APPENDICES 77 Appendix A The two tables in appendix A describe the smoking habits of more than 18,000 employees from 16 components of the General Electric Company in various parts of the United States (personal communica- tion, T. R. Casey and H. R. Richards, General Electric Company, June 1985). The data are presented to demonstrate the differences that can exist by payment category within the same workforce. The employees categorized as exempt are managers and specialists in various professions who are not bound by the provisions of the wage and hours law. Nonexempt personnel are generally clerical and secretarial workers, and hourly personnel are skilled and semi- skilled people who work in manufacturing. It is clear that substan- tial differences in smoking habits exist between men and women, between older and younger workers, and among employees in the three payment classifications. 78 6L TABLE Al.—Sample of smoking habits of employees of 16 workforce components of the General Electric Company, May 1985 Nonsmokers Smokers Ex-smokers Women Men Women Men Women Men Category <45 >45 <45 >45 <45 >45 «45 >45 <45 > 45 < 45 > 46 Total Exempt <20 cigs/day No. of employees 264 29 1,208 404 53 15 320 286 33 9 252 266 3,139 Years of smoking 721 485 5,172 9,979 232 205 2,050 5,106 Average years 13.6 32.3 16.2 34.9 7.0 22.8 8.1 19.2 >20 cigs/day No. of employees 9 4 122 140 6 3 vis) 163 522 Years of smoking 154 135 2,175 4,363 56 66 820 3,527 Average years 17.1 33.8 17.8 31.2 93 22.0 10.9 216 Nonexempt <20 cigs/day No. of employees 370 135 528 94 188 79 273 83 15 29 131 91 2,076 Years of smoking 2,441 2,376 3,631 2,810 555 518 1,111 1,919 Average years 13.0 30.1 13.3 33.9 74 179 8.5 21.1 >20 cigs/day No. of employees 47 20 130 35 ll 9 57 40 349 Years of smoking 863 666 2,021 1,220 161 226 761 1,092 Average years 18.4 33. 3 15.5 34.9 14.6 25.1 13.4 27.3 08 TABLE A1.—Continued Nonsmokers Smokers Ex-smokers Women Men Women Men Women Men Category <45 2 45 < 45 >45 <45 45 <45 >45 <45 >45 < 45 45 Total Hourly < 20 cigs/day No. of employees 1,521 1,153 1,779 582 1,211 674 1,558 716 219 168 501 507 10,589 Years of smoking 17,247 21,786 22,287 25,942 2,036 3,682 4.579 11,986 Average years 14.2 32.3 143 36.2 93 219 9.1 23.6 > 20 cigs/day No. of employees 155 91 405 259 35 34 144 233 1,356 Years of smoking 2,714 3,083 7,520 9,716 482 870 1,706 6,265 Average years 175 33.9 18.6 37.5 13.8 25.6 11.8 26.9 Total employees 2,155 1,317 3,515 = 1,080 1,663 883 2,808 1,519 379 252 1,160 1,300 18,031 SOURCE: General Electric Company Corporate Medical Operation (1985). 18 TABLE A2.—Smoking habits of General Electric employees in various employment categories Men Women <45 years old >45 years old <45 years old >» 45 years old Category Never Current Former Never Current Former Never Current Former Never Current Former Exempt Total 61.1 22.4 16.5 32.1 35.1 34.1 72.3 17.0 10.7 48.3 31.7 20 < 20 cigarettes/day 124 TTA 67.1 62.0 85.5 84.6 78.9 75 >20 cigarettes/day 27.6 22.9 32.9 38.0 14.5 15.4 21.1 25 Nonexempt Total 47.2 36.0 16.8 27.4 34.4 38.2 53.6 34.0 12.4 49.6 36.4 140 < 20 cigarettes/day 67.7 69.7 70.3 69.5 80.0 87.2 79.8 76.3 >20 cigarettes/day 32.3 30.3 29.7 30.5 20.0 12.8 20.2 23.7 Hourly Total 40.6 44.7 14.7 25.7 42.4 32.2 48.4 43.5 8.1 54.4 36.1 95 < 20 cigarettes/day 79.4 17.7 73.4 68.5 88.7 86.2 88.1 83.2 > 20 cigarettes/day 20.6 22.3 26.6 31.5 11.3 13.8 119 16.8 Appendix 8 The data in appendix B, portrayed in bar graph format (personal communication, L. Garfinkel, October 1985), represent smoking characteristics by age, occupation, and sex of the more than 1.2 million men and women studied in the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Prevention Study Il. This study, initiated in 1982, is the largest known prospective study of its kind. The data on smoking and occupation were collected at the time of enrollment. Occupation- al categories were determined from answers to open-ended questions and, therefore, may not correspond to US. Department of Labor categories. These data provide comparative information on smoking habits within occupational categories to demonstrate the variability that exists between the estimates derived from individual research designs and the national probability estimates derived from surveys. The number above each bar represents the total population for each age and occupational category. The first graph presents the percent- ages for all occupations; the occupational categories compared are the following. Aide Farmer Pharmacy Architect Fire Fighter Photo and Printing Assembler Food Preparation Plumber Automotive Foreman Postal Service Banking Heavy Equipment Printing Barber/Beautician Hospital Worker Railroad Worker Bookkeeper Housewife Real Estate Civil Service Law Enforcement Sales Clergy Lawyer Social Worker Construction Machine Operator Steel Mill Data Entry Maid Technician Dentistry Maintenance Telephone Operator Disabled Manager Textile Doctor Military Truck Driver Education Miner Unemployed Electrician Nursing Waiter/Waitress Engineer Office Worker Welder Executive Painter Woodworker Factory Worker 82 €8 ARCHITECT 40-40 «50-58 60-60 70-70 40-49 50-69 60-60 70-79 [uN Former agarette 40-49 50-560 60-68 70-79 40-49 50-60 80-40 70-70 emokers [7] Pipe and Cigar ASSEMBLER 40-49 50-50 00-00 70-79 40-49 50-459 40-49 70-79 40-40 50-50 00-60 70-70 40-40 50-50 60-09 70-79 Age Age #8 ” AUTOMOTIVE GH Current cigarette emokera 40-49 50-50 60-60 70-70 40-46 50-69 60-69 70-70 (lJ Former agaretie smokers C7] Pipe and Cigar BANKING 40-49 50-59 00-60 70-79 40-40 50-59 60-60 70-79 Percentage 40-49 50-69 60-69 70-79 40-40 50-58 60-89 70-79 40-49 -59 @0-69 70-70 Age BOOKKEEPER 40-49 50-60 60-60 70-79 g8 3 2 86 § &€ B Ss B B HE Carrere cigarette TS] Former garetts emokers C1} Pipe and Cigar CLERGY 40-49 50-50 60-09 70-70 40-48 50-59 60-69 70-78 40-49 50-50 60-60 70-70 CONSTRUCTION 40.49 50-59 00-60 70-72 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-70 DATA ENTRY 40-49 50-50 60-69 70-79 DENTISTRY 40-49 50-69 60-60 70-79 40-40 50-60 60-68 70-79 40-49 50-50 60-60 70-79 [2 Pipe and Cigar 100 DISABLED * EDUCATION 40-49 50-50 60-89 70-70 40-49 50-50 60-69 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-80 70-70 40-48 50-59 60-60 70-70 Age Age 7 Men Women ELECTRICIAN Percertage eo 48 #8 8$ 8 es 8 8 B GE Current cigarette 40-40 50-68 60-09 70-70 40-49 50-58 80-09 70-79 CN Former cgerette CJ Pipe and Cigar 48 Percentage o 8 8 8s $ Bs sss Percemage o 6 8 8 8 8 B@ a Bw B EXECUTIVE 509 “93 on 32? ss wo oo sy pS a 4 CoSP RNA Roe. as . sO SONY poe vy KN Be Moe e . N a 40-49 50-50 60-09 70-70 FACTORY WORKER Percentage Percentage % FARMER 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-70 40-49 50-50 60-08 70-79 ° FIRE FIGHTER 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-70 40-40 50-59 60-69 70-79 Current cigarette smokers C. ] Former cgaretio smokers C22] Pipe and Cigar FOOD PREPARATION 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-79 FOREMAN 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-78 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Age 68 8 @ &§ $ 8 32 8 8B o ° HEAVY EQUIPMENT e0-se 70-79 40-40 50-69 60-80 70-78 HOSPITAL WORKER 60-69 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-40 70-70 $B Current cigaretie (] Former cgaretts emokers [2° Pipe end Cigar HOUSEWIFE 70-79 40-49 50-69 60-69 70-70 LAW ENFORCEMENT 70-70 40-49 5050 80-09 70-79 06 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-78 tr) Pipe and Cigar 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-78 Women 40-49 50-50 60-69 70-70 10-49 50-50 00-60 70-78 Age MAINTENANCE 40-49 50-59 60-66 70-79 16 MANAGER 40-48 50-59 80-60 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-70 MILITARY 40-49 50-50 60-00 70-70 40-40 50-59 60-60 70-79 Women MINER 40-49 50-50 60-60 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-40 70-70 NURSING 40-40 50-59 60-60 70-79 40-40 50-59 80-80 70-79 Age PHARMACY 40-40 50-50 60-49 70-79 Qo 40-40 50-68 00-60 70-79 40-49 50-69 80-88 70-70 OFFICE WORKER ¥ 0 49 50-59 68-09 70-79 92 _ PHOTO AND PRINTING gs 2@e 38 F< 8 8 Ff 40-49 50-69 60-69 70-70 Qo 40-40 50-69 60-00 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 0 40-49 50-59 00-60 70-78 66 PLUMBER HE Curren cigarette 40-49 50-59 80-09 70-79 40-40 50-59 60-60 70-79 [1 Former cgerette amokers TZ Pipe and Cigar POSTAL SERVICE 40-40 50-40 80-60 70-70 0-49 50-60 60-09 70-70 40-40 50-50 40-80 70-70 PRINTING 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-70 40-49 50-58 60-69 70-79 RAILROAD WORKER Age 40-49 50-59 80-48 70-70 +6 Men Women REAL ESTATE GRR Current cigarette amokent 40-49 50-59 00-60 70-70 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-79 SA] Former cigarette emokere U2] Pipe and Cigar 40-48 50-59 60-60 70-70 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-70 Women 40-49 50-50 60-80 70-78 SOCIAL WORKER 70-70 STEEL MILL 40-49 50-50 60-60 70-79 6 Men Women TECHNICIAN ws 10 oO 40-49 50-60 60-60 70-70 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 100 * 4 TELEPHONE OPERATOR 80 4 40-49 50-59 60-80 70-79 40-40 50-59 60-60 70-79 Age TEXTILE Pr (] Former agaretve 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 4-40 50-60 60-60 70-79 smokers — TRUCK DRIVER Pe 40-40 50-58 80-08 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-08 70-78 96 UNEMPLOYED Op we WELDER Percentage smokers 40-49 50-69 60-60 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-79 “| Former cparette 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-60 70-79 smokers 100 5+ Pipe and Cigar *00 7 WAITER/WAITRESS * WOOD WORKER 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-78 40-49 50-58 60-40 70-79 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 40-40 50-69 60-69 70-78 Age Age CHAPTER 3 EVALUATION OF SMOKING-RELATED CANCERS IN THE WORKPLACE CONTENTS Introduction Lung Cancer Death Rates and Smoking Interactions Between Cigarette Smoking and Occupational Exposures Biologic Interactions Statistical Interaction Public Health Interactions Confounding of Occupational Exposures by Smoking Behavior Sources of Confounding Smoking Status Measures of Smoking Intensity Duration of Exposure Control of Confounding Comparisons Using External Control Populations Comparisons Using Internal Control Populations Examination of Occupational Exposures When Smoking Habits Are Not Known Summary and Conclusions References 99