SUGGESTED CLINICAL TRIALS OF VITAMIN C AS AN ADJUNCT TO OTHER
PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC EFFORTS TO CONTROL AIDS

Linus Pauling

Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine

8 October 1987

It is my opinion, and also that of Dr. Ewan Cameron, Medical
Director of the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine, that
vitamin C (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate) may
have significance value in the prevention and treatment of Acquired
Immunosuppressive Disease Syndrome. I list below some suggestions
about clinical trials.

First, I point out that there is no need to carry out toxicity
studies or dosage studies. It is known from observations on
hundreds or thousands of persons that vitamin C has no significant
toxicity, at any dosage rate. Hundreds of people have ingested by
mouth large amounts of vitamin C, 10 grams per day or more, for long
periods of time, with no significant manifestations of toxicity.

One cancer patient, a chemist in San Jose, California, ingested

130 grams per day of vitamin C (90% sodium ascorbate, 10% ascorbic
acid) for thirteen years. Intravenous infusions of sodium ascorbate
solution have been given to patients in amounts of 100 grams per day
or more, with no serious side effects. As to dosage, it is likely
that the effectiveness increases with increase in amount administered
Orally or intravenously. The amount given orally is limited by bowel
tolerance (laxative effect}, but the bowel tolerance level is high

for seriously ill persons.
SUGGESTED CLINICAL TRIALS

1. Dr. Ewan Cameron has suggested that a randomized prospective
double-blind controlltrial be carried out with AIDS patients at such
a stage that they would be acceptable candidates for AZT treatment.
The trial would be continued for one or two years, or whatever period
of time is customary in AZT trials. He suggests that one subgroup
of patients receive AZT, a second receive AZT plus 20 grams per day
of vitamin C, orally, and a third receive only 20 grams per day of
vitamin C. A placebo for vitamin C might be given to the first
group, along with the AZT. Dr. Cameron has expressedythat the third
group, treated only with vitamin C, might fare better than the other
two groups. :

One interesting result of this study is that the vitamin Cc
might decrease the amount of toxicity of AZT, as shown by comparison
of the second group and the first group.

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2. A controtltrial might be carried out with AIDS patients at
an earlier stage. All patients would be given vitamin C orally.
There might be four groups, receiving respectively 1 gram, 5 grams,

19 grams, and 20 grams per day.

3. In an uncontrolled trial, AIDS patients in a hospital and in
serious condition might be given continuous intravenous infusions of
socium ascorbate solution at rate between 50 and 150 grams per day.
The physicians in charge could compare the response of the patients

to that of similar patients not receiving vitamin C.

4. Ambulatory patients with full-blown AIDS and Kaposi's
sarcoma could be given intravenous ascorbate for three hours per day,
every day, plus oral ascorbate. The physicians could compare the
observed development of the disease in these patients with those who

not receive the ascorbate.

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5. Similar ambulatory patients could be given oral vitamin C
at the bowel-tolerance level, in an uncontrolled study. The physicians
could evaluate the response by comparison with similar patients not
receiving ascorbate or the similar patients receiving both intravencus

ascorbate and oral ascorbate.

6. A similar study with oral vitamin C could be made with
patients with full-blown AIDS, but without manifestation of

Kaposi's sarcoma.
COMMENT ON COST OF TRIALS

The controlled trials would be expensive, costing millions
of dollars. The uncontrolled trials would be far less expensive.
It is my Opinion and that of Dr. Cameron that both the uncontrolled
trials and the controlled trials have value.

My associate Dr. Ewan Cameron has discussed with physicians
in San Francisco in the AIDS project there the possibility of a
clinical trial carried out jointly by him and these physicians in
San Francisco, and I have discussed in a preliminary way the
possibility of a similar joint project with physicians in the Oregon
Health Center, Portland, Oregon.