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a. PATHE BACT.~ Ven. LX XIV Plate LXXVII

 
OBITUARY NOTICE OF DECEASED MEMBER

Oswald Theodore very
21st October 1877—20th February 1955

(Plate LXXVII)

OswaLp THEODORE AVERY was born on the 2Ist October 1877 at
Halifax, Nova Scotia, and died at Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., on
20th February 1955. With his death there ended the career of one
of the most outstanding students of bacteriology and immunology of
his time,

Avery came of pure English stock, both his parents having been
born in England. According to information in the possession of his
family, Avery’s paternal grandfather, Joseph Avery, lived at
Wolvercote, near Oxford, and there he conducted a paper mill where
he manufactured the thin paper used in the printing of Oxford Bibles.

Avery's father, Joseph Francis Avery, who was born at Norwich,
Norfolk, is reported to have been attracted by the sermons of an
American cvangelist who was conducting a series of religions meetings
in England, and decided to enter the ministry. He was received into
the Baptist Church and then, some three years after his marriage to
Miss Elizabeth Crowdy at Summertown, England, in 1870, was called
to establish a Baptist church in Halifax, There the young couple
made their home for a few years, and there Oswald, their second gon,
was born. In the same year, 1877, the father was called to the
pastorate of a mission chureh Jocated on the lower east side of New
York City, and in that chureh, which was called ‘ Mariner’s Temple ”,
he served until his death in 1892.

In those days the lower east side of New York was notorious for
its rowdyism, and one would scarcely have seleeted it) as an ideal
spol in which to bring up children, but the fact. remains that young
Avery survived any vicissitudes which the neighbourhood may have
presented, managed to go to Colgate University (Hamilton, N.Y.),
from which he received the A.B. degree, and then entered the College
of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, from which he
graduated in 1904 with the M.D. degree. After a brief period in
clinical work he was appointed a member of the staff of the Hoavland
Laboratory in Brooklyn, N.Y., and there he embarked upon bacterio-
logical investigations with the late Dr Benjamin White. It is of
particular interest, in view of the nature of Avery's later work, (hit
one of their papers, which appeared in P12, dealt with the chemical
constitu€ion of the tubercle bacillus,

J. PATI, BACT.A—VOL, LXNIV (1057 451
452 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

In 1913 Avery, who by that time had become Associate Director
of the Hoagland Laboratory, was invited by Dr Rufus Cole, then
Director of the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical
esearch, to become a member of its staff. Cole’s attention had been
directed to Avery by a paper which he had published from the
Laboratory, and a visit to Avery confirmed the favourable impression
which Cole had gained from reading his paper. The invitation, which
followed shortly thereafter, was promptly accepted.

When Avery came to the Rockefeller Institute Hospital in 1913
the principal problem upon which Cole and his associates were engaged
was a comprehensive study of lobar pneumonia with a view toward
obtaining a specific treatment for that disease. The work of Neufeld
and Haendel in Germany had demonstrated (1910) the existence of
certain varieties of pneumococcus which were different from one
another from the standpoint of their immunological reactions. A. R.
Dochez and L. J. Gillespie, working at the Hospital on the pneumonia
problem and aware of Neufeld’s observations, had studied the im-
munological relationships of a large number of strainsofthe pneumococcus
isolated from cases of lobar pneumonia and other sources, and had
demonstrated that these strains could be differentiated by immuno-
logical methods into four separate groups. One of these groups,
Jabelled by the investigators group TV, contained a number of different
strains, but each of the other three groups conGiined only one tvpe-
specific strain, Dochez and Gillespie therefore proposed that pneumo.-
cocei be classified on the basis of their immunological reactions into
the four different groups which they had encountered.

Gillespie left the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute in the
stmimer of 113, and when Avery, who succeeded him, took up his
work there it was natural that he shonld join forces: with Dochez in
the immunological attack on the pneumococeus problem. During
the next four vears these two able investigators worked together as a
team on the general problem of the immunology of the pueumococens,
and it was during the course of these investivations that they discovered
the presence, in broth cultures of pueumococve, of a soluble substance
which was elaborated hy the growing organism and was specific for the
particular type of pneumococenus growing in the culture,

This fundamental observation, which was published in rays,
formed the basis for most of Avery's subsequent work, but he did not
Immediately follow it Up. partly perhaps because of America's entry
into World War 1, which broucht for himan unexpected complicatian,

Ht will be remembered that Avery was born in Nova Scotia of
English parents, and was therefore al British subject when he was
brought ata very early age to the United States. Upon the entry of
Ainerica into World War | he sought to obtain a commission in the
Medical Corps of the United States Army, but it was denied because,
apparently, he had never taken the trouble to become a American
citizen! He did mane somehow to get into the American Army,
OBITUARY 453

but only as an enlisted man, and it was some time before he became
naturalised and could obtain a commission as Captain.

Following the close of World War I he joined with Dochez and
Rebecca Lancefield in a study of the immunological relations of
hemolytic streptococci, but when Dochez left the Hospital of the
Rockefeller Institute in 1919 Avery returned to the study of the
pneumococcus and, with the late Glenn E. Cullen, investigated the
enzymes which that organism elaborated. Pausing for a while to
study, with a Norwegian, T. Thjétta, and Hugh Morgan, the nature
of accessory substances necessary for the nutrition of bacteria, he
finally returned in the early 1920s to a systematic and analytical study
of the type-specific soluble substance elaborated by growing pneumo-
cocci, having recognised that this substance offered an excellent
opportunity to investigate by chemical methods the nature of the
mechanism which differentiates one immunological type of pneumo-
coccus from another.

In approaching this problem he had the good fortune to obtain
the assistance of Michael Heidelberger, a skilled chemist, and from
this team, to which others were added from time to time, there came
a series of brilliant studies which revealed that the type-specific
substance found in broth cultures of pneumococei is associated with
the capsular envelope of the organism and not its body, and that it is
a complex carbohydrate, actually a polysaccharide. Further study
by Avery and his associates led to the important observation that. by
treating a non-specific type of pneumococcus according toa particular
method with a given specific type of (hat same organism, if was possible
to transform Che non-specitic type into the specific type of pneume-
cyceus used in the experiment, Moreover, this transformation was
stable and permanent, and was transmitted to successive generations
of pneumococci derived from the culture containing the original
transformed organisms. Finally it was shown that the active principle
responsible for this transformation was a particular substance, desoxy-
ribonucleic acid. This discovery, coming toward the close of Avery's
scientific career and so important because of its bearing upon genetics,
may perhaps be said to be his magnum opus,

Avery attained the highest departmental rank it. is possible to
achieve at the Rockefeller Lnstitute, that of Member, before his official
retirement in t043, but he continued to work there until PY48) when
he moved to Nashville. Tennessee, where he could be near his younger
brother, Dr Roy @. Avery, who was then Associate Professor of
Jacteriology in the Schoal of Medieine of Vanderbilt University.
Ernest W. Goodpasture, then Professor of Pathology at) Vanderbilt
University, placed the facilities of his department at the disposal of
Avery, but he did not make extended use of them. At Nashville his
life was essentially one of retirement and leisure.

In the summer of 1954 Che svmptoms of what was to be his final
illness made their appearance, and were of such a character as to

J. PATH. BACT.—VOL, LXXIV (1057 2 F
454 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

necessitate his being evacuated from the island off the Maine cuast
where he had been accustomed to spend his summers for many years.
He was taken first to the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute and
then to Nashville, where an exploratory operation revealed the presence
of a tumour of the liver. Although the growth was removed a
permanent cure was not effected and alter several months of con-
-alescence he began to lose ground and died in Vanderbilt University
Hospital on the 20th February 1955.

Many younger men sought the opportunity to work with Avery
during his active years, and many of them became his close associates.
Yo them he was a never-failing source of inspiration and assistance.
He was an indefatigable worker although his health was frail and
he was never a robust person, but he possessed an inner drive that
would not let him stop short of a completely satisfactory explanation
of the problem upon which he was engaged.

Many honours came to Avery during his lifetime. He was President
of the American Association of Jimmunologists, the American Associa-
tion of Pathologists and Bacteriologists, and the Society of American
Bacteriologists. He was also a member of the National Academy of
Sciences and an honorary member of the following foreign learned
societies :— Pathological Society of Great Britain and freland, Der
Norski Videnskaps Adademi (Oslo), Academie Royale de Médecine de

seluique, Société Philomathique de Paris. He received honorary
degrees from his abna ater, Colgate University, aud from MeGill
University, New York University, the University of Chicago and
Rutgers University, and the following awards and prizes: the Lasker
Award of the American Public Tlealth Association, the Passano
Foundation Award, the Pasteur Goldl Medal presented every ten years
by the Swedish Medical Society in Stockholm, the Paul Ebrlich Gold
Medal, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London, the Jehn
Phillips Memorial Medal of the American College of Physicians, the
Kober Medal of the Association of American Physicians and a medal
given by the New York Academy of Medicine.

Avery never married. As has been said, it) was his custom for
many vears to spend his summers on an island off the coast of Maine
where he could indulge his taste for walking, and where he had the
opportunity to sail with a friend in the latter's sailboat. Although he
became very fond of sailing he never really tried to master the art,
but on the other hand rarely missed an opportunity to go for an
afternoon sail when the oceasion offered. Short in stature and small
of body as he was—he could: searcely have weighed much over a
hundred pounds— one could not imagine him ever participating in
any competitive sport.

To his close friends he was known as “’Fess ", a contraction of
“ Drofessor *, and without exeeption they were all deeply devoted
to him. Fle was a delightful companion, full of laumour, and the
very soul of generosity. If one had to describe him with a single
OBITUARY 455

adjective, ‘lovable’ would be the universal choice of his friends.
Unhappily they cannot expect to sec his like again.

I am indebted to Miss Patricia E, Green, seeretary to Dr,Frank L. Horsfall,
Je., of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, for the photograph of
Dr Avery and tho bibliography which accompany this notice.

ALAN M. Curesnery.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1909

B. Wairr and O, T. Avery. Tho treponema pallidum ; observations on its
oceurrenee and demonstration in syphilitic lesions. Arch. Int. Med., iii, 411.

1910

N. B. Porrer and O. T. Avery. Opsonins and vaceine therapy. In Modern
treatment, edited by Hare, Philadelphia and New York, vol. i, p. 515.

B. Wintr and 0, T. Avery. Observations on certain lactic acid bacteria of tho
so-called Bulgaricus type. Cbl. Bake, Abt. IL, xxv, 161.

L. C. Acre and O. T. Avery. A case of influenza meningitis. Arch. Pediat.,
Nxvii, 284.

B. Wrorr and 0. T. Avery. Concerning the bactericmic theory of tuberculosis.
J. Med. Rea,, xxiii, 95.

1912

B. Wiare andl O.T. Avieny. ‘Phe action of certain products obtained from thie
tubercle bacdlus, OA. Cleavage produets of tubercula-protcin obtained: hy
the method of Vaughan. Communication T. ‘The poisonous substanes.
J. Med. Nes. xxvi, 317,

1913

0. 'T. Avery and H.W. Lyann. Concerning secondary infcetion in pulmonary
tubecrenlosis. J. Med. Res. xxviii. PIL.

Bo Worries and O.T. AVERY. Some immunity reactions of edostin, Phe biological
reactions of the vegetable proteins. TB 2. Jaf. lars. xiii, 103,

1914

C. Eb. Nore, Bo Witrre and O. T. Avery. A septic sore throat epidemic in
Corthuid and Momer, NAY. J. Daf. Dia, xiv, P24.

1915

A. R. Dochez and O. T. Avery. Varieties of pnemmococeas and their relation
to lobar pneumonia, J. Rap. Mob. xxi, DP.

The distribution of the tamune bodics oceurring in Antipnerunococeus: serum,
J. bearp. Med. xxi, 133.

ALR, Dociez and OR. Avery. ‘The ocenrrence of carriers of disease-producing
types of pneumocoecus, A Bap. Med xxii, bas,

A farther study on the biologic classification of pneumococei. J. Erp. Med,
Xxii, SU4,

1916

A. R, Docurs and O.'T, Aviny. Antiblastic immunity. J. Bap. Med. xxiii, 61.
456 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

1916-17

A. R. Docnez and O. T. Avery. Solublo substance of pneumococeus origin

in the blood and urine during lobar pneumonia. Proc. Soe. Exp. Biol.
and Med., xiv, 126.

1917

0. T. Avery, H. T. Crickertne, R. Coz and A. R. Dociez. Acute lobar
pneumonia; prevention and scrum treatment. Monographs of The
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, No. 7, N.Y.

A. R. Docnez and O. T. Avery. Tho elaboration of specific soluble substance

by pneumococcus during growth. J. Exp. Med., xxvi, 477, Trans. Assoc.
Amer. Phys., xxxii, 281.

1918

Determination of types of pneumococcus in lobar pneumonia: a rapid cultural
method. J. Amer. Med. Assoc., lxx, 17.

KX. G. Dernuy and O. T. Avery. Tho optimum hydrogen ion concentration
for the growth of pneumococeus. J. Exp. Med., xxviii, 345.

A selective medium for B. influenza. Oleate-hemoglobin agar. J. Amer.
Med. Assoc., Ixxi, 2050.

1919

O. T. Avery and G. E. Cutten. The use of the final hydrogen ion concentration
in differentiation of streptococcus hamolytieus of human and bovine types.
J. exp. Med., xxix, 215. :

A. R. Docurz, O. T. Avery and Renecca C. LANcerretp. Studies on the
hiology of streptoeoceus, I. Antigenic relationships between atrains of
streptococcus hiemolytions. J. on. dfed., xxx, 170.

O.P. Avery and G. BE. Cunpes. Hydrogen ion concentration of cultures of
preumococei of the different types in carbohydrate media. J. Exp. Med.,
XNX, SON,

OQ. T. Avery, AJR. Docimz and Reneeca Co LANCEFIELD. Bacteriology of
atreptococers hemolyticus, Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol,, xxviii, 350,

1920

O.T. Aveny and G. RB. Cennes., Studies on the enzymes of pneumococeus.
1. Proteolytic enzymes. J. Rap. Med., xxxii, 547,

O.'T. Avery and G. EB. Cetnes, Studies on the enayimes of pneumococcur,
H. Lipolytie enzymes: esterase, J. Bap. Med., xxxii, S70.

O.T. Avery and G.E. Cranes,  Stadica on the enzymes of pneumococeus,
HW. Carbohydrnate-splitting enzymes: invertase, arylasc, and inulase,
J. Earp. Med., xxxii, 583.

1920-21

T. Tagorra and O. T. Avery. Growth aecessory substinees in the nutrition of
bacteria. Pree, Soc. Erp, Biol. and Med., xviii, 197.

1921

T. Tnsotra and OL T. Avieny. Studies on bacterial nutrigen., Th Growth
accessory substances in’ the cultivation of hemophilie bacilli, 2. Exp.
Med. xxxiv, 97,

T. Tavorra and O. Tb. Aviay. Studies on bacteria nutrition. EET. Plant tissue,
as a source of growth necessory substances, in the enltivation of Bacillus
influenza, J. hap. Med. xxxiv, 455.
OBITUARY 457

1921-22

O. T, Avery and H. J. Moncan. The effect of the accessory substances of
plant tissue upon growth of bacteria. Proc. Soc. Exp, Biol. and Med.,
xix, 113.

1922-23

M. Heiprrpercer and O. T. Avery. The spccific soluble substance of pneumo-
coceus. Proc. Soc. xp. Biol. and Med., xx, 434.

0. T. Avery and M. Hxmetpencer. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococcus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., xx, 435.

1923

M. Heiperpencer and O. T. Avery. Tho solublo specific substance of pneumo-
coceus. J. Exp. Med., xxxviii, 73.

0. T. Avery and M. Huiprcerrcer. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococcus. J. Exp. Med., xxxviii, 81.

0. T. Avery and G. E. Cutten. Studies on the enzymes of pneumococeus,
IV. Bacteriolytic enzyme. J. Exp. Med., xxxviii, 199.

0. T. Avery and H. J. Morgan. Studies on bacterial nutrition. IV. Effect
of plant tissue upon growth of pneumococcus and streptococcus. J. Exp.
Aled., xxxviii, 207.

1924

O. T. Avery and H. J. Morcax. The occurrence of peroxide in cultures of
pneumecoceus, J. Bap. Med. xxxix, 275.

0. T. Avery and Hd. Moneas. Studies on bacterial nutrition, Ve Phe ettvet.
of plant tissue upon the growth of anacrobie bacilli, J. Bap. Wed. xxxix,
281).

H. J. Morcas and O. T. Avery. Growth-inhibitory substances in pneunio-
eoccus cultures, J. Rap. Med. xxxix, 335.

0. T. Aveny and J. Mo Newt. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pnenme-
coveus, T. Production of peroxide by anacrobie cultures of preumococens
on exposure to air under conditions not permitting active growth. J,
Rerp. Mfed.. xxxix, SAT,

0. 'T. Avery and J. Mo Nein. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pneano-
eoceus, HT, The production of peroxide by sterile extracts of pacuimoeocens,
J. Bap. Med. xxxix, 347,

0. T. Avery and J. ML NEILL. Studies on oxidation andl reduetion by pment.
coceusg, TE. Reduction of methylene blae by sterile extracts of paeumo-
eoceus, J. Bap. Med. xxxix, O83.

0. 'T. Avery and J. Nein. Studies on oxidation anc reduction by paecumoe.
coceus, TV. Oxidation of hemotoxin in sterile extriets of pnenimocorens,
Fo Lap. Med. xxxix, 745,

J.M. Newenand O. PL Avery. Studies on oxidation and reduetion hy pmeunia-
coceus, V. The destruction of oxyhemoglobin by sterile extracts of preunia-
eoceus, J. Bap. Med. xxix, 757,

M. Hrtorrimrern and O.7T Avery. ‘Phe solutile specific substance of paenuimne-
eoceus, Seeand paper. J. Bap. Med. x1 hod,

J. Nei and OL PS Aveny. Stidies on oxidation and reduetion by pnetnios
coceus, VEL The oxidation of enzymes in sterile extracts of preumococeus,
To Bxrp. Med. xb 405,

J. ML Nemioand 0. PR Avery. Studies on oxidation and reduction ly pneumo-
coceus, VIED Muzyine activity of sterile tillrates of acrobie and anacrobie
cultures of pneumococeus, J, Karp. Med. xl, 423.

J. PATH. HACT.—VOL, LXXIV (1957 » FD
458 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

1925

J.M. Nem. and 0. T. Avery. Studies on oxidation and reduction by pneumo-
coceus, VIIL. Nature of oxidation-reduction systems in sterile pneumo-
coccus extracts. J. Kap. Aled., xli, 285,

O. 'T. Avery and H. J. Morcan. Immunological reactions of isolated carbo-
hydrate and protein of pneumococeius. J. bep. AMed., xlii, 347.

O. T. Avery and J. M. Nein. The antigenic properties of solutions of pneumo-
coceus. J. up, Med., xlii, 355.

O. 'P. Avery and M. Hripetsercer. Immunological relationships of cell
constituents of pneumococcus. Second paper. J. Lap. Med., xii, 367.

M. Herperpencer, W. F. Gornen and O. T. Avery. The soluble spccific
substance of a strain of Fricdliinder’s bacillus. Paper I. J. Exp. Mevl.,
xiii, 701, ‘

O. 'T. Avery, M. Herpmcnencer and W. F. Gorn. The soluble specifie
substance of Friedliindcr’s bacillus. Paper 1f. Chemical and immunological
relationships of pneumococeus Type IL and of a strain of Fricdlinder's
bacillus, J. dap. Med., xiii, 709. '

M. Hemennencer, W. EF. Gorsen and O. T. Avery. The solublo specific
substance of pneumococeus. Third paper. J. bap. Merl., xlti, 727.

1925-26
Herpecpercer, W. F. Gorpen and O, Te. Aviry. The soluble specific
substance of a strain of Friedhiinder bacillus. L’rec, Soe. Lap. Biol. and
Med. xxiii, 1.
O.T. Avery. AM. Hitepenaenener and Wy. Gornne.  Taununelogical behaviour
of the Bo strain of Friedlander bacilhis and its soluble specific substance,
Proc, Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med, xxiii, 2.

=

M.

1927

WF. Gomnenand OP. Avery. Phe soluble substance of riedbinder'’s bacilhis,
Hb. On the isolation and properties of the specific carbohydrates from
Types A and © Fricdiinder bacillus, J. Aap. Med., xvi, 601,

1929

O. T. Avery nad WoOS. Tineere. Anaphylaxis with the type-specific carbo.
hydrates of prenmococeus, A. Map. Med. xlixe 251,

Wo. Comper and Oo /T. Awerv. A study of pnenmecocens autolysis. J. bap,
Med. xtix, 267,

M. Hetpricrerenin Of To Avery and W. OP. Gomnen. AS sobible specific
substanes derived from gum arabe, J. Bap. Med. xlis, S47,

WB. Goksnn and O. 1. Avewy. Chemo-imonotogieat studies on conjugated
carbolvdrate-protems : ob Phe osvnthesis of peariinephenol  B-phicaside
peaninophenel A-gaiactoside, and their coupling with seram globulin,
Fo bap. Medio ae.

O.'PL Avery and WoO. Coen. Choenie-imiminiotopienad sturcties on conjugated
carbohydrate-protems s 2B Tromenologientl specificity of syithetie suai.
protein antigens, J. Bap. Met 1 533,

WoS. Tinper, OLR. Aviniy and W.oR. Gornpen. Chemo-trimonolopienl studies
on conjugated carbohydrate: proteins 2 EEE Active aud: passive anaphybisis
with svnthetic sugar-proteis, of. Bap. Med i, oo1,

1930
W.S. Tener. W. BP. Gornen and O. TT. Avery. Chemical and inimunologieal
properties of al species-specific carbohydrate of pucumecocetn a. Baye
Med... Vi, Sth.
OLITUARY 4659

0. T. Avery and R. Dunos. The specific action of a bacterial enzyme on
pneumococci of Type LIT. Science, Ixxii, 151.

1931

O. T. Avery and R. Dusos. The apecific action of a bacterial enzyme on

Type HI pneumococci. Trans, Assoc. Amer. Phys., xvi, 216.

R. Dunos and O. T. Avery. Decomposition of the capsular polysaccharide of
pneumococeus Type III by a bacterial enzyme. J. Bap. Med., liv, 61.

O. T. Avery and R. Dusos. The protective action of a specific enzyme against
Type IIL pneumococcus infection in mice. J. Exp. Med., liv, 73.

W. F. Gornet and O. T. Avery. Chemo-immunological studics on conjugated
carbohydrate-proteins: IV. The synthesis of the p-aminobenzyl ether of
the soluble specific substance of Type III pneumococcus and its coupling
with protein. J. Exp. Med., liv, 431.

O. T. AVERY and W. F. Gorse. Chemo-immunological studies on conjugated
carbohycdrate-protcins : V. Tho immunological specificity of an antigen
prepared by combining the capsular polysaccharide of Type III pneumo-
coceus with forcign protein. J. Exp. Med., liv, 437.

1932

K. Goopner, R. Dunos and O. T. Avery. The action of a specific enzyme
upon the dermal infcetion of rabbits with Type TI pneumococcus. J.

: Bap. Med, lv, 393.

W. F. Gornen, FP. Ef Baners and 0. T. Avery. Chemo-immunological studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-protcing + VI, The synthesia of p-aminophenol
a-elucoside and its coupling with protein. J. eap. Med, Ww, 761.

0. T. Avery, W. FF. Goren and F.W. BAnens. Chemo-imimunological studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-proteing + VIL. Taaminologieal specificity of
antigens prepared by combining 2- and p-glucosides of glucose with proteins.
J. harp. Med., lv, 769.

1932-33

The rte of specific carbohydrates: ing pneumococcus infection and immunity.
elnn, Int, Med., vi, 1.

1933

Chemo-fnimuanologisebe Untersuchungen oan Paenumokekken-Infektion und
sTramunitit. Naturwissenschaften, xxi, 777,

0. T. Avery and W. FL Gornen. Chemoinununological studies an the soluble
specific substance of pnevmoccecus, 1. The isolation and properties of
the acetyl polysaccharide of pneumococcus Type LJ. Earp. Med, Wwiii, TBE.

1934

T. Francis, Ja. Boo, Peerens., Ro Denos and O.'T. Avery. Experimental
Type THD pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys. TE Treatment with an
enzyme which decomposes the specific capsular polysaccharide of pneumo-
coccus Type HL. J. Bap. Med., lix, G41,

W. F. Gorsnen, FLW. Banners and O, TP. Avery. Chemo-inimunological studies
on conjugated: carboliydrate-proteing : VIED The iafluenee of the acetyl
Eronp on the specificity of hexoside-protein antigens, J. Rap. Med, Ix, 85,

W. EF. Gorse, O. T. Avery and LE Banirs. Chemo-immuanological studies
on conjugated carbohydrate-proteing : IX. The specificity. of antigens
prepared by combining (he paaninophenol glycosides of disaccharides with
protein. J. Bap. Med., Ix, 549.
460 OSWALD THEODORE AVERY

1942

T. J. Anernetuy and O. T. Avery. Tho occurrence during ucute infections of
a protein not normally present in tho blood. I. Distribution of the reactive
protein in paticnts’ sera and the effeet of ealcinm on the flocculation reaction
with C polysaccharide of pnoumococeus. 47, Hap. Med., \xxiii, 173. .

C. M. MacLron and O. T. Avery. The occurrence during acute infections of a
protein not normally present in the blood. II. Isolation and properties of
the reactive protein. J. Kxp. Med., Ixxiii, 183.

C. M. MacLeop and O. 'T. Avery. The occurrence during acuto infections of a
protein not normally present in the blood. III. Immunological properties
of the C-reactive protein and its differentiation from normal blood proteins.
J. Exp. Med., \xxiii, 191. ,

1944

Karl Landsteiner. Obituary notice. This Journal, lvi, 592.

O. T. Avery, C. M. MacLEop and M. McCarry. Studies on the chemical nature
of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Induction
of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumo-
coccus Type III. J. Exp. Med., Ixxix, 137.

1946

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