Tentatively scheduled:
September 1-4, 1970
Stanford University
stanford, California

STANFORD PUGWASH SYMPOSIUM ON SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT

Purpose

The twin threats of our time are:

(1) Power contest between two parts of the "developed" world, the East
and the West, led by the US and the USSR, respectively.

(2) Widening split between the technologically developed world (essen-
tially, the Northern hemisphere), and the technological under-
developed world (the Southern hemisphere).

Both threats are products of the scientific revolution. This revolution has
provided nations with weapons so destructive that their use in war would bring
utter destruction on both sides; and it has made the situation of technologically
underdeveloped ({"developing" countries untenable by combining a “population
explosion" (caused by elementary preventive medicine and sanitation applied to
child birth and rearing), with revolution of rising expectation" (caused by instan-
taneous and universal communication between all parts of the world.

The Pugwash program has been primarily directed to reducing the first
threat--that of nuclear war within the developed world. However, many of us
feel keenly the second danger to peace and viability of mankind to be no less
critical than the first one.

Scientists could contribute importantly to resolution of both critical challenges.
Participants from developing countries have urged, on many occasions, that
Pugwash shoudl pay increased attention to development problems. The conferences
at Udiapur in 1964 and Addis Ababa in 1966 have been devoted mainly to develop-
ment problems. Working groups dealing with science and development have been
active at most conferences, Some positive results have been achieved. A propo-
sal for the creation of regional "centers of excellence in research" made by Carl
Djerassi at the Ronneby Conference (1967), is finding its first implementation in
the East African Center for Insect Physiology and Ecology at Nairobi, Kenya, the
proposal of an International Science Foundation (first made by Roger Revelle at
the Venice Conference in 1965), revived and discussed in greater detail at the
Sochi Conference in 1969, is now under consideration by agencies such as the
ECOSOC Committee on Science and Technology in Development.
The Report of Group V at the Sochi Conference suggested that the problems
of developing countries should be discussed by Pugwash scientists in a more sys-~
tematic way. The US Pugwash group was asked by this group to organize, prior
to the 20th Pugwash Conference (to’be held at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, on
September 9-14, 1970) a Symposium involving scientists from developed and
developing countries, to explore the ways in which Pugwash could contribute to
the solution of development problems.

In the face of numerous official and unofficial groups dealing with develop-
ment, including the role of technology, aunique contribution of the intexnation al
scientific community could derive from its capacity for, and experience in, bring-
ing about international cooperation between scientists from the East aud trom the
West in the developed world, and also between those from the developed and the
developing nations. This cooperation could be useful both in analyzing the situation
and defining the possibilities of positive programs in various parts of the world,
and in mobilizing the scientific communities for active participation in such programs.
It could help in increasing the rationality of approach to the development prokiems,
both on the side of the developing and that of the developed countries. The objective
difficulties of development would be enormous, even if given universal good will and
cooperation; they are greatly enhanced by irrational or politically dominated approach
to development problems in both the advanced and the developing countries, leading
to competition between the former and distri6t among the second ones, To some
limited extent, the scientific c ommunities, acting through the Pugwash channels,
could contribute to greater regional and international cooperation, and a more
rational approach.

The Stanford Symposium on "Science and Technology in Development--the
Pugwash program in the seventies", tentatively is planned to be held at the Stanford
University in California, on September 1-4, 1970, It is intended to bring together
about 20 scientists from the developed and an equal number from the developing
countries, The proposed agenda starts from the type of programs which have
emerged as promising in the past, and explores the possibility for systematizing
and generalizing them.
Il.

Hl.

IV.

AGENDA

STANFCRD SYMPOSIUM:
WHAT CAN SCIENTISTS DC FOR DEVELOPMENT‘

1-4 September 1970

Sponsored by the

American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Pugwash Sub-Committee on the Role of
Science and Technology in Development

What scientists from developing countries see as main problems
of development in their own countries, particularly from the point
of view of possible assistance from, and cooperation with, scien-
tists from developed countries. (Reports from participants .)

What scientists have attempted to do in assisting development
(Reports on Centres of Excellence in Research; International
Foundation for Science and Development Plans; Workshops on
Development of Science and Technical Education; International
Centre on Insect Physiology and Ecology .)

Discussion and critisicm of these reports; possibilities of devel-
oping and improvement of existing programs.

Suggestions of new programs in relation to development in which
scientists, and the Pugwash program in particular, could assist
development.

May 1970