Cigarette paper

increase of cigarette burning rate
68:91

Cigarettes

definition and processing
73:175

and development of esophageal neo-
plasms
71:12, 293

flavor, terpenoids as source of
64:52

low nicotine, and respiratory symptoms
64:289

low nicotine, ciliastatic effect of
64:268

modified, effect on respiratory symp-
toms and ventilatory capacity
73:37, 38

portion smoked, dosage score as func-
tion of
67:15

similarities with little cigars
73:224, 225

tar and nicotine content
72:142, 143

tar levels of, relationship to lung neo-
plasm development
71:275, 276

taxation
69:4,57

see also Cigarettes, filter; Cigarettes, low-
Nicotine; Cigarettes, non-nicotine;
Cigarettes, non-tobacco

Cigarettes, daily consumption

aortic aneurysm mortality by
69:16

and atypical nuclei in larynx
69:59

average, dosage score as function of
67:15

bladder neoplasms mortality rates by
67:155

bronchitis mortality ratios by
67:90

coronary disease incidence rates
67:58; 69:15; 21-24

coronary disease mortality rates by
67:51; 69:13

coronary disease mortality ratios by
67:49

coronary disease mortality ratios for
male smokers by
67:48

digestive tract neoplasm mortality rates
by
67:147

effect on lung neoplasm mortality in
Poland
72:61, 62

esophageal neoplasm mortality ratios by
67:150

increase in, by women
64:363

laryngeal neoplasm mortality rates by
67:147

liver cirrhosis mortality rates by
67:184

liver cirrhosis mortality ratios by
67:184

lung neoplasm morbidity rates by
67:33-34

lung neoplasm mortality rates
67:135-137

lung neoplasm mortality ratios
67:34, 135-140

mouth neoplasm mortality rates by
67:146

mouth neoplasm mortality ratios by
67:146

pancreatic neoplasm mortality rates in
men by
67:159

pancreatic neoplasm mortality ratios in
men by
67:159

peptic ulcer mortality rates in male
smokers by
67:182

per capita
64:26, 45, 46, 185

pharyngeal neoplasm mortality rates by
67:146

pharyngeal neoplasm mortality ratios
by
67:146

prevalence of
64:361-374

respiratory tract neoplasm mortality
rates by
67:147

stomach neoplasm mortality rates by
67:157

stomach neoplasm mortality ratios by
67:157

tracheal neoplasm mortality rates by
67:147

in tuberculars
64:277

urogenital neoplasm mortality ratios for
male smokers by
67:154

Cigarettes, filter

decrease in tar yields
68:91

effect on respiratory symptoms
73:55

increase in

64:46
and polonium-210 content in tobacco
smoke
68:92
production of, in U.S., by year
64:46
and risk of lung neoplasms
69:57; 73:44
summary of previous findings
75:4

vs. nonfilter, and risk of tung neoplasms
74:40, 41

vs. nonfilter, comparison of safety
69:57

vs. nonfilter, effect on sputum produc-
tion
73:37, 38

Cigarettes, low-nicotine

respiratory symptoms trom
64:268
Cigarette smoke
see Smoke, cigarette
Cigarette smokers
see Smokers, cigarette
Cigarette smoking
see Smoking
Cigarettes, non-nicotine
effect on apexcardiogram
72:21
effect on carboxyhemoglobin levels
73:17, 18
Cigarettes, non-tobacco
64:59
Cigars
definition and processing
73:175, 176
per capita consumption
64:26, 45
Cigars, little
chemical composition of
73:224, 225, 228
evaluation of potential public health
impact
73:222-228
shipment for domestic consumption
(1970-1972)
73:222-224, 227
similarity to cigarettes
73:224, 225
sugar and pH differences with large cigar
and cigarettes
73:222-224
tar and nicotine content
73:224-226, 228

Cigar smoke
see Smoke, cigar
Cigar smokers
see Smokers, cigar; Smokers, cigar and
pipe
Ciliary activity
64:61
clearance mechanism by
64:267, 268
effect of cigarette smoke in animals
68:71, 72
effect of nitrogen dioxide, in rats
74:103
effect of pipe/cigar smoke vs. cigarette
smoke in cats
73:217, 218
effect of smoke on
64:27, 34, 35, 61, 168, 169, 170,
172, 173, 267; 67:107-108; 69:42
effect of smoking on
74:101, 102
loss of, in smokers
64:168, 169, 170, 172, 173
morphological changes in cilia
64:267, 268, 271
transport
64:61, 267, 268
Ciliary depressants
64:27, 33, 34, 61, 267, 268
acrolein as
64:267, 268
ammonia as
64:268

144

cigarette smoke as
64:33, 35, 370
formaldehyde gas as
64:268
gas phase as
64:34
hydrogen cyanide as
64:268
nicotine as
64:268
nitrogen dioxide as
64:268
ozone as
64:268
sulfur dioxide as
64:268, 295
Ciliatoxic agents
acetic acid
67:108
acrolein
67:107
in cigarette smoke
67:107
crotonaldehyde
67:108
cyanides
67:107
effect on adenosine triphosphatase
67:108
effect on oxidative enzymes
67:108
formaldehyde
67:107
formic acid
67:108
phenols
67:108
propionic acid
67:108
Circulatory diseases
64:113
Circumcision
64:224
Clofibrate
and reduction in risk of sudden death in
cigarette smokers
75:32
Closing volume abnormalities
as indicator of small airways disease, in
smokers vs, nonsmokers
74:84-87; 75:71, 72
Coal dust
effect on pulmonary function in smokers
vs. nonsmoker
73:4143
effect on respiratory symptoms in smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers :
73:4143
Coal gas workers
64:232
lung neoplasms in
64:193
Coal miners
pneumoconiosis and
72:42-44
respiratory function tests in
64:289, 293, 294
respiratory symptoms in
64:298, 299
Coal tar
benzo(a)pyrene content of
64:148
neoplasm induction by
64:33, 147, 167, 229
Cocaine |
64:349
Coca leaves
64:349
Cocarcinogens
64:33, 58, 142, 144, 145
benz(a)anthracene as
64:58
carboxylic acids as
67:131
croton oil as
64:58
fatty acids as
64:58, 59
nickel carbonyl] as
69:62
phenols as
64:54, 58, 59; 67:31
in tobacco smoke
- 64:33; 69:61
in tobacco tars
67:131
Cocoa
64:349
Coffee drinking
-  64:349
angina pectoris, smoking, and
74:8
myocardial infarction, smoking and, in
smokers vs. nonsmokers
74:8; 75:19, 20
Cognition
and smoking habit
67:189-191
Cologne,
autopsy records in
64:150
Colonic polyposis
64:191
Combustion temperature
effect on tumorigenic activity of pipe
and cigarette tobacco
73:210, 211
Common colds
64:276
Compensatory behavior,
smoking as
64:372
Congenital malformations
maternal smoking and
72:87; 73:136, 137
Congestive heart failure
64:320
Connecticut Cancer Registry
64:127, 128
data from
64:135
figures on age-adjusted larynx neoplasm
incidence
71:277

figures on incidence of oral neopiasms
71:284
Constitutional hypothesis
64:190, 191, 192, 193
refutation of
64:192
relationship to CHD and smoking
71:48-49, 105-106
Contraceptives, oral
incidence of stroke and, in women smok-
érs vs. nonsmokers |
74:16, 17
smoking and
72:26
thrombophlebitis and
72:26
Control populations
bias in selection of
64:181, 217, 231
Copenhagen
neoplasm study in
64:220, 222, 224
Tuberculosis Station
64:141
Copper
64:193
nitrate
64:60
sulfate
64:354
Coppersmiths
64:134
Cornfield method
64:155, 159, 160
Cornsilk
smoking, lack of arterial epinephrine
level increase
71:57
Coronary circulation
64:318; 68:41-43
Coronary diseases
64:8, 29, 36, 38 103, 106, 108, 317,
320-327, 384, 385
age-adjusted rates in smokers
71:23
by amount smoked
69:12-13, 18
arteriosclerotic, mortality rates in U.S.
74:21
associated risk factors and smoking
74:17
atherosclerosis
64:320
atherosclerosis, effects of smoking on
71:4, 63
autopsy studies
72:19, 20; 74:4
and behavior
67:57
blood pressure of smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
71:43, 47
carbon dioxide effects on oxygen uptake
in
71:62
carbon monoxide and
74:4

145
carboxyhemoglobin levels and
72:27

cross-sectional study in Bergen, Norway
72:16

death ratios of paired combinations of
high risk
71:25

effect of coffee drinking and cigarette
smoking
75:20

effect of norepinephrine levels
68:38

effect of smoking on blood circulation in
67:26, 61-62

effect on blood circulation
67:62-63

effect on blood pressure
67:54

epidemiological studies
64:320, 321, 322; 69:25; 72:14-16;
73:4-11; 75:14, 15

etiology of
64:320, 321, 322

excess deaths in
64:113

experimental studies
73:13-19

heredity as a factor
72:18

high blood pressure in
64:38

high serum cholestero} in
64:38

incidence and education level
68:24

incidence and mortality rates in former
smokers
71:46, 4748

incidence in European vs. American men
73:9

incidence in farmers vs. nonfarmers by
smoking habit
73:7

incidence in Hawaiian men of Japanese
ancestry
73:10

incidence in Japanese male smokers vs.
nonsmokers
68:17

incidence in lawyers
68:25

incidence in male bank employees in
Brussels, Belgium
73:10

incidence in males by smoking habits or
physical activity
68:20, 25

incidence in male smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
68:17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 37

incidence in men in Yugoslavia
73:9

incidence in men under 60, in New
South Wales
74:6

incidence in men with and without
ventricular premature beats
74:44

146

incidence in middle-aged men from var-
ious countries
74:6

incidence in miners in Sardinia
73:10

incidence in Minnesota men by age and
smoking habit
72:14-16

incidence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:215, 216

incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
Peoples Gas Co. Study
74:6,7

incidence in smokers vs. nonsmokers,
Stockholm Prospective Study
74:6

incidence in tribal population area, New
Guinea
74:9

incidence in twins
68:29

incidence in white males by body weight
and smoking habit
73:5

incidence in whites vs. blacks in Evans
County, Georgia
73:4,5

incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
smokers
74:9,10

incidence of, relation to angina pectoris
67:53

incidence of, relation to blood cholester-
ol levels
67:58

incidence of, relation to blood pressure
67:58

incidence of, relation to body weight
67:58

incidence of, relation to electrocardio-
graphic abnormalities
67:58

incidence of, relation to hemoglobin
levels
67:58

incidence of, relation to myocardial in-
farct
67:53

incidence of, relation to socioenviron-
mental stress
67:56

incidence rates, by age
67:54, 57-58; 68:21; 69:21-22, 24

incidence rates, by amount smoked
67:54, 57-58

incidence rates, by behavior type
69:20, 24

incidence rates, by smoking and other
risk factors
69:23

incidence rates, by smoking history
69:21-24

incidence rates in men
67:65; 69:21-22

incidence rates in twins, smokers vs.
nonsmokers
67:59
incidence rates, smokers vs. nonsmokers
69:18, 20-22

in India
73:11

infarction in NYC pipe and cigar smok-
ers
71:32, 38-39

infarction, relationship to physical act-
ivity, smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:44

interaction of smoking and other risk
factors
72:16-18; 73:4-11

in Irish smokers vs. nonsmokers
68:18

morbidity ratios
67:59; 69:19

morbidity ratios, and blood pressure
67:55

morbidity ratios, and Jung function
67:56

morbidity ratios, by age
67:54

morbidity ratios, by blood cholesterol
levels
67:55

morbidity ratios, by personality charac-
teristics
67:57

morbidity ratios, by sociocultural mobil-
ity status
67:57

morbidity ratios, in New Delhi, India
72:16

morbidity, relationship of smoking to
71:32-35, 37, 39, 93-97

mortality and morbidity retrospective
studies
71:40, 93-97

mortality rates
64:25, 29, 32, 38, 39, 184, 320, 321,
324; 67:8, 25-26

mortality rates among former college
students
69:16, 18

mortality rates and per capita cigarette
consumption in several countries
72:16

mortality rates, by age
67:25, 28, 47, 49-51; 69:13-14

mortality rates by blood pressure
69:14

mortality rates by relative weight
69:14

mortality rates, by sex
67:25, 27, 28, 47, 49-50; 69:13-14

mortality rates, by smoking
67:25, 28, 49-51; 69:13-14

mortality rates, effect of associated dis-
eases on
67:51-52

mortality rates, effect of cessation of
smoking on
67:25, 27-28, 50

mortality rates, ex-smokers by smoking
history
67:51

mortality rates in heavy smokers
64:322

mortality rates in hypertensives vs. non-
hypertensives
71:42

mortality rates in industrial workers
64:323

mortality rates in Japanese men and
women by cigarette consumption and
age started smoking
73:7, 8

mortality rates in longshoremen
72:14

mortality rates in obese vs, nonobese
71:45

mortality rates in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
71::21-22, 24, 26-29

mortality rates in smoking men in Fin-
land
73:9

mortality rates in United States
67:47, 68:16

mortality rates in, with increased carbon
monoxide
71:62

mortality rates of cigarette smokers
from, AHA pooling project
71:28, 30, 39

mortality rates of paired combinations
of high risk
71:25

mortality rates of U.S. veterans
71:26, 38

mortality rates, relationship to electro-
cardiographic findings
71:42

mortality ratios, by age
67:25, 26, 28, 49-50, 52; 69:13

mortality ratios, by age and blood pres-
sure
67:53

mortality ratios, by age and smoking
history
67:51-52

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:48-49; 69:13

mortality ratios, by sex
67:25, 28; 69:13-14

mortality ratios, by smoking history
67:25, 28

mortality ratios, effect of associated
diseases
67:51-52

mortality ratios in pipe and cigar smok-
ers
73:215, 216

and multiple risk factors
68:28-30

in Nepal
73:11

in New Zealand
73311

nicotine and
74:13

nicotine effect on coronary blood flow
in
71:58

147
obesity in
64:38
occlusion in
64:320
occupational risks in
64:321, 322
pathophysiology of, effect of carbon
monoxide exposure
74:10
and personality characteristics
64:321, 326; 67:57
predisposing characteristics
67:58
prevalence of
64:320, 321
relationship of blood pressure and smok-

ing
71:45, 47

relationship of heart rate and smoking
71:45, 47

relationship of physical activity and
smoking
71:41, 43, 44

relationship of triglycerides to
71:65

relationship to constitutional makeup
and smoking
71:48-49, 105-106

relationship to ECG abnormalities and
smoking
71:45, 47

relationship to obesity and smoking
71:43-45

retrospective studies in Goteborg, Swe-
den
72:16

retrospective studies in Prague, Czech-
oslovakia
72:16

risk factors
71:23-24, 4041

risk factors and personal characteristics
68:26

role of glucose metabolism
68:40, 41

in Seventh Day Adventists
64:322

smokers’ age effects on development
71:27, 39

in smokers vs. nonsmokers
68:26, 42, 43

in smokers with predisposing factors
71:24

smoking and
67:26, 54, 64-65; 69:3-5, 11, 20;
71:5

smoking and, in individuals under 40
years
73:10

smoking and, in myocardial ischemic
patients in Italy
73:10

smoking as cause of death
67:25-27

smoking as etiologic agent in
67:26, 54, 62, 65, 66; 69:11; 72:1,
2,13, 14

148

smoking in thrombus formation
67:26, 64-65
smoking risk factor
71:8
sudden death, and smoking
67:53; 71:52
summary of previous findings
68:16; 75:4, 7
summary of relationship to smoking
74:3,4,19
symptoms of
64:320
twin studies
72:18
in women
64:321
see also Angina pectoris; Arteriosclerosis;
Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular diseases
Coronary Drug Project Research Group
epidemiologic study of smoking and
CHD
74:46
Coronary heart disease
see Coronary diseases
Coronary vessels
effect of cigarette smoking on
67:65
Coronene
64:147
Cor pulmonale
and chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-
ease
74:76
Cotinine
64:71
desmethyl-
64:72
effect on rats and mice
69:61-62
in experimental induction of bladder
adenomas
69:64
methonium ion, structure of
64:72
Cough
64:280, 281, 282, 283
chronic
64:27, 280, 281, 282, 283, 299, 302
chronic, and cigarette smoking in males
68:69
chronic, in women
64:282, 285
effect of air pollution and smoking
64:297; 74:90, 91
effect of asbestos exposure in smokers
vs. nonsmokers
73:41
effect of coal dust exposure in smokers
vs. nonsmokers
73:41, 42
effect of filtered cigarettes
73:55
effect of modified cigarettes
73:38
epidemiology of
67:97
ex-smokers vs. nonsmokers
67:98
of parental smokers, and respiratory
symptoms in children
75:103, 105
prevalence in cement and rubber indus-
try workers, smokers vs, nonsmokers
74:95, 96
prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:220, 221
prevalence in smoking vs. nonsmoking
women in Bordeaux, France
73:36
prevalence of
64:38, 280, 283, 284, 289, 291, 301,
302
prevalence of among smokers
67:103
prevalence of, in smoking-discordant
twin pairs
67:103
respiratory function in presence of
64:291, 292
in school-age smokers vs. nonsmokers
75:62
smokers vs. nonsmokers
67:29; 72:40
and smoking
64:297; 67:97
and smoking, by sex
67:98
and sputum
64:283-286
traumatic injury from
64:279
Coumarin
64:145
Creosote oil
carcinogenic activity of
64:147
Cresols
in cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke
73:177
as probable contributors to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:144 .
suspected carcinogenic agent of cigarette
smoke
71:266
Crotonaldehyde
ciliatoxic agent
67:108
in tobacco smoke
67:108
Croton oil
64:58
Crotononitrile
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
Cuba
laryngeal neoplasms in
64:205, 207
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
71:356
oral neoplasms in, by type of smoking
64:200, 201
oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
co use
71:364

Current Population Survey of 1955
64:177, 180, 186
Curschmann’s spirals
in sputum of smokers
69:39-40
Customs and Excise Act of 1952, Great
Britain
64:62
Cyanides
detoxification, in pregnant smokers vs.
nonsmokers
73:119
in tobacco amblyopia etiology
67:40; 71:14, 435-436; 72:6
in tobacco smoke
67:40
in tobacco smoke, and optic atrophy
67:183
toxicity, potentiation by vitamin B12 in
tobacco amblyopia
67:183
and vitamin B deficiency in tobacco
amblyopia
67:40
Cysteine
inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on
macrophages
69:42
Cystitis
64:224
Cytochrome oxidase
64:266
Cytologic studies
exfoliative, and lung neoplasm diagnosis
75:47
macrophage function and smoking
74:104, 105
Czechoslovakia
64:205
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
71:354, 357
laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
study of
64:206
serum lipid difference in smokers vs.
nonsmokers
74:101

Danish Cancer Registry
64:141, 186, 220
Danish Morbidity Study
64:224
Data collection methods
in retrospective studies
64:206, 214, 215, 226
DDT
64:145
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:65, 145
Death certification
limitations of, in health statistics
64:101, 127
neoplasm diagnosis in
64:128

149
Death Registration Act
64:127
Deaths, accidental
64:39, 344, 345
Deaths, sudden
from cardiovascular disease
68:36, 42
incidence in men with and without
ventricular premature beats
74:5
incidence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:215
incidence in women, smokers vs. non-
smokers
74:9, 19
rate by smoking, cholesterol, and blood
pressure,
69:17
reduction of risk of, in cigarette smok-
ers, using clofibrate
75:32
smoking as a risk factor
74:4-6, 19
Defense mechanisms
64:264
Demographic factors
in smoking
64:361-365
enmark
advertising curtailment in
64:8
atherogenic effect of carbon monoxide
and hypoxia
71:64
bladder neoplasms in
64:219, 220, 221
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-
ing and
71:381, 383
carbon monoxide effects on human
blood lipids in
71:129
carbon monoxide effects on rabbit blood
lipids in
71:129
coronary mortality in
64:320
cough prevalence in
64:281
Danish Cancer Registry
64:141, 186, 220
Danish Morbidity Study
64:224
lung neoplasm mortality in
64:176
respiratory function tests in
64:291
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in

71:102 .
twins in, angina pectoris in smokers vs.

nonsmokers
74:51
Deoxyribonucleic acid
see DNA
Dermatitis
among tobacco workers
72:111

150

Dermatologists
coronary disease incidence in
64:322
Dextroamphetamine
64:352
Diabetes mellitus
64:326
effect on CHD in smokers
71:24
relationship with cigarette smoking in
peripheral vascular disease
71:72
risk in mortality from CVD
71:67
Diarrhea
smoking and
64:71
Dibenz(a,h)acridine
64:56
carcinogenicity
67:127
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from
71:265
pyrolytic formation of
64:59
structural formula of
64:59
Dibenz(a,j)acridine
carcinogenicity
67:127
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke from
71:265
pyrolytic formation of
64:59
structural formula of
64:56
in tobacco smoke
67:127
Dibenzanthracene
tumor induction by
64:143, 167
Dibenz(a,c)anthracene
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
rette smoke
72:66
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
carcinogenicity
67:127
carcinoma induction by
64:229
structural formula of
64:56
7H-Dibenzo(c,g) carbazole
carcinogenic effect in laboratory animals
73:79
carcinogenic effect on respiratory tract
in hamsters
72:66, 67
carcinogenicity, as component of ciga-
trette smoke
67:127; 71:265; 72:66, 67
structural formula of
64:56
Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene
64:33, 57
carcinogenicity
67:127
structural formula of
64:26
Dicarbony! compounds
64:53
Dieldrin
64:62
Diet
influence of, in coronary disease
64:322
intervention and cholestero! levels in
postinfarction patients
68:23
and peptic ulcer
67:182
and smoking
67:66
and smoking, effect on blood lipids
73:12
as test constant
64:224
tobacco amblyopia
72:6
Diethylnitrosamine
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from
71:265
Digestive tract neoplasms
mortality, and smoking
67:10, 147
Digital blood flow
effect of smoking
64:318
Digital temperatures
effect of smoking
64:318
Dihydric alcohols
64:52
Dimethylamine
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
9-10-Dimethyl-1, 2-benzanthracene
64:203
7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene
effect on oral mucosa in hamsters
72:70
Dimethylnitrosamine
suspected carcinogenic properties in ciga-
rette smoke from
71:265
Dipalmityl ketone
64:53
Dipentene
64:52
2,3-Diphosphoglycerate
effects of carbon monoxide on
71:60-61
Disability
of emphysema patients
68:66
higher rates of smokers
68:7
DNA
alteration, and oral neoplasm carcino-
genesis
68:101
binding of polycyclic hydrocarbons to
73:86, 87

effect of aromatic hydrocarbons on
69:61

effect of cigarette smoke on synthesis
69:62-63

increases in smokers’ oral epithelial cells
71:288

levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
smoke
71:161

Dogs

atherogenic effects of nicotine in
71:120

bladder neoplasms in, fed 2-naphthyl
amine
71:296

bradycardia and tachycardia in, follow-
ing nicotine injection
71:57-58

bronchogenic carcinoma induction in,
from cigarette smoke inhalation
71:269, 270

cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of
71:268, 347

death in, causes from cigarette smoke
inhalation
71:271

effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
clearance in
71:164, 170

epinephrine release in
64:318, 319

experimental neoplasm induction in
64:146, 165, 189

fetal bronchial tubes of, effect of ciga-
rette smoke on
71:345

lung neoplasms following cigarette
smoke inhalation
71:239, 277

lung neoplasms in, types and lobes where
found
71:269, 272-273

lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on
surfactant activity
71:172, 225

myocardium, nicotine effects on
71:58

neoplasm development in smoking, per-
centages of
71:274

nicotine effect on
64:71, 318, 319

ozone effect on
64:295, 296

pulmonary histological changes in ciga-
tette smoke inhaling
71:158, 159-160

respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effects on
71:268, 352, 353

smoke deposition in
64:265

smoke-induced bronchoconstriction in,
atropine effects
71:163

151
smoking and nicotine effects on blood
lipids in
71:127-128
smoking and nicotine effects on cardio-
vascular function in
71:107-112
smoking and nicotine effects on cate-
cholamine levels in
TL:119
Doll & Hill study
64:324
Donkeys
effect of cigarette smoke on pulmonary
clearance in
71:164, 171
Dorn study
64:324
Dosage
measure of, in light and heavy smokers
67:14-15
measure of, in men and women
67:14-15
and mortality among women smokers
67:25
nicotine and tar content of cigarette
smoke as measurement of
67:15
score, for smoking
67:14-15
smoking exposure
67:25
Driving habits
and coronary disease
64:322
Drug addiction
64:350, 351, 352
definition of
64:351
distinction from drug habituation
64:351
psychology of
64:353
Dry mouth
64:354
Dublin
lung neoplasm mortality in
64:195
Ducks
cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of
71:346
clearance products in
64:269
Duodenal ulcers
64:8, 337, 340
mortality rates in
64:37
mortality ratios in
64:103, 337
mortality ratios in male cigar and pipe
smokers
73:222
nicotine induced, in cats
73:158, 159
post-operative complications in smokers
vs. nonsmokers

73157

152

potentiating action of nicotine, in ani-

mal
73:161-163
prevalence in smokers, mechanism of
action
73:160
smoking and
72:6, 97, 98
Dust exposure
64:298, 299
bronchitis and
73:44
COPD development from
71:153, 218
as occupational hazard
73:43, 44
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and
sex
75:69, 70
smoking and
73:44
smoking and, as risk factors in bronchitis
development
74:93, 94
smoking and, as risk factors in byssinosis
development
74:94-96; 75:68
Dysphoria
64:350
Dyspnea
64:286
prevalence in cigar and pipe smokers
73:220, 221

Ear neoplasm
64:147
Edentulism
smoking and
69:87; 72:6
Educational level
64:100, 101
and incidence of CHD, in males
68:24
smoking prevalence by

64:363
Egypt
relationship of human pulmonary his-
tology and smoking in
74:163
Electrocardiograms
abnormalities, and CHD
67:58; 68:29; 71:42, 45, 47
effect of smoking
64:319; 74:45, 47; 73:13
effect of smoking, in middle-aged Dutch
men
73:12
effect of smoking, in young military
recruits in Poland
73:12
Electroencephalograms
nicotine effect on
64:70
placebo effect on
64:70
smoking effect on
64:70

Electrophoresis

use in determining serum level of alpha-
l-antitrypsin
73:151

Emotional stress

64:373, 374

Emphysema

64:35, 38, 277-294, 302
air pollution in
64:297
alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency and
71:150, 151; 72:44; 74:87-90
alveolar destruction in
64:294
asthmatic form of
64:294
autopsy studies, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
75:74-16
bronchitic form of
64:294
and bronchitis mortality rates, for men
by amount smoked
67:93
and bronchitis mortality ratios, by age,
amount smoked, and sex
67:94
and bronchitis mortality ratios, for men
by amount smoked
67:93
bronchitis relation to
64:278, 279, 280
cadmium exposure in etiology of, in
animals
74:104
cigarette smoking effects on
71:9
definition of
64:278; 67:89; 71:139
development in dogs following cigarette
smoke inhalation

71:271 .
development of, relation of cadmium in
smoke to
71:154
diagnosis of
64:278, 279, 280; 67:90
disability payments in U.S.
68:66
dyspneic form of
64:297
epidemiology of
64:280-294
excess mortality from
64:25, 277
experimentally induced in smoking dogs

72:46

grade II or III, smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:162

in horses
69:40

hypersensitivity in development of
67:111

incidence in cigar/pipe smoking coal
miners vs. cigarette smokers and non-
smokers
73:217

morbidity, and cigar smoking
67:99
morbidity, and pipe smoking
67:99
morbidity, and smoking
67:3, 22, 29-30, 96-98
morbidity, body constitution as a factor
in

:30
morbidity, heredity as a factor in
67:30
mortality, and cigar smoking
67:30
mortality, and pipe smoking
67:30
mortality, effect of cessation of smoking
on
67:29
mortality, effect of cigarette smoking on
71:175
mortality rates
64:25, 29, 301; 67:29, 90-93; 68:66;
71:139
mortality ratios
64:103, 293; 67:8, 90
mortality ratios, and smoking
67:3, 91
mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:90-93
mortality ratios, by sex in United States
67:91
mortality ratios, in cigar smokers
67:94
mortality ratios, in male pipe and cigar
smokers
73:217, 219
mortality ratios, in pipe smokers
67:94
nonsmoker prevalence of
64:297
occupational exposure in
64:298, 299, 300, 302
pathogenesis of

69:38-40
phases of

64:294

pigment deposition in
64:272, 273

premature development and smoking,
autopsy studies
74:97

prevalence in males by smoking cate-
gory, at autopsy
73:48

prevalence in pipe/cigar and cigarette
smokers vs. nonsmokers, autopsy
studies
73:45, 46

prevalence in smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:55

prevalence rates in U.S.
74:75
prospective studies on
64:293
pulmonary function studies and
74:80
respiratory symptoms, body constitution
as a factor in
67:30, 102-103, 108-109

153
respiratory symptoms, by smoking classi-
fication
67:99
Tespiratory symptoms, heredity as a fac-
tor in
67:30, 102-103, 108, 111
respiratory symptoms, in pipe smokers
67:99
respiratory symptoms, in smokers
64:27; 67:99; 68:74
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, autopsy
studies
73:45-47
smoking and etiology of
64:38, 294, 303; 67:30-31, 96,
104-107, 110-111; 69:37-38; 72:37;
74 :87-90
summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to smoking
74:75-78; 75:5, 7, 61, 62
Emphysema Registry
64:294
Endrin
64:145
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
Enzymes
activity, effect of smoking
71:165
adenosine triphosphatase, effect of cilia-
toxic agents on
47:108
aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in
placentas at childbirth
71:410
aryl hydroxylase, effect of nickel in
cigarette smoke on induction
71:257
benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, activity in
placentas of smoking mothers
71:410
carbonic anhydrase, carbon monoxide
inhibition in fetal cord blood of
smoking mothers
71:407
carbonic anhydrase, decrease in activity
in fetal cord blood in smoking moth-
ers
71:409
effect of cigarette smoke, in rabbit lungs
74:104, 105
and macrophage function, in rabbit
lungs, .
74:104, 105
oxidative enzymes, effect of ciliatoxic
agents on
67:108
Epidemiological studies
bladder neoplasms and smoking
72:72-74
bronchopulmonary diseases and smoking
72:38-41; 73:36-45
cerebrovascular disease and smoking
75:29, 30
COPD and smoking
74:78-80

154

coronary diseases and smoking
69:12-25; 72:14-16; 73:4-13, 23;
75:14, 15
esophageal neoplasms and smoking
72:70, 71
laryngeal neoplasms and smoking
69:58-60; 72:68
lung neoplasms and smoking
69:55-56; 72:60-65; 73:68-72;
74:37; 75:44
lung neoplasms, by age and sex
68:94-99
lung neoplasms, in Iceland
68:94, 95
lung neoplasms, in Japan
68:95, 96
lung neoplasms, in Switzerland
68:95
maternal smoking and outcome of preg-
nancy
69:77-80; 72:83-87
oral neoplasms and smoking
69:58; 72:68-70; 74:53
pancreatic neoplasms and smoking
69:60-61; 72:74; 74:57
peptic ulcer and smoking
73:155-157
urinary tract neoplasms and smoking
69:60
Epiglottis
laryngeal neoplasms
64:212
Epinephrine
64:318
effect in thrombus formation
67:64-65
effect of nicotine
75:29
levels in arteries, cigarette smoking ef-
fects on
71:57
Epithelial lesions
in smokers
64:168, 170, 172, 173, 213
Epithelial tissues
age effects on
64:34
changes in female smokers
64:34
changes in male smokers
64:34
cigarette smoking and
64:34, 165, 167-173, 189, 213,
263-275
ciliary loss in
64:34
in ex-smokers
64:34
histopathologic changes in
64:167-173, 231, 263-275
hyperplasia in
64:34, 203
hypertrophy caused by nitrogen dioxide
69:41
in nonsmokers
64:189
pipe and cigar effects on
64:34
premalignant lesions in
64:34; 75:44
see also Bronchial epithelium; Esopha-
geal epithelium
Epithelial tumors
classification of
64:174
in man
64:146
Epitheliomas
of lip, relationship of tobacco use with
71:361
Epoxides
suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
rette smoke
71:265
Ergonovine
effect on blood circulation in laboratory
animals with coronary disease
67:62
Esophageal balloon technique
64:292
Esophageal epithelium
atypical nuclei in basal cells, male smok-
ers
71:292, 379-380
effect of smoking on
67:36, 150-153
pathological changes by age and smoking
history
67:150-162
pathological changes by amount smoked
67:152
pathological changes by smoking classi-
fication
67:150-151
pathological changes for male smokers
vs. nonsmokers
67:150-153
Esophageal neoplasms
64:37, 212-218, 234
alcohol consumption and smoking in
67:152-153; 72:4, 5, 71; 73:76, 200
frequency in smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:12, 238
geographical factors in
64:133
incidence of, by tobacco use
64:216
incidence of, in Jewish women
64:135
incidence of, in U.S.
64:127
income class gradients in
64:134
induction in animals by nitrosamine
71:292
inhalation patterns and
64:218; 73:197
methods and results of retrospective
studies of tobacco use in
71:289, 375-378
mortality rates
64:37, 133; 71:289
mortality rates, by amount smoked
67:147, 150
mortality rates, by smoking classification
67:147, 150

mortality rates in females
64:131, 132

mortality rates in Japanese males by
smoking and drinking characteristics
72:71

mortality rates in males
64:130, 132

mortality rates in migrants
64:134

mortality rates in pipe/cigar and ciga-
rette smokers
68:102

mortality ratios, by age
67:150

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:150

mortality ratios, by smoking classifica-
tion
67:150

mortality ratios for cigar, pipe, and
cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:197, 200

mortality ratios in
64:148, 149, 217; 71:289-291

mortality ratios in cigarette smokers
64:149

mortality ratios in Japanese male smok-
ers vs. nonsmokers
73:76

mortality ratios in nonwhites
64:218

prospective studies of
64:217

relative risk in cigar, pipe, and cigarette
smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:197, 200-202

retrospective studies of
64:212-217

risk gradients in, by amount smoked
64:217, 218

tisk ratios in
64:213

smoking in etiology of
64:37, 188; 67:33, 150, 151;
71:293; 72:4, 70, 71

summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to smoking
68:89, 90; 74:55

summary of retrospective studies
73:201, 202

tobacco tars in
64:218

tobacco use and
64:32, 217, 218

trend in mortality
64:137

urban-rural differences in
64:133

Esophagus

effect of benzo(a)pyrene in laboratory
animals
67:152-153

histological changes in cigar, pipe, ciga-
rette sinokers vs. nonsmokers
73:200

Esters

in cigarette smoke

64:52

155
Ethane

64:60

Ethnic groups

neoplasm risks in
64:134, 135

neoplasm sites by
64:134, 135

Ethy! alcohol

carcinogenic promoter activity of
64:217

Ethylene

64:60
glycol
64:52

Euphoria

64:350

Executive Office of the President

64:15

Exercise

on bicycle ergometer, effect of smoking
73:242, 243

cardiac index, effect of smoking
73:242, 243

effect of carbon monoxide exposure
74:11, 12

effect of smoking and smoking absti-
nence
73:241, 242, 246, 247

effects of CO exposure and increased
carbo xyhemoglobin levels
75:95, 97

influencing factors
73:241, 246, 247

and pulmonary function, smokers vs.
nonsmokers
74:99

relationship to mortality rates
64:101

summary of findings and mechanism of
action
73:246, 247

on treadmill, effect of smoking
73:243, 245

Ex-smokers

atypical nuclei in esophageal epithelium,
in male
71:379-380

chronic cough
67:98

decrease of lung neoplasm risk
69:57; 75:43

effects of cessation on body weight,
blood pressure and hypertension de-
velopment
75:16-19

effects of cessation on closing volume
abnormalities
75:71

effects of cessation on pathologic
changes
75:74

histological changes in bronchial epi-
thelium at autopsy
73:74

low birth weight infants of
73:112-114

lung neoplasms in, lowered rates
Wh

156

lung neoplasms in, prevalence
64:192, 193
mortality rates in
64:36; 64:105
mortality rates in, by smoking history
67:8-11
mortality rates in, COPD
TL:175
mortality rates in, coronary disease
64:322, 323, 325; 71:46-48
mortality rates in, coronary disease, by
smoking history
67:51
mortality rates in, coronary disease, ciga-
rette vs. pipe/cigar smokers
73:172, 173
mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men by amount smoked
69:15
mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men, by years stopped smoking
69:15
mortality rates in, coronary disease, for
men, compared to nonsmokers
69:15
mortality rates in, gastric ulcer
64:104
mortality rates in, laryngeal neoplasms
64:104
mortality rates in, lung neoplasms
64:104; 71:276; 72:5; 73:71-72
mortality rates in, oral neoplasms
64:104
mortality rates in, stroke, for men, com-
pared to nonsmokers
69:15
mortality ratios in
64:36, 92,93, 103, 104, 105
mortality ratios in, circulatory disease
64:104
mortality ratios in, ex-cigar smokers
64:94 .
mortality ratios in, lung neoplasms
71::241-242
mortality ratios in, respiratory disease
64:104
pneumoconiosis incidence in, in miners
64:298
prevalence of respiratory symptoms
73:39
psychosomatic disorders in
64:367
pulmonary fibrosis in
64:274
pulmonary function in
73:39
relative risk in lung neoplasms develop-
ment
73:71-72
risk ratios in, from neoplasms
64:155, 158, 188
summary of previous findings on health
consequences of cessation
75:6
summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to COPD
75:61
survival after treatment for pharyngeal,
laryngeal, or oral neoplasms
73:75
thickness of vocal cords in
69:60
Extroversion
64:365, 366
Eye irritation
effects of exposure to cigarette smoke,
in passive smokers
75:99, 100

Face
skin neoplasms of
64:147
Factory workers,
mean expiratory flow rates in
:290

False vocal cords
epithelial hyperplasia in
64:271
hyperkeratosis in
64:271
Farmers
coronary disease incidence in
64:321
decreased smoking by
64 :323
myocardial infarction in
64:323
smoking incidence in
64:187
Fats, saturated
64:322
Fatty acid levels
effect of cigar, pipe, and cigarette smoke
in dogs
73:216
effect of smoking
73:12
rise in, after smoking
71:36, 65
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:102
see also Fatty acids; Free fatty acids
Fatty acids
64:53
Suspected carcinogenic agents of Ciga-
Tette smoke
71:266
see also Fatty acid levels; Free fatty
acids
Federal insecticide regulations
64:61
Federal Trade Commission
64:8, 15
Fertility
and smoking
69:79-80
Fetal death
effect of maternal smoking
64:39, 343; 67:185; 69:77-78;
73:123-135
epidemiological studies, in smokers vs.
nonsmokers
73:126-132

Fetus
effect of maternal smoking
64:39, 343;72:5, 83-89
heart beats in, increase in smoking moth-
ers
71:408
morbidity, effect of maternal smoking
on
67:186
tissues of, effects of elevated carboxy-
hemoglobin on
71:407
Fibrosis
see Pulmonary fibrosis
Filters
advantages in reduction of particulates
71:269, 275
cellulose acetate
64:59
charcoal, and effect of cigarette smoke
on cell cultures
69:62
as a factor in reducing tung neoplasm
risk
74:40-41
reduction of lung neoplasms from,

blood pressure differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers
71:103

COPD morbidity in smokers in
71:200

coronary death rate in
64:320

lung neoplasm mortality in, relationship
to tobacco use
64:176; 71:245-246

lung neoplasms in, retrospective study
of, methods
71:325, 327

peptic ulcer in, methods and results for
retrospective and cross section stud-
ies of smoking
71:426, 428

risk ratio in
64:127

serum lipid differences in smokers vs.
nonsmokers in
71:98, 99

smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids
71:124

Fires

smoking as cause of

64:344, 345; 67:187-188
Fitness tests
smokers vs. nonsmokers

antismoking measures using
64:354
Flax mill workers
chronic respiratory diseases in
64:289, 299
Fluoranthene
alcoholic solution of, penetrability of
esophageal epithelium
71:292

157
in caffeine solution, effect on esophageal
tissue in laboratory animals
67:152-153
in carbon black
64:147
in ethanol, effect on esophageal tissue in
laboratory animals
67:152-153
Forced expiratory flow rates
64:288-293
Forced expiratory volume
64:288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 298
decline in smokers, by race
75:72
Formaldehyde
64:60, 61, 268
ciliastatic action of
64:61, 268
ciliatoxic agent
67:107
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
in tobacco smoke
67:107
toxic action of
64:295
tracheobronchial irritation from
64:266
Formic acid
ciliatoxic agent
67:108
in tobacco smoke
67:108
Formosa
acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu-
man pulmonary function in
71:169
Framingham Study
64:291, 323
angina pectoris in
64:325
duration of smoking habit and incidence
of CHD
68:17
effect of coffee drinking on mortality in
smokers vs. nonsmokers
75:20
epidemiologic study of CHD, CDV, in-
termittent claudication, and smoking
74:14-16
interaction of smoking and other risk
factors in CHD
73:8
morbidity ratios for CHD, by smoking
habit
68:18; 71:24
mortality rates in
64:324
France
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-

ing
71::381-383
bladder neoplasms in, retrospective
studies
64:219, 220, 221

158

CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:94, 97
cigarette smoke effects on animal tissue

in
71:343, 344, 349
COPD mortality of smokers in
71:201
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use
64:214; 71:378
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
64:205, 207; 71:355, 357
lung neoplasms in, methods of retro-
spective study of smoking in
71:326
oral neoplasms in, by type of smoking
64:199, 201
oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
co use and
71:363
Free fatty acids
64:52
plasma, effect of nicotine, in rats
74:13
plasma, effect of smoking on
69:27
see also Fatty acid levels; Fatty acids
Fried foods
64:100
Fume exposure
in smokers vs. nonsmokers, by race and
sex
75:69, 70
Fungi
carcinogenic contamination of tobacco
68:92, 93
Fungicides
concentration in cigarette smoke
71:265, 266
Furfural
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145

Ganglia, parasympathetic
64:69, 71, 317, 318
Ganglion cells
nicotine effect on
64:69, 70
paralysis of
64:69, 70
Gas adsorbents
carbon granules as
64:61
Gas phase, cigarette smoke
69:63
effect on mucus flow rates in cats
72:47
harmful constituents in
72:143
Gas phase, tobacco smoke
64:60
acetaldehyde in
64:60
acetone in
64:60
acetylene in
64:60
acrolein in
64:60
ammonia in
64:60
argon in
64:60
butane in
64:60
carbon dioxide in
64:60
carbon monoxide in
64:60
ethane in
64:60
ethylene in
64:60
formaldehyde in
64:60
hydrogen cyanide in
64:60
hydrogen in
64:60
hydrogen sulfide in
64:60
methane in
64:60
methanol in
64:60
methy! chloride in
64:60
methyl ethyl ketone in
64:60
methyl nitrate in
64:60
nitric oxide in
64:266
nitrogen dioxide in
64:60
nitrogen in
64:60
oxygen in
64:60
phenol in
64:267
propane in
64:60
propylene in
64:60

Gastric acidity

effect of smoking on
67:182

Gastric motility

64:340

Gastric neoplasms

64:37, 38, 225-229, 235

decline in mortality from
64:133

geographic factors in
64:133

income class gradients in
64:134

migrant mortality in
64:134

mortality rates in
64:130, 133
mortality rates in, in smokers
64:149
mortality rates in, Japanese smokers vs.
nonsmokers
74:56, 57
mortality ratios in
64:148, 149, 228
prospective studies of
64:227
retrospective studies of
64:225, 226, 227, 228
retrospective studies of, by smoking pat-
tern
64:226, 227
summary of previous findings on rela-
tionship to smoking
68:90; 74:55
tea drinking and smoking in etiology of
74:56, 57
tobacco tars in
64:228
trends in prevalence of
64:135
U.S. incidence of
64:127
Gastric secretion
effect of nicotine
72:97
effect of nicotine in laboratory animals
73:158, 159
effect of smoking
64:340
effect of smoking in ulcer patients
73:157, 158
Gastric ulcers
64:8, 37, 337, 340
healing of, after cessation of smoking
64:337
mortality ratios in
64:37, 113, 337
Gastrointestinal disorders
prevalence in cigarette and pipe/cigar
smokers
73:222
smoking and
72:5, 6, 97, 98
General practitioners
coronary disease incidence in
64:321, 322
Genetic factors
64:321, 385
alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
72:44
alpha-l-antitrypsin deficiency and smok-
ing in COPD development
74 :87-90; 75:72-74
in bronchitis development
67: 102-104, 108-109
cessation of smoking and
64:191
COPD pathogenesis and
71:148, 150-152, 205
coronary disease and
72:18
in cough development
67:102, 111

159
in emphysema development
67:30, 102-103, 108-109, 111
and heart disease
67:53-54, 57
lung neoplasms and
64:167, 232
in respiratory tract disease development
67:30, 108
short run changes in, in humans
64:191
smoking and
64:190, 319; 71:5; 72:18, 44
smoking and, in lung neoplasm develop-
ment
74:37
susceptibility in neoplasm epidemiology
64:190, 191, 192, 193
twin studies, effects of smoking
71:49-52, 99
Genitourinary diseases
see Urogenital diseases
Genitourinary neoplasms
see Urogenital neoplasms
Geographic factors
neoplasm incidence by
64:133
neoplasm mortality by
64:133
Germany
CHD morbidity and mortality in
71:95-96, 97
cigarette smoke inhalation effects on
animal respiratory tract in
71:350
laryngeal neoplasms in
64:205
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
71:355
laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
study of
64:206
lung neoplasms in, methods of retro-
spective study of smoking in
71:323, 325, 326
polonium-210 levels in tungs of smokers
in
71:336
smoking and nicotine effects on human
blood lipids
71:125
Gestational age
effect on perinatal mortality rates in
smoking vs. nonsmoking mothers
73:126-132
and low-birth-weight infants, effect of
maternal smoking
73:103-106
Gingival neoplasms
64:197, 202
cigar smoking in
64:202
pipe smoking in
64:202
retrospective study of, by type of smok-

ing
64:201

160

tobacco chewing in
64:202
see also Mouth neoplasms; Oral neo-
plasms
Gingivitis
incidence among Danish Royal Marines
69:86
incidence among Dutch Navy recruits
69:86
incidence among U.S. Naval trainees
69:86
smoking and
69:85-86; 72:6
Gingivitis, Vincent’s
relationship to smoking
69:86
Ginseng root
64:355
Glossary
terms used in smoking and ventilatory
function
71:215
Glucose intolerance
as a risk factor in CHD
73:8

Glucose metabolism
cardiovascular effects of
68:40, 41
and insulin response, alteration effects
on myocardial response
71:66
Glutamic acid
64:54
Glutamine
64:54
Glutathione
inhibition of smoke cytotoxic action on
macrophages
69:42
Glycerol
64:52, 62
Glycogen
levels in mice lung exposed to cigarette
smoke
71:161
Glyoxal
64:53
Goblet cells
morphological changes in
64:35, 268, 271
Graphite
respiratory tract carcinoma in workers
exposed to
71:256
Grief,
drug use in
64:353
Grip strength
effect of smoking
73:241, 242
Group psychotherapy
cure of tobacco habit by
64:354
Growth inhibitors
and carcinogenesis
68:92
Guanethidine

blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
by
71:57

Guinea pigs

64:296

induced pulmonary damage in
64:266

lung neoplasm development following
chronic nickel carbonyl or dust in-
halation
71:256

lungs of, cigarette smoke effects on
surfactant activity
71:255

respiratory changes in, exposed to ciga-
rette smoke
71:162

sulfur dioxide effect on
64:266

Habituation
64:350, 352, 354
definition of
64:351
Hamsters
benzo(a)pyrene inhalation by, effect of
asbestos dust on carcinoma induction
71:162
bladder neoplasms in, fed 2-naphthyl-
amine
71:296
cigarette smoke instillation or implanta-
tion effects on tracheobronchial tree
of
71:268, 346-348
induced carcinogenesis in
64:166
induced oral neoplasms in
64:202, 203, 204, 232
laryngeal neoplasms following smoke in-
halation
71:12
larynx of, effect of cigarette smoke
inhalation on
71:281, 284
lung and embryos, effects of cigarette
smoke tars on
71:343-344
pulmonary changes from chronic nitro-
gen dioxide inhalation
71:220
respiratory tract of, C-14 labeled particu-
lates deposition in
71:281-282
respiratory tract of, cigarette smoke in-
halation effects on
71:268, 351
Harvard College
alumni study
64:385, 386
student study
64:383
Health Insurance Plan
68:19, 20

myocardial infarction in pipe and cigar
smokers under
71:32, 38-39
Heart
effect of CO exposure
74:10-12
effect of nicotine
64:318; 67:60; 71:36; 74:13
effect of smoking
64:318; 67:60-62
see also Myocardium
Heart disease
64:320
description of
64:320
U.S. mortality rate from
64:25, 317, 320
see also Coronary diseases
Heart rate
64:318, 326
effect of catecholamines on,
67:60
effect of CO exposure
74:11, 12
effect of exercise and smoking
73:242-246
effect of nicotine on
67:60; 74:13
effect of smoking and -coronary disease
67:61; 71:45, 47
effect of smoking on
67:60
fetal, effect of maternal smoking
71:408
Hematite
64:193
dust, respiratory tract neoplasms in ham-
sters exposed to
71:348
Hematocrit
64:319
infant, smoking mother effects on
71:407, 409
variations in, effect on coronary blood
flow
71:66
Hemoglobin
64:319
affinity for oxygen, CO effects on 2,3-di-
phosphoglycerate control of
71:60-41
effect of smoking on oxygen affinity
69:29
levels, relation to incidence of coronary
disease
67:58
tisk factor in CHD

68:29
variations in, effect on coronary blood

flow
71:66
Hepatomas
64:145, 321
Heptachlor
64:62, 145
Heredity
see Genetic factors

161
Heterocyclic compounds
64:54
carcinogenic properties in cigarette
smoke
71:264, 265
Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds
carcinogenicity
67:127
in tobacco smoke
67:127
Hexamethonium
blockage of nicotine cardiac stimulation
by
71:57
High school students
smoking in
64:370
Hippocampus
nicotine effect on
64:71
Histiocytes
64:269
Histological studies
in laboratory animals
73:49, 50
lung neoplasms and smoking
74:38; 75:4446
lung neoplasms in U.S. veterans
73:73
macrophage function and
74:104, 105
in smokers vs. nonsmokers
74:8, 49
Holland
lung neoplasm mortality rate in
64:176
smoking habits in
64:177
Honolulu Heart Study
interaction of smoking and other risk
factors in CHD
73:8,9
Hookahs
smokers of, laryngeal neoplasm induc-
tion in
71:355
Humectants
64:52
Humidity
and pathologic effects of exposure to
cigarette smoke
75:99
Hungary
methods used for retrospective studies of
lung neoplasms in
71:328
Hunger
64:355
Hydrocyanic acid
as probable contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:144
Hydrogen
in gas phase, cigarette smoke
64:60
Hydrogen cyanide
64:60

162

in cigarette smoke, effects on body
oxidative metabolism
71:62
ciliastatic action of
64:61, 268
as respiratory enzyme poison
64:60
toxicity of
64:265, 266
Hydrogen sulfide
64:60
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
Hydrolases
reduction of in smokers’ alveolar macro-
phages
69:42-43
Hydroperoxides
64:52, 72
Hydroquinone
64:54
bladder neoplasm induction in labora-
tory animals
67:156
as suspected contributor to health haz-
ards of smoking
72:145
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid
biadder neoplasm induction in labora-
tory animals
67:156
urinary excretion, smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
67:156
Hydroxy-cotinine
structure of
64:72
Hydro y-coumarin
64:145
3-Hydroxyk ynurenine
bladder neoplasm induction in labora-
tory animals
67:156
excretion of, smokers vs. nonsmokers
67:156
excretion of, smoking effects on
71:296
Hydroxy proline
level in mice lang exposed to cigarette
smoke
71:161
Hypercapnia
and chronic obstructive bronchopul-
monary disease
68:75, 76
Hy percholesterolemia
and hypoxia, in arteriosclerosis
69:26
incidence in Belgian military men
74:17, 18
incidence in male British business execu-
tives, by smoking habit and clinical
parameters
73:11
as a risk factor for coronary heart disease
72:16, 17; 73:8, 9, Lh
Hyperchromatic nuclei
in epithelial cells of smokers
64:168, 173
Hyperinsulinemia
during oral glucose tolerance tests after
smoking
68:41
Hyperplasia
64:168, 169, 170, 172, 203, 231
basal cell
64:168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 231
basal cell, and smoking
67:36
betel nut chewing and
64:203
bronchial mucosa, by smoking history in
men
67:105
nonspecificity of
64:172
precancerous aspects of
64:166
reversibility of
64:172
Hy perpnea
from nicotine
64:70
Hypersensitivity
effect in emphysema development
67:111
Hypertension
incidence in male Israeli civil servants
74:18
interaction with smoking as risk factor in
cerebrovascular disease
73:9
pulmonary, and chronic obstructive pul-
monary disease
68:74-76
as arisk factor for coronary heart disease
64:32, 321; 72:16, 17; 73:8, 9
risk of, in smokers vs. nonsmokers
68:22, 44
smoker mortality rates in
64:325
smoking effects in
64:325; 75:15-19
summary of recent findings
75:33
in women smokers with CHD
68:22
Hypnotism
cure of tobacco habit by

64:354
Hypothalamus

nicotine stimulation
64:71
Hypoxemia
carbon dioxide effects on
71:61, 75
and chronic obstructive bronchopul-
monary disease
68:75, 76
smoking and
72:22
Hypo xia
aortic atheromatosis development in rab-
bits exposed to
71:64

and arteriosclerosis
69:26

carbon monoxide-induced
73:18, 23

effect of nicotine
72:21

experimentally induced in rats
72:21

postoperative, in smokers
71:174, 230

postural, mechanism in asymptomatic
smokers vs. nonsmokers
71147

tissue, carbon monoxide effects on
71:61

Iceland
lung neoplasm mortality rate in
64:176
lung neoplasms in, relationship to to-
bacco smoking
74:244
Immune system
response to benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung
neoplasms
74:48, 49
suppression of immunoglobulin _ re-
sponse, by nicotine or water soluble
fraction of cigarettes
75:77
Income class
lung neoplasm mortality by
64:133, 134
smoking prevalence by
64:362
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
carcinogenicity
67:127
carcinogenic properties in smoke
67:127; 71:265
India
64:205
esophageal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of tobacco use with
64:214, 215; 71:378
laryngeal neoplasms in, relationship to
tobacco use
71:355, 356
laryngeal neoplasms in, retrospective
studies of
64:205
oral neoplasms in, relationship of tobac-
co use
71:362, 366
oral neoplasms in, retrospective studies
of, by type of smoking

64:199, 201

relationship of smoking to thrombosis in
71:131

relationship of smoking to tuberculosis
in
74:227

smoking and nicotine effects on human
cardiovascular system
T1117

163
Indole, 1-methyl-
possible initiator in tobacco carcino-
genesis
71:265
Industrial carcinogens
64:166
Industrial hazards
effect of dust on COPD development
71:175
effect on COPD development in smokers
71:153, 154, 218, 219
Industrial pollution
in etiology of bronchitis
67:108 110
in etiology of emphysema
67:108,110
Infant mortality
black vs. white smoking mothers
73:129, 132
comparison of stillbirth and abortions in
smoking and nonsmoking mothers
71:395, 405,406
differences of birth weight and, in smok-
ing and nonsmoking mothers
71:404
effect of genetic differences and smoking
73:132
effect of maternal smoking
67:185; 69:77,78; 71:415; 72:83,
87; 73:123,135
effect of previous obstetrical experience
and smoking
73:132
effect of socioeconomic background and
smoking
73:131, 132
epidemiological studies in smokers vs.
nonsmokers
73:126, 132
factors other than smoking
73:131, 132
low birth weight and
72:86
risk of low-birth-weight infants of smok-
ing vs. nonsmoking mothers
73:126, 132
sudden death, relation of smoking and
nonsmoking mothers
71:407
Infants
development of bronchitis and pneu-
monia, and maternal smoking
75:103
growth rate, effect of maternal smoking

on
69:78
Infectious diseases
64:38, 276, 277, 302
Influenza
64:195, 277, 302
incidence from antibody deficit in smok-

ing
72:109
mortality ratios in
64:276
prevalence in pipe and cigar smokers
73:220, 221

164

Influenza viruses
effect of cigarette smoke on, in mice
68:70, 71
effect on dogs inhaling cigarette smoke
71:351
enhancing effect in vitro on oxidized
nicotine
69:42
lung neoplasm induction by
64:172
neoplasm induction by
64: 166
resistance of mice following cigarette
smoke inhalation
71:173
Inhalation
64:91, 187, 188
amount smoked and
64:163
bladder neoplasm prevalence and
64:219, 223, 225
carbon monoxide, effect on blood circu-
lation in coronary disease patients
67:63
as carcinogen application method
64:166
cigarette smoke, and chronic cough
67:97
cigarette smoke, and coronary disease
67:54
cigarette smoke, and mortality
67:7,9
cigarette smoke, effect on blood pressure
67:54
coronary mortality and
64:324
effect of previous smoking habits on
patterns of
73:186, 189
effect on blood circulation in dogs
67:63
esophageal neoplasms and
64:213, 218
frequency-per-puff in cigar and cigarette
smokers
73:186, 189
laryngeal neoplasms and
64:209, 212
and lung neoplasms in animals
68:93
lung neoplasms prevalence by
64:159, 230
by male smokers, and mortality rate
67:11
as measures of exposure to cigarette
smoke
67:15
mortality rate from
64:36, 91, 92, 99, 111
mortality rate, inhalers vs. noninhalers
67:7; 68:5
mortality ratios
64:91, 111
particulate retention in
64:264, 350; 69:62
personality factors in
64:367
pipe, cigar, and cigarette smokers
73:184, 189
possible determining factors in patterns
of .
73:183, 184
of radon
64:145
risk in, in lung neoplasms
64:188
stimulatory effect from
64:350
of thoron
64:145 .
tobacco smoke, and bronchogenic carci-
noma
67:129
tobacco smoke, and epidermoid carci-
noma
67:129
tobacco smoke, and papilloma formation
67:129
summary of previous findings on
75:4
Inorganic compounds
64:141
Insecticides
64:61, 145
aldrin as
64:62
arsenic as
64:61
chlordane as
64:62, 145
DDT as
64:62, 145
Diazinon as
64:62
dieldrin as
64:62
Dylox as
64:62
Endosulfan as
64:62
endrin as
64:62
Guthion as
64:62
heptachlor as
64:62, 145
lead arsenate as
64:61
malathion as
64:62, 145
parathion as
64:62, 145
paris green as
64:61
Sevin as
64:62
TDE as
64:62, 145
Insoluble particles
clearance mechanisms
64:267
Insufflation
application of carcinogens by
64:166

Insurance policyholders
breathlessness in
64:287
Intelligence quotient
64:370
Intermittent claudication
decrease in exercise time after exposure
to CO
75:28
effects of coffee drinking and cigarette
smoking
75:20
smokers vs. nonsmokers ~
72:22, 26
~ smoking and
73:21
smoking as a major risk factor
74:14-16
International Cooperative Study
interaction of smoking and other risk
factors in CHD
73:9 .
International Statistical Classification of
Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of
Death
64:10)
Intestinal neoplasms
64:103
Intestinal tone,
tobacco effect on

64:355
Intratracheal injections
application of carcinogens by
64:166
Involuntary smoking
see Passive smoking
Ionized radiation
neoplasm induction by
64:142, 143
threshold levels in

64:143.
Ireland

acute effect of cigarette smoke on hu-
man pulmonary function in
74:168

CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:96

CHD mortality and morbidity in, smok-
ers and nonsmokers in
71:94

lung neoplasms in, methods of retrospec-
tive study of smoking in
71:328

maternal smoking and infant weight in

71:399 .
methods used in study of smoking and

human pregnancy
71:394, 396

Northern, mortality rates from COPD
71:144

occupational exposure and smoking rela-
tionships to COPD in

71:218
relationship of lung neoplasms to smok-
ing, air pollution and residence in

71:218
serum lipid differences in smokers vs.

nonsmokers in
71:99

165
smoking and nicotine effects on human
peripheral vascular system
71:133
smoking relationship to thrombosis in
71:130
Iron oxide
64:166
Irritants
tissue tolerance to
64:353
Ischemia
64:319
Ischemic heart disease
see Coronary disease
Isomethy!nicotinium ion
structure of
64:72
Isoparaffins
64:51
Isoprene
64:52
Isoprenoids
64:49, 51
structural formula of
64:49
Isopropyl oil
lung neoplasm risk from
64:193
Israel
cigarette smoke effects on animal em-
bryos in
71:343
mortality rates from COPD in
71:140
Isuprel
aerosol
64:292, 293
italy
human experimental data on smoking
and pregnancy
71:409
prohibition of advertising in
64:8
serum lipid differences
in smokers vs. nonsmokers in
71:100
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers in
71:263

Japan
bladder neoplasms in, methods and re-
sults in retrospective studies of smok-

ing
71:382, 384
CHD mortality
64:320
CHD mortality and morbidity in
71:96
cigarette smoke effects on human fetal
lung tissue in
71:343
esophageal neoplasms in retrospective
studies of tobacco use in
71:378

166

kidney and bladder neoplasms of smok-
ers in
71:295
lung neoplasms, mortality of smokers
and nonsmokers in
71:243
lung neoplasms, retrospective smoking
study, methods of
71:326, 328
mortality ratios, esophageal neoplasms in
71:291
mortality ratios, kidney neoplasms,
smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:77
mortality ratios, pancreatic neoplasms in
cigarette smokers
71:298
neoplasm risk in
64:127
relationship of lung neoplasms to smok-
ing, air pollution, and residence in
71:255
“Tokyo-Yokohama asthma”
64:276
Jena
autopsy records in
64:150
Jews
esophageal neoplasms in, in women
64:135
gastric neoplasms in
64:135
increased smoking among, in women
64:363
Job changing
smoker prevelance of
64:363
Johns Hopkins student study
64:384
Joint Tuberculosis Society of Great Britain
64:6

Keratin
oversecretion of, in stomatitis nicotina
64:271
Keratosis, senile
64:203
Keto-acids
64:53
Ketoamide
structure of
64:72
Ketones
64:52
Khat
64:349
Kidney neoplasms
epidermoid, associated with cigarette
smoking
69:60
mortality rates in U.S.
71:296
mortality ratios in
64:148, 149
mortality ratios, Japanese men and wo-
men, smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:77
mortality trends in
64:137, 149
relationship of tobacco use and
71:13, 299
in smokers and nonsmokers
71:238, 294-295
smoking and
69:60, 64; 73:77, 78
see also Urogenital neoplasms
Korea
relation of human pulmonary histology
and smoking in
71:255
tracheobronchial tree changes in smokers
and nonsmokers of
71:259
Kreyberg classification
comparison with World Health Oxganiza-
tion classification
64:174
in lang neoplasms
64:35, 159, 173
Kreyberg study
lung neoplasms and smoking
69:55-56

Labeling
of tobacco products
64:8
Laboratory techniques
for induction of experimental neoplasms
69:63-64
Laborers
coronary incidence in
64:321
Lactate metabolism
effect of smoking, in patients with an-
gina pectoris
73:13
Lactation
effect of maternal smoking
73:138-141
effect of maternal smoking, summary of
findings
73:141
epidemiological studies
73:138
experimental studies
73:138, 139
Lactones
carcinogenicity of
64:145
suspected carcinogenic agents in ciga-
rette smoke
71:265
Laparotomy
postoperative pulmonary complications
following, in smokers vs. nonsmokers
71:174
Laryngeal neoplasms
64:37, 205-212, 233, 234; 71:12,
237-239, 281

alcohol consumption in
64:210

development in hamsters following ciga-
rette smoke inhalation
71:239

development in smokers
71:12, 281

dose effect in
64:210, 234

effect of cessation of smoking on
67:149

epidemiological studies
72:68

extrinsic origin of
64:211, 212

incidence in males and females, by age
68:101, 102

incidence of secondary primary, in
smokers vs. nonsmokers
75:50

income class gradients in
64:134

inhalation effects in
64:209

inhalation patterns and,
73:193

intrinsic origin of
64:211, 212

mortality rates
64:37, 133, 135, 210; 71:277

mortality rates, by age
67:149

mortality rates, by age for men
67:148

mortality rates, by amount smoked
67:149

mortality rates, by smoking classification
67:147, 149

mortality rates, for women
64:134; 67:153

mortality rates, in smokers vs. nonsmok-
ers
71:237-238

mortality rates, in United States by age
67:148

mortality rates, in United States by sex
67:148

mortality ratios
64:113, 148, 149; 71:277-279

mortality ratios, and smoking
67:33-35, 148-149

mortality ratios, by age
67:149

mortality ratios, by age for men
67:148

mortality ratios, by amount smoked
67:149

mortality ratios, by smoking classifica-
tion
67:149

mortality ratios, cigar smokers vs. non-
smokers
67:35

mortality ratios for pipe, cigar, and
cigarette smokers vs. nonsmokers
73:193, 196, 197

mortality ratios in, in females
64:132

167