JUL 2.8 [986

The following is 6 true copy of my laboratory notes, Volume 1,
covering the period October 5, 1951 to July 7, 1953, pages 1-2160, witha
number of unnumbered pages included.

There are two additional volumes of my notes, one of which is
labelled “Summaries”.

In this first volume there are a number of unnumbered pages at the
front which represent an index, but it should be noted that at page 110
there is a statement “not indexed beyond here”.

The chief interest in these notes will be for the specialized
transduction produced by the bacteriophage lambda and its discovery.
However, many of the notes deal with other matters. Each of us in the
Lederberg laboratory had some side assignments and some of these, such
as isolation of mutants in E. coli strains believed fertile with K-12,
radiation resistance as o function of ploidy and lysogenicity for phage,
phage induction by UY, and others were my assigments.

The discovery of the special transduction by lambda was not
planned. It came shortly after the discovery of generalized transduction
by phage PLT22 in Saimonella by Zinder and Lederberg, and was followed
several years later by the generalized transduction in E. coli by phage P1
by Lennox.

As | was producing large amounts of phage lambda is some
radiation experiments | was curious as to whether lambda transduced any
genetic material. | tried my first transduction (for methionine
independence) on March 26,1952 (page 47) and of course it didn't work.|
tried the same experiment again a few days later (pages 48,50).

It is my recollection that Norton Zinder and | were alone in the lab
while the Lederbergs were at a meeting at Rutgers University in March or
April of 1952, when Norton and discussed the possibility of lambda
transducing genetic material. | recall that Norton said he thought that
Esther Lederberg had tried some experiments with lambda but he did not
know what they were. Since | had a Jot of lambda preparations | suggested
that we try and so we took all the selctive medium plates available, and
appropriate recipient strains and mixed lambda and cells and plated them
out.

| have always thought that chance played a big part in Norton
Zinder's failure to discover special transduction. Norton worked with
Salmonella which do not metabolize lactose and therefore he had no EMB
lactose plates, on which the first lambda tranductions were observed.
It was my good fortune to have had the EMB lactose plates which provided
the selective environment for gal* clones.

However, it was still baffling in that the papillae on EMBlac
produced by lambda and quantitatively related to the amount of lambda
used - proved to be lac” on further examination. | spent much of April
1952 trying to resolve this confusion. It was at this point that Esther
Lederberg suggested, on the basis of her prior knowledge and experience
with lac-gal interactions and the strains that | was using, that | should
look at lambda transduction in terms of selection of gal* clones, So on
May 5, 1952 (page 71) 1 began studying lambda transduction of gal genes on
EMB galactose, and it al] began to come out. Much more was needed to be
done: lambda as vector had to be established;the heterogenotic character
of the transductants elucidated; the identification of the alleles involved
in the segregants when the donor and the recipient were gal-; quantitative
relationships established; the discovery of high frequency (HFT)
transducing lysates; that the phage in some of the transductions was a
defective phage, and other things.

It was an exciting time and it was an exciting experience and the
Stimulation by the people in the crowded lab helped - the Lederbergs,
Zinder, Alec Bernstein, Tom Nelson, Bob Wright, Luca Cavalli-Sforza,
Gaylen Bradley, Tetsuo lino, Dorothy Gosting, and probably others |
overlook.

Prior to writing this introduction | made an audio tape that
discusses the rest of my notes in Volume 1, and perhaps when it is
transcribed it can added to this copy.

\WUB IM

M.L. Morse

July 23, 1986.
Ke search Morey Vol =

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