RUTGERS UNIVERSITY The State University of New Jersey INSTITUTE OF MICROBIOLOGY NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY December 17, 1956 CHARTER 7-1766 Dr. Joshua Lederberg The University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture Department of Genetics Madison 6, Wisconsin Dear Joshua: I'm really surprised, after poor Mark Adams! devastating blast at the Macy Foundation Symposium, that you found anything worth reading in it! The pneumococci must have some very active and complete transferases in order to build up so many type-specific substances often from only a very few sugars. It ought to be possible to use such enzymes in vitro, perhaps with a little of the appropriate DNA to give direction to the process. I would gladly encourage you to go into ite+it would take an experienced enzyme chemist, but with good bacteriological technique, for the bugs are virulent. Sincerely, Michael Heidelberger MH:DP