INDEX

A

Abdominal fat, 135
Absolute intensity scale, 66
Acid-base equilibrium, 62
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 65
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 65, 66
Adipocytes, 128
Adipose tissue, 128, 133, 134
Adolescents and physical activity
bicycling activities, 200, 205
bone mass development, 131, 132
breast cancer incidence, 117
cardiovascular disease risk factors, 91, 102
high school physical education, 204, 205
injuries, 142
no regular activity, 189
obesity, 43, 47, 133
recommendations, 28-29
regular, vigorous activity, 191, 196-197, 205
school-based interventions, 6, 236-243
sports team participation 200
stretching activities, 194, 200-201
surveys, 175, 205
trends, 8
walking activities, 200, 205
Adults and physical activity
assessment procedures, 30
cardiovascular response, 75
communications strategies, 229-230, 231
community approaches, 227-229, 234
determinants, modifiable, 215, 234
exercise enjoyment, 215, 216
health care settings, 226-227, 242
individual approaches, 217, 226, 234
promotion, 217, 234
pulmonary ventilation rates in untrained, 64

recommendations, 24-27, 43

self-efficacy, 214-215, 217, 248
self-monitoring, 217, 226, 234
social support, 216, 226
surveys, 175
trends, 8
worksites, 229-231, 234, 229
Aerobic exercise, 66 ,
Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, 86
Affective disorders, 135
African Americans
adult activity interventions, 232, 236, 232
bicycling activities by, 203
Fitness Through Churches Project, 245
high school physical education enrollment, 205
no regular physical activity, 177, 192, 195
physical activity trends in, 8
regular, sustained physical activity, 183
regular, vigorous physical activity, 185, 187,
196-197
sports team participation, 200
strengthening activities by, 189, 191, 198, 193
stretching activities by, 191, 194, 201
walking activities by, 203
Age factors, 74-76
cardiorespiratory capacity and, 187
exercise intensity and, 31-33
hypertension and, 103
no regular activity and, 177, 179, 192, 195
physical activity and mortality rates, 86
regular, sustained activity and, 183
regular, vigorous activity and, 185, 187
weight gain prevention and, 133, 232-233
Agility. See Psychomotor performance
Alabama
Physical Activity for Risk Reduction project,
232
A Report of the Surgeon General

Amenorrhea, 131, 143
American Academy of Pediatrics, 28
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance, 3, 244
American Association of Cardiovascular and
Pulmonary Rehabilitation, 23
American Association of Health, Physical
Education, and Recreation (AAHPER), 18
Health Related Physical Fitness Test, 18
Youth Fitness Test, 18
American Cancer Society (ACS), 112
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 5
cardiorespiratory fitness (endurance) and, 4, 20
consultation for report by, 3
Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 23
National Coalition for Promoting Physical
Activity, 244 :
physical activity recommendations, 33, 148
American Diabetes Association, 127
American Heart Association (AHA), 244
cardiorespiratory endurance (fitness) and, 4
consultation for report by, 3
National Coalition for Promoting Physical
Activity, 244
physical activity counseling
recommendation, 244
American Hospital Association, 23
American Medical Association (AMA)
exercise and physical fitness, 17
Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services
(GAPS), 28, 242
Health and Fitness Program, 17
physical activity counseling
recommendation, 244
Anemia, 143
Angina pectoris, 45, 110-112, 143
Anovulation, 143
-Anxiety, 8, 137, 150
Anxiety disorders, 135, 136
Aortic aneurysms, 103

Aortic valve stenosis, 45

Appetite, 135

Arrhythmias, 110, 112, 143

Arterial baroreflex, resetting of, 63

Arterial-mixed venous oxygen (A¥O,), 62, 64, 70,
75-77

Arterial vasodilatation, 111

Arthritis, 7, 129-130, 142

Arthritis, rheumatoid, 129

Asthma, 143

Atherosclerosis, 5, 102, 103, 110-111, 128

Australian Heart Week (1990) campaign, 233

B

i

B-lymphocytes. See Lymphocytes
Balance. See Equilibrium
Bank of America physical activities program, 230
Basal metabolic rate, 66
Bed rest, prolonged, 71, 72
Behavioral sciences, adult
ecological perspective, 214-215, 244
health-belief model, 213, 217
intervention studies. See under Intervention
studies (adolescent; adult, children)
learning theories, 211, 214, 226, 228, 230
planned behavior theory, 213-214, 226
reasoned action theory, 213-214, 217
relapse prevention model, 213, 226, 228
social learning (cognitive) theory, 214, 217,
226, 228, 230, 235, 236
social support, 220, 214, 227, 228
transtheoretical model, 213, 235
Behavioral sciences, children and adolescents,
234-243
planned behavior theory, 213
reasoned action theory, 213
social learning (cognitive) theory, 214
Biogenic monoamines, 141
Blood flow, 63, 64, 65, 71, 111, 112, 128
Blood pressure, 16, 71, 90, 110, 111, 145
adaptation to exercise, 73
diastolic, 63, 70, 72, 102,110
end-diastolic volume, 71, 72
mean arterial, 63
response to resistance exercise, 65
systolic, 63, 64, 70, 102, 110
See related Hypertension; Hypotension
Blood volume, 70, 71, 72
Body composition, 21, 22, 35, 54, 134
Body fat, 7, 35, 102, 128-129, 134, 135, 145
Body mass index, 35, 90, 102, 126-127, 133, 134
Body surface area to mass ratio, 73-74
Body temperature, 62, 64, 141
Body weight, loss practices, 50, 44
Bone density, 69, 72, 73, 75, 130, 131, 132
Bone marrow, 67
Breast cancer, 7, 117~—119, 123
British Association for the Advancement of
Science, 19

Building Your Fitness Futures program, 232

Cc

 

Calcium, balance, 72
Caloric expenditure, 147
Calorimetry, 21, 29, 32
indirect, 21, 32
Cancer, 43, 67, 149
breast, 7, 117-119
colon, 4,5, 7, 114, 144, 145, 149
endometrial, 7, 120-121, 149
hormone-dependent in women, 117-121
mortality incidence, 113
ovarian, 7, 120, 149
physical activity and, 7
prostate, 7, 121-122, 124-125
testicular, 7, 124, 149
rectal, 7, 113, 116
uterine, 117, 120-121

Physical Activity and Health

Capillaries, 71
density of, 63, 65, 73
endurance training and, 69
Carbohydrate, adenosine triphosphate
production, 66
Carbon dioxide (CO,), 18, 32, 61-62, 66
Cardiac output (Q), 62,71
contribution to mean arterial blood pressure,
63
and heart rate, 62
maximal (Q max),.62, 70, 71
rest vs. exercise, 63
stroke volume, 62, 63, 65
Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic, 45
Cardiorespiratory endurance (fitness), 4, 6, 17
age and, 187
cholesterol, total, and, 102
epidemiologic studies of, 131, 137, 143, 147,
182, 187, 201-205
interventions, 244
measurement of, 19-20, 32—37
multiple sclerosis and, 233
population-based studies, 85-90
prostate cancer and, 121-125
regular, intermittent exercise, 5
sex factors and, 187
See also Physical fitness
Cardiovascular diseases, 87
of adolescents, interventions for, 236-243
community-based intervention programs for,
227-229
of children, interventions for, 236-243
diabetes risk factors for, 127
health care interventions for, 242
myocardial infarction, 5, 43, 45, 112, 143
physical activity and, 43-48, 43-45, +7
Cardiovascular system adaptations, 5, 7, 19
to exercise, 7, 21, 61-62, 65, 70, 71, 87
myocardial wall stress in, 63-64, 71
Cartilage, 130, 143
Catecholamine, 64, 66, 74
A Report of the Surgeon General

Causality, 144-145
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 5
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
(BRFSS), 175, 205
exercise recommendations, 23, 28, 33, 148
Guidelines for School and Community Health
Programs to Promote Physical Activity
Among Youths, 237, 244
School Health Policies and Programs Study,
236-237
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 175, 176, 189,
193-199, 205
Cerebrovascular disorders, 7, +7, 45, 102-103,
104-107, 110
Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular
Health (CATCH) study, 239, 244
Children and physical activity, 75
assessment procedures, 29
behavioral research, 234-243
bone mass development, 131, 132
cardiovascular factors, 75, 91, 102
environmental factors, 73-74
goals, 28, 43
hypertension, 87
injuries, 142
minimum health standard, 17-18, 19
no regular activity, +
obesity, 43, 47, 133, 134
obesity interventions, 248
regular, vigorous activity, 191
school-based interventions, 6
school program interventions, 236-243
Cholesterol, 19, 23, 47, 91, 102, 110-111
Church programs, 245
Cognition, 135, 141, 142
College Alumni Study, 36
Colon cancer, 4, 5, 7, 113-117, 146, 149
Colorectal cancer, 113
Communications interventions, 230-231
Community-based programs, 6, 227-229, 245-246

Community behavioral approaches, 227-229

Coronary artery
perfusion pressure increase, 64
vasodilation of, 64

Coronary artery bypass, 45

Coronary circulation, 63-64

Coronary disease, 16, 23, 28, 35, 37, 49, 47, 133,
140, 144-147, 149
inverse association with physical activity, 91
physical activity and, 4, 5, 7, 87, 90-91
population-based studies, 92-101

Coronary plaque, 110, 111,112

Crime, 246-247

D

ce

Dehydration, 75, 143

Dementia, 136

Depression, 8, 135, 136, 140, 150

Detraining, 21, 61, 72

Diabetes mellitus, 4-6, 28, 35, 37, 43, 90, 125,
133, 144-149, 232

Diabetic retinopathy, 128

Diastolic blood pressure. See under Blood pressure

" Diet, 5, 12-13, 116, 127, 128, 134, 232-233

268

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 5, 28, 244
Disability. See Physically handicapped
Disuse atrophy, 72-73
Dyslipoproteinemia, 133

E

Eating disorders, 136

Edema, 133

Educational factors
no physical activity and, 177, 178, 196
regular sustained physical activity, 183
regular, vigorous physical activity, 183, 187
strengthening activity, 191
stretching activity, 191
Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 17, 18
Elderly persons
behavioral intervention programs for, 233
cardiovascular response to exercise, 75-76
cold stress in, 74
community-based programs for, 245-246
falling, 7, 132
health-related quality of life, 142
maximal oxygen uptake in, 32, 70
osteoporosis, 130-133
physical activity interventions for, 233
physical assessment procedures for, 30
psychomotor performance of, 35
resistance training and, 44
Electrocardiographic changes, 111
Emotional functioning, 141
Emphysema, 140
End-diastolic volume. See under Blood pressure
Endocrine factors, 66, 67, 70
Endocrine glands, 5, 7
hormonal responses to exercise, 66
See related Hormones
Endometrial cancer, 7, 114, 120, 149
Endorphins, 141 .
Endurance training, 4, 18, 19, 21, 61, 63, 65
capillary increase by, 69
health benefits of, 7, 43
health-related quality of life, 142
insulin sensitivity and, 127
ischemia and, 112
lactate threshold and, 67
metabolic adaptations, 69-70
muscle fibers in, 67
obesity and, 135
osteoporosis and, 150
Enkephalins, 141
Environmental exposure, 19, 73-74
air pollution, 74
cold climate disorders, 74
hot and humid conditions, 63, 73, 143

269

Physical Activity and Health

Epicondylitis, 143
Equilibrium, 35, 44
Ergometer tests. See under Exercise tests
Erythropoietin, 68, 74
Estradiol-progesterone, 68
Estrogen, 130, 131
Estrogen replacement therapy, 132
Exercise, 20, 21, 140. See also Physical activity;
Physical activity, specific; Physical fitness;
Physical fitness programs
Exercise physiology
research, 18-20
responses to, 61
textbooks on, 61
Exercise tests
accelerometers, 32
bicycle ergometry, 62-63, 64, 66, 74-75
maximal, 86, 87, 90
motion sensors, 31—32
for muscle fitness, 34-35
pedometers, 31
stabilometers, 32
submaximal, 86, 87, 89
treadmill, 32, 34, 122
Exercise training
American College of Sports Medicine
recommendations, 22
benefits, 7
bone adaptations, 67, 69
cardiovascular diseases and, 45
definition of, 20
diabetes mellitus and, 128
frequency of, 61
interval vs. continuous, 19
and lipoprotein, HDL, 43
muscle, skeletal, adaptations, 67, 69
triglycerides and, 111
ventricular fibrillation, 112
A Report of the Surgeon General

F

 

Falls, 143, 150
Fatty acids, 111

Fibrinogen, 43

Fibrinolysis, 43, 112

Fitness Through Churches Project, 245
Foot injuries, 128, 143

Fractures, 130-132, 143

G

 

Gastrointestinal system
problems, 130
transit time, 122

Genetic factors
diabetes mellitus, 126-127
maximal oxygen uptake and, 66, 70
training and, 65

Glossary, 21

Glucagon, 69

Glucose intolerance, 72, 123

Glucose tolerance, 127

Glucose-6-phosphate, 132

Glycogen, muscle storage of, 69

Glycolysis
energy system for, 65-67
muscle fiber capacity, 66

Go For Health (GFH), 239

Governor's Councils on Physical Fitness and
Sports, 245

Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services
(GAPS), 28

Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription
(ACSM), 23, 28

Guidelines for School and Community Health
Programs to Promote Physical Activity
Among Youths, 237, 244

270

H

 

Handicapped. See Physically handicapped
Harvard University, 16
alumni study, 86
Fatigue Laboratory, 19
Health, 16-18, 22, 141
American College of Sports Medicine 1990
recommendations, 22-23
exercise physiology research and, 18-20
physical activity recommendations, 28-30
World Health Organization definition of, 141
Health and Human Services (HHS),
Department of, 245
Office of Public Health and Science, 3
Health and Religion Project (HARP), 245
Health-related fitness, 20, 22
Health-related quality of life, 141-142, 150
Healthy People 2000, 23
cardiorespiratory fitness, 244
daily, moderate physical activity, 181, 200
exercise intensity in, 33
leisure-time activity target, 177
muscle strength, endurance, 187, 189, 192,
199, 200
objectives, 5, 175, 237, 245
physical education, 205
regular, vigorous activity, 182
worksite programs, 229-231
Heart, adaptation to exercise, /1
Heart defects, congenital, 45
Heart disease, 142
Heart failure, congestive, 45, 103
Heart rate (HR), 31-32, 62, 72, 73
coronary circulation and, 66
maximal, 21
mean daily, 31
oxygen consumption and, 63
resting, 19, 31
training response and, 71
Heat stress disorders, 74
Heat exhaustion, 74
Heat stroke, 74
Hematocrit, 43
Hematuria, 143
Hemoconcentration, 74
Hemoglobinuria, 143
High blood pressure See Hypertension
Hill’s causality criteria, 144-145
Hip fracture, 130, 132
Hispanics
bicycling activities by, 203
child behavioral intervention program, 232
diabetes mellitus and occupational physical
activity, 126
high school physical education enrollment and,
205
no regular activity by, 177, 195
physical activity trends in, 8
regular, sustained activity by, 183
regular, vigorous activity by, 183, 187, 183,
196-197
sports team participation by, 200
strengthening activities by, 191, 193, 198,
stretching activities by, 191, 194, 201
walking activities by, 203
Home care programs, 46
Hyaline cartilage, 130
Hydrogen ions (H+) concentration, 64
Hygiene, 11-18
Hyperglycemia, 127
Hyperinsulinism, 72
Hyperplasia, 69
Hypertension, 4-5, 7, 23, 47, 43, 63, 66, 71,
126-127, 133
obesity and, 133
physical activity and, 103, 110, 144-145, 149
population studies of, 108-109
Hyperthermia, 143
Hypertrophy, 69, 71, 76, 103
Hypoglycemia, 127-128, 143
Hypotension, 63, 74

271

Physical Activity and Health

I
Immobilization, 71-72, 130

Immune system, responses to exercise, 7, 67

 

Immunoglobins, 67
Immunosuppression, 143
Inactivity. See Physical inactivity
Indian Health Service, 232
Industrywide Network for Social, Urban, and
Rural Efforts (INSURE) project, 227
Infection control and exercise, 67
Injuries, 5
exercise-related, 8, 44, 69, 150, 248
joint, 129
musculoskeletal, 142-143
sports-related, 7
Insulin, 44, 67, 68, 72, 125-129
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act,
247
International Consensus Conference
of Physical Activity Guidelines for Adolescents
(1993), 28
on Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and
Health (1988), 22
Interpersonal relationships, 46
behavioral sciences theories, 213,
social support role in activity, 214, 243
Intervention studies, adolescent, 8, 236
accessibility, 236
church programs for, 245
determinants, modifiable, 243
factors influencing, 243
health care settings, 242
outdoor activities, 243
parental involvement, 243
school-community programs, 242, 245
school programs, 236-243, 236-243
self-efficacy, 242, 248
societal barriers, 246—247
societal resources, 247
A Report of the Surgeon General

Intervention studies, adult, 8, 217
communications, 229-230
community approaches to, 227-229, 234,

227-229, 234, 245
church programs for, 245
environmental approach to, 244-245
factors influencing, 215-217
health care settings, 226-227
individual approaches, 217, 226, 234
mental disorders, 136
policy approaches, 244-245
promotion of, 226, 234
societal barriers, 246—247
societal resources, 247
worksites, 229-231, 229-231, 236

Intervention studies, children, 8, 236
accessibility, 243
church programs for, 246
determinants, modifiable, 243
factors influencing, 243
health care settings, 242
outdoor activities, 243
parental involvement, 243
school-community programs, 242, 245
school programs, 236—243 .
self-efficacy, 242, 248
societal barriers, 246-247
societal resources, 247

Intervertebral disc displacement, 142

Intra-abdominal fat distribution, 128-129

Ischemia, 110, 111-112

J

 

Johnson, President Lyndon B., 18
Johnson & Johnson Live for Life program, 230

272

K

Kennedy, President John F., 18

Kilocalorie (kcal), 21, 29, 140, 143, 146-147, 148
Kilojoule (kjoule), 21, 29

Know Your Body (KYB) program, 238

 

L

Lacerations, 143

Lactate threshold (LT), 66, 67, 69, 70
Lactates, 66, 67,70,74
Leukocytes, 128

Ligaments, 69

 

Lipoproteins, 110
HDL, 43, 91, 102
LDL, 91, 102
lipase activity, 111
profile, 111, 145
Low back pain, 233-234
Lung diseases, obstructive, 233-234
Lymphocytes, 67

M

Magnetic resonance imaging, 35

 

Marfan syndrome, 45

Mass spectrometer, 32

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO, max), 21, 23, 32-34,
62-63, 66, 67, 69-70, 72, 75-77, 110

Media. See Communications interventions

Men and physical activity
no regular activity, +, 8, 177, 178, 188, 189
regular, sustained activity, 183, 188, 205
regular vigorous activity, 185, 187, 188, 205
selected physical activities, 188
strengthening activities, 191
trends, 8

Menopause, 130, 131

Mental disorders, 135

Mental health, 4, 8, 135-141, 150
Mental retardation, 73
Metabolic equivalent (MET), 21, 29, 32, 33, 66,
148, 204
Metabolic rate, 66
Metabolism
aerobic, 20, 21
bed rest and disturbances of, 72
benefits, 7
carbohydrate, 128
energy expenditure, 134
glucose, 65, 128
fat, 68
muscle, skeletal, 65-67, 71-72
protein, 66
response to exercise, 18-19, 121, 64, 69-70
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company weight
tables, 133
Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP),
227-228, 232
Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity
Questionnaire, 31, 36
Missouri “Bootheel” behavioral sciences study,
229, 232
Mitochondria, 66
Monocyte-macrophage system, 67
Mortality, 85-87, 149
all-cause, 133
diabetes mellitus, 125
heart disease, 87
lowering, 7
premature, 4, 16
traffic fatalities, 246
Multiple sclerosis, 73, 233-234
Muscle contractions, 34
Muscle fatigue, 65
Muscle fibers, 21
fast- and slow-twitch, 65, 67, 69, 73

273

Physical Activity and Health

Muscles, skeletal, 5
adaptations to exercise, 7, 44, 65, 67, 69-70
atrophy of, 69, 72-73
capillaries in trained, 71
energy metabolism of, 65-67
fibers in, 65, 67, 69, 73
immobilization and, 72-73
insulin and, 125, 130
metabolic adaptations of, 69-70
multiple sclerosis and, 233-234
soreness in, 69
structural damage to, 69
Muscular endurance (fitness), 21, 34-35
Muscular strength, 34, 44
Myocardial contraction, 65, 72
Myocardial infarction, 5, 44, 45, 112, 143
Myocardium, 111
Myosin ATP, 65

N

National Association for Sport and Physical -

 

Education, National Physical Education
Standards, 244
National Coalition for Promoting Physical
Activity, 244
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 5
Consensus Development Conference
Statement, Physical Activity and
Cardiovascular Health, 5, 23, 28, 48, 148,
245
intervention campaigns, 245
National Physical Education Standards, 244
Native Americans, 12
adult physical activity interventions, 232
behavioral intervention program,232
Neoplasms. See Cancer
Neural factors, 67
Neuromas, 143
Nitric oxide, 132
Nitrogen, balance, 72
A Report of the Surgeon General

O

 

Obesity, 7, 43, 133-135, 150, 248
abdominal, 35, 128-129
adult physical activity interventions, 232-234
behavioral intervention programs, 232-233
in adolescents, 102
in children, 102
childhood intervention, 244
trends in, +7, 46
Occupational medicine, 15

Occupational physical activity, 113, 116, 175, 189.

See also Worksite physical fitness programs

Olympic Games, 12, 15
Osteoarthritis, 7, 129-130, 133, 149-150
Osteoporosis, 7, 23, 43, 69, 130-133, 150.
See related Bone density
Otitis externa, 143
Ovarian cancer, 7, 114, 116-118, 149
Overtraining, 21, 140
Overweight, 133. See also Obesity
Oxidative capacity, of muscle fibers, 65, 67
Oxidative energy system, 65, 66
Oxygen
arterial-mixed venous, 62, 63, 70
ATP production within mitochondria, 66
body’s use of, 61
delivery, 74
extraction, blood flow, 63
myocardial demand/use, 63, 64
Oxygen consumption (VO,), 18, 31, 32, 34, 66,
70, 74,110
Oxygen uptake. See Maximal oxygen uptake

p

 

Pain threshold, 130

Paleolithic rhythm, 11

Pawtucket Heart Health Program (PHHP), 229
Pediatricians, physical activity counseling by, 244

274

Peripheral vascular disease, 45
Personality disorders, 136
Phosphocreatine (PCr), 65
Physical activity, 21
of adolescents. See Adolescents and physical
activity
of adults. See Adults and physical activity
adverse effects of, 142-144
approaches to, 46-47
of children. See Children and physical activity
definition of, 20
dosage, 146-148
duration of, +4, 147, 148
evolution of recommendations, 22-28
frequency of, 44
intensity of, 29-33, 35-36, 44
measures of, 211-215
no regular, 15-16, 23, 50, 46-48, 177-189,
188, 195, 248
regular, intermittent, 11, 148
regular, sustained, 4, 6, 23, 37, 49, 43, 110,
146-147, 182-183, 244
regular, vigorous, 4, 6, 11, 23, 37, 50, 110,
127-128, 146-147, 182-187, 188, 244
research considerations, 47, 150
social environmental approaches to, 244-245
surveys of, 175, 177
Physical activity, specific
aerobics, 200, 205
baseball, 129, 143, 200, 205
basketball, 143, 200, 205
bicycling, 4, 143, 144, 187, 200,203
boxing, 143
carpentry, 140
dancing, 14, 143, 144, 148, 187, 200, 205,
football, 129, 143, 200, 205
Frisbee, 197-198, 205
gardening, 8, 140, 144, 147, 187
golfing, 140
hockey, 140, 148
horseback riding, 14
housecleaning, 147, 148, 200, 205
jogging, 140, 142, 144, 148, 187, 198, 205,
kickball, 12
lacrosse, 12
racquetball, 143, 197-198, 205
running, 4, 12, 65, 66, 70, 129, 140, 142, 143,
144, 148, 187, 198, 205
skating, 197-198, 205
skateboarding, 197-198, 205
skiing, 197-198, 205
soccer, 129, 143, 197-198, 205
softball, 144, 197~198, 205,
stair climbing, 127, 147, 187
squash, 197-198, 205
swimming, 140, 143, 144, 197-198, 205,
tennis, 14, 140, 197-198, 205
volleyball, 4, 148,
walking, 4, 8, 14, 33, 127, 140, 144, 148, 187,
197-198, 203, 204, 205, 233
weight lifting, 129, 143
yard work, 4, 8, 147, 187, 202, 200,205, 205
Physical Activity for Risk Reduction (PARR)
project, 232
Physical education, 8, 16-18
enrollment in, 4
in high school, 205, 205
school program interventions, 243, 246-249
Physical examination, 6, 45, 47
Physical fitness, 16-18, 21
assessment procedures, direct monitoring,
31-36
assessment procedures, self-reporting, 29-31
definition of, 20
level of, 61
maintenance of, 71-72
maximal oxygen uptake and. See Maximal
oxygen uptake
measurement of, 33-35
physical activity relationship, 43
worksite programs, 48, 46, 48
See also Cardiorespiratory endurance (fitness)

275

Physical Activity and Health

Physical fitness programs
detraining and, 61, 72
endurance training, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69-70
exercise training, 61, 67, 69
resistance training, 61, 65, 69, 70
Physical functioning, 141
Physical inactivity, 5, 6, 72, 73, 145-146, 148
bone loss and muscle atrophy in, 69
diseases of, 15-16
exercise programs and, 37
health burden of lifestyle, 42-43
mortality and, 86 ©
percentage of, 4
physical activity recommendations for, 29
physiological alterations after endurance
training, 70
societal inducements for, 254-247
working toward recommendations, 44
Physically handicapped, 73
behavioral intervention programs, 233-234
childhood interventions, 233, 244
no regular activity and, 189
regular, moderate activity and, 189
regular, vigorous activity and, 189
Physician-based Assessment and Counseling for
Exercise (PACE), 227
Plasma insulin concentration, 128
Plasma lipid/lipoprotein, 110, 111
Plasma volume, 71, 72, 74
Platelet function, 43
Population attributable risk (PAR), 145-146
Postmenopause, 131
Postpoliomyelitis syndrome, 73
Power, 21, 85
President's Citizens Advisory Committee on the
Fitness of American Youth, 18
President's Conference on Fitness of American
Youth, 18
President's Council on Physical Fitness, 18, 23
President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports
(PCPFS), 3, 5, 18, 227, 245
A Report of the Surgeon General

President's Conference on Youth Fitness, 18
Presidential Physical Fitness Award, 18
Preventive medicine, 11-18

Prostaglandin, 68, 113-117, 124

Prostate cancer, 7, 121-122, 124-125
Proteoglycan synthesis, 130

Psychological assessments, 136-137
Psychomotor performance, 17, 19-20, 35, 44
Pulmonary ventilation, 64, 71

Pulse rate, 16

Q

 

Quadriplegia, 75
Quality of life, 8, 141-142, 150
Quetelet’s index, 133

R

 

Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, 33
Reaction time, 21
Receptors, sensory, 141
Rectal cancer, 7, 113, 116, 122, 149
Relative perceived exertion (RPE), 21
Renin-angiotensin system, 68
Resistance training, 4, 19, 21, 29, 37, 44, 61,
65, 69
adolescent, 196, 198-200
elderly persons and, 7, 132-133
glucose-insulin dynamics, 128
muscle, skeletal effects of, 69
obesity and, 135
osteoporosis and, 150
risk factors, 67
strengthening activities for, 187, 189, 191-192,
193, 199-200
sex factors, 70
Respiration rate (RR), 70, 71

276

Respiratory system, 5
adaptation to exercise, 71
physiological alterations after endurance
training, 70
resistance exercise and, 65
response to exercise, 61-62, 64
Retraining, 21
Rhabdomyolysis, 143
Rhode Island
Department of Parks and Recreation, 229
Health and Religion Project, 245
Pawtucket Heart Health Program, 229
Roosevelt, President Franklin D., 17

S

 

Schizophrenia, 136

School program interventions, 6, 236-243,
246-248

Sedentary persons. See Physical inactivity

Self concept, 130, 141, 142

Self-help, 13-15, 29-31

Senior citizens. See Elderly persons

Sex factors
in exercise training, 70, 76-77
hormonal responses to exercise, 67
hormone-dependent cancers in men, 121-125
hormone-dependent cancers in women,

114-121

physical inactivity and, 177-178
specific physical activities and, 187-189
strengthening, stretching activities by, 191
weight gain prevention and, 232

Shoulder dislocation, 142

Skeletal muscles. See Muscles, skeletal

Skin, receiving cardiac output at rest vs. exercise,
63

Skinfold measures, 133, 134

Sleep disorders, 136
Social environment
barriers, 246-247
behavioral influences, 215,
resources, 247
Social functioning, 141
Social sciences. See Behavioral sciences, adult,
children and adolescents
Socioeconomic factors
bicycling activities and, 203
physical inactivity and, 177, 178, 196
resistance training and, 193
stretching activities and, 194
walking activities and, 200
Speed, 21, 203-204
Splanchnic circulation, 63
Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids
(SPARK) study, 239 -
Stanford Adolescent Heart Health Program, 238
Stanford Five-City Project (SFCP), 229
Strength, 21, 22
Strength testing, 16, 34
Strength training. See Resistance training
Stretching activities, 187, 191-192
Stroke volume (SV), 62, 71-73
Substance use disorders, 136
Suicide, 135, 140
Systolic blood pressure (SBP), 63, 64, 70

T

 

T-lymphocytes. See Lymphocytes
Tai chi chuan, 12, 113

Taoism, 12

Tecumseh questionnaire, 31
Temperature. See Body temperature
Tendinitis, 143

Tendons, 69

Testicular cancer, 7, 124, 147
Thrombosis, 102, 110, 112
Thymus gland, 67

Tidal volume (TV), 70, 71

277

Physical Activity and Health

Training heart rate (THR), 21
Transient constriction, 111
Triglycerides, 111

Trust for Public Land, The, 245

U

Ulnar nerve palsies, 143

 

United Kingdom Testicular Cancer Study Group,
122
United States regions
East, 12
Midwest, 229
North central, 177, 187
Northeast, 177, 187
South, 177, 189, 187
Southwest, 12
West, 177, 182, 187, 189, 187
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, 28
Urogenital system, 143
Uterine cancer, 114, 120-121

Vv

Vasoconstriction, 76
Ventilatory volume (V,), 70, 74

 

Ventricular dysfunction, left, 103
Ventricular end-diastolic volume, 71, 72
Ventricular fibrillation, 112

Vertebral fractures, 130

Virginia

Smyth County program, 245

Ww

Water-electrolyte imbalance, 143

 

Weather factors
seasonality, 184, 196, 196, 200, 204
summer months, 184, 187
walking, bicycling activities and, 204
Weight Gain Prevention Program, 232
A Report of the Surgeon General

West Virginia

elderly mall walking campaign in, 233

Whites

behavior intervention program for, 232

bicycling activities by, 203

high school physical education enrollment, 205

no regular activity, 177, 188, 195

physical activity trends in, 8

regular, sustained activity, 183

regular, vigorous activity, 183, 187, 188,
196-197

sports team participation, 200

strengthening activities by, 189, 191, 193, 199

stretching activities by, 191, 194, 201

walking activities by, 203

Wise Weighs program, 232
Women and physical activity

no regular activity, 177, 178, 188, 205
regular, sustained activity, 183, 188, 205
regular, vigorous activity, 185, 187, 188, 189
selected physical activities, 188
strengthening activities, 191

trends, 8

278

Work rate, 64, 71
energy metabolism and, 65
energy systems and, 65-66
increasing, 62-63, 64

Worksite physical fitness programs, 48, 46, 48,
184

World Health Organization, definition of health,
141

World War I, 16

World War II, 17, 18, 19

Y

 

YMCA, 23
Yoga, 12

Z

 

Zuni Diabetes Project, 232