INDEX

A Age factors
abstinence duration, 606-608

Absenteeism, 89 .
airway responsiveness. 338-340

Abstinenice: duration cerebros ascular disease. 25]
CHD mortality, 215-216, 223
FEY, decline, 329-333
menopause. 396400

overall mortality, 80

atherosclerosis severity, 199-200
bladder cancer. 164
cerebrovascular disease, 252-258
COPD mortality. 345

classifying smoking status, 26-27
CHD mortality. 205-215, 223

disease development. 129

quit ratio, 593-594
respiratory symptoms, 286, 288—296

smoking and cessation during

educational attainment. 606-608
. inn pregnancy, 390-393

laryngeal cancer, 131-132 . .
“ smoking continuum, 599-608

locus 07 control: == Airway histopathology. former
smokers, LO8—109
Airway responsiveness
age factors, 338-340
clinical studies, 340-34 |

lung cancer diagnosis, 129-131

lung cancer risk patterns. | 10-122.
122-126

multistage models. 126-128

MI risk, 203-204

overall mortality, 78-80

relapse, 23-24. 595-598

respiratory symptoms, 303

cross-sectional studies, 338-339
longitudinal studies, 339-340
mechanisms, 338

smoking and cessation, 337-341
self-efficacy. 541 . .
° Airways obstruction. see FEV)

smoking continuum, 606-607
Alcohol consumption

withdrawal symptoms, 529-530 eT reer
| . cessation, 524-525
Abstinence wy | eK
7 esophageal cancer, 152-155
long-term, 595-59% . wep ce
" former smokers, 556-4559
ertormance, 525-526
P hepatocellular cancer. 176

Age at cessation, lung cancer, [25-126 34
larvngeal cancer, 132

614
oral cancer, 151-152
pancreatic cancer, [55-159
American Cancer Society Cancer
Prevention Study-[. 26, 48-49,
75-78. 110. £24. 128. 250, 308.
432, 595-596
American Cancer Society Cancer
Prevention Study-H, 48, 78-79.
110, 124, $29, 132. 159.172.
215, 241, 245, 250, 252. 258.
308, 345
Anal cancer. 172-176
Analytic issues of consequence
assessment, 55-57
Anxiety, 533-541
Aortic aneurysm, 241
Arrhythmias. 195
Arteriosclerosis obliterans, 244
Assessing smoking cessation, see
Chapter 2
Asthma (see also Airway
responsiveness)
nosology, 279-280
respiratory symptoms, 286
Atherosclerosis
CHD development. 191-193
severity. 199-200
Attributable risk. pregnancy outcome,
393-395

B

Behavioral consequences of cessation,
see Chapter 1!

Behavioral measures, 25-31

Bias. 46, 48, 52-55

Biochemical markers, 33-37

Birthweight

cessation after conception, 383-387

620

cessation before conception,
382-383
continued smoking, 381-382
low, attributable risk, 393-395
smoking and cessation, 379-387
Bladder cancer. 159-165
Blood oxygen delivery. CHD
development. 195-196
Body fat distribution. 495
Body weight, see Chapter 10
Bogus pipeline, 37
Bone loss. see Osteoporosis
Bone mineral content. 444-449
Breast cancer, 169
Breathlessness, see Respiratory
symptoms
British Physicians Study. 79. 110, 128,
205. 308, 341
Bronchitis (see also Respiratory
infections)
mortality, 342-345
nosology, 279

Cc

Caffeine use, cessation, 524-525
Cancers, nonrespiratory. see Chapter 5:
see also specific sites
Cancers. respiratory, see Chapter 4+: see
also specific sites
Carbon monoxide, 34-35
Cardiovascular disease risk. estimated
cessation effects, 197
Cardiovascular diseases. see Chapter 6
Carotid artery plaques. 246
Case—control study design, 49-50
Cerebral blood flow. 246, 251
Cerebrovascular disease

abstinence duration, 252-258
age factors. 251
case-control studies, 246-249
cross-sectional studies. 246
development. 196
intervention studies, 251
oral contraceptives. 258-260
prospective cohort studies. 249-250
smoking and cessation, 245-260
smoking history, 251-252
summary of observational studies,
251
Cervical cancer. 165-169
Cessation
consequences assessment. 46-57
process and behavior assessment,
22-16
rate. see Quit ratio
stage model, 22-24
time trends. pregnancy. 393
timing, birthweight, 382-386
Chapter conclusions, 9-!4
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
FEV, decline, 328-333
mortality. 341-348
nosology. 279-285
patients, 345-348
Cigar smoking
as cigarette replacement. 555—S56
lung cancer, | 24-125
trends, 593
Cigarette consumption
bladder cancer, 164
cerebrovascular disease, 251-252
FEV, decline, 329-333
laryngeal cancer, 132
lung cancer. 124
MI risk, 203

oral cancer, 151-152

overall mortality, 78-80. 86
pancreatic cancer, 155
pregnancy, 390-393
weight gain, 501-502
Cohort study design, 48-49
Conclusions
chapter. 9-14
volume. &
Contextual issues, biochemical
assessment, 37-46
Coping skills. 543-544
Coronary artery spasm. CHD
development, 195
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
cross-sectional studies, 199-200
cessation, 197-240
development. 191-196
mortality, 205-224, 227-229
patients, 229-239
risk factors, 497-499
Cotinine. 36-37
Cough, see Respiratory symptoms
Craving, 523-524

Cross-sectional study design, 47-48
D

D-tenfluramine. weight control.
503-504
Demographic factors
pregnancy outcomes, attributable
risk, 393-395
smoking and cessation during
pregnancy. 390-393
Depression. 533-541
Diabetics. CHD mortality, 22 |-222
Diet. SO0-S02
Dietary changes. 484486
Dietary practices, SS4-S55

621
Diffusing capacity, former smokers,
327-328
Disease development. abstinence
duration, 129
DNA adduct levels, 109-110
Duodenal ulcers (see also Peptic ulcers)
healing, 432-433
recurrence, 433439
Duration of abstinence. see Abstinence
duration

Dyspnea, see Respiratory symptoms
E

Ecologic study design. 47
Ectopic pregnancy. 375-376
Educational attainment
abstinence duration. 606-608
quit ratio, 595
smoking continuum, 599-608
Emphysema
mortality, 342-345
nosology, 279
Endometrial cancer, 169-172

Energy expenditure, 487-490
Enhancement models, performance.
$25-526
Esophageal cancer. 152-155
Estrogen metabolism
osteoporotic fractures. 443-444
premature menopause, 398
Ethnic factors
abstinence duration, 606-608
quit ratio, 593
smoking and cessation during
pregnancy, 391-393
smoking continuum, 599-608
Ex-smokers, see Former smokers

Fertility
female. 372, 374-375
male, 404-409

Fetal growth, 373. 379-387: see also

Birthweight
Fetal mortality, 376-379
Forced expiratory volume in | second
(FEV1)
cross-sectional population studies,
308-316
decline, 328-337, 345-347
longitudinal population studies,
328-337

Fibrinogens. former smokers, 194

Food intake, 484-486

Former smokers
absenteeism, 89
anal cancer, 172-176
atherosclerosis severity, 199-200
bladder cancer, 164
breast cancer, 169
cerebrovascular disease, 246-260
cervical cancer, 166-169
dietary practices, 554-555
diffusing capacity, 327-328
early menopause risk, 398-400
endometrial cancer, 169-172
esophageal cancer, 152-155
established COPD, 345-348
fibrinogen levels, 194
health practices, 546-561
health screening, 561-564
health status, 87-91
hepatocellular cancer. 176
HDL-C levels, 192-193
kidney cancer, 172
leukemtu. 176
lung cancer risk patterns, 110-122
medical cure utilization, 87
MI survival, 200-224
oral cancer. 147—152
ovarian cancer, 172
overall mortality. 78-80
penile cancer, 172-176
physical activity, 551-554
population percentage, 585
pulmonary function, 308-337
respiratory symptoms, 285-305
stomach cancer. 176
Fractures, see Osteoporosis
Framingham Heart Study. 80,
218-221, 230-235, 250, 258,
453, 497-498

Frequency issues, self-reports. 27-28
G

Gastric secretion, smoking. 429-430
Gastric ulcers (see also Peptic ulcers)
healing. 440
recurrence, 440—+ |

Gastrointestinal physiology. smoking,

429-430

Gender factors
abstinence duration. 606-608
alcohol consumption, 556-559
bladder cancer. 164
diet, 485-446
dietary practices, 554-555
esophageal cancer, 152-155
MI survival, 237
oral cancer, 147
overall mortality. 80
pancreatic cancer, 155

physical activity, 551-554

pipe or cigar smoking, 555-4556
posteessation weight gain, 473483
quit ratio, S88—593
respiratory symptoms, 288-296,
303-304
smoking continuum, 599-608
Gestational duration, 379-387: see also

Birthweight
H

Health practices. former smokers.
546-56]

Health risk changes. 497—S00

Health screening, former smokers.
561-564

Health status, 87-91

Hemorrhagic stroke. see
Cerebrovascular disease

Hepatocellular cancer. 176

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-C) levels. former smokers,
192-193

Hormones, male reproduction, 401

Immune system. respiratory infections.
305-308

Impotence, male, 402-404
Infertility

female, 372, 374-375

male, 405409
Influenza, see Respiratory infections
Inhalation practices. lung cancer, 124
Intention to smoke. 588, 608-609
Intermittent claudication, 243—244
Interpersonal interactions, 545—546
Intervention trials, study design. 50-5 |

Interviews, 25-29
Ischemic stroke, see Cerebrovascular

diseuse
kK
Kidney cancer. 172

L

Laryngeal cancer, 131-132
Leukemia. 176
Locus of control, 542-543
Long-term psychological and
behavioral consequences and
correlates, 532-546
Lung cancer
abstinence duration. | 10-122.
122-126, 126-128
age at cessation, [25—-] 26
airway histopathology. 108-109
smoking and cessation, 107-131
cigar smokers, 125
cigarette consumption, 124
DNA adduct levels, 109-110
diagnosis, [29-131
inhalation practices, 124
multistage models. [26-128
nonfilter cigarettes. [24-125
pathophysiologic mechanisms of
smoking. 107-110
pipe smokers, [25
smoking duration, 122-123

smoking history, 122-126
M

Major conclusions, &
Measures of cessation, 22-46
Measures of quitting behavior, 584-588

Medical care utilization. 87

624

Menopause. premature, 396—00
Metabolic rate. 487490
Methodologic issues of consequence
assessment, 31-57
Methodologies. cessation assessment,
see Chapter 2
Misclassification of smoking status,
Mood. 533-541
Morbidity (see also Chapter 3: specific
causes)
peptic ulcers, 431-432
respiratory, 285-308
Mortality (see also Chapter 3: specific
Causes )
bronchitis, 342-345
COPD, 341-345, 347-348
cohort studies, 75-83
emphysema, 342-345
fetal, neonatal. and perinatal, 374,
376-379
overall, intervention studies, 84-86
peptic ulcers, 432
weight, 491-495
Mouth cancer, see Oral cancer
Multiple health habits, 559-561
Multiple primary cancers, 176~177
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention
Trial. 24, 28, 50-51, 53, 86.
560-561. 595
Multistage models, lung cancer.
126-128
Myocardial infarct (MI) risk
case-control studies, 200-204
cigarette consumption, 203
cohort studies, 205-224

healthy persons, 200-229
intervention trials, 224229
MI patients, 229-239

recurrent, 230-239
N

National Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey. 24. 30. 431.

453. 583-584
National Health Interview Survey. 25,
390-391, 547-564, 583-584
National trends in smoking cessation,
see Appendix
Neonatal mortality, 379-38 |
Neoplasms, see Cancers: see also
specific sites
Nicotine polacrilex gum
weight control, 502-504
withdrawal symptoms. 528, 539
Nicotine withdrawal. 521-532
Nonbehavioral measures, 3146
Nonfilter cigarettes, lung cancer.
124-125

O

Obesity. 490-497
Obstructive airways diseases. see
Chapter 7
Occupational factors. respiratory
symptoms, 296-299
Oral cancer
tlcohol consumption. 151-152
cigarette consumption. 151-152
former smokers. 147-152
gender factors, 147
smoking and cessation, 147-152
Oral contraceptives. cerebrovascular
disease, 258—26(0)

Osteoporosis. 443-453

Osteoporotic fractures. 449453
Ovarian cancer, 172
Overweight, adverse medical and

psychosocial outcomes. 490497

P

Pancreatic cancer, 155-159
Pathophysiologic mechanisms of
smoking
cardiovascular diseases, 191-197
laryngeal cancer. 131
lung cancer, 107-110
male reproduction, 400401
preenaney, 371-374
premature menopituse, 396-398
osteoporosis, 443—H44
respiratory diseases, 279-285
skin wrinkling. 453-456
Penile cancer. 172-176
Peptic ulcer disease, 429-442
Peptic ulcers
morbidity. 431432

mortality, 432

Perinatal mortality
attributable risk. 393-395
smoking and cessation, 376-379
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease.
241-244
Peripheral artery disease
development. 196, 243
prognosis, 243-244
Phenylpropanoiamine. weight control,
503-504
Phlegm production, see Respirators
symptoms
Physical activity, 486, 551-554

Physician advice. S88. 609
Phy siologic measures, 32
Pipe smoking
as cigarette replacement, 555-556
lung cancer, | 24-125
trends, 593
Pneumonia, see Respiratory infections
Preeclampsia, 387
Pregnaneys
complications, 387
outcome, 371-395
prevalence of smoking and
cessation, 390-393
time trends in smoking and
cessation, 393
weight gain, 373
Prematurity. 386-387
Preterm delivery. 386-387, 395

Prevalence of smoking. pregnancy,

390-393
Process of smoking behavior change.
22-24

Psychological effects of cessation. see
Chapter 11
Pulmonary function
tormer smokers, 308-337

smoking cessation, 316-328

Q

Questionnaires, 25-29
Quit attempts. 606
Quit ratio
age trends, 593-594
definition, S&S,
educational trends, SYS
gender trends. 588-593

racial trends. 593

Quitting behavior, Measures. 584-4588

626

R

Racial factors, see Ethie factors
Recidivism, 595-S98: see also Relapse
Reduction of smoking, pregnancy,
387-389
Relapse. 23-24. 530—S3 1, S95—S98
Report
conclustons, 8
development, 8-9
overview, 5-7
Reproduction
female, 371400
male, 400-409
Reproduction, see Chapter 8
Respiratory cancers, see Chapter 4
Respiratory diseases. see Chapter 7
Respiratory function tests, see
Spirometric parameters: Small
airways function
Respiratory infections. 305-308
Respiratory morbidity. smoking
cessation, 285-308
Respiratory symptoms
abstinence duration. 303
asthmatics, 286
cessation clinics, 285-287
cross-sectional population studies.
28%—296
longitudinal studies, 299-305
occupational groups, 296-299
reversal. possible mechanisms, 304
smoking and cessation, 285-305

smoking history, 299-303
S

Self-efficacy. 541-542
Self-management skills, 543-544
Selt-report measures, 25~29
Selt-monitoring, 29
Sexual activity. male. 401404
Sexual behavior, cervical cancer. 166
Shortness of breath, see Respiratory
symptoms
Skin wrinkling. 453-156
Small airways function, smoking
cessauion, 323-327
Smoking and cessation surveys.
methodology. 583-584
Smoking behavior change, 22-24
Smoking characteristics. see Inhalation
practices
Smoking continuum
abstainers for less than | year. 606
abstainers for | to + years, 606-607
abstainers for 5 years, 607
definition, 585-588
smokers never trying to quit, 599
smokers quitting for at least | day
during |2-month period, 606
Smoking duration, lung cancer,
122-123
Smoking history
cerebrovascular disease, 251-252
FEV}, 308-316, 328-337
Jung cancer, 122-126, 126-128
respiratory symptoms, 299-303
Smoking interventions
cerebrovascular disease. 251
CHD mortality, 224-229
overall mortality, 84-86
pregnancy, 387-389
weight control. 500-502
Social support. 545-546
Spasm. coronary artery. 195
Sperm quality, 404-409

Spirometric parameters, smoking
cessation, 319-323
Spontaneous abortion. 372. 376
Statisucal considerations, 52
Stomach cancer. 176
Stress, 533-54]
Stroke patients, cessation. 260
Study design. 46-51
Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 249, 250.
258-260
Surrogitte assessments. 30-3 |
Survival prognosis
lung cancer, 129-13]
MI patients, 230-239

T

T lymphocytes, 306-307

Temporal issues. self-reports. 27-28

Terminology, assessment. 33-34

Thiocyanate, 35-36

Thrombosis. CHD development.
193-195

Time trends in smoking and cessation,
pregnancy, 393

Tobacco consumption, esophageal
cancer, 152-154

Tracheal mucous velocity. 304

u

U.S. Veterans Study. 49. 79. 110. 124,
125. 128, 129, 132. 151, 152.
155. (64. 172-176, 217-218,
251~252, 345, 432

Ulcer healing und recurrence. 432-441

Ulcer occurrence, 429-432

Ulcers. see also Peptic ulcers: Gastric

ulcers: Duodenal ulcers

627
Volume conclusions, &
Ww

Weight control strategies, 500-504

Weight cycling, 492-495

Weight gain (see also Chapter 10)
pregnancy, 373
risk and amount, 473-483
causes, 483-490

628

Weight. mortality, 491-495
Weight-related health risks, 497-500
Well-being. psychological, 533-541
Wheeze. see Respiratory symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms
relapse, 530-531
relief. performance, 525-526
timecourse. 521, 529-530
variability, 526-529
Wrinkling, skin, 453-456