Outline - wuecture 1

1.Organization of nucleus in bacteria: No true nucleus; no nuclear membrane;
no nucleolus; DNA has no protein with it. Slides.1, 2, 5, 4,
DNA in a ring. E. coli - 1 to 144 mm. in length
Replication: no mitotic a:caratus. Slides 5, 6.
Position of start: E subtilis: two classes found:
E. coli: position with F factor present “lide 7
No mitotic apparatus: cell membrane: slide 8

2. “ypes of genes found in bacteria: Classes

Vlass A: Structural genes - make protein from mRNA. Enzymes; Mutantsites;
changes in amino acid at site change. Transcription
Class B: Only RNA produced — no transcriptions to vorotein
Ribosomal genes -— ribosomal RWWA Transcription process
Trinsfer RNA - trinscription process
Regul .tor genes - possibly no transcriptions; relxted to other
molecules.
. - DNA
Class 0: Special classes: Super suppressors— type-1 Bact. phage. RNA phase
Transcription procews? Transfer RNA?
lype-2 Sm”: Rel ted to ribosomes

Operators: special part of a gene stricture

%. Organizations of genes in bacterial chromosoze:
Operons - two types: regulator with and away from gene:
Histidine operon: “lide 9
Genes not together: Arginine: Slide 10.
eran ITT

Gene order and base ratios of DNA in bacteria: Salmonella &. coli
Uther bacteria.

4, Transformation and trensduction: significance for higher organisus.

1). Transformation: Synapsis and exchange on molecular level
2). Transduction: bacterial Genes brought into bacteria by phages:

5. Bacterial viruses - DNA phages. Diffe ent types; different sizes.

aoxamples: phage particle: Slides Ji, 12
attachment to bacteria: ~iide 13
injection of DNA: Sli :
Phage chromosome - small phage, uambda: Slides 15, 16. 3
Appearance of tacteria during on ge reproduction’ Slidel7.
Yrder of genes in phage: T-4; Slide 18.

Transduction process: Type types: Incorporation: Diagrams.
Abortive transductions: Slide 19

Importance of Transductions: Molecular synapsis;
Gene action of piwe of DNA w en not in
bact. chromosoue.

6. Comp :risons of above with higher organisms: () Chromosoavs of higher
organisms: Slides 20-23.

ME ara

wWActivity of gene: must remove histone,
7.

8.

Qe

10.

3). types of genes: same as in bacteria lus regulator genes of higher
orders.

4), Organization of genes: not as in bactéria - operons.for synthetic

pathways.

5). Synapsis: somatic cells: Yiptera; few others.

6). Somatic crossing over - fungi, diploid cells: Asp rgillus; texsst.

Higher organisms: Drosophila; Occas. in maize.

7). Autivity of fragments of chromosomes in higher organisms: Mustbe
within a nucleus: ShBz fragment - two chromom:cres: functi-.val genes
Fragment in cytoplasm - not functional if not in small nucleus.

Behavior and gene action when chromoso es not togéther but in nuclei:

Divergent Spindle - recessive gene at meiosis in male only.
Slides 24 to 29.

If no nucleus formed: fragment in cytoplasm —- pycnotic: Slide 30

Lysogeny in bacteria: meaning for higher organism.
(a) Two potential events when phaz:e enters bacteria
(b) Incorppration of phage into bacterial chromosoue: Slide 31.

No Veg. reproduction; Reproduces as p.rt of bacterial reduplicat
system. Lysogenic bacteria formed.

How to tell lysogenic bacteria from non-lysogenic:
sensitive vrs. resistant: meaning.
Forced veg. reproduction of phage:
(c) Position of @ncorporation of vhage: Bne posit on, reason
‘any different positions: mesning.

The sex-fictor F episome. DNA. Does not lyse bacterium; division with
bacteria but not incorporated: Slide 32.
Conjugation and F factor - males and females. Slide 33
F incorporated into bacteria: Conjugation; transfer of bact. chromo.
recomb:: ation; Relation to X chromosome controlling element in

Sciara. Positions of i corporation: Effects produced on
recombinations.

Single stranded phage: Need for duoble strands in: Reproduction
Transcription: Une strand read only.

SuMMary o