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89
CARDIOVASCULAR

APPENDIX TABLES
£6

TABLE A6.—Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality--retrospective studies

(Actual number of cases shown in parentheses)?

 

 
 

 

 

 

{SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers]
Author,
year, Numin - and Data
country, f collection Cases (percent) Controls (percent) Comments
reference hopu

English 1,000 pintes « Case selection Age Percent Smokers Percent Smokers

et al., manifest! “HD, from Mayo) 4u-49 2 79.7 (187) 61.9 (302) (p<0,001)
1940, 403: 30f age. Founda- BOBO occ eee T7382) 73.9 (371) (not significant)
U.S.A. Cont: Is: 1,000 tion files. 60 or over ....... -68.8(431) 61.8 (327) (not significant)
(60). male non-CHD Controls Allages ........69.8 66.3 (p<0.05)
patients. same year
of admis-
sion age-
matched.

Mills and 474 white male Undefined. 40-49 50-59 60-69 YO orover 40-49 50-59 60-69 70 er over
Porter, coronary deaths. (56) (135) (153) (130) (216) (188) (114) (88)
1957, Controls: 606 NS Lowe eee ee O14 6.66 18.30 33.84 19.91 24.47 35.09 54.12
U.S.A, white males. Allcigarettes  .........83.93 82.23 49.02 18.44 70.83 59.94 43.86 16,47
(181). Pipes, cigars .......... 8.93 11.11 32.68 47.70 9.26 16.47 21.05 29.41

Buechley Males reporting Question- NS ............-..20.4 (23) NS. ...........42.1(51)
etal., CHD to California naire and 20 2... 61.1 (69) 20 .......... 46.3 (56)

1958, Health Survey interview. 20 0... .e eee 185 (21) 20 Looe ee 11.6(14)
U.S.A. with matched
(38). controls from

same survey
(included those
surviving first
myocardial
infarction).
¥6

TABLE A6.—Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortahty—retrospective studies (cont.)
(Actual number of cases shown in parentheses)

[SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers]

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Author,

year, Number and Data
country, type of collection Cases (percent) Controls (percent) Comments
reference population

Russek and 97 male and 3 Interviews Tobacco usage>80 cigarettes/day Patients
Zohman, female coronary by 70 percent. 35 percent. included 89
1958, patients. Controls: authors. with classical
U.S.A. 100 healthy controls myocardial
(163). of similar age, infarction

sex, occupation, and 11 with
and ethnic origin. angina pectoris.
Spain and 269 males identified 3,000 males NS ..............80.0 (81) 29.0 (772)
Nathan, as having CHD by in New <40/day .........29.0 (78) 33.0 (870)
1961, physical examination York City >40/day . 18.0 (33) 9.0 (234) (p<0.05)
U.S.A. and history. Controls: inter- EX ..............14.0 (89) 14.0 (361)
(176). 2,637/3,000 males viewed and Cigar, pipe ....... 14.0 (38) 15.0 (400)
identified as examined Total ..... 100.0 (269) 100.0 (2,687)
not having CHD by medical
group.

Mulcahy and 400 mz.’ s less than Interview. Males Males Control smoking
Hickey, 60 yours of age with NS oo... eee... 4.50 (18) 18.2(110) data obtained
1967 classical CHD. Data SM .............90.75 (363) 70.6 (427) from estimated
Ireland compared with male EX ............. 4.758 (19) 11.2 (68) smoking habits
(185, 186). population con- Total ..........100.00(400) 100.0(605) of Irish

sumption figures. population of
same age group.

Schwartz 612 male patients Interview, Average amount 15.5 (p<0.0001) Data apply only to
et al, with angina or laboratory, per day as 86.0 those under 55
1966, myocardial and cigarettes . 18.6 years of age.
France infaretion. clinicalex- Al!SM ..........86.0
(169). 612 age-matched aminations. Inhalers ..........59.0 45.0 (p<<0.00001)

controls.

 
$6

(SM = Smokers

(AACLUAL NUUWEF OL Cots sLUWwLL in barelibieses J+
NS = Nonsmokers

EX = Ex-smokers]

 

 

 

 

 

Author,
year, Number and Data .
country, type of collection Cases (percent) Controls (percent) Comments
reference population

Villiger and 100 cases with Hospital Malea(72) Females(28) Males(72) Females(28) These are not pure
Heyden- recent myocardial history or NS see see. 6.94 71.4 $25.0 82.1 smoking classes.
Stucky, infarctions. interview. Cigarettes . 0.0... cece eee eee ee 66.7 28.6 45.8 14.3 ft (p<0.01)

1966, 72 males, 28 females, 1-19 cigarettes/da. tee eee ee ee AB 10.7 23.6 10.7
Swit- 100 age-matched P20 ccc ete eee eee ns AB.6 17.9 $22.2 3.6
zer- controls (72 male Cigar, pipe . 44,4 27.8 .
land industrial EX . 42 $15.3 3.6
(201). employees and 28

females in hospital

for other diagnoses).

Dérken, 205 males up to 44 Death cer- NS coe ee eee eee 10 (2) 18,4 (76) Ex-smokers listed
1967, years of age with tificate re- Cigarette Units under nonsmokers,
Germany myocardial infarc- view. In- 1B oo... eeeeeeeees 15 (8) ~ 10.4 (43) Smoking information
(52). tion or sudden terview of 10-15 .. 82.2 (62) 46.5 (192) available only on

death (139 deceased, patient 20-30 . 48,5 (84) 22.5 (93) 193/205. These

66 living). Controls or kin. 35 21.8 (42) 2.2 (9) cigarette categories

—Hamburg age- 100.0 (193) 100.0(413) include mixed or cigar

matched citizens (only 28 were mixed (62 were mixed or smokers recalculated

selected randomly. or cigar smokers) cigar smokers) as to number of ciga-
rettes. No patients
or controls smoked
pipes exclusively.

Dorken, 33 females up to Death cer- Cigarettes per day
1967, 44 years of age tificates, O ceeeeeeecaaeees 61, (2) 63.2 (84) (p<0.001)

Germany with myocardial inter- WB oe eee ee ee 17.3 (23)

(58). infarction or sudden views. 6-15... ee eee 48.5 (16) 16,5 (22)
death. Controls—133 20-30 ............39.4 (13) 3.0 (4)
females 27-44 years B85 eee eee eee GL (2)

of age from clinic
without CVD or lung
cancer.

 
TABLE A6.—Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality—retrospective studies (cont.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

oJ
* (Actual number of cases shown in parentheses)?
[SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers EX = Ex-smokers]
Author,
year, Number and Data
country, type of collection Cases (percent) Controls (percent) Comments
reference population

Hyams 79 males surviving Interviews NS ....... eee eee 101 (8) 21.0 (33)
etal., myocardial infare- by trained 1-9 cigarettes
1967, tion. 157 age- personnel, perday ........ 7.0 (5) 10,5 (13)

Japan matched controls 10-15 ............25.4 (18) 33.9 (42)
(87). hospitalized for non- 16-20 woo... ee 35.2 (25) 25.8 (32)
CVD but include 21-34 ............22.5 (16) 17.7 (22)
hypertensive disease, >35 see. 99 (7) 12.1 (15)

AIL SM « -100.0 (71) 100.0(124)

Mulcahy 100 female patients Hospital SM .............,63.0 (63) 45.6 (261) Smoking on controls
et al., less than 60 years interviews. NS ..............33.0 (33) 45.3 (259) obtained from
1967, of age admitted to EX .............. 4.0 (4) 9.1 (52) statistics of
Treland hospital with CHD. Total .....100.0(100) 100.0 (572) smoking in
(187). Irish Republic.

Sudden death
not ineluded.

Stejfa, 70 male and Direct Prevalence of risk factors Authors then followed
1967, female patients interviews. Angina patienta Control group the 70 patients for
Poland with recent onset 60.0 3 years and noted
(179). exertional angina 48.1{p>0.1) that smoking signifi-

pectoris, 54 controls cantly influenced
of same age. the incidence of
coronary occlusion.

Schimmler 603 males with Hospital NS oo... eee... 9.0 (44) 26.0 (187) (p<0.001)
etal, healed myocardial interviews. EX ..............12,0 (59) 20.0(142) (p<0.001)

1968, infarctions. 714 male Cigar, pipe .... ..12.0 (62) 11.0 (77)

Germany controls of same age <19 cigarettes ....25.0(129) 14.0(101) (p<0.001)

(167). without detectable 200 6.6... 42.0(209) 29.0(207) (n<0,001)
heart disease. Total .....100.0(503) 100.0(714)

 
£6

TABLE A6,

 

Coronary heart disease morbidity and mortalely—retrospeetive studies (cunt.)

(Actual number of cases shown in parentheses) !

 

 

 

 

[SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers EX > Ex-smokers]
Author,
year, Number and Data
country, type of collection Cases (percent) Controls (percent) Comments
reference population
Hood et al., 230 males surviving Interview (230) (855)
1969, early first myocardial and exam- Never smoked... .1.75 24.2
Sweden infarction. Controls: ination. EX before
(85), 855 randomly selected infarction ......1.75 19.7
males 50 years of EX after
age. infarction .....29.1 .
<15 cigarettes ...28.3 27.4
15 cigarettes ...22.6 20.0
All ..............80.0 47.4
Pipe ............ 16.5 8.8
Jouve 1,229 CHD patients; Interview. 43.0 13.0(p<0.0001)
etal., 802 males, 427
1969, females. Controls:
France 743 individuals of
(91). both sexes; age,
sex, and social
class matched,
Kastl, 275 male railway Interview NS ..... 2.2.0... -20.0 (55) 29.8 (82)
1969, employees up to 65 and ex- 2-20 cigarettes or
Germany years of age sur- amina- up to 6 cigars. ..32.0 (88) 63.3 (82)
(98). viving myocardial tion. >20 cigarettes or
infarction. 275 con- >6 cigars. .......48.0(132) 6.9 (19)

trol employees with
minor circulatory
disturbances.

 

1 Unless otherwise specified, disparities between the total number of cases
and the sum of the individual smoking categories are due to the exclusion of
either occasional, miscellaneous, mixed, or ex-smokers.
86

TABLE A7.—Differences in serum lipids between smokers and nonsmokers
(Actual number of individuals shown in parentheses)?!

[SM = Smokers

NS = Nonsmokers]

 

Author, year,

Number and

 

 

 

 

 

 

country, type of Results Comments
reference population
Gofman 401 male Difference between SM and NS +Sf refers to Svedberg
et al,, employees Ages 20-29 Ages 80-89 Ages40-59 flotation units of
1955, 20-59 years Lipid: (NS 55, SM 37) (NS 56, SM 67) (NS 17, SM 44) centrifuged lipoproteins.
ULS.A., of age. TSE 0-12 « $59.9 p<0.001 +19.9 p<0.05 + 3.9 p<0.05
(72). Sf 12-20 -. + 9.4 p<0.001 + 5.4 p<0.05 — 3.5 p<0.05
Sf 20-100 + $20.0 p<0.025 + 9.1 p<0.05 + 8.5 p<0.05
Sf 100-400 - +15.8 p<0.025 412.1 p<0.05 — 4.5 p<0.05
Cholesterol ....... +212 p<0.05 + 9.0 p<0.05 — 48 p<0.05
Thomas, 521 medical Serum cholesterol mg. percent
1958, students. NS (264) SM (257)
U.S.A. Observed/Expected Observed/Expected
(185). <250 170/157 149/161.6
>250 Len ere ee ee ee ee nee eee 87/99.6 115/102.4
Chi Square Value = 5.2 p<<0.025
Dawber 2,253 males Serum cholesterol mg. percent The authors conclude that
etal., participating 29-44 45-59 there is evidence of a
1959, in the Framingham NS oo cece cent eee e pees ence ne 216.1(149) 228.3(131) gradient of cholesterol with
U.S.A. study 29-59 All cigarettes 224.8 (874) 229.5 (589) increasing amount of cigarette
(47), years of age. <10 217.4 (75) 229.1 (76) smoking in younger men.
10-19 221,1(134) 230.1 (95)
20-39 225.8 (551) 227.8 (350)
>40 229.0(114) 238.5 (68)
Pipe and 214.9 (128) 227.1(166)
Karvonen 525 males in Serum cholesterol mg. percent The authors state that no
et al., various West Finland East Finland Helsinki trend was noted associating
1959, occupations 208.0(64) 226.6 (39) 235.1 (62) increasing amount smoked with
Finland 20-59 years 228.7(91) 249.7(103) 257.8 (166) increasing serum cholesterol,
(97). of age. although smokers and nonsmokers

did have different overall
levels.
66

Author, year,

TABLE A7.—Differences in serum lipids between smokers and nonsmokers (cont.)

Number and

(Actual number of individuals shown in parentheses)!
{SM = Smokers NS = Nonsmokers]

 

   

 

 

 

 

country, type of Results Comments
reference population

Acheson 221 randomly Mean serum cholesterol Mean Beta/Alpha
and Jessop, chosen pensioners mg. percent lipoprotein ratio
961 65-85 years of NS oo. Lice eee ee ee eee = 214(38) 2.0 (36)

Treland age. 5 cigarettes/day tae 201(12) 2.1011)
(1). 5 213 (34) 1.9(33)
20 201 (33) 1.9 (35)
S80 ee eee 206 (8) 1.8 (8)

Bronte- Approximately Cholesterol mg. percent Beta/ Alpha lipoprotein ratio No data given on numbers in

Stewart, 600 healthy 25-389 40-55 25-39 40-55 each group.
1961, males 25-55 tA TE A E A E A E fA—African.
South years of age, NS... ww... V9 197 222 246 2.89 3.34 3.75 4.59 £E—European.
Africa “Heavy SM .. 186 223 204 236 3.82 4.40 4.07 5.40

(3r).

Konttinen, 314 male military Serum cholesterol Serum phospholipids No serum lipid differences
1962, recruits 18-25 mg. percent mg. percent found among the various
Finland years of age. NS Loic ce eee ee  CIAB) cece ee eee = 208.8 218.0 smoking groups.

(119). (Cigarettes per day) 1-10 (58)............. 206.8 222.3
11-19 ae (54). .....0.0..., 2181 224.7
20 eee ee eens (62)............, 202.8 210.5

Blomstrand 76 monozygotic I. Monozygotes discordant for smoking: Smokers showed slightly lower levels The authors conclude from the

and Lundman,
1966,

Sweden

(26).

twin pairs and

87 dizygotic

twin pairs obtained
from Swedish Twin
Registry.

of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids than nonsmokers.
II. Dizygotes discordant for smoking: Smokers showed significantly higher
levels of phospholipids. No differences for cholesterol and triglycerides.

differing MZ and DZ results
that constitutional factors
are probably more important
than smoking in determining
lipid levels.

 
001

TABLE A7.—Differences in serum lipids between smokers and nonsmokers (cont.)
(Actual number of individuals shown in parentheses)1

[SM — Smokers

NS = Nonsmokers]

 

Author, year,

Number and

 

 

 

 

 

 

country, type of Results Comments
reference population
Fidanza 111 male prisoners Serum cholesterol mg. percent No statistically significant
etal., 34-69 years of Ages <39 40-49 50-59 60-69 differences found between
1966, age. BS ES 195 (12) 189 (10) 176 (7) SM and NS.
Italy <20 cigarettes/day 208 (5) 201(16) 202 (13) 195 (10)
(62). >20 cigarettes/day 197(5) 175 (7) 171 (7)
Serum triglycerides mg. percent

NS clic ccc cece cen eee eens a $4.7 719 85.0

<20 cigarettes/day 84.5 99.4 101.9 89.8

>20 cigarettes/day 91.0 86.0 65.7

Kedra and 200 clinically Serum cholesterol Phospholipids Total lipids Serum cholesterol also noted
Dmowski, healthy males mg. percent mg. percent mg. percent to increase with increasing
1966, 20-50 years of NS(100) oo... ee 170.2 268.1 1,234.8 intensity and duration of
Poland age. SM 100) .......00. 24a p<0.01 257 5 p>0.05 vasa P<0.01 smoking.
(99), Beta-lipoproteins
Total fatty acide percent of total
mg. percent lipoproteina
NS(100) 797.8 43.1
SM 100) ....cee eee 26094 p<0.01 woof p<0.01

Harlan 657 former naval Serum cholesterol Serum triglycerides Lipoproteins
et al., aviation cadets Found to be related Found not to be related Sf 0-12 related. p<{0.05
1967, 48 years of age to cigarette smoking to cigarette smoking. Sf 20-100 unrelated.

U.S.A, (average). p<0.05. Sf 100-400 unrelated.
(79).

Heyden- 500 plant workers Serum cholesterol Serum triglycerides No statistically significant
Stucky and 30-60 years of mg. percent mg. percent difference found between
Schibler- age. <10 cigarettes/day 210.0(334) 110.0 SM and NS,

Reich, 1967, >10 cigarettes/day 260.0 (166) 180.0 .
Switzerland

(82).