\ I( ^OO- ,A2l y /lew NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE Bethesda, Maryland X"- THE DOMESTIC ENCYCLOPiEDIA OR, A DICTIONARY OF FACTS, AND USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. COMPREHENDING A CONCISE VIEW OF THE LATES*P'blSCOV£RIES, INVENTIONS, AND improvements; -..s CHIEFLY APPLICABLE TO RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY. TOGETHER WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MOST INTERESTING OBJECTS OF NATURE AND ART; THE HISTORY OF MEN AND ANIMALS, IN A STATE OF HEALTH OR DISEASE; AND PRACTICAL HI NTS RESPECTING THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES, BOTH FAMILIAR AND COMMERCIAL. ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AND CUTS. IN FIVE VOLUMES. VOLUME IV. BY A. F. M. WILLICH, M.D. AUTHOR OF THE LECTURES ON DIET AND REGIMEN, 1&C.&C. FIRST AMERICAN EDITION; WITH ADDITIONS, APPLICABLE TO THE PRESENT SITUATION OF THE UNITED STATES; BY JAMES MEASE, M. D. AND FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM YOUNG BIRCH, AND ABRAHAM SMALL, NO. 17, SOUTH SECOND-STREET. AND T. & J.=SWORDS, NO. 99, PEARL-STREET, NEW-YORK. ROBERT CARR, PRINTER. 180:J. A/--*^ U District of Pennsylvania: to wit. Be it remembered. That on the eighth day of April, in the twenty- seventh Year of the Independence of the United States of America, William Young Birch, and Abraham Small, of the said District, have deposited in this Office the Title of a Book, the Right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit: " The Domestic Encyclopaedia ; or, A Dictionary of Facts, and Useful " Knowledge. Comprehending, a concise View of the latest Dis- " coveries, Inventions, and Improvements; chiefly applicable to " Rural and Domestic Economy. Together with Descriptions of the " most interesting Objects of Nature and Art; the History of Men " and Animals, in a State of Health or Disease; and practical " Hints respecting the Arts and Manufactures, both familiar and " commercial. Illustrated with numerous Engravings and Cuts. " In Five Volumes. Volume I. By A. F. M. Willich, M. D. " Author of the Lectures on Diet and Regimen, Isfc. ifc. First " American Edition ; with Additions applicable to the present situa- " tion of the United States. By James Mease, M.^D. and Fellow of " the American Philosophical Society." In Conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entituled, "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies during the times therein mentioned," and also, to an Act, enti- tuled, " An Act supplementary to an Act, entituled, an Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the Times therein mentioned. And extending the Benefits thei-eof to the Arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical, and other Prints." ( L. S. ) D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the District of Pennsylvania. CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME. MACE Madder Madness • - Maggot Magistery - Magnesia Magnet Magnetism, Animal Magnolia Magpye Mahogany Maiden-hair, the Common .......the Great Maize Mallow Malt Man Mandrake - Manganese Mange Mangle-wurzel - Mangel Mango-tree Manna Manslaughter Manufacture Manure Manuscript - Maple-tree Marble Marbling Marc Marjoram Market Marie Marriage Marrow Marsh - * Marsh-locks vol. iv. PAGE 1 Marsh-mallow ib. Marsh-marigold - 3 Martin, in Ornithology 5 6 Marygold ib. Mash 7 Mashing Machine 8 Masterwort ib. Mastic 9 Mastication ib. Mastich 10 Masticot ib. Mastiff ib. Matching ib. Mat-weed, the Sea 11 15 Magazan Bean 16 Maze, (with a Cut,) ib. Mead ib. Meadow IS Meadow-grass 19 Meadow-saffron - ib. Meadow-sweet 20 Measles ib. Measure ib. Meat ib. Medicine 38 Medick ib. Medlar-tree 39 Melancholy 40 Melanthium 41 Melic-grass 42 Melilot ib. Melon ib. Memorandum 45 Memory ib. Menstruum 46 Mercury- ib. Mesentery A c c c -Cr<5 ooooooooo n* ffcw o. 3 £ g. 3 e g 21CK! 3 3- 3" 3" t/i i/i w re p. re ,1. i- >-* 3 en P 3 ?3-3 O 3" p. i i •** i 1 , i otany iorticulture Marsh O O O O O O O £L C. ST o - O o c o O o o o 3/ x* 3" 3' 3" 3' 3-' 3: 3-' 3: CJ 3." 3.' 3-' 3-' 3: 3: 3-* """ re re ?T7''r",~'lfr'?''^'^t?"^*S"?L P, £, 5* Sop ~i r> —. 1 o O 3 3 re & o re ft p CO a* re «' p *< 3 1 ^ P o t/5 re 3 P* o o 2. 5 ' p. O 3* o re re 5. ° « £L 3. •-< T3 3 1^3 -s . o>. *». w . to. MorMSOii|i.«Oi.<***. > ' to W s^^SSSSS^s* 3 ^ 2 2 3 2 2 % % 3 3 2 c3S3ooooo 3\3v3' • ^3v3',3- 3'rererererererere ^3r7o?t=rt'3-^fB^hC2. 333>f 5 CCC< C &g %? * 3* a in >x) IT) re re 0 D- p re *i 3- a re re n 0 3 3 2* 2 p • p ?T en O I gi 33 „. ~. ■So-5 3 tOW> O, 3 3 £S3 3/ 3 p PO w H o w n S* 3 " 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3! 3J 3-5 3 3 re O, 5' 3 3 -' in g; o. o, g; *. . >- © . oo h- O . 00 . ^ . <7> *»■ w £: <> — ■ " ? .* I ? " ? w .5^ O 3> = w l-H 3. ° ■ 3 *-*■ I o 3 oaoa&:cow^S^S;o3to^to§;toQ;^to<> io w n o H W H CONTENTS. in Oat Ochre Odour Oil Ointment Olibanum Olive-tree Onion Opium Opodeldoc Orache Orange-tree Orange Wlne Orchal Orchard, (with two Cuts) Orchis Orgeat Ornithology Orpiment Orpine Ortolan Osier Osmund Royal Oven Over-reach Owl Ox, (with two Cuts) Ox-eye Ox-tongue Oxyd Oxygen Oxymel Oyster Paint Palate Pales " # " Palm-tree Palpitation of the Heart Palsy Panic Paper Parchment Paring of Land Park Parsley, the Common, .....the Bastard Stone Parsley-piert Parsne", .....' ie Water Partridge Passion Passiflora.' Pa*te PAGE p 156 Pasturage 159 ' Patents ib. Pea 160 . . . the Heath 163 . . . the Narrow Leaved 164 Peach tree ib. Pear-tree 167 Pearl iro Pearl-ash 171 Pearl-wort 172 Peat ib. Pedometer, (with a Cut) 173 Pellitory ib. Pelt-rot ib. Penny-royal 200 Pennywort 201 Pepper ib. Pepperwort 203 Perch ib. Perriwinkle 204 Persimmon-Tree ib. Perspective Machine 206 Perspiration ib. Peruvian Bark 208 Pewter ib. Pheasant 209 Pheasant's-Eye 213 Phosphorus ib. Physician ib. Physiogno trace 214 Pichurim Beans ib. Pickle 215 Picture Pigeon 216 Pigeon-house 219 Pigments 220 Pike ib. Piles 221 Pilewort ib. Pimpernell the Scarlet 222 Pin 223 Pinchbeck 230 Pine-apple 231 Pine-tree 232 Pink ib. Plague 233 Plane-Tree ib. Plant ib. Plant-Louse 235 Plantain ib. Plantation 236 Planting ib. ' Plashing of Hedges AGE 236 239 ib. 242 ib. 243 247 248 249 250 251 **. 254 ib. 255 ib. ib. 256 ib. ib. ib. 257 ib. 258 259 260 ib. ib. 262 265 ib. ib. 266 267 ib. 269 ib. ib. 271 ib. ib. 272 ib. 274 276 277 279 ib. 281 282 283 ib. 284 285 CONTENTS. PAGE Plaster - - 285 Platina - - 286 Plethora - ib. Pleurisy - - 287 Plough, (with several Cuts) 288 Ploughing - - 298 Plum-Tree - - 299 Plume - - 301 Poison - - ib. Poker - - 302 Poll-Cat - - ib. Poll-Evil - - 303 Pollen - - ib. Polishing - - 304 Polypody - - ib. Pomegranate-Tree - ib. Pond, (with a Cut) - 305 Pond-Water - 307 Pond-Weed - - 308 Poor - - ib. Polygala - - 309 Polygonum - - 310 Poplar - - ib. Poppy - - 312 Porcelain - - 314 Pork - - ib. Porter - - 315 Post - - 316 Pot-ash - - ib. Potatoe - - 318 Potatoe-sweet ' - 328 Poultice - - ib. Poultry - - ib. Prenanthes Autumnalis ib. Pregnancy - - 329 Preservation - 330 Primrose - - ib. Print - - 3:,1 Prinos - ib. Printing - - 332 Privet - - 340 Prong-hoe - - 341 Pronounciation - 342 Propagation - - ib. Pruning - - 343 Pudding - - 346 Puff-ball - - 347 Pulse, in Animal Economy ib. .... in Botany - 348 Pumice-stone - - 349! Pump - - ib.'' Puncheon - 351 ; Puncture - - ib. J Punishment - ib.\ PAGE Putrefaction - 352 Pyrola - - ib. Quackery - - 353 Quail - - 354 Quaking-grass - ib. Quarter-Evil ib. Quassia - - 355 Quicken-Tree - - ib. Quills - - 356 Quince-Tree - 357 Quinsy - - 358 Quittor-Bone - 359 Rabbit - - 361 Radish - - 362 Rag-Stone - 363 Rag-Wort - - ib. Rails - - 364 Rain - - ib. Raisins - - 365 Ram - ib. Ranunculus - 366 Rape - - ib. Rasberry - 368 Rat - - ib. Rat-tails . - 372 Ratifia - - 373 Razor - - 374 Reading - ib. Reaping - - 375 Receipt - - ib. Red-Ink - - ib. Redemptioner - 376 Reddle - - ib. Reed - 377 Refining • ^- ib. Rennet - - ib. Reservoir - * - 378 Rest-Harrow - 379 Rheumatism - - ib. Rhodium - - 380 Rhododendron - 381 Rhubarb - ib. Rhus - - 385 Ribs - - 386 Rice - - 387 Rickets - 390 Ridges • - - -, 392 Riding - - ib. Ring-bone - ib. Ring-worm ' - - 393 River - _ ib. Road, (with a Cut) - 394 CONTENTS. ▼ PAGE Roaster (with six Cuts) 396 Rocket - ib. Roe 409 Roller ib. Room ib. Root 410 Root-steamer (with a Cut) 411 Rope ib. Rose, in Medicine 413 .... in Botany 414 Rose-Bay 416 Rosemary 417 Rose-Wort ib. Rot ib. Rotten-Stone 419 Rowel ib. Ruby ib. Root, the Meadow ib. Ruff 420 Rum 421 Rupture ib. Rupture-wort 423 Rush ib. . . . the Flowering ib. ... the Hare's Tail 424 Rush-grass ib. Rust ib. ... in Botany ib. Rye 425 Saddle 426 Safflower 427 Saffron 428 Sage 429 Sago 430 Sail-cloth ib. Saintfoin ib. Salep 431 Saliva 432 Sallow ib. Salmon ib. Salt 433 Saltpetre 437 Saltwort 438 ib. .....the Black ib. Samphire 439 Sand ib. Sand-eel ib. SandTpiper 440 Sand-stone ib. Sandwort ib. Sandal 441 Sandarach ib. PAGE Sanders 441 Sandiver 442 Sanguinaria Canadensis > ib. Sap ib. Sarsaparilla 443 Sassafras ib. Satyr ion ib. Sausage 444 Savin ib. Savory 445 Saw-dust ib. Saw-Mill 446 Saw-wort ib. Saxifrage 447 Scab ib. Scabious 448 Scalds 449 Scald-head ib. Scammony 450 Scarlet-fever 451 Scirrhus 452 Scorzonera 453 Scratches ib. Screw 454 Scrophula ib. Scull 45.i Scull-cap 456 Scurvy ib. Scurvy-grass 458 Scythe ib. Sea 459 .'. . Air 460 . . . Sickness ib. . . . Sludge 462 . . . Water ib. . . . Wrack 464 Sealing-Wax 466 Seed ib. Segg 468 Self-heal 469 Semolina ib. Senega ib. Senna ib. Serpent 470 Serradilla 472 Service-tree to. Seton, in Surgery 473 Setons, in Farriery ib. Shagreen 474 Shale in. Shark ib. Shaving 475 Sheep Sheep's-bit 490 VI CONTENTS. PAGE PAGE Shepherd's-purse 491 Slaughtering, (with a Cut) 504 Shingles ib. Sleep, of Plants 505 Ship (with two Cuts) ib. Sleeping 506 Shoad-stone 492 Sleep-walking ib. Shoe 423 Sloe-tree 507 ... in Farriery (with a Cut) ib. Slug - • - 508 Shot 495 Small-Pox 509 Shoulder ib. Smalt 510 Shrub, in Botany 496 Smoke 511 .... a Liquor ib. Smoking ib. Sight - 497 Smut 512 Silk-worm ib. Snail 513 Silver '500 Snake ib. .... Weed ib. Snake-weed ib. Simarouba ib. Snake-Root 514 Sinapism 501 Snap-dragon ib. Size ib. Sneeze-wort-yarrow 515 Skin, in Physiology 502 Sneezing 1 ib. ... in Commerce 503 Snipe - - ibi Skirret ib. Snow ib. Slaie 504 Snow-drop 516 PLATES IN THE FOURTH VOLUME. I. Dearborn's Perspective Drawing Machine, to face p. 257. II. Eccleston's Peat Borer, and Jefferson's Plough, p. 289. III. Beverstone Plough, p. 295. IV. Machine for draining ponds, p. 307. V. Dearborn's American Pump, p. 349. INDEX TO THE CORRESPONDING STNOYNMS, OR INVERSIONS OF TERMS, OCCURRING IN THE FOURTH VOLUME. Madwort, the German; see Catchweed. Manheim Gold ; see Zinc. Marcasite; see Mundic. Marsh-meadow-grass; see Mea- dow-grass. Marsh-rice; see Rice. Marsh-Tofieldia; see Spider- wort, the Marsh. May-beetle ; see Chafer. May-dew ; see Dew. Meadow-barley; see Barley. Meadow-burnet; see Burnet, the Great. Meadow-clary; see Clary. Meadow-rue; see Rue, the Mea- dow. Meadow Vetchling ; see Vetch, the Chickling. Metals, blueing of; see Blueing. Mignonette, the Wild; see Base- rocket. Mill-mountain; see Flax. Milt-waste; see Maiden-hair,the Common. Missel; see Misseltoe, the Com- mon. Mokha-coffce; see Coffee-tree. Monk's-hood; see Wolf's-bane. Moon-flower; see Ox-eye, the Great White. Moonwort the Royal ; see Os- mund Royal. Moor-grass; see Cotton-grass. Morass ; see Bog, Draining, and Fen. More-hough ; see Blend-water. Moss-crops; see Cotton-grass. Mother-of-thyme; see Thyme. Mountain-ash; see Quicken-tree. Mountain-bramble; see Cloud- berry. Mouse-ear, the Umbelled; see Hawkweed. Muscovy-glnss; see Mica. Musk-melon; see Melon, the Common. Musk-rat; see Beaver. Musk-strawberry; sec Straw- berry. Musquet; see Gun. Mussel; see Muscle. Mustard, the Wild; see Char- lock. Naked-snail; see Slug. Naples-yellow; see Yellow. Oat-grass, the Wild; see Dar- nel. Obesity: see Corpulency. Oil of Vitriol; see Vitrolic Acid. One-Berry ; see Herb Paris. Onopordum, the Wooly; see Thistle, the Cotton. Orange-water ; see Distilling. Oswego-tea ; see Spice. Pansies; see Heart's-ease. Park-leaves; see Tutsan. Peach-coccus; see Coccus. Peasling ; see Pea, the Heath. Peasling, the Wood; see Vetch, the Bitter. Pekoe-tree; see Tea-tree. Pellitory,the Bastard; see Sneeze- wort Yarrow. Pepper-disle; see Sea-wrack, the Indented. Pepper-stone-crop; see Stone- crop. Pestilence-wort; see Butterwort. Plants, Diseases of; see Disease. INDEX. Plantain, the Sea; see Sea-Plan- tain. Plaster-Stone; see Gypsum. Po-poplar ; see Poplar. Pompion; see Gourd, the Com- mon. Prickly Yellow Wood; see Zan- thoxylon. Princes-metal; see Zinc. Print; see Privet. Printing, or Printer's Ink; see Ink. Puceron; see Plant-Louse. Puckefist; see Puff-Bail, the Common. Purging Flax ; see Flax. Purslane, the Sea ; see Orache, the Shrubby. Racoon; see Bear. Raddle; see Reddle. Requin; see Shark, the Great White. Restless Cavy; see Guinea Pig. River-turtle; see Tortoise. Rock-stone-crop; see Stone-crop. Rocket-wormseed; see Mustard, the Common Hedge. Rocket Yellow-weed; see Base Rocket. Rose-bay, Willow-herb; see Wil- low-herb. Rose-root; sec Rose-wort. Rough-podded Tare; see Vetch, the Corn. Rowen; see Rouen. Rubicell; see Ruby. Ruddle; see Reddle. Rue-weed ; see Rue, the Mea- dow. Salt-clod; see Sea-sludge. Salt of Glass; see Sandiver. Sallow-willow; see Willow. Samphire, the Marsh; see Salt- wort, the Jointed. Samphire, the Shrubby; see Salt- wort, the Jointed. Scab, in Dogs; see Dog. Scarlet Tree-mite; see Spider, the Red. Sea-arrow-grass; see Arrow- grass. Sea-barley; see Barley. Sea-beet; see Beet. Sea-belt; see Sea-wrack, the Sweet. Sea-bindweed; see Bindweed. Sea-buckthorn; see Buckthorn, the Sea. Sea-calf; see Seal. Sea-meadow-grass; see Meadow- grass. Sea-moss; see Corralline. Sea-onion ; see Squill the Com- mon. Sea pea; see Pea. Sea-purslane; see Orache, the Shrubby. Sea-reed ; see Matweed, the Sea. Sea-star-wort; see Starwort,the Sea. Sea-waure; see Sea-wrack. Seville-orange; see Orange. Shab ; see Scab. Sharpling ; see Stickle-back, the Common. Sight ; see Dimness. Silk-plant; see Swallow-wort, the Common. Similor; see Zinc. Sithe ; see Scythe. Skegs; see Oat. Slate-coal; see Coal. ERRATA. Page 19, column 2, line 4, for ' 1778,' read < 1798.' Page 27, col. 1, line 7 from bottom, for Fabioni and Darat, read Fabbroni and D'Arcet. Page 31, col. 1, line 18, dele the semicolon after New- York. Page 84. In the cut of Mr. Miller's Milk House, the letter A should designate the trough immediately surrounding the central platform B. Page 251, col. 1,/br plate I. read plate II. Page 309, col. 2, line 17 from bottom, for faces, read fauces. Page 334, line 10 from bottom, in some copies erase the H before tyfikus. Page 366, col. 2. line 21 from bottom, between 'which' and 'possesses' add, it. Page 408, col. 1, line 15, after the word shelf, read, be made of the same material. the DOMESTIC ENCYCLOPEDIA. M. MAC MAD MACE, the inner coat of the Mad-dog. See Bite of a Mad- Nutmeg,is a thin unctuous mem- Dog. brane, of a yellowish colour, which MADDER, or Rubza, L. a ge- it acquires by being dried in the nus of plants, comprising nine sun. It is imported from India in species, one of which is a native flakes, about an inch in length, of Britain, viz. the R. tinctor,iwi, which present a variety of ramifi- Wild, or Common Dyers'-Maddev. cations. It is perennial, and flowers in the Mace emits a very fragrant, months of June and July. agreeable odour, and has a plea- The most proper soil for the sant, though acrid and oleaginous cultivation of Madder, in this coun- lastc. It is reputed to be an excel- try, is a soft sandy loam, fliat has lent carminative, and stomachic, been in a state of tillage for several possessing all the virtues of the years, and which is at least 2» or nutmeg, but with less astrir.gcncy. 3 feet deep, being perfectly clear Its oil, whether distilled or express- from all weeds. It is necessary to ed, is equally efficacious; and, plough the land thoroughly, before when taken internally in doses of the commencement of winter, dur- from one to five drops, frequently ing which it should be laid in affords relief in colics. Externally, ridges in order to mellow; and it is of great utility, if rubbed on early in the ensuing spring, this paralytic limbs; it also promotes valuable plant is propagated from digestion, and often prevents u> slips, carefully taken from the old mining and hiccoughs, on being root: these slips ought, according applied to the region of the sto- to the late celebrated Miller, to ruach. be set by the dibble, in rows at the vol. iv. B 2 M A D distance of two or three feet from each other; though, in the opinion of Bb-chstein, they should be planted only six inches asunder. And, as madder requires constant moisture, without which the young roots would shrivel and decay, it will be useful, before they are com- mitted to the ground, to immerse them in a fluid paste made of the best garden mould and soft water. Besides, this transplantation should be undertaken only in rainy wea- ther, or when there is reason to suppose that showers will speedily follow. During the first summer, it will be sufficient to scuffle the plants with the Dutch hoe, as soon as the weeds appear: in the succeeding autumn, when the stalks or haulm begin to decay, they must be rak- ed off the ground, and the inter- mediate spaces carefully dug with a spade or turned up with a hoe- plough, the soil being laid over the roots or heads of the plants in a roundish rid;;e. In the ensuing summer, the same management must be repeated; but, before the ground between the plants is hoed, the haulm must be laid over the next intermediate space for two or three weeks, at the expiration of which it should be turned back again on those intervals which have been hoed; care being taken to scuffle the soil, so that all weeds may be eradicated. In the follow- ing autumn, the haulm must be cleared, and the mould thrown up in ridges, similar to those of the first year. Early in the third spring, before the young sprouts appear, the ground should be well raked ; and, as soon as they are ready to be re- moved, they must be carefully taken off, at a distance uom the MAD crown of the parent plant. The culture of madder, during this sum- mer, varies little from that of the two preceding, theplant only being earthed up somewhat higher; as it has now acquired more strength. As soon as the haulm begins to de- cay in autumn, the roots must be taken up, carefully dried under an airy shed ; whence they should be conveyed as speedily as possible to a kiln; and managed in a manner similar to that followed with malt or hops ; because the beauty of the colour greatly depends on the ex- pedition with which it is prepared. From the kiln, the madder is con- veyed to the jwunding-house, where it is pulverized ; in which state it is fit for use. Madder is employed in consi- derable quantities for dyeing a fine red colour, and likewise as a first tint for several other shades : if wool be previously boiled in a so- lution of alum and tartar, and then immersed in a hot decoction of tar- tar only with this drug, it will ac- quire a very durable, though not beautiful, red tinge. M. Maugraaff obtained from madder a permanent lake of a fine red colour, which is applicable to every purpose of painting. He di- rects two ounces of the purest alum to be dissolved in three quarts of distilled water previously boiled in a clean glazed vessel, which is to be set over the fire. As soon as the solution begins to simmer, it ought to be withdrawn, and two ounces cf the best Dutch madder added ; after which the mixture is to be boiled once or twice, removed from the fire, and filtered through clean white paper. The liquor- thus strained, is now suffered to subside for a night; when the clear fluid must be poured into the glazed pot, MAD heated over the fire, and a strained solution of salt of tartar gradually introduced, till the madder be wholly precipitated.....This mix- ture is next to be filtered, and boil- ing distilled water poured on the red powder, till the fluid no longer acquires a saline taste. It now re- mains only to dry the lake, which will be of a de,ep red colour; but, if two parts of madder be used to one of alum, the shade will be still deeper ; and, if one part of the lat- ter article be added to four of the former, it wiil produce a beautiful rose-colour....See also Red. The root of the Common or Wild Madder, is an excellent de- tergent and aperient; on which ac- count it has been highly recom- mended in visceral obstructions, particularly of the uterus; in coa- gulations of the blood, induced either by falls or bruises; in the beginning of dropsical complaints; and especially in the rickets....It may be given pulverized, in doses from five to fifteen grains to chil- dren, and from half to a whole dram, three or four times a day, to adults. When taken internally, it possesses the remarkable quality of tinging the urine with a deep red colour; and produces similar effects on the bones of animals, if eaten among other food. Madder-roots pay, on importa- tion, a duty of •>*. lArf. per cwt. and are subject to a convoy-'h'.iy of 2v. 3d. per cwt. The same du- ty is paid for the drug imported in a manufactured state. This root forms an important article for dyeing; and, in order to encourage its cultivation, the 31st Geo. II. r. 35, subjects persons convicted of stealing or destroying madder-roots, to make satisfaction for damages, at the discretion of MAD 3 the magistrate, for the first offence; or, in case of non-payment, the convict is liable to be committed to the house of correction for one month, or to be whipped ; for the second trespass, such offender is to be confined in the house of cor- rection for three months; provided the prosecution be commenced within thirty days......Those who wish to acquire a more intimate knowledge of the culture, &c. of this profitable drug, will be grati- fied by the perusal of Mr. Mil- ler's "Method of Cultivating Mad- der," kc. (4to. 1758, 2.v. 6d.) in which the subject is clearly treated, and illustrated with plates. [Madder thrives in the state of Pennsylvania, and doubtless will thrive in every part of the Union. It is an accommodating plant-, being a native of Persia, and yet flower- ing in the moist cold climate of the Batavian Republic. The pro- vince of Zealand is almost entirely covered wirh this plant, whence it is exported to every part of Eu- rope and America, riELmifG al- most INCALCULABLE PKOrrfS. If. is understood, that madder flourish- ed formerly in South-Carolina, but little or no attention is paid to it at present.] MADNESS, or Mania, one of the most distressing afflictions which humbles human nature. It is usually divided into two kinds, melancholy, and ravlir-;; but as they are so nearly allied to, and frequently alternate with each other, we shall treat of both in one connected view. The distinguishing character of melancholic patients, is a gloomy and dejected counteneucc, for which no real cause car, be assign- ed. They are seized with fear and trembling, so that it is difficult to 4 MAD MAD raise their animal spirits. The vio-, lence of the disease dere.ids on the different subjects that prey upon the mind, which is extremely va- riable; inquiring idler the most trivial matters: the habit is cos- sive, the face pale, the pulse small and weak, while the stomach is distended with flatuler.tly, and the appetite is uncommonly voracious. With respect to those strictly de- nominated maniacs, their condition may be ascertained by their bold end resolute aspect, while their eyes are suffused with blood ; by the tremulous motion of the eye- lids ; an unaccountable aversion to particular personsor things; acute - ness in hearing ; and by their al- most continual wakefulness. Those hapless individuals who have be- come ravii.g mad, in consequence of fear, generally continue under the influence of that passion.... Such are the most striking symp- toms, v% hich vary towards the de- cline of the disorder ; the victims of which are dull and stupid ; or sorrowful, melancholy, and sensible of their mci'al derangement. Causes':....Theseare various, and often complicated, but may be aptly divided into two classes, namely, mental and corjiorccl. To the former belong love, fear, ter- ror, pride, hope, joy ; too ardent enthusiasm for liberty,cr other pas- sion that absorbs every faculty of the mind ; too in