affecting smoking quality, 14:14-
16

relation of chemical components to
smoking quality, 14:20

United States Government grading
system, 14:14

TOBACCO LEAF EXTRACTS

in allergy desensitization injections,
10:13

antigenicity, 10:10

in carcinogenesis induction in ani-
mals, summary of methods, 5:29-
30

skin test reactions in allergic vs.
nonallergic children, 10:13
skin test reactions in asthmatic pa-
tients, 10:10
skin test reactions in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 10:13
TOBACCO PROTEINS
allergic and irritant reactions, 10:13
antigenicity, 10:11
effect on blood coagulation, 4:60
role in thromboangiitis obliterans eti-
ology, 4:60
skin test reactions, 10:12
TOBACCO PYROLYSIS
(See also TOBACCO COMBUSTI-
BILITY)
aromatic hydrocarbon reduction and,
14:111
benzene levels and, 14:49
naphthalene levels and, 14:49
Tobacco reconstituted
See TOBACCO SHEET
TOBACCO SHEET
carcinogenicity, 14:29
ciliatoxicity, 14:105
economic effect on industry, 14:27
effect. on tobacco product manufac-
turing, 14:27
tar levels and, 14:44
technological advances, 14:9
in cigarette manufacturing in the
United States, 14:13
in tobacco product manufacturing,
14:27
Tobacco smoke
See SMOKE, TOBACCO
TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES
ciliatoxicity, 14:105
smoking habit and, 15:8
TOBACCO TYPES
carboxylic acid levels, 14:57
in chewing tobacco, 13:39
in cigarette manufacturing in the
United States, 14:18, 14:14
production in the United States,
1964-1975, 14:12
tar levels, 14:44
TOBACCO WITHDRAWAL SYN-
DROME
degree of deprivation and, 15:27
dependence and, 15:24-25
severity in males vs. females, 15:28
summary of findings, 1:32
time course, 15:26
TOBACCO WORKERS
abortion, 8:9
allergic asthma, 10:21
allergies to tobacco leaf products,
10:20
contact dermatitis, 10:23
TOLERANCE
to carbon monoxide in maintenance
of smoking habit, 15:15
to cigarette, smoke in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 15:16-17
effect of smoke inhalation in dogs,
15:16
to tobacco in maintenance of smok-
ing habit, 15:13-15
TONGUE NEOPLASMS
(See also MOUTH NEOPLASMS)
alcohol consumption and smoking
and, 5:41
TOTAL PARTICULATE MATTER
(See also PARTICULATE PHASE,
CIGARETTE SMOKE; TARS, TO-
BACCO)
carcinogens, 14:65
effect of homogenized leaf curing,
14:27 :
levels in cigar smoke, 13:11
nicotine reduction, 14:108
tar levels, 14:44
TOXEMIA
maternal smoking levels and, 8:42

TRACHEA
(See also RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM)
effect of cigar smoke on cilia in
cats, 13:37
in smoke inhalation methodology,
14:74
TRACHEAL NEOPLASMS
(See also RESPIRATORY TRACT
NEOPLASMS)
in hamster offspring after nitrosa-
mine injection of lactating moth-
ers, 8:50
induced by nitrosamines in animals,
5:30 .
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL CLEARANCE
(See also MUCOCILIARY
SYSTEM)
effect of tobacco smoke in dogs,
10:15
TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
bladder neoplasms and, 5:47
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12:67
TUMOR PROMOTERS
(See also CARCINOGENS; COCAR-
CINOGENS)
role in carcinogenesis, 5:54
in tobacco smoke gas phase, 5:54-55
in tobacco smoke particulate phase,
5:54.55, 5:57
TWINS
lung neoplasm mortality in smokers
vs. nonsmokers, 5:23
mortality ratio in smokers, 2:42
smoking habit and heredity, 15:9-10

ULCER, PEPTIC

cigar and pipe smoking and, summa-
ry of findings, 1:28

cigar and pipe smoking in etiology
of, 13:38

economic impact in the United
States, 9:17

effect of smoking on bile reflux,
9:16

effect of smoking on healing, 9:9

effect of smoking on mortality in
males, 9:10-11

effect of smoking on size, healing,
and recurrence, 9:8-9

epidemiology, 9:5

etiology, 9:11-12, 9:16-17
healing in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
9:10
incidence in the United States, 9:17
mortality in cigar vs. cigarette vs.
pipe smokers, 13:38
mortality in smokers, 2:41
prevalence in male and female smok-
ers and nonsmokers, 9:6-7, 9:8,
9:17
prevalence in Poland, 9:6
prevalence ratios in six countries, 9:8
role of nicotine in induction, 9:12-13
smoking, coffee and alcohol consump-
tion and, 9:6
smoking and, summary of findings,
1:23
smoking in etiology of, 9:11-12
smoking levels and prevalence of, 9:6
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS ANTI-
SMOKING EDUCATION STUDY
description, 20:15-18
evaluation, 17:20, 20:11
teaching approaches, 23:26-27
URANIUM
and smoking in lung neoplasm etiolo-
gy, 5:28
synergistic effect with smoking on
respiratory tract, 12:90
URETHANE
in cigarette smoke, 14:41
URINE
acidity and nicotine excretion, 16:8
effect of pH on nicotine metabolism,
14:92-93
nicotine content as measure of tobac-
co usage, 15:29
USABILITY INDEX
tobacco leaf “markers” in develop-
ment, 14:23

VENTILATION RATE
effect on eye irritation, 11:26-27
VERBAL REPORTS
(See also SELF REPORTS)
as measure of tobacco usage, 15:31
Ventilatory function tests
See RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
TESTS)
VETERANS ADMINISTRATION
recommendations for smoking control
by health professionals, 22:22-23

Vital capacity measurements
See RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
TESTS
VITAMIN B, LEVELS
effect of smoking, 12:67
VITAMIN Bu
levels, effect of smoking, 12:66
levels in pregnant smokers vs. non-
smokers, 8:73
tobacco amblyopia and, 12:66
VITAMIN C LEVELS
in breast milk, effect of maternal
smoking, 8:52
effect of nicotine in animals, 12:66
effect of smoking, 12:66
in pregnant smokers vs. nonsmokers,
8:74 /
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12:34,
12:66
VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
smoking in etiology of, 12:66-67

WARFARIN
effect of benzo(a)pyrene on pharma-
cokinetics in rats, 12:38
effect of smoking on metabolism,
12:55
pharmaer"inetics in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 12:38
WEIGHT GAIN
and smoking cessation, 19:31
WITHDRAWAL CLINICS
(See also CESSATION OF SMOK-
ING)
effectiveness, 19:10-12, 19:15
evaluation design, 19:33-34, 19:36
sponsored by voluntary agencies,
21:16
WITHDRAWAL STATE
and maintenance of nonsmoking,
19:31
neuroticism and, 18:9
recidivism and, 16:18
as reinforcer of smoking, 16:9-11
symptoms, 16:14
WOMEN
(See also SEX RATIO)
acute conditions in smokers vs. non-
smokers, 3:8
cigarette consumption patterns in the
United States, A:23
effect of inhalation, smoking dura-
tion and smoking levels on mor-
tality ratio, 2:26-27

effect of less hazardous cigarettes on
mortality ratios, 2:23-24

effect of smoking on mortality, 2:25-
27

laryngeal neoplasm risk in ex-smok-
ers, 5:38

laryngeal neoplasm risk in smokers,
5:36

lung neoplasm mortality rates, 5:16—
18, 5:20

lung neoplasm mortality ratio in
smokers, 5:20-22

myocardial infarct in smokers vs.
nonsmokers, 4:35-36, 12:52

severity of tobacco withdrawal syn-
drome, 15:28

smoking habit, 2:25-62, 5:19-21, 5:23

smoking prevalence, A:11, A:12-13,
A:17-18

WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPER-
ANCE UNION
antismoking campaign, 23:12-13
WOMEN’S MOVEMENT
influence on adolescent smoking,
18:16-17
influence on smoking habits, 17:18
and sex differences in cessation of
smoking, 18:21
WORKPLACE PROGRAMS
antismoking campaigns, 7:18-19
coronary prevention programs, 22:16-
17, 22:19
mouification of smoking behavior,
19:9-10, 19:28-29
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
report on antismoking legislation,
21:18

YMCA
antismoking programs, 20:24

ZINC LEVELS
smokers vs. nonsmokers, 12:73

x US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1979 O—293-011