tom. rae ; 4 / ’ fC i DEC 1 S872 i 7 ’ : AVERY (ito. fae Hf Zo Ly 7 . : : Z to i : ioe a ' . a ae mn io : if, Coty pots . A ae fit - 7 oo Aux NO. Cah Ape / a | In 1660, 281 years ago, in un essay on the usefulness of neturci history, Robert Boyle, the English philosopher and scientist, who, in addition to his con- tributions to physics, studied the chemistry of combustion end respiration, wrote thez . é prophetic words - "He, that thoroughly understends the nature of ferments and Termentations, shall probably be much better able than he, that ignores them, to give & fair account of divers phaenomena of several diseases (as well fevers as: others) which will perhaps be never thoroughly understood, without an insight into the doctrine of feouentations" Almost two centuries elapsed before Boyle's prophecy ‘ a ~ An? was fulfilled and its implications realized: by the studies of Pasteur (857) On microbital fermentation. With all the important work Boyle accomplished in p At os or. 4 cok. : ty . 7 his name is associated especially with ~tfoundatien) of chemistry ac . separate science. e XN He was primarily a chemist: go too was Pasteur. Furthermore both men hed edovted - J 3 ? a physiological attitude of wind in their experimental work. Indeed, Joyle is saié * 3 be . . > 2 : is actually to have carried bo experince: cz on ..¥ciology - a field, ho... vf, in which his blogvaphers tell us he was hampercd by "the tenderness of his nat (ale~4 his consequent dislike of enatomical dissection. Pasteur, a chemist bry treanirc, realized > J -?> full well the prysiological inplications of his studies in fermentation and constently poe nsistec that the chemical activities of microorganisms were but the expreceion of ghysiclogical processes adapted to promote some vital need or Purpose. It wes = ¢ C R i on) OO on} -2- to. NO. i through no fortuitous circumstance or mere accident then, that microbiology from its very inception became intimately linked with chemistry, physiology and medicine As Boyle foresaw, it was the insight into the nature of fermentation that enabled Pasteur to give a.fair account of several diseases; that such diverse ‘| diseases as those of sukworms, chicken cholera and rables in man and animals are due to living infectious agents as specific in behavior as the microbial agents ia fermentation are selective in the type of chemical change they induce. It is sot my purpose to review the historical developments of bacteriology or the rapid succession of discoveries that followed the announcement of the doctrine of fermentation and the germ theory Sf disease - with these you are all familiar. Nor shall I dwell upon the brilliant achievements of tke pioneers of Ih bacteriology whose explorations in the field of infection and immunity Reaue disclosed the basic principles that underlie modern advances in the medical, agricultural and \ soil sciences. But I cannot refrain from reiterating and again emphesizirg the inter- \ ot dependence and common interests of these specialized fields; the reciprocal bene fits and mutual enrichments that have accrued from thet early and increasingly fruitful’ union of microbiology with chemistry, ohysioZtogy and medicine. roe ' iyba. ive. 37 Bia INU. (The noral-ismnot-far-to-seex=and- its appliertion- to our om Cotiety is perkerstottoo-renéte”)} Our membership, constantly growing in numbers, comprices groups of individuals highly specialized and primarily interested in one or another of the several fields of bacteriology . There is a natural preoccupation with the ; A plane Gi subject matter of one's own field; a tendency, perhaps xx less justified to regard 2 f his own corner of knowledge as the source and airectisé of all biological thought. Now I am not indicting thé micros clogists alone and certainly ot any particular group the within our organization. In proof of thts fact that such tendencise are common to all sciences may I xexix recall the words of the president of one of the great foundations which distributes funds for scientific research - "Choose off the shelves a group of learned treatises and sample the prefaces : WMlethematics:~ it is the queen of sciences; ee Physics: ~ it is the source of the basic lawe for the behavior of all matter; Ghom- Cn istry;- « recent text says, 'Chemistry touches all human interests. it is the central science; Biology’- it assaults the greatest mystery of all the mystery of ~ life; Astpcnomy:- it has the cosmos und eternity for its heroic themo; Philosophy ‘— Sane ened wade n examination of whe ultimate questions which give life meaning " And sovone - fet tl { could expand the list, with brave and startling claims for the central cheracter and - f+ 3x ~m" 10 25 fo basic importase. of one field, ons spociality, one segment of knowledze a o 4 g - ter anotner" e pace3Z, it is perhaps just as well thst there was no copy of a learned treatise on Re tee Pape: anh en me AB ih om Res or i i i i ; WIS. be Poe yiat “he BC. NU. Ya def has Onn bb microbiology on his book shel? or he might have added; Microbiology; - it assaults the A Yo oo rn POM i pt ° hy Coe i, Nl ce ti A fag ba ye ae Ae hh Le ) thas stery-oS-bites-0f-the—sma, Lest-of-living things. He graciously says in explanation of these seemingly contradictory and exaggerated claims that "they arise partly because of the egocentric character of man, but they are also due to wholly selfless enthusiasms, to the concentration to which specialized com- : a” 4 \ here Oe Bond a ~"y hea tp gd petence naturally a vical Bi athe Ye yy Vs, fil mae hs “soled i a wae en nT an men > ‘CL By way of iLlusteetion, aay I cite one or two eS—sho=memy examples of the ways in which microorganisms serve as highly sensitive reagents for warp lenine “pany important biochemical problems in bacteriel; nusnimena] and animal pnysiology and nutrifies &, re » Knowledge of specific exacting heeled of various spscies of ’ anne microorganisms for vitanines Sai _bincatelysis, whitch for: the prothetic groups of vital enzyme systems hss lead to development of biological methods of increasing precision for determination of the-peesence-of these essential substances “ : / CAS eam ent of in animal blood and tissues. = the complets identity of biotin, coenzyme Rand vitaain H wa ated when instead of the laborious e ). . ice fea’ IK va Mico, time consuming and espensive method of rat assay thi hombeal entivy couid be more readily and accurately determined by microbiological tests with rhizobium end yeast liv Be fee f albumin of te substance avidin Tacs. ( cells. The identificetion and isolation SPOR BE a oS 4 responsible for the so called egg white ¢uycr:) of animals was “Likewise greatly aided by “ * . } - ’ At i i Fy ag nl, py oe é I al / yD fet ples Lee Crime : ef Lous . Murine 7 Mea 6 fb +s ‘ at “ Lf é 4 ! — to. a oN A Ps Ag ineaf LA, Aw ty i I he/ Thos a tol IN Be : | | ong a | ae, h Mee Avie ( tidy Hikuay PAG Luling Tetthte i / AL Mh, he tah Toe y wee: AN ft ee ] ’ if ! { a, . Un i M, ALi n Ani Metz pa pot tal yy 44 lap siM aly fg dithot wey OK, ‘ j i fo : | 1 div ow ifayé CU “u ¥ “, f ‘ LK. ae i I, Se “ Jt; f / / 1 An Ht a AZ { Ae Ww feed a ae fy —~ : tt. foe 7 . / é “Ww { liye “f CR APY je _ : i o ouh, GPL. rh AAd ‘ j } L ~ é . aN ae ! i Mollet, pl pet. Vy AALS I fe sy baw uh t Chair 4 AfrLi a Re ub fii 1 ten 7 Ys peel Os et a dicks | - | [ . Nike imo" Lp, ) pA tl yiM MM ae U lang Ww bah Fn bay deus te} po f “ oe < ] ay \ i me, oo = “& o., . a aE § ty Oe gd Se ge pf ~ CF Ma Shika pes fi ee cara anmmr mn tt na me ~ . a . + l —_— et Te he tag in h I Tan vs . * a ". . . 2 d diol ating: be betes coe A a fh. £ pe * wes we OS Bie BO ae ae Shey fovs an a“ - .,k “ | fe Lelten beth be 0 ans fe ‘ . ‘ : i wuts “i /, f IE] eC aN £ ‘ / Vey bb fy fetes eos ty fo. of VY EROS At 4 fe Ak Pit tt wh f et Ste, . i oN Nip ae Ah, f Ae bee. ee ofan | ig in iu un f h oe A a4 ca i MA ied Week +s AY ie i \ 7) ° ‘ i . : oo mi. Mes Wehu Nei out had Boo feo. tal feed. b ée: wee WY ‘ be oe [rete pyle ay ¥ teiptes sy big Eh, 13 tnt he é . i Mer " mee. a En Q 4%, : } tye hie t foe A t , 7 ZY —— pes WEY oe 8 " wet Aft; rr : bi eyes “is on Fe. ae LAL vot ae . on A682 Quan Pot Png . + he, ‘ i > (_ thetse-s SI-Or HLePoDiolL © ) ie i . ; : ee ans bent VD The isolation from soil beeilli of enzymes capable of Specifically ettecking. i 1 MS. ro logical tethniques. | a cee mene c Study of the behavior of microorganisms has greatly aided in the formulation of swe principles that have given new thought and direction to biochemical investigation, to ' nalyses of certain processes involved in the metabolism of unicellular microorganisas he ipl have materially helped olucidats, mapy of-tke problems relating to animal and plant 4 . ech, “a a“ lie hey ee fied hy loxbemlin Ne &, vi . oa a a . . saa vhySiology, ‘the part biocatalysts have in the chemical events and transformations in living A tissue cells. Thus, from these Has Tields there is zw accumulating a significant | ; " and integrated ied, Of facts which Logetner constitute what is referred to as "comparative “/ WO t i i : dlochenistry", This is ffujiher eviaence of the growting recognition o7 the similarity oven (ertapg/the undtj|ot many of the prineioles thet govern the cellular functions { ne en end chemical activities of diverse living thi from the miraculous microbes to man tom creatinine has provided biologically specific techniques that have proved useful in the ‘ of humen metabolism. Much of the unowledge concerning the intermediate mete bolisn \ : ; nyve: ; os man hes been dewesed from study of similar anayme system Ww poe mS XK oO p G er phe he reverence for the sanctity of Holy Seript I think I, still » esils. “tn all qd ne intent of thet proverb of Solomun in waich he councils the slucgard to learn diligence *% S whe when T Say to you «saat: , 3, YOU MU sro0biolosiate : . ; : - ~Ogi sts, to the physioloz: Sept LL Mu ano MS. Div 4 a * 6 ano. 2275979 fo + as wellwttGo to the microbe, thou. scientist, consider its ways and be wise. During the latter hal’ of the 19th century it was established thet plants utilize CO, for the synthesis of their cell materials, finding the energy required in photo- Chemical reactions catalyzed by chlorophyl. Animal cells on the other hand, were known to require complex organic carbon for the building up of their protophasm, as well es for ali their other biochemical reactions. Toward the end of the last century (1887) it was * show thet, Like plants, certqia bacteria (the auiolreghic ‘group) can utilize carbon dioxide for their synthetic processes finding their energy in the oxidation of simple inorganic compounds. On the contrary, like animal cells, heterotrophic bacteria were believed to utilize only organic carbon. Within the past 6 years h wever it has been rec- > 2 s ‘ « ~ a : so s = . ognized that certain heterotrophic bacteria can in corporate carbon dioxide into more a) complex organic compounds; for exampleforming succinic acid during the fermentation of glycerol in the presence of carbon dioxide. Purtasemore, it hes only recently been found i . . Yo fy sa: . hat the animal organism has to a bin hee but definite Gggree the vower to synthesize organic compounds from CO5 ~ 4 power Long supposed to be a peculiar prerogative or. ee chloropnyl bearing plants. Investigatora have injected bicarbonate containing. vadio ac-""} tive C into animals and from theirliverg have recovered glycogen containing the isotope ue ‘ a carbon. Moreover it has also been shown xixk in vitro. thet py the use of isotopy “gesgae a 4 nee LZ igeons can caus i, Can Cause CO2 to enter into organic com: SAR +o torn Cc } wu c @ RH ry oO iS tS “ h/ Hersin dies the int elloctusl chillenge y tostudents of f j i -7~ 7 + . MS. DIV. _ Ac. NO. 72 pend 197° The, recognition of the utiliazntion of carben dionide A by heterotrophic becteria, and the cecent subsequent finding of the participation of C02 oN ak ff ae : : ata 8 ketoglutexic geid and amino acid: in the carbohydrate cycle in animals indicates that the phenomenon is probehly of univer we occurrence. When taken together these interlocking facts constitute a new and striking CxS of the mee chenieat unity 7 life. : ‘ ‘ ’ a Z a \ a 4 4} Phan id t Hey < Astin fe he Ty Thee bbe Wety & abled’, Chactin 430 any 4 He LMity Ah ¥he strategy to va rfare against infectious agents of disease lies not alone in sal discovery of ways and meay) of fortifying the natural and specific defenses of the host, hy cv important as these are, , but in oye concerted effort an the pert of microbiologists to lear the vulnerable points of attack in the structural and cellular mechanisms by which these hostile agents invade and overcome the living tissues of man, animals and plants. . The importance of Ww normal and immune reactions of the host I value not less in emohasizin more on this occasion the significance of gaining deeper insight into the mode of life, f ° ak A tg =) : ao A Wy Gil £ oy Ke Mrzpobral nya : \ S beet : aggression weapons and ne Be ler waio of peibogenic agents. In the light of present . e So . - Knowledge axd faitiein—— visto ot “che? -centarp=sciontiety | \I venture to 44. / Og fe ee Ao” ode a M + : tk [ee v arent Av fane. hi “Aergn tic te Fer Ae oe ie el se i +roM., “Catlicaa stantemiaew he he who understands the nature of the host. ; PP ah Ae pd nae od N PO a A OR mite MX fethen Rea te woke, rh aed parasite relationship CRI) aoe: 00 give 2 more edequate account of she-o+tkhegenesis { , ' . ; . . , ; } . ceed eee pedi Ao ak, he : WO Baengmen& Aegon Baits bill Awan oe BESO and-—control of Se infec vious problems that stit}-patiies -medicai—sctence’, Ay a te bg - bb ‘ , : py” ai me Ag E pey, it net Ye oe Ine? j~ ; “fe i, * ea ctengahe Velaviers fl nfm bowr Medes al is phar ih We hooey) Oe oe wees [wresdty 4 eaten poet ee Ae ES ae “fees 2 SL In a recent report by of the ! F."fron which I shed quote freely, Mr. ‘ 7 a . * coe Reymond B. Fosdick in speaking of Science and the Moral Order expresses in ae ": ie@ighted words the ssirit of man's search for truth: —) Loe Mo. Div ° - a . _ 4 . ac. No. 1 @719T #4. I YIn spite of dhe claims and accomplishments 'Sx,—Fesdicxsaya4 Zclence is today under sharp attacks The growing public realization that its powerful tools. can be used “for Vv man's enslavement and destruction has given ise to bitter questions and cherzes; and Mele we chet today of 4civilization betraysi by science’ end of 4a degraded science that shirks the spiritual issues and hypnotizes its victims with its millions of gadgets) Fin this hour of intellectual confusion and morel cheos the social cons seguences of science, he Coneimes have been brought to the fore and the question is persistently asked: Are these consequences so important, beqause of technical applications, that the social interest is paramount over intellechual interest? Aye there too many i ! i i me po | ges and cyclotrons pore powerful elactron | \ a I } nations and yee many people everywhere usi ing the instruments of a civipd zation they : ‘ | | I \ { have not yet! achieved? Abe bigger telescoy ' i j i $ } 3 | 4 s ; = oy. . > . mi¢roscopes jand ultracen tobi fuges) needed in a world like this? : "The question arises, Mr Fosdick points out, because science as a technique arstanding of nature is also = technique for gaining control over 4 y oy i nature — that is, it is a technique for gaining power, in ay r , we a . , Bet ka, . ‘ ‘ Lo fhe, fe wef we ae \ ae 3 . fo. . WA BA boy on Bate; t tj tee pbb ee at “ “ av frucn The tits § 4 Oa Phe shay > oe he ey - Otte - ’ ! i i im, : . . C _ : ‘t i Sa a Et Te tee ote fe oh Pata Pete O oe re ily The pert a ree Rr bartuts, Sie t 1 . wT yt . ae ee fa “tT . Lok Ne + : 3 24 : . : : nn tan ," canbé used by evil men to do evil even more obfiously and dramatically than it can os & . used by mon of good will to do good" Mo. on. , ° ° anno. 427197 a4 ; . I "But this, he points out, is true of many things in life - The sulphonsmides one of the most beneficient developments of modern medical science came from the German aye incsey, but so did mustard gas:~ and he might have added the Mendelien principles or: heredity came from the monastery, but so did gun powder. As he remarks "Exactly the same principles of physics are employed to soint a 500 ton telescope at a star and I é né Yiu a 15 inch mxxgk gun at its target. Langucge teo is a powerful tool which can be used to mirror spirituel insight or to spread false and destructive propaganda. y The possibility of misuse is not an argument for no use at all. The charged “ioe / uhat scientists disavow concern with social consecuences arises from Dag narrow view \ . y . 4 , if t . Lf of science. For scisnce as he says is more than the techngir* tj / — that cluster about it - more than its inventions and gedgets. It is even more than , Wo 4 ” : ; the discovery and correlation of new facts. Science, said he, is method, « confidence oe and a faith. It is a method of controlled and rechecked observations and experiments, objectively recorded with absolute honesty. It is a confidence that truth is dis- iH ch pes au coverable. a faith that trucvh is worth discovering." ith the philos i guments of whether pure I am not here concerned with whe philosophical argumenvs of whe > . ea : “ se i rily a moral force inpily microbiology needs no defens seience ig or is not ncecssarily a moral torce. Haspily mi ey | -10- of its intellectual aims or its social ends. They haye never been accused of ‘irresponsible indifference to social consequences. They have undeniably and eivays s : a been in the service of human welfare. MS. OM. ay Paeateed O7 “a «D Lin But I am now concerned with our moral obligations;+ In this hour of national VV nth perig when our own country - so swiftly and treacherously attacked - has been Fereed ‘ into the most cruel and infamous war in history, we individually have loyally pledged our services in defense of country, Liberty and civilization. This is our dut; ; ) to Sh ae which each will discharge to the limit of his ability and strength, ¥ national obligation. In these days when the threat of an intellectual black-out abroad has é already darkened laboratories and wiiversities hitherto beacons of knowledge, when by the mad spirit of concuest scientists in vanquished countries have been exiled and scholarship enslaved by political ideology, we, as members of this scientific organizea- tion have another duty - an obligation to international science: We mi need be gravely concerned about the future of science and its share in the world order thet is yet to be. : . inQhirtan sm h4 Moenda pra Only 3 months ago a group of distinguished scientists, severe fron igs EO foe hate “Autor hay fis : i . ¢ os : Qe pases met in war distracted London to consider the international relations of 4 A cience and its part in world planning after the war. | Geteonve Is Nobilized for-War (Sir Willian Bragg;-Orerseas~Journalof “the 7Bv3.C.