SPACE SCIENCE BOARD

National Academy of Sciences
2101 Constitution Avenue
Washington 25, D, C.

MINUTES

MEETING ON COSPAR'S FUTURE PROGRAM

Tuesday, November 15, 1960, 9:00 A, M.

Room 716, 1145 Nineteenth Street, N.W,
Washington, D. C,

Attendance: Dr, R, W. Porter, Chairman Dr. B. B. Rossi
Dr. H, Odishaw Dr. J. A. Simpson
Dr. H, Friedman Dr. J. A. Van Allen
Dr. W. W. Kellogg Dr. E, H. Vestine
Dr. J. Lederberg Dr. H, Wexler
Mr. R. C, Peavey Mr. J, Orlen, Secretariat

The Chairman opened the meeting by explaining that the purpose of calling the group
together was to have an informal discussion about activities which COSPAR might
undertake to better stimulate and further the interests of space science through
international cooperation. Suggestions had been received for the purpose of this
discussion in response to SSB Memorandum 179, and copies of these suggestions were
circulated to the group for review, These suggestions, along with the results of
the discussion of this group, were to be the basis for the presentation to the Space
Science Board at its next meeting, The ultimate objective was to develop some
realistic but imaginative proposals for the Chairman to present to COSPAR at its
next meeting in April 1961,

The discussion covered some topics which dealt with general arrangements for inter-~-
national cooperation as well as specific scientific programs, These are summarized
below in separate sections,

I. General Topics

Discussions on the following general topics are summarized below: inter-
national meetings, an international Space journal and the COSPAR Bulletin, an
international school of space science, the use of continuous telemetry, international
participation in US launched experiments, rocket experiments, and an annual series
of COSPAR international research programs,
page 2

International Meetings

Three alternative approaches to the organization of international meetings to
discuss space science research were considered: 1) more frequent informal meet-
ings, 2) appending space science sessions to large meetings of the traditional
scientific disciplines, and 3) geographic regional meetings. In addition the
possibility of having COSPAR hold a major scientific meeting in place of the de-
layed UN meeting was discussed.

1. One of the basic objectives of international cooperation in space re-
Search will be served if such meetings are used to create conditions favorable to
increased contacts between US and Soviet experimenters. Up to the present, COSPAR
meetings have been scheduled on an annual basis and have been organized into
fairly formal business and scientific sessions. Dr. Lederberg proposed that meet-
ings take place more frequently than once a year, in smaller groups and in a less
formal setting. The advantages of this approach include the possibility of fre-
guent informal and personal contacts with Soviet experimenters. Soviet coopera-
tion has been sought, for example, for obtaining recordings of telemetering
signals from US satellites and obtaining their views on decontamination and steri-
lization of the spacecraft. Usually the Soviet scientists agree in principle but
claim they have to refer the question back to authorities at home; often this is
the end of their response. An increased number of small meetings would provide
additional opportunities to make repeated inquiries in a relaxed manner that might
produce useful responses to our efforts to seek cooperation. It would also in-
crease opportunities for private conversation, which would allow US scientists to
get some measure of the depth of interest of Soviet experimenters in various as-
pects of space research. There seemed to be general agreement among the group
that there was merit to this approach.

2. Despite the general agreement on a need for a channel of communication
that is flexible and informal, there was general concern about the proliferation
of meetings as an unwarranted taxing of the time of the scientists who attend them.
For example, there are meetings scheduled for the IAF, the UN, the ICSU Unions and
their affiliates and some regional activities such as the Latin American symposium
in Buenos Aires and the European cooperative group. It was also recognized that
meetings organized primarily to discuss space research usually are attended by the
same clique of scientists. Since most scientists do not devote themselves to space
research exclusively but are only interested in Space research as one means of
advancing their particular scientific discipline, the interests of a wider group
of scientists might be tapped if Space topics were discussed at meetings held by
groups concerned with the traditional scientific disciplines. As with publications,
there are traditions in each scientific discipline which generally govern the
meetings attended by the practitioners. Thus in order to insure the interests of
the best scientific minds in space activities, it was suggested that COSPAR hold
its meetings by appending sessions on specialized space activities to an appro-
priate international meeting of one of the traditional scientific disciplines. An
example cited was the symposium on the July 1959 event held in the LUGG Assembly
in Helsinki. Moreover, it was pointed out that the IGY ionospheric program was
developed at sessions of URSI by an URSI-IGY group. Similarly, the cosmic ray
program of the IGY was developed at evening sessions of people who attended the
meetings of the IUPAP's Cosmic Ray Commission.
page 3

In general this type of arrangement was described as follows: COSPAR might
Sponsor special sessions at two discipline meetings each year which it considered
most relevant to its current concerns, Broad gauge specific COSPAR meetings
would not be held except at four- or five-year intervals, Meanwhile, a system of
discipline rapporteurs might feed back material to COSPAR during these intervals,
These rapporteurs, after reviewing the plans or programs referred to at these
discipline meetings, could pose special problems for COSPAR to look into in pur~
suing space science research in these areas,

More specifically, attention was drawn to the forthcoming meeting of the
IUPAP in Japan scheduled for September 1961 and the forthcoming session of the
International Congress of Biochemistry scheduled in Moscow in August 1961, Since
most of the appropriate people to discuss space work in cosmic rays and in biology
would be present at these two sessions, it was proposed that exploratory proposals
be made to the organizers of these two meetings concerning the possibility of
appending to them sessions concerned with international cooperation in space re-
search as related to each of these two disciplines, Dr, Rossi agreed to contact
the organizers of the TUPAP meeting and Dr. Lederberg agreed to contact the organ-~
izers of the Biochemistry meeting, These exploratory contacts were to be made in
the context of preparing for the possibility of a proposal by Dr, Porter at COSPAR

that it take the initiative in sponsoring or organizing special space research
sessions at these meetings,

3. As another possible solution to the proliferation in the number of meet-
ings, it was proposed that COSPAR might organize interdisciplinary meetings by
geographical regions rather than on a world-wide basis -- hold one first in
Europe and then in Asia, Africa and Latin America, This would make attendance
easier and less costly for the scientists of the regions, and only selected
scientists from other regions need attend any one meeting,

There was no concensus concerning the future organization of meetings con-
cerned with space research. As noted above, the possibility of holding COSPAR
sessions at the IUPAP and Biochemistry was to be explored, and the results would
be reviewed at a later date, It was also agreed, however, that there was room

for at least one more meeting of the world-wide interdisciplinary type planned for
next April,

4, The proposal that COSPAR hold a major conference to substitute for the
science program of the delayed UN conference was discussed briefly, The adminis-
trative capacity of COSPAR to manage a major, world-wide conference was questioned,
and it was pointed out that the COSPAR meeting would not have the government par-

ticipation necessary to achieve the political objectives involved in the UN
conference,

nternational Journal of Space Research

Dr, Lederberg proposed an international journal of space science research to
be published under COSPAR auspices simultaneously in several languages including
English and Russian, Such a journal would help reduce the excessive national flavor
page 4

of some present publications, and would provide space experimenters with an
important single reference source for a literature that is now spread among the
journals of different countries and of different scientific disciplines, Also,
it might serve as a bridge of international understanding by including the works
of authors from many countries, and articles written jointly by scientists from
two or more countries, The purposes of COSPAR would also be served since the
results of experiments involving synoptic measurements and observations could be
published in one place,

Concern was expressed over adding to the present proliferation of the number
of journals. It was also pointed out that an international journal would have to
compete for articles with the present publications traditional to the older scien-
tific disciplines,

To overcome this problem, it was suggested that the COSPAR journal might
publish on a non-preclusive basis so that a given article could be published both
in the international journal and a discipline journal, Alternatively it was sug-
gested that the international journal could confine itself to publishing review
articles and abstracts which would serve as a reference to the original sources,

It was agreed that the proposal for an international journal would be sub-
mitted to the Space Science Board for further consideration,

In a related discussion, Dr. Van Allen suggested the publication of an
informal newsletter which would include reports on observations of geophysical
events, Such observations come from a variety of places around the world and are
made by many different techniques, and by observers in many different specialties,
Thus the experimenter who is trying to uncover possible correlations between events
would benefit from a single source of information, It was agreed that an attempt
would be made to have the existing COSPAR Bulletin serve this purpose,

International Space Science School

Dr, Simpson had proposed the establishment of an international school on
experimentation in space, Faculty would be drawn from top scientific and engin-
eering talent in countries having experience in space investigation and would
include independent scientific investigators and leading engineers throughout the
United States who are currently or have recently participated in the US space
program, Students would be drawn from countries that have top talent in the
scientific disciplines but who are without the specific technical experience of
designing and using their own space hardware for scientific experiments, The
principal aim of the school would be to bring scientists in other countries to
the point where they could take advantage of offers, like that of the US, to
launch experiments designed by other countries,

In the ensuing discussion the question was raised as to the relationship of an
international space science school to the present programs of research associate-
ships, fellowships and other ad hoc arrangements for on-the-job training, There are
a variety of such arrangements now operating on an informal basis, There was gen-
eral agreement that if such a school is set up it ought not to replace on-the-job
training and that a period of time spent in the proposed school might very well be
a prelude to one of these other forms of training,
page 5

It was emphasized that trainees should come from countries making complemen-
tary preparations for embarking on space research projects appropriate to their
present capacity, It was considered essential that the trained scientist, when
he returns home, would find waiting for him there the level of financial and
laboratory support he needs to carry on his own indepeadent work, An additional
advantage that can be expected from the school form of training was cited from
the example of the atomic energy training program provided at the Argonne National
Laboratory, Students assembled at the Argonne School from various countries and,
in addition to obtaining the necessary technical training, they developed contacts
among themselves which often continued after they returned to their respective
countries, This led to a continuation of the cross breeding of ideas and at times
to the development of cooperative projects between countries, Another point that
was stressed is the fact that working laboratories usually are dominated by a par-
ticular point of view and that a school, obtaining its faculty from a variety of
laboratories, would give the trainees the benefit of a wide variety of points of
view,

It was emphasized that if a school were set up it ought to be located on the
site of a working laboratory. (The example of the California Institute of Tech-
nology was cited because of the accessability of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.)
The curriculum of the school would vary and be tailored to the needs of particular
individuals or particular classes from time to time but, in addition to courses on
instrument design, the curriculum would include sufficient background on vehicles
and engineering to allow the students to understand the nature, limitations and
potentialities of payloads, trajectories, etc, It was also emphasized that the
school should not limit itself to Satellite experiments but should also include
work on rocket experiments, tracking and telemetry, and possibly the organization
and operation of moonwatch teams,

It was suggested that the desirability of emphasizing supporting research
which can be done in laboratories on the ground should not be overlooked,

The prospect that the establishment of such a school in the United States, even
though done under the auspices of COSPAR, might lead to the establishment of a
similar school by the Soviet Union was not considered a dravhack, The fact that it
might lead to further opening of doors in the Soviet Union and additional informa-
tion on their program was considered an advantage,

If this proposal is to be acted upon, it was assumed that the US, specifically
NASA, would have to organize, finance and operate the school, Basically it would
be a US national endeavor and could serve domestic as well as international needs
for training, As with the similar AEC school program, this school might still
bear the word international in its title and qualified faculty could be invited
from other countries, If appropriate, COSPAR could be urged to recommend or endorse
the desirability of the establishment of such a school, COSPAR might also assist
in circularizing information on the school, its courses, qualifications of students,
and might also assist in a first Screening of applicants, etc,

The Committee agreed that no final recommendations on this proposal could be
made at this time but that the Space Science Board should be asked to comment on
this proposal,
page 6

Use_of Continuous Telemetry to Encourage International Cooperation

ene a mete

 

In introducing his Suggestions for two groups of satellite experiments,
De, Friedman emphasized that they involved an important principle of operation
which might have more general applicability; namely, the advantages of continuous
telemetry, In support of this approach, Dr, Friedman cited the experience of his
solar radiation experiment, This experiment uses continuous telemetry more as a
result of the circumstances of its launching than by design, and the amount of data
actually being recorded represents only about 2% of that available, However, this
2% is currently exhausting all of the manpower available in his research group for
data reduction, Meanwhile, he has received a number of requests from scientists
around the world for information that will enable them to receive and reduce data
from the experiment, and Dr, Friedman believes that if such experiments are properly
emphasized, many Broups of solar radiation astronomers, geophysicists and astron-
omers will be happy to utilize them provided they can participate in them as
equals, Each group could reduce its own data and these subsequently could be
brought together through correspondence or a meeting -~ the ultimate result would
be more rapid digestion of the data and fuller utilization of the experiment,
In addition to the assumed desirability of fostering international cooperation for
its own sake, the advantages in terms of science of continuous telemetry were
summarized as follows: Many types of scientific experiments rely on the obtaining
of information for which a wide band width is required, and a better response can
be obtained by reading out from continuous telemetry using wide band widths than

number of sensors, As mentioned above, an increased number of people can be
available for a quicker and more efficient reduction of data, and a more comprehen-
Sive picture of the phenomena being measured can be obtained, Another advantage
mentioned arises from the problem confronting an experimenter in keeping in com-
munication with various gtoups around the world who might have pertinent information
on radio noise, storms, etc, A world-wide network of people utilizing experiments
would create efficient contacts for obtaining such information and would also en-
courage a more comprehensive coverage of correlated ground observations,

Dr. Van Allen was not opposed to this offer but pointed out that the complexity of
developing such instrumented packages and expressed the belief that it was quite
unrealistic to expect a large-scale response to this offer, In contrast he cited
the experience with his: own experiment, The calibration code for Explorer I was
published promptly, and the first scientific paper resulting from observations and
telemetry resulting from Explorer I was from a Japanese scientist, Similarly the
full code for Explorer VII was distributed, and though the response was not as

great as hoped, there has been a substantial number of observation groups participat-
ing in the experiment including groups in Japan, Canada, the Netherlands » Sweden,
Southern Rhodesia, Tasmania, the Congo (Belgian) and India. It was also pointed out
that these observations can be made with very modest expenditures of funds, An
observation station at Lowa City, which operates on a semi-automatic basis, has
picked up over 4500 passes during the past 13 months at a cost in ~--dnment

of about $1,000,
page 7

Dr, Van Allen emphasized his view that for the near future the most signifi-
cant and most promising approach to international cooperation is to encourage
scientists in other countries to record and reduce data from experiments aboard
US launched satellites, This can be done with modest outlays of money and in many
cases improves the scientific value of the experiments and augments limited man-~
power for data reduction and analysis,

To provide the necessary basis for successful cooperation of this type,
information on the experiments aboard US satellites would probably have to go out
in advance of the launch or at least immediately thereafter and should include
codes and calibrations. While such action may run contrary to past NASA policy,
NASA should be requested to reconsider this policy, The objection that the
proprietary interest of the prime experimenter must be protected was given sympa~
thetic consideration, but it was pointed out the prime experimenter has immense
practical advantage over other participants since his familiarity with the purpose
of design and operations of the experiments cannot be matched, In general it was
agreed that satellites in orbit should be considered an astronomical object avail-
able for observation and experimentation by anyone who is qualified,

In the ensuing discussion it was suggested that the Space Science Board
should try to clarify elements which have served as obstacles to the participation
of other scientists and should propose means by which information can be made avail-
able to COSPAR in a timely, meaningful and useful fashion and thereby passed on to
experimenters in other countries, Greater effort on the part of COSPAR in in-
forming other scientists of the possibility for cooperation in existing experiments
would also be an important link in this chain. Dr. Rossi in particular agreed with
this analysis in support of the view that there is a tremendous amount of scien-~-
tific information that can be obtained from scientists of other countries who can
observe US satellites, The problem is how to bring this directly to the attention
of these experimenters in other countries, In his recent trip to Italy he had dis-
cussions on this subject and found there was a gap in their knowledge about the
possibility for this kind of participation,

It was agreed that the increased use of continuous telemetry and appropriate
arrangements for the participation of scientists from other countries was the single
most important step for increasing international cooperation in the near future,

Exfhriments Conducted with Rockets

A number of suggested rocket experiment programs were discussed, and details
on these are included in the appropriate part of Section II,

The world-wide coverage and Synoptic measurements often required for research
on the upper and lower atmosphere makes an increase in international cooperation
desirable, Moreover, scientists in smaller countries can more readily participate
in rocket experiments because of their relatively low cost and simpler instru-
mentation, There is evidence of great interest in this on the part of scientists
from Sweden, Norway, Japan, Italy and West Germany,
page 8

Some items of instrumentation are becoming standardized and commercially
available, and work on new instrumentation should be encouraged, particularly on
the development of a beacon suitable for small rockets,

There is great interest on the part of US experimenters operating the meteor-
ological rocket network to expand to a world-wide basis as soon as practical,

Because of the diversity of fields involved, the cooperation will have to be
worked out jointly by a number of international groups including COSPAR, CIG and
WMO. A symposium on the use of small rockets has been proposed as a joint venture
with WMO and the IUGG for the April 1961 COSPAR meeting,

Meteorology

Dr, Wexler described current activities in the use of satellites for meteor-
ology, particularly Tiros I and Tiros IL, and indicated that a future satellite
program for operational meteorological purposes would benefit from readout stations
in a number of different locations throughout the world, Since the program would
be operational this might be more of a problem within the jurisdiction of WMO than
within COSPAR, This brought up the general problem of making an appropriate
distinction between research activities proper to COSPAR and operational activities
more suitable for WMO, The proposed session of the next COSPAR meeting to be
jointly sponsored with WMO and the IUGG was cited as an example of this problem,

Explorer VII was also cited as an example of international collaboration in
the field of meteorology particularly the earth's heat balance experiment of Dr.
Suomi, Unknown to the US experimenters, the British have recorded tapes of several
hundred passes of Explorer VII and have recently made inquiries on what to do with
these tapes, A particular point of interest here is that there are some attempts
at cooperation going on which are not fully known at this time, Another example
of this type of activity is that British meteorologists also are planning to
include some meteorological experiments in one of the joint US-British Scout
launchings to measure Ozone distribution, ,

Dr. Porter suggested that this fitted into an idea which has been proposed
earlier; namely, that COSPAR should develop an international program of space
research activities to be accomplished in a given year and should request the
cooperation of member countries, Through this device such bits and pieces of
activities as were described could be coordinated into a comprehensive whole in

which there was a central place for experimenters to find out what others are
doing,

Dr, Wexler also alluded to the high cost of a meteorological satellite program
and suggested that this held excellent possibilities for US-USSR cooperation, To
date, however, the Russians have not evidenced sufficient interest to attend
international meetings at which this subject was under discussion,
page 9

World Magnetic Survey

Dr. Vestine described the international plans for the World Magnetic Survey,
and a discussion followed about the role which COSPAR could play in organizing
the contribution to that program from rocket and satellite launchings, The Survey
was approved by ICSU as an international program, The CIG and the IAGA (Inter-
national Associations of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy of the IUGG) are planning the
program, The IAGA Committee No, 5 on the WMS and Magnetic Charts has prepared
technical recommendations which are included in Appendix A, The technical recon-
mendations of the IAGA Committee will be submitted to the CIG with a request that
arrangements be made with national committees for the collection of the required
data, Current predictions are that the WMS should take place during an 18-month
period sometime in 1964-1965, It is expected that this will be discussed at the
CIG meeting in January, 1961, and it is anticipated that once started the WMS will
continue as a program with re-adjustments in the Charts for 1975, etc,

The technical recommendations of the IAGA Committee No. 5 will provide a gen-~
eral description of the data required for the survey including a description of
Satellite and rocket data; however, it is considered that this Committee will not
be competent to develop suitable rocket and satellite programs, and it is at this
point that it was considered a suitable action for the CIG to request COSPAR to
develop additional recommendations and invite the members of COSPAR to cooperate in
obtaining the hecessary measurements, It was generally agreed that synoptic measure-
ments from satellites over a period of about one year would be desirable, Satel-
lites for this purpose should have polar orbits at moderately low levels with highly
eccentric orbits designed to break through the space outside the distorted magnetic
fields in different locations, Continuous telemetry was recommended because the
precision of data needed is high, and thus a truly international cooperative pro-
gram is required in the reading out of telemetry, At least tuo satellites were
recommended, both in polar orbits normal to each other, and the hope was expressed
that the US and the USSR would each launch one of these satellites, Data obtained
during the World Magnetic Survey is to be submitted by national committees to the
World Data Centers for processing by an appropriate international body and the
eventual development of a World Magnetic Chart,

It was agreed that appropriate initiative should be taken to recommend that
the CIG request COSPAR's cooperation in this program and that Simultaneously the

COSPAR .Annual Space Research Programs

At the 10th meeting of Committee 4, @ proposal that COSPAR develop a series of
annual programs of collaborative Space experiments received favorable consideration,
The present group agreed that the suggested experiments discussed at this meeting

could be fitted into such an annual series beginning with a very modest program for
1962,

It was agreed that this recommendation would be submitted to the Space Science
Board, ,
page 10

II, Specific Proposals for Scientific Programs

The following proposals include written suggestions received in response to a
request to the SPACE Science Board and Committee members as well as those presented
orally during the meeting of Committee 4, They include in general experiments that
will benefit from synoptic measurements at diverse locations, world-wide coverage
{not necessarily simultaneous), especially satellite experiments that benefit from
world-wide read-out of continuous telemetry, Not all of them have been fully con-
&idered by the Committee,

Tracking - Precise tracking of satellites especially photographic tracking leading
to geodetic results - wide geographic dispersal of tracking installations and
coordination of a plan of observations,

Geodesy ~ Geodetic satellite*® with optical aids (flashing light, reflectors, etc.)
and electronic aids (multi-frequency radio beacons, transponders) to facilitate
precise tracking, to permit calibration of radio tracking methods and to study
fonospheric refraction,

Completion of world-wide gravity survey and correlation with geodetic measurements
from satellites,

Meteorology - Facilitate maximum Cooperation in the use of satellites for meteor-
ological research (e.g., cloud cover, infra-red radiation balance), including
coordinated ground observations necessary to interpret satellite data,

Atmospheric Structure - Programs, especially synoptic measurements made with bal-
loons and rockets, to investigate atmospheric density, pressure, temperature,
composition, and degree of ionization as a function of time, location and altitude
(e.g., ultraviolet absorption spectrum, falling sphere, mass spectrometer, sodium
vapor, echoes from satellite wakes, geographic extension of meteorological rocket
network, )

ionosphere Parameters - Synoptic measurement of ionosphere parameters (e.g.,
electron density as a function of time and altitude, and geographic location; the
motion of these concentrations - like electrojet; correlation of foregoing with
solar activity in the form of particle streams and short wave radiations), These
parameters can be measured directly by probes carried aloft by either rockets or
satellites or indirectly by the propagation characteristics of radio waves emitted
by multi-frequency beacons,

Synoptic ground-based ionospheric propagation exxperiments carried out simultane-
ously with foregoing probes and beacons,

*Should be eliminated unless approved by appropriate U.S, Government agencies,
page ll

Air Glow and Aurorae - Satellite and coordinated rocket program for world-wide
horizontal and vertical mapping of airglow and aurorae in selected wavelength
including changes in time, and correlation with solar activity,

interactions of Particles with Atmosphere and Magnetic Field

Synoptic rocket probing of the aurorae to measure energy spectrum and composition
of particle streams and x-rays produced by them,

World-wide synoptic observations of particle arrival, especially solar protons;
energy spectrum of the particles as a function of geomagnetic latitude (especially
forbidden protons),

Special attention should be paid to the foregoing during polar cap blackout,

A permanent high latitude launch site for rockets especially for measurements of
aurorae, for probing polar ionosphere and for experiments requiring low geomagnetic
cut-off,

A permanent equatorial launch site for rockets for the special study of phenomena
peculiar to low latitudes,

Coordination of observations of particle arrival with magnetic field measurements
in order to correlate them - e.g., by distributing satellites with magnetometers
close to and far out from the earth to measure the progress of a sudden commencement

and other magnetic storms; by clusters of satellites to measure Localized magnetic
effects,

World-wide synoptic measurement of cosmic rays,

Synoptic ground based measurements of the magnetic field carried out simultaneously
with foregoing especially at conjugate points to assist in interpretation as in
the proposed World Magnetic Survey,

Arrangements for contributing satellite and rocket geomagnetic measurements to the
World Magnetic Survey,

Special note should be made of the great advantages in carrying out programs con-
necting ionosphere studies, particle arrival, magnetic storms, and solar activity
during sunspot minimum when solar events do not overlap, Also should be coordin-
ated with CIG program for World Magnetic Survey,

Geophysical satellite (as proposed by NASA) including measurements in Lonospheric
physics, trapped particles, electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields and micro-
meteorities -- should emphasize international participation particularly in read-
out of telemetry, Same is true for the orbiting solar observatory and the orbiting
astronomical observatory,
page 12

Interplanetary Fields and Particles - Programs to measure particles and magnetic

Se eet ete entitarvenrnes

fields in interplanetary space and their relation to solar activity,

Especially the variations in these measurements during sunspot minimum in the
plane of the ecliptic away from the sun, and perpendicular to the ecliptic,

Photometric observations of the solar aureole from balloons, rockets and satel-
lites as a measure of scattering by interplanetary dust,

Possible effects of Seomagnetic field on meteorite distribution - analogous to
auroral zones,

Variations, if any, in dust and meteorite distribution with magnetic storms,

Solar Radiation - Continuous monitoring of solar radiation with a satellite at
selected wavelengths (particularly &-rays in the 2-8 A region, Lyman Alpha, and
extreme longwave radio noise, etc.)

Continuation and possible elaboration in coordination with CIC of 24 hour solar
patrol to furnish alerts for Programs related to solar activity including timely
commands to satellites, and to provide data useful in interpreting satellite results,

Biology - Biological rhythms of man and animals as affected by sudden phase shifts -
experiments on the ground involving laboratories widely separated in longitude,
APPENDIX A

IAGA Committee No. 5 on the WMS and Magnetic Charts prepared the following tech-
nical recommendations:

lL.

(a) That the epoch of the world magnetic survey by 1960-65
reduced to epoch 1965.0, with cognizance of later need
for reduction to epoch 1975.0 for inclusion of later
results,

(b) That charts be compiled on a scale of 1:10,000,000 in
order to be published at some suitable scale,

(a) That the USSR be urged to undertake surveys over the
oceans with the “Zarya” for secular magnetic change,

(b) That as a general aim survey stations on the ground
be located about 200 km apart where feasible,

(c) That aeromagnetic surveys over the oceans provide pro-
files spaced about 300-400 km apart,

That the general aim intends that the intervals of the isolines
be 1° in declination (D) with a coarser interval of 6° near the
poles, and at 500 ganma intervals in horizontal intensity (H),
vertical intensity (Z), total intensity (F), north intensity (Xx),
and east intensity (¥), For inclination (1), a contour interval
of 2° is Suggested for equatorial regions, 1° in middle and
higher latitudes, The contour interval for anomalies where in-
dicated should be about 500 gammas, The contour interval can

be reduced in the case of detailed anomaly surveys if the scale
of charting permits this reduction,

That a potential analysis be made providing spherical harmonic
terms up to and including a degree and order useful for adequate
representation of the data,

That the height of aeromagnetic surveys should be noted by ob-
servers,

That earth satellite measurements of the geomagnetic field or
other suitable data of useful accuracy be used where feasible
to supplement the values at and near the ground,

That the prompt provisions of observatory and other estimates of
secular change be stressed and facilitated,