*°
|
75 4 | |
70 4
i |
65 = i |
3 1 |

0. I

55 4 |

50 = _ | —

| ‘ i 1941-1950 !

45 4 1991-1940 gpa 1941-1950
ge : po 3 1951-1960
§ 40+ |
5 7 “Y= 1931-1940

I
a 35 + 1921-1930
0 4 !
254 |
+ 1911-1920
20
] 951-1960
15+
10
54 «4 1901-1910
0 +e ' : |
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1960 1960 1970 = 1980
Year

FIGURE 11.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. women employed in blue-collar
occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

and for men and women. Among white women and biack men, blue-
collar workers are somewhat more likely than others to be heavy
smokers. The consumption differences between white workers and
black workers are even more pronounced when the percentage of
smokers smoking 40 or more cigarettes daily is examined. White
men are about four times more likely than black men to smoke 40 or
more cigarettes daily, regardless of occupation. Similarly, white
women are about three times more likely than black women to
smoke more than 40 cigarettes daily, regardless of occupational

group.

51
      
   
 

~ at 1941-1950

iz 1951-1960

Percentage

‘= 1921-1930

~ 1911-1920

rs “ue 1901-1910

ji) 1951-1960
ji

U4 4 |

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

FIGURE 12.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. women employed in service occupations,
1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

Among women, there are minimal racial or occupational differ-
ences in the proportion of current smokers who have attempted to
quit smoking. However, blue-collar, service, and not employed black
men are somewhat less likely than all other groups to have
attempted to quit. Among those who have ever smoked, white-collar
male workers are the most likely to have quit smoking. Blue-collar
and service workers generally have lower quit rates than white-
collar workers, and this pattern holds true for white men and black
men and white women. Black women have low quit rates regardless
of occupational category. Additionally, black male blue-collar work-

52
TABLE 16.—Estimates of occupational distribution by sex
and race, aged 20 to 64 years, United States,

 

 

 

1978-1980

Men (percentage) Women (percentage)
Classification White Black White Black
White-collar 40.8 23.0 41.8 31.1
Blue-collar 40.6 45.2 9.0 11.0
Service 5.5 11.6 9.4 22.8
Homemaking _ — 42.6 34.7
Not employed 10.0 18.8 _— _—

 

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1970 and 1978-1980
(combined). (See Technical Addendum.)

ers have a considerably lower quit rate (24.9 percent) than white
male blue-collar workers (36.0 percent).

In summary, black workers are more likely than white workers to
be cigarette smokers, with black male blue-collar workers having the
highest smoking rate. In contrast, white workers are much more
likely than black workers to be heavy smokers, regardless of
occupational category. White workers are more likely to have quit
smoking, with the exception of white female blue-collar workers.
Black male blue-collar workers and all black female workers have
low quit rates. Among black men and white men and white women,
white-collar workers have both lower rates of current smoking and
higher proportions of former smokers than blue-collar or service
workers. The one group that deviates from this pattern is black
women; white-collar workers have a higher rate of current smoking
and a somewhat lower proportion of former smokers than blue-collar
or service workers, and homemakers have a relatively high rate of
current smoking.

Summary and Conclusions

1. Among men, a substantially higher percentage of blue-collar
workers than white-collar workers currently smoke cigarettes.
Operatives and kindred workers have the highest rate of
current smoking (approaching 50 percent), with professional,
technical, and kindred workers having the lowest rates of
current smoking (approximately 26 percent).

2. Among women, blue-collar versus white-collar differences are
less pronounced, but still show a higher percentage of current
smokers among blue-collar workers. Occupational categories

53
TABLE 17.—Estimates (percentages) of smoking prevalence,

heavy smoking, and quitting behavior by race,
sex, and occupation, aged 20 to 64 years,
United States 1978-1980

 

 

 

 

White Black
Occupation Men Women Men Women
Current smokers
Total 40.1 33.3 47.7 34.6
White-collar 32.8 32.0 38.4 35.2
Blue-oilar 46.5 39.6 52.1 33.4
Service 47.0 38.7 48.8 33.5
Homemaking _ 32.9 - 37.1
Not employed 43.6 — 476 —
Smoke > 20 daily
Total 745 62.8 43.7 27.6
White-collar 749 62.5 40.0 29.5
Blue-collar 75.4 66.0 45.9 31.8*
Service 72.1 60.9 42.5* 31.4
Homemaking _ 63.2 -— 23.5
Not employed 73.4 - 42.1 -
Smoke > 40 daily
Total 20.7 12.4 5.4 4.0
White-collar 22.5 12.6 3.3 4.2
Blue-collar 20.0 12.0 6.0 5.2°
Service 19.0 13.9 2.3° 3.5
Homemaking _ 12.2 — 40
Not employed 19.9 _ 8.4 -
Current smokers who have made a serious attempt to quit
Total 61.2 59.4 53.6 60.0
White-collar 63.6 59.7 62.1 60.0
Blue-collar 59.1 58.6 53.3 59.9°
Service 57.2 57.5 50.0* 58.1
Homemaking _ 60.5 - 64.2
Not employed 64.6 _ 49.5 =
Ever smoked who are former smokers
Total 41.4 33.1 28.6 24.6
White-ollar 48.8 34.6 34.4 23.6
Blue-ollar 36.0 24.6 24.9 24.8
Service 32.6 26.6 30.8 25.3
Homemaking _— 34.3 _ 24.4
Not employed 35.2 _ 29.7 -

 

* <100 cases in the denominator (unweighted sample).
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 (combined).
(See Technica] Addendum.)

with the highest rates of current smoking include craftsmen
and kindred workers (approximately 45 percent current smok-
ers) and managers and administrators (38 percent), with the

54
lowest rate of current smoking occurring among women
employed in professional, technical, and kindred occupations
(26 percent).

3. Occupational differences in daily cigarette consumption are
generally modest. For both men and women, the highest daily
consumption of cigarettes occurs among managers and admin-
istrators and craftsmen and kindred workers.

4. Blue-collar workers (both men and women) report an earlier
onset of smoking than white-collar workers. A substantial
fraction of smokers report initiation of smoking at ages
coincident with their entry into the workforce.

5. Blue-collar occupations have a lower percentage of former
smokers than white-collar occupations; this difference is most
pronounced among men. Among women, the pattern for
homemakers closely parallels that of white-collar women.

6. Black workers have higher smoking rates than white workers,
with black male blue-collar workers exhibiting the highest
smoking rate. Black workers also have lower quit rates than
white workers. In contrast, white workers of both sexes are
more likely to be heavy smokers regardless of occupational
category.

55
Technical Addendum: National Health Interview Survey
Estimates

Estimates of current smoking reported in this chapter were
obtained from the 1978, 1979, and 1980 National Health Interview
Surveys (NHIS). A special data tape was prepared by the National
Center for Health Statistics to allow linkages across surveys, thereby
permitting analyses of the combined 1978-1980 NHIS. This increase
in sample size provides greater statistical reliability in the estimates
of population subgroups of interest to this Report.

The smoking items were completed by 12,105 respondents in 1978,
24,727 in 1979, and 10,649 in 1980, resulting in a combined sample of
47,481. Standard NHIS protocols were followed in each survey,
including a random probability sample design of the noninstitution-
alized adult U.S. population, and face-to-face interviews using US.
Bureau of the Census interviewers. Response rates routinely exceed-
ed 95 percent.

Given the large samples and exceptionally high response rates, the
NHIS estimates are generally regarded as the best available
estimates of national smoking patterns. Because the focus of this
Report is on occupational differences in smoking, analysis of the
1978-1980 NHIS was restricted to respondents 20 to 64 years of age
(n= 36,745).

The definition of a current smoker was obtained from the
following question asked in the surveys: “Do you smoke cigarettes
now?” This includes both regular and occasional smokers who are
currently smoking. For estimates of average age of initiation and
quitting behavior, the denominator includes both current and former
smokers who describe themselves as having ever smoked “fairly
regularly.”

The 1978-1980 National Health Interview Surveys utilized the
occupational coding scheme used in the 1970 U.S. Census. The
occupational subgroups examined in this Report, along with their
respective code numbers, are listed in Table 18.

Accompanying each NHIS public use data tape is an algorithm
that weights the sample to the 1970 U:S. population. All estimates of
smoking behavior reported here use this algorithm.

Data from the 1970 NHIS (reported in Tables 1, 11-15) were
obtained from the 1970 NHIS public use tape, which contains data
from 76,239 respondents who completed questions on their smoking
behavior. Of these, 59,557 respondents were between the ages of 20
and 64. Because the occupational classifications were revised be-
tween the 1970 and the 1978-1980 NHIS, changes in smoking
behavior could be reported only for the specific occupations whose
classification did not change.

As a preliminary step in the analysis of the 1978-1980 NHIS, the
equivalency of the three NHIS samples within occupational groups

56
TABLE 18.—Occupational codes and categories used in the
1978-1980 National Health Interview Surveys

 

Occupation category

Occupations included

U.S. Census Bureau occupation codes!

 

Professional, technical,
and kindred

Managers, admin.,
except farm

Sales workers

Clerical and kindred
workers

Craftsmen and kindred
workers

Operatives and kindred
workers

Laborers, except farm

Service workers

Farm

Engineers and architects

Scientists

Health workers

Teachers, including college

Engineering, science technicians

All other professional,
technical, kindred workers

Bookkeepers

Office machine operators

Mail handlers, postal clerks,
telegraph messengers

Secretaries, stenographers,
typists, receptionists

All other clerical workers

Carpenters
Other construction craftsmen

Mechanics and repairmen

Metal craftsmen, except
mechanics

All other craftsmen

Operatives, except transport
Transport equipment operatives

Cleaning service

Food service

Health and personal service
Protective service

Private household workers

Farmers and farm managers
Farm laborers and foremen

002, 006-023

034-054, 091-096

061-085

102-145

150-162

001, 003-005, 024-033, 055-060, 086—
090, 097-101, 146-149, 163-199

201-245

260-280

305
341-855
331, 332, 361, 383

364-372, 276, 391

301-304, 306-330, 333-340, 356-360,
362, 363, 373-375, 377-382, 384-390,
392-399

415-416

410-412, 421, 430, 431, 436, 440,
510-512, 520-523, 534, 550, 560
470-495

403, 404, 442, 446, 454, 461, 462,
502-504, 514, 533, 535-540, 561, 562
401-402, 405-409, 413, 414, 417-421,
422-429, 432-435, 437-439, 441, 443-
445, 447-453, 455-460, 463-469, 496-
501, 505-509, 513, 515-519, 524-532,
541-549, 551-559, 563-580

601-695
701-715

740-785

901-903
910-916
921-954
960-965
980-984

801, 802
821-824

 

1 Whitecollar occupations are designated by code values 001-399; blue-collar occupations are designated by code

values 400-785.

was examined in regard to smoking prevalence and heavy smoking.
These results showed a high degree of statistical equivalency across

57
TABLE 19.—Estimates of the percentage of current smokers
by sex, occupation, and NHIS sample (1978,
1979, 1980), aged 20 to 64 years

 

 

 

Men Women
P P

Occupation 1978 1979 1980 value 1978 1979 1980 value
White-collar total 32.5 33.4 33.1 Ns' 32.9 32.4 30.8 NS

Professional,

technical and

kindred workers 28.1 24.6 24.3 NS 26.3 26.8 26.6 NS

Managers and

administrators,

except farm 36.1 37.9 34.6 NS 44.8 36.3 34.1 .03

Sales workers 36.8 39.0 45.9 NS 35.1 34.4 31.2 NS

Clerical and

kindred workers 37.6 38.5 37.4 NS 33.1 34.3 32.3 NS
Blue-collar total 46.8 46.8 47.6 NS 419 36.2 36.2 NS

Craftsmen and

kindred workers 45.7 45.3 47.2 NS 49.2 39.0 45.6 NS

Operatives and

kindred workers 48.6 48.8 48.6 NS 41.1 35.5 33.9 NS

Laborers, except

farm 46.4 47.0 46.4 NS 36.0 39.4 33.3 NS
Service 45.1 419 54.8 005 39.9 36.0 36.2 NS
Farm 33.1 32.0 28.7 NS “2 . ’ .
Usual activity,

homemaking — _ — —_ 33.9 33.4 316 NS

 

Not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
2 Not enough cases for valid chi-square test (the expected cell frequency for one or more cells was less than five).

samples. As is reported in Table 19, among men one difference was
detected for smoking prevalence, but this difference showed an
inconsistent pattern across samples. Among women employed as
managers or administrators, there was a remarkable 10.7 percentage
point decline in smoking prevalence between 1978 and 1980, which is
over twice as large as the 10-year net decline between 1970 and 1980
(see Table 11).

One possible explanation for this large 3-year decline in smoking
prevalence is random fluctuation in the survey estimate. However, if
this short-term time trend for female managers and administrators
is valid, it would be of considerable interest. Given that the 1970—
1978 comparisons already show female managers and administrators
to be quitting at a relatively high rate (when compared with other

58
TABLE 20.—Estimates of the percentage of current smokers
who smoke 40 or more cigarettes daily by sex,
occupation, and NHIS sample (1978, 1979, 1980),
aged 20 to 64 years

 

 

 

Men Women
P P

Occupation 1978 1979 1980 value 1978 1979 1980 value
White-ollar total 23.6 21.0 19.3 NS’ 10.1 11.4 14.0 NS

Professional,

technical and

kindred workers 20.9 17.0 14.2 NS 9.0 8.6 14.1 NS

Managers and

administrators,

except farm 25.8 23.9 24.6 NS 15.7 16.0 15.2 NS

Sales workers 31.0 21.2 20.5 NS 3.4 9.4 17.3 05

Clerical and

kindred workers 16.0 20.5 15.4 NS 9.8 11.8 13.1 NS
Blue-collar total 19.4 17.4 18.7 NS 11.3 117 10.5 NS

Craftsmen and

kindred workers 22.7 19.1 22.2 NS 16.1 13.0 22.9 NS

Operatives and

kindred workers 16.9 16.6 13.8 NS 11.0 111 71 NS

Laborers, except

farm 13.9 13.6 18.9 NS “7 . . .
Service 13.4 15.9 18.9 NS 11.1 10.5 11.4 NS
Farm 20.5 11.5 17.2 NS . . ’ .
Usual activity,

homemaking _— _ _ — 10.4 10.6 12.9 NS

 

' Not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
2? Not enough cases for valid chi-square test (the expected cell frequency for one or more cells was less than five}.

female occupational groups), it would seem prudent to closely
monitor the smoking patterns of this occupational cohort of women.

In regard to heavy smoking (see Table 20), no sample differences
were found for men. Among female salesworkers, there was a
striking 500 percent proportionate increase between 1978 and 1980
in the percentage of smokers of 40-plus cigarettes a day, which again
must be interpreted with caution. Overall, 50 separate chi-square
tests were examined, and 3 were statistically significant at p < 0.05—
which would be expected solely on the basis of chance.

Detailed presentations of NHIS estimates of smoking prevalence
are provided in Table 21 (1978-1980) and Table 22 (1970-1980 net
change) for all occupational codes with 100 or more cases in the

59
combined 1978-1980 NHIS (unweighted sample). In Table 23 are
provided a comprehensive list of all occupational codes with 100 or
more cases in the 1978-1980 NHIS and the estimated percentage of
men and women, aged 20 to 64 years, who are employed in each
occupation. Figures 13 through 18 depict results from birth cohort
analyses that were briefly summarized in the text, including male
professional, technical, and kindred workers (Figure 13), managers
and administrators (Figure 14), craftsman and kindred workers
(Figure 15), and operatives and kindred workers (Figure 16), and
female professional, technical, and kindred workers (Figure 17), and
clerical and kindred workers (Figure 18).

60
TABLE 21.—Estimates of the percentage of current smokers
by selected occupations, aged 20 to 64 years,
United States, 1978-1980

 

 

Occupation Men Women Total
WHITE-COLLAR
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Accountants (001) 26.8 30.4 28.2
Electrical and electronic engineers (012) 16.2 33.0! 16.4
Lawyers (031) 219 21.4! 218
Personnel and labor relations workers (056) 30.9! 37.9 34.1
Physicians, medical and osteopathic (065) 18.1! 18.2? 18.1
Registered nurses (075) 46.4' 27.2 28.0
Social workers (100) 42.6' 37.3? 39.0
Elementary school teachers (142) 18.8? 19.8 19.6
Secondary school teachers (144) 24.9 24.8 24.9
Managers and administrators, except farm
Bank officers and financial managers (202) 35.9 28.1! 32.9
Office managers n.e.c.? (220) 43.9? 25.4! 45.0
Officials and administrators, public
administrators n.e.c.* (222) 22,2) 20.3! 21.6
Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managers (230) 53.91 52,4! 53.3
Sales managers and department heads, retail
trade (231) 28.7' 33.8? 30.5
Managers and administrators n.e.c. (245) 36.2 38.0 36.6
Sales workers
Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters
(265) 41.1° 41,0! 41.1
Real estate agents and brokers (270) 27.8 48.1! 36.4
Sales representatives, manufacturing
industries (281) 43.2 32.9! 41.2
Sales representatives, wholesale trade (282) 48.1 45.8' 479
Sales clerks, retail trade (283) 39.6 30.5 33.7
Salesmen, retail trade (284) 42.8! 39.3 42.4
Clerical and kindred workers
Bank tellers (301) 0.0' 25.7 24.7
Bookkeepers (305) 42.9' 36.5 87.1
Cashiers (310) 43.4 44.2 44.1
Estimators and investigators n.e.c. (321) 28.4! 35.9! 33.1
Expediters and production controllers (323) 44.9 43.17 44.3
Computer and peripheral equipment operators
(343) 31.3! 44.7? 38.5
Postal clerks (361) 38.2! 249° 33.9
Receptionists (364) 56.5° 31.0 31.8
Secretaries n.e.c. (372) 61.7! 30.9 31.2
Stock clerks and storekeepers (381) 38.1 31.2! 35.3
Typists (391) 10.3* 33.0 31.7
Clerical workers, miscellaneous (394) 34.9! 33.3 33.6
Clerical workers, not specified (395) 33.5+ 28.4! 29.1

61
TABLE 21.—Continued

 

 

Occupation Men Women Total
BLUE-COLLAR
Craftsmen and kindred workers
Carpenters (415) 50.8 70.4} 50.9
Electricians (430) 48.3 100.07 48.5
Foremen n.e.c. (441) 42.7 44.2
Machinists (461) 43.4 53.07 43.7
Automobile mechanics (473) 50.5 54.7" 50.5
Heavy equipment mechanics, incl. diesel (481) 474 49.5 47.7
Painters, construction and maintenance (510) 55.1 61.4' 54.0
Plumbers and pipe fitters (522) 47.1 39,1! 47.1
Operatives, except transport
Assemblers (602) 48.7 42.9 45.3
Checkers, examiners, and inspectors,
manufacturing (610) 45.8 39.3 42.3
Packers and wrappers, except meat and
produce (643) 47.2% 40.0 42.3
Sewers and stitchers (663) 26.9' 25.8 25.9
Welders and flame-cutters (680) 478 28.9) 46.8
Machine operatives, miscellaneous,
specified (690) 43.7 41.0 42.7
Machine operatives, not specified (692) 42.9! 50.3? 44.7
Miscellaneous operatives (694) 43.3 40.1? 42.4
Transport operatives
Bus drivers (703) 50.3! 35.27 42.7
Deliverymen and routemen (705) 42.4 46.1" 42.7
Fork lift and tow motor operatives (706) 49.3? 35.4* 48.7
Truck drivers (715) 53.6 62.7! 53.7
Workers, except farm
Construction laborers, except carpenters’
helpers (751) 53.0 52.8! 53.0
Freight and material handlers (753) 42.5 34.6" 416
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farra (755) 46.1 43.7 45.9
Stock handlers (762) 37.4! 34.5° 36.6
Laborers, not specified (785) 38.0 46.37 39.0
Farm workers
Farmers (801) 28.1 29.9° 28.3
Farm laborers, wage workers (822) 39.0 25.6? 34.9

62
TABLE 21.—Continued

 

Occupation Men Women Total

 

Service workers

Cleaners and charwomen (902) 49.8' 30.5 38.0
Janitors and sextons (903) 49.8 39.0' 47.1
Cooks, except private household (912) 45.0° 31.1 35.9
Waiters (915) 447° 51.1 50.4
Food service workers n.e.c.*, except private

household (916) 42.1! 24.6 27.0
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (925) 48.2? 41.0 42.0
Practical nurses (926) 55.3! 40.3 41.2
Child care workers, except private

household (942) 0.0" 28.9 28.4
Hairdressers and cosmetologists (944) 63.2! 37.5 39.0
Guards and watchmen (962) 50.5 35.7? 47.3
Policemen and detectives (964) 44.5 51.5+ 45.1
Maids and servants, private household (984) 55.07 32.1 33.1

 

1 ¢ 100 cases in the denominator (unweighted sample).
" Not elsewhere classified.
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 (combined).

63
TABLE 22.—Estimates of the net change in smoking
prevalence by sex and selected occupations,
age 20 to 64 years, United States, 1970-1980

 

Occupation Men Women Total

 

WHITE-COLLAR

Professional, technical, and kindred workers

Accountants (001)/(000) 48 04 4.6
Electrical and electronic engineers (012)/(083) 4.0 -18.0' 41
Personnel and labor relations workers

(056)/(154) -8.9 8.2 -2.0
Physicians, medical and osteopathic

(065)/(153,162) 8.5 -29.3* ~10.0
Registered nurses (075)/(150) +10.2* -12.3 -11.4
Social workers (100)/(171) +387 +11.0' +17
Elementary school teachers (142)/(182) -10.5' -12 -2.6
Secondary school] teachers (144)/(183) 3.5 -1.3 -2.4

Managers and administrators, except farm

Officials and administrators, public
administrators n.e.c.* (222)/(270) 16.3" 73° -15.4
Managers and administrators n.e.c. (245)/(290) 8.1 42 -73

Sales workers

Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters
(265)/(385) -9.8' -22.6' -11.3
Real estate agents and brokers (270)/(393) 146 +3.8' 6.8

Clerical and kindred workers

Bank tellers (301)/(305) 45,7" -9.0 -11.3
Bookkeepers (305)/(310) -1.3! 4.2 3.9
Cashiers (310)/(312) +2.6* +37 +35
Postal clerks (361)/(340) -1.0' -15.7° 5.7
Receptionists (364)/(341) _ ~10.6 -9.8
Secretaries n.e.c. (372)/(342) -0.8? 8.1 -8.0
Stock clerks and storekeepers (381)/(350) -12.0 8.2! ~12.2
Typists (391)/(360) -52.8* 49 -T1
BLUE-COLLAR

Craftsmen and kindred workers

Carpenters (415)/(411) Al +50.31 ~3.7
Electricians (430)/(421) +39 +83.4" -3.9
Foremen ne.c. (441)/(430) 89 _ 8.9
Machinists (461)/(465) 8.7 -7.3! -8.5
Automobile mechanics (473)/(472) 4.5 +22.3* ~4.3
Painters, construction and maintenance (510)/(495) -171 +17.7! -17.3
Plumbers and pipe fitters (522)/(510) 41 _ 41
TABLE 22.—Continued

 

 

Occupation Men Women Total
Operatives, except transport
Assemblers (602)/(631) -7.0 ~2.0 46
Checkers, examiners, and inspectors,
manufacturing (610)/(643) 8.7 0.3 ~4.4
Packers and wrappers, except meat and
produce (643)/(693) -8.0' +26 07
Sewers and stitchers (663)/(705) -18.8' ~0.5 0.8
Welders and flame-cutters (680)/(721) 3.5 -12,.7' 3.9
Transport operatives
Bus drivers (703)/(641) +66? +11.2) +40
Deliverymen and routemen (705)/(650) 11.6 +10.0' -10.9
Farm workers
Farmers (801)/(200) 44 +93! ~3.4
Farm laborers, wage workers (822)/(902) 14.5 6.2! -14.8
Service workers
Cleaners and charwomen (902)/(824) -14.3! -2.3 -16
Cooks, except private household (912)/(825) ~19.2! 6.5 -9.4
Janitors and sextons (903)/(834) -19 +104! 0.4
Waiters (915)/(875) -2.9 ? -9.0 8.7
Practical nurses (926)/(842) 31.1! +43 +37
Hairdressers and coemetologists (944)/(843) 6.4! -74 -8.0
Guards and watchmen (962)/(851) 6.5 +17.6' -6.9
Policemen and detectives (964)/(853) ~3.2 +2444 -2.0

 

1 < 100 cases in the denominator (unweighted sample).

* Not elsewhere classified.

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 (combined).

65
TABLE 23.—Estimates of percentage of U.S. population,
aged 20 to 64 years, in selected occupations,

 

 

1978-1980
Occupation Men Women Total
Professional, technical, and kindred workers
Accountants (001) 1.2 0.7 1.0
Electrical and electronic engineers (012) 0.6 0.0 0.3
Lawyers (031) 0.7 0.1 0.4
Personne! and labor relations workers (056) 05 0.4 0.4
Physicians, medical and osteopathic (065) 0.5 0.1 0.3
Registered nurses (075) 0.1 2.0 11
Social workers (100) 0.2 0.4 0.3
Elementary school teachers (142) 0.6 2.1 13
Secondary school teachers (144) 10 10 10
Managers and administrators, except farm
Bank officers and financial managers (202) 0.7 0.4 0.5
Office managers n.e.c.’ (220) 0.1 0.3 0.2
Officials and administrators; public
administrators n.e.c. (222) 04 0.2 0.3
Restaurant, cafeteria, and bar managers (230) 05 0.3 04
Sales managers and department heads, retail
trade (231) 0.4 0.2 0.3
Managers and administrators n.e.c. (245) 9.4 2.4 58
Sales workers
Insurance agents, brokers, and underwriters
(265) 06 0.2 0.4
Real estate agents and brokers (270) 06 04 0.5
Sales representatives, manufacturing
industries (281) 0.9 0.2 05
Sales representatives, wholesale trade (282) 0.9 0.1 0.5
Sales clerks, retail trade (283) 0.5 10 16
Salesmen, retail trade (284) 05 0.1 0.3
Clerical and kindred workers
Bank tellers (301) 0.0 0.6 0.3
Bookkeepers (305) 0.3 2.7 15
Cashiers (310) 0.2 15 0.9
Estimators and investigators n.e.c. (321) 0.3 0.4 0.4
Expediters and production controllers (323) 0.4 0.2 0.3
Computer and peripheral equipment operators
(343) 0.4 0.4 0.4
Postal clerka (361) 0.4 0.2 0.3
Receptionists (364) 0.0 0.6 0.3
Secretaries n.e.c. (372) 01 5.5 29
Stock clerks and storekeepers (381) 0.6 0.4 0.5
Typista (391) 0.1 11 0.6
Clerical workers, miscellaneous (394) 0.3 11 0.7
Clerical workers, not specified (395) 01 0.7 08
TABLE 23.—Continued

 

 

Occupation Men Women Total
BLUE-COLLAR
Craftsmen and kindred workers
Carpenters (415) 24 0.0 12
Electricians (430) 1.0 0.0 0.5
Foremen n.e.c. (441) 3.0 0.4 17
Machinists (461) 1.1 0.0 0.5
Automobile mechanics (473) 17 0.0 08
Heavy equipment mechanics, incl. diesel (481) 12 0.0 0.6
Painters, construction and maintenance (510) 0.7 0.1 0.4
Plumbers and pipe fitters (522) 0.8 0.0 0.4
Operatives, except transport
Assemblers (602) 08 Li 09
Checkers, examiners, and inspectors,
manufacturing (610) 0.7 0.7 0.7
Packers and wrappers, except meat and
produce (643) 0.3 0.6 05
Sewers and stitchers (663) 0.1 1.3 0.7
Welders and flame-cutters (680) 1.0 0.1 05
Machine operatives, miscellaneous,
specified (690) 17 09 13
Machine operatives, not specified (692) 0.4 0.1 0.2
Miscellaneous operatives (694) 0.7 0.3 0.5
Transport operatives
Bus drivers (703) 0.3 03 0.3
Deliverymen and routemen (705) 0.7 01 0.4
Fork lift and tow motor operatives (706) 0.6 0.0 0.3
Truck drivers (715) 3.0 0.0 15
Workers, except farm
Construction laborers, except carpenters’
helpers (751) 12 0.0 0.6
Freight and material handlers (753) 0.8 0.1 0.4
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm
(755) 0.7 0.0 0.4
Stock handlers (762) 0.5 0.2 0.3
Not specified laborers (785) 0.7 0.1 0.4
Farm workers
Farmers (801) 2.0 0.2 11
Farm laborers, wage workers (822) 0.7 0.3 0.5

67
TABLE 23.—Continued

 

Occupation Men Women Total

 

Service workers

Cleaners and charwomen (902) 05 0.7 0.6
Janitors and sextons (903) 13 0.4 08
Cooks, except private household (912) 0.6 10 08
Waiters (915) 0.2 14 0.8
Food service workers n.e.c., except private
household (916) 0.1 06 0.4
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (925) 0.2 13 0.8
Practical nurses (926) 0.1 0.7 0.4
Child care workers, except private
household (942) 0.0 0.6 0.3
Hairdressers and cosmetologists (944) 0.1 08 0.4
Guards and watchmen (962) 0.7 0.2 0.5
Policemen and detectives (964) 09 0.1 0.4
Maids and servants, private household (984) 0.0 0.7 04
All other occupations 30.2 15.9 22.7
Not in labor force 10.9 38.6 25.3

 

NOTE: Includes all occupational codes with at least 100 cases (aged 20 to 64) in the 1978-1980 HIS (unweighted

sample).
1 Not elsewhere classified.
SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistica Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980 (combined).

68
~
oa

a
wn

“N
a

f+ ated cua toriiaa “f

|

\

'

1921-1930

     
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

80 pep a eS —_— ~
55
1911-1920 1931-1940
§0 4--—-- ee ee a a -
45 =
& 1941-1950
S 40 } .
5 _
5
& 35 4 1901-1910 —,
1 : So 1921-1930
30 4-4 hen fee wf ber Wit 1941-1950
| ; \ 1931-1940
| i = 1911-1920
25 1 i / 1961-1960
| ‘ 5 /
a i
20 3 cee Me -
| | , [ 1951-1960
18 =
é
i
10 —— +- /- .
} i / + 1901-1910
5 4 i /
j i uf 4
0 i: + Heme
T v
1900 1910 1960 1970 1980

FIGURE 13.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. men employed in professional, technical,
and kindred occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

69
 
 
    

 

 
 
     
 
   
  
 
   

|
70 =>
|
65 | | | |
\ 1911-1920 —, 1931-1940
60 ene ees wN ee
pot
55 _ 1941-1950
J fo
50 TY - a &
as! 1901-1910 A
| | fi a+ 1941-1950
t
40 1 p 1921-1930

   

Percentage

 

 

=~ 1951-1960
~~ 1931-1940

25 |
20 {ot se 1901-1910
|
15 =
{ ; + 1951-1960
4 | 7 ,
10
> | 3
* a
o-4 —+ a ot oe
4900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

Year

FIGURE 14.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts
U.S. men employed as managers and
administrators, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys,
(combined).

70

of

1978-1980
 

 

 

 

   
   

  

 

 

 

 

 

4 i 1
4 | |
75 2 |
1 | 1921-1990
704 -
: 1911-1920 1931-1940 i
65 + ! 11941-1950
60 4 : ‘
1 |
55 /
[: 2 1941-1950
50 4 / a ae 4931-1940
q 1901-1910 _ : \ i ! | | ™ 1951-1960
2 454 i Ny | \ ke 1921-1930
4 i;
2 40 i st ; _\e t911-1020
S 4 i i \ i
g q | IN i
a 3554 | | ' j \ |
4 I
q i i 1 } i

 

poy OK
a:

 

8

 

I
I

 

 

25 4
2 | | S
0: | 7 ya 1901-1910
154 . - ;
] 1 [+ 1951-1960
10 + {nef enn
5 | !

 

 

  

T i , i !
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980
Year

 

 

FIGURE 15.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. men employed as craftsmen or in
kindred occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

71
          
  
 

754 | | 1921-1930 | |
\ | 1931-1940

ee

| 1941-1950
+ |

bo 4931-1940
60 | pee _-
| a+ 1951-1960
j - ! 1921-1930
| 1911-1920

Percentage
8 &
i
| 8
~. o

 

20 ; : - _ 7
is p = se 1901-1910
10 +—--— chee eh
{ ; p4951-1960
5 1 oA d
0 _—__ = — ~ r - me od
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

FIGURE 16.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. men employed as operatives or in
kindred occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

72
1 :
| : 1921-1930 193171040
\.

    
  
   
  
 

1941-1950

+
7
|
|

35 | 1911-1920 —+,
- 1931-1940
304 4+ ofp oS 4% 1921-1930
“veto poy” te 1941-1950
0 j 1901-1910 981-1960
| | r 1911-1920

| [
20 4 |_—_.---#-—f
| '

ee

a
oy «+ 1901-1910
| /
ej} ee

1 J em 1951-1960

ee

ee ee see ee ?
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 4980

Year

FIGURE 17.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. women employed in professional,
technical, or kindred occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

157-964 0 - 86 - 4 73
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
 
  
   
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

80 4 | —___—_4 }—-__-—}
75 4
70 4 .
65 |
60 4 = pe
] |
554
50 q T
] 1931-1940
45 4 \ 1941-1950
{
§ 40 4 aL
8 Neal 1931-1940
& 35-4 ae 1941-1950
1921-1930
4p 1951-1960
30 |. _—+ “*=" 4911-1920
25 4 |
20 +—___+-_-—_"J -
15 4 .
\
10 4 Ht
- / \= 1901-1910
/ /4951-
54 /| 1951-1960
; fl
0 gb - wl

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

FIGURE 18.—Changes in the prevalence of cigarette
smoking among successive birth cohorts of
U.S. women employed in clerical or kindred
occupations, 1900-1978

SOURCE: Data from National Center for Health Statistics, National Health Interview Surveys, 1978-1980
(combined).

74
References

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE. Smoking and
Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. US. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health,
Office on Smoking and Health. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS)79-50066, 1979.

U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Adult Use of Tobacco, 1970. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease
Control, National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, DHEW Pub. No.
(HSM)73-8727, June 1973.

U.S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Adult Use of Tobacco, 1975. U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease
Control, National Clearinghouse for Smoking and Health, June 1976.

75