Comparative biochemistry of celia: The extent, origin and control of biochemical yarlability. I Knewn biochemical structures. & Caaparative sspecte of cellular organization 1 The nuclear apparatus &. Chemistry of plant and animal nuclei Morphology, cytochentetry Chromosomal structure and organization Metabolic role and activities Structural associations with cytoplasm b. Protozoa and algae c. Do bacterla have nuclei? 1. Chromosomal organization genetic evidence 2. “Huclear’ organization--alectron microscopy, cytochen. 3. Relations to protoplast mexbrane 2 Gytoplasmic orgenization--animale ve plants va microbes. a. Witochondria 1. Mitechondrial evolution--cytology, distribution. 2. Mitochondrial integration--functlonal--structure, 3. Hiltechondrial roles. &, Do bacteria have mitochondria? 3. Protoplast membrane--distribution, structure eomposition, role Felation to mitechondria, Endoplagaic reticulum 1 Structure in animal and plant celis 2 Existence in unicellular organise? 3 Seeretios & Relation to cell surface, pluccytosis Ribosomal structure and function 1 Distribution of frea ribosomes. a. Origin Photosynthetic apparatus 1 Distribution 2 Structure 3 Origin, multiplication, inheritance Other structures 1 Golgi apparatus fell sap % i Qsmetic properties, pH, composition 2 Bole, organization ?, origin G@ Cell membranes and walls 1 General structure and role: &. Animal ve plant ve unicellular organisus b>. Bacteria ve protozoa, algae ve yeast and fungi 2 Distribution, role and biosynthesis of elalic and auramic acids 3 Selective toxicity of antibiotics with special references to cell walle & Mono~ and dideoxyhexoses--distcibution and origin we Blogynthesis of cell walle and capesules-~structures, control H Virus structure 1 Comparative aspects and principles of organization 2 Relations of structure to problems of penetrating host 3 Genetic atructure & Ave viruses derivative or primary organisms? (origia af viruses and aucleoproteing) I Cell specialization 1 Chemical aspects of differentiation 3 Aging aad cytopathology 1 Selective advantages K Selective advantages of existing structures II Known biochemical activities & Systems of energy metabolisn i Ans@erobic metabolisn a. be Electron trans fer--anaerabic dehydrogenases 1. Pyridine nucleotides 2. Folic acid derivatives 3. Transhydrogenation &, Glutathione and other reductases 5. Mechanisms of H transfer and implications for evolution of organisation o. Enzyme specificity and the organization of active sites 7. Insouymes Flavoproteings 1. DPN or TPN--cytochrome c reductases 2, Cytochrome reducing dehydrogenases--varlability 3. Diaphorases and liposate dehydrocenases 4. Metal flaveproteing and 3. Autooxidyable flavoproteing and peroxide production &. Cytochemistry c. Paroxidatic decomposition 1, Organic mechanlems 2. Catalase 3. Peroxidase variabilicy 4&, Cytochrome ¢ peroxidases 2 Cu enzymes and 02 transferases & Ascorbic acid aystens b. Polyphenel oxidases 1. Aspects of melanin production GC. Hemocyanine a. Oo. transferases 3 Terminal oxidation by Fe enzymes bs a. Cytochromee--cytochromes in anaerobes G. Gytochrome c-cytechreme oxidase d. Other autoxidiszable cytochromes & Biology of exidation-reduction @. Analysis of pathways 1. Enzymology 2. Spectrophotometry 3. Inhibitors b. Ddstributies of systems within calls 1. Bacteria ve other cells 4. Distribution en organelles a. Ruclel and soluble fraction b. Hitochondria c, Microsomes d. Protoplast membranes 3. Integration~--reaction chains and utilizable energy 4. Derivation of enargy--oxidative phosphorylation c. Anaerobes 1, Are modern anaerobes primitive organisma? a. Mechanigem of Stickland reaction b. Distribution of cytochromes Gc, Efficiency 2. Anasrebic and aerobic parasites 3. Faermentative processes d. Oxygen utilization in biasynthests ¢. Relations in division and differentiation 1. Hole of TPNI 2. Role of -SH compounds 3. Sporulation 4%, Insect development Se Nutritional controls &. Genetic controls 7. Environmental contrels 8. Systems of atmospheric carbon and nitrogen utilization 1 Phototrophy &. Fhotoaynthesis--carbon cycle 1. Higher plants and algae &, Carbon cycle--within cell b. Photocleavage of water 1. Mechanisme--energy transfer 2. Belated oxidation-reduct ions 3. Winetional organization of chloroplast 2, Bacterial photosynthesis Ce. b. Ce 4. Se Ae b. Qe d. Be £. Phatoass imllation Chlorophylis Carotenoids Biosyathesis of pigments-~-control, significance fer avolution Bitrogen fixation Hitregen cycle--evolutionary conslderation Organisms fixing N 1. Mierobial properties of fixation Naat Net not SG 2. Symbiotic Enzymatic mechanieme: anaerobic and aerabic photosynthetic Hydroegenase Nitrification Denitrification Systeme of carbohydrate wetabolien 1 Energetics ae Chemical currency 1, ATP and other triphosphates 2, Phosphagens 3. Acetyl-thiaaine pyrophosphate &. Thiloestergs 5. Carboxyanhydrides, anides 2 Wubden-Meyerhof-Parnas scheme--variability & "Mngsymes b. Reoxidation of DPi--ingects, tumore c. Other hexoses, aminchexoses, uronic acids 3 Omidative phosphogluconate pathway & Hexose phosphate cycle UA Pentoge and tetrose mataboeliem G UDP mechanisms, Origin of ascorbates 7 Nonphosphorylative routes and others Analysia of routes used--variabllity ee $ Control of alternative paths--pethology D. Pyruvate degradation 1 Diversity in conversion of pyrovate to Cg fragments 2 Orlgin and degradation of lactate--glyoxalase, atc. 3 Carboxylase a. Thiamine sechaniems "bag b. Acetaldehyde and echanol tetaboliemn. 4 Acetoin production and metabolisam--mechaniens > Oxidation of pyruvate a, acterla ve animal celle--routes to acetyl-CoA and acetate b, Biosynthesis and functions of CoA and intermediates %» Phosphoroclastic reactions B. Utilization of acetate Ll Fatty acid biosynthesia and metabolisa a. Bacteria ve animals--activation mechanisas b. Grigin of cyclopropane, mono- and multi-unsaturated acids &. Degradation 2 Carotenoid and other terpenoid blosynthesis 3 Sterol biosynthesis and degradation 8. Distribution and 0: requirement 5b. Comparative structures &. OQrigin of oxygenated derivatives d. Hormonal role &4& tipid blosynthesis A. Veriability of struccures--distribution b. Elesynthesis e. Hepradation 4, Ietegration with other substances, ¢.g. protein 5 Petoxification, acetyl amino acids in metabolica Fe. Citric acid cycle 1 Vartebility in enzymes, reactions, organization 2 Varlability in functlon--onergy ve fragments (amino acids)~~est imation 3 Glyorylate cycle é: Four carbon acid metabolien and CO. fixation a. Variability tn mechanian b. Distribution and contrat ¢. Proprionate cycle d. Other ponsibilities--Thunbers condeasation 5 Other productse--glutaconate, maleic, citramalic, etc. G Amino acid metabolion 1 Structures 2 &eactilous DBiatrtinanion Degeedation and interconversion Mature and control of enzymes of the pathways Interrelations with ether areas of metabolism--nicotinamide, ete. Tetrepyroole blesynibesis 1 ' 4 7 8 Catalytic fuactions of iron--a.structural relation Co porphyrins b. Absorption, transfer, and insartion of Fe Cellslar distribecion and concentration of tetrapyroles a, tnrerironmental effects b, Osvelopmental effects ec, Conatic control Matribution and ¢tructure of tatrapyvoles, chlorophyll, porphyrins and linear tatrapyvoles. Relations of structure to enzymatic activities Early intermediates te Mg protoporphyrin 1% Mg protephorphyrin --<---- chisrophylis Mg protephorphyrin ---++< heme Evolutionary considerations f Water balance aad ultregen exeretion 1. Amino ecld decredation Ze Wiig detoxiiicatioa 3. Parine and pyrimidine dagradation and exeret Loc. J Purine and pyrimidine blosynthesia K Nucleic acid metabelion 1 Polyribenucleotide biosynthesia--variability, atructure, specificity, prinars 2 Polyribonucleotide degradat iou--vartabllicy 3 Scavenger mechanisms 4 DNA bloayrthesis and degradation 3 RGles of nuclele acid in genetin continuity and expression a&. Duplicat lou -mechanicas b, ‘Control of protein synthesis L Protein metabo lisa 1 Macaaniagms of bicsyathesis a. Amino acid activation and transfer be. Templates, coding mecheniene C. Cyclic peptides, cell walla d,. Gontrol af 2 Mecheanisme of degradation K Polysaccharide metabolisn L Mechanisms of biosynthesis a. Monosaccharide activation b. Primere and specificity ec. Sulfates, phosphates 1, Activation 4. Integration with other substances, e.g. proteins &. Sontrol of 2 Mechanisms of degradation N Survival value of exileting metabolic systens IIl Environmental effects on biochemical structure and metabolic syeteme A Structure ) as function of temperature, pH, louic strength, oemotic ) preseure, atwoepheric composition, preasure, humidizy, } light (radiation) B Hetaboliam ) Ty Possible chesical systema of biological structure and function A Known mechanisms which would permit survival of an organign on i Mars 2 VYanus 3 The Moon 8 As yet widatected machantams